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HARVARD COLLEGE 
LIBRARY 



£^USANIAS' 
DESCRIPTION OF GREECE^ 

TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH WITH 
NOTES AND INDEX 



BV 

ARTHUR RICHARD SHILLETO, MA. 

SOMETIMB SCHOLAR OF TRINITY COUEGS 
CAMBRIDGE 

VOLUME II 




LONDON 

GEORGE BELL AND SONS 

1900 



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BOHN'S CLASSICAL LIBRARY 



PAUSANIAS' DESCRIPTION OF GREECE 



CONTENTS. 

FAOB 

Booh Vir. AcoiiA • • • 1 

VIIL Aboadu 61 

IX. BoMmA 151 

X Fkoou tit 



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nOM THE "P""^"^ °f *'""^ 
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LI li RAl^Y 

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BBBATA. 



uVolaiiM I. Paw 8, lin« 37, for «« Atte" read «« Attefc* At tH. 17, 
« 20. (Catallat'^/if.) 

Page 150, line 22, for ** Anxesiaa" read ** Auxeeia.*' An 
ii. a 



1 



Page 191, line 4, for ** Tamagra " read •' Tanupra.** 

Page 215, line S5, for " Te now enter** read** Enter /• 

now." 
Page 337, Une 5, for « the LitUe Iliad * read <* The LUiU 

Iliad:" 
Ptige 889, line 18, for <" the Babjlonians »» read *« Bab/km.'* 

VohiiM n. Pktge 61, last line, for «* earth *» read *• Earth.** 
Page 95, line 9, for '^Camira'* read «< Caminu." 
P»ge 169, line 1, for ^•and'' read <• for.** 

lin* S, for «• other kinds of flatee'* read *• other 

flatea.* 
Page 364, line lb| for "ChiloD* read ^Chilo.* Ajlii.16. 
Pige 368| Not6, for « I iad * read «• Iliad.** 



PAUSANIAS. 

BOOK Vn.— AOHAIA. 
CHAPTER I. 

NOW tbe country between Elis and Sicjonia which 
borders on the Corinthian Galf is called in our daj 
Achaia from its inhabitants, but in ancient times was called 
iEginlas and its inhabitants ^gialians, according to the 
tradition of the Sicjonians from ^gialeus, who was king 
of what is now Sicjonia, others saj ihnom the position of the 
country which is mostly on the sea^shore.* After the death 
of Hellen his sons chased their brother Xuthus out of Thes* 
saljr> accusing him of haring prirately helped himself to 
their father's money. And he fled to Athens, and was 
thought worthy to marry the daughter of Erechtheus, and 
he had by her two sons AchsBUS and Ion. After the death 
of Erechtheus he was chosen to decide which of his sons 
should be king, and, because he decided in favour of Cecrops 
the eldest, the other sons of Erechtheus drove him out of 
the countij : and he went to ^gialas and there lived and 
died. And of his sons AchsBus took an army from ^gialus 
and Athens and returned to Thessaly, and took possession 
of the throne of his ancestors, and Ion, while gathering to- 
gether an army against the ^gialians and their king 
Selinus, received messengers from Selinus offering him his 
only child Helice in marriage, and adopting him as his son 
and heir. And Ion was very. well content^ with this, and 
after the death of Selinus reigned over the ^ffialians, and 
built Helice whidli he called after the name of his wife^ and 

* JEgiftliit (oIyuiX^) If OrMtk for •eft^hon^ In thto latl ?itw 
|Nurt the nanMt PosMrmio, Olamarffomhiri, 
II. B 



2 PAUSAMTAS. 

called tbe inhabitants of ^gialns lonians after him. This 
was not a change of name bat an addition, for thej were 
called the Ionian ^gialians. And the old name ^gialns 
long prerailed as the name of the coantiy. And so Homer 
in his catalogue of the forces of Agamemnon was pleased 
to call the conntrj bj its old name, 

** Throughout iEgialns and tpadoiis Helioe.** 

And at that period of the reign of Ion when the Eleasi- 
nians were at war with the Athenians, and the Athenians 
inrited Ion to be Commander in Chief, death seised him in 
Attica, and he was buried at Potamos, a village in Attica. 
And his descendants reigned after him till thej and their 
people were dispossessed by the Achaoans, who in their tarn 
were driven oat bj the Dorians from Lacedaomon and Argos. 
The mutnal feods between the lonians and Achaoans I shall 
relate when I have first given the reason why, before the 
return of the Dorians, the inhabitants of Lacedaomon and 
Argos only of all the Peloponnese were called AchaBaos. 
Archander and Architeles, the sons of Aohaoas, came to. 
Argos from Phthiotis and became the sons in law of Danaas, 
Architeles marrying Automate, and Archander Scada. And 
that they were sojourners in Argos is shewn very clearly 
bv the name Metanastes (stranger) which Archander gave 
his son. And it was when the sons of Achaoas got power* 
ful in Argos and Lacedaomon that the name Achsdan got 
attached to the whole population. Their general name was 
AohaBans, though the Argives were privately called Danai. 
And now when they were expelled from Argos and Lace- 
daomon by the Dorians, they and their king Tisamenus the 
son of Orestes made the lonians proposals to become their 
colonists without war. But the Ionian Court was afraid 
that» if they and the Achaoans were one people, Tisamenus 
would be chosen as king over both nations for his bravery 
and the lustre of his race. So the lonians did not accept 
the proposals of the Achasans but went to blows over it, and 
Tisamenus fell in the battle, and the' Acbsdins beat the 
lonians, and besieged them in Helioe to which tiiey had 
fledt but afterwards let them go upon conditions. And the 
Aohwans buried the body of Tisamenus at Helioe, but some 

> UiMl, ii. 676. 



BOOK Til. — ACHAIA. 3 

time afterwards the LacedsBmonians, in accordance with an 
oracle from Delphi, remored the remains to Sparta, and 
the tomb of Tisamenos is now where the Lacedflsmonians 
have their banqaetings, at the place called Phiditia. And 
when the lonians migrated to Attica the Athenians and their 
king, Melanthns the son of Andropompas, welcomed them 
as settlers, in gratitade to Ion and his services to the Athe- 
nians as Commander in Chief. Bat there is a tradition that 
the Athenians suspected the Dorians, and feared that thej 
wonld not keep their hands ofE them, and received the 
lonians therefore as settlers rather from their formidable 
strength than from goodwill to them* 



CHAPTER IL 

AND not many jears afterwards Medon and Nilens, the 
eldest sons of Codros, qaarrelled as to who should be 
king over the Athenians, and Nileus said he would not sab- 
mit to the rale of Medon, because Medon was lame in one 
of his feet. But as they decided to submit the matter to the 
oracle at Delphi, the Pvthian Priestess assigned the king- 
dom to Medon. So ifileus and the other sons of Codrus 
were sent on a colony, and took with them whaterer Athe- 
nians wished, and the lonians formed the largest part of the 
contingent. This was the third expedition that had started 
from ^eece under different kings and with different peoples. 
The oldest expedition was that of lolaus the Theban, the 
nephew of Hercules, who led the Athenians and people of 
Thespiflo to Sardinia. And, one eeneration before the 
lonians sailed from Athens, the LacedsBmonians and MinjSB 
who had been expelled by the Pelasgi from Lemnos were 
led by Theras the Theban, the son of Autesion, to the island 
henceforward called Theras after him, but formerly called 
Calliste* And now thirdly the sons of Codrus were put at 
the head of the lonians, though they had no connection 
with them by race, being as they were Messenians from 
Pylos as far as Codrus and Melanthns were concerned, and 
Athenians only on their mother's side. And the following 
Oreeks took part in this expedition of the lonians, the 
Thebaas under Philotas, who was a descendant of Peneleni^ 



4 PAU81NIA8. 

and the ItGnjsd from Orchomenus, who were kinsmen of the 
sons of Codrus. All the Phocians also took part in it (ex- 
cept the people of Delphi), and the Ahantes from Eahoai. 
And to the Phocians the Athenians Philogenes and Damon, 
the sons of Eactemon, gave ships to sail in» and themselves 
led them to the colony. And when they had crossed over 
to Asia Minor, different detachments went to different 
maritime towns, hut Nileus and his contingent to Hiletos. 
The Milesians give the following account of their early his- 
tory. They say their country was for two generations called 
Anactoria, during the reigns of Anaz the Autochthon and 
Asterius his son, and that, when Miletus put in there with 
an expedition of Cretans, then the town and country changed 
its name to Miletus from him. And Miletus and the force 
with him came from Crete fleeing from Minos the son of 
Europa. And the Carians, who had settled earlier in the 
neighbourhood of Miletus, admitted the Cretans to a joint 
share with them. But now when the lonians conquered 
the old inhabitants of Miletus, they slew all the males ex-- 
cept those that ran away from the captured city, and mar- 
ried their wives and daughters. And the tomb of Nileus is 
as you approach Didymi, not far from the gates on the left 
of the road. And the temple and oracle of Apollo at Didymi 
are of earlier date than the migration of the lonians : as 
also is the worship of the Ephesian Artemis. Not that 
Pindar in my opinion understood all about the goddess, 
for he says that the Amazons who fought against Theseus 
and Athens built the temple to her. Those women from 
Thermodon did indeed sacrifice to the Ephesian Artemis, 
as having known her temple of old, when they fled from 
Hercules and earlier still from Dionvsns, and sought refuge 
there : it was not however built by tnem, but by (>>resus, an 
Autochthon, and by Ephesus (who was they think the son of 
the river Gavster, and gave his name to the city of Ephesus). 
And the Leleges (who form part of Garia) and most of the 
Lydians inhabited the district And sevend people lived near 
the temple for the purpose of supplication, and some women 
of the Ajnasonian race. And Androclus the son of Codrus, 
who was appointed king of the lonians that sailed to 
Ephesus^ drove the Leleges and Lydians who dwelt in the 
nppcr partof the city oat of the district; but of those who 



BOOK Til. — ^ACHAf A. 5 

lived near the temple no apprehensions were entertained, 
hat they mutnallj gave and receiyed pledges with the 
lonians without any hostilities. Androolns also took Samoa 
from the Samians, and for some time the Ephesians were 
roasters of Samoa and the adjacent islands. And after 
the Samians returned to their own possessionSi Androclos 
assisted the people of Priene against the Carians and, thonsh 
the Oreeks were ▼ictorioos, fell in the battle* And the 
Ephesians took up his corpse, and bnried it in their own 
conntry where the tomb is shown to this day, on the way 
from the temple by the Oljmpiieom to the Magnesian gates. 
The deytce on the tomb is a man in fnll armour. 

And the Tonians, when they inhabited Myus and Priene, 
droye the Carians out from those cities. Cyaretus the son 
of Godrus colonized Hyus, and Priene was colonized by 
Thebans and lonians mixed under Philotas, the descendant 
of Peneleus, and ^pytus the son of Nileus. So Priene, 
which had been rayaged by Tabalus the Persian, and after- 
wards by Hiero one of its own citizens, at lost became an 
Ionian city; But the dwellers in Myus left their town in 
consequence of the following circumstance. In the neigh- 
bourhood of Myus is a small bay : this was conyerted into 
a marsh by the Mieander filling up the mouth of the bay 
with mud. And aa the water became foul and no longer 
sea, mosquitoes in endless quantities bred in the marsh, till 
they compelled the poor people of Myus to leaye the place. 
And they went to Miletus and carried ofE with them eyerv* 
thing they could take and the statues of the gods: and m 
my time there waa at Myus only a temple of Dionysus in 
white marble. A similar disaster feU upon the Atamilo 
near Pergamum* 



CHAPTER IIL 

THE Colophonians also regard the temple and oracle of 
Apollo at Claros as most ancient, for, while the Carians 
were still in possession of the country, they say that the first 
Oreeks who came there were Cretans, a large force powerful 
botii by l:ind and sea under Bhacius, and the Carians re- 
mained still in possession 6t most of the country. But 



6 PA0SARIA8. 

wben the Ai^res and Thersander the son of Polynices 
took Thebes, sereral captiveSt and among others Manto 
were taken to Apollo at Delphi, bat Tiresias died on the 
road not far from Haliartns.^ And when the god sent 
them to form a colony thej crossed oyer into Asia Minor, 
and when they g^t to Glares the Cretans attacked them 
and took them before Rbacins. And he, understanding 
from Manto who thej were and their errand, married Manto 
and made her companions fellow-settlers with him. And 
Mopsns, the son of Bhacins and Manto, drove ont all the 
Carians altogether. And the lonians on mutual conditions 
l>ecame fellow-citisens upon equal terms with the Oolopho- 
ntan Greeks. And the kingdom over the lonians was 
usurped by their leaders Damasiohthon and Promethns 
the sons of Godrus. And Promethus afterwards slew his 
brother Damasichthon and fled to Nazos, and died there, 
and his body was taken home and buried by the sons of 
Damasichthon : his tomb is at a place called Polytichides. 
And how Golophon came to be dispeopled I have previously ^ 
described in my account about Lysimachus ; its inhabi- 
tants were the only colonists at Ephesus that fought against 
Lysimachus and the Macedonians. And the tombs of those 
from Golophon and Smyrna that fell in the battle are on 
the left of the road to Glaros. 

Lebedus also was di8|M3opled by Lysimachus simply to 
add to the population of Ephesus. It was a place in many 
respects favoured, and especially for its very numerous and 
Agreeable warm baths near the sea. Originally it was in« 
habited by the Garians, till Andromon, the son of Godrus, 
and the lonians droye them out. Andraomon's tomb is on 
the left of the road from Golophon, after yon haye crossed 
the river Calaon. 

And Teos was colonized by the Minysd from Orohomenus, 
who came with Athamas; he is said to have been a de- 
scendant of Athamas the son of ^olns. Hera too the 
Garians wera mixed up with the Greeks. And the lonians 
wero conducted to Teos by Apoecus, the greiit-great-grand- 
son of Melanthns, who did no harm to either the Oroho- 
menians or Teians. And not many years afterwards came 
men from Attioa and Boeotia, the former under Damasus 
• See Book Ix. ch. as. 



BOOK Tli. — ^AOHAIA. 7 

and Naoclus the sons of Godrns, the latter under the Bobo« 
tian Geres, and both these new-comers were hospitably 
receiyed by Apcecas and the people of Teos. 

The ErjthrsBi also say that they came originally from 
Crete with Erythros (the son of Bhadamanthyb) who was 
the founder of their city, and when the Lycians Carians 
and Pamphylians occupied the city as well as the Cretans, 
(the Lycians being kinsfolk of the Cretans, having origi- 
nally come from Crete when they fled from Sarpedon, and 
the Carians having an ancient friendship with Minos, and 
the Pamphylians also having Greek blood in their veins, for 
after the capture of Ilium they wandered about with Cal- 
chas), when all those that I have mentioned occupied Ery- 
thre, Cleopus the son of Codrns gathered together from all 
the towns in Ionia various people, whom he formed into a 
colony at Ery thrao. 

And the people of ClasomensB and Phocea had no cities 
before the lonians came to Asia Minor: but when the 
lonians arrived a detachment of them, not knowing their 
way about the country, sent for one Parphorus a Colo- 
phonian as their guide, and having built a city under Mount 
Ida left it not long after, and returned to Ionia and built 
Scyppius in Golophonia. And migrating of their own 
accoixl from Colophonia, they occupied the territory which 
they now hold, and built on the mainland the town of 
Clazomenao. But afterwards from fear of the Persians they 
crossed over into the island opposite. But in process of 
time Alexander the son of Philip was destined to convert 
ClasomensB into a peninsula, by connecting the island with 
the mainland by an embankment. Most of the inhabitants 
of Clasomensd were not lonians, but were from Cleone and 
Phlius, and had left those cities when the Dorians returned 
to the Peloponnese. And the people of Phocsda were 
originally from the country under Mount Parnassus which 
is still to our day called Phocis, and crossed over into Asia 
Minor with the Athenians Philogenes and Damon. And 
they took territory not by war but on an understanding with 
the people of Cyme. And as the lonians would not receive 
them into the Pan-Ionio o6nfederaoy unless they received 
kings from the descendants of Codrus, they accepted from 
Erythm and Teos Decetes and Periolus and Abartus. 



A' 



PAUaANUS. 



CHAPTER IV. 

ND the oities of the loniana in the islands were Samos 
near Mjcale, and Chios opposite Mimas. The Samian 
Asins, the son of AraphiptolemuSi has written in hispoems 
that Phodnix had by Perimede (the daughter of GBnens) 
Astjpaliea and Europe, and that Poseidon had bj Asty- 
paleoa a son Ancsdos, who was king over the Leleges, and 
married the daughter of the river-god Mieander, her name 
was Samia, and their children were Perilans and Enudas 
and Samoe and Alitherses and one daughter Parthenope, 
who bare Lvcomedos to Apollo. Such is the account of 
Asius in his poems. Those who inhabited Samos at 
this time received the Ionian colonists rather of necessity 
than goodwill. The Ionian leader was Prooles the son 
of Pityreus, an Epidaurian as also was a large number 
nf his men, they had been banished from Epidauria by 
Deiphontes and the Argives, and Prooles himself was 
a descendant of Ion the son of Xuthns. And Androclus 
and the Ephesians marched against Leogoms the son of 
ProcleSy who succeeded his father as king of Samos, and 
having defeated him in battle drove the Samians out of 
the island, on the pretext that thev had joined the Cariaus 
in a plot against the lonians. Of the Samians that were 
thus driven out of Samos some took a colony to the island 
near Thrace, which had been previously known as Dar- 
dania,bnt was henceforth called Samothrace; others under 
Leogoms built a fort on the mainland opposite at Aniea, 
and ten years afterwards crossed into Samos, drove oat 
the Ephesians and recovered the island. 

The temple of Hera in Samos was according to the 
tradition of some built by the Argonauts, who brought the 
statue of the goddess from Argos. But the Samians them- 
selves think that the goddess was born in their island on 
the banks of the river Imbrasns, and under the willow- 
tree that still grows in the temple of Hera. That this 
temple oould not have been very ancient one naturally 
infers from the statue, which is by the ^ginetan Smilia, 
the mm of Enolides, who* was a contemporary of Dedalns, 



BOOK TH. — ^AOHAIA. 9 

bat has not acqaired equal renown. For Daadalua, an 
Athenian of the royal stock called Metionid(B» was most 
remarkable of all men for his art and misfortanes. For 
having killed his sister's son, and knowing the vengeance 
that awaited him in his country, he became a voluntary 
exile and fled to Minos and Crete, and made works of 
art for Minos and his daughters, as Homer has described 
in the Iliad. But being condemned for treason against 
Minos, and thrown into prison with his son, he escaped 
from Crete and went to Inycns, a city of Sicily, to the 
court of Cocalus, and caused a war between the Sicilians 
nnd Cretans, because Cocalus would not give him up at the 
request of Minos. And so much beloved was he by the 
daughters of Cocalus for his art, that these ladies entered 
into a plot against the life of Minos out of favour to Dsoda- 
Ins. And it is plain that his fame extended over all Sicily, 
and most of Italv. While Smilis, except among the Samians 
nnd at Elea, had no fame whatever out of his own country ; 
but ho went to Samoa, and there he made the statue of 
Hera. 

About Chios Ion the Tragedian has recorded that Posei- 
don went to that island, when it was unoccupied, and had 
an intrigue there with a Nymph, and when she was in 
labour some snow fell, and so Poseidon called the boy 
Chios.^ By another Njmph he had Agelus and Melas. 
And in process of time CEnopion sailed to Chios from Crete 
with his sons Talus and Euanthes and Melas and Salngas 
and Athamas. And during the reign of CEnopion some 
Carians came to the island, and the Abantes from EuboB:w 
And CEnopion and his sons were succeeded by Araphiclus, 
who came to Chios from Histiflsa in Euboea in accordanco 
with the oracle at Delphi. And Hector the fourth in descent 
from Amphidus, (for he too was king of Chios), fought 
against the Abantes and Carians that were still in the 
island, and slew some in various battles, and compelled 
others to leave the island upon conditions of war. And 
after the Chians had finished the war, then Hector bethought 
him that he and the lonians ought to jointly sacrifice to 
the welfare of the Pan*Ionio league. And Ion says he 

* The Qrock lor snow is Mam, Hem the pMronooiuia^ 



10 PAU8AKU8. 

receiyed the preseiK of a tripod from the oommniiitj of the 
lonians for his prowess. Bat Ion has not told ns how it 
was the Chians got ranked as lonians. 



CHAPTER V. 

AND Smyrna, which was one of the 12 cities of the 
^olians, on the site of what thej now call the old city, 
was taken from the ^olians by the lonians who came 
from Colophon, bnt some time afterwards the lonians 
admitted its inhabitants to the Pan-Ionic league. But 
Alexander the son of Philip built the modern Smyrna in 
consequence of a dream he had. For on his return from 
hunting on Mount Pagus he went they say to the temple 
of Nemesis, and there found a well, and a plane-tree in 
front of the temple growing in the water. And they say he 
slept under this plane-tree and the goddesses of Nemesis* 
appeared to him and bade him build a town on that site, 
and remoTO the people of Smyrna there from the old 
Smyrna. And the people of Smyrna sent envoys to Claros 
to consult the oracle in the present conjuncture, and the 
god gave the following oracular response, 

*' Thrice happy yea four times happy shall those men be, 
who shall dwell near Mount Pagus across the sacred Meles.'* 

So they willingly removed, and they worship two Nemeses 
instead of one, and they say their mother was Night, but 
the Athenians who worship Nemesis at Bhamnus say that 
she was the daughter of Oceanus. 

The lonians have a most magnificent country for the 
fruits of the earth, and temples such as there are nowhere 
else, the finest that of Ephesian Artemis for size and 
opulence, and next two to Apollo not quite finished, one at 
Branchidfld in Milesia, the other at ClaroB in Colophonia. 
Two temples in Ionia were burnt down by the Persians^ 
one of Hera in Samos, and one of Athene in PhocflBa. They 
are still wonderful though the fire has passed upon them. 
And yon would be delighted with the temple of Hercules 
at Erythraa, and with the temple of Athene at Priene, the 
latter for the statue of the goddess, the former for its great 



BOOK ▼n.^AGHAl4. 11 

antiqaitj. And at Erjthr» ia a work of art unlike the 
moat ancient of ^ginetan or Attio workmanship : its design 
18 perfect Egyptian. It is the wooden raft on which the god 
sailed from Tjre in Phoenicia, why the people of Erjthro 
do not say. Bat to prove that it came into the Ionian sea 
they say it was moored at the promontory called Mid, 
which is on the mainland about half-way from the harbour 
of Erythra to the island of Chios. And when this raft 
was at the promontory, the people of ErythrsB and the 
Ghians too had no small trouble in trying to get it on 
shore. At last a native of Erythne, who got his living 
from the sea by catching fish, but had lost his eyesight 
through some disease, Phormio by name, dreamed that 
the women of Erythrao were to cut ofE their hair, and 
that the men making a rope out of this hair were to drng 
the raft ashore. The women who were citizens wouldn't 
hear of it : but all the women who were slaves of Thracian 
mce, or who being free had yet to earn their own living, 
allowed their hair to be cut on, and so at lapt the people of 
ErythrsB got the raft to shore. So Thracian women alone 
are allowed to enter the temple of Hercnlen, and the rope 
made of hair is still kept by the people of Erythrn. They 
also say that the fisherman recovered his sight, and saw for 
the rest of his life. At Erythrss there is also a temple of 
Athene Polias, and a huffe wooden statae of the goddess 
seated on a throne, in one hand a distafiE in the other a globe. 
We conjecture it to be by Endoeus from several circum- 
stances, especially looking at the workmanship of the statue 
inside, and the Graces and Seasons in white marble, which 
used to stand in the open air. The people of Smyrna also 
had in my time a temple of iBHCulapius between the moun- 
tain Goryphe and the sea which is unmixed with any other 
water. 

Ionia besides the temples and the salubrity of the air has 
several other things worthy of record. Near Ephesus is 
the river Genohrius, and the fertile Mount Pion, and the 
well Halitsda. And in Milesia is the well Biblis : of the 
love passages of Biblis they still sing. And in Golophonia 
is the grove of Apollo, consisting of ash trees, and not far 
from the grove the river Ales, the coldest river in Ionia. 
And the people of Leb^dus have hatha which are both 



12 PAUSINUS. 

wonderfal and nsefal to men. The people of Teos ako 
have baths at the promontory Macria, some natural con« 
sisting of sea-water that bursts in at a oreyioe of the rock, 
others built at wonderfal cost. The people of Olazomened 
also haye baths. Agamemnon is honoured there. And 
there is a grotto called the grotto of Pyrrhus* mother, and 
they haye a tradition about Pyrrhas as a shepherd. The 
people of ErvthrsB haye also a plaoe called Chalcis, from 
which the third of their tribes takes its name, where there 
is a promontory extending to the sea, and some sea baths, 
which of all the baths in Ionia are most beneficial to men. 
And the people of Smyrna haye the most beautifnl river 
Meles and a caye near ifs springs, where they say Homer 
wrote his Poems. The Chians also have a notable sight in 
the tomb of CEnopion, aboat whose deeds they have several 
legends. The Samians too on the way to the temple of 
Hera have the tomb of Bhadine and Leontichus, which 
those are acoastomed to visit who are melancholy through 
love. The wonderful things indeed in Ionia are not far 
short of those in Greece altogether. 



CHAPTER VI. 

AFTER the departure of the lonians the Achienns 
divided their land and lived in their towns, which were 
12 in number, and well known throaghont Greece. Dyme 
first near Elin, and then Olenus, and PharsB, and Tritea, and 
Rhypes, and ^ii^ium, and Gerynea, and Bura, and Helice, 
and JEtgm and ^gira, and last Pellene near Sicyonia. In 
these towns, which had formerly been inhabited by the 
lonians, the Achieans and their kings dwelt. And those 
who had the greatest power among the Achieans were the 
sons of Tisamenus, Daimenes and Spartoti and Tellis and 
Leontomenes. Gometes, the eldest of Tisamenus' sons, had 
previoasly crossed over into Asia Minor. These mled over 
the AchflBans as also Damasins (the son of Penthilas^ the 
son of Orestes), the brother of Tisamenus. Equal authority 
to them had Preugenes and his son Patrcus from Laoedo- 



BOOK TU.— ACHAIA. 13 

mon ; who were allowed bj the Achfloans to bnild a citj m 
their territoTj, which was called Patne af fcor Patrens. 

The following were the wars of the Achedans. In the 
expedition of Agamemnon against Ilium, as they inhabited 
both LacedaBraon and Argos, they were the largest oontin« 
gent from Ghreece. Bat when Aerzes and the Modes in- 
Tsded Ghreece, the Achieans as far as we know did not 
join Leonidas at the pass of Thermopjlie, nor did they 
figbt under Themistodes and the Athenians in the sea- 
fights of! Eoboea and Salamis, nor were they in either the 
Lacedflomonian or Athenian list of allies. They were also 
behind at Plateea : for otherwise they would certainly have 
been mentioned among the other Qreeks on the basement 
of the statue of Zeus at Olympia^^ I cannot but think they 
stayed behind on each of these occasions to save their 
country, and also after the Trojan War they did not think 
it befitting that the Lacedflomonians (who were Dorians) 
should lead them. As they showed long afterwards. For 
when the Lacedsdmonians were at war with the Athenians, 
the Achsaans readily entered into an alliance with the 
people of PatrflB, and were equally friendly with the Athe- 
nians. And they took part in the wars that were fought 
afteiVards by Qreece, as at Ghnronea against Philip and 
the Macedonians. But they admit that they did not 
go into Thessaly or take part in the battle of Lamia, be- 
cause they had not yet recovered from their reverse in 
BoBotia. And the Gustos Botulorum at Patras says that the 
wrestler Ghilon was the only Achoean present at the action 
at Lamia. I know also myself that the Lydian Adrastus 
fought privately (and not in any concert with the Lydians) 
for the Greeks. This Adrastas had a brazen effigy erected 
to him by the Lydians in front of the temple of Persian 
Artemis, and the inscription they wrote upon it was that 
he died fighting for the Greeks against Leonnatus. And 
the pass at Thermopylae that admitted the GhJati was 
overlooked by all the Peloponnesians as well as by the 
Aohflsans t for as the barbarians had no ships, they thouffht 
they had nothing to fear from them, if they strongly for- 
tified the Isthmus of Gprinth, f^m LeohsBom on the one 
sea to Crenohren on the other. 

> 8ftBookv.«ai.S8. 



14 PAUSAvua. 

This was ibe Tiew at thai time of all the PelopoonesiaDa. 
Aod when the Galaii croeaed over into Asia Minor in ships 
got somewhere or other, then the Greeks were so sitoated 
thai none of them were anj longer elearlj the leading 
state. For as to the Lacedaemonians, their lererse at 
Lenctra, and the gathering of the Arcadians at Megalopolis, 
and the ridnitj of the Messenians on their borders, pre- 
Tented their recoyering their former prosperity;. And the 
ci^ of the Thebans had been so laid waste bj Alexander, 
thttt not manj jears afterwards when thej were rednced 
bj Cassander, tiiej were unable to protect themselTes at 
aU. And the Athenians had indeed the good will of all 
Chreeoe for their famoos actions, hot that was no aecoritj 
to them in their war with the Macedonians. 



OnAPTER VIL 

THE Acbaans were most powerfal in the days when the 
Greeks were not banded together, but each looked 
after their own personal interests. For none of their towns 
except Pellene had anj experience of tjrants at any time. 
And misfortunes from wars and the plague did not so much 
touch the Achfleans as all the other Greeks. Accordingly 
what is oalled the Ach»an League was by common consent 
the design and act of the Ach» ins. And this League was 
formed at ^gium because, next to Helice which had been 
swept away by a flood, it had been the foremost town in 
Achaia in former times, and was at this time the most power- 
fuL And of the other Greeks the Sioyonians first joined 
this Achnau League. And next to the Sicyonians some of 
the other Peloponnesians joined it, some immediately, some 
rather later : and outside the Isthmus what brought people 
in was seeing that the Aoh».in League was becoming more 
and more powerful. And the Lacedemonians were the 
only Greeks that were unfriendly to the Achnans and 
opody took up arms against them. For Pellene an Achaan 
town was taken by Agis, the son of Eudamidas, Ejng of 
8parta» though he was soon driven out again by Aratus 
and the Sioyonians. And Cleomenes, the son of Leonidaa 



BOOK TIL— ACHAIA. J.5 

and grandson of Gleonymus, a king of the other family, 
when Aratns and the Achfeans were gathered together at 
Djme against him routed them hadlj in hattle, thoagh he 
afterwards oonclnded peace with the Aohseans and Anti- 
gonns. Antigonns was at this time mler of the Macedo- 
nians, heing Regent for Phih'p, the son of Demetrius, who 
was quite a boy ; he was Philip's uncle and also stepfather. 
With him and the Achoeans Gleomenes made peace, but 
soon yiolated his engagements, and reduced to slavery 
Megalopolis in Arcadia. And the reverse which the Lacedio* 
monians met with at Sellasia at the hands of the Achieans 
and Antigonus was in consequence of Cleomenes' violation 
of his word. But Gleomenes we shall mention a^ain when 
we come to Arcadia. And Philip the son of Demetriup, 
when he came to age!, received the rule over the Macedonians 
from his stepfather Antigonns, who was glad to surrender 
it, and inspired great fear in all the Greeks by closely 
imitating Philip the son of Arayntas, (who was no ancestor 
of his, but a true despot), as in bribing people to betray 
their country. And at banquets he would offer the cup of 
fellowship and kindness filled not with wine but deadly 
poison, a thing which Philip the son of Amyntas in my 
opinion never thought of, but to Philip the son of Demetrius 
poisoning appeared a very trifling crime. And three towns 
he turned into garrison-towns as poinU d*appui against 
Greece, and in his insolence and haughty disregard of the 
Greeks he called these towns the keys of Greece. One was 
Gorinth in the Peloponnese, the citadel of which he strongly 
fortified, and for £uboBa and Boeotia and Phocis he had 
Ohalcis near the Enripns, and for Thessaly and ^tolia he 
garrisoned Magnesia under Mount Pelion. And by per- 
petual raids and plundering incursions he harassed the 
Athenians and iBtolians especially. I have mentioned 
before in my account of Attica the Greeks or barbarians 
who assisted the Athenians against Philip, and how in conse- 
quence of the weakness of their allies the Athenians were 
obliged to rely on an alliance with Rome. The Romans 
had sent some soldiers not long before nominally to assist 
the ^tolians against Philip, but really to spy out what the 
Macedonians were aiming at. But now they sent an army 
under the command of OttlioS, that was luB best known 



16 FAUSANtAS. 

name, for the Romans are not called like ilie Greolcs merelj 
after tlieir father's name, bnt haye 3 names at least and 
sometimes more. This Otilios had orders from the Romans 
to protect the Athenians and ^tolians against Philip. 
Otilins in all other respects obeyed his orders, bat did one 
thing that the Romans were not pleased at. For he cap- 
tared and rased to the ground Hestifloa (a town in Enboea) 
and Anticyra in Phocis, places which had sabmitted to 
Philip simply from necessity. This was I think the reason 
why the Senate when they heard of it superseded him by 
Flaminias. 



CHAPTER Vra. 

FLAMINinS on his arrival immediately defeated the 
Macedonian garrison at Eretria and plundered the town, 
and next marched to Corinth which was occupied by 
Philip's garrison, and sat down to a regular siege, and 
sent to the Acha^ans urging them to come to Corinth with 
an army, so as to be reckoned the allies of the Romans, and 
in friendship to the Greeks generally. But the Ach»ans 
took it ill that Flaminius and still earlier Otilius had handled 
so sayagely old Greek cities, that had committed no offence 
against Rome, and were under the Macedonians against 
their wish. They foresaw also that instead of Philip and 
the Macedonians they would merely have the Romans as 
dictators in Greece. But after many speeches from diffe- 
rent points of view had been delivered in the council, at 
last the party friendly to the Romans prevailed, and the 
Achieans joined Flaminius in the siege of Corinth. And the 
Corinthians, being thus freed from the Macedonian yoke, 
at once joined the Achasan League, which indeed they had 
formerly joined, when Aratus and the Sicyonians drove out 
the garrison from the citadel of Corinth and slew Persaous, 
who had been put in command of the garrison by Antigonus. 
And from that time forward the AohaBans were called the 
adlies of the Romans, and were devoted to them at all times, 
and followed them into Macedonia against Philip, and 
joined them in an expedition against the ^tolians, and 
fought on their side against Antio^hns and the Syrians. 



BOOK Tit.— ACHAIA. 17 

In fighting against tbo Macedonians and Syrians the 
AcbfBans were animated only by friendship to the Romans ; 
bat in fighting against the JStolians they were satisfying a 
long-standing gradge. And when the power at Sparta of 
Nabis, a man of the most unrelenting cruelty, had been 
overthrown, the Lacededmonians became their own masters 
again, and as time went on the Acheeans got them into 
their League, and were very severe with them, and rased 
to the ground the fortifications of Sparta, which had 
been formerly run up hastily at the time of the invasion 
of Demetrius and afterwards of Pyrrhus and the Epirotes, 
but during the pow^r of Nabis had been very strongly 
fortified. And not only did the Aohteans rase the whIJs 
of Spirta, but they prevented their youths from train- 
ing as Lycurgiis had ordained, and made them train in 
the Achaaan way, . I shall enter into all this in more detail 
in my account about Arcadia. And the Lacediemonians, 
being sorely vexed with these harassing decrees of the 
Achaaans, threw themselves into the arms of Metellus and 
his colleagues, who had come on an embassy from Rome, 
not to try and stir up war against Philip and the Mace- 
donians, for a peace had been previously solemnly concluded 
between Philip and the Romans, but to try the charges 
made a^inst Philip either by the Thessalians or the Epi- 
rotes. rhilip himself indeed and the Macedonian supre- 
macy had actually received a fatal blow from the Romans. 
For fighting against Flaminius and the Romans on the 
range of hills colled Oynoscephalao Philip got the worst of 
it, and having put forth all his strength in the battle got 
so badly beaten that he lost the greater part of his army, 
and was obliged by the Roman terms to remove his 
garrisons from all the Greek towns which he had seized 
and reduced during the war* The peace indeed with the 
Romans which he obtained sounded specious, but was only 
procured by various entreaties and at great expenditure of 
monev. The Sibyl had indeed foretold not without the 
god the power which the Macedonians would attain to in 
the days of Philip the son of Amyntas, and how all this 
would crumble away in the days of another Philip. These 
are the very words of her oracle — 
' ** Ye Macedonians, that boast in the Argeado aa year 

II. 



18 PAU8AHU3. 

kings, to jon Philip as raler shall be bOih a blessing and a 
carse. The first Philip shall make joa mler over cities 
and people, the last shall loseyou all joar honour, con- 
quered by men both from the West and East." 

The Romans that oyerthrew the* Macedonian Empire 
liyed in the West of Europe, and Attains and the Mysian 
force that cooperated with them may be said to have been 
Eastern Nations. 



CHAPTER IX. 

K 

BTTT now Metellns and his colleagues resolved not to 
neglect the quarrels of the Lacediemonians and Ach- 
8Bans, so they convened before their council-board the 
most prominent Achenns, that they might publicly advise 
them to treat the Lacedadmonians in a kindlier spirit. And 
the AchsBans i^tamed answer that they would give no 
hearing to them or anyone else, who should approach them 
on any subject whatever, except they were armed with a 
dcnree from the Roman Senate. And Metellus and his 
colleagues, thinking they were treated by the AdiOMins with 
rather too much hauteur, on their return to Rome told the 
Senate many things against the AchsDans which were nof 
all tme. And further charges still were brought against tho 
Achaeans by Areus and Alcibiades, who were held in great 
repute at Sparta, but who did not act well to the Acheeans: 
for when they were exiled bv Nabis the Achieans had kindly 
received them, and after the death of Nabis had restored 
them to Sparta contrary to the wish of the Lnced»monian 
people. But now being admitted before the Roman Senate 
they inveighed against the Achedans with the greatest seal. 
Ana the Aoha>ans on their return from Rome sentencetl 
them to death in their Gounci}. And the Roman.Senate sent 
Appius and some others to put the differences between the 
AchsBans and Lacedemonians on a just footing. But this 
embassv was not likely to please the Achmns, inasmuch 
as in Appius* suite were Areas and Alcibiades, whom the 
Aohaoans detested at this time. And when thev came into 
the council chamber they endeavoured by their words to 



HOOK TII. — ACHAIA. 19 

stir up rather the animositj of the Achicaiis than to win 
them over by persansion. Lvcortae of Megalopolis, a man 
in merit behmd none of the Arcadians, and who had 
friendly relations with Philopoemen npon whom he relied, 
pnt forward in his speech the just claims of the Achieans, 
and at the same time covertly blamed the Romans. Bnt 
Appins and his suite jeered at Lycortas* speech, and passed 
a vote that Areus and Alcibiades had committed no crime 
against the AohoMins, and allowed the Lacediemonians to 
send envoys to Rome, thus contravening the previous coun 
vention between the Romans and Achroans. For it had 
been publicly agreed that envoys of the Achieans might 
go to the Roman Senate, bnt those states which were in the 
Achnan League were forbidden to send envoys privately. 
And when the Achssans sent a counter-embassy to that of 
the Lacediemonians, and the speeches on both sides were 
heard in the Senate, then the Romans despatched Appins 
and all his former suite as plenipotentiaries between the 
Lacediemonians and Achfeans. And they restored to Spart i 
those that had been exiled by the Achaoans, and they re^ 
mitted the fines of those who had absconded before jndg« 
nient, and had been condemned in their absence. And 
they did not remove the Lacediemonians from the Achiean 
League, but they ordered that fiireign * courle were to try 
capital cases, but all other cases they could themselves try; 
or submit them to the Achsean League. And the Spartans 
again built walls all round their city from the foundation. 
And those Lacedssmonians who were restored from exile 
meditated all sorts of contrivances against the Achieans, 
hoping to iniure them most in the following way; The 
Messenians who were concerned in the death of Philopoemen, 
and who wel« banished it was thought on that account by 
the Achsaans, these and other exiles of the AchsBans they 
persuaded to go and take their case to Rome. And they 
went with them and intrigued for their return from exile. 
And as Appius greatly favoured the Lacediemonians, and 
on all occasions went against the AchsBans, whatever the 
Messeniaa or Aoheaan exiles wished was sure to oome off 
without any difficulty, and letters were sent by the Senate 

* Meaning R^maml take.lL 



20 PAUSAKTA8. 

to Athens and ^tolia, ordering them to restoro the Mcs- 
senians and Achadans to their rights. This seemed tho 
nnkindest cat of all to the Achaoansy who upon Yarions 
occasions were treated with great injastioe by the Bomans, 
and who saw that all their past serrices went for nothing, 
for after haying foaght against Philip and the ^tolians and 
Antiochus simpl/ to oblige the Eomans, thej were neglected 
for exiles whose lives were far from pare. Still they 
thoaght thej had better submit. Sach was the state of 
afEairs ap to this point* 



CHAPTER X. 

BUT the most impious of all crimes, the betrayal of one's 
coantiy and fellow citizens for gain, was destined to 
bring about the destruction of the Achssans, a crime that 
has ever troubled Greeca For in the days of Darius (the 
son of Uystaspes) king of the Persians the Ionian affairs 
were mined by all the Samian captains but eleven treache- 
ronsly surrendering their ships. And after the subjugation 
of the lonians the Medes enslaved Eretria ; when those held 
in highest repute in Eretria played the traitor, as Philagras, 
the son of Gyneus, and Euphorbus, the son of Alcimachus. 
And when Xerxes went on his expedition to Greece, Thes- 
saly was betrayed by the Aleuaa», and Thebes was be- 
trayed by Attnginus and Timegenidas, its foremost men. 
And during the Peloponnesian war Xenias, a native of 
Elis, endeavoured to betray Elis to the Lacediemonians 
and Agis. And those who were called Lysander's friends 
never ceased the attemf>t to betray their countries to 
Lysander. And in the reign of Philip, the son of Amyn* 
tas, one will find that Laced»mon was not the onlv one of 
the Greek cities that were betrayed : the cities of Greece 
were more ruined through treason than they had been for- 
merly by the plagpie. But Alexander the son of Philip had 
very little success indeed by treason. And after the reverse 
to tiie Greeks at Lamia Antipater, wishing to cross over 
with all despatch to the war in Asia Minor, was content to 
patch up a peace speedily, as it mattered nothing to him 



BOOK TIL^ACHAU. 21 

whetlier lie left Athens or indeed all Greece free. Bat 
Demades and other traitors at Athens persnnded Antipater 
not to act friendlj to the Greeks, and, by frightening the 
commonaltj of the Athenians, they were the means of the 
introdnotion into Athens and most other towns of the Mace- 
donian garrisons. What confirms my account is that the 
Athenians after the reverse in Boeotia did not become sub- 
ject to Philip, though 1,000 were killed in the action, and 
2,000 taken prisoners after: but at Lamia, although only 
200 fell, they became slaves of the Macedonians. Thus at 
no time were wanting to Greece people afflicted with this 
itch for treason. And the AchsDans at this time were made 
subject to the Romans entirely through the Achfldan GaUi- 
crates. But the beginning of their troubles was the over- 
throw of Perseus and t£e Macedonian Empire by the 
Romans. 

Perseus the son of Philip was originally at peace with 
the Romans according to the terms of agreement between 
them and his father Philip, but he violated these conditions 
when he led an army against Abrupolis, the king of the 
Sapieans, (who are mentioned by Archiiochus in one of 
his Iambic verses) and dispossessed them, though they 
were allies of the Romans. And Perseus and the Mace- 
donians having been beaten in war on account of this 
outrage upon Uie Sapieans, ten Roman Senators were sent 
to settle affairs in Macedonia according to the interests 
of the Romans. And when they came to Greece Galli- 
crates insinuated himself among them, letting slip no occa- 
sion of flattering them either in word or deed. And one 
of them, who was by no means remarkable for justice, was 
so won over by Gallicrates that he was persuaded by him to 
enter the Achflsan Leagpie. And he went to one of their 
general meetings, and said that when Perseus was at war 
with the Romans the most influential Acheeans .had fur* 
nished him wilh money, and assisted him in other respects. 
He bade the AchsMms therefore pass a sentence of death 
against these men : and he said if they would do so, then 
he would give them their names. This seemed an alto- 
gether unfair way of putting it, and those present at the 
general meeting said that» if any of the Achn.ms had acted 
with Persons, Uieir names must be mentioned firsts for it 



23 PAUSINUS. 

was not fair to condemn them before.. And when the 
Roman was thus confuted, he was so confident as to affirm 
that all the Achaean Generals were implicated in the charge, 
for all were friendly to Perseus and the Macedoniana This 
he said at the instigation of Gallicrates. And Xeno rose 
np next, a man of no small renown among the Achasans, 
and spoke as follows. ** As to this charge, I am a Cbneral 
•of the Aohaonns, and hare neither acted against the 
Bomans, nor shewn anj good will to Perseus. And I am 
read J to be tried on this charge before either the Achaean 
League or the Romans." This he said in the boldness of a 
good conscience. But the Roman Senator at once seised the 
•opportunity his words suggested, and sent all whom Galli- 
crates accused of being friendly to Perseus to stand their 
trial at Rome. Nothing of the kind had oyer prenouslr 
happened to the Greeks. For the Macedonians in the zenith 
of their power, as under Philip, the son of Amyntas, and 
'Alexander, had never forced any Greeks who opposed them 
to be sent into Macedonia, but had allowed them to be 
tried by the Amphictyonic Gouncil. But now every Achaean, 
however innocent, who was accused by Gallioratc^s, had to 
go to Rome, so it was decreed, and more than 1,000 so went. 
•And the Romans, treating them as if they had been already 
condemned by the Achaeans, imprisoned them in various 
towns in Etruria, and, although the Achaeans sent various 
embassies and supplications about them, returned no 
•answer. But 1 7 years afterwards they released some 300 
or even fewer, (who were all that remained in Itnlv of 
the 1,000- and more AchaDans), thinking they had been 
punished sufficiently. And all those who escaped either 
on the journey to Riome in the first instance, or afterwards 
from the towns to which they had been sent by the Romans, 
were, if captured, capitally ponidied at once and no excuse 
received. - 



BOOK Til. — ^iCHAIi. 



CHAPTER XI. 



AND the Bomans sent another Senator to Greece, Gallns 
bj iiamiB, who was sent to arbitrate on the dispntes 
between the Lacedfemonians and the Argives. This GnJlns 
both spoke and acted with maoh hantear to the Greeks, and 
treated the Lacedfemonians and Argivos with the greatest 
contempt possible. For he disdained himself to arbitrate 
for cities which had attained snch great renown, and had 
fonght for their fatherland bravely and lavishly, and had 
previously submitted their claims to no less an arbitrator 
than Philip the son of Amyntas, and submitted the decision 
to Gallicrates, the plague of all Greece. And when the 
iBtolians who inhabit Plenron came to Gallus, desiring 
release from the Achaean League, they were allowed by 
him to send a private embassy to Rome, and the Romans 
gave their consent to what they asked. The Roman Senate 
also despatched to Gallns a decree, that he was at liberty 
to release from the AchsBan League as many towns as he 
liked. 

And he carried out his orders, and meantime the Athe- 
nian people from necessity rather than choice plundered 
Oropus which was a town subject to them, for the Athenians 
had been reduced to a greater state of poverty than any 
of the Greeks by the war with the Macedonians. The 
Oropians appealed to the Senate at Rome, and they, think- 
ing they had not been treated well, ordered the Sicyonians 
to levy upon the Athenians a fine proportionate to the harm 
they had done to the Oropians. Tne Sicyonians, as the 
Athenians did not come into court at the time of trial, fined 
them in their absence 500 talents, but the Roman Senate at 
the request of the Athenians remitted all the fine but 100 
talents. And the Athenians did not pay even this, but by 
promises and gifts prevailed npon the Oropians to agree, 
that an Athenian garrison should occupy Oropus, and that 
the Athenians should have hostages from the Oropians, and 
if the Oropians should bring any further charges against 
the AtheniaDB, then the Athenians were to withdraw their 



24 PAUSANIAS. 

garrison, and retnm their hostages. And no long time 
elapsed when some of the garrison insalted some of the 
townsmen of Oropas. They sent therefore envoys to Athens 
to demand hack their hostages, and at the same time to a^k 
the Athenians to take away their garrison according to 
their agreement But the Athenians flatly refosed, on tho 
plea that the outrage was committed by the garrison and 
not the Athenian people, they promised however that those 
in fault should be punished. And the Oropians appealed 
to the AchiBans to help them, but the Aoli89an8 refused 
out of friendship and respect to the Athenians Then tho 
Oropians promised ton talents to Menalcidas, a Laced8i»- 
monian by birth but serving at this time as General of the 
Aohcans, if he would make the Achieans help them. And 
he promised half the money to Callicrates, who because of 
his friendship with the Bomans had the greatest influence 
over the Achabnns. And Gallioratos responding to the 
wishes of Menalcidas, it was determined to help the Oro- 
pians against the Athenians. And some one announced 
news of this to the Athenians, and they with all speed went 
to OropuSy and after plundering whatever they had spared 
in former raids, withdrew their garrison. And Menalcidas 
and Gallicrates tried to persuade the Ach»ans who came up 
too late for help, to make an inroad into Attica : but as 
they were against it, especially those who had come from 
Laoedttmon, the army went back again. 



CHAPTER XII. 

AKD the Oropians, though no help had come from the 
Achasans, yet had to pay the money promised to Menal- 
cidas. And he, when he had received his bribe, thought it 
a misfortune that he would have to share any part of it 
with Gallicrates. So at first he practised putting off the 
payment of the gift and other wiles, but soon afterwards 
he was so bold as to deprive him of it altogether. My 
statement is confirmed by the proverb, **One fire bums 
fiercer than another fire, and one wolf is fiercer than other 



nooK Yir.— AcnAtA. 25 

wolves, and one hawk flies swif tor than another hawk, iiinoe 
the most anscmpnlons of all men, Calh'orates, is outdone in 
trencherj bj Menalcidas." And Gallicrates, who was never 
superior to any bribe, and had got nothing out of his hatred 
to Athens, was so vexed with Menalcidas that ho deprived 
him of his office, and prosecuted him on a capital charge 
before the AohoBans, vu. that he had tried to undermine 
the AchsDans on his embassy to Rome, and that he had en- 
deavoured to withdraw Sparta from the AchoMui league* 
Menalcidas in this crisis gave 3 of the talents from Oropus 
to Dieeus of Megalopolis, who had been his successor as 
General of the Achsans, and now, being sealous in his 
interest on account of his bribe, was bent on saving 
Menalcidas in spite of the Achonns. But the Achedans 
both privately and publicly were vexed with Dieeus for the 
acquittal of Menalcidas. But Dioens turned away their 
chaiges against him to the hope of greater gain, by using 
the following wile as a pretext. The Lacededmonians had 
gone to the Senate at Rome about some debateable land, 
and the Senate had told them to try all but capital cases 
before the Achoean League. Such was their answer. But 
Diroas told the Achieans what was not the truth, and 
deluded them by saying that the Roman Senate allowed 
thorn to pass sentence of death upon a Spartan. Thej 
therefore thought the Lacedemonians could also pass sen- 
tence of life and death on themselves : but the Lacedemo- 
nians did not believe that Diieus was speaking the truth, 
and wished to refer the matter to the Senate at Rome. 
But the Achsoans objected to this, that the cities in the 
AchflBan League had no right without common consent to 
send an embassy privately to Rome. In consequence of 
these disputes war broke out between the Achicans and 
the LacedaBmonians, and the LacedaBmonians, knowing thej 
were not able to 6ght the Aohaoans, sent embassies to. their 
cities and spoke privatelv to DiaBUs* Ail the cities re- 
turned the same answer, that if their general ordered them 
to take the field they could not disobey. For Dinus was 
in command, and he said that he intended to fight not 
against Sparta but against all that troubled her. And 
when the Spartan Senate asked who he thought weie the 
criminals, he gave them a list of 24 men who were promi- 



26 PAU8ANIA8. 

nent in Sparta. Thereupon the opinion of Agasisthenes 
preyailed, a man previously held in good repate, and who 
for the following advice got still more highly thought of. 
He persuaded all those men whose names were mentioned 
to exile themselves from LacedaBmoni and not by remain- 
ing there to bring on a war on Sparta, and if they fled 
to Rome he said they would be soon restored by the 
Romans. So they departed and were nominally tried in 
their absence in the Spartan law-oonrts and condemned to 
death : but Gallicrates and DiaBus were sent by the Acbsdans 
to Rome to plead against these Spartan exiles before the 
Senate. And Gallicrates died on the road of some illness, 
nor do I know whether if he had gone on to Rome he 
wonld have done the Achadans any good, or been to them 
the source of greater evils. But Diiens carried on a bitter 
controversy with Menalcidas before the Senate, not. in the 
most decorous manner. And the Senate retnmed answer 
that they would send Ambassadors, who should arbitrate 
upon the differences between the Lacedsomoniana and 
AchsBans. And the journey of these ambassadors from 
Rome was somehow taken so leisurely, that Diieus had fall 
time to deceive the Achnins, and Menalcidas the Laced89« 
monians. The Ach»ans were persuaded by Dinus that 
the LaoedsDraonians were directed by the Roman Senate to 
obey them in all things. While Menalcidas deoeived the 
Lao9dnmo|iian8 altogether, saying that they had been put 
by the Romans oat of the juriBdiction of the Achsaan 
Leagae altogether. 



CHAPTER Xin. 

IN conseqnenoe of these differences with the Lacede- 
monians the Achnans made preparations again to go to 
war with them, and an army was collected against Sparta 
br Damooritas, who was chosen Oeneral of the Achnans at 
that time. And about the same time an army of RomiMis 
under Metellns went into Maoedonia, to fight against An- 
driaeos^ the ion of Peraeoa and grandson df Philip^ .wlio 



BOOK Til. — AOHATA. 27 

bad reYolted from the Romans. And the war in Macedonia 
was finished by the Romans with the gpreatest despatch. 
And Metellns gave his orders to the envojrsi who had been 
sent by the Roman Senate to see after affairs in AsiaMinor, 
to have a conference with the leaders of the Achfevns before 
thej passed over into Asia Minor, and to forbid them to 
war against Sparta, and to tell them they were to wait 
for the arrival fram Rome of the envoys who were des- 
patched to arbitrate between them and the Lacedasmonians. 
They gave these orders to Damooritas and the Aohfeans, 
who were beforehand with them and had already marched 
to Lacednmon, but when they saw that the Achoeans were 
not likely to pay any attention to their orders, they crossed 
over into Asia Minor. And the Lacediembnians, oat of 
spirit rather than from strength, took up arms and went 
out to meet the enemy in defence of their country, bnt 
were in a short time repulsed with the loss in the battle of 
about 1,000 who were in their prime both in respect to age 
and bravery, and the rest of the array Oed pell mell into 
the town. And had Damocritus exhibited energy, the 
Achffians might have pursued those who fled from the 
battle up to the walls of Sparta : but he called them back 
from the pursuit at once, and rather wont in for raids and 
plundering than sat down to a regular siege. He was 
therefore fined '50 talents by the Achieans as a traitor for 
not following up his victory, and as he could not pay he 
fled from the Peloponnese. And Diieus, who was chosen 
to succeed him as General, agreed when Metollus sent a 
second message not to carry on the war against the Lace- 
dsamonians, but to wait for the arrival of the arbitrators 
from Rome. After this he contrived another stratagem 
against the Lacediemoninns : he won over all the towns 
Tound Sparta to friendship with the Achieans, and intro- 
duced garrisons into them, so aS to make them paitUi 
^apptU against Sparta. And Menaloidas was chosen by 
the Lacediemonians as General against Djsbus, and, as they 
were badly o£F for all supplies of war and not least for 
money, and as their soil had lain uncultivated, he persuaded 
them to violate the truce, aiid took by storm and sacked 
the town lasus, which was on the borders of Laoonia, but 
was at this time subject to the Aoh»:ins. And having 



28 PAU8ANIA8. 

tbns stirred np strife again between the Lacednmonianii 
and the AchsBans he was accnsed bj the citisens, and, as 
he saw no hope of safety from the danger that seemed 
imminent for the LaoedaBmonians, he volantarily committed 
snicide bj poison. Sach was the end of Menaloidas, the 
most imprudent General of the Lacedemonians at this 
crisis, and earlier still the most iuiqnitons person to the 
AchacAns. 



CHAPTER XIV. 

AT last the envojSt who had been sent from Bome to 
arbitrate between the LacedaBmonians and AohsaanB, 
arrived in Greece, among others Orestes, who summoned 
before him Diiens and the principal peoj^le in each city of 
the Achaaans. And when they came to his head-quarters,' 
he disclosed to them all his views, viz, that the Roman Senate 
thought it just that neither the Lacedoemonians nor Corinth 
should be forced into the Achean League, nor Argos, nor 
Heraclea under Mount (Eta, nor the Arcadians of Oroho- 
menus, for they had no connection with the Achadans by 
ancestry, but had been incorporated subsequently into the 
Achaoan League. As Orestes said this, the principal men 
of the Achadans would not stay to listen to the end of his 
speech, but ran outside the building and called the Acho) ms 
to the meeting. And they, when they heard the decision 
of the Romans, immediately turned their fury on all the 
Spartans who at that time resided at Corinth. And they 
plundered everyone who they were sure was a Lacedao- 
raonian, or whom they suspected of being so by the way 
he wore his hair, or by his boots or dress or name, and some 
who got the start of them, and fled for refuge to Orestes' 
head-quarters, they dragged thence by force. And Orestes 
and his suite tried to check the Achaoans from this outrage, 
and bade them remember that they were acting outrageously 
against Romans. And not mnny days afterwards the 
Achasans threw all the Lacedaomonians whom they had 
arrested into prison, but dismissed all strangers whom they 

* WhMiwai«slOorinUi,atweMeinUib€iMpi«ralittlo]at«r. 



BOOK Tit.— AOHAIA. 29 

had arrested on snspioion. And they sent Thearidas and 
several other prominent Aohseians as ambassadors to Bomoi 
who after their departure on meeting on the road some other 
enyojp to settle the Lacedfemonian and Achfean differences, 
who had been despatched later than Orestes, tamed back 
again. And after Diiens had served his time as General, 
Critolfins was chosen as his successor by the Achceins ; this 
Gritolans was possessed with a grim unreasoning passion to 
fight against the Romans, and, as the envoys from Rome to 
settle the disputes between the Lacedieroonians and Achieans 
had just arrived, he went to Tegea in Arcadia ostensibly 
to confer with them, but really becanse he did not wnnt 
the Achoeans summoned to a general meeting, and, while 
in the hearing of the- Romans he sent messengers bidding 
the commissioners call a general meeting of the Achieans; 
he privately ni^ed the commissioners not to attend the 
general meeting. And when the commissioners did not 
come, then he displayed great guile to the Romans, for he 
told them to wait for another general meeting of the 
AchsBans that would be held six months later, for he him* 
self said that he could discuss no question privately without 
the common consent of the Achieans. And the Roman 
envoys, when they discovered they were being deceived, 
returned to Rome. And Gritolaus collected an army of 
Acheeans at Oorinth, and persuaded them to war against 
Sparta, and also to wage war at once against the 
Romans. When king and nation undertake war and are 
unsuccessful, it seems rather the malignity of some divine 
power than the fault of the originators of the war. But 
audacity and weakness combined should rather be called 
madness than want of lack. And this was the ruin of 
Gritolaus and the Achieans. The Achieans were also 
farther incited against the Romans bv Py theas, who was at 
that time Boeotaroh at Thebes, and the Thebans undertook 
to take an easer part in prosecuting the war. For the 
Thebans had been heavily punished by the decision of 
Metellns, first they had to pay a fine to the Phocians for 
invading Phocis, and secondly to the Euboeans for ravaging 
Euboea, and thirdly to the people of Amphissa for destroy 
ing their com in harvest time* 



80 PAU8ANU8. 



OHAPTBB XV. 

AND the Romans being informed of all this by tbe en* 
TOTS wbom thejbad sent to Greece, and by the letters 
which Metellns wrote, passed a yote agninst the Achieans 
that they were guilty of treason, and, as Mammias had jast 
been chosen consnl, they ordered him to lead against them 
both a nayal and land force. And Metellns, directly he heard 
that Mnmmins and the army with him had set out against 
the Achsdans, made all haste that he might win his laurels 
in tbe campaign first, before Mammios could get up. He 
sent therefore messenffers to the AchaBans, biddingthe Lace- 
demonians and all other cities mentioned by the Uomans to 
leaye the Acharan League, and for the future he promised 
that there should be no anger on the part of the Romans 
for any earlier disobedience. At the same time that he 
made this Proclamation he brought his army from Mace^ 
donia^ marching through Thessaly and by the Lamiac Gulf. 
And Gritolaus and the Achsaans, so far from accepting this, 
proclamation which tended to peace, sat down and blockaded 
Heraclea, because it would not join the Achaoan League. 
But when Gritolaus heard from his spies that Metellns and 
the Romans had crossed the Spercheus, then he fled to 
Scarphea in Locris, not being bold enough to place the 
Achnans in position between Heraclea and Tnermopylas, and 
there await the attack of Metellus : for such a panic had 
seised him that he could extract no hope from a spot where 
the Lacediemonians had so nobly fought for Greece against 
the Medes, and where at a later date the Athenians dis- 
played equal brayery against the Galati. And Metellns' 
army came up with Gritolaus and the Achodans as they were 
in retreat a little before Scarphea, and many they killed and 
about 1,000 they took aliye. But Gritolaus was not seen 
aliye after the battle, nor was he found among the dead,- 
but if he tried to swim across the muddy sea near Mount 
CEta, he would haye been yery likely drowned without being 
obsenred. As to his end therefore one may make yarious 
isee. But the thousand picked men from Arcadia, who 
fought on Gritolaus* side in the aotioui marched as far as 



guet 
had 



BOOE Til. — ^ACHAIA. 31 

Elaiea in Phocis. and were received in that town from old 
kinsmanship ; bat when the people of Phocis got news of 
the rereree of Critolans and the Achfloans, thej requested 
these Arcadians to leave Elatea. And as thej marched back 
to the Peloponnera Metellas and the Romans met them at 
Chieronea. Then came the Nemesis of the Greek gods 
upon the Arcadians, who were cat to pieces bj the Romans, 
in the very place where thej bad formerly left in the 
lorcb the Greeks who foaght against Philip and the Mace- 
donians. 

And Diflons was again made Commander-in-Chief of the 
AchflBan army, and he imitated the action of Miltiades and 
the Athenians before Marathon by mannmitting the slaves, 
and made a levy of Acheans and Arcadians in the prime 
of life from the varioas towns. And so his army alto- 
gether, inclnding the slaves, amoanted to 600 cavalry, and 
14,000 infantry. Then be displayed the greatest wnnt of 
strategy, for, thoagh he knew that Critolaas and all the 
Achean host bad crumbled away before Metellas, yet he 
selected only 4,000 men, and pnt Alcamenes at their head. 
They were despatched to Megara to garrison that town and, 
should Metellas and the Romans come up, to stop their 
further progress. And Metollus, after his rout of the Area* 
dian picked men at Chieronea, had pushed on with his tirmy 
to Thebes ; for the Tbebans had joined the AchsBans in be- 
sieging Heraclea, and had also taken part in the fight near 
Scarphea. Then the inhabitants, men and women of all ages, 
abandoned Thebes, and wandered about all over Boeotia, and 
fled to tbe tops of the mountains. Bat Metellos would not 
allow his men either to set on fire the temples of the gods or 
to pall down any buildings, or to kill or take alive any of 
the fugitives except Pytheas, but hini, if they should cap- 
ture him, they were to bring before him. And Pythean 
was forthwith found, and brought before Metellns, and 
executed. And when the Roman army miarohed on Megara, 
then Alcamenes and bis men were seised witb panic, and 
fled without striking a blow to Corinth, to the camp of thd 
Aobnans. And the Megarians delivered up their town to 
the Romans without a blow struck, and, when Metollus got 
to the Isthmus, be issued a Proclamation, inviting Uie 
Aohnans even now. to pteoe and harmony: for he bad a 



32 PAU8AKIAP. 

strong dcfiire that both Macedonia and Achaia should be 
settled by him. Bat this intention of his was frustrated bj 
the follj of Dioeas. 



CHAPTER XVI. 

MEANTIME Mummins, and with him Orestes, who 
was first sent from Rome to settle the disputes be- 
tween the Lacedffiraonians and Achieans, reached the Roman 
army one morning, took over the command, and sent Metel- 
Ins and his forces back to Macedonia, and himself waited 
at the Isthmus till he had concentrated all his forces. His 
cavalrj amounted to 8,500, his infantry to 22,000. There 
were also some Cretan bowmen, and Philopcdmen had 
brought some soldiers from Attains, from Pergamus across 
the Caicus. Mummius placed some of the Italian troops and 
allies, so as to be an advanced post for all his army, 12 
stades in the van. And the AchaDans, as this vanguard was 
left without defence through the confidence of the Romans, 
attacked them, and slew some, but drove still more back to 
the camp, and captured about 500 shields. By this success 
the Achceans were so elated that they attacked the Roman 
army without waiting for them to b^in the battle. But 
when Mummius led out his army to battle in turn, then 
the Achaean cavalry, which was opposite the Roman cavalry, 
ran immediatey, not venturing to make one stand against 
the attack of the enemy's cavalry. And the infantry, 
though dejected at the rout of the cavaln^, stood their ground 
against the wedge-like attack of the Roman infantrv, and 
though outnumbsred and fainting under their wounds, yet 
resisted bravely, till 1,000 picked men of the Romans took 
them in flank, and so tumea the battle into a complete rout 
of the Ach^ans. And had Diaous been bold enough to 
hurry into Corinth after the battle, and receive within its 
walls the runaways from the fight and shut himself up 
there, the Achaoans might have obtained better terms 
from Mummius, if the war had been lengtheneil out bv a 
siege. But as it was, directly the Acha&ans gave way before 
the Romans, Diaeus fled for Megolopolis,' exhibiting to the 
Acheans none :of that spirit which Callistrutus, the son of 



BOOK Til. — ^AOIIATA. 83 

EmpednSi bad displayed to the Athenians. For he being 
in command of the cavalry in Sicily, when the Athenians 
and their allies were badly defeated at the river Asinarus, 
boldly out his way through the enemy at the head of the 
cavalry, and, after getting safe throagh with most of them 
to Catona, turned back again on the road to Syracuse, and 
finding the enemy still pTandering the camp of the Athe« 
nians killed five with his own hand and then expired, him- 
self and his horse having received fatiil wounds. He won 
fair fame both for the Athenians and himself, and volun- 
tarily met death, having preserved the cavalry whom he led. 
Bat DiiBus after mining the Achinans announced to the 
people of Megalopolis their impending ruin, and after slay- 
ing his wife with his own hand that she might not become 
a captive took poison and so died, resembling Menalcidas as 
in his greed for money so also in the cowardice of his death. 
And those of the Achieans who got safe to Corinth after 
the battle fled during the night, as also did most of the 
Corinthians. But Mummius did not enter Corinth at first, 
though the gates were open, as he thought some ambush 
lay in wait for him within the walls, not till the third day 
did he take Corinth in full force and set it on fire. And 
most of those that were loft in the city were slain by the Ro- 
mans, and the women and children were sold by Mummius, 
as also were the slaves who had been manumitted and had 
fought on the side of the Achceans, and had not been killed 
in action. And the most wonderful of the votive ofFerings 
and other ornaments he carried off to Bome, and those of 
less value he gave to Philopoemen, the general of Attains* 
troops, and these spoils from Corinth were in my time at 
Pergamus. And Mummius rased the walls of all the cities 
which had fought against the Bomans, and took away their 
arms, before any advisers what to do were sent from Borne. 
And when they arrived, then he put down all democracies, 
and appointed chief -magistrates according to property quali- 
floations.' And taxes were laid upon Gb^ece, and those that 
had money were forbidden to have land over the borders, 
and all the general meetings were put down altogether, as 

> That ii» whererer Mnmmint found a drnnocratical form of sovern- 
menti there he wtdblitlMdaaoligmrchy. CC Plat. i?^. 660. a Id. X<^. 

698. a 

II. D 



34 PAUSAVIAS. 

those in A.ohai% or Phooisi or Boeoiio, or any other pnrt 
of Greece. Bat not many years afterwards the Bomana 
took mercy upon Greece, and allowed them their old na- 
tional meetings and to have land over the borders. They re- 
mitted also the fines which Mnmmins had imposed, for he 
had ordered the Boeotians to pay the people of Heraclea and 
Eubosa 100 talents, and the Achieans to pa^ the Lacedso- 
monians 200 talents. The Greeks got remission of these 
fines from the Bomans, and a praetor was sent out from 
Bome, and is still, who is not called by the Bomans praetor 
of all Greece bat praetor of Achaia, becaose they reduced 
Greece through Achaia, which was then the foremost Greek 
power. Thus ended the war when Antitheus was Archon 
at Athens, in the 160th Olympiady when Diodorusof Sicyon 
was rictor in the course. 



CHAPTER XVIL 

AT this time Greece was reduced to extreme weakness, 
being partially ruined, and altogether reduced to great 
straits, by the deity. For Argos, which had been a town of 
the greatest importance in the days of the so-called heroes, 
lost its good fortune with the overthrow of the Dorians. 
And the Athenians, who had survived the Peloponnesian 
War and the plague, and had even lift up their heads again, 
were not many years lator destined to be subdued by the 
Macedonian power at its height. From Macedonia also came 
down on Thebes in Boeotia the wrath of Alexander. And 
the Lacedaemonians were first reduced by Epaminondas the 
Theban, and afterwards by the war with the Achaeans. And 
when Achaia with great difficulty, like a tree that had re* 
ceived some early injury, grew to great eminence in Greece, 
then the folly of its rulers stopp^ its growth. And some 
time aftor the Empire of Borne came to Nero, and he made 
Greece entirely free, and eave to the Boman poop^® instead 
of Greece the most fertile island of Sardinia. Wnen I con* 
aider this action of Nero I cannot but think the words of 
Plato the son of Aristo roost true, that crimes remarkable 
for their greatness and audacity are not committed by every*, 
day kmd of people, but emanate from a noble soul corrupted 



HOOK TII. — ^ACHAU. 35 

bj a bad bringin^^ np.* Not that this gift long beneBted 
Greece. For in the reign of Vespasian, who succeeded Nero, 
it suffered from intestine disconJ, and Vespasian made the 
Greeks a second time subject to taxes and bade them obey 
the prsstor, saying that Greece had unlearnt how to use 
liberty. Such are the particulars which I ascertained. 

The boundiurics between Achaia and Elis are the river 
Larisus (near which river there is a temple of Larisseean 
Athene), and Dyme, a town of the Achseans, about 30 
stades from the Larisus. Dyme was the only town in 
Achaia that Philip the son of Demetrius reduced in war. 
And for this reason Snlpicius, the Roman Pnetor, allowed 
his army to plunder Dyme. And Augustus afterwards ns* 
signed it to Patne. In ancient days it was called Palea, 
but when the lonians were in possession of it they changed 
its name to Dvme, I am not quite certain whether from 
some woman of the district called Dyme, or from Dymas 
the son of iBgimius. One is reduced to a little uncertainty 
about the name of the place also by the Elegiac couplet at 
Olympia on the statue of CBbotas, a native of Dyme, who in 
the 6th Olympiad was victor in the course, and in the 80th 
Olympiad was declared by the oracle at Delphi worthy of a 
statue at Olympia. The couplet runs as follows : 

" (Ebotas here the son of (Enias was victor in the course, 
and so immortalised his native place Palea in Achaia.** 

But there is no need for any real confusion from the town 
being called in the inscription Palca and not Dyme, for the 
older names of places are apt to be introduced by the Greeks 
into poetry, as they call Amphiaraus and Adrastus the sons 
of Phoroneus, and Theseus the son of Erechtheus. 

And a little before you oome to the town of Dyme there 
is on the right of the way the tomb of Sostratus, who was a 
youth in the neighbourhood, and they say Hercules was very 
fond of him, and as he died while Hercules was still among 
men, Hercules erected his sepulchre and offered to him the 
first fruits of his hair. There is also still a device and pillar 
on the tomb and an ettigy of Hercules on it. And I was 
told that the natives still offer sacrifices to Sostratus. 

There is also at Dyme a temple of Athene and a very 

* 8m Plato Rep. tL 491. B. 



86 PAUSANIAR. 

ancient stitne, there is also a temple bailt to the Dindj- 
nione Mother and Attes. Who Attes was I could not ascer- 
tain it being a mjsterjr. Bat according to the Eleginc 
lines of Hermesianaz he was the son of Calans the Phrygian, 
and was bom incapable of procreation. And when he grew 
up he removed to Ljdia, and celebrated there the rites of 
the Dindjmene Mother, and was so honoured that Zeus in 
jealousy sent a boar among the crops of the Lydians. There- 
upon several of the Lydians and Attes himself were slain 
by this boar : and in consequence of this the Galati who in- 
habit Pessinus will not touch pork. However this is not 
the universal tradition about Attes, but there is a local tra- 
dition that Zeus in his sleep dropt seed into the ground, 
and that in process of time there sprang up a Herma- 
phrodite whom they called Agdistis ; and the gods bound 
this Agdistis and cut off his male privities. And an almond- 
tree sprang from them and bare fruit, and they say the 
daughter of the river-god Sangarius took of the fruit. And 
as sue put some in her bosom the fruit immediately vanished, 
and she became pregnant, and bare a boy, Attes, who was 
exposed and brought up by a goat. And as the lad's beauty 
was more than human, Agdistis grew violently in love with 
him. And when he was grown up hid relations sent him 
to Pessinus to marry the king's daughter. And the wed- 
' ding song was being sung when Agdistis appeared, and 
Attes in his rage cut off his private pai'ts, and his father in 
law cut off his. Then Agdistis repented of his action to- 
wards Attes : and some contrivance was found out by Zeus 
so that the body of Attes should not decay nor rot. Such 
is the mo3t notable legend about Attes. 

At Dymo is also the tomb of the runner (Ebotas. He 
was the first AchaBan who had won the victory at Olvmpia, 
and yet had received no especial reward irom his own 
people. So he uttered a solemn imprecation that no Achasan 
might henceforth win the victory. And, as one of the gods 
made it his business to see that the imprecation of (El^tas 
should be valid, the Aohssans learnt why they failed to 
seonre victory at Olympia by consulting ^e oracle at Delphi, 
Then they not only conferred other honours upon (Bbotas, 
but put up his statue at Olympiag after which Sostratus 
of Pellene won the race for hojB in the courae. And even 



BOOK yil.— ACDAIA. 37 

now the cnsioin prevails amongst the Achaans who intend 
to compete at OWmpia to offer saorifices to (EbotaSi aad| 
if thej are TiotonooSy to crown his statue at Oljmpia. 



CHAPTER XVIII. 

ABOUT 40 stades from Djme the river Pirns diRchirgen 
itself into the sea, near which river the Achroans for- 
merly had a town called Olenns. Those who have written 
about Hercnles and his doings have not dwelt least upon 
Dexamenus the king of Olenns, and the hospitality Her- 
cules received at his court. And thnt Olenus was originally 
a small town is confirmed by the Elegy written by Her* 
mesianaz on the Centaur Eury tion. But in process of time 
they say the neople of Olenus left it in consequence of ita 
weakness, and betook themselves to Pine and Euryteie. 

About 80 stades from the river Pirus is the town of 
Pntrea, not far from which the river Olaucus discharges 
itself into the sea. The antiquarians at Patro say thit 
Eumelus, an Autochthon, was the first settler, and was king 
over a few subjects. And when Triptolemus came from 
Attica Eumelus received from him corn to sow, and under 
his instructions built a town called Aroe, which he so 
called from tilling the soil. And when Triptolemus had gone 
to sleep they say Antheas, the son of Eumelus, yoked the 
dragons to the chariot of Triptolemus, and trieid himself 
to sow com: but he died by falling out of the chariot. 
And Triptolemus and Eumelus built in common the town 
Anthea, which they cnlled after him. And a third city 
called Mesatis was built between Anthea and Aroe. And 
the traditions of the people of Patrss about Dionysus, that 
he was reared at Mesatis, and was plotted against by the 
Titans there and was in great danger, and the explanation 
of the name Mesatis, all this I leave to the people of Patrn 
to explain, as I don*t contradict them. And when the 
Aohflsans drove the lonians out later, Patreus the son of 
Preugenea and grandson of Agenor forbade the Achoaans 
to settle at Anthea and Mesatis, but made the circuit of 
the walls near Aroe wider so as to include all that town. 



;i8 PAUSAKIA8. 

aud called it Patra after his own name. And Agenor the 
father of Prengenes was the son of Arens the son of Ampyz, 
and Ampjz was the son of Pelias, the son of ^ginetas, the 
son of Derltns, the son of Harpalos, the sou of Arayclas the 
son of Lacedemon. Such was the genealogy of Patrens. 
And in process of time the people of Patne were the only 
Aclioans that went into ^tolia from friendship to the ^to- 
lians, to join them in their war against the Galati. Bat meet- 
ing most serious reverses in battle, and most of them suffer* 
ing also from great poverty, they left Patne all but n few. 
And those who remained got scattered about the country 
and followed the pursuit of agriculture, and inhabited the 
various towns outside PatreD, as Mesatis and Anthea and Bo* 
line and Argyra and Arba. And Augustus, either because 
he thought Patrso a convenient place on the coast or for 
some other reason, introduced into it people from various 
towns. He incorporated also with it the Achooans from 
Rhypas, after first rasing Rhypie to the ground. And to 
the people of Patne alone of all the AchaBans he granted 
their freedom, and gave them other privileges as well, such 
as the Romans are wont to grant their colonists. 

And in the citadel of Patne is the temple of Laphrian 
Artemis : the goddess has a foreign title, and the statue 
also is foreign. For when Calydon and the rest of ^tolia 
was dispeopled bv the Emperor Augustus, that he might 
people with ^tolians his city of Nicopolis near Actium, 
then the people of Patrn got this statue of Laphrian 
Artemis. And as he had taken manv statues from JStolia 
and Acarnnnia for his city Nicopolis, so he gave to the 
)Hx>plo of Pkitne various spoils from Calydon, and this 
statue of Tiaphrian Artemis, which even now is honoured 
in the citadel of Patne. And they say the goddess was 
Gidlcd Liphrian from a Phocian called Laphrius, the son 
of Castalins and grandson of Dclphus, who they say made 
the old statue of Artemis. Othera say that the wrath of 
Artemis against (Enous fell lighter upon the people of 
Calydon when this title was given to the goddess. Tho 
figure in the statue is a huntress, and the statue is of 
ivory and gold, and the workmanship is by MenaBohmna 
and Soidas. It is conjectured that they were not much 
later than the period of Canaohus the Sicyonian or the 



BOOE Til.— AOHAIA. 89 

^ginetan Gallon. And ererf year the people of Paine 
hold the festival called Laphna to Artemis, in which they 
observe their national mode of sacrifice. Ronnd the altar 
ihej put wood yet green in a circle, and pile it up about 16 
cubits high. And the driest wood lies within this circle 
on the altar. And they contrive at the time of the festival 
a smooth ascent to the altar, piling up earth so as to form 
a kind of steps. First they have a most splendid procession 
to Artemis, m which the virgin priestess rides last in a 
chariot drawn by stags, and on the following day they per- 
form the sacrificial rites, which both publicly and privately 
are celebrated with much seal. For they place alive on 
the altar birds good to eat and all other kinds of victims, 
as wild boars and stags and does, and moreover the young 
of wolves and bears, and some wild animals fully grown, 
and they place also upon the altar the fruit of any trees 
that they plant. And then they set fire to the wood. And 
I have seen a bear or some other animal at the first smell 
of the fire trying to force a way outside, some even aotuall v 
doing so by sheer strength. But they thrust them baoK 
again into the biasing pile. Nor do they record any &at 
were ever injured by the animals on these occasions. 



OHAPTEE XIX. 

AND between the temple of Laphria and the altar is the 
sepulchre of Eurypylus. Who he was and why he 
came into this country I shall relate, when I have first de- 
scribed the condition of things when he came into these 
parts. Those of the lonians who dwelt at Aroe and An- 
thea and Mesatis had in common a grove and temple of 
Artemis Tridaria, and the lonians kept her festival annu* 
ally all night long. And the priestess of the goddess was 
a maiden, who was dismissed when she married. They 
have a tradition that oiice the priestess of the goddess was 
one ComsBtho, a most beautiful maiden, and that Melanip- 
pus was deeply in love with her« who in all other respects 
and in handsomeness of appearance outdid all of his own 
nge. And as Melanippus won the maiden*s love as well, he 
asked her in marriage of her father* It is somehow com* 



40 PAU8ANIA8. 

mon to old age to be in most respects the rery antipodes 
to Tonth, and especiallj in sjmpathj with love, so that 
Mefanippus, who loved and was beloved, got no encourage- 
ment either from his own parents or from the parents of 
GomsBtho. And it is evident from various other cases an 
well as this that love is wont to confound human laws, and 
even to upset the honour due to the gods, as in this case, 
for Melanippus and ComaBtho satisfied their ardent love in 
the very temple of Artemis, and afterwards made the temple 
habitually their bridal-chamber. And forthwith the wrath 
of Artemis came on the people of the country, their land 
yielded no fruit, and unusual sicknesses came upon the 
people, and the mortality was much greater than usuaL 
And when they had recourse to the oracle at Delphi, the 
Pythian Priestess laid the blame on Melanippus and Co- 
maetho, and the oracle ordered them to sacrifice to Artemis 
annually the most handsome maiden and lad. It was on ac- 
count of this sacrifice that the river near the temple of 
Tridaria was called Amilichus (Belentlesi) : it had long had 
no name. Now all these lads and maidens had done nothing 
against the goddess but had to die for Melanippus and Gomie* 
tho, and they and their relations suffered most piteously. I 
do not put the whole responsibility for this upon Gomntho 
and Melanippus, for to human beings alone is love felt worth 
life. These human sacrifices are said to have been stopped 
for the following reason. The oracle at Delphi had foretold 
that a foreign king would come to their country, and that 
he would bring with him a foreign god, and that he would 
stop ihis sacrifice to Artemis Triclaria. And after the cap-< 
tape of Iliam, when the Greeks shared the spoil, Eurypylus 
the son of £a»mon got a chest, in which there was a statue 
of Dionysus, the work some say of HophaBstus, and a gift 
of Zeus to Dardanus. But there are two other traditions 
about this chesty one that iBneas left it behind him when he 
fled from Ilium, the other that it was thrown away by Oas- 
sandra as a misfortune to any Oreek who found it. How- 
ever this may be, Eurypylus opened the chest and saw the 
statue, and was driven out of his mind by the sight. And 
moot of his time he remained mad, though he came to 
himself a little at times. And being in that condition he 
did not sail to Thessaly, but to Oirrha and the Cirrhfloan. 



BOOK Til. — ACHAIA. 41 

Oalf ; and he went io Delphi and consolted the oracle aboat 
his disorder. And they say the oraole told him, where he 
shoald find people offering a strange saorifice, to dedicate 
his chest and there dwell. And the wind drove Enrypylas* 
ships to the sea near Aroe, and when he went ashore he saw 
a lad and maiden being led to the altar of Artemis Tridaria. 
And he saw at once that the oracle referred to this sacrifice, 
the people of the place also remembered the oracle, seeing 
a king whom they had never before seen, and as to the 
chest thej saspected that there was some god in it. And 
so Enrypylas got cured of his disorder, and this hnman 
sacrifice was stopped, and the river was now called Milichus 
(MUd). Some indeed have written that it was not the 
Thessalian Enrypylas to whom what I have jost recorded 
happened, bat they want people to think that Enrypylas 
(the son of Dexamenns who was king at Olenas), who 
accompanied Hercules to Ilium, received the chest from 
Hercules. The rest of their tradition is the same as mine. 
But I cannot believe that Hercules was ignorant of the con- 
tents of this chest, or that if he knew of them he would 
have given the chest as a present to a comrade. Nor do 
the people of Patrsa record any other Eui^pylus than the 
son of EuflDmon, and to him they offer sacrifices every year, 
when they keep the festival to Dionysus. 



CHAPTER XX. 

THE name of the god inside the chest is iBsymnetes. 
Nine men, who are chosen by the people for their worth, 
look after his worship, and the same number of women. 
And one night during the festival the priest takes the chest 
outside the temple. That night has special rites. All the 
lads in the district go down to the Milichus with crowns on 
their heads made of ears of com : for so used they in old time 
to dress up tiiose whom they were leading to sacrifice to 
Artemis. But in our day they lay these crowns of ears of 
com near the statue of the goddess, and after bathing in the 
river, and again putting on crowns this time of ivy, they 
go to the temple of ^syranetes. Such are their rites on 
ibis night. And inside the grove of Laphrian Artemis is 



42 PAUsiNua. 

the temple of Athene called Pan-AcliniB, the statne of the 
goddess is of ivory and gold. 

And as yon go to the lower part of the city yoa come to 
the temple of the Dindymene Mother, where Attes is 
honoared. They do not show his statae, bat there is one 
of the Mother wrought in stone. And in the market-place 
there is a temple of Olympian Zens, he is on his throne and 
Athene is standing by it. And next Olympian Zens is a 
sbitue of Hera, and a temple of Apollo, and a naked Apollo 
in brass, and sandals are on his feet, and one foot is on the 
skall of an ox. Alcfieus has shown that Apollo rejoices 
especially in oxen in the Hymn that he wrote Bhont Hermes, 
how Hermes filched the oxen of Apollo, and Homer still 
earlier than Alcasus has described how Apollo tended the 
oxen of Laomedon for hire. He has put the following lines 
in the Iliad into Poseidon's month. 

''I was drawing a spacious and handsome wall ronnd 
the city of the Trojans, that it might be imnregnable^ while 
yon, Phoobus, were tending the slow-paced cows with the 
crumpled horns." ' 

That is therefore one would infer the reason why the god 
is represented with his foot on the skull of an oz. And in 
the market-place in the open air is a statue of Athene, and 
in front of it is the tomb of Patreus. 

And next to the market-place is the Odeum, and there is 
a statue of Apollo there well worth seeing, it was made 
from the spoil that the people of Patrea got, when they 
alone of the Achaoans helped the ^tolians against the 
GblatL And this Odeum is beautified in other respects 
more than any in Greece except the one at Athens : that 
excels this both in size and in M its fittings, it was built by 
the Athenian Herodes in memory of his dead wife. In my 
aoconnt of Attica I passed that Odeum over, because that part 
of my work was written before Herodes b^gan building it. 
And at PatrsB, as you go from the market-place where the 
temple of Apollo is, there is a gate, and the device on the 
gate consisto of golden effigies of Patreus and Prengenes 
and Atherion, all three companions and contemporaries. 
And right opposite the market-place at this outlet is the 

> Iliad, xxl 446-440. 



BOOK VII.— ACHAIA. 43 

grove and ictnpio of Artemis Limnatis. While the Dorians 
were already in possession of LacedflDmon and Ai^os, they 
sny that Preagenes in obedience to a dream took the statue 
of Artemis Limnatis from Sparta, and that the trustiest of 
his slaves shared with him in the enterprise. And thai 
statue from Lacediemon they keep generally at Mesoa, be- 
cause originally it was taken by Preugenes there, but when 
they celebrate the festival of Artemis Limnatis, one of the 
servants of the goddess takes the old statue from Mesoa to 
the sacred precincts at Patrss ; in which are several templest 
not built in the open air, but approached by porticoes. The 
statue of ^soulapius except the dress is entirely of stone, 
that of Athene is in ivory and gold. And in front of tho 
temple of Athene is the tomb of Preugenes, to whom they 
offer funereal rites as to Patreus annually, at the time of 
the celebration of the feast to Artemis Limnatis. And not 
far from the theatre are temples of Nemesis and Aphro- 
dite : their statues are large and of white marble. 



CHAPTER XXL 

IN this part of the city there is also a temple to Dionysus 
under the title of Calydonian : because the statue of the 
god was brought from Oalydon. And when Galydon was 
still inhabited, among other Calydonians who were priests 
to the god was one Uoresus, who of all men suffered most 
grievously from love. He was enamoured of the maiden 
Gallirhoe, but in proportibn to the greatness of his love was 
the dislike of the maiden to him. And as by all his wooing 
and promises and gifts the maiden's mind was not in the least 
changed, he went as a suppliant to the statue of Dionysus. 
And the god heard the prayer of his priest, and the Caly- 
donians forthwith became insane as with drink, and died 
beside themselves. They went therefore in their conster- 
nation to consult the oracle at Dodona : for those who dwell 
on this mainland, as the ^tolians and their neighbours the 
Aoamanians and Epirotes, believe in the oracular responses 
they get from doves and the oak there. And they were 
oraookrly informed at Dodona that it was the wrath of 



a PAUSAMIA8. 

Dionjroi that had caused this trouble, which would not 
end till Coresus either sacri6ced to Dionysus Callirhoe or 
somebody who should Yolunteer to die instead of her. And, 
ns the maiden found no means of escape, she fled to thopo 
who had brought her up, but obtaining no aid from them, 
she had nothing now left but to die. But when all the pre- 
liminary sacrificial rites that had been ordered at Dooona 
had taken place, and she was led to the altar as victim, 
then Ooresus took his place as sacrificial priest, and yielding 
to loye and not to anger slew himself instead of her. And 
when she saw Coresus lying dead the poor girl repented, 
and, mored by pity and shame at his fate, out her owu 
throat at the well in Calydon not far from the harbour, 
which has ever since been called Callirhoe after her. 

And near the theatre is the sacred enclosure of some, 
woman who was a native of Patna And there are here 
some statues of Dionvsus of the same number and name as 
the ancient towns of the Achnans, for the god is called 
Mesateus and Antheus and Aroeus. These statues during 
the festival of Dionysus are carried to the temple of ^sym- 
netes, which is near the sea on the right as you go from 
the marke^)lace. And as you go lower down from the 
temple of ^symnetes there is a temple and stone statue to 
. Recovery, originnllv they say erected by Eurypvlus when 
he recovered from his madness. And near the harbour is 
a temple of Poseidon, and his statue erect in white stone. 
Poseidon, besides the names given to him by poets to deck 
out their poetry, has several local names privately given to 
him, but his univcrsil titles are Pelagadus and Asphalius 
and Hippius. One might urge several reasons why he 
was called Hippius, but I conjecture he got the name be- 
cause he was the inventor of riding. Homer at any rate in 
that part of his Hind about the horse-races has introduced 
MenelauB invoking this god in an oath. 

** Touch the horses, and swear by the Earth-Shaker Posei- 
don that you did not purposely with guile retard my 
chariot.*** 

And Fitmphus, the most ancient Hymn-writer among 
tlio Athenianii says that Poseidon was ** the giver of horses 

> Iliad, xxttU 584, 5. 



BOOK TII.-^ACHAIA. 45 

anil ships with sails.*' So he got the name Hippius probably 
from riding and for no other reason. 

Also at Patrsd not very far from that of Poseidon are 
temples of Aphrodite. One of the statues a generation be- 
fore my time was fished np by some fishermen in their net. 
There are also some statues very near the harbonr, as Arcs 
in bronze, and Apollo, and Aphrodite. She has a sicred 
enclosure near the harbour, and her statue is of wood ez* 
cept the fingers and toes and head which are of stone. 
At PatriB there is also a grove near the sea, which is a 
'most convenient race course, and a most salubrious place 
of resort in summer time. In this grove there are temples 
of Apollo and Aphrodite, their statues also in stone. There 
is also a temple of Demeter, she and Proserpine are stand- 
ing, but Earth is seated. And in front of the temple of 
Demeter is a well, which hns a stone wall on the side near 
the temple, but there is a descent to it outside. And there 
is here an unerring oracle, not indeed for every matter, but 
in the case of diseases. They fasten a mirror to a light 
cord and let it down into this well, poising it so as not to 
be covered by the water, but that tne rim of the mirror 
only should touch the water. And then they look into the 
mirror after prayer to the goddess and burning of incense. 
And it shews them whether the sick person will die or re- 
cover. Such truth is there in this water. Similarly very 
near Gyanesa in Lycia is the oracle of Apollo Thyrxis, and 
the vfater there shows anyone looking into the well what- 
ever he wants to see. And near the erove at Patne are two 
temples of Serams, and in one of fiiem the statue of the 
Egyptian Belus. The people of Patne say that he fled to Aroe 
from grief at the death of his sons, and that he shuddered 
at the name of Argos, and was still more afraid of Danaus. 
There is also a temple of ^sculapius at Patres above the 
citadel and near the gates which lead to Mesatis. 

And the women at Patrea are twice as numerous as the 
men, and devoted to Aphrodite if any women are. And 
most of them get their living by the flax that grows in Elis, 
which they nuuce into nets for the hair and other parts of 
dress. < 



46 PAU84R1A8. 



CHAPTER XXn. 



AND t'hara, a town in Aohaia, is reckoned with Patroei 
since the days of Augustus, and the road to PhariB 
from Patne is about 150 stades, and from the sea to the 
mainland about 70 stades. And the river Pierus flows near 
PharsBy the same river I think which flows by the ruins of 
OlenuSy and is called Pirns by the men who live near the sea. 
Near the river is a grove of plane-trees, most of them hollow 
from old age, and of such a size that whoever chooses can 
eat and sleep inside them.^ The circuit of the market- 
place is large at Phar» according to ancient custom, and 
m the middle of the market-place is a stone statue of 
bearded Hermes ; it is on the ground, no great size, and of 
square shape. And the inscription on it says that it was an 
offering of the Messenian Simylus. It is called Hermes of 
the Market-place, and near it is an oracle. And before the 
statue is a hearth made of stone, and some bmzen lamps are 
fastened with lead to the hearth. He that wnnts to consult 
the oracle of the god comes at eventide and burns some 
frankincense on the hearth, and when he has filled the 
lamps with oil and lit them, he lays on the altar on the 
right of the statue the ordinary piece of money, a brass 
com, and whispers his question whatever it is in the ear of 
the statue of the god. Then he departs from the market- 
place and stops up his ears. And when he has gone a little 
distance off he takes his hands from his ears, and whatever 
he next hears is he thinks the oracular response. The Egyp- 
tians have a similar kind of oracle in the temple of Apis. And 
at Pharsd the water is sacred, Hermes' well is the name they 
give to it, and the fish in it they do not catch, because they 
think them sacred to the god. And very near the statue are 
30 square stones, which the people of Pharsd venerate highly, 
calling each by the name of one of the gods. And in early 
times all the Greeks paid to unhewn stones, and not sta- 
tues, the honours due unto the gods. And about 15 stades 
from Pharo is a grove of Castor and PoUux. Bay trees 
chiefly grow in it, and there is neither temple in it nor any 
•tataes. The people of the place say the statues were re- 

1 Set the wondwAiltoooont of Pliny. AW. AmT. ail 1. 



BOOK Til. — ACHAIA. 47 

moved to Rome. And in the grove at Phane is an altar of 
nnbewn stoacs. Bnt I conld not learn whether Phares, the 
son of Phylodamia, the daughter of Danaus, or some one of 
the same name was the founder of the town. 

And Tritea, also a town of Achaia, is bnilt in the interior 
of the coiintrj, and reckoned with Patne by Imperial order. 
The distance from PharsB to Tritea is about 120 stades. 
And before yon get to it there is a tomb in white stone, 
well worth seeing in other respects and not least for the 
paintings on it, which are by Nicias. There is a throne 
of ivoty and a young and good-looking woman seated on 
it» and a maid is standing by with a sun-shade. And a 
young man without a beard is standing up clnd in a tunic, 
with a scarlet cloak over the tunic. And near him is a ser- 
vant with some javelins, driving some hunting dogs. I 
conld not ascertain their names ; but everybody mfers that 
they are husband and wife buried together. The founder 
of Tritea was some say Oelbidas, who came from GumoB in 
the Opio land, others say that Ares had an intrigue with 
Tritea the daughter of Triton, who was a priestess of Athene, 
and Melanippus their son when he was grown up built the 
town, and called it after the name of his mother. At Tritea 
there is a temple to what are oalled the Greatest Gods, 
their statues are made of day : a festival is held to them 
annually, like the festival the Greeks hold to Dionysus. 
There is also a temple of Athene, and a stone statue still to 
be seen : the old statue was taken to Rome according to the 
tradition of the people of Tritea. The people of the place 
are accustomed to sacrifice both to Ares and Tritea. 

These towns are at some distance from the sea and 
well inland: but as you sail from PatrsB to iBgium you 
come to the promontory of Rhium, about 50 stades from 
Patrse, and 15 stades further you come to the harbour of 
Panormns. And about as many stades from Panormus is 
what is called the wall of Athene, from which to the har- 
bour of Erineus is 90 stades* sail along the coast, and 60 
to iBginm from Erineus, but by land it is about 40 stades 
loss. And not far from Patrin is the river Milichus, and 
the temple of Triolnria (with no statue) on the right 
And as yon go on from Milichus there is another nver 
called OharadroB, and in summer time the herds that drink 



48 PAU8AKU8. 

of it mostly breed male cattle, for that reason the herdsmen 
keep all cattle but cows away from it. These they leave by 
the riveri becaase both for sacrifices and work bulls are 
more convenient than cows, but in all other kinds of cattle 
the female is thought most valuable. 



CHAPTER XXIII. 

AND next to the river Gharadms are some ruins not verv 
easy to trace of the town of Argyra, and the well 
Argyra on the right of the high road, and the river Selem- 
nns that flows into the sea. The local account is that 
Selemnus was a handsome youth who fed his flocks here, 
and they say the sea-nymph Argyra was enamoured of him, 
and used to come np from the sea and sleep with him« But 
in a short time Selemnus lost all his good looks, and the 
Nymph no longer came to visit him, and Aphrodite turned 
the poor lad Selemnus, who was deprived of Argyra and 
dying for love, into a river. I tell the tale as the people of 
Patne told it me. And when he became a river he was 
still enamoured of Argyra, (as the story goes about Alpheus 
that he still loved Arethusa,) but Aphrodite at last granted 
him forgetfulness of Argyra. I have also heard an« 
other tradition, vim. that the water of the Selemnus b a 
good love-cure both for men and women, for if they bathe 
in this water they forget their love. If there is any truth 
in this tradition, the water of Selemnus would be more 
valuable to mankind than much wealth. 

And at a little distance from Argyra is the river called 
Bolinadus, and a town once stood there called fiolina. Apollo 
thev say was enamoured of a maiden called Bolina, and she 
flea from him and threw herself into the sea, and became 
immortal through his favour. And there is a promon- 
tory here jutting out into the sea, about which there is a 
tradition that it was here that Cronos threw the sickle into 
the sea, with which he bad mutilated his father Uranus, 
so they call the promontory Drepanum (tickle). And a 
little above the hiffh road are the ruins of BhypiB, which is 
about SO atades (torn ^gium. And the district round 



BOOK Til. — ACHAIA. 49 

^^Qm 18 watered br the river Phoonix and anotbor river 
Miganitafi, botb of wbieb flow into tbe sea. And a portico 
near the town was built for the athlete Strato, (who con- 
quered at Oljmpia on the same day in the pancratium and 
in the wrestling), to practise in. And at ^gium they 
liave an ancient temple of Ilithyia, her statue is veiled 
from her head to her toes with a finely- woven veil, and is of 
wood except the face and fingers and toes, which are of 
Pentelioan marble. One of the bands is stretched out 
straight, and in the other she holds a torch. One mar 
symbolize Ilithyia*s torches thus, that the throes of travail 
are to women as it were a fire. Or the torches may be 
supposed to symboliEe that Ilithyia brings children to the 
light. The stsitue is by the Messenian Damophon. 

And at no great distance from the temple of Ilithyia is 
the sacred enclosure of ^sculapius, and statues in it of 
Hygiea and ^sculapius. The iambic line on the basement 
says that they were by the Messenian Damoplion. In this 
temple of ^sculapius I had a controversy with a Sidonian, 
who said that the Phoenicians hai more accurate knowledge 
generally about divine things than the Greeks, and their 
tradition was that Apollo was the father of ^sculaptus, 
but that he had no mortal woman for his mother, and that 
iBsoulapius was nothing but the air which is beneficial for 
the health of mankind and all beasts, and that Apollo was 
the San, and was most properly called the father of ^sou- 
lapius, because the Sun in its course regulates the Seasons 
and g^ves health to the air. All this I assented to, but was 
obliged to point out that this view was as much Greek 
as Phoenician, since at Titane in Sicyonia the statue of 
iBsculapius was called Health, and that it was plain even 
to a child that the course of the sun on the earth produces 
health among mankind. 

At ^gium there is also a temple to Athene and another 
to Hera, and Athene has two statues in white stone, but the 
statue of Hera may be looked upon by none but women, and 
those only the priestesses. And near the theatre is a temple 
and statue of beardless Dionysus. There are also in the mar- 
ket-place sacred precincts of Zeus Soter, and two statues 
on ttie left as you enter both of brass, the one without a 
beard seemed to me the older of the twa And in a build* 

II. ' I 



iii|^ nigli^ «ppottle tike nttii «ro 1i 

tfr p« ppl**f j ZoM^ sad AilMBC^ m^ 
gpM god^ bBirnMW the Ai^wm 
■nde ai Aje{;h^ iMt €lw peopfe of . 

tibif Mj fnlitfr iJwi Oef mra a 

fliateei eivrf daf : sad <liej iond oat a triek bj ^ 

tibsf €0«ld ■■ciifatt M roqured, liai viliMMii umj i 

vera Mked luck bjftha Aigivo^ aad the peoplacf .Agnat 
aAadteOaMaijtibiy kid qpeaft m <£• «crifioai inl^ 
a» Ite Africa (as tkflj coald aoi paj <kk) left ikt I 

wilkf 



CHAPTER TKIV. 

AT .^Blgiaai ikeia is also aear ftka ■aikal p ises a tesBpla 
ia oooiBsoa to ApoOo and Aiiwais, and ia the maricet- 
pbee is a temple to Aiteaus aloae dressed like a kaatresiy 
aad the toaib of TalOi jbias the henJd. Talthjfatas hsa 
also a ssoBBBieat eroeted to kim at Sparta, and both cities 
psrfom f aaeral rites ia his koaoar. And near the eea at 
ififgiam Aphrodite has a temple^ and next PoeeidoB, and 
aezt Proeerpine the dsaghtar ol Demetar, and foarthl/ 
Zeas Hoougjrias (ike Qaikerer). Thers are ststnes too 
of Zeas and Aphrodite and Athena. And Zeas was sar- 
aaaied Hoaui|Qrrias» bccaase Agamemnon. gathered together 
at ikis plaoe the most lamoas men in Oreece, to deliberate 
together in eommon how to attadc the realm ol Priam. 
Agamemnon hss mach renown genersllj, bat especially 
beemse with the srmj that accompanied him first, with* 
oat aaj reinforcements^ he sacked Ilium and all the sor- 
roaadnig cttiea. And next to Zeas Hcmiagjrias is the 
temple of Pan-Acb«an Demeter. And the sea-shore at 
JSgimmt where tkeee temples just deecribed are, fomiskes 
sbaadantlj water good to diink from a welL There is 
also a temple to Safetj^ the statae ol the goddess mar 
be seen hj none bat the priests, bat the rites ars as fol- 
lows. They take from tke altar of the goddees cakea 



BOOK m. — ^ACHAIA. 51 

made after the fashion of the country and throw them 
into the sea, and say that they send them to Arethnsa in 
Syracuse. The people at JEgium have also several bmzcn 
statues as Zeus as a boy, and Hercules without a beard, by 
Agelndas the Argive. Priests are chosen annually for 
these gods, and each of the statues remains in the house of 
the priest. And in older times the most beautiful boy was 
chosen as priest to Zeus, and when their beards grew then 
the priest's office passed to some other beautiful boy. And 
^gium is the place where the general meeting of the 
Achflsans is still held, just as the Amphictyonic Council is 
held at ThermopylflB and Delphi. 

As you ffo on you come to the river Selinus, and about 
40 stades from ^gium is a place called Helice near the 
sea. It was once an important city, and the lonians 
had there the most holy temple of Poseidon of Helice. 
The worship of Poseidon of Helice still remained with 
them, both when they were driven by the Achsaans to 
Athens, and when they afterwards went from Athens to the 
maritime parts of Asia Minor. And the Milesians as you 
go to the well Biblis have an altar of Poseidon of Helice 
before their city, and similarly at Teos the same god has 
precincts and an altnr. Even Homer has written of Helice, 
and of Poseidon of Helice.* And later on the Achieans here, 
who drove some suppliants from the temple and slew them, 
met with quick vengeance from Poseidon, for an earthquake 
coming over the place rapidly overthrew all the buildings, 
and made the very site of the city difficult for posterity to 
find. Previously in earthquakes, remarkable for their vio- 
lence or extent, the god has generally given previous intima- 
tion by signs. For either continuous rain or drought are 
mostly wont to fnrecede their approach : and in winter the 
air ia hotter, and in summer the disk of the sun is misty and 
has a different colour to its usual colour, being either redder 
or slightly inclining to black. And the springy are gene* 
rally deficient in water, and gustd of wind sweeping over 
the district uproot the trees, and in the sky are meteors 
with flames of fire, and the appearance of the stars is un« 
QSiial and excites oonstematioli in the beholders, and more* 

1 Hon. IlisH, a. S75| riSL 2(l3| xz. 404. 



52 FAUSAKIAS. 

over YapouTfi and exhalations rise up out of the groui d. 
And many other indications does the god give in the case of 
violent earthquakes. And earthquakes are not all similar, 
but those who have paid attention to such thingps from the 
first or been instructed by others have been able to recog- 
nise the following phenomena. The mildest of them, if 
indeed the word mildness is applicable to any of them, is 
when simultaneously with the first motion of the earth and 
with the rocking of buildings to their foundation a counter 
motion restores them to their former position. And in 
such an earthquake you may see pillars nearly rooted up 
falling into their places again, and walls that gaped asunder 
joining again : and beams that slipped out of their fittings 
slipping back again : so too in the pipes of conduits, if any 
pipe bursts from the pressure of water, the broken parts 
weld together again better than any workmen could adjust 
them. Another kind of earthquake destroys everything 
within its range, and, on whatevei it spends its force, 
forthwith batters it down, like the military engines em- 
ployed in sieges. But the most deadly kind of earthquake 
may be recognized by the following concomitants. The 
breath of a man in a long-continued fevei comes thicker 
and with much effort, and this is marked in other parts 
of the bodv, but especidly by feeling the pulse. Simi- 
larly this kind of earthquake they say undermines the 
foundations of buildings, and makes them rock to and 
fro, like the effect produced by the burrowing of moles in 
the earth. And this is the only kind of earthquake that 
leaves no trace in the earth of previous habitation. This 
was the kind of earthquake that rased Helice to the g^round. 
And they say another misfortune happened to the place in 
the winter at the same time. The sea encroached over 
much of the district and quite flooded Helice with water : 
and the grove of Poseidon was so submerged that the tops 
of the trees alone were visible. And so the god suddenly 
sending the earthquake, and the sea encroaching simul- 
taneoudy, the inundation swept away Helioe and its popu- 
lation. A similar catastrophe happened to the town of 
. Sipylas which was swallowed up by a landslip. And when 
this landslip occurred in the rock water came forth, and 
became a lake called Saloe, and the ruins of Sipylus were 



BOOK Til.— AOHAfA. 53 

Visible in tbe lake, till the water pouring down hid them 
from view. Visible too are the mins of Helice, but not 
qaite as olearly as formerly, because thej have been ef^tced 
b/ the action of the i 



CHAPTER XXV. 

ONE may learn not only from this min of Helice but 
also from other cases that the vengeance of heaven for 
outrages upon suppliants is sare. Thus the god at Dodona 
plainly exhorted men to respect suppliants. For to the 
Athenians in the days of Aphidas came the following 
message from Zeus at Dodona. 

" Think of the Areopagus and the smoking altars of the 
Eumenides, for you must treat as suppliants the Lacedro- 
monians conqa'ered in battle. Slay them not with the 
sword, harm not suppliants. Suppliants are inviolable." 

This the Greeks remembered when the Peloponnesians 
came to Atbenp, in the reign of Codrus the son of Melan- 
thus. All the rest of the Peloponncsian army retired from 
Attica, when they heard of the death of Codrus and the 
circumstances attending it. For they did not any longer 
expect victory, as Codrus had devoted himself in accordance 
with the oracle at Delphi. But some of the LaoedoBmonians 
got stealthily into the city by night, and at daybreak 
perceived that their friends had retired, and, as the Athe- 
nians began to muster against them, flod for safety to the 
Areopagus and to the altars of the goddesses called the 
August.^ And the Athenians allowed the suppliants to 
depart scot-free on this occasion, but some years later the 
authorities destroyed the suppliants of Athene, those of 
Cylo*8 party who had occupied the Acropolis, and both the 
murderers and their children were considered accursed by 
the goddess. Upon the Lacediemonians too who had killed 
some suppliants in the temple of Poseidon at T»narum 
came an earthquake so long-continued and violent, that no 
house in LaoedaBmon could stand against it. And the 

* A eapliomitiii for the Eamenl'Jcf* 



&i PIUSANIAS. 

destrnction of Helice happened when Asteas was Archon 
at Athens, in the 4th year of the lOlat Olympiad, in which 
Damon of Thuria was yictor. And as there were none left 
remaining at Helice the people of iBginm occupied their 
territory. 

And next to Helice, as yon turn from the sea to the right, 
yon will come to the town of Cerynea, built on a hill above 
the high-road. Itgot its name eifcher from some local ruler 
or from the river Gerynites, which rises in Arcadia in the 
Mountain Cerynea, and flows through the district of those 
Achwans, who came from Argolis and dwelt there through 
the following mischance. The fort of Mycenad could not 
be captured by the Argives owing to its strength, (for 
it had been built by the Cyclopes as the wall at Tiryns 
also), but the people of Mycenad were obliged to evacuate 
their city because their supplies failed, and some of them 
went to Cleonad, but more than half took refuge with 
Alexander in Macedonia, who had sent Mardonius the son 
of Gobryas on a mission to the Athenians, and the rest 
went to Cerynea, and Cerynea became more powerful 
through this influx of population, and more notable in after 
times through this coming into the town of the people of 
HycensB. And at Cerynea is a temple of. the Euraenides, 
built they say by Orestes. Whatever wretch, st-ained with 
' blood or any other defilement^ comes into this temple to 
look round, he is forthwith driven frantic by his fears. 
And for this reason people are not admitted into this 
temple indiscriminately. The statues of the goddesses in 
the temple are of wood and not very large : but the statues 
of some women in the vestibule are of stone and artistically 
carved : the natives say that they are some priestesses of 
the Eumenides. 

And as you return from Cerynea to the high road, and 
proceed along it no great distance, the second turn to the 
right from the sea takes you by a winding road to Bura, 
which lies on a hill. The town got its name thev say from 
Bura the daughter of Ion, the Son of Xuthus by Helice. 
And when Helice was totally destroyed by the god, Bura 
also was afilicted by a miffhty earthquake, so that none of 
the old statues were left m the temples. And those that 
happened to be at that time away on military service or 



BOOK Til. — AOHAIA. 55 

flome other errand were the only people of Bura presorred. 
There are temples here to Demeter, and Aphrodite, and 
Dionysus, and Ilithjia. Their statues are of Pentolican 
marble by the Athenian Euclides. Demeter is robed. There 
is also a temple to Isis. 

And as you descend from Bura to the sea ia the riyer 
called Buraicus, and a not very big Hercules in a cave, sur- 
named Buraicus, whose oracular responses are ascertained 
by dice on a board. He that consults the god prays before 
his statue, and after prayer takes dice, plenty of which 
are near Hercules, and throws four on the board. And 
on every dice is a certain figure inscribed, which has its in- 
terpretation in a corresponding figure on the board. It is 
about 30 stades from this temple of Hercules to Helice by 
the direct road. And as you go on your way from the 
temple of Hercules you come to a perennial river, that has 
its outlet into the sea, and rises in an Arcadian mountain, its 
name is Crathis as also the name of the mountain, and from 
this Orathis the river near Groton in Italy got its name. 
And near the Crathis in Achaia was formerly the town 
JEsgOt which they say was eventually deserted from its 
weakness. Homer has mentioned this iBgie in a speech of 
Hera, 

^ lliey bring yon gifts to Helioe and JEg»,* > 

plainly therefore Poseidon had gifts equally at Helioe 
and JEgBd. And at no great distance from Crathis is a 
tomb* on the right of the road, and on it you will find a 
rather indistinct painting of a man standing by a horse. 
And the road from this tomb to what is called Gains is 30 
stades; Gains is a temple of Earth called the Broad- 
breasted. The statue is very ancient And the woman 
who becomes priestess remains henceforth in a state of 
chastity, and before she iv*u6t only have been married once. 
And they are tested by drinking bulFs blood, whoever of 
them is not telling the truth is detected at once and pun- 
ished. And if there are several competitorSp the woman 
who obtains most lots is appointed priestess. 

> Uiad, TiiL 20X 



M rAUSANUCL 



CHAPTER XXVL 

AND the seaport at ^gira (both town and seaport faaye 
the same name) is 72 stades from the temple of 
Hercnles Bnraioas. Near the sea there is nothing notable 
at ^gira, from the port to the upper part of the town 
is 12 stades. In Homer ' the town is called Hjperesia, 
the present name was given to it by the Ionian settlers for 
the following reason. A hostile band of Sicyonians was 
going to invade their land. And they, not thinking them- 
selves a match for the Sicyonians, collected together all 
the goats in the country, and fastened torches to their 
horns, and directly night came on lit these torches. And 
the Sicyonians, who thought that the allies of the Hypero- 
sinns were coming np, and that this light was the camp- 
Ores of the allied force, went home again : and the Hype- 
resinns changed the name of their city because of these 
goats, and at the place where the goat that was most hand- 
some and the leader of the rest had crouched down there 
they bailt a temple to Artemis the Huntress, thinking that 
this stratagem against the Sicyonians would not have 
occurred to them but for Artemis. Not that the name 
^gira prevailed at once over Hvperesia. Even in m^ time 
there are still some who call Oreus in Euboea by its old 
name of Hestina. At ^gira there is a handsome temple 
of Zeus, and his statue in a sitting posture in Pentelican 
marble by the Athenian Eaclides. The head and fingers 
and toes are of ivory, and the rest is wood gilt and richly 
variegated. There is also a temple of Artemis, and a 
statue of the goddess which is of modem art. A maiden 
is priestess, till she grows to a marriageable age. And the 
old statue that stands there is, according to the tradition 
of the people at^gira, Iphigenia the daughter of Agamem- 
non : and ft they state what is correct, the temple must origi- 
nally have been built to Iphigenia. There is also a very 
ancient temple of Apollo, ancient is the temple, ancient are 
the gables, ancient is the statue of the god, which is naked 
and of great sise. Who made it none of ttie natives oould 

• Iliad, iL 57a. 



BOOK YII.— ACHAIA. 57 

toll : but whoever has seen the Herculos at Siojon, would 
oonjeotnre that the Apollo at 2Bp^*ra was hj the same hand as 
that, namely by Laphaes of Phlins. And there are some 
statues of ^sculapius in the temple in a standing position, 
and of Serapis and Isis apart in Pentelican marble. And 
they worship most of all Celestial Aphrodite: but men 
must not enter her temple. But into the temple of the 
Syrian goddess they may enter on stated days, but only 
after the accustomed rites and fasting. I have also seen 
another building in ^gira, in which there is a statue of 
Fortune with the horn of Amalthea, and next it a Gapid 
with wings : to symbolize to men that success in love is 
due to chance rather than beauty. I am much of the 
opinion of Pindar in his Ode that Fortune is one of the 
Fates, and more powerful than her sisters. And in this 
building at ^^gira is a statue of a man rather old and 
OTidentTy in grief, and 3 women are taking off their brace- 
lets, and there are 3 young men standing by, and one has a 
breastplate on. The tradition about him is that he died 
after fighting most bravely of all the people of ^^gira 
against the Acbseans, and his brothers brought home the 
news of his death, and his sisters are stripping off their 
bracelets out of grief at his loss, and the people of the place 
call the old man his father Sympathetic, because he is clearly 
grieving in the statue. 

And there is a direct road from ^gira starting from the 
temple of Zeus over the mountains. It is a hilly road, and 
about 40 stades bring you to Phelloe, not a very important 
place, nor inhabited at all when the lonians still occupied 
the land. The neighbourhood of Phelloe is very good for 
vine-growing, and in the rocky parts are trees and wild 
animals, as wild deer and wild boars. And if any places in 
Greece are well situated in respect of abundance of water, 
Phelloe is one of them. And there are temples to Dionysus 
and Artemis, the goddess is in bronze in the act of taking 
a dart out of her quiver, and Dionysus' statue is decorated 
with vermilion. As you go down towards the seaport from 
^gira and forward a little there is, on the right of the road, 
a temple of Artemis the Huntress, where they say the goat 
crouched down. 

And next to ^gira is Pellene : the people of Pelleuo are 



68 PAU8ANIA8. 

tho last of the AobflBans near Sioyon and Argolis. Their 
town was called according to their own tradition from 
Pallas who they sny was one of the Titans, bnt according 
to the tradition of the Argives from the Ai*giYe Pellen, who 
was thoy say the son of Phorbas and grandson of Triopas. 
And between ^gira and Pellene there is a town subject to 
Sioyon called Donussa, which was destroyed by the Sioro- 
nians, and which they say is mentioned by Homer in nis 
Catalogne of Agamemnon's forces in the line, 

" And thoM who inhabited Hyperesia and iteep Donoeasa.** 

II. ii. 579. 

But when Pisistratns collected the yerses of Homer, that 
had been scattered about and had to be got together from 
▼arious quarters, either he or some of his companions in the 
task changed the name inadvertently.' The people of Pel- 
lene call their seaport Aristonautas. To it from ^gira on 
the sea is a distance of 120 stades, and it is half this dis- 
tance to Pellene from the seaport. The name Aristonauto 
was given they say to their seaport because the Aigonauts 
put in at the harbour. 



CHAPTER XXVII. 

AND the town of Pellene is on a hill which is yery steep 
in its topmost peak, (indeed precipitous and there- 
fore uninhabited), and is built upon its more level parts not 
continuously, but is cut as it were into two parts by the 
pe ik which lies between. And as you approach Pellene 
Ton see a statue of Hermes on the road called Dolios (vnly)f 
he is very ready to accomplish the prayers of people : it 
is a square statue, the god is bearded and has a hat on 
his head. On the way to the town there is also a temple 
of Athene made of the stone of the country, her statue 
is of ivory and gold by they sav Phidias, who earlier 
still made statues of Athene at Athens and Platoa. And 
the people of Pellene say that there is a shrine of Athene 

' To GmiMMSy tkt reading lo bo fimnd la modtm t«xtt of Humor. 



BOOK TIT. — ^ACfiAIA. M 

deep underground under the base of her statue, and thai 
the air from it is damp and therefore good for the ivorj. 
And above the temple of Athene is a g^ve with a wall 
built round it to Artemis called the Saviour, their greatest 
oath is hv her. No one may enter this grove bat the 
priesti, who are chiefly chosen out of the best local families. 
And opposite this grove is the temple of Dionysus called 
the Lighter, for when they celebrate his festival they carry 
torches into his temple by night, and place bowls of wine 
all over the city. At Pellene there is also a temple of 
Apollo Theoxenms, the statue is of bronze, and they hold 
games to Apollo called Theoxenia, and give silver as a 
prise for victory, and the men of the district contend. 
And near the temple of Apollo is one of Artemis, she is 
dressed as an archer. And there is a conduit built in the 
market-place, their baths have to be of rain-water for there 
are not many wells with water to drink below the city, 
except at a place called Glyceoa. And there is an old 
gymnasium chiefly given up to the youths to practise in, 
nor can any be enrolled as citizens till they have arrived at 
man's estate. Here is the statue of Promachus of Pellene, 
the son of Dryon, who won victories in the pancratium, 
one at Olympia, tiiree at the Isthmus, and two at Nemea, 
and the people of Pellene erected two statues to him, one 
at Olympia, and one in the gymnasium, the latter in stone 
and not in brass. And it is said that in the war between 
Corinth and Pellene Promachus slew most of the enemy 
opposed to him. It is said also that he beat at Olympia 
Polydamas of Scotussa, who contended a second time at 
Olympia, after coming home safe from the King of the 
Persians. But the Thessalians do not admit that Poly- 
damas was beaten, and they bring forward to maintain their 
Tiew ihe line about Polydamas, 

** O Scotoessa, nuno of the inTincible PoljdainM.* 

However the people of Pellene hold Promachus in the 
highest honour. But Ohsaron, though he won two victories 
in wrestling, and 4 at Olympia, they do not even care to men- 
tion, I think because he destroyed the constitution of Pel- 
lene, receiving a veir large bribe from Alexander the son of 
Philip to become the tyrant of his country. At Pellene 



60 PAU8AKU8. 

there is also a temple of Ilithyia, bnilt in the smaller half of 
the town. What is called Poseidon's chapel was originally 
a parish room, bnt is not nsed in our daj, bnt it still con- 
tinues to be held sacred to Poseidon, and is under the 
gymnasium. 

And about 60 stades from Pellene is Mysaoum, the temple 
of Mysian Demeter. It was built they say by Mysius an 
Argive, who also received Demeter into his house according 
to the tradition of the Argives. There is a grove at 
Mysaaum of all kinds of trees, and plenty of water springs 
up from some fountains. And they keep the feast here to 
Demeter 7 days, and on tho third day of the feast the 
men withdraw from the temple, and the women perform 
there alone during the night their wonted rites, and not 
only are the men banished but even male dogs. And on 
the following day, when the men return to the temple, the 
women and men mutually jest and banter one another. 
And at no great distance from Mysonm is the temple of 
^sculapius called Ojros, where men are healed by the god. 
Water too flows freely there, and by the largest of the 
fountains is a statue of JSscnlapius. And some rivers 
have their rise in the hills above Pellene : one of them, 
called Grins from the Titan Grins, flows in the direction of 
JSgira • • There is another river Grins which rises at the 
mountain Sipylns and is a tributary of the Hermus. And 
on the borders between Pellene and Sicyonia is the river 
Sythas, the last river in Aohaiai which hat its outlet in the 
Sicjonian aea. 



BOOK Vm.— ARCADIA- 

CHAPTER I. 

THE parta of Arcadia near Argolis are inhabited by the 
people of Tegea and Mantinea. Thej and the other 
Aroaaians nr6 the inland division of the Peloponnese. For 
the Corinthians come first at the Isthmus : and next tlicm 
by the sea are the Epidanrians : and by Epidaurus and 
TroBzen and Hermion is the Gulf of Argolis, aod the mari- 
time parts of Argolis : and next are the states of the Laco- 
dnmonians, and next comes Messenia, which touches the 
sea at Mothone and Pylos and near Cyparissiie. At 
LechsBum the Sicyonians border upon the Corinthians, 
beinff next to Argolis on that side : and next to Sicyon are 
the AchsBans on the sea-shore, and the other part of the 
Peloponnese opposite the Echinades is occupied by Elis. 
And the borders between Elis and Messenia are by Olympia 
and the mouth of the Alpheus, and between Elis and 
Achaia the neighbourhood of Dyme. These states that I 
have mentioned border on the sea, but the Arcadians live 
in the interior and are shut ofiE from the sea entirely : from 
which circumstance Homer describes them as having come 
to Troy not in their own ships but in transports provided 
by Agamemnon.^ 

The Arcadians say that Pelasgns was the first settler in 
their land. It is probable that others also came with 
Pelasgus and that ho did not come alone. For in that case 
what subjects would ho have had ? I think moreover that 
Pelasgus was eminent for strength and beauty and judg- 
ment beyond others, and that was why he was appointed 
king over them. This is the description of him by Asius. 

*' DiTiiM PelMgus on th« tree^lad hills 

Black emrth liruiight forth, to be of morUl raotw* 

. ! < llimd, ii. 6U. 



62 PAU8AKUS. 

And Pelasgua when he became king contrived hate that 
men shonld be free from cold and rain, and not be exposed 
to the fierce son, and also garments made of the hides of 
pigs, snch as the poor now nse in Enboea and Phocis. He 
was the inventor of these comforts. He too tanght people 
to abstain from green leaves and grass and roots that were 
not good to eat, some even deadly to those who eat them. 
He discovered also that the frait of some trees was good, 
especially acorns. And several since Pelasgns' time nave 
adopted this diet, so mnoh so that the Pythian Priestessy 
when she forbade the LaoedsBmonians to touch Arcadia, did 
so in the following words, *'Many aoom-eating warriors are 
there in Arcadia, who will keep yon off. I tell yon the 
tmth, I bear yon no gmdge." 

And it was they say during the reign of Pelasgns that 
Arcadia was called Pelasgia. 



CHAPTER IL 

AND Lycaon the son of Pelasgns devised even wlssr 
things than his father. For he founded the town Lyco- 
sura on the Mountain Lyc8Bus, and called Zeus Ljcaaus, and 
established a festival to him called the Lycroa. I do not 
think the Pan-Athenaoa was established by the Athenians 
earlier, for their games were called Athenasa till the time 
of Theseus, when they were called Pan-Athenina, because 
when they were then celebrated all the Athenians were 
gathered together into one city. As to the Olympian games 
— which they trace back to a period earlier than man, 
and in which they represent Cronos and Zeus wrestling, 
and the Cnretes as the first competitors in running — for 
these reasons they may be passed over in the present account. 
And I think that Cecrops, king of Athens, and Lycaon were 
contemporaries, but did not display equal wisdom to the 
deity. For Cecrops was the first to call Zeus supreme, and 
did not think it right to sacrifice anything that had life, but 
offered on the altar the national cakes, which the Athenians 
still call by a special name^ (pelani). But Lycaon brought 
a baby to tiie altar of Lycsoan Zeus, and saorifioed it upon 



BOOK Tin. — ^AROADI A. -63 

it, and sprinkled its blood on the altar. And they say directly 
after this sacrifice he became a wolf instead of a man. This 
tale I can easily credit, as it is a yery old tradition among the 
Arcadians, and probable enough in itself. For the men who 
lived in those days were gnests at the tables of the gods in 
consequence of their righteousness and piety, and those who 
were good clearly met with honour from the gods, and simi- 
larly those who were wicked with wrath, for the gods in 
those days were sometimes mortals who are still wor- 
shipped, as AristoBus, and Britomartis of Crete, and Her- 
cules the son of Alcmeua, and Amphiaraus the sou of (Ecles, 
and besides them Castor and Pollux. So one might well 
believe thatLycaon became a wolf, and Kiobe the daughter 
of Tantalus a stone. But in our day, now wickedness has 
grown and spread all over the earth in all towns and coun- 
/ tries, no mortal any longer becomes a god except in the 
V language of excessive fljittery,' and the wicked receive 
wrath from the gods very late and only after their depar- 
ture from this life. And in every age many curious things 
have happened, and some of them have been made to appear 
incredible to many, though they really happened, by those 
who have grafted falsehood on to truth. For they say that 
after Lycaon a person became a wolf fi*om a man at the 
Festival of Lycsaan Zeus, but not for all his life : for when- 
ever he was a wolf if he abstnincd from meat ten months 
he became a man again, but if he tasted meat he remained a 
beast. Similarly they say that Niobe on Mount Sipylus weeps 
in summer time. And I have heard of other wonderful 
things, as people marked like vultures and leopards, and 
of the Tritons speaking with a human voice, who sing some 
say through a perforated shell. Now all that listen with 
pleasure to snon fables are themselves by nature apt to 
exaggerate the wonderfol, and so mixing fiction with tmih 
they get discredited. 

^ «.^«9 M osed to the RmnMi Emperon^ diwtk 



M PAusmiAs. 



CHAPTER III. 

THE tUrd genoration after PelasgoB Arcadia advanced 
in popnlation and cities. Nyctimus was the eldest son 
of Lycaon and succeeded to all his power, and his brothers 
bnilt cities where each fancied. Pallas and Orestheus and 
Phigalns bnilt Pallantinm, and Oresthens bnilt Orestha- 
sinm, and Phigalns bnilt Phigalia. Stesichorns of Himera 
has mentioned a Pallantinm in Oerjoneis, and Phigalia and 
Oresthasinm in process of time changed their names, the 
latter got called Oresteum from Orestes the son of Aga- 
memnt«n, and the former Phialia from Phinlns the son of 
Bucolion. And Trapezens and Daseatas and Mncareus and 
Helisson and Thocnns bnilt Thocnia, and Acacns bnilt 
Acacesinm. From this Acacas, according to the tradition 
of the Arcadians, Homer invented a snmame for Hermes. 
And from Helisson the city and river Helisson got their 
names. Similarly also Macaria and Dasea and Trapezns 
got their names from sons of Lycaon. And Orchomenns 
was founder of Methydrium and Orchomenns, which is 
called rich in cattle by Homer in his Iliad.' And Hypsns 
built MelsBnera and Hypsns and Thyreoum and HaBmonisa : 
and according to the Arcadians Thyrea in Argolis and 
the Thyreatic Onlf got their name from Thyreates. And 
Maenalus built Maanalus, in ancient times the most famous 
town in Arcadia, and Tegeates built Tegea, and Mantinens 
bnilt Mantinea. And Gromi got its name from Oromus, 
and Charisia from Charisius its founder, and Tricoloni from 
Tricolonus, and Penethes from Penethns, and Asea from 
Aseatas, and Lycoa from Lyceus, and Sumatia from Suma- 
tens. And both Alipherns and Henens gave their names to 
towns. And (Enotms, the youngest of the sons of Lyoaon, 
haying got money and men from his brother Nyotimus, 
sailed to Italy, and became king of the country called after 
him CEnotria. This was the first colony that started from 
Greece, for If one accurately investigates one will find that 
no foreign voyages for the purpose of colonisation were ever 
made before (Enotms. 

« lUftd, U. 605. 



BOOK Tni. — ^ABOADIA. 66 

With 80 manj sous Ljoaon had only one daughter 
Callisto. According to the tradition of the Greeks Zens 
had an intri^oe with her. And when Hera detected it she 
tamed Gallisto into a she-hear, whom Artemis shot to 
please Hera. And Zens sent Hermes with orders to save 
the child that Gallisto was pregnant with. And her he 
tamed into the Gonstellation known as the Great Bear, 
which Homer mentions in the Toyage of OdysseaS from 
Galypso, 

'* Looking on the Pleiades and late-setting BooteSi and 
the Bear, which they also call Gharles' watn.*^* 

Bat perhaps the Gonstellation merely got its name oat of 
honoar to Gallisto, for the Arcadians shew her grare. 



GHAPTBR TV. 

AND after the death of Nyctimus Areas the son of Gal- 
listo SQCceeded him in the kingdom. And he intro- 
daced sowing com being tanght by Triptolemas, and showed 
his people how to make bread, and to weave sarments and 
other things, having learnt spinning from Adristas. And 
in his reign the coantry was called Arcadia instead of 
Pelasgia, and the inhabitants were called Arcadians instead 
of Pelasgi. And they say he mated with no mortal woman 
but with a Dryad Nymph. For the Nymphs ased to be 
called Dryades, and Epimeliades, and sometimes Naiades, 
Homer in his poems mainly mentions them as Naiades.' 
The name of this Nymph was Erato, and they say Areas 
had by her Asan and Aphidas and Elatus : he had had a 
bastard son Autolaus still earlier. And when they grew 
up Areas divided the coantry among his 3 legitimate sons,. 
Asania took its name from Azan, and they are said to 
be colonists from Asania who dwell, near the cave in 
Phrfguk called Steanos and by the river Pencala* And 
Aphidas got Tegea and the neighbouring conntrVf and so 
the poets call Tegea the lot of Aphidas. And Elatas had 
Meant Cyllene, whioh had no name then, and afterwards he 
migrated into what is now called Phocis, and aided the 

* OdyMiy, V. %7h VX * $.g, Odj itoy, ziii. 104. 

II. r 



6G PA06AKU8. 

Phociana who were pressed hard in war hy the Phlegjein 
and hailfc the city Elatea. And Asan hnd a son Clitor, and 
Aphidas had a son called Alens, and Blatns had five sons, 
JSpytns and Pereus and Gjllen and Isohys and Stym- 
phelas. And when Asan died funeral eames were first 
established, I don't know whether any oUier but certainly 
horseraces. And Glitor the son of Asan liyed at Lycosora, 
and was the most powerful of the kings, and built the city 
which he called Clitor after his own name. And Aleus 
inherited his father's share. And Mount Oyllene got its 
name from CjUen, and from Stymphelns the well and city 
by Uie well were both called Stymphelns. The circum* 
stances attending the death of Ischys, the son of Elatus, 
I haye already given in my account of Argolis. And 
Pereus had no male offspring but only a daughter Neesra, 
who married Autolycus, who dwelt on Mount Parnassus, 
and was reputed to be the son of Hermes, but was really 
the son of Dsedalion. 

And Clitor the son of Asan had no children, so the king* 
dom of Arcadia devolved upon iBpytus the son of Elatus. 
And as he was out hunting he was killed not by any wild 
animal but by a serpent, little expecting such an end. I 
have myself seen the particalar land of serpent. It is a 
very small ash-colourod worm, marked with irregular 
stripes, its head is broad and its neck narrow, it has a 
large belly and small tail, and, like the serpent they call 
the homed serpent, walks sideways like the crab. And 
iBpy tus was succeeded in the kingdom by Aleus, for Aga- 
modes and Oortys, the sons of Stymphelns, were great- 
grandsons of Areas, but Aleus was his grandson, beiuff the 
son of Aphidas. And Aleus built the old temple to Auiene 
Alea at Tegea, which he made the seat of his kingdom. And 
Oortys, the son of Stymphelns, built the town Oortys by the 
river called Oortynius. And Aleus had three sons, Lycur« 
gns and Amphidamas and Gepheus, and one daughter Auge. 
According to HecatsBus Hercules, when he came to Tegea, 
bad an intrigue with this Auge, and at last she was dis- 
coTored to- be with child by him, and Aleus nut her 
and the child in a chest and let it drift to sea. And she 
got safely to Teuthras, a man of substance in the plain of 
Caicns, and ho fell in love with her and married her. And 



HOOK Till. — ARCADIA. 67 

hor tomb is at Pergamos beyond the Caicns, a moond of 
e.irth with a stone wall round it, and on the tomb a device 
in bronae, a naked woman. And after the death of Alens 
Ljcnrgua his son succeeded to the kingdom hj virtue of 
being the eldest He did nothing very notable except that 
he slew by guile and not fairly Aroithons a warrior. And 
of his sons Epochus died of some illness, but Ancsans sailed 
to Oolchi with Jason, and afterward;!, hunting with Me- 
leager the wild boar in Galydon, was killed by it. Ly* 
onrgus lived to an advanced old age, having survived both 
his sons* 



CHAPTER V. 

AND after the death of Lycurgus Echomus, the son of 
Aeropns the son of Cepheus the son of Aleus, became 
king of the Arcadians. In his reign the Dorians, who were 
returning to the Peloponnese under the leadership of Hyllus 
the son of Hercules, were beaten in battle by the Achieans 
near the Isthmus of Corinth, and Echemus slew Hyllus in 
single combat' being challenged by him. For this seems 
more probable to me now than my former accouuti in which 
I wrote that Orestes was at this time king of the Achsaans, 
and that it was during his reign that Hyllus ventured his 
descent upon the Peloponnese. And according to the later 
tradition it would seem that Timandra, the daughter of 
Tyndareus, married Echemus after he had killed Hyllus. 
Aiid Agapenor, the son of Ancssus and grandson of Lycur- 
gus, succeeded Echemus and led the Arcadians to Troy. 
And after the capture of Ilium the storm which fell on the 
Greeks as they were sailing home carried Agapenor and the 
Arcadian fleet to Cyprus, and he became the founder of 
Paphos, and erected the temple of Aphrodite in that town, 
the goddess having been previously honoured by the people 
of C^ms in the place called Golgi. And afterwards Lao- 
dice, the daughter of Agapenor, sent to Tegea a robe for 
Athene Alea, and the insonption on it g^ves the nationality 
of Laodioe. 
''This is the robe rhioh Laodice gave to her own 



68 PAUSANUS. 

Athene, sending it from sacred Cyprus to her spacious 
fatherland." 

And as Agapcnor did not get home from Ilium, the 
kingdom devolved npon Hippothoos, the son of Gercjon, the 
son of Agamedes, the son of Stvmphelas. Of him they 
I'eoord nothing notahle, bat that he transferred the seat of 
the kingdom from Tegea to Trapeaas. And JSpjtns the 
son of Hippothons sncceeded his father, and Orestes the 
son of Agamemnon, in obedience to the oracle of Apollo at 
Delphi, migrated to Arcadia from Myceno. And JBpjtas 
the son of Hippothous presnming to go into the temple of 
Poseidon at Mantinea, (though men were not allowed to 
enter it either then or now,) was struck blind on his en- 
trance, and died not long afterwards. 

And during the reign of Cjpselus, his son and successor, 
the Dorians returned to the Peloponnese in ships, land- 
ing near the Promontory of Rhium, not as three genera- 
tions earlier attempting to return by way of the Isthmus of 
Corinth, and Cypsolus, hearing of their return, gave his 
daughter in marriage to Cresphontes, the only unmarried 
son of Aristomachus, and thus won him over to his inte- 
rests, and he and the Arcadians had now nothing to fear. 
And the son and successor of Cypselus was OliOiis, who, in 
junction with the Heradidse from Lacediemon and Argos, 
restored his sister's son ^pjtus to Messene. The next 
king was Bucolion, the next Phialus, who deprived Phiga- 
lus, (the founder of Phigalia, and the son of Lycaon), of 
the honour of giving his name to that town, by changing 
its name to Phialia after his own name, though the new 
name did not universally prevail. And during the reign of 
Simus, the son of Phialus, the old statue of Black De- 
meter that belonged to the people of Phigalia was de- 
stroyed by fire. This was a portent that not long after- 
wards Simus himself would end his life. And during 
the reign of Pompns his successor the ^^ginetans sailed to 
Cyllene for purposes of commerce. There they put their 
goods on beasts of burden and took them into the interior 
of Arcadia. For this good service Pompns highly honoured 
the JSginetans, and out of friendship to them gave the 
name of ^ginetes to his son and successor: who was 
succeeded by his son Polymestor during whose reign 



fl(X)K Till. — ^AKCADIA. 69 

Charillas and the Lncedaemonians first invaded the dis- 
trict round Tegea, and were beaten in battle by the men 
of Tegea, and also by the women who pat on armour, 
and Charillus and his army were taken prisoners. We 
shall give a further account of them when we come to 
Tegea. And as Polymestor had no children ^chmis suc- 
ceeded, the son of Briacas, and nephew of Polymestor. 
Briacas was the son of ^ginetes but younger than Poly- 
mestor. And it was during the reign of iBohmis that the 
war broke out between the Lacedsamonians and Messeniann. 
The Arcadians had always had a kindly feeling towards the 
Messenians, and now they openly fought against the Lace- 
demonians in conjunction with Aristodemus kine of Mes- 
senia. And Aristocrates, the son of ^chmis, acted msolently 
to his fellow-countrymen in yarious ways, but his great im- 
piety to the gods I cannot pass oyer. There is a temple of 
Artemis Hymnia on the borders between Orchomenns and 
Mantinea. She was worshipped of old by all the Arca- 
dians. And her priestess at this time was a maiden. And 
Aristocrates, as she resisted all his attempts to seduce her, 
and fled at last for refuge to the alt\r near the statue of 
Artemis, defiled her there. And when his wickedness was 
reported to the Arcadians they stoned him to death, and 
their custom was thenceforwani changed. For instead of 
a maiden as priestess of Artemis they had a woman who' 
was tired of the company of men. His son was Hicetas^ 
who had a son Aristocrates, of the same name as his grand* 
father, and who met with the same fate, for he t^ was 
stoned to death by the Arcadians, who detected fair re* 
ceiying bribes from Lacedsamon, and betraying the Met- 
senians at the ffreat reyerse they met with at the Oreat 
Trench. This crime was the reason why all the descendant* 
ol Pypselus wore deposed from the toyereignty of Aioadia. 



70 PAUSAKTAS. 



CHAPTER VI. 

IN all these particnlars about their kings, as I was carious, 
the Arcadians gave me fall information. And as to 
the nation generally, their most ancient historical erent is 
the war against Ilium, and next their fighting against the 
Laoediemonians in conjunction with the Messenians ; thej 
also took part in the action against the Modes at Plataoa. 
And rather from compulsion than choice they fought nnder 
the Lacedflsmonians against the Athenians, and crossed into 
Asia Minor with Agesilaus, and were present at the battle 
of Leuctra ia BoBotia. But on other occasions they exhibited 
their suspicion of the Lacedtemonians, and after the reverso 
of the Lncediemonians at Leuctra they at once left them 
and joined the Thebans. They did not join the Greeks in 
fighting against Philip and the Macedoninns at Ghieronea, 
or in Thessaly against Antiputer, nor did they fight against - 
them, bat they remained neutral. And they did not (they 
say) share in fighting against the Galati at ThermopylsB, 
only because iVey were afraid that, in the absence from 
home of the flower of their young men, the Lacedo- 
monians would ravage their land. And the Arcadians 
were of all the Greeks the most zealous members of the 
Achiean League. And all that happened to them that I 
could ascertain, not publicly but privately in their several 
cities, I shall describe as I come to each part of the subject. 
The passes into Arcadia from Argolis are by Uysiio and 
across the mountain Partheninm into the district of Tegea, 
and two by Maniinea through what are called Hotm^Oak 
and Ladder. Ladder is the broadest, and has steps cut 
in it. And when you have crossed that pass yoa come to 
Melangea, which supplies the people of Mantinoa with 
water to drink. And as you advance from Melangea, about 
iieven stades further, you come to a well called the well 
of the Meliast». These Meliastaa have orgies to Dionysus, 
and they have a hall of Dionysus near the well, and a 
temple to Aphrodite Melonis (Blaeh). There seems no 
other reason for this title of the goddess, than that men 
generally devote themselves to love in the darkness cl 



BOOK ▼III.— ARCADIA. 71 

Dight, Dot like the animals in broad daylight. The other 

ras over Artemisiom is far narrower than Lcufder'pass. 
mentioned before that Artemisinm has a temple and 
statae of Artemis, and that in it are the sources of the 
river Inaohns, which as long as it flows along the mountain 
road is the boandarj between the Argives and Mantineans, 
but when it leaves this ro:id flows thenceforwaixl through 
Argolisy and henoe iBsohjlus and others call it the Argive 
river. 



CHAPTER VII. 

AS jon cross over Artemisinm into the district of Man« 
tinea the plain Argnra (unfntitful) will receive jou, 
rightly so called. For the rain that come^ down from 
the mountains makes the plain unfruitful, and would harj 
prevented it being anything but a swamp, had not the water 
disappeared in a cavity in the ground. It reappears at 
a place called Dine. This Dine is at a place in Argolis. 
called Genethlium, and the water is sweet though it comes 
up from the sea. At Dine the Argives used formerly to 
offer to Poseidon horses ready bridled. Sweet wat^r comes 
up from the sea plainly here in Argolis, and also in Thesprotia 
at a place called Ghimerium. More wonderful still is the 
hot water of Mssander, partly flowing from a rook which 
the river surrounds, partly coming up from the mud of 
tho river. And near Diciearchia {Puteoli) in Tyrrhonia 
the sea water is hot, and an island has been constructed, so 
as for the water to afford warm baths. 

There is a mountain on the left of the plain Argum, 
where there are ruins of the camp of Philip, the son 
of Amyntas, and of the village Nestane. For it was at 
this village they say that Philip encamped, and the well 
there they still call Philip's well He went into Arcadia 
to win over the Arcadians to his side, and at the same 
time to separate them from the other Greeks. Philip one 
can well believe displayed the grentost valour of all the 
Macedonian kings before or after him, but no rightminded 
person oould call him a good man, seeing that ho trod under 



72 PAUSANUB. 

foot tbe oaths he had made to the gods, and od all oocasiona 
violated truces, and dishonoured good faith among men. 
And the vengeance of the deitj came npon him not late, 
hnt early. For Philip had only lived 46 years when the 
oracle at Delphi was made good hy his death, given to him 
they say when he inquired about the Persian war, 

** Th« bull is efowned, Uie snd it ooms, ths ■acriiloer't nesr.* 

This as the god veiy soon showed did not refer to the 
Mede, but to Philip himself. And after the death of Philip 
his b:iby boy by Cleopatra the niece of Attains was put 
by Olympias with his mother into a brazen vessel over a 
iire, snd so killed. Olympias also subsequently killfd 
AridflBus. The deity also intended as it seems to mow 
down all the family of Cassander by untimely ends. For 
Cassander married Thessalonioa the daughter of Philip, 
and Thessalonioa and Aridens had Thessalian mothers. 
As to Alexander all know of his early death. But if 
Philip had considered the eulogium passed upon Glaucua 
the Spartan, and had rememberod that line in each of his 
actions, 

** Tbs posterity of a oonacientioas man ■hall be furtunato,* * 

I do not think that there would have been any reason for 
any of the gods to have ended at the same time the life of 
Alexander and the Macedonian supremacy. But this has 
been a digression. 



CHAPTER Vra. 

AND next to the ruins of Nestane is a temple sacred to 
Demeter, to whom the Mantineans hold a festiviJ 
annually. And under Nestane is much of the plain Argnm, 
and the place called Meras, which is 10 stades from the 
plain. And when yon have gone on no great distance yon 
will come to another plain, in which near the high road is a 
fountain called Ame. The following is the tradition of the 

* Soo Herod. vL 8«. Heiiod, SSft. 



BOOK TIII.^ARCADIA. 73 

ArcadiaDsaboafcit. When Rhea gave birth to Poseidon, the 
little boy was deposited with the flocks and fed with the 
Iambs, and so the foontain was called Ame, (lamb fountain). 
And Rhea told Cronos that she had given birth to a foal, and 
gaye him a foal to eat up instead of the little boj, jnst as 
afterwards instead of Zens she gave him a stone wrapt np 
in swaddling-clothes. As to these fables of the Greeks 
I considered them childish when I began this work, bnt 
when I got as far as this book I formed this yiew, that 
those who were reckoned wise among the Greeks spoke of 
old in riddles and not directly, so I imagine the fables 
abont Cronos to be Greek wisdom. Of the traditions there- 
fore about the gods I shall state snch as I meet with. 

Mantinea is abont 12 stades from this fountain. Han« 
tinens, the son of Lycaon, seems to have bnilt the town 
of Mantinea, (which name the Arcadians still nse), on 
another site, from which it was transfen'ed to its present 
site by Antinoe, the daughter of Cephens the son of Aleus, 
who according to an oracle made a serpent (what kind of 
serpent they do not record) her guide. And that is why 
the riyer which flows by the town got its name Ophis («er- 
peiU). And if we may form a judgment from the Iliad of 
Homer this serpent was probably a dragon. For when in 
the Catalogue of the Ships Homer describes the Greeks 
leaving Philoctetes behind in Lemnos suffering from his 
nicer,' he did not ffive the title serpent to the watersnake, 
but he did give that title to the dragon whom the eagle 
dropped among the Trojans.* So it seems probable that 
Antinoe was led by a dragon. . 

The Mantineans did not fight against the Lacednmonians 
at Dipfloa with the other Arcadians, but in the Pelopon* 
nesian ivar they joined the people of Elis against the Lace- 
demonians, and fought agamst them, with some roinforoe- 
ments from the Athenians, and also took part in the ex- 
pedition to Sicily out of friendship to the Athenians. And 
some time afterwards a Lacednmonian force under King 
Agesipolis, the son of Pansanias, invaded the territory of 
Mantinea. And Agesipolis was victorious in the battle, and 
shut the Mantineans Up in their fortress, and captured Man- 

• Uiad, U. 7Sl-7aS. * Iliad, ziL SOO-SOS. 



74 PAU8ANIA8. 

tinea in no long time, not bj Btorm, bat bj turning the river 
Ophis into the city through the walls which were bnilt of 
nnbaked brick. As to battering rams brick walla hold 
out better even than those made of atone, for the atones 
get broken and come out of position, so that brick walla 
suffer less, but unbaked brick is melted bj water just as 
wax by the sun. This stratagem which Agesipolis em- 
ployed against the walls of Man tinea was formerly em- 
ployed by Cimon, the son of Miltiades, when he was be- 
sieging Boges the Mede and the Persians at Eion on the 
8trymon. So Agesipolis merely imitated what he had 
heard sung of by the Greeks. And when he took Man- 
tinea, he left part of it habitable, but most of it he rased 
to the ground, and distributed the inhabitants in the 
various villages. The Thebans after the battle of Leuctra 
intended to restore the Mantincans from these villages to 
Mantinea. But though thus restored they were not at all 
faithful to the Thebans. For when they were besieged by 
the Lacedemonians they made private overtures to them- 
for peace, without acting in concert with the other Arca- 
dians, and from fear of the Thebans openly entered into an 
offensive and defensive alliance with the Lacediemonians, 
and in the battle fought on Mantinean territory between 
the Thebans under Epaminondas and the Lacedemonians 
they ranged themselves with the Lacedemonians. But after 
this the Mantineans and Lacedemonians were at variance, 
and the former joined the Achean League. And when 
Agis, the son of Eudamidas, was king of Sparta they de- 
feated him in self defence by the help of an Achean force 
nnder Aratus. They also joined the Acheans in the action 
against Cleomenes, and helped them in bi*oaking down the 
power of the Lacedemonians. And when Antigonus in 
Macedonia was Bcgent for Philip, the father of Perseus, who 
was still a boy, and was on moat friendly terms with the 
Achasans, the Mantineans did several other things in hia 
honour, and changed the name of their city to Antigonea. 
And long afterwards, when Augustus was about to fight 
the sea fight off the promontory of Apollo at Actinm, the 
Mantineans fought on his side, though the rest of the 
Arcadians took part with Antony, for no other reason I 
think than that the Lacedemonians . were on the. side of 



BOOK Till. — ARCADIA. 75 

Angastas. And ten gaserations afterwards when Adrian 
was Emperor, he took away from the Mantineass the 
imported name of Antigonea and restored the old name of 
Mantinea. 



CHAPTER IX. 

AND the Mantinaeans have a doahle temple diyided 
in the middle bj a wall, of partition, on one side is the 
statae of ^scalapins by Alcamenes, on the other is the 
temple of Leto and her children. Praxiteles made statnes 
the third generation after Aleamenes. In the basement are 
the Muse and Marsyas with his pipe. There alf»o on a 
pillar is Poly bins the son of Ljcortas, whom we shall men« 
tion hereafter. The Mantineans have also several other 
temples, as one to Zens Soter, and another to Zens snr- 
named Bountiful because he gives all good things to man- 
kind, also one to Castor and Pollux, and in another part 
of the city one to Demeter and Proserpine. And they 
keep a 6re continually burning here, taking great care that 
it does not go out through inadvertence. I also saw a 
temple of Hera near the theatre : the statues are hj Praxi* 
teles, Hera is seated on a throne, and standing by her are 
Athene and Hebe the daughter of Heiti. And near the 
altar of Uera is the tomb of Areas, the son of Callisto : his 
remains were brought from Mflenalus in accordance with 
the oracle at Delphi. 

" Cold is Mflenatia, where ArcAt lies 

Who gATp his name to all Arradiiuis. 

Go ihero I bid you, and with kindly mind 

Kcmove his body to the pleasant city, 

Where three and lour and even fiTe roads moet» 

There build a shrine and sacrifice to Areas.* 

And the place where the tomb of Areas is they call the 
altars of the Sun. And not far from the theatre are some 
famous tombs, Vesta called Common a round figure, and 
they say Antinoe the daughter of Cepheus lies here. And 
there is a pillar above another tomb, and a man on horse- 
hack can*ed on the pillar, Oryllus the son of Xenophon. 
And behind the theatre ait^ mins of a temple of Aphrodite 



76 PAU8AMU8. 

Sjminacliia and her siatae, and the inscription on the base- 
ment of it states that Nicippe the daoehter of Paseas offered 
it. And this temple was erected by the Mantineans as are- 
cord to posterity of the seafight off Aotiam fought by them 
in conjunction with the Romans. And they worship Athene 
Alea^ and have a temple and statue of her. They also 
regard Antinoos an a god, his temple is the latest in Man- 
tinea^ he was excessively beloved by the emperor Adrian. 
I never saw him alive but have seen statues and paintings 
of him. He has also honours elsewhere, and there is a city 
near the Nile in Egypt called after him, and the following 
is the reason why he was honoured at Mantinea. He be- 
longed by birth to the town Bith^'nium in Bithynia be- 
yond the river Sangarins, and the Bithynians were origi- 
nally Arcadians from Mantinea. That is why the Emperor 
assigned him divine honours at Mantinea, and his rites are 
annual, and games are held to him every fifth year. And 
the Mantineans have a room in the Gymnasium which has 
statues of Antinons, and is in other respects well worth a 
visit for the precious stones with which it is adorned and 
the paintings, most of which are of Antinous and make him 
resemble young Dionysus. And moreover there is an 
imitation here of the painting at Geramious of the action 
of the Athenians at Mantinea. And in the marketplace 
the Mantineans have the brasen image of a woman, who 
they say is Diomenea the daughter of Areas, and they have 
also the hero-chapel of Podares, who they say fell in the 
battle against Epaminondas and the Thebnns. But three 
generations before my time they changed the inscription on 
the tomb to suit a descendant and namesake of Podares, 
who lived at the period when one could become a Rpman 
Gitiien. But it was the old Podares that the Mantineans 
in my time honoured, saying that the bravest (whether of 
their own men or their allies) in the battle was Gryllns 
the son of Xenophon, and next Gephisodorus of Marathon, 
who was at that time the Gommander of the Athenian 
Cavalxy, and next Podares. 



BOOK Tin.— ARCADIA. 77 



CHAPTER X. 

THERE are roads leadinc^ from Mantinea to tho oiher 
parts of Arcadia, I will describe the most notable things 
to see on each of them. As you go to Tegea on the left of the 
highroad near the walls of Mantinea is a place for horse- 
racings and at no great distance is the course where the 
games to Antinons take place. And above this coarse is the 
Mountain Alesium, so called they saj from the wanderings 
of Rhea, and on the mountain is a grove of Demeter. And 
at the extreme end of the mountain is the temple of Posei- 
don Hippitts, not far from the course in Mantinea. As to 
this temple I write what I have heard and what others have 
recorded about it. It was built in our day hj the Emperor 
Adrian, who appointed overseers over the workmen, that 
no one might spy into the old temple nor move any portion 
of its ruins, and he ordered them to build the new temple 
round the old one, which was they say originally built to 
Poseidon by Agamedes and Trophonius, who made beams 
of oak and adjusted them together. And when they kept 
people from entering into this temple they put up no barrier 
in front of the entrance, but only stretched across a woollen 
thread, whether they thought this would inspire fear as 
people then held divmo things in honour, or that there was 
some efficacy in this thread. And ^py tus the son of Hip- 
pothous neither leapt over this thread nor crept under it 
but broke through it and so entered the temple, and having 
acted with impiety was struck blind, (sea water bursting 
into his eyes from the outraged god), and soon after died. 
There is an old tradition that sea water springs up in this 
temple. The Athenians have a similar tradition about their 
Acropolis, and so have the Carians who dwell at Mylasa 
about the temple of their god, whom thev call in their native 
dialect Osogo. The Athenians are only about 20 stades 
distant from the sea at Phalerum, and the seaport for 
Mylasa is 80 stades from that town, but the Mantineans 
are at such a very long* distance from the sea that this is 
plainly supernatural there. 
When yon have passed the temple of Poseidon you oome 



78 PAU8ANIA8. 

to a iropby in stone erected for a Tictorj over tbe Inoedeo- 
monians and Aeis. This was the disposition of the battle. 
On the right wmg were the Mantineans themselves, with 
an amij of all ages nnder the command of Podares, the 
creat grandson of that Podares who bad fonght against tbe 
Tbebiwa They bad also with them the seer from Elis^ 
Tbrasybnlns the son of ^neas of the family of the Jamidod, 
who prophesied Tictory for the Mantineans, and himself 
took part in the action. The rest of the Arcadians were 
posted on the left wing, each town had its own oommandery 
and Megalopolis bad two, Lydiades and Leocydes. And Ara- 
toa wi^ the Sicyonians and Aobaoans occupied tbe centre. 
And Agis and the Lacedemonians extended their line of 
battle that they might not be outflanked by the enemy, 
and Agis and his sta^ occupied the centre. Aiid Aratus ac- 
cording to preconcerted arrangement with the Arcadians fell 
back (he and bis army) when the Lacednmonians pressed 
them bard, and as they fell back they formed the shape of 
a orescent. And Agis and the Lacediemonians were keen 
for yictory, and en masse pressed fiercely on Aratos and 
bis division. And they were followed by tbe Lacediemo- 
nians on the wings, who thought it would be a ffreat step- 
ping stone to victory to rout Aratus and his division. But 
the Arcadians meanwhile stole upon their flanks, and tbe 
Lacedemonians being surrounded lost most of their men, 
and their king Agis tbe son of Eodamidas felh And 
tbe Mantineans said that Poseidon appeared helping them, 
and that is why they erected their trophy as a votive offer- 
ing to Poseidon. That tbe gods have been present at war 
and slaughter has been represented by those who have de- 
scribed the doings and sufferings of tbe heroes at Ilium, tbe 
Athenian poets have sung also that the gods took part in 
the battles at Marathon and Salamis. And manifestly tbe 
army of tbe Galati perished at Delphi throoffh Apollo and 
the evident assistance of divine beings. So tbe victory 
hero of tbe Mantineans may have been largely due to Po- 
seidon. And they say that Leooydea, who with Lydiadea 
was tbe general of the division from Megalopolis, was tbe 
ninth descendant from Arcesilaus who lived at Lyoosura, 
of *wbom tbe Arcadians nlate tbe legend that be saw a 
stag (which waa sacred to the goddess Proserpine) of ex* 



BOOK Till.— ARGADU. 79 

treme old age, on whose neck was a collar with the fol« 
lowing inscriptioni 

^ I WM a fkwn Mid captuKd, when Agapenor went to Ilinm." 

This tradition shews that the stag is mnch longer-lived than 
the elephant, 

CHAPTER XI. 

NEXT to the temple of Poseidon jon will come to a 
place full of onk trees called Pelagos ; there is a roid 
from Mantinea to Tegea through these oak trees. And 
the houndarj between the districts of Mantinea and Tegea 
is the round altar on the highroad. And if jou should 
turn to the left from the temple of Poseidon, in about five 
stades you will come to the tombs of the daughters of 
Pelias. The people of Mantinea say they dwelt here 
to avoid the vituperations which came upon them for the 
death of their father. For as soon as Medea came to lol- 
cos she forthwith plotted against Pelias, really working for 
Jason*s interest, while ostensibly hostile to him. She told 
the daughters of Pelias that, if they liked, she could make 
their &ther a young man instead of an old man. So she 
slew a ram and boiled his flesh with herbs in a caldrbn, and 
she brought the old ram out of the caldron in the shape of 
a young man alive. After this she took Pelias to boil and 
cut him up, but his daughters got hardly enough of him to 
fake to burial. This compelled them to go and live in 
Arcadia, and when they died their sepulchres were raised 
here. No poet has given their names so far as I know, but 
Mico the painter has written under their portraits the 
names Asteropea and Antinoe. 

And the place called Phoezon is about 20 stades from 
these tombs, where is a tomb with a stone base, rising 
up somewhat from the ground. The road is very narrow 
at this place, and they say it is the tomb of Areithous, 
who was called Corynetes from the club which he used 
in battle. As you go. about 80 stades along the road 
from Mantinea to Paliantium, the oak plantation called 
Pelagoa extends along the highroad, and here the cavalry 



80 ?AU8ANtA8. 

of the Maniineans nnd Athenians fought ng.iinst the Bobo« 
tian cavalrj. And the Mantineans say that Epaniinondiia 
was killed here by Macherion a Mantincan, but the Lace- 
demonians riay that the Maohierion who killed £pami« 
Dondaa wap a Spartan. Bat the Athenian account, corro- 
borated by the Thebans, is that Epaminondaa was mortally 
wounded by Gh*yllns : and this corresponds with the paint- 
ing of tae action at Mantinea. The Mantineans also seem 
to have g.fven Gryllus a public funeral, and erected to him 
his statue en a pillar where he fell as the bravest man in 
the allied army : whereas Machferion, though the Lacede- 
monians mention him, had no special honours paid to him 
as a brave man, either at Sparta or at Mantinea. And 
when Epaminondas was wounded they removed him yet 
alive out of the line of battle. And for a time he kept 
his hand on his wound, and gasped for breath, and looked 
camestlv at the fight, and the place where he kept so looking 
they called ever after Scope, ( Watch) ^ but when the battle 
was over then he took his hand from the wound and 
expired, and they buried him on the field of battle. And 
there is a pillar on his tomb, and a shield above it with a 
dragon as its device. The dragon is intended to intimate 
that Epaminondas was one of those who are called the 
Sparti, the seed of the dragon's teeth. And there are two 
pillars on his tomb, one ancient with a Bosotian inscription, 
and the other erected by the Emperor Adrian with an 
inscription by him upon it. As to Epaminondas one might 
praise him as one of the most famous Greek generals for 
talent in war, indeed second to none. For the Lacedie- 
monian and Athenian generals were aided by the ancient 
renown of their states and the spirit of their soldiers ; but 
the Thebana were dejected and used to obey other Qredc 
states when Epaminondas in a short time put them into a 
foremost position, 

Epaminondas had been warned hj the oraole at Delphi 
before this to beware of Pelagos. Taking this word in its 
usual meaning of the sea he was careful not to set foot on 
a trireme or transport : but Apollo eyidently meant this 
oak plantation Pelagos and not the sea. Places bearing the 
same name deceived Hannibal the Carthaginian later on^ 
and tho Athenians still earlier. For Hannibid had an oraole 



BOOK Tin.^AROADIA. 81 

from Ammon that he woold die and he buried in LihjBsa. 
Accordingly he hoped that he would destroy the power of 
Rome, and return home to Libya and die there in old age. 
But when Flaminius the Roman made all diligence to take 
him aliye, he went to the court of Prusias as a suppliant, and 
being rejected by him mounted his horse, and in drawing 
his swoitl wounded his finger. And he had not gone on 
many stades when a fever from the wound came on him, 
and ho died the third day after, and the place where he 
died was called Libyssa by the people of Nicomedia. The 
oracle at Dodona also told the Athenians to colonize Sicily. 
Now not far from Athens is a small hill called Sicily. And 
they, not understanding that it was this Sicily that the oracle 
referred to, were induced to go on expeditions beyond their 
borders and to engage in the fatal war against Syraonse. 
And one might find other similar cases to these. 



CHAPTER XII. 

A ND about a stade from the tomb of Epaminondas is a 
^^ temple of Zeus sumamed Gharmo. In the Arcadian 
oak-plantations there are different kinds of oaks, some they 
call broadleaved, and others they call fegi. A third kind 
hayo a thin bark so light, that they make of it floats for 
anchors and nets. The bark of this kind of oak is called 
cork by some of the lonians and by Hermesianax the 
Elegiac Poet. 

]^m Mantinea a road leads to the village MethTdrium, 
formerly a town, now included in Megalopolis. When you 
have gone 80 stades further you come to the plain oalled 
Aloimedony and above it is the mountain Ostracina, where 
^ the cave ia where Aloimedon, one of the men called Heroesy 
used to dwell. Hercules according to the tradition of the 
Phiffalians had an intrigue with Phialo, the daughter of this 
Aloimedon. When Alcimedon found out she was a mother 
he exposed her and her boy immediately after his birth on 
the mountain, ^chmagoras was the name given to the boy 
afxsording to the Arcadiaaois. And the boy crying out when 
ir. 



82 ?AU8iiru8. 

he was expoBed, the bird called the jay heard his wailing 
and imitated it. And Hercnles happening to pass by heard 
the jay, and thinking it was the cry of his boy and not the 
bird, turned at the sound, and when he perceived Phialo 
he loosed her from her bonds and saved the bov's life. 
From that time the well has been called Jay from the bird. 
And about 40 stades from this well is the place called Pe* 
trosaca, the boundary between Megalopolis and Mantinea. 

Besides the roads I have mentioned there are two that 
lead to Orchomenns, and in one of them is what is called 
Ladas' course, where he used to practise for running, and 
near it is a temple of Artemis, and on the right of the road 
a lofty mound which they say is the tomb of Penelope, dif* 
fering from what is said about her in the Thesprotiaa 
Poem. For in it she is represented as having borne a son 
Ptoliporthes to Odysseus after his return from Troy. But 
the tradition of the Mantineans about her is that she was 
detected by Odysseus in having encouraged the suitors 
to the house, and therefore sent away by him, and that she 
forthwith departed to Lacedodmon, and afterwards migrated ^ 
to Mantinea, and there died. And near this tomb is a 
small plain, and a hill on it with some ruins still remain- 
ing of old Mantinea, and the place is called The Town to 
this day. And as you ffo on in a Northerly direction, yon 
soon come to the well of Alalcomenea. And about 30 stades 
from The Town are the ruins of a place called Maara, if 
indeed MaBra was buried here and not at Tegea : for the 
most probable tradition is that MsBra, the daughter of 
Atlas, was buried at Tegea and not at Mantinea. But per« 
haps it was another MsBra, a descendant of the M»ra that 
was the daughter of Atlas, that came to Mantinea. 

There still remains the road iR(hioh leads to OrohomennSi 
on which is the mountain Anohisia, and the tomb of Anohi* 
sea at the foot of the mountain. For when ^neas was 
crossing to Sicily he landed in Laconia, and founded the 
towns Aphrodisias and Etis, and his father Anchises for 
some reason or other coming to this place and dying Uiere 
was also buried at the foot of the mountain called Anchisia 
after him. And this tradition is confirmed bv the ftbot 
that the JSoUans who now inhabit Bium nowhere shew 
ia their ooontry the tomb of Anchises. And near the tomb 



BOOK Tnt — ^AROADEA. 83 

of AncbifleB are rains of a temple of Aphrodite, and An« 
chisia is the boandaij between the diBtiiots of Mantinea 
and OrchomenoAi 



I 



CHAPTER XnL 

IN the part belonging to Orchomenus, on the left of the 
road from Anohisia, on the slope of the mountain is a 
temple to Hjmnian Artemis, in whose worship the Man* 
tineans also share. The goddess has both a priestess 
and priest» who not only haye no interooorse with one 
another bj marriage, bnt all their life long keep separate 
in other respeots. Thej have neither baths nor meals toge* 
ther as most people do, nor do they ever go into a stranger's 
house. I know that similar habits are found among the 
priests of Ephesian Artemis, called by themselves Histia- 
tores but by the citizens Essenes, bnt they are only kept up 
for one year and no longer. To Hymnian Artemis they 
also hold an annual festival. 

The old town of Orchomenus was on the top of a hill, 
and there are still ruins of the walls and marketplace. 
But the town in our day is under the circuit of the old 
walls. And amonff the notable sights are a well, from 
which they get their water, and temples of Poseidon and 
Aphrodite, and their statues in stone. And near the town 
is a wooden statue of Artemis in a large cedar«tree, whence 
the goddess is called Artemis of the Cedar-tree. And 
below the town are some heaps of stones apart from one 
another, which were erected to some men who fell in war, 
but who they fought against, whether Arcadians or any 
other Peloponnesians, neither do the inscriptions on the 
tombe nor any traditions of the people of Orchomenus 
record* 

And opposite the town is the mountain called Trachys. 
And rainwater flows through a hollow ravine between 
Orchomenus and Mount Trachys, and descends into another 
plain belonging to Orchomenus. This plain is not very 
large, and most of it is 'marsh. And as you ffo on about 
three stades from Orchomenus, a straight road takes you 



84 PAUSANIA8. 

to the town of Caphja bj the ravine, and after tbat on tbe 
left hand by the marsh. And another road, after yon have 
crossed the water that flows through the ravine, takes von 
nnder the mountain Trachjs. And on this road the first 
thing yon oome to is the tomb of Aristocrates, who violated 
the pnestess of Artemis Hymnia. And next to the tomb 
of Aristocrates are the wells called Tenees, and abont 7 
siades further is a place called Amilns, which they say was 
formerly a town. At this place the road branches off into 
two dtreottonsy one towards Stymphelus, and the other 
towards Phenens: And as yon go to Phenens a mountain 
will lie before yon, which is the joint boundary for Orcho- 
menuB and Phenens and Caphya. And a lofty precipice 
called the Caphyatio rock projects from the mountain. 
Next to the boundary I have mentioned is a ravine, and a 
road leads through it to Pheneus. And in the middle of 
this ravine some water comes out from a fountain, and at 
the end of the ravine is the town of Cary». 



CHAPTER XIV. . 

AND the plain of Pheneus lies below Oaryod, and thej 
say the old Phenens was destroved by a deluge : even 
in our day there are marks on the hills where the water rose 
to. And abont 5 stades from Caryaa are the mountains 
Oryxis and Sciathis, at the bottom of each of which moun- 
tains is a pit which receives the water from the plain. 
And these pits the people of Pheneus say are wrought by 
hand, for thev were made by Hercules when he lived at 
Phenens with Laouome, the mother of Amphitryon, for 
Amphitryon was the son of Alceus by Laonome, the 
daughter of Qyneus a woman of Pheneus, and not by 
Ljsidioe the daughter of Pelops. And if Hercules reallj 
dwelt at Pheneus, one may easfly suppose that, when he 
was expelled from Tiryns by Eurystoeus, he did not go 
immediately to Thebes but first to Pheneus. Hercules 
also dug tnrough the middle of the plain of Pheneus a 
channel for the river Olbius, which river some of tiie 
Arcadians oall Aroanius and not Olbius. The length of 



nOOK VIII. — ^ARCADIA. 85 

tilis canal is about 50 stadest and the depth where the 
banks have not fallen in aboat 30 feet. The river however 
does not now follow this channel, but has returned to its 
old channel, having deserted Hercnles* canal. 

And from the pits dng at the bottom of the monntains I 
have mentioned to Phenens is about 50 stades. The people of 
Phoneus say that Pheneus an Autochthon was their founder. 
Their citadel is precipitous on all sides, most of it is left 
undefended, but part of it is carefully fortiSed. On the 
citadel is a temple of Athene Tritonia, but only in ruins. 
And there is a brasen statue of Poseidon Hippius, an offer- 
ing thej saj of Odysseus. For he lost his horses and went 
all over Greece in quest of them, and finding them on this 
spot in Pheneus he erected a temple there to Artemis under 
the title of Heurippe, and offered the statue of Poseidon 
Hippius. They aay also that when Odysseus found his 
horses here he thought he would keep them at Pheneuis 
as he kept his oxeu on the mainland opposite Ithaca. And 
the people of Pheneas shew some letters written on the 
base of the statue, which are the orders of Odysseus to 
those who looked after his horses. In all other respects 
there seems probability in the tradition of the people of 
Pheneus, but I cannot thiuk that the brazen statue of 
Poseidon is an offering of Odysseus, for they did not in 
those days know how to make statues throughout in brass 
as von weave a garment. Their mode of making statues 
in brass I have uready shewn in my account of Sparta in 
reference to the statue of Zeus Supreme. For the first 
who fused and made statues of cast brass were RhiBcus 
the son of PhilflBus and Theodorue the son of Telecles both 
of Samoa. The most famous work of Theodoras was the 
seal carved out of an Emerald, which Polycrates the tvrent 
of Samoa very frdquenfiy wore and was very proud o£ 

And as you descend about a stade from the citadel yon 
come to the tomb of Iphides, the brother of Hercules and 
the father of lolaus, on an eminence. lolaus according to 
the tradition of the Greeks assisted Hercules in most of 
his Labours. And Iphides the father of lolaus, when 
Heccules fought his first battle against Augeas and the 
people of Blis, was wounded bv the sons of Actor who 
were called Molinidas from their mother Moline, and his 



86 PAU8AKU8. 

relations oonyejed him to Phenens in a rerj bad con- 
dition, and there Bnphagns (a native of Pheneos) and his 
wife Promne took care of him, and buried him as he died 
of his wound. And to this day they pay him the honours 
they pay to heroes. And of the gods the people of Pheneus 
pny most regard to Hermes, and they call their games Her- 
m Ada. And they haye a temple of Hermes, and a stone statue 
of the god made by the Athenian Euchir the son of Eubn- 
lides. And behind the temple is the tomb of Mjrtilus. This 
Myrtilus was, the Greeks say, the son of Hermes, and 
charioteer to (Enomaus, and when any one came to court 
the daughter of (Enomaus, Myrtilus ingeniously spurred 
the horses of (Enomaus, and, wheneyer he caught up 
any suitor in the race, he hurled a dart at him and so killed 
him. And Myrtilus himself was enamoured of Hippo* 
damia, but did not venture to compote for her hand, but 
continued (Enomaus charioteer. But eventually they say 
he betrayed (Enomaus, seduced by the oaths that Pelops 
made to him, that if he won he would let Myrtilus enjoy 
Hippodamia one night. But when he reminded Pelops of' 
his oath he threw him out of a ship into the sea. And the 
dead body of Myrtilus was washed ashore, and taken up 
and buried by the people of Pheneus, so they say, and 
annually by night they pay him honours. Clearly Felons 
cannot have had much sea to sail on, except from the 
mcuth of the Alpheus to the seaport of Elis. The Myr- 
inan Sea cannot therefore have been named after this 
Myrtilus, for it begins at Eubcsa and joins the ^gean by 
the desert island of Helene, but those who seem to me to 
interpret best the antiquities of Eubcea say that thei 
Myrtoan Sea got its name from a woman callea Myrto. 



CHAPTER 2CV. 

AT Pheneus they have also a temple of Eleusinian 
Demeter, and they celebrate the rites of the goddess 
just the same as at Eleusis, according to their statement. 
For they say that Nans, who was the great grandson of 
Eamolpusi oime to them in obedience to the oracle at 



BOOK Till.— ABOADIA. 87 

Delphi, and hroughi these mysteries. And near the temple 
of Elensinian Demeter is what is called Petroma, two large 
stones fitting into one another. And they celebrate here 
annaallj what they call their great rites, they detach these 
stones, and take from them some writings relatire to these 
rites, and when they have read them in the ears of the 
initiated they replace them again the same night. And I 
know that most of the inhabitants of Phenens regard " By 
Petroma " their most solemn oath. And there is a ronnd 
covering on Petroma with a likeness of Cidarian Demeter 
inside, the priest pnts this likeness on his robes at what 
they call the great rites, when according to the tradition 
he strikes the earth with rods and summons the gods of the 
lower world. The people of Pheneas also have a tradition 
that before Nans Demeter came here in the course of her 
wanderings, and to all the people of Pheneas that received 
her hospitably the goddess gave other kinds of pnlse but no 
beans. Why they do not consider beans a pare kind of 
pulse, is a sacred tradition. Those who according to the 
tradition of the people of Pheneas received the goddess 
were Trisaules and Damithales, and they built a temple 
to Demeter Thesmia under Mount Gyllene, where they 
established her rites as they are now celebrated. And this 
temple is about 15 stades from Pheneus. 

Ab you go on about 15 stades from Pheneus in the direo* 
tion of Pellene and ^gira in Achaia, you come to a 
temple of Pythian Apollo, of which there are only ruins, 
and a lar^ i^tar in white stone. The people of Pheneus 
still sacrifice here to Apollo and Artemis, and say that 
Hercules built the temple after the capture of Elis. There 
are also here the tombs of the heroes who joined Hercules 
in the expedition against Elis and were killed in the battle. 
And Telamon is buried very near the river Aroanius, at a 
little distance from the temple of Apollo, and Ohalcodon 
not far from the well called (Enoe*s well. As one was the 
father of that Elephenor who led the Eubos-ins to Ilium, 
and the other the father of Ajaz and Teucer, no one will 
credit that they fell in this battle. For how could Ohalco- 
don have assisted Hercules in this affair, since Amphitrron 
is decUirod to hare slain him earlier according to Theoan 
information that we can rely on P And how would Teucer 



68 PAU8ANIAS. 

have founded Salamis in GyproSy if nobody had banisbed 
bim from borne on bis return from Troy ? . And wbo' bat 
Telamon could bare banisbed bim ? Manifestly tberefore 
Gbalcodon from Euboea and Telamon from ^gina could not 
baye taken part witb Hercules in tbia expedition against 
Elis : tb^ must bave been obscure men of tbe same name 
as tbose nimous men, a casual coincidence such as bas bap- 
pened in all ages. 

Tbe people of Pbeneus bare more tban one boundary 
between tbem and Acbaia. One is tbe river called Porinas 
in tbe direction of Pellene, tbe otber is a temple sacred to 
Artemis in tbe direction of ^g^ra. And in tbe territoxy 
of Pbeneus after tbe temple of Pytbian Apollo you will 
soon come to tbe road tbat leads to tbe mountain Cratbis,. 
in wbicb tbe river Grathis bas its rise, wbicb flows into 
ibe sea near ^ge, a place deserted in our day but in 
older days a town in Acbaia. And from tbis Gratbis tbe 
river in Italy in tbe district of Bruttii gets its name. And 
on Mount Cfratbis tbere is a temple to Pyronian Artemis : 
from wbose sbrine tbe Argives in olden times introduced' 
fire into tbe district about Leme. 



GHAPTEB XVL 

AND as you go eastwards from Pbeneus you come to tbe 
promontory of Oeronteum, and by it is a road. And 
Oeronteum is tbe boundary between tbe districts of Pbeneus 
and Stympbelns. And as you leave Gerontenm on tbe left 
and go tbrougb tbe district of Pbeneus you come to tbe 
mountains called Tricrena, wbere tbere are tbree wells. In 
tbese tbey say tbe mountain nympbs wasbed Hermes wben 
be was bom, and so tbey consider tbese wells sacred to 
Hennes. And not far from Tricrena is anotber bill called 
Sepia, and bere tbey say iBSpy tus tbe son of Elatus died of 
tbe bite of a serpent, and bere tbey buried bim, for tbey 
could not carry bis dead body furtben Tbese serpents are 
•till (tbe Arcadians say) to be found on tbe bill but in no 
great quantity, for every year mucb of it is covered with 
snow, and tbose serpents that the snow catches outside of 



BOOK Tin. — ARCADIA. 89 

their holes are killed bj ii, and if they first get back to their 
holes, yet the snow kills part of them eyen there, as the 
bitter cold sometimes penetrates to their holes. I was 
oarions to see the tomb of ^pytns, because Homer men- 
tions it in his lines about the Arcadians.^ It is a pile of 
earth not yety high, snrronnded by a coping of stone. It 
was likely to inspire wonder in Homer as he had seen no 
more notable tomb. For when he compared the dancing* 
ground wrought by Hephoestus on Achilles* shield to the 
dancing-ground made by Daadalus for Ariadne,' it was be* 
cause he had seen nothing more clever. And though I 
know many wonderful tombs I will only mention two, one 
in Halionmassus and one in the land of the Hebrews. The 
one in Halicamassus was built for Mnusolus king of Hali- 
camassus, and is so large and wonderful in all its adoma* 
tion, that the Romans in their admiration of it call all 
notable tombs Mausoleums. And the Hebrews have in the 
city of Jerusalem, which has been rased to the ground by 
the Roman Emperor, a tomb of Helen a woman of that 
country, which is so contrived that the door, which is of 
stone like all the rest of the tomb, cannot be opened ex* 
cept on one particular day and month of the year. And 
then it opens by the machinery alone, and keeps open for 
some little time and then shuts again. But at any other 
time of the year anyone trying to open it could not do S0| 
yon would hiye to smash it before yon could open it. 



CHAPTER XVII. 

NOT far from the tomb of ^py tus is Cyllene the highest 
of the mountains in Arcadia, and the ruins of a temple 
of Cyllenian Hermes on the top of the mountain. It is clear 
that both the mountain and god got their title from Oyllen 
the son of Elatus. And men of old, as far as we can 
ascertain, had various kinds of wood out of which they made 
statues, as ebon;|r» cypress, cedar, oak, yew, lotus. . But the 
statue of Cyllenian Hermes is made of none of these but of 
the wood of the juniper tree. It is about 8 feet high I 

* Iliad, ii. SOi. • IHm), xviiL 690-599. 



00 PAU8A9IAS. 

should saj. Cyllene has the following phenomenon. Black* 
birds all-white lodge in it. Those that are called bj the 
Boeotians by the same name are a different kind of bird, and 
are not Tocal. The white eagles that resemble swans yery 
mach and are called swan-eagles I have seen on Sipylns near 
the marsh of Tantalus, and individuals have got from 
Thrace before now white boars and white bears. And white 
hares are bred in Libya, and white deer I have myself seen 
and admired in Rome, but where they came from, whether 
from the mainland or islands, it did not occur to me to in- 
quire. Let this much suffice relative to the blackbirds of 
Mount Oyllene, that no one may discredit what I have said 
about their colour. 

And next to Gyllene is another mountain called Ghely- 
dorea, where Hermes found the tortoise, which he is said to 
have skinned and made a lyre of. Chelydorea is . the 
boundary between the districts of Pheneus and Pellene, 
and the Achieans graze their flocks on most of it. 

And as you go westwards from Pheneus the road to the 
left leads to the city Clitor, that to the right to Nonacris 
and the water of the Styx. In old times Nonacris, which 
•took its name from the wife of Lycaon, was a small town in 
Arcadia, but in our day it is in ruins, nor are many portions 
even of the ruins easy to trace. And not far from the ruins 
is a cliff, I do not remember to have seen another so high. 
And water drops from it which the Oreeks call the Styx* 



CHAPTER XVIIL 

HESIOD has represented Styx in his Theogony, (for 
there are some who assign the Theogony to Hesiod), 
as the daughter of Oceanus and the wife of Pallas. Linus 
too they say has represented the same. But the verses of 
Linus (all of which I have read) seem to me spurious. 
Epimenides the Cretan also has represented Styx as the 
daughter of Oceanus, but not as the wife of Pallas, bnt of 
Piras, whoever he was, to whom she bare Echidna. And 
Homer has frequently introduced the Styx into his poetry. 
For example in the oath of Hens 



BOOK Tin. — ^ARCADIA. 91 

^'Witticn me now Karth and hij^h IlemTen whoif 
And wmter of tho St/x tbat tricklet down."' 

Here lie represents the water of the Styx dripping down as 
yon may see it. But in the catalogue of those who went 
with Ganeas he makes the water of the Styx flow into the 
river Titaresins.' He has also represented the Styx as a 
river of Hades, and Athene says that Zens does not re- 
memher that she saved Hercnles in it in one of the Labonrs 
imposed by Enrysthens. 

** For could I haTo foreseen what since has chaooed, 
"When he was sent to Hades Jailor dread 
To bring horn Erebus dr«*ad Hades' Cerberus, 
He wottul not hare escaped the streams of Styx.* 

(IL viiu 366-369.) 

Now the water that drips from the cliff near Nonacris falls 
first apon a lofty rock, and oozes through it into the river 
Grathis, and its water is deadly both to man and beast. It 
is said also that it was deadly to goats who first drank of 
the water. But in time this was well known, as well as 
other mTsterions properties of the irater. Olass and crystal 
and porcelain, and various articles made of stone, and 
pottery ware, are broken by the water of the Styx. And 
things made of horn, bone, iron, brass, lead, tin, silver, and 
amber, melt when pat into this water. Oold also suffers 
from it as all other metals, although one can purify gold 
from rust, as the Lesbian poetess Sappho testifies, and as 
anyone can test by experiment. The deity has as it seems 
granted to things which are leant esteemed the property of 
being masters of things held in the highest valae. For 
pearls are melted by vinegar, and the adamant, which is 
the hardest of stones, is melted by goat's blood. A horse's 
hoof alone is proof against the water of the Styx, for if 
poured into a hoof the hoof is not broken. Whether Alex* 
ander the son of Philip really died of this poisonous water 
of the Styx I do not know, but there is a tradition to that 



Beyond Nonaoris there are <6ome mountains called 
Aroania and a oave in them, into which thev itay the 
daughters of Proetus fled when they went mad, till Melara* 

> niad, XT. 36, 37. * Iliad, il. 743-751. 



92 PAUBANUS. 

pas brought them back to a place oalled Lug!, and oared 
them by secret sacrifices and purifications. The people of 
Pheneus graze their flocks on most of the mountains 
Aroania, but Lnsi is on the borders of Glitor. It was thej 
saj formerly a town, and Agesilans a native of it was pro- 
claimed victor with a race-horsCy when the Amphictyones 
celebrated the eleventh Pythiad, but in our days there are 
not even any ruins of it in existence. So the ^ughters of 
Proetus were brought back by Melampus to Lusi, and 
healed of their madness in the temple of Artemis, and ever 
since the people of Glitor call Artemis Hemerasia. 



CHAPTER XIX. 

AND there are some of Arcadian race who live at Oynasr 
tha, who erected at Olympia a statue of Zeus with a 
thunderbolt in each hand. Cynoetha is about 40 stades 
from the temple of Artemis, and in the market-place are 
some altars of the gods, and a statue of the Emperor 
Adrian. But the most memorable thing there is a temple 
of Dionvsus. They keep the festival of the god in wintsr- 
time, when men smeared all over with oil pick a bull from 
the herd, which the god puts it into their mind to take and 
convey to the temple, where they offer it in sacrifice. And 
there is a well there of cold water, about two stades from 
the town, and a plane tree growing by it. Whoever is 
bitten by a mad dog, or has received any other hurt, if ho 
drinks of this water gets cured, and for this reason they 
call the well Alysans. Thus the water called Styx near 
Pheneus in Arcadia is for man's hurt, whereas the water 
at OynfiBtha is exactly the reverse for man's cure. Of the 
roads in a westward direction from Pheneus there remains 
that on the left which leads to Glitor, and is by the canal 
which Hercules dug for the river Aroanius. The road 
along this canal goes to Lycuriai which is the boundaiy be- 
tween the distriots of Pheneus and Oliton 



BOOK Tin.— ABOADU. 93 



CHAPTER XX. 

AND after baying advanced from I^cnria about 50 
stades jon. will come to the springfi of tbe riyer Ladon. 
I baye beara tbat tbe water of the marsh at Pheneas, after 
falling into tbe pito under tbe mountains, reappears here, 
and forms tbe springs of Ladon. I am not prepared te saj 
whether this is so or not. Bat tbe river Ladon excels 
all tbe rivers in Greece for tbe beantj of ite stream^ and 
is also famons in connection with what poete have snng 
about Daphne. Tbe tradition current about Daphne among 
those who live on the banks of the Orontes I pass over, 
but tbe following is the tradition both in Arcadia and 
Elis. CEnomaus the ruler at Pisa had a son Leucippus who 
was enaihoured of Daphne, and hotly wooed her for bis wife, 
but discovered that she had a dislike to all males. So be 
contrived tbe following stratagem. He lot his hair grow to 
the Alpheus,* and put on woman*s dress and went to Daphne 
with bis hair arranged like a girl's, and said he was the 
daugbter of CEnomaus, and woald like to go a bunting witb 
Da^ne. And being reckoned a girl, and excelling all tbe 
otber girls in tbe lustre of bis family and skill in bunting, 
and paying tbe greatest possible attention to Dapbne, he 
soon won ber strong friendship. But they who sine of 
Apollo's love for Dapbne add tbat Apollo was jetuons 
of Leucippus* happiness in love. So when Daphne and 
the other maidens desired to bathe in tbe Ladon and swim 
about, they stripped Leucippus against his will, and dis*. 
covering his sex they stebbed him and killed him witb 
javdins and daggers. So tbe story goes. 



OHAPTEB XXI. 

FBOM the springs of Ladon it is 60 sfades to the town 
of OHtor, tbe road is a narrow path by the river 
AroaaiuB. And near the town you cross a river called 

' Frobsbly on the pretext that he neaal to shear hit hair la the 
Alpbtiis, 8eeL«7sTUL41. 



H PAUSAHUI. 

Gliior, wbicli flows into the Aroanios a^oni 7 stades from 
the town. There are varioos kinds of fish in the rirer 
Aroanins, especiallj some variegated ones which hare tliej 
say a voice like the thmsb. I have seen them caoghtbat 
never heard their voice, though I have waited hj the river- 
side till sunset, when they are said to be most vocal. 

The town of Glitor got its name from the son of Asan, 
and is situated in a plain with hills not very high all round 
it. The most notable temples are those to Demeter, and 
.^Sscnlapins, and to Ilithyia. Homer says there are several 
Ilithyias, but does not specify their number. Bnt the 
L^dan Olen, who was earlier than Homer, and wrote 
£[ymns to Ilithyia and for the Delians, says that she was the 
same as Fate, and older than Oronos. And he calls her 
Eulinns. The people of Glitor have also a temple, about 
4 stades from the town, to Gastor and Pollux under the 
name of the Great Gods, their statues are of brass. And on 
the crest of a hill about 80 stades from Glitor is a temple 
.and statue of Athene Goria. 



GHAPTBB XXIL 

IBETTJBN' to Stymphelns and to Oeronteum, the boun- 
dary between the districts of Phenens and Stymphelns.' 
Thepeopleof Stvmphelus are no longer ranked as Arcadians, 
but are in the Argolic League from their own choice. But 
that they are of Arcadian race is testified by Homer, and 
Stymphelns, the founder of the town, was c^reat grandson 
of Areas, the son of Gallisto. He is said originally to have 
built the town on another site than that it now occupies. 
In old Stymphelns lived they say Temenus the son of 
Pelasgus, who brought up Hera, and built three temples 
to the goddess and ^led her by three titles, when she was 
still a maiden the Ghild-goddess, and after she was married 
to Zeus he called her the Full*ffrown, and after she broke 
with Zeus for some reason or oviw and' returned to Stym* 
phelus he called her the Widow* This is the tradition 
about the goddess at Stymphelns. But the town in our 
day has none of these temples, though it has the following 
remarkable things. There is a spring from which the Bm« 



BOOK Yin.— AROADIA. 95 

peror Adrian conveyed water to the town of Corinth. In 
winter this spring oonyerts a small marsh into the rirer 
Stjmphelns, bnt in summer the marsh is dry, and the river 
is only fed by the spring. This river soaks into the groand* 
and. comes up asain in Argolis, where its name is changed 
to Erasinos. Abont this river Stymphelns there is a 
tradition that some man-eating birds lived on its banks, 
whom Hercules is said to have killed with his arrows. 
But Pisander of Camira says that Hercules did not kill 
them bnt only frightened them away with the noise of 
rattles. The desert of Arabia has among other monsters 
some birds called Stymphelides, who are as savage to men 
as lions and leopards. They attack those who come to 
capture them, and wound them with their beaks and kill 
them. They pierce through coats of mail that men wear, 
and if they put on thick robes of mat, the beaks of these 
birds penetrate them too, as the wings of little birds stick 
in bird-lime. Their sise is about that of the crane, and 
they are like storks, but their beaks are stronger and not 
crooked like those of storks. Whether these birds now 
in Arabia, that have the same name as those formerly in 
Arcadia, are similar in appearance I do not know, bnt if 
there have been in all time these Stymphelides like hawks 
and eagles, then they are probably of Arabian origin, 
and some of them may formerly have flown from Arabia to 
Stymphelns in Arcadia. They may also have been origi* 
nally called some other name than Stymphelides by the 
Arabians : and the fame of Hercules, and the superiority of 
the Greeks to the barbarians, may have made the name 
Stymphelides prevail to our day over their former name in 
the desert of Arabia. At Stymphelns there is also an 
ancient temple of Stymphelian Artemis, the statue is 
wooden but most of it gilt over. And on the roof of the 
temple is a representation of these birds called Siymphe* 
lides. It is difficult to decide whether it is in wood or 

K* ster, but I conjecture more likely in wood than plaster, 
ere are also represented some maidens in white stone 
with leffs like biras, standing behind the temple. And 
in our days a wondmrful thing is said to have happened* 
Thej^ were celebrating lit Stymphelns the festival of Stym- 
phelian Artemis rather n^ligently, and violating most of 



96 PAUaAKUB. 

the esiablishod rootine, when a tree fell ai the opening of the 
oavity where the river Stymphelns goes anderground, and 
blocked up the passage, so that the plain became a marsh for 
iOO stades. And thej say that a hnnter was pursuing a 
fleeing deer, and it jumped into the swamp, and the hunter 
in the heat of the ohase jumped in after it : and it swal- 
lowed up both deer and man. And they say the water of 
the riyer followed them, so that in a day the whole water in 
the plain was dried up, they having opened a way for it. 
And since that time they have celebrated the festiyal of 
Artemis with greater ardour. 



CHAPTER XXin. 

AND next to Stymphelus comes Alea a town in the 
Argolio league, founded thej say by Aleus the son of 
Aphidas. There are temples hero of Ephesian Artemis 
and Alcan Athene, and a temple and statue of Dionysus. 
They celebrate annually the festiyal of Dionysus (»Jled- 
Scieria, in which according to an oracle from Delphi the 
women are flogged, as the Spartan boys are flogged at the 
temple of Orthia. 

I have shewn in my account of Orchomenus that the 
straight road is by the ravine, and that there is another on 
the left of the lake. And in the plain of Caphy» there is 
a reservoir, bj which the water from the territory of 
Orchomenus is kept in, so as not to harm the fertile dis* 
trict. And within this reservoir some other water, in 
Tolume nearly as large as a river, is absorbed in the ground 
and comes up again at what is called Nasi, near a village 
called Bheunos, and it forms there the perennial river 
called Tragus. The town gets its name clearly from 
Cepheus the son of Aleus, but the name Gaphy» has pre- 
vailed through the Arcadian dialect. And the inhabitants 
trace their oriein to Attica, thej say thery were expelled by 
^geus from Athens and fled to Arcadia, and supplicated 
Oephens to allow them to dwell there. The town is at the 
end of the plain at the foot of some not very high hills, 
and has temples of Poseidon and of Gnacalesian Artemis, 
■o called from the mountain Gnaoalus where the goddess 



BOOK Till.— ABCADrA, 97 

has annual rites. A little above tbe town is a well and bj 
it a large and beantifal plane-tree, which thej call Mene- 
lans'y for they say that when he was mastering his army 
against Troy he came here and planted it by the well, and 
in oar day they call the well as well as the plane-tre6 
Menelaus*. And if we may credit the traditions of the 
Greeks aboat old trees still aliye and floarishing, the oldest 
is the willow in the temple of Hera at Samos, and next 
it the oak at Dodoua, and the olive in the Acropolis and 
at Delos, and the Syrians would assign the third place for 
its antiquity to their laurel, and of all others this plane-tree 
is the most ancieni. 

About a stade from Caphyoa is the place Condylea, where 
was a grove and temple in olden times to Artemis of Oon« 
djlea. But the goddess changed her title they say for the 
following reason. Some children playing about the temple, 
how many is not recorded, came across a rope, and bound 
it round the neck of the statue, and said that they would 
strangle Art-emis. And the people of Gaphyoa when they 
found out what had been done by the children stoned 
them, and in consequence of this a strange disorder came 
upon the women, who prematurely gave birth to dead 
children, till the Pythian Priestess told them to bury the 
children who had been stoned, and annually to bestow on 
them funeral rites, for they had not been slain justly. The 
people of CaphyiB obeyed the oracle and still do, and ever 
since call the goddess, (this they also refer to the oracle), 
Apanchomene (strangled). When you have ascended from 
CaphyiB seven stades you descend to Nasi, and fifty stades 
further is the river Ladon. And when you have crossed it 
you will come to the oak-coppice Soron, between Argeathed 
and Lycuntes and Scotane. Soron is on the road to 
Psophisy and it and all the Arcadian oak-coppices shelter 
various wild animalsi as boars and bears, and immense 
tortoises, from which you could make lyres as large as those 
made from the Indian tortoise. And at the end of Soron 
are the ruins of • ▼ilhgf called Pans, and at no great dis- 
tance ia what is called Sine, the boundaxy between the dis* 
triots of Olitor and Psophii. 



IL 



98 PAusAiniB. 



OnAPTBB XXIV. 



THE f oonder of FiBopbis was they taj FiBopbia tbe aon 
of Arrho, (tbe son of Erjmantiiiui, the son of Ariataa, 
the son of Parthaon^ the son of PeripheteSy the aon of 
Nyctimas) : others say Psophis tbe daughter of Xanthns, 
the son of Erymanthus, the son of Areas. This is the 
Arcadian account. But the truest tradition is that Psophis 
was the daughter of Eryx, tbe ruler in Sicania, who would 
not receire her into his house as she was pregnant, hut in* 
trusted her to Ljcortas, a friend of his who dwelt at Phegia, 
which was called Erymanthns before the reign of Ph^geus : 
and Echephron and Promachus (her sons by Hercules) 
who were brought up there chaoged the name of Phegia 
into Psophis after their mother's nama The citadel at 
Zacynthus is also named Psophis, for the first settler who 
sailed over to that island was from Psoj-his, Zacynthus tbe 
son of Dardanus. From Sins Psophis is about 30 stades, and 
the river Aroaniusi and at a little distance the Erymanthns, 
flow by the town. The Erymanthns has its sources in the 
mountain Lampea, which is they say sacred to Pan, and may 
be a part of Mount Erymanthns. Homer has represented 
Eiymanthus as a hunter on Taygetns and Erymanthns, and 
a lover of Lampea, and as passing through Aicadia, (leaving 
the mountain Pholoe on the right and Thelpusa on the left), 
and becoming a tributary of the Alpheus. And it is said 
that Hercules at the orders of Enrystheus hunted the boar 
(which exceeded all others in siie and strength), on the 
banks of the Erymanthns. And the people of Gnm» in 
the Opic territory say that some boar's teeth which they 
have stored up in the temple of Apollo are the teeth of this 
Ef^fmantliian boar, but their tradition has little probability 
in it And the people of Psophis have a temple of Aphro« 
dite sumamed Erycina, whicn is now only m ruins, and 
was built (so the story goes) by the sons of Psophis, which 
is not improbabla For there is in Sicily in the pountry 
near Moont Eryx a temple of Aphrodite Erycina, most 
holy from its boary antiquity and as wealthy as the temple 
at Papbos. And there are still traces of hero-chapels 



BOOK Vin. — ARCAPIA. 99 

of Proinficlius and Ecbephron the soda of Psophis. And 
at Psophis AlcmtBOu the son of Amphiarans is baried, 
whose tomb is neither yerj large nor beautified, except by 
some cypress trees which grow to sach a height^ that the 
hill near is shaded by them. These trees are considered 
sacred to Alcmieon so that the people will not cat them 
down, and the people of the place call them Maidens. 
AlcmtBon came to Psophis, when he fled from Argos after 
slaying his mother, and there married Alphesibcea the 
daughter of Phegeas, (from whom Psophis was still called 
Pbegia), and gave her gifts as was nsnai and among others 
the famous necklace. And as while he dwelt in Arcadia 
his madness became no better, he consulted the oracle at 
Delphi, and the Pythian Priestess informed him that the 
Avenger of his mother Eriphyle would follow him to every 
place except to a spot which was most recent^ and made by 
the action of the sea since he had stained himself with 
his mother's blood. And he found a place which the Ache- 
lous had made by silting and dwelt there, and married 
Gallirhoe the daughter of Achelous according to the tradi- 
tion of the Acamanians, and had by her two sons Aoaman 
and Amphotems, from the former of whom the Acarna- 
nians on the mainland got their present name, for they 
were before called Guretea And many men and still more 
women come to grief through foolish desires. Gallirhoe 
desired that the necklace of Eriphyle should be hers, and 
so she sent Alcmieon against his will into Phegia, where 
his death was treacherously compassed by Temenus and 
Axion, the sons of Phegeus, who ai*o s*iid to have offered 
the necklace to Apollo at Delphi. And it was during their 
reign in the town then called Phegia that the Greeks went 
on the expedition against Troy, in which the people of 
Psojphis say thev took no part, because the leaders of the 
Argives had an hostility with their kings, as most of them 
were relations of AlomsBon and had shared in his expedi* 
tion against Thebes. And the reason why the islands 
called the Echinades formed by the Achelous got sepa- 
rated from the mainland, was because when the JStolians 
were driven out the land became deserted, and, as JStolia 
was uncultivated, the Achelous did not deposit as much 
mud as nsuaL What confirms my account is that the 



100 PAUSANIAS. 

Meander, that flowed for so manj years through the 
arable parts of Phrjgia and Garia, in a short time converted 
the sea between Prione and Miletns into mainland. The 

ale of Pfiophis also have a temple and statue on the 
8 of the Erjmanthns to the Biyer-Ood Eryman- 
thas. Except the Nile in Egypt all Biver-Gk>ds haye 
statnes in white stone, bnt the Nile, as it flows through 
Ethiopia to the sea, has its statues generally made of black 
stone. 

The tradition that I have heard at Psophis about Aglaus, 
a natiye of the town who was a contemporary of the Lydian 
OroDsus, that he was happy all his life, I cannot credit No 
doubt one man will have less trouble than another, as one 
ship will suffer less from tempests than another ship : but 
that a man should always stand aloof from misfortune, or 
that a ship should neyer encounter a storm, is a thing 
which does not answer to human experience. Even Homer 
has represented one jar placed by Zeus full of blessings, and 
another full of woes,^ instructed by the oracle at Delphi, 
which had informed him that he would be both unfortunate 
and fortunate, as bom for both fortunes. 



CHAPTER XXV. 

ON the road from Psophis to Thelpusathe first place you 
come to is on the left of the nyer Ladon and caued 
Tropaea, and close to it is the oak-coppice called Aphrodisium, 
and thirdly you come to some ancient writing on a pillar 
which forms the boundary between the territory of Psophis 
and Thelpusa. In the district of Thelpusa is a river called 
Arsen, after crossing which you will come about 25 stades 
further to the ruins of a village called Gaus, and a temple of 
CausianiBsculapius built by the wayside. Thelpusa is about 
40 stades from this temple, and was called they say after the 
Biver-Nvmph Thelpusa, the daughter of Ladon. The river 
Ladon has its source, as I have already stated, in the 
neighbourhood of Glitor, and flows first mr Lucasinm and 
Mesoboa and Nasi to Oryx and what is called Halas» 

> Iliad, xxiv.M7-Ma. 



BOOK Tin.— ARCADTA. 101 

and ilience to Thaliades and the tomple of Elensinian 
Demet<er close to Thelpasa, vhich hna Btatnes in it no 
less than 7 feet high of Demeter, Proserpine, and Diony- • 
BOS, all in stone. And next to this temple of Elensinian 
Demeter the riyer Ladon flows on leaving Thelpnsa on the 
left^ which lies on a lofty ridge, and has now few inhabi- 
tants, indeed the market-place which is now at the end 
of the town was originally they say in the Tery centre. 
There is also at Thelpnsa a temple of ^scnlapins, and a 
temple of the twelve gods mostly in ruins. And after pass- 
ing Thelpnsa the Ladon flows on to the temple of Demeter 
at Oncenm : and the people of Thelpusa call the goddess 
Erinys, as Antimachns also in his description of the expe- 
dition of the ArgiTes to Thebes, in the line, 

'** Where tbey ny was Che eeftt of Demeter Erinye." 

Oncins was the son of Apollo according to tradition, and 
reigned in Thelpnsia at the place called Oncenm. And 
the goddess Demeter got the name Erinys in this way : 
when she was wandermg abont in quest of her daughter 
Proserpine, Poseidon they say followed her with amatory 
intentions, and she changed herself into a mare and grazed 
with the other horses at Onceum, and Poseidon fonnd out 
her metamorphosis and changed himself into a horse and 
so got his ends, and Demeter was furious at this outrage, 
bnt afterwards they say ceased from her anger and bathed in 
the river Ladon. So the goddess got two surnames, Erinys 
{Fury) from her f nrions ancer, for the Arcadians call being 
ang^ being a Fury, and Lnsia from her bathing in the Ladon* 
The statues in the temple are of wood, but the heads and 
fingers and toes are of Parian marble. The statue of 
Erinys has in her left hand a cist and in her right a torch, 
and is one conjectures abont nine feet in height^ while 
the statue of Lnsia seems six feet high. Let those who 
think the statue is Themis, and not Demeter Lnsia, know 
that their idea is foolish. And they say that Demeter bare 
a daughter to Poseidon, (whose name they will not reyeal 
to the uninitiated), and the foal Arion, and that was why 
Poseidon was oalled Hippius there first in Arcadia. And 
they introduce some lines from the Iliad and Thebaid in 
confirmation of this : in tiie Iliad the lines abont Arion, 



102 PAUSAKIAS. 

<* Not if one were to drive from behind the godlike Arion» 
swift coarser of Adrastas, who was of the race of the 
Immortale." ^ And in the Thebaid when Adrastns fled 
from Thebes, ** Dressed in sad-oolonred clothes with Anon 
dark-maned coarser." 

They want to make the lines indicate in an ambignoas 
waj that Poseidon was the father of Anon. Bat Anti- 
machas sajs he was the son of earth : 

** Adrastns, the son of Talans and grandson of Grethens* 
was the first of the Danai who drove a pair of mach praised 
horses, the swift G»ras and Thelpasian Arion» whom near 
the grove of Oncean Apollo the earth itself gave birth to^ 
a wonder for mortals to look npon." 

And though this horse sprang oat of the ground it may 
have been of divine origin, and its mane and coloar may 
have been dark. For there is a tradition that Hercnles 
when he was warring with the people of Elis asked Oncas 
for a horse, and captared Elis riding into the battle apon 
Arion, and that afterwards he gave the horse to Adrastas. 
Antimachas also has written aboat Arion, ** He was broken' 
in thirdly by king Adrastas." 

The river Ladon next leaves in its coarse on its left the 
temple of Erinys as also the temple of Oncean Apollo, and 
on its right the temple of the Boy ^scalapias, which also 
contains the tomb of Trygon, who they say was the nnrse 
of ^scalapias. For ^scalapias as a boy was exposed at 
Thelpasa, and f pnnd by Aatolans the bastard son of Areas 
and broaght ap by him, and that is I think the reason 
why a temple was erected to the Boy ^scalapias, as I 
have set forth in my accoant of Epidaaras. And there is a 
river called Tathoa» which flows into the Ladon near the 
boandary between the districts of Thelpasa and Her»a 
called by the Arcadians Plain* And where the Ladon 
flows into the Alpheas is what is called the Island of 
Crows. Some think that Enispe and Stratie and Bhipe 
mentioned by Homer were islands formed by the Ladon 
and formerly inhabited, bat let them know the idea is a 
foolish one, for the Ladon conld never form islands sach aa 
a boat could pass. For though'in beauty it in second to no 

* Iliad, xxiii. 311^7. 



BOOK Till.— ARCADU. 103 

Greek or barbarian river, it is not wide endngH to make 
ialaads as the Ister or Eridanus. 



CHAPTER XXVL 

THE founder of Herea was Hersens the son of Lycaon, 
and the town lies on the right of the Alphens, most of 
it on a gentle eminence, bat part of it extending to the river. 
Near the river are race-courses separated from each other 
by myrtle trees and other planted trees, and there are 
baths, and two temples of Dionysus, one called Polites, and 
the other Anxites. And they have a bnildinff where they 
celebrate the orgies of Dionysus. There is also at Hersda 
a temple of Pan, who was a native of Arcadia. And there 
are some ruins of a temple of Hera, of which the 
pillars still remain. And of all the Arcadian athletes 
Damaretus of Henea was the foremost, and the first who 
conquered at Olympia in the race in heavy armour. And 
as you go from Herea to Eh's, you will cross the Ladon 
about 15 stades from Heroaa, and from thence to Eryman- 
thus is about 20 stades. And the boundary between Herssa 
and Elis is according to the Arcadian account the Eryman* 
thus, but the people of Elis say that the boundary is the 
tomb of Corcebus, who was victor when Iphitns restored the 
Olympian games that had been for a long time discon- 
tinued, and offered prizes only for racing. And there is 
an inscription on his tomb that he was the first victor at 
Olympian and that his tomb was erected on the borders of 
Elis. 

There is a small town also called Aliphera, which was 
abandoned by many of its inhabitants at the time the 
Arcadian colony was formed at Megalopolis. To get to 
Aliphera from HersM you cross the Aipheus, and when yon 
have gone along the plain about 10 stades you arrive at a 
mountain, and about 80 stades further you will get to 
Aliphera over the mountain. The town got its name from 
Aliphems the son of liyoaon, and has temples of .^Bsoula- 
pins and Athene. The latter they worship most^ and say 
thai she was bom and reared among them; they have also 



104 FAU8AKU8. 

baili an altar hero to Zona Lecheatea, ao called beoanae lie 
gave birUi to Athene here. And they call their foantain 
Tritonia, adopting aa their own the tradition about the riyer 
Triton. And there ia a atatne of Athene in bronze, the 
work of Hjpatodoma, notable both for ita aise and artiatio 
merit. They have alao a pablic featiral to one of the goda, 
who I think must be Athene. In thia pablio featival they 
aaorifioe first of all to Mningma (Flycatcher)^ and offer to 
him Towa and call upon him, and when they hare done 
thia they think they will no longer be troubled by fliea* 
And on the road from Herna to Megalopolia ia Melflduefl9» 
which was founded bv Melnnena the son of Lycaon, but ia 
deserted in our day, being swamped with water. And 40 
atadea higher ia Buphagiuro, where the river Buphagua 
rises, which falla into the Alpheus. And the sources of the 
Buphagua are the boundary between the districts of Mega* 
lopolis and Heraa. 



(DHAPTER XXVn. 

MEGALOPOLIS is the most recent city not onlv In 
Arcadia but in all Qreece, except those which have 
been filled by settlers from Home in the changes made by 
the Roman llmpire. And the Arcadians crowded into it to 
swell its strength, remembering that the Argives in older 
daja had run almost daily risk of being reduced in war by 
the Lacedaamonians, but when they had made Argoa strong 
by an inflax of population then they were able to reduce 
Tiryns, and Hysisd, and Omesd, and Mjcensd, and Midea, and 
other small towns of no great importance in Argolis, and had 
not only less fear of the Lacedaamonians bat were stronger 
as regards their neighbours generally. Such was the idea 
which made the Ar^ians crowd into Megalopolis. The 
founder of the city might justly be called Epaminondaa 
the Theban : for he it was that stirred up the Arcadians to 
thia oolonisation, and aent 1,000 picked Thebans, with Par* 
menea as their leader, to defend the Arcadians should the 
Laoedttmonians attempt to prevent the oolonisation. And 
the Aroadtana ohoae aa foundera of the colony . Lyoomedee 



BOOK Till. — AnCAl»fA. 105 

and Opoleas from Maniinea, and Timon and Prozenna 
from Tegca, and Gleolans and AcriphiaB from Glitor, and 
Encampidas and Hieronymns from Mmnalns, and Possi- 
crates and Theoxenns from Parrhasium. And the iowna 
which were porsnaded bj the Arcadians (ont of liking for- 
them and hatred to the Lacediemonians) to leare their own 
native places were Alea, Pallantinm, Eotoaa, Samateum, 
lasaoa, Penethes, Helisson, Oresthasinm, Dipisi, Ljc»a, 
all these from Meenalns. And of the Entresii Tricoloni, 
and ZoBtinmi and Charisia, and Ptolederma, and Gnansns, 
and Parorea. And of the ^gytie Scirtonium, and Malaaa, 
and Gromi, and Blenina, and Lenctrum. And of the 
Parrhasii Lycosnra, and Thocnia, and Trapezns, and 
Proses, and Acncesinm, and Acontium, and Macaria, and 
Dasea. And of the Gyntiraaans in Arcadia Gortys, and 
Thisoa near Mount Lycaaas, and Lycfeatm, and Aliphera. 
And of those which were ranked with Orchomenns Thisoa, 
and Mothydrinm, and Tenthis, and moreover the town 
called Tripolis, and Diposna, and Nonacris. And the rest 
of Arcadia fell, in with the general plan, and sealonsly 
gathered into Megalopolis* The people of LjcieatiB and 
Tricolonns and Lycosnra and Trapezns were the only 
Arcadians that changed their minds, and, as they did not 
agree to leave their old cities, some of them were forced 
into Megalopolis against their will, and the people of Tra* 
pesns evacuated the Peloponnese altogether, all that is that 
were not killed by the Arcadians in their fierce anger, 
and those that got away safe sailed to Pontus, and were 
received as colonists by those who dwelt at Trapezns on 
the Enzine, seeing that they came from the mother-city 
and bare the same name. Bnt the people of Lycosnra 
though they had refused compliance yet, as they had fled 
for refuge to their temple, were spared from awe of De- 
meter and Proserpine. And of the other towns which I 
have mentioned some are altogether without inhabitants 
in our day, and others are vil^ges under Megalopolis, as 
Gk>rtys, Dipoena, Thisoa near Orchomenns, Methydrium, 
Teuthis, Oallie, and Helisson. And Pallantium was the 
only town in that day that seemed to find the deity mild. 
But Aliphera has continued a town from of old up to this 
di^. 



lOG FAUSAKIA8. 

Hegalopolid was colonized a year and a tew months after 
ibe Te?erse of the Lacedasmoniaus at Leactra, when Phra- 
siolidos was Arohon at Athens, in the second ye ir of the 
102nd Olvmpiad, when Damon of Thuria was victor in the 
course. And the people of MegalopoliSi after being enrolled 
in alliance with Thebes, had nothing to fear from the Lace- 
dasmonians. So they thonght. Bat when the Thebans com- 
menced what is called the Sacred War and the people of 
Phocis attacked them, who were on the borders of Bcsotia, 
and had plenty of money as they had seized on the temple 
stores at Delphi, then the Lacednmonians in their zeal tried 
to drive out the pdople of Megalopolis and the other Arca- 
dians, bat as they stoutly defended themselves, and were 
openly assisted by their neighboars, nothing very remark- 
able happened on either side. But the hostility between the 
Arcadians and the Lacediemonians tended to increase 
greatly the power of the Macedonians and Philip the son of 
Amyntas, as neither at Ghadroneanor again in Thessaly did 
the Arcadians fight on the side of the Greeks. And no long 
time after Aristodemns seized the chief power in Megalo- 

tolls. He was a Phlgalian by race and the son of Artylas, 
at had been adopted b^ Tritadusi one of the leading men 
in Megalopolis. This Anstodemus, in spite of his seising the 
chief power, was yet called Gh>od man and True. For when 
he was in power the Lacedaemonians marched with an army 
into the district of Megalopolis under Acrotatas, the eldest 
of the sons of their king Oleomenes — ^I have already given 
his genealogy and that of all the kings of Sparta — and in 
a fierce battle that ensued, in which many were slain on both 
sides, the men of Megalopolis were victorious, and among the 
Spartans who fell was Aorotatus, who thus lost his ohance of 
succession. And two generations after the death of Aristo- 
demns Lydiades seized the chief power: he was of no obscure 
family, and by nature very ambitious, (as he showed him- 
self aiterwaros), and vet a patriot. For he was very young 
when he had the chief power, and when he came to vears of 
discretion he voluntarily abdicated his power» though it was 
quite firmly established. And, when the people of Mega- 
lopolis joined the Achasan League, Lydiades was held in 
such high honour, both by his own city and by all the 
Aohaaaas, that his lame was equal to that of Aratus. And 



BOOK Tin. — ^ARCADU. 107 

again the Lacedaainonians in full force nnder the kin? of 
the other familj, Agis the son of EndaniidAii, marohed 
against Megalopolis, with a larger and better-eqnipped army 
than that which AorotatuB had gathered together, and de« 
feated the people of Megalopoh'e who came ont to meet 
them» and bringing a mighty battering-ram against the 
walls gave the tower a strong shake, and the next daj 
hoped to batter it down all together. Bat the North Wind 
was it seems destined to be a benefactor to all the Greeks, 
for it shattered most of the Persian ships at the rocks' 
called Sepiades,* and the same Wind prevented the capture 
of Megalopolis, for it broke in pieces Agis' battering-ram by 
a strong continaoas and irresistible blast. This Agis, whom 
the North Wind thns prevented taking Megalopolis, is the 
same who was driven oat of Pellene in Achaia by the Sicy* 
onians nnder Aratas ' and who afterwards died at Mantinea. 
And no long time afterwards Gleomenes the son of Leo- 
nidas took Megalopolis in time of peace. And some of the 
inhabitants bravely defending their city in the night were 
driven oat, and Lvdiades fell in the action fighting in a 
manner worthy of his renown : and Philopcemen the son of 
Crangis saved abont two-thirds of the lads and grown men, 
and fled with the women to Messenia. And Gleomenes slew 
all he captared, and rased the city to the gronnd, and burnt 
it with fire. How the people of Megalopolis recovered their 
city, and what they did after their restoration to it, I shall 
narrate when I come to Philopcemen. And the Lacedaamo- 
nian nation had no share in the sufferings of the people of 
Megalopolis, for Gleomenes had changed the constitution 
from a kingdom to an autocracy. 

As I hare before said, the boundary between the districts 
of Megalopolis and Henea is the source of the river Bupha- 
Rus, named they say after the hero Buphagus, the son of 
lapetus and Thomax. There is also a Thomaz in Laconia. 
And they have a tradition that Artemis slew Bnphagns 
with an arrow ai the mountain Pholoe because he attempted 
her chastity. 

* 8esHwbdotafviL188. Ua, • 8«f Book ?il. eh. T. 



108 PAU8ANU8. 



CHAPTER XXVin. 

AND as yoa go from the Bonrces of the Baphagns joa will 
first come to a place called Maraiha, and next to Qortys» 
a village in onr day bnt formerly a town. There is there a 
tomple of ^scnlapios in Pentelican marble, his statue has 
no beard, there is also a statue of Hygiea, both stataes are 
by Scopas. And the people of the place say that Alexander 
the son of Philip offered his breastplato and spear to ^scn* 
lapins, in my day the breastplate was still to be seen and 
the tip of the spear. 

Gortys has a river called Lusias flowing by it^ so called 
in the neighbonrhood from the tradition of Zens being 
washed there after his birth. Bnt those who live at some 
distance call the river Gortynins from the name of the village 
Gortys. This Gortynins is one of the coldest of streams. The 
Ister, the Rhine, the Hypanis, the Borysthenes, and other 
rivers that are congealed in winter, one might rightly call 
in my opinion winter rivers : for they flow through coun- 
try mostly lying in snow, and the air in their neighbour- 
hood is generally frosty. But those rivers which flow 
in a temperate climate, and refresh men in summer both 
in drinking and bathing, and in winter are not unplea- 
sant, these are the rivers which I should say furnish cold 
water. Gold is the water of Cydnus that flows through 
the district of Tarsus, cold is the water of Melas by Side in 
Pamphylia : while the coldness of the river Ates near Colo- 
phon has been celebrated by elegiac poeto. Bnt Gortynins 
IS colder still especially in summer. It has ite sources at 
Thisoa on the borders of Methydrium, the place where it 
joins the Alpheus they call RhaBtefB. 

Near the district of Thisoa is a village called Teuthis, 
formerly a town. In the war against Ilium it furnished a 
leader whose name was Teuthis, or according to others 
Omytus. But when the winds were unfavourable to the 
Greeks at Anlis, and. a contrary wind detained them there 
some time, Teuthis had some quarrel with Agamemnon, and 
was going to march back with his detachment of Arcadians. 
Then thej say Athene in the semblance of Mebs the son of 



BOOK Tin. — ^ARCADIA. 109 

Ops tried to dirert Teuthis from his homeward march. Bnt 
ho in his boiling rage ran his spear into the goddess* thigb, 
and marched his army back from Aulis. And when he got 
back home he thought the goddess shewed him her wounded 
thigh. And from that time a wasting disease seized on 
Teuthis, and that was the only part of Arcadia where the 
land produced no fruit. And some time after several 
oracular responses were given from Dodona, shewing them 
how to propitiate the ffoddess, and they made a statue of 
Athene with a wound m her thigh. I have seen this statue 
with the thigh bound with a purple bandage. In Teuthis 
there are also temples of Aphrodite and Artemis. So much 
for Teuthis. 

On the road from Gortys to Megalopolis is erected a 
monument to those who fell in the battle against Gleo- 
menes. This monument the people of Megalopolis call the 
Treaty Violation, because Gleomenes violated the treaty. 
Near this monument is a plain 60 stades in extent^ and 
on the right are the ruins of the town of Brenthe, and the 
river Brentheat<e8 flows from thence^ and joins the Alpheus 
about 6 stades further. 



CHAPTER XXIX. 

AFTEB crossing the Alpheus you come to the district of 
Trapesus, and the ruins of the town of Trapezus, and 
again as you turn to the Alpheus on the left from Trapesua 
is a place not far from the river called Bathos, where every 
thira vear they have rites to the Great Goddesses. And 
there is a spring there called Olympias, which flows only 
OTcry other year, and near it fire comes out of the ground. 
And the Arcadians say that the fabled battle between the 
ffiants and the gods took place here, and not at Pallene in 
Thrace, and they sacrifice here to thunder and lightning 
and storms. In the Iliad Homer has not mentioned the 
Giants, but in the Odyssey * he has stated that the Lsostry* 
gones who attacked the ships of Odysseus were like giants 
and not meUf he has iilso represented the king of the 

> OdyMey,x.ll9,lS0. 



110 PAUSANIAS. 

Phoacians saying that the Plisoacians are near tlie goda as 
ihe Gjclopes and the race of giants.* But in the follow- 
ing lines he shews very clearljr that the giants are mortal 
and not a dirine race : 

^ Who ruled onoe o'er the overweening Giants t 
But that proud race destrojed, and died himself.** 

The word nsed for race (Aaoc) here in Homer means a good 
many. The fable that the giants had dragons instead of 
feet is shewn both here and elsewhere to be merely a fable. 
Orontes a river in Syria, (which does not flow to the sea 
thronghont through a level plain, but ponra down along 
precipiioas rocks), the Roman Emperor wanted to make 
navigable for ships from the sea as far as Antiocb. So 
with great labour and expenditure of money he dntt a oanal 
fit for this purpose, and diverted the river into it. And 
when the old channel was dry, an earthenware coffin was 
discovered in it more than 11 cubits in length, and that 
was the size of the corpse in it which was a perfect man. 
This corpse the god in Glarns, when some Syrians con- 
sulted the oracle, said was Orontes of Indian race. And 
if the earth which was originally moist and damp firot 
produced mortals by the warmth of the snn, what part of 
the world is likely to have produced mortals either earlier 
or bigger than India, which even up to our day produces 
beasts excelling ours both in strange appearance and in 
aiaeP 

And about 10 stades from the place called Bathos is 
Basilis, whose founder was Cypselns, who married his 
daughter to Cresphontes the son of Aristomachus. Basilis 
is now in ruins, and there are romnins of a temple to Elen* 
sinian Demetor. As yon go on from thence and cross the 
Alpheus again yon will come to Thocnia, which geta ita 
name from Thocnns the son of Lvoaon, and is auite de- 
serted in our day. Thocnns is said to have built his town 
on the hilL And the river Aminins flows past this hill and 
falls into the Helisson, and at no great distance the Helis* 
■on flows into the Alpheus. 

* Odyssey, TiLlOftp sot. •Uvii.sa^M. 



BOOK Till. — ^ARCADIA. Ill 



CHAPTER XXX. 

THE riyer Helisson rises in a Tillage of the same name, anA 
flows through the districts of Dipoa and hjcnaUe 
and Megalopolis, and falls into the Alpheus about 30 stades 
from Megalopolis. And near the oitr is a temple of Watch- 
ingPoseidon,theheadof the statne is all that now remains. 
The riTor Helisson divides Megalopolis into two parts, 
as Cnidos and Mitjlene are diTided bj their channels, and 
the market-place is bailt in a northerly direction, on the 
right of the riTcr's course. There are precincts and a 
stone temple to Ljceean Zens. But there is no approach to 
it, for the inside. is Tisible, there are altars to the god and 
two tables and as many eagles. And there is a stone statue 
of Pan, snmamed (Enois from the Njmph (Enoe, who used 
to be with the other Nymphs, and was privately Pan*s 
nurse. And in front of the sacred precincts is a brasen 
statue of Apollo, Tcry fine, about 12 feet high, it was a 
contribution from Phigalia towards the beautifying of 
Megalopolis. And the place where the siitue was origi- 
nally put by the people of Phigalia was called Bassfld. Epi- 
cnrius, the title of the god, accompanied the statne from 
Phigalia, the origin of that title I shall explain when I 
come to Phigalia. And on the right of the statne of Apollo 
is a small statue of the Mother of the Gods, but no remains 
of the temple except the pillars. In front of the temple is 
no statue of the Mother, but the bases on which statues are 
put are yisible. And an elegiac couplet on one of the bases 
savs that the effigy there was Diophanes the son of Disdus, 
who first ranged all the Peloponnese into what is called the 
Achasan League. And the portico in the market-place called 
Philip's was not erected by Philip the son of Amyntas, but 
the people of Megalopolis to gratify him named it after 
him. And a temple was built close to it to Hermes Acaco* 
sins, of which nothing now remains but a stone tortoise. 
And near Philip's portico is another not so large, which 
contains six public offices for the maffistrates of Megalo- 
polis : in one of them is a statue of Ephesian Artemis, and 
in another a braiea Pan a cubit high snmamed Soolitas. 



112 PAUSAKIAS. 

Pan got this title from the hill Scolitas, which is inside the 
walls, and from which water flows into the Helisson from a 
spring. And behind these public offices is a temple of For- 
tnne, and a stone statue five feet high. And the portico 
which thej call Mjropolis is in the market-place, it was 
built out of the spoils taken from the Lacedaamonians under 
Acrotatus the son of Gleomenes, who were defeated fighting 
against Aristodemus, who at that time had the chief power 
in Megalopolis. And in the market-place behind the pre* 
oincts sacred to Lycfeau Zens is the statue on a pillar of 
Poljbins the son of Ljcortas. Some elegiac rerses are in- 
scribed stating that he travelled over every, land and sea, 
and was an ally of the Romans and appeased their wrath 
against Greece. This was the Poljbius that wrote the his- 
tory of Rome, and the origin and history of the Cartha- 
ginian war, and how at last not without a mighty struggle 
Scipio, whom they called Africanus, put an end to the war 
and rased Carthage to the ground. And when the Roman 
General followed the advice that Poly bias gave, things went 
well, when he did not he met they say with misfortune. And 
all the Greek cities that joined the Achaean League got the 
Romans to allow Polybius to fix their constitution and 
frame their laws. And the council chamber is on the left 
of Polybius* statue. 

And the portico in the market-place called Aristandreum 
was they say built by Aristander, one of the citizens. Very 
near this portico towards the east is the temple of Zeus 
8oter, adorned with pillars all round. Zeus is represented 
seated on his throne^ and by him stands Megalopolis, and 
on the left is a statue of Artemis Preserver. All these are 
in Pentelican marble, and were oarved by the Athenians 
Cephisodotos and Xenophon* 



CHAPTER XXXL 

AND the west end of the portico has precincts sacred 
to the Great Goddesses. They are Demeter and Pro* 
aerpine, as I have already set forth in my account of Mes- 
•euiat and Proserpine is called by the AroMlians Preserver. 



BOOK Till. — ^ABCADIA. 113 

And on figures in relief at tlio entrance are Artemis, ^sca- 
lapias, and Hjgiea. And of the Great Gk)dde88es Demeter 
is in stone throughout, Proserpine has the parts under her 
dress of wood, the height of both statues is about 15 feet. 
The statues in front of 2 moderate-sized maidens, in 
tunics that come down to their ancles, are thej saj the 
daughters of Damophon, each of them has a basket on her 
head full of flowers. But those who think thej are divini- 
ties take them to be Athene and Artemis gathering flowers 
with Proserpine. There is also a Hercules bj Demeter 
about a cubit high, Onomacritus in his yerses says that this 
Hercules was one of the Idiean Dactjii. There is a table in 
front of him, and on it are canred two Sonsons, and Pan with 
his reed-pipe, and Apollo with his lyre. Tliere is also an in- 
scription stating tkit they were among the earliest gods. On 
the table are also carved the following Nymphs, Neda carry- 
ing Zens while still a baby, and Anthracia one of the Arcadian 
Nymphs with a torch, and Hagno with a water-pot in ono 
hand and in the other a bowl, Archirhoe and Myrtoessa also 
are carrying water-pots and water is trickling from them. 
And inside the precincts is the temple of Friendly Zens, the 
statue is. lik^ Dionysus and is by the Argive Polycletus. 
The god has buskins on, and a cup in one hand, and in the 
other a thyrsus, and an eagle perched on the thyrsus. This 
last is the only thing which does not harmonize with the 
legendary Dionysus. And behind this temple is a small 
grove of trees surrounded by a wall, into which men may 
not enter. And before it are statues of Demeter and Pro- 
serpine about 3 feet high. And inside the precincts is a 
temple of the Great Goddesses and of Aphrodite. Before 
the entrance are some old wooden statues of Hera and 
Apollo and the Muses, brought they say from Trapezus. 
The statues in the temple were made by Damophon, Hermes* 
in wood, and Aphrodite's in wood, except her hands and head 
and toes, which are of stone. And they surname the Gk>d« 
dess Inventive, most properly in my opinion, for most in- 
ventions come from Aphrodite whether in word or deed. 
There are also in a room some statues of Gallignotus and 
Mentas and Sosigenes and Polns, who are said to have first 
instituted at Megalopolis the worship of the Great God« 
desses, whidt is an imitation of the Eleusinian Mysteries. 
II. I 



114 FAU8AKU8. 

And within the precincts are square fignres of several gods, 
as Hermes snmamed Agetor, and Apollo, and Athene, and 
Poseidon, and the Snn sumamed Soter, and Hercules. A 
large temple has been built to them» in which are celebrated 
the rites of the Great (Goddesses. 

And on the right of the temple of the Ghreat (Joddesses is 
the temple of Proserpine; her statue is of stone about 
8 feet high, and there are fillets on the base throughout. 
Into this temple women haye at all times right of entrance, 
but men only once a year. And there is a gymnasium 
in the market-place built facing west. And behind the 
portico which they call after Macedonian Philip are two 
hills not very high ; and on one are ruins of a temple of 
Athene Polias, and on the other ruins of a temple of full- 
grown Hera. Under this hill the spring called Bathyllus 
swells the stream of the river Helisson. Such are the 
things worthy of mention here. 



CHAPTER XXXn. 

THE part of the city on the other side of the river feces 
south, and has one of the most remarkable theatres 
in Greece, and in it is a perennial spring. And not far 
from the theatre are the foundations of a council-chamber, 
which was built for 10,000 Arcadians, and called from its 
builder Thersilium. And next is a house which in my 
time belonged to a private man, but was originally built 
for Alexander the son of Philip. And there is a statue 
of Ammon near it^ like the square Hermaa, with ram's 
horns on its head. And there is a temple built in common 
for the Muses and Apollo and Hermes, of which a few 
foundations only remain. There are also statues of one 
of the Muses, and of Apollo, like the square Hermsd. 
There are also ruins of a temple of Aphrodite, of which 
nothing remains but the vestibule and three statues of the 
goddess, one called the Celestial, the second the Common, 
the third has no title* And at no great distance is an 
altar of Ares, who had also it is said a temple there 
originally. There is also a raoeoourse beyond the temple 



nOOK Tin. — ^ARGiDIA. 115 

of Aphrodite, in one direction extending towards the 
theatre, (and there is a spring of water there which they 
hold sacred to Dionjsns,) and in another part of it there 
was said to he a temple of Dionjsns, struck with lightning 
by the god two generations before my time, and there are 
•still a few resiigos of it. But a joint- temple to Heronles 
and Hermes is no longer in existence, except the Altar. 
And in this direction there is a hill towards the east, and 
on it a temple of the Huntress Artemis, the rotive offering 
of Aristodemus, and on the right are precincts sacred to the 
Huntress Artemis. Here too are a temple and statues of 
iBsculapius and Hjgiea, and as you descend a little there 
are gods in a square shape ctdled Workers, as Athene 
Ergane and Apollo Agyieus. And Hermes, Hercules, and 
Ilithyia, have special fame from Homer, for Hermes is the 
messenger of Zeus and conveys the souls of the departed 
to Hades, and Hercules is famous for the accomplishment 
of his many Labours, and Ilithyia is represented in the 
Iliad as presiding over childbirth. There is also another 
temple under this hill, of ^sculapius as a Boy, the statue of 
the god is erect and about a cubit in height^ and there is 
also an Apollo seated on a throne abo^t six feet high. There 
are here also stored up some bones too large to belong to a 
man, they are said to have belonged to one of the giants, 
whom Hopladamus called in to aid Rhea, the circumstances 
I shall narrate later on. And near this temple is a well, 
which contributes its water to the Holisson. 



CHAPTER XXXIII. 

THAT Megalopolis, peopled with such zeal on the part 
of all the Arcadians and with the best wishes from all 
Ghreece, has lost all its ancient prestige and felicity and is 
in our day mostly ruins, I nothing marvel at, knowing that 
the deity erer likes to introduce changes, and that fortune 
in like manner changes things strong and weak, present 
and past, reducing with a high hand everything m sub- 
jection to her* Witness Mycenea, which in the days of 
the war against Uiom was the loeiding power in GreeoQi 



116 FAU8ANIA9. 

and Nineveh the seat of the Assyrian empire, and Thebes 
in Boeotia, which was once reckoned worthy to be at the head 
of Greece : the two former are in mins and without inhabi* 
tants, while the name of Thebes has come down to a citadel 
only and a few inhabitants. And of the cities which were 
excessively wealthy of old, as Thebes in Egypt, and Oroho- 
menus belonging to the Minyn, and Delos the emporium 
of all Greece, the two former are hardly as wealthy as a man 
moderately well off, while Delos is actually without a popu* 
lation at all, if you do not reckon the Athenians who come 
to guard the temple. And of Babylon nothing remains but 
the temple of Bel and the walls, though it was the greateftt 
city once that the sun shone upon, as nothing but its walls 
remain to Tiryns in Argolis. All these the deity has re- 
duced to nothing. Whereas Alexandria in Egypt and 
Seleucia on the Orontes, that were built only yesterday, 
have attnined to such a size and felicity, that fortune seems 
to lavish her favours upon them. Fortune also exhibits her 
power more mightily and wonderfully than in the good or 
bad fortune of cities in the following cases. No long 
sail from Lemnos is the island Chryse, in which they say 
Philoctetes met with his bite from the watersnake. This 
island was entirely submerged by the waves, so that it 
went to the bottom of the sea. And another island called 
Hiera, which did not then exist, has been formed by the 
action of the sea. So fleeting and nnstable are human 
aSaiml 



CHAPTER XXXIV. 

AS you go from Megalopolis to Messene, you will come 
in about 7 stades to a temple of some goddesses on 
the left of the high road. They call both goddesses and 
place Haniad, which is I fancy a title of the Eumenides, for 
they say Orestes was driven mad here after the murder of 
his mother. And not far from the temple is a small 
mound, with a stone finger upon it, the mound is called 
Finger's tomb, because here they say Orestes in his madness 
gnawed off one of his fingers. And there is another place 
contiguous called Ace, because there Orestes was healed of 



BOOK Tin. — AKCADIA. 117 

liiR madness: there too is a temple to the Eumenides. 
These goddesses, thej saj, when they wanted to drive 
Orestes mnd, appeared black to him, and when he had 
gnawed off his finger then thej appeared white, and this 
sight made him sane, and he turned awaj their wrath by 
offering to them expiations, and he sacrificed to these white 
goddesses ; they usually sacrifice to them and the Graced 
together. And near the place Ace is a temple called 
Shearing-place, because Orestes cut off his hair inside it. 
And the Antiquarians of the Peloponnese say that this pur- 
suit of Orestes by the Furies of his mother Glytomnestra 
happened prior to the trial before the Areopagus, when his 
accuser was not Tyndarens, for he was no longer alive, but 
Perilaus the cousin of Glyttemnestra, who asked for ven- 
geance for the murder of his kinswoman. Perilaus was 
the son of Icarins, who afterwards had daughters bom to 
him. 

From ManiiB to the Alpheus is about 15 stades, to the 
place where the river Gntheatas flows into the Alpheus, 
as earlier still the river Garnion falls into the Gatheatas. 
The sources of the Garnion are at JEg^ tis below the temple 
of Apollo Gereates; and the Gatheatas has its rise at 
GathoiB in the Growitto district, which is about 40 stades 
from the Alpheus, and in it the ruins can still be traced 
of the town of Gromi. From Gromi it is about 20 stades 
to Nymphas, which is well watered and full of trees. And 
from Nymphas it is about 20 stades to HermsBum, the 
boundary between the districts of Messenia and Megalo* 
polisi where there is a Hermes on a pillar. 



GHAPTER XXXV. 

THIS road leads to Messene, but another leads from 
Megalopolis to Gamasium in Messenia^ where the 
Alpheus has its rise, at the place where the Mains and 
the Soyrus minsrle their waters with it in one stream. If 
you keep the Mains on the right for about thirty stades 
and then cross it, you will mount on higher ground till 
you come to the place called Phasdrii, which is about 15 



118 FAU8AKIA8. 

Biadea from the village called HermiBam, near the temple 
of DespoDDa. Hermmam is the boundary between the die* 
tricts of Mesaenia and Megalopolis, and there are statues 
not rery large of Pespcena and Demeter, Hermes and 
Hercules: and I think the wooden statue of Hercules 
made by Diedalus on the borders of Messenia and Arcadia 
once stood here. 

The road to Lacedasmon from Me^oi>olis is 80 stades 
to the Alpheus, and then alon^ the nveniide till you oome 
to one of its tributaries the Thius, which you leave on the 
left and arrive at Phaloosira, about 40 stades from the 
Alpheus. PhalaBsisB is about 20 stades from the temple of 
Hermes at Beleraina. The Arcadians say that Belemina 
originally belonged to them, and that the Lacedosmonians 
robbed them of it But their account is not probable on 
other grounds, nor is at all likely that the Thebans would 
have allowed the Arcadians to be stripped of their territory 
in this quarter, could they with justice have righted them. 

From Megalopolis are also roads to the interior of Arcadia, 
as to Methydrium 170 stades from Megalopolis, and 13 
stades further to the place called Scias, where are ruins of a 
temple to Sdadian Artemis, erected tradition says by Aris- 
todemus the tyrant. And 10 stades further there are the 
ruins of a place called GharisisD, and another 10 stades 
further is Tricoloni, which was formerly a town ; and there 
is still on the hill a temple and square statue of PoseidoUi 
and a erove of trees round the temple. Tricoloni was 
founded by the sons of Lycaon, and Zoatia about 15 
stades from Tricoloni, (not in a direct line but a little to 
the loft); was founded they say by ZcBteus the son of Tri* 
colonus. And Paroreus, the younger son of Tricolonus, 
founded Paroria, which is about 10 stades from Zoetia. 
Both are without inhabitants now, but at Zoetia there 
are temples of Demeter and Artemis. And there are other 
towns in ruins, as Thyrnnm 15 stades from Piuroria, and 
Hypsus on a hill of the same name above the plain. Between 
Thyneum and Hypsus all the oountry is hilly and abounds 
with wild beasts. 1 have previously shewn that Thyr»us 
and HypsDs were sons of Lycaon. 

On the right of Tricoloni is a steep road to a spring 
called Wells, as you descend about SO stades you eome to 



BOOK Till. — ^ARCADIA. 119 

tlie tomb of Callisto, a high mound of earth, with manr 
trees growing wild, and some planted. And on the top of 
thin movnd is a temple of Artemis called The Most Beaotif a], 
and I think when Pamphus in his verses called Artemis 
The Most Beantifnl he first learnt this epithet from the 
Arcadians. And twenty-five stades further, 100 from 
Tricolonns in the direction of the Helisson, on the high 
road to Methydriam, (which is the only town left to Trioo* 
1oni)i is a place called Anemosa and the moantain Phalan* 
tham, on which are ruins of a town of the same name, 
founded they say by Phalanthus, the son of Agelaus, and 
grandson of Stjmphelus. Above it is a plain called Polus, 
and next to it is Schoenus, so called from the Boeotian 
Schoeneus. And if Schoeneus was a stranger in Arcadia, 
Atalanta's Course near Schoenus may have taken its name 
from his daughter. And next is a place called I think 
* * *i and all agree that this is Arcadian soiL 



CHAPTER XXXVL 

NOTHING now remains to be mentioned but Methy- 
drium, which is 137 stades from Tricoloni. It was 
called Methydrium, because the high hill on which OrohOf 
menus built the town was between the rivers Malostas and 
Mylaon, and, before it wes included in Megalopolis, inhabi* 
tants of Methydrium were victors at Olympia. There is 
at Methydrium a temple of Poseidon Mippius near the 
river Mvlaon. And the mountain called Thaumasium lies 
above the river Maloetas, and the people of Methydrium 
wish it to be believed that Rhea when she was pregnant 
with Zeus came to this mountain, and got the protection of 
Hoplodamos and the other G-iants with him, in case Cronos 
should attack her* They admit that Rhea bore Zeus on part 
of Mt LycflsuA, but they say that the cheating of Cronos 
and the offering him a stone instead of the child, (a legend 
universal amongst the Greeks), took place here. And on 
the top of the mountain is Rhea's Cave, and into it only 
women sacred to the g^dess may enter, nobody else. 
About 30 stades from Methydrium is the well Nymphasia, 



120 PAU8ANU8. 

and aboat SO stades from Njmphasia is the joint boundary 
for the districts of Megalopolis Orchomenus and Gaphja. 

From Megalopolis, through what are called the gates to 
the marsh, is a waj to MsDnalas bj the river Helisson. And 
on the left of the road is a temple of the Good God. And 
if the gods are the givers of good things to mortals, and 
Zeus is the chief of the gods, one would follow the tradi- 
tion and conjecture that this is a title of Zens. A little 
further is a mound of earth, the tomb of Aristodemus, 
who though a tyrant was not robbed of the title of Good, 
and a temple of Athene called Inventive, because she is 
a goddess who invents various contrivances. And on the 
right of the road is an enclosure sacred to the North Wind, 
to whom the people of Megalopolis sacrifice annually, and 
they hold no god in higher honour than Boreas, as he 
was their preserver from Agis and the Lacedeemonians.^ 
And next is the tomb of (Ecles the father of Amphiaraus, 
if indeed death seized him in Arcadia, and not when he was 
Associated with Hercules in the expedition against Lao- 
medon. Next to it is a temple and grove of Demeter called 
Demeter of the Marsh, five stades from the city, into which 
none but women may enter. And thirty strides further is 
the place called Paliscius. About 20 stades from Paliscius, 
leaving on the left the river Elaphus which is only a winter 
torrent, are the ruins of Peraethes and a temple of Pan. 
And if you cross the winter-torrent, about 15 stades from 
the river is a plain called Menalium, and after having 
traversed this you come to a mountain of the same name. At 
the bottom of this mountain are traces of the town of Lyooa, 
and a temple and brasen statue of Artemis of Lyooa. And 
in the southern part of the mountiin is the town of 
Sumetia. In this mountain are also the so-called Three 
Roads, whence the Mantineans, according to the bidding 
of the oracle at Delphi, removed the remains of Areas tho 
son of Gallisto. There are also ruins of Mienalus, and traces 
of a temple of Athene, and a course for athletical contests, 
and anotner for horseraces. And the mountain Mienalium 
they consider sacred to Pan, insomuch that those who live 
r it say that they hear Pan making musio with hia pipes* 



BOOK Till. — ^ARCADU. 121 

Between the temple of Despoena and Megalopolis it is 40 
stades, half of the road by the Alpheas, and when tou hare 
crossed it about 2 stades farther are the rains of Macaria, 
and seven stades further are the ruins of Dasea, and 
it is as manj more from Dasea to the hill of Acaoesina 
Underneath this hill is the town of Aoacesium, and there 
is a statue of Hermes (made of the stone of the hill) on the 
hill to this day, and they say Hermes was brought up there 
as a boy, and there is a tradition among the Arcadians that 
Acacus the son of Lycaon was his nurse. The Thebans 
have a different legend, and the people of Tanagra again 
have a different one to the Theban one. 



CHAPTER XXXVII. 

T^BOM Acacesium it is four stades to the temple of Des- 
^ poena. There was first there a temple of Artemis the 
Leader, and a brazen statue of the goddess with torches, 
about 6 feet high I conjecture. From thence there is an 
entrance to the sacred enclosure of Despcena. As you 
approach the temple there is a portico on the right» and on 
the wall figures in white stone, the Fates and Zeus as Master 
of the Fates, and Hercules robbing Apollo of his tripod. 
All that I could discover about them I will relate, when in 
my account of Phocis I come to Delphi. And in the 
portico near the temple of Despoana, between the figures I 
have mentioned, is a tablet painted with representations 
of the mysteries. On a third figure are some Nymphs 
and Pans, and on a fourth Polybius the son of Lycortas. 
And the inscription on him is that Greece would not have 
been ruined at all had it taken his advice in all things, 
and when it made mistakes he alone could have retrieved 
them. And in front of the temple is an altar to Pemeter 
and another to Despeena, and next one to the Ghreat Mother. 
And the statues of the Goddesses Despoena and Demeter, 
and the throne on which the^ sit, and the footstool 
under their feet, are all { of one piece of stone: and neither 
about the dress nor on the throne is any portion of another 
stone dove-tailed in, but everything is one block of stone. 



122 PAUSANIAS. 

This stone was not fetched from a distance, thej say, bat, 
in consequence of a vision in a dream, found and dug up in 
the temple precincts. And the size of each of the statues is 
about the size of the statue at Athens of the Mother. They 
are bj Damophon. Demeter has a torch in her right hand, 
and has laid her left hand upon Desposna : and Despcena has 
her sceptre, and on her knees what is called a cist, which she 
has her right hand upon. And on one side of the throne 
stands Artemis by Demeter, clad in the skin of a deer and 
with her quiver on her shoulders, in one hand she holds a 
lamp, and in the other two dragons. And at her feet lies a 
dog, such as are used for hunting. And on the other side 
of the throne near Despoena stands Anjtus in armour: 
they say Despoena was brought up near the temple by 
him. He was one of the Tiiins. Homer first introduced 
the Titans into poetry, as gods in what is called Tartarus, 
in the lines about the oath of Hera.' And Onomacritus 
borrowed the name of the Titans from Homer when he 
wrote his poem about the orgies of Dionysus, and repre- 
sented the Titans as contributing to the sufferings of 
Dionysus. Such is the Arcadian tradition about Any tus. It 
was ^schylus the son of Euphorion that taught the Greeks 
the Egyptian legend, that Artemis was the daughter of 
Demeter and not of Leto. As to the Curetes, for they too are 
carved under the statues, and the Corybantes, a different 
race from the Curetes who are carved on the base, though 
I know all about them I purposely pass it by. And the 
Arcadians bring into the temple all wood except that of the 
pomegranate. On the right hand as yon go out of the 
temple is a mirror fixed to the wall : if any one looks into 
this mirror, he will see himself very obscurely or not at all, 
but the statues of the goddesses and the throne he will see 
quite dearly. And by the temple of Despcsna as you 
ascend a little to the right is the Hall, where the Area* 
dians perform her Mystic rites, and sacrifice to her viotima 
in abundance. Each sacrifices what animal he has got : 
nor do tiiey oat the throats of the viotims as in other 
sacrificesy but each cuts off whatever limb of the victim 
he lights on. The Arcadians worship Desposna more than 

» llitd, xiv. 277-279. 



BOOK Tin. — ^ARCADIA. 123 

any of the gods, and say thai she was the danghtcr of 
Poseidon and Demeter. Her general appellation is De8« 
pcBna, a name they also give to the Daughter of Zens 
and Demeter, hat her private name is Persephone, as 
Homer* and still earlier ramphas have given it, bat that 
name of Desposna I feared to write down for the aninitiated. 
And beyond the Hall is a grove sacred to Despoena sar- 
rounded by a stone wail : in the grove are several kinds of 
trees, as olives and oak from one root» which is something 
above the gardener's art. And beyond the grove are altars 
of Poseidon Hippius as the father of Despoena, and of 
several other of the gods. And the inscription on the 
last altar is that it is common to all the gods. 

From thence you ascend by a staircase to the temple of 
Pan, which has a portico and a not very large statue. To 
Pan as to all the most powerful gods belongs the property 
of answering prayer and of punishing the wicked. In 
his temple a never ceasing fire bums. It is said that 
in ancient times Pan gave oracular responses, and that 
his interpreter was the Nymph Erato, who married Areas 
the son of Callisto. They also quote some of Erato's 
lines, which I have myself perused. There too is an altar 
to Ares, and two statues of Aphrodite in a temple, one of 
white marble, the more ancient one of wood. There are 
also wooden statues of Apollo and Athene^ Athene has also 
a temple. 



I 



CHAPTER XXXVIII. 

AND a little higher up is the circuit of the walls of 
Inrcosura, which contains a few inhabitants. It is 
the olcfest of the towns of the earth either on the mainland 
or in islands, and the first the sun saw, and all mankind 
made it their model for building towns. 

And on the left of the temple of Despcena is Mount 
Lycnus, which some of the Arcadians call Olympus and 
others the Sacred Hill. I They say Zens was reared on this 

* «./. O^rtfey. X. 491, 494, 609. 



124 PAU8ANU& 

monntain: and there is a spot on it called Cretea on 
the left of the groye of Parrhasian Apollo, and the Arca- 
dians maintain that this was the Crete where Zens was 
reared, and not the island of Crete as the Cretans hold. 
And the names of the Nymphs, hy whom they say Zens 
was brought np, were (ihej say) Thisoa and Neda and 
Hagno. Thisoa gave her name to a town in Parrhasia, 
and in my time there is a village called Thisoa in the 
district of Megalopolis, and Neda gave her name to the 
ri?er Neda, and Hagno gave her name to the spring on 
Mount LycfBus, which like the river Jster has generally as 
much water in summer as in winter. But should a drought 
prevail for any length of time, so as to be injurious to the 
fruits of the earth and to trees, then the priest of Lycadan 
Zeus prays to the water and performs the wonted sacrifice, 
and lowers a branch of oak into the spring jnst on the snr* 
face, and when the water is stirred np a steam rises like a 
mist, and after a little interval the mist becomes a cloud, 
and collecting other clonds soon causes rain to fall upon 
Arcadia. There is also on Mount Lycieus a temple of Pan 
and round it a grove of trees, and a Hippodrome in front 
of it, where in old times they celebrated the Lycsean eames. 
There are also here the bases of some statues, though 
the statues are no longer there: and an elegiac couplet on 
one of the bases says it is the statue of Astyanaz who was 
an Arcadian. 

Mount Lycieus among other remarkable things has the 
following. There is an enclosure sacred to Lyccean Zeus 
into which men may not enter, and if any one violates 
this law he will not live more than a year. It is also 
still stated that inside this enclosure men and beasts alike 
have no shadow, and therefore when any beast flees into 
this enclosure the hunter cannot follow it np, but remaining 
outside and looking at the beast sees no shadow falling 
from it. As long indeed as the San is in Cancer there is 
no shadow from trees or living thinn at Syene in Ethiopia, 
bat this sacred enclosure on Mount Lycseus is the same in 
reference to shadows during every period of the year. 

There is on the highest ridge of the mountJiin a mound 
of earth, the altar of Lycsean ^ens, from which most of the 
Pcloponneso is visible: and in front of this altar there are 



BOOK Tni. — ARCADIA. 125 

two pillars facing east, and somo golden englos upon tliem 
of yeiy ancient date. On this altar they sacrifice to Ljcasan 
Zens secretly : it wonld not he agreeable to me to prj too 
curiously into the rites, let them be as they are and always 
have been. 

On the eastern part of the mountain is a temple of Parr- 
hasian Apollo, also called Pythian Apollo. During the 
annual festival of the god they sacrifice in the market-placd 
a boar to Apollo the Helper, and after the sncrifice they 
convey the victim to the temple of Parrliasian Apollo with 
flnteplaying and solemn procession, and cut off the thighs 
and bum them, and consume the flesh of the victim on the 
spot. Such is their annual custom. 

And on the north side of Mount Lyciens is the district 
of Thisoa : the men who live here hold the Nymph Thisoa 
in highest honour. Through this district several streams 
flow that fall into the Alpheus, as Mylaon and Nus and 
Aohelous and Celadus and Nnliphus. There are two other 
rivers of the same name but far greater fame than this 
Achelous in Arcadia, one that flows through Acamnnia and 
iSitolia till it reaches the islands of the Echinades, which 
Homer has called in the Iliad the king of all rivers,* the 
other the Achelous flowing from Mount Sipylus, which 
river and mountain he has associated with the legend of 
Niobe.' The third Achelous is this one on Mount LycsBus. 

To the right of Lycosura are the hills called Nomia, on 
which is a temple of Pan Nomius on a spot called Melpea» 
so called they say from the piping of Pan there. The 
simplest explanation whv the hills were called Nomia is that 
Pan had hts pastures there, but the Arcadians say they 
were called after a Nymph of that name. 



OHAPTEB ZXXIX. 

PAST lycosura in a westerly direction flows the river 
Plataniston, which everyone must cross who is going 
to Phigalia, after which an ascent of 30 stades or a little 

» IUmI, zsL 194-197. * Ili^ »dv. Slft-SW. 



126 PAUSAHUS. 

more takes you to that town. How Phigalns was the son 
of Lycaon, and how he was the original founder of the 
town, and how in process of time the name of the town got 
changed into Phialiafrom Phialus the son of Bucolion, and 
afterwards got back its old name, all this I hare entered into 
already. There are other traditions not worthy of credit, as 
that Phigalns was an Autochthon and not the son of Lycaon, 
and some say that Phigalia was one of the Nymphs called 
Dryads. When the LacedsBmonians attacked Arcadia and 
invaded Phigalia, they defeated the inhabitants in a battle 
and laid siege to the town, and as the town was nearly taken 
by storm the Phigalians evacuated it, or the LacediemonianB 
allowed them to leave it upon conditions of war. And the 
capture of Phigalia and the flight of the Phigalians from it 
took place when Miltiades was chief magistrate at Athens, in 
the 2nd year of the 30th Olympiad, in which Chionis the 
Laconian was victor for the third time. And it seemed 
good to those Phigalians who had escaped to go to Delphi^ 
and inquire of the god as to their return. And the Pythian 
Priestess told them that if they tried by themselves to re- 
turn to Phigalia she foresaw no hope of their return, but if 
they took a hundred picked men from Oresthasium, and 
they were slain in battle, the Phigalians would get their 
return through them. And when the people of Oresjbhasium 
heard of the oracular message given to the Phigalians, they 
vied with one another in zeal who should be one of the 100 
picked men, and participate in the expedition to Phig^ia. 
And they engaged with the LacedsDuionian garrison and 
fulfilled tho oracle completely : for they all died fighting 
bravely, and drove out the opartans, and put it in the 
power of the Phigalians to recover their native town. 
Fhigalia lies on a hill which is mostly precipitous, and its 
walls are built on tho rocks, but as you go up to the town 
there is a gentle and easy ascent And there is a temple of 
Artemis the Preserver, and her statue in stone in an erect 
j>osition. From this temple they usually conduct the proces- 
sions. And in the gymnasium there is a statue of Hermes 
with a cloak on, which does not cease at his feet but 
ooveni the whole square figure. There is also a temple of 
Dionysus called Acratophoms by the people of the place, 
the lower parts of the statue are not visible bebg ooveied 



BOOK Tin.— ARCADIA. 127 

bj leaves of laare) and iry. And all the staine thai can be 
seen is coloured with vermilion so as to look very gaj. 
The Iberes find this vermilion with their gold* 



CHAPTER XL. 

THE people of Phignlia have also in their market-place 
the statne of Arrhachion the pancratiast, an antiqae 
one in all other respects and not least so in its shape. The 
feet are not very wide apart, and the hands are bj the 
side near the buttocks. The statue is of stone, and the/ 
say there was an inscription on it, which time has oblite- 
rated. This Arrhachion had two victories at Olympia in 
the two Olympiads before the 54th, through the equity of 
the umpires and his own merit. For when he contended 
for the prize of wild olive with the onl v one of his antago- 
nists that remained, his opponent got hold of him first and 
with his feet hugged him, and at the same time grappled 
his neck tightly with his arms. And Arrhachion broke 
the finger of his antagonist, and gave up the ghost 
being throttled, and his antagonist also, though he had 
throttled Arrhachion, fainted away from the pain his 
finger gave him. And the people of Elis crowned the 
dead body of Arrhachion and proclaimed him victor. I 
know the Argives did the same m the case of Creugas the 
boxer of Epidamnus, for though he was dead they gave 
him the crown at Nemea, because his opponent Damozenus 
the Syracusan violated their mutual agreements. For as 
they were boxing evening came on, and they agreed in the 
hearing of all the audience that they should strike one 
another once in turn. Boxers did not at this time wear 
the cestus loaded with iron, but they wore leather thongs, 
(which they fastened under the hollow of the hand that Uie 
fiuffers might be left uncovered), made of ox hides and thin 
and deftlv woven together after an old fashion. Then 
Creugas delivered the first blow on Damoxenus* head, and 
Damoxenus bade Creugas hold back his hand, and as he 
did so struck him under the ribs with his fingers straight 
out, and such was the hardness of his nails and the violence 



128 PAC8AN1A8. 

of the blow thai bis band pierced bis side, seized bis bowels 
and dragged and tore them oat. Creagas immediately 
expired. And the Argives droye Damozenas off the oonrse 
beoanse be bad yiolated tlie conditions, and instead of one 
blow bad giren several to bis antagonist. To Greaga«i 
tbongb dead tbej assigned tbe victoiy, and erected to him 
a statue in Axgos, wbicb is now in the temple of Ljcian 
Apollo. 



CHAPTER XLL 

THE Pbigalians bare also in their market-place a mor* 
tnary chapel to tbe 100 picked men from Orestbasiam, 
and annnallj offer funeral sacrifices to them as to heroes. 
And the river called L^maz wbicb falls into tbe Neda flows 
by Pbigalia. It got its name Lymaz they say from tbe 
purifications of Rhea. For when after giving birth to 
Zeus tbe Nymphs purified her after travail, they threw into 
this river the afterbirth, which tbe ancients called Lymata. 
Homer bears me ont when he says that the Greeks purify- 
ing themselves to get rid of the pestilence threw the 
purifications into the sea.' The Neda rises on tbe moun- 
tain Cerausius, which is a part of Mount Lycmns. And 
where the Neda is nearest to Pbigalia, there tbe lads of 
tbe town shear off their hair to tbe river. And near tbe 
sea it is navigable for small craft. Of all tbe rivers 
that we know of tbe Maeander is most winding having 
most curves and sinuosities. And next for winding would 
come tbe Neda. About 12 stades from Pbigalia are hot 
baths, and the Lymaz flows into the Neda not far from that 
place. And where they join their streams is a temple of 
iiurynome, holy from remote antiquity, and difficult of 
access from tbe roagbness of tbe ground. Round it grow 
many cypresses dose to one * another. Earynome the 
Pbimian people believe to be a title of Artemis, but their 
Antiquarians say that Euiynome was tbe daughter of 
Oceanus, and is mentioned by Homer in' tbe Iliad as having 
joined Thetis in receiving Uepbaastus.^ And on tbe same 

* Iliad, L 314. • IlUd, x?Ui. 898, 899, 409. 



BOOK . Till. — ARCADIA. ) 29 

d\j aBTianlly thcj open the temple of Eiirjnome : for at all 
other times thej keep it shat. And on that day thej have 
both pablio and private sacrifices to her. I was not in 
time for the festival, nor did I see the statue of Eniynome. 
But I heard from the Phigalians that the statne has gold 
chains round it^ and that it is a woman down to the waist 
and a fish below. To the daughter of Oceanus who dwelt 
. with Thetis in the depths of the sea these fish extremities 
would be suitable : but I do not see any logical connection 
between Artemis and a figure of this kind. 

Phigalia is surroandod by mountains, on the left by 
Gotilins, on the right by the projecting mountain Elaion* 
Cotilins is about 40 stades from Phigilii, and on it is a 
place called Bass®, and a temple of Apollo the Helper, the 
roof of which is of stone. This temple would stand first of 
all the temples in the Peloponnese, except that at Tegea, 
for the beauty of the stone and neatness of the structure. 
And Apollo got his title of Helper in reference to a pesti- 
lence, as among the Athenians he got the title of Averter 
of 111 because he turned away from them some pestilence. 
He helped the Phigalians about the time of the Peloponne- 
sian war, as both titles of Apollo shew plainly, and Ictinut 
the builder of the temple at Phigalia was a contemporary 
of Pericles, and the architect of what is called the Parthe- 
non at Athens. I have already mentioned the statue of 
Apollo in the market-place at Megalopolis. 

And there is a spring of water on Mount Cotilins, from 
which somebody has written that the river Lymax takes its 
rise^ but he can neither have seen the spring himself, nor 
had his account from any one who hiad seen it. I have 
done both : and the water of the spring on Mount Cotilins 
does not travel very far, but in a short time gets lost in the 
ground altogether. Not that it occurred to me to inquire 
in what purt of Arcadia the river Lymnz rises. AboTe 
the temple of Apollo the Heloer is a place called Ootilum« 
where tnere is a temple of Aplirodite lacking aroo^ as also 
a stiatne of the goddess* 



ir. 



ISO PAUSANIAB. 



CHAPTER XLir. 



THE other mountain, Elaion, is aboat 30 stades from 
Phigalia, and there is a cave there sacred to Black 
Demeter. All the traditions that the people of Thelpasa 
tell abont the amour of Poseidon with Demeter are also 
beliered bj the people of Phigalia. But the latter differ in 
one point : they saj Demeter gaye birth not to a foal but 
to her that the Arcadians call Despoena. And after this 
they say, partly from indignation with Poseidon, partly from 
sorrow at the rape of Proserpine, she dressed in black, and 
went t-o this cave and nobody knew of her whereabouts for 
a long time. But when all the fruits of the earth were 
blighted, and mankind was perishing from famine, and none 
of the gods knew whore Demeter nad hidden herself but 
Pan, who tmversed all Arcadia, hunting in various parts 
of the mountains, and had seen Demeter dressed as I have 
described on Mount Elaion, then Zeus learning all about 
this from Pan sent the Fates to Demeter, and she was per* 
snaded by them to lay aside her anger, and to wean herself 
from her grief. And in consequence of her abode there, 
the Phigalians say that they considered this cave as sacred 
to Demeter, and put in it a wooden statue of the goddess, 
fashioned as follows. The goddess is seated on a rock, like 
a w:oman in all respects but her head, which is that of a 
mare with a mare s mane, and figures of dragons and 
other monsters about her head, and she has on a tunic 
which reaches to the bottom of her feet. In one hand 
she has a dolphin, in the other a dove. Why thev delineated 
the goddess thus is dear to ever)'body not without under- 
standing who remembers the legend. And they oidl her 
Blaok Demeter because her dress is black. They do not 
record who this statue was by or how it caught fire. But 
when the old one was burnt the Phig.ilians did not offer 
another to^ the goddess, but neglected her festivals and 
sacrifices, till a dearth oume over the land, and when they 
went to consult the oracle the I^thian Priestess gave them 
the following response : 
"Arcadians, acom-eating Asanei who inhabit Phigalia, 



DOOK Tin. — ARCADIA. 131 

go to tbe secret cavo of the horse-bearing DemetorrtCnd in- 
qaire for alleviation from this bitter famine, yoa that were 
twice Nomads living alone, liyine alone feeding upon 
roots. Demeter taught jon something else besides pas- 
tare, she introdaced among jon the caltivation of com, 
though yon have deprived her of her ancient honoors and 
prerogatives. Bat von shall eat one another and dine off 
yoar children speedily, if yon do not propitiate her wrath by 
pablic libations, and pay divine honours to the recess in the 
cave." 

When the Phigalians heard this oracular response, they 
honoured Demeter more than before, and got Onatos of 
^eina, the son of Mioo, for a great sum of money to 
make them a stntne of the goddess. This Onatos made a 
brasen statue of Apollo for the people of Pergamus, most 
wonderful both for its sise ana artistic merit. And he 
having discovered a painting or copy of the ancient statue, 
but perhaps chiefly, so the story goes, from a dream he had, 
made a brazen statue of Demeter for the people of Phigalia, 
a generation after the Persian invasion of Greece. Here is 
the proof of the correctness of a»y date. When Xerxes 
crossed into Europe Gelon the son of Dinomenes was ruler 
of Syracuse and the rest of Sicily, and after his death the 
kinflfdom devolved upon his brother Hiero, and as Hiero 
died before he could give to Olympian Zeus the offerings 
he had yowed for the yictories of his horses, Dinomenes his 
son gave them instead. Now Onatas made these, as the 
inscriptions at Olympia over the yotive offering show. 

''Hiero haying been formerly yictor in your august 
contests, Olympian Zeus, once in the fonrhorse chariot, and 
twice with a single horse, bestows on yon these gifts : his son 
Dinomenes offers them in memory of his Syraousan father.'* 

And the other inscription is as follows, 

" Onatas the son of if loo made me, a native of ^Sgina.** 
Onatas was therefore a contemporary of the Athenian 
Hegias and the Argive Ageladas. 

^ I went to Phigalia chiefly to see this Demeter, and I sac- 
rificed to the goddess in the way the people of the coantry 
do, no ytctim but the frnit of the vine and other trees, and 
honeyoombe, and wool in an nnworked state with all its 
gnmse still on it| and these ihey lay on the altar built in 



132 PAUSAKIAS. 

front of tbe cave, and pour oil oror all. This 6acri6ce is 
held every year at Phigalia both publicly and privately. A 
priestess condacts the ritual, and with her the youngest of 
the three citizens who are called Sacrificing Priests. Round 
the cave is a grove of oak trees, and warm water bubblen 
op from a spring. The statue made by Onatas was not 
there in my time, nor did most people at Phi^lia know 
that it had ever existed, but the oldest of those 1 met with 
informed me that 3 generations before his time some stones 
from the roof fell on to it, and that it was crushed by them 
and altogether smashed up, and we can see plainly even 
now traces in the roof where the stones fell in. 



CHAPTER XLIII. 

PALLANTIIJI^f next demands my attention, both to de- 
scribe what is worthy of record in it, and to show why 
the elder Antonine made it a town instead of a village, and 
also free and exempt from taxation. They say that Evander 
was the best of the Arcadians both in council and war, and 
that he was the son of Hermes by a Nymph the daughter 
of Lado, and that he was sent with a force of Arcadians 
from Pallantium to form a colonv, which he founded near 
the river Tiber. And part of what is now Rome was in- 
habited by Evander and the Arcadians who accompanied 
him, and was called Pallantium in remembrance of the 
town in Arcadia. And in process of time it changed its 
name into Palatium. It was for these reasons that Pal- 
lantium received its privileges from the Roman Emperor. 
This Antonine, who bestowed such favours on Pallantium, 
imposed no war on the Romans willingly, but when the 
Hauri, (the most important tribe of independent Libyans, 
who were Nomads and much more formidable than the 
Scythians, as they did not travel in waggons but they 
and their wives rode on horseback,) commenced a war with 
Rome, he drove them out of all their territoxy into the 
most remote parts, and compelled them to retire from 
liibya to Mount Atlns and to the neighbourhood of Mount 
Atlas. He als^ took away from the Brigantes in Britain 



COOK rill. — ^ARCAIMA. 133 

most of their territory, because they had attacked the 
Genanii who were Bomaa Bultjects. And when Cos and 
RhodeH cities of the Lyciaus and Carians were destroyed 
by a violent earthqnake, the Emperor Antonine restored 
them by large expenditare of money and by his seal in re- 
peopling them. As to the grants of money which he made 
to the Greeks and barbarians who stood in need of them, 
and his magnificent works in Greece and Ionia and 
Carthage and Syria, all this has been minutely described by 
others. This Emperor left another token of his liberality. 
Those subject nations who had the privilege of being 
Roman citizens, but whose sons were reckoned as Greeks, 
had the option by law of leaving their money to those who 
were lio relations, or letting it swell the wealth of the 
Emperor. But Antonine allowed them to leave their pro- 
perty to their sons, preferring to exhibit philanthropy rather 
than to maintain a law which brought m money to the re- 
venue. This Emperor the Romans called Pius from tho 
honour he paid to the god& I think he might also justly 
have borne the title of the elder Gyrus, Father of mankina. 
He was succeeded by his son Antonine, who fought against 
the Gksrmans, the most numerous and warlike barbjirians 
in Europe, and subdued the Sauromates who had eom« 
menced an iniquitous war. 



CHAPTER XLIV. 

TO return to our account of Arcadia, there is a road from 
Megalopolis to Pallantium and Tegea, leading to what 
is called the Mound. On this road is a suburb of Megalo- 
polis, called Ladocea from Ladocus the son of Echemus. 
And next comes Homonio, which in ancient times was a 
town founded by Homon the son of Lycaon, and is still 
called Hcemonice. And nejtt it on the right are the ruins 
of Oresthasium, and the pillars of a temple to Artemis sur- 
named the Priestess. And on tho direct road from 
Uicmoniflo is the place called Aphrodisium, and next to it 
A hennuni, on the left of which is a temple of Athene and 
stone statue of the goddess. About 20 stades from Athe- 
Dieam are the ruins of Asea, and the hill which was formerly 



134 PAUSAKIAfl. 

the oiiadel has still remains of walls. And nboot 5 strides 
from Asea is the Alpheas a little away from the road, and 
near the road is the source of the Earotas, And near the 
source of the Alpheas is a temple of the Mother of the 
Oods without a roof, and two lions in stone. And the 
Eurotas joins the Alpheus, and for about 20 stades they 
flow together in a united stream, till thej are lost in a 
cavity and come np a^i^ain, the Eurotas in Laoonia, the 
Alphens at Pegao in Megalopolis. There is also a road 
from Asea leading up to Mount Boreum, on the top of 
which are traces of a temple. The tradition is that Odys- 
seus on his return from Ilium built it to Poseidon and 
Preserver Athene. 

What is called the Mound is the boundary for the dis- 
tricts of Megalopolis Tegea and Pallantium, and as you 
turn off from it to the left is the plain of Pallantium. In 
Pallantium there is a temple, and a stone statue of PalluiB 
and another of Evander, and a temple to Proserpine the 
daughter of Dcmeter, and at no great distance a statue of 
Polybius. The hill above the town was used of old as 
the citadel, and on the top of it are remains even to our 
day of a* temple of the gods called Pure, oaths by whom are 
still accounted most weighty. They do not know the par- 
ticular names of these gods, or if they know they will not 
tell them. But one might conjecture that they wore called 
Pure, because Pallas did not sacrifice to them in the same 
way as his father did to Lycaoan Zens. 

And on the right of what is called the Mound is the Man- 
thuric plain on the borders of Tegea, being indeed only 
50 stadcs from Tegea. Thera is a small hill on the right 
of the road called Gresium, on which is the temple of 
Aphncus. For according to the legend of the people of 
Tegea Ares had an intrigue with Aerope. the daughter of 
Cepheus the son of Aleus, and she died m childbirth, and 
the baby still clung to his mother though she was dead, 
and sucked from her breasts a plentiful supply of milk, 
and as Ares had caused this they called the god Aphneus, 
and the boy was called they say Aeropns. And on the road 
to Tegea is the well called Leuconius» so called from Len- 
cone, (who they say was a daughter of Aphidas), whose 
tomb is not far from Tegea 



BOOK VIII. — ARCADIA. 136 



CHAPTER XLV. 

THE people of Tcgea say that th^ir^disirict ^ot its name 
in the days of Tfgcates the son of Lycaon, and that 
the inhabitants were distributed into 8 parishes, Gareatas, 
Phylaces, Caryatn, Corythes, Potachidn, GSatio, Manthyres, 
and Echeaethes, and that in the reign of Aphidas a ninth 
parish was formed, called after him Aphidas. The foonder 
of the town in onr day was Alenn. The people of Tegea 
besides the pablip events which they had a share in in 
common with all the Arcadians, as the war against Ilinm, 
and the war with the Persians, and the battle with the 
Lacediemoninns at Dipoi, had special renown of their own 
from the following circnmntances. Ancmos the son of 
Lycnrgns, though wounded, sustained the attack of the 
Calydonian boar, and Atalanta shot at it and was the 
first to hit it, and for this prowess its head and hide 
were given her as trophies. And when the Heraclidce 
returned to the Peloponnese, Echemns of Tegea, the son of 
Aeropns, had a combat with Hyllns and beat him. And 
the people of Tegea were the first Arcadians who beat the 
Laccdsemonians who fought against them, and took most 
of them captive. 

The ancient temple at Tegea of Athene Alea was built 
by Aleus, but in after times the people at Tcgea built the 
goddess a great and magnificent temple. For the former 
one was entirely consumed by fire which spread all over it, 
when Diophantus was Archon at Athens, in * the second 
year of the 96th Olympiad, in which Enpolemus of Eh's 
won the prize in the course. The present one far excels all 
the temples in the Peloponnese for beauty and size. The 
architecture of the first row of pillars is Doric, that of the 
second row is Corinthian, and that of the pillars outside 
the temple is lonio. The architect I fonnd on inquiry was 
Scopas the Parian, who made statues in various parts of 
old Greece, and also in Ionia and Caria. On the gables is 
represented the hunting of the boar of Calydon, on one 
side of the boar, nearly in the centre of the piece, stand 
Atalanta and Molcager and Theseus and Tel imon and Peleus 



186 PAUSANIAR. 

nnd Polinx and lolaus, the companion of Uercnies in most 
of bis liaboni*9, and the sons of Thnstius, Prothoas and 
Cometes, tho brothera of Althasa : and on the other side of 
the boar AneteuB already wounded and Epochns sapporting 
him as he drops his weapon, and near him Castor, and Am- 
phiarans the son of (Ecles, and besides them Hippothons 
the son of Cerojon, the son of Agamedes, the son of St^m- 
phelas, and lastly Pirithons. On the gables behind is a 
representation of the single combat between Telephns and 
Achilles on the plain of Gaicas. 



CHAPTER XLVr. 

AND the ancient statne of Athene Alca, and together 
with it the tusks of the Caljdonian boar, were carried 
away by the Emperor Augustus, after his victory over 
Antony and his allies, among whom were all the Arcadians 
but the Mantineans. Augustus does not seem to have com- 
menced the practice of carrying off votive offerings and 
statues of the gods from conquered nations, but to have 
merely followed a long-established custom. For after the 
capture of Ilium, when the Greeks divided the spoil, the 
statue of Household Zens was given to Sthenelus the son 
of Capaneus : and many years afterwards, when the Dorians 
had migrated to Sicily, Antiphemns, the founder of Oela, 
sacked Omplmce a town of the Sicani, and carried from 
thence to Gela a statue made by Doodalus. And we know 
that Xerxes the son of Darius, the king of the Persians, 
besides what he carried off from Athens, took from Braunm 
a statue of Brauronian Artemis, and moreover charged the 
Milesians with cowardice in the sea-fight against the Athe- 
nians at Salamis, and took from them the brazen Apollo 
at Bmnchide, which a long time afterwards Seleucus sent 
back to the Hilesians. And the statues taken from the 
Aigtvee at Tiryns are now, one in the temple of Hera, the 
other in the temple of Apollo at Elis. And the people of 
Cysicns having forced the people of Prooonnesns to settle 
with them took from them a sta^e of the Dindymene 
Mother. The statue generally was of gold, bnt the head 



BOOK tin. — AtlGADIA. 137 

instead of ivory was mado with the teeth of Hippopotar 
ninses. So the Emperor Aagnstas merely followed a long 
established castom usnal both among: Greeks and barb.w 
rians. And jon may see the statne of Athene Alea in the 
Forum at Rome built by Augustus. It is throughout of 
ivory and the workmanship of Endoeus. Those who busy 
themselves about such curiosities say that one of the tusks 
of the boar was broken off, and the remaining one was 
suspended as a votive offering in Cnmar's gardens in the 
temple of Dionysus. It is about 2\ feet long. 



CHAPTER XLVIL 

AND the sf atue now at Tegea of Athene, called Hippla by 
the Manthurii, because (according to theif tradition) 
in the fight between the gods and the giants the goddess 
drove the chariot of Enceladus, though among the other 
Greeks and Peloponnesians the title Alea has prevailed, 
was taken from the ^fanthurii. On one side of the statue of 
Athene stands ^sculapius, on the other Hygia'i in Penteli« 
can marble, both by the Parian Scopas.. And the most 
notable votive offerings in the temple are the hide of the Galy- 
donian boar, which is rotten with lapse of time and nearly 
devoid of hair, and some fetters hung up partly destroyed 
by rust, which the captives of the Lacedtemonians wore 
when they dug in the district of Tegea. And there is 
the' bed of Athene, and an effigy of Auge to imitate a 
painting, and the armour of Marpessa, called the Widow, 
a woman of Tegea, of whom I shall speak hereafter. She 
was a priestess of Athene when a girl, how long I do not 
know but not after she grew to womanhood. And the 
altar they say was made for the goddess by Melampus 
the son of Amytbaon : and on the altar are representations 
of Rhea and the Nymph CBnoe with Zeus still a babe, and 
on each side 4 Nymphs, on the one side Glauce and Neda 
find Thisoa and Antnracia,and on the other Ida and Hagno 
and Aloinoe and Phriza. There ai^ also statues of the 
Muses and Mnemosyne. 
. And not far from the temple is a mound of earth, eon* 



138 PAUHANIA8. 

stitating a race-conrse, where they hold gnmes which they 
call AleiRa from Athene Alea, and Halotia becaase thev took 
most of the LacedsBmoniaus alive in the battle. And there 
is a spring towards the north of the temple, near which 
they say Auge was Tiolated by Hercnles, though their 
legend differs from that of HecataBus about her. And 
about 3 stades from this spring is the temple of Hermes 
called iBpytus. 

At Tegea there is also a temple to Athene Poliatis, which 
once every year the priest enters. They call it the temple of 
Protection, nnd say that it was a boon of Athene to 
Ccphens, the son of Aleus, that Tegea should never be cap* 
tured, and they say that the goddess cut off one of the 
locks of Medusa, and gave it him as a protection for the 
city. They have also the following legend about Artemis 
Hegemone. Aristomelidas the ruler at Orohomenus in 
Arcadia, being enamoured of a maiden of Tegea, got her 
somehow or other into his power, and committed the 
charge of her to one Ghronius. And she before being con- 
ducted to the tyrant slew herself in modesty and fear. And 
Artemis stirred up Ghronius iu a dream against Aristome- 
lidas, and he slew him and fled to Tegea and built there a 
temple to Artemis. 



CHAPTER XLVTII. 

IN the market-place, which is in shape very lik«i a brick, 
is a temple of Aphrodite called the Brick Aphrodite, 
and a stone statue of the goddess. And there are two 
pillars, on one of which are effigies of Antiphanes and 
Crisus and Tyronidas and Pyrrhias, who are held in 
honour to this day as legislators for Tegea, and on the 
other pillar lasius, with his left hand on a horse and in his 
right hand a branch of palm. He won they say the horse* 
race at Olympia, when Hercules the Theban established the 
Olympian games. Why a crown of wild olivo was given to 
the victor at Olympia I have shown in my account of Elis, 
and why of laurel at Delphi I shall show hereafter. And 
at the Isthmian games pine, at the Nomean games parsley. 



BOOK TfIL — ^ABCAWA. 189 

wero wont to be the prize, as we know from the cases of 
PalflBtnon and Arohemoras. Bat most ^racs hive a crown 
of pcilin as the prise, and everywhere the palm is pat into 
tho right hand of the victor. The beginning of this cnstom 
was as follows. When Theseus was returning from Crete 
he instituted games they say to Apollo at Delos, and him« 
self crowned the victors with palm. This was they say the 
origin of the custom, and Homer has mentioned the palm in 
Delos in that part of the Odyssey where Odyssens makes 
his supplication to the daughter of Alcinous.' 

There is also a statue of Ares called Gynfxxsothoonns in the 
market-place at Tegea, graven on a pillnr. For in the 
Laconian war, at the first invasion of Charillns the king of 
the Lncedosmonians, the women took up arms, and lay in 
ambush under the hill called in our day Phylactris. And 
when the armies engaged, and the men on both sides ex- 
hibited splendid bravery, then they say the women appeared 
on the scene, and caused the rout of the Lacedcemo- 
nians, and Marpessa, called tho Widow, excelled all the 
other women in daring, and among other Spirtnns 
Gharillus was taken prisoner, and was releiised without 
ransom, upon swearing to the people of Tegea that he 
would never again lead a Lncedcemonian army to Tegea, 
which oath he afterwards violated. And the women pri- 
vately sacrificed to Ares independently of the men for the 
victory, and gave no share of the flesh of the victim to the 
men. That is why Ares was called GyniecothoDnas ({.e. 
WomeiCi Feast). There is also an altar and square statue 
of Adult Zeus. Square statues the Arcadians seem 
greatly to delight in. There are also here the tombs of 
Tegeates the son of Lycaon, and Mnra the wife of Tegeates, 
who they say was the daughter of Atlas, and is men- 
tioned by Homer* in Odysseus* account to Alcinous of his 
journey to Hades and the souls he saw there. And in the 
market-place at Tegea there is a temple of Ilithyia, and 
a statue called Auge on her knees, and the tradition is that 
Aleus ordered Nauplins to take his daughter Auge and 
drown her in the sea» and as she was being led there she 
loll on her knees, and gave birth to a son on the spot where 

> Odyney^ ?i, 168 9q. * Odyswy, xi. SM. 



140 PAUSAKtAS. 

18 now the temple of Ilith jia. This tradition differs from 
another one, which states that Ange gave birth to Tele- 

£hns unbeknown to her father, and that he was exposed on 
[ount Parthentnm and snckled by a doe, thoogh this kist 
part of the tradition is also recorded by the people of T^gea. 
And near the temple of Ilithjia is an altar to Earth, and 
close to tho altar is a pillar in white stone, on which is a 
statue of Poly bias the son of Lycortas, and on another pillar 
is Elatns one of the sons of Areas. 



CHAPTER XLIX. 

AND not far from the market-place is- a theatre, and 
near it are the bases of some brasen statues, the statues 
themselves are no longer there. And an elegiao couplet on 
one of the bases says that that was the statue of Philopoe* 
men« This Phtlopoemen the Greeks hold in the highest 
honour, both for his sagacity and exploits. As to the 
lustre of his race his father Graugis was second to none of 
the Arcadians of Megalopolis, but he dying when Philo* 
pcemen was quite a boy his guardian was Gleander an 
exile from Mnntinea, who had come to live at Megalopolis 
after the troubles in his native place, and had been on a 
footing of old friendship with the family of Graugis. And 
Philopoemen had they say among other tutors Megalo- 
phanes and Ecdelns : the sons of Arcesilnus were pupils 
they say of Pitanteus. In size and strength he was inferior 
to none of the Peloponnesians, but he was far from good- 
looking. He didn't care about contending in the games, 
but ho cultivated his own piece of ground, and was fond 
of hunting wild beasts. He read also they say frequently 
the works of the most famous Greek sophists, and books 
on the art of war, especially such as touched on strategy. 
He wished in all things to make Epaminondas his model 
in his frame of mind and exploits, but was not able in all 
points to come up to this. For Epaminondas was especially 
mild and had his temper completely under control, whereas 
Philopodmen was hot-tempered. But when Gleomenes cap- 
tured Megalopolis, Philopcemen was not dismayed at this 



BOOK tltt.— ARCADIA. 141 

unexpected misfortune, bat conveyed off safely two-thirds of 
the adults and all the women and children to ^feMiene, as the 
Messenians were at that time their allies and well-disposed to 
^hem. ' And when Cleomenes sent a messagfe to these ekilbs 
that he was sorry for what he had done, and that the people 
of Megalopolis might retnm if they signed a treaty, Philo- 
iKBmen persuaded all the citizens to return only with arms 
in their hands, and not upon any conditions or treaty. 
And in the battle which took place at Sellnsia against 
Cleomenes and the Lacedodmonians, in which the Achod ins 
and Arcadians from all the cities took part, and also 
Antieonns with an army from Macedonia, Pliilopoemen took 
his place with the cavalry at first, but when he saw thnt the 
issue of the Imttle turned on the behaviour of the infantry 
he willingly became a footsoldier, and, as he was displaying 
valour worthv of record, one of the enemy pierced through 
both his thighs, and being so impeded he dropt on his knees 
and was constrained to fall forwards, so that by the motion 
of his feet the spear snapped off. And when Cleomenes 
snd the Lacedcemonians were defeated, and Pliilopoemen re* 
Ruined to the camp, then the doctors out out of his thighs 
the spearpoint and the spear itself. And Antigonns, hear- 
mg and seeing his courage, was anxious to invite him over 
to Macedonia. But he paid little heed to Antigonus, and 
crossed over by ship to Crete, where a civil war was raging, 
and became a captain of mercenaries. And on his return 
to Megalopolis he was at once chosen by the AchsMinB com* 
mander of their cavalry, and he made them the best cavalry 
in Greece. And when the AcheBans and all their allies 
fought at the river Larisus against the men of Elis and the 
^tolian force thai aided the people of Elis from kinsman* 
ship, Philopoemen first slew witn his own hands Demo- 
phantus the commander of the enemy's cavalry, and then 

Smt to flight all the oavahry of the JStoliana aad men of 
Slia. 



142 PAU8AVU8, 



CHAPTER L. 

AND as ihe Acbfloans left everything to him and mnde 
him eveiybodj, he changed the arms of the infantry, 
for, whereas before they bore short spoam and oblong 
shields like those in use among the Celts and Persians 
(called ihyrei and gerrha)^ he persuaded them to wear 
breastplates and greaves, and also to use the shields in 
use in Argolis and long spears. And when Machanidas 
rose to power in Laceda)mon, and war again broke out be- 
tween the Achfloans and the Lacedtemontans nnder him, 
Philopoemen was commander in chief of the Aohican force, 
and in the battle of Mantinea the light-armed Lacedtemo- 
nians beat the light-armed troops of the Achaoans, and 
Machanidas pressed upon them m their Hight, but Philo- 
poemen forming his infantry into a square routed the Lace- 
diemonian hoplites, and fell in with Machanidas ns he was 
returning from the pursuit and slew him. Thus the 
LacedsBmonians, though they lost the battle, were more 
fortunate from their reverse than one would have antici<» 
pated, for they were freed from their tyrant. And not 
long after, when the Argivee were celebrating the Nemean 
games, Philopoemen happened to be present at the contest 
of the harpers : and Pylades a native of Megalopolis (one 
of the most noted harpers of the day who had carried off 
the victory at the Pythian games), at that moment striking 
up the tune of the Milesian Timotheus called PerssB^ and 
commencing at the words 

** Winning for Ilellu th« nobto gnce of frvodom,* 

all the Greeks gased earnestly on Philopoemen, and signi- 
fied by clapping that they referred to him the words of the 
Ode. A similar tribute of respect was I understand paid 
to Themistocles at Olympia, where the whole theatre rose 
up on his entrance. Philip indeed, the son of Demetrius, 
the king of the Macedonians, who also poisoned Aratus of 
Sicyon, sent men to Megalopolis with orders to kill Philo- 
poBmen, and though unsuccessful in this he was execrated 
by all Greece. And the Thebans who had beaten the 
Megariana in liatlle^ and had already got inside the walls 



BOOK Tin.— ARCADIA. 143 

at Mogara, through treachery on the part of the Mcgarians, 
were so alarmed at the arrival of Philopoemen to the rescur, 
that they went homo again without effecting their ob- 
ject. And again there rose up at Lacedinmon a tyrant 
called Nabis, who attacked the Messenians first of the 
Peloponnesiiins, and as he made his attack by night, when 
they had no expectation of it, he took all Messene but the 
citadel, but upon Philopcemen*8 coming np the next day with 
an army he departed from it on conditions of war. 

And Philopoemen, when the time of his command expired, 
and other Achosans were chosen as commanders, went a 
second time to Crete and helped the Oortyninns who were 
pressed hard in war. But as the Arcadians were vexed 
with him for going abroad he returned from Crete, and 
fonnd the Romans at war with Nabis. And as the Bomans 
had equipped a fleet asainst Nabis, Philopoemen in his 
seal wished to take part in the contest, but being altogether 
without experience of the sea, he unwittingly embarked on 
an unseaworthy trireme, so that the Romans and their 
allies remembered the lines of Homer, in his Catalogue of 
the shins, about the ignorance of the Arcadians in maritime 
affairs.^ And not many days after this naval engagement 
Philopoemen and his regiment, taking advantage of a dark 
night, set the camp of the Lacedaemonians at Gythium on 
fire. Thereupon Nabis intercepted Philopoemen and all 
the Arcadians with him on difficult grronnd, they were very 
brave but there wore very few of them. But Philopoemen 
changed the position of his troops, so that the advantage of 
the ground rested with him and not with the enemy, and, 
defeating Nabis and slaying many of the Laoedsamo- 
nians in this night attack, raised his fame still higher 
among the Greeks. And after this Nabis obtained m>m 
the Bomans a truce for a certain definite period, but before 
the time expired he was assassinated bv a man froni Caly* 
don, who had oome ostensibly to negotiate an alliance, but 
was really hostile, and had been suborned by the ^tolians 
for this veigr pnrpoie. 

*Iliid,ii.6l4. 



1-14 PAU8AMIAS. 



CHAPTER LI. 



AND Philopoemen about this time made an incnrsion 
into Spuria, and compelled the Lacediemonians to join 
the Achaean League. And not very long after Titus Fla- 
miniuB, the commander in chief of the Romans in Greece, 
and Diophanes the son of Disous of Megalopolis, who had 
been chosen at this time general of the Achteans, marched 
against LacedsBmon, alleging that the Lacedaemonians were 
plotting against the Romans : but Philopoemen, although 
at present he was only a private individual, shut the gates 
as they were coming in. And the Lacedaemonians, in re- 
turn for this service and for his success against both their 
tyrants, offered him the house of Nabis, which was worth 
more than lOO talents; but he had a soul above money, 
. and bade the Lacedaemonians conciliate by their gifts instead 
of him those who had persuasive powers with the people in 
the Achman League. In these words he referred they say 
to Timolaus. And he was chosen a second time general of 
the Achoeans. And as the Lacedaemonians at that time 
were on the eve of a civil war, he exiled from the Pelopon- 
nese about 300 of the ringleaders, and sold for slaves about 
3000 of the Helots, and demolished the walls of Sparta, and 
ordered the lads no longer to train according to the regula- 
tions of Lycurgus but in the Achaean fashion. But the 
Romans afterwards restored to them their national train- 
ing. And when Antiochus (the descendant of Seleucus 
Nicator) and the army of Syrians with him were defeated 
by Manins and the Romans at Thermopylae, and Aristaenus 
of Megalopolis urged the Achasans to do all that was pleasing 
to the Romans and not to resist them at all, Philopoemen 
looked angrily at him, and told him that he was hasten- 
ing the fate of Greece. And when Manias was willing to 
receive the Lacedaemonian fugitives, he resisted thia pro- 
posal before the Council. But on Manius* departure, he 
permitted the fugitives to return to Sparta. 

But vengeance was about to fall on Philopoemen for bis 
haughtiness. For when he was appointed general of the 
Achcans for Uio 8th tame, he twitted a man not witliout 



BOOK TUL^ABCADIA. 145 

BOTAO renown for having allowed the enemj to capture him 
alive : and not long after, as there was a dispute between 
the Messenians and Aohaoans, he sent Lycortas with an 
nrmj to ravage l^Iessenia : and himself the third daj after- 
wards, though he was suffering from a fever and was more 
than 70, hurried on to share m the action of Lycortas, at 
the head of about 60 cavalry and targeteers. And Lycortas 
and his army returned home without having done or re- 
ceived any great harm. But Philipoemen, who had been 
wounded in the head in the action and had fallen off his 
horse, was taken alive to Messene. And in a meeting 
which the Messenians immediately held there were many 
difiPerent opinions as to what they should do with him. 
Dinocrates and the wealthy Messenians were urgent to put 
him to death : but the popular party were most anxious to 
save him alive, calling him even the father of all Greece. 
But Dinocrates in spite of the popular party took Philo« 
poemen off by poison. And Lycortas not long after col* 
lected a force from Arcadia and from Achaia and marched 
against Messene, and the popular party in Messene at once 
fraternised with them, and all except Dinocrates who were 
privy to the murder of Philopoemen were put to death. 
And he committed suicide. And the Arcadians brought 
the remains of Philopoemen to Megalopolis, 



CHAPTER LIL 

AND now Orecce ceased to produce a stock of dis- 
tinguished men. Miltiades the son of Cimon, who 
defeated the barbarians that landed at Marathon, and 
checked the Persian host, was the first public benefactor of 
Greece, and Philopoemen the son of Craugis the last. For 
those who before Miltiades had displayed conspicuous 
valour, (as Codrus the son of Melanthus, and the Spartan 
Polydorus, and the Messenian Aristomenes), had all clearly 
fought for their own nation and not for all Greece. And 
after Miltiades Leonidas (the son of Anaxandrides) and 
Themistocles (the son of Keoo)es) expelled Xerxes from 
Oreeoei the latter jby his two cea-fightsy the former by the 

II. L 



i 



146 VAUSAMUS. 

action at Thermopylie. And Aristidos tho son of Lysima- 
chas, and Pansanias the son of Cleombrotns, who commanded 
at Plataoa, were prevented from being called benefactors of 
Greece, the latter by his subsequent crimes, the former by 
his hkying tribate on the Greek islanders, for before Aris* 
tides all the Greek dominions were exempt from taxation. 
And Xanthippus the son of Ariphron, in conjunction with 
Leotychides king of Sparta, destroyed the Persian fleet o£E 
Mycale, and Cimon did many deeds to excite the emu- 
lation of the Greeks. As for those who won the greatest 
renown in the Peloponnesian war, one might say that they 
with their own hands almost ruined Greece. And when 
Greece was already in pitiful plight*, Gonon the son of 
Timotheus and Epaminondas the son of Polymnis recovered 
it somewhat, the former in the islands and maritime parts, 
the latter bv ejecting the Lacedemonian garrisons and 
governors inland, and by putting down the decemvirates. 
Epaminondas also made Gireece more considerable by the 
addition of the well-known towns of Messene and the Arca- 
dian Megalopolis. I consider also Leosthenes and Aratus 
the benefactors of all Greece, for Leosthenes against the 
wishes of Alexander brought back safe to Greece in ships 
50,000 Greeks who had served under the pay of Persia : 
as for Aratus I have already touched upon him in my 
account of Sicyon. 

And the following is the inscription on Philopcemen at 
Tegea. *' Spread aU over Greece is the fame and glory of 
the Arcadian warrior Philopcemen, as wise in the council- 
chamber as brave in the field, who attained such eminence 
in war as cavalry leader. Two trophies won he over two 
Spartan tyrants, and when slavery was growing he abolished 
it And therefore Tegea has erected this statue to the 
high aonled son of Oraagi% the blameless winneir of his 
country'a freedom.** 



T 



BOOK Till. — ^AKCAOIA. 147 



CHAPTER LIIL 

^HAT is tbe inscription at Tegea. And the statnos 
erected to Apollo Agnieas by the people of Tegea 
were dedicated they say for the following reason. Apollo 
and Artemis panished they say in every place all persons 
who, when Leto was pregnant and wandering abont 
Arcadia, neglected and took no account of her. And when 
Apollo and Artemis came into the district of Tegea, then 
they say Scephms, the son of Tegeates, went np to Apollo 
and had a private conversation with him. And Limon his 
brother, thinking Scephms was making some charj^e 
against him, ran at his brother and slew mm. Bnt swift 
vengeance came npon Limon, for Artemis at once transfixed 
him with an arrow. And Tegeates and Mesra forthwith 
sacrificed to Apollo and Artemis, and afterwards when a 
mighty famine came npon the land the oracle at Delphi 
told them to mourn for Scephms. Accordingly they pay 
hononrs to him at the festival of Apollo Agniens, and the 
priestess of Artemis pursues some one, pretending that she 
IS Artemis pursuing Limon. And the remaining sons of 
Tegeates, Cydon and Archedius and Oortys, migrated they 
say of their own accord to Cretei and gave their names to 
the towns Cydonia and Gk)rtys and Catreus. But the 
Cretans do not accept the tradition of the people of Tegea, 
they say that Cydon was the son of Acacallis the daughter 
of Minos and Hermes, and that Catreus was the son of 
Minos, and Gort^s the son of Bhadamanthus. About 
Bhadamanthus Homer says, in the conversation between 
Proteus and Menelaus, that Menelaus went to the Elysian 
fields, and before him Bhadamanthus: and CinsBthon in 
his verses represents Bhadamanthus as the son of He* 
phflBstus, and HephsBstus as the son of Tales, and Talcs as 
the son of Cres. The traditions of the Greeks are mostly 
different and especially in genealogies. And the people 
of Tegea have 4 statues of Apollo Amiens, one erected 
by each tribe. And i the names of the tribes are Cla- 
reotis, Hippothoetjs, Apolloniatis, and Atheneatis, the two 
former so called from the lots which Areas made his 



148 riusANiAii. 

sons cast for ibe land, and from Hippothons ibe son of 
Cercjon. 

There is alno at Tegea a temple to Demeier and Proser- 
pine, the goddesses whom they call Fruit-giving, and one 
near to Paphian Aphrodite, which was erected by Laodice, 
who was, as I have st.ited before, a daughter of that Aga- 
penor who led the Arcadians to Troy, and dwelt at Paphos. 
And not far f ram it are two temples to Dionysus, and an 
altar to Proserpine, and a temple and gilt statue of Apollo, 
the statue by Chirisophns, a Cretan by race, whose ago 
and master we do not know. But the stay of Dsodalus at 
Minos' court in Crete, and the statues which be made, 
has brought much greater fame to Crete. And near Apollo 
is a stone statue of Chirisophus himself. 

And the people of Tegea haye an altar which they call 
common to all Arcadians, where there is a statue of Her- 
cules. He is represented as wounded in the thigh with the 
wound be recei?ed in the first fight which he had with the 
sons of Hippocoon. And the lofty place dedicated to Zeus 
Clarius, where most of the altars at Tegea are, is no doubt 
so called from the lots which the sons of Areas cast. And 
the people of Tegea have an annual festival there, and they 
say the Laceda)monians once invaded their territory at the 
time of the festival, and the god sent snow, and they were 
cold, and weary from the weight of their armour, and the 
people of Tegea unbeknown to the enemy lit a fire, (and so 
they were not incommoded with the cold), and put on their 
armour, and went out against them, and overcame them 
in the action. I have idso seen at Tegea the following 
sights, the house of Aleus, and the tomb of Echomus, and 
a representation on a pillar of the fight between Eohemus 
and Hyllus. 

Ab you go from Tegea towards Laoonia, shore it an altar 
of Pan on the left of the road, and another of Lycaoan 
Zens, and ther« are ruins of temples. Their altars are 
about 2 stades from the w^ls, and about seven stades 
further is a temple of Artemis called Limnatis, and a statue 
of the goddess in ebony. The workmanship is called 
iBginntan by the Greeks. And about 10 stades farther are 
ruins of the temple of Artemis Cnaceatis, 



liOOS Tilt.— AROADSA. 149 



CHAPTER LIV. 

THE bonndarj between the districts of the Lacedicmo- 
nians and Tegca is the river Alphens, which rises at 
Phylace, and not far from its source another riyor flows 
into it formed from several unimportant streams, and that 
is why the place is called the Meeting of the Waters. And 
the Alpheus seems in the following particular to be con- 
trary in its nature to all other rivers, it is frequently lost 
in the ground and comes up again. For starting from 
Phylace and the Meeting of the Waters it is lost in tlio 
plain of Tegea, and reappears again at Asea, and after 
mixing its stream with the Eurotos is a second time lost in 
the ground : and emerging again at what the Aroadian-s 
call the Wells, and flowing by the districts of Pisa and 
Olympia, it falls into the sea beyond Cyllcne, the arsenal of 
the people of Elis. Nor can the Adriatic, though a big 
and stormy sea, bar its onward passage, for it reappears at 
Ortygia in Syracuse, and mixes its waters with the 
Arethusa. 

The straight road, leading to Thyrca and the villages in 
the Thyreatic district^ is memorable for containing the 
tomb of Orestes the son of Agamemnon, the people of 
Tegea say that a Spartan removed his remains from thence, 
but in our day there is no tomb within the walls. The 
river Garates also flows by the road, when you have crossed 
it and gone on ten stades you come to a temple of Pan, and 
near it an oak also sacred to Pan. 

The road from Tegea to Argos is very well adapted for 
carriages and is in fact quite a high road. The first thing 
you come to on it is a temple and statue of ^sculapius, 
and after turning to the left for about a stade you come 
to a temple of Pythian Apollo quite fallen to decay and 
in ruins. And on the high road are many oaks and a 
temple of Demeter, called Demeter of Corythes, in a grove 
of oaks, and near it is a temple to Mystic Dionysus. And 
next comes Mount Parihenium, on which is shown an en- 
closure sacred to Telephus, where they say he was exposed 
as a boy and brought up by a doe. And at a little distance 



150 PAU8AKIA8. 

IB the temple of Pan, where both the Atheniane and people 
of Tegea say that Pan appeared to Philippides and had an 
interview with him. Mount Partheniam also has tortoises 
ftdmirablj adapted for making Ijres of, which the men who 
live on the mountain fear to take and will not allow 
strangers to take, for thej consider them sacred to Pan. 
When jon hare crossed over the mountain top yon come 
in what is now Arable land to the boundary oetween the 
districts of Teffea and Argos, vit. Hysin in Argolis. 

These are the diyisions of the PeloponnosCi and the 
towns in the divisions, and the most notable things an each 
towiL 



BOOK IX.— BCEOTIA. 



CHAPTER I. 



BCEOTIA is contignooa to AUica, and Plateaa to Elen- 
thersB. Tho Boeotians got that name for all the raco 
from BcBotns, who thejr saj was the son of Itonns the son 
of Amphictjon and the Nymph Melanippe. Their towns 
are called sometimes after men hat more freqnentlj after 
women. The Platoans were I think the original inhahi- 
tanis of the land, and thej got their name from Platiea 
the daughter of the river-god Asopas. That they were 
originally ruled over by kings is I think clear : for in old 
times kingdoms were ail over Greece, there were no demo- ' 
cratio governments. But the Pl.itoaans know of no other 
kings but Asopus and still earlier Cithaoron, one of whom 
gave his name to the mountain and the other to the river. 
And I cannot but think that Plattea, who gave her name to 
the town, was the daughter of the king Asopus and not 
of the river-god. 

The Plateaans did nothing memorable before the battle 
which the Athenians fought at Marathon, but they took 
part in that struggle after the hinding of Xerxes, and yen- 
tured to embark on ships with the Athenians, and repellcl 
on their own soil Mardonius, the son of Oobryas, the 
General of Xerxes. And it twice happened to them to 
be driTen from their country and again restored to it. 
For in the Peloponnesian war the Lacedeamonians besieged 
and took Plateea ; and when, after the peace which Antalci- 
das the Spartan negotiated lietween the Greeks and the king 
of the Persians, it was reinhabited by the Plateaans who re* 
turned from Athens, a second misfortune was it seems 
destined to come upon them. For war was not openly de- 
clftred against the Thebans, but the Plateaus said that they 
ireio still at peace with them, because when the Lacedn- 



152 lArsANiAd. 

monians occupied Cadmea, thej had no 8haro either in sag- 

C sting it or in bringing it about. The Thebans on the other 
nd said that it was the Lacedosmonians who had brought 
about the peace, and who afterwards when they had violated 
it thought that all had .broken truce. The Platasans there- 
fore, thinking the conduct of the Thebans rather suspicious, 
occupied their town with a strong garrison, and the f armera 
did not even go into the fields which were at some distance 
from the town at every period of the day, but watched for 
the times when the Thebans hold their general meetings, 
and at such times tilled their farms in quiet But Neocles, 
who was at that time Boeotaroh at Thebes, and had noticed 
this canning on the part of the Platsoans, told all the 
Thebans to go armed to the assembly, and led them from 
Thebes not straight across the plain but in the direction of 
Hysin and EloutliersB and Attica, where no outposts had 
been placed by the PlatsDans, and got to the walls about 
mid-day. For the Platieans, thinking the Thebans were 
at their meeting, had shut the gates and gone out to the 
fields. And the Thebans made conditions with those who 
were in the town that they should leave the place before 
sunset, the men with one dress and the women with two. 
At this time the fortune of the Platnana was rather dif- 
ferent from the former occasion when the town was taken 
by the LacedeBmonians and Archidamus. For then the 
Lacedemonians blockaded them and shut them in by a 
double wall so that they could not get out^ whereas now 
the Thebans prevented their getting into the town at all. 
This second capture of Platsoa was the third year after 
Leuctra, when Asteus was Archon at Athens. And the 
town was rased to the ground by the Thebans entirely ex- 
cept the temples, but there was no sack, and the Athenians 
took in the Plataeans a second time. But when Philip was 
Tiotorious at Ghieronea, he introduced a garrison into 
Thebesi and among other things to destroy the Theban 
power, restored the Platmois. — 



UUOK tl. — B(K0TI4. 153 



CHAPTER 11. 

IF you turn off a little to the right from the high road 
' in the PlatsDan district near Mount Cithieron, jou come 
to the ruins of Hjsiie and Erythrsd. They were formerly 
cities, and among the ruins of Hysioe there is still a 
temple of Apollo hnlf-finished, and a Holy Well, of which 
whoever drank in former days prophesied, if we may heliere 
the tradition of the Boeotians. And on your return to the 
high road on the right is what is said to be the tomb of 
Mardonins. It is admitted that the dead body of Mardonius 
was missing after the battle, but as to who buried him 
there are difiTerent traditions. What is certain is that 
Artontes the son of Mardonius gave many gifts to the 
Ephesian Dionysophancs, and also to seveial lonians, for 
not having neglected his father's burial. And this road 
leads from Eleutheno to Platiea. 

As you go from Megara there is a spring on the right 
hand, and a little further a rook called the bed of Aotieon, 
because they say he used to sleep on that rock when tired 
with hunting, and in that spring they say he saw Artemis 
bathing. And Stesichorus of Himera has represented the 
goddess as dressing Actieon in a deerskin, so that his dogs 
should devour him, that he should not be married to 
Semele. But I think that madness came upon the dogs 
of ActcBon without the intervention of the goddess, and if 
they were mad and did not distinguish him they would 
rend in pieces whoever they met. In what part of Mount 
Githieron Pentheus the son of Echion met with his fate^ 
or where they exposed (Edipus after his birth, no ono 
knows, as we do know the cross-roads on the way to Phocis 
where GSdipus slew his father. Mount GitheBron is sacred 
to Zeus of CithflBron, but I shall enter into all that more 
fully, when I come to that part of my subject. 

Near the entrance to Platna is the tomb of those who 
fell fighting against the ^Medes. The other Greeks have one 
common tomb. But the Laoedoomonians and Athenians 
who fell have separate burial-grounds, and some elegiao 
lines of Simonides as their epitaph. And not far from the 



154 FAUSAKIAS. 

common tomb of the Greeks is the altar of Zeos Eleuthe- 
rias. The tombs are of brass, but the altar and statue of 
Zens are of white stone. And they celebrate still every 
fifth year the festival called Eleutheria, in which the chief 
prises are for running : they run in heavy armour in front 
of the altar. And the Greeks set up a trophy about 15 
•tndes from the town for the battle at Platiea. 

In the town of Platasa, as you go on from the altar and 
statue erected to Zeus Eleutherius, is a hero-chapel to 
Plataea, I have already stated the traditions about her and 
my own views. There is also a temple of Hera, well worth 
seeing for its sise and the beauty of the statues. As you 
enter it Rhea is before you carrying to Cronos the stone 
wrapt up ill swaddling-clothes, pretending it was the child 
•he had just given birth to. And the Hera here they call 
Fnll-Grown, her statue is a large one in a standing position. 
Both these statues are in Pentelican marble by Praxiteles. 
There is also another statue of Hera in a sitting position 
by GalHmachns, they call this statue The Bride for the fol- 
lowing reason. 



CHAPTER ni. 

THEY say Hera for some reason or other was displeased 
with Zeus and went to Euboaa, and Zeus when he 
could not appease her went to Cithieron (who ruled at 
Platoa), who was inferior to no one in ingenuity. He re* 
commended Zeus to make a wooden statue and dress it up 
and draw it in a waggon with a yoke of oxen, and give 
out that he intended to marry Platada the daughter of 
Asopns. And he did as CithsBron instructed him. And 
directly Hera heard of it she returned at once, and ap- 
proached the waggon and tore the clothes of the statue, 
and was delighted with the trick when she found a wooden 
image instead of a voung bride, and was reconciled to 
Zeus. In memoxy of this reconciliation they have a fes- 
tival called Dflsdala, because statues were of old called 
d(gddla. And they called them so I think before the times 
of Dedalus the Athenian, the son of Palamaon, for he was 
called Diedalns I take it from liis statues, and not from his 



BOOK IX. — BOSOTIA. 155 

birth up. This IcRiiyal is celebrated by the Platceans every 
Bevonth year, according to what my Antiquarian gnide in- 
formed me, bat renlly at less interval : the exact time how- 
ever between one festival and the next though I wished I 
could not ascertain. The festival is celebrated as follows. 
There is an oak*coppice not far from AlalcomeniB. Of all 
the oaks in Boeotia the roots of these are the finest. When 
the PlatflDans come to this oak-coppice, they place there 
portions of boiled meat. And they do not much trouble 
themselves about other birds, but they watch crows very 
carefully, for they frequent the place, and if one of theni 
seises a piece of meat they watch what tree it sits upon. 
And on whatever tree it perches, they carve their wooden 
image, called dcedaluniy from the wood of this tree. This is 
the way the PlatsDans privately celebrate their little fes- 
tival DflBdala : but the great festival of Diedala is a festival 
for all Boeotia and celebrated every sixth year; for that 
was the interval during which the festival was discontinued 
when the Platieans were in exile. And 14 wooden statues 
are provided by them every vear for the little festivnl 
DflBdala, which the following draw lots for, the Platseans, 
the Coronieans, the Thespians, the Tanagneans, the Ghmro- 
ncans, the Orchomenians, the Lebadeans, and the Thebans : 
for they thought fit to be reconciled with the Plateaus, and 
to join their gathering, and to send their sacrifice to the 
festival, when Cassander the son of Antipater restored 
Thebes. And all the small towns which are of lesser 
note contribute to the festival. They deck the statue 
and take it to the Asopus on a waggon, and place a 
bride on it, and draw lots for the order of the procession, 
and drive their waggons from the river to the top of 
GithflBron, where an altar is prepared for them constructed 
in the following manner. They get square pieces of 
wood about the same size, and pile them up one upon one 
another as if they were making a stone bnilding, and 
raise it to a good height by adding firewood. The chief 
magistrates of each town sacrifice a cow to Hera and a bull 
to ^eus, and they bum on the altar all together the victims 
(full of wine and incense) and the wo<klen images, and 
private people offer their sacrifices as well as the noh, only 
they sacrifice smaller animals as ishecp, and all the sacrifices 



156 PAU8ANIAS. 

are barni together. And the fire oonsumes the altar as well 
as the sacrifices^ the flame is prodigious and visible for an 
immense distance. And about 15 stades lower than the 
top of the mountain where thej build this altar is a cave 
of the Nymphs of Mount GithnroUf called Sphragidion, 
wher6 tsadition sajs those Nymphs prophesied in ancient 



CHAPTER IV. 

THE Plat»ans have also a temple to Arenn AthenCi 
which was built from the spoil given to them by the 
Athenians after the battle of Marathon. The statue of the 
goddess is wooden but gilt over : the head and fingers and 
toes are of Pentelican marble. In size it is nearlr as large 
as the braien one in the Acropolis, (which the Athenians 
dedicated as the firstfruits of the battle at Marathon,) and 
is also the work of Phidias. And there are paintings in 
the temple by Polygnotus, Odysseus having just slain the 
suitors, and by Onatas the first expedition of Adrastus and 
the Argives against Thebes. These paintings are on the 
walls in the vestibule of the temple, and at the base of the 
statue of the goddess is an effigy of Arimnestus, who com- 
manded the Platieaus in the fight against Mardonius and 
atill earlier at Marathon. 

There is also at Platea a temple of Elensinian Demeter, 
and the tomb of Leitus, the only leader of the Boeotians 
tliat returned home after the Trojan war. And the fountain 
Gargaphia was fouled by Mardonius and the Persian cavalry, 
because the Greek army opposed to them drank of it| but 
the PUtieans afterwards made the water pure again. 

As you go from Plataea to Thebes you come to the river 
Oeroe, Oeroe was they say the daughter of Asopns. And 
iiefore crossing the Asopus, if you turn aside and follow 
the stream of the Oeroe for about 40 stades, you come to 
the ruins of Scolus, among which are a temple of Demeter 
and IVoserpine not complete, and half the statues of the 
goddesses. The Asopus is still tho boundary between the 
dintricts of PlatM and Thebes. 



BOOK IX. — B(BOTU. 157 



CHAPTER V. 

THE district of Thebes was they say first inhabited bj 
the Ectenes, whose king was the Aatochthon Ogygus, 
hence many of the poets have called Thebes Ogygiso. And 
the Ectenes they say died off with some pestilence, and 
Thebes was repeopled by the Hyantes and Aones, Boeotian 
races I imagine and not foreigners. And when Cadmus 
and his Phodnician army invaded the land the Hyantes 
were defeated in battle and fled the following night, but 
the Aones wore submissive and were allowed by Cadmns to 
remain in the land and mix with the Phoenicians. They 
continued to live in their villages, but Cadmus built the 
town called to this day Cadmea. And afterwards when 
the town grew, tiadmea was the citadel for lower Thebes. 
Cadmus made a splendid marriage if, according to the 
Greek tradition, he married the danghter of Aphrodite 
and Ares, and his daughters were famous, Semele as the 
mother of a son by Zeus, and Ino as one of the sea god* 
desses. Amongst the gpreatest contemporaries of Cadmus 
were the Sparti, Chthonius and Hyperenor and Pelorus 
and Udfldus: and Echion was chosen by Cadmns as his 
son*in-law for his conspicuous valour. About these men I 
could obtain no further knowledge, so I follow the general 
tradition about the origin of the name Sparti.' And when 
Cadmus migrated to the lUyrians and to those of them who 
were called Enchelians, he was succeeded by his son Poly- 
dorus. And Pentheus the son of Echion had great power 
both from the lustre of his race and the friendship of the 
king, though hd was haughty and impious and justly 

Eunished by Dionysus. The son of Polydorus was Labdacns. 
[e on his death left a son quite a boy, whom as well as the 
kingdom he entrusted to Nycteus. The sequel I have 
alr^y sot forth in my account about Sioyonia, as the cir* 
cumstances attending the death of Nycteus, and how the 
giiardianship of the boy and care of the realm devolved 
upon Lyons the brother of Nycteus : and the boy dying also 

* NaiiMly. thftt tliey ncra aniMd mtn who sprang up from tiM 
drtgon'* iMih ■own bjr CaJmna 



158 riifSAHfAs. 

not long after Jjjcnn became giiard«an for Laiae tlie eon of 
Labdacoe. 

It was daring Ljcma* second goardianship that Amphion 
and Zethos invaded the oonntrjr with a band of men. And 
those who were anxious for the continuance of Cadmus* 
race withdrew Lains, and Ljcns was defeated in battle bj 
the sons of Antiope. And during their reign the/ joined 
the lower town to Cadmea, and called it Thebes from their 
relationship to Tbebe. And I am borne out bj the lines 
of Homer in the Odyssey : ' 

** Who first gave its towers and seyen gates to Thebes, 
^ for though they were strong, they could not dwell in a 
spacious unfortified Thebes." 

As to the legend about Amphion's singing and the walls 
being built as he played on his harp, Homer has made no 
mention of it in his poems. But Amphion was famous for 
music, and from his relationship to Tantalus learnt the 
harmony of the Lydians, and added three strings to the 
lyre, which had previously had only four. And the author 
of the poem about Europa says that Amphion was the 
first who played on the lyre, and that Hermes taught him 
how : and tnat by his strains he drew stones and animals. 
And Myro, the Bysantian poetess who wrote epic and 
elegiac verses, says that Amphion first erected an altar to 
Hermes and received from him the lyre on it It is said 
also that in Hades Amphion paid the penalty for his 
railing Against Leto and her sons. This punishment of 
his is mentioned in the poem called the Minyad, and there 
are references in it both to Amphion and the Thracian 
Thamyris. And when the family of Amphion was destroyed 
by pestilence, and the son of Zethns was slain by his 
mother for some fault or other, and Zethus also died of 
grief, then the Thebans restored Laius to the kingdom. 

When Laius was kine and wedded to Jocasta, &e oracle 
at Delphi told him that he would die at the hands of his son, 
if Jocasta bare him one. And that was why he exposed 
CEdipus, who was fated after all when he grew up to kill 
his father. He also married hia mother. But I do. not 
think he had any children by her. My authority for thia 

^ OdyiMy, id. aea-aes. . 



BOOr IX. — IKEOTIA. 159 

Ticw 18 Homer, who in his Odyssoy has the following 
liues.^ 

" I also saw the mother of CBdipns, heantif ol Epioaste, 
who did a horrible deed, unwittingly marrying her own 
son, for he married her after slaving his father, but soon 
the gods made it publicly known. 

But how could they soon make it publicly known,' if 
CEdipus had 4 children by JocastaP So they were the 
children of Euryganea the daughter of Hyperphas, as is 
shown by the poet who wrote the poems called the (Edi- 
podia. Onatas also painted for the people of Platsda Eury* 
ganea dejected at the quarrels of her sons. And it was in 
the lifetime and during the reign of CEdipus that Polynices 
departed from Thebes, fearing that the curses of his father 
would be fulfilled : and he went to Argos and married the 
daughter of Adrastus, and returned to Thebes after the 
deam of CEdipus, being sent for by Eteocles. And on his 
return he quarrelled with Eteocles, and went into exile 
a second time. And having begged of Adrastus a force to 
restore him, he lost his army and challenged Eteocles to 
single combat. And he and his brother killed each other, 
and as the kingdom devolved upon Laodamas the son of 
Eteocles, Greon the son of Menoeceus ruled as guardian for 
the boy. And when Laodamas grew np and took the reins 
of power, then a second time the Argives led an army 
agamst Thebes. And the Thebans encamping against 
them at Olisas, Laodamas slew in the action ^gialens the 
son of Adrastus, but the Argives gaining the victory Lao« 
damas with those Thebans that were willing to follow him 
withdrew the night following to the Illy nans. And the 
Argives captured Thebes, and delivered it over to Ther- 
sander the son of Polynices. And when some of those who 
were going with Agamemnon to the siege of Troy sailed 
out of their course, and met with a reverse at Mysia, 
then it was that Thersander, who was the bravest of the 
Greeks in the battle, was slain by Telephns, and his tomb 
is in stone as yon drive over the plain of Caions in the 

^ Odynsy, xi. S71-274. 

* Perhaps PausaniM it hyp«r-eritical hert. Is hs not answered by 
the following line in the iir^cvic to CEdipus Tyrannus, Xt/i^ H Of. cf 



160 PAUSAKU8. 

town of Elfldn, in the part of the market-place which is in 
the open air, and the people of the country say that funeral 
rites are paid to him. And after the duath of Thersander, 
when a second fleet was got together against Paris and 
Ilium, they chose Peneleos as their leader because Tisa* 
menus the son of Thersander was not yet old enough. But 
when Peneleos was killed by Eurypylus the son of Tele« 
phus, they chose Tisamenus as their king, the son of Ther- 
sander by Deraonassa the daughter of Amphiaraus. And 
Tisamenus suffered not from the wrath of the Furies of 
Laius and GSdipus, but Autesion his son did, so that he 
migrated to the Dorians at the bidding of the oracle. 
And on his departure they chose as king Damasichthon, 
the son of Opheltes the son of Peneleos. His son was 
Ptolemnus, and his Xanthus, who was slain by Andropom* 
pus in single combat by treachery and not fairly. And 
thenceforward the Thebans resolved to entrust their govern- 
ment to several magistrates, and not to let everything de« 
pend on one man. 



CHAPTER VI. 

OF their successes and reverses in war I found the fol- 
lowing to be the most notable. They were beaten by 
the Athenians in battle, when the Athenians fought on the 
side of the Platieans in the war about borders. Thev were 
beaten a second time by the Athenians in the neighbour- 
hood of Plataea, when they seem to have preferred the 
interests of king Xerxes to those of Greece. The popular 
party was not to blame for that, for at that time Thebes 
was ruled by an oligarchy, and not by their national form 
of government. And no doubt if the barbarian had come 
to Greece in the days when Pisistratus and his sons ruled 
at Athens the Athenians also would have been open to the 
charge of Medising. Afterwards however the Thebans 
were victorious over the Athenians at Delium in the dis« 
trict of Tanagra, when Hippocrates, the son of Ariphron, the 
Athenian General perished with most of his army. And 
the Thebans were friendly with the Lacediemonians directly 
after the departure of the Medes till the war between the 



BOOK tx.— BOedTUU 161 

Polopohnesians and the Athenians: but after the oon- 
clasion of that war, and the destraction of the Athenian 
nayjy the Thebans soon joined the Corinthians against the 
LacedflBmonians. And after being beaten in battle at 
Corinth and Coroneai thej were yietorioas at the famous 
battle of Leaotra, the most famous of all the battles be* 
tween Greeks that we know of, and thej put down the 
decemvirates that the Lacediemonians had established in 
their towns, and ejected the Lacediemoniaa Harmosts. 
And afterwards thej fought continuouslj for 10 years iik 
the Phocian War, cfdled by the Greeks the Sacred W ar. I 
have already in mj account of Attica spoken about the 
reverse that befell all the Greeks at ChsBronea, but it fell 
most heavily on the Thebans, for a Macedonian garrison 
was put into Thebes ; but after the death of Philip and 
accession of Alexander the Thebans took it into their head 
to eject this garrison: and when thev did so the god 
warned them of their coming ruin, and in the temple of 
Demeter Thesmophorus the omens were jast the reverse of 
what thev were before Leuctra : for then the spiders spun 
white webs near the doors of the temple, but now at the 
approach of Alexander and the Macedonians they spun 
black webs. There is also a tradition that it rained ashes 
at Athens thd year before Sulla began the war which was 
to cause the Athenians so many woes. 



CHAPTER Vn. 

AND now the Thebans were expelled from Thebes by 
Alexander, and escaped to Athens, and were restored 
by Cassander the son of Antipater. And the Athenians 
were very friendly in this restoration to Thebes, and the 
Messenians and Arcadians of Meg^opolis also gave their 
help. And I think Cassander restored Thebes chiefly out 
of hatred to. Alexander: for ho endeavoured to dostrojr all 
the house of Alexander! for ho ordered the Macedonians 
(who wore exceedingly angry with her) to stone to death 
Olympias AlvMndert moil^er^ and he poisoned the sons of 
Alexander, Mercules his son by Barsine, and Alexander his 
If. M 



162 riusAKua. 

son bj Boxona. Nor did he himnelf iermihate his life 
happilj, for he was swollen with the drops/, and eaten up 
by worms. And of his sons, Phih'p the eldest not long 
after his accession was taken off oj consamption, and 
Antipater the next killed his mother Thessalonice, the 
daughter of Philip (the son of Amvntas) and Nicasipolis. 
His motiye for putting her to deatn was that she was too 
partial to Alexander lier youngest son. And Alexander 
invited in Demetrius the son of Antigonus, and suc- 
ceeded by his help in deposing his brother Antipater, and 
punishing him for his matricide, but seemed in Deme- 
trius to find rather a murderer than ally. Thus was 
Cassander punished by the gods. In his lifetime the The* 
bans rebuilt all their old walls, but were destined it seemed 
to taste great misfortunes still. For they joined Mithri- 
dates in his war against Rome, I think only out of friend* 
ship to the Athenian people. But when Sulla invaded 
Bceotia panic seized the Thebans, and they repented, and 
tried to get again the friendship of the Romans. But 
Sulla was wroth with them, and found out other means of 
injuring them, and took half their territory on the follow* 
ing pretext. When he began the war with Mithridates he 
was short of money, he collected therefore the Totive offer* 
ingpi from Olvmpia, and Epidaurus, and from Delphi all 
that the Phocians had left. These he distributed among 
his troops, and gave the gods in return half Thebais instead 
of money. The land thus taken away the Thebans after- 
wards got back bv the favour of the Bomans, but in other 
respects became thenceforwards weaker and weaker, and in 
my time the lower part of the city was quite deserted 
except the temples, and the citadel which they still inhabit 
is oatied Thebes and not Cadmea. 



CHAPTER Vin. 

AND when yon have crossed the Asopus, and gone about 
10 stades from Thebes, you come to the ruins of 
Potnias, among which is a grove to Demeter and Proser- 
pine. And the statues by the riyer they call the Potoiaa 



BOOK. tX. — IIOSOTIA. 163 

goddesses. And at a stated season tliej perform other 
cnstomarj rites, and admit sncWinc^ pi^ into what are 
called the Halls : and take them at the same season the 
year following to Dodona, believe it who likes. Here too 
IS a temple of Pionvsas ^gobolns (GocU-killer). For in 
sacrificing to the god on one occasion the people of Potnisd 
were so ontragoous through drunkenness that thej even 
killed the priest of Dionysus : and straightway a pestilence 
came on them, and the oracle at Delphi told them the only 
cure was to sacrifice to Dionysus a growii boy, and not 
many years afterwards they say the god accepted a goat as 
Tictim instead. They also shew a well at Potnies, in which 
they say if the horses of the district drink they go mad. 

As you go from PotnisB to Thebes there is on the right 
of the road a small enclosure and pillars in it : this it is 
thought is the place where the earth opened and swallowed 
np Amphiaratis, and they add that neither do birds sit on 
these pillars, nor do animals tame or wild feed on the g^rass. 

At Thebes within the circuit of the old walls were seven 
gates which remain to this day, and all have their own 
names. The gate Electris is called from Electra the sister 
of Cadmus, and Prudiiii from Prootus, a native of Thebes 
whose date and genealogy it would be difficult to ascertain. 
And the gate NeiiU got its name from the following cir- 
cumstance ; one of the chords in the lyre is called neU^ and 
Amphion discovered this chord at this very gate. Another 
account is that Zethus the brother of Amphion had a son 
called Neis, and that this gate got its name from him. And 
there is the gate OrenoML^ so called from a fountain. And 
there is the gate called Highest^ so called from the temple 
of Highest Zeus. Amd the sixth gate is called Offygia. And 
the seventh gate is called RamoUnB^ this is the most recently 
named gate I think, (as Ogygia is the oldest-named,) and 

¥}t its name from the following circumstnnce. When the 
hebans were beaten in battlo by the Argiyes at Olisas, 
most of them fled with Laodamas the son of Eteocles, but 
part of them shrank from a journey to the Illyrii, and turned 
aside into Thessaly and occupied Homole, the most fertile 
and well-watered of all the Thessalian mountains. And 
when Thersander the son of Polynioes restored them to 
Thebesi they called the gate by which they entered Homolois 



164 PAUCUXIAS. 

in memoiy of Homola As you go from PlaieBa to Thebes 
jon enter bj the gate Electriay and it was here thejr say 
that Capaneas the son of Hipponoas, makinp^ a meet yiolent 
attack on the wallB, was stmck with lightning.^ 



OHAFTEB IS. 

I THINK this war which the Argiyes fonght is the 
most memorable of all the wars which were fooght be« 
tween Greeks in the days of the heroes. For the war 
between the Elensinians and the Athenians, as likewise 
that between the Thebans and the Minyas, was terminated 
by one engagement, and they were soon friends again. Bnt 
the Argive host came from the middle of the Peloponnese 
to the middle of Boeotia, and Adrastns got together allies 
from Arcadia and Messenia. And likewise some merce* 
naries came to help the Thebans from Phocis, as also the 
Phlegyas from the district of the Minyas. And in the battle 
that took place at Ismenins the Thebans were beaten at the 
first onset, and when the^ were routed fled to the city, and 
as the Peloponnesians did not know how to fight against 
fortifications, but attacked them with more seal than jadg- 
ment, the Thebans slew many of them from the walls, and 
afterwards made a sally and attacked them as ihej were 
drawn up in order of battle and killed the rest, so that the 
whole army was cut to pieces except Adrastns. But the 
battle was not without heaypr loss to the Thebans, and oyer 
since they call a yictory with heavy loss to the victors a 
Cadmean victory.* And not many years afterwards those 
whom the Greeks call Epigoni marched against Thebes with 
Thersander. Their army was clearly swelled not only from 
Argolis, but also from Messenia and Araidia, and from 
Corinth and Megara. And the Thebans were aided by 
their neighbours, and a sharjp fight took place at Glisas, 
well contested on both sides. But the Thebans were beaten, 
and some of them fled with lAodamas, and the rest were 
reduced after a blockade. Tho epic poem called the Thel)ais 

> 8m JBsehylai, tofm «Mi<Mi TMiu, 413 aq. 



BOOK IX.— B(B0TI1. 1C5 

has reference to this war. CalHniis who mentions that 
poem says that it was written bj Homer, and his view is 
held bj several respectable authorities. But I think it is 
of a later date than the Iliad and Odjssejr. Bat let this 
aooonnt snffice for the war between the Aleves and the. 
Thebans about the sons of QSdipos. 



CHAPTEB X. 

NOT far from the gates is a large sepulchre to all those 
who fell in battle against Alexander and the Mace* 
donians. And at no great distance they show the place 
where they say, believe it who will, that Cadmus sowed 
the teeth of the dragon that he slew by the well, and that 
the ground produced a crop of armed men itom these 
teeth. 

And there is a hill sacred to Apollo on the right of the 
gates, the hill and the god and the river that flows by are 
all called. Ismenius. At the approach to the temple are 
statues of Athene and Hermes in stone, called gods of 
the Vestibule, Hermes by Phidias and Athene by Scopas, 
and next comes the temple itself. And the statue of 
Apollo in it is in sice and appearance very like the one 
at BranchideB. Whoever has seen one of these statues and 
learnt the statuary's name will not need much sagacity, if 
he sees the other, to know that it is by Canachus. But 
they differ in one respect, the one at Branchidas being in 
bronse, the Ismeniaa m cedarwood. There is here also the 
stone on which they say Manto the daughter of Tiresias 
sate. It is near the entrance, and its name even to this 
day is Mahto*s seat. And on the right of the temple ore 
two stone statues, one they say of Henioche the other 
of Pyrrha, both daughters of Greoui who ruled as guardian 
of Laodamas the son of Eteocles. And still at Thebes 
I know they choose annually a lad of good family^ 
good looking and strong, as priest to Ismenian Apollo : 
his title is kurel-beareri because these lads wear crowns 
of laurel-leaves. I do not know whether, all who wear 
these laurel crowns must dedicate to the* god a braien 
tripod, and I don't think that can be the usage, for I did not 



166 PAI*8AH1A8. 

•ee many tripods so offered. Bnt the wealthioet lade cer- 
totnlj do offer ihMie tripods. !(i8p<X3ia1l^ notcible for age 
and the oelebriiy of the porson who* gaye it is that giren bj 
Amphitijon, Hercules wearing the laarel orown. 

Somewhat higher than the temple of Apollo Ismentns 
yon wiU see the spring which is they say saored to AreSf 
who placed a dragon there to gnard ii Near it is 
the tomb of OaanthnSi who was they say the brother of 
Melia and the son of Ooeanns, and was sent by his father to 
seek for his sister who had been oanied off. Bat when he 
f onnd Apollo with Melia he oonld not take her away, so he 
dared to set the grove of Ismenian Apollo on fire, and the 
ffod transfixed him with an arrow, so the Thebans say, and 
here is his tomb. And they say Melia bare Apollo two 
sons Teneros and Ismenios, to Tenems Apollo gare the 
power of diTinaticm* and Ismenias gave his name to the 
rirer. Not that it was without a name before, if indeed it 
was called Ladon before the birth of Apollo's son Isme- 
niiu. 



OHAPTBB XL 

ON the left of the gate called Eleotris are the rains of 
the house where they say Amphitryon dwelt, when he 
fled from Tir^ns owing to tho death of Electiron. And 
among the rums is to be seen the bridaUbed of Alcmena, 
which was made they say for Amphitryon by Trophonins 
and Agamedes, as the inscription states, 

** When Amphitryon was going to marry Alcmena, he 
oontriyed this bridal-bed for himself, and Anchasian Tro« 
phonius and Agamedes made it/' 

This is the inscription which the Thebans say is written 
here : and they also show the monument of the sons of 
Hercules by Megara, giying a yery similar account about 
their death to that which Stesichqms of Himera and 
Panyasis haye written in their poems. Bat the Thebans 
add that Hercules in his madness wished also to kill 
Amphitryon, but sleep came upon him in oonseqnence of a 
blow from a stone, and they say Athene threw the stonoi 



BOOK IX. — BOSOTU. 167 

whicb thej call Composer. There too are some stataes of 
women on a figare, rather indistinot from. age, the Thebans 
call them Sorceresnes, and say that they were sent by Hera 
to prevent Alomena from ohildbirth. Aocordinglj they 
tried to do so, bat Historis the danffhter of Tiresias played 
a trick on them, she cried out in their hearing, and 
they ihonght Alcmena had jnst given birth to a ohUd, so 
they went away deoeiTed, and then they say Alomena bare' 
i^boy. 

Here too is a temple of Heronles called Ohampion, his 
statue is of white stone by Xenocritas and Eabins, both 
Thebans : the old wooden statue the Thebans think is by 
Diodalus and I think so too. He made it, so the story 
ffoes, in retam for an act of kindness. For when he 
fled from Crete the boats he made were not large enongh 
both for himself and Icarus his son, and he also employed 
sails, an inrention not known in his day, that he might 
get the advantage of the boats of Minos (which were only 
rowed) by availing himself of a favourable wind, and he 
got off safe, but Icarus steering his boat rather awkwardly 
it upset they say, and he was drowned, and his dead bodv 
carried by the waves to an island beyond Samos whicn 
then had no name. And Hercules found and recognised 
the corpse, and buried it, where now is a mound of no 
great size, by the promontory that juts out into the 
^gean Sea. And the island and the sea near it got their 
names from Icarus. And on the gables Praxiteles has 
carved most of the 12 Labours of Hercules, all in short but 
the killing of the Stymphelian birds, and the cleansing^ of 
the country of Elis, and instead of these is a representation 
of the wrestling with Antoous. And when Throsybulus the 
son of Lyons and the Athenians with him put down the 
Thirty Tyrants, (they had started from Thebes on their 
return from exile), they offered to this temple of Hercules 
colossal statues of Athene and 'Hercules in Pentelican 
marble, by Alcamenes. 

Near the temple of Hercules are a cymnasium and 
rncocourso both called after the god. And beyond the 
stone Composer is an altar of Apollo Spodius, made of 
the ashes of the victims. There is divinntion there 
by omens, which kind of divination I know the people 



168 . nmuoMM. 

ei Smjnm mm more Um all the oUmt Grades for Hmj 
lum oateicb thflir walk UjmA the eiij n Temple of 



OHAFTEB Zn 

HTHS Thebasa aaed ol old to aaorifiee bulla to ApoDo 
J- Spodioa: bat on one oocaaioii daring the featiTal when 
the time for the aacrifioe draw nigh, ud thoaa who had 
been aent for the ball did not come with it| thej aaori* 
fioed to the god one ol the oxen in a waggon thai 
chaneed to be near^ and ainoe thai time thej haje aaeri* 
ficed oxen emplojed in laboar. They alao tell ihia iradi* 
iion, that Oadmoa when traTolling from Delphi to Phocia 
waa guided on hia jonmej bya cow which he had parohaaed 
from ihe herda of Pdagon^ which had on each aide a 
white mark like the orb of the moon ai the falL Cadmna 
and all the army with him wane according to the oracle to 
make their home where the cow ahould lie down tired. 
Thia apoi they ahow. There in the open air ia an altar and 
ataioe of Aibene, erected they aay by Gadmoa. To those 
who think that Ckdmoa came to Thebes from Egypt and 
not from Pboonicia thia name of Athene affords ref atation : 
for ahe is called Onga which is a PboBoician word, and not 
by the Egyptian name Sais. And the Thebana say that 
the honse of Cadmos waa originally in Uiat pari of the cita- 
del where the market-place now ia; and they ahew the 
rnina of ihe bridal chambera of Harmonia and Semde» thia 
last they do not allow men to enter eren to thia day. And 
ihoae Greeka who belieye thai the Mases sang ai ti^e mar- 
riage of Harmonia say that ihia spot in ihe marketplace ia 
where they sang. There is also a tradition thai together with 
the lighining thai sirack the bridal-chamber of Semele fell 
a piece of wood from hearent and Polydoras they say 
adorned thia piece of wood with brass, and called it Diony* 
ana Gadmas. And rerr near ia the statne of Dionysns, 
made by Onasimedes of brass throaghout, the altar was 
made by the sons of Prazitelea. 

There b alao the staino of Pronomns, a man moat atirao- 
i&Te aa a flnte-player. for a long time flate-playera had 



BOOK IX.*-B(K0T1A 169 

only ihreo kinds of Antes, and some played in the Dorinn 
sneasnre, and other kinds of flutes were adapted to the 
Phrygian and Lydian measui^es. And Pronomns was the 
first who saw that flutes were fit for every kind of measure, 
and was the first to play different measures on the same flute. 
It is said also that by the appearanoe of his features and 
the motion of all his body he g^ve wonderful pleasure iii 
the theatre, and a prooessional song of his is extant for the 
dwellers at Chalois near the Enripus who came to Delos. 
To him and to Epaminondas the son of Polymnis tho 
Thebans ereoted statues here* 



CHAPTER XIII. 

EPAMINONDAS was of illustrious descent, but his 
father was rerv poor even for au average Theban, and 
he learnt very carefully the national education, and when 
he was quite a stripling went to school to Lysis the Taren* 
tine, who had been a pupil of Pythngoras of S.imos. And, 
when the LacedeBmonians were at war witli the Llnntincans, 
Epaminondas is said to have been sent amongst otiiers from 
Thebes to aid the Lacededmonians. And when Pelopidas 
was wounded in the battle, he ran great risks <o bring him 
out of it safe. And afterwards when Epaminondas went 
on an embassy to Sparta, when the Lacedsamonians agreed 
to ratify with the Greeks the peace known as the peace of 
Antalcidas, and Agesilans asked him if the Thebans would 
allow the various towns in Boootia to subscribe to the peace 
separately, " Not,*' he answered, " Spartans, until we see 
your neighbonring towns setting Us the example." And 
when war at last broke out between the Lacedsamonians 
and the Thebans, and the LacedeBmonians attacked the 
Thebans with their own forces and those of their allies, 
Epaminondas with part of his army stationed himself near 
the marsh Cephisis, as the Peloponncsiaus were going to 
make their attaok in that quarter, but Cleombrotus the king 
of the Lacodiemoniaus turned aside to Ambrosus in Phocis, 
and after slaying ChiereaB, who had been ordered to guard 
jbhe by-roads, and the men who were with him, passed by 




130 

•ad goiio Leaelm n 
Am if awWiMWiiiM geaenll J luid porteals horn ^bm gods. 
TIm SfiftHMi kiiif^ wlien Umj wit o«i to wsr «Md to ba 
•ccwpinifd bjr Hoeka of sheefi^ to wicriSce to Um gods and 
to gifo them good omemm beloito baftko Theao flocks w«o 
kdlijftpsiiMkrlmidolgosttbat tho shcphofds called 
nrfirtsifrr And on Uiis occaskm sobm wolves stimrkni tlio 
I but did BolMrmio tlio stwef^ ad j ( 
I is Slid to bavo coom mpam^ ' 
m coasemifeco of tlio dsogliton of 
livod st Lesdraaiid had two daaglifen Molpia and Hippa 
They wets rtrj baaatif a! and two Lacedgmoniaiia, Plmiiar» 
du^w and Partbenina, iniqaitoaiily Tidaled tbean, and tbof 
lortbwitb bang tbemsdvet, for Uua ontrago waa mom tbaa 
tbcj conld bttr: and Sccdaaaa, wbon bo could get no 
lepaiation at Lacedsmon iofr tbia ontiage^ leturned to 
Lenctim and committed aoicida. TbenEpamiaondaaoffBrad 
faneial ritea to Scedaaaa and bia dai^^iteia, and Towed 
tbat a battle aboold take pbu« tbece^ aa mncb for tbeir 
vengeance aa for tba aalat J of Tbebea. Bat tbe Bosotaicba 
weio not all of tbe aameTiew, bnt differed in tbeir opiniona. 
Epaainondaa and ICalgia and Xenocrateawera for engaging 
tbe Iiai'iwUMnoniana witboot delaj, wbereaa DamorKdaa and 
DaoMipbilaa and Simangebia were against an engagement^ 
and recommended tbe witbdrawal of tbe women and cbil- 
dren into Attica, and tbat tbegr abonld tbemaelTea prepare 
fornaiege. Tbna tboToteaof tbeaixwereeqaalljaiTided, 
bot tboTotecl tbe 7tb BoDotardi on bia retom totho camp^ 
Hie bad been on tbe look-ont at Citberont and bb name waa 
BacebTlidea)»being giTcnoo tbe aide of Epaminondaa. it waa 
agreed to atduereiTtbing on a battle. Now Epaminondaa 
bad aBspiciona aboat tbe fidelity of acTeral of tbe BoBotiana 
cepedally tbe Tbe^iana^ fearing tberef ore tbat tbey would 
deeert in tbe battle, be gaye leavo to wboerer woold to go 
bome^ and tbe Tbespiana went off in foil force, and an j 
otberBoMtaanawbobadillwilltotbeThebana. Andwben 
tbe engagement came on, tbe alliea of tbe Lacedemonian^ 
wbo bad prerioaalj not been orerwell' pleased witb tbem, 
openljf showed tbeir bostility hj not standing their ground, 
bat giring waj wbererer tbe en^my attacked. Bat the 
battle between the La.'vdmnoniaaa and the Thebana waa 



BOOK IX. — ^BCBOTIA. 171 

well contested, the former relying on their long military: 
experience and ashamed to impair the old prestige of Sparta, 
while the latter saw that the fate of their oonntrj their 
wives and children was staked on the resnlt of this fight; 
Bnt after many Lacediemonians of high rank had fallen 
as also their king Gleombrotns, then the Spartans thongh 
hard pressed felt obliged to continue the combat, for 
amongst the Lacediemonians it was considered most dis^ 
graoef ai to allow the dead body of one of their kings to 
remain in the hands of the enemy. 

This victory of the Thebans was the most notable of all 
Tictories won by Greeks over Greeks : for the Lacedesmo^ 
nians on the next day instead ofrenemng the haitU purposed 
burying their dead, and sent a herald to the Thebans to 
ask leave to do so. And Epaminondas knowing that it 
was always the custom of the Lacednmonians to conceal 
their losses, said that their allies must first bury their dead, 
and afterwards he would permit the LacedsBmonians to 
bury theirs. And as some of the allies had none to bury, 
(as none of them were killed), and others had lost only a 
few, the Lacediemonians buried their dead, and thus it was 
clear that most of the dead were Spartans. Of the The* 
bans and Boeotians who remained to share in the battle 
there fell only 47 men, while the LacedeBmonians lost more 
than 1,000. 



CHAPTER XIV. 

DIRECTLY after the battle Epaminondas allowed all 
the other Peloponnesians to depart to their homes, 
but the Laoedaamonians he kept shut up at Leuctra. But 
when he heard that the Spartans were coming in full forco 
to their relief, then he allowed them to depart on conditions 
of war, for he said that it was better to fight on LacedoBmo* 
nianthan Boeotian ground. And the Thespians, looking 
with regret at their past ill-will to the Thebans and with 
anxiety at . their present .fortunes, thoifight it best to 
abandon their own city and flee to Coressus, a fortified 
place belonging to them, into which they had formerly 
thrown themsdves when the Thessalians invaded their 



172 P1U8ANIA8. 

oonniiT. Bat the Thessalians on thai occasion, as they 
seemed hardly likely to capture Ceressns consulted the 
oracle at Delphi, and this was the response they reooiyed. 
** Shady Leuctra and the Alesian soil are dear to me, dear 
to me too are the unfortunate daughters of Scedasus. In 
the future looms a lamentahle battle there : but no one 
shall capture it till the Dorians lose the flower of their young 
men, when its day of fate shall liave come. Then shall 
Ceressns be captured, but not before." 

And now when Epaminondas had captured Ceressns, 
and taken captive the Thespians who had fled for refuge 
there, he forthwith turned his attention to affairs in the 
Peloponnese, as the Arcadians eagerly invited his co-opera- 
tion. And when he went to the Peloponnese he made the 
Argives his voluntary allies, and restored the Mantineans, 
who had been dispersed in villages by Agesipolis, to Man* 
tinea, and, as the small towns of the Arcadians were in* 
secure, he persuaded the Arcadians to evacuate them, and 
established for them one large town still called Megalopolis. 
By this time Epaminondas' period of office as Boeotarch had 
expired, and the penalty for continuing office lonp^r was. 
death. But Epaminondas, considering the law an illtimed 
one, disregarded it and continued Boeotarch : and marched 
with an army against Sparta and, as Agesilaus declined a 
combat, turned his att^tion towards colonizing Messene, 
as I have shewn in my account of Messenia. And mean* 
time the Thebau allies overran Laconia and plundered it, 
scouring over the whole country. This induced Epami* 
nondas to take the Thebans back into Boeotia. And when 
he got with his army as far as Lechasum, and was about to 
pass through a narrow and difficult defile, Iphicrates the 
■on of Timotheus with a force of Athenians and some 
ftargeteers attacked him. And Epaminondas routed them 
and nursned them as far as Athens, but as Iphicrates 
would not allow the Athenians to go out and fight, he re* 
turned to Thebes. And there he was acquitted for con* 
tinning Boeotarch beyond the proper time : for it is said 
thai none of the judges would pass sentence upon him* 



BOOK IX.— DOiOTIA. 173 



CHAPTER XV. 

AND after this irlicu Atcsander the ruler in Thessaly 
with a high band treachoronsly imprisoDed Pelopidasi. 
(who had come to his court as to a ruler who was personally 
a friend of his and publiolv a friend of the Theban people), 
the Thebans immediately marched against Alexander, 
putting at their head Gleomenes and Hjpatns who were 
then Boeotarohsi and Epaminondas happened te be one of 
the force. And when they were Qcar Pjlsa, Alexander who 
lay in ambush attacked them in the pass. And when thdy 
saw their condition was desperate, then the soldiers gave the 
command to Epaminondas, and the Bceotarchs willingly 
conceded the command. And Alexander lost his confi« 
dence in victoryl when he saw that Epaminondas had taken 
the command, and gave up Pelopidas. And during the 
absence of Epaminondas the Thebans drove the Orchomo^ 
nians out of their country. Epaminondas looked on this 
as a misfortune, and said the Thebans would nerer have 
committed this outrage had he been at home. And as he 
was chosen Boeotarch again, he marched with an array tO 
the Peloponnese again, and beat the Lacedsamonians in 
battle at Lechesum, and also the Achieans from Pollene and 
the Athenians who were under the command of Ghabrias. 
And it was the rule with the Thebans to ransom all their 

Srisoners, except Boeotian deserters, whom they put to 
eath. But Epaminondas after capturing a small town of 
the Sicyonians called Phosbia, where were a good many 
Boeotian deserters, contented himself with leaving a stigma 
upon them by calling them each by the name of a different 
nationality. And when be got with his armv as far as 
Mantinea, he was killed in Uie moment of victory by an 
Athenian. The Athenian who killed Epaminondas is irepre- 
sented in a painting at Athens of the cavalry-skirmish to 
have been Gr^Uus, the son of that Xenophon who took part 
in the expedition of Cvms against king Artazerzesi and 
who led the Greeks back again to the sea. 

On the statue of Epaminondas are four elegaic lines 
about him, that tell how he restored Messene^ and how 



174 .. PAV8ANIA8.. 

the Greeks got their freedom through him These are the 
lines. 

** Sparta cot off the glorr from ocr counoils, hat in time 
laored Messene got back her children. Megalopolis was 
Crowned by the arms of Thebesi and all Greece became 
Utonomons and free.** 

Bach were the glorions deeds of Epaminondas. 



CHAPTER XVL 

AND at no great distance from the statae of Epaminon- 
das is the temple of Ammon, the statae by Calamis 
and a yotive offering from Pindar, who also sent a Hirmn 
in honoar of Ammon to the Ammonians in Libya, which 
Hymn is now inscribed on a triangnlar pillar near the altar 
which Ptolemy the son of Lagas dedicated to Ammon. 
Next to the temple of Ammon the Thebans haye what is 
called Tiresias' tower to observe the omens, and near it is a 
temple of Fortane carrying in her arms Wealth as a child. 
The Thebans say that Xenophon the Athenian made the 
hands and face of the statae, and Gallistonicas a natiye of 
Thebes all the other parts. The idea is ing^nioas of patting 
Wealth in the hands of Fortane as her mother or narse, as 
is also the idea of Cephisodotaa who made for the Athe^ 
nians a statae of Peace holding Wealth. 
• The Thebans haye also some wooden stataes of Aphro- 
dite, so ancient that they are said to be yotiye offerings of 
Harmonia, made oat of the wood of the ganwales of the 
ships of Cadmas. Ono they call the Celestial Aphrodite, 
the other the Pandemian, and the third the Heart-Tamer. 
Harmonia meant by these titles of Aphrodite the follow* 
injB^. The Celestial is a pare loye and has no connection 
•with bodily appetite, the Pandemian is the common ynlgar 
sensnal loye, and thirdly the goddess is oalled Heart-Tamer 
becanse she tarns the heart of men away by lawless passion 
and nnholy deeds. For Harmonia knew that many bold 
deeds had been done in lawless passion both among the 
Greeks and barbarians, each as were afterwards sang by 
'•poets, as. the legends abont the mother of Adonis, and 



BOOS IX.— B(EOTIA. 175 

Fhaddra the daughter of Minos, and the Thracian Tereas. 
And the temple of Law-giying Demeter was thej say for* 
merly the house of Gadmas and his descendants. And the 
statae of Demeter is onlj yisible down to the chest. And 
there are some brazen shields hung np here, which thej sa/ 
belonged to some of the Lacededmohian notables that fell at 
Lenctra. 

At the gate called Proetis is a theatre, and near it the 
temple of Lysian Dionysus. The god was so called be* 
cause, when some Thebans were taken captive by the 
Thracians, and conducted to Haliartia, the god freed them, 
and gave them an opportunity to kill the Thracians in their 
sleep. One of the statues in the temple the Thebans say is 
Semele. Once every year the temple is open on stated 
days. There are also the ruins of the house of Lycus, and 
the sepulchre of Semele, it cannot be the sepulchre of 
Alcmene, for when ^he died she became a stone. But the 
Theban account about her differs from the Megarian : in 
fact the Ghreek traditions mostly vary. The Thebans have 
here also monuments of the sons and daughters of Amphion, 
the two sexes apart 



CHAPTER XVII. 

AND next is the temple of Artemis Eudea, the statue of 
the goddess is by Scopas. They say the daughters of 
Antipoenus, Androolea and Alcis, are buried in this temple. 
For when Hercules and the Thebans were going to engage 
in battle with the Orchomenians, an oracle informed them 
that, if any one of their most notable oitisens in respect to 
birth was willing to commit suicide, they would obtain 
victory in the war. To Antipoenus, who was of most illus- 
trious descent, it did not appear agreeable to die for the 
people, but his daughters oad no objuction^ so they com- 
mitted suicide and were honoured accordingly. In front 
of the temple of Artemis Eadea is a lion in stone^ which 
was it is said a Totive offering of Hercnies, ^ben he had 
vanquished in battle the Orchomenians and their king 
Brgu&ns the son of Clymenus. • And .near it is a statue of 



176 PAOSAKIAfl. ^ 

Apollc Boedromina, and one of Horines Agorcmfl; tbiB last 
the votive ofTering of Pindar. Tht* funeral pile* of the 
children of Amphion is abont half a stade from their 
tombs, the ashes still remain. And near the statue of 
Amphitryon are they say two stone statues of Athene Zos- 
teria (the Qirder\ and they say Amphitryon armed himself 
here, when he was on the point of engaging the Eabceans 
and Ghalcodon. The ancients called putting on one's 
armour girding oneself: and they say that when Homer 
represents Agamemnon as having a belt like Ares, he refers 
to his armour.^ 

A mound of earth not ver;^ high is the sepulchre of 
Zethus and Amphion. The inhabitants of Tithorea in 
Phocis like to carry away earth from this mound when the 
Sun is in Taurus, for if they take of this soil then, and put 
it on the the tomb of Antiope, their land gains in fertility 
while the Theban loses. So the Thebans guard the 
sepulchre at that time of the year. And these two cities 
believe this in consequence of the oracles of Bacis, in which 
the following lines occur. 

' Whenever a native of Tithorea shall pour libations on 
the earth to Amphion and Zethus, and offer prayers and 
propitiations when the Sun is in Taurus, then be on your 
guard against a terrible misfortune coming on your citv : 
for the fruits of the earth will suffer a blight, if they take 
of the earth and pnt it on the sepulchre of Phocns." 

Bacis calls it the sepulchre of Phocns for* the followiiig 
reason. Dirce^ the wife of Lycus, honoured Dionysus 
more than any of the gods, and when she suffered accord- 
ing to the tradition a cruel death* he was angry with 
Antiope : and the excessive wrath of the gods is somehow 
fatal. They say Antiope went mad and wandered over all 
Greece out of her mind, and that Phocus the son of 
Omytion the son of Sisyphus fell in with her and cured 
hers and made her his wife. And certainly Antiope and 
Phocus are buried together. And the stones by the tomb 
of Amphion, which lie abont in* no particular order, are 
they say those which followed Anfphioh's music. Similar 
legends are told of Orpheus^ how the animals followed his 
harping. 
» Sit Iliad, iL47S, 479. * 8te ths ttofy la Fkoptrauf, iv. lA. 



BOOK IX. — ^BOBOTIA. 177 



CHAPTER XVIII. 

THE road to Ohalcis from Thebes is by the gate Prcetifi. 
On the high road is the tomb of Melanippus, one of 
the gpreatest warriors of the Thebans, who, when the Ar» 
gives besieged Thobes, slew Tydeus and Mecistens one of 
the brothers of Adrastns, and was himself slain they say 
by Amphiaraus. And very near this tomb are three mde 
stones, the Thebm antiquarians say that Tydens was 
bnried here, and that he was interred by MiBon. And they 
confirm their statement by the following line from the 
Iliad, 

**Tydeu8, who lies 'neath mound of earth at Thobet.*^ 

And next are the tombs of the children of Qiidipns, I 
have not myself seen the faneral rites performed to their 
memory, but I have received trustworthy accounts. The 
Thebans say that they offer funeral sacrifices to several 
heroes as well as to the children of (Edipus, and that dnring 
these sacrifices the flame and smoke divide. I was induced 
to credit this from the following thing which I have myself 
seen. In Mvsia above Oaicus is a small city called Pionies, 
whose founaer was they say Pionis one of the descendants 
of Hercules, and when they are celebrating his funeral 
sacrifices the smoke rises up from the tomb spontaneously. 
I have myself seen this. The Thebans also show the tomb 
of Tiresias, about 15 stades distant from the tomb of the 
children of (Edipus : but they admit that Tiresias died in 
Haliartia, so that they allow the tomb here to be a 
cenotaph. 

The Thebans also shew the tomb of Hector the son of 
Priam near the Well of CBdipus. They say that his re- 
mains were brought here from Ilium in accordance with 
the following oracle. 

*' Te Thebans, who ii^habit the city of Cadmus, if ye 
wish TOUT oountrv to onjoy abundant wealth, bring to your 
oitv from Asia Minor the bones of Hector the son of 
Pnam, and respect the hero at the suggestion of Zeus.** 
•xif. 114. 

II. K 



178 PA08AHIAB. 

The Well is called CBdipns' Well, beonnse he washed off 
in it the blood of his father's murder. And near the Well 
is tiie tomb of Asphodicns, who slew in the battle against 
the Argives Parthenopieas the son of Talans, (according to 
the tradition of the Thebans, for the verses in the Thebais 
aboat the death of ParthenopedoB say that Peridymenns 
killed him). 



CHAPTER XIX. 

ON this high-road is a place sailed Tenmessusi where 
thej say Earopa was nidden by Zeas. And there is 
also a tradition about a fox of Teumessus, that it was 
brought up to hurt the Thebans through the wrath of 
Dionysus, and that, when it was about to be taken by the 
dog which Artemis gave to Procris the daughter of Erech* 
thens, both dog and fox were turned into stone. There is 
also at Teumessus a temple of Athene Telchinia without a 
statue: as to her title Telchinia one may infer that some, 
of the Telchinians, who formerly dwelt at Cyprus and who 
migrated into Boootia, erected this temple to her under 
that title. 

On the left of Teumessus about 7 stades further you 
come to the ruins of Olisas, and before them on the right 
of the road is a small mound shaded by a wild wood, and 
some trees have been planted there. It is the tomb of 
those that went with ^gialeus the son of Adrastus on 
the expedition against Thebes, and of several noble Argives, 
and among them Promachus the son of Partbenopfens. 
The tomb of ^gialens is at Pagsa, as I have previously 
shown in my account about Megara. As you go on the 
high road from Thebes to Glisas is a placet surrounded 
by unhewn stones, which the Thebans call the head of the 
serpent They say this serpent lifted its head out of its hole, 
ana Tiresias passing by chopped its head o£E with his 
sword. That is how the place got its name. And above 
OUsas is a mountain called Highest, and on it is the 
temple and altar of Highest Zeus. And the torrent here 
they call Thermodon. And as you turn towards Teumes- 
sus on the road to Chalcis is the tomb of Chalcodon, who 



ItOOK IX.— IKEOTU. 179 

was slain by Amphitryon in the battle fonght by the 
Eaboeans against the Thebans. And next come the rntns of 
the towns of Harma and MvcalessuSy the former was so 
called according to the tradition of the people of Ttinagra 
because the chariot of Amphiarans disappeared here, and 
not where the Thebans say it did. And Myoalessns was 
so called they state beoanse the cow that led Cadmns and 
his army to Thebes lowed here. 

I have described in my account of Attica how Myca* 
lessas was depopulated. In it near the sea is a temple of 
Mycalessian Demeter : which they say is shut and opened 
again every night by Heroules, who they say is one of the 
Idadan Daotyli. The following miracle tikes place here. 
At the feet of the statue of Demeter they put M>me of the 
fruits of Autumn, and they remain fresh all the year. 

At the place where the Euripus parts Eubcea from Bceotia, 
as you go forward a little on the right of the temple of Myca* 
lossian Demeter you come to Aulis, so called they say from 
the daughter of Ogygus. There is here a temple of Artemis 
and two stone statues of her, one holding torches, and tho 
other like an archer They say that when the Greeks ip 
accordance with the oracle of CiJohas were about to sacrifice 
Iphigenia, the goddess caused a doe to bo sacrificed instead. 
And they keep in the temple the remains of the plane«tree 
which Homer has mentioned in the Iliad.' It is also said 
that the wind at Anlis was not favourable to the GreekSi 
but when at last a favourable wind appeared then everyone 
sacrificed to Artemis what each had, male and female 
victims, and since then it has been customary at Aulis to 
accept all kinds of victims. There are shown here too the 
well near which the plane tree grows, and on a hill near 
the tent of Agamemnon a brazen threshold. And some 
palm trees grow before the temple, the fruit of which is 
not throughout good to eat as m Palestine, but ih^ are 
more mellow than the fruit of the palm-trees in loniri. 
There are not many inhabitants at Aulis, and all of them 
are potters. The people of Tanagra inhabit this distriot» 
and all about MycMOBsus and Harma. 

>'lliaa,iLS07,Sia 



180 riusAMiAS. 



CnAPTER XX. 

IK tlMii part of the diatriek of Ttoagra niw the na is a 
place called DeHam, in whioh are atalaea of AHamia 
and Leio. And Uia people of Tanagra say their fonnder 
was PcBmandcr, the son of Chttresilaos the son of lasins 
the SOB of Eknthor, who was the son of ApoUo b/ iBthasa 
the danghter of Poseidon. And Fcomander they say married 
Tmagra the daughter of /IWns, though Corinna in her 
Terses about her rars that she was the daughter of Asopus. 
As her life was prolonged to a Tery advanced age they say 
that the people who lived roundabout called her Oraia, and 
in proeess of time called the eiiy so too. And the name re> 
mioned so long that Homer qpeaks of the eity by thai name 
in hia Catalogue^ in the line 

^ IhtuBttLf Mid QnuAy uid nMwiiMn Mvcftlmai.* * 

But in process of time it got its old name Tanagia baek^ 
again 

At Tanagra is the tomb of Orion, and the mountain 
GeryeinSy where they say Hermea was reared. Thero ia 
also the jdace called Polus« where they say AUas sits and 
meditates on things under Uie earth and things in heaven, 
of whom Homer writes, 

** Danghter of astute Atlas, who knows the depths of 
erery sea, and who by himself supnorts the lofty pillars, 
whidi keep apart earth and heaven. * 

And in the temple of Dionysus the statue of the god by 
Oalamis in Pkrian stone is well worth looking at, but more 
wonderful still is a statue of Triton. And a legend about 
Triton of hoar antiquity saya thai the women of Ttmagra 
before the orgiea of Dionysus bathed in the sea to P^f 
thesMelves, and as they were swimming about Triton 
ssBsilfd them, and they preyed Dionysus to oome to th«r 
aid, and the god heirkened to them and oonquered Triton 
after a fight with him. Another legend lacks tho antiquity 
of this, but is more plausible. It relatea that, when tlio 
herds were driven to the sosi Triton lay in ambush and 



HOOK i!c.— n(EOTr\. 181 

orried some of tlietu otT. Ho a)^o |>lundc!ed ^tnall ve&scls, 
till the people of Tanagra RWed a Ik»w1 full of wine for him. 
And he came to it attracted they .s:ty hy its aromai and 
drank of it and fell asleep and tumbled down the rocks, 
and a man of Tanagra smote his bead off with an axe. And 
for this reason his statae has no head. And bcciase he 
was capfnred when drank they think he was killed 1^ 
Dionysus. 



CHAPTER XXI. 

I HAVE also seen another Triton among the Cariosities 
at Rome, bat not so big as this one at Tanngra. This 
is the appearance of Tritons : the hair on their head is like 
frog-wort in the marshes, and one hair is not to be dis* 
ttneaished from another, the rest of their body is rough 
with thin scales like the shark. Under their ears they have 
the gills of a fish, and the noso of a man but a somewhat 
larger mouth nnd the teeth of an animal. Their eyes are I 
think a greyish blue, and their hands and fingers and nails 
are like the claws of shell-fish. And under the breast and 
belly they have fins like dolphins instead of feet. I have 
also seen the Ethiopian bulls, which they call rhinoceroses 
because a horn projects from their nose and a little horn 
besides under it, but they have no horns on their head. I 
have seen also the Paranian bulls, which are rough all over 
their bodies but eBpeoially in the bi'east and chin. I have 
seen also the Indian camels which are like leopards in 
colour. There is also a wild animal called the elk, which 
is somethinpf between a stug and a camel, and is found 
among the Celts. It is the only animal we know of that 
men cannot hunt or see at a distance, but when they are 
engaged in hunting other animals sometimes the deity 
drives the elk into their hands. But it scents men thdy 
say at a great distance, and hides among the rooks and in 
the recesses of caves. Hunters therefore, when they have 
drawn a large net completely round a large district or even 
a mountain, so that nothing in that area can escape, among 
other animals that they oatoh when they draw the net 
tight capture occasionally the elk. But if it should not 



182 PAU8AKIAS. 

happen to be in this area, there is no otiior device by which 
one conid capture the elk. As to the wild animal which 
Giesias speaks of in his accoant of the Indians, called by 
them martiara^ bat bj the Greeks manslayer, I am con* 
Tinced this is the tiger. As to the Indian tradition, that it 
has three rows of teeth in each of its jaws and stings at the 
end of its tail, with which it defends itself and hurls them 
at a distance like an archer his arrows, this report I cannot 
believe, and I think the Indians only accept it from their 
excessive terror of this animal They are also deceived 
about its colour, for when it appears in the rays of the Sun 
the tiger often looks red and all one colour, either from its 
speed or if not running from its incessant motion, especially 
if it is not seen near. I think indeed that if anyone were 
to travel into the remote parts of Libya or India or Arabia, 
wishing to find the wild animals that are to be found in 
Greece, he would not find them at all, but he would find 
others different. For it is not only man that changes his 
appearance in different climates and lands, but also every* 
thing else is subject to the same conditions, for the Libyan - 
asps have the same colour as the Egyptian ones, while in 
Ethiopia the earth produces them as black as the men. 
We ought therefore neither to receive any accoant too 
hastily, nor to discredit the uncommon, for example I my* 
self have not seen winged serpents yet I believe there are 
such, for a Phrygian brought into Ionia a scorpion that 
had wings like locusts. 



CHAPTER XXIL 

AT Tanagra besides the temple of Dionysus there is one 
of Themis, and another of Aphrodite, and a third of 
Apollo, near which are both Artemis and Leto. With 
respect to the two temples of Hermes the Bam^cdrrier and 
Hermes the Champunh^ they say Hermes got the first title 
because he allayed a pestilence by carrying a ram round the 
walls, and that is why Galamis made a statue of Hermes 
earrjing a ram on his shoulders. And whoever is selected 
as the most handsome youth, carries a ram on his shoulders 
round the walls during the festival of Hermes. And 



DOOX 11. — BfEOTIA. 183 

Hermes thej say wn« called Champion because, when the 
Eretrians came with a fleet from Euboea to Tanagra, he led 
the young men oat to battle, and himself (with a scraper 
like a yoang man) mainly brought about the rout of the 
Eubceans. There is also some purslane preserved in the 
temple of Hermes the Champion : for they fancy it was 
under this tree that Hermes was reared. And at no great 
distance is a theatre, and near it a portico. The people of 
Tanam seem to honour their gods most of all the Greeks, 
for tuey keep their houses and temples apart, and their 
temples are in a pure place, and apart from men. And 
Connna, the only Poetess of Tanagra, has a tomb in the 
town in a conspicuous place, and her painting is in the 
gymnasium, her head is adorned with a fillet because of her 
victory over Pindar at Thebes. And I think she conquered 
him because of her dialect', for she did not compose in 
Doric like Pindar, but in .^lio which the ^olians would 
understand, and she was also one of the handsomest 
of women as we can see from her painting. They have 
also two kinds of cocks, game cocks and those they call 
black cocks. The latter are in sise like the Lydian birds 
and in colour like a crow, and their gills and crest are like 
the anemone, and they have small white marks on the end 
of their bill and tail. Such is their appearance. 

And in Bosotia on the left of the Eunpus is the mountain 
Messapium, and at the foot of it is the Bceotian city Anthe- 
don on the sea, called according to some after the Nymph 
Anthedon, but according to others from Anthas who they 
say ruled here, the son of Poseidon by Alcyone the daughter 
of Atlas. At Anthedon in about the middle of the city is a 
temple and grove round it of the Cabin, and near it it a 
temple of Demeter and Proserpine and their statues in 
white stone. There is also a temple of Dionysus and a 
statue of the god in front of the city in the land direction. 
Here too are the tombs of Otus and Ephialtes the sons of 
Iphimedea and Aloeus, who were slain by Apollo as both 
Horner^ and Pindar have represented. Fate carried them off 
in Naxos beyond Paros, but their tombs are in Anthedon. 
And by the sea is a place OiiUed the le.ip of Olauous. He 

» Odyvey, xl dlf-OSO. Pindar, Pyth. It. 15S jy. 



184 PArPANIAS. 

was a fisherman but after eating a cei*tnin frrass became a 
marine god and predicts the fntare, as is believed by many 
and especially by seafaring men, who every year speak of 
Glancns' powers of prophesy. Pindar and w^sohymshavo 
celebrated Glaacns nrom these traditions of the people of 
Anthedon, Pindar not so ronch, bnt ^schylos has made him 
the subject of one of his plays. 



CHAPTER XXIII. 

THE Thebans in front of the gate Prcntis have what is 
called the gymnasinm of lolnus, and a monnd of earth 
constituting a race-course like that at OI3 mpia and Epi* 
danrus. There is also shown there the hero chnpel of 
lolaas, who died in Sardinia, (as the Thebans admit), wilh 
the Athenians and Thespians who crossed over with him. 
As you leave the race-course on the right is the Hippodrome, 
and in it is the tomb of Pindar. When he was quite a' 
young man, going one day to Thespim in the middle of a 
very hot day, he was tired and sleep came upon him. 
And he lay down a little above the rond, and some bees 
settled on him as he slept and made their honey on his 
lips. This circumstance made him first write poems. And 
when he was famous throughont all Greece, the Pythian 
Priestess raised his fame still higher by proclaiming at 
Delphi, that Pindar was to have an equul share with 
Apollo of the firstfruits. It is said that he also had an 
appearance in a dream when he was advanced in years. 
Proserpine stood by him as he slept^ and told him that 
she was the only one of the gods that was not cele- 
brated by him, bnt he would also celebrate her in an Ode 
when he came to her. And he died before the close of the 
10th day after this dream. And there was at Thebes, an 
old woman related to Pindar, who had been accustomed to 
sing many of his Odes, to her Pindar appeared in a dream 
and reoited his Hymn to Proserpine. And she directly she 
awoke wrote it down just as she had heard him reciting in 
her dream. In this Hymn Pluto has seyer il titles, among 



nOOR IX. — IXBOTIA. 185 

othera the Golden^reiiied^ clearly an allasion to the Bape of 
Proserpine. 

The road from the tomb of Pindar to Acreephniam is 
mostly level. They say Acrmphnium was originally a ci^ 
in the district of Thebes, and I heard that some Thebans 
fled for refage there when Alexander destroyed Thebes, for 
through weakness and old age they were not able to get 
safe to Attica bnt dwelt there. This little city is sitaated 
on Monnt Ptonm, and the temple and statue of .Dionysus 
there are well wortb seeing. 

About 15 stades further you come to the temple of Ptoan 
Apollo. Ptons wan the son of Athnmns nnd Themisto, and 
from him both Apollo and the Mountain got their name 
according to the poet Asius. And l)efure the invasion of 
Alexander and the Macedonians, and the destruction of 
Thebes, there was an infallible oracle there. And on one 
occasion a European whose name was Mys was sent by 
Mardonius to consult the oracle in his own tongue, and the 
god gave his response not in Greek but in the Carian 
dinlcct.^ 

When yon have passed over the mountain Ptonm, yon 
come to Larymna a city of the Boeotians by the sea, so 
called from the daughter of Cynus who was Larymna : her 
remote ancestors I shall relate when I come to Locris. 
Formerly Larymna was reckoned in with Opus, but when 
the Thebans became powerful the inhabitants voluntarily 
transferred themselves to the Boeotians. There is here a 
temple of Dionysus, and a statue of the god in a standing 
posture. And there is a deep harbour close to the shore, 
and the mountains above the town afford excellent wild 
boar hunting. 

CHAPTER XXIV. 

AS yon go from Acrsephnium straight for the lake 
Oephisis, which is palled by some Gopais, is the plain 
called Athamantinm, where they say Athamas lived. The 
river Cephisus has its outlet into this lake, which river has 
its rise at Lilna in Phoois, and when you have sailed through 

I See Hefodutat, viU. 13ft. 






Oft Att kft «f Gaps Aboii 12 ilBiks ImrdbflT jw CHW to 

vMMBCIL ABCVS flBWS SUKMB ■KHIHB IXIMB WhKB K aEVShML 

^iifaCH botk of ftlMM WIT M aiwaj*. Mid I tknik fcrMvlf 
tib^ M wtO as tte flKB AllMUHBtiBm bdoiBgcd te Ofe«k». 
■w. TIm IndiliaM I kkw koud abosi HjiIIm tiba 
Afgm^ aMi Otoaa tiba aoe af Sii7pka% I d^ 

waaB Jl caaia va wVcaaaaMis^ xaava i 

aUa ia ¥a ana aft OlamM% ki^ a4 HyittM 

Tkaalatea af IkagaAki 
> of rada itiWM aa ia oM tiMaa. 

20 ilBiki fw9m Hjcttaa k Ika 
CjTtoMas Aa aMcss aaan waa CxHoml B k knU 
OT ftk^kkiO^aBileoMtaiaaataBplaaiidgrovaaf ApoDa^ 

fictaro. Tknvkaba aooM cald vatar tkaro IkU lava 
horn Aa fodk, aad aaar Ikk apriag » taaipla of Ika 
Mpmfkm mmd anaU grovi^ m wUdi all kiada of tiaa 
avapknitaa flpaar. 

Sast to CjHoM% afler joa kava paaaad otar Aa i 

Ootaaa^aadr ' 



I to Aa link Iowa of Ootaaag aad kdow k k 
i of wild liaaa BMaU j kofaaniaka. Tkna k a awOl 
» af Hanaaa ia Ika grova ia Aa opaa air, akaat kalf a 
Coraaa. Aa joa doaeaad lo Ika levri plaia Ika 
mar FkftaakM kaa iU aaUai iaia Aa anmnd oa Ika ikki 
af Ak mar Aa BcBoliaaa aa Ika koidara iakabii i 
af Haka bj Ika a«s wkidi paHa Loark iiM ; 



BOOK U.-— IKKOTIA. 187 



CHAPTER XXV. 

AT Thebes near the gate Neistis is the tomb of Menoeceus 
the son of Oreon, who voluntarily slew himself in 
accordance with the oracle at Delphi, when Poljnices and 
his army came from Argos. A pomegranate tree g^rows 
near this tomb, when its fmit is ripe if yon break the rind 
the kernel is like blood. This tree is always in bloom. 
And the Thebans say the Tine first grew at Thebes, but 
they have no proof of what they assert. And iiot far from 
the tomb of Menoeceus they say the sons of (Edipns had a 
single combat and kilted one another. AlS a record of this 
combat there is a pillar, and a stone shield upon it. A 
place also is shown where the Thebans say that Hera 
suckled Hercules when a baby through some deceit on the 
part of Zeus. And the whole place is called Antigone's 
Dragging-ground : for as she could not easily lift up with 
all her zeal the corpse of Polynices, her next idea was to 
drag it along, which she did till she was able to throw it 
on the faneral pile of Eteocles which was blazing. 

When you have crossed the river called Dirce from the 
wife of Lyons, (about this Dirco there is a tradition that 
she defamed Antiope and was consequently killed by the 
sons of Antiope), there are ruins of Pindar's house, and a 
temple of the Dindymene Mother, the votive offering of 
Pindar, the statue of the goddess is by the Thebans 
Aristomedes and Socrates. They are wont to open this 
temple one day in each year and no more. I happened to 
be present on that day, and I saw the statue which is of 
Pentelican marble as well as the throne. 

On the road from the gate Neistis is the temple of 
Themis and the statue of the goddess in white stone, and 
next come temples of the Fates and of Zeus Agoneus, the 
latter has a stone statue, but the Fates have no statues. 
And at a little distance is a statue of Hercules in the open 
air called Nvse^euUer-off^ because (say the Thebans) he out 
off the noses of the envoys who came from Orohomenna to 
demand tribute. ' 

About 25 stades farther you come to the grovo of 



188 PAU8AKIA8. 

Gabiriiui Demeier and Proserpine, which none maj enter 
but the initiated. Aboai seven stades from this grove is 
the temple of the Cabiri. Who thej were and what aro 
their rites or those of Dometer I mast be pardoned by the 
canons for passing over in siienoe. Bat nothing prevents 
my publishing to everybody the origin of these rites ac- 
cording to the Theban traditions. They say there was 
formerly a town here, the inhabitants of which were 
called Gabiri« and that Demetor getting acquainted with 
Prometheus (one of the Cabin), and Prometheus* son 
^tneus, put something into their hands. What this de- 
posit was, and the circamstances relating to it, it is not 
1 iwful for me to disclosa Bat the mysteries of Demeter 
were a gift to the Cabiri. Bat when the Epigoui led an 
army against Thebes and captured it, the Cabiri were 
driven oat by the Argives, and for some time the mysteries 
were not celebrated. Afterwards however they are said to 
have been reestablished by Pelarge, the daughter of Pot- 
neus, and her husband Isthraiades, who taught them to the 
person whose name was Aleziarous. And because Pelarge 
celebrated the mysteries beyond the ancient boundaries, 
Telondes and all of the Cabiri who had left Cabirea re- 
turned. Pelarge in consequence of an oracle from Dodona 
was treated with various honours, and a victim big with 
young was ordered for her sacrifice. The wrath of the 
Cabiri is implacable as has frequently been manifested. 
For example when some private persons at Naupactas 
imitated the mysteries at Thebes, vengeance soon came 
upon them. And those of Xerxes' army who were with 
Mardonius and left in Boeotia, when they entered the 
temple of the Cabiri (partlv from the hope of finding great 
wealth there, but more I think to insult the divinity), went 
mad and perished by throwinv themselves into the aea 
from the rooks. And when Alexander after his victory 
put Thebes and all Thebais on fire, the Macedonians who 
went into the temple of the Cabiri. with hostile intent 
were killed by lightning and thunderbolts. So holy wae 
this temple from the first. 



BOOK IX— r.(EOTIA. 189 



CHAPTER XXVI. 

ON the right of the temple of the Cabiri is a plain called 
the plain of TeneruA from Tenerus the seer, who they 
think wns the son of Apollo and Melin^ nnd a large tompte 
to Hercnles snrnamod Uippodetes, because they say the Or« 
chomenians came here with an army, ond Hercnles by 
night took their horses and tied them to their chariots. 
And a little further yon come to the mountain where 
they say the Sphinx made her headquarters, reciting a 
riddle for the ruin of those she captured. Others say thnt 
with a naval force she used to sail the sens as a pirate, and 
made her port Anthedon, and occupied this mOnntain for 
her robbenes, till (Edipus slew her after vanquishing her 
with a superior force, which he brought from Corinth. It 
is also said thnt she was the illegitim:ite daughter of Lains, 
and that her father out of good will to her told her the 
oracle that was given to Cadmus at Delphi, an oracle 
which no one knew but the kings of Thelies. Whenever 
then any one of her brothers came to consult her about the 
kingdom, (for Laius had sons by mistresses, and the oracle 
at Delphi only referred to his wife Epicnste and male 
children by her), she used subtlety to her brothers, saying 
that if they were the sons of Laius they would know the 
oracle given to Cadmus, and if they could not give it she 
condemned them to death, as being doubtful claimants of 
the blood royal. And (Edipus learnt this oracle in ft 
dream. 

About 15 stades from this mountain are the ruins of 
Onchestus, where they say Onchestus the son of Poseidon 
dwelt, and in mv time there was a statue of Onchestian 
Poseidon, and too grove which Homer has mentioned.' 
And as you turn to the left from the temple of the Cabiri 
in about 50 stades you will come to Thespia built under 
Mount Helicon. The town got its nsme they say from 
Thespia the daughter of Asopns. Others say that Thes- 
pins the son of ilrechtheus came from Athens, and gave 
nis name to it. At Thespia is a brasen statue of Sens 
> llmd, ii. 506. 



190 PA08ANU8. 

Soier: ihej say that, when a dragon once infested the 
town, Zeae ordered one of the ladR chosen hj lot ever/ 
year to be given to the monster. The names of his other 
victims they do not record, bnt for Gleostratns the last 
victim they say his lover Menestratos invented the follow* 
ing contrivance. He made for him a brazen breastplate 
with a hook on each of its plates bent in, and Gleostratns 
armed with this cheerfnllv gave himself np to the dragon, 
for he knew that though he wonld perish lumself he wpald 
also kill the monster. From this circnmstanoe Zens was 
called the Savionr. They have also statues of Dionysus 
and Fortune, and Hygieai and Athene the Worker, and 
near her Plutus* 



CHAPTER XXVII. 

OF the gods the Thespians have always hononrcd Eros 
most^ of whom they have a very old statue in rude 
stone. But who instituted the worship of Eros at Thespia 
I do not know. This god is worshipped not a whit less 
by the Pariani who live near the Hellespont, who were 
originally from Ionia and migrated from Erythrso, and 
are now included amongst the Romans. Most men think 
Eros the latest of the gods, and the son of Aphrodite. 
But the Lycian Olen, who wrote the most ancient Hymns 
of the Greeks, says in his Hymn to Ilithjia that she was 
the mother of Eros. And after Glen Pamphus and Orpheus 
wrote verses to Eros for the Lycomidea to sing at the 
mysteries, and I have read them thanks to a tordi-bearer 
at the mysteries. But of these I shall make no further 
mention. And Hesiod, (or whoever wrote the Theogony and 
foisted it on Hesiod), wrote I know that Chaos came first, 
and then Earth, and Tartarus, and Eros. And the Lesbian 
Sappho has sung many things about Eros which do not 
harmonise with one another. I^sippus afterwards made a 
brasen statue of Eros for the Thespians, and still earlier 
Praxiteles made one in Pentelican marble. I have told 
elsewhere all about Phryne*s ingenious trick on Praxiteles. 
This statue of Eros was removed first by the Roman 



BOOK IT.— KiKOTTA. 191 

Emperor Gaia^, and, tliougli ifc was restored bj Clnudius to 
Thespia, Nero removed it to llome once more. And there 
it was burnt by fire. But of those who acted thus' im- 
piously to the god Oaius, always giving the same obscene 
word to a soldier, made him so angry that at last he 
killed him for it,^ and Nero, besides his dealings to his 
mother and wedded wives, showed himself an alK)mtnable 
fellow and one that had no true affinity with Eros. The 
statue of Eros in Thespia in our day is by the Athenian 
Menodorus, who made an imitation of the statue of Praxi- 
teles. There are also statues in stone by Praxiteles of 
Aphrodite and Phryne. And in another part of the town 
is a temple of Black Aphro<iite, and a theatre and market* 

£lace well worth seeing : there is also a brazen statue of 
[esiod. And not far from the market-place is a brazen 
Victory, and a small temple of the Muses, and some small 
stone statues in it. 

There is also a temple of Hercules at Thespia, the 
priestess is a perpetual virgin. The reason of this is as 
follows. They say that Hercules in one night had con- 
nection with all the fifty daughters of Thestius but one : 
her he spared and made her his priestess on condition that 
she remained a virgin all her life. I have indeed heard 
another tradition, that Hercnles in the same night had 
connection with all the daughters of Thestius, and that 
they all bare him sons, and the eldest and youngest twins. 
But I cannot believe this credible that Hercules should 
have been so angry with the daughter of his friend. 
Besides he who, while he was among men, punished in- 
solent persons and especially those who showed impiety to 
the gods, would notliave been likely to have built a temple 
and appointed a priestess to himself as if he had been a god. 
And indeed this temple seems to me too ancient for Hercules 
the son of Amphitryon, and was perhaps erected by the 
Hercules who was one of the Idiean Dactyli, temples of 
whom I have found among the people of Ery thr» in Ionia, 
and amonff the people of Tyre. Nor are the Boeotians 
ignorant of this Hercules, for they say that the temple of 
Mycalessian Demeter was entrosted to Idaaan Hercules. 

^ Hee Sueton. (klig. M, 58. TIm word wm |Ii« word for tJis da/ 
givsn to ioldiors. 



192 PAusarus. 



CHAPTER XXVIII. 



OF all the mountains of Greece Helicon is the most fer- 
tile and fall of trees planted there : and the purslane 
bushes afford everywhere excellent food for goats. And 
those who live at Helicon saj that the grass and roots 
on the mountain are by no means injurious to man. More- 
orer the pastures make the yenom of snakes less potent, so 
that those that are bitten here mostly escape with their life, 
if they meet with a Libyan of the race of the Psylli, or with 
some antidote from some other source. And yet the venom of 
wild snakes is generally deadly both to men and animals, 
and the condition of the pastures contributes greatly to the 
strength of the venom, for I have heard from a Phosntcian 
that in the mountainoas part of Phosnicia the roots make 
the vipers more formidable. He said also that he had seen a 
man flee from the attack of a viper and run to a tree, and the 
viper followed after and blew its venom against the tree, 
and th:it killed the man. Such was what he told me. And 
I also know that the following happens in Arabia in the 
case of vipers that live near balsam trees. The balsam tree 
is about the same size as a myrtle bush, and its leaves ar^ 
like those of the herb marjoram. And the vipers in Arabia 
more or less lodge under these balsam trees, for the sap 
from them is the food most agreeable to them, and more- 
over they rejoice in the shade of the trees. Whenever then 
the proper season comes for the Arabians to gather the sap 
of the balsam tree, they take with them two poles and 
knock them together and so frighten off the vipers, for they 
don't like to kill them as they look upon them as sacred. 
But if anyone happens to be bitten by these Tipers, the 
wound is similar to that from steel, and there is no fear of 
▼enom t for inasmuch as these vipers feed on the most 
Bweet-aoented ointment, the venom changes its deadly pro- 
pertiea for something milder. 8aoh is &e oase there. 



BOOK IX. ^D<BOTIA. 193 



CHAPTER XXIX. 

THET say ihat Ephialtes and Otus first sacrificed to tlio 
Muses on Helicon, and called the mountain sacred to 
the Muses, and built Ascra, of which Hegesinous speaks as 
follows in his poem about Attica. 

** Bj Ascra lay the earth-shaking Poseidon, and she as 
time rolled on bare him a son CEodus, who first built Ascra 
with the sons of Aloeus, Ascra at the foot of many-foun- 
tained Helicon." 

This poem of Hecesinous I have not read, for it was not 
extant in mj time, but Gailippus the Corinthian in his ac- 
count of Orchomenus cites some of the lines to corroborate 
his accounti and similarly I myself have cited some of them 
from Callippus. There is a tower at Ascra in my time, but 
nothing else remains. And the sons of Aloeus thought the 
Muses were three in number, and called them Melete and 
Mneme and Aoide. But afterwards they say the Macedo- 
nian Pierus, who gave his name to the mountain in Mace- 
donia, came to Thespia and made 9 Muses, and changed 
their names to the ones they now have. And this Pierus 
did either because it seemed wiser, or in obedience to an 
oracle, or so taught by some Thracian, for the Thracians 
seem in old times to have been in other respects more clever 
than the Macedonians, and not so neglectful of religion. 
There are some who say that Pierus had 9 daughters, and 
that they had the same names as the Muses, and that those 
who were called by the Greeks the sons of the Muses were 
called the grandchildren of Pierus. But Mimnermus, in 
the Elegiac verses which he composed about the battle of 
the people of Smyrna against Gyges and the Lvdians, says 
in his prelude that the older Muses were the daughters of 
Uranus, and the younger ones the daughters of Zeus. And 
at Helicon, on the left as you ffo to the grove of the Muses, 
is the fountain Aganippe. Aganippe was they say the 
daughter of Termesus, tne river which flows round Helicon, 
and, if you go straight for the grove, you will come to an 
image of Enpheme caFved in stone. She is said to have 
been the nurse of the Muses. And next to her is a statue 

II. 



194 PAU8AHU8. 

of Linus, on a small rock carved like a cayem, to whom 
every year they perform funeral rites before they sacrifice 
to the Muses. It is said that Linus was the son of Urania 
by Amphiarans the son of Poseidon, and that he had greater 
fame for musical skill than either his contemporaries dr 

Eredecessors, and that Apollo slew him because he boasted 
imself as equal to the god. And on the death of Linns 
sorrow for him spread even to foreign lands, so that even 
the Egyptians have a Lament called Linns, but in their own 
dialect Maneros.^ And the Greek poets have represented 
the sorrows of Linus as a Greek legend, as Homer who in 
his account of the shield of Achilles says that HephsBstns 
among other things represented a harper boy singing the 
song of Linus. 

** And in the midst s boy on the clear lyre 

Harped charmingly, and sang of handsome Linus." ' 

And Pamphns, who composed the most ancient Hymns 
for the Athenians, as the sorrow for Linus grew to such a 

gitch, called him (Etolinus (sad Lintu). And the Lesbian 
appho, having learnt from Pamphus this name of CEtoIinus, 
sings of Adonis and (Etolinus together. And the Thebans 
say that Linus was buried at Thebes, and that after the 
fatal defeat of the Greeks at Ch»ronea Philip the son of 
Amyntas, according to a vision he had in a dream, removed 
the remains of Linus to Macedonia, and that afterwards in 
consequence of another dream he sent them' back to Thebes, 
but they say that all the coverings of the tomb and other 
distinctive marks are obliterated through lapse of time. 
Another tradition of the Thebans savs that there was 
another Linns besides this one, called the son of Ismenins, 
and that Hercules when quite a boy slew him : he was Her^ 
cules' musio«master. But neither of these Linuses oom« 
posed an^ poems 2 or if they did ihej have not come down 
topostenty. 

i8etIbiodotnt,U.7«, • Iliad. xvlU. fte^ ATOi 



BOOK IX.*-B(BOTU. 196 



CHAPTER XXX. 

.npHE earliest siAtues of the Muses bere were all hj 
•L Gephisodotus, and if jou adrance a little yoa will find 
.three of his Muses, and three by Strongjlion who was 
.especially famous as a statuary of cows and horses, and 
three by Olympiosthenes. At Helicon are also a brazen 
Apollo and Hermes contending about a lyre, and a Diony- 
sus by Lysippus, and an upright statue of Dionysus, the 
Totive offering of Sulla, by Myro, the next best work to 
his Erechtheus at Athens. But Sulla did not offer it of his 
lOwn possessions, but took it from the Orchomenian Minyaa. 
This is what is called by the Greeks worshipping the deity 
with other people's incense.^ 

Here too they have erected statues of poets and others 
notable for music, as blind Thamyris handling a broken 
lyre, and Arion of Methymna on the dolphin's back. But 
he who made the statue of Sacadas the Argive, not under- 
standing Pindar's prelude about him, has made the piper 
no bigger in his body than his pipes. There too is Hcsiod 
sitting with a harp on his knees, not his usual appearance, 
for it is plain from his poems that he used to sing with a 
laurel wand. As to the period of Hesiod and Homer, 
though I made most diligent research, it is not agreeable to 
. me to venture an opinion, as I know the dispitatiousness 
of people, and not least of those who in my day have dis- 
cussed poetical subjects. There is also a statue of Thracian 
Orpheus with Telete beside him, and there are round him 
representations in stone and brass of the animals listening 
to his singing. The Greeks believe many things which 
are not true, and amone others that Orpheus was the son 
of the Muse Calliope and not of the daughter of Pierus, and 
that animals were led by his melody, and that he went down 
alive to Hades to get back his wife Eurydice from the gods 
of the lower world. But Orpheus, as it seems to me, really 
did excel all his predecessors in the arrangement of his 
poems, and attained to great influence as being thought to 

' Comimni the IIoinerio'aXX«f]pfi#y x^^'^'^^ ^ '^1'* ^^^ ^^ 




196 HLnurus. 

iMteisraiied Uie b jifteriei of Uie sod% aiid pnifiaftion 

tmrmmg awaj Ifa wimtk cf Ifa godb. Asd Umj i^ tte 

ThracJMi w oMea kid plots aemoHt kia fife^ beoHiaalM] 

aig% 1«i froai fear of 
Mit aft firaft: liai afterwaidi 
•elves with wins canisd oai Uie i 
thai tinMiikssbeeaeasloaMiy lor Uie sMa to go 
laftofasltle. Baft scMsasajthsiOrpheas died frMihsiiq^ 
atnek with ligl^aiBg I7 the god beesus ha ta^;hft sea 
ia tho aijsteriss thiags thqr had aoft befaia heaid of. 
Others have jecatded thaft» his wife Barjdies haviag died 
heiora hiot, he weaft to Aoraas ia Thma^otia» fto ooasaH sa 
ocade <tf the dead aboaft her. aad he fthoaghft thaft her soal 
woald foUow hisi, baft hisiag her beesass he ftazaed bac^ 
to kKik aft her he slew hiaMlf fraa griet Aad the 
Thiadsas saj thaft the a^tiagales theft baild their aeota 
oa the tomb of Orpheas siag plfstamftfr aad kiader tham 
other B^tiogsles. Baft the llsoedoaisBS who iahsfaift the 
distiieft oi Piaris» aader the moaataia aad the eitj Diaai, 
aaj thaft Orpheas was slaia there 1^ the woaMa. And as 
joa go from Diam to the moootsm sad aboaft 20 stades 
farther is a pilkr oa the righft hand aad oa the piUsr a 
stoae ara: this am has the remaias of Orpheas as the 
people of the dietrieft saj. The river Hdicoa flows throagh 
thk district, after a coarse of 75 stades H kses itaelf ia the 
groaad, aad 22 stades farther tftreappesn, when ift is called 
Bsphjia iastead of HeUooa, beooaies a aarigable strasm, 
aad fiaall J disc hsi ges itself iato the eea. The people of 
Diasi saj thaft the lirer flowed above groaad origiaslljr 
throa^^ioaft its coaiae, baft whea the women who slew 
Oipheos desired to wa^ off hie blood ia it, ift weaft aader- 
groand thaft ift m%lift aoft give theia cleansing fma thetr 
blood-gafl Hnc s i I hava also heard another aoooaaft aft 
Larima. thaft a otj on Oljmpaa was once inhabited called 
Libethfa. where the moantaia looks to lfaoedoBi% and thaft 
the tomb of Orphena ia aoft far irom thia city, and thaft 
there came an orade to the people of Isbethim from Dion j- 
saa ia Thrace^ thaft whea the San ahoald aee ftbe bonea of 
Orpheas their citj woald be destrojed by Aw. Baft thaj 



BOOK IX. — ^BCEOTU. 197 

paid no great attention to the oracle, thinking no wild 
animal would be large or strong enough to destroy their 
citjf while as to the boar (Sua) it had more boldness than 
power. However when the god thought fit, then the fol- 
lowing happened. A shepherd about middajr laid himself 
down by the tomb of Orpheus and fell asleep, and in his 
sleep sang some yerses of Orpheus aloud in a sweet yoice. 
Then the shepherds and husbandmen who were near left 
their respectire work, and crowded together to hear this 
shepherd sing in his sleep, and pushing one another about 
in striving to get near the shepherd overturned the pillar, 
and the nm fell off it and was broken, and the Sun did see 
the remains of Orpheus. And on the following night it 
rained very heavily, and the river 8tis, which is one of the 
mountain streams on Olympus, swept away the walls of 
Libethra, and the temples of the gods and the houses of the 
inhabitants, and drowned all the human beings in the place 
and all the animals. As the Libethrians therefore all 
perished, the Macedonians in Dium, according to the ac- 
count I received from my host at Larissa, removed the 
remains of Orpheus to their city. Whoever has investi- 
gated the subject knows that the Hymns of Orpheus are very 
short, and do not altogether amount to a great number. 
The LycomidiB are acquainted with them and chant them 
at the Mysteries. In composition they are second only to 
the Hymns of Homer, and are more valued for their reli- 
gious spirit 

CHAPTER XXXI. 

THERE is also at Helicon a statue of Arsinoe, whom 
Ptolemy married though he was her brother. A 
brazen ostrich supports it. Ostriches have wings like other 
birds, bnt from their weight and size their wings do not 
enable them tofly. There is also a doe suckling Telephns 
the son of Hercules, and a cow, and a statue of Priapns 
well worth seeinff. Priapus is honoured especially where 
there are flocks of sheep or goats, or swarms of bees. And 
the people of Lampsaons honour him moi^ than all the godSi 
and say that he is the .'son of Dionysus and Aphrodite? 

* 80 Tiballus calls Mapnt •« Brahi ni«ties piolot,'* L 4. 7. 



198 PAUSAKIAS. 

At Helicon tbere are also seyeral tripodsy tbe most 
ancient is the one tbej saj Hesiod received at Ghalcis hj 
the Enripns for a yictory in song. And men live ronnd 
the groye, and the Thespians hold a f estiyal there and haye 
games to the Mnses, and also to Eros, in which thej giye 
prizes not only for music but to athletes alsa And after 
ascending from this groye 20 stades you come to Hippo- / 
crene, a spring formed thej say by the horse of Bellero« / 
phon striking the earth with its hoof. And the Bceotiana 
that dwell about Helicon haye a tradition that Hesiod 
wrote nothing but The Worki and Day$, and from this 
they take away the address to the Mases, and make the 
poem commence at the part about Strife.^ And they 
showed me some lead near Hippocrene almost entirely 
rotten with age, on which The Worki and Day$ was written. 
A yery contrary yiew to this is that Hesiod has written 
several poems, as that On Women, and The Great Ecem, and 
The Theogony and The Poem on Mdampus, and The Descent 
of Theseus and Pirithous to Hades, and The Exhortation of 
Chiron for the Instruction of Achilles, and all The Works 
and Days. The same people tell us also that Hesiod learnt 
his divination from the Acamanians, and there are some 
yerses of his On Divination which I have read, and a Nor* 
rative of Prodigies. There are also different accounts about 
his death. For though it is universally agreed that Gtimenus 
and Antiphus, the sons of Ganyctor, fled to Molycria from 
Naupactus because of the murder of Hesiod, and were sen- 
tenced there because of their impiety to Poseidon, yet some 
say that the charge against Hesiod of having violated their 
sister was not true, others say he was really guilty. Such 
are the differentt accounts about Hesiod and £s Works. 

On the top of Mount Helicon is a small river called the 
Lamus. And in the district of Thespia is a place called 
Donacbn (Beed-hed), where is the fountain of NaroissuSy 
who they say looked into this water, and not observing 
that it was his own shadow which he saw was secretly 
enamoured of himself, and died of love near the fountain. 
This ia altogether silly that any grown person should be so 
poaseeied by love as not to know the dilfprenee between a 

* WfHatliatU. 



BOOK IX. — BOCOTIA. 199 

human being and a sbadow. There is another tradition 
about him, not so well known as the other, vu. that he had 
a twin-sister, and that the two were almost facsimiles in 
appearance and hair and dress, a,nd used to go out hunting 
together, and that Narcissus was in lore with this sister, and 
when she died he used to frequent Ihis fountain and knew 
that it was his own shadow which he saw, yet though he 
knew this it gratified his loye to think that it was not his 
own shadow but the image of his sister that he was looking 
at. But the earth produced I think the flower narcissus 
earlier than this, if one may credit the verses of Pamphus : 
for though he was much earlier than the Thespian Narcis- 
sus, ho sajs that Proserpine the daughter of Demeter was 
playing and gathering flowers when she was carried off, 
and that she was deceived not by violets but by 
narcissuses.^ 



CHAPTER XXXII. 

THE inhabitants of Oreusis, a haven of the Thespians, 
have no publio monuments, but in the house of a pri- 
vate individual is a statue of Dionysus made of plaster and 
adorned by a painting. The sea-voyage from tne Pelopon- 
nese to Creusis is circuitous and rough, the promontories 
BO jut out into the sea that one cannot sail straight across, 
and at the same time strong winds blow down from the 
mountains. 

And as you sail from Creusis, not well out to sea but 
coasting along Boeotia, you will see on the right the city 
Thisbe. First there is a mountain near the sea, and when 
you have passed that there is a plain and then another 
mountain, and at the bottom of tnis mountain is Thisbe. 
And there is a temple of Hercules and stone statue there in 
a standing posture, and they keep a festival to hinu And 
nothing would prevent the plain between the mountains 
being a lake (so much water is there), but that they 
have a strong embankment in the middle of the plain, 
and annually divert the water beyond the embankment 
and oultivate the dry; parts of the plain* And Thisbe^ 
> 8m Hontr's Qyino lo DeiMter, liiMi S40. 



200 PAUBAVUl. 

from wbom the city got its name, was ihej nj a local 
Njmph. 

Am jou sail on ihenoe joo will oome to a small town 
called Tipha near the sea. There is a temple of Hercnlea 
there, and thej have a festival to him annoallj. The in- 
habitants say that from of old they were the most clever 
mariners of all the Bcsotians, and they record that Tiphys, 
who was chosen the pilot of the Argo, was a townsman of 
theirs: they also shew a place before their town where 
they say the Argo was moored on its retnm from GolchL 

As yon go inland from Thespia towards the mainland 
yon will arrive at Haliartos. Bnt I mnst not separate the 
founder of Haliartns and Goronea from my account of 
Orchomenus. On the invasion of the Medes, as the people 
of Haliartus espoused the side of the Greeks, part of the 
army of Xerxes set out to bum the town and district. At 
Haliartus is the tomb of Lysander the Lacedemonian, for 
when he attacked the city, the forces from Thebes and 
Athens inside the oity sallied forth, and in the battle 
that ensued he fell. In some respects one may praise Ly- 
vandidrvery much, in others (me must bitterly censure' 
him. He exhibited groat sagacity when he was in com- 
mand of the Peloponnesian fleet. Watching when Alci- 
biades was absent from the fleet,' he enticed his pilot 
Antiochus to think he could cope with the Lacedemonian 
fleet, and when he sailed out against them boldly and 
confidently, defeated him not far fh>m the city of the Golo- 
phonians. AndVhen Lysander joined the fleet from Sparta 
the second time, he so conciliated Gyrus, that whatever 
money he asked for the fleet Cyrus gave him freely at 
once. And when 100 Athenian ships were anchored at 
^gospotamoi he captured them, watching when the crews 
had gone on shore for fresh water and provisions. He also 
exhibited his justice in the following circumstance. Auto- 
lycns the panoratiast (whose efBigj I have seen in the 
Fyrtanenm at Athens) had a dispute with Eteonious a 
Spartan about some property. And when Eteonious was 
convicted of pleading unfairly (it was when the Thirty 
Tyrants were in power at Athens, and Lysander was pre- 
■ent), be was moved to strike Autolycus, and when be 
atmok baok be brought him to Lysanderi expecting that 



BOOK IX.— fiOCOTU. 201 

he would docide the affair in bis favour. But Ljsander 
condemned Eteonicus of injustice, and sent him away with 
reproaches. This was creditable to Lysandcr, but the fol- 
' lowing were discreditable. He put to death Philocles, the 
Athenian Admiral at JSgos-potamoi, and 4000 Athenian 
captiyes, and would not allow them burial, though the Athe* 
nians granted burial to the Medes at Marathon, and King 
Xerxes to the Lacediemonians that fell at Thermopjlie. 
And Ljsander brought still greater disgrace upon the Lace* 
diemonians by establishing DecemTirates in the cities be- 
sides the Laconian Harmosts. And when the LacedoB- 
monians did not think of making money because of the 
oracle, which said that love of money alone would ruin 
Sparta, he inspired in them a strong desire for money. I 
therefore, following the opinion of the Persians and judging 
according to their law, think that Lysander did more 
harm thim good to the Lacediemonians. 



CHAPTER XXXIII. 

AT Haliartus is Lysander's tomb, and a hero*chapel to 
Cecrops the son of Pandion. And the mountain Til- 
phusium and the fountain Tilphusa are about 50 stades 
from Haliartus. It is a tradition of the Greeks that the 
Argiyes, who in conjunction with the sons of Polynicee 
captured Thebes, were taking Tiittsias and. the spoil to 
Apollo at Delphi, when Tiresias who was thirsty drank of 
the fountain Tilphusa and gaye up the ghost, and was 
buried on the spot. They say also that Manto the daughter 
of Tiresias was offered to Apollo by the Argiyes, but that, 
in consequence of the orders of the god, she sailed to what 
IS how Ionia, and to that part of it cdled Colophonia. And 
there she married the Cretan Rhacius. Ail the other 
legends about Tiresias, as the number of years which he 
is recorded to haye liyed, and how he^was changed 
from a woman into a man, and how Homer in his Odyssey 
has represented him as the only person of understandmff in 
Hadesi^ all this eyeryone has heard and knows. Ixear 

>04fSMy,X, 492^95, 



202 FAUsaiuf. 

Haliarios too there is in the open atr a temple of the 
goddessee thei th^ call Prazidicao. In thia t«nple thej 
awear no haair oatha. This temple is near the mountain 
Tilphnsinm. There are also temples at Haliartns, with nc 
statues in them for there b no roof s to whom thej were 
erected I ooold not ascertain. 

The riTer Lophis flows throngh the district of Haliartns. 
The tradition is that the ground was dry there originallj and 
had no water in it, and that one of the rulers went to Delphi 
to inquire of the god how thej might ohtain water in the 
district: and the Pythian Priestess enjoined him to skj 
the first person he should meet on his return : and it was 
his son Lophis who met him on his return, and without 
delay he ran his sword throagh him, and Lophis yet aliye 
ran round and round, and whereyer his blood flowed the 
water gushed up, and it was called Lophis after him. 

The Tillage Alalcomen» is not large, and lies at the foot 
of a mountain not yery high. It got its name from Alal- 
comeneus an Autochthon who they say reared Athene : 
others say from Alalcomenia one of the daughters of 
OgyguSi Some distance from the village in the plain is a 
temple of Athene, and there was an old ivory statue of the 
goddess, which was taken away by Sulla, who was alsoyery 
cruel to the Athenians, and whose manners were yery nn* 
like those of the Romans, and who acted similarly to the 
Thebans and Orchomenians. He^ after his furious onsets 
against the Greek cities and the gods of the Greeks, was 
himself seised by the most unpleasant of all' diseases, for he 
was coyered with lice, and this was the end of all his glory. 
And the temple of Athene at Alaloomenie was negleoted 
after the statue of the goddess was remoyed. Another cir- 
cumstance in my time tended to the breaking up of the 
temple : some iyy, which had got a firm hold on the build- 
ing, loosened and detached the stones from their positions. 
The riyer that flows here is a small torrent, they call it 
Triton because they say Athene was brought up near the 
riyer Triton, as if it were this Triton, jmd not the Triton 
in Libya which has its outlet from the Lake Tritonis into 
Vie Libyan sea. 



BOOK IX. — BOBOTU. 206 



CHAPTER XXXIV. 

BEFORE you get to Goronea from Alalcomeno, yon will 
come to the temple of Itonian Athene, called so from 
Itonus the son of Amphictyon. Hero the Boeotians hold 
their general meeting. In this temple are braasen statues of 
Itonian Athene and Zens, designed by Agoracritus, a pnpil 
and lover of Phidias. They also erected in my time some 
statues of the Graces. The following tradition is told 
that lodama the priestess of Athene went to the temple by 
night, and Athene appeared to her with the head of the 
Goi^on Medusa on her tunic, and lodama when she saw it 
was turned into stone. In consequence of this a woman 
puts fire every day on the altar of lodama, and calls out 
thrice in the Boeotian dialect, " lodama is alive and asks for 
fire." 

Goronea is remarkable for its altar of Hermes Epimeling 
in the market-place, and its altar of the Winds. And a 
little lower down is a temple and ancient statue of Hera by 
Pythodorus the Theban. She has some Sirens in her hand. 
For they say that they, the daughters of Achelous, were 
persuaded by Hera to vie with the Muses in singing, and 
that the Muses being victorious plucked off their wings and 
made crowns of them. About 40 stades from Goronea is 
the mountain Libethrium, where are statues of the Muses 
and Nymphs called Libethrides, and two fountains (one 
called Lib^thrias, and the other Petra) like women's breasts, 
and water like milk comes up from them. 

It is about 20 stades from Goronea to the mountain La* 
phystittmi and to the sacred enclosure of Laphystian Zeus. 
There is a stone statue of the god here : and this is the spot 
they say where, when Athamas was going to sacrifice 
Phrizus and Helle, a ram with solden wool was sent them 
b^ Zeus, on whose back the children escaped. A little 
higher up is a staiue of Hercules Gharops, the Boeotians 
say Hercules oame up bore from the lower world with 
Gerberua. And as vou descend from Laphystinm to the 
temple of Itonian Athene is the liver PhalaroSi whidi 
discharges itself into the lake Gophisis. 



2M PAU8AXIA8. 

Beyond the monnUin Laphystiam is 0rohoiiienii8« as 
famous and renowed as an j Greek city, whioh, after having 
fisen to the Tory aome of prosperity, was destined to oome 
to a similar end as Myoenn and Delos. This is what they 
record of its ancient history They say Andreas first dwelt 
hera^ the son of the river Penens, and the oonntiy was 
called Andreis after him. And when Athamas came to 
him« he distributed to him his land in the neighbourhood 
of the mountain Laphystium, and what are now called 
GoTonea and Haliartia. And Athamas thinking he had no 
male children left (for he had laid violent hands on 
Learchus and Melicerta, and Leucon had died of some ill- 
ness, and as to Phrixus he did not know whether he was 
alive or had left any descendant), adopted accordingly 
Haliartus and Goronus, the sons of Thersander, the son of 
Sisyphus, who was brother of Athamas. But afterwards 
when Phrixus returned from Golchi according to some^ 
according to others Presbon, Phrixus' son by the daughter 
of .^fietes, then the sons of Thersander conceded the 
kingdom of Athamas to him and his posterity, so they 
dwelt at Haliartus and Coronea which Athamas had 

given to Uiem. And before this Andrens had married 
uippe the daughter of Leucon at the instigation of 
AUiMiias, and had by her a son Eteocles, who according to 
the poets was the son of the river Cephisu8,so that some of 
them caUed him Cephisiades in their poems. WhenEteodes 
became king he allowed the country to keep its name 
Andreis, but established two tribes, one of which he called 
Gephisias, and the other from his own name Bteodea. 
When Almus the son of Sisyphus came to him, he granted 
him a small village to dwell in, which got called after Um 
Almones, but eventually got changed to 01monea» 



OHAPTEB XXXY. 

THE BoBotians say that Eteocles was the first who saori* 
ficed to the Graces. And they are sure that he esta* 
blished the worship of three Graces, though they do not 
remember the names he gave them. FortheLaoedMmonians 



BOOK IX. — BOSOTU. 205 

BBj thai only two (huoes were appointed by Lacediemoii 
the son of Taygete, and that their names were Cleta and 
Phaenna. These names snit the Qracea, and they have suit- 
able names also among the Athenians, for the Athenians 
honour of old the Graces Anxo and Hegemone. As to 
Garpo it is not the name of a Gh«ce but a Season. And 
another Season the Athenians honour equally with Pandro- 
sus, the Goddess they call Thallo. But haying learnt so to 
do from Eteocles of Orchomenus we are accustomed now to 
pray to three Gktuses : and Angelion and Tectaaus who made 
a statue of Apollo at Delos haye placed three Graces in his 
hand ; and at Athens at the entrance to the Acropolis there 
are also three Graces, and near them they celebrate the mys- 
teries which are kept secret from the multitude. Pamphns 
is the first we know of that sang the praises of the Graoes, 
but he has neither mentioned their number nor their names. 
And Homer, who has also mentioned the Graces, says that one 
of them whom he calls Charis was the wife of Hephsastus.' 
And he says that Sleep was the loyer of the Grace Pasithea. 
For in his account of Sleep he has written the lines, 

** That he would giTe me one of the jooneer Graoee, 
pMithea, whom 1 long for day and night * 

Hence has arisen the idea that Homer knew of other older 
Graces. And Hesiod in the Theogony (if indeed Hesiod 
wrote the Theogony)says that these Graces are the daughters 
of Zeus and Euiy nome, and that their names are Enphrosyne 
and Aglaia and Thalia. Onomacritns giyes the same r«cconnt 
of them in his yerses. But Antimachus neither giyes the 
number of the Graces nor their names, but says uiej were 
the daughters of JSgle and the Sun. And Hermesianaz in 
his Elegies has written something rather different from the 
opinion of those before him, inj. that Peitho was one of the 
Graces. But whoeyer first represented the Graces naked 
(whether in a statue or painting) I could not ascertain, for 
in more ancient times the statoaries and painters repre- 
sented them dressed, as at Smyrna in the temple of the 
Nemeses, where aboye the other statues are some golden 
Graces by Bupalus. In the Odeum also is a figure of a 
Grace painted by Apellea. The people of Pergamns haye 

« Iliad, STiiL $8S, S8S. • Iliad, siY.S76; 17%. 



206 PAU81NIA8. 

al80,in ihebed-ohamber of Aiialos, the Giaces bj Bapaloa^ 
And in what is called the Pjthiam there are Oracea painted 
hj the Parian Pjthagoraa. And Socrates the son of Sophro- 
1118CI18 at the entrance to the Acropolis made statues of 
the Graces for the Athenians. And all these are draped : 
but artists afterwards, I know not whj, changed this pre* 
sentation of them : and in my day both soalptored them and 
painted them as naked* 



CHAPTER XXXVI. 

ON the death of Eteocles the succession deyolved upon 
the posteritj of Almas. Almas had two daughters 
Chrysogenia and Ghryse : and the story goes that Chryse 
had a son by Ares called Phlegyas, who succeeded to the 
kingdom when Eteocles died without any male progeny. 
80 they changed the name of the whole country from 
Andreis to Phlegjantis, and to the city Andreis, which 
was very early inhabited, the king gave his own name 
PhlegyaSy and gathered into it the most warlike of the 
Greeks. And the people of Phlegyas in their folly and 
audacity stood aloof as time went on from the other Oroho* 
menianSy and attracted to themselres the neighbouring 
people: and eventually led an army against Delphi to 
plunder the temple, and when Philammon with some picked 
Argives came against them he and th^ were slain in the 
battle that ensued. That the people of rhlcgyas more than 
the other Greeks delighted in war is shewn by the lines in 
the Iliad about Ares and Panio the son of Ares, 

^Th*y two armed themtelTet for bsUk wiih ths Ephyri and the 
Wftrriori of PhlegyM.* ^ 

By the Ephinri here Homer means I think those of 
Thesprotia in Epirus* But the inhabitants of Phlegyas 
were entirely oyerthrown by frequent lightning and riolont 
earthquakes: and the residue were carried off by an 
epidemic, all but a few who escaped to Phocis. 

* IUm1,zIU. 901,801. lb* reading bthtlbraitr lino is howoTor a 
lktlsdUlmo(. 



BOOK IX. — B<EOTU. 207 

And as Plilegjaa died childless, Ghrjses the son of 
Ghrysogenia (the daughter of Almas) hj Poseidon suc- 
ceeded him. And he had a son Minjas, from whom his 
subjects the Minyas took the name they still keep. So 
great were his revenues that he excelled ail his predecessors 
in wealth, and he was the first we know of that built a 
Treasury for the reception of his money. The Greeks 
are it seems more apt to admire things out of their own 
country than things in it, since seyeral of their notable 
historians haye described in great detail the Pyramids 
of Egypt, but haye not mentioned at all the Treasury of 
Minyas and the walls at Tiryns, though they are no less 
remarkable. The son of Minyas was Orchomenus, and in 
his reign the town was called Orchomenus and its inhabi- 
tants Orchomenians : but none the less they also continued 
to be called Minyas to distinguish them from the Orcho- 
menians in Arcadia. It was daring the reign of this Orcho- 
menus that Hyettus came from Argos, fleeing after his slay- 
ing Molurus (the son of Arisbas) whom he had caught with 
his wife, and Orchomenus gave him all the land now round 
the village of Hyettus and the neighbouring district. 
Hyettus is mentioned by the author of the Poem which the 
Greeks call the Great Easce. 

" Hyettus hayinff slain Molurus (the dear son of Arisbas) 
in the chamber of his wedded wife, left his house and fled 
from Argos fertile-in-horses, and went to the court of 
Orchomenus of Minyeo, and the hero received him, and 
gave him part of his possessions in a noble spirit." 

This Hyettus seems clearly the first that took vengeance 
on adultery. And in aftei^ times Draco the Athenian legis- 
lator in the beginninff of his laws assigned a severe penaltj 
for adultery, though ne condoned some offences. And ^e 
fame of the Minyas. reached such a heighti that Neleus, the 
son of Orethens, who was king at Pylos married the Oroho* 
menian Ohloria the daughter of Amphion the son of lasius. 



208 PAU8AKU8. 



CHAPTER XXXVII. 



BUT the posterity of Almas was fated to come to aa end, 
for Orchomenus had no child, and so the kingdom do- 
Yolyed upon Clymenns, the son of Presbon, the son of 
Phrixus. And Erginns was the eldest son of Gljmenns, and 
next came Stratins and Arrho and Pjleus, and the youngest 
Asens. Clymenus was slain by some Thebans at the fes- 
tival of Onchestian Poseidon, who were inflamed to anger 
about some trifling matter, and was succeeded by his eldest 
son Erginus. And forthwith he and his brothers collected 
an army and marched against Thebes, and defeated the 
Thebans in an engagement, and from that time the Thebans 
agreed to pay a yearly tax for the murder of Clymenus. But 
when Hercules grew up at Thebes, then the Thebans had 
this tax remitted, and the Minyao met with great reverses 
in the war. And Erginus seeing that the citizens were re- 
duced to extremities made peace with Hercules, and seek- 
ing to regain his former wealth and prosperity neglected 
everything else altogether, and continued unmarried and 
chUdless till old age stole on him unawares. But when 
be had amassed much money then he desired posterity, 
and he went to Delphi and consulted the oracle and tne 
Pythian Priestess gave him the following response, 

"Erginus grandson of Presbon and son of Clymenus, 
you come rather late to inquire after offspring, but lose no 
time in putting a new top on the old plough." 

So he married a young wife according to the oracle, and 
became father of Trophonius and Agamedes. Trophonius 
is said indeed to have been the son of Apollo and not of 
Erginus, as I myself believe, and so will everyone who con- 
sults the oracle of Trophonius. When tiiey grew up they 
say these sons of Erginus became skilful in building 
temples for the gods and palaces for men : for they built 
the temple of Apollo at Delphi, and the treasury for Hyrieus. 
In this last they contrived one stone so that they coold re» 
move it aa they liked from outside, and they were ever 
filching from the treasures : and Hyrieus was astonished 
when he saw keys Mid seals untampered with, and yet his 



BOOK IX ^DOtOTIA. 209 

wealth eTor diminishing. So he laid traps near the coffers 
in which his siWer and gold were, so that whoever entered 
and touched the monej would be caught. And as Agamedes 
entered he was trapped, and Trophonius cut off his brother's 
head, that when daylight came he might not if detected 
inform against him too as privj to the robbery. There- 
upon tbe earth gaped and swallowed up Trophonius in the 
groye of Lebadoa, where is a cayity called after Agamedes, 
and a pillar erected near it. Aiid the rulers oyer the 
Orchomenians were Asoalaphus and lalmenus, who were 
reputed to be the sons of Ares by Astyoohe» (the daughter 
of Aseus the son of Clymenus), and who led the Miny» to 
Troy.* The Orchomenians also went on the expedition to 
Ionia with the sons of Codms, and after being driyen from 
their country by the Thebans were restored to Orohomenus 
by Philip the son of Amyntas. But the deitgr seemed oyer 
to reduce their power more and more. 



CHAPTER XXXVIIL 

AT Orchomenus there is a temple of Dionysus, and a very 
ancient one of the (traces. They worship especially 
some meteorio stones which they say fell from heayen 
upon Eteocles, and some handsome stone statues were 
offered in my time. They haye also a well well worth 
seeing, which they go down to to draw water. And the 
treasury of Minyas, a manrel inferior to nothing in Oreece 
or elsewhere, is constructed as follows. It is a circular 
building made of stone with a top not yery pointed : the 
highest stone they say holds togrether the whole build- 
ing. There are also there the tombs of Minyas and 
Hesiod : they say Hesiod's bones were got in the following 
way. When a pestilence once destroyed men and cattle 
they sent messengers to Delphi, and the Pythian Priestess 
bade them bring the bones of Hesiod from Naupaotus to 
Orohomenus, and that would be a romedy. They then 
inquired again in what part of Naupactus they would find 
these ^Mnes, and the Pythian Priestess told them that a 

. » 8m HM, IL ftlMU. 



210 PAU8A1IU8. 

crow would show them. Asthej proceeded on iheir journey 
they saw a stone not far from the road and a crow sitting 
on it, and thej fonnd the bones of Hesiod in the hollow of . 
the stone, and these elegiac yerses were inscribed upon it, 

' *'The fertile Ascra was his fatherland, but after his 
death the land of the horse-taming Minjas got Hesiod's 
remains, whose fame is greatest in Greece among men 
judged by the test of wisdom." 

As to Actaeon there is a tradition at Orchomenus, that a. 
spectre which sat on a stone injnred their land. And when* 
they consulted the oracle at Delphi, the god bade them 
bary in the gronnd whatever remains they could find of 
Actfldon : he also bade them to make a brasen copy of the 
spectre and fasten it with iron to the stone. This I have 
myself seen, and they annually offer funeral rites to 
ActflBon* - 

About 7 stades from Orchomenus is a temple and small 
statue of Hercules. Here is the source of the river Melas, 
which has its outlet into the lake Cephisis. The lake 
covers a large part of the Orchomenian district, and in 
winter time, when the South Wind generally prevails, the 
water spreads over most of the country. The Thebans say 
that the river Cephisus wasi diverted by Hercules into 
the Orchomenian plain, and that it had its outlet to 
the sea under the mountain till Hercules dammed that 
passage up. Homer indeed knows of the lake Cephisis, 
out not as made by Hercules, and speaks of it in the line 

^ Orerhanging the lake Cephisis.* ^ 

But it is improbable that ihe Orohomenians did not disoover 
that passage, and give to the Cephisus its old outlet by un« 
doing the work of Hercules, for they were not without 
money even as far back as the Trojan War. Homer bears 
me out in the answer of Achillea to the messengers of Aga- 
memnouy 

''Not all tht wealth that to Orohomeniia oomes,* * 

dainly therefore at that period much wealth came to 

Oiohomenus. 

V They say Aspledon lost its inhabitants from deficiency 

» niad, T. 709. • Uiad, ix. UK 



BOOK IX. — B<S0TI4. 2x1 

o! water, and that it got its name from Aspledon, tlie 
son of Poseidon by the Nymph Midea. This account is 
<x>nfirmed by the verses which Ohersias the Orohomenian 
wrote, 

" Aspledon was the son of Poseidon and illostrious Midea 
and bom in tho large ci^.'* 

None of the terses of Ghersias are now extant, bat Callip> 

5ns has cited these in his speech about the Orchomenians. 
'he Orchomenians also say that the epitaph on Hesiod was 
composed by this Chersias. 



CHAPTER XXXIX. 

IN the monntAinoas parts the Phocians are nearest to the 
Orchomenians, but in the plain Lebadea is nearest 
Lebadea was originally built on high ground, and called 
Midea from the mother of Aspledon, but when Lebadus 
came from Athens and settled here the inhabitants descended 
to the plain, and the town was called Lebadea after him. 
Who the fatJier of Lebadus was, and why he came there, 
they do not know, they only know that his wife's name 
was Laonice. The town is adorned in every respect like the 
most famous Greek towns. The grove of Trophonins is 
at some distance from it. Thev say that Hercyna was 
playing there with Proserpine the daughter of Demeter, 
and unwittingly let a goose drop out of her hands, which 
flew into a hollow cave and hid under a stone, till Proser- 
pine entered the cave and took it from under the stone : 
and water they say burst forth where Proserpine took up 
the stone, and the river was called for that reason Hercyna. 
And on the banks of the river is a temple of Hercyna, and 
in it the effigy of a maiden with a goose in her hands : and 
in the cave are the sources of the river, and some statues 
in a standing posture, and there are some dragons twined 
round their sceptres. One mi^ht conjecture that the 
statues are iBsculapius and Hygiea, or they may be Tro* 
phonius and Hercyna; for dmgons are quite as sacred 
to Trophonins as to ^sculapins. And near the river is 
tbe tomb of Arcesilans : they say Leitas brought his remains 



212 PAOSAHUS. 

liome from Troy. And the mort notable thinf^ in the 
groye are a temple of Trophonins, and statne like JBSson- 
kpioa It ia bjr Praxiteles. There is also a temple of 
Demeter called Enropa. and in the open air a statne of Zens 
Hjetios. And as jon ascend to the oracle, and pass on in 
front of the mountain, is Proserpine's Chase, and a temple 
of Zens the King. This temple either owing to its sixe or 
continual wars is left nnfinidied ; and in another temple 
are statues of Cronos and Hera and Zens. There is also a 
temple of Apollo. As to the oracle the following is the 
process. When any one desires to descend to the oaye of 
Trophonins, he must first take up his residence for certain 
dajs in the temple of the Good Deity and Qood Fortune. 
While he stays here he purifies himself in all other respects, 
and abstains from warm baths, and bathes in the river 
Hercyna, and has plenty of animal food from the Tarious 
yiotims: for he must sacrifice to Trophonins and the sons 
of Trophonins, and also toApollo and Cronos, and to Zens 
the King, and to Hera the Chariot-driyer, and to Demeter 
whom they call Europa, and who they say was the nurse of 
Trophonins. And at each of the sacrifices the seer comes 
forward and inspects the victim's entrails, and having done 
so declares whether or not Trophonins will receive with 
fttvour the person who consults his oracle. The entrails 
of the other victims however do not show the mind of Tro* 
phonius so much as those of the ram, which each person 
who descends into his cave sacrifices on the night he 
descends in a ditch, invoking Agamedes. And though the 
former snorifices have seemed propitious they take no 
account of them, unless the entrails of this ram are 
favourable too, but if these are so^ then each person 
descends with good hope. This is the process. The first 
thing they do is to binng the person who wishes to consult 
the oracle by night to the river Hercyna, and to anoint 
him with oil, and two dtiien lads of the age of 13 whom 
th^ call Henna wash him, and minister to him in all 
other respects. The priests do not after that lead him 
immediately to the oracle, but to the sources of the river 
which are very near each other. And here he must druik 
of the water allied Lethe, that he may forget all his former 
thongfats^ and afterwards he must drink of the water ul 



BOOK IZ. BOtOTIA. 213 

Memory, and then he remembers what he will see on his 
descent. And when he has beheld the statue which they 
say was mnde by Doedalns, and which is never shown by 
the priests to any bnt those who are going to des'^end to 
Trophonins, after worship and prayer he goes to the oracle^ 
olad in a linen tnnio bound with fillets, and haying on his 
feet the shoes of the country. And the oracle is aboye the 
groye on the mountain. And there is round it a circular 
wall of stone, the circumference of which is very small, and 
height rather less than two cubits. And there are some 
brazen pillars and girders that connect them, and through 
them are doors. And inside is a cayity in the earth, not 
natural, but artificial, and built with great skill. And the 
shape of this cavity resembles that of an oven : the breadth 
of which (mensured diametrically) may be considered to 
be about 4 cubits, and the depth not more than 8 cubits. 
There are no steps to the bottom : but when any one de- 
scends to Trophonius, they furnish him with a narrow and 
light ladder. On the descent between top and bottom is 
an opening two spans broad and one high. He that de- 
scends lies flat at the bottom of the cavity, and, having in 
his hands cakes kneaded with honey, introduces into the 
opening first his feet and then his knees : and then all his 
body is sucked in, like a rapid and larse river swallows up 
anyone who is sucked into its vortoz. And when within the 
sanctuary the future is not communicated always in the 
same way, but some obtain knowledge of the f atnre by 
their eyes, others by their ears. And they return by the 
place where they entered feet foremost. And thev say none 
who descended ever died, ezoept one of Demetnus* body 
(fnard, who would perform none of the accustomed rontine* 
and who descended not to consult the oracle, but in the 
hope of abstracting some of the gold and silver from the 
sanctuary. They fJso say that his corpse was not ejected 
by the usual outlet. There are indeed several other tradi- 
tions about him : I mention only the most remarkable. And 
on emerging from the oavity of Trophonius, the priests 
take and seat the person who has consulted the oraole on 
the Seat of Memory, not far from the sanotuary, and when 
be is seated there Uiey ask bim what he has seen or heard« 
and, when the/ hav^ been informed, they hand him over 



214 PAU8AMTA8. 

to the fit persons, who briDg him back to the temple of 
Qood Fortnne and the Good Deity, still in a state of terror 
and hardljr knowing where he is. Afterwards however he 
will think no more of it, and even laugh. I write no mere 
hearsay, but from what I have seen happen to others, and 
haying myself oonsolted the oracle of Trophonios. And all 
on their return from the oracle of Trophonios most write 
down on a tablet what they hare seen or heard. There is 
also still there Uie shield of Aristomenes t the partionlars 
about which I hare already narrated. 



CHAPTER XL. 

THE Boeotians became acquainted with this oracle iu 
the following way, knowing nothing of it before. 
As there had been no rain on one occasion for two years, 
they sent messengers from every city to consult the oracle 
at Delphi. The Pythian Priestess returned these messen- 
gers answer that they must go to Trophonius at Lebadeay 
and obtain from him a cure for this drought. But when 
they went to Lebadea they could not find the oracle, when 
one Saon from Acraaphnium, the oldest of the messengers, 
saw a swarm of bees, and determined to follow them 
wherever they went. He very soon saw <hat these bees 
went into the ground here, and so he discovered the oracle.. 
This Saon they say was aJso instructed by Trophonios in 
all the ritual and routine of the oracle* 

Of the works of Deddalus there are these two in Boeotia, 
the Hercules at Thebes, and the Trophonios at Lebadea, 
and there are two wooden statoes in Crete, the Britomartis 
at Olos, and the Athene i^t Onossos x and with the Cretans 
also is the dancing-groond of Ariadne, mentioned by Homer 
in the Iliad,^ represented in white stone. Andf at Ddos there 
is also a wooden statoe of Aphrodite not very hrge, in jored 
in the right hand from lapse of tim6, and instead of feet 
ending in a squary^ shape. I believe Ariadne received this 
from Dasdalns, and when she accompanied Theseus took 
the statue off with hor. And the Delians say that Theseus, 



BOOK. n. — BOBOTIA. 215 

^hen be T^as dopriyed of Ariadne hj Dionjsds, gave Apollo 
at Delos this statae of the goddess, that he might not 
bj taking it home be constantly reminded of his lost 
loye, Ariadne, and so oyer find the old wound bleed anew. 
Except these I know of none of the works of Dmdalos still 
extant : for time has effaced those works of his which were 
offered hj the Argiyes in the temple of Hera, as also those 
that were brought to Gela in Sicily from Omphace. 

Next to Lebadea comes Gheoronea, which was in ancient 
times called Ame ; they say Ame was the daughter of 
^olus, and another town in Thessaly was also called after 
her, and it got its name Chmronea from Chmron^ who they 
say was the son of Apollo by There the daughter of Phylas. 
The author of the Great Eoeas confirms me in this, in tiie 
following lines. 

" Phylas married Lipephile the daughter of the famous 
lolaus, who resembled in appearance the goddesses of 
Olympus. She bare Hippotes in her bower, and loyely 
Thero bright as the stars, who falling into the arms of 
Apollo bare mighty Chadron tamer of horses.*' 
• I think Homer knew the names ChsBronea and Lebadea^ 
but preferred to call those towns by their ancient names, 
as he calls the Nile ^ by the name ^gyptus. 

There are two trophies erected at Ohadronea by Sulla 
and the Romans, for the yictories oyer Taxilus and the 
army of Mithridates. Philip the son of Amyntas erected 
no trophy either here or elsewhere for yictories whether 
oyer Greeks or barbarians, for it was not the custom of the 
Mtfcedonians to erect trophies. They haye a tradition that 
the Macedonian King Garanus defeated in battle Gissous 
who was a neighbouring king, and erected a trophy for his 
yictory in imitation of the Argiyes, and they say a lion 
came from Olympus and oyertumed the trophy. Then 
Garanus was conscious that he had not acted wisely in 
erecting a trophy, which had only a tendency to bring 
about an irreconcilable enmity with his neighbours, 
and that neither he, nor any of hitf successors in the 
kingdom of Macedonia ought to erect trophies after 
yictoriesi it they wished to earn the goodwill of their 

* «.y. Od.»0if»y, \t. S81, sir. S57* > 



216 PAU8AHIA8. 

neighboQTfl. I am oonfinned in what I aaj by the fact thai 
Alexander erected no trophies either oyer Daiins or for his 
Indian Tictoriea. 

As jon approach Chnronea is a common sepnichre of the 
Thehans that fell in the battle a^nst Philip. There is no 
inscription over them bnt there is a derice of a lion» which 
may indicate their bravery. I think there is no inscription 
becaose, owing to the deity, their coarage was foUowea by 
no adeqaate success. Of o^l their objects of worship the 
people of Chieronea Tenerate most the sceptre which 
Homer says HephflBStns made for Zeos, which Hermes 
received from Zens and gaye to Pelops, and Pelops left to 
Atrens, and Atreos to Thyestes, from whom Agamemnon 
had it.^ This sceptre they worship and call the tpear. 
And that it has some divine properties is shown not least 
by the brightness that emanates from it They say it was 
found on the borders of the Panopeans in Phocis, and that 
the Phocians found gold with it ; bnt prof erred this sceptro 
to the gold. I think it was taken to Phocis by Electra the 
daughter of Agamemnon. It has no public temple erected 
for it^ but every year the priest puts it in a certain build* 
ing» and thero aro sacrifices to it daily, and a table is spread 
for it furnished with all kinds of meats and* pastry. 



CHAPTER XLl. 

OF all the works indeed of HophaBstus, that poets sing 
of and that have been famous among men, thero is 
none bnt this sceptro of Agamemnon certainly his. The 
Lycians indeed show at Patara in the temple of Apollo a 
brazen bowl (which they say was by HephfBstu^, ^e 
votive offering of Telephus, but they ara probably ignorant 
that the Samians Theodoras and Bhceous woro the first brass- 

^ lUAd, if. lOO-lOS. Lm anybad/ aboiiM bn- MuiMriaed at a aoeptra 
iMing called € tptar fee him renMmber the Allowing wordt of Juatin, 
xiiil S. ^ Far aa adhue tempora rvfjes bail at pro diadenate babebant, 
qua Orad totptra dixtro. Nam at %h «^ghM twum pro dito imaMir^ 
talibiaa tmmtm baataa colnaiw, ob 9^ rabgiuaia wamoriaai adbue 
^ latealacriabaauaaddttBtttf.* 



BOOK n. — B<EOTIA. 217 

foanders. And the Acheans of Patr» saj tbat the chest 
which Earypjlns brought from Troy was made by HephoBS* 
tae, bnt they do not allow it to be seen. In Cyprus is the city 
Amathus, where is an ancient temple of Adonis and Aphro« 
dite, and here they say is the necklace which was originally 
ffiyen to Harmonia, but is called the necklace of Eriphyle, 
because she receiyed it as a gift from her husband, and the 
sons of Phegeus dedicated it at Delphi. How they got it I 
haye already related in my account of Arcadia. Bnt it 
was carried off by the Phocian tyrants. I do not however 
think that the necklace in the temple of Adonis at Amathns 
is Eriphyle's, for that is emeralds set in gold, but the neck- 
lace given to Eriphyle is said by Homer in the Odyssey to 
have been entirely gold, as in the line, 

** Who Mid for gold her hnsband dear.'' * 

And Homer knew very well that there are different kinds 
of necklaces, for in the conversation between Eamieua 
and Odysseus, before Telemachus returned from Pvlos and 
visited the swineherd's cottage, are the following lines, 

'* Came to my father's house a knowing man. 
With golden neeklaoe, which was sot in amber,'* * 

And among the gifts which Penelope received from the 
.suitors he has represented Eniymachns giving her m 
necklace. 

** Enrymachns brought her a splendid neckltoe» 
Golden and set in amber, like a sun.* * 

But he does not speak of Eriphyle*s necklace as adorned 
with gold and precious stones. So it is probable that this 
sceptre is the only work of Hephiestus still extant. 

Above Oheoronea is a crag called Petrachds. They say 
that it was here that Cronos was deceived by Bhea with a 
stone instead 6f Zeus, and there is a small statue of 2ieus on 
the summit of the mountain. At ChsDronea they make un* 
guents by boiling down together lOies and roses nareissusea 

* OdfiM'yt XU «27. • Odyssey, a?. 459, 4S0, 

* Odfssey. aTiU. S^, 29S. 



218 PAUSAHIAB. ' 

and iriBes. These imgaents reliere painl Indeed if jha 
anoint wooden statnes with nngnent made from roBes, it 
presenres them from rottenness. The iris grows in marshy 
pkcesy and is in sise about as big as the lily, bnt is not 
white^ and not so strong-soented as the lily. .^ 



BOOK X.— pnocis. 

CHAPTER I. 

THAT pari of Phocis which is in the neighboarhood of 
Tithorea and Delphi took its name in yery ancient 
times from the Corinthian Phocns, the son of Om/tion. 
Bat not many years afterwards all the country now called 
Phocis got that name, after the iBginetans and Phoous the 
son of i&acas crossed over there in their ships. Phocis is 
opposite the Peloponnese and near Boeotia and on the sea, and 
has ports at Cirrha (near Delphi) and Anticyra ; the Epic- 

.nemidian Locrians prevent their being on the sea at the 
Lamiac Galf, for they dwell in that part of Phocis, as the 
Scarphenns north of Elatea, and north of Hyampolis and 
Ab89 the people of Opus, whose harboar is Cynns. 

The most eminent pablio transactions of the Phocians 
were as follows. They took part in the war against Iliam, 
and f oQght against the Thessalians, (before the Persians 
invaded Greece), when they displayed the following 

: prowess. At Hyampolis, at the place where they expected 
the Thessalians to make their attack, they buried m the 
earth some earthenware pots, just covering them over with 

, soil, and awaited the attack of the Thessalian cavalry : and 

I they not knowing of the artifice of the Phocians sparred 

their horses en to these pots. And some of the horses were 

.lamed by these pots, and some of the riders were killed 
others unhorsed. And when the Thessalians more 
angry than before with the Phocians gathered together .a 

, force from all their cities and invaded Phocis, then the 
Phocians (in no small alarm at the various preparations 
made by the Thessalians for war, and not least at the 

.quantity and quality of their cavalry), sent to Delphi to 
inquire how they were to escape from the coming danger t 

.and the answer of the oracle was, ^'I put together m 



220 PAUSAVIAB. 

combat a mortal and immortal, and I shall give TictoTj 
to both, bat the greater victory to the mortal." When the 
Phocians heard this thej aeot 300 picked men under Gelon 
against the enemy at nightfall, bidding them watch as 
stealthily as thej conld the movements of the Thessalians, 
and retam to the camp bj the most ont-of-the-waj road, 
and not to fight if thej could help it. These picked men 
were all cat to pieces by the Thessalians together with their 
leader Gelon, being ridden down by the horses, and 
butchered by their riders. And their fate brought such 
consternation into the camp of the Phocians, that they 
gathered together their women and children and all their 
goods, their apparel and gold and silver and the statues of 
the gods, and made a very large funeral pile, and left 
thirtv men in charge with strict orders if the Phocians 
should be defeated in the battle, to out the throats of the 
women and children, and offer them as victims with all the 
property on the funeral pile, and set light to it, and either 
Idll one another there, or rush on the Thessalian cavalry. 
Desperate resolves such as this have ever since been called 
by the Greeks Phocian Baolutian. And forthwith the 
Phocians marched forth against the Thessalians, under the 
command of Bhoeus of Ambrosus and Daiphantes of 
Hyampolis, the latter in command of the cavalry, and the 
former in command of the infantry. But the commander 
in chief was Tellias, the seer of Elis, on whom all the hopes 
of the Phocians for safety were placed. And when the 
engagement came on, then the Phocians bethought them 
of their resolves as to their women and children, and saw 
that their own safety was by no means certain, they were 
consequently full of desperation, and the omens of the god 
being auspicious, won one of the most famous victories of 
their time. Then the oracle which was given to the Pho* 

'cians by Apollo became clear to all the Greeks, for the 
word given by the Thessalian commanders was Itaman 
Aihenef and the word given by the Phocian commanders 
Phocui. In consequence of this victory the Phocians sent 
to Apollo to Delphi statues of the seer Tellias and of the 
other <vmmand*i« in tbip battle, and also of the local 
heroes. These statues were by Aristomedon the Aigive. 

• The Phocians also found ouc another contrivance as i 



BOOK X. — ^PHOCIS. 221 

cessfal as their former one* For when the enemy's canp 
was pitched at the entrance to Phocis, five hundred picked 
Phooians waited till the moon was at its fnll, and made 
a night attnck on the Thessalians, having smeared them* 
selves and likewise their armour with plaster so as to look 
white. A tremendoas slaughter of the Thessalians is said 
to have ensued, who looked upon what they saw as a divine 
appearance, and not as a ruse of the enemy. 

It was Tellias of Elis who contrived this trick on the 
Thessalians. 



CHAPTER n. 

WHEN the army of the Persians passed into Europe, it 
is said that the Phocians were obliged to join Xerxes, 
but they deserted the Modes and fought on the Greek side 
at Plataea. Some time afterwards a fine was imposed upon 
them by the Amphictyonic Council. I cannot ascertain why^ 
whether it was imposed upon them because they had acted 
unjustly in some way, or whether it was their old enemies the 
Thessalians who got this fine imposed. And as they were 
in a state of great despondency about the largeness of the 
fine, Philomelus the son of Philotimus, second in merit to 
none of the Phocians, whose native place was Ledon one 
' of the Phocian cities, addressed them and showed them 
how impossible it was to pay the money, and urged upon 
them to seise the temple at Delphi, alleging among oUier 
persuasive arguments that the condition of Athens and 
LacedsBmon was favourable to this plan, and that if the 
Thebans or any other nation warred against them, they 
would come on victorious through their courage and ex* 
penditure of money. The majority of the Phocians were 
pleased with the arguments of Philomelus, whether the 
deity perverted their judgment,' or that they put gain 
before piety. So the Phocians seized the temple at Delphi, 
when Heraclides was President at Delphi, and Aeathocle^ 
Archon at Athens, in the fourth year of the 106th Olympiad, 
when Proms of Cyrene was victorious in the oonrse. And 

* Beading ii^ wp^npav m 8M$ti$ raggMtt. 

* OnrnpiM Um FiroTerb, Qium JigtiUr fmiiperden dtmmUUprku. 



222 PAU8ANU3. 

after seizing the temple ihejr got together the strongest 
armj of mercennries in Greece, and ilie Thebans, who 
had preyionsly been at variance with them, openlj de- 
clared war against them. The war lasted 10 continuous 
years, and during that long time frequently the Phocians 
and their mercenaries prevailed, frequently the Thebans 
had the best of it. But in an engagement near the town 
Neon the Phocians were routed, and Philomelus in his 
flight threw himself down a steep and precipitous crag, 
and so perished : and the Amphictyonio Council imposed 
the same end on all those who had plundered the temple 
at Delphi. And after the death of Philomelus the Pho* 
cians gave the command to Onomarohus, and Philip the 
son of Amyntas joined the Thebans : and Philip was vie* 
torious in the battle, and Onomarchus fled in the direc- 
tion of the sea, and was there shot bv the arrows of his 
own soldiers, for they thought their defeat had come about 
through his cowardice and inexperience in military mattersl 
Thus Onomarchus ended his life by the will of the deity, 
and the Phocians chose his brotner Phayllus as com* 
mander in chief with unlimited power. And he had 
hardly been invested with this power when he saw the 
following apparition in a dream. Among the votive offer- 
ings of Apollo was an imitation in brass of an old man, 
with his flesh already wasted away and his bones only left. 
It was said by the Delphians to have been a votive offering ' 
given by Hippocrates the doctor. Phayllus dreamt that he 
was like this old man, and forthwith a wasting disease 
oame upon him, and fiilfiUed the dream. And after the 
death of Phayllus the chief power at Phoois devolved upon 
his son Phalnous, but he was deposed because he helped 
himself privatelv to the saored money. And he sailed 
over to Cfrete with those Phocians who joined his party, and 
with a portion of the mercenaries, and besieged C^doniat 
because the inhabitants would not give him tiie monev he 
demandedi and in the siege lost most of his urmy and his 
own life. — ' 



BOOK X. PH0CI8. 223' 



OHAPTEB IIL 

AND Philip pat an end to the war, called the Phocian 
or the Saored War, in the tenth year after the plunder 
of the temple, when Theophilns was Archon at Athens, in 
the first year of the 108th Olympiad, in which Poljoles of 
Gyrene won the prise in the coarse. And the following 
Phocian towns were taken and rased to the ground, Liloaa, 
Hyampolis, Anticyra, Parapotamii, Panopens, and Daulis. 
These towns were renowned in ancient times and not least 
in consequence of the lines of Homer.' But those which 
the army of Xerxes burnt were rendered thereby more 
famous in Greece, as Erochus, Gharadra, Amphiclea, Neon, 
Tithronium, and Drymesa. All the others except Elatea 
were obscure prior to this war, as Trachis, Medeon, Eche- 
damia, Ambrosus, Ledon, Phlygonium, and Stiris. And 
now aJl those towns which I have mentioned were rased 
to the ground, and except Abas turned into Tillages. Abes 
had had no hand in the impiety of the other towns, and 
had had no share either in the seizing of the temple or in 
the Sacred War. The Phocians were also depri?ed of 
participation in the temple at Delphi and in the general 
Greek Gouncil, and the Amphictyonio Gouncil gave their 
votes to the Macedonians. As time went on however the 
Phocian towns were rebuilt, and they returned to them 
from the villages, except to such as had always been weak, 
and suffered at this time from want of money. And the 
Athenians and Thebans forwarded this restoration, before 
the fatal defeat of the Greeks at Ghieronea, in which the 
Phooiana took part, as afterwards they fought against 
Antipater and the Macedonians at Lamia and Grannon. 
They fought also against the Gkilati and the Geltio army 
with greater bravery than any of the Greeks, to avenge the 
god at Delphi, and to atone 1 think for their former ffuflt 
Such are toe most memorable public transactions ol the 
Phocians. 

> Iliad, U. 519-623. Cyp$ritras ia Ilom. It probably Antieyra. 8c« 
eb. S6. 



824 PAU8ANXA8. 

j 

CHAPTER IV. 

FROM CheBTonea it ia abont 20 stades to Panopeus, a 
town in Phocis, if town that can be called which has 
no Town-Hall, no gymnasium, no theatre, no market-place, 
no pnblio fountain, and where the inhabitants liye in 
narrow dwellings, Uke mountain cottages, near a ravine. 
But they have boundaries, and send members to the Pho- 
oian Council. Tliej saj that their town got its name from 
the father of Epeus, and that they wore not Phocians 
originally, but Phlogyans who fled into Phocis from Oroho- 
menia. The ancient enclosure of Panopeus occupies I con- 
jecture about 7 stades, and I remembered the lines of 
Homer about Tiiyus, where he called Panopeus the town 
delighting in the dance,* and in the contest for the dead 
body of Patroclus he says that Schedius (the son of Iphitus) 
the king of the Phocians, who was slain by Hector, dwelt 
at Panopeus.* It appears to me that he dwelt there from 
fear of the Boeotians, making Panopeus a garrison-town, for 
this is the point where the Boeotians have the easiest ap- 
proach to Phocis. I could not however understand why 
Aomer called Panopeus delighting in the dance, till I was 
instructed by those who among the Athenians are called 
Thyiades. These Thyiades are Athenian women who an- 
nually go to Parnassus in concert with the Delphian women, 
and celebrate the orgies of Dionysus. These Thyiades hold 
dances on the road from Athens and elsewhere and also 
at Panopeus: and I imagine Homer's epithet relates to 
this. 

There is in the street of Panopeus a building of un- 
baked brick of no great sise^ and in it a statue in Pen- 
telican marble, which some say is JBSsculapius and others 
Prometheus. The last adduce the following to confirm 
their opinion. Some stones lie near the ravine each large 
enough to fill a cart, in colour like the clay found in ravines 
and sandv torrente, and they smell very like the human 
body. They say that these are remains of the day out of 

• Odyney, xl 681. ^ Iliftd, xtIL a06« 907. 



BOOK X.— FH0CI8. 225 

vrbicli the human race was fashioned bj Promethens. Near 
the ravine is also the sopnlchre of Tiijns, the circum* 
ference of the mound is about the third of a stade. Of 
Titjns it is said in the Odyssey/ 

*' On Um ground lying, and he lay nine roodi." 

But some say that this line does not state the size of Tityus, 
but that the place where he lay is called Nine Roods. But 
Gleon, one of the Magnesians that live on the banks of the 
Hermus, said that people are by nature incredulous of won* 
derful things, who have not in the course of their lives met 
with strange occurrences, and that he himself believed that 
Tityus and others were as large as tradition represented, 
for when he was at Gades, and he and all his companions 
sailed from the island according to the bidding of Hercules, 
on his return he saw a cea monster who had been washed 
ashore, who had been struck by lightning and was biasing, 
and he covered five roods. So at least he said. 

About seven stades distant from Panopeus is Daulis.' The 
people here are not numerous, but for size and strength they 
are still the most famous of the Phocians. The town they 
say got its name from the nymph Daulis, who was the 
daughter of Oephisus. Others say that the site of the 
town was once full of trees, and that the ancients gave the 
name daula to anything dense. Hence ^schylus calls the 
beard of Qlaucus (the son of Anthedonius) daulu$. It was 
here at Daulis ajMM>rding to tradition that the women served 
up his son to Tereus, and this was the first recorded instance 
of cannibalism among mankind. And the hoopoe, into 
which tradition savs Tereus was chanffed, is in size little 
bigger than a quail, and has on its head feathers which re« 
semble a crest. And it is a remarkable circumstance that 
in this neighbourhood swallows neither breed nor lay eegs, 
nor build nests in the roofs of houses : and the Phocians 
say that when Philomela became a bird she vras in dread' 
both of Tereus and his country. And at Daulis there is a 
temple and andent statue of Athene, and a still older 

> xl. 577. 

* TiMre if probal>ly vnim miiUk* in the text here, for inttMil ttfitffem 
■tadet Dortwell thooght tho difUnoo Iwm^f-MVMi, nnd GoU tkirt^'-mvm * 
or/or^-^Mim. 

It. Q 



226: . PAU8ANIA8. 

wooden staiae which thej say Procne brought from Athens. 
There is also in the district of Daulis a place called Tronis, 
where a hero chapel was bailt to their horo-founderi who 
some saj was Xanthippus; who won great fame in war, 
others Phoons (the. son of Ornjtion and grand-sqn of Sisy* 
phns). They honour this hero whoeyer he is erery day, 
and when the Phocians bring thei Tictims they ponr the 
blood through a hole on to his tomb| and oonsumo the flesh 
there also. 



CHAPTER V. 

THERE is also an ascent by Daulis to the heights of 
Par nassus, rather longer than the ascent from I)elphi 
but not sosleep. As you turn from Daulis on to the hi^h 
road for Delphi and go forward, you will come to a build-, 
ing on the left of the road called Phocicum, into which the 
Phocians assemble from each of their towns. It is a large 
building, and in it are pillars all the length of the building, 
and galleries on each side, where the Phocians sit in as- 
sembly. But at the end of the building there are neither 
pillars nor galleries, but statues of Zeus and Athene and 
nera, Zeus on his throne, and Hera standing by on the 
right, Athene on the left 

As you go on from thenoe you will come to the Gross* 
roads, where they say CEdipus murdered his father.^ There 
are records indeed of the woes of CEdipus in all parts of 
Greece. So it seems it was fated. For directly he was* 
bom they pierced his ankles, and exposed him on Mount 
Oithaaron in Plat»a, He was brought up at Oorinth and 
the country near the Isthmus. And Phocis and the Gross- 
roads here were polluted by his father's blood. Thebes 
has attained eyen more oeiebrity from the marriage of 
CEdipus and the injustice of Eteocles. To CEdipus the 
Gross-roads here and his bloody deed there caused all his 
subsequent woes, and the eomos of Laius and his attendant 
are in the yexy middle of the place where the 3 roads meet. 



v^ 



* See Sophoelet, (Biipmi TVnuMitt, 7SS, 7S4. What I trandate la 
lUs Paragraph ••Oroaa-roadt^ woal<: bo UtonUly «<(li6 raid caUmI 
CSaft," which aa Snglith rtadar wooUi hardly andtriCand. • 



BOOK X. — PHOCfS 227 

and there are tinhewn stone? heaped up on them. They 
say that Damosistratas, who was king of Platoaa, came 
across their corpses and hnried them. 
• The high-road from here to Delphi is Tery steep, and 
rather difficnlt even for a well-eqnipped traveller. Many 
varying legends are told about Delphi, and still more abont 
the oracle of Apollo. For they say that in the most ancient 
times it was the oracle of Earth, and that Earth appointed 
as priestess of her oracle Daphnis, who was one of the 
Mountain Nymphs. And the Greeks have a poem called 
Enmolpia, the author of which was they say Musons the son 
of Aiitiophemus. In this poem Delphi is represented as a 
joint oracle of Poseidon and Earth, and we read that Earth 
delivered her own oracles, but Poseidon employed Pyroon 
as his interpreter. These are the lines : 

** Forthwith Earth uttered forth oracular wisdoniy 
And with her Pyreon, famed Poseidon'a prieet.'' 

But afterwards they say Earth gave her share to ThemiSy 
and Apollo received it from Themis : and he they say gave 
Poseidon for his share in the oracle Galauria near Troszen. 
I have also heard of some shepherds meeting with the oracle, 
and becoming inspired by the vapour, and prophesying 
through Apollo. But the greatest and most widespread 
fame attaches to Phemonoe, who was the first priestess of 
Apollo, and the first who recited the oracles in hexameters. 
But Boeo, a Phocian woman who composed a Hymn for 
Delphi, says that the oracle was set up to the god by Olen 
and some others that came from the Hyperboreans, and that 
Olen was the first who delivered oracles and in hexameters. 
BoM> has written the following lines, 

** Here Pegasus and divine Ag^ieusy sons of the Hyper* 
boreans, raised to thy memory an oracle.'* 
And enumerating other Hyperboreans she mentions at the 
end of her Hymn Olen, 

** And Olen who was Phcebna' lint prophet. 
And first to pot in tene the anoieni oraolet.* 

Tradition however viakes women the first utterers of .the 
oracles. 
The most ancient temple of Apollo was they say bniU 



228 PAUSAVIAS. 

of laarel, from brandies brought from » tree at Tempo. 
Bo that temple wonld resemble a hat. And the people of 
Delphi saj the next temple was bnilt of the wax and 
wings of beesy and was sent by Apollo to the Hjperbo- 
reans. There is also another tradition that this temple 
was built b^ a Delphian whose name was Pteras, and 
that it got its name from its bnilder, from whom also a 
Cretan city bj the addition of one letter got called 
Apterssi. For as to the tradition aboat the fern (Pien$) 
that grows on mountains, that they made the temple of this 
while it was still green, this I cannot accept. As to the 
third temple that it was of brass is no marvel since Acrisius 
made a brasen chamber for his daughter, and the Lace* 
dnmonians have still a temple of Athene GhalcioBCUs,' and 
the Bomans have a forum remarkable for its size and mag? 
nificence with a brazen roof. So that the temple of Apollo 
should be brazen is not improbable. In other respects now- 
ever I do not accept the legend about the temple being 
by HephaDstus, or about the golden songsters that Pindar 
sang of in reference to that temple, 

** Som* golden Charmeri sang aboTe the gable." 

I think Pindar wrote this in imitation of Homer's Sirens.* 
Moreoyer I found varying accounts about the destruction 
of this temple, for some say it was destroyed by a landslip, 
others by fire. And the fourth (built of stone by Trophonius 
and Agamedes) was burnt down when Erxidides was 
Arohon at Athens, in the first jrear of the 58th Olympiad, 
when Diognetus of Oroton was Victor. And the temple which 
still exists was built by the Amphictyones out of the sacred 
monqrt and its architect was the Corinthian Spinthams. 



CHAPTER VL 

THET say the most ancient town here was built by Ptir^ 
nassus, who was they say the son of the Nvmph Cleo« 
dora, and his fathers, (for those called heroes had always 
two fathers, one a god, one a man), were they say Poseidon 

> That it, •^Atkeni tffih Brasm Himt$J^ 
• Sea Odyiney, xil 99 1^* 



/ 



BOOK X.— PH0CI8. 229 

among the gods and Cleopompns among men. Thej saj 
Mount Pamassns and the doll ParnassuH got their names 
from him, and that omens from the flight of birds were 
discovered by him. The town bnilt by him was they say 
destroyed in Deucalion's flood, and all the human beings 
that escaped the flood followed wolves and other wild 
beasts to the top of Blount Parnassus, and from this 
circumstance called the town which they built Lycorea 
(Wolf'town), There is also a different tradition to this, 
which makes Lycoms the son of Apollo by the Nymph 
Corycia, and that Lycorea was called after him, and the 
Corycian cavern from the Nymph. Another tradition is that 
Celasno was the daughter of Hyamus the son of Lycoms, 
and that Delphus from whom Delphi got its name was 
the son of Gel»no (the daughter of Hyamus) by Apollo. 
Others say that Castalins an Autochthon had a daughter 
Thyia, who was the first priestess of Dionysus and intro* 
duced his orgies, and that it was from her that females 
inspired by Dionysus got generally called Thyiades, and 
they think Delphus was the son of Apollo and this 
Thyia. But some say his mother was Melcene the daughter 
of Cephisns. And in course of time the inhabitants called 
the town Pytho as well as Delphi, as Homer has shown in 
his Catalogue of the Phocians. Those who wish to make 
genealogies about everything think that Pythes was the 
son of Delphus, and that the town got called Pvtho after 
him when he ras king. But the prevalent .tradition is that 
the dragon slain by Apollo's arrows rotted here, and that 
was why the town was called Pytho from the old Greek 
word to rot, which Homer has employed in his account of 
the island of the Sirens being full of bones, because those 
that listened to their song rotted away.^ The dragon that 
was slain by Apollo was the poets say posted there by Earth 
to ffuard her oracle. It is also said that Orius, the king of 
Euboea, had a son of an insolent disposition, who plundered 
the temple of the god, and the houses of the wealthy men. 
And when he was vnna to do this a second time, then the 
Delphians bejorgoo Armlio to shield them from the coming 
danger, and Phemonoe (who was then priestess) gave them 
the following oraole in hexameters, **Sooii win Phosbua 
« U(IyMey. alL 4a. 



23ft / PAU8AV1AII. 



■end hii heavy arrow agaiost the man wlio ^Icrotira Paroas* 
tfns, and the Cretans shall purify PhcBbusfrom the blood, and 
bis fame shall never die.'' 



CHAPTER VII, 

IT appears that the temple at Delphi was plundered from 
the beginning. For this Enbosan robber, and a few 
years later the people of Phlegras, and P^hns the son 
of Achilles also^ all laid their hands on it, and part of 
Xerxes' army, but those who enriched themselves most 
and longest on the treasures of the god were the Phocian 
authorities and the army of the GhTati. And last of all 
it was fated to experience Nero's contempt of everything, 
for he carried off from Apollo 500 brazen statues, some of 
gods some of men. 

The most ancient contest, and one for which they gave a 
prize first, was they say singing a Hymn in honour of 
Apollo. And the first victor was Chrysothemis the Cretan, 
whose father Carmanor is said to have purified Apollo. 
And after Chrysothemis they say Philammon was next 
Tictor, and next to him his son Thamyris. Neither Orpheus 
thev say from his solemn position in respect to the mysteries 
and his general elevation of soul, nor Musmus from his 
imitation of Orpheus in all things, cared to contend in this 
musical contest. They say also that Eleuther carried off 
the Pythian prize for his loud and sweet voice. It is said 
also that Hesiod was not permitted to be a competitor, 
because he had not learned to accompany his voice with 
the harp. Homer too went to Delphi to enquire what was 
necessary for him, and even had he learnt how to play on 
the harp, the knowledfl^ would have been useless to him, 
because of his being blind. And in the third year of the 
48th Olympiad^ in which Qlaucias of Croton was victor, 
the Amphictyones established prizes for harping as at the 
first, and added contests for pipes, and for singing to the 
pipes. And the victors proclaimed were Cephallen who 
was distinguished in singing to the harp, and the Arcadian 
Echembrottts for his singing to the pipes, and the Argive 
Baoadas for his playing on the pipes. Saoadas also had 



BOOK X. — PH0CI8. 231 

two other Pjtbian yictorics after this. Then too thej 
first ordained prizes for athletes as at Oljmpia, with the 
exception of the fonrhorso races* and thej established bj 
law the long conrse and double conrso for bojs. And in 
the second Pythiad thej invited them no longer to contend 
for prizes, bat iofiade the contest ono for a crown only, and 
stopped singing to the pipei^ as not thinking it pleasing to 
the ear. For singing to the pipes was most gloomy kind of 
music, and elegies and dirges were so sung. The votiro 
offering of Echembrotus confirms me in what I say, for 
the brazen tripod offered by him to Hercules at Thebes 
has the following inscription, " Echembrotus the Arcadian 
offered this tripod to Hercules, after having been vic« 
torious in the contests of the Amphictyones, and in 
singing to the Greeks songs and elegies. So the con- 
test of singing to the pipes was stopped. Afterwards 
they added a chariot race, and Olisthenes the tyrant of 
Sicyon was proclaimed victor. . And in the eighth Pythiad 
they added harping without the accompaniment of the 
voice, and Agelaus from Tegea got the crown. And in the 
23rd Pythiad they had a race in armour, and Timasnetus 
from Phlius got the laurel, five Olympiads after Damaretus 
of Henea was victor. And in the 48th Pythiad they estab- 
lished the race for a pair-horse chariot, and the pair of 
Execestides the Phociaa was victorious. And in too fifth 
Pythiad after this they yoked colts to chariots, and the 
four-colt car of Orphondas the Theban came in first. But 
the pancratium for boys, and the pair of colts, and the 
racing colt they instituted many years after the people of 
Elis, the pancratium in the Gist Pythiad (when lolaidas 
the Theban was victor), and one Pythiad aiter the racing 
colt (when Lycormas of Larissa was proclaimed victor), 
and in the 69th Pythiad the pair of oolts (when the Mace- 
donian Ptolemy was victor). For the Ptolemies delighted 
to be called Maoedonians, as indeed they were. And the 
crown of laurel was given to the victors in the Pythian 
games, for no other reason I think than that (according 
to the prevalent report) Apollo was enamoured of Daphne ' 
the daughter of Ladon. 

' * DmphiM meani UurtL Sat Wordsworth's noble Poom, I%i BtMkm 
#W7iMM,Psrtiii, . . • 



232 PAU8iNlA8. 



CHAPTER VIII. 



SOME ibink that Ampbictjron the son of Deacalion 
appointed the general Council of the Greeks, and that 
was why those who assembled at the Coancil were called 
Amphictjones : bat Androtton in his history of Attica says 
that originally delegates came to Delphi from the neigh- 
bouring people who were called Amphictiones, and in 
process of time the name Amphictyones prevailed. They 
say too that the following Greek States attended this 
general Council, the lonians, the Dolopes, the Thessalians, 
the JBnianes, the Magnetes, the Malienses, the Phthiotes, 
the Dorians, the Phocians, the Locrians who dwelt under 
Mount Cnemis and bordered upon Phocis. But when the 
Phocians seized the temple, and ten years afterwards the 
Sacred War came to an end, the Amphictyonio Council 
was changed : for the Macedonians obtained admission to it, 
and the Phocians and (of the Dorians) the Lacedferaonians 
ceased to belong to it, the Phocians because of their sacri- 
legious outbreak on the temple, and the Lacedaamonians be- 
cause they had assisted the Phocians. But when Brennus 
led the Galati against Delphi, the Phocians exhibited greater 
braveiy than any of the Greeks in the war, and were in con* 
sequence restored to the Amphictyonio Council, and in other 
respects regained their former position. And the Emperor 
Augustus wished that the inhabitants of Nicopolis near 
Actium should belong to the Amphictyonio Council, so he 
joined the Magnetes and Malienses and ^nianes and 
Phthiotes to the Thessalians, and transferred their votes, 
and those of the Dolopes who had died out, to the people 
of Nicopolis. And in my time the Amphictyones were 
30 members. Six came from Nicopolis, six from Mace- 
donia, six from Thessaly, two from the Boeotians (who were 
originally in Thessaly and called JBolians), two from Phocis, 
and two from Delphi, one from ancient Doris, one from the 
Loorians called OzulaB, one from the Locrians opposite 
Euboea, one from Eubcea, one from Argos Sicyon Corinth 
and Megara, ami one from Athens. Athens and Delphi 
and Nicopolis send delegates to every Amphictyonio 
Council; but the other cities I have mentioned only join 
the Amphictyonio Council at certain times. . 



BOOK X. — PII0CI8. 233 

As you enter Delphi there are four temples in a row, the 
first in mine, the next without statues or effigies, the third 
has effigies of a few of the Roman Emperors, the fourth 
is called the temple of Athene Pronoia. And the statue 
in the ante-ohapel is the votive offering of the Massaliotes, 
and is larger in size than the statue within the temple. The 
Massaliotes are colonists of the Phocasans in Ionia, and were 
part of those who formerly fled from Phociea from Har* 
pigus the Mede, hut» after having beaten the Garthnginians 
in a naval engagement, obtained the laud which they now 
occupy, and rose to great prosperity. This votive offer- 
ing of the Massaliotes is of brass. The golden shield 
which was offered to Athene Pronoia by Croesus the Lydian 
was taken away (the Delphians said) by Philomelus* Near 
this temple is the sacred enclosure of the hero Phylaous, 
who, according to the tradition of the Delphians, protected 
them against the invasion of the Persians. In the part of 
the gymnasium which is in the open air was once they say 
a wild wood where Odysseus, when he went to Autolycus 
and hunted with the sons of Antolycus, was wounded on 
the knee by a boar.^ As you turn to the left from the 
gymnasium, and descend I should say about 3 stades, is the 
river called Plistns, which falls into the sea at Girrha tho 
haven of the Delphians. And as you ascend from the 
gymnasium to the temple on the right of the road is the 
water Castalia which is good to drink. Some say it got its 
name from Castalia a local woman, others say from a man 
called Gastalius. But Panynsis, the son of Poljarcbus, in 
the poem he wrote about Hercules says that Castalia was 
the daughter of Achelous. For he says about Hercules, 

''Grossing with rapid feet snow-crown*d Parnassus he 
came to the immortal fountain of Gastalia, the daughter of 
Achelous/* 

I have also heard that the water of Castalia is a gift of the 
river Cephisns. Alcsras indeed so represents it in his Pre- 
lude to Apollo, and his statement is.confirmed by the people 
of Liliea, who believe that the local cakes and other thingSf 
which they tibtrow into the Cephisuson certain stated daysy 
reappear in the Cas^lia. 

* Odynby.xix. 4SS-4tK 



234 FAUflAVTlfl. 



CHAPTER IX. 

DELPHI u eTorywliero billy, the sacred preoinota of 
Apollo and other parts of the town alike. The sacred 
precincts are very large and in the npper part of the townt 
and have seyeral entrances. I will enumerate all the votive 
offerings that are best worthy of mention. The athletes 
however, and musical competitors, of no great merit I do 
not think worthy of attention, and notable athletes I have 
already described in my account of Elis. At Delphi 
then there is a statue of Phayllus of Oroton, who had no 
Tiotory at Olympia, but was twice victor in the pentathlum 
and once in the course in the Pythian games, and fought a 
naval engagement against the Modes, having furnished a 
ship himself, and manned it with some people of Oroton 
who were sojourners in Greece. So much for Phayllus of 
Groton. On the entrance to the sacred enclosure is a bull 
in brass by Theopropus the ^ginotan, the votive offering 
of the Oorcyreans. The tradition is that a bull in Oorcyra 
left the herd and pasture, and used to resort to the sea 
bellowing as he went ; and as this happened every day the 
herdsman went down to the sea, and beheld a large shoal 
of tunny fish. And he informed the people of Oorcyra, and 
they, as they had great difficulty in catching these tunnies 
much as they wished, sent messengers to Delphi. And 
then in obedience to the oracle they sacrificed the bull to 
Poseidon, and after this sacrifice caught the fish, and 
offered both at Olympia and Delphi the tenth of their 
oatoh. And next are the votive offerings of the people of 
Tegea from the spoils of the Laoedamonians, an Apollo and 
Yictoxy, and some local heroes; as Onlltsto tbp daughter of 
Lycaon, and Areas who gave his name to Arcadia, and the 
sons of Areas, Elatus and Aphidas and Aaan ; and besides 
them Triphylus, (whose mother was not Erato but Lao- 
damia, the daughter of Amyolas king at Lacedaamon). and 
also Erasus the son of Triphylus. As to the artificerd of 
these statues, Pausaniaa of ApoUonia made the Apollo and 
Callisto, and the Victory and effigy .of Areas were by 
Dedalus of Sicyun^ Tripnylus and Asan wero by the Area* 



BOOK X. — PH0CI8. 235. 

diao Samolas, and Elakis and A.pbidafs and Erasns wereb/ 
tba Argive Antipbanes. All tbese tbe people of Tegea sent 
to Delpbi after tbe capture of tbe Tjnccdsdmonians who in- 
Taded tbom. And opposite tMem are tbe TotiTO offerings 
of tbe LiacedemonianB wben thej yanqnisbed tbe Atbe« 
nians, statnes of Castor and Pollux and Zens and Apollo 
and Artemis, and besides tbem Poseidon crowning Lysander 
tbe son of Aristocritno, and Abas wbo was Lysander*8 
propbet, and Hermon tbe pilot of Lvsander's flag-sbtp. 
This statae of Hermon was designed by Tbeocosmns the 
Megarian, as tbe Meg^rians ranked Hermon among their 
citizens. And Castor and Pollux are by tbe Argive Anti'^ 
phanes, and Abas is by Pisoh from Calanria near Tra»en^ 
and Artemis and Poseidon and Lysander are by Dameas, 
and Apollo and Zeus by Atbenodoms. Both Dameas and 
Atbenodorus were Arcadians from Clitor. And behind the 
statues we have just mentioned are those of tbe Spartans 
or their allies who fought for Lysander at the battle of 
u9Sgo8-potamoi, as Aracus the Lacediemonian, and Eriantbes 
the Boeotian beyond Mimas, and then Astycrates, and the 
Chians Cepbisocles and Hermophantns and Hicesius, and 
the Rhodians Timarcbus and Diagoras, and the Cnidian 
Theodamusy and the Ephesian Cimmerius, and tbe Milesian 
JBSantides. All tbese were by Tisander. Tbe following 
were by Alypus of Sioyon, Theopompus from Myndus, and 
Cleomedes of Samos, and from Euboea Aristocles of Carystus 
and Autonomus of Eretria, and Aristopbantus of Corinth, 
and Apollodorus of Troesen, and from Epidanms in Argolis 
Dion. And next to tbese are the AchsBan Axionious mm 
Pellene, and Theares from Hermion, and Pyrrhias from 
Pboois, and Comon from Megara, and Agasimenes from 
Sioyon, and Telyorates from Leucas, and Pytbodotns from 
Corinth, and Euantidas from Ambracia, and lastly the Lace- 
deBmonians Epioyridas and Eteonious. All those are they 
say by Patrooles and Canachns. Tbe reverse that the Athe« 
nians sustained at JBSgos-potamoi they maintain befell 
them through foul play, for their Admirals Tydeus and 
Adimantus were they say bribed by Lysander* And in 
proof of this they bring forward the following Sibylline 
oracle, **Tben shall 2Sett8 the lofty-tbnnderer, whose 
strength is almighty, lay grievous woes on tbe Atiienian^ 



296 PAU84KIA8. 

fierce battle for thcfr ships of war, that sbull |ierish through 
the treachery and yillaiaj of thoir commanders." Thej 
also cite these other lines fi-om the oracles of Masons, 
** Verily a fierce storm is coming on the Athenians through, 
the viliainv of their commanders, but there shall be some 
comfort, they shall level low the state that inflicted this 
disaster, and exact vengeance." So much for this affair. 
And as for the engagement between the Lacedomonians 
and Aigives beyond Thyrea, the Sibyl foretold that it 
would 1^ a drawn battle, but the Argives thinking thej 
had got the best of it in the action sent to Delphi as a 
votive offering a braaen horse by Antiphanes of Axgos, 
doubtless an imitation of the Trojan Horse. 



CHAPTER X. 

ON the boi^mont under this horse is an inscription, which 
states that the following statues were dedicated from 
the tenth of the spoils of Marathon. These statues are 
Athene and Apollo, and of the commanders Miltiadcs, and 
of those called heroes Erechtheus and Gecrops and Pandion, 
and Leos, and Antiochus the son of Hercules by Meda the 
daughter of Phylaa, and ^geus, and of the sons of Thes- 
80US Acamas. These, in accordance with an oracle from 
Delphi, gave names to the Athenian tribes. Here too are 
Codms the son of Melanthus, and Theseus, and Phylens, 
who are no longer ranked among the Eponymi. All these 
that I have mentioned are by Phidias, and these too are 
really the tenth of the spoils of Marathon. But the statues 
of Antigonus, and his son Demetrius, and the Egyptian 
Ptolemy, were sent to Delphi later, Ptolemy through good* 
will, but the Macedonians through fear. 

And near this horse are other votive offerings of the 
Argives, statues of those associated with Polynices in the 
expedition against Thebes, as Adrastus the son of Talans, 
and Tydens the son of Olneas, and the descendants of 
PrGstus, (Gapaneus the son of Hipponous, and Eteoolus 
the son of Inhis), and Polynices, and Hippomedon (Adrastus* 
«ister*8 son), and near them the chariot of Amphiaraus and 



BOOK X. — PH0CI8. 237 

in it Baton, the charioteer and also kinsman of Amphiarans, 
and lastly Alitherses. These are by Hypatx>doms and Aris* 
togiton, and were made, so the Argives themselves saj, out 
of the spoils of the victoiy which thej and their Athenian 
allies obtained at OBnoe in Argolis. It was after the same 
action, I think, that the Argiyes erected the statnes of the 
Epigonu They are here at any rate, as Sthet:e!as nnd 
Aiomsaon, who was, I take it, honoured above Amphilochns 
in conseqnence of his age, and Promachns, and Thersander, 
and iBgialens, and Diomede, and between the two last 
Enryalns. And opposite these are some other statnes, 
dedicated by the Aleves who assisted Epaminondas and 
the Thebans in restoring the Mossenians. There are also 
effigies of heroes, as Danans the most powerfnl king at 
Argos, and Hypermnestra the only one of her sisters with 
hands unstained by murder, and near her Ljncens, and all 
those that trace their descent from Hercnles, or go back 
even further to Perseus. 

There are also the horses of the Tarentines in brass, 
and captive women of the Messapians (barbarians near 
Tarentum), by A.^eladas the Argive. The L^tcedadmonians 
colonized Tarentum under the Spartan PhrJanthus, who, 
when he started on this colony, was told by an oracle from 
Delphi that he was to acquire land and found a city where 
he saw rain from a clear sky. At first he paid no great 
heed to this oracle, and sailed to Italy without consulting 
any interpreters, but when, after notories over the bar- 
barians, he was unable to capture any of their cities, or get 
possession of any of their land, he recollected the oracle, 
and thought the god had prophesied impossibilities: for 
it could not rain he thought from a dear and bright sky. 
And his wife, who had accompanied him from home, en* 
deavoured to comfort him in various ways, as he was in 
rather a despondent condition, and laid his head on her 
knees, and began to pick out the lice, and in her goodwill 
it so fell ont that she wept when she thought how her 
husband's afTairs made no good progress. And she shed 
tears freely on Phalan thus' bead, and then he understood 
the oracle, for his Wife's iiame was >Et^ra (dear $hj\ 
and so on the following niffht he took from the Imrbarians 
Tarentum, the greatest and most prosperous of their mari« 



286 . FACSANUfl. 

tame eiiiea. Thej saj tbe hero Tama ^ds the eon of 
Poseidon and a local Nymph, and both the oitj and riyer 
~ goft their name f ixim him. 



CHAPTER XI. 

AND near the yotiye offering of the Tarentinee is the 
treasniy of the SiojonianB, but yon will see no money 
either here or in any of the treasuries. The Cnidiana 
also brought statues to Delphi, as Triopas (their founder) 
standing by a horse, and Leto and Apollo and Artemis 
shooting at Tityus, who is. represented wounded. These 
statues st-and by the treasury of the Siqyonians. 
< The Siphnii too made a treasury for the following reason. 
The island of Siphnos had gold mines, and the god bade 
them send a tenth of the reyenue thus aocruing to Delphi, 
and they built a treasury and sent the tenth to the god. 
But when in their cupidity they left off this tribute, tiien 
the sea encroached and swept away their mines. Statues 
after a nayal yictory oyer the Tyrrhenians were also erected 
liy the people of Lipara, who were a . colony of Gnidiansi 
and the leader of the colony was they say a Cnidian whose 
name was Pentathlus, as Antiochus the syracusan (the son 
of Xenophanes) testifies in his History of Sicily. He says 
also that when they had built a town at Pachynus, a pro- 
montory in Sicily, thej were expelled from it by force by 
the Elymi and Phodnicians, and either occupied deserted 
islands, or drove out the islanders from those islands which 
they call to this day by the name Homer employs, the 
•islands of Moius. Of these they liyed in Lipara and built 
m city there, and used to sail to Uiera and Strongyle and 
Didyma for purposes of oultiyation. In Strongyle fire 
olearly ascends from the g^und, and in Hiera fire sponti^ 
neously biases up on a height in the island, and near the 
'sea are conyenient baths, if the water is not too hot^ fcnr 
oftenit is difficult to bathe by reason of the gpreat heat. 
* The Theban treasuries were the result of the yictory at 
'Leuctra, and the Athenian treasuries from the yictory at 
Karathon and the spoil of Datis on that occasion i but 
-whether the Cnidii^is Vi^t their's to commen\orate Bome 



BOOK X. — PH0CI8. 

Tiotorj or to display their wealth I do not know. Bat the 
people of Gleonad suffered greatly like the Athenians from 
a plagae, till in obedience to the oracle at Delphi they 
saoriGced a goat to the rising sun, and, as they thns obtained 
deliverance from their plngne, they sent a brazen goat to 
Apollo. And the treasury of the Syracusans was the result 
of the great reverses of Athens, and the PotidsdJin treasury 
was erected out of piety to the god. 

The Athenians also built a portico with the money which 
they got in war from the Peloponnesians and their Greek 
allies. There are also yotiye offerings of the figure-heads 
of captured ships and brazen shields. The inscription on 
these mentions the cixies from which the Athenians sent 
the firstfruits of their spoil, Elis, and Laoedadmon, and 
Sicyon, and Mesara, and Pellene in Aohaia, and Ambraoia, 
and Leucas, and Oorinth itself. In consequence of these 
naval victories they sacrifice to Theseus, and to Poseidon 
at the promontory of Bhium. I think also the inscription 
refers to Phormio the son of Asopiohus, and to his famous 
deeds. 

CHAPTER XIL 

THERE is a projecting stone above, on which the Del- 
phians say the first Herophile, also called the Sibyl, 
chanted her oracles.^ I found her to be most ancient, 
and the Oreeks say she was the daughter of Zeus by Lamia 
the daughter of Poseidon, and that she was the first woman 
who chanted oracles, and that she was called Sibyl by the 
Libyans. The second Herophile was younger than her, but 
was herself dearly earlier than the Trojan War, for she 
foretold in her oracles that Helen would be reared in Sparta 
to the ruin of Asia Minor and Europe, and that Ilium 
would be taken bv the Greeks owing to her. The Delians 
make mention. ox her Hymn to AnoUo. And she calls 
herself in her verses not only Herophile but also Artemis, 
and says she was Apollo's wedded wife and sister and 
daughter. This she must have written when possessed by 
the god. And elsev^here in her oracles she says her father 

■ Tb« text ii noMwhat aaetrtein hu9, I h».i% tried lo sxiriel ili« 



240 PAUSAiriAS. 

was a mortal but her mother one of the Nymphs of Mount 
Ida. Here are her lines, 

•« I was the child of a mortal sire and goddess mother, 
she was a Nymph and Immortal while he eat bread. By my 
mother I am connected with Mount Ida, and my native 
place is red Marpessns (sacred to my mother), and the 
river Aidoneas." . 

There are still in Trojan Ida mins of Marpessns, and a 
population of abont 60 inhabitants. The soil all aboat 
Marpessns is rftd and terribly dry. Whv in fact the river 
Aidonens soaks into the earth, and on its emerging sinks 
into the ground again, and is eventuallv altogether lost 
in it, is I think the thin and porous soil of Mount Ida. 
Marpessns is 240 stades distant from Alexandria in the 
Troad. The inhabitants of Alexandria say that Herophile 
was the Sacristan of Sminthian Apollo, and that she fore« 
told by dream to Hecuba what we know really came about. 
This Sibyl lived most of her life at Samos, but visited 
Clarus in Colophonia, Delos, and Delphi, and wherever she 
went chanted standing on thci stone we have already men- 
tioned. Death came upon hor in the Troad, her tomb is in 
the grove of Sminthian Apollo, and the inscription on the 
pillar is as follows. 

"Here hidden by stone sepulclire I lie, Apollo*s fate^ 
pronouncing Sibyl I, a vocal maiden once but now for ever 
dumb, here placed by all-powerful fate, and I lie near the 
Nymphs and Hermes, in this part of Apollo's realm." 

Near her tomb is a square Hermes in stone, and on the 
left is water running into a conduit, and some statues of 
the Nymphs. The people of Erythr», who are most 
aealous of all the Oreeks in claiming Herophile as their% 
show the mountain called Gorycus and the cavern in it in 
which they say Herophile was bom, and they say that she 
was the daughter of Theodoms (a local shepherd) and a 
Nymph, and that she was called Idasa for no other reason 
than that well-wooded places were aiUed by people at that 
time Ida$, And the hue about Marpessns and the riyer 
Aidoneus they do not include in the oracles. 

Hyperoohus, a native of Cumad, has recorded that a 
woman called Demo, of Cumie in the Opican district, deli- 
yered oracles after Herophile and in a similar manner. • 



BOOK X. — PHOOIS. 241 

The people of Cnmoa do nofc prodace any oracle of Demons, 
but toey shew a small stone am in the temple of Apollo, 
wherein they say are her remains. After Demo the 
Hebrews beyond Palestine had a prophetess called Sablie, 
whose father they say was Berosns and mother Erymanthe, 
hat some say she was a Babylonian Sibyl, others an Egyptian. 
Phaennis, (the daughter of the king of the Ghaones), and 
the PelesB at Dodona, also prophesied by divine inspiration, 
bat were not called Sibyls. As to the age and oracles of 
Phaennis, one will find apon inquiry that she was a con« 
temporary of Antiochns, who seized the kingdom after 
taking Demetrius prisoner. As to the Peleades, they were 
they say earlier Uian Phemonoe, and were the first women 
that sang the following lines. 

** Zeat was, Zeut it, Zeat ihall be. O great Zeus I 
Earth yields us ft'ttits, let us then call her Mother.* 

Prophetical men, as Euclus the Cyprian, and the Athenian 
Mus89ns the son of Antiophemus, and Lyons the son of Pan- 
dion, as well as Bacis the Boeotian, were they say inspired 
by Nymphs. All their oracular utterances except those of 
liycus I have read. 

Such are the women and men who up to my time have 
been said to have been prophetically inspired : and as time 
goes on there will perhaps be other simihir oases.* 



CHAPTER XIIL 

THE brazen head of the Pnonian bison was sent to 
Delphi by Dropion, the son of Deon, king of the Vmo* 
nians. These bisons are most difficult of all beasts to oap« 
ture alive, for no nets are strong enough to hold them. 
They are hunted in the following manner. When the 
hnnten have found a slope terminating in a hollow, they 
first of all fence it all round with a palisade, they then 
cover the slope and level ground near the bottom with 

^ **Qiii hoc et similia )[kOtant dieiintque i'aummiam oppauiui Ckrh' 
iianii, Los Telhh explican> eausam, eur Pantanias tecte cantum In ill«« 
invadere, ncque ttsqaan quidquam aperta oontra aoa dioert ausoi sit** 

IL R 



242 PAU8AKIA8. 

newly stripped bides, And if they dianco to bo sbort of 
bidesi then they niftke old dry skins slippery with oil. 
The most skilfoi hofKemon then drive these bisons to this 
place that I have described, and slipping on the first hides 
they roll down the slope till they get to the level ground 
at the bottom. There they leave them at first, but on the 
4th or 5th day, when honger and weakness has sabdned 
their spirit somewhat, those who are skilled in taming 
them offer them, while they are still lying there, pinennts 
after first removing the hnsks, for they will at first touch 
no. other kind of food, and at last thev bind them and lead 
them off. This is how they capture them. 

Opposite the brazen head of this bison is the statue of a 
man with a coat of mail on and a cloak over it: the Delphians 
say it is a votive offering of the people of Andros, and that 
it is Andreas their founder. And the statues of Apollo and 
Athene and Artemis are votive offerings of the Phocians 
from spoil of the Thessalians, their constant enemies, and 
neighbours except where the Epicnemidian Locrians come 
in. Votive offerings have been also made by the Thessa* 
lians of Pharsalns, and by the Macedonians who dwell at 
Dium under Pieria, and by the Greeks of Gyrene in Libya. 
These last sent a chariot and statue of Amroon on the 
chariot, and the Macedonians at Dium sent an Apollo who 
has hold of a doe, and the Pharsalians sent an Achilles on 
horseback, and Pat rod us is running bv the side of the 
horse. And the Dorians of Gorinth built a treasury also, 
and the gold from the Lydians was stored there. And the 
statue of Hercules was the votive offering of the Thebansat 
the time they fought with the Phocians what is called The 
Sacred War. Here also are the brasen effigies erected by 
the Phodans, when in the second encounter they routed 
the Thessaliaa cavalry. The people of Phlius also sent to 
Delphi a brazen Zeus, and an effigr of ^gina with Zeus.* 
And from Mantinea in Arcadia there is an offeriuff of a 
brazen Apollo, not far from the treasury of the Gorinthians* 

Hercules and Apollo are also to be seen close to a tripod 
for the possecsion of which they are about to fight, out 

* JEpnm WM tiM iliiuglitcr of the river-god Aioput, and wm carried 
off firoia Fbline by Zeaa See Book.U. ch« 6. Uenoe Uie oflbring of tlie 
poopleofl*hliai. 



DOOK X. — PH00I8. 243 

Leto and Ariemia are trying to appease the anger of 
Apollo, and Athene that of Hercnlee. This was the votiye 
offering of the Phocians when Tellias of Elis led them 
against the Thessalians. The other figures in the gronp 
wiore mode jointly bj DijUns and AmrclaBos, bat Athene 
and Artemis were made by Ohionis, all 3 Corinthian statna* 
ries. It is also recorded by the Delphians that^ when Her- 
cules the son of Amphitryon came to consult the oracle, the 
priestess Xenoclea wonld not give him any response because 
of his murder of Iphitus : so he took the triixMl and carried 
it out of the temple, and the prophetess said, 

^Tbis is anotiier Hercules, the one from Tiryns not 
from Ganopus.*' 

For earlier still the Egjrptian Hercules had come to DelphL 
Then the son of Amimitryon restored the tripod to Apollo, 
and got the desired answer from Xenoclea. And poets 
have handed down the tradition, and sung of the contest 
of Hercules and Apollo for the tripod. 

After the battle of Platca the Greeks in common made 
a votive offering of a gold tripod standing on a bronze 
dragon. The bronse part of the votive offering was there 
in my time, but the golden part had been abstracted by 
the Phocian leaders.' The Tarentines also sent to Delphi 
another tenth of spoil taken from the Peucetian bsirbarians. 
These votive offerings were the works of art of Onatas the 
iBginetan and Calynthus, and are effigies of footsoldiers 
and cavalry* Opis king of the Ia{>yges come to tfie aid of 
the Peucetii. He is represented in the battle as a dying 
man, and as he lies on the ground there stand by him the 
hero Taras and the Laoedadmonian Phalanthus, and at no 
mat distance a dolphin : for Phalanthus before he went to 
Italy Buffered shipwreck in the GrisssBan Oulf, and was 
th^ say brought safe to shore by a dolphin. 



CHAPTBB Xiy. 

THS axes which were the votive offering of l^eridytus, 
the son of Euthymaohus of Tenedos, have an old legend 
connected with them. Cycnus was they say the son of 

1 See BMtlui90ii?t Ilermlociis, Duuk ix. clu Si. 



244 PAUSANUS. 

Poseidon, and king at Colons), a town in the Trend near 
the island Lcacophrjs. This Cycnns had a daughter 
Hemithea and a son Tennes bj Proclea, daughter of Cly- 
tins, and sister of that Caletor of whom Homer says in the 
Iliad ^ that he was slain by Ajnz when he tried to set on fire 
the ship of Protesilans, — and, Proclea dying, Cycnns married 
for his second wife Phylonome, the daughter of Cragasus, 
who failing to win the love of Tennes told her husband 
that Tennes wanted to have illicit dealings with her against 
her will, and Cycnus believed this lie, and put Tennes and 
his sister into a chest, and sent them to sea in it. And 
they got safe to the island Lencophrys, since called Tenedos 
from Tennes. And Cycnus, who was not destined to be 
ignorant of his wife's deception all his life, when he learned 
the truth sailed after his son to implore his forgiveness, 
and to admit his unwitting error. And as he was anchoring 
•at the island, and was fastening his vessel by ropes to some 
tree or piece of rock, Tennes in his rage cut the ropes with 
his axe. Hence it is passed into a proverb, when people 
obstinately decline a conference, that they resemble him 
who cut the matter short with his Tenedia'n axe. Tennes 
was afterwards slain the Oroeks say by Achilles as he was 
defending Tenedos, and in process of time the people of 
Tenedos, as they were weak, joined themselves to the people 
of Alexandria on the mainland of the Troad. 

The Greeks who fought against the King of the Per* 
sians erected at Olympia a brazen Zeus, and an Apollo 
at Delphi, after the actions of Artemisium and Salamis. 
It is said also that Themistocles, when he went to Delphi, 
brought of the spoils of the Modes as a present to Apollo, 
and when he asked if he should offer them Inside the 
temple, the Pythian Priestess bade him at onoe take them 
away altogether. And these were the words of her oracular 
response : ** Put not in my temple the beautiful spoils of the 
Persians, send them home as ouickly as possible." It is 
wonderful that the gbd declined to accept the spoils of the 
Medea only from Themistocles. Some think the god would 
have rejected all the Persian spoil equally, if those who 
offered it had first asked (like Themistocles) if the god 

■ XT. 419.4SI. 



BOOK X. — PHOCia. 245 

would accept it. Others saj that, as the god knew that 
Themistocles woald be a suppliant of the Poidians, he refused 
ou that account to accept the spoil from him, that he might 
not win for him by acceptance the undying hate of the 
Medes. This invasion of Greece by the barlmrian you may 
find foretold in the oracles of Bacis* and earlier still in the 
verses of Euclus. 

Near the great altar is a bronze wolf, the votive offering 
of the Delphians themselves. The tradition about it is 
that some man plundered the treasures of the god, and hid 
himself and the gold in that part of Parnassus where the 
forest trees were .nost thick, and that a wolf attacked him 
as be slept and killed him, and that this wolf used to run 
into the town daily and howl : and the Delphians thought 
this could not but be by divine direction, so they followed 
the wolf and discovered the sacred gold, and offered to the 
god a bronze wolf. 



CHAPTER XV. 

THE gilt statue of Phryne here was made by Praxiteles, 
one of her lovers, and was an offering of Phryne her- 
self. And next it are two statues of Apollo, one offered by 
the Epidaurians in Argolis after victory over the Medes, 
and the other by the Megarians after their victory over 
the Atheninns at Nisaoa. And there is an ox an offering 
of the Platsdans, when they defended themselves success- 
fully on their own soil with the rest of the Greeks against 
Mardonius the son of Gobryas. Next come two moro 
statues of Apollo, one offered by the people of Heraclea near 
the Euxine, the other by the Amphictyones when they fined 
the Phocians for cultivating land sacred to the god. This 
Apollo is called by the Delphians Sitalcas,^ and is about 35 
cubits high. Here too are statues of the ^tolian Generals, 
and of Artemis and Athene, and two statues of Apollo, 
votive offerings of the ^tolians after their victories over 
the Ghilati. Phaennis indeed foretold in her oracles, a 
generation before ii happened, that the army of the Celts 
would pass from Europe to Asia to destroy the cities there. 

* L0, ProhihU«r ^f wm-ftwnng (on th« Muared Uim1)1 



246 PAU81NIA8. 

^ Then indeed the destroying host of the Ghilati shall 
cross the narrow passage of the Hellespont, marching to 
the Ante, and shall lawlessly make havoo of Asia. And 
the god shall even afflict more griovonslj all those that 
dwell near the sea shore. Bnt Uronion shall yerilj soon 
raise np a helper, the dear son of a Zens-reared bull, who 
shall bring a day of destmotion to all the Oalati." 

By the bull Phaennis meant Attains the king of Perga* 
mas, who was also called bull-homed in the oracle.^ 

The stataes of cavalry leaders seated on horseback were 
offered to Apollo by the Phereans, when they had routed 
the Athenian cavalry. And the bronie palm and gilt 
statue of Athene on the palm were dedicated by the Athe« 
nians for the victory at the Enrymedon on the same day boUi 
on land and river. I noticed that some of the gold on this 
. statue was plucked off. I put this down to the cupidity of 
sacrilegious thieves. But Glitodemus, the oldest writer on 
Athenian Antiquities, says in his account of Attica that, 
when the Athenians were making preparations for the 
expedition to Sicily, an immense number of crows came to 
Delphi, and with their beaks knocked off and tore away . 
the gold off the statue. He also says that they broke off 
the spear, the owls, and all the fruit on the palm in imita* 
tion of real fruit. Glitodemus relates also other prodigies 
to deter the Athenians from the fatal expedition to Simly* 
The people of Gyrene also placed at Delphi a figure of 
Battus in his chariot, who took them by ship from Thera to 
Libya. Gyrene is the charioteer, and Battus is in the chariot 
and Libya is crowning him, the design is by the Grotan 
Amphion the son of Acostor. And when Battus built 
Gyrene, he is said to have found the following remedy for 
an impediment in his speech. As he was travelling in 
the remote parts of Gyrene which were still unoccupied 
ho ohanced to see a lion, and his terror at the sight made 
him ory out loud and olearly.* Jbid not far from Battoa 

* nMwovdtoftlitoraote wM«atiblk»wtt 

Ml wuiimr wmiitC twirmp yi |i|y wMu wtihiQ* 

* 80 Um too of CroMus Ibiiiul kk longiM firom tiiddMi MAU See 
Ucnidouia, L SA. 



BOOK X. — PH0CI9. 247 

the Amphicijones erected another stntne of Apollo, ont 
of the proceeds of the fine imposed on the Phocians fur 
their impiety to the god. 



CHAPTER XVI. 

OF the Yotire offerings which the Ljdian kings sent to 
Apollo nothing now remains but the iron biise of the 
bowl of Alyattes. This was made by Glancas of Chios, 
who first welded iron, and the places where the base in 
Joined are not r voted together by bolts or nails, bnt simply 
by welding. This base from a broad bottom rises turret- 
like to a point. The sides are not entirely covered, bnt 
have girders of iron like the steps in a ladder. Straight 
bars of iron bend outwards at the extremities, and this is 
the seat for the bowl. 

What is called by the Delphians the navel, made of white 
stone, is according to their ti*adition the centre of the 
world, and Pindar in one of his Odes gives a similar ac- 
count.^ Here is a votive offering of the Laoeda)moniAns 
a statue by Calamis of Hermionc, the daughter of Mene- 
laus and wife of Orestes (the son of Agamemnon), and 
still earlier the wife of Neoptolemus the son of Achilles. 
The ^tolians have also erected a statue to Enrydamns their 
general, who commanded their army against the Ghilati. 

There is still among the mountains of Crete a town called 
Elyrus, its inhabitants sent a brazen goat as their offering 
to Delphi. This goat is represented suckling Phylacides 
and Philander, who according to the people of Elyms were 
the sons of Apollo by the Nymph Acacallis, with whom 
he had an intngae in the oity Tarrha in the house of Car* 
manor. 

The Carystians also from Eubcea offered a braxen ox to 
Apollo after the Median war. I think both they and the 
Platfloans made their votive offerings because, after repnls* 
*ing the barbarian, they enjoyed prosperity in other respects 
and a free land to oultivnte. The ^tolians also sent efl&gies 
of their generals and Apollo and Artemis, when they had 
subdued their neighbonrs the Acamanians. 

^ Pindar Pjffh. viu. 8(. Ikt »U> ^luivbyliui, fCnmn. 49. 



248 PAUSANIiS. 

The strangest tbing I heard of was what happened in 
the seafight between the Lipanoans and Tyrrhenians. The 
Pythian Priestess bade the Lipaneans fight a naval eng&ffo- 
ment with the Tyrrhenians with as small a fleet as possible. 
They put to sea therefore with only five triremes, and the 
Tyrrhenians, thinking themselves, qaite a match for the 
Lipareans, put out to sea against them with only the same 
number of ships. And the Lipareans took them, and also 
another five that put out against them, and a third and 
even fourth set of five ships. They then placed at Delphi 
as votive offerings as many statues of Apollo as they had 
captured ships. Echecratides of Larissa ofiFerod the small 
Apollo, and the Delphians say this was the first of all the 
votive ofiFerings, 



CHAPTER XVII. 

OF the western barbarians the Sardinians offered abrasen 
statue of Sardus, from whom their island took its 
name. For its size and prosperity Sardinia is equal to the 
most celebrated islands. What its ancient name was among 
its original inhabitants I do not know, but the Greeks who 
sailed there for commerce called it Ichnusa, because its 
shape was like that of a man's foot-print. Its length is about 
1,120 stades ond its breadth 470. The first that crossed 
over into the island were they say Libyans, their leader 
was Sardus, the son of that Maceris who was called Her- 
cules by the Egyptians and Libyans. The most notable 
ihinff Maceris ever did was to journey to Delphi : but Sar- 
dus Ted the Libyans to Ichnusa, and gave his name to the 
island. They did not however eject the original inhabitants 
of the island, but the new comers, were received as fellow 
colonists rather from necessity than choice. Neither did 
the Libyans nor the aborigines of the island know how to 
build oities, but lived dispersed in huts and caves as each 
ohanced. But some years after the Libyans some Greeks 
oame to the island under ArisUaus, (who was they say the 
■on of Apollo by Oprreno) x and who migrated they sar to 
Sardinia in excessive grief at the death of AoteDOUi which 



BOOK X. — pnocis. 249 

made him ill at ease in Bcseotia and indeed all Greece. 
There are some who think that Diedalns fled at the same 
time from Camions, owing to the hostilitj of the Cretans, 
and took part in this colony of Aristcons : bnt it is alto-, 
gother beyond probability that Dtedalns, who was a con- 
temporary of (Edipns when he reigned at Thebes, conld have 
shanKl either in a colony or in anything else with Aristaens, 
the hnsband of Antonoe the daughter of Cadmus. Nor do 
I think that even these Greeks built a town, inasmuch as in 
numbers and strength they were inadequate to such a task. 
And after Aristasus the Iberes crossed into Sardinia under. 
Noraz, and bt ilt the town of Nora, which is the first men-, 
tioned in the island : Noraz was they say the son of Hermes 
by Erythea the daughter of Geryon. And a fourth band of 
colonists of Thespians and Athenians under lolaus came to 
Sardinia and built the town of Olbia, and the Athenians 
separately built the town which they called Og^le, either 
preserving the name of one of their townships in this way, or 
because Ogrylus was one of the expedition. There are still 
places in Sardinia called after lolaus, who is still honoured 
by the inhabitants. And after the capture of Ilium several 
of the Trojans escaped, as well as those who got off safe 
with ^neas ; part of them were carried by the winds to 
Sardinia, and mixed with the Greeks who had gone there 
earlier. And what hindered the barbarians from fighting 
against the Greeks and Trojans was that in their equip- 
ment for war they stood on an equality, and both armies 
feared to cross the river Thorsus which parted them. 
Many years afterwards however the Libyans passed over 
into the island a second time with a larger host, and 
fought against the Greeks, and entirely destroyed all but a 
remnant, and the Trojons fled to the hilly parts of the 
island, and ooonpying the mountains, which were difficult 
of access from the rocks and crags, are called to this diy 
Ilians, bnt they resemble the Libyans in their appearance 
and armour and mode of living. And there is an island 
not far from Sardinia, called by the Gk«eks Cymus, but by 
its Libyan inhabitants Corsica. A large contingent in this 
island, who had suffered grievously from faction, crossed 
over to Sardinia and dwelt in part of the mountainous dis* 
triot| and were called by the Sardinians Corsi from the 



250 PiUSAKIAB. 

name of their fatherland. And when the Carthaginians 
became a great naval power, thej sabdoed all the Sar- 
dinians but the IlianB and the Corai, (who were prevented 
from being rednced to slavery by the secnrity which the 
mountains gave them,) and themselves bnilt in the island 
the towns Garalis and Sulci. And the Libyans or Iberes, 
who were allies of the Carthaginians, disputed over the 
spoil, and got so angry that they parted from them, and 
they also went and dwelt in the mountainous parts of the 
isl'ind. And they were called Balari, according to the 
dialect of the people of Cyrnns, who give that name to 
exiles. Such are the races that inhabit Sanlinia, and such 
are the towns they have built. And in the ibland towards 
the North and the mainland of Italy is a mountain range 
difficult of access, whose summits are contiguous, and this 
part of the island affords no harbours to mariners, but 
violent gusts and squalls of wind sweep from the mountain* 
tops over the sea. In the middle of the island are other 
mountains less lofty, but the air there is generally turbid 
and pestilential, in consequence of the salt that cnrstallises 
there, and the violence of the South Wind ; for the North . 
Winds, on account of the height of the mountains towards 
Italy, are prevented from blowing in summer time so as to 
cool the air and soil. Some say that Cyrnus is not further 
by sea from Sardinia than eight stadus, and as it is moun* 
tainous and lofty throughout, they think it prevents either 
the West or North West Winds reiiching Sardinia. There 
aro no serpents in the island either venomous or harmless, 
nor wolves. The rams are of no greater sise than elsewhere, 
but their appearance is just such as a statuary in ^gina 
might suppose a wild ram to be, thicker .however in the 
breast than the <£ginetan works of art, and the horns do 
not stand out direct from the head, but twist round the 
ears, and in speed they surpass all animals. The island is 
free from all deadly grasses and herbs with one exception, 
a grass like parsley which is deadly, and those who eat of it 
die laughing. This is the origin of Homer ^ and snbse- 
quent writers speaking of the Sardonio laughter when 
thingi are in enl plight. This grass grows ohiefly near 

>Odyiiey,xx.a01,aOS. 



BOOK X.— PH0CI8. 251 

BprinffS; but does not commanioate to them its venom. We 
have introdaced this accoant of Sardinia into oar historf 
of Phocis, because the Greeks have such very scanty know- 
ledge about the island. 



CHAPTER XVIII. 

THE horse, which is next the statue of Sardus, was they 
say the votive offering of the Athenian Gallias (the 
son of fiysimichides), out of his own personal gains in the 
Persian war. And the AohieanR offered a statue of Athene 
after they had reduced the town of Phana in ^tolia by 
siege. The siege lasted a long time, and, when the be« 
siegers found they could not take the town, they sent 
messengers to Delphi, and this was the response they 
received. 

'* O inhabitants of the land of Pelops and of Achaia, 
who come to Pytho to enquire how you are to capture the 
town, observe what portion of water duily given to the in« 
habitants keeps them alive, and how much the town has 
already drunk. In this way may you take the fenced 
village of Phnna." 

Not understanding the meaning of the oracle, they re- 
solved to raise the siege and depart homewards, as the 
inhabitants of the besieged place took very little heed of 
them, when a woman came out of the town to fetch water 
from a well near the walls. They hurried up from the 
camp and took this woman prisoner, and the Achnans 
learned from her that the little water from this well (when 
they got it each night) was measured out, and the people 
in the town had no other water whatever to drink. So 
the AchsBans fouled the water so as to make it undrinkable 
and captured the town. 

And next to this statue of Athene the Rhodians of Lin« 
dus erected a statue of Apollo. And the Ambraoiotes 
offered a brazen ass, after their victoty by night over the 
Molossi. The Molossi had made ready for a night attack 
on them, when an ass, who chanced to be driven from the 
field, pursuing a she-ass with lust and braying, and the 



252 VAUSANtAS. 

driver also crying out in a loud and disordorly manner, iho 
Holossi were bo dismayed where they were in ambush that 
they left the place, and the Ambraciotes detected their 
plan, and attacked and defeated them that very night. 

And the people of Omeeo in Argolia, as the Sicyoniana 
pressed them hard in war, vowed to Apollo, if they should 
sncceed in repelling the Sicyonians, to have a procession to 
him at Delphi daily and to sacrifice to him any quantity of 
victims. They obtained the wished-for victory, but as to 
discharge their vow daily was a great expense, and the 
tronble even greater than the expense, they hit upon the 
expedient of offering to the god representations in brass of 
the procession and sacrifice. 

Here too is a representation in iron of the contest be* 
tween Hercules and the Hydra, the votive offering and 
design of Tisagoras. Making statues in iron is most diffi- 
oult and laborious. This Tisagoras, whoever he was, is 
famed for the heads of a lion and wild boar at Pergamus. 
These are also in iron, and were a votive offering of his to 
Dionysus. 

And the Phocians of Elatea, who held ont against the . 
siege of Gassander till Olympiodorus came from Athens to 
their relief, sent a brazen lion to Apollo at Delphi. And 
the Apollo next that lion is the offering of the Massaliotea 
lor their victory over the Carthaginians in a sea-fight. 

The ^tolians also erected a trophy and statue of an 

armed woman, (^tolia to wit), out of the fine they im* 

posed on the Oalati for their cruelty to the people of Cal* 

' Hon.* There is also a gilt statue of Oorgias of Leoutini, 

his own votive offering. 



CHAPTER XIX. 

NEXT to the statue of Gorgias is a votive offering of 
the Amphictyones, a statue of Scyllis of Scione, who 
had wonderful fame as a diver, and taught his daughter 
Uydna diving. When a violent storm came on Xerzea' 
fleet off Mount Pelion they greatly added to the wrecks, by 

> 8coi;h.S2. 



BOOK X. — ^PHOCIS. 253 

diving; down and ontting the cables that kept the ships at 
anchor. It wns for this good service that the Amphic- 
tjones made statnes of Scjilis and his danghter. And 
amonff the statnes that Nero took awaj from Delfihi was 
this of Hjdna. [Virgins that are virgins indeed still dive 
in the sea with impunity.] ^ 

I shall next relate a Lesbian tradition. The nets of 
some fishermen at Methymna fished up out of the sea a 
head made of olive-wood, which seemed that of a foreign 
god, and not one worshipped by the Greeks. The people 
of Methymna inquired therefore of the Pjthian priestess 
what god or hero it belonged to, and she bade them wor* 
ship Fhallonian Dionysus. Accordingly the people of 
Methymna offered their vows and sacrifices to itj and sent 
a bronze imitation of it to Delphi. 

On the gables are representations of Artemis and Leto 
and Apollo and the Muses, and the setting of the Sun, and 
DionvRUS and the Thyiades. The faces of all these are by 
the Athenian Prazias, the pupil of Galamis: but as the 
temple took some time to build Praxias died before it was 
finished, and the rest of the carving on the gables was by 
Androsthenes, also an Athenian, and the pupil of Eucadmus. 
Of the golden arms on the architraves, the Athenians 
offered the shields after the victory at Marathon, and the 
^tolians the arms of the Oalati behind and on the left, 
which resemble the Persian shields called Oerrha. 

Of the irruption of the Galati into Greece I gave some 
account in connection with the council-chamber at Athens : 
but I prefer to give the fullest account in connection with 
Delphi, because the greatest struggle between them and 
the Greeks took place here. The first expedition of the 
Celts beyond theur borders was oiider Oambaules: but 
when they got as far as Thrace on that occasion they did 
not dare to go any further, recognising that they were too 
few in number to oope with the Greeks. But on the second 
expedition, effged on bv those who had formed part of the 
army of CanuMkules, wno had tasted the sweets of plunder 
and were enamoured of the gains of looting, a lar^ army 
of both infantry and cavalry mustered together. This army 

* I follow Scktihari in turoandiiig thb.rmiarkable ■toteBRmil with 
brackets. 



254 piufUNUS. 

the ootnmaBdera divided into three parts, and each marched 
into a different district Cerethrins was to march M^ainst 
the Thracians and the Triballi : Brennns and Aciohorias 
were to lead their division into Pooonia : and Bolgins was 
to march against the Macedonians and lUjrians. This last 
foaght a battle against Ptolemy king of the Macedonians, 
who had treacherously slain Seleucns the son of Antiochns, 
(thoagh he had been a sapplinnt at his coart), and was 
nicknamed Lightning on account of his audacity.* In this 
liattle Ptolemy fell, and with him no small part of the 
Macedonians: but the Celts durst not adventure any 
further into Greece, and so this second expedition returned 
home again. Thereupon Brenuus urgently pressed upon 
the general assemblies, and upon etich individual chief- 
tain of the Ghlati, the ajl vantages of invading Oreece, 
pointing out her weak state at that period, and the im- 
mense wealth of her community, her votive offerings in 
the temples, her quantity of silver and gold. He succeeded 
in persuading the (jalati to invade Greece once more, and 
among other chieftains he chose Acichorius once more as 
his colleague. The army mustered 152,000 foot and 
20,400 horse. Such at least was the fighting force of tho, 
cavalry, for its real number was 61,200: as each horse- 
soldier had two servants, who themselves were excellent 
cavalry also and mounted. For the custom of the Galati 
in an engagement was that these servants should remain 
in the rear dose at hand, and if a horse was killed they 
supplied a fresh one, and if the rider was killed one of 
them took his place, and if he too was killed then the third 
took his place. And if one of the masters was only 
wounded, then one of his servants removed him to the 
camp, and the other took his place in the battle. In this 
custom I think the Galati imitated the 10,000 Persians, 
called The ImmortaJU. But the difference was that The 
ImmortaU were a reserve force only need at the end of an 
action, whereas the Galati used these reserves as wanted all 
through the action. This mode of fighting they called 
DrimarcUia in their dialect: for the Celts (^ed a horse 
marea. Such was the force, such the intentibnsi with 
which Brennus marched into Gieece. 

* 8a0 iho eiicrniMUnoet in Hook L eh. !•• 



BOOK X.— raooM. 255 



CHAPTER XX 

THE Oreeks for ibeir part, ihongh yeiy dejected, were 
induced to fight bravely for their oouotrj bj the very 
uTgenqy of the peril For they saw that at the present oriBie 
it was not merely their liberty that was at stake, as at the 
time of the Persian invasion, bat that, even if they granted 
land and water to the enemy,' they would have no fntnre secu- 
rity. For they still remembered the former irruption of the 
Galati into MsM^donia and Thrace and Pasoniii, and their 
recent outrages in Thessaly had been reported to them. 
It was the universal opinion therefore, both with indi* 
viduals and states, that they must either die or conquer. 

It will not be without instruction to compare the nnm« 
hers of those who fought against Xerxes at Thermopjlao 
with those who fought now against the Oalati. The Greeks 
that marched against the Hede were as follows : 800 Lace* 
diemonians only under Leonidas, 500 from Tegea, 500 from 
Mantinea, 120 Arcadians from Orchomenus, 1000 from the 
other towns of Arcadia, 80 from Mycenae, 200 from Phlius, 
400 from Corinth, 700 Boeotians from Thespia and 400 from 
Thebes. And 1,000 Phocians guarded the pass at Mount 
(Eta, who must be added to the Oreek contingent As to 
the Locrians under Mount Cnemis Herodotus has not men^ 
tioned their precise number, he only says they came from 
all the towns. But we may conjecture their number pretty 
accurately: for the Athenians at Marathon, including 
slaves and non-combatants, were not more than 9,000 : so 
that the fighting force of Locrians at Thermopyla could 
not be more than 6,000. Thus the whole force employed 
against the Persians would be 11,200. Nor did all of these 
stay all the time under arms at Thermopyl», for except 
the men from Laoed»mon and Thespia and Mycen» they 
waited not to see the issue of the fight. And now against 
these barbarians who had crossed the ocean the following 
Greeks banded themselves at ThermopykB : 10,000 heavy 

* The technioil t«ra for lalMBiMioii lo sa •tiemy. Set UevodeUii^ 
T.17, 1S| vii. 139. 



256 P1U8AN1A8. 

armed infantry and 500 horse from BcDoiia, nnder the 
Ikootarchs Ccpbisodotus and Thearidas and Diogenes and 
Lysander : 500 cavalrv and 3,000 foot from Phocis, nnder 
Criiobnlns and Aniiocnas : 700 Locrians, all infantry, from 
tlie island Atalanta, nnder the command of Midias : 400 
heavy armed infantry of the Megarians, their cavalry nnder 
the command of Megarens : of the ^tolians, who formed 
the largest and most formidable contingent, the number of 
their horse is not recorded, but their light-armed troops 
were 90,* and their heavy armed 7000 : and the ^tolians 
were nnder the command of Polyarchns and Polyphron and 
Lacrates. And the Athenians were nnder Gidlippus the 
son of Moerocles, as I have before stated, and consisted of 
all the triremes that were sea-worthy, and 500 horse, and 
1,000 foot, and because of their ancient renown they were 
in command of the whole allied army. And some merce- 
nary troops were sent by various kings, as 500 from Mace- 
donia, and 500 from Asia, those that were sent bv Antigonns 
were led by Aristodemus the Macedonian, and those that 
were sent by Antiochus were led by Telesarchus, as also 
some Syrians from Asia situated by the river Orontes. 

When these Oreeks, thus banded together at ThermopvlflSy - 
heard that the army of the Gklati was already in the neigh- 
bourhood of Magnesia and Phthiotis, they determined to 
send about 1,000 picked light-armed soldiers and a troop 
of horse to the river Sperchius, to prevent the barbarians* 
crossing the river without a struggle. And they went and 
destroyed the bridges, and encamped by the river. Now 
Brennus was by no means devoid of intelligence, and for a 
barbarian no mean strategist. Accordingly on the follow- 
ing night without any delay he sent 10,000 of his troops, 
who could swim and were remarkably tall, — and all the 
Celts are remarkably tall men--down the river to cross 
it not at the ordinary fords, but at a part of the riycr 
where it was less rapid, and mnrshy, and diffused itself 
more over the plain, so that the Oreeks should not be able 
to notice their crossing over. They crossed over accord- 
■"I?l7f awimming over the marshy part of the river, and 
using the shields of their country as a sort of raft, while 

■ This 90 Mraiing a Teiy smmll foii'e, S^kubwrt eonjeeittfet 790, 
BmtuUtaUr iiSO. 



BOOK X. — PHOCIS. 257 

the tallest of them oonld ford the river. When the Ghreeks 
at the Spcrchins noticed that part of the barharians had 
crossed over, they returned at once to the main armj. 



CHAPTER XXI. 

BBENNUS next ordered those wlio dwelt near the 
Maliao Bay to throw bridges over the Sperohius: 
which thej did quickly, standing greatly in dread of him, 
and being very desirous that the Imrbanans should depart 
and not injure them by a long stay in their part of the 
country. Then Brennns passed his army across these 
bridges, and marched for Cferaclea. And though they did 
not capture it, the Galati ravaged the country, and slew tlie 
men that were left in the fields. The year before the ^to« 
liana had compelled the people of Heraolea to join the 
^tolian League, and now they protected Heraclea just as 
if it was their own. That is wh^ Brennns did not capture 
it, but he paid no great attention to it, his only anxiety 
being to dislodge the enemy from the passes, and get into 
Greece by ThjrmopyliB. 

He advanced therefore from Heraclea, and learning from 
deserters that a strong force from all the Greek cities was 
concentrated at Thermopylsa, he despised his enemy, and 
the following day at daybreak opened battle, havmg no 
Greek seer with him, or any priests of his own country, 
if indeed the Celts practise diTination. Thereupon the 
Greeks advanced silently and in good order: and when 
the two armies engaged, the infantrv were careful not to 
break their line, and the light*armea troops keeping their 
ground discharged their darts arrows and slings at the bar- 
barians. The cavalry on both sides was useless, not only 
from the narrowness of the pass, but also from I he smooth 
and slippery and rocky nature of the ground, intersected 
also throughout by various mountain streams. The armour 
of the (mati was inferior, for their only defensive arm'^ur 
was the shield used in their country, and moreover they, 
were less experienced in the art of war. But they fought 
like, wild bcAsta with rage and fury and headlong incon* 
sidorate valour t and, whether backed about by swords 

II. 



253 PAUSAKIAA. 

and battle-Axc8, or pieit^ with daitA and javelins, dosisled 
not from Uioir furioua attaoks till bereft of life. 8orae 
even plnckcHl oat of thoir wounds the weapons witli which 
ihej had been wounded, and hurled tliem back, or used 
them in hand to hand fight. Meantime the Athenians on 
their triremes, not without great difficulty and danger, sailed 
along the mud which is yery plentiful in that arm of the 
sea, and got their vessels as near the barbarians as they 
could, and shot at their flanks vrith all kinds of darts 
and arrows. And the Celts bj now getting far the worst 
of it, and in the press suffering far more loss than 
thej could inflict^ had the signal to retire to their camp 
ffivcn them by their commanders. Accordingly retreating 
m no order and in great confusion, many got trodden 
underfoot by one another, and many falling into the marsh 
disappeared in it, so that the loss in the retreat was as 
great as in the heat of action. 

On this day the Athenians exhibited moro valour than all 
the other Greeks, and especially Cj^dias, who was very 
Toung and fought now for the first time. And as he was 
killed by the Galati his relations hung up his shield to 
Zeus Eleutherius with the following inscription, 

** Here I hanff in vain regret for the young Oydias, I once 
the shield of that good warrior, now a votive offering to 
Zeus, the shield which he carried on his left arm for the 
first time, on that day when fierce war biased out against 
the Galati." 

This inscription remained till Sulla's solcliers removed the 
shields in the portico of Zeus Eleutherius, as well as other 
notable things at Athens. 

And after the battle at Thermopyln the Greeks buried 
their dead, and stripped the bodies of the barbarians. But 
the Galati not only asked not permission to buiy their 
dead, but plainly did not care wheUier their dead obtained 
burial or were torn to pieces by birds and beasts. Two 
things in my opinion made them thus indifferent to the 
burial of their dead, one to strike awe in their enemies by 
their ferocity, the other that they do not habitually mourn 
for their dead. In the battle fell 40 Greeks, how many 
barbarians cannot be accurately ascertained, for many of 
them were lost in the marsh. 



BOOK X.— PH0CI8. 



CHAPTER XXIT. 



ON tfae Bovcnih day after the battle a diyision of the 
Galati endoiivoured to cross Mount (Eta by Hcraclca, 
bj A narrow pass near the rains of Trachis, not far from 
which was a temple of Athene, rich in Totive offerings. 
The barbarians hoped to cross Mount (Eta by this pass, 
and also to plunder the temple by the way. The garrison 
however under the command of Telesarchns defeated the 
barbarians, though Telesarchns fell in the action, a man 
zealously devoted to the Greek cause. 

The other commanders of the barbarians were astounded 
at the Greek successes, and doubted whereunto these things 
would gpx>w, seeing that at present their own fortunes were 
desperate, but Brennus thought that, if he could force the 
^toHans back into ^tolia, the war against the other Greeks 
would be easier. He selected therefore out of his whole 
army 40,000 foot and about 800 horse, all piokei men, and 
put them under the command of Orestorius and Combutis. 
And they recrossed the Sperchius by the bridges, and 
marched through Thessaly into ^tolia. And their actions 
at Callion were the most atrocious of any that we have 
ever heard of, and quite unlike human beings. They 
butchered all the males, and likewise old men, and babes at 
their mother's breasts: they even drank the blood, and 
feasted on the flesh, of babies that were fat. And high- 
spirited women and maidens in their flower committed 
suicide when the town was taken : and those that survived 
the barbarians submitted to every kind of outrage, being 
by nature incapable of pity and natural affection. And 
some of the women rushed upon the swords of the Gktlati 
and voluntarily courted death : to others death soon came 
from absence of food and sleep, as these merciless barba- 
rians outraged them in turn, and wreaked their lusts on 
them whether dying or dead. And the ^tolians haying 
learnt from messengers of the disasters that had fallen 
upon them, removea their forces with all speed from 
Thermopylaa, and pressed into ^tolioi furious at the suffer* 



. 260 PAUdAKIlS. 

ing^ of the people of Callion, and eren still more anxious 
to save the towns that had not jet been capinred. And 
the yonng men flocked ont from all their towns to swell 
their army, old men also mixed with them inspirited by 
the crisis, and even their women volnntcered their services, 
being more farions against the Galati than OTen the men. 
And the barbarians, having plundered the houses and 
temples and set fire to Gallion, marched back to the main 
army at Thennopvin : and on the road the people of Patros 
were the only Ajchieans that helped the ^tolians and fell 
on the barbarians, being as they were capitil heavy-armed 
Foldiers, but hard-pressed from the quantity of the Qalati 
and their desperate valour. But the ^tolinn men and 
women lined the roads and threw missiles at the barbarians 
with great effect, as they had no defensive armour but their 
national shields, and when the Galati pursued them they 
easily ran away, and when they desisted fit>m the vain pur* 
suit harassed them again continually. And though Callion 
had suffered so grievouRly, that what Homer relates of the 
contest between the Liestrygones and the Cyclops seems less 
improbable,^ yet the vengeance which the ^tolians took was 
not inadequate : for of the 40,800 barbarians not more than 
half got back safe to the camp at Thermopyln. 

In the meantime the fortunes of the Greeks at Thermo- 
pyln were as follows. One pass over Mount (Eta is above 
Trachis, most steep^ and precipitous, the other through the 
district of the ^nianes is easier for an army, and is the 
way by which Hydarnes the Mede formerly turned the 
flank of Lconidas forces. By this way the ^nianes and 
l^eople of Heraclea promised to conduct Brennus, out of no 
ill-will to the Greeks, but thinking it a great point if they 
could get the Celts to leave their district and not remain 
there to their ntter ruin. So true are the words of Pindar, 
when he says that evervbodv is oppressed by his own troubles, 
but is indifferent to tne misfortunes of other people.* And 
this promise of the ^nianes and ucople of Heraclea en* 
couragod Brennus : and he left Acichorius with the main 
army, instructing him to attack the Greek foroo^ when he 

* Odyiwy.x.l»»,S00. 

* SiWk I sa. Thus la Bdchf/otwiM to sntidpttod. ^^Noiis afons 
tout 4mn de forre pour tttpiKMrtor ks anaax dsuirui.* 



BOOK X. — PHOCIS. 2G1 

(Drennos) should have got to their rear: and hinisolt 
inarched through the pass with 4fO,000 picked men. And 
it so happened that that day there was a great mist on the 
raonniain which ohscnred the snn, so that the barharians 
\i'ere not noticed by the Phocians who guarded the pass till 
they got to close quarters and attacked them. The Pho- 
cians defended themselves bravely, but were at last over- 
powered and retired from the pass : but were in time io 
get to the main force, and report what had happened, before 
the Greeks got completely surrounded on all sides. There- 
upon the Athenians took the Greeks on board their triremes 
at Therroopyln: and they dispersed each to their own 
nationality. 



CHAPTER XXm. 

AND Brennus, waiting only till Acichorius' troops should 
come up from the camp, marched for Delphi. And the 
inhabitants fled to the oracle in great alarm, but the god 
told them not io fear, he would protect his own. And the 
following Greeks axme up to fight for the god ; the Phocians 
from all their towns, 400 heavy armed soldiers from Am* 
phissa, of the ^tolians only a few at first, when they heard 
of the onward march of the barbarians, but afterwards 
Philomelus brought up 1200. For the flower of the iBto- 
lian army directed itself against the division of Acichoriup, 
not bringing on a general engagement, but attacking their 
rearguard as they marched, plundering their baggage and 
killing the men in charge of it, and thus impeding their 
march considerably. And Acichorius had left a detach- 
ment at Heraclea, to guard the treasure in his camp. 

So BrennuH and the Greeks gathered together at Delphi 
drew up agr«inst one another in battlo-array. And the god 
showed in the plainest possible way his enmity to the bar- 
barians. For the whole eronnd occupied by the army of 
the Galati violently rocked most of the day, and there was 
continuous thunder and lightninff, which aiitonnded the 
Celts and prevented their hearing the ordcrsof their oflBoers, 
and the lightning hit not only some partionlar individual 



262 PAUBANUS. 

here and there, hat set on fire all round him and their armSi 
And appearances of heroes, as Hjperochas and Laodoens 
and Pjrrhns, and Phjlacas — ^a local hero at Delphi — ^were 
seen on the battle field. And many Phocians fell in the 
action and among others Aleximachus, who slew more bar* 
barians with his own hand than anj other of the Greeks, 
and who was remarkable for his manty yigonr strength of 
frame and daring, and his statue was afterwards placed by 
the Phocians in the temple of Apollo at Delphi. Such was 
the condition and terror of the barbarians aJl the day, and 
during the night things were still worse with them, for it 
was bitterly cold and snowed hard, and great stones came 
tumbling down from Parnassus, and whole crags broke o£F 
and seemed to make the barbarians their mark, and not one 
or two but thirty and even more, as they stood on guard or 
rested, were killed at once by the fall of one of these crags. 
And the next day at daybreak the Greeks poured out of 
Delphi and attacked them, some straight in front» but the 
Phocians, who had the best acquaintance with the ground, 
came down the steep sides of Parnassus through the snow, 
and fell on the Celtic rear unexpectedly, and nurled jave* ^ 
tins at them, and shot at them with perfect security. At 
the beginning of the battle the Galati, especially Brennus' 
body-guard who were the finest and boldest men in their 
army, fought with conspicuous bravery, though they were 
shot at on all sides, and suffered frightfully from the cold, 
especially such as were wounded .* but when Brennus was 
wounded, and taken off the field in a fainting condition, 
then the barbarians sorely against their will beat a retreat, 
(as the Greeks by now pressed them hard on all sides), and 
killed those of their comrades who could not retreat with 
them owing to their wounds or weakness. 

These fugitive Galati bivouacked where they had got to 
when night came on them, and during the night were seized 
with panic fear, that is a fear arising without any solid 
cause. This panic came upon them late in the night, and 
was at first confined to a few, who thought they heard the 
noise of horses galloping np and that the enemy was 
approaching, but soon it ran through the host. They there* 
fore seised their arms, and getting separated in the dark* 
oess mutually slew one another^ neither recognising their 



BOOK X.— PBOCIS. 263 

native dialect, nor discerning one another's forms or weapons, 
but both sides in their panic thinking their opix>nent8 Greeks 
both in langpiage and weapons, so thit this panic sent bjr 
the god produced terrific mataal slaughter. And those 
Phocians, who were left in the fields guarding the flocks 
and herds, were the first to notice and report to the Greeks 
what had happened to the barbarians in the night : and this 
nerved them to attack the Celts more Tigorously than ever, 
and they placed a stronger guard over their cattle, and 
would not let the Galati get any articles of food from them 
without a fierce fight for it, so that throughout the bar* 
barian host there was a deficiency of corn and all other 
provisions. And the number of those that perished in 
Phocis was nearly 6,000 slain in battle, and more than 
10,000 in the savage wintry night and in the panic, and as 
many more from starvation. 

Some Athenians, who had gone to Delphi to reconnoitre, 
brought back the news of what had happened to the bar- 
barians, and of the panio that the god had sent. And when 
thev heard this good news they marched through Boeotia, 
and the Boeotians with them, and both in concert followed 
the barbarians, and lav in ambush for them, and cut oft the 
stragglers. And Acichorius' division had joined those who 
fled wiUi Brennus only the previous night : for the ^to« 
tians made their progress slow, hurling javelins at them 
and any other missile freely, so that only a small part of 
the barbarians got safe to the camp at Heraclea. And 
Brennus, though his wounds were not mortal, yet either 
from fear of his comrades, or from shame, as having 
been the instigator of all these woes that had happened to 
them in Greece, committed suicide by drinking neat wine 
freely.' And subsequently the barbarians got to the river 
Sperohius with no little difficulty, as the ^roluins attiicked 
them fiercely all the way, and at that river tlie Thosssdians 
and HaJieiisos set on them with such vigour that none of 
them got home again. 

This expedition of the Celts to Greece and their utter 

ruin happened when Anazicrates was Archon at Athens, in 

the second year of the 125th Olymniad, when Ladas of 

^gie was victor in the course. And the following year^ 

I Which alVmr his wounds wooM bs Iktsl. 



264 PAUSANfAfl. 

when DomocloB was Archon at Athens, all the Celifl ^ cM»s^ 
back again to Asia Minor, I have delivcitsd a truo 
acooont 



CHAPTER XXIV. 

IN the Testihnle of the temple at Delphi are written np 
seyeral wise sayings for the condnct of life by those 
whom the Greeks o.i11 The Seven Wiee Men. These were 
Thales of Miletus and Bias of Priene (both from Ionia), and 
(of the .^Boliuns in LcHhos) Pittacns of Mityleno, and (of 
the Dorians in Asia Minor) Gleobulusof Lindus,and Solon 
of Athens, and Ghilon of Sparta, and the seventh Plato 
(the son of Aristo) makes * Myson of Chenaa, a village on 
Monnt (Eta, instead of Periander the son of Gvpselns. 
These Seven Wise Men came to Delphi, and offered to 
Apollo those famous sayings, Kwno thyielf^ and Not Uto 
much of anything. And they inscribed those sayings in 
the vestibule of the temple. 

You may also see a brazen statue of Homer on a pillar, 
and read the oracle which they say was given to him, which 
rnns as follows : 

** Fortunate and unfortunate, for you are bom to both des- 
tinies, you inquire after your fatherland. But you have no 
fatherland, only a motherland. Tour mother's country is 
the island los, which shall receive your remains. But be 
on your guard against the riddle of young boys *' * 

The inhabitants of los still shew the tomb of Homer, 
and in another part of the island the tomb of Clymene, 
who they say was Homer's mother. Bat the people of 
Cyprus, for they too claim Homer as their own, and say 
that Themisto (one of the women of their country) was his 

' At Siebdii well. points oat, this caiifioC refer to Bronnna* army, 
which wo hare Jutt been told wm tU cut to plccoe, but to the ewerin of 
Cehs in Mai*e4onia end Threoe, who retunied In Alia Minor, ouwed by 
this catoslrophe. 

* In the FroUufcms. S43 A. 

* The inMiitioa the onMski refers to Is that Homer died of grief, 
because he oould not solve the. riddle which some fisher boys )wo* 
puanded to him. The oracle is also alluded to in Booh Tiii. ch. 24. 



BOOK X. — PHOCfS. S85 

mother, cite ilio following prophetical verses of KiicluA 
touching Homer's birth ; 

" In sea-girt Cjprus shall a great poet one day bo born, 
whom divine Themisto shtUl give birth to in the coantiy, 
a poet whose fame shall spread far from wealthy Salamis. 
And he leaving Cypras and sailing over tlie sea shall first 
sing the woes of spacions Hellas, and shall all his days be 
immortal and over fresh." 

These oracles I have heard and read, hut I have no- 
thing privato to write either aboat the country or age of 
Homer* 

And in the t«mple is an altar of Poseidon, for the most 
ancient oracle belonged to Poseidon, and there are also 
statues of two Fates, for in the pl.iee of the third Fate is 
Zeus the Arbiter of the Fates, and Apollo the Arbiter of 
the Fates. You may also see here the altar at which the 
priest of Apollo slew Neoptolemns the son of Achilles, ns 
J have stated elsewhere. And not far from this altar is the 
iron Chair of Pindar, on which they say he used to sit 
and sing Hymns to Apollo, whenever he came to Delphi. 
In the interior of the temple, to which only a few have 
access, is another statue of Apollo all gold. 

As one leaves the temple and turns to the left, there are 
precincts in which is the grave of Neoptolemus the son of 
Achilles, to whom the people of Delphi offer funeral rites 
annually. And not far from this tomb is a small stone 
on which they pour oil daily, and on which at every festival 
they lay raw wool : and they have a tradition about this 
stone, that it was the one which was given to Cronos in- 
stead of a son, and that he afterwards voided it. 

And if, after looking at this stone, you return to the 
templo, you will come to the fountain Cassotis, which is 
walled in, and there is an ascent to it through the wall. 
The water of this fountain goes they sav underground, and 
inspires the women in the sanctuary of the ttA with pro- 
phetical powers : they say the fountain got its name from 
one of the Nymphs m Parnassus* 



26G FiusiNiifl. 



CHAPTER XXV. 

ABOVE the fonntain is a building which contains some 
paintings of Poljgnot-as, it is the votive offering of the 
people of GuidoR, and is called The Lounge bj the people of 
Delphi, becanse they used to assemble there in old times 
and discuss both serious and trifling subjects* That there 
were many Kuch places throughout Greece Homer has 
shown in Melantho*s reviling of Odysseus : 

" For you will not go to sleep at a smithy or at some 
lounge, but you will keep talking here." ' 

On the right as you enter the building is a painting of 
the capture of Ilium and the return of the Greeks. And 
they are making preparations for Menelaus' hoisting sail, 
and his ship is painted with boys and sailors all mixed up 
together on board : and in the middle of the ship is Phrontis 
the pilot with two punting poles. Homer ' has represented 
Nestor among other things telling Telemachus about 
Phrontis, how he was the son of Onetor, and pilot of Mene* 
laus. and most able in his art, and how he died as he sailed 
past Sunium in Attica. And Menelaus, who was up to this 
time sailing with Nestor, was now left behind, that he 
might discharge all due funeral rites for Phrontis. . Beneath 
Phrontis in the painting of Polygnotus is Ithoamenes carry- 
ing some garment, and Echceaz descending the gangway- 
ladder with a brazen water-pot. And Polites and Stro- 
Jhius and Alphius are represented taking down the tent of 
leuelaus. which is not far from the ship. And Amphialua 
is taking down another tent, a boy is sitting at his feet, but 
there is no inscription on him, and Phrontis is the only 
person with a beard. His was the only name in the gi*oup 
that Polygnotus got out of the Odyssey: the others I 
imagine he invented. There too stands Briseis, and Dio- 
mede near her, and Iphia in front of them boUi, they all 
appear to be gasing at Helen's beauty. And Helen is 

' OdjrMey, XTiiL SSS, ass. 8ct Dr Ut^ynuMi't adnirablf noUi on this 

• CMyMey,iiL976«g. 



BOOK X. — PH00I8. 267 

BOAtedt and near her is Enrybates, who has no beard, and 
was I suppose the herald of Odysseus. And Helen's hand- 
maids are bj, Panthalis standing at her side, and Electra 
fastening her sandals: these names are different however 
from those Homer gives in the Iliad, when he dpscribcs 
Helen and her maids going on to the walls.' And above 
Helen sits a man clothed in pnrple, looking very dejected : 
before reading the inscription one would conjecture thnt it is 
Helenas the son of Priam. And near Helenas is Meges, 
who is wounded in the shoulder, as he is described by Les- 
cheos of Pyrrha, the son of iEschylinus, in his Capture of 
Ilium, he was wounded he says by Admetus the son of 
Augeas in the night-attack of the Trojans. And next to 
Meges is Lycomedes the son of Greon, who is wounded on 
the wrist, ns Lescheon says he was by Agenor. It is mani- 
fest that Polygnotus must have rend Lescheos' poem, or he 
would not have painted their wounds so accurately. He 
has also depicted Lycomedes with a third wound in the 
ankle, and a fourth on the head. Euryalus also the son of 
Meoisteus is represented as wounded in the head and wrist. 
All these ai« above Helen in the painting : and next Helen 
is ^thra the mother of Theseus with her head shaven, and 
Theseus' son Demophon apparently wondering whether he 
could save her. And the Argives say thnt Melanippus was 
the son of Theseus by the daughter of Sinis, and that he 
won the prize in the race, when the Epigoni restored the 
Nemean games which were originally introduced by Ad* 
rastus. Lescheos has stated that ^thra escaped when 
Ilium was taken, and got to the Greek camp, and was 
recognized by the sons of Theseus, and Demophon asked 
her of Agamemnon. And he said he would willingly 
gratify Demophon, but could not do so before he obtained 
the consent of Helen, so a messenger was sent to Helen 
and she gave her consent. I think therefore the picture 
represents Eurybates coming to Helen on this errand, and 
delivering the messa^ of Aguneronon. And the Trojan 
women in the paiutmg look in sad dejection as if they 
were oantives already. There is Andromache, with a baby* 
boy at her breast. Lescheos says that this babyboy was 
hurled from a tower, not in oonsequence of any oeorce 
> Hind, iiL 144. Tlieir nanct tlwre are Mtkm and djfumt. 



2G8 PAUHAXIAS. 

of tbe Oreoks, Imt simply from the private hatred of 
Neoptolemas. There too is Medesicaste, one of the illegiti- 
mate danghtcra of Priam, of whom Uomer says that she 
dwelt in the town of Pedieam, and married Imbrios the 
son of Uentor.^ Andromache and Modesieaale are repre- 
sented veiled : but Poljzena has her hair plaited after 
tho manner of maidens. The Poets represent her to have 
been slain at the tomb of Achilles, and I have seen paint- 
ings both at Athens and Porgamas beyond the river 
Caicos of her death. Polygnotns has also introdaced 
Nestor into the same painting, with a hat on his head and 
a spear in his hand : and a horse near seems to be rolling 
in the dust. Near the horse is the sea-shore, and yon can 
see the pebbles, bnt the rest of the scene does not resemble 
a sea view. 



CHAPTER XXVL 

ABOVE the women between ^thra and Nestor are the 
captives, Glymene, and Grensa, and Aristomache, and 
Xenodice. Clymone is enamerated among the captives by 
Stesichoms in his Ftdl of Ilium : Arintomache likewise is 
represented in the poem called The Betunijrani Ilium as 
the danghter of Priam, and wife of Gritolaas the son of 
Hicetaon: bat I do not rememlier either poet or prose- 
writer making mention of Xenodice: and as to Creasa, 
they say tliat the Mother of the Gods and Aphrodite rescned 
her from slavery to the Greeks, and that she was the wife 
of ^neas, though Lcscheos and the author of the Gyprian 
Poems represent Eurydice as the wife of ^neas. Above 
these are painted Deinome Metioche Pisis and Gieo- 
dice reclining on a couch: Deinome is the only one of 
these mentioned in the poem called The LUtle Iliad, so I 
think Polygnotns mnst have invented the other names. 
Here too is Epeus naked knocking down the walls of Troy, 
and above the walls is the head only of the Wooden Horse. 
Here too is Polyposti'S, the son of Pirithous, with his head 
bound by a fil!e^and near him Acamas, the son of Theseusi 

» I mmI, Kill 171-173. 



BOOK X.— PH0C18. 2G9 

witli a helmet on his head, and a crcsi on the helmet. Here 
too 18 Odysseus with a coat of mail on. And Ajaz the son 
of Oilcns is standing near the altar with a shield in his 
hand, taking his oaUi in connection with the violation of 
Cassandra: Cassandra is seated on the ground and holding 
fast the wooden statue of Athene, for she tore it from its 
base, when Ajax dragged her away from the altar. And 
the sons of Atreus are painted with their helmets on: 
and on Menelnus' shield is a representation of the dragon 
that appeared to him as an omen during the sacrifice at 
Aulis. They are administering the oath io Ajaz. And 
near the pninting of the horse by Nostor*s side ' is Neopto- 
lemus kiHing Elasus, whoever ho was;* his dying ngouy is 
well depicted : and Astrnous, who is mentioned by Les- 
cheoR, has fallen on to his knee, and Neoptolemus is m the 
act of • smiting him with the sword* And Polygootus has 
represented Neoptolemus alone of nil the Greeks continuing 
to butcher the Trojans, that the painting should correspond 
with the scenes depicted on the tomb of Neoptolemus. Homer 
indeed calls Achilles' son everywhere by the nnme of Neop- 
tolemus, but the Cyprian Poems say he was called Pyrrhus 
l>v Lvcomedes, and that the name Neoptolemus was given 
him by Phoonix, because he' was ver^ young when he first 
went to the wars. Here too is the painting of an altar, and 
a little boy clinging to it in dire fear : a brazen coat of mail 
lies on the altar, such as was worn in old times, for in 
our days we seldom see such. It consisted of two pieces 
called Oyala, one a protection for the breast and belly, the 
other for the back, both joined together by clasps. And 
such coats of mail would afford sufficient protection without 
a shield : and so Homer represented Phoroys the Phrygian 
without a shield, because he was armed with this kind of coit 
of mail.^ In Polygnotus' painting I recognize a coat of mail 
of this kind : and in the temple of Ephesian Artemis Calli- 
phonof Snnios has painted some women fitting this kind of 
coat of mail on Patroclus. And Polyguoiua hmi represented 

I 8ee eh. 25 neftriy »l the end. 

* An Klasus in mAntioiMd In Iliod, xri. 696. 
"if«(i.«.Neiipu>)rliMii). filie6ettfTerylngeniotulytaggf>8U4'Axi>X/Mc. 

I «cc8|iS tbfit fng^.^Mion m neonsary to the tenM. 

* SetlliMlyXTiiaii. ransaniafgiiMaHttlf Uyondiioowrmethinkt. 



270 PAUSANIiS. 

Laodice standing on the other sido of the altir. I do not find 
her name mentioned by any poet among thtf captivo Trojan 
women : and it seems probable enough that the Greeks let her 
ga For Homer lias represented in the Iliad that Menolans 
and Odysseas were entertained by An tenor, and that Laodice 
was the wife of Antouor's son Helicaon.^ And Lescheos 
states that Uelicaon was wounded in the night-engagement, 
and recognixod by Odysscos, and rescued out of the battle 
alive. It follows therefore, from the aCFection of Menelans 
and Odysseas for the family of Antenor, that Agamemnon 
and Menelans would have offered no violence to Helicaon's 
wife. What Euphorion of Ghalcis therefore has written 
about Laodice is very improbable. And next Laodice is a 
stone prop, and a bronze laver on it. And Medusa sits on 
the ground holding this prop with both her hands. Who- 
ever has read the Ode of HimeroBus will include her among 
the daughters of Priam. And near Medusa is an old woman 
closely shaven, (or possiblv a eunuch), with a naked child 
in his or her arms : the onild's hand is before its eyes for 
fear. 



CHAPTER XXVII. 

OF the dead in the painting are Pelis naked,* lying on his 
back, and underneath him Eioneus and Admetus both 
in their coats of mail. According to Lescheos Eioneus was 
slain by Neoptolemus, and Admetus by Philoctetes. And 
above these are others, near the laver Leocritus, the son of 
Polydamas, who was killed by Odysseus, acd near Eioneus 
and Admetus Corcebus the son of Mygdon. This Mygdon 
has a famous tomb on the borders of the Steccorenian rhry- 

S'ans, and poets have given those Phrygians the name of 
ygdones after him. Corcebus came to wed Cassandra, 
and was killed by Neoptolemus according to the prevalent 
tradition, but by Diomede according to Lescheos. And 
above Coroobus are Priam and Azion and Agenor. Les- 

• 8m niad, m. S05-S07. Alio 1SS.1S4. 

* Naked htm, and in oonneolion with Eptat la eh. S6, pfobably only 
■Msnt withoDt anaoor on. QL ** Nodus an, mn nodas." Vuw. 
Goorg.LS9». 



^DOOX X.— PH0CI8. 271 

clieos says thai Priam was not slain at the altar of Hoase- 
hold Zens, bat was torn away from the altar and killed 
bf Neoptolemos with no great difficalty at the doors of 
the palace. As to Hecaba, Stesichoms in his Fall of Ilium 
has stated that she was taken to Ljcia by Apollo. And 
Lescheos says that Axion was the son of Priam, and killed 
by Earjpylas the son of PJoasmon. The same poet states 
that Affenor was killed by Neoptolemns. And Echeclos, 
A^nors son, seems to have been slain by Achilles. And 
Sinon, the companion of Odyssens, and Anchialns are carry- 
ing ont the corpse of Laomedon for bnrial. There is another 
d(»d person in the painting, Eresas by name ; no poet, so 
far as my knowledge goes, has snng either of Eresns or 
Laomedon. There is a painting also of the honse of 
Antenor, and a leopard's skin hang np oyer the porch, as a 
sign to the Greeks not to meddle with the family of Antenor. 
And Theano, iitUenor's to|^0,is painted with her sons, GUaons 
seated on his armonr^ and Eurymaohns seated on a stone. 
Near him stands Antenor with his danghter Grino, who is 
carrying her baby bo7. All these are depicted with sorrow* 
f al conutenances. The servants are placing a chest and other 
articles on the back of an ass, on which a little boy also 
sits. And nnder this painting is the following Elegiac 
coaplet by Simonides. 

" Polygnotns of Thasos, the son of Aglaophon, painted 
these incidents in the capture of Uinm.*' 



CHAPTER XXVIIL 

THE other part of the paintinff, that on the left, lepreseni^i 
Odysseas descending to Hades, to consult the soul of 
Tiresias aboat his return home. In the painting is a river, 
which is obviously Acheron, and there are some reeds 
growing in it, and some fishes so indistinct that they look 
like the ghosts of fishes. And there is a boat on the river, 
and a ferryman with his oars. Polygpiotits has followed (I 
think) )iere the description, in the poem called the Minyad, 
about Theseus and Pirithons. 



272 PAU8AN1A8. 

*' Unwillingly did old Charon admit those liytng persons 
into his boat meant for the nse of the dead/' 

I'olyg^otus has accordingly represented Charon as old. 
The persons on board are not very eisy to trace. Bnt 
there is Tellis, looking like a yonih, and Cleoboea still a 
virgin, with a cist on her knees snoh as they nse in tho 
worship of Demeter. Of Tellis I know nothing more than 
that Archilochns was his g^reatgrandson. And Cleoboea 
they say first introduced the mysteries of Demeter from 
Faros to Thasos. And on the bank of the Acheron near 
Charon's boat a son, who had not treated his father well, is 
being strangled by his father. For the ancients reverenced 
fathers ezc^inglyi' as one may infer among other things 
from the conduct of those called Pious at Catana, who, 
when Catana was consumed by fire from Mount ^tna, took 
no account of silver or gold, bnt the one took up his mother, 
the other his father, and fled for their lives. And as they 
adyanced with great difficulty for the flame gathered on 
them, (but they would not for all that set their parents 
down), the flames they say divided so as to let them pass 
without hurt These young men are still honoured at 
Catana. And in Polygnotns painting near the man who 
ill-treated his father, and has consequently a bad time of it 
in Hades, is a sacrilegious wretch suffering punishment. 
The woman* who is punishing him seems well acquainted 
with poison, and other things that can do man harm. Men 
were also in those days remarkable for piety to the gods, as 
the Athenians shewed when they captured the temple of 
Olympian Zens at Syracuse, for they removed none of the 
votive offerings, and left the former priest still in charge. 
Datis the Mede also showed the same piety both in word 
and in deed, in word to the Delians, and in deed when, 
-finding a stnino of Apollo on a Phoenician ship, he gave it 
back to the people of Tanagra to take to Delium. In those 
days all men honoured the deity, and so Poj(9i;gnotn8 intro- 
duced into his painting tho sacrilegions wv<^tch suffering 
pnnishtit«mt. Above those I have describe4 ia* Eniynomns, 
who according to the Antiquarians at Delphi is a demon 

* 8c« for exumple Jlmtod, ITorib and Day$, 831, 339, with oonC«x(. 

* ^otUig$r Uket tk4 womta lo b« PmmiAmm^ jwraouified. 



BOOK X.— pnocis. 273 

in Hades, nnd eats the flesh of the dead clean to the bones. 
No sach person however is mentioned in the Odysscj, or 
in the Minyad, or in The Return /ram Ilium^ though these 
poems contain accounts of Hades and its horrors. I shall 
therefore describe Eurynomos' appearance in this painting. 
His colour is a blneish-black, like that of the flies that in-' 
fest meat,^ and he shows his fangs, and sits on a vnlture's 
skin. And next him are Ange and Iphimedea from Arca^ 
dia. Auge came to Teuthras in Mysia, and, of all the 
women who consorted with Hercules, bare a son most like 
him. And Iphimedea is treated with very great honoor by 
the Carians who dwell at Mylosa. 



CHAPTER XXIX. 

ABOVE those I have already mentioned are Porimedoif 
and Enrylochns,* the comrades of Odysseus, with 
the victims which are black rams. And next them is a 
man seated, whom the inscription states to be Ocnns. He 
is representing rope-making, and a she-ass near him eata 
the rope as fast as ho makes it. This Ocnus they say was 
an inaustrious man, who had an extravagant wife : and 
whatever he got together by industry was very soon spent 
by her. This picture therefore of Polygnotus is supposed 
to be a skit on Ocnus* wife. And I know that the lonians, 
when they see anyone labouring hard to no profit, sav that 
he is weaving Ocnus' rope.' However those who diyme by 
the flight of birds ffive the name of Ocnus to a very rare 
kind of heron, boui large and handsome. Tityus too is 
in the picture, no longer being tortured, but worn out 
by his continuous punishment to a mere shadow. And 
if you look at the next part of the picture, you will see 
Anadne yery near the man who is ropemaking: she is 
sitting on a rock, and looking at her sister PhsBdra, who is 
suspended to a rook by a ropo which she holds in bot*i 
hands. She is so represented to make her end appear 

« Our <« bloebottlef." * OdyMey, xi. tS sj. 

• ProperUut bM an aUmioii to this, ▼• lii. 81, 22. 
n. T 



274 PAVflAnis. 

mora deocmms. And Dtonjsiis took Aruidne Cmm Tho* 
sens either br aonie obftiiee, or pnrpoeelj preparing an 
ambiiBli for him, sailing againet him with a larger arma« 
meni. Thii was the same Dionysus, I take it^ who was 
the first to inrade India, and the first to throw a bridge 
oTer the river Euphrates ; the pkce where he bailt this 
bridge was called ^eagma, and a tope is preserred to this 
day, wreathed with tendrils of the Tine anid Itj, which was 
nsed in the oonstmction of the bridge^ Both Greeks and 
Egyptians have many legends about Dionysns. And below 
Fhflidra Ghknris is reclining on the knees of Thyia : no one 
will err who states that there was a great friendshij^ be- 
tween these two women in their lifetime : and both came 
from the same neighbonrhood, Orchomenns in BoBotia.^ 
There are other traditions about them, as that Poseidon 
had an intrigue with Thyia^ and that Chloris was married 
to Poseidon's son Neleus. And next Thyia is Procris the 
daughter of Erechtheus, and next her, with her back 
towards her, is Glymene, who is represented in The Beium 
from Ilium to have been the daughter of Minyas, and the 
wife of Cephalus the son of Deion, and mother by him of 
Iphiclus. All the poets agree that Procris was Cephalus* 
wife before Glymene was, and that she was murdered by 
her husband. And beyond Glymene in the interior of the 
painting is the Theban Meffara^ who was Hercules* wife, but 
eventually repudiated by him, because he lost all his children 
by her, and so did not think his marriage with her a lucky 
one. Above the head of those women I have mentioned is 
the dan^ter of Salmoneus sitting on a stone, and beside her 
Eriphyle is standing, lifting her fingers through her dress 
to her neck. You may conjecture that she is holding the 
famous necklace in the hand which is concealed by the folds 
jof her dress. And above Eriphyle is Elpenor, and Odysseus 
kneeling, holduqg his sword over a ditch : and Tiresias the 
prophet is approaching the- ditch, and near Tiresias is 
Anticlesi the mother of Odysseus, sitting on a stone. And 
Elpenor is wearing the coarse plaited coat usual among 
sea-fiuring men. And below Odysseus. Theseus and Piri» 
thoas are seated on the enchanteid rock, Theseus has both 

MlwillbsMMthatlsdoplUitfacgettkmor^tfMti. Thsrtading 



BOOK X.— PHOCW. 275 

his own sword and that of Pirithous, and Piritbons is 
looking at his like one indignant that swords are useless 
for their present venture. Panyasis has represented The- 
sens and Pirithons as nob fasten^ to their seat, but that the 
rook grew to them instead of fetters. The friendship be« 
tween Thesens and Pirithons has been alluded to by Homer 
both in the Iliad and Odjssej. In the latter Odjsseus 
says to the Pha^aoians, 

" I then perhaps had seen the heroes of former times, 
whom I fnin would have seen, as Thesens and Pirithons, 
the famous sons of the gods. * > 

And in the Iliad, in his chiding of Agamemnon and 
Achilles, Nestor uses the following words : ' 

*' I never before saw such heroes nor shall I e'er again, 
as Pirithons, and Dryas shepherd of his people, and Caanenn 
and Exadius and divine PolyphemnSi and Thesens son of 
.^gens like to the Immortals,'' 



CHAPTER XXX. 

POLYONOTXTS has painted next the daughters of Pan- 
darcus, as to whom Homer says, in a speech of Pene- 
lope, that their parents died through the wrath of the gods 
when they were still maidens, and that as they were orphans 
they were brought up by Aphrodite, and received gifts from 
other goddesses, as from Hera prudence and beauty, from 
Artemis tallness of stature, from Athene an education fit 
for women. But when Aphrodite went up to heaven to 
obtain a good match for the girls from Zeus, they were 
carried off in her absence by the Harpies and given by them 
to the Furies. Such at least is Homer's account about 
them.' And Polygnotus has painted them orowned with 
flowers, and playing with dice. Their names wore Camiro 
and Clytie. Pandarens was yon must know a Milesiim 
from Cretan Miletus, and an associate of Tantalus both in 
his theft and perjnty. And next the daughters of Pan* 

1 ()djssey,xi.630,631. The last lint if in brmekeU in modem editloni. 
• * Iliad, i. 862«S65. The ktl line here is in bradieU in modem edilione. 

" Od/Mejr, xz. ea tq. 



378 




odkd 

i mM MOiit ttisacQj' witii Idm, i 
wad 

Mttlfld liKk te iBgini» Ptisn < 
m tii# punting ass MinmnriiJ of 1 
nupraMnfad m wUiii^ tm look it tiift 

&m. s itw : m Tkm Mtimrm^ from J7f— i ■&« » wd Ib 1 
ciMsmrgiBv aHd to bsv« faHa ihm JH^ktar of 

'a«ii Mmrm m Aetmam^ (tW na of 
■uitlwr, bo& mad oa » ikankm aw 
tiwirlnimh Aad a iHHaullor luBBtii_ 

of tiw life a»i dotk of ActMB. Aai 
fMi of tiw p«^*™y MXl to 
•ittMir « i^ luIL witk a hwp ia kk left hnd» aai^vifik ] 
right h§md W ia toMdmig Aa taanrfcaa of a 
md W k«M agaiaot tiw tiaa: tiw 
gfVPi of Fnmipam, whm Btmmt trik «■ 
wiOdOTgfaar.' Awl OtpiM»' dicaa k Giaak; m fast of 
luaallOTiiTkndM^aotamUaknL Aad PkoMadaa ia 

Otfwra aiqr W waa a Giockwka waa paanoHiAriT load of 
iwwio^aadaapacialiyoflitofOrpfcaBa latiisaawaptti 

of tlM ^MitiBg ia SdMdlM^ Wko lad tiM PlMCkM ta 

Tiay, wdii a daggv m Ua kaiid, aad a fltfiusd of giav oa 
kiahHML AadMalUwataFblka^wiUilMaidaBdknd 



BOOK X. — PH0CI8. 277 

all hoary, (^ing at Orpheus. And Thamyris sitting near 
Polias is hlind and dejected in mien, with thick hair and 
heard, his lyre is broken and the strings torn asunder. 
Above him is Marsyas, seated on a stone, and near him 
Olympus, a handsome boy, learning to play on the pipe. 
The Fhrygians at Celiensa represent that the riyer flowinff 
through their town was formerly this pijier Marsyas, and 
that the piping in hononr of Cfybele was his inyention : 
they say also that they repulsed the army of the Galati 
through his aid, as' he assisted them both with the water of 
the riyer and his melody. 



CHAPTER XXXI. 

IF yon look again at the upper part of the painting, yon 
will see next Acticon Salaminian Ajax Palamedes 
and Thersites plnving with dice, which were the inyention 
of Palamedes. And the other Ajax is looking at them 
playing : he looks like a shipwrecked man, and his body is 
wet with the foam of the sea. Polygnotus seems to hayo 
purposely collected together the enemies of Odysseus. 
And Ajax the son of Oileus hated Odysseus, because he 
urged the Greeks to stone him for his rape of Cassandra. 
And I hare read in the Cyprian Poems that Palamedes 
going a fishing was drowned by Diomede and Odysseus. 
And a little aboye Ajax the son of Oileus is Hclenger 
painted, looking at Ajax. All these except Palamedes have 
beards. As to the death of Meleager, Homer informs us 
that a Fury heard AlthsBa cursing him, and that this was 
the cause of his death* But the poems called the Great 
Eoesa and the Minyad agree in stating that Apollo assisted • 
the Curetes against the ^tolians, and killed Meleager. 
As to the famous tradition about the firebrand; how it 
was given to Althaea by the Fates, and how Meleager was 
fated not to die till it was consumed by fire, and how 
AlthsBa set it on fire in a rage, all this was first described by 
Phrynichus, the son of Polyphradmon, in his play called 
PieuroniiB : 
** He escaped not drend fate, but was consumed by the 



278 PiusAvus. 

•wif t flame, as soon as the ill-ooDtriyed firebrand was set on 
fire by his stem mother." 

Phrjnichns does not howeyer seem to introdnoe the 
legend as his own invention, bnt only to allnde to it as one 
well-known thronghont Greece. 

In the lower piurtof the painting next Thraoian Thamyris 
sits Hector, like a man oppressed with sorrow, with both 
his hands on his left knee. And next him is Memnon 
seated on a stone, and close to Memnon Sarpedon, who is 
leaning his head on both his hands, and one of Memnon*8 
hands is on Sarpedon's shoalder. All of these have beards, 
and some birds are painted on Memnon's cloak. These 
birds are called Memnonides, and eveiy year the people 
near the Hellespont say they come on certain days to 
Memnon's tomb, and sweep all the parts round the tomb 
that are bare of trees or grass, and sprinkle them with their 
wings which they wet in the river ^sopus. And near 
Memnon is a naked Ethiopian boy, for Memnon was king 
of the Ethiopians. However he did not come to Ilinm 
from Ethiopia, but from Sasa in Persia and the river 
Ghoaspes, after vanquishing all the tribes in that neiehbonr- 
hood. The Phrygians still shew the road by which he 
marched his army, the shortest route over the mountains.^ 

Above Sarpi don and Memnon is Paris, as yet a beardless 
youth. He is clapping his hands like a rustic, apparently 
to attract the notice of Penthesilea, who looks at him, but 
by the toss of her head seems to despise him, and jeer at 
him as a boy. She is represented as a maiden with a 
Scythian bow, and a leopard's skin round her shoulders. 
Above her are two women carrying water in broken pitchers, 
one still in her prime, the other rather advanced in life. 
There is no inscription on either of them, except a noti- 
fication that they are both among the uninitiated. Above 
this pair are Gallisto the daughter of Lycaon, and Nomia, 
and Pero the daughter of Neleus, from eveiy suitor of 
whom her father asked the Idne of Iphidns.* Gi^isto 
has a bear-skin for her coverloty and her feet are on the 

> So Comyu9. The miNminf and retding it T«ry obteure. 
* Bee Hranei^a Odyitey, xi. 887 eq. Neleae nfiMed Che mtdilees 
PtWi hand Co eny euitor who would »»! briog at a wedding-pnetat 



BOOK 1. — PUOOIS. 279 

knees of Nomia. I have before stnted that the Arcadians 
consider Nomia one of their local Nymphs. The poets sa/ 
the Njmphs are long-lived bnt not immortal. Next to 
Callisto and the other women with her is a hill, np which 
Sisyphus the son of ^olos is laboriously rolling a stone. 
There is also a winejar in the painting, and an old maui 
and a boy, and two women, a young woman under a rock| 
and an old woman near the old man. Some men are 
bringing water, and the old woman's waterpot appears to be 
broken, and she is pouring all the water in the pitcher into 
the winejar, One is inclined to conjecture that they are 
people making a mock of the Eleusinian mysteries. Bnt 
the older Greeks considered the Eleusinian mysteries as 
much above all other religions services, as the gods are 
superior to heroes. And under the winejar is Tantalus^ 
undergoing all those punishments mentioned by Horner,^ 
and also terrified lest a stone overhanging his head should 
fall on him. It is plain that Folygnotus followed the 
account of Archilochus; but I do not know whether 
Archilochus invented the addition to the legend about the 
stone, or merelv related what he had heard from others. 

Such is a full account of the various details in this fine 
painting of the Thasian painter. 



CHAPTER XXXII. 

"M* EAR the temnle precincts is a handsome theatre. And 
•^ ^ as you ascend from the precincts you see a statue of 
Dionysus^ the offering of the men of Cnidos. In the 
highest part of the city is a stadium made of the stone of 
Mount Parnassus, till the Athenian Herodes embellished it 
with Pentelican marble. I have now enumerated the most 
remarkable things still to be seen at Delphi. 
. About 60 stades from Delphi on the road to Mount Par- 
nassus is a brazen , statue, and from thence it is an easy 
ascent for an active man, or for mules and horses to the 
Corycian cavern. It got its name, as I pointed out a little 
back,* from the Nymph Oorycia, and of all the caverns I 

• Odyuey, xi.5St.99i. • SMchiptvre. 



280 YAmkMtMM. 



!»▼• Mett !• belt worth a Tint. The Tmriooa caTenis on 
■ea-CMtUare ao nnmeroiM that one could noiemsiWennnie- 
rmie Uiem : hot the most remarkable whether in Greece or 
in foreign knde ere the following. The Phirgiane near 
the river Pencala, who originally came from Arcadia and 
the Axenee, ahow a ronnd and loft/ cavem called Stennoa^ 
which ia aacred to the Moth^ of the Oods, and contains 
her atatne. The Phrjgiana alao^ who dwell at Themiaoninra 
above Laodicea, aay that when the armj of the Galati har- 
ried Ionia and the neighbouring diatricta, Herculea and 
Apollo and Hermea came to their aid : and ahowed their 
chief men a cayem in a dream, and bade them hide 
there their women and children. And ao in front of 
thia cavern thej have atatuettea of Hercnlea and Hermea 
and Apollo, whom thejr call The Cavem-Oods. Thia cavern 
ia about 30 atadea from Themiaoniam, and haa apringa of 
water in it, there ia no direct road to it» nor doea the Ught 
of the aun penetrate into it, and the roof in moat of the 
cavern ia very near the ground. The Magneaiana alao at a 
place called Hjl» near the river Leth«Bua have a cavern 
aacred to Apollo^ not very wonderful for aise, but contain* 
ing a very ancient atatue of Apollo, which auppliea atrength 
for any action. Men made holy by the god leap down rocka 
and precipicea unhurt, and tear up huge treea by the roots, 
and carry them with eaae throueh mountain paasea. But the 
Corycian cavern excela both of these, and through most of 
it you can walk without needing torches : and the roof is a 
good heiffht from the ground, and water bubliles up from 
springs, but still more oozes from the roof, so that there are 
droppings from the roof all over the floor of the cavern. 
Ana thoae that dwell on Mount Parnassus consider it sacred 
to Pan and the Corycian Nymphs* It is a feat even for an 
actiye man to scale the heighta of Parnassus from it^ for 
they Are higher than the clouds, and on them the Thyiades 
carry on their mad revels in honour of Dionysus and Apollo. 
Tithorea is about 80 stades from Delphi vid Mount Par- 
nassus, but the carriage road by a way less mountainous is 
many stadea longer. Baois in his oracles and Herodotus in 
his account of the invasion of Greece by the Modes differ aa 
to the name of the town. For Bacis calls the town Tithorea, 
but Herodotus calls it Neon, and gives the name Tithorea 



BOOK X. — PH0CI8. 281 

to the summit of Parnassus, where he descrihes the people 
of the town fleeing on the approach of the Modes. It 
seems prohahle therefore that Tithorea was originally the 
name for the entire district, hut as time went on the 
people, flocking into the town from the villages, called it 
.Tithorea and no longer Neon. And the people of the place 
Faj it got its name from the Njmph Tithorea, one of those 
Nymphs who according to the legendary lore of poets were 
bom of trees and especially oak-trees.^ A generation before 
me the deity changed the fortunes of Tithorea for the worse. 
There is the outline of a theatre, and the precincts of an an* 
cient marketplace, still remaining. Bat the most remarkable 
things in tho town are the grove and shrine and statne'of 
Athene, and the tomb of Antiope and Phocus. In my 
account of the Thebans I have shewn how Antiope went 
mad through the anger of Dionysus, and why she drew on 
her the anger of the god, and how she married Phocus the 
son of Omytion, of whom she was passionately fond, and 
how they were buried together. I also gave the oracle of 
Bacis both about this tomb and that of Zethus and Amphion 
at Thebes. I have mentioned all the circumstances worth 
mention about the town. A river called Cachales flows by 
the town, and furnishes water to its inhabitants, who de- 
scend to its banks to draw water. 

At 70 stades distance from Tithorea is a temple of ^sca* 
lapius, who is called Arohegetes, and is greatlyhonoured 
both by the Tithoreans and other Phocians. within the 
sacred precincts are dwellings for the suppliants and slaves 
of the god, the temple stands in the midst, and a statue 
of the god in stone, two feet high with a beard, on the 
right of which is a bed. They sacrifice all kbds of animala 
to the god but goats. 

About 40 stades from the temple of JSsculapius are the 
precincts and shrine of Isis, and of all the Greek shrines to 
the Egyptian goddess this is tlio holiest : for neither do the 
people of Tithorea live near it, nor ma^ any approach the 
shrine whom Isis •herself has not previously honoured by 
inviting them in dreams. The gods of the lower world 
have the same practice in. the towns near the Msander, 

* AndtibuMqiirii^lyeiillediHyMb. 



282 PAUSAKUtf. 

thej send Tisions in dreams to whoeyer they allow to ap« 
proach their shrines. And twice every /ear, in Spring and 
Antamn, the people of Tithorea oelebrate the Festival of 
Isis. The third daj before each Festival those who have 
right of aocess pnrifj the shrine in some seoret manner: and 
remove to a place about 2 stades from the shrine whatever 
remains they 6nd of the victims offered in sacrifice at the 
previous Festival, and bury them there. On the following 
day the traders make tents of reed or any other material at 
hand. On the next day they celebrate the Festival, and 
sell slaves, and cattle of every kind, and apparel, and silver 
' and gold. And at noon they commence the sacrifice. The 
wealthier sacrifice oxen and deer, the poorer sacrifice geeso 
and gnineafowls, but they do not sacrifice swine or sheep or 
goats. Those whose duty it is to bum the victims in the 
shrine, first roll them up in bandages of linen or flax, after 
the process in use in Egypt. There is a solemn procession 
with all the victims, and some convey them into the shrine, 
while others bum the tents before it and depart with speed. 
And on one occasion they say a profane fellow, who had no 
right to approach the shrine, entered it with audacious 
curiosity at the time the sacrificial fire was lit, and tho 
place seemed to him full of phantoms, and he returned to 
Tithorea, related what he haa seen, and gave up the ghost* 
I heard a similar account frorn a Phoenician, of what hap* 
pened on one ocaision when tho Egyptians were celebrating 
the Festival of Isis, at tho time when they say she bewails 
Osiris: which is the season when tho Nile begins to rise, and 
the Egyptians have a tradition that it is the tears of Isis 
that make the river rise and irrigate tho fields. He told 
me that the Roman Governor of Egypt bribed a man to 
enter the shrine at Coptos during the Festival, and he came 
back, related what he had seen, and also died directly after. 
So Homer's word seems true, that the gods are not seen by 
mortals with impunity.' 

The olives at Tithorea are not so plentiful as in Attica 
and Sioyonia. They are superior however in colour and 
flavour to those from Spain and Istria t all kinds of oint« 
raent are produced from them, and they send these olives 
to the Roman Emperor. 

> Uiady XX. 131. Comparo Exoduf, xxxlii. SOl 



BOOK X. — PH0CI8. 



CHAPTER XXXIII. 



ANOTHER rond from Tithorea leads to Ledon, which 
was formerly reckoned a town, hut was in mj day de« 
sorted bj its inhabitants through its weakness, and about 
80 of them live near the Cephisns, and give the name Ledon 
to their settlement there, and are included in the Phocian 
General Council, as the people of Panopens also are. This 
settlement bv the Cephisns is 40 stades from the ruins of 
Ledon, which got its name they say from an Autochthon of 
that name. Several towns ha%*e been irretrievably ruined 
by the wrong-doing of their inha\)itants, ns Troy was utterly 
destroyed by the outmge of Paris against Menelaus, and 
the Idilesians by the headlong desires and passion of Hes« 
tiiBus, one time to govern the town of the Edoni, another 
time to be a Councillor of Darius, another time to return to 
Ionia. So too the impiety of Philomelus caused Ledon to 
be wiped oE the face of the globe.* 

LiloBa is a winter day *s journey from Delphi : you descend 
bv Parnassus : the distance is I conjecture about 180 stades. 
The people of Lileoa, when their town was restored, had a 
second reverse at the hand of Macedonia, for they were be* 
sieged by Philip the son of Demetrius and capitulated upon 
conditions of war, and a garrison was put into their town, 
till a townsman, whose name was Patron, incited the younger 
citizens to rise against the garrison, and overcame the Mace- 
donians and compelled them to evacuate the town on oon« 
ditions of war. And the people of Lilooa for this good ser- 
vice put np his statue at Delphi. There is at Lilsoa a theatre 
and market-place and baths: there are also temples to 
Apollo and ilijrtemis, whose statues, in a standing position, 
are of Attic workmanship in Pentelican marble. They say the 
town got its name from LilsBa, who was one of the Naiades, 
and reputed to be the daughter of the Cephisns, which 
rises here, and flows at Hrst not with a gentle current^ but 
at mid-day especially roars like the roaring of a bull.' In 
spring summer and antnran the air of Lilica is salubrioas, 
but in winter the proximity of Parnassus keeps it cold. 

* The eircumsUnrM ar» mrralcil in i*1i. 9. 

' & ravfioftopfotf o/ifiakiffctfov warp6i:. Eurip. /on. 1261. 



284 PAU8ANIA8. 

Aboat 20 stades farther is Charadra, which lies on a loftj 
ridge. Its inhabitants are very badly off for water, as their 
only water is from the Charadrus three stades down the 
hill side, which falls into the Cephisus, and which no 
doabt gave its name to the place. In the market-place are 
some altars to the Heroes : some say Castor and PoUaz are 
meant, others say some local heroes. The land near the 
Cephisns is ont and out the best in Phocis for planting, and 
sowing, and pasture : and this part of the ooantry is mostly 
portioned out into farms, so that some think Homer*s lineSi 

<< And thoM who near dirine Cephisut dwelt,* > 

refer to those who farmed near the Cephisns, and not to 
the town of Parapotamii. Bat this idea is not borne out 
by Herodotns in his History, or by the records of the yictors 
in the Pythian Oaroes, which were first institated by the 
Amphietyones, and JBchmeas of Parapotamii won the prize 
among boys for boxing. Ajid Herodotas mentions Para- 
potamii among the towns in Phocis that king Xerxes set on 
fire. Parapotamii was however not restored by the Athe- 
nians and Boeotians, bat its inhabi tints, owing to its 
poverty and want of money, were partitioned out among 
other towns. There are now no ruins of Parapotamii, nor 
is its exact site known. 

From Liloea is 60 stades' journey to Amphidea. The 
name of this place has been changed by the natives, for 
Herodotas following the oldest tradition called it Amphi- 
ciDii, but the Amphietyones called it Amphiclea in their 
decree for the destruction of the towns in Phocis. The 
natives relate the following tradition about one of its 
names. They say that one of their rulers, suspecting a plot 
of some of his enemies ag linst his bnby boy, put him in a 
cot, and hid him in what he thought the most secure 
place, and a wolf tried to get at the little fellow, but a 
snake twined itself round the cot as a sure protection. 
And the child's father coming up, and fearing that the 
snake had harmed his little boy, hurled his javelin at it and 
f»lew both child and snake: but learning from some herds- 
men that the snake he had killed had been the preserver 

> Iliad, it 6as. 



BOOK X.— PHOCIS. 285 

and gnnrd of his child, he had a faneral pjre for snake and 
child together. And thoj say the place to this daj pre- 
sents the appearance of a funeral pyre blazing, and they 
think t\w town was called Ophitea (8nake»tawn) from thi^ 
snake. Noteworthy are the orgies which they perform hero 
to Dionysus, but there is no public entrance to the shrine, 
nor is there any statue of the god. But the people of 
Amphidea say that the god prophecies to them and cures 
sicknesses by dreams, and his priest is a prophet, and when 
possessed by the god utters oracles. 

About 15 stades from Amphiclea is Titlironium, which 
lies' in the plain, and about which there is nothing re- 
markable. And 20 stades further is Drymoaa. At the place 
where the roads from Tithronium and Amphidea to Dry mna 
meet, near the river Cephisus, the people of Tithronium have 
a grove and altars and temple to Apollo, but no statue of 
the god. Drymsea is about 80 stades from Amphiclea as 
you turn to the left .... according to Herodotus.^ It 
was originally called Nauboles, and its founder was they * 
say Phocus the son of iEacus. At Drymeaa is an ancient 
temple to Law-giving Demeter, and the statue of the god- 
dess, to whom thejr keep an annual feast called the Thes* 
mophoria, is erect in stone. 



CHAPTER XXXIV. 

NEXT to Delphi Elatea is the greatest town in Fhocis. It 
lies opposite Amphiclea, and is 180 stides from that 
Iilace by a road mostly through the plain, but rather uphill 
near Elatea. The Cephisus flows through the plain, and 
bustards are very frequent on its banks. The Elateans re- 
puked Cassander and the army of the Macedonians. They 
also contrived to hold out against Taxilus the general of 
Mithridates, for which good service the Romans gave them 
freedom and immunity from taxation. They lay claim to 
foreign ancestry, and say that they were originally Arcadians : 
for Elatus (they say) the son of Areas defended the god, 
when the men of Phlegyas attacked the temple at Delphii 

* llialashie.MtTaldedeflcndiM. 



28G PAUSAl^IAS. 

and afterwards remained in Phocis with bis armj, and 
founded Elatea : which was one of the towns in Phoois that 
the Mede set on f.te. It shared in the general disasters of the 
Phocians, and the deity also brought upon it special troubles 
of its own at the hands of the Macedonians. And when Gas- 
Sander blockaded Elatea, it was Olympiodorus who mainly 
rendered the blockade inoperative. But Philip, the son of 
Demetrius, inspired the greatest terror in the minds of the 
populace at Elatea, and at the same time won over by 
bribes the most influential townsfolk; And Titus Flaminius 
the Roman General, who had been sent from Rome to free 
all Greece, promised to grant them their ancient polity, and 
invited them to revolt from the Macedonians : but whether 
from want of judgment, or because the populace had their 
way, they continued faithful to Philip, and were reduced 
by the blockade of the Romans. And some time after 
they held out against Taxilus, the general of Mithridates, 
and the barbarians from Pontus, and it was for that good 
service that the Romans granted them their freedom. 
When too the Costoboci, a piratical tribe, overran all 
Greece in my day, and came to Elatea, Mnesibulus got to- 
gether an army of picked men, and, though he himself fell 
in the battle, slew many of the barbarians. This Mnesibulus 
won several victories in the course, and in the 235th 01ym« 
piad was victor both in the stadium and in the double course 
though he carried his shield. And there is a brassen statue 
of him near the race-course. They have also a handsome 
market-place at Elateai and a figure of Elatns on a pillar, I 
do not know whether in honour of him as their founder, 
or to mark his tomb. There is a temple also of iEsculapius, 
and a statue of the god with a beard by Timocles and 
Timarchides, who were both of Athenian extraction. At the 
extreme right of Elatea is a theatre, and ancient statue of 
Athene in bronze: the goddess they say fought for them 
against the barbarians under Taxilus. 

About 20 stades from Elatea is a temple of Athene 
Cranffia, the road to it is uphill but by so gentle a slope that 
it is veiy easy and scarcely appreciable. But the crest of 
the hill at the end of this road is mostly precipitous on a 
limited area : and here is the temple, with porticoes and 
chambersy where various people that minister to the goddess 



BOOK X. — PH6C18. 287 

ro8ic1e,and especially the priest, whom they select out of the 
Youths, and take great care that he ceases to he priest when 
lie has passed the flower of his age. And he is priest for 5 
continnons years, daring which he resides with tbe goddess; 
and takes his baths after the ancient manner in bathing 
tubs.^ The statne of the goddess was execnted by the sons 
of Polydes. She is arm^ for battle, and her shield is an 
imitation of that of Athene in the Parthenon at Athens. 



CHAPTER XXXV. 

FOB Abie and Hyampolis yon take the monntainons road 
on the right of Elatea: the high road from Orcho« 
menus to Opns also leads to those places : but to go to Abie 
you torn a little off that high road to the left. The people 
of Abea say they came to Phocis from Argos, and that their 
town took its name from its founder Abas, the son of Lyn- 
cens by Hypermnestra the daughter of Danaus. The people 
of Abea consider that their town was in ancient times sacred 
to Apollo, and there was an oracle of Apollo there. Bat the 
Bomans and Persians did not eqaally honour the god, for the 
Bomans in their piety to Apollo granted autonomy to the 
people of Abie, bat Xerxes' army burnt the temple there. 
And though tbe Greeks resisted the barbarians, they did not 
think good to rebuild the temples that were burnt down, 
but to leaye them for all time as records of national hatred :* 
and 80 the temples at Haliartia, and the temple of Hera at 
Athens on the way to Phalerum, and the temple of Demeter 
at Phalerum remain to this day half-burnt. Such also I 
imagine was the condition of the temple at Abo, till in 
the rhocian War, when some Phocian fagitives who were 
beaten in battle fleeing for ref oge to it, the Thebans, emu* 
lating the conduct of the Medes, set them and the temple 
on fire. It is thmfore in the most ruinous condition of 

> 8m for instance Homei^s Odywey, ztK. S7*90. 

' Oumpare Cicero ds Repnhl. iii. 9. '* Fene fie rrficiende quidcm 
Grftii paUTerunt, ut eteet poeterit ante de document urn Fenarnin wc%* 
lerit eenipitemam.* 



288 PAUSIKIAH. 

all the baildiDgs injurad bj fire, for after first suffering 
from the PorBian fire, it was next consumed altogether by 
the BoBotian. Near this great temple is a smaller one» 
erected to Apollo bj the Emperor Adrian, but the statues 
are ancient and were the yotivo offering of the people of 
Abo, Apollo and Leto and Artemis in bronze. There is 
also a theatre at A\im and a market-place, both ancient. 

When you return to the high road for Opus the firsli 
pkce you come to is Hyampolis. Its name indicates who 
its inhabif ants were originally, and from whence ihey were 
expelled when they came here. They were Hyantes who 
had fled from Thebes, from Cadmus and his army. And at 
first the town was called the town of the Hyantes, but aa 
time went on the name Hyampolis prevailed. Although 
the town was burnt by Xerxes and re^ed to the ground by 
Philip, yet there are remains of the ancient market-place, 
and a small council-chamber, and a theatre not far from 
the gates. The Emperor Adrian also built a Portico 
which bears his name. The inhabitants have but one well 
to drink and wash with, the only other water they haye is 
rain water in winter. The goddess they especially worship 
is Artemis, and they have a temple to her, but the statue 
of the goddess I cannot describe, as they only open the 
temple twice a year. And the cattle they call sacred to 
Artemis are free from disease and fatter than other cattle. 

From Gheronea to Phocis you can go either by the direct 
road to Delphi through Panopeus and by Daulis and the 
cross-roads, or by the rugged mountainous road from 
Chaeronea to Stiris, which is 120 stades. The people of 
Stiris say they were originally Athenians, and came f ronv 
Attica with reteus the son of Omens, who waa expelled 
from Athens by JSgeus : and as most of the followers of 
Peteus came from the township Stiria they called the town 
Stiris. It is on high and rocky ground, so in summer they 
are yeiy short of water, for their wells are few, nor is the 
water they afford good. They senre howeyer for baths, and 
for drink for beasts of burden. But the inhabitants of 
Stiris have to descend about 4 stades to get drinkable water 
from a spring, hewn out of the rock t and they go down to 
it to draw up the water. There is at Stiris a temple of 
Demeter Stiritis built of unbaked brick : the statue of the 



BOOK X.— PH0CI8. 289 

goddess Is of Pentelioan marble, she has (orolies in her 
hands. Near it is another ancient statae in honour of 
Demeter adorned with fillets. 



CHAPTER XXXVI. 

FROM Stiris to Ambrosns is about 60 stades t the road 
lies in the plain with mountains on both sides. Vines 
grow throughout the plain, and brambles, not quite so 
plentifully, which the lonians and Greeks call coecuif 
out the Galati aboye Phrygia call in their native tongue 
Hyi. The coccus is about the sise of the white thorn, 
and its leaves are darker and softer than the mastich-treo, 
though in other respects similar. And its beny is like 
the berry of the nightshade, and about the size of the 
bitter vetch. And a small grub breeds in it which, when 
the fruit is ripe, becomes a mat and flies o£F. Bat they 
gather the berries, while it is still in the grub state, and 
its blood is useful in dyeing wooL 

Ambrosns lies under Mount Parnassus, and opposite 
Delphi, and got its name they say from the hero Ambrosns. 
In toe war against Philip and the Macedonians the Thobans 
drew a double wall round Ambrosns, made of the black and 
verr strong stone of the district. The circumference of 
each wall is little less than a fathom, and the height is 
2|- fathoms, where the wall has not fallen : and the interval 
between the two walls is a fathom. But^ as they were 
intended onl^ for immediate defence, these walls were not 
decorated with towers or battlements or any other em* 
bellishment. There is also a small market-place at Am* 
brosus, most of the stone statues in it are broken. 

As you turn to Anticyra the road is at first rather steep» 
but after about two stades it becomes level, and there is on 
the right a temple of Dictynnsean Artemis, who is held ia 
the highest honour by the people of Ambrosns ; her staUie 
is of ^ginetan workmanship in black stone. From this 
temple to Anticyra is all the way downhill. Th^ say the 
town was called Gyparissus in ancient times, and Homer in 
his Catalogue of we Phocians * preferred to give it its old 

> Uisd, iL 5IS. 
tr. U 



no PAOSiSUl. 

Mftae^ ior ft WM Ocn begiDoiiig to be cdled AnlMTTm^ ir^ 
JkAlirffMM wbowMaeontempomjof Herenlek Tbetowm 
Hm below the mine of Medeon, one of Uie iowne es I bare 
before MeeUoBed wbidi ioipioiielj phmdered ibe temple m% 
DdpbL Tbe people of JLntiejts were ezpdled first bj 
PbiHp Ibe eon of Amjntee, end eeeondlj hj ibe Bomea 
OminepbecaiMe tbcj bed been faitbfnl to ^flip^ ibe eon of 
Deme ifi i M y ibe king of ibe lieoedoniane, for Oiilhie bed 
bem ieni from Bome to proieci ibe Aiheniene egatnel 
Pbilip. And ibe bille eboTO Aniiqrm are verj rocky, end 
ibe ebief ibing ibaigrowe on ibem is bellebore. Tbe Ueek 
b^Miore is a porgaiiTe, wbile tbe wbiie acie as an emeiie^ 
ibe rooi aleo of ibe bellebore is a poigaiiye. Tbere are 
brazen etaiaee in ibe markei^plaoe ai Antiojr% and near ibe 
barbonr is a email temple of Poeeidon, made of nnbewm 
stone, and phsiered inside. Tbe siaiae of ibe god ie in 
bronxe : be is in astanding posinre, and one of bis feei is on 
a dolpbin: one band is on bis ibigb, in tbe otber ie a 
trideni. Tbere are also two gjmnasioms, one ooniains 
baibs, tbe other oppoeite to ii is an aodeni one, in wbich 
ie a bronze statne of Xenodamos, a naiiTe of Antiojra, 
wbo, as ibe inscription states, was ricior ai Ol/mpia 
among men in ibe pancraiiom. And if the inscription is 
correct^ Xenodamos will bare won ibe wild-oIiTe crown 
in ibe 211tb Olrmpiad, ibe only Olympiad of all passed 
orer by ibe peopie of Elis in ibeir records. And aboTO tbe 
markei-place is a condnii : ibe water is protected from tbe 
snn by a roof supported on pillars. And not much aboTe 
ibis conduit is a tomb boili of common stone: ibey say it 
is ibe tomb of ibe sons of Iphiins, of irbom one retnined 
safe from Ilinm and died in bis naiiye place, ibe otber 
-Schedins died in ibe Tread, bot bis remains were broaglii 
I and depoeited here. 



CHAPTER XXXVIL 

ON the right of the town at ibe distance of aboni 2 stadea 
is a lofty rock, which forms pari of a mountain, and 
on ii is a temple of Artemis, and a statue of the Roddeee by 
Piraziieles, witb a torch in her right band and her quiTor 



BOOK X. — pnocis. 291 

over her slionlclers, sbe is taller than the tallest woman, and 
on her left hand is a dog. 

Bordering on Phocis is the town of Bnlis, which got its 
name from Balon the founder of the colonj, it was colonised 
from the towns in ancient Doris. The people of Bolis arc 
said to have shared in the iropietj of Philomelus and the 
Phocians. From Thisbe in Boeotia to Bulis is 80 stades, I 
do not know whether there is any road from Anticjrra to 
Bulis on the mainland, so precipitous and difficult to scale 
are the mountains between. It is about 100 stades from 
Anticyra to the port : and from the port to Bulis is I con* 
jecture by land about 7 stades. And a mountain torrent, 
called by the natives Hercules', falls into the sea here. 
Bulis lies on high ground, and you sail by it as you cross 
from Anticyra to LechsBum near Corinth. And more than 
half the inhabitants live by catching shell-fish for purple 
dye. There are no particular buildings to excite admira- 
tion at Bulis except two temples, one of Artemis, the other 
of Dionysus ; their statues are of wood, but who made them 
I could not ascertain. The god that they worship most 
they call Supreme, a title I imagine of Zeus. They have 
also a well called Saunion. 

To Cirrha, the seaport of Delphi, it is about 60 stades 
from Delphi, and as you descend to the plain is a Hippo- 
drome, where they celebrate the Pythian horse-races. As 
to Taraxippus in Olympia I have described it in my account 
of EHs. In this Hippodrome of Apollo there are accidents 
occasionally, inasmuch as the deity in all human affairs 
awards both good and bad, but there is nothing specially con- 
trived to frighten horses, either from the malignity of some 
hero, or any other cause. And the plain of Cirrha is almost 
entireljT bare of trees, for they do not care to plant trees, 
either in consequence of some curse, or because they do not 
think the soil favourable to the growth of trees, it is said 
that Cirrha got its present name from the Nymph Cirrha, 
but Homer in the Iliad calls it by its ancient name Crisa,^ 
as also in the Hymn to A]>ollo. Ajid subsequently the people 
of Cirrha committed various acts of impiety against Apollo, 
and ravaged the territory sacred to the gocL The Amphio* 

« IIM, \l 520. 



292 PAUSAVU8. 

ijones resolTed therefore to war againsi the people of 
Cirrha, and choee for their leader Cliefehenes the king of 
Sicjon, aod inyited Solon the Athenian to assist them by 
his ooonseL Thej also consulted the oracle, and this was 
the response of the Pythian Priestess, ** Ton will not capture 
the tower and demolish the town, till the wave of bine* 
eyed Amphitrite, dashing oyer the dark sea, shall break 
into my groTO.*' 

Solon persuaded them therefore to consecrate to the god 
the land about Cirrha, that the grove of Apollo might 
extend as far as the sea. He invented also another in* 
genious oontrivanoe against the people of Cirrha : he 
turned the course of the river Plistns which flowed through 
the town. And when the besieged still held out by drink- 
ing rain water and the water from the wells, he threw some 
roots of hellebore into the Plistus, and when he thought the 
water of the river sufficiently impregnated with this, he 
turned it back into its ordinary channel, and the people of 
Cirrha, drinking freely of the water, were attacked with an 
incessant diarrhoea, and unable to man the walls, so the 
Ampbictyones captured the town, and took vengeance on 
the mhabitants for their conduct to the god, and Cirrha be« 
came the sea-port of Delphi It contains a handsome 
temple of Apollo and Artemis and Leto, and large statues 
of tnose divmities, of Attic workmanship. Thm is also 
a smaller statue of Adrastea. 



N' 



OHAPTBE XXXVin. 

[EXT comes the land of the Ozolian Locrians: why 
they were called Ozolian is differently stated, I shall 
relate all that I heard. When Orestheus the son of Deuca* 
lion was king of the country, a bitch gave birth to a piece 
of wood instead of a puppy : and Orestheus having buried 
this piece of wood in the ground, they say the next spring 
a vine sprang from it, and these Ozolians got their name 
from its branches.^ Another tradition is that Nessus, the 

* Th« Greek word Ibr brancb ii Ojm. Henot Um Fkrononiasia. All 
lU Ivor oihtr ansaroitiy tnditioot an ccMiacetMl with Um Greek Terb 



BOOK X. — ^raocis. 293 

ferryman at tbe river Evenaii, did Dot imnjediately die 
when wounded bj Hercules, but fled to this land, and ajinff 
here rotted, as he was unburied, and tainted the air. A 
third tradition attributes the name to the unpleasant smell 
of a certain river, and a fourth to the smell of the asphodel 
which abounds in that part. Another tradition is that the 
first dwellers here were Aborigmes, and not knowing how 
to make garments wore nntanned hides as a protection 
against the cold, putting the hairy portion of the hides out- 
side for ornament. Thus their smell would be aa unplea- 
sant as that of a tan«yard. 

About 120 stades from Delphi is Amphissa, the largest 
and most famous town of these Locrians. The inhabitants 
joined themselves to the JStolians from shame at the title 
Ozolian. It is also probable that, when Augustus removed 
many of the JStolians to fill his town Nicopolis, many of 
them migrated to Amphissa. However the original in- 
habitants were Locrians, and the town got its name they 
say from Amphissa, (the daughter of Macar the son of 
^olus), who was beloved by Apollo. The town has several 
handsome sights, especially the tombs of Amphissa and 
Andrssmon : with Andrssmon his wife Gorge, the dauffhter 
of CBnens, was buried. In the citadel is a temple of Athene, 
and statue of the goddess in a standing position, which they 
say was brought bv Thoas from Ilium, and was part of the 
Trojan spoil. This however I cannot credit. I showed in 
a previous part of my work that the Samians Bhoecns, 
(the son of PhileBus), and Theodorus, (the son of Telecles), 
were the first brass-founders. However I have not dis- 
covered any works in brass by Theodorus. But in the 
temple of Ephesian Artemis, when you go into a rooni con- 
tainine some paintings, you will see a stone cornice above 
the altar of Artemis Protothronia ; on this cornice are 
several statues and among others one at the end by Blueous, 
which the Ephesians cM Night. The statue therefore of 
Athene at Amphissa is more ancient and ruder in art. The 
people of Amphisstl celebrate the rites of the youths called 
Anaotes (Kitig$) : different accounts ai« given as to who 
they were, some sav Castor and Pollux, others say the 
Guretesy those who think themselves best informed say tim 
CabirL ... 



294 PAUSANIAS. 

These Locrions haye other towns, as Mjonia above Am* 
phissa, and 30 stides from it, facing the mainland. Its in- 
habitants presented a shield to Zeus at Olyropia. The 
town lies on high ground, and there is a grorc and altar to 
the Mild Deities, and there are nightlj s:icrifices to them, 
and they consume the flesh of the victims before daybreak. 
There is also above the town a grove of Poseidon called 
Poseidonium, and in it a temple, but there is no statue there 
now. 

Myonia is above Amphiraa : and near the sea is QSantheai 
and at no great distance Nnupantus. All these towns ex- 
cept Amphissa are under the Achoeans of Patrea, as a grant 
from the Emperor Augustus. At CE inthea there is a tem- 
ple of Aphrodite, and a little above the town a grove of 
cypress and pine, and in it a temple and statue of Artemis : 
and some paintmgs on the walls rather obscured by time, 
so that one ctinnot now see them clearly. I think the 
town must have got its name from some woman or 
Nymph. As to Naupactns I know the tnidition is that the 
Dorians and the sons of Aristoniaohns built a fleet there, 
with which they crossed over to the Peloponnose, hence the 
origin of the name. As to the history of Nau|uietus, how 
the AthonianM took it from the Locrians and gave it to the 
McFseniaus who removed to Ithome at the time of the 
earthquake at Lauedo^mon, and how after the reverse of the 
Athenians at ^gos-potamoi the Laceda)monians ejected the 
Messenians, all this his been related by me in my account , 
of Messenia: nnd when the Me«isenians were obliged to 
evncnate it then the Locrians returned to Naupnctus As 
to the Poems called by the Greeks Naupactinn, most attri- 
bute them to a Milesian : but Charon the hou of Py theuM days 
they were composed by Carcinus a native of N.mpactus. I 
follow the ncconnt of the native of Lampnacus : for how is 
it n*a8onable to suppose that poems written on women by 
a Milesian should be culled N inp ictian P There is at Nau- 
pactus a trmple of Poseidon near the se i, and a brazen 
statue of tiie god in a standing posture ; there is also a 
temple and statue of Artemis in white stime. The goddess 
is called ^tolian Artemis, and is in the attitude of a per- 
son hurling a javelin. Aphrodite also has honours paid to 
Ler in a cavern : they pray to her for various favours, widows 



BOOK X. — PH0CI8. 295 

especially for a second husband. There are also mins of a 
temple of ^scnlapius, which was originally built bjr one 
Pbaiysius. a private individnal, who had an ailment in his 
eyes and was nearly blind, and the god of Epidanras sent 
to him the fioetess Any te with a sealed letter. She drcan iedi 
one night and directly she woke found the sealed letter in 
her hands, and sailed to Nanpactus and bade Phalysins re- 
move the seal and read what was written. And though he 
was clearly unable to read from his blindness* yet, having 
faith in the god, he broke open the seal, and became cared 
by looking at the letter, and gave Anyte 2,000 gold fetatersi 
which was the sum mentionM in the letter* 



INDEX. 



INDEX. 



{tke number in Roman Notaiion U the number of the Book^ Ike number 
in Arabie Noiulien ike number o/tke Ckapter.) 



AclieUins, a river in ^tolm, W« 34 ) 
viii. 34. Its «x>ii(ctt with lleroiileii. 
Hi. 18; ri. 19. FHilier of Olli- 
rhoe, viil. S4, i»f tlie Sirens, ix, ;)4, 
of CastHlia, x. 8. 

Acheniiii a river in Thetprotiay U 
17$ V. 14) X. 28. 

Achillim, L 22 ; iii. 't8, 19» S4. 

Acichoriut» a general of tlio Galati, 
X. 19,22,8a. 

Acriflins, Bfm of Abas, ii. 16. Hus* 
banfi of Eiir/dico, iii. 13. C?on- 
stmcts a brasen chamber fur hit 
daiiu liter Dunne, ii. 23$ x. 5. 
Killed unintentionali/ b/ hit 
grandson Persens, ii. 16. 

Actasa, the ancient name of Attica, 
1.2. 

Actie<m, son of AristAOi, Ix. S | x. 
17, 30. 

Addiwn, ii. 20, Note. 

Adonis, ii. 20$ ix. 29. 

Adrian, the itiman Emperor^ i 3, 
18,44$ ii.3,17$ ti. 16, 1*»$ viii. 
8,10,11,22. His love fiir, and 
deification of, Antinovty tiii. 9. 

Adriatic sea, viiL 54. 

Adalter/, iv. 20$ ix. 36. 

.^igialua, afierwarda Acbaia, t. 1 1 
til 1, where see Mota. 



^gina, the daughter of Asopos,!!. 

5, 29 $ ▼. 22 I X. 13. 
ACgiiia, the inliind, ii. 29, 30. 
il:;^fttlini«, i. 22$ ii. 16.18. 
^4^iB-iiotainoi, iii. 8, 11, 17, 18 $ ir. 

17; ix. 32$ X. 9. 
A^nt as, the son of Aiichises, ii. 21, 

23$ iii. 22$ T. 2i$ viii. 12 1 X^ 

17,26. 
.^Cschjrlus, the son of Eiiphnrion, i^ 

2, 14, 21, 28 $ ii. 13, 20, 24 $ tiii. 

6,37$ ix.22$ X. 4. 
.^Mculnpius, the eon of Apollo, ii. 

10, 26, 27, 29$ iiL 23$ tii. 23$ 

viii. 26. His temples, L 21 $ ii, 

10, 13, 23$ iii. 22,26$ if. 30, 31$ 

vii.21,23,27$ viii. 23. 
Als/mnctes, vii. 19, 20. 
^hra, wife of Phalunthns, her love 

for her husband, x. 10. 
J&tnu, its craters, h«>w prophetic, 

iii. 23. £rupti«tn of .AStna, x. 28. 
Agamemnon, i. 43 $ n. 6, 18$ iii. 9$ 

til 24 $ ix. 40. Bis tomb, iL 16$ 

iiL 19. 
Agcladas, an Atgive atataafj^ in 

33$ tI. 8, 10, 14| tii. 24$ tliL 

42$ X. 10. 
Aglans of rsophis, happ/ aU Ua life, 

tiii. 24. 



too 



IVDBX. 



4Jax, Um aonorOikiitybit yIoUiUmi 
of Coasftndni, L 16$ x. 26, 91. 

A>x, tlie aoa of TeUunoo, L ft| 89| 
T. 19. 

Alemis,vli.20) x« 8. 
. AlcuMiiet, ft lUtauy, ft oontempo- 
nuy of Fbidiftt, L 8, 19, 30, 34} 
ii.80| T. 10} tUi.9} ix.ll. 

AleoMeoB, ton of Anphiarftnt, tlie 
nurdermr of bit muUier Eriphjrlo, 
L84} t. 17} YiU.34. 

Alcmfto, Uio poet, L 41 } iii. 18, 96. 

Alcnonft, the daoghter of Anphi- 
ftTftOt ftnd Eriphyle, and wife of 
Amphitr/oii, deoeiTed b/ Zeiu, 
T. 18. Hated by Uerft, is. 11. 
Motber of Hercules, t. 14. 

Alcjone, tbe daugbter of Alias, ii. 
30} iii. 18} is. 38. 

Uilexandcr, son of Alexander tbe 
Great by Roxana, L 6) ix. 7. 

Alexander tbe Great, i. 9 } t. SI } 
tU. 5} ix. 83, 86. Said by tbe 
Iklaeedonians to be tbe son of Am- 
nion, Iy. 14. Very pa»8i»nate, ?L 
18. Tradition about bis dealb, 

• Till 18. Buried at Mempbis, L 
6. His corpse remored tbenoe by 
Ftolemy, L 7. Statues of bim, L 
9} T. 85} tL U. Cassander's 
batrodofhini,ix.7. 

Alexandria, t. 81 1 viii. 88. 

Alpneus, a river in Pisa, iiL 8} t. 
7i ▼i.SS. Ensmoared of Artemis, 
tLS3} of Avetbttsa, ▼. 7. Wo- 
men may not cross tbe Alpbens 
on eertain days, t. 6. Lencippns 
leU bb bair gruw to tbe Alpbens, 
▼iii. 80. 

Altars, T. 18, 14 } vL 80^ 84 } ix. 8, 
11. 

AllbM, dangbter of Tbestios and 



mother of Melesger, tOL 4ff | x. 

81. 
Altis (a cormptioB of JIXpsc» 

groYe),T. 10, II, 14,15,87. 
Amaltbem oomn, in 80 } vL 10, 96 1 

til 36. (Cnmneopim.) 
Amasoos,Ll6, 41} iii. 86} in 81 1 

tL8. 
Amber, natire and otherwise, n IS* 
Ambradotes^ y. S3 } z. 18. 
Ammon, iiL 18, 81} in 14, S8| ▼• 

16} Yi. 8} Yiii. 11, 88} is. 18} 

X. 13. 
Ampbiaraos, L 34 } iL 18,83 $ is. 8, 

19. 
Ampbictyones, vii. 84} x. 8, 8, 16, 

19. 
Ampbion and Zethns,' sons of An* 

tiupe,iL6} ix. 6, 17} x. 38. 
Ampbion, ii. 81} yL 80) is, 6, 8, 

16, 17. 
Anacharsis, i. S3. 
Anacreon of Teos, a friend of Fsly* 

crates, i. 8. The first erotie poet 

after Sappho, L 86, 
Anaxiroenes, bb ruse with AlexMi- 

der tbe Great, 6(0., il 18. 
AncAus, tbe son of Lyenigns, tUL 

4,46. 
Androgeos, L 1, 37. 
Andromache, the wife of Hector, s. 

86. 
Androtion, tI. 7 } x. 8. 
Angelion and Tectiens,stalnaricnaad 
- pnpib of Dipcsnns and ScylUs, ii. 

88 } ix. 36. 
Ant»us,ix. 11. 

AnUkidas, P«aoi» oi; iit* 1, 13. 
Antenor,x.86,37. 
Anteros, L 80 tL 83. • 
Antlcka, the mother of OdyasMib 

X. 89. * 



IHDKX. 



301 



Antieyra, fiummt for holkbore, ori- 
ginall/ called C/pariwiit, x.86. 

Antigune, is. S5, 

Antimadiiity the poet, tiU. S5| is. 
35. 

Antinons, tiii. •• See alio Admi«. 

Antiooh, the eapital of Syria, tiiL 
29. 

Antiochut, the pilot of Akibiadei, 
UL 17 } ix. 33. 

Antiope, the Ameaon, i. 39 41. 

Antiope, the mother of Zethm and 
Amphioii,L38s IL6| iz.l7,S3| 

. Z.38. 

Antiphanesi an Argifo statnar/, t. 
17 1 X. ». 

Antipcenus, heroism of his daughters 
Androelea and Aids, Ix. 17. 

Antooine, the Emperor, called by 
the Romans Pins, riii. 43. His 
son and snooessor AntoninSi viiL 
43. 

Anytos, one of the Titans, fiii. 87. 

Aphidna, 1. 17, 41 ) iL 38 ; iii. 17, 18. 

Aphrodite, Anadyomene, iL 1$ t. 
11. Mother of Priapns, according 
to the people of Lampsacns, ix. 
31. The tutelary saint of the 
men of Cnidus, L 1* Ancient 
temple of her and Adonis in com- 
mon in Cyprus, ix« 41. Her 
clients, ii. 34 1 ix. 38. Her statue 
by DBsdalns, Ix. 40. The myrtle in 
connection with her, tL 84. The 
Celestial and Pandemian Aphro* 
dite,vl. 86} ix. 16. (Tha LaUn 
Vmvs,) 

Apis, tha tigyptlaa god,'L I8| til 
83. 

Apdllo,he]psA]cathons,L43. Herds 
the cattle of Laomedon, TiL SO. 
Inrantor of the late, iiL S4| ▼. 



14|Yiiu31. Jealous of Leucippus, 

▼iii. 80. Jealous of Linus, ix. 89. 

His altar in common with Uermes, 

▼• 14. See alto DelphL 
AratusofSuli,i.3. 
Aratus of Sicyon, IL 8, 9 1 till. 10, 

58. 
Ardalus, the son of Hephastvs, la* 

Tcntor of the flute, Ii. 31. 
Ares, the Latin Hiargp charged with 

murder, L 31, 88. 
Areopagus, L 38 ) ir. 5. 
Arethusa, r. 7 1 vii. 34 ) rllL 53. 
Argiope, a Nymph, mother of 

Thamyris by Philammon, ir. 33. 
Argo, the famous ship^ rli. 36 1 Ix. 

38. 
Argonauts, vii. 4. 
Argos, U. 19, 80, 31, 88, 83, 84$ 

tii. 17. 
Ariadne, i. 30, 38 ) x. 89. 
Aricta, the people of, their tradition 

about Hippolytus, ii. 87. 
Arimaspians, i. 34, 31. 
Arion, the horse, viii. 85. 
Arion and the dolphin, IiL 85. 
Aristocrates, Yiii. 5, 13. Heredity 

in vice and punishment. 
Arbtodemus, hing of tha Hes8i»- 

nians, It. 8, 10, 13, 86. 
Aristogiton, i. 8, 89. 
Aristomache, the daughter of P^ism, 

x.86. 
Aristomenes, the hero of Messenia, 

Ir. 6, 14, 15, 16, 19,80,81,88, 

83, 34, 87, 38 $ tL 7 s tUi. 14, 51. 
Aristo, the father of tha fiuaoua 

Pkto^ It. 38. 
Aristophanes on Lepreus, t. A. 
Arisliitle, the might/ Stagirite, his 

statue, yL 4. 
Arslnoe, daiightar of Ptufeny, and 



802 



INDBX. 



wife of her own brother, L 7» 8 ) 
ix.31. 
Aninoiteji, namo of ft dhitriel in 

Art, tlio nobl« art of telf-defoiice, 
vl 10; viii, 40. 

Artemis, (the Lcitin Diana,) iiL 22 1 
if. aO{ viii. a. 27. Especially 
worshipped at Hyampoli% x. 35. 
Temple of the i^Mtdeiia at Anlia, 
ix. 19. Erents tliere, do. 

Artemisia, her taloiir at Salamls, 
Ulll. 

Artemisium, n mountain, li, 95) 
Tiii. 5. 

Ascra, in BoBotia, the birthplace of 
Hesiod, ix. 29, 38. 

Asopui, a river in Boeotia, lU 6. 
Reed/, t. 14. 

Asopus, a river in Sicynnia, ii. 5, 15. 

Asph<idel,its unpleasant smell, x. 38. 

Atalanta,iii. 24) viii. 35, 45. 

Athamas, ton of .^lus, vii. 3. 
Brutlier of Sisyplius, ix. 34. 
Desirous Co kili his children 
rhrixus and Helle, ix. 34. 

Athene, (the Latin Minerva,) why 
grey-eyed, i. 14. Her birth, L 24. 

* Disputes as to territory between 
her and Poseidon, L 24 { it 30. 
Gives Erichthunius to the daugh- 
ters of Cecrops, L 18. A colossal 
statue of the goddess at Thebes, 
ix.ll. 

Athens, laered to Athene, i. 26. 
Captured by SulU, i. 20. 

Athenians, very pious, i. 17, 24 ) x« 
28. (Cf. AoU xvii. 22.) Helped 
in war by the gods, tiii. 10. 
'Iheir forces at Marathon and 
against the OahUi, ir. 26) x. 20. 
Tiieir expedithm to Sicily, viiL 



11 ) X. 11, 15. The only demo- 
craoy that ever ro«e to greatness, 
i V. 35. Their magitttratcs, iii. 11) 
iv. 5, 15. Their tnwnships, L 3, 
32, 33. Their law-courts, i. 28. 
Their Eponymi, L A. Their 
expeditions beyond Greece, L 29. 
Their hemes, x. 10. 

Athletes, their diet in training, tL 7. 

AtlMS,T. 11,18; vi. 19) ix. 20. 

Atlns, a mountain in Libya, i. 39 ) 
viii. 43. 

Atreii8,ii. 16,18) ix. 40. 

Attalus, an ally of the Romans, ?U. 
8, 16. His greatest feat, L 8. 
The oracle about him, x. 15. 

Attica, whence it got its name, !• 9. 
Sacred to Athene, i. 26. 

Augeas, 1. 1, 3, 4, 8. 

Augustu:*, iii. II, 21, 26) irrgl) 
vii. 17, 18, 22) viii. 46. Sutuea 
of Augustus, ii. 17) t. 12. 

Aulis, iii. 9) viii. 28 ) ix. 19. 

Aurora, i. 3) iii. 18) t. 22. 

Axe tried in Court, i. 24, 28. 

Babylon, its walls, if. 31. 

Bacchantes, ii. 2, 7. 

Bacchus, see Dionysus* 

Bacis, his oracles, iv. 27) ix. 17; 

X. 14, 32. A BcBotian, x. 12. 
Bacon, Francis, Viscount St. 

Albaiis, on revenge, iii. 15, Note. 
Bady, phuie and river, ▼• 3. 
Balsam tree, ix. 28. 
Banqoeting-hall at Elis, y. 15. 
Barley cakes, mysterious property 

of, iii. 23. 
Baths, how taken in ancient times, 

X. 34. Women's swimming-bath, 

iv. 35. Warm baths, ii 34| It. 

85 1 vii. 3. 



1KDEX. 



303 



Bato, the ehtriotcer of Ainphi«nuit« 

ii. 23. 
Bajle on Hippammie$, t. S7» Noto. 
BeaiiB, i. 87 1 Tiii. 15. 
Bear, the Great, tHL S. 
Bears, i. 32 (iU. SO) tU. 18. 
Beee of Uymettui^ I 88. Beet and 

Pindar, in. 83. In connection 

witli Trophonine, ix. 4a Temple 

fabled to have been built bjr tbem, 

X.5. 
Bel,l. 16} tiii.33. 
Betleiopbon, ii. S, 4,81 1 Ui. 18, 87 1 

ix. 31. 
BiasofPrione, X.84. 
Biblis, loTO-passages of, TiL 5. 
Bisiin, X. 13. 
Bito, eee Cleobit. 

Blackbirds of Mt. Cyttene, ▼»!. 17. 
Boar's Memorial, !▼. 15, 19. 
Bceotarchs, ix. 13, 14 $ x. Sa 
Bones, ii. 10; iiL 83. 
BooneU,iii. 18, 1ft. 
Bootes, Tiii. 3. 
Brasiie, iiL 84, see Note. 
Brass, first brass-fonnders, tOL 14 ) 

X.38. 
Brenniis, x. 8, 19, 80, 81, 88, 88. 
Briarens, ii* 1, 4. 
Brigantes in Britain, viii. 48. 
Briseis, r. 84 ; x. 86. 
Britomartis,iii.l4s Tiii. 8. 
BupalQS,ir.30) Ix. 85. 
Buphagns, Yiii. 14, 87. 
Barial,IL7) ix.88. 
Bustard^ x. 34. 
Bjnatinm, walls of, iv. 81. 

Cabiri,L4s It.!) ix.88,85| x.88. 
Cadmean vietor/, Ix. 9. 
Oadmos, the son of Agenor, iU. 15 ) 
ix. 5, 18,19. 



C. Jolius Ciesar, ii. 1 ) iii. 11. His 

gardens, ▼iii. 46. 
Calais and Zetes, iiL 18. 
Cattamis, a famous sUtuar/, master 

of Praxias, L 3, 23 ; IL 10 1 y. 85, 

86) vLlS; ix. 16,80,88; x. 16. 
Calchas,!. 43) r\lB\ ix. 19. 
Callierates, ▼». 10, 18. 
Callimachus, 1. 36; Ix. 8. 
Callion, barbarity of the Galati at, 

X.33. 
Calliphon of Samoa, t. 19 ) x. 86. 
Catlirhoe and Goresns, tragic love 

story about, viL 31. 
Callisto, the daughter of I^rcaon, 

changed into a she-bear, L 85; 

?iiL 3. 
Gallon, a statuary of .^na, IL 88 ; 

iii. 18 ; tIL 18. 
Calus, murder of by Dedalus, L 31 , 

26. 
Calydonian boar, L 37 ) ilL 18 ) Yiii. 

45, 46, 47 ; ix. 45. 
Canachos, a statuary, IL 10; YL9t 

13; TiL 18; ix. 10; x. 9. 
Cantharus, a statuary, yL 3, 17. 
Capaneus, the son of Hipponous, 

struck with lightning, Ix. 8, see 

Note. 
Capua, the chief town In Campania, 

Y. 13. 
Carcinus, » natiYe of Naopaetus, 

x.38. 
Carpo, a Season, Ix. 85. 
Carthage, rebuilt by Julius C wsa r , 

ILL 
Carthaginians, L 18; y. 88; yL 19; 

X. 8, 17, 18. 
Cassandra, the daughter of Priam, 

Yiolaled by Ajax, L 1<«; Y. 19; 

X. 86. Called Akganif€, IIL 19, 

86. 



8M 



mix. 



CMtalift, X. 8. 

CMtor and Pollttx, Me Dioteari. 

UUna, filial piety at, x. S8. 

Caferne, notable onea, x« 88. 

Cnadas, iv. 18. 

Orarops, aon of EreebtlieiM, king of 

Athena, 1,5; Tii. 1} Yiii.S. 
Celeua, father of Triptolemnfy L 14, 

S8, 39 } li. 14. 
Ontaiir, y. 19. Fight between the 

Ceniaora and the Laplth*, i. 17 1 

T. 10. 
Oepbalas and Avrora, L 8 ; HI. 18. 
Cepheoiy father of Andromeda, It. 

35. 
Cephisiis,a riTer In Argolia, it 15,80. 
CephiMiSj a river in Attica, L 87. 
Cephiius, a river in Eleutii, L 88. 
Cephiaut, a river in BcBotla, Uu 84, 

88) X. 8, 38, 84. 
Ceramicua, L 8 ; tiil 9. 
Cerberua,U.81,85| 11185. 
Ceres, tee Demeter. 
Cestus, viii. 40. 
Chanonea, fatal battle of, L 18, 85 j 

Y. 80; ix. 6, 89, 40. (Milton's 

^dishonest victor/, iktal to 

libert/.T 
Cbaldsans, the first who tanght 

the immortalit/ of the soni, Iv. 38. 
Champagn/ on Pansanlas, see Title- 
page. 
Chaoa first, ix, 87. 
Charon, x. 28. (Ct VirgiTs "^ Jam 

senior, sed emda deo viridlsqiio' 

senectas.*-^!!. vL 804.) 
Chinusra, m. 85. 
Chios,Yii.4. 
Chiron, n Centaar and tiMor of 

Aohillea,iU.18) Y.5,19. 
Chiysanthls, L 14. 
Cbcio^ see NoU to z. 88. 



Chnon, the son of Miltiades, IL tO| 

viii. 58. . 
Cinadas,the pilotof Menektts.iil SS. 
Cinathon, the Laoednmonian genei^ 

logUt,U.8,18; iT.8; Yiii.58. 
Cirj>ilof,oorM{^,iii.88. 
Cirrha, x. 1, 8, 87. 
Clsta, used in the worship of Denie- 

ter and iVoserpine^ ?iiL 85, S7| 

X.88. 
Citharon, n mooataln in Bosotin, 

i. 38 ( ix. 8. 
Clearchus, iU. 17 ; vL 4. 
Cleobis and Bito, tt. 80, see Mote. 
Cleombrotns, the son of Pausanias, 

king of Sparta, i. 18) liL 6, 8; 

ix. 13. 
Cleomedes, vi. 9. 
CkHMoenes, iL 9. 
Cleon, sUtnar/, v. 17, 81 1 vL 1, 8, 

9,10. 
Cljfmene, repnted by sqom Mother 

of Homer, x. 8ii 
Cljrtsmnestra, U. 18, 18, 88. 
CoaU of mail, i. 81 ; vi. 19 1 x. 88. 
Coccus, X. 86. 
Cocytus,Ll7. (Cf. Virgil, JSSsmiI, 

▼L 138, ** Cocytusitne dna labena 

circnmvenit atro," and Horace, 

Ode$, U. 14-17, 18.) 
Colophon, viL 8, 5 ; ix. 83. 
CokMsuses, L 18, 43. (If gentle 

reader objects to this plural let sso 

eite Sir T. Herbert, '*hk that iski 

he alsd defaced an hnndred other 

cokMsases.**— TWisefi^ p. 887.) 
ConuBtho, her kiverpassagea with 

Melanippns, vii. 19. 
CommenUrk« of events, L 18. 
Conon, son of Timothens, L 1, 8, 8. 

84,89; ill. 9| vL 8, 7 ) yUL 52. 
Oordax,n dance, YL8a» 



IXDBX. 



805 



Ooresii8,iM Callirhoe; 

Gorinna, ix. 20, S8. 

Corinth, taken by Mumroiiiiv fi. 1 ) 

vil 16. Kebailt by Jolim GMar» 

IL 1,3; T. 1. 
Coroebut, th« Argive, L 49. 
Corpses, remarkable, t« SO, 27 } tUL 

29. 
Corsica, x. 17. 
CorTbantes, iii. 24 ) Tiii. 87. 
Cos, island, iU. 23 } tL 14, 17 1 ▼UL 

43. 
Cosmosandalnm, iL 39. 
Gostoboci, X. 84. 
Creon, L 3 ) ix. A, 10. 
CresphontM, ton of Ariitomaoliiis, 

illSsir. 3,5,81sY.3. Marries 

the daughter of Cypselos, ir. 3 $ 

tiii. 5, 29. 
Crete, island of, iiL 3 ) Tii. 2 ) YiiL 

38, 53. Cretan bownen, l« 23} 

iT.8; tii.ie. 
Crocodiles, L 83; it 88} It.34. 
Croesus, iii, 10} ir. 5 } Tiii. 24. 
Cronos, (the Latin SaiurHut^) I 

18} TiU. 8» 36} is. 9, 41) 

X.24. 
Crotonians, their tradition about 

Helen, iii. 19* Mlk> a natiTO of 

Croton, tL 14. Wolres numerous 

in the neighbourhood of Croton, 

Ti. 14. 
Crowns in the games, riil. 48. 
Cuckoo and Hera, ii. 17. 
Curetes, ir. 81, 83} r. 7} tUL 2, 87 } 

X.38. 
Cjrbele, see the Dindjrmene Mother. 
Cyclades, islands, i. 1 } r. 21, 23. 
Cyclopes, their buildings, U. 16, 20^ 

25 } YiL 25. 
Cycnus, n Celtio king, traditloQ 

abont,L30. 

II. 



Cydias, his prowess against the 

Gaiati, x. 21. 
Cydnus, a river that flows through 

the district of Tarsus, a oold rifor, 

▼iii. 28.. 
Cymtscephalfls, battle of, Til 8. 
Cyprus, claims to be birth-plaoe of 

Homer, x. 34. 
Cypselus, his chest, y. 17, 18, 19. 

Dedalus, the famous Athenian, son 
of Palamaon, nrhy called Doda- 
lus, Ix. 3. A contemporary of 
GBdipus, X. 17. Fled to Crete, 
why, i. 31 ; Tii. 4 } ?iii. 33. Hia 
pupils, ii 15 ; iii. 17 } T. 25. His 
works of art, i. 27; iL 4} Tiii. 
16,39,46; ix. 11,39. 

D8B(!alus of Sicyon, atatuary also» 
tI. 2, 3, 6 ; X. 9. 

Damophon, the best Messenian sta- 
tuary. It. 31 ; Til 83 ; riil 81, 37. 

Danae, daughter of Aerisius and 
mother of Perseus, her braien 
chamber, ii. 23 ; z. 6. (Horaoe*t 
" turris aenea.*^ 

Danaus, how he became king of 
Argos, ii. 19. His daughters' 
saTageness, il 16, 24; x. 10. 
How he got them siscond hus- 
bands, iii 12. 

Daphne, and the crown of laurel in 
the Pythian games, x. 7. 

Darius, the son of Hystaspes^ ill. 4, 
9, 12} Til 10. 

Dpcelea, ill 8. 

Dolium, I 89 } ix. 6, 20} z. 28. 

Delphi, X. 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. 

Delta, 1191} tI 26. 

Demaratus, n ssTen-month child, ill 
4, 7. 

>, (the Latin Oem,) I 14, 87, 



IHDIZ. 



39, 43} II. 85|TiiL 15, 25, 4S. 

See also Triptolemnt. 
Uenetriua, the ton of Antigoniu, L 

6» 10,35,36; Iz. 7. 
Demo, the Sibyl of Cnmn, x. IS. 
Bemccraciet, none in Greece in old 

timet, ix. 1. No demoi*rao/ thai 

we know of bat Athene ever rose 

to greatness. It. 85. Kenark on, 

LB. 
])eniosthenes,thesonofAkisthenes, 

L IS, 29. 
Demosthenes, the son of Demos- 
thenes,!. 8) 1133. 
Despona, TiiL 87. Bee also Frossr- 

pine. 
Dencalton, his flood, L 18, 40| t. 8| 

Z.6. 
Dicearbhia, It. 85| tUL 7. (P»- 

iedi.) 
Dkse, tL 24 s tU. 25 I x. 30. 
Dindjmene Mother, tU. 17,20| tIIL 

46 1 ix. 25. (That Is Cjbele.) 
Diocles, IL 14. 
Dbmede, king of Thraoe^ liL 18 1 

T. 10. 
Diomede^ who led the ArglTos to 

Tio/, L 11, 28) U. 30, 32; X. 81. 

Runs off with the Falladinm, I. 

23. 
Dionjsins, the tjrant, L 2 ; tL 2. 
Dion7sa8,(the Latin Baeekui,) father 

of Priapus, Ix. 31. Son of Zeus 

bj Semele, UL 24. Fetches up 

Semele from Hade^ II. 31, 37. 

punishes Antiope, ix. 17. Takes 

Ariadno from Theseus, x. 29. 

Man/ legends about him, x. 29. 

His orgies, X. 33) il2,7. 
Diosouni (.Catior and PnUug)^ liL 

13, 26 ) It. 81. Visit the house 

•rFliunDk>,liL 16. Their angwr 



against the Messenians, It. 16,26. 

Origin of their anger. It. 27. llieir 

particular kind of hats, liL 24| 

It. 27. Called Anactee, li. 86| 

X. 38. 
Diotimus, the father of Miki, of 

Croton, tI. 14. 
Dipcenus and Scjrllis, pupils of Dv* 

dalus, sUtuaries, IL 15, 22, 32 1 

iill7| Y. 17)TL19t iz.35. 
Dirce, the legend about her, Ix. 17, 

25. 
Divination, Tarious modes of, UL 23, 

26) It. 32) tL 2) tIL 81, 25| 

Ix. 11. 
Dodona, L 17) TiL 21, 25) tUI. 11, 

23, 28) ix. 25) X. 12. 
Dog, cure for bite of, TiiL 19. 
Dolphin, L 44) IL 1) liL 28) X. 

13. 
Donta8,pupil of Dipmnus and ScjUis, 

tL 19. 
Doric Architecture, T. 10, 16 ) tL 84. 

Dorian measure, ix. 12. 
Doridydas, pupil of Diposnos and 

Scjrllis, T. 17. 
Draco, the Athenian legislator, tL 

ll)ix.36. 
Dragon, Tiii. 8. Gkiards the triples 

of the Hesperides, tL 19. One 

wonderfull/ killed, Ix. 26. Seed 

of the dragon's teeth, Ix. 10. 

Dragons sscred to iEaoulaplns, IL 

11, 28. Also to Th>phonins, Ix. 
" 89. Yoked to the chariot of TWp- 

tolemus, tU. 18. 
Dreamt, x.jKp$C Interpretsit of» 

L.8€^i^«K; 
Drunkenness persrmiiied, IL 87 } vL 

S4. 
Dryads, tUL 4) x.82. 
Dumb bells, T« 26 } tL 3» 



INDBX. 



807 



D^frrhachiuBiyfiMriiierl/ EpidMiiniii» 

vLia 
Dysaiilesy brother of Celeiu» sod 

father of Triptolemnty L 14} IL 

12, 14. 

Earth, TiiL %9 ) x. 12. The OrmI 

Goddess, L 31. 
Earthquakes, ii. 7 ) tU. 24. 
Eating-contest between Leprens and 

Hercules, t. 5. 
Ebony, L 42 ) ». S2 ) tUL 17,ft8. 
Ecbatana, !▼. 24. 

Echeilaiins, his prowess at Mara- 
thon, L 82. 
Echinades, islands, Yiii. 1, 24. 
Echoes, wonderful ones, II. 85) T. 

21. 
£doni,L22| x.83. 
Eels of Lako Copais, ix. 24. 
Eira, It. 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23. 
Elaphins, the month of, at Elia, t, 

13) Ti. 20. 
Electra, married to glades, II. 16) 

lit I } ix. 40. 
Elephants, i. 12) T. 12, 
Elensinian mjrtterles, viiL 15) z. 

31. 
Eleutherolaoones, ilL 21. 
Elk,?. 12) ix. 21. 
Eljrslum, Tiii. 53. 
Emperors, Reman, statnes of, L 40) 

▼. 20) ▼!. 19. See also under 

Adrhn^ At^uiiui, O* Julitu OamoTp 

GaiM^ ko. Fktto/ to» IL 8, 

Note. 
Endcsus, an Athenian statuary, and 

pupil of Hndalus, L 26) tIL 5) 

Tiii. 46. 
Snyaliufl, a name for Ares, (the 

UUn Afan,) III. 14, 15| T. 18. 
Enyo»L8) It. 801 



Eparoinondas, It. 26, 31 ) Tiii. 11, 
27, 49, 59 ) ix. 13, 14 15. 

Epeus, the constructor ol tbo famous 
Wooden Horse, i. 23) li. 29) x. 
26. 

Ephesus, temple of Artemia at, 
Til 5. (Cf.AcU) xix. 27, 28. 
Farrar rerj aptly quotes Appul. 
Metam, ii. ** Diana Ephesia, en* 
Jus nomen nnicum, multiftirml 
ap(>cie, rittt Tario, nomine ronltl* 
Jugo, t9iu8 vmeratur er6ii.") 

Epbors at Sparta, iii. 11. 

Epicaste, mother of QS'liput, Ix. 5, 

26. Better known as Joeatta, 
Epidaurus, a town in Argolis, IL 26, 

27, 28, 29. 

Epigoni, ix. 9, 19, 25 ) x. 10, 25. 
Epimenides, the Rip Van Winkle of 

Antiquity, L 14. 
Eponymi, the h«>roe8 so called at 

Athens, L 5. 
Erato, the Nymph, wife of Areas, an 

interpreter of the oracles of Fto, 

TiiL 4, 37) X.9. 
Erechtheus, L 5, 26, 28, 38. 
Eridanos, a Celtks rlTcr, L 8 ) y. 12, 

14 ) TiiL 25. 
Eriphyle, wifeof Amphiaraus, slain 

by Alcmson her son, L 34 ) Tiii. 

24. The famous necklace, t. 17 ) 

TiiL 24) ix. 41) X.29. 
Erymanthian boar, tUL 24. 
Eryx, ounquered In wrestling by 

Heron1et,<<i* 1^1 <^*9*1 ▼<U. 24. 
Essence of Ephesian Artemis, tUL 

13. 
Bteocles, the son of CEdipos, y. 19 1 

lx.5. 
Eubosa, T. 23 ) tUL 14. 
Eaolides,an Athenian ttatnaij, tIL 

25, 26. 



soe 



nnonu 



Kv«, tbo BMrhie cry, it. 31. (Sot 

HoffM^g Mef, tt. 19-5.7.) 
EophoriuM, ii. Si ) x. SC 
EaplwBtM^tbe nv«r. It. M ; z. St. 
Eapolit,wlM»r« boried, ii. 7. 
Eoripidcs, i. S, SI. 
Ewripiii, new Chalcift, L S3, 88. 
EaroUs,riv«r is Lmxnua» iiL 1, SI | 

Tui. 44, 64. 
EwTclidety mi Atheniui ontor» 

pcmoned b/ Philip, iL 8. 
Eitrjdie>,tb«wiroorOrphom,ix. 80. 
£iif7pontid«,U.36s iiL 7, 18} W. 4. 
EoiTpylnfly fii. 18. 
EnrjtUieiis, bit tomb, L 44. Hit 

bottility to Horeiikty ir. 84. 
Euytioii, t CentMiry y. 10 j TiL 18. 

Fabloi of tho Grtekt, boir lo bo 

nndertlood, Tiii. 8. 
Filial piot/, intUncct of, iL SO; x. 88. 
Fin, iu inventor, iL 18. Evor- 

burning, T. 15) TiiL 8,87. lltgi- 

ctnylightod,T.S7. 
Fith, Tocal in tbo riror Aioonint, 

TiiL 81. 
Flaz,T.6} tLSS) TiLSl. 
Flnto-pUjing, It. 87 | is. 18. 
Food, primitiTO, viiL 1. 
FooUth detiftt n aouoo of ntfn, 

TiiL 84. 
Fftrtnno, ir. 8a 
Friendtbip of Fhoent nnd ItttM^ 

X.80. 
Fkwiro of ajtonnaotlns tUL 84. 

IWittoopbtmitlionll/ otUtd JU 

VminhU <hm, L %8L Ooapon 

TiLSft. 



Golna^tbs 
is.S7. 



wider. 



OabUi, tbeir otTthy » on mn gt 

nicntt,z.l8. Thoir imptioB inio 

GiTOot, X. 18, 80, SI. Sa, 88. 
Ganymedo, t. 84. 
Goknor, iL 18. 
Oemiia, called by UuoMr A y e, 

iiLSe. 
Gonnant,TiiL 48. 
Geryon, L 88$ ilL 18} It. 86| t, 

18. 
Getao, tbe, added to tbo Ronyut 

Empire by Tngan« t. IS. BmTo 

in battle, L 8. 
GianU, tbe, tuL 89, 8S, 88» 47. 
Girduig mue\f^ ix. 17. 
Girdlet worn round tbt lolno In Ibo 

rtcft at Olympia, L 44. 
Glaucut of Caryatnt, ttory nboat, 

tLIO. 
Glaucut of Chiot, x. 16. 
Glaucut, the god of the tea, tL 10. 
Gobryat, L 1 1 iiL 11 j ix. 1. 
Godt, tho twelTe, L 8, 40} Tiii. 88. 

Unknown gods, i. 1 ) t. 14. 
Gorgiat of Leontini, tL 17 1 x. 18. 
Gorgon, ii. 21. See alto MBdotn. 
Qorgut, the ton of Arittomenet, It. 

19, 81, 28. 
Gracet, ix. 8ft. 

Grattboppert, idiotyneiaty ol^ tL 6. 
Greekt, apt to admire thingt oat of 

their own country, ix. 86. • Mnm- 

bert that fought againti Xorxee 

and the GalaU^ z. sa Mnaift* 
. .-oence of in their wonbip of tbo 

godt,T. 18. 
Griffint, L 24. 
Gryllut, the ton of Xenopbon, L S ) 

Titi.9,lls ix. 1ft. 
Oymnopedia, fetHval oi; iiL 11. 

Qy tbium, Lacedaemonian araennl, 

L87s UL 81 1 TiiL ftOl 



IKDSX. 



809 



Hair, shorn to rirer-godi, L 87) 

Till. 41. Seo also tHL SO. 
Halirrhothius, I 21, 28. 
Bftnnibal, oraelo about his death, 

▼lit 11. 
Happiness on!/ intermitienty yUI* 

24. 
Harmndios, i. 8, 29. 
Harmosts, officers among the Laoe* 

dnmonians, ix. 6| 32* 
Haniies, ill 18 ; ▼. 17 1 x. 80. 
Hebe, i. 19} ii. 13,17) tUU 9. . 
Heeas, the seer, ir. 16, 21. 
Hecatseus, the Milesian, iil« S8| It. 

2; Tiii.4,47. 
Hecate,L43) iL22,30. 
Hecatomphonia, It. 19. 
Hector, son of ^ Priam, ill. 18 1 T, 

25 $ ix. 18 ) X. 81. 
Hecuba, x. 12, 27. 
He-goat, oracle about, It. 20. 
Helen, the famous, a woe to Europe 

and Asia, X. 12. Tradition about, 

liL 19. Her maids, x. 25. Oath 

taken about, iil. 20. 
H(«len, a Jewess, her tomb, Tiil 16. 
Helenus, son of Friam, I. 11 1 II 

23$T. 22. 
Helicon, a mountain In Boeotla, Ix. 

26, 27, 28, 29. 
Hellas In Thessatj, gaTt name to 

the Hellenes, Ui. 20. 
Hellebore, x. 86) 37. 
Helots, lU. 11, 20) It. 28, 84) 

TUi. 51. 
Hephnstn8,(the Latin FMeair,)L20) 

li.81)iii. 17)Tiii.58)ix.41. 
Hera, (the Latin Juno,) 118) il. 15 ) 

T. 16) tI. 24. Story about her 

quarrel and reconciliation with 

Zeus, Ix. 8. Becomes a firgin 

again annuall/, U. 88. The 



cuekoo in connection with her, IL 
17. The pea«]0ck sacred to her, 
ti. 17. 

Heraelidie, Return of the, ii. 13, 18 ) 
lii. 1 ) Iv. 3. 

Hercules, tlie Ef^yptian, x. 18. 

Hercules, the son of Amphitryon, 
his Colonnade, vi. 23. Hunts 
the Erymauthian boar, viii. 24. 
Fights against the Amaums, t. 
11, 25. Uclietes Atlas, v. 10, 1 1. 
Brings up Cerberus from Hades, 
ii. 31, 35 ; lii. 25 ) ix. 34. aeans 
Elis, T. 1, 10 ) ix. 1 1. Drives off 
the oxen of Geryon, lii. 16, 18 ) 
It. 86) T. 19. OToroomes the 
Nvmean lion, HL 18) t. U) tI. 
5 ; Tiii. 13. Has an eating eon- 
test with Leprous, t. 5. First 
accounted a god by the people of 
Marathon, L 15, 32. Taken to 
hearen by Athene, liL 18, 19. 
Kilb Nessos, iii. 18. Introduces 
into Greece the white poplar, t. 
14. Liberates Frometheus, t. 10. 
His club, ik 81. HU Labours, IIL 
17 ) T. 10, 26. 

Hercules, the Idaan, t. 7, 18 ) Ix. 
27. 

Heredity, L 6) tUI. 5, 18. 

Hennas, 1. 17, 24 ) It. 88 ) tUL 89 ) 
X.12. 

Hermes, (the Latin Mereuryt) tU. 
27) Tiii. 14. Steals ApoHo's 
oxen, TiL 2a Takes the goddesses 
lo Paris for the choice of beauty, 
UL 18 ) T. 19. Invents the lyre, 
11.19) T. 14) TiU. 17. 

Herodes Attkras, I 19) U. 1) tL 
21) TiL 20) X. 82. 

Herodotus, quoted or alluded to, 
L 5, 28, 48 ) IL 16, 20, 80) IIL 2, 



310 



IVDIZ. 



26} Y.86| TiiiaTi N. Sa,86} 
X. 20, 32, 3S. 

Ilerophilo, ft 8ib/l, x. 12. 

Hcsiod,i.2} Ix. .'US 31, 88| x. 7. 
Quoted or allttded to, i. 24 1 il. 2. 

Hesperidei, y. 11 ) tL 12. 

Hides, gmrnenU made of, tiU. 1 ; 
X. 38. Ueed as shields in battle, 
ir. 11. 

Hieronjrmiis of Ckidia, historian, L 
2,13. 

HilairaaDdFhoibe,ii.22| iU. 16| 
It. 31. 

Hipparchns, son of Fisistraius, i. 8« 
22, 29. 

Hippiicren6,ii« 81 1 Ix. 31. 

Hippodamia, daughter of (BoomaQS, 
▼. 11,14, 16, 17} tl 20,21 )?iiU4« 

Hippodrome atOl/mpia, tI. 20. 

Hippol/ta, leader of the Amaaons, 
L41. 

Hippolytvs, son of Theseus, I. 22 ) 
U.27»31,82}iii. 12. 

Hippopotamus, It. 84 } y. 12 } tiiL 
46. 

Homer, his age and birthplaoe, ix. 
80} X. 24. fits oracle, riil 24} 

. X. 24. His poYcrt/, iL 83. On 
Homer generally, i. 2 } ir. 28, 33 $ 
TiL5,26} Ix. 40) X. 7. Homer 

. Is quoted Ter/ frequently, yIs., L 
18, 28,87} li. 3, 6, 7, 12, 14, 10, 
21, 24, 26, 26 } lii. 2, 7, 18, 12, 20, 
21, 24, 25, 26 } Iy. 1, 2, 30, 82, 83, 
86} Y.6,8,11»14,24} t16,22, 
26, 26 } tH. 1, 20, 21, 24, 26, 26 } 
YuL 1, 8, 8, 16, 18, 84»26, 29, 87, 
88, 41, 48, 60 } Ix. 6, 17, 19, 20, 
22, 24, 2li, 29, 80, 31, 83, 86, 36, 
37, 38, 40, 41 } X. 6^ 6, 8, 14, 17, 
22, 26, 26, 29, 30^ 82, 83, 86, 87. 

Hoopoe^ I. 41 } z. 4. 



Hoplodamns assists Rhea.YliL 88^ 

36. 
Horns of animals, y. 12. Horn of 

Amalthea, ?L 26. 
Horse, curious s^>ry In eonnectton 

with, Y. 27. The famous Wooden 

Ht>r8e, i 23 } X. 9. Winged horsei, 

Y. 17, 19. 
Hyacinth, the flower, L 36 } II. 86. 
Hyampolis, a town in Phocia, x. 1, 

3,36. 
Hyantes, ix. 6, 86. 
Hydames, a general of Xerxes, III. 

4) X.22. 
Hydra, ii. 37} y.6} y. 17. 
Hygieo, daughter of JEsculapios, t 

23 } Y. 20. Her temple, Ui. 22. 
Hyllus, son of HerculcM, L 86, 41, 

44} Iy. 30} Yiii. 6,46,68. 
Hymettus, famous fur Its bees, L 82. 
Hyperboreans, 1. 81 } y. 7 } x. 6. 
Uyperronestra, li 19, 20, 21, 26 } x. 

10, 36. 
Hyrieus, his treasury, story about, 

Ix. 37. 
Hyrneiho, daughter of Temenus, 11. 

19,23. Her tragic end, U. 28. 

lamidflB, seers at Ells, iloscsndanta 
of lamus, lii. 11,12} Iy. 16) Yi 
2}Yui. 10. 

Ibycus, the poet, IL 6. 

Icarus, the son of Bfedalns, Ix. 11. 

Ichnusa, the ohi name of S^l«»ia, 

- X. 17. 

Idiean Dactyli, y. 7. 

Iliad, The Little, lii. 26) x. 26. 

Ilissus, a riTor In Attica, L 12. 

Ilithyia, 1. 18 } yUI. 32 } Ix. 27. 

Immortals, The, yL 6 } x. 19. 

Inachtts, a rirer, li. 16, 18, 26) 

Ylil.6. 



INDSX. 



811 



Indian Mget tanghi the immortalit/ 
of the arml, {▼. 33. India famous 
for wild biMuiU, ir. 84 1 riii. 89. 

Ino, i. 43, 44) iiL 83» 84, 86 1 It. 
S4(ix.5. 

Inscnptiona, ox*faahion, t. 17. 

loTontiona, aonroe of, Tiii. 81. 

Inundation!, destnictioa caused b/, 
Til34|Tiii. 14. 

Id, dangiiter of Intchnsy L 85 ) iii. 
18. 

lodama, ix« 84. 

lolaus, nephew of Hercules, ?iL 8 ) 
Tiii. 14. Shares in his unchi's 
Labours, i 19$ Tiii. 45. Kills 
Enr/itheus, L 44. Colonises Snr- 
dinia, ▼«. 8| z. 17. His hero, 
chapel, ix. 88. 

Ion, the SOB of Zathoi, L 81) 

Till. 

IphiduB, the lather of Prolesihitts, 

It. 36 s t. 17 ) X. 81. 
Iphigenia, daughter of AganwmiioO| 

L 33, 43) iii. 16) ix. 19. 
Iphimedea, mother of Otus ami 

Kphialtes,ix.88)X.88. 
Iphitus, king of Elis, T. 4, S ) Tiii. 

86. 
Iphitus, the son of Earjrtns, Iii. 15) 

X. 18. 
Iris, the flower, Ix. 41. 
Iron, flrst fused, Iii. 18 ) x. 16. 
Ischepolis, sim of Alcathous, killed 

bjT the Galydonian boar, i. 48, 

48. 
Isb. the Egjrpibn goddess, L 41 ) 

li 4, 18, 88, 84) t. 86) x. 

88. ; 

Ismenins, a rlTsr hi BcMiUa, ix. 9, 

10. 
Iiocratfs, 1. 18. 
Iisedones, I. 84, 81 ) T. 7« 



Isthmian games, I. 44) IL 1, 8. 

People of Elis excluded from them, 

T. 3 ) tI 16. 
later, rirer, TiiL 88, 88. 
Ithome, It. 9, 13, 14, 84, 81. 
lTory,i. 18)T. 11, 13)TiL87. 
Ity-cuitinffi, feast so called, ii. 18. 

Jason, husband of Medea, ii. 8) t. 

17. 
Jajr, anecdote about the, TiiL 18. 
Jerusalem, TiiL 16. 
Jocasta, Ix. 5. (OdledEpieaste.ix. 

36.) 
Joppa, It. 85. 
Jordan, tlie famous rlTsr, t. 7« 

Keys, the three kejs of Greece, 

tH. 7. 
Kites, idfosyncrasy of al OlJB»pb^ 

T. 14. 

Labjrinth of the Minotaur in Crete, 
L 37. (Cf. Virg. Ai^neid, t. 588- 
591. Grid, Metamorphoses, Tiii. 
159-168.) 

Lacedamionians go out on campaign 
only when the moon is at Its ftill, 
L88. Go out to battle not to the 
sound of the trumpet, but to flutes 
lyres and harps, liL 17. Carenof 
for poetry, iii. 8. Tactics in 
battle. It. 8. Always conceal 
their kisses In baUle,ix. 18. Theif 
forces al Thermopylm, x. 80. 
Their kings, how tried, UL 8. 

LsoednmonUui dialect, IIL 15. Bre- 
Tity, It. 7. 

Laconia crfglnall/ callsd Usgla. 

iT.l. 

LaddeT'pass, TiiL 8. 
Lestrygones^ tUL 89t x. 81^ 
Lals,iL8. 



su 



,fLUL GflvM 
I■^■niH■,fcAig^fPtf^l^1ri.l0^ 

YfiLJi. 

iMfkhm, tMr ifkiwiili tW Cba- 
I* EodbdMcsaU — Urifrtui bf 

I««r-coiifftoaS Atkeai^ farioM mmms 
UsiMp mktnm «r AriilagitiM, L 
hAfAm fa Bsotb. tMcd lo Two- 
tt. I, J, is. 14. ld| X. 

Liontisf, tlM birtk-plM of tW 

Imbom OorgiM, tL 17. 
Lipraif, cart for, ▼• i« (Cndai 

Jttdrai A|wlkiO 
ImIim, UL S| Hr. M| X. 19, S4. 
Itffebfoty antbiir of tb* Gi|i^ifri ^ 

i7fo»»x.XS,S6,S7. 

ItlO,(tlMUtillI«lMMjl. U, 81} 

illSOiTliLM. 
LMdppMy kit loT« Ibr Dh*m, viiL 

SO. 
ImwIrs^LUi Ir.tif TiiLS7|is. 

%f U, 14. 
UbjAy hmonu ktt wild beasts^ IL 

tl. 
Ubjan^ whm HmuIIwI diad* HIL 



OLtt. 

z. 11, It. 

mrj wko^ Is. SS. (Ot 
itorfafJp|ihH«h) 
Twgrii> g. 14, IS; ».«. Lol^ 

iv. a ; V. SSl 
Lowc^itef9««r,v8. It. 
lo^vi. ffi. Canofi 

>j,vi.S. liCtlaajMpMk/ 

IS ntSS •MMT p80|Mi^ VM. 

19. TVae0£Mtfam«kl0M,i.M| 

VM. SI } vii. ML 
I^reoMidi^LSSihr. lsis.S7,aaL 
Ljeoftas, hr. 29 ; vii. f $ viii. 50. 
LjovgM, tW fiuMMM lugiilitnr, S. 

9, 14, 1€, 1S| V. 4. 
lygdsBik, Um Isthwraf Artfwis, 

iii. 11. 
Lvf^snis, Um Sjrsesns, m b% as 

IlfinsnicSy T. 9. 
LjMoeaa, aon of AplMras^ kia kaaa 

•jesigliC, It. 9. Slais hj PoUss, 

iv. S. 
L/neana, tha hsaband of Hjpai^ 

mnntra, ti. 19, 91, Sfi. SMoaada 

Buiaua,!!. 19. 
Lyre, invented bj HanBaa,T. 14 1 

▼iii. 17. Fint saad b/ Asiphios, 

is. 5. 
L/MMder, ilL 9, 9, 9, 11, 17, 19| 

ix.82|Z.9. 
Lxaippoa, a Sicjoniaa aUtnaiy, L 

43$ iL 9, 20; Ti. 1, 2, 4,9, 14, 

17} is. 27, 30. 
Ljsia, tba earl/ acboolmaatar of 

Epaainondaa, ix. 19. 

Maaaria, L 92. 

Macbapriun, Tiii. 11. 

Macbaon, son of .^Sicnlapiiii, li. 11, 

29, 26, 98} iii 26} if. 9. 
Macbinary, or macbaaism, al Olym* 



IKDSX. 



818 



pit, yL Sa At JemMleni, ? tii. 

16. 
Mseander, river In Alia Minor, 

famoiit for Its windingty t. 14} 

▼ii. S;Ti». 7,94,81sx.a9. 
Magie, t. S7. 
Hftnerot, tii0 EgjptiMi Lliiiis, is. 

S9. 
MMitinea, ii. 8$ viii. 8, 8, IS. 
M«nto, cJanglitor of TirwiM, tIL 8 1 

ix. 10, 88. 
Maratlion, 1 15, 83 $ ir. 25 ; x. 20. 
Mardoniuf, son of GobrjrM, L 1, 

27) iii. 4( viL25) ix. 1, 8, 28. 

Panio of his roon, i« 40j Is. 85. 
Marpessa, the Widow, riii. 47, 48. 
Marayas, i. 24 ( IL7| ▼iiL8|Z.8a 
Martiora, ix. 21. 
Mansolenms, Tiil. 18. 
Manaolns, Tiii. 16. 
Medea, iL 8, 13; TilL 11. 
Medosa, the Gorgon, L 21 1 ii. 20, 

81) T. 10, 12, 18) tUL 47) ix. 

84. 
Megalopolis, IL 9» 27) It. 29) vi. 

13 ) Tiii. 27, 80, 88) ix. 14. Its 

theatre, ii. 27. 
Megara, I 89, 40, 41, 42, 48,44) 

TiL 15. 
Megaris, i. 89, 44. 
Meieager, iL 7 ) ir. 8 ) x. 81. 
MelicerU, i. 44 ) iL 1 ) Ix. 84. 
Memnon, his suf ne, L 42. 
Memnonides, birds no called, x. 81. 
Memphis, L 18. 
Menander, L 8, 21. 
Menelans, the son of Atrens and 

husband of Helen, WL 1, 14, 19 ) 

T. 18) X. 28, 88. 
Menestrattts, ix. 28. 
Miletos,TlL2,84| tUL 84,49) JL 

88. 



Milo, of Croton, hie wonderful 

strength, ri. 14. 
Mittiadeo, son of Cimon, L 82 ) IL 

29)tL19) YiLl5) riiL 88. 
Minos, L 17, 87 1 iL 90, 34 ) ilL 8 ) 

vii. 2, 4 ) viii. 53. 
Minotoiir, L 27 { iii. 18. 
Minjrad, the pneni so called, ir. 83 ) 

ix. 5 ) X. 28, 31. 
Mirrors, remarkable ones, tIL 21 ) 

▼iii. 37. 
Mithridates, king of Pontus,L 80) 

iii 83 ) ix. 7. 
Money, ito snbetitnte in old times, 

liL 12. 
Moon enamoured of £ndjrmion,T. 

1. Full moon and the Laoedtt* 

monians, 1. 28. 
Mullets, lore mud. It. 84. 
Mummius, ii. 1, 2) tIL 15, 16. His 

giils at Olympia, t. 10, 24. 
MuMeus, i. 14, 28, 25 ) It. 1 ) x. 5, 

7,9,12. 
Muses, the, ix. 29. 
Mycenn, ii. 15, 16 j t. 28 ) tIL 85 ) 

TiiL27,83| ix. 34. 
Myrtilus, the son of Hermes, IL 18 ) 

T. 1, 10) tL20) TiiL 14. Myrtle, 

sacKd to Aphr«)dite, tL 24. 
Myrtoan sea, why so called, tUL 

14. 
Myos, its mosquitoes, tU. 2. 

Nabis, tyrant at Sparta, It. 89) 
TiL 8 ) Tiii. 50. 

Naked, its meaning among the an- 
cients. See Note, X. 27. 

Names, confusion in same names 
general, TiiL 15. Different method 
of giving names among Grseks 
and Romans, tIL 7. 

Narcissus, ix. 81, 41. 



814 



niDix. 



Kftupac tkui poems, iL 8 1 i?« 1 1 x. 

38. 
NauiMurtoi, iT. 24, S6 } tL U| ix. 

25, 31 } X. as. 
Kauticaa, cl«ught«r of A1eiiKmi» L 

22} T. IV. 
>«9day riTer, it. SO, 86 1 T. • ) ?Ui. 

38,41. 
Keleni , ir. 2, 86 1 t. 8 1 x. 29, 81. 

Hit posterity, iL 18 $ It. 3. 
Nemean games, ii. 13, 24 1 tL 16 1 

Till. 48 } X. 25. 
Nemesis, i. 33 $ Tit 5, 20; ix. 35. 
Neoptolemus, wmi of Adiilles, the 

Retribution of, ir. 17. (Ai lo 

Keoptolemnt generall/, tee Pyr* 

rkuM.) 
Kereids, ii. 1 ( iiu26} T. 19. 
Kerens, iii. 21. 
Kero, tlie Homan Emperor, ii. 17, 

37 I T. 12, 25, 26 I tU. 17 1 ix. 

27; X.7. 
Nessus, iii. 18 1 x. 38. 
Nestor, iiL 26 ( ir. 89 31, 36. 
Niciaa, tlie Athenian General, L 29. 
Niciai, animal painter, i. S*;*} Iii. 

19 { iT. 31 ( Tii. 32. 
Nicopnlis, founded bj Attguatue, ?• 

23; TiL 18} x.8,3d. 
Nicostratus, t. 21. 
Night, T. 18 } Til A. 
Niglit-attack, inge uiou, x« 1. 
Nightingales al Qrphens^ toml^ ix. 

30. 
Nile, fanooi rlTor of Sgypt, L 83; 

ii.5} if. 84} T.7,14}Tiii«S4} 

X.32. 
NinoToh, TiiL 33. 
Niobo^ L 21} ii. 21} ▼• It, 16} 

tUL 2. 
NUua,L 19,39} 1184. 
Noftkwiiid,TiU.27. (BsrwM.) 



Njrmphs, iii. 10} ir. 87| is. S4s 

X.31. 
Njmphon,U. 11. 

Ooeanos, i. 33. 

Ocnns, X. 29. See Note. 

OcUTia, her temple al Corinth, iL 3. 

Odeum at Athena, L 8, 14 } TiL 
20. 

Od/ssens, (the Latin Uly§§e$,) L 29, 
35} iii. 12, 20} It. 12; t.25} tL 
6} TiiL 8, 14, 44|X.8, 26,28, 
29, 31. 

CEili]x>dia, ix. 5. 

(Edipus, L 28, 30} ix. 2, 6, 26} 
X.5. . 

CEnobiua, L 23. 

a>*4iomaus, T. 1, 10,14,17,20^82} 
tL 18, 20. 21; TiiL 14,20. 

CEnotria, Tiii. 3. 

(Eta, Mount, iiL 4 ; tIL 15 ; x. 82. 

Olen, L 18 } iL 13 } t. 7 } TiiL 81 } 
ix. 27 ; X. 5. 

Oligarchies, esUblished by Mom 
mius, TiL 16, Note. 

Oljmpias, daughter of Neopto- 
lemus, mother of Alexander the 
Great, L 11, 25} It. 14} TiiL 7 } 
ix.7. 

Olympus, Mount, in TlieBflal/, tL 5. 

Ol/iithus, iiL 5. 

Onntas, ulCginetan statuaiy, t. 25, 
27; tL 12; TiiL 42; x. 13. 

Onga, ix. 1^ 

Onoroacritus, L 22 ; TiiL 31, 37 ; ix. 
35. 

Ophioneus, the seer, ir. 10, 12, 13. 

Ophites, legend about, x. 33. 

Opportunity, the youngest son of 
Zeus, T. 14. 

Oracles, ambignons, TiiL 11. (Com- 
pare cass of * Jemsaiem' in Shall* 



INDIX. 



815 



tpere, 2 nenry I V.y Ael It^ 8cmi« 

ir., •233-241.) 
Onestfs, soil of AgamemnoD, L 28 1 

iL 18,31) iii.1, 16,22| ?iL2S| 

viii. 5, 34. 
Orithyia,!. 19$ t. 19. 
Qrontes, ariver In Syrifty tL 2 1 liH 

20,29,33; X.2a 
Orpheni, L U, 37 1 ii. 90) iiL 18, 

14, 20 1 T. 26) tL 20} Ix. 179 

27,30. 
Osiris^ X. 32. 
Oaogo, viii. 10. 
0«trich, ix. 31. 
Oti]iufl,TU. 7) X. 30. 
Otns and Ephialtes, ix. 29. 
Ox-killer, i. 24, 28. 
Oxen giTen in barter, lit. 12. 
Oxyartes, father of Roxana, i« 8. 
Oxjius, cnrioui tale about, ▼• 9. 
Oaolian, x. 38. 

Fkifaraion, i. 44 1 IL 2| Tiii.48. 
Palamedee, ii. 20 ; x. 31. 
Palladium, i. 28 1 iL 23. 
Pampbus, i. 38, 39 ) ? ii. 91 ) Tiii. 

35,37) ix. 27, 29, 31, 35. 
Pan, i. 28 ) viii. 26, 31, 86, 38» 54. 
Panic fear, x. 23. 
Paris, iU. 22) r. 19 | x. 31. 
Ptoian stone, i. 14, 33, 43) t. U, 

12) Tiii. 95. 
Ptamassua, Mount* x. 4, 5, 6, 8t 39» 

33. 
ParroU eomo horn India, il 28. 

Pid F^nsaniaa remember Ovid'i 

•• Psittacui Eoto imiutrix alee ab 

iiidis." Amor. ii.'6. 1.) 
Pkrihenoii al Athena, L 24| tIU. 

41. 
IHitioelns, the Mend of AeUllee,iU. 

14} lT.t8)X. 13,26,30. 



Phitroclus, Egyptian Admiral, i 1 } 

tii. 6. 
Pausanias, son of Cleombrotns,!. 13) 

ill. 17 ) viii. 62. 
Pausanias, a Macedonian, murderer 

of Harpahis, ii. 33. 
Peaciick sacred to Hera, ii. 17. 
Peace with Wealth, i. 8 ) ix. 16. 
Pegasus, ii. 4, 31 ) Ix. 31. 
Pelagoe, ▼iii. 11. See Oracles, ttn* 

biguous. 
Pelous, father of Aohilles, I 37 ) il. 

29 s iii. 18 ; T. 18 } ria 45 } x. 

3a 
P^lias, Ir. 2 s t. 8, 17 ; TiU. 11 ) x. 

30. 
Pelion, Mount, x; 19. 
Peloponnesian War, Ul. 7 ) ir. 6 } 

Till. 41, 52. 
P^k>pe, ii. 18, 82, 26 ; T. 1, 8, 10, 

13,17} tI. 20, 81, 24} TiiL 14 } 

ix. 40. 
Pencala, riTer in Phrjgta, filL 4 } 

X. 32. 
Pencfepe, wife of Od/sseua, IH. 12, 

13, 20 ; Tiii. 12. 
Pentelicus, a mountain in Attiea, 

famous for its atone qvarrieii L 

19, 32. 
Penthesilea, t. 11 ) x. 31. 
Pentheus, i. 20) il. 2 ) ix. 2, 5. 
Periandcr, son of Cypselus, one of 

the Seven Wise Men, i. 23} x. 

24. 
Pericles, 1. 25, 28, 29 1 Tiii. 41. 
Peijnry punished, ij. 2, 18 } It. 22 ) 

T. 24. 
Pero, the roatchWe daughter of Ke* 

leus, X. 31. 
Perseus, son of Danae, and grandson 

of Acrbius, L 22 ) ii. 15, 16, 90, 

81,22,27} iiL 17) iT.35}nl8. 



316 



noiz. 



IVniMi, L 18, St, 33| tit f I ix. 

32. Their sUieldt ctUed Otrrls, 

TiiL50( X. 19. 
Petroma, TiiL 15. 
FiueaciMit, UL 18 1 %oi. SO. 
Fhedra, the wife of Theimit, eiift- 

HMmnd of her fttcfiMii Uippol/tu, 

uS2{ ii.3Ss ix. 16} x.29. 
Pbaennii, a prupheCeM, x* 15, SOL 
Fhaethun, L 3. 
PhxhuiUiiii,x*10, 19. 
Phxlenim, i. 1, 88. 
FbemoDoe, Am priestCM of Apollo 

at Delphi, x. 5, 8, IS. 
Phidiai, famoua Athenian ftatnary, 

I 3, 4, 84, 88, 33, 40} T. 10, U } 

Ti. 4, 85, 86} Tii. 87 } Ix. 4, 10} 

z. 10. HU deaoradanta, t. 14. 
Fhilammon, father of Thamyria, ir. 

33} X. 7. 
Philip, oracle about the two Fhilipa, 

▼ii. 8. 
Philip, the aon of Amjntas, i 6, 85 } 

ii. 80} til. 7,84} It. 88} t. 4} 

tU.7, 10, ll}Tiii. 7, 87}ix. 1, 

87} X. 8, 3, 36. 
l'hilip,the ioa of Denetrioi, L 36 1 

ii.9} Ti.16} ?IL7,8} ?iil8,50} 

x.83,34. 
Philoctetei,T.13} tUL8,33} z.87. 
Philomeh^ 1. 5, 14,41 } x. 4. 
Philomelua, x. 8, 8, 33. 
Philopaemen, ion of Grangis, ir. 88 } 

TiL9} Tui. 87, 49,51, 58. 
Phodaa Retohitinn, x. 1. 
Phodaa War, ir 88} U.6} x.3. 
Phoebe, aeeUihura. 
Phoenix, xT 86. 
Phonnio^ aon of Aaopidioa, L 83, 

89| X.11. 
Photinfa^ tha 8ihw man of Eiythnn, 



Phomio iahoapitable to Oaalor and 

Fbllax, tii. 16. 
PhoRNieaa, IL 15, 19, SO, 81. 
Phrixna, ion of Athaiaaa, L 84} ix* 

34,38. 
Phrontia, the pilot of MenafaMa, z. 

85. 
Phryne, beloYed by Praxltalaa, I. 

80} ix.87} X. 15. 
Phrjrniehna, plaj of, x. 81. 
PhjUloa, i. 37. 
PiUara, Tiil 45. 
Pindar,L8} ix. 88, 83, 85} x.84. 

Quoted or aUuded to^ i. 8, 41 } UU 

85} ir. 8, 30}T. 14, 88} tL 8} 

Tii. 8. 86} lx.88} X.5, 16,88. 
Pineus,il. 
Pirithoua, aon of Zena, and firiend of 

Theseus, I 17, 30} t. 10|. fiii. 

45 } X. 89. 
Fiaander of CSamima, IL 87} Till 

88. 
Piaistratua, tjnnt of Athena, i. 8 

83} ix. 6. CoUecta Homas^i 

Poems, Tii. 86. 
PSttactia of Mitjleno, one of tht 

SeTon Wise Men, x. 84. 
Plane-trees, wonderivl, tIL 88, with 

N«ite. 
Plauniataa at Sparta, Ul 11, 14. 
PUtaa, battle at, t. 83} fi. 3} is. 

8} X.15. 
PUto, the fiunana, L 30} It. 88. 

Quoted, Tii. 17. Cited, x. 84. 
Pluto, 1.38} U.36} ix.83. 
Poeta,atkingir€ourta,i.8. Stntaen 

of,ix.30. 
Pollux, see Dioseun^ 
P«.l/bius, Ttii. 9, 30, 37,44, 48. 
Poljcletus, Argtve statuary, ii. 17, 

80,88,84,87}tL 8»4,7,9,1S| 

TU131. 



HTDIX. 



817 



Pdljerates, i. 9; nh. U 

FoljdamMyTi. 5. 

Fbl jdectes, i. 2S. 

Folygnottis, famont Thasian painter, 

i. 18, 22 { ix. 4 ; X. 25, 2«, 97, 28, 

20, 30, 31. 
Poljnicea,0oii ofCEdipui, IL 19, 20, 

9»i lr.8} U. ^s X. 10. 
Poljrzena, L 22 ; x. 25. 
PomegranRte, iU 17 1 ▼!• 14 { Tiii. 

37) ix. 25. 
Poplar, ii. 10 1 ▼. 18, 14. 
l*(Meidoii, (th9 Latin Nepiim$f) L 94, 

27, 80s ^ 1» ^f SS» M| <▼• 4SI 

vi.25j TiiL 10, 25, 42. 
Pkmxias, x. 10. 
Praxiteles, the famou, lorer of 

Phrjrne, I. 2, 20, 98, 40, 48, 44 1 i i. 

21) ▼. 17( tL 201 ix. 1, 2, 11, 

27, 80 ( X. 15, 87. 
PHam, il 24) iT. 17| x. 25,27. 
Priapne, Ix. 81. 
Processions, i. 2, 29) U.85) TiL 18) 

X.18. 
Frocne,L 24,41. 
Procmstes, i. 88. 
Phstns, iL 7, 12, 18, 25} Tiii. 18) 

X. 10. 
Bromethens, ii. 14, 19 1 t. 10) x. 4. 
Promontorjr called Anf j9whM$^ iil 

22,23. 
Proi^tical men and women, x. 12, 

with Note. 
Proserpine, L 88) il. 86 1 ir. 30 } Tiii. 

31,49,53) ix.23,31. 
Proteas,liL 18) Till. 53. 
Pnirerbs, see iL 9 ) in 17 ) tL 3, 

10) TiL 12) Ix. 9; 80, 37} x« 1, 

14,17,29. 
PMTidenoe, T. 25. 
Pmsias, TiU. II. 
Pbamathe,i.43)ilD. 



Psy ttolea, island of, i. 36 ) It. 86. 
Ptolemies proud of calling themselTSS 

Macedonians, x. 7, of. tL 3. Mnoh 

about the Tarions Ptolemies to, i. 

6,7,8,9. 
Purple, iii. 21 ) t. 19. 
l»nteoli,iT. 85) Tiil7. 
Pylades, i. 99 ) ii. 1 6, 39 ) m. I. 
PjliB, that is Thermopjrla, ix. 15. 
Pylos, It. 9,3,81,36. 
Pyramids, ix. 36. 
Pjrrhns (Neoptolemns), the soo of 

Achilles, i. 4, 11, 13) Ii. 28) iil 

20, 25,26) ir. 17) x. 7,28,94, 

25,36. 
Pyrrhns, King of Eplms, t 6, 9, 10, 

11) It. 29, 35. 
Pythionice, i. 37. 
Pjrtho^T.3) X.8. 

Qaoits,iLl6) t.8) tI. 14. 

Retnm from Iliom, Poem so called, 

X. 28, 29, 30. 
Rhea, TiU. 8, 86 ; ix. 2, 41. 
Rhegium, It. 23, 26 ; t. 25. 
Rhianus, ir. 1, 6, 15, 17. 
Rhinoceros, t. 12) ix. 91. CSalled 

also Ethiopian boll. 
RhoBcus of Samoa, Till 14 ) ix. 41 ) 

X.38. 
Rose, sacred to Aphrodite, tL 24. 
Roxana,wifeof Alexander theGieat, 

L6) ix.7. 

Sacadas, IL 22 ) It. h7) tL 14) ix. 

30 ) X. 7« 
Sacrificei, remaikeUe, Tii. 18 1 rilL 

29,37. 
Sails, an inTwntioii of D^dalns, ix. 

IL 



818 



SMKinrica, aoi to to appPOMlMd 
bjr Um pnifAM, via. ft; X. 39» 
(Fmod •, iwoeid Mta, pfotel Q 

8«ppK tW Lnbiu FoetaMb L 19^ 
SfS viiLl8six.27,ti. 

8Mdmb,Jul7. 

Budia, in. f } iv. Si. 

SsrdiMie lMgliMr» sc 17. 

Sataniin. SeeGrawML 

Bajn, I IS. Sat/r fiT Ptezitdei, 

Lsa 

SeuMuite, T. Sft. 



SctMcUr of GMib jMt, L sa. 

Sdpki. TiiL 30. 

SeiiM. killed by TWmm, L S, 44. 

SoopM, i. 43s & 10* >S| ^ *^S 
via. 28, 4ft, 47 s iz. l^ 17. 

SooqiiiNi wiih wings, is. SI. 

Sfljlk. dugltf « of Kisaa, kgnd 
aboat,iL34. 

8cjUi» nT 8ck»^ fiuMMM dtw, x. 
If. 

ScjthiftM, travtl fai waggoM, viS. 
43. (CiMpftra HoraM, Odes, 
Book lii. Ode S4.f-1L •'CSmh- 
pettret bmHm ScjtkM, QMnm 

pkmstim vagM lite tfihaal doaoib 

yivam.*) 
8M»Red,LS3. 0ead,T.7. 
8eMiMie,v.ll,17}lx.Sft. 
Beletie, e» the Oroatce, L 1ft § vuL 

S3. 

»eiMiorA»tkM^ea,Lft,l«. 
»,de^glit«rof OidBiae, Motker 

•f DiiNijMM bj Zem, H. SI, S7 } 

iiLS4}ix.ft. 
•mipKL 13} 0.4,34} UL 14, SS, 

Sft}lv.SS} vlLSl}lx.S4. 



Ser, aad tke Sam, vL Si. 

8mpkM,LSS. 

8crpnit% rewerkeble omi^ vHL 4, 

1ft. KoBeiBSenliBM,x.l7. 
Skeep^ eeooeipeB jiBg Spiirtea kiacs 

to war, is. 13. 
SkieUe, Med bj tke Oriti » I 

riven, z. SOL 
8kipeiDek»,LSS. 
Sib/iy iL 7 } vii. 8 } z« •• 
Sib/li, verioos, x. IS. 
SkOjr, e nnO kill Ban 

viii.ll. 
8igkt swUealy kit ftfl 

iv.lO,lS; 2.33. 
SikaiM, i. 4, S3} a. SSf IB. SS. 

Sileni BMMrtal, vL S4. 
8iaoiiidea,LS} n.8} vLf f iJLSf 

X.S7. 
Siait, i. 37 } iL 1. (FS^focMqteft.) 
8iraia,iz. 34} z.ft. 
Siaten,k>veorbjfaiotkcnbL7} hr. 

S} is. 31. 
8ian*hBe,eiMior JEolae,!!. l»3Lft} 

JI.31. 
Sleep tkegod BMat frieiidltf to Ike 

MaMa,li.3^ 
Sei jraa, v. 8} vii 8w 
Snake, alory aboat, x. 33. 
Socrates, L SS, 30 ; ix. 3ft. 
SokMi,l.l€,18} X.S4. 
Supkoeles,LSl,S8. 
Sodgvn^ viii. 31. 
Sosipolk. vL SO, Sft. 
.Sparta,iil. 11,13,13,14,13,18^17,18 
Sparti, viil 11} ix. ft. Hoto. 

ix.ia. 
8peeek,ilUdviied,m.7,3. 
Spercklna, river, x. 80, SI, SS, S3. 
Spkaeteria, L 13, 1ft} Hi. ft | i?. Sft| 

v.Sft} vLSS. 
8pkiax,tke,ix.Sft. 



OTDIX. 



319 



Spitleriy ix. 6. 

Stade. See Note, LI. 

Stesichorui, iii. 19. 

Stratagemi of Homer, It* 28. 

Btrongyle, a TolcMiic itUnd, x. 11. 

Stymphelidety birdi M eftUed, tIiI. 

82. 
8tjx, rirer, Tiii. 17, 18. 
Bttbmitsion to an enemj, technical 

term for. Note on x. 20. See alao 

lit 12. 
Bulla, {.20; ix. 7,33| X.SO. 
San-shade need by ladiee, tU. 22. 
Snninm, i, 1,28. 
Snpplianta not to bo iijnred with 

impttnitj,TiL24»25. SeealioiiL 

4( iT.24. 
Sue, river, ix. SO. 

Snta,L42t iii. 9, 16 1 It. 81 1 Ti. 5. 
Swallowt, idioajrncrasy of al Datiliiy 

X.4. 
Swan-eaglet, Tiii, 17. 

Tenamm, promontory of, iii. 14, 25 1 

ir. 24. 
Tantalus, iL 32 ( t. 18 ) z. 80^ 81. 
TaraxippuA, vi. 20. 
Tarentum, iii. 12 1 z. 10, 18. 
Tarsus, Wil 28. 
Telamon, eon of JEacna, L 889 42 1 

iS. 29 ; Tui. 48. 
Telesilla, iL 20, 28, 85. 
TeUiaaof£li8,x. 1, 13. 
Ttoedoiy X. 14. Teoediaa axo, x. 

14. 
Teretta,L6t41| tx. 16|x. 4* 
liBuoer, eon of Telamon, 1. 88 1 fiii. 

15. f 

Thamjfxiii It* 88} ix, 8, 80} s. 7» 

80. 
Thebea, U. 6) It. 27} tIL 18, 17} 

TiiL88}ix.8,8,6,7»8. 



Themis, t. 17 j tIU. 25 } x. 5. 
Themisto, reputed bjr some mother 

of Homer, x. 24. 
Themistoclei, i. 1, 86 } tUL 50, 59 } 

X. 14. 
Theodus, Messenian seer, ir. 16, 20, 

21. 
Theodorus of Samos, iii. 12 ) Tiii. 

14 ; ix. 4 1 ; x. 38. His seal eanred 

out of an emerald fur Poljreratea, 

Till. 14. 
Thermopjln, TiL 15 } ix. 32 } x. 20, 

21. 
Thersites, x. 31. 
Theseus, L 1, 2, 8, 17, 19,22,27,37, 

89,41, 44; il. 1, 22, 30, 32 } iii. 

18,84) r. 10, 111 vil 17} Yiii. 

46,48} ix. 31,40} x. 29. 
Thetis, mother of Achilles, ▼. 18, 22. 
Tliucjdides, the famoua Hbtorian, 

L 23) Ti. 19. Possibly alladed 

to, i. 8. 
Thyestes, ii. 18. 
Thyiades, X. 4, 19,32. 
Thyrsus of DIonysua, ir. 36 } Till. 31. 
Tiger, ix. 21. 

Timagoras, tragic story of, L 30. 
Timon of Athens, the famons Misan« 

thnipe, i. SO. 
Timotheus, the Milesian harper ami 

poet, Iii. 12) Tiii. 5a 
Tiphys, the pilot of the Aig0| ix. 

82. 
Tiresiaa, tIL 3) Ix. 18, 82, 83. 
Tiryns, ii. 16, 17, 25 ) t. 23} tIL 

25} Till. 2, 33, 46} ix. 86. 
Tisias, tL 17. 
Tissaphemee, HL 9. 
Titans, the, tU. 18 } TiiL 37* 
Titjrui,iil. 18} X. 4, 11,29. 
Tomb of Helen, a Jeweas, al Jem- 
Tiii. 16. 



820 



INDEX. 



Tortoitet, i. 44| tUl S3. Ljtm 

made oat of Uieni, ii. 19 } Tiii. 17> 

64. 
Townshipa of AtticA, i. 31, 32, 33. 
Traiton, Tarioiit ones thai tiooblad 

Greece, tH. 10. 
Trajan, the Empemr, W. 35 } t. IS. 
TVeasuriee, is. 36, 37, 38 $ x. II. 
IVench, the Great, i?. 6, 17, SO, SS, 
Tripoda, r. 17 1 Tii. 4. 
THpiolemat, L 14, 38} iL 14 1 tu. 

18 1 Till 4. 
Tritoni,riii. 9) ix. SO, SI. 
TVnien, IL 30, 31, 32, 33, 34. 
Trophies, nnwiidoiii of erecting, Ix. 

40. 
Trophoniufl, It. 13, 33 } Tiii. 10| ix. 

11,37,39,40) X.5. 
Tros, father of Ganymede, t. S4. 
IVojr, whjr it fell, X. 33. (Compare 

Horace, Odea, ill 3. 18-81. << Ilion, 

nion Fatalia Inoestntqne Judex 

£t mnlier percgrina ?ertil In 

pnlverem.'O 
Tjrndareiu,ii. 18) iiLl,15, I7»18,S1. 
TjrranU, the Thirty, I. S9. 
TjmaBoa, It. 8, 8, 13, 14, 16^ 18. 

Ul jssea. Seo OdjBseiis. 
Umpires at Oljrmpia, t. 9. 
Unknown guds, I. I ) t. 14. (Com- 
pare Acts i xrii. 83.) 

Venos. See Aphrodite. 
Vermilion, Tiii. 39. 
Vespaidan,the Komvi Eirpeit)r,TiL 

17. 
Vesta, L 18) Ii. 33) t. 14. 
Vinegar, iU effect on Pearls, tUL 18. 
Voice, fiwnd through terror, x. 15. 
Volcanic islands, X. 11. 
Vuleaii. See HephMtun 



Water, Tarlons kinds of, It. 35. 

To whitewash two wallsy Proverb^ 
tI. 3, See Note. 

Wine elcTating, ill 19. ('•Vinum 
betiftcat cor hominla.* Fs. eUL 
15.) 

Wise Men, the ScTen, L S3 ) x. S4. 
Their famous sayinga, especially 
Know tkyi^f, mad Not too muekqf 
anytkinff, x. 84. 

WoWes, men turned Into, tI. 8 ; tUL 
S. Many in the neighbourhood 
of Crotun, tI. Ii. None In Sar- 
dinia, X. 17. 

Word for the day giTcn to soldlenb 
ix. 87. 

Wordsworth on Daphne. SeeNot^ 
X. 7. 

World, centre of, x. 16. 

Worshipping the deity with other 
people's incense, Proverb, Ix. 30. 

Xanthippus, father of Perioke* 1 S5 ) 

lit 7) Tiii. 68. 
Xenocrates, It. 38 ) Ix. 13. 
Xenophon, i. 3 ) t. 6 ) ix. 15. 
Xerxes, L 8) ill 4) tL5) Tiil.4S, 

46) X. 7,35. 

Toung, Or. , On Oommentators, Pre- 
face, p. tL 

Zancle, iT. 83. 

Zethus,ii. 6) Ix. 5, 8, 17. 

Zeus, (the Latin Jupiter,) the chief of 
the gods, Till 36. Assumed the 
appearance of Amphitryon, t. 18. 
Traditions about his early yeara. 
It. 33 ) T. 7 ) TiiL 8, 88, 36, 38. 
His two Jars, tuI. S4. Bepre- 
sented with throe ^yes, why, II. 
S4. 



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8 



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XBERS' Egyptian FilnoeBS. An 
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Buchheim. 3/. M 

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BLZE'S William Shakespeare. 
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' ELLIS (O.) RpecimenB of Early 
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EFIOTETUS. The Disoourses of. 
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Long, M.A.< 5f. 

EURIPIDES. A New Literal 
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ETTTROPIUS.— 5'## JUSTlN. 

EUSEBIUS PAMPHILUS, 
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EVELTN'S Diary and Oorre- 
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rAIRHOLTS Oostume in Eng. 
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3rd Edition, revised, 1^ Viscount 
Dillon, V.P.S.A. Illustrated with 
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nELDINO*S Adventures of 
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Foundling. With Cniikshank's 
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AmeUa. With Cruikshank»s 

Illustrations 51. 

FLAXMAN'S Leotures on Soulp- 
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With Portrait and 53 Plates. 6/. 

FLORENCE of WORCESTER'S 
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English History, from the De- ' 
parture of the Romans to the 
Reign of Edward I. Translated 
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respondenoe Edited by J. E. 
Ryland. 2 vol*. 3^. 61/. each. 

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ligion. 3x. 6r/. 

Essays on the Evils of Popular 

Ignorance ) to wUcft is §dd94t I 



lO 



An Alphabetical List of Books 



Dbcoaise on the Propagation of 
Christianity in India. 31. 6<i, 

FOSTER'S Easaye on the Im- 
provement of Time. With Notes 
OP Sermons and other Pieces. 

, Fotterlana. Selected and 

Edited by Henry G.Bohn. ys,6d. 

aASPARyS History of Itolian 
Literature. Translated by Her- 
mann Oelsner, M.A., Ph.D. 
- Vol. I. [Preparing. 

QEOFFRBT OF MONMOUTH, 
ChroDiole ot-^Su Six O. £. 
Chrotticla. 

QESTA ROMANORUM, or En- 
tertaining Moral Stories invented 
• by the Monks. Translated by the 
Rev. Charles Swan. Revised 
Edition, by Wynnard Hooper, 
B.A. 5f. 

OILDAB, Obronioles of.— ^ Six 
O. E, ChronicUi, 

GIBBON'S Decline and FaU of 
the Roman Empire. Complete 
and Unabridged, with Variorum 
Notes. Edited by an English 

' Churchman. With 2 Maps and 
Portrait. 7 vols. 3;. td, each. 

GILBART'S History, Prindplea, 

and Practice of Banking. By 

_ the late J. W. Gilbart, F.R.S. 

New Edition, revised by A. S. 

; I^Iichie. 2 vols. lOf. 

GIL BLAS, The Adventurea of. 
Translated from the French of 
Lesage by Smollett. With 24 
Engravings on Steel, after Smirke, 
and 10 Etchings by George Cniik- 
shank. 6x. 

GtRALDUS 0AMBRBN8I8' 
Hlatoiloal Works. Translated 
by Th. Forester, M.A., and Sir 
R. Colt Hoare Revised Edition, 
Edited by Thomas Wright, M.A., 
f.S.A. }*• 



GOETHE'S Worka. Translated 
into English by various hands. 
14 vols. 31. 6</. each ^ 

I. 'and II. — Antobiography and 
Annals. 
III.— Faust Two Parts, com- 
plete. (Swan wick.) 
IV.— Novels and Tales, 
v.— Wilhelm Meister's Appren- 
ticeship. 
VI. -Conversations with Ecker- 
mann and 5k>ret. 
VIII.— Dramatic Worics. 
IX.— Wilhelm Meister's Travels. 
X. — Tour in Italy, and Second 

Residence in Rome. 
XI.— Miscellaneous Travels. 
XII. — Early and Miscellaneous 

Letters. 
XIII — Correspondence with Zelter. 
XIV.— Reineke Fox, WestEastern 
Divan and Achilleid. 

GOETHE'S Faust. Part I. Ger- 
man Text with Ilayward's Prose 
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by C A. Buchheim, Ph.D. %s. 

GOLDSMITH'S Works. A new 
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vols. ]^. &/. each. 

GRAMMONT'S Memoirs of the 
Court of Charles II Edited bv 
Sir Walter Scott. Together with 
the BoscOBKL TaACi*s, including 
two not before published, Ac 
New Edition. 51. 

GRAY'S Letters. Edited by the 
Rev. D. C Tovey, M.A. 

[In ih$pnss. 

GREEK ANTHOLOGY. Trans- 
lated by George Burges, Af .A. 5f . 

GREEK ROMANCES of HeUO; 
dorus, liOngus, and Aohlllea 
Tatlus— vis.. The Advi^ntures of 
Theagenes & Chariclea ; Amoufs 
of Daphnis and Chloe ; aind Loves 
of CUtopho and Leucippe* Trans- 
lated mr Rev. R. South, MA. 



CdHtdiiied ih Bohfis Lihrariei. 



}{ 



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Evidences, Doctrines, A Duties 
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Dr. Olinlhus Gre}.ory. ji. dd. 

GBSENi:, MARLOWS, and 
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dRIMM'S TALES. With the 
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by Mrs. A. Hunt. With Intro- 
duction by Andrew Lsng, M.A. 
a vols. 3J. 6</. each. 

Oammer Orethel; or, Ger- 
man Kairy Talcs and Popular 
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Tales. Trans, by Edgar Taylor. 
With numerous Woodcuts after 
tieorge Cruikshank and lAidwig 
Grimm. Ji. dd, 

QROSSI'S Maroo Yisoontl. 
Translated by A. F. D. The 
Ballads rendered into English 
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GUIFOrs History of the Origin 
of Representative Oovemment 
in Europe. Translated by A. R. 
Scoble. 3f. M. 

History of the English Re- 
volution of 1640. From the 
Accession of Charles I. to his 
Death. Translated l)y William 
TIazlitt. 3x. dd. 

History of Oivillsatlon, from 

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HARLWI0K*8 History of the 
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HAT7F7*8 Tales. The Caravan— 
The Sheik of Alexandria- The 
Inn in the Spessart. Trans, from 
the German oy S. Mendel. 31. dd^ 



HAWTHORNE'S Tales. 4 vols. 
31. 6r/. each. 
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Snow Image. 
II.- Scarlet Letter,andthe House 
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III.— Transformation [The Marble 
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mance. 
IV.— Mosses from an Old Manse. 

HAZLITT'S Table-tolk. E.s»ivs 
on Men and Manners. By Wt 
Ilaslitt. 3J. dd, 

Leotures on the Literature 

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y.dd. 

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Writers. 31. dd. 

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on Book.% Men, and Things. ysM. 

Round Tab e. 3^. 6</. 

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by W. i.'arew Haslitt. 3/. td. 

BEATON'S Conoise History of 
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HEQEL^S Leotures on the Philo- 
sophy of History. Translated l)y 
J. Sibree, M.A. 

HEINE'S Poems, Complete. 
Translated by Edgar A. Bowring, 
C.B. 3J. 6rf. 

Travel-Pjotures, including the 

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Book of Ideas, together with the 
Romantic School. Translated by 
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revi-vd throughout. With Appen- 
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HELP'S Life of Ohxlatopber 
Oolumbna, tiie Discoverer of 
America* By Sir Arthur Helps, 
K.C.B. y,dd. 



ti 



An AipkahiticaiLisi of Soaks 



HBLF8 Life of Hernando Oortet, 
and the Conquest of Mejiico. 2 
vols, y, 6ti. each. 

Life of Piiftrro. 31. M. 

Life of Las Oasaa the Apostle 

of the Indies. 31. 6</. 

HSNOERSON (S.) 9e)eot Hia- 
toilcalDooumen a of the Middle 
Agea, including the most famous 
Charten relating to England, the 
Fmpire, the Church, &c, from 
the 6th to the 14th Centuries. 
Translated from the Latin and 
edited by Ernest F. Henderson, 
A.a, A.M., Ph.D. 5i. . 

HBNFRE . *B Guide to Engllah 
OolDa, from the Conquest to the 
present time. New and revised 
Edition by C F. Keary, M.A., 
F.S.A. is. 

HENRY OF HUNTINGDON'S 
Hiatory of the Engliah. Trans- 
lated by T. Forester, MA. 51. 

HENRY'S (Matthew) EzpoalUon 
oftheBcokof thePsalma. 51. 

HBLIODORUS. Theagetea and 
Chariolea. — Su Gkebk Ro- 
mances. 

HERODOTUS. Translated by the 
Rev. Henry Cary, M.A. $s,6ti. 

Notea on. Original and Se* 

lected from the be.«c Commenta- 
tors. Bv D. W. Turner, M A. 
With Coloured Map ys. 

Analyaia and Summaiy of. 

ByJ. T.Wheeler. 51 

HESIOD, 0ALLIMA0HU6,and 
THEOGNI8. Translated by the 
Rev. J. Banks, M.A. 51. . 

HOFFMANN'S (E. T. ^ . The 
Serapion Brethren. Translated 
from the German by Lt-Col. Alex. 
Ewing. 2 vols. 3/. M. each. 

HOGG'S (Jabei) Slementa of 
Experimental and Natural 
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cuts. $t. 



HOLBEIN'S Danoe of Death 
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Subjects, engraved in focsimile, 
with Iniroduaion and i>escrip- 
tiuns by Francis Douce and Dr. 
Thomas Frugnall Dibden. 51. 

HOMER'S Iliad. TransUted into 
English Pruse by T. A. Buckley, 
B.A. 51. 

Odyaaej. Hymns, Epigrams, 

and Battle of the Frogs and Mice. 
Translatetl into English Prose by 
T. A. Buckley, B.A. y, 

Set also Cowpsa and Pope. 

HOOPER'S (G.) Waterloo: The 
Downfall of the Firat Napo- 
leon: a History of the Ca npaign 
of 1815. By George Hooper. 
With Maps and Plans, js, 6a, 

The Oampalgn i f Sedan : 

The Downfall of the Second Em- 
pire, August • 5>eplember, 1870. 
With General Map and hix Plans 
of Battle. 3/. 6</. 

HORAOE. A new literal Prose 
translation, by A. Hamilton Bryce, 
LL.D. 3J.6«/. 

HUGO'S (Yiotor) Dramatlo 
Worka. Htmani — Ruy Bias— 
The King's Diversion. Translated 
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F L. Slous. 3x. 6ti. 

Poema, chiefly Lvrical. Trans- 
lated by various Writers, now first 
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HUM BOL DT'S Coamoa. Trans* 
lated by E C. Ott^, B. H. Paul, 
and W. S. Dallas, F.L.S. {vols. 
ys, 6d. each, excepting Vol. V. 51. 

Peraonal NarxaUTa of his 

Travels to the Equinoctial Regions 
of America during the years 1799- 
180^. Translated by T. Ross. 3 
vols. 51. each. 

— Ylewa of Nature. Translated 
by E. C Ott^ and H. G. Bohn. 



Contdtmd in Bohtis Libraries. 



U 



HUMPHRBYS' Com OoUeotora' 
ManuaL By H. N. Humphreys. 
With upwards of 140 Illustrations 
on Wood and Steel. 2 vols. 5^. 
each. 

HUNQARY: its History and Re- 
volution, together with a copious 
Memoir of Kossuth 51. 6d, 

HUTCHINSON (Oolonel). Me- 
molra of the Life of. By his 
Widow, Lucv : ti^geiher with her 
Autobiography, and an Account 
of the Siege of Laihom House. 
31. W. 

HUNT*S Poetry of Solenoa By 
Richard Hunt. 3rd Edition, re- 
vised and enlarged. 5/. 

INDIA BEFORS THS SEPOY 
MUTINY. A Piotorlal, De. 
soripttYe, and Blstorloal Ao- 
ooimt, from the Earliest Times 
to the Annexation of the Puniab. 
With upwards of loo Engravings 
on Wood, and a Map. 51. 

INQULPH'S Ohronloles of the 
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H. T. Riley, M.A. 51. 

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plete Works. 15 vols. With Por- 
traits, &c 3/. M, each. 
L^Salmagundi, Knicker- 
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York. 
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panions. 
VIIL^Astoria, A Tour on the 
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XL— Life of Mahomet, Livesof the 
Successors of Mahomet. 
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Roost. 
XL— Biographies and Miscella- 
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ington. 4 vols. 

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ISOORATES, The Orations of. 
Translated by J. H. Freese, M.A. 
V0I.L 51. 

JAMES S (O. P. R) Life of 
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3/. hd. each. 

^ The Life and Times of Louis 

XIV. 2 vols. 3J. 6</. each. 

JAMESON'S (Mrs.) Shake- 
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. the Protectoraie. 3 vols. With 

42 Portraits. 51. each. 

Memoirs of the Pretenders 

and their Adherents. With 6 
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Edited by Mrs. Alexander Napier, 
with Introductton by Professor 
Hales. 3 vols. 31. &/• each. 

JOSEPHU8 (Flavins), The Works 
of. Whiston's Translation, re- 
vised by Rev. A. R. Shilleto, M. A. 
With Topographical and Geo- 
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31. (kf. each. 



14 



An Alphabetical List oj Books 



JOYOE'8 Soientlfio Dialogues. 
With numerous Woodcuts. 51. 

J UKJilS-BROWNE (A. J.), The 
Building of the British lales: 
a Study in Geofrraphical Evolu- 
tion. Illustrated by numerous 
Maps and Woodcuts, and Edition, 
revised, 7/. 6iL 

•— — Student's Handbook of 
Physical Geology. With nu- 
merous Diagrams and Illustra- 
tions, and Edition, much en- 
brged, 71. M. 

The Student's Handbook of 

Historical Geology. With nu- 
merous Diagrams and Illustra- 
tions. 6s. 

JULIAN, the Emperor. Contain- 
ing Gregory Nasianzcn's Two In- 

. veclives and Libanus* Monody, 
with Julian's extant Theosophical 
Works. Translated by C. W. 
King, M.A. 51. 

JUSTI N, COR NEUXJS NEPOS, 
and EUTROFIUS Translated 
by the Rev. J. S. Watson, M.A. 

JUVENAL, FERSIUS, SUL- 
PIGIAandLUOILIUS. Trans- 
lated by L. Evans, M.A. 5/. 

JUNIUS'S Letters. With all the 
Notes oA Wood&U's Edition, and 
important Additions, a vols. 31.6^. 
each. 

XANT'S OriUqua of Pure Reason. 
Translated by J. M. D. Meikle- 
John. 5/. 

- — Prolegomena and Meta- 
phyiloalFoundatlonsofNatural 
Solenoe. Translated by E. Belfort 
Bax. 51. 

KEIGHTLByS (Thomas) My- 
thology of Anolent Greeoe and 
Italy. 4th Edition, revised by I 
Leonard Schmitt, Ph.D, LL.D. 
With la Plates Horn the Antique, 



KEIGHTLEyS Fairy Myth- 
ology, illustrative of the Romance 
and Superstition of Various Coun- 
tries. Revised Edition, with 
Frontispiece by Cruikshank. 5/* 

LA FONTAINE'S Fables. Trans- 
lated into English Verse by Elisur 
Wright. New Edition, wjth Notes 
byj. W. M.Gibbi. yi.6d. 

LAMARTINE'S History of the 
Girondists. Transkted by II. T. 
Ryde. 3 vols, ys, 6t/, each. 

History of the Restoratloii 

of Monarchy In France (a Sequel 
to the History of the Girondists). 
4 vols. 31. M. each. 

History of the Frenoh Re- 
volution of 1848. 31. 6r/. 

LAMB'S (Gharles) Essays of BUa 

and EUana. Complete Edition. 
p.6(i. 

Specimens of English Dra- 
matic Poets of the Time of 
EUsabeth. p.eJ. 

Memorials and Lettera of 

Charles Lamb. By Serjeant 
Talfourd. New Edition, revised, 
by W. drew Hazlitt. a vols. 
3x. M. each. 

LANZI'S History of Pahiting in 
Italy, from the Period of the 
Revival of the Fine Arts to the 
End of the Eighteenth Century. 
Translated by Thomas Roocoe. 
3 vols. 3^. 6d. each. 

LAPPENBERG'S History of 
England under the Anglo- 
Saxon Xlnga. Translated by 
B. Thorpe, F.S.A. New edition, 
revised by E. C. Ott^ 9 vols. 
y, 6d, each. 

LEOTURES ON PAINTING, 
by Barry, Opie, Fuseli. Edited 
by R. Womum. 51. 

LEONARDO DA VINCI'S 
Treatise on Painting. Trans- 
lated by J. F. Rigaud» R.A^ 



Contained in Bokn's Libraries. 



15 



With a Life of Leonardo by John 
William Brown. With numerous 
Plates. 5J. 

UCLANO'8 Itinerary. Edited by 

LAurence Gomme, F.S.A. Vol. I. 

{In ihi Frtss, 

X«EPSIUS'8 Letters txom Egypt, 
'• Ethiopia, and the Peninsula of 
• Sinai Translated by L. and 
J. B. Horner. With Maps. 51. 

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Complete. Edited b:^ ^raest Bell, 

" M.A. With Memoir of Lessing 
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^ — Laokoon, Dramatic Notes, 
and the Representation of 
Death by the Anoients. Trans- 
lated by E. C. Beaslev and Helen 
Zimmem. Edited by Edward 
Bell. M.A. With a Frontispiece 
of the Laokoon group, y. M, 

LILLY'S Intraluotion to Astro- 
logy. With a Grammar op 
Astrology and Tables for Cal- 
culating Nativities, by Zadkiel. $s, 

ZJVY*8 History of Rome. Trans- 
lated by Dr. Spillan, C. Edmonds, 
and others. 4 vols. 5/. each. 

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Life and Letters: By Lord 

King. 31. M, 

liOOKHART (J. O.)— 5m Burns. 

LODGE'S Portraits of niastrious 
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LOWNDES' BibUographer's 
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Enlarged Edition. By H. G. 
Bohn. 6 vols, cloth, 51. eadi. 
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LONQUS. Daphnis and Ohloe. 
--^ee Greek Romances. 

LUOAN*S Pharsalia. Translated 
by H. T. Riley, M.A. J*. 

LUOIAN'S Dialogues of the 
Oods, of the Sea Gods, and 
of the Dead. Translated by 
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LUCRETIUS. Translated by the 
Rev. J. S. Watson, M.A. $/. 

LUTHER'S Table-Talk. Trans- 
lated and Edited by William 
Ilazlitt. 3x. 6</. 

Autobiography. — ^Vf 

MiCllELBT. 

MAOHLAVELLI'S History of 
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' Prince, Savonarola, various His- 
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navians. Translated by Bishop 
Percy. Revised and Enlarged 
Edition, with a Translation of the 
Prose Edda, by J. A. Black- 
well. 5x. 

MANTELL'S (Dr.) Petrifactions 
and thehr Teachings. With nu- 
merous illustrative Woodcuts. 61. 

— Wonders of Geology. 8th 
Edition, revised by T. Rupert 
Jones, F.G.S. With a coloured 
Geological Map of England, 
Plates, and upwards of 900 
Woodcut^ 2 vols, yi, (kf. eschr 



i6 



An Alphabetical List of Books 



ICANZONL The Betrothed: 
bdn^ a Trmnslatioo of 'I Pro- 
messi Sposi.' By Alcssandro 
Mantoai. With numerous Wood- 
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. KAROO POLO'S Tnvele; the 
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-' Priyateeraman. 8 Engrav- 
ings on Steel. 3/. 6a 

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gravings by Gilbert and DaUid. 

31. ttL 
Poor Jaok. With 16 lUus 

trations after Churkson Stansfield, 

R.A. 31.61/. 

Peter Shnple. With 8 iuU- 

page Illustrations. 31. 6</. 

Mldahipman Easy. With 8 

full page Illustrations. 31. td* 

MARTIAL'S Epigrams, complete. 
TransUted into Prose, each ac- 
companied by one or more Verse 
Translations selected from the 
Works of English PoeU, and 
other sources. 71. 6</. 

MARTINEAU'S (Harriet) His- 
tory of England, from 1800- 
1815. 31. 6<£ 

History of the Thirty Tears* 

Peace, a.d. 1815-46. 4 vols. 
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0— — Su Comi^tF$siiiviPhihstpky. 

liATTHSW PARIS'S English 
History, from the Year isjs to 
ia73. TransUted by Rev. J. A. 
9i}e^D.C|[e' J vols. $1. each* 



MATTHEW OF WESTMIN- 
STER'S nowofs of History, 
from the beginning of the World 
to A.a 1307. Translated by C D. 
Yonge« M.A. 2 vols. 5/. each. 

MAXWELL'S Victories of Wei- 
Ungton and the British Armies. 
Frontispiece and 5 Portraits. 51. 

MENZEL'S History of Oermany, 
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MIOHAEL ANOELO AND 
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MILL (J. 8.). Eariy Essays by 
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MILLER (Professor). History 
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MILT0N*8 Prose Woriuk Edited 
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by [. . 
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Contained in BohtCs Librarus. 



17 



HITFORD'S (Miss) Our Village. 
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MONTAGU. The Letters and 
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. Montagu. Ertited by her great- 
l^randson, Lord WharnclifTc's Edi- 
tion, and revised by W. Moy 
Thomas. New Edition, revised, 

. with 5 Portraits. 2 vols. 51. each. 

.MONTAIGNE'S Essays. Cotton's 
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y, M. each. 
MONTESQUIEU'S Spirit of 
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A.M. svokk 3J. 6</. each. 

MOTLEY (J. L.). The Rise of 
the Dutch Republic. A Mistory. 
By John Lothrop Motley. New 
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dttction by Moncure D. Conway. 
3 vols, p, 6</. each. 

MORFHY'S Games of Ohess. 

Being the Matches and best Games 

. played by the American Champion, 

with Explanatory and Analytical 

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British Islands. Revised by W. 
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NAVAL AND MILITARY HE- 
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3uest by Sea and Land, on every 
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{fiSolfip^M^ a^Pcrtiaiis. di. 



NEANDER (Dr. A.). History 
of the Ohrlstlan Religion aud 
Churoh. Trans, from the (ierman 
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Life of Jesus Christ. Trans- 

- lated by J« McClintock and C 
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Tratnliigofthe Christian Ohuroh 
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— — - Memorials of Ohrlstlan Life 

, in the Early and Middle Ages ; 
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NIBELUNGEN LIED. The 
Lay of the Nibelungs, metrically 
translated from the old German 
text by Alice Hotton, and edited 
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is prefixed the Essay on the Nibe- 
lungen Lied by Thomu Carlyle. 

NEW TESTAMENT (The) in 
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the page, and Parallel References 
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3rd Edition, revised and corrected. 
' Two Facsimiles of Greek Manu- 
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The Lexicon may fa« had sepa- 
rately, price 21. 

NICOLINI'B History of the 
Jesuits: their Ori^n, Progress, 
Doctrines, and Designs. With 8 
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NORTH (R.) Lives of the Right 
I Ion. Francis North, Baron Guild- 
ford, the Hon. Sir Dudley North, 
and the Hon. and Rev. Dr. John 
North. By the Hon. Roger 
Noftb. Tp^erw|Uitlif Av^ 



i8 



An Alphabetical List of Books 



, . , . biography ol the Au tbor. Edited 
'. ■ by Augustus J cfisopp, D.D» 5»oli* 

••NuaENT'S (Loid) MemoriAlB 

of Hampdeo. h^a Part|^ «ad 

1 Tlmea. Witb » Memoir of Ihe 

Author^ an Autograph Letter » and 

, .. PoflraiU S/* 

••'OOKLEY (S.J Hletoiy of the 
^ . fiamceiiB and Iheir GODque^U 
In Spia, Feraia, and EgTpt 
.. ; By Si mon Ockley » B, D, , Trofessor 
..; of Arabic in the University of 
' Cambiidgt, ji. 6i. 

OMAH(J, a) The Great Indian 

EpSoi: the Storit^of the Rama- 

VANA mnd the MAHAnUARATA. 



' By John Campbell Oman, Pdo- 
••■ cipal of Khilsa College, AmniAar* 
With Notes r Appendketi and 



. Iltu^tFatioas. Jj. 6rf. 

OBDERiaUS YITAUS' Eoole 

alastloal HJstory of Engla&d 

• and Nojrmandy. Tran&Uted hy 

■• T* Fotestcrp M.A. To which ii 

' Added the Chronicle of St* 

EvROULT. 4 Yoli, 5 J. each. 

OYID'S Works, complete. Uteratly 
tratislaied into Pfose* J vols* 
^s. each« 

PASCAL'S Thoughts. Translated 
from the Text of M. Aitguate 
Molinier by C. Kegan Paul. Jfd 

. Ediiion. jr. 6^- 

PAUIJ'S pr. B.) Life of Alfred 
" the Qreat Translated from the 
German. To which b appended 
Alfred's Akglo- Saxon Veksion 
OF OaosiUK. With a literal 
,. Translitton iftterpaged^ Notes ^ 
and an Anglo-Saxon GRAMMAa 
and Glossary, by B. Thorpe, p. 

PAnSAHIAS' DeaorlptloQ of 
Qreeoeu NcwlytranslatedbyA^R, 
Shilleio, M.A. 3 Tols, p. each. 

FEABSON'S ExpooltloD of th« 
Creed. Edit^ by E. Walford, 



PEPTa' Diary and Ckirnipoud^ 
eoce. Deciphered by the Rct. 
L Smitht M.A-i from the original 
Shurthand MS. in the Pepyaiaii 
Library. Edited by Lord Bray- 
brooke, 4 ^oh. With J! En- 
gravings. $1^ each, 

PERCY'S Heliquea of Aiiol«Qt 
EngUah Foet]?. With an Essay 
on Ancient Minstreh and a Glot^ 
sary. Edited by J. V. Prttchatdj 
A^M* 1 vols. ^. 6ef. each, 

PETRARCH'S Sonnotip Tfl- 
umphs. and other Poems* 
Translated into Eni>[1iib Verse by 
various Il^inds. With a Life of 
ihe Poet by Thonms Campbell. 
With Tor trait and 15 Steel En- 
gravings. SJ. 

FHILO-JnDiBnS. Works of* 
Translated by Prof. C D. Yonge, 
M.A. 4 vols. jj. each. 

KOKERIKG-S History of the 
Baoes of Man, and their Geo- 
graphi(Al Distribution. With An 
Analytical SvNOr^ls or ths 
Natural History of Man by 
Dr. Ilatb With a Map of the 
World and 1 3 coloured Plates. 51. 

PINDAR TranBbted into Fro^ 
by Dawson W. Turner. To which 
is added the Metrical Version by 
Abraham Moore, p. 

PLAKGITS, matory of Britiih 
GOfltume, from the Earliest Time 
to the Close of the Eighteenth 
Century. By J. R. Planch6, 
Somerset Herald. With upwardt 
of 400 lILustratioTvs. 5/. 

PLATO'S Woi-ks. Literally trans* 
tatedi with Introduction and 
Notes. 6 vols. 51. each. 
I.— The Apology of Socrates, 
Cirito, Phndo, Gor|;ias» Pro- 
tagoras, Phsedrus, Th^eteiuit 
Euihypbron, LysLs. Trani- 
.^ lated by the Rfv, t|. Csfcy. 



Cotttditud in Bohis Libfariei. 



t9 



Plato's Works c^uHnutd, 
IL— The Republic, Timseus, and 

Critias. Translated by Henry 

Davis. 
IIL— Meno, Euthydentos, The 

Sophist, Statesman, Cratylo9, 
. Parmenides, and the Banquet 

Translated by (i. Burgcs. 
IV.— Philebus, Charmides, Laches, 

Menexenus, Ilippias, Ion, 

The Two AlcilMades, The- 

ages. Rivals, Hipnarchus, 

Klinos, Qitopho, Epistles. 

Translated by G. Rurgfs. 
v.— The Laws. Translated by 

G. Burges. 
VL— The Doubtful Works. Trans- 

bued by G. Surges. 

Summary and Analysis of 

the Dialogaes. With Analytical 
Index. By A. Day, LL.D. $/. 

FLAUTUS'S Comedies. Trans- 
lated 1^ H. T. Riley, M.A. 2 
vols. 5f . each. 

PLINY'S Natural History. 
Translated by the late John 
Bostock, M.D., F.R.S., and H. T. 
Riley, M.A. 6 vols. 5x. each. 

FLINT. The Letters of PUny 
the YouDger. Melmoth's trans- 
lation, revised bjr the Rev. F. C. 
T. Bosanquet, M.A. 5/. 

PLOTINUS, Seleot Works ot 

Translated by Thomas Taylor. 

With an Introduction containing 
' the substance of Pot^yry's Plo- 

tinus. E ^ited by G. R. S. Mead, 

&A.,M.R.A.S. 5f. 

PLUTABOH'S Lives. Translated 
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Long, M.A. 4 vols. 3/. &/. each. 

Morals. Theosophical Essays. 

Translated by C W. King, M.A. 

$*• 
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Translated by the Rev.' A. R. 

SUlleto, M.A. 5/. 



POETRY OF AMERICA. Se* 
leotions from One Hundred 
American Poets, from 1776 to 
1876. By W. J. Linton. 3r ^ 

POLITICAL CYCLOPJBDIA. 
A Diotionary of Political, Con* 
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Laws, and Social Relations. 4 
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FOPE*S Poetloal Works. Edited* 
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Carruthers. With numerous lUos 
trations. 2 vols. 51. each. 

Homer*s niad. Edited Wy- 
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Homer's^ Odyssey, with the 

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man's Designs. 51. 

Life, including many of his 

letters. By Robert Carruthers. 
With numerous Illustrations. 5/. 

P0U8HKIN*S Prose Tales: The 
Captain's Daughter— Doubrovsky 
— The Queen of Spades — An 
Amateur Peasant Girl— The Shot 
—The Snow Storm— The Post- 
master — The Coffin Maker — 
Kirdjali— The F^ntian NighU— 
Peter the Great's Negro. Trans- 
lated by T. Keane. 3/. &/. 

PROPERTIUa Translated by 
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PROVERBS, Handbo6k of. Con- 
talnfatg an entire Republication 
of Rev's CoUectloo of Enelish 
Pioverbsi with has additioiis from 



M 



An Alpkaheticat List of £ooks 



Foreign Langpmges and a com- 
plete Alphalieticallnd-x; in which 
are intruduced large additions as 
well of Proverbs as of Sayings, 
Sentences. Maxims, and Phrases, 
collected hy H. G. Bohn. S'. 

PROVERBS, A Polyglot of 
Foreign. Comprising French, 
Italian, German, Dutch, Spanish, 
Portuguese, and Danish. With 
English 1*ranslations & a General 
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POTTERY AND PORCELAIN, 
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the Bemal Collection of Works 
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• they were sold by auction, and 
names of the possessors. To which 
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on Pottery and Porcelain, and an 
Engraved List of all the known 
Marks and Monograms. By Henry 
G. Bohn. With numerous Wood 
Engravings, 5/. ; or with Coloured 
Illustrations, lOf. 6(/. 

PROX7T'8(Fatb«r)ReUqueB. Col- 
Iccted and arranged by Rev. F. 
Mahony. Copyright edition with 
the Author's last conections and 
additions. New issue, with 21 
Etchings by D. Madise, R.A 
Nearly 600 pages. 51. 

QUINTILIAN'S InaUttttea of 
Oratory, or Education of an 

Orator. Translated by the Rev. 
.S. Watson, M.A. 2 vols. 51. 

each. 

RAOINE'S (Jean) DramaUo 
Works. A metrical English ver- 
sion. By R. Bruce Boswell, M.A. 
Oxon, 2 vols. 3/. M, each. 

RANEE'S History of the Popes, 
their Church and State, and espe* 
dally of their Conflicts with Pro- 
testantism in the i6th and lytb 
centuries. Tianslstcd by E. 
Foster. 3 vols. 31. M each. 



RANKE'S History of the Latin 
and Teutonio Nations, 1494- 
1514. Trans, by P. A. Ash worth. 
31. 6i^. 

History of Senrla and the 

Senrlan Revolution. With an 
Account of the Insurrection in 
Bosnia. Translated by Mrs. Kerr. 

REUMONT (Alfred de). Su 
Casafas. 

RECREATIONS InBHOOTINa. 
By* Craven.' With 62 Engravings 
on Wood after Harvey, and 9 
Engravings on Steel, chiefly after 
A. Cooper, R.A. 5/. 

RENNIE'S Insect Arohiteotnre. 
Revised and enlarged by Rev. 
T. G. Wood, M.A. With 186 
Woodcut Illustrations. 51. 

REYNOLD'S (Sir J.) Literary 
Works. Edited by H. W. Beechy. 
2 vols. 31. td, each. 

RIOARDO on the Principles of 
Polltioal Economy and Taxa- 
tion, Edited by E.C.K. Conner, 
M.A. S'. 

RIOHTER (Jean Paul Piledrlch). 
Lef ana, a Treatise on Educations 
together with the Autiobiography 
(a Fragment), and a short Pre- 
fatory Memoir. 31. 6^. 

Flower, Fruit, and Thorn 

Pieces, or the Wedded UfcDeath, 
and Marriage of Firmian Stanis- 
laus Siebenkaes, Parish Advocate 
in the Parish of KuhschnappeL 
Newly uanslated by Lt. -Col. Alex. 
Ewing. 31. 6^. 

ROGER DE HOYEDSN*S An- 
nals of English History, com- 
prising the Histor)r of England 
and of other Countries of Europe 

from A.D. 73a to A.O. I20I. 

Translated by fl. T. Riley, M.A* 
a vols. $1. 



Contained in Bokn^s Libraries. 



it 



ROGER OF WENDOVER'S 
Flowers of Hlriory, comt.*rising 
the History of England from the 
l>escent of the Saxons to a.d. 
i235,rormerlyascribed to Matthew 
Pans. Translated by J. A. Giles, 
D.C.L. a vols. 5/. each. 

ROME In the NINETEENTH 
CENTURY. C ontaining a com- 
plete Account of the Ruins of the 
Ancient City, the Remains of the 
Middle Ages, and the Monuments 
of Modern Times. By C. A. Eaton. 
With 34 Sttel Engravings a vols. 
5«. each. 

See Burn and Dyer. 

ROSOOE'S (W.) Life and Pontt- 
fioate of Leo X. Final edition, 
revised by Thomas Roscoe. 2 
vols. 3*. M, each. 

tilfe of Lorenzo de' Medlol, 

callH *the Magnificent.' With 
bis j#oems, letters, Ac, loth 
Edition, revised, with Memoir of 
. Roscoe by his Son. 31. M, 

RUSSIA History of, from the 

earliest Period, compiled from 

. the most authentic sources by 

Walter K. Kelly. With Portraits. 

2 vols. 31. 6d, each. 

SALLU8T, FLORUS, and VEL- 
LBIU8 PATEROULUS. 
Translated by J. S. Watson, M.A. 

SCHILLER'S Works. Translated 
by various hands. 7 vols. 31. 6d, 
^ each I—. 

' L—Iliktory of the Thirty Years* 

War. 

IL-^ History of the Revolt in the 

Netherlands, the Trials of 

, CountsEgmont and Horn, 

• ^ the Siege of Antwerp, and 

the Disturbances in h ranee 

preceding the Reign of 

Henry IV. 



Schillbr's Works ccntinued, 

HI.— Don Carlos, Mary Stuart, 
Maid of Orleans, Bride of 
Messina, together with the 
Use of the Chorus in 
Tragedy {a short Essay). 
These Dramas are all 
translated in metre. 

IV.— Robr^rs ( with Schiller's 
original Preface), Fie&co, 
Love and Intrigue, De- 
metrius. Ghost Seer, Sport 
of Divinity. 

The Dramas in this 
.volume are translated into 
Prose, 
v.— Poems. 

VI.— Essays,yEstheticaland Philo- 
sophical. 
VII.— Wallenstein*s Camp, Pic- 
colomini and Death of 
Wallenstein, William Tell. 

SOHILLER and GOETHE. 
Correspondence between, from 
A.D. 1794-1805. Translated by 
L. Dora Schmits. i vols. 31. 6dl 
each. 

SOHLEQEL'S (F.) Lectures on 
the Philosophy of Life and the 
Philosophy of Language. Trans- 
lated by the Rev. A. J. W.~ Mor- 
rison, M.A. 3^. 6d. 

Lectures on the History of 

Literature, Ancient and Modem. 
Translated from theGerman. yjbd, 

Lectures on the Philosophy 

of History. Translated by J. B. 
Robertson. 3^. 6</. 

Lectures on Modem History, 

together with the Lectures entitled 
Cxsar and Alexander, and The 
i^eginning of our History. Trans- 
lated by L* Purcell and R. H. 
Whitetocic. 3/. 61/. 

wSsthetio and IfflsoeUaneom 

Works. Translated by B. J. 
MillingtOB. 3f. M 



22 



An Alpftabeiical List df Books 



BOHLEQEL (A. W ) Leotures 
on Dramatio Art and Literature. 
Translated by J. Black. Revised 
Edition, hv the Rev. A. J. W. 
Morri3on, M.A. p, 6d. 

80HOPENHAUER on the Four- 
fold Root of tbe Principle of 
SufBoient Reason, and On the 
Will In Nature. Translated by 
Madame llillebrand. $s. 

-*— ^ Bsaayg. Selected and Trans- 
lated. With a Biographical Intro- 
duction and Sketch of his Philo- 
sophy, by E. Belfort Bax. 5^. 

SOHOUW'S Earth, Plants, and 
Man. Translated by A. Ilenfrcy. 
With coloured Map of the Geo- 
graphy of Plants. $s, 

SOHUMANN (Robert). His Life 
and Works, by August Reissmann. 
Translated by A. C Alger. p,6d, 

EarlyLettera. Originally pub- 

blished l^ his Wife. Translated 
by May Herbert. With a Preface 
by Sir George Grove, D.C L 

8EKIS0A on Benefits. Newly 
translated by A. Stewart, M.A. 

•- — Minor Essays and On Olem- 
enoy. Translated by A. Stewart, 
M.A. 51. 

8HAKESPEARE*S Dramatio 
Art The History and Character 
of Shakespeare's Plays. By Dr. 
Hermann Ulrici. Translated liv 
' L. Dora Schmitz. 1 vols. 31. 6rf. 
each. 

8HAKESPEARE (WlUlam). A 
Literary Biography by Karl Else, 
Ph.D., LL.D. Translated by 
L. Dora Schmitz. 51. 

8HARPE (S.) The History of 
SSypti from the Earliest Times 
till the Conquest by the Arabs 
A.D. 64a By Samuel Sharpe. 
a Maps and upwards of 400 lUos- 
ttative Woodcuts, a vols. $s. each. 



SHERIDAN'S r r4matlo Works, 
Complete. With Life by G. G. S. 
3J. 6r/. 

SISMONDrS History of the 
Literature of the South of 
Europe. Translat<kl by Thomas 
Roscoe. 2 vols. jx. Mi each. 

SDt OLD ENGLISH dHROit^ 
lOLES: viz., Asskr's Life op 

AI.PRBD AND THSCHltONICtBSOP 

Ethki wkrd, Gildas, Nknnius, 
Gbokkrby op Monmouth, and 
Richard opCirf.ncrstbr. 
Edited by J. A. Gdes, O.C. L. 51. 

SYNONYMS and ANTONYMS, 
or Klnnred Words and thrir 
Opposltaa, Collected and Con- 
trasted by Vcn. C J. Smith, M.A. 
Revised Edition. 51. 

SMITH'S (Adam) The Wealth of 
Nations. Edited by E. Belfort 
Bax. a vols. 31. M* each. 

Theory of Moral Sentiments ; 

with his Essay on the First For- 
motion of Languages; to which is 
added a Memoir of the Author by 
Dugald Stewart. ys» 6J, 

SMYTH'S (Professor) Leotures 
on Modem History; from the 
Irruption of the Northern Nations 
to the close of the American Re- 
volution. 2 vols. 3^. 6^. each. 

Leotures on the Frenoh Re- 

▼oluUon. a vols, p, 6d, each. 

SMITHES (Pye) Geology and 
Sorlpture. and Edition. 5r. 

SMOLLETT'S Adventures of 
Roderlok Random. With short 
Memoir and Bii)lio^raphy, and 
Cruikshank*s Illustrations. y.6ti. 

Adventures of Peregrine 

Plokle, in which are included the 
Memoirs of a Lady of Quality. 
With Biblioeraphy and Cruik- 
shank's Illustrations, a vols, p.td, 
each. 



Contained in Bohfis Libraries. 



23 



SMOLLETT'S The Expedition 
I. of Humphry Clinker. With 
Bibliography and Cniikshank*! 
Illustrations. 3^. 6^. 

. 800RATES (sumamed 'Soholas- 
'. " tiouB*). The EoolesiaBtioal His- 
tory of (a. D. 305-445). Translated 
from the Greek. 51. 

SOPHOCLES, The Tragedies of. 
, ,. A New Prose Translation, with 
.:,. Memoir, Notes, &c., by E. P. 
Coleridge. 51. 

r The Oxford Translation. 5*. 

80nTHEY*S Life of Nelson. 
With Facsimiles of Nelson's writ- 
ing, Portraits, Plans, and upwards 
of 50 Engravings on Steel and 
Wood. 5^. 

— Life of Wesley, and the Rise 
' and Progress of Methodism. 5jr. 

— — Robert Southey. The Story 
of his Life written in his Letters. 
With an Introduction. Edited by 
. . John Dennis. Ji. 6(/. 

80Z0MBN*S EoolesiasUoal His- 
tory. Comprising a History of 

' the Church from A.D. 324-440. 
Translated from the Greek. To- 

f ether whh the Ecclbsiastical 
IlSTORY OF Philostoroius, as 
epitomised by Photius. Trans- 
lated from the Greek by Rev. E. 
Walford, MrA. 5r. 

gPTNO^A'SQhief Works. Trans- 
lated, with Introduction,by R.II.M. 
El^es. 1 Vols. 51. each. 

STANLEY'S Classified Synopsis 
of the Prinoipal Painters of tlie 
Dutoh and Flemish Sohools. 
By George Stanley. 5j. 

9TARLINa'S (Miss)NobleDeeds 
of Women; or. Examples of 
Female Courage,' Fortitude, and 
Virtue. '■ MTith 14 Steel Engrav- 
top. ^. . 



STAUNTON'S Chess -Player's 
Handbook. A Popular and Scien- 
tific Introduction to the Game. 
With numerous Diagrams. %t» 

Chest Praxis. A Supplement 

to the Chess-player's Handbook. 
Containing the most important 
modern improvementsin the Open- 
ings; Code of Chess Laws; and 
a Selection of Morphy's Garnet. 
Annotated. ^1. 

-»— - Chess-player's Companion. 
Comprising a Treatise on Odds, 
Collection of Match Games, and a 
Selection of Original Problems. 51. 

Chess Tournament of 186L 

A Collection of Games played at 
this celebrated assemblage. With 
Introduction and Notes. 5/. 

STOOEHARDT'S Experimental 
Chemistry. A Handbook for the 
Study of the Science by simple 
experiments. Edited by C W. 
Heaton, F.C.S. With numerous 
Woodcuts. New Edition* levised 
throughout. 5/. 

STRABO'S Geography. Trans- 
lated l)y W. Falconer, M.A., 
and H. C. Hamilton. 3 volt. 
5x. each. 

STRICKLAND'S (Agnes) LIyss 
of the Queens of England, from 
the Norman Conquest. Revised 
Edition. With 6 PortraiU. 6 vols. 
5/. each. 

Life of Mary Queen of Soots. 

a vols. 51. each. 

Lives of the Tudor and Stuart 

Prlnoesses. With PorUaitt. 51. 

STUART and REYETT'S Anti- 
quities of Athens, and other 

• Monuments of Greece ; to which 
is added, a Glossary of Terms uted 
in Grecian Architecture. With 71 

' Plates engraved on Steel« and 
liiimqro^ WQo4pit Opitals. U, 



24 



An AlpliabeHcal List of, Books 



BUXTONIUS' Lives of theTwelve 
OflBaan and Lives of the Oram- 
marians. The translation of 
TlKNiifoii, revised by T. Foietter. 
5*. 

8ULLT. Memoiri of the Duke 

ot Prime Minister to Henry 

. the Great. Translated from the 

• French. With 4 Portraits. 4 vols. 

. * 3/. 61/. each. 

SWIFT'S Prose Works. Edited 

' by Temple Scott. With a Bio- 

graphicai Introduction by the Ilight 

Hon. W. E. H. Lecky, M.P, 

With Portraiu and Facsimiles. 

.11 vols. 11. td. each. 

ircis.I.-IKr^ady. 
'.,'■ L— Edited by Temple Scott. 
With a Bio(;raphical In- 
troduction by the Right 
Hon. W. E. H. Lecky, 
t M. P. Containing : — A 

Tale of a Tub, The Bailie 
of the Books, and other 
early works. 
II.— The Journalto Stella. Edhed 
by Frederick Rvland,M. A. 
With 2 Portraits of Stella, 
and a Facsimile of one of 
. ' the Letters. 

' Ill.ft IV.— Writings on Religion and 
the Church. Edited by 
Temple Scott. 
V.-r-Hisiorical and Political 
Tracts (English). Edited 
by Temple Scott 
-Vin.--Gulliver's Travels. Edited 
by G. R Dennis. With 
Portrait and Maps. 
The order and contents of 
the remaining volu mes will 
probably be as follows : — 
VI &VIL— HUtorical and Political 
Tracts (Irish). 
IX.-*-Contributions to the 'Ex- 
aminer,' •Tatler,' •Spcc- 
Utor.'&c. 
X.—Historical Writings. 
■ XL— Literary Essays and Biblio- 
graphv. 



STOWS (Kr8.H.B.)Unole Tom's 
Cabin, or Life among the Lowly. 
With Introductory Remarks by 
Rev. I. Sherman. Whh 8 full- 
page Illustrations. 3/. 6d. 

TAOITUS. The Works o£ Liter- 
ally translated, a vols. 5/. each. 

TALES OF THB OENH; or, the 
Delightful Lessons of H "ram, the 
Son of Asmar. Translated from 
the Persian by Sir Charles Morell. 
Numerous Woodcuts and la Steel 

• Engravings. 5/. 

TASSO'S Jenisalem Deliveared. 
Translated into English Spenserian 
Verse by J. H. WifTen. With 8 
Engraving on Steel and 24 Wood- 
cuts by Thurston. 51. 

TAYLOR'S (Bishop Joramy) 
Holy Liying and Dying, with 
Prayers containing the Whole Duty 
of a Christian and the parts of I^- 
votion fitted to all Occasions and 
furnished for all Necessities. 31. 6ci. 

TEN BRINK.— 5«# Brink. 

TERENCE and PHJBDRUS. 
Literally translated by H. T. Riley, 
M.A. to whichis added, Smart's 

Me rRICALVSRSION OP PHilSDRUS. 

5'. 
THEOCRITUS. BION, MOS- 
CHITS, and TYRTJEUS. Liter- 
ally translated by the Rev. J. 
Banks* M.A. To which are ap- 
pended the Metrical Versions of 
Chapman. 5/. 

THEODORET and EYAGRIUS. 
Histories of the Church from A.D. 
332 to A.D. 427; and from A.D. 
431 to A. D. 544. Translated from 
the Greek. 5/. 

THIERRY'S History of the 
Conquest of England by the 
Nonnans; its Causes, and iu 
Consequences in England, Scot- 
land, Ireland, and the Continent. 
Transited by William HasUit, 
2 vols. y. fyL ead}. 



Contained in Bohn^s Libraries. 



25 



l^HUOYDIDES. The Palopon- 
neslftnWar. Literally translated 
by the Re?. H. Dale, a vols. 
31. d«/. each. 

— -^ An Analyals uid Summarj 
o£ With Chronological Table of 
Events, Ac By J. T. Wheeler. 

THTJDIOHXJM (J. If. W.) A Trea- 
tiaa on Wines: their Origin, 
Nature, and Varieties. With Prac- 
tical Directions for Viticulture and 
Vinification. ByJ. U W. Thudi- 
chum, M.D., F.R.CP. (Lond.). 
Illustrated. 5/. 

niUBS*S (Dr. A.) Ootton Manufko- 
tare of Great Britain, systemati- 
cally investigated. Revised Edit 
by P. L. Simmonds. With 150 
original Illustrations. % vols. 51. 
each. 

Philosophy of Mann&otures. 

Revised Edition, by P. L, Sim- 
monds. With numerous Figures. 
Double volume. 7/. 6d, 

YASARI'S LlTes of the most 
Eminent Painters, Boulptors, 
and Arohiteots. Translated by 
Mrs. J. Foster, with a Commen- 
unr by J. P. Richter, Ph.D. 6 
vols. 3/. 6d, each. 

YIRGIL. A Literal Prose Trans- 
lation by A. Hamilton Bryce, 
LL.D., F.R.S.E. With Portrait 

VOLTAIRE'S Tales. Translated 
hf R. B. Boswell. Vol. I , con- 
taining Bebouc, Memnon, Can- 
didci L'lng^nu, and other Tales. 
3x. 6d. 

WALTON'S Complete Angler, 
or the Contemplative Man's Re- 
crtalion, by Itaak Walton and 
Charles Cotton. Edited by Ed- 
ward Jesse. To which b added 
an aceouat ef Fishing Stationii 



Tackle, &c., by Henry G. Bohn. 
With Portrait and S03 Engravings 
on Wood and 26 Engravings on 
Steel. 5x. 

.Lives of Donne. Hooker, dm. 

New Edition revised by A. H. 
Bullen, with a Memoir of Isaak 
Walton by Wm. Dowling. With 
numerous Illustrations. 5/. 

WELLINGTON, Lifeot By 'An 
Old Soldier.' From the materials 
of MaxwelK With Index and 18 
Steel Engravings. 5/. 

Yiotorles of. Su Maxwbll. 

WERNER'S Templars in 
Oyprus. Translated by E. A. M. 
Lewis. 3^. 6(/. 

WESTROPP (H. M.) A Hand- 
book of Aroh89ology, Egyptian, 
Greek, Etrusoan, Roman. By 
II. M. Westropp. 2nd Edition, 
revised. With very numerous 
Illustrations. 51. 

WHITE'S Natural History of 
Selbome, with Observations on 
various Parts of Nature, and the 
Naturalists' Calendar. With Notes 
by Sir William Jardine. Edhed 
by Edward Tesse. With 40 Por- 
traits and coloured Plates. 5j. 

WHE ATLET'S A Rational Illus- 
tration of the Book of Oommon 
Prayer, y, 6d. 

WHEELER'S Noted Names of 
Fiction. Diotlonary ot Includ- 
ing also Familiar Pseudonyms, 
Surnames hestowed on Eminent 
Men, and Analogous Popular Ap- 
pelUitions often referred to in 
Literature and Conversation. By 
W. A. Wheeler, M.A. 51. 

WIESELBR'S Ohronologioal 
Synopsis of the Four Gospels. 
Translated by the Rev* Qiaoo 
Veaables. 31. M 



26 Alpliabetical List of Books in Bohris Libraries. 



WILLIAM of MALMESBURT'S 
Ohronlole of the Kings of Eng- 
land, from the Earliest Period 
to the Reign of King Stephen. 
Translated by the Rev. J. Sharpe. 
Edited by J. A. Giles, D.CL. 51. 

ZENOPHON'S Works. Trans- 
lated by the Rev. J. S. Watson, 
M.A., and the Rev. H. Dale. In 
3 vols. 5x. each. 

TOUNO (Arthur). Travels In 
Trance during the years 1787, 
1788. and 1789. Edited by 
M. Betham Edwards, yt. td. 



lap. 3 vols. jx. 6d. , 



TOUNG (Arthur). Tour In Ire- 
land, with General Observations 
on the state of the country during 
the years 1776-79. Edited by 
A. W. Button. With Complete 
Bibliography by J. P. Ander- 
son, and Map. a 
each. 

TULE-TIDE STORIES. A Col* 
lection of Scandinavian and North* ' 
German Popular Tales and Tra- 
ditions, from the Swedish, Danish, 
and German. Edited by B.Thorpe. 
> ■'. ■'.: 



i I 



mitt^^^t* I 111 A— fcM^^^.^^1 



( V ) 
NEW AND FORTHCOMING VOLUMES OF 

BONN'S LIBRARIES. 



THE PROSE WORKS OF JONATHAN SWIFT. Edited by 
Temple Scott. With an Introdnction by the Right Hon. W. E. U. 
Lecky, M.P. In ii volumes, 3^. 6r/. each. 

Vol. I.— • A Tale of a Tub/ • The Ualtle of the Books,' and other 
early works. Edited by Temple Scott. With Intioduction by the 
Right Hon. W. E. H. Lecky, M.P. Portrait and Facsimiles. 

Vol. n.— «The Joornal to Stdla.* Edited l^ F. RyUnd» M.A. 
With a Facsimile Letter and two Portraits of Stella. 

Vols, ni and IV. — Writings on Religion and the Church. 
Edited by Temple Scott. With portraits and facsimiles of title pages. 

Vol. V. -Historical and Political Tracts (English). Edited by 
^ Temple Scott. With Portrait and Facsimiles. 

Vol. VIII —Gulliver's Travels. Edited liy G. R. Dennis. With 
the original Maps and Illustrations. 

THE LAY OF THE NIBELUNQS. Metrically translated from the 
Old German text by Alice Ilorton, an'l Edited by Edward Bell, M.A. 
With the Essay on the Nibelungen Lied by Thomas Carlyle. 5/. 

GRAY'S LETTERS. Edited by the Rev. D. C. Tovey, M.A., author 
of 'Gray and his Friends/ &c, late Clark Lecturer at Trinity College, 
Cambridge. Vol.1. [Sk^rify. 

CICERO'S LETTERS. The whole extant Correspondence. Trans- 
lated by Evelyn S. Shuckburgh, M.A. In 4 vols. 5/. each. 

{V9is. I. and IL au>- 

THE ROMAN HISTORY OF APPIAN OF ALEXANDRIA. 
Translated by Horace White, M.A., LL.D. With Maps and Illus- 
trations, a vols. 6j. each. 

QASPARY'S HISTORY OF ITALIAN LITEJflATURE. Trans- 
lated by Hermann Oelsner, M.A., Ph.D. Vol. I. [in tksprm, 

THE GREAT INDIAN EPICS. The Stories of the Ramayanaand 
the Mahabharata. By John Campbell Groan, Principal of Khalsa 
' College, Amritsar. With Notes, Appendieei» and Illustiatiooi. 
New Edition, revised, ji. (n/. 

LELAND'S ITINERARY. Edited by Laurence Qomme, F.S.A. In 
several volumes. [At^trini^ 



ROYAL NAVY HANDBOOKS. 

BDITBD BY 

COMMANDER C. N. ROBINSON, R.N. 

Profusely lUustrated. Crown 8vo. '51. each. 

Nm» Ritufy. 

• I. NAVAL ADMINISTRATION. By Admiral Sir R. Vesey 
Hamilton. G.C a Wiih Ponraiu and other Illustrations. 

a. THE MECHANISM OF MEN-OF-WAR By Fleet-Engineer 
Reginald C. Oloknow. R.N. With 61 Illustrations. 

3. TORPEDOES AND TORPEDOVESSELS. By Ueutenant 

Q. E. Armstrong, late R.N. With 53 Illustrations. 

4. NAVAL GUNNERY, a Description and History of the Fighting 

Equipment of a Man-of-War. By Capuin H. Garbktt. R.N. With 
125 Illustrations. 

Tki following Volumes arw in pnfarafUn, 

5. THE ENTRY AND TRAINING OF OFFICERS AND 

MEN OF THE ROYAL NAVY AND THE ROYAL MARINES. 
By Lieutenant J. N. Allen, late R.N. 

6. NAVAL STRATEGY AND THE PROTECTION OF COM- 

MERCE. By Professor J. K. Lauguton. R.N. 

7. THE INTERNAL ECONOMY OF A MAN-OF-WAR. 

8. NAVAL ARCHITECTURE. 

9. DOCKYARDS AND COALING STATIONS, 
la NAVAL TACTICS. 

11. NAVAL HYGIENE. 

12. THE LAWS OF THE SEA 

PRESS OPINIONS. 

'Comnuindcr Robinson, whoM abl« work, **Th« Bridtb Fleet,** «m reviewed in these 
eolttmns in November. 1*94, has now underuken the editing of a series of handbooks, each 
of which will deal with one particubr subject connected with that great creation, the Royal 
Navy. Our national literature has ceruinly lacked much b thik respect. Sudi books as 
have heretofore been produced have almost bvariably been of a character tou scientific and 
echnical to be of much use to the general public. The series now bein^ issued is mtendcd to 
obviate this defect, and when completed ^ ill form a description, both historical and actual, of the 
Royal Navy, which will not only be of use lo the profeftsionsJ student, but also be of interest 
to all who are coooemed in the maintenance and efficiency of the Navy.*— ^rvMu/ A n w m, 

*The series of naval handbooks edited by Commander Robinson has made a most hopeful 
beginning, and may be counted upon to supply the growing popular demand Cor information 
n regard to the Navy, on which the national existence depends.'— Titmu, 

*MesaB. Bell's series of "Royal Navy Handbooks'* promises to be a very snoceaslul 
enterprise They are practical and definitely informative, and, though aieant for the use of 
persons doeely acquainted with theur subjects, they are not M diaoouragingly technical as to 
be' nss l si i tolhk lay seeker after knowledge.*— J^wImM, 



( »9 ) 
Mew BditioiiB, foap. 8to. 2«. 6d. eaoh nel. 

THE AJLDINE EDITION 



BRITISH POETS. 

•Tbii ezoeUent •ditton of th« Bnglidi eUasioi, with their oomptott %wU mi4 
•ohohur^ introduetioiM, »r» Mmethinff twj different from the ehe^%p fdlvaee oi 
estnote whioh are Jut now eo mneh too oommon.'— SI. J9mm*$ OtuHU, 

* An esoeUent aeriee. BmalU handjt Mid oomplete.' -Saiurdey B»9im§. 



Akenaide. Edited bj Be?. A. Byoe. 
Baattie. Edited by Be?. A. Dyoe. 
»Blake. Edited by W. M. Boeeetti. 

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