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State of New York — Department of Agriculturl
Twenty-Fourth Annual Report Vol. 2 Part II
THE
PEACHES OF NEW YORK
BY
U. P. HEDRICK
ASSISTED BY
G. H. HOWE
O. M. TAYLOR
C. B. TUBERGEN
Report of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station for the Year 1916
II
LIBRARY
NEW YORK
BOTANICAL
GARDEN .
ALBANY
J. B. LYON COMPANY. PRINTERS
1917
,77
H45-
NEW YORK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION,
Geneva, N. Y., January 31, 1917.
To the Ilfliiorahlc Board of Control of the Netv York Agricultural
Ex/yi'rimriit Stat!0)i :
(Gentlemen: — I have the honor to transmit herewith the manu-
script of the fifth in our series of fruit-pubUcations, to be known as
" The Peaches of New York," and to constitute Part II of the report
of this institution for 1916.
Peach-growing is an important industry in the State of New York.
In certain counties the production of this fruit has been a main factor in
the well-known prosperity of man}^ owners of peach-orchards. More-
over, the peach, when at its best, is a luscious article of food and adds
greatly not only to the enjoyment, but to the healthfulness, of our diet.
The commercial and dietary importance of the peach is, therefore,
the justification for the preparation of this volume.
Because the numerous varieties of peaches differ greatly in quality
and in their adaptation to varying conditions, a comprehensive study of
those varieties which are, or which may be, grown in this State seemed
greatly worth while.
It is with a feeling of satisfaction, even of pride, that I submit
to you the accompanying manuscript. Its preparation reflects great
credit upon Prof. Hcdrick and his associates and upon the makers of
the plates.
W. H. JORDAN,
Director.
PREFACE
The present volume is the fifth in the plan of the New York Agri-
cultural Experiment Station to make a more or less complete record of all
of the different fruits grown in this region. This work differs from the
preceding fruit-books but little or not at all in nature and purposes, yet a
statement of its contents, even though it be almost identical with that in
the prefaces of the preceding volumes, is necessary for those who may not
have the other books and may be a convenience to those who have all of
the series.
The title implies that The Peaches of New York is written for the con-
fines of a state; but all varieties of the peach grown in North America, as
well as many known only in other continents, Europe especially, have been
considered, under the supposition that all might be grown in New York and
are therefore of interest to the peach-growers of the State. Broadly speak-
ing, then, the design is to make the book as complete a record as possible
of the development of the peach, wherever grown, up to this time.
The book contains: An account of the history and uses of the peach;
a discussion of the botanical characters of the species of cultivated peaches;
an account of the peach-regions and of peach-growing in New York with
the most important statistics relating to this fruit; and, lastly and in
greatest detail, the synonymy, bibliography, economic status, and full
descriptions of all the most important cultivated peaches, with briefer
notices of varieties of minor importance and of those appearing in peach-
literature which are now no longer grown. In foot-notes running through
the text, biographical sketches are published of the persons who have done
most in America toward improving the peach. Incidentally, all that was
thought would be helpful in breeding peaches was included. So, too,
whatever appeared to be of interest to students of ecology has been given
a place.
As in the preceding books, color-plates occupy prominent places in
this volvune. Pains and expense have not been spared in the attempt to
make the plates the best possible with the present knowledge of repro-
duction in colors. All who have seen the plates in this and the first four
fruit-books of the series will agree that the reproductions of peaches are
more accurate than those of the apples, grapes, pliims or cherries, and yet
these are not as exact as might be wished. Although most carefully
selected, an illustration of one or two fruits does not give an adequate picture
of a variety. Neither does the camera take colors quite as the eye sees
them nor can the plate-maker quite reproduce what the camera takes.
The illustrations are of life-size as the peaches grow on the grounds of this
Station and represent specimens of average size and color. The fruits,
as shown in the plates, look small for the reason that a fiat picture of a round
object minifies .size.
In all of these fruit-books it has been difficult to decide what varieties
merit color-plates and full descriptions. Briefly, the choice of sorts to be
illustrated and described in detail has been determined by the following
considerations: (i) By the value of the variety for home or commercial
orchards; (2) the probable value if the peach is a new sort on probation;
(3) its desirability as a parent in breeding new peaches or to show combina-
tions of varieties, to illustrate new characters, or to show the range in varia-
tion — in a word to enlighten the peach -breeder ; (4) not a few varieties
are described and illustrated to show the trend of peach -evolution — for
their historical value; (5) to show relationships of varieties.
The peach is profoundly influenced by soil, climate and culture, and a
discussion of its .status is not complete without taking full account of the
environment in which it is growing. For this reason, chiefly, the peach-
regions and peach-growing in New York are discussed as fully as space
permits. This part of the book is designed, also, to serve the prospective
peach-planter in this State in the selection of locations and soils and in the
culture of the peach. Since the cultivation of any plant changes from year
to year, though, experiment station bulletins and circulars and treatises
on the culture of the peach should supply growers of this fruit with better
information on the year-to-year management of the peach-plantation.
The botany of the peach, as compared with its congeners, the plum and
the cherry, is simple, indeed, and is well agreed upon by botanical writers,
so that this book may be said to be almost wholly a horticultural one.
Yet the few pages devoted to the botany of the peach may make plainer,
to the horticulturist at least, the botany of this fruit.
The chief contribution The Peaches of New York makes to pomology
is in the descriptions of varieties it contains. All who grow or use peaches
are dependent on descriptions of fruit and tree for the identification of
varieties. From a well-written description one should get an exact mental
picture of the fruit — we try to present such a pen-picture. With a few
exceptions the descriptions of major varieties have been made from peaches
growing on the Station grounds, though in many cases fruits from several
locaHties have been compared with those grown at home.
The fruits, it must V)c said at once, have been described with other
ends in view than identification. Chief of these is the effort to set forth
the elementary characters, or unit-characters, of the peach. It is now cer-
tain that the characters of plants are independent entities thrown into
various relationships with each other in individual plants. On this con-
ception of unit-characters the improvement of plants is founded. An
important part of the work in describing fruits has been to discover what
seem to be unit-characters in peaches, thereby aiding in building a foun-
dation in breeding peaches. To improve the peach we must combine the
characters of species and varieties; we must know what these are before we
can rearrange them in an improved peach.
In the marked attention paid to the improvement of plants, following
the work of Mendel and others, the peach is bound to receive consideration.
Never was information more needed in regard to the processes that have
brought peaches from their primitive condition to their present perfection.
We have done our utmost to give all that could be learned of the origin and
history of varieties with the hope that such knowledge may be helpful to
those who are trying to improve the peach.
We wish again to call attention to the great value of definite knowledge
regarding the soils, climates and other environmental conditions under
which species and varieties of fruits thrive. It is obvious to all thinking
pomologists and biologists that, when the ecological conditions imder
which the several fruits and their many varieties are grown can be
accurately specified, valuable generalizations can be made regarding life-
zones and plant-distribution. In The Peaches of New York, as in the
preceding books, we state as accurately as possible the regions in which,
and the conditions under which, species and varieties of the peach are
successfully grown.
So few species have been considered in The Peaches of New York that
we have had no need to refer to codes of botanical nomenclature. In the
use of horticultural names, lacking a better code, we have kept before us
the revised rules of the American Pomological Society though in many
cases we have not seen fit to follow these rules as the changes required by
their strict obser\-ancc woiild augment rather tlian diminish confusion.
The references given are those that have been used in ascertaining the
history and the economic status or in verifying the description of the
variety that follows. All of the synonyms created by pomologists to whose
works we have had access have been noted but in no case have we pub-
lished synonyms quoted by other writers. The work of reading references
and seeking out synonyms is a tremendous one, involving nearly three
years' work for several persons. We hope that this work sets straight in
high degree the great confusion in the names of peaches, but that we, no
matter how painstaking, could bring perfection out of chaos, no one could
expect.
Again we call attention to the biographical sketches found in the
foot-notes. Some men in ever\' profession surpass their fellows in true
greatness. Such men there are in pomology, and a knowledge of their
career is indispensable to a full comprehension of the industry of growing
fruit. In the conquest of America we have honored, so far, only the men
who have expressed their energy in conquering the mines, the forests, the
fisheries and to a small degree those who have developed the soils; we have
shamefully neglected the great men who have developed our native fruits
and vegetables and adapted to the conditions of the New World the agri-
cultural products of the Old World. The brief biographical sketches in
these fruit-books are written in an effort to give in some measure the credit
and honor due to those who have improved fruits.
In the preparation of The Peaches of New York, besides those whose
names appear on the title page, I am indebted to R. D. Anthon>-, for
reading proof; to the Station editor, F. H. Hall, for his assistance; to the
Zeese-Wilkinson Company, New York City, for the beautiful color-plates
of peaches; and to the J. B. Lyon Company, Albany, New York, for good
workmanship in printing the book.
U. P. HEDRICK,
Ilorlicitllurist, New York Agricn/lural ExpcriDient Station.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
Preface v
Index to Illustrations xi
Chapter I. — History of the Peach i
Chapter II. — Botanical and Horticultural Classifications
of the Peach 68
Chapter III. — Commercial Peach-growinc; in America 98
Chapter IV. — Peach-(;rowing in New York 131
Chapter V. — Leadinc; Varieties of Peaches 178
Chapter VI. — Minor Varieties of Peaches 291
Bibliography, References and Abbreviations 499*
Index.
511
INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS
Portrait of Andrew Jackson Downing Frontispiece
FACING PAGE
Description of a Peach 76
Map Siiowin<; Peach Regions in New York 134
VARIETIES
Admiral Dew^ey 178
Alexander 1 80
Alton 1 80
Arp 182
Belle 1 84
Bequette Free 1 84
Berenice 1 86
Blood Cling 188
Blood Leaf 188
Brigdon 190
Canada 190
Captain Ede 193
Carman 194
Chairs 1 94
Champion 196
Chili 198
Chinese Cling 198
Climax 200
Crosby 202
Davidson 204
Early Crawford ^ 206
Early York 208
Edgemont 208
Elberta 210
Engle 212
Eureka 212
Family Favorite 214
Fitzgerald 214
Foster 216
Xii 1NDI:X TO ILLUSTRATIONS
FA(IN(; PAGE
Gexkral Lee 216
Geor(;k IV 218
Gold Drop 220
Governor Hock; 220
Greensboro 222
Hale Early 222
Heath Cling 224
Heath Free 226
Hiley 226
Hynes 22S
Illinois 230
Imperial 230
Iron Mountain 232
J. H. Hale 234
Jennie Worthen 236
Kalamazoo 236
Kentucky (Nectarine) 84
Lamont 238
Late Crawford 240
Late Rareripe 242
Lemon Free 244
Lola 246
Mamie Ross 246
May Lee 248
Morris White 250
Mountain Rose 250
MuiR i 252
Newton (Nectarine) 84
Niagara 254
Oldmixon Cling 254
Oldmixon Free 256
Pallas 258
Pearson 260
Peento 260
IReproduceil from Transactions of the 11 irticultural Society of London IV : 512. 1822. 1
Prolific 262
Pr UN us Da vidia na 86
INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS XUl
FACING PAGE
Ray 262
Red Cheek Melocoton 264
Reeves 266
Rivers 266
Rochester 268
St. John 270
Salwey 272
Schumaker 274
Smock 274
Stevens 276
Stump 278
Summer Snow 278
SuRPASSE 280
Thurber 280
Triana 282
Triumph 282
Waddell 284
Wager 286
Waterloo 288
Wheatland 288
Yellow Rareripe 290
PEACH BLOSSOMS
Alton (Large Flowered) 78
Blood Leaf 78
Chinese Free (Medium Flowered) 80
Crosby (Small Flowered) 80
Kentucky (Nectarine) 82
Summer Snow (White Flowered) 82
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
CHAPTER I
HISTORY OF THE PEACH
The history of the peach follows step by step the history of agriculture.
The beginning of agriculture, as depicted in the traditions and embellished
in the poetry of ancient peoples, was the creation of useful plants by some
Divinity. But, counting unwritten history and poetic fancy as naught
and coming to recorded facts — those of history as we now have it — the
beginning of agriculture is marked by two recorded events. The first
occurred 2700 years B. c. when Emperor Chenming, Ruler of China,
instituted ceremonies for the sowing of various vegetables and grains. The
second event was the building of the Great Pyramid of Gizeh by some
ruler who lorded it over Egypt between 2500 to 2000 years b. c. and who
ornamented his handiwork with drawings of figs.
Yet these early records in China and Egypt were not made at the
beginnings of agriculture in those countries. Plants were undoubtedly
cultivated centuries before it occurred to Emperor Chenming that rice,
wheat and other crops deserved ceremonial sowings. The pyramids of
Gizeh could only have been built by an organized, civilized people with
cultivated fields on which to levy toll for the dormant season and lean
years — pyramids could hardly be raised by a people forced to skim a
day-to-day existence from wild plants. " Art is long and time is fleeting "
in agriculture, and between the obscure beginnings of this ancient art,
when naked men following the chase began to vary a meat diet with fruits,
grains and roots plucked from the wild, and the regular cultivation of
useful plants, as implied by these old records from China and Egypt, there
are many steps and thousands and thousands of years.
If, then, the history of the peach begins with the histor>' of agri-
culture, and the beginnings of agriculture are lost in the obscurity of
antiquity, it is useless to speculate as to how long the peach has been culti-
vated. The statements of the early historians as to the age of the domesti-
cated peach are so at variance that they serve only to confuse. Indeed,
were we to attempt to bring into agreement the diverse assertions of
2 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
historians we should never know even the place of origin of the peach;
for it is upon data from botany that we must depend most in determining
the habitat of our fruit. This subject we now come to discuss in detail.
THE ORIGIN OF THE PEACH
Names frequently breed misunderstandings and in the case of the
peach a fine brood of mistakes as to the origin of the fruit has come from
the name. As all know, " peach " and most of its equivalents in the
countries of Europe are derived from " Persia " and this has given rise to
the supposition that the original habitat of the fruit is Persia. The ancient
authors who mention the peach, as Theophrastus, Columella and Pliny,
agree that the home of the peach was Persia and, even until our own time,
to be written in any of these worthies is proof conclusive. While negative
evidence counts for but little, the notion is so firmly fixed that some, at
least, of the races of peaches are Persian products that it seems best to
clear the way for positive evidence by first proving that the first home
of the peach was not Persia.
Persia is pictured as a land of fruits before agriculture had begun in
Greece and Rome. The quince and the pomegranate probably originated
here and, with the olive, grape, almond, and, to the north at least, the
cherry and plum, have been cultivated from three to four thousand years.
At very early times the quince, pomegranate, olive and grape were
introduced from Persia, according to De CandoUe, still our best authority,
into Greece and Rome and even the cherry and plum, from countries to
the north if not from Persia, reached southern Europe long before the
peach. It seems certain, as De CandoUe suggests,^ that if the peach had
been a native of Persia, had it existed there during all time, so beautiful
and so delectable a fruit would have been taken earlier into Asia Minor
and Greece. As gratifying to all the senses by which we judge fruits as
any other product of the orchard, as easily transported and propagated
as any — more so than most — it cannot be believed that the other fruits
named would have been given preference over the peach by conquerors or
travelers carrying Persian luxuries to westward countries.
Moreover, as De CandoUe further points out, the several Hebrew and
Sanskrit peoples did not speak in sacred or vulgar writings of the peach
as they did many times of the olive, quince, grape and pomegranate. Yet
these peoples radiated from the valleys of the Euphrates and were at all
De CandoUe, Alphonse Or. Cult. Plants 222. 1885.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 3
times in close communication with Persia. Since, according to the authori-
tative De CandoUe, Xenophon, who retreated with the ten thousand
401 B. c, does not mention the peach, this fruit probably did not reach
Greece until Alexander's expedition and was first mentioned by Theo-
phrastus 332 b. c. (if the fruit mentioned by Theophrastus is the peach)
and did not reach Rome until after the beginning of the Christian era.
The more one examines historical records the more evident it becomes
that Greek and Roman writers assumed that the habitat of the peach,
which they called the Persian apple, was Persia because it came thence
to their ■ countries. Ancient historians very commonly and very con-
fusingly made the assumption that the region from which a plant product
came to their country was its first habitat.
The best means of establishing the origin of a plant is to discover in
what country it grows spontaneously. This would be a simple matter,
indeed, if one could be sure that a given plant found growing wild is not
an escape from cultivation. Here is the trouble in the case of the peach.
According to the botanists the tree is now growing wild in Persia, as it is
in nearby countries, and for that matter in other parts of the Old World
and in many places in the New World. The painstaking De CandoUe,
who has carefully sifted the evidence of the leading botanists until his time
of writing, 1882, concludes that the peach has never been truly wild in
Persia. An examination of the works of botanists writing since De Can-
dolle's study of the subject does not show that any offers proof that the
peach was originally wild in Persia.
Without going into the matter further it seems safe to say that the
Greek and Roman writers were at fault in naming Persia as the home of the
peach. To summarize: its late distribution.as compared with that of other
Persian fruits argues against such an origin; philology, which usually
affords indications touching the habitat of a species, is against the Persian
theory of origin since neither Hebrew nor Sanskrit names the peach;
lastly, botany, the most direct means of discovering the geographic origin
of a plant, offers no positive evidence that Persia is the home of the peach.
The fallacy that the peach comes from Persia, written in nearly all horti-
cultural and botanical works for 2000 years, now being disposed of, we
may take up the claim of China that the peach is another of its great gifts
to the world.
A survey of the subject is convincing that the peach comes from
China. Necessarily, such a survey must be brief, yet it is important
4 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
that no doubt be left as to the origin of the peach, thus freeing pomological
literature from the train of misunderstandings following the current opinion
that part of our peaches, at least, come from Persia. The terms " Persian
peaches " and the " Persian race of peaches " are misleading and should
be discarded. Data from botany and history furnish the chief proofs
that the fruit of this discussion is of Chinese origin.
Botany and history are a hard team to drive but when the two do
travel together in determining the origin of a plant the matter, as a rule,
is settled. Does botany accord with history in placing the original peach
in China? Botanists and explorers from first to last agree that the peach
is, and long has been, wild in China but there is no agreement as to the
nature of its wildness. Some say it is indigenous and others that it may
be an escape from cultivation. The peach pins wild so quickly in countries
to which it is adapted that it is almost impossible to say, from the evidence
to be found, whether it is an original or only a naturalized inhabitant of
China. But it seems more nearly to approach a truly feral condition in
China than in any other country unless it be America and all know that
in the New World it is an introduced plant.
Of the botanists and explorers who report finding the peach wild in
China, Frank N. Meyer ' of the United States Department of Agricialture
is most explicit. Meyer, in sending seeds of wild peaches from China,
accompanies them with the following remarks:
"40001. Wild peaches having larger fruits than the ordinary wild
ones, said to come from near Tze Wu, to the south of Sianfu, but some
also probably collected from trees in gardens which were raised from wild
seeds. When seen wild this peach generally assumes a low bush form of
spreading habit ; when planted in gardens and attended to, it grows up into
a small tree, reaching a height of 1 2 to 20 feet, with a smooth trunk of dark
mahogany-brown color. The leaves are always much smaller and more
slender than in cultivated varieties, while their color is much darker green.
They seem to be somewhat less subject to various diseases than the culti-
vated sorts and they are most prolific bearers, although the fruit is of very
little value on account of its smallness and lack of flavor. In gardens
around Sianfu this wild peach is utilized as a stock for improved varieties.
It is also grown as an ornamental; said to be literally covered in spring with
multitudes of shell-pink flowers."
" 40002. Wild peaches, occurring in the foothills of the higher
mountains at Tsing Ling Kang, Shensi, at altitudes from 2000 to 3000 feet,
generally found at the edges of loess cliffs and on rocky slopes. Tliere is
Meyer, Frank N. U. S. D. A. Plant Immigrants No.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 5
a great deal of variation to be observed as rej^ards size and shape of leaves,
density of foliage and general habits."
" 40003. Wild peaches found on a mountain side, near Pai dja dien,
Shen.si, at an elevation of 4000 feet; these small trees and bushes had borne
such a heavy crop that the ground beneath them was covered with a layer,
a few inches thick, of the small, yellowish, hairy fruits. The local inhabit-
ants didn't consider them worth collecting even, and they were rotting
and dr}4ng up."
" 40004. Wild peaches occurring as tall shrubs in loess cliffs, at the
Tibetan frontier, Kagoba, Kansu, at elevations of 6000-8000 feet. Save
for some children who eat these wild peaches, they are otherwise considered
worthless wild fruit. Local name Yeh t'ao, meaning ' wild peach,' and
Mao t'ao, meaning ' hairy peach.' "
" 40005. Wild peaches found on stony mountain slopes in a wild,
very sparsely populated country, near Kwa tsa, on Siku River, Kansu. No
fruit trees whatsoever are cultivated by the local settlers in the mountains,
and the way some of these peach bushes grow excludes them from ever
having been brought there by any man or even any quadruped; only birds
might have transported them."
In a letter to the author,' Mr. Meyer says further:
" Where did I find the peach wild? Well, I first came across it in loess
cliffs in southern Shensi at an elevation of about 4000 feet above sea. Later
on I found plenty of them in central Shensi, in southern Kansu and in
the Tibetan borderland, up to 7000 feet elevation above sea. All the
plants I found were freestone types, and according to the natives they all
have shell-pink flowers. In the mountains of the Chekiang Province,
however, I found a type which seems to be clingstone."
In still another letter sent me from the United States Department
of Agriculture, Mr. Meyer says:
" It is about one month ago since I wrote you last, and so far as real
distance is concerned, I have not advanced much, but we went over some
very interesting territory and I was lucky enough to discover the real wild
peach, growing in loess ravines some 2-3 days to the East from here, near a
village called Tchao yu. The plants are of smaller dimensions than our
cultivated strains, and the stones are somewhat different as regards shape
and grooves, but still on the whole there is little difference between a very
poor seedling-peach and this wild one.
" These wild peaches are locally cut for firewood, for the fruits are
pretty near inedible, being small and having hard, sourish flesh. They
grow at the edges of deep loess ravines and on the steep, sloping bottom
of such ravines. The Chinese locally do not call this peach ' yeh tao '
' Feb. 4, 1916.
6 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
or ' shan tao ' but ' Mao fao,' meaning ' hairy peach.' In the vicinity
where they grow, no peaches are cultivated although half a day's journey
lower down, one meets with some poor looking trees in gardens.
" The elevation I found them was almost exactly 4000 feet above sea.
I gathered some fruits, but they are not quite ripe; I am trying to ripen
them off, however, so that we may obtain at least a few ripe seeds. As a
stock, however, it has not the value the Davidiana peach has, not being as
vigorous and apparently being attacked by the same pests that infest
cultivated peaches. This ' find ' is of great interest, however, showing
that wild peaches exist much nearer the coast than we suspected, and that
the peach naturally is a native of semi-arid regions."
The explorations made by Mr. Meyer cover, of course, but a small
part of the vast empire of China. Further search will, no doubt, show
many other localities in Central and Eastern Asia where the peach grows
naturally and has probably done so from time immemorial.
As all who consult them know, ancient authors are often at fault in
matters of history in determining the origin of cultivated plants but they
are usually fairly accurate in stating the date of culture of a plant in a
country. In the case of the peach the date of culture can be established
as so much earlier in China than elsewhere that history alone all but proves
its previous existence there in the wild state. In short, the peach was a
cultivated fruit in China before there were other agricultural communities
from which it could come; for, be it remembered, in China, according to
De Candolle, our best authority, agricultural and horticultural arts
flourished long before they had even begun elsewhere, unless, possibly,
Egypt be excepted, and here the peach, where it may be grown at all, is
surely an introduced plant.
A statement of the first known dates of peach-culture in various
countries is strong proof that its cultivation began in China. According
to De Candolle' the culture of the peach was " spoken of 2000 years before
its introduction into the Greco-Roman world, a thousand years before its
introduction into the lands of the Sanskrit-speaking race." As we have
said, the Bible and other Hebrew books do not mention the peach and there
is no Sanskrit name for it. Of the Greeks, Xenophon, 401 B. c, makes
no mention of the peach but Theophrastus, a little later, 322 b. c, speaks
of it as a fruit of Persia. Coming to the Romans, no mention is made of
the peach by Cato, 201 b. c, nor by Varro, 117-27 e. c.but Pliny, a. d.
> De Candolle, Alphonse Or. Cull. Plants 228. 1885.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 7
79, expressly states that the peach was imported by the Romans from
Persia not long before.
De Candolle gives no authority for his statement that the peach was
spoken of 2000 years before its introduction into Europe and I cannot
verify it ; but a search through even such Chinese literature as is accessible
to one who does not read the Chinese language shows that the peach was
commonly spoken of in the literature of China several hundred years before
the Christian era. Two examples must suffice, taking those that seem
most authentic as to the identity of the peach. In the Shi-King, or book of
poetry, a collection of ancient Chinese poems made by Confucius (551-478
B. c.) the peach, in common with the plum, pear, jujube and other fruits,
is several times mentioned. According to the translator all of these poems
were written before the Sixth Century b. c, the oldest dating back eighteen
centuries. Thus in Book I,' Odes of Chow in the South, is the following
bit of verse:
In Praise of a Bride
" Graceful and young the peach-tree stands;
How rich its flowers, all gleaming bright !
This bride to her new home repairs;
Chamber and house she'll order right.
Graceful and young the peach-tree stands;
Large crops of fruit it soon will show.
This bride to her new home repairs;
Chamber and house her sway shall know.
Graceful and young the peach-tree stands;
Its foliage clustering green and full.
This bride to her new home repairs;
Her household will attest her rule."
Other references to the peach may be found in Book IX,^ The Odes
of Wei, and Book XIII,^ The Odes of Kwei.
Superstitions and legends throw light on the antiquity of the objects
with which they are connected. It is significant that the Chinese alone
ascribe miraculous powers to the peach, their traditions of the properties
of different forms of this fruit being both numerous and very ancient.
M. Cibot, a French missionary among the Chinese, in a series of cyclopedic
' Chinese Literature, Edited by Epiphanius Wilson Bk. I:i26. 1902.
'Ibid. Bk. IX:i48, 149. 1902.
>/*«/. Bk. Xni:i6i. 1902.
8 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
volumes on China, devotes a chapter to the peach in which, after describ-
ing the peaches of the country and giving a full discussion of methods of
culture, he mentions numerous Chinese superstitions concerning this fruit.
He writes:'
" The Chinese have for a long time preserved the history of the first
ages either in their books or in their traditions. The oldest of their books
have perished. They have saved only a part of their ancient national
works on the great wars and general uprisings, and the original traditions,
changed in a thousand ways, made into fables, finally corrupted by idolatry,
are today only chaos; but this chaos is not without any ray of light. Many
of these traditions, although disfigured, bear back too ex;actly to the
marvelous tales of the lost books to be able to mistake the beliefs of the
early ages. Thus, there are many traditions referring to the peach. Some
call it the tree of life, others the tree of death. Peaches lengthened to a
point, of large size, and colored red on one side, are regarded by the
Chinese as the symbol of a long life. In consequence of these ancient
national superstitions, peaches enter into all the ornaments of painting
and sculpture. They are saved for the salute to the new year. Here are
several ancient texts on the peach and its fruits:
"From Chin-non-King: 'The peach ' Yu ' signifies death and
eternal life. If one has been able to eat it enough times, it saves the body
from corruption till the end of the world.' From Chin-y-King: ' There
is in the Orient a peach whose almond, eaten, makes eternal life.' From
Chou-y-Ki : ' Whoever eats this fruit (the peach ' Yu ' from the Koue-
liou Mountain) obtains immortal life.'
" Still other texts could be cited but I will merely remark that in all
the peach is connected with immortality. Again we find that certain
peaches can not be offered by the ancients in sacrifice, and that the pre-
mature blossoming of another peach signifies great calamities. To quote
again: From Sin-lin: ' In the garden of Yang was the peach of death;
whoever approached it must die.' From Fong-fou-teng : ' It is said in
the book of Hoang-ti that two brothers found on a mountain a peach tree
under which were a hundred demons to cause death to men.' From
Lietchouen, on the subject of the evils which aflfiict the earth: ' the tree
of Knowledge is the peach.' "
Very interesting and illuminating as to the age of the peach in China,
is an account given by Dr. Yamei Kin - who was asked by a member of
the staff of the Office of Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction, United
States Department of Agriculture, for information concerning the peach-
blossoms. After describing the several kinds of blossoms borne by Chinese
' Cibot, Pierre Martial Mem. concernant I'hisl. les sciences etc. des Chinois. 11:280-293. 1777.
2 U. S. D. A. Plant Immigrants. No. 102:823-825. 1914.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 9
peaches, the writer gives some of the superstitions and legends which the
Chinese connect with the peach.
" The ordinary name for pink is peach flower color, and notwithstand-
ing the love of Chinese for color, it is used sparingly, in fact, owing to its
being associated with the peach blossom, seems to have an unsavory signifi-
cance, as I found when I came home one day with a pink satin brocade
gown that I had just purchased. My people held up their hands in horror,
and exclaimed it was a mercy that I did not intend to wear that here, it
would only do for outside countries that did not know about peach flowers,
which remarks led me to leave it in America when I came back, though
it was a very lovely delicate color and one of my prettiest gowns.
" The reason for this prejudice is owing to its symbolism. Just as
the violet is considered in western lands to be the symbol of modest worth,
so the pkmi is that of feminine virtue in China and the peach flower the
opposite. Not even the beauty of its color, whether delicate pink or deep
cerise, redeems it from this fatal significance. In order that there may
be no possible opportunity for a ' peach flower heart ' to spring up
unawares in some girl of respectable family, it is not considered wise to
plant a peach of any kind near the bed room windows of the court yards
inhabited by the women, yet peach wands are supposed to be especially
useful to beat ofif all evil spirits, only they must be plucked during a solar
eclipse and a hole bored through one end for hanging up by, during a lunar
eclipse, which perhaps accounts for their fewness, as during those times
in the old days the people were generally busily occupied in beating gongs
and firing off crackers to drive away the heavenly dogs which were supposed
to be devouring those luminaries, and no one had time to think of making
peach wands. The lucky possessor of an efficacious peach wand is sup-
posed to be able to sleep at night w4th it under his pillow in full confidence
that no evil spirits can harm him.
" Taoism from early days has taken the peach as its particular fruit,
signifying longevity, much as the apples of Hesperides were symbolic in
the Grecian mythology.
" Ftirthermore peach stones are often made into rosaries which are
considered specially fine. There is a collection of tales by one Cornaby
to be found in almost every library called ' A String of Peach Stones.'
And a host of legends cluster around the tale of Sun, the stone monkey,
eating the peaches of immortality stolen from the gardens of the genii,
whereby he attains immortality. This theme is seen elaborated in many
scenes, that decorate pottery, textiles, and congratulatory scrolls.
" I wish that I were not tied down so much by tedious detail in the
medical work, as there is a most interesting book that needs to be trans-
lated telling much of the folk lore of the peach interwoven with the plot,
which is supposed to be the journey of Hsien tsang to bring back the
10 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
sacred sutras of Buddha from India. It is said that this is an actual
historic occurrence, but this tale is evidently semi-religious and allegorical,
as well, combining in itself the characteristics of Bunyan's Pilgrim's
Progress, Hans Christian Andersen, and the Arabian Nights, if you can
imagine such a mixture, yet giving graphic pictures of Chinese life in
various phases that are as true as when the book was written.
" One of the most charming legends of peach flower lore is that of
the ' Peach Blossom Fountain,' an allegory written by T'ao Yuan Ming
between A. D. 365-427, describing how a fisherman got lost one day and
penetrating up a river finds himself in a creek bordered with many peach
trees full of bloom, at the end of which he comes upon a small mountain
in which is a cave which he traverses and enters on a new country where
there is every sign of prosperity, every one is courteous to each other,
kindliness and contentment prevail, but they wear the garb of the times of
the First Emperor some five centuries previous and have been lost to the
rest of the country ever since. The fisherman returns after a sojourn
with them, and tells his fellow villagers of this wonderful country and stirs
up so much interest that finally the governor of the province joins in the
search for this wonderful country, but it is all of no avail and at last the
fisherman realizes that he will never more see the peach blossom days of his
youth with its rosy dreams and ideals that come but once in a lifetime."
Lastly, a significant fact suggesting the Chinese origin of the peach
is found in the behavior of this fruit in America. The peach is more at
home in North America than in any other part of the world unless it be
China. Now, that there is a pomological alliance between eastern Asia
and eastern America is well known. The remarkable relationship between
the plants of the two regions was first set forth by Asa Gray and subsequent
writers have added much to what he told us. The explanation lies, as
all agree, in similarities in climate. Now, with this relationship of the
wild and cultivated floras of eastern America and China in mind, the rapid
acclimation and acclimatization of the peach in the United States are
readily understood if we accept China as the habitat of this fruit. On
the other hand, the natural plant-products of Persia find life anything
but easy in eastern America.
There is but one further consideration before beginning the history
of the peach as a cultivated fruit. Thomas Andrew Knight and Charles
Darwin contended that the peach is a modified almond. This hypothesis
would scarcely deserve consideration were it not for the high authority
of the men who espoused it — the judgments of a Knight and a Darwin
cannot be overlooked.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK II
HAS THE PEACH COME FROM THE ALMOND?
In the light of evolution every plant has been preceded by another
and since the peach and almond have many characters in common, one
may have descended from the other. But as to which, if either, is the
parent species it would seem idle to speculate with the shreddy and patchy
knowledge we now possess of the descent of plants. Yet Thomas Andrew
Knight, the greatest horticultural authority of his time and one of the
leading experimenters of all time in this field of agriculture, maintained
that the peach is a modified almond. His theory received the support of
several of the leading English horticulturists of the last century and Darwin
gave it credence to the extent of collecting data for its substantiation.
Knight believed that the almond and the peach constituted a single
species and that by selection under cultivation an almond could ulti-
mately be turned into a peach.^ He sought proof for his theory in
hybridization and on a tree raised from the seed of an almond fertilized
by peach-pollen produced a fruit with soft and melting flesh and in all
characteristics more like the peach than the almond. This experiment,
which in the light of our present knowledge of the laws of inheritance does
not in the least illuminate the hypothesis with which Knight started,
carried on in the medieval days of plant-breeding, convinced not only
Knight in his belief that the peach may be bred from the almond but
led others, even down to our own time, to accept the theory.
Thus, a writer, presiunably Lindley, in The Gardener's Chronicle ^ in
1856 says " we are justified in the conclusion that the Almond bears about
the same relation to the Peach that the Crab bears to the Cultivated
Apple." Later, in the same article, the descent is pictured as follows:
" I. Almond became more fleshy — • Bad clingstone.
2. Bad clingstone became more fleshy — Good clingstone.
3. Good clingstone became more fleshy — Our soft peaches.
4. Soft peach sported, receding toward the original fleshy type
and lost its wool — Nectarine."
Another high authority in his time, Thomas Rivers,^ in 1863, held that
peaches, if left to a state of nature would degenerate into thick-fleshed
almonds and makes the positive statement that he has " one or two seed-
ling peaches approaching very nearly to that state."
' Knight Thomas Andrew Trans. Hort. Soc. Land. 3:1.
'Card. Chron. 531. 1856.
' Card. Chron. 27. 1863.
12 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Darwin/ in 1868, considers Knight's supposition at length and while
he does not positively accept it, yet lends it his support by quoting several
authors who put forth proofs in favor -of it. His most positive statement
in discussing the theory referring to facts regarding the origin of the peach
is: " The supposition, however, that the peach is a modified almond
which acquired its present character at a comparatively late period, would,
I presume, account for these facts."
Carriere,^ one of the most eminent French pomologists of the last
century, is the chief French champion of the theory that the peach came
from the almond and devotes several pages in his estimable work, Vnrictcs
De Peckers, in demonstrating that the one is a form of the other. His
arguments, however, are but amplifications of those of Knight and Lindley
though he cites more intermediate forms than either of the English writers
— so many that they go far toward convincing one of the correctness of
his views. There is the feeling, however, in the case of Carriere, in the
light of present knowledge, that his botanical evidence is pushed a little
too far for full credulity.
Knight, Lindley, Rivers, Darwin and Carriere, the men holding the
theory whose opinions are most worthy consideration, fell into error, as
we think, through attaching too much importance to likenesses in the
fruits of the peach and almond and because they became confused in
following the behavior of the two fruits under hybridization. As we shall
show later in discussing the characters of the peach, this fruit differs from
the almond in other characters than those of the fruit — characters not at
all likely to be changed by cultivation and selection as would all those of
the fruits. Knight's proof from hybridization was purely speculative.
The fact that the peach and almond may be crossed, giving intermediate
forms, nowadays would not be looked upon as proof that the two neces-
sarily belong to one species. However, in the light of the knowledge in
existence at the beginning of the last century regarding the crossing of
plants, we need not apologize for the inference that Knight drew from his
simple experiment.
Students of heredity would find almost conclusive proof that the
peach is not a modified almond — a descendant, say, in this geologic period
at least — in the fact that there is no recorded case of a peach fertilized
by a peach producing an almond, or vice versa. If the relationship were
'Darwin Arts, and P!s. Domesl. 1:^57. 1868.
- Carriere, E. A. Varietes De Peckers 25-33. 1867.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
13
at all close, if the two species had had a common origin even though in
rather remote times, if they were nearly enough related readily to hybridize
or be hybridized, it would be expected that now and then, as in the case
of a nectarine, the peach would produce an almond or the almond a peach.
Geographical botany also opposes Knight's hypothesis, as De Can-
dolle' points out, for, as he plainly shows, the almond had its origin in
western Asia, it being found truly wild in many parts of south-western
Asia and having been cultivated many centuries before the peach was
known in these regions. On the other hand, the almond was not known
in China before the Christian era whereas the peach had been cultivated
tliere at least 2000 years anterior to the introduction of the almond. With
such widely separated habitats, the two fruits can hardly be considered as
parent and offspring.
We cannot close our eyes to the patent relationships of the peach and
the almond. That the two constitute but one species, as we now consider
species, or that they bear the close relationship of the peach and the
nectarine, probably no one now in high authority will concede. But for
the weight of the names we have used, and the fact that the theory still
finds supporters. Knight's hypothesis, the outcropping of a speculative
mind in a speculative age, might have been overlooked or dismissed with
a word.
THE PEACH IN ASIA
We must have more knowledge of the peach in Asia than the bare
fact that it originated somewhere in the vast empire of China. We want,
first, to know what the characters of the prototypal peach were. If we
can get some idea of the original wild peach of China we shall know some-
thing of how this fruit has been improved by man and, perhaps, some-
thing of its future potentialities. Second, though not essential to this
study, it will be profitable to peach-growers to inquire whether there are
types of peaches still remaining in China that might be improved under
western cultivation. If so, we want them, since our cultivated peaches
are not free from faults, some of which we might get rid of by the inter-
jection of new blood. It is now about seventy years since Robert Fortune,
the adventurous English plant-collector, began dipping into the horti-
cultural treasures of China; and recent explorations make plain that there
are still riches in plants in that country — the fact that they can now be
brought through the " open door," instead of as spoils to be smuggled
' De CandoUe, Alphonse Or. Cull. Plants 229. 1885.
14 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
out, makes it easier to obtain any new types of peaches that may now be
found.
What were the characters of the prototypal peach in China? The
few records that have come down through the ages do not enable us to
form much of a picture of the primitive peach. But plants do not change
quickly in China, for their orchard-cultivation is not as intensive nor
selection as assiduously practiced as in western countries, so that we are
warranted in assuming that cultivation for forty centuries has not greatly
changed this fruit. Besides, it is probable that the wild forms, whether
truly wild or reverted escapes from cultivation, now represent closely
the original indigenous stocks of the peach. Luckily, we have trustworthy
sources of information in regard to both the wild and the cultivated peaches
as they now grow in China. We are at this time concerned, it should be
said, only with the common peach, Primus persica.
Fortune began botanical explorations in China in 1844, since which
time one enthusiast after another, thirsting for botanical spoils and honors,
has brought from eastern Asia and Europe to America, varieties and species
of ornamental and agricultural plants. In the accounts of these exploring
and collecting expeditions, there are many records of peaches, wild and
cultivated, that are now growing in China and from these we may piece out
a fair description of the original races of this fruit. The United States
Department of Agriculture, through its agricultural explorers, collaborators
and correspondents in the Office of Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction,
has given special attention to agricultural plants and from the accounts
of the workers in this department alone, we can get a good picture of the
peach of the Twentieth Century in China which, as we think, will represent
very well the original stock from which all peaches have come.
It is now almost the unanimous judgment of scientists that the char-
acters of plants are independent entities which are thrown into various
relationships with each other in individuals and groups of individuals as
varieties and species. This conception of unit-characters lies at the
foundation of botanical and horticultural descriptions and of plant-breeding.
It is more important, then, to know what the characters of Chinese peaches
were and are than to attempt to describe in full the wild and cultivated
peaches of China. In this, a horticultural study, it answers our purpose
to consider chiefly the characters of the fruits.
The fruit-characters that differentiate races and varieties of culti-
vated peaches in America are ten, as follows: Downy skin; smooth skin;
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 1 5
white flesh ; yellow flesh ; red flesh ; flesh clinging to the stone ; flesh free from
the stone ; shape more or less round ; shape roundish but decidedly beaked ;
shape distinctly flat. Let us see by direct quotations from the workers
in the United States Department of Agriculture how many of these ten
fruit-characters are named in the wild and cultivated Chinese peaches
of today.
Downy skin. — A downy skin is the normal condition of the peach.
This character is found in all of the peaches to be mentioned in this dis-
cussion except those under the next heading.
Smooth skin. — " 28963 — From Samarkand, Turkestan.'
" A small nectarine of very firm flesh and of subacid flavor; red
throughout; from a distance resembles a crab apple more than anything
else. Said to come from Chartchui."
"29227- — From Samarkand, Russian Turkestan. A yellow cling-
stone nectarine of medium size; meat very firm and of medium sweet taste,
not melting."
" 30325 ^ — From Khotan, Chinese Turkestan. A nectarine called
Dagatch. Fruits red, of medium size, clingstone."
" 30332 ^ — From Karghalik, Chinese Turkestan. A nectarine called
Anar-shabdalah. Fruits rather small, whitish pink in color, and of sweet,
aromatic flavor. This is a medium-late ripener and a rare local variety."
"30334* — From Shagra-bazar, Chinese Turkestan. A nectarine
called Kizil-dagatch. Fruits small, red; medium early."
" 30335 ° — From Upal, Chinese Turkestan. A nectarine called
Ak-tagatch. Fruits large, white; a late ripener; of good keeping and
shipping qualities."
" 30336 ^ — From Yarkand, Chinese Turkestan. A nectarine called
Ak-dagatch. Fruits medium-sized, of white color; clingstone; late in
ripening; of good keeping and shipping qualities."
" 30341 ** — From Upal, Chinese Turkestan. A nectarine called Kizil
tagatch. Fruits large, red throughout; meat firm; of good keeping and
shipping qualities."
" 30359 ^ — From Kashgar, Chinese Turkestan. A very large, red,
■ V. S. D. A. Bu. of PL Ind. Bui. 227:20. lyi i.
' Ibid. 227:47. 191 1.
' Ibid. 233:76. 1912.
'Ibid. 233:77. 191 2.
» Ibid.
« Ibid.
^ Ibid. 233:78. 1912.
■^ Ibid.
''Ibid. 233:80. 191 2.
l6 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
clingstone nectarine; late ripener; can be kept for several weeks after being
fully ripe."
" 30647 ' — From Khotan, Chinese Turkestan. A nectarine called
Togatch Moneck."
" 30648 - — From Guma, Chinese Turkestan. A small late variety
of nectarine, white in color, of fresh, sweet taste and good keeping
qualities."
White flesh. — "27iii'' — Chinese name Ta po tao. A large white
peach, native in Shantung Province, China (Chef 00 district)."
" 30324 ■' — From Khotan, Chinese Turkestan. A peach called Ak-shab-
dalah. Fruits large, white, juicy, and aromatic; an early ripener."
"30337'' — From Shagra-bazar, Chinese Turkestan. A peach called
Kok-shabdalah. Fruits medivim large, of greenish-white color; taste
sweet; medium late; not a keeper."
" 30338 '"' — From Yarkand, Chinese Turkestan. A peach called Taka-
shabdalah. Fruits very large, of whitish color with a slight blush; late in
ripening; can be kept for several weeks."
" 30339 ' — From Karawag, Chinese Turkestan. A peach called
Ak-shabdalah. Fruits large, white in color; flavor very sweet and pleasing;
early in ripening."
" 17167 * — From Tung-chow. A large, white peach, considered a
fine fruit by the Chinese. Non-melting flesh."
" 20239 " — From Kirin. A pale colored, medium-sized peach. Kirin
is the most northern locality where I have as yet found peaches."
" 271 1 1 '° — Chinese name Tah-biiy-toiver. A large white peach native
in Shantung Province, China."
Yellow flesh. — " 30333 " — From Shagra-bazar, Chinese Turkestan.
A peach called Serech-shabdalah . Fruits very large, of yellow color
throughout; meat very firm; clingstone. Stands shipping well, but does
not keep long; late in ripening (October)."
" 35201 *- — From Mengtsz, Yunnan, China. Seeds of Mengtsz white
peach and yellow free peach. This fruit is grown all over this province
■ u. s
. D.
.A.
Bu. of PI.
hid.
Bui.
242:
27,
191
,.
' Ibid.
'Ibid.
207
:62,
1911.
' Ibid.
233:76-
1912.
' Ibid.
233
78.
1912.
6 Ibid.
' Ibid.
'Ibid.
106
:26.
1907.
' Ibid.
132
:8o.
1908.
'« U. S. D.
.4.
Bui. of Ft
•r. PI
. Int.
No.
32
:iq
1910.
" U. .S. D.
.4.
Bu. of PI
. Ind.
Bui.
233
:77
191
2.
■■- U. S.
D.
.4.
Bu. of PI.
lod.
Im: of S.
0-
P.
/.
21.
THE PKACHES OF NEW YORK 1 7
and occasionally attains an enormous size, and in tliat respect could easily
compete with the best French peaches.'
Red flesh. — " 6543 ' — From Sai Tseo. Long, rather pointed, red-
fleshed, freestone."
" 34275 - — From Soochow, China. This is a mixed lot of peach seeds
containing some from red clingstones and some from white freestones."
" 17728 ^ — From Matou. A peach described to me by the natives as
very large, red meated, and juicy."
" 21991 * — From Hangchow, Chehkiang, China. A flat, red-meated
peach, not very sweet in taste. Chinese name Iliiug pien tao."
Clingstone. — " 30340 * — From Karawag, Chinese Turkestan. A peach
called Ais-shabdalah. Fruits large, pinkish -white; meat firm, sweet;
clingstone. It is said here that it can be kept for several months."
"21989'' — From Feitcheng, Shantung, China. The most famous
peach of northern China, called the Fei tao. The fruits grow as heavy as
one pound apiece and are pale yellowish colored, with a slight blush; meat
white, except near the stone, where it is slightly red; taste excellent, sweet,
aromatic, and juicy. Is a clingstone. Has extraordinary keeping and
shipping qualities. The branches need propping up on account of the
weight of the fruits."
" 29991 ' — Seeds of a peach from Tsinanfu, Shantung, China. It is
a cling and though rather inconvenient for eating, is very large and luscious,
coming into market about the middle of September and lasting for a month
or more."
Freestone. — " 6635 * — From mountains near Ichang. Flowers late,
fruit ripens in September. Freestone. Fruit small and quite hairy."
"30357' — From Kashgar, Chinese Turkestan. A large, red, free-
stone peach, fine flavored; a medium-late ripener, and a most prolific
bearer."
" 30358 '" — From Kashgar, Chinese Turkestan. A large, pale reddish,
freestone peach of very fine flavor; medium-late ripener; not a keeper."
"39428" — Amygdalus sp. — Seeds of a wild peach from Sianfu,
Shensi, China. Stones of the real wild peach, growing in the mountains,
' U. S. D. A. Bu. of PI. Ind. Bui. 66:95. 1905.
^ U. S. D. A. Bu. of PI. Ind. I>,v. of S. & P. I. 32.
' U. S. D. A. Bu. of PL Ind. Bui. 106:50. 1907.
*Ibid. 137:31. 1909.
''Ibid. 233:78. 191 2.
«7W(f. 137:31- 1909-
' U. S. D. A. Plant Immigrants No. 59:404. 1911
' U. S. D. A. Bu. of Pi. Ind. Bui. 66:102. 1905.
^ Ibid. 233:80. 1 91 2.
'" Ibid. 233:80. 19 1 2.
" V. S. D. A. Plant Immii^mnts 103:828. 1914.
l8 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
one day's journey south of Sianfu. The fruits are small, hard and sourish,
but there is considerable variation in them as regards size and taste. They
are apparently all freestones and while some have red flesh near the stone,
Others are white throughout."
Round peaches. — Roundness is one of the characteristics of the peach
and it but labors the argument to give space to show that this character
is found in Chinese varieties. All peaches mentioned in this discussion
are round or roundish except those coming under the heading " flat."
Round and beaked. — " 8331 to 8334 ' — Eagle Beak peach from Canton,
China. From orchard trees growing near the Great North Gate of Canton,
at Ngau Ian Kong, of the Ying tsui t'o or Eagle Beak peach. This variety
resembles the Honey closely, except that the pointed tip of the fruit is
more curved, according to Dr. J. M. Swan, of the Canton Hospital."
"9805^ — From Canton, China. Hung Wat tint. A variety of the
' Honey ' type, reported to be good for preserves and not so sweet as the
Ying tsui or Eagle Beak variety. It is medium early."
"22650' — Shanghai. These peaches are called the Honey peach,
and I think are very fine."
Flat. — " 6541 "^ — From Sai Tseo, above Hankow. Flat, freestone,
ripens in May."
" 6542 ^ — From near Sai Tseo, above Hankow. White, fine fleshed,
flat, freestone, ripening the middle of May."
" 6544 ^ — From Sai Tseo. Medium size, flat, freestone, ripening in
May."
" 6545 ' — From Sai Tseo. Flat, freestone, quality very good. Ripens
in June."
" 29991 * — Chinese Flat Peach. From Tsinan, Shantung, China.
Called Feicheng. It is a cling and, though rather inconvenient for eating,
is very large and luscious, coming into market about the middle of Sep-
tember and lasting for a month or more."
" 30482 ^ — From about 50 miles southwest of Tsinan, Shantung,
China. Feicheng. Chinese flat peach. This is a large, luscious cling,
very much esteemed by the Chinese."
> u. s
D..I. Bu.of PI
Ind
Bui
66
2 Ibid.
66:306.
1905-
^ Ibid.
142:21.
1909.
> Ibid.
66:95.
1905.
'- Ibid.
66:95.
1905.
" Ibid.
• Ibid.
« Ibid.
233:47.
1912
Ubid.
242:12.
1912.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 1 9
"21990' — From Kianchau, Shantung, China. A flat, juicy, white
peach of fine taste. Chinese name Pai pien kio."
"21992^ — From near Chiningchou, Shantung, China. A flat, pale-
fleshed peach, juicy but somewhat insipid."
" 22352 ' — From Shifengtse Temple, west of Peking, Chihli, China.
Said to be medium sized, very flat, and of reddish color. Chinese name
Pien tan."
White stone. — "8340* — From Canton, China. Pak Wat tint t'o.
A slightly sweet, white stone variety of rather small size, preferred by some
to the Ying tsui t'o, which, it is said, has too sweet a flavor. It has no
beak like the latter, but is a typical south Chinese shape, according to
Dr. J. M. Swan, of the Canton Hospital, who very kindly described this
variety."
" 24915 * — Hufjg zvat to (red-stone peach)."
" 24916 " — Paak wat to (white-stone peach)."
"The Hung wat to is a new variety and so recognized by the Chinese.
From what I can gather they believe the Paak wat to to be the best, but
have some trees of the Hung wat to. The Hung wat to seems to blossom
much quicker than the Paak wat to.''
Winter peaches.'' — " The so-called winter peaches they have here are
all clingstones, somewhat watery and not very fine in general."
" 30340 * — From Chinese Turkestan is said locally to keep for several
months."
" Cuttings of nectarines from Chinese Turkestan. Among these are
some from an altitude of 5000 feet, large, late ripeners, and keeping and
shipping well, and one, number 30359,^ recommended by the British consul,
Mr. Macartney, is said to keep for several weeks after being fully ripe."
"30482'° — Cuttings of the Feitcheng peach from about fifty miles
southwest of Tsinan, Shantung, China. It is a late variety, coming into
market about the middle of September or October. It is reported to have
such unusual keeping qualities, that it can be kept, when wrapped in tissue
paper, until February. Though a cling stone it is luscious, sweet and
aromatic, and of unusual size, reaching a pound in weight and is so prized
by the Chinese that as much as 15 cents apiece is paid for it in the region
' U. S. D. A. Bu. of PL hid. Bui. 137:31- '909-
^Ibid.
' Ibid. 137:46. 1909.
' Ibid. 66:191. 1905.
''Ibid. 162:50. 1909
nbid.
' U. S. D. .1. Platil Immigrants 51:4. 1910.
^ Ibid. 60:411. 191 1.
^ Ibid. 60:412. 1911.
"Ibid. 62:431. 1911.
20 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
where it is grown; every year the Feitcheng peaches are sent as a present
to the Imperial court in Pekin."
The evidence given encourages the beUef that in the native peaches
of China may be found all of the characters that distinguish cultivated
peaches wheresoever grown. The smooth-skinned peach, or nectarine,
from the evidence at my command, is not common in eastern China but in
Chinese and Russian Turkestan it is evidently one of the commonest fruits.
Neither does yellow flesh appear to be a common character of peaches of
eastern China but is now and again mentioned so that it may be put down
as existing in the peaches of the region. Bear in mind that the accounts
given are but random ones taken by persons not more interested in peaches
than in other agricultural products and covering, of course, but a very small
part of the vast region under the dominion of China. There is, no doubt,
much to be learned about the peaches of Asia in future explorations.^
In America, at least, certain characters of peaches, as flatness, smooth
skin, red flesh and prolonged beak are looked upon as comparatively new
in this fruit. At any rate, varieties having these relatively rare char-
acters are spoken of as sports and pomologists, as we shall see, not infre-
quently announce the date of birth of one or another of these characters.
Now, a careful examination of the evidence, scant though it is, will carry
conviction to all that none of the prominent characters of peaches have
originated within the period covered by history — all exist in China and
probably have so existed since time beyond record.
The size and color of the blossoms are distinguishing characters of
races and varieties of cultivated peaches, less valuable in classification than
the fruit-characters we have been discussing only because they are less
numerous. Peach -blossoms fall into four very distinct kinds: Petals
large and pink; petals intermediate in size and pink or red; petals small
and red or reddish, and petals large and white. Through the United
States Department of Agriculture, I am in possession of copies of nine
' M. Cibot, a French missionary, writing nearly a century and a half ago in his memoirs concerning
the Chinese (11:280-293. 1784), gives the following account of peaches with which he was familiar in
China at that time: —
" Peaches are distinguished by size and color, the shape and earliness of their fruit. Tliere are some
whose flesh is white, some greenish, some a delicate yellow, some a yellow orange and some marble; some
are round, some oval, some lengthened to a point like a crow's beak. Peaches are heard of weighing two
pounds or even more. The largest ones I have seen were scarcely three and a half inches in length and
diameter; as to earliness, in the middle provinces there are peaches almost as soon as cherries. It is still
more astonishing that some varieties do not ripen here till October, and that there is a secret by which
they can be kept till January, just as fresh, just as beautiful, and just as delicious as if right off the tree."
THK PEACHKS OK NEW YORK 21
letters from Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction correspondents of the
United States Department in China who had been asked to report on the
size and color of peach -blossoms in the parts of China in which they lived.
The information thus obtained is most interesting but space forbids con-
sidering it further at present than to say that it indubitably establishes
the fact that peaches with the four kinds of blossoms are found in China.
This further encourages the belief, just set forth, that the essential cliar-
acters of peaches are old, of great fixity and originated in China at a time
in the past on which it would be idle to conjecture.
It is interesting to note that there are peaches in China with at least
two characters not found in any American varieties. Two varieties are
mentioned as having " white stones." There is no peach in America with
stones that could be described as white though several early white-fleshed
peaches have light-colored stones. This character is unimportant and
seems, from the brief descriptions of the varieties having such stones, not
to be correlated with other especially desirable characters, yet such a peach
would, at least, add an interesting novelty to the flora of this fruit. The
other character, that of late keeping, appears to have more value. A
peach that would " keep for several months " or one ripening in September
" that can be kept, when wrapped in tissue paper, until February," is
highly desirable. No doubt through the efforts of the workers in the
United States Department of Agriculture we shall sooner or later be grow-
ing these peaches in America.
As the probable home of the peach, we have given China so much
space in this discussion of the peach in Asia that we can now but briefly
summarize what is known of this fruit in other Asiatic countries.
The peach in Japan. — From Fruit Culture in Japan ' it is patent that
the peach is one of the leading fruits of the country. In number of varieties
of the several fruits grown in Japan the peach is exceeded only by the
persimmon — ninety-five peaches and two nectarines being listed, all
having Japanese names. The following account gives some idea of the
peach -industry as carried on in Japan:
" There are a number of varieties of our native peaches and nectarines.
From the extreme south of Formosa to Hokkaido, local forms are cultivated
side by side with Western and Chinese varieties, which are all much
superior to ours in all respects. During the past twenty years, the grow-
ing of introduced peaches has replaced the native one with striking rapidity.
' Ikeda, T. The Fruit Culture in Japan 32, 33. 1907.
22 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Their growing seems to be naturally limited in Hokkaido to the south part
up to about 43 degrees N. L. The midseason and late varieties do not
properly ripen there and peach growing consequently does not develop to
be a profitable industry in Hokkaido. Peaches are rather easy to culti-
vate and seem to be less susceptible to the effects of climate, than apples,
provided suitable sites and soil be given. Consequently peach orchards
are found scattered here and there all over the country. For the peaches
there is no difference between the two longitudinal halves of Japan. At
present, large orchards of peaches, regularly planted and trained, are
found on the alluvial lowlands and hillsides. The heav>' rainfall during
June and July causes an overluxuriance of growth and considerable portion
of the fruits drop down without reaching maturity. To prevent the damage
from the parasites our people have learned through experience the impor-
tant operation of bagging. On the loamy soils, good qualities of fruits
may be attained, but the growers are accustomed to prefer light sandy soils
to insure success. Sometimes rather dry hillsides give good results."
The peach in Turkestan and Persia. — We shall become too deeply
involved if we attempt to trace the cultivation of peaches in all of the
countries of Asia. A sentence each suiffces for other regions than China
and Japan, excepting Turkestan, where the peach seems preeminently at
home, and must therefore have more than a word.
The peach is commonly grown in Mongolia and Cochin China. ^ Several
kinds of peaches are cultivated in the north of India. ^ The peach requires
the greatest care to ensure success in the north-east of India.^ A cor-
respondent of the United States Department of Agriculture at Kashgar,
British India, describes a nectarine grown there wanting " a hot but only
a short summer."^ Meyer, Agricultural Explorer for the United States
Department of Agriculture, found a variety of peach growing at Kirin,
Mongolia, not far from Vladivostock, which he says " is the most northern
locality where I have yet found peaches."^ These references might be
multiplied but enough are given to show that the peach grows wild or
cultivated wherever the climate permits in central and eastern Asia.
The peach seems to be quite as much at home, as highly prized and as
commonly grown in Russian Turkestan, northern Persia, Trans-Caucasia
and Asia Minor — the countries of western Asia — as in the eastern part
Loureiro, Fl. Cochin. 315.
■ Royle, Illust. Bot. Himal. 204.
' Hooker, Sir Joseph, Jour, of Bol. 54. 1850.
'Hendricks, P. J. P. U. S. D. .1. Bur. PI. Ind. Bui. 97:72. 1905.
s Meyer, F. W. V. S. D. A. Bur. PI. Ind. Bui. 132:80. 1908.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 23
of the continent. The Chinese early discovered trade routes over the
mountains from the center of Asia to Kashmir, Bokhara and northern
Persia. What more probable than that in remote times the seeds of peaches
should have been carried westward from China and the peach thus have
been introduced into western Asia where it at once found a congenial soil
and climate. The peach-tree is so easily raised from the pit that its dif-
fusion along routes of travel must have been very rapid.
Of many accounts of the peaches of this region, long and short, perhaps
the following from Mr. Albert Regel gives, in the space to be spared, the
best idea of the extent of the peach-region in western Asia and the races
represented — races rather than varieties, for of the latter there must be
legions since we are told the trees are grown from seed. Regel,' a physician
by vocation, lived in Turkestan for nine years and collected fruits and
flowers as an avocation. He seems to have penetrated every nook and
corner of Turkestan and adjacent regions. Of peaches and nectarines he
says:
" Next to the pomegranate, the Asiatics prize the peach, and the
Oriental poetry compares its lusciousness to the fruits of Paradise. The
culture of the peach reaches its northern limit in the district of the Hi.
The young plants, which, as throughout Asia, are grown from the seed,
without grafting, suffer greatly there from frost and require careful cover-
ing; nevertheless the large, smooth, red and the rough, hairy, yellow fruit
of the Chinese varieties develop excellent characteristics. According to
the observations of the naturalist Wilkins, there are 40 varieties in the
Kokan district, among them some Chinese ones. In the South the peach
extends to Afghanistan and Tshotral ; its proper home, however, is Northern
Persia to the Caucasus. In Darvas the peach forms trees 30 feet high with
broad tops. The rough-skinned giant peaches of the garden of Kalai-
chumb are of unsurpassed lusciousness and aroma, and most inviting
bloom (tinting of the cheeks). They attain the size of an average apple.
The fruitfulness of this variety is so great that the leaves seem to be con-
cealed by the peaches. The Bokhariots prize the smaller rough skinned,
and red cheeked variety at Tchaspak, which is distinguished by strong
aroma and firm, almost astringent flesh. The yellow peaches are especially
sweet. The number of rough -skinned kinds at Kalaichumb is considerable.
" The smooth -skinned nectarines of this region, among which there are
smaller, pale yellow varieties and very large red cheeked ones, are of
unusually fine flavor and melting flesh; but they are equalled by the
nectarines of Samarkand. There are also small sweet yellow kinds, which
stand half way between the rough coated and smooth coated peaches.
1 Montreal Hort. Soc. Rpt. 12:64, 65. 1886-87.
24 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Such an one grows in the exposed region of Paendish. In Jasqulam, a
small rough-skinned, red peach with astringent flesh and musky aroma,
flourishes. Roshan, the district of Barpaendsha, and Surshan on the lower
Hund, produce later ripening and less valuable varieties, than the territory
of the lower Paendish."
Another quotation shows the intensity of the orcharding in some parts
of this favored land of fruits. In his chapter on the Zarafshan \'alley,
Schuyler says: '
" The gardens constitute the beauty of all this land. The long rows
of poplar and elm trees, the vineyards, the dark foliage of the pomegranate
over the walls, transport one at once to the plains of Lombardy or of
Southern France. In the early spring the outskirts of the city, and indeed
the whole valley, are one mass of white and pink, with the bloom of almond
and peach, of cherry and apple, of apricot and plum, which perfume the air
for miles around. These gardens are the favourite dwelling-places in the
summer, and well may they be. Nowhere are fruits more abundant, and
of some varieties it can be said that nowhere are they better. The apricots
and nectarines I think it would be impossible to surpass anywhere. These
ripen in June, and from that time until winter frviit and melons are never
lacking. Peaches, though smaller in size, are better in flavour than the
best of England, but they are far surpassed by those of Delaware. The
big blue plums of Bvikhara are celebrated through the whole of Asia. The
cherries are mostly small and sour. The best apples come either from
Khiva, or from Suzak, to the north of Turkestan, but the small white
pears of Tashkent are excellent in their way. The quince, as with us, is
cultivated only for jams or marmalades, or for flavouring soup."
West-central Asia, " the cradle of races," is, as well, the cradle of
fruits and vegetables and he who would know more of its orchards, gardens
and vineyards should read Schuyler's Turkestan and Lansdell's Russian
Central Asia. We have quoted from the first-named book and now close
the discussion of peaches in Asia by a few brief quotations from Lans-
dell, taking a few from many to bring out points worth noting. We
usually think of flat peaches as belonging to southeastern Asia, yet Lans-
dell found them in west-central Asia:- " Here we bought our first ripe
grapes and nectarines. Apricots ripen at Kuldja at the beginning of July,
and we were, therefore, too late for them, but of late peaches, that ripen
early in Augtist, we came in for the last, flat in form, about an inch and
a half in diameter and half an inch in thickness. They tasted fairly well,
but there was little flesh on the stone."
'Schuyler, Eugene Turkestan 1:296, 297. 1876.
■ Lansdell, Henry Russian Central Asia 1:223. 1885.
THK PKACHES OF NKW YORK 2$
Nectarines, as we have mentioned before, seem to be especially ])lenti-
ful in this region: ' " In the market (Vierny) we also bought grapes, and,
still better, small but luscious nectarines, the latter for a halfpenny each,
of which, as I sat over my writing at night, I ate so many as to alarm
Mr. Sevier, whose medical instincts led him to fear for the consequences.
All went well, however, and I never stinted myself from that time onward
from Central Asian fruit, and I am thankful to say was not once
inconvenienced thereby."
As throwing light on the wild fruits of this region, we have Lansdell's
statement that there are whole forests of almond trees and many species
of cherries, plums, apples, pears and apricots, but wild peaches are not
mentioned. -
On another page we are told that peaches in Bokhara are of three
varieties, red, white and green, and in a foot-note that they are grown as
follows:' " When sown, the stone is put in the earth two fingers deep,
before the frosts set in ; water is then let in and allowed to freeze ; after that,
earth is put over it and left till the following spring, when the young shoots
are transplanted at intervals of four paces. The best peaches are said
to come from Samarkand."
One is tempted to enlarge upon fruit-possibilities in these west-Asiatic
valleys. Without much strain upon the imagination it is easy to conjure
up visions of great fruit-industries in west Asia rivaling those of our own
Pacific Coast when communications with European markets are opened
and if the people now there or those who may migrate there begin to make
use of their opportunities and to take advantage of the best that art and
science now ofifer horticulture. In the event of such a development,
peaches, fresh and dried, will not be the least of the products of the region.
THE PEACH IN EUROPE
One finds treasures of experience and inspiration for narrative in the
history of the peach in Europe. But to present a systematic record of
the peach as it traveled from country to covmtry after its introduction into
ancient Greece would require a volume and a long one, which, interest-
ing and profitable as it might be, could hardly be justified in this work.
Present purposes are best served by attempting only to point out the
landmarks in the history and development of the peach from the time it
' Lansdell, Henry Russian Central A s
■Ibid. 1 :6o8. 1885.
Ibid. 2:8,^. 1885.
26 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
left Asia until it reached America. The first landmark is in the intro-
duction of the peach into Greece.
The peach in Greece. — As to the approximate date and the manner
in which the peach reached Greece, there is now common accord among
those who may be considered authorities on the history of fruits. Theo-
phrastus (332 b. c.) was the first Greek to mention the peach, speaking of
it as a " Persian fruit." It may be, of course, that the peach came to
Greece from Asia Minor or Persia at an earlier date. One might well
suspect that if peaches were growing in Persia at the time of the retreat
of the Ten Thousand (401 b. c), since the army must have traversed the
country in which, according to some, the peach is native and at least had
probably then been introduced, the taste of so pleasant a frmt would have
inspired some soldier of the retreating Greeks to carry seeds to his western
home. But Xenophon, historian of the retreat and a writer on agriculture
as well as of war, does not mention the peach as he almost certainly would
have done had it occupied a prominent place among the agricultural
products of his time.
There is another story of the introduction of the peach into Greece
that may be mentioned to separate fact from fable. Some of the .old
writers assert that the peach came to Greece from Persia by the way of
Egypt. Such statements are foionded on a traditionary tale first printed
by Pliny to the effect that this fruit was sent into Egypt by the kings of
Persia to poison the Egyptians. Pliny ^ denies that the kings of Persia
had the peach transplanted into Egypt from motives of revenge but
evidently is under the belief that the peach came from Egypt for he
says:
" As to the peach-tree, it has been only introduced of late years, and
with considerable difficulty; so much so, that it is perfectly barren in the
Isle of Rhodes, the first resting-place that it found after leaving Egypt."
We would like to amplify the bare statement that Alexander brought
the peach to Greece 332 b. c, but this single fact, if it be a fact, seems to
constitute the recorded history of the peach in Greece before the Christian
era. Dioscorides, about 64 A. d., was the next Greek to mention the peach
but he discusses it with reference to its medicinal properties and does not
enlighten us greatly as to its horticultural standing. The fact that the
several Greek writers whose books have come down to us from the period
vinder consideration do not mention the peach does not argue that this
Bostock and Riley Nat. History oj Pliny y.2<)(>. 1855.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 27
fruit was not then growing in Greece; for classicists, then as now, seldom
got down to earth and the things growing in it.
The peach in Italy. — Naturally one goes to the oldest book in Latin
literature on agriculture to look for the beginnings of peach-culture in
Italy. This, as every student knows, is De Re Rustica, a work on farming,
gardening and fruit-growing by Cato (235-150 b. c.) on whom posterity
has bestowed the appellation " Sturdiest Roman of Them All." Cato
mentions most of our common orchard-fruits, as well as our field crops and
garden-plants, but the peach is not in his list of fruits; neither does Varro
(117-27 B. c), the next great Roman writer on agriculture, seem to have
known the peach though he mentions choice varieties of cultivated cherries,
which at his time had but newly been introduced into Rome.
To Vergil (71-19 b. c), we are indebted for the first reference to the
peach in Roman literature. The " Prince of Latin Poets," writing on
agriculture, orcharding and gardening, in the Georgics, mentions the peach
in these graceful lines:
" Myself will search our planted grounds at home.
For downy peaches and the glossy plum."
Columella, writing in the next generation after Vergil, about 40 A. d.,
adopts or starts the story of the peach being a poisonous gift sent from
Persia to Egypt :
" And apples, which most barbarous Persia sent,
With native poison arm'd (as fame relates) :
But now they've lost their pow'r to kill, and yield
Ambrosial juice, and have forgot to hurt ;
And of their country still retain the name."
Some hold, however, that Columella refers not to the peach, " persica "
but to " persa " a quite different fruit. But unquestionably, according
to commentators. Columella has the peach in mind in these lines:
" Those of small size to ripen make great haste;
Such as great Gaul bestows observe due time
And season, not too early, nor too late."
By these tokens do we know that the peach was cultivated in Italy
some years before the Christian era.
In Pliny's remarkable compend of the natural history lore that existed
at the beginning of the Christian era, we have the first information worthy
of note on the peach in Italy. His statements, though they throw more
light on what the peach then was than the writings of any one until his
time, taking a more utilitarian turn than those of the Greeks, are con-
28 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
fusing and do not enlighten us greatly either as to the history of the peach,
or as to its pomological standing. Still, Pliny's observations constitute
an important landmark in the history of this fruit and we must give them
full consideration. First, let us give attention to Pliny's account of the
introduction of the peach into Italy. He devotes Chapter 13, Book XV,
to " The Peach " confining his observations to historical references but in
it so confounds peaches, plums and other trees that we learn but little as
to when, whence or how the peach came to the Romans. Since this refer-
ence is much quoted, however, despite its indefiniteness, we give it in full.'
" The name of ' Persica,' or ' Persian apple,' given to this fruit,
fully proves that it is an exotic in both Greece as well as Asia, and that
it was first introduced from Persis. As to the wild plum, it is a well-
known fact that it will grow anywhere; and I am, therefore, the more sur-
prised that no mention has been made of it by Cato, more particularly
as he has pointed out the method of preserving several of the wild fruits-
as well. As to the peach-tree, it has been only introduced of late years,
and with considerable dififictilty; so much so, that it is perfectly barren
in the Isle of Rhodes, the first resting-place that it found after leaving
Egypt.
" It is quite tuitrue that the peach which grows in Persia is poisonous,
and produces dreadful tortures, or that the kings of that countr>-, from
motives of revenge, had it transplanted in Egypt, where, through the nature
of the soil, it lost all its evil properties — for we find that it is of the
' persea ' that the more careful writers have stated all this, a totally
different tree, the fruit of which resembles the red myxa, and, indeed,
cannot be successfully cultivated anywhere but in the East. The learned
have also maintained that it was not introduced from Persis into Egypt
with the view of inflicting punishment, btit say that it was planted at
Memphis by Perseus; for which reason it was that Alexander gave orders
that the victors should be crowned with it in the games which he insti-
tuted there in honour of his ancestor; indeed, this tree has always leaves
and fruit upon it, growing immediately upon the others. It must be quite
evident to every one that all our plums have been introduced since the
time of Cato."
Our author's discussion of the kinds of peaches and of their market
value is somewhat more satisfactory. In Chapter 11, Book XV, entitled
" Six Varieties of the Peach," Pliny again discusses several fruits but in
the last paragraph confines himself to the peach and puts on record the
first account of varieties of this fruit. The chapter follows in fvdl: -
' Bostock and Riley Nat. History oj Pliny 3 -.iqb. 1 855.
2/Wd. 3:293, 294. 1855.
THE PEACHKS OF NEW YORK 29
" Under the head of apples, we include a variety of fruits, although
of an entirely different nature, such as the Persian apple, for instance,
and the pomegranate, of which, when speaking of the tree, we have already
enumerated nine varieties. The pomegranate has a seed within, enclosed
in a skin; the peach has a stone inside. Some among the pears, also, known
as ' libralia,' show, by their name, what a remarkable weight they attain.
" Among the peaches the palm must be awarded to the duracinus:
the Gallic and the Asiatic peach are distinguished respectively by the
names of the countries of their origin. They ripen at the end of autumn,
though some 'of the early kinds are ripe in the summer. It is only within
the last thirty years that these last have been introduced; originally they
were sold at the price of a denarius apiece. Those known as the ' super-
natia ' come from the country of the Sabines, but the ' popularia ' grow
everywhere. This is a very harmless fruit, and a particular favourite
with invalids: some, in fact, have sold before this as high as thirty
sesterces apiece, a price that has never been exceeded by any other fruit.
This, too, is the more to be wondered at, as there is none that is a worse
keeper: for, when it is once plucked, the longest time that it will keep is
a couple of days; and so sold it must be, fetch what it may."
The first of Pliny's six varieties is the " Persian Apple " — " malum
persicum " in the original text. It is well to note the author's statement
that " Under the head of apples, we include a variety of fruits." A literal
translation of the Latin word malum in Pliny has brought about many
misunderstandings. Beside the peach, pear and pomegranate grouped
here as " apples," the apricot, orange, citron and no doubt other fruits
come " under the head of apples." The " Persian apple," then, must be
counted as one of Pliny's " six varieties of peaches." From the name we
know whence the Romans had the peach.
The second variety is the duracinus, to which, among peaches, " the
palm must be awarded." The name translated literally is " hard-berry "
and must refer to the firmness of the flesh. Despite the fact that De Can-
doUe ' and others hold that Pliny does not mention the nectarine, " dura-
cinus " can hardly be other than the nectarine — at least the name fits
the nectarine better than it does any peach.
The third and fourth of Pliny's peaches are the " Gallic " and
" Asiatic," " distinguished respectively by the names of the countries of
their origin." Can it be possible that there is a peach native to France?
We should say at once that this is but one of Pliny's inaccuracies were it
not for the fact that several of the highest French pomological authorities
De CandoUe .Mphonse Or. Cult. Plants 225. 1885.
30 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
State that certain races of the peach are natives of southern France.
Duhamel Du Monceau ' and Leroy ^ are chief champions of this beUef and
the latter says that Mayer, Calvel and Carriere, other French authorities,
are of the same opinion. These French writers offer no substantial proofs
and botanists do not agree with them; it seems, weighing the evidence
at this distance, as if they had copied Columella and Pliny too closely.
The fact that the peach is a perfectly naturalized denizen of parts of France,
of course, gives color to the belief that it is a native and not an exotic in
that country. Quite similarly, our early botanists, including so careful
an observer as Bartram, were of the opinion that the peach belonged to
America for the reason that they found it growing wild in our southern
woods — an escape from early Spanish settlers. Pliny's Gallic peach,
probably, was a descendant of an early introduction from some outside
source. How the " Asiatic peach " of our quotation differs from the
" Persian apple " does not appear except in its origin, it probably having
come more or less directly from Asia Minor which in Pliny's time seems
to have been Asia.
The last two of Pliny's six varieties are those known as " supernatia "
which " come from the country of the Sabines " and the " popularia "
which " grow everywhere." Whether supernatia, meaning " from above,"
refers to the fact that this peach grows in the high and mountainous country
of the Sabines or to its being a choice variety, cannot be said. Probably,
however, it designates choice peaches while the " popularia " which grow
everywhere refers to the common run of this fruit.
Peaches were profitable in Rome in Pliny's time, for they sold " as
high as thirty sesterces apiece." A sesterce is four and one-half cents
so that the possible price of a peach in Rome 1900 years ago was $1.35.
The Roman peach-grower was at the mercy of the seasons as are those
of nowadays for we read that when once plucked the peach could be kept
but a couple of days, " so sold it must be, fetch what it may."
The statement that the peach is a " particular favorite with invalids,"
reminds us that the ancients ascribe various medicinal properties to
nearly all plants and Pliny sets forth those of the peach as follows:^
" Peaches, again, are more wholesome than plums; and the same is
the case with the juice of the fruit, extracted, and taken in either wine or
Duhamel Du Monceau Trait. Arh. Fr. 2:1-2. 1768.
'Leroy Diet. Pom. 6:10. 1879.
' Bostock and Riley Nat. History of Pliny 4:508. 1856.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 31
vinegar. Indeed, what known fruit is there that is more wholesome as
an aUment than this? There is none, in fact, that has a less powerful
smell, or a greater abundance of juice, though it has a tendency to create
thirst. The leaves of it, beaten up and applied topically, arrest haemor-
rhage: the kernels, mixed with oil and vinegar, are used as a liniment for
head-ache."
One other consideration, and we are done with Pliny. In Chapter
13, quoted on page 28, we are told that the peach " has been only intro-
duced of late years." This can hardly mean during the day of the author.
The peach had probably been cultivated in ancient Rome for a consider-
able length of time before Pliny wrote. Vergil and Columella had men-
tioned it as a planted plant; Pliny, himself, speaks of the " popularia "
as being grown " everywhere; " and the facts that it was a common article
of food and used in medicine argue an earlier date of introduction than
we might be lead to suppose from Pliny's statement " introduced of late
years." Indeed, knowing the great length of time it takes in our days of
rapid transportation and quick diffusion of knowledge to accustom our-
selves to new food-plants and to persuade agriculturists to grow them,
we should say that the peach must have been grown in Rome at least two
or three centuries to have become so well known as it seems to have been
in Pliny's time. The chief point established by these quotations is that
the peach was well established in Italy at the beginning of the Christian
era.
After leaving Pliny there is a boundless, uncharted waste before we
find another landmark in the history of the peach. In all matters relating
to agriculture and natural history Roman writers for several centuries
but copied the men from whom we have quoted and it was not until the
Sixteenth Century that we have any substantial account of the further
progress of this fruit. During this centiu-y, curiously enough, about the
only books on botany and horticulture were commentaries on Dioscorides,
the Greek botanist, who lived and made his reputation in Christ's time
and who for 1600 years thereafter was the sole authority on botany. Of
the ten or twelve commentaries, that of Matthiolus is most replete with
information on the fruits of the times and especially in the matter of
varieties, which he describes in greater detail than any other man since
Pliny. It must be remembered that at this time, the closing years of the
Middle Ages, there was a great awakening in agriculture and horticulture
in southern and western Europe. As the second descriptive list of peaches
32 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
we might well quote what Matthiolus wrote, but, as in Pliny, few of his
varieties can be made out, and Gerarde, writing later in English, amplifies
the Latin author so well that we shall wait for his account.
The peach in France. — Peach-culture in France probably began about
as early as in Italy, for both Columella and Pliny, as we have seen, mention
the peaches of Gaul with those of Rome. Introduced thus early, finding
suitable soil and climate and easily propagated, so delicious a fruit as
the peach must at once have become a prime favorite in the orchards of
the monasteries, where, tended by monks who were the most skilled horti-
culturists of the times, the peach was disseminated throughout France
with the spread of Christianity. France was the foster-mother of the
peach in Europe — from her nurseries the Belgians, Dutch, Germans and
English had their first peach-trees. The history of the peach in France,
then, is an important chapter in the history of this fruit.
Andre Leroy, author of the great French work, Dictionnaire de
Pomologie, gives in considerable detail the history of the peach in France
and from him we briefly summarize the material he has brought together
in regard to this fruit up to 1600 after which our purposes are best met
by quoting directly from the originals.
According to Leroy ' only peaches with a downy skin and soft flesh
which adhered to the stone came from Asia — all others, in his belief,
originated in southern France. That any peach came originally from
France we do not agree, for reasons given on a foregoing page. Leaving
the statements of origin in dispute, the first records of peaches in France
are to be found in the quotations from Columella and Pliny which we
have already discussed. Leroy rrientions as the second record a reference
to the peach by Bishop Fortunat of Portiers in 530; a third from the four-
teenth Abbot of the monastery of Saint-Denis near Paris in the year 784;
while the great Charlemagne, who in 800 mentions " peaches of different
kinds," furnishes the fourth of Leroy 's early records; the fifth account is
taken from the letters of Lupus, Abbot of Ferrieres, near Amiens, who
sent several varieties of peaches to a brother with instructions as to how
to plant the pits, the approximate date being 860.
After these Leroy gives several references to show that the peach was
commonly cultivated from the Ninth Century on but none of the writers
whom he quotes gives a recognizable picture of the kinds of peaches in
their day until we come to the epoch-making agricultural book of Olivier
Leroy Diet. Pom. 6:io. 1879.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 33
de Serres, who, in his Theatre de Agriculture, published in 1604, names and
describes twelve kinds of peaches. While these descriptions are so incom-
plete as to be most tantalizing to one trying to recognize varieties, yet
Olivier de Serres is one of the outstanding historians of agriculture and his
few paragraphs on the peach constitute a prominent landmark in the
history of this fruit because he names a considerable number of sorts and
makes it plain that the peach is no longer grown as a species but that
varieties are receiving recognition, though, sorry to say, we cannot be sure
from the fragmentary description whether or not any of his kinds have come
down to our time.
From the beginning of the Seventeenth Century the history of the
peach in France is common property to students of pomology. Botanists
and agriculturists by this time had begun to break away from Dioscorides,
Pliny and the other ancients of Greece and Rome; and in France, Germany
and England one herbal after another was beginning to appear in nearly
all of which the peach received attention. Perhaps, since France plays
so important a part in the development of the peach, a brief recapitulation
from French pomological authorities following Olivier de Serres, showing
the increase in varieties of this fruit and bringing to mind the men who
have written in pomology, may be of interest and profit.
Lectier, agent of the King at Orleans, in a catalog of an orchard in his
charge, published a list of 2^ varieties of peaches in 1628. Thirty-nine
years later, 1667, Merlet in his Abrege des hons fruits names 38 siorts of
this fruit. For the next hundred years the increase in number seems to
have been small, for in 1768 Duhamel du Monceau in Traitc des arbres
fruitiers, the first great pomological work to be published, describes but
43 peaches. This century, however, was one in which peach-culture
increased enormously throughout France. At the beginning of the period
peaches began to be grown in the shelter of walls — a method the results
of which greatly increased the culture of this fruit. Calvel, in 1805, names
60 varieties; Louis Noisette, 1839, lists 60 sorts; Andre Leroy, 1852, names
but 41 varieties, but in an edition of the same work in 1865, describes 148
peaches; lastly, O. Thomas in Guide pratique (1876) publishes a list of
355 peaches.
The peach in Belgium, Holland, Germany and Spain. — In the search
for prominent events in the development of the peach, we are absolved from
the task of tracing in detail the history of this fruit in the countries named
in the heading of this paragraph. These nations have furnished no land-
3
34 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
marks in the history of the peach. France has provided all with their
varieties of this fruit. Indeed, in none, unless perhaps it be Spain, does
the peach find a congenial climate and certainly in none is the crop of any
considerable commercial value. Amateurs, too, in all but Spain at least,
give their attention to its orchard-associates rather than to the peach.
It is true, as we shall see, that the peach first came to America from Spain
and a considerable number of our varieties are now grouped in what is
called the " Spanish race." But horticulture in Spain, from the few
accounts to be had, is primitive in the extreme — there are no Spanish
pomologies and one cannot conceive that this country has aided appreciably
in the development of the peach.
It is possible — ' would that we could know the facts — that Spain
may have played an important part in introducing peaches into Europe.
For the earliest Spanish gardens were the work of the Moors and since
Moorish gardens, wonderful in beauty of design, show a strong resemblance
to the gardens of Persia, what more probable than that the Moor, half-
Asiatic, early brought the peach from Persia to Spain.
The peach in England. — The peach and the gooseberry do not thrive
side by side. England grows the gooseberry to highest perfection, fogs,
rains and cloudy weather seemingly ministering to its wants. But the
peach loves sun, heat and clear skies and if these come not naturally the
peach-tree must be artificially grown. The peach is not, after centuries
of cultivation, acclimatized in England. But in all times, and of all people,
the English have been most fond of gardens and orchards and so beautiful
and delectable a fruit as the peach could not escape their attention. And
so, though under the necessity of growing this fruit on walls or under glass,
England, since the Middle Ages, has done much toward the development
of the peach, the difficulties of culture seeming to stimulate interest. Her
pomological literature is particularly rich in references to this fruit. We
in America, too, are greatly indebted to England for many varieties of
peaches. The history of the peach in England, then, should aflford much
interesting and profitable material in this discussion.
There seems to be no record of the Romans having brought the peach
to England, yet there can be little doubt that they did so. The remains
in England of Roman houses, baths, roads, pavements and bridges, very
similar if not quite so well built as those of Italy, suggest that there were
Roman gardens about these early houses and villas in England just as
there were about those in the great Empire on the Mediterranean. More-
THK PEACllKS OF NICW YORK 35
over, there was an early Saxon name for the peach. The Latin is
" Persica; " the early Anglo-Saxon is " Persoc treou; " the English,
"peach." ' But gardening in England for most part went as it came,
with the Romans, and, during nearly a thousand years of struggling with
barbarians after the fall of the Roman Empire, the peach, in common with
all other garden-plants needing culture, seems to have disappeared and
was not reintroduced until in the Thirteenth Century.
That the peach came to England, as a permanent asset, from France,
is so certain from the general history of English horticulture, though there
be no authentic record to substantiate the statement, that we need con-
sider no alternative. One looks in vain for a satisfactory date for the
beginning of peach-culture in England. In France the monastic orders,
as we have seen, were the conservators of horticulture, as they were of all
arts excepting war, and we feel sure that, as the Church reached England,
some good bishop, father or brother planted peaches in a monastery garden.
Yet our quest of a date is rewarded with nothing earlier than 1216, in which
year, according to the Chronicle of Roger of Wendover,^ " King John, at
Newark, in the midst of his despair and disappointment, hastened his
end by a surfeit of peaches and ale." From this we may certainly say
that peach-culture was established in England at least as early as the
beginning of the Thirteenth Century.
Two hundred years elapse before we find another reference to the
peach in England. Lydgate, English monk and poet (1375- 1440?), as
quoted by the Hon. Mrs. Evelyn Cecil, ^ mentioned peaches among " the
fruits which more common be." Possibly an earlier reference is found in
Chaucer's Roma nut of the Rose:
" And many hoomely trees there were
That peches, coynes, and apples bere."
English fruit-books commonly accredit the introduction of the peach
in England to a certain Wolf, gardener to Henry VHI, and fix the date at
about 1524, but the quotations given show that this fruit was probably
well established long before the Sixteenth Century. Perhaps it suffices
to say that the peach began to be cultivated in England at the close of the
Middle Ages — a time suflficiently vague to be convenient in the state of
inexactness of our knowledge.
' Cecil, Hon. Mrs. Evelyn A Hist, of Card, in Eng. 3. 1910.
^Jbid. 38. iQio.
' IhH 48. 1910.
36 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
In the Sixteenth Century references to the peach become so numerous
that one cannot reckon with all of them. Selecting only a few notable
names of writers on plants, we have Turner, one of the first and perhaps
the greatest of British herbalists, who mentions the peach in his Herball
of 1 55 1, though rather disparagingly, for he says: " The peche is no great
tre in England that I could se — the apples are soft fiesshy when they are
rype, something hory without." Tusser, author of Five Hundred Points
of Good Husbandrie, 1573, the best-known work on farming of the times,
gives a list of fruits to be transplanted in January among which are
" Peaches, white and red." Lastly, the century ends with John Gerarde's
The Herball or Generall Historie of Plantes, 1597, in which the peach is
treated at greater length and to better advantage than by any previous
English author. An improved edition of Gerarde's herbal was brought
out in 1633 by Thomas Johnson who adds very materially to the discussion
of the peach in the first edition and from this we quote in full all that
pertains to varieties: ^
" There are divers sorts of Peaches besides the foure here set forth
by our Author, but the trees do not much differ in shape, but the difference
chiefely consists in the fruit, whereof I will give you the names of the choice
ones, and such as are to be had from my friend Mr. Miller in Old-street,
which are these; two sorts of Nutmeg Peaches; The Queenes Peach; the
Newington Peach; The grand Carnation Peach; The Carnation Peach;
The blacke Peach; The Melocotone; The White; The Romane; The
Alberza; The Island Peach; Peach du Troy. These are all good ones. He
hath also of that kinde of Peach which some call Nucipersica or Nectorins,
these following kindes; the Roman red, the best of fruits; the bastard
Red; the little dainty greene; the Yellow, the White; the Russet, which is
not so good as the rest. Those that would see any fuller discourse of these
may have recourse to the late worke of Mr. John Parkinson, where they
may finde more varieties, and more largely handled, and therefore not
necessary for me in this place to insist upon them.
" I. The Peach tree is a tree of no great bignesse: it sendeth forth
divers boughes, which be so brittle, as oftentimes they are broken with
the weight of the fruit or with the winde. The leaves be long, nicked in
the edges, like almost to those of the Walnut tree, and in taste bitter:
the floures be of a hght purple colour. The fruit of Peaches be round, and
have as it were a chinke or cleft on the one side; they are covered with a
soft and thin downe or hairy cotton, being white without, and of a pleasant
taste; in the middle whereof is a rough or rugged stone, wherein is contained
• Gerarde Herball 1446, 1447. 1633.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 37
a kernell like unto the Almond ; the meate about the stone is of a white color.
The root is tough and yellowish.
"2. The red Peach tree is likewise a tree of no great bignesse; it
also sendeth forth divers boughes or branches which be very brittle. The
leaves be long, and nicked in the edges like to the precedent. The fioures
be also like unto the former; the fruit or Peaches be round, and of a red
colour on the outside; the meate likewise about the stone is of a gallant
red colour. These kindes of Peaches are very like to wine in taste, and
therefore marvellous pleasant.
"3. Persica praecocia, or the d'avant Peach tree is like unto the
former, but his leaves are greater and larger. The fruit or Peaches be of
a russet colour on the one side, and on the other side next unto the Sun of
a red colour, but much greater than the red Peach: the stones whereof
are like unto the former: the pulpe or meate within is of a golden yellow
colour, and of a pleasant taste.
" 4. Persica lutea, or the yellow Peach tree is like unto the former in
leaves and flours, his fruit is of a yellow color on the out side, and likewise
on the in side, harder than the rest : in the middle of the Peach is a wooddy
hard and rough stone full of crests and gutters, in which doth ly a kernel
much like to that of the almond, and with such a like skin: the substance
within is white, and of taste somewhat bitter. The fruit hereof is of
greatest pleasure, and of best taste of all the other of his kinde; although
there be found at this day divers other sorts that are of very good taste,
not remembered of the ancient, or set down by the later Writers, whereof
to speake particularly would not bee great to our pretended purpose, con-
sidering wee hasten to an end.
"5. There is also kept in some of our choice gardens a kind of Peach
which hath a very double and beautifull floure, but it is seldom succeeded
by any fruit: they call this Persica flore plena, The double blossomed
Peach."
In the first edition Gerarde describes but four peaches, but Johnson,
36 years later, says " there are divers sorts besides the foure here set forth
by our Author " and then names thirteen " choice ones, such as are to be
had from my friend Miller in Old-street," who " hath also " six varieties
" of that kinde of Peach which some call Nucipersia or Nectorins." Either
Gerarde neglects the peach or varieties increased greatly in 36 years —
probably the former. We have not found the nectarine mentioned before
Johnson's revision of Gerarde in 1633 and probably this fruit was not well
known in England long before, for Parkinson, discussing them in 1629,
says " they have been with us not many year*;." This brings us to Parkin-
son's list of peaches, which contains, as Johnson says, a " fuller discourse,"
38 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
than Gerarde. John Parkinson (1567- 1650), another British herbaUst,
who also cultivated a famous garden in London, devotes a chapter to
the peach and another to the nectarine. These being short, and every'
word pertinent, we publish them in full: '
" The great white Peach is white on the outside as the meate is also,
and is a good well rellished fruit.
" The small white Peach is all one with the greater, but differeth in
size.
" The Carnation Peach is of three sorts, two are round, and the third
long; they are all of a whitish colour, shadowed over with red, and more
red on the side is next the sunne: the lesser round is the more common,
and the later ripe.
" The grand Carnation Peach is like the former round Peach, but
greater, and is as late ripe, that is, in the beginning of September.
" The red Peach is an exceeding well rellished fruit.
" The russet Peach is one of the most ordinary Peaches in the King-
dome, being of a russet colour on the outside, and but of a reasonable rellish,
farre meaner then many other.
" The Island Peach is a faire Peach, and of a very good rellish.
" The Newington Peach is a very good Peach, and of an excellent
good rellish, being of a whitish greene colour on the outside, yet halfe
reddish, and is ripe about Bartholmew tide.
" The yellow Peach is of a deepe yellow colour; there be hereof divers
sorts, some good and some bad.
"The St. James Peach is the same with the Queenes Peach, here
belowe set downe, although some would make them differing.
" The Melocotone Peach is a yellow faire Peach, but differing from
the former yellow both in forme and taste, in that this hath a small crooked
end or point for the most part, it is ripe before them, and better rellished
then any of them.
" The Peach du Troas is a long and great whitish yellow Peach, red
on the outside, early ripe, and is another kinde of Nutmeg Peach.
" The Queenes Peach is a faire great yellowish browne Peach, shadowed
as it were over with deepe red, and is ripe at Bartholmew tide, of a very
pleasant good taste.
" The Romane Peach is a very good Peach, and well rellished.
" The Durasme or Spanish Peach is of a darke yellowish red colour
on the outside, and white within.
" The blacke Peach is a great large Peach, of a very darke browne colovir
on the outside, it is of a waterish taste, and late ripe.
" The Alberza Peach is late ripe, and of a reasonable good taste.
Parkinson Par. Ter. 580, 582. 1629.
I'EACIIKS OK NEW YORK
39
" The Almond Peach, so called, because the kernell of the stone is
sweete, like the Almond, and the fruit also somewhat pointed like the
Almond in the huske; it is early ripe, and like the Newington Peach, but
lesser.
" The Man Peach is of two sorts, the one longer then the other, both
of them are good Peaches, but the shorter is the better rellished.
" The Cherry Peach is a small Peach, but well tasted.
" The Nutmeg Peach is of two sorts, one that will be hard when it is
ripe, and eateth not so pleasantly as the other, which will bee soft and
mellow; they are both small Peaches, having very little or no resemblance
at all to a Nutmeg, except in being a little longer than round, and are early
ripe."
" Many other sorts of Peaches there are, whereunto wee can give no
especial name; and therefore I passe them over in silence."
Agricultvire seems to have received a great impetus in England about
the middle of the Seventeenth Century, possibly with the beginning of
Cromwell's Protectorate in 1653. Toward the end of the century the
momentum began to carry pomology with it, the most apparent results
of the movemerit at this distance, as it afTects the peach, being a great
output of new varieties and of fruit-books in which the new offerings were
described. From this time the progress of peach-culture in England
assumed so great proportions that space does not permit following it
further in this brief account — a task unnecessary, too, for the pomological
works of Lawrence, Switzer, Langley, Brookshaw, Miller, Rea, Hitt,
Abercrombie and Forsyth, to select the most prominent names, cover the
century well and are still accessible in large libraries. Moreover, by this
time the peach was well established in America and we must take up its
history there.
THE PEACH IN AMERICA
One of the first fruits of the heroic age of Spanish discovery in America
was the naturalization in the New World of animals and plants which the
discoverers brought with them. Most notable of these are the wild horses
of the western plains and the Indian peaches of southern forests. Long
before the English, Dutch, French or Swedes planted colonies in America,
peaches, introduced by Spaniards, were common property of the Indians
in southeastern and southwestern America. The Spaniards came to the
New World to conquer and brought swords more often than fruits, but a
cheery note in the long dirge of human woes suflfered by the Aztecs is found
in the rapid dissemination of the peach, among other domesticated plants,
40 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
at an early period in Mexico. Which of the Spanish conquerors brought
the peach or when it came does not appear but we have record that less
than fifty years after Cortez conquered the country the peach was, appar-
ently, commonly grown in Mexico. The beginnings of peach-culture on
this continent are, then, to be sought in the region south of the Rio Grande.
The peach in Mexico. — Authority for the statement that the peach
was cultivated in Mexico less than fifty years after the Spanish conquest
is found in a Spanish book published by Molina in 1571, in which three
peaches are described in Hispano-Aztec compound words as follows:
" xuchipal durazno, ' red-colored peach,' cuztic durazno, ' yellow peach,'
and xocotlmelocoton, ' peach fruit.' " ' That the peach is to be found
everywhere in Mexico, cultivated and as an escape from cultivation, where
climate permits is common knowledge to pomologists, explorers having
from time to time brought to light sorts worthy of introduction in our
southern states, and frequent mention is made of this fruit by visitors to
that country.
These Mexican peaches become of special interest to American fruit-
growers because they constitute, with the offspring of early introductions
in Florida, what pomologists call the " Spanish Race " of this fruit.
" American Race " is a more fitting name, for these peaches are an
American product. Four centuries of reproduction from seed, in a climate
and soil different from any previously imposed upon them, and abnormally
short generations have given to this continent a group of peaches with
many characters in common.
Tracing further the history of the peaches that early came to Mexico,
we find evidence that in a comparatively short time they had been taken
northward into New Mexico, Arizona and the Califomias. It is barely
possible that from the same source the peach was eventually carried as far
eastward as the Mississippi, for early explorers found naturalized peaches
'This early Spanish publication is to be found in the Library of Congress under the title Molina's
Vocubalario en Lengua Castellana y Mexicana (1571). Mr. W. E. Safford, economic botanist in the United
States Department of Agriculture, has been kind enough to translate Molina's reference to the peach.
Mr. Safford writes: —
" On page 83a (the pages of Molina are numbered only on one side, and this is the reverse of page 83)
I find as a definition of the fruit of Melocoton (Peach) the following: — xuchipal durazno (red peach),
cuztic durazno (yellow peach), xocotl melocoton (plum peach). I translate xocotl " plum ", because the
Mexicans applied this word to many plum-like fruits, or fruits more or less acid in distinction to tzapotl,
the general term applied to sweet soft fruits. The words cited are all hybrid compounds of Nahuatl and
Spanish. Whatever may be the value of these citations, they establish the fact that the peach was
undoubtedly introduced into Mexico before 157 1."
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 4I
in the valley of this great river. No doubt the Jesuit and Franciscan
fathers, chief representatives of the Roman Catholic Church in the early
settlement of Mexico and southwestern America, early carried the peach
from place to place, for, as advance guards of civilization, these men usually
planted fruits, grains, vegetables and flowers at the missions they founded.
Therefore, it is hardly too much to say that the history of the peach in the
southwest follows the establishment, one after another, of the old missions,
beginning in America with the settlement of Sante Fe in 1605 and con-
tinuing until Spanish rule passed into that of the United States.
That the padres of the early religious orders planted gardens and
orchards as they planted the cross of Christianity among the Indian tribes
in the southwest may be seen from such accounts of the mission as the
following, written by a Spanish officer traveling in what is now New Mexico
in 1799: ^ " The Moquinos are the most industrious of the many Indian
nations that inhabit and have been discovered in that portion of America.
They till the earth with great care, and apply to all their fields the manures
proper for each crop. The same cereals and pulse are raised by them,
that are everywhere produced by the civilized population in our provinces.
They are attentive to their kitchen gardens, and have all the varieties of
fruit-bearing trees it has been in their power to procure. The peach tree
yields abundantly."
The antiquity of peach-culture among southern Indians, from Mexico
to Florida, is shown by the fact that, among the prominent tribes of this
region, there is a distinct name for the peach but the names of other intro-
duced frmts, and of some native ones, are derived from that of the peach.
Thus, according to W. R. Gerard,^ who gave careful study to Indian names
of plants in at least four Indian languages, the name of the peach is the
radical while that of several plums is the equivalent of " little peach,"
" deer's peach " and " barren peach " while the cultivated apples and
pears were by some Indians called " big peach."
As these Indian peaches have cut a prominent figure in furnishing
stocks for American peach-orchards, are the source from which came a
number of varieties, and, more than all else, gave inspiration for planting
permanent orchards of this fruit on American soil, we may well consider
them at greater length.
Indian peaches. — In many parts of the South, from the Ohio to the
• Explorations and Surveys for a Railroad Route from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean, War
Department 3:122. 1854.
' Bui. Tor. Bat. Club 12:85-86. Aug. iSS-
42 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Gulf and from the Atlantic to the Great Plains, the peach is naturalized
and has run into many varieties of a peculiar and well-recognized type.
This is the " Indian Peach " of this vast region, the chief distinguishing
characters of which are: Trees with long, spreading limbs; young growth
witli purplish bark; small, flat, comparatively persistent leaves; blossoms
large; season sometimes covering several weeks; fruit small, streaked with
red beneath the skin, giving it a striped appearance, heavily pubescent;
flesh usually yellow ; ripening very late, season long, and of poor or indiffer-
ent quality. The trees of these Indian peaches have a smack of wildness
which the best of pruning does not wholly subdue. The aborigines
undoubtedly obtained peaches from Spaniards settling in both Mexico and
Florida. The first source we have discussed. We come now to the
second.
No doubt the Spaniards planted peaches in their first settlement of
Florida at Saint Augustine in 1565. We have no record of the fact but
early Indian traders found the natives of northern Florida and the neighbor-
ing states growing peaches in and about their villages in such quantity and
with such familiarity as to suggest that the several tribes had long known
this fruit. Hilton, an Englishman, who visited Florida a hundred years
after the Spaniards established themselves at Saint Augustine, records that
" the country abounds with grapes, large figs and peaches." ' The
besetting sins of our early explorers were hasty generalization and exag-
geration, and since the Indian peach, in what is now Florida at any rate,
does not " abound " we must believe that Hilton was either farther north or
was dissembling. Of the abundance of Indian peaches in the other Gulf
States, there can be no doubt, for John Bartram, America's first great
botanist, a man of note among all American naturalists, in the account
of his travels through this region in 1 765-1 766 frequently mentions the
peach as wild or as having been cultivated by the Indians.
Thus, Bartram says, speaking of the Cherokee town of Sticoe, on or
near the Savannah River:'' " On these towering hills appeared the ruins
of the ancient famous town of Sticoe. Here was a vast Indian mount or
tumulus and great terrace, on which stood the council-house, with banks
encompassing their circus; here were also old Peach and Plumb orchards;
some of the trees appeared yet thriving and fruitful." And again, dis-
' Hilton, William, A Relation of a Discovery lately made on the Coasts of Florida. 1664, Force
Hist. Tracts. IV: No. 2:8.
- Bartram, William Travels through North and South Carolina. Ceorqia, East and West Florida
3+.V 1791-
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 43
cussing the ruins of a French town near Mobile, Alabama, he says: ' "I
ascended the bank of the river, and penetrating the groves, came presently
to old fields, where I observed ruins of ancient habitations, there being
abundance of Peach and Fig trees, loaded with fruit, which afifording a
very acceptable dessert after the heats and toil of the day, and evening
drawing on apace, I concluded to take up my quarters here for the night."
And still again, he found on Pearl Island: - " Besides the native forest trees
and shrubs already noted, manured fruit trees arrive in this island to the
utmost degree of perfection, as Pears, Peaches, Figs, Grape Vines,
Plumbs, &c."
Bart ram in his travels found the peach so widely and abundantly
naturalized that he was inclined to believe America to be its habitat.
At least Kalm,^ the Swedish naturalist, who visited Bartram in 1 748-1 749
reports that Bartram " looked upon peaches as an original American
fruit, and as growing wild in the greater part of America."
In 1758 Le Page Du Pratz, who lived on a plantation in Louisiana for
several years and wrote a history of the French colony, says that the natives
had peaches and figs when the French settled in Louisiana in 1698. He
probably errs, however, in stating that the natives got their trees from the
English colony of Carolina since the English did not settle in Carolina
until 1670. No doubt the Indians had long before had peaches and figs
from the Spaniards of Florida or Mexico. The account which this historian
gives of early peach-culture in Louisiana is worth printing in full: * " The
natives had doubtless got the peach trees and fig trees from the English
colony of Carolina, before the French established themselves in Louisiana.
The peaches are of the kind which we call alberges; are of the size of the
fist, adhere to the stone, and contain so much water that they make a kind
of wine of it. The figs are either blue or white; are large and well enough
tasted. Our colonists plant the peach stones about the end of February,
' Bartram, William Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida 405. 1791.
'Ibid. 421. 1791.
' Kalm, Peter Travels into North America 3:127. 1771.
Peter Kalm is so often mentioned in the fruit-books published by this Station that readers are entitled
to know something about him. Kalm was a Swede, born in 1715, died in 1779, who was sent by the
Swedish government to travel in North America. He landed in 1748 and spent the next three years in
travel in the settled parts of the New World devoting himself to the study of the plant and animal life,
the natural phenomena, resources and agriculture of the Middle and Northern States and Canada. On
his return to Sweden, Kalm published an account of his travels in America which was afterward trans-
lated into German and then into English. To him we are indebted for much valuable information in
regard to the beginnings of agriculture and horticulture in the middle of the Eighteenth Century in America.
Kalm was a student of Linnaeus and the great botanist perpetuated his memory by naming our beautiful
mountain laurel, Kaltnia.
■> Le Page Du Pratz, Hist. La. 2:17. 1763.
44 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
and suffer the trees to grow exposed to all weathers. In the third year
they will gather from one tree at least two hundred peaches, and double
that number for six or seven years more, when the tree dies irrecoverably.
As new trees are so easily produced, the loss of the old ones is not in the
least regretted."
There are many nidirect references to peaches in the Mississippi
Valley most of which can be traced to Father Hennepin's account of peaches
in Louisiana. He says: ^ "The peaches there are like those of Europe
and bear very good fruit in such abundance that the savages are often
obliged to prop up the trees with forked sticks." It tiu-ns out, however,
that Father Hennepin was the Baron Munchausen of the early French
explorers, it being doubtful whether he was ever farther down the Missis-
sippi than the mouth of the Illinois. Probably, therefore, we must put
much of what early writers say of the great abundance of peaches in this
region to the soaring imagination of this early religious explorer. Yet
these reports are credited by so carefiol a man as Kalm, who writes: ^ "I
have been told by all those who have made journies to the southern parts
of Canada, and to the river Mississippi, that the woods there abound with
peach-trees, which bear excellent fruit, and that the Indians of those parts
say that those trees have been there since times immemorial."
A little later we have reliable information that the peach was
naturalized in parts of the Mississippi Valley at least, for Thomas Nuttall,
leading botanist of his time and a thoroughly reliable reporter, traveling
in Arkansas in 1819, writes: ' "The thermometer towards noon rises to
seventy degrees and the peach and plum trees, almost equally naturalized,
have nearly finished blooming." And, again,* " The peach of Persia is
already naturalized throughout the forests of Arkansa." From this we
may picture wild peaches as having grown for generations in parts of
Arkansas and, no doubt, of the now famous Ozark region, where, we are
told, peach-trees in abundance now decorate, with flower and fruit, primeval
forests.
Reserving the best description of Indian peaches to the last we now
turn from Arkansas to the Carolinas. Here, in 1700, John Lawson, a
surveyor, who in his work had ample opportunity to know the country,
wrote about the wild and cultivated plants of the region. Lawson, although
' Hennepin Nouvelle dicouverte d'un Iris grand pays etc., etc. 300. 1697.
^ KaXm, Peter Travels into North America 3:79. 1771.
' Nuttall, Thomas A Journal of Travels into the Arkansa Territory During the Year iSiQ, 79. 1821.
* Ibid. lOT. iS?l.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 45
not a trained naturalist, was a keen observer, a lover of nature and much
interested in the agricultural development of the Carolinas. Moreover,
he writes so simply, directly, and in a tone so temperate, in contrast to the
declamatory style of the times, that one accepts without question what
he says. We feel we are justified in quoting at some length Lawson's
description of Indian peaches: '
" All peaches with us are standing; neither have we any wall fruit
in Carolina, for we have heat enough, and therefore do not require it. We
have a great many sorts of this fruit, which all thrive to admiration, peach
trees coming to perfection, with us, as easily as the weeds. A peach falling
to the ground brings a peach tree that shall bear in three years, or some-
times sooner. Eating peaches in our orchards makes them come up so
thick from the kernel, that we are forced to take a great deal of care to
weed them out, otherwise they make our land a wilderness of peach trees.
They generally bear so full that they break great part of their limbs down.
We have likewise very fair nectarines, especially the red, that clings to
the stone; the other yellow fruit, that leaves the stone. Of the last I have
a tree that most years brings me fifteen or twenty bushels. I see no
foreign fruit like this, for thriving in all sorts of land, and bearing its fruit
to admiration. I want to be satisfied about one sort of this fruit, which the
Indians claim as their own, and affirm they had it growing amongst them
before any Europeans came to America.
" The fruit I will describe as exactly as I can. The tree grows very
large, most commonly as big as a handsome apple tree; the flowers are of
a reddish, murrey color, the fruit is rather more downy than the yellow
peach, and commonly very large and soft, being very full of juice. They
part freely from the stone, and the stone is much thicker than all the other
peach stones we have, which seems to me that it is a spontaneotis fruit of
America; yet in those parts of America that we inhabit, I never could hear
that any peach trees were ever found growing in the woods; neither have the
foreign Indians, that live remote from the English, any other sort. And
those living amongst us have a hundred of this sort for one other. They
are a hardy fruit, and are seldom damaged by the north-east blast, as
' Lawson, John History of Carolina, 181-183. 1714. Reprinted at Raleigh, i860. Lawson's
History of CaroUna contains the best description of the natural resources of the southern Atlantic sea-
board published in colonial times. It is a book of nature rather than of history and one of fascinating
interest which cannot be read without admiring and loving the author and mourning his sad fate. Poor
Lawson was burned at the stake by the Indians in 1711. We cannot refrain from quoting his description
of North Carolina as printed on page 79 of his history: " A delicious country, being placed in that girdle
of the world which affords wine, oil, fruit, grain, and silk, with other rich commodities, besides a sweet
air, moderate climate, and fertile soil. These are the blessings, under Heaven's protection, that spin out
the thread of life to its utmost extent, and crown our days with the sweets of health and plenty, which,
when joined with content, render the possessors the happiest race of men upon earth."
46 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Others are. Of this sort we make vinegar; wherefore we call them vinegar
peaches, and sometimes Indian peaches.
" This tree grows to a vast bigness, exceeding most apple trees. They
bear well, though sometimes an early spring comes on in February, and
perhaps when the tree is fully blown, the cloudy, north-east winds, which
attend the end of that month, or the beginning of March, destroy most
of the fruit. The bigest apricot tree I ever saw, as they told me. was
grafted on a peach stock in the ground. I know of no other sort with us,
than the common. We generally raise this fruit from the stone, which
never fails to bring the same fruit. Likewise our peach stones effect the
same, without so much as once missing to produce the same sort that the
stone came from."
Peaches in the colonies.— The first peaches in the American colonies
must have been planted at Jamestown for, in 1629, Captain John Smith
writes of " peaches in abundance." • The trees, however, seem to have been
neglected for, continuing. Smith says: "Apples, Peares, Apricocks, Vines,
figges, and other fruits some have planted, that prospered exceedingly;
but their diligence about Tobacco left them to be spoiled by the cattell;
yet now they beginne to revive." The settlement in Virginia at that time,
so soon after the Indian massacres, was small and there could have been
but few trees so that Smith's " abundance " was but as a grain of sand on
the seashore with the many thousands of bushels required to make an
abundance at the present time.
Despite the neglect of fruit to attend to tobacco which Smith
laments, the planting of orchards must have gone on apace, for in 1633 a
Dutch sea-captain named De Vries visiting Virginia describes the Menife
plantation, famous in the colony at that time, as having a garden con-
taining rosemary, sage, marjoram and thyme, the apple, pear and cherry
while the house itself was surrounded by peach-trees.^ Three years later.
1642, Berkeley became governor of the colony and we are told that about
his house at Green Spring there were fifteen hundred apple, peach, apricot,
quince and other fruit-trees.^ Robert Evelyn, writing forty years after
the settlement of Jamestown says: " Peaches better than Apricocks b>-
some doe feed hogs, one man hath ten thousand trees." ^
Fruit-growing in colonial Virginia was not without promoters and one,
a Colonel Norwood, had the persuasive eloquence of the barkers for get-
Works of Captain John Smith, Ed. by Edward Arber, 887. 18I
De Vries, David Peterson Voyages from Holland to America 50.
' Neil, Rev. E. D. Virginia Carolorum 50. 1869.
Evelyn, Robert New Albion, Force Hist. Tracts. II: No. 7:31-
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 47
rich-quick orchard-planting concerns of our own times. Colonel Norwood,
an Englishman, visited Virginia in 1649 and on his return wrote:'
" Oranges, Lemons, Pine-aples, Plantanes, Peaches, Apricocks, Peares,
Apels, in a word all sort of excellent Fruits will grow there in full perfection:
you may sleepe whilst they are growing, after their setting or engrafting,
there needes no more labour but your prayers, that they may prosper, and
now and then an eye to prevent their casualties, wounds or diseases."
No doubt Norwood is over enthusiastic in his praises and yet it is true
that there were few pests of the peach at this time, most of these coming,
one by one, with the development of the fruit-industry. About alj that
any fruit needed at this time was, to use a modern political phase, " watch-
ful waiting."
Considering the agricultural efforts that must have been required to
produce tobacco, then the medium of exchange at home and abroad, and
of com, which in Virginia was the staff of life, one wonders that fruit
received the attention indicated by the following account written in 1656
of a still earlier period: ^ " The Country is full of gallant Orchards, and
the fruit generally more luscious and delightful than here, witnesse the
Peach and Quince, the latter may be eaten raw savourily, the former
differs as much exceeds ours as the best relished apple we have doth the
crabb, and of both most excellent and comfortable drinks are made."
Perhaps the explanation of the popularity of fruits in Virginia is to be
found in the statement that from fruits are made " most excellent and
comfortable drinks." On the word of Captain John Smith we have it
that " few of the upper-class planters drink any water." ^ Wine was not
made in quantity in the colonies and liquors distilled from grains were
not known so that thirst, in this case the mother of invention, caused
the colonists to turn to peaches and apples for strong drink.
Prohibition was not preached in the colonies nor in the states until
long after the Revolution and King Alcohol dominated every part of the
New World. Distilling spirituous liquors from rye and corn seems not
to have been practiced, if the art were known, until the beginning of the
Nineteenth Centur}^ The upper classes drank wine, but cider, perry,
peach-vinegar and similar fermented fruit-juices were in common use by
» Norwood, Col. A Voyage to Virginia, Force Hist. Tracts. Ill: No. 10:5.
'Hammond, John Leah and Rachel or The Two Fruitful Sisters of Virginia and Mar>'land 1656,
Force Hi5^ Tracts. UI: No. 14:13.
' Works of Capt. John .Smith Ed. by Edward Arber, 886. 1884.
48 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
the middle and lower classes while the carousing population of the whole
country, and there seems to have been many liberal tipplers, slaked their
thirst with rum, apple-jack and peach-brandy. So much on drinking,
not to point a moral or adorn a tale, but to bring out the fact that fruit-
growing in America had its beginning and for two hundred years had
almost its whole sustenance in the demand for strong drink. This is shown
in almost every page of the horticultural literature of the times and in the
laws of the colonies restricting prices and levying taxes on liquors made
from fruits. Peaches were grown in quantities wherever they could be
made to succeed in the colonies, not for the fruit itself, but for the making
of peach-vinegar, a sort of cider, and peach-brandy, a distilled liquor.
By the end of the first hundred years in America the English seem to
have brought orcharding to a fine state of perfection in Virginia, the peach
succeeding then, by all accounts, rather better than now. Bruce ' gives
an admirable summing-up of orchard-conditions at the end of the period
named: " In the closing years of the seventeenth century, there were
few plantations in Virginia which did not possess orchards of apple and
peach trees, pear, plum, apricot, and quince. The number of trees was
often very large. The orchard of Robert Hide of York contained three
hundred peach and three hundred apple trees There were twenty-five
hundred apple trees in the orchard of Colonel Fitzhugh. Each species of
fruit was represented by many varieties; thus, of t^he apple, there were
mains, pippins, russentens, costards, marigolds, kings, magitens and
batchelors; of the pear, bergamy and warden. The quince was greater in
size, but less aciduated than the English quince; on the other hand, the
apricot and plum were inferior in quality to the English, not ripening in
the same perfection. Cherries grew in notable abundance. So great was
the productive capacity of the peach that some of the landowners planted
orchards of the tree for the mere purpose of using the fruit to fatten their
hogs; on some plantations, as many as forty bushels are said to have been
knocked down to the swine in the course of a single season."
Treasure after treasure of experience and narrative may be found in
tracing the history of the peach in Virginia but space permits only the
references that best illuminate the development and culture of this fruit
in America. Two accounts must serve to give an idea of the peach in
Virginia in the Eighteenth Century. Robert Beverly, in his History of
Virginia gives a good idea of the culture, kinds and uses of peaches in the
early part of the Eighteenth Century:- " Peaches, nectarines and apricots,
' Bruce, Philip Alexander Economic History of Virginia in the Seventeenth Century 1:468, 469.
- Beverly Robert History of Virginia. 259, 260. 1722. Reprinted in Richmond 1855.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 49
as well as plumbs and cherries, grow there upon standard trees. They
commonly bear in three years from the stone, and thrive so exceedingly,
that they seem to have no need of grafting or inoculating, if any body would
be so good a husband ; and truly I never heard of any that did graft either
plum, nectarine, peach or apricot in that country, before the first edition
of this book.
" Peaches and nectarines I believe to be spontaneous, somewhere or
other on that continent, for the Indians have, and ever had greater variety,
and finer sorts of them than the English. The best sort of these cling
to the stone, and will not come off clear, which they call plum nectarines,
and plum peaches or clint stones. Some of these are twelve or thirteen
inches in the girt. These sorts of fruits are raised so easily there, that
some good husbands plant great orchards of them, purposely for their
hogs; and others make a drink of them, which they call mob by, and either
drink it as cider, or distill it off for brandy. This makes the best spirit next
to grapes."
The text for the only other account we have space to publish for the
period under consideration is found in Washington's diary for February 22,
1760. " Laid in part, the Worm of a fence around the Peach orchard."
The information in Washington's short statement is inconsequential but
from it we form a pleasant picture of peach-growing at Mount Vernon.
Washington owned a distillery and in another place we learn that " the
distiller made every fall a good deal of apple, peach and persimmon brandy."
To supply the needs of the plantation in fruit and brandy, there must
have been a considerable nvimber of trees, all seedlings, but set in straight
rows, for Washington, the surveyor, would have no botch work in align-
ing and spacing. The fence, the worm of which Washington was laying
on his twenty-eighth birthday, if typical of the times, was of split walnut-
rails, laid zigzag. Eventually it became trellised with wild grapes, Virginia
creepers, honeysuckles and morning-glories. The comers grew up to
sassafras, brambles and other plants of the region. In spring, we picture
then, the pink-petalled trees, in the peach-orchard at Mount Vernon,
making obeisance to the Father of his Country as he rode the rounds of
the plantation; in summer the shady shrub-grown corners of the worm-
fence, sweet-scented with honeysuckle or aromatic with sassafras, furnished
refreshing resting places as Washington watched his harvest; later, the
orchard, voluptuous with fruit, gave gustatory promises of products to eat
and drink and dazzled the eye with autumn colors of Virginia creeper, wild
grape and sassafras. The peach-orchard not only served the appetite at
Mount Vernon but was one of the most picturesque spots on the plantation.
50
1'I';A( IIICS OF N'ICW YORK
Let the foregoing accounts of Smith, Bruce and Beverly suffice to give
status to early peach-growing in Virginia. They apply equally well to
Maryland, these neighboring colonies, it will be remembered, being called
by one of our authors, " Leah and Rachel or the Two Fruitful Sisters."
Of the peach in the states to the south at least a few words ought to be
said.
In the discussion of Indian peaches we have had a good account of the
early history of the peach in the Carolinas by Lawson. We now show the
status of peach-growing in this region at a later period. In an account
of South Carolina and Georgia, said to have been written by General
Oglethorpe, printed in London in 1733, we find the following: '
" Mulberries, both black and white, are natives of this soil, and are
found in the woods, as are many other sorts of fruit trees of excellent kinds,
and the growth of them is surprisingly swift; for a peach, apricot, or
nectarine tree will, from the stone, grow to be a bearing tree in four or five
years' time.
" They have oranges, lemons, apples and pears, besides the peach
and apricot mentioned before. Some of these are so delicious that whoever
tastes them will despise the insipid, watery taste of those we have in
England ; and yet such is the plenty of them that they are given to the hogs
in great quantities."
A little later, 1740, Mr. Thomas Jones of Savannah wrote to Mr. John
Lyde concerning the contents of his town-garden as follows: ^
"As to our fruit, the most common are peaches and nectarines (I
believe that I had a hundred bushels of the former this year in my little
garden in town) ; we have also apples of divers sorts, chincopin nuts, walnut,
chestnut, hickory, and ground nuts."
The third writer is Sir John Oldmixon who quotes a Mr. Archdale
in regard to the fruits of Carolina. He writes : ^
" Everything generally grows there that will grow in any part of
Europe, there being already many sorts of fruits, as apples, pears, apricots,
nectarines, etc. They that once taste of them will despise the watery,
washy taste of those in England. There's such plenty of them that they
are given to the hogs. In four or five years they come from a stone to be
bearing trees."
The same author is worth quoting in regard to the early culture of the
' A New and Accurate Account of the Provinces of South Carolina and Georgia. Reprinted in Collections
of the Georgia Historical Society i :50-5i . 1840.
' An Impartial Inquiry into the State and Utility of the Province of Georgia. Reprinted in Collections
of the Georgia H storicat Society 1:199. 1840.
'Oldmixon, John The British Empire in America 2nd Ed. 1:515. 1741.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 5 1
Melocoton peach in Virginia.' " Here is sucli plenty of peaches that they
give them to their hogs; some of them, called malachotoons, are as big
as a lemon and resemble it a little." The history of the word melocoton,
by the way, is interesting. It comes from the Latin melum coloneum,
literally, apple-quince. The corruption is of Spanish origin and in Spain
" melocoton " is a common name for the peach. The word, however,
is now common enough in English, no less than 29 variant spellings being
found in the dictionaries and every extensive list of peaches having a
number of varieties with melocoton as a prefix or an affix to the name.
Passing now to the northern colonies we find that the history of the
peach in Pennsylvania begins with the history of the State. William
Penn founded Philadelphia in 1682 and a year later, in describing the new
country, names the peach as one of its assets: ^ " There are also very good
peaches, and in great quantities; not an Indian plantation without them,
but whether naturally here at first, I know not. However, one may have
them by bushels for little; they make a pleasant drink; and I think not
inferior to any peach you have in England, except the true Newington."
It would be hard to find a part of the earth better fitted in soil and
climate for sure and abounding harvests of peaches than the Chesapeake
peach-belt extending up through Maryland and taking in Delaware, New
Jersey and eastern Pennsylvania. We may be sure, then, that if the
Indians were growing peaches in the abundance described by Penn in what
is now Philadelphia, peach-orchards were not less common in all of the
Chesapeake belt. That the whole region was bountifully supplied with
this delicious fruit when settled by whites is further indicated, however,
in a letter written by Mahlon Stacy from the " Falls of the Delaware,"
New Jersey, in 1680, to his brother Revell in England. He says:^
" I have travelled through most of the places that are settled, and
some that are not ; and in every place I find the country very apt to answer
the expectation of the diligent. I have seen orchards laden with fruit
to admiration; their very limbs torn to pieces by the weight, and most
delicious to the taste and lovely to behold I have seen an apple tree from
a pippin kernel yield a barrel of curious cider, and peaches in such plenty
that some people took their carts a peach gathering; I could not but smile
at the conceit of it; they are very delicate fruit, and hang almost like oiir
onions that are tied on ropes."
' Oldmixon, John The British Empire in America 2nd Ed. London. 1:440. 1 741.
2 Watson Annals of Phila. i :46. 1856.
' Raum, John O. History of Ne%v Jersey, 108.
52 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
We are told in Watson's Annals of Philadelphia ' that one of the
remarkable characteristics of German town, Pennsylvania, in 1700 was
that the whole of the main street, one mile in length, " was fronted with
blooming peach trees."
An account of peaches in the Delaware region as late as the middle of
the Eighteenth Century shows that even then the peach was regarded as
indigenous "like maize and tobacco." This quotation, too, is interesting
because it gives a glimpse of cultural methods, kinds, uses and danger from
frost. The author was a Swedish clergyman, a resident of the region for
some years. He writes: -
" Peach trees stand within an enclosure by themselves; grow even in
the stoniest places without culture. The fruit is the most delicious that
the mouth can taste, and often allowable in fevers. One kind, called
clingstones, are considered the best; in these the stones are not loose from
the fruit as in the others. Many have peach orchards chiefly for the
purpose of feeding their swine, which are not allowed to run at large. They
first bloom, in March, the flowers coming out before the leaves, and are
often injured by the frosts; they are ripe toward the close of August. This
fruit is regarded as indigenous, like maize and tobacco; for as far as any
Indians have been seen in the interior of the country these plants are
found to extend."
Pressed for space, we must conclude the discussion of early peach-
growing in this region by quoting an account of the industry as it existed
in 1750 when the Swedish naturalist, Kalm, visited the colonies and spent
some time in Pennsylvania and neighboring states. Writing of orchards
he says:^ " Every countryman, even a common peasant, has commonly
an orchard near his house in which all sorts of fruit, such as peaches, apples,
pears, cherries, and others, are in plenty. The peaches were now almost
ripe. They are rare in Europe, particularly in Sweden, for in that country
hardly any people besides the rich taste them. But here every countryman
had an orchard full of peach trees, which were covered with such quantities
of fruit, that we could scarcely walk in the orchard, without treading on
those peaches which were fallen off ; many of which were always left on the
ground, and only part of them was sold in town, and the rest was con-
sumed by the family and strangers; for every one that passed by, was at
liberty to go into the orchard, and to gather as many of them as he wanted.
Nay, this fine fruit was frequently given to the swine.
■ Watson Annals of Phila. i :46. 1856.
' Acrelius, Israel The History of New Sweden, or the Settlements on the River Delaware. Stockholm,
1759. Translated from the Swedish by William M. Reynolds, D. D., Philadelphia, 1876, Vol. XI of the
Memoirs of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania 151, 152.
'Kalm, Peter Travels into North America 1:71-7;^. 1770.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 53
" This fruit is, however, sometimes kept for winter use, and for this
purpose they are prepared in the following manner. The fruit is cut into
four parts, the stone thrown away, and the fruit put upon a thread, on which
they are exposed to the sunshine in the open air, till they are sufficiently
dry. They are then put into a vessel for winter. But this manner of
drying them is not very good, because the rain of this season very easily
spoils and putrifies them, whilst they hang in the open air. For this reason
a different method is followed by others, which is by far the most eligible.
The peaches are as before cut into four parts, are then either put upon a
thread, or laid upon a board, and so hung up in the air when the sun shines.
Being dried in some measure, or having lost their juice by this means, they
are put into an oven, out of which the bread has but just been taken,, and
are left in it for a while. But they are soon taken out and brought into the
fresh air; and after that they are again put into the oven, and this is
repeated several times until they are as dry as they ought to be. For if
they were dried up at once in the oven, they would shrivel up too much,
and lose part of their flavour. They are then put up and kept for the
winter. They are either baked into tarts and pyes, or boiled and pre-
pared as dried apples and pears are in Sweden. Several people here dry
and preserve their apples in the same manner as their peaches.
" The peach trees have, as I am told, been first planted here by the
Europeans. But at present they succeed very well, and require even less
care than our apple and pear trees."
Kalm ' also gives an account of the colonists' method of making peach-
brandy, which, as we have seen, plays so important a part in the peach-
industry of the times. Brandy-making, according to Kalm, was sim-
plicity itself and it is not to be wondered that in those days of strong drink
peach-brandy was popular. The following is Kalm's description: " They
make brandy from peaches here, after the following method. The fruit
is cut asunder, and the stones are taken out. The pieces of fruit are then
put into a vessel, where they are left for three weeks or a month, till they
are quite putrid. They are then put into the distilling vessel, and the
brandy is made and afterwards distilled over again. This brandy is not
for people who have a more refined taste, but it is only for the common
kind of people, such as workmen and the like."
Kalm, travelling from Trenton to Princeton, found the country thickly
settled and full of orchards : ^
" During the greater part of the day we had very extensive com
fields on both sides of the road. * * * Near almost every farm was
a spacious orchard full of peach and apple trees, and in some of them
Kalm, Peter Travels into North America 1:94.
■ Drii. 1:222-223. '770-
54 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
the fruit had fallen from the trees in such quantities as to cover nearly
the whole surface. Part of it they left to rot, because they could not
take it all in and consume it. Wherever we passed by we were always
welcome to go into the fine orchards and gather our hats and pockets full
of the choicest fruit, without the possessors so much as looking after it."
The soil and climate of Long Island and the lower reaches of the
Hudson, similar to those of the Chesapeake peach-belt, are so well adapted
to peaches that we may be sure that the early settlers in New York eked
out their scanty fare with this fruit soon after settlements were made.
Trade with the colonies to the south, where peaches were common before
the Dutch were established on Manhattan Island, began almost imme-
diately after the arrival of the Hollanders in America, and knowledge of
the adaptability of peaches to conditions in the New World was no doubt
quickly acquired from Virginia, if, indeed, the aborigines were not culti-
vating this fruit in the region as Penn found them doing on the site of
Philadelphia. Yet careful search in the colonial records of New York
shows no early accounts of peaches, there being few such accounts, by the
way, of any agricultural product, no one having undertaken the task of
describing the natural and agricultural resources of this State as was done
by several able observers for Virginia and the New England states.
No doubt, however, orchard-planting as a general practice was long
delayed in New York because of political and economic conditions. The
Dutch came to America as traders and not as home-makers, and almost
from the day they landed were in trouble with both their savage and their
civilized neighbors so that actual or petty warfare prevented them from
planting orchards until in 1647 when the reins of government were taken
in hand by Peter Stuyvesant, a farmer as well as a soldier, who at once
set about encouraging the planting of fields, gardens and orchards. He
brought, we are told, fruits, flowers, farm and truck-crops from the neighbor-
ing colonies and Holland and these he not only planted on Manhattan
Island but sent to the settlements up the Hudson. The peach may readily
be grown in suitable soils from Albany down the river to New York, and,
by the end of the Seventeenth Century, we are told by travelers, naturalists
and missionaries that this fruit was in common cultivation by the whites
and was even rudely tilled by the Indians of the Hudson Valley.
But, in eastern New York, away from the coast, the peach did not
find the climate as congenial as in the colonies to the south and then, too,
from the following record, the peach-borer early became troublesome.
THE PKACHKS OF NEW YORK 55
Kalm says: ' " Peach-trees have often been planted here (Albany, New
York) and never would succeed well. This was attributed to a worm
which lives in the ground, and eats through the root, so that the tree dies.
Perhaps the severity of the winter contributes much to it." We have
another reference to show that winter-killing must have been a discouraging
factor in peach-culture in this part of New York in early days as it is now.
Cadwallader Golden, appointed first surveyor- general of New York in
17 19, and in 1761 lieutenant-governor of the Province, a botanist of note,
who had a patent of land in what is now Orange County, wrote in 1737
that cold had killed the peach-trees the previous winter.
The traveler who visits New York today finds many orchards on the
Hudson but in them he sees comparatively few peaches. The peach is
much more at home two hundred miles west about the Central Lakes and
along the shores of Lake Ontario Here, it is interesting to learn, peaches
were grown in considerable quantities long before the region was settled
by the whites — how long we have no record nor do we know much of the
character of the fruit. John Bartram in his Travels from Pensilvania to
Onondago, Oswego and the Lake Ontario, an account of a journey made in
1743, mentions apples, peaches, plums and grapes growing about the
Indian villages passed through on his route. Whether these peaches came
from the white settlements nearer the Atlantic, or at a much earlier date
from the Indians to the South, or both, we cannot even surmise.
Sullivan's army, which came to this region in 1779 to chastise the
Indians, found and destroyed considerable numbers of fruit-trees, among
them many peaches. After Sullivan's raid the region was qitickly settled
by whites who, following the examples of the Indians, planted apples and
peaches, the orchard soon becoming a prominent asset to every farm.
Collections of pioneer papers frequently mention the great adaptability
of these lake-regions to peaches. In Conover's History of Kanadasaga
and Geneva ^ there are sixteen references to the peach-orchards about Seneca
and Cayuga lakes in and about the year 1 800. As in the South, the products
seem to have been used chiefly in making peach-brandy.
David Thomas,^ Aurora, Cayuga County, New York, was the pioneer
' Kalm, Peter Travels into North America 2:244, 245. 1771.
' Mss. in the library of Hobart College, Geneva, N. Y.
' David Thomas is now scarcely known in horticulture except as he is spoken of as the father of
America's well-known agricultural, horticultural and pomological writer, John Jacob Thomas. Yet the
father merits recognition for his work in agriculture and horticulture. David Thomas was a Quaker,
born in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, in 1776 Tie became a civil engineer and moved to Aurora,
56 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
horticulturist, fruit-grower and nurseryman in this part of the State and
soon after coming to New York in 1805, we learn from several references
to his orchards and nurseries in his own writings, began planting peaches.
All of the named varieties from the South and East were tried in his orchard
and if valuable were propagated and sold from his nursery. According
to his son, John Jacob Thomas, the pomologcial writer, he had in 1830 " the
most extensive and valuable collection of bearing trees west of the Hudson."
Through him the western counties of the State were stocked with named
peaches and other fnxits.
Of peaches in the New England colonies, we need say but little. Except
in favored parts of Connecticut and Massachusetts, this fruit was little
grown in these northern colonies. It is not at all probable that New
England Indians ever planted peaches and for a generation after the whites
came the struggle for the necessities of life kept them from indulging in so
great a luxury as a peach-orchard. Strong drink was as commonly used
by the Puritans as by the Churchmen in Virginia and peach-brandy would
have been as acceptable but it was easier to produce cider, and rum from
the West Indies could be had with little trouble. Still, peaches were
sparingly grown in the New England colonies.
The Massachusetts Company in 1629 sent peach-pits, along with seeds
of other fruits, to be planted by the colonists.' Twelve years later George
Fenwick, Saybrook, Connecticut, writes to Governor Winthrop that he is
" prettie well storred with chirrie & peach trees." "^ Justice Paul Dudley,^
who seems to have been the leading horticulturist in Massachusetts in his
time, writes in 1726: " Our Peaches do rather excel those of England, and
then we have not the Trouble or Expence of Walls for them ; for our Peach
Cayuga County, New York, in 1805 and began to practice his profession. Later he became one of the
engineers in charge of the construction of the Erie Canal and still later performed a similar service in
building the Wetland Canal. Soon after, we find him a nurseryman and fruit-grower at Aurora. Through-
out his entire life, his son writes, he was interested in horticulture, pomology and botany and by his writ-
ings on these subjects, published principally in the Genesee Farmer, then the leading agricultural paper
in western New York, and in Travels in the Western Country in 1816, published in Auburn in 1819, David
Thomas performed most valuable services in forwarding the cultivation of fruits. He was a corresponding
member of the London Horticultural Society and of the Linnaean Society of Paris. His articles in the
Genesee Farmer and other agricultural papers furnish the most authoritative statements we have in regard
to the early history of fruit-growing in western New York The name of David Thomas ought long to
be preserved by horticulturists of the State and country together with that of his illustrious son, John
Jacob Thomas.
' Mass. Records 1:24.
« Mass. Hist. Collections 4th Ser. VI:499.
» History of the Mass. Horl. Soc. 16. 1 829-1 878
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 57
Trees are all Standards, and I have had in my own Garden seven or eight
Hundred fine Peaches of the Rare-ripes, growing at a Time on one Tree."
From another statement made by Justice Dudley ' we learn that peaches
were still being grown from the stone and may assume that budding was
not known or so careful a horticulturist as our author would have men-
tioned it. He says: " Our Peach Trees are large and fruitful, and bear
commonly in three Years from the Stone. I have one in my Garden of
twelve Years Growth, that measures two Foot and an Inch in Girt a Yard
from the Ground, which, two Years ago, bore me near a Bushel of fine
Peaches."
SEEDLINGS GIVE WAY TO BUDDED TREES
About the close of the Eighteenth Century the planting of pits for
permanent trees began to give way to budding. It does not appear who
began budding peaches on this side of the Atlantic but the desirability of
budded stock was discussed as early as 1736, for in that year we find the
English botanist, Peter CoUinson, urging his American colleague, John
Bartram, to " graft Plums and Nectarines on Peach stocks." ' The matter
had evidently been under consideration before for Collinson tells Bartram
" Pray try; I have great opinion of its succeeding." ^ Bartram is hard to
convince and ten years later Collinson is still urging him to bud, for, in a
letter of April 26, 1746, he writes, rather impatiently, " Though thou canst
not see, yet I have told thee what inoculating a Peach stock may do." ^
Probably the Princes, pioneer nurserymen in America, in their nurser}'
at Flushing, Long Island, first began to bud the peach, for in their catalog
of 1 77 1 they offer 29 sorts though most of these appear to be types rather
than varieties. Twenty years later they list 35 varieties with the state-
ment that all " are inoculated." John Kenrick,^ father of William Ken-
' Hist. Mass. Hort. Soc. 17. 1829-1878.
' Darlington, Wm. Memorials of Bartram 81. 1849.
^Ibid.gz- 1849.
* Ibid. 177. 1849.
' John Kenrick, one of the pioneer nurserymen on American soil, began his business career by raising
peach-seedHngs. His nursery was situated in the towns of Newton and Brighton, Massachusetts, and
was founded in 1790. As we have stated in the text, he early acquired the art of budding and possibly
was the first, or at least one of the first, nurserymen to offer budded peach-trees for sale. In 1823, he
advertised in the New England Farmer thirty varieties of budded peaches five to eight feet high at thirty-
three and one-third cents each. These thirty varieties must have included practically all of the named
sorts then grown in America. It is interesting to note that he states in the advertisement that the trees
were packed with clay and mats. It was in this year that William Kenrick, son of John Kenrick, became
a partner of his father. Beside growing peaches, the Kenrick nurseries offered for sale other trees, vine
and bush-fruits and ornamentals as well. The Kenricks were also extensive growers of currants from which
58 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
rick,' the pomological author, who for years was Prince's chief competitor,
his nurseries being located at Newton, Massachusetts, began business in
1790 by planting a quantity of peach-stones the trees from which he did
not bud. Four years later, we are told, he learned to bud and greatly
extended his assortment of varieties, making a specialty of budded peach-
trees.'
Until the middle of the next century, peaches were nevertheless com-
monly grown from the pits. It is probable that never before nor since, the
world over, have seedling peaches been raised on so extended a scale as in
America during the half-century following the Revolutionary war. The
country between the Atlantic seaboard and the Mississippi was being rap-
idly settled and on nearly every farm from the Great Lakes to the Gulf, bar-
ring a few in the northernmost parts of this great area, peaches were planted.
They furnished food not only for the pioneers but were used in fatten-
ing pigs and in the earlier part of the period, at any rate, were, with apples,
the chief supply of ardent spirits which every farmer then kept on hand fqr
daily use. There were millions of peach-trees in America before 1825
but until that time there were but few named varieties. Then the art of
budding began to spread; nurseries sprang up; this vast collection of
they made currant-wine, their output in 1824 being 1700 gallons; in 1825, 3000 gallons and in 1826, 3600
gallons. The date and place of John Kenrick's birth cannot be learned. His death occurred in 1833 in
the Kenrick mansion, built in 1720, standing near the nurseries. New England, and peach-growers
everywhere, owe him a debt of gratitude for his services in horticulture.
' William Kenrick, son of John, of whom we have just written, was bom in 1 795 in the family mansion
on Nonantum Hill in the town of Newton, Massachusetts. He was trained by his father as a nurseryman
and in 1823 became a partner in the Kenrick nurseries, of which he soon after appears to have assumed
control. The Kenrick nurseries, at this time, were probably the most extensive and the best known of
any in New England. Besides growing the fruit-bearing plants of the time and such ornamentals as were
then to be found in America, the Kenricks seem to have taken an enthusiastic part in the craze for the
Lombardy Poplar which was then raging in America. The elder Kenrick must have been one of the early
growers of this popular plant for in 1797 two acres of his nursery was appropriated to the Lombardy Poplar.
The son, in his turn an enthusiast, succumbed to the silk-culture fad and seems in 1835 to have been one
of the leading growers of the mulberry, Morus multicaulus, for feeding silkworms. In this year Mr. Ken-
rick published the American Silk Growers Guide, which is, in essence, a treatise on mulberry-culture.
William Kenrick's most notable pomological achievement, however, was the publication of the New
American Orchardist which appeared in 1833. While not the best of the pomological manuals of the time,
it is ;i valuable contribution to American pomology because of its full descriptions of the fruits of that date.
Beginning with his father in 1823, WiUiam Kenrick continued in the nursery business for twenty-seven
years, probably growing, importing and disposing of more fruit and ornamental trees than any other
nurseryman in New England during this time. He died in February, 1872, at the ripe age of 77, having
lived to see the orchards planted from his nursery come to full fruition and every part of New England
made more beautiful by the ornamental trees and shrubs grown under his care.
2 Hist. Mass. Hort. Soc. 33. 1880.
THE PKACHES OF NEW YORK 59
peaches was passed through the sieve of selection; local varieties quickly
acquired fame; and, as means of communication developed, the new varieties
began to be disseminated, until, in 1850, American nurseries were selling
over 400 varieties, a number which at the close of the century had increased
to over 1000.
THE CARE OF THE PEACH IN COLONIAL TIMES
Peach-growers, in the period under consideration, gave their trees
much the same care as is given in the present time except that they did not
spray. Pests were fewer and yet some were especially troublesome, notably
the peach-borer, the remedies for which were as numerous as today.
Curculio, then as now, almost prohibited the cultiire of nectarines. A rot,
the brown-rot, without doubt, did much damage. Peach-yellows, as yet,
was not the scourge it now is but, as we shall see, was well in evidence.
There were faddists in those days as in these. Thomas Coulter of Bedford
County, Pennsylvania, was one of the original " sod-mulchers " — at least
year in and year out he inveighed against cultivation. He managed to get
himself in all of the publications of the times for a period of a half-century.
We find his method discussed in Volume V of the Transactions of the
American Philosophical Society, in the Domestic Encyclopaedia ' in 1803
and, as late as 1821, a full account was published in the American Farmer. -
We quote the article in full, as it came out in the three publications named,
as a record of the times and because it contains a number of novel ideas
some of which may commend themselves to modern orchardists of the
sod-mulch school who want a cheap and easy way of growing peaches.
" Transplant your peach-trees, as young as possible, where you mean
them to stand; if, in the kernel, so much the better because, in that
case, there will be no check of growth, which always injures peach-trees.
Plant peach-trees 16 feet apart, both ways, except you would wish to
take your waggon through the orchard to carry the peaches away; in that
case, give 24 feet distance to every fifth row, one way, after transplanting.
You may plough and harrow amongst your peach-trees, for two years,
paying no regard to wounding or tearing them, so that you do not take
them up by the roots. In the month of March, or April, in the third year
after transplanting, cut them all off by the ground; plough and harrow amongst
them as before, taking special care not to wound or tear them in the smallest
degree, letting all the sprouts or scions grow that will grow; cut none away,
supposing six or more should come from the old stump; the young scions
WiUich Dom. Eric. 4:244-246. 1803.
.Im. Farmer 1:406, 407. 1821.
6o THK PEACHES OF NEM' YORK
will grow up to bearing trees on account of the roots being strong. Let
no kind of beasts into peach-orchards, hogs excepted, for fear of wounding
the trees; as the least wound will greatly injure the tree, by draining away
that substance which is the life thereof; although the tree may live many
years, the produce is not so great, neither is the fruit so good.
" After the old stock is cut away, the third year after transplanting,
the sprouts or scions will grow up, all round the old stump, from four to
six in number; no more will come to maturity, than the old stump can sup-
port and nourish ; the remainder will die before ever they bear fruit. These
may be cut away, taking care not to wound any part of any stock, or the
bark. The sprouts growing all round the old stump, when loaded with
fruit will bend and rest on the ground in every direction, without injuring
any of them, for many years, all of them being rooted in the ground, as
tho' they had been planted. The stocks will remain tough, and the bark
smooth for 2 years and upwards; if any of the sprouts or trees from the
old stump should happen to split off, or die, cut them away, they will be
supplied from the ground, by young trees, so that you will have trees from
the same stump for 100 years, as I believe. I now have trees, 36, 20, 10,
5 and down to one year old, all from the same stump.
" The young trees coming up, after any of the old trees split ofT or die,
and are cut away, will bear fruit the second year; but this fruit will not
ripen so easily as the fruit on the old trees from the same stem. Three
years after the trees are cut off by the ground, they will be sufficiently
large and bushy, to shade the ground so as to prevent grass of any kind from
matting or binding the surface, so as to injure the trees; therefore; plough-
ing is useless, as well as injurious; useless, because nothing can be raised
in the orchard, by reason the trees will shade all the ground, or nearly
so; injurious, because either the roots, stocks or branches will be wounded:
neither is it necessary ever to manure peach-trees, as manured trees wiU
always produce less and worse fruit, than trees that are not manured;
although by manuring your peach-trees, they will grow larger, and look
greener and thicker in the boughs, and cause a thicker shade, yet on them
will grow very little fruit, and that little will be of a very bad kind
generally looking as green as the leaves, even when ripe, and later than
those that never have been manured."
None of the varieties that we now grow was then cultivated. Taking
the sorts described in 1800 we find that four were red-fleshed; eight, yellow-
fleshed; thirty-four, white-fleshed; eighteen, freestones; nineteen, cling-
stones, and twelve nectarines. There were no flat, or Peento, peaches
but a sort known as Venus' s Nipple was seemingly a typical beaked peach.
In 1800, Baltimore w^as the best market for peaches in America and
was near the Chesapeake peach-belt. We are forttmate in having a descrip-
THK PEACHES OF NEW YORK 6 1
tion of peach-growing around Baltimore at about that time. Richard
Parkinson, an English farmer and agricultural writer, came to America
to rent one of George Washington's farms in 1798. The two could not
agree and Parkinson rented a farm near Baltimore on which was a peach-
orchard. He published an account of his experiences in two very readable
volumes and from this work we quote in part the story of his peach-orchard.
Perhaps allowances should be made, for Parkinson seems to have been
soured by failure and some of his expressions are such as might be expected
from an opinionated Englishman undergoing new experiences in America
just after the Revolution. Parkinson says: ^
" It would astonish a stranger to see the quantity of fruit in these
parts, which makes the country to look beautiful twice a-year, when the
trees are in blossom, and when the fruit is on the trees ripe. But the fruit
is chiefly for the use of hogs and can be applied to no better purpose.
" On my farm at Orange-Hill, only three miles from Baltimore, the
last year I was there, I sold all my peaches to two men at four pence per
peck, and let them have a cart and a horse to take them into the city to
sell, knowing I had only made four pence per peck on the average the year
before, and gathered them myself. These men agreed to pick them, and
feed the horse in town at their expence. It was the opinion of every one
that they had got a great bargain, and many others wished they had had
it. They picked about one-half of them, and carried them to Baltimore:
but, alas! they gave up the business, saying they could not make wages,
although they at first had said that they would certainly take every peach,
intending, if the market should not suit, to carry them to the stills, &c.
I was in hopes all this exertion would make this bargain successful, as four
pence per peck would pay much better than to give them to hogs, as I have
no knowledge of what number a hog will eat. Seeing this scheme frustrated,
and thinking it a sin and a shame to see such a number of fine peaches
rot on the ground, I mounted my horse and rode to the stills, as there were
many small ones within three or four miles of me in the country. They
have been erected for this use; but many of them are never used after the
first year; and I am of the opinion that they will not pay expences. The
men at the stills were civil enough; they offered to lend me the still, and
let me find a man to work it, &c. or they would work it for me; but, from
every information I could obtain, I found that my peaches would not more
than pay the carriage to the stills and hardly that; and after selling them
to the owners of the stills, they would not give me so much for my fruit,
as would pay me for my trouble ; nor will peaches pay the farmer, to be given
to the hogs, if they be not so situated that the hogs can run where they are;
and that happened not to be my case.
• Parkinson . 4 Tour in America i:2t2-2i(). 1S05.
62 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
" As a striking instance of the little profit of stills, Mr. O'Donnel,
at Canton, had planted an orchard, of great extent, of red peaches, for the
purpose of making peach-brandy. The red peach is reckoned much
superior to any other for brandy. Although Mr. O'Donnel's orchard had
grown to bear in great perfection and he had a still and the other necessary
apparatus, the profit proved so small, that he suffered the whole to go
waste, and his pigs consumed the produce; and, in the winter, rooted up
all those fine peach trees, and planted the ground with Indian com, having
previously manured the land with dung from Baltimore for the purpose
of an orchard. Now this gentleman had some hundreds of acres of wood-
lands unimproved in this plantation; therefore, the cause could not be for
want of land.
" My fine turnips, Indian com, potatoes, &c. were in the field by the
orchard without any fence. Indeed hogs are not allowed to run at large
within five miles of Baltimore, by an act of assembly; and mine were too
valuable to risk such a misfortune; and especially as I was a great hog-
shooter myself, it would have been fine diversion for any of my neighbours
to have shot one of my fifty-dollar pigs. Seeing that these plants would
not succeed, all that remained was to fatten my own hogs with them. I
had but seven hogs; and they would have employed a man with horse and
cart half a day to feed them; for, after a short time, they will only eat the
best peaches, and refuse the others as a man would. I found this plan
would not answer; and the consequence was, that, after every trial and
exertion, they rotted on the ground. Now my farm was so situated that
the great road through the heart of the country went through it, five or six
stage-coaches, and great numbers of other carriages of all kinds. In all
probability some of my own countrymen as merchants (for there begin to
be many of these gentlemen to settle their accounts with the American
merchants, and I suppose they will increase) seeing this waste committed,
would, on returning to England, relate their story in this way — That
when at the tavern at Baltimore on the same day, the fruit-people were
asking eleven pence apiece f,or peaches. An Englishman says to himself,
' What idle fools those Americans are ! and I think all the English, when
they get to America, are as bad: but, when I get there, I will set them the
example.' But when there, he finds himself much disappointed, and does
not know how it is that he does not increase in riches, while neither him-
self nor his family enjoys any comfort. He at last finds out that the
Americans are not a set of fools as he once thought: and, as he must have
a name for them, perhaps he calls them rogues; which, if Lord Chester-
field was right in his observation, pleases a man the best of the two.
" When I took this farm, I had not a doubt, that, by some extra-
ordinary exertion, I should be able to make something handsome from
peaches, and so near Baltimore. Before I took the farm, when I enquired
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 63
how peaches sold in the market, perhaps they would tell me eleven pence
apiece, and eleven pence a peck on the same day. That used to stagger
me very much: but it is so: and the man who ofifers you a fine Newington
peach for eleven pence or a five-penny bit, sells but few each day; and lives,
although very poorly, at a very great expence; consequently his profit
must be great on each article. The man who sells the peaches at eleven
pence each, will not grow rich by his business, any more than the grower.
Then we come to the calculation of my profit at four pence per peck, which
is the best and greatest price. Could the scheme be put in execution, it
will, generally speaking, require two men and one horse and cart each day,
to pick thirty pecks and carry them to market; and thirty peeks are more
than any white man can sell one day with another. A black man is much
better for this business than a white man; although they are in general
ignorant, they are impudent: thirty pecks of peaches, at four pence per
peck, is just ten shilUngs per day for peaches; and the two men's wages are
worth, at that season of the year, one dollar per day each, and one pint of
whiskey, which will be sixteen shillings for the men: the cart and horse are
worth one dollar and a half per day ; but you could not hire it for less than
two dollars. Now the expences on this business are one pound seven
shillings and three pence per day, and the produce is ten shillings. But
as I sold them, I made profit each day on thirty pecks of peaches two
shillings and nine pence: the reader may plainly see that there could not
be any thing done better. This shews in this part of the work where
I am on the Eastern Shore, one hundred miles and upwards from market,
that the reader will be convinced the cherries and peaches pay the best for
hogs."
ADAPTABILITY AND VARIABILITY IN THE PEACH
In the preceding pages our narrative has flitted from continent to
continent and country to country in a belt encircling the earth. Few other
fruits are found under such varied conditions and over such extended areas.
We have seen that peaches are found wild and cultivated over much of
Japan; as far north as Vladivostock in Korea; once a wild inhabitant of
some part of China it is now cultivated in nearly every section of that
vast empire where agriculture is an industry; the trees are so abundant
and so much at home in the orchards and forests of the Turkestans and
Persia as to have given rise to the belief that they have always grown
there. While not so common as in Asia, yet peaches thrive in all of
southern Europe and readily submit to artificial culture in pots and on
walls in northern European latitudes. Coming to America with the first
Spaniards, the peach found such congenial surroundings that it spread
rapidly, freely and widely, leading botanists tlirec centuries later to call it
64 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
a native. In the fruit-areas of the United States, after two centuries of
cultivation, though sometimes a luxury and the crop often a speculation,
the peach is so perennially plentiful that it is to be found, fresh, canned or
evaporated, in every home in the land and the species is represented in
American pomologies by over looo sorts which have originated in this
country.
However, in tracing the history of the peach from China to America,
we have not wholly shown the range of adaptability of this fruit The
peach has become adapted to the clear skies, strong light, long seasons and
hot climate of northern Africa, where, under modified cultural treatment,
it is a common fruit in Egypt ' and the other states bordering on the
Mediterranean. It thrives on the islands in the Mediterranean and on
those of the North Temperate zone almost to the tropics in the Atlantic
and the Pacific, as the Azores, Canaries, West Indies and Hawaiian group.
As long ago as 1649 the Azores were famous for peaches and Colonel
Norwood, author of A Voyage to Virginia,- in a gustatory reminiscence
tells us that they were of so good quality that he " did not fail to visit
and revisit them in the dead of night to satisfy a ravenous appetite nature
has too prodigally given me for that species." In the sub-tropic climate
of Guadeloupe Islands, French West Indies, there is a peach peculiar to
the region differing in shape, flavor and in heat-resisting qualities from
the common run of this fruit. ^
The Aryan race has taken the peach across the equator in the path-
ways of discovery, conquest and civilization, and made it a favorite fruit
in the gardens and orchards of the South Temperate as well as in those of
the North Temperate zone. In the colonies of South Africa the peach
seems to be as common as any deciduous fruit, native sorts being planted
with those from Europe and America. Of the Transvaal Yellow Peach,
R. A. Davis, horticulturist of the colony, says:" "Generally speaking,
it is the fruit most commonly grown in the Transvaal, and it may safely
be said that where it will not grow no other peach stands much chance of
thriving. The writer has seen them flourishing by the side of the rail-
road amongst granite boulders, the result of a chance pit thrown from the
window of a railway carriage. It is also extensively grown as a hedge
'An interesting account of peach-culture in Egypt is to be found in Agr'l Jour, of Egypt 3: Pt. 2:
134-137- 1914-
'A Voyage to Firgi'ni'a Force's Hist. Tracts 3: No. 5:10.
^U. S. D. A. Invent, of Seeds and Plants No. 32:14- I9I4-
• Transvaal Agr. Journal No. 10, 3:336. 1905.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 65
around homesteads, having been planted after the primitive method of
turning a furrow where the hedge was wanted and simply dropping the
seeds in after the plough. It is commonly recognised that the peach
hedge should duly appear and bear fruit in two years from planting the
seed. The writer has also seen them growing by the side of water-furrows
and dams, with the whole of the roots on one side of the tree at least
immersed in water."
The Spaniards, no doubt, planted the peach in parts of South America
soon after the discovery of the continent and it now runs wild on both
coasts. Thus, Darwin in his famous voyage found the islands at the
mouth of the Parana River, Argentina, " thickly clothed with peach and
orange trees carried there by the waters of the river." ^ Many references
to wild peaches on the Pacific Coast may be found, as interesting as any
being one from Bertero who says that on Robinson Crusoe's island, Juan
Fernandez,^ ' The peach is so abundant that one can scarcely form an
idea of the quantity of fruit that it bears. They are in general of good
quality despite the state of wildness." According to OakenfuU,^ in Brazil,
" Of all the fruits introduced from abroad, the peach has made itself more
at home than any." Wight * reports the peach and nectarine in Argentina,
Chile, Peru and Bolivia under cultivation and as escapes from cultiva-
tion in seemingly all degrees of evolution. The peach-drying industry
is important in the province of Coquimbo, Chile. According to Louns-
bury the peach is the most common fruit-tree in Argentina. He says:^
" It grows almost everywhere most luxuriantly, bears heavily and as yet
no very serious insect or fungus pest for it has become widespread. Solid
blocks of thousands of trees are not uncommon about Buenos Ayres.
Most of the choice varieties of Europe and America have been introduced."
The culture of this fruit in South America falls short of that in North
America only because of the lack of advancement in horticulture — the
one continent is a century behind the other in this field of agriculture.
In temperate Oceanica the peach plays as important a part in horti-
culture as any other of the deciduous tree-fruits. In early days in New
Zealand, " vast groves of peaches existed, sometimes, as in the Waikato,
extending for miles, where magnificently grown trees cropped without
' Darwin, Charles Voy. of a Nal. 1:154.
' Bertero, Ann. Sc. Nat. 21:350.
' Oakenfull, J. C. Brazil 358. 1913.
•Wight, W. F. Proc. .Sor. Hort. .Sci. 10:122-133. I9'3-
^ Agr. Journal of the Cape of Good Hope No. 2, 27:197. 1905.
5
66 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
limit." ' Both the peach and nectarine are grown in the horticultviral
regions of the island. Wherever the fruits of temperate climates are culti-
vated in Australia, there may the peach be found. If one may judge from
the attention given this fruit in the agricultural literature of New Zealand
and Australia, it holds the same high place in the horticulture of these
islands in the Pacific that it has in Ettrope and America.
The types of peaches are almost as diverse as the regions in which the
fruit is an inhabitant. The 2181 varieties described in The Peaches of
New York attest the variability of the species in America and Europe,
many of our sorts having come from the Old World. This great number
of kinds can be distinguished by reason of differences in skin, flesh, flavor,
aroma, stone and season, the attributes of which have been mentioned
several times in foregoing paragraphs. The structure of leaf and tree
offers as many more taxonomic characters. It is interesting to note the
extreme forms in fruit and tree the peach has taken on in its centuries of
world-wide wanderings.
Round, flat, beaked, free or clingstone peaches with smooth or downy
skins and red, yellow or white flesh, sweet, sour or bitter, in all combina-
tions, and each often modified by soil and climate, are known to American
growers of this fruit. But there are many peaches with less well-known
characters. Thus, a peach in China bears fruits as heavy as one pound
apiece with extraordinary keeping and shipping qualities; ^ another Chinese
peach of the Honey type has a tree with a maximum height of only seven or
eight feet;^ growing in the same locality, Poliping, China, is a variety with
extraordinarily long leaves;^ the Paak wat to peach from China is a white-
stoned sort; ^ a variety in the French West Indies has fruits that peel easily
and withstand a continuous temperature in ripening season of 76 to 90
degrees; ^ from Kashgar comes a peach that will keep for several months; '
in Chinese Turkestan there is a nectarine " said to keep for several weeks
after fully ripe;" ^ even more remarkable is the Feitchen peach which
ripens in ate September and can be kept, if wrapped in paper, until Feb-
' Boucher, W. A. Con. New Zeal. Fruit Growers 89. 1901.
2 U. S. D. A. Bur. of PI. Ind. Bui. 137:,^!. 1909.
'Ibid. 137:48. 1909.
< Ibid.
' U. S .D. A. Bur. of PL Ind. Bui. 162:50. 1909.
« U. S. D. A. Invent, of Seeds and Plants No. 32:14. 1914.
' U. S. D. A. Bui. of For. Plant Int. No. 60:411. 1911.
«/6i(i. No. 60:412. 1911.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 67
nxary;' as remarkable as any is the Transvaal Yellow of South Africa
which we have seen in a foregoing paragraph grows " amongst granite
boulders," " as a hedge aroimd homesteads " and " beside water furrows
and dams, the roots of one side of the tree immersed in water; " the Fra-
grant Peach and the Firm Peach from China are not yet known in America; ^
another Chinese peach is a dwarf, " grown in pots indoors, which fruits
at a height of fifteen inches and bears peaches on the main trunk though
the stem be scarcely larger than a lead pencil." ^ Most of the examples
named are from China but others can be found in every distinct region in
which peaches have long been grown.
Every well-marked geographical region in which the peach is grown
comes, sooner or later, to have a type of varieties of its own; yet the uni-
versal stamp of the peach — of cultivated Primus persica — is on them all.
These facts imply two important things. First, the peach is an exceedingly
flexible fruit, capable of being moulded to fit many conditions of environ-
ment; and, under cultivation, training, feeding and culture in unlike regions,
soils and climates, may still be greatly improved and the improvements
all intensified and augmented by crossing and selecting. Second, the peach,
a gift to the world from China, has seemingly, in its centuries of cultiva-
tion by the Orientals, taken on sufficient immutability to make it one of
the most stable of species, especially in its fruits. The many races and
thousands of varieties are all best put in one species; many varieties come
true to seed; and peaches from seed seldom " revert " to worthless forms
as so many seedling fruits habitually do. Cultivated plants, as all who
work with them know, differ widely in variability. Some, as corn, the
cucurbits, and grapes and plums with their many species, are so variable
as to be almost unmanageable in attempts to improve them; others, as the
cereals, are quite too immutable for the best work of the breeder. The peach
is neither a stone wall nor shifting sand in the matter of variability.
^U. S. D. A. Bur. of For. 'Plant Int. No. 60:431. 1
- U. S. D. A. Plant Immigrants No, 113:920. 191 1.
'/6td. No. 114:929. 1911.
68 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
CHAPTER U
BOTANICAL AND HORTICULTURAL CLASSIFICATIONS OF
THE PEACH
PLACE OF THE PEACH IN THE GENUS PRUNUS
The genus Prunus is without peer in the number of distinct, natural,
esculent products it furnishes man. Here belong the stone-fruits — peaches,
plums, cherries, almonds and apricots, represented by some forty edible
species, which, through long domestication, have been broken up into not
less than 5000 orchard-varieties, of which at least 3000 are now under
ctdtivation. Of the two-score cultivated species of this genus, Prunus
persica, the common peach, is easily the most remarkable when judged
either by the senses which make foods palatable and pleasant or by the
criteria that establish the commercial worth of a product. As virtues
which give the peach leading place among stone-fruits, we may specify:
Wider distribution and consequently commoner cultivation and a greater
number of varieties; larger size, greater beauty, pleasanter and more
diversified taste, and more culinary uses than other stone-fruits; and
greater productiveness, more rapid growth and earlier fruiting of the trees
than most of the species of the genus. The place of the peach in the genus
Prunus is thus easily established from a horticultural point of view, but it
is a much more difficult matter to make clear its botanical standing among
the species with which it is considered botanically related.
The botanical relations of the several stone-fruits to each other have
been set forth in the foregoing books of this series on plums and cherries,
but, for the convenience of those who may not have these treatises, a
summary of the relationships of the species of Prunus is presented.
Besides, greater emphasis on several differences between the peach and its
congeners is needed. In particular, since some notable naturalists have
held that the peach is a modified almond, the differences between these
two fruits must be more clearly set forth.
Nearly every botanist who has done much towards classifying plants
has grouped the stone-fruits according to a plan of his own and there are,
therefore, many classification schemes and consequently a most confused
nomenclature for this genus. Happily, the pitfalls in synonomy dug by
botanists need not worry horticulturists; for each of the stone-fruits con-
stitutes a distinct horticultural group. In tree or fruit of peach, plum,
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 69
cherry, apricot, or almond, who could mistake one for another? For
horticultural purposes we accept as best one of the oldest and yet one of
the most commonly used classifications which places in one genus all of
the stone-fruits. What are the lines of cleavage between the several stone-
fruits of common cultivation?
Stone-fruits fall naturally into two distinct groups. In the first the
leaves are rolled in the buds — convolute. The plums and the apricots
belong to this section. In the buds of the other group the leaves are folded
lengthwise along the midrib — conduplicate. To this section belong
almonds, peaches and cherries. The two sections seem to be united in this
matter of disposition of leaves in the bud, it should be said in passing, by
a few species of American plums which are conduplicate in vernation.
The second section is further subdivided by very marked differences in the
fruits. The fruits of the peach and almond are larger than those of the
cherry, less juicy, — in the case of the almond almost dry, — hirsute (except
in the nectarine), and are borne without stems; and the blossoms usually
appear long before the opening of the leaves. Cherry-fruits are always
juicy, usually glabrous, and are borne on more or less distinct stems;
and the blossoms appear with the leaves. Botanists who put these fruits
in one genus usually redivide according to the characters given so that the
plum and apricot stand in one sub-genus (Euprunus), the almond and
peach in another (Amygdalus), and the cherry in a third (Cerasus).
Differentiating more closely, we find that it is not so easy to dis-
tinguish between the peach and the almond. The likenesses are so many
and so apparent that it is not to be wondered that Knight, whose theory
we have discussed on a foregoing page, came to the conclusion that the
peach is a modified almond, or that Darwin, with his belief that plants
came sooner or later to express their environmental conditions, should be
inclined to believe that the peach is an evolution from the almond. It is
easy to imagine that countless ages ago — how long since is but an invitation
to argue — the two species merged into one. Offspring of the parent-species
once established in distinct soil and climatic conditions — the peach in
China, the almond in southwestern Asia — differentiation began and in
time each region was represented by a species of its own. Such an occur-
rence is but one of the commonplaces of evolution; but Knight, Lindley
and Darwin thought they saw evidence that the separation came after the
almond, the supposed parent-species, had been domesticated, the steps
being from fleshy almond to bad clingstone, to good clingstone, to free-
70 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
stone, to nectarine. The arguments against such a descent have been given
elsewhere.
The chief differences between the two species are to be found in the
matured fruits though, at first thought, it might appear that these are not
greater than those found in widely separated varieties of either of the two
species. The fruits of the peach and the almond are, however, much more
widely separated than any of the varieties of either species, inasmuch as
the differences are several and have to do with parts not usually affected
by cultivation and not the subject of selection by the cultivator. Thus,
the fruit of the peach is a delectable esculent; that of the almond inedible;
the flesh of the peach, the mesocarp, is soft, fleshy, juicy; that of the almond
thin, tough and leathery; the pit of the peach must be removed while that
of the almond drops naturally from the hard flesh which splits at maturity.
The differences between the pits of the two species are quite as marked as
in the flesh of the fruit. The pit of the peach is deeply sculptured, pitted,
and of a bone-like consistency; that of the almond is nearly smooth and in
most varieties is much thinner and of softer texture. The differences in
the kernels are such as could easily be brought about by selection, some
peach-kernels being sweet and edible and some almond-kernels being too
bitter to be palatable.
Coming to the tree-characters we find that there are several which
differ sufficiently to give each of the two fruits distinct specific rank. The
winter aspect of the two trees is wholly different. The almond resembles
a young apple tree in color of bark more than it does the peach and has,
too, a head much like that of a broad-topped, much-branched apple. In
foliage the distant aspect is much the same, but examined closely there are
several distinctions that hold in comparing the two species. The leaves
of the peach are more broadly lanceolate than those of the almond, coarsely
serrate or crenate while the margins of almond-leaves are finely serrate.
The glands on the leaf-stalk or leaf of the peach are globose, reniform or
mixed; on the almond, the glands are globose. The flowers in the t\^o
species are similar but the time of flowering is markedly different. The
color of the petals in both varies from pale pink to deep pink with occasional
pure white forms; the flowers of true almonds are always large while those
of the peach are about equally divided between large and small. The
almond, in New York, is out of bloom before flowers of the peach appear,
the difference in blooming-time being from one to three weeks.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 7 1
TREE- AND FRUIT-CHARACTERS OF THE PEACH
Fruit-growers must largely depend on printed descriptions for
knowledge of varieties. A well-made description of tree or fruit, to one
mentally equipped to interpret it, is second only to having the real objects
at hand. But the difificulty is that few excepting professional pomologists
know the characters of even the common fruits and their relative impor-
tance. Before taking up either botanical or horticultural descriptions of
peaches, then, it is necessary to direct attention to the characters of the
peach, diflferences in which distinguish species and varieties. Be it
remembered in this study of the characters of the peach, however, that,
as fields and woods offer better facilities for the botanist than the her-
barium, so the peach-orchard is a fitter place to study the characters of
the peach than a printed page.
The single species of the peach in which we are greatly interested has
a very characteristic tree, the variations in which are, however, less well
marked than those of the tree of any other of our common fruits. The
peach-tree is distinguished by its low, roundish and never pyramidal head.
Of its gross characters, size is most important in distinguishing varieties,
the several more or less distinct types in the species usually being separable
by size alone. In considering size, proper allowance must, of course, always
be made for environment. There are no true dwarfs among the varieties
of Primus persica cultivated in America.
Habit of growth is nearly as important as size of tree in determining
varieties. Thus, a variety may be round-topped, upright-spreading or
drooping in habit; the head may be open or dense; the branches long or
short, stout or slender; the trunks may be short or long, straight or crooked,
much branched or little branched. These habits of growth serve not
only to distinguish sorts but often determine whether the tree is sufficiently
manageable to make a good orchard -plant.
Hardiness is an important character both in classifying and in deter-
mining the orchard-value of a variety. All peaches are tender to cold as
compared with other tree-fruits of temperate climates but there is suffi-
cient difference in varieties to permit the designations hardy, half-hardy and
tender In the classificatory scheme in most common use in America,
that of Onderdonk and Price, variation in hardiness is the chief determinant
of groups.
All peaches come in bearing so early and bear so regularly that varietal
differences in these characters scarcely count in classifying, but pro-
72 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
ductiveness varies very characteristically in dififerent varieties. Environ-
ment and care greatly influence fruitfulness yet, notwithstanding, the
quantity of fruit borne is often a means of identifying a variety and, of
course, must always be considered by the cialtivator and the breeder.
Resistance to disease and insects is a taxonomic and an economic
character of much importance. Thus there are great variations among
varieties in resistance to peach-yellows, brown-rot and leaf-curl, the three
commonest diseases of this fruit in New York, as there is also in resistance
to San Jose scale, the worst insect-pest of the peach in this region and
to the peach-borer, the commonest. These examples are multiplied
in the discussions of varieties, pains having been taken in the peach-
orchards at this Station to determine the relative resistance of all varieties
to the pests of this region.
But little attention need be paid to the old bark on peach-trees, since
in all varieties it is much the same and is unimportant to the ctiltivator.
The bark of all varieties varies in color on different soils and is always
of a lighter hue in cold than in warm regions, in dry than in wet situations.
The branches and branchlets of varieties are very characteristic. The
length, thickness, direction, rigidity and the branching angle are all stable
characters of varieties, changing but little with differences in soil and
climate. The length of the internode is important as is also color, smooth-
ness, amount of pubescence, size and appearance of the lenticels, and the
presence of excrescences, — though all are exceedingly variable.
Both leaf-buds and fruit-buds are used in separating groups of peaches
but are too nearly alike in the several groups to be of aid in distinguishing
the varieties of any group. Fruit-buds are borne in pairs on the wood of
the previous year with a leaf-bud separating the members of the pair.
The only characters of buds worth noting are size, shape, color and the
angle at which the buds stand out from the branches.
After the fruits, the leaves offer the best means of determining groups
and varieties of peaches. Leaves are variable, it is true, but usually within
limits quite easily set, since the conditions causing the variations are easily
discovered. The most usual ones are extremes in soil, moisture, light,
heat and the age of the wood upon which the leaves are borne. Much
care has been taken to illustrate as accurately as possible the leaves of the
varieties given color-plates in this text, size and form being reproduced
exactly and color as nearly as color-plate printing permits.
Leaf-size and leaf-form are the first characters of the foliage to study
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 73
in determining varieties. The former varies somewhat in accordance
with the conditions named in the foregoing paragraph but the shape of
the leaf changes but little. Fortunately for the student of varieties, leaves
differ most in relative length and breadth so that the shape may be
accurately indicated by figures which are used in most of the descriptions
in The Peaches of New York. Comparisons of the bases and the apices
of leaves of different varieties often show distinguishing marks.
The color of leaves in varieties is very constant for both surfaces.
The color of the foliage gives an aspect to peaches whereby a variety may
often be distinguished in its summer dress at considerable distance. Unfor-
tunately, the colors of leaves in the color-plates in this book cannot be
relied upon to give much help in studying this character. Autumnal
tints are uniformly the same in peaches and not to be relied upon in classi-
fying varieties.
Several other characters of the leaves must be studied by the syste-
matic pomologist. The leaves of some varieties are thinner than those of
others, hence thickness becomes a distinguishing character. Venation
of leaves — size and arrangement of veins — is important. Pubescence
of leaves cuts quite a figure in the descriptions of many fruits but in the
peach is of minor importance because the leaves are not very hairy and the
quantity and character of the pubescence is exceedingly variable. Some
varieties have relatively few leaves — others many. The leaves of some
varieties fall early — others relatively late.
The margins of peach-leaves offer valuable evidence in determining
varieties. They may be serrate or crenate, doubly or singly divided,
glandular or glandless. Both serrations and glands are best studied in the
middle of the sides of leaves, those at the base or apex often being crowded
or wanting.
Petioles differ in length, thickness, rigidity, pubescence and color,
so that this organ is often a substantial help in identifying varieties. Some
say the color of the petiole is correlated with that of the fruit, as it certainly
is in such extreme sorts as Snowball and Indian Cling, but it is doubtful
whether this correlation goes further than groups and even here does not
always hold Stipules offer no distinguishing marks of importance.
Much use is made in classifying peaches of the presence or absence,
the size, color, shape, position and number of glands on the base of the leaf
or on the leaf-stalk. These glands may be either stalked or sessile. The
terms used in describing glands are easily understood and need no definition
74 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
unless it be a few words in regard to the shape. Globose glands are small
globes, reniform glands are kidney-shaped. In determining the form of
glands examinations must be made several times in the season, the end
of the summer offering the best opportunity and even then care must be
taken to secure old leaves. Glands are less variable in adult trees than in
trees not yet in bearing. Pomologists for a hundred years have noted the
fact that peaches with glandless leaves are very susceptible to mildew.
We find this to be the case on the grounds of this Station. This correla-
tion between glandlessness and mildew may account for the fact that
peaches with glandless leaves are rapidly disappearing from American
peach-lists. Wickson says it has been found that peaches with glandless
leaves resist leaf -curl."
Gregory has made a careful study of the glands on peach-leaves.- We
publish here the most important facts he brings out.
" In a large number of cases the glands are stable and can be safely
used to aid in the identification of certain varieties. There are also varieties
in which the glands are exceptionally unstable, being on the border line
between the two types — reniform and globose — and having what might
be termed mixed glands. These mixed glands are of two kinds: one in
which the majority of the glands are reniform, with some globose inter-
mingled; the other in which the globose form predominates. It would be
quite possible, as Carriere (1867) suggests, to distinguish a third type of
glands — the mixed type.
" It is important that leaves should be chosen from healthy branches
on bearing trees. It is also best to obtain a large number of leaves or to
examine the tree carefully before making the final selection of leaves.
Mature leaves are best because their glands are full-sized and correctly
shaped, while on young leaves the form of the glands is usually obscure.
This is particularly true of the reniform glands. On the other hand, old,
partly decayed, globose glands frequently have much the appearance of
reniform glands.
" The structure of the glands shows that they are true glands, having
an upper layer of long, rectangular, secretory cells that produce a sweet
substance, the function of which is not apparent. After the glands have
ceased secreting they begin to decay, becoming brown on the upper surface
and slowly disappearing until almost nothing is left. This decaying is
a very complicated process, being preceded in every case by a suberization
and thickening of the cell walls.
" The spines of the leaf are very similar to the glands in structure.
' Wickson, E. J. Cat. Fruits 308. 1889.
= Gregory, C. T. Cornell Bui. 365:219-220. 1915.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 75
having the same upper layer of long cells, but with much more heavih-
cutinized walls. A study of the transitional forms indicates that the
glands are merely modified leaf spines.
" The leaves with reniform glands are apparently the highest type
and the glandless leaves the lowest, with the transition through the globose
type. In support of this view is the fact that whenever typically glandless
leaves become possessed of glands they are always of the globose type.
" The serrations of the glandless leaves are very strikingly different
from those on a leaf with glands. The former leaves are deeply and doubly
serrate, while the margins of the latter are always single and crenate-
Almost invariably, when glands develop on a normally glandless leaf, the
serrations are transformed to crenations, indicating that there is a very
close correlation between the glands and the crenations on the edges of the
leaves."
The French pomologists, Poiteau and Turpin,^ seem to have first
made note of the glands in describing peaches, recording their discovery
by M. Desprez in the nurseries at the Luxembourg in 1810, after which,
for a half-century, French, English and German pomologists regarded
them as an infallible means of distinguishing varieties. But, by the middle
of the Nineteenth Centur}', classifiers began to give them up because of
their variability on leaves of trees of the same variety or even on the same
tree. Even Darwin made note of their insufficiency in taxonomic work.^
Now, no one familiar with any considerable number of varieties of peaches
would attach very great importance to glands in a system of classification.
The flowers of peaches are very characteristic, helping to delineate
the groups in the several classificatory schemes of various pomologists and
being ample to identify not a few varieties. Peach-flowers differ in time of
appearance; in length of blooming-season; they may be large, medium or
small; pink, rose and rarely white; borne on pedicels of varying length,
thickness, color and pubescence; and both the floral and reproductive
organs have modifications of their several structures. The size, color and
shape of peach-flowers are well shown in the first six color-plates. In
some species of Prunus, as some of the plums, the reproductive organs
differ greatly in ability to perform their functions, but the blossoms of
edible peaches are seemingly always self-fertile and there are less often the
mal-formations found in the reproductive organs of some plums.
A well-marked correlation ^ between the color in the inside of the
Trait. Arb. Fr. 35. 1807.
Darwin .4ms. and Ph. Dottiest. 2nd Ed. 2:217. 1893.
Hedrick, U. P. Science 37:917. 1913.
76 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
calyx-cup and the color of the flesh of the fruit is one of the distinguishing
features of peaches. Yellow-fleshed peaches develop from blossoms in
which the inside color of the calyx-cup is orange; white-fleshed peaches
develop from those in which the color is greenish or greenish-yellow some-
times approaching a very light orange easily distinguished from the dark
orange of the other group. Since the discovery of this correlation in the
Station orchards by Mr. Charles Tubergen it has been in yearly use and
has enabled us to tell a year or two in advance the flesh-color of seedling
peaches, since the first peach-blossoms seldom set fruit.
The fruits, however, furnish by far the best characters upon which
to fotmd a classification of peaches. The simplest classification of peaches
begins by separating them into smooth-skinned and pubescent sorts; each
of these divisions is redivided into clingstones and freestones; these foiir
groups may then be separated into yellow-fleshed, white-fleshed and
red-fleshed peaches; still further, most, not all, of the twelve groups made
in the first three divisions, separate into round, flat or beaked peaches.
These are the major characters of the fruits, little influenced by cultiva-
tion or environment, after which there are many minor characters such as
size, shape, color, quality and season, all very responsive to changed con-
ditions, that help to describe definitely the many varieties of P run us
pcrsica. The most variable of the minor characters is shape, all peaches
tending to lose rotundity in southern climates and to become oblong and
beaked. The length and quantity of the pubescence on peaches vary
considerably in different soils — the warmer and lighter the soil, the less
pubescence. The skin adheres closely to the flesh in some varieties; in
others it is non-adherent.
The characters fovmd in the stones of the many species of Prunus
are of great value in determining species but they help but little in deter-
mining the horticultural varieties of any one species. The stones of the
peach do vary, however, very materially in size, shape, grooves and ridges,
pitting and in characteristics at base and apex. The color-plates in this
text illustrate these differences very well. One may generalize and say
that the stones of the freestones are more deeply furrowed and that the
sides are smoother than in the clingstones.
The characters of the peach are set forth on the opposite page by
reproducing a description as made at this Station in describing a variety
for The Peaches of New York. Such a description is, however, but a skele-
ton, as dead as dry bones, unless a living picture of the variety be made by
N..n. ..Q,j.A.£j(jt^
TREE
Muked Characteristics
HARDINESS
PRODUCTIVENESS
SUSCEPriBILlTY
To Diieun ....
LONGEVITY
BRANCHES
Diameter
Surlace
^^
'tl^^^U^,^
g..,,jh.„«d *4>-c., ^.t^/«, teum ^4^*
f€Z£*^..
^*Try<*<^y 'i;;;^;'^^,;;ji;™"^ '^
H'.,...,
-^"
"■^'^-/t/t^^U/i
i^t^c
i-.uo:::z^: ^z'^^^vn
SEASON
— ft^
Ripens
Flavor
-feS^
1 o.,„o„ Cu^^^:,^^...., - >''-*^.
^!e^'i^T'/^3,/f
/7^, ////
NU.MBER OF PICKINGS,
KEEPING QUALITY ._
SHIPPING QUALITY .
SUSCEPTIBILITY lu
Quality
Thorn"; _ /, 'CdMLLi^^^
■-^^, Ungth
BRANCHLETS j'm'iiS, ^5
SIZE
STONE
AdlKSioi
-4S^
^2:^t^fe
M.^',um Oj Xl/f jliJ— (Ux^J^^ tJ Annress,.!
Length I
Internodes
,f4/»^
'^^^Creal.st d.arotUr'^J???'
Date of Bloom . /."^ f / f .S~~. .
Season of Bloonl
CAVITY
Depth ^
aoytk^..' A^Ay CtK^^yy,^/^ Length of Blooming Season
Ventral Suture y<<*JyMi' f(^^2^^
^^^*^.
Smnothncss
— patwih
Fertile or Sterili :*^ . .-^''r^f:^
General Arrangement .
CLASSIFICATION ^-^
P"''"'"" -Clabrou!
A'
Raised ^j^ t.^ '£«-^t^
LEAVES FALL
ly».|(lb.-
'iLL£al^
DtSIKAIilLlTY JliM«f^6<WlwL^
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 77
filling out and covering the skeleton with ample remarks made as the
describer studies the plant in the field.
A more detailed discussion of the horticultural and botanical characters
of the peach logically follows here.
PRUNUS PERSICA Stokes.
1. P. Persica Stokes Bot. Mai. Med. 3:100. 1812.
2. P. Persica var. vulgaris Maximowicz Mel. Biol. 11:668. 1883.
3. P. Persica var. necturina Ma.ximowicz 1. c. 669. (nectarine)
4. P. Persica var. laevis Gray
5. P. Persica var. nucipersica Dippel Handb. Laub. 3:606. 1893. (nectarine)
6. P. Persica var. platycarpa Bailey Cyc. Am. Hort. 1456. 1901. (Flat Peach, Peento)
7. Amygdalus Persica Linnaeus Sp. PL Ed. 1:472. 1753.
8. A. Persica var. nucipersica Linnaeus 1. c. 676. (nectarine)
9. A. nectarina Alton Hort. Kew Ed. 2, 3:194. 1811. (nectarine)
10. A. Nuci-persica Reichenbach Fl. Germ. Exc. 647. 1832. (nectarine)
11. /I. /omi Dietrich 5yK. W. 3:42. 1852. (nectarine)
12. Persica vulgaris Miller Card. Diet. Ed. 8: No. i. 1768.
13. P. nucipersica Borkhausen Forslb. Beschrb. 205. 1790. (nectarine)
14. P. laevis De Candolle Fl. Fran. 4:487. 1805. (nectarine)
15. P. platycarpa Decaisne Jard. Fr. Mus. (Pechers) 42. 1872-75. (Flat Peach, Peento)
Tree low, attaining a height of thirty feet, diffuse, open-headed, broad-topped, often
without a central leader; trunk at maturity sometimes a foot in diameter; bark dark
reddish-brown, in old trees rough and scaly; branches spreading, slender and sometimes
drooping; twigs round, rather slender, glabrous, glossy green changing to shades of red,
with numerous, large or small, conspicuous, usually raised lenticels.
The leaves are alternate, simple, four to seven inches long, one to two inches wide.
broad-lanceolate or more often oblong-lanceolate; upper surface dark green, smooth, dull
or shining, some rugose along the midrib; lower surface paler, with Httle or no pubescence;
ape.x long-tapering, base abrupt or acute; margins coarsely or finely serrate, or crenate,
sometimes doubly toothed, teeth tipped with glands or sometimes glandless; petioles
stout, from a quarter-inch to an inch long, grooved, glandless or more often with from
one to eight globose or reniform glands, sometimes mixed, a part of which may be on the
base of the leaf.
The flowers develop from scaly buds on the wood of the previous season; flower-buds
plump, conical or obtuse, free or appressed and usually appearing before the leaves; flowers
of two distinct sizes, with some intermediates, the smaller size ranging under an inch in
diameter, the larger, an inch and a half or more; the floral color ranges from an occasional
pure white through shades of pink to deep red; fragrant and always pleasantly so; pedicels
very short, sometimes seemingly wanting, glabrous, green; caljTc-tube urn-shaped, usually-
smooth but sometimes pubescent without, green overlaid with red outside, greenish-
yellow or dark orange within; calyx-lobes five in nimiber, short, broad, glabrous within,
pubescent without; petals ovate, five in ntmiber, rounded at the apex which is sometimes
notched, tapering to a claw, sometimes notched at the base; stamens twenty to thirty,
about one-half inch long, slender, distinct, usually colored; anthers yellow; ovary sessile.
70 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
pubescent, one-celled, surmounted by a simple style which is terminated with a small
stigma, the whole pistil equaling the stamens in length or longer.
Fruit a fleshy drupe, sub-globular but much modified in shape and size under culti-
vation; suture usually distinct; cavity well marked, abrupt; apex with a mamelon or
mucronate tip; color varying from greenish- white to orange-yellow, usually with a red
cheek on the side exposed to the sun, sometimes covered with red; \'ery pubescent except
in the nectarine; skin adherent or free from the pulp; flesh greenish- white or yellowish,
often stained with red at the pit, occasionally red, sweetish, acidulous, aromatic; stone
free or clinging, elliptic or ovoid, sometimes flat, compressed, pointed; outer surfaces
wrinkled and pitted, inner surfaces polished; ventral and dorsal sutures grooved or fur-
rowed, sometimes winged; the seed almond-like, aromatic, bitter.
The characters given in the foregoing description are those of the
cultivated peach — the consummate fruit of Pninus persica. The generic
name, Prunus, is the ancient Latin name of the plum, Pninus domestica,
the type species. The specific name, persica, commemorates the old
belief that the peach came from Persia. The common name, peach, in
English, as in most European languages, is a derivative from persica.
Amygdalus, found several times in the synonomy, is the Syrian name of
the almond. The drupe-fruits are put in two, three and sometimes four
genera by various botanists but in the fruit-books issued by this Station,
following most botanists and pomologists, all are put in a single genus,
Prunus. Such lumping of several distinct fruits into one genus has its
disadvantages but the several fruits cannot be reasonably separated because
outliers closely connect all. Hybridization between the cultivated stone-
fruits adds to the perplexities of classification.
Prunus persica is variously divided by botanists and pomologists.
Quite commonly two botanical varieties of edible peaches are split off,
as shown in the synonomy, to separate the nectarine and the flat peaches
from the pubescent and globular peaches. But these sub-species, originat-
ing over and over in the case of the nectarine as a bud or seed-mutation
and the flat peaches probably having originated as a mutation, are not
more distinct from the parent species than the red-fleshed sorts, the snow-
ball peaches, the Yellow Transvaals from South Africa, the nippled peach,
the cleft peach, the beaked peach, the winter peaches of China, or the
pot-grown dwarfs from China; in fact, are not more different from other
peaches than a clingstone is from a freestone, a yellow flesh from a white
flesh or a large-flowered from a small-flowered sort. All constitute merely
pomological groups, which, more and more, are becoming interminably
confused by hybridization.
ALTON (Large Flowered)
-:^
BLOOD LEAF
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 79
We name but one sub-species of Pniniis persico, and that doubtful.
Mr. Frank N. Meyer of the United States Department of Agriculture has
recently introduced into the United States cuttings of a wild peach from
the province of Kansu, China, which he thinks has horticultural value.
The peach is Prunus persica potanini Batalin {Act. Hort. Petrop. 12 :i64.
1892) which Mr. Meyer describes as follows: '
" A wild peach of the davidiana type, but differing from it in various
points. Collected at the base of sheltered mountains at an elevation of
4300 feet. A tall shrub or even small tree, up to 30 feet in height, bark
of stem or trunk dark reddish -brown and quite smooth in the younger
shoots; leaves like those of Amygdalus davidiana but often broader in the
middle and always less pointed. Fruits of round-elongated form; skin
covered with a heavy down, no edible flesh; stones of elliptical shape, grooves
longer than in A. davidiana, shells very hard and thick, kernels elongated
and relatively small. Found growing at elevations from 4000 to 7000
feet, in side valleys away from the Siku river; thrives especially well in
sheltered and warm mountain pockets. Of value especially as a stock
for stone-fruits and possibly able to stand even more dry heat than
A. davidiana; also recommended as an ornamental spring-flowering tree,
especially for the drier parts of the United States. Chinese name Mao t'ao,
meaning ' hairy peach.' "
There are many ornamental forms of the peach-tree — sorts with single
or double flowers, white, pink or red in color, normal, red or variegated
foliage and standard or dwarf trees. The best-known named ornamental
peaches are camelliaeflora with large, carmine flowers and its sub-variety,
plena, with double flowers; versicolor with different colored flowers on
branches of the same tree; atropurpurea with brownish-red foliage; foliis
rubris, similar or possibly the same as the preceding, the color in both
extending to the fruit; magnifica, a semi-double with brilliant carmine-
crimson flowers; pyramidalis,a pyrimidal form; pendula, a weeping peach;
and still others, of the distinctness of which we cannot be certain, as dianthi-
alba-plena, nibro-plena, and coccineo-plena. With these ornamentals we
are not to be further concerned.
Of Japanese garden-forms the following varieties have been described:
P. Persica var. densa Makimo Tokyo Bot. Mag. 16:178. 1902. P. per-
sica var. vidgaris, f. stellata Makimo 1. c. 22:119. 1908. P. Persica var.
vulgaris, f. praematura Makimo 1. c. 22:119. 1908.
Species are but convenient groups, their limits reflecting the judg-
V. S. D. .A. Plant Immigrants No. 106:858. 1915.
8o THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
ment of the species-maker. Were the authors of this text to divide Prunus
persica, the cleavage hnes would be other than those indicated in the fore-
going paragraphs. Pruniis persica might be divided, though there is no
intention of furthering confusion by the addition of new names, into two
species. One would include the white-fleshed, clingstone peaches, with
large flowers and calyx greenish -yellow inside; the other the yellow-
fleshed, freestone peaches, with small flowers and calyx-cups orange
inside. Primitive forms in China indicate such a division, the evolution
of varieties suggests it and the present disposition of the characters named
as separating these theoretical species attest the reasonableness of such a
separation. The primitive forms have been described and the descent
of varieties may be traced in the last two chapters, so that we need only
amplify the statement as to the present disposition of characters.
The characters in the two hypothetical species have been thoroughly
shuffled by hybridization but even if there is not correlation, as there
certainly is between color in calyx-cup and color of flesh, it might be
expected that those associated in the primitive plant, the Adam of the race,
would, despite the shuffling, still be most often associated. What are the
facts? In the Station orchard are 109 white-fleshed peaches; 40 per ct.
of these are semi-cling or clingstones leaving 60 per ct. nearly or quite free
(there is constant selection for freestones); 64 per ct. have large flowers;
all have calyx-cups yellowish-green inside. There are in this orchard
106 yellow-fleshed peaches; but 17 per ct. of these are cling or semi-cling,
the remainder being either quite free or nearly so; 73 per ct. have small
or medium-sized flowers; all have calyx-cups deeply colored with orange
inside.
Similarities in characters indicate so close a relationship between the
almond and the peach that one might well suspect many hybrids between
the two. Yet there appear to be but few clear cases of peach and almond
crosses. Knight ^ reports crossing the two, the doubtful results of which
led him to believe, as we have seen, that the peach is but a modified almond.
Several such crosses are indicated in botanical literature - but whether all
refer to one or several supposed crosses there is no way of knowing —
probably to one. The almond blooms so much earlier than the peach
that crosses could hardly occur in nature. A hybrid between the two
' Trans. Hort. Soc. Land. 3:1. 1820; 4:396. 1822.
■ See Duhamel Traile Arb. Ed. 2, IV: 112. 1809; Seringe in DC. Prodr. II: 531. 1825; Reichenback
Fl. Cer. Exc. 647. 1830-32.
CHINESE FREE (Medium Flowered)
CROSBY (Small Flowered)
THE PEACHES OK NEW YORK 8l
from which could be evolved a late-blooming almond is a consummation
to be wished.
THE NECTARINE
The nectarine is a hairless peach. The tree differs in no respect from
that of the peach and besides the absence of pubescence the only other
distinguishing marks between the fruits are smaller size, firmer flesh, greater
aroma and a distinct and richer flavor in nectarines. Even the varieties
of the two fruits correspond in characters. Thus, there are clingstone and
freestone sorts of each; both may have red, yellow, or white flesh; the
flowers of both may be large or small; nectarine leaves, in one variety or
another, show all the variations in glands and serrations known to the
peach; and the stones and kernels are indistinguishable. There seem to
be no records so far, however, of flat or beaked nectarines, abnormalities
each represented in several varieties of peaches. The two fruits are adapted
to the same soil and climatic conditions and wherever the peach is grown,
the world over, the nectarine is found.
The established history of the nectarine goes back 2000 years and
then merges into that of the peach. Despite the fact that De Candolle '
" sought in vain for a proof that the nectarine existed in Italy in the time
of ancient Rome," we are convinced that Pliny's " duracinus " is the
nectarine. Matthiolus - in 1534 discusses Pliny's statements concerning
the kinds of peaches at length and concludes that the author's " duracinus "
is the peach. Dalechamp, in 1587, and J. Bauhin, in 1650, both describe
nectarines after which botanists and pomologists invariably include this
fruit. In the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries the nectarine was
called " nucipersica " because it resembled in smoothness and color of the
outer skin as well as in size and shape, the walnut. " Nectarine," the
meaning of the word obvious, appears first to have been used for this fruit,
in the English language at least, by Parkinson in 1629 who describes six
varieties ^ and gives us the information " they have been with us not many
• De Candolle Or. Cull. Plants, 225. 1885.
2 Commentaries on Dioscorides, French Ed. of 1572. 159-160.
•' Parkinson Par. Ter. 582, 583. 1629.
" I presume that the name Xiicipersica doth most rightly belong unto that kinde of Peach, which
we call Nectorins, and although they have beene with us not many yeares, yet have they beene knowne
both in Italy to Matthiolus, and others before him, who it seemeth knew no other then the yellow Nectorin,
as Dalechampius also: But we at this day doe know five severall sorts of Nectorins, as they shall be
presently set downe; and as in the former fruits, so in this, I will give you the description of one, and
briefe notes of the rest.
" The Nectorin is a tree of no great bignesse, most usually lesser then the Peach tree, his body and
82 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
years." Gerarde, the great English herbahst, 1597, does not mention them.
We find the nectarine first mentioned in America in 1 722 by Robert Beverly
in his History of Virginia, who, after discussing the culture of peaches,
nectarines and apricots, says (pages 259, 260): " Peaches and nectarines
I believe to be spontaneous, somewhere or other on that continent, for the
Indians have, and ever had greater variety, and finer sorts of them than the
English."
The nectarine is one of the most interesting phenomena in horticvilture.
It is the classical example of bud-and seed -variation, furnishing more
instances of mutation, and these more instructive, than have yet come from
any other fruit. Darwin, with the magnificent exhaustiveness which
characterized his method, brought together in Animals and Pla?its tinder
Domestication ' a striking array of facts which leaves nothing to be added
as to the manner in which the peach and nectarine are reciprocally repro-
duced the one from the other. He shows by numerous examples : ( i )
That nectarines may spring from peach-stones and peaches from nectarine-
elder boughes being whitish, the younger branches very red, whereon grow narrow long greene leaves, so
like unto Peach leaves, that none can well distinguish them, unlesse it be in this, that they are somewhat
lesser: the blossomes are all reddish, as the Peach, but one of a differing fashion from all the other, as I
shall shew you by and by: the fruit that foUoweth is smaller, rounder, and smoother than Peaches, with-
out any cleft on the side, and without any douny cotton or freeze at all; and herein is like unto the outer
greene rinde of the Wallnut, whereof as I am perswaded it tooke the name, of a fast and firme meate, and
very delicate in taste, especially the best kindes, with a rugged stone within it, and a bitter kernell.
" The Muske Nectorin, so called, because it being a kinde of the best red Nectorins, both smelleth
and eateth as if the fruit were steeped in Muske: some thinke that this and the next Romano N'cctorin
are all one.
" The Romane red Nectorin, or cluster Nectorin, hath a large or great purplish blossome, like unto
a Peach, reddish at the bottome on the outside, and greenish within: the fruit is of a fine red colour on the
outside, and groweth in clusters, two or three at a joynt together, of an excellent good taste.
" The bastard red Nectorin hath a smaller or pincking blossome, more like threads then leaves, neither
so large nor open as the former, and yellowish within at the bottome: the fruit is red on the outside, and
groweth never but one at a joynt; it is a good fruit, but eateth a little more rawish then the other, even
when it is full ripe.
" The yellow Nectorin is of two sorts, the one an excellent fruit, mellow, and of a very good rt-llish;
the other hard, and no way comparable to it.
" The greene Nectorin, great and small; for such I have .scene abiding constant, although both planted
in one ground: they are both of one goodnesse, and accounted with most to be the best rellished Nectorin
of all others.
" The white Nectorin is said to bee differing from the other, in that it will bee more white on the out-
side when it is ripe, then either the yellow or greene: but I have not yet scene it.
The Use of Nectorins.
" The fruit is more firme then the Peach, and more delectable in taste; and is therefore of more
and that worthily."
Darwin Ans. and Ph. Domesl. 2nd Ed. 1:357-365. 1893.
KENTUCKY (Nectarine)
SUMMER SNOW (White Flowered)
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 83
Stones. (2) That peach-trees produce nectarines by bud-variation and
nectarine-trees likewise produce peaches, and that either the nectarines or
peaches so arising will come true to seed. (3) That either peach or
nectarine-trees may produce individual fruits half-nectarine and half-
peach. (4) A case is cited of a nectarine tree bearing a half-and-half fruit
and subsequently a true peach.
It must be noted that in all of the variations so far recorded there
are no intermediate forms between the two fruits. The peach produced
in these bud-variations is a peach and nothing but a peach ; the nectarine,
a nectarine and nothing but a nectarine. Even in those remarkable
phenomena, of which several are recorded, in which the fruits are divided
into halves or quarters, one or more segments being peach and one or more
nectarine, there can be no mistake as to peach and nectarine in pubescence,
color or flavor. The nectarine from the peach, thus becomes as clear-
cut a case of discontinuous variation as can be. If we accept the mutation
theory of the origin of species — new species arising suddenly at a single
step — the nectarine is a species in process of birth.
As yet we are entirely ignorant in regard to the conditions under whicli
the peach or the nectarine sports, the one producing the other. It is wholly
a natural phenomenon, for no one has been able to cause the peach to
produce the hairless form or the nectarine to bring forth a downy fruit.
The relations of the two fruits have furnished a fertile field of inquiry for
over a century but the problem is one of those mysterious ones in which
there are many facts that cannot be fitted into a theory, so that our ignor-
ance is as profovmd now as ever. There are, however, several theories
which, without going into full detail, need to be stated.
The oldest notion is that the production of a nectarine on a peach-
tree is due to the direct action of pollen from some nearby nectarine-tree
on the ovary of the peach. This theory, wholly at variance with present
knowledge, is also discredited by the many instances in which the sports
occur when the two fruits are not growing in the same neighborhood
or even region. Thus, within ten years, several cases of nectarines on
peach-trees have occurred in this State where the nectarine is scarcely
known. Besides, crossing these fruits shows no direct effect of pollen — ■
as is true with nearly all other plants. Still further, when a branch of a
peach has borne a nectarine it usually goes on year after year producing
nectarines; and certainly impregnation of a flower by foreign pollen could
not so profoundly modify a branch. There is so little foundation for this
84 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
belief that it would not be mentioned were it not that many fruit-growers
still look to the action of pollen as the explanation of the phenomenon.
Another, and a much more probable explanation, is that every sport-
ing peach or nectarine-tree is a more or less remote hybrid. There is
a growing belief that species are fixed and that crossing is the only source
of new seed- or bud-forms. Certainly all who have crossed plants in any
considerable numbers know that hybridity is at least one cause, and a
frequent one, of mutations. It is possible that sometime in the past the
peach and the nectarine were crossed, the offspring showing no trace of the
cross, and that now there is an occasional disassociation of the characters
brought together by such crossing. There are several objections to this
hypothesis. One is that two forms sufficiently distinct to induce so striking
a variation as a nectarine from a peach, must have differed in tree as well
as in fruit-characters and that these differences would crop out just as
smoothness of fruit so frequently does. Another, and less potent objec-
tion, is that the nectarine has never been found wild, that it never becomes
naturalized, that it is shorter-lived and less vigorous and behaves in general
like an artificial plant.
The third, and at present the most acceptable theory, is that we have
in the nectarine from the peach what De Vries calls a retrogressive muta-
tion. That is, an active character, in this case pubescence on the fruit,
becomes latent and appears to be lost — a type of mutation frequent
among cultivated plants. The nectarine, then, is a peach with one char-
acter subtracted. When the nectarine yields a peach, the character is
restored. The one is a negative, the other a positive step; one is retro-
gressive, the other progressive mutation. The speculations as to what
causes these mutations are as yet too vague to be profitable. Probably
we can never make use of the cause by which mutations arise or of the con-
ditions leading to them until we can induce these strange variations.
That they are due to disturbances in the processes of cell-division is the
theory now current — sufficiently comprehensive and sufficiently vague
to be a most convenient explanation, at any rate.
Nectarines do not attain the perfection in New York reached west
of the Rocky Mountains. The trees, possibly, are a little less manageable
in the orchard, less vigorous and certainly more susceptible to pests.
Nectarines, in particular, suffer more than peaches from the scoiirge of the
crescent sign, curciilio, a pest which finds all smooth-skinned stone-fruits
much to its taste and the nectarine more than others. Then, too, whether
KENTUCKY (Nectarine)
NEWTON (Nectarine)
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 85
fresh, canned or dried, fruit-buyers in America prefer the peach. This
discrimination in favor of the peach is largely due to lack of knowledge of
the nectarine, which, though different from the commoner fruit, is equally
delectable, fresh or preserved, and certainly is a handsomer product pre-
served either by canning or evaporating. Indeed, the dried nectarine,
with its beautiful, translucent, amber hue is the most attractive of all
cured fruits. The nectarine-industry, however, belongs to California,
where all conditions favor production, canning and curing.
PRUNUS DAVIDIANA (Carriere) Franchet
P. Davidiana Franchet Noiw. Arch. Mus. Paris ser. 2, V:255 {PI. David. 1:103). 1883.
Persica Davidiana Carriere Rev. Hort. 74. 1872.
Prunus Persica var Davidiana Maximowicz Bill. Acad. Sci. St. Petersbourg 29:81 ; Mel. Biol. 11:667. 1883.
Tree attaining a height of twenty-five feet on the Station grounds, vigorous, upright,
with sHght spreading tendency, dense-topped, hardy in tree but not in flower-bud, unpro,
ductive; trunk stocky; branches thick, smooth, bronze-colored; branchlets slender-
inclined to rebranch, long, with rather short intemodes, ash-gray mingled toward the
base with dark brown, glabrous, with inconspicuous, small, slightly raised lenticels.
Leaves five and one-half inches long, one and one-eighth inches wide, curled down-
ward, oval to obovate-lanceolate, thick; upper surface smooth, dull, dark green; lower
surface grayish-green; margin coarsely serrate, tipped with reddish-brown glands; petiole
five-eighths inch long, glandless or with one or two small, globose, reddish glands at the
base of the leaf.
Flower-buds tender, small, pointed, plump, appressed, brownish-red; flowers appear
very early, a few days earlier than Prunus tomentosa, usually on short spurs; blossoms
one and five-eighths inches across, whitish, tinged with pale pink near the margins, well
distributed, usually singly; pedicels short, glabrous, green; calyx-tube reddish-green,
orange-colored within, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes long, narrow, glabrous within and
without; petals widely spaced, oval, shallowly dentate, tapering to long, white claws;
filaments .shorter than the petals; pistil red, heavily pubescent at the ovary, as long as
the stamens.
Fruit less than one inch in diameter, nearly spherical; cavity medium in width and
depth; suture shallow, deeper toward the base; apex mucronate; color grayish-white
turning yellow at maturity ; pubescence downy ; skin wrinkles and roughens before matu-
rity and soon decays; flesh very thin, rather dry, tasteless and insipid, lacking almost
entirely the flavor of the peach; not edible; stone separates from the pulp readily even
before ripe, nearly spherical, plump, very blunt at base and apex; surfaces deeply pitted.
Father David's peach, Prunus davidiana, has been grown in Europe
since 1865 as an ornamental, seeds of it having been sent from China to
France in that year by Father David, a missionary traveler.' The species
• Bretschneider E. 5o<. JS;ic/)/or. in CAina 2 :86o. 1898.
86 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
is described as flowering in America in the Arnold Arboretum as early
as 1888,' seeds from which the trees grew having been sent from China.
Some ten or twelve years ago the species was distributed by the United
States Department of Agriculture, trees being received at this Station in
the spring of 1906. Meanwhile, agricultural explorers representing this
country in China have discovered that the species is much used by the
Chinese as a stock upon which to work other species of Prunus. Where-
upon, new distributions were made through seeds and plants to nearly
every fruit-growing state in the Union. We are, therefore, now able to
speak of the behavior of the Davidiana peach in America with some degree
of confidence as to its future as a stock for peaches. But, first, a word as
to its habitat and uses in China.
The several importations of seeds recorded by the United States
Department of Agriculture seem all to have been made from the province
of Chili in China and from the cities of Pekin and Tientsiii in the neighbor-
hood of which' the tree is commonly found wild. According to Bret-
schneider,^ the species was first discovered by Bunge near Peking in 1831
who took it to be an almond. The same authority says that Father David's
seeds came from wild trees growing in the mountains near Jehol, and that
the species is much cultivated in the gardens of Peking, there being two
varieties, one with rose-colored and the other with white flowers. At the
time of its introduction into Europe, it was considered, by some, the wild
form of the cultivated peach. The fruit of David's peach is not edible and
peach-growers would have but passing interest in the species as a very
attractive ornamental were it not for the fact that it is a common and
most valuable stock, vised for centuries in China for several of the stone-
fruits.
It is, then, with a view to its fitness as a stock that the Davidiana
peach must be discussed. Its characters in several respects indicate that
it may make an invaluable stock in America as it has long been in China.
For this purpose it seems possible to use it equally well for several stone-
fruits.
As it grows on the Station grounds the most experienced fruit-grower
cannot guess whether Prunus davidiana is a peach, nectarine, almond,
apricot or plum. As we shall show later, too, it hybridizes with several
other species of its genus. Its similarities to all of these stone-fruits give
^ Card, and For. \:i$T,. 1888.
2 Bretschneider E. Bot. Rxphr. in China 2:860. 1808.
PHVXrs DAlinilXA
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 87
a clue to its value as a stock — ■ it may be used for all. It is the commonest
stock for all of these fruits in parts of China and is sometimes used for the
cherr)' as well. It is reported by the United States Department of Agri-
culture ' to have been tried in commercial plantings of peaches, plums,
apricots and almonds in California and Texas and for all is " unusually
promising."
The trees are vigorous, healthy, hardy, and resistant to drouth. Con-
sorted with any stone-fruit it should impart these qualities in some degree
to the resulting tree. On the Station grounds, Primus davidiana is growing
with vigor and health despite the fact that in the ten years of its existence
here we have had all but record-breaking extremes of cold, heat, drouth and
rain — a decade long to be noted for its extremes of weather. It seems
to stand the heat of Texas, and in Minnesota has withstood cold as low
as forty degrees below zero, a temperature which kills commercial varieties
to the ground. It cannot be fruited, however, in cold climates as its buds
swell quickly with rises of temperature and succumb to subsequent cold;
neither will it fruit in regions of late frost since it is one of the earliest species
in the genus Prunus to flower. In Texas and southern California, accord-
ing to the United States Department of Agriculture, it is proving resistant
to drouth and in the latter region to alkali as well. In very dry and exposed
places, it is said to lose its tree-characters and to become a thrifty shrub.
Present nursery practices in growing peaches are unsatisfactory in
the extreme. More and more, pits from canneries are being planted for
stocks. The pits come from a great diversity of varieties and the resulting
seedlings are variable in vigor, health, size and capacity to take the bud.
Should no un surmountable weaknesses appear in Prunus davidiana it is
almost certain that its seedlings will be more satisfactory as stocks for
the peach than those from either cannery pits or from pits grown on
southern wild trees. The trees do not fruit well in this climate, even
when buds and flowers escape the cold, possibly because of infertility of
bloom, and for this reason, the chief objection so far, some favorable region
would have to be discovered in which to grow the pits.
As one might suspect from its similarities to the several stone-fruits,
Prunus davidiana gives promise of being a go-between in hybridization.
I. V. Mijurin, a noted Russian hybridist of Kozloo, Russia, has crossed the
Davidiana peach and the dwarf almond, Prunus nana, with the idea of
getting a hardy fruit for central Russia. The resulting offspring, accord-
' V. S. D. A. Plant Immii^rauls No. ii5:m'). i ■-.
88 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
ing to Mr. F. N. Meyer,' looks in tree like the peach-parent but the fruit
is more like that of the almond-parent. The fruit of the hybrid is inedible
but the plant is a handsome ornamental. Mr. Mijurin states that while
neither of the two parents will hybridize with the common peach, this
hybrid does. Priinus davidiana, then, like the Sand Cherry of the Western
Plains, may prove to be a valuable go-between in hybridizing species of
Prunus.
The fruit has no comestible value. It is small, less than an inch
in diameter, nearly round, very downy, yellow at maturity, with thin,
dry, tasteless flesh which parts readily from the stone even before fully
ripe. As if to complete its worthlessness as an edible product, it begins
to shrivel as matvirity approaches and soon decays. In fruit, even more
than in tree, it is an intermediate between the peach and the almond.
A word must be said as to the merits of Prunus davidiana as an orna-
mental. It is the first harbinger of spring in the great family to which it
belongs, bursting into a profusion of white or pinkish flowers with the
approach of. warm weather even before forsythias are in flower. Its thickly
set, erect branchlets are wands of pinkish-white two feet in length, making
a handsome tree and furnishing beautiful cut-flowers. If grown for its
flowers, however, one must be content in northern climates to have it in
bloom only about one season out of three but even so it repays culttare.
The Chinese cultivate dwarf specimens, possibly a dwarf form, for winter-
flowering and the plant, it would seem, would readily lend itself to winter-
forcing in American floriculture. The tree, quite aside from its flowers,
is handsome at all times. A form with pure white flowers is a very desirable
ornamental.- On the Station grounds this white-flowering peach has a
fastigiate habit of growth and resembles' somewhat a small Lombardy
poplar.
PRUNUS MIRA Koehne.
P. mira Koehne Plant. Wilson. Pt 2, No. 4:272. iqi2.
Tree thirty feet in height; trunk si.xteen inches in diameter; branches very smooth,
those of the current year's growth green, the older ones dark reddish-yellow; flowering-
season short; stipules lacking or obscure; petioles five-sixteenths to ten-sixteenths of an inch
long, with from two to four glands toward the apex, the glands broadly elliptical, disc-
shaped ; leaf at the base usually roundly lanceolate, two to four inches long, nine-sixteenths
to one and one-sixteenth inches broad, gradually narrowing toward the apex; margin
' V. S. D. A. Plant Immigrants No. 72:516. 1912.
* Prunus Davidiana alba Bean Garden 50:165. 1896; Persica Davidiana alba Carriere Rei\
76. 1872; Prunus Daridiana fiore alba Wittmack GartenR. 44:i2g. 1895.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 89
broadly crenulate-serrulate, tapering upward without division; teeth crowned with small,
soot-colored, mucronate glands; upper surface clear green, glabrous; lower surface paler,
villous along both sides of the lower ribs and the rest glabrous; veins on both sides twel\-e
to sixteen, the veinlets somewhat raised on the under side.
The pedicels of the single or twinned fruits two-sixteenths to three-sixteenths of an
inch long, very thick, glabrous; drupes somewhat dry, sub-globose, one and one-eighth
inches long, one inch in diameter, densely tomentose, edible; stone ovate, somewhat com-
pressed, dimensions three-fourths by one-half by three-eighths inches; dorsal suture keeled,
the ventral surface covered with narrow ridges, the ridges at the base of the keel nearly
disappearing, the rest inconspicuous.
Primus inira is a nev^^ peach discovered in China by Mr. E. H. Wilson
of the Arnold Arboretum. The foregoing technical description is a trans-
lation from the original description by Koehne. Mr. Wilson describes
for The Peaches of New York the outstanding botanical and horticultural
characters of Primus mira as follows:
" Prunus mira is a small bushy tree, growing about 6m. tall, with a
trunk about im. in girth and a crown some 8m. through. The branches
are relatively slender and the branchlets twiggy, and these, together with
the narrow, lance-shaped, long-pointed leaves, give the plant a very distinct
appearance. The fruit is roundish oval, about 4.5 cm. high and 3.5-4 cm.
broad, downy on the outside, with white flesh and a free stone. The flavor
is the same as that of fruits from the semi-wild plants of the Common Peach
{P. Persica). The stone is 2 to 2.2 cm. high and 1.3-1.4 cm. broad, and
in shape is flattened ovoid and pointed. The flowers are unknown
to me.
" This plant grows wild on rather barren mountain slopes at about
3000m. altitude north of the town of Tachienlu on the China-Thibetan
borderland, where it was first detected by me on July 9, 1908, and from
whence I introduced it by means of seeds in the autumn of 19 10. I saw
only a few trees, but have reason to believe that it is fairly common, and
also that it is thereabouts cultivated for its fruit. In the Arnold Arboretum
this species has proved no more hardy than the Common Peach, though
from the altitude at which it grows naturally it ought to be the hardier
plant. Our largest specimen is 2.5m. high and crown 3m. through. It
starts into growth and leafs out much later than the Common Peach, and
is therefore much less liable to be affected by late frosts. This is the one
advantage so far evident in our experience with this new Peach under
cultivation. Undoubtedly it possesses important horticultural possi-
bilities, and especially should it be valuable to the hybridist on account of
its small and smooth stone. Indeed, it requires no imagination to realize
the advantage to be gained by supplanting in our present day race of
90 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
garden peaches for the large and deeply furrowed stone one that is quite
smooth and small."
Primus mini is now under cultivation at the Arnold Arboretum near
lioston, in the parks at Rochester, New York, on the grounds of this Station
and at Brookville, Florida, in charge of the United States Department of
Agriculture. No doubt within a few years we shall have positive evidence
of its horticultiiral value.
PUBESCENT-FRUITED SPECIES OF PRUNUS FROM THE UNITED STATES
Seven pubescent-fruited species of Prunus are found in the South-
western States. From reading the descriptions, it is hard to tell whether
these plants, unique in more than one respect, are most closely related to
peaches, plums, apricots or almonds. Professor S. C. Mason of the United
States Department of Agriculture, who has studied these fruits,' thinks
that some if not ^ all of them may have horticultural value, at least in the
Southwest where fluctuations of heat and cold are great and drought and
alkalinity of soil must be endured by plant-life. They deserve brief mention
in The Peaches of Neiv York because of the possibility that some of them
can be used as dwarfing-stocks for the peach and possibly that some may
be hybridized with cultivated peaches. The species, with brief notes
taken for most part from Mason, are as follows:
Prunus texana Dietrich, the " wild peach " of Texas, is a plum-like
fruit from eastern Texas of which there are already several hybrids with
the wild plums of the region. Prunus andersonii Gray is the " wild
almond " or " wild peach " of Nevada. The species is found in western
Nevada and eastern California in a region subject to severe cold in winter
and extreme drought and heat in summer. One cultivator of this species
suggests it as a good stock for the peach and the almond and thinks it has
possibilities for hybridization.-' The " desert apricot," Prunus eriogyna
Mason, comes from a very restricted region in southern California. The
characters of this species should fit it to endure the environment on the
desert slopes of mountains. The " desert almond," Prunus fasciculata
Torrey, sometimes called " wild peach " and " wild almond," ranges much
farther sovith and east than Prunus a)idcrso)ui in southern Nevada and
southern California, crossing into southwestern Utah and northwestern
Arizona, and grows in gravels and sands where its roots penetrate to great
Jottr. Agr. Research 1:147-177. igi.v
r. .S', P. A. .Seeds a-id Plants Imported Invent. 13:
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK QI
depth. Prunus minutiflora Engelman, the "Texas almond," is found in
southwestern Texas, a shrub which, Hke the former species and the one
following, is dioecious, a marked and unique peculiarity of these three
species. The " Mexican almond," Prunus microphyUa Hemsley, is found
in the high mountain region of Mexico. Prunus havardii Wight, is known
only in a restricted region in western Texas. The last two species are so
little known that one cannot even surmise whether they may have
horticultural possibilities.
HORTICULTURAL CLASSIFICATIONS OF THE PEACH
The opening years of the Nineteenth Century mark the first attempts
at classifying peaches. By 1818 as many as three classificatory schemes
had been proposed, all being modifications of the same general arrange-
ment. July 7, 1818, John Robertson read a paper on classifying peaches
and nectarines before the Horticultural Society of London. Later, this
was printed in the Transactions of the Society,' together with a classifi-
cation by M. Poiteau from the Bon Jardinier and another by Count Lelieur
from his Pomone Franca ise. In January, 1824, George Lindley read before
the same society a classification which was but an extension of the older
arrangements. -
Robertson separated peaches into true peaches and nectarines and
these in turn into Classes, Divisions and Sub-divisions. He founded the
two classes on the presence or absence of glands; for each of his classes
he made two divisions distinguished by the size and color of the flowers;
each of the four divisions is once redivided into a sub-division in which
the flesh parts from the stone and another in which the flesh adheres to the
stone. The two French writers use the same characters but found their
second division on the adherence or non-adherence of the flesh to the
stone; their third on the size of the flower but making three partitions as
to size; and their fourth on the presence or absence of glands which they
divide into globose and reniform. Lindley created three classes dependent
on the presence or absence and the character of the glands and the char-
acter of the serrations; three divisions of each class in accordance as to
whether the flowers are large, medium-sized or small; two sub-divisions of
each division to agree with the presence or absence of down; and for each
sub-division two sections, one for clingstones and one for melters.
' Trans. Hort. Soc. Land. 3:380-387. 1820.
= 76/^.5:525-560. 1S24.
92 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
This was the age of the classifier and other classifications, all similar
in plan, rapidly followed in England, France, Belgium and Germany. No
one at this time seems to have attempted a natural classification of
peaches.
Of the nine leading American pomological writers of the Nineteenth
Centviry, Coxe, Prince, Cole, Hooper, Elliott and Barry either do not
attempt to classify or make but one or two simple divisions. Kenrick,
1832, follows Lindley in part but makes use of season in his classification.
Downing in his first edition, 1845, divides peaches into freestones with
pale flesh, freestones with deep yellow flesh and clingstones. This simple
arrangement by Downing is notable only because it is the first time color
of flesh is made use of as a distinguishing mark, the Europeans probably
not having done so because yellow-fleshed varieties are rare in Europe
whereas in America they are as common or more so than white-fleshed
sorts. Thomas, in 1846, did not classify but in later editions divided peaches
into two divisions, founded on adherence of flesh to the stone; two classes
for each division in accordance with color of flesh ; and three sections founded
on leaf-serrations and glands.
These Nineteenth Century classifications are artificial. That is,
they single out a few points of resemblance and difference and arrange
varieties in accordance with them, convenience and facility of use being the
controlling principles. They are natural to a degree, however, because
varieties agreeing in one point of structure commonly agree in other char-
acters. With the peach, more than in the artificial classification of most
other fruits, the characters are readily distinguished and are stable. Yet
most English pomologies now arrange varieties of peaches alphabetically,
while the American texts do the same or use the pseudo-natural system
of Onderdonk. His classification we are about to discuss. The early
artificial arrangements failed to stand the test of time because classifiers
could not agree upon any one arrangement and added confusion by the
multiplicity of them; and, because the new varieties of the last half-century,
coming in great numbers, are so poorly described that the great majority
of them could not be classified from the data at hand.
In 1887 Gilbert Onderdonk,' a special agent of the United States
Department of Agriculture, published a natural classification of peaches.^
' For a brief history of the Ufe and pomological work of Gilbert Onderdonk, the reader is referred to
The Plums of New York, page 392.
2 U.S. D. A. Rpt. 648-651. 1887.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 93
He put varieties of peaches into five groups whieh he called races and
to which he gave the names: Persian, Northern Chinese, Spanish, Southern
Chinese and Peento. He bounded peach-culture in America on the
north by the Great Lakes and on the south by the Gulf and divided this
great region into five zones to each of which he assigned one of his races.
Onderdonk studied peaches in Texas and found there remarkable dis-
tinguishing characters; as, in adaptations to southern climates, in length
of the rest-period, in differences in leafing, blooming and fruiting-time,
and in the organs of the plants. Professor R. H. Price, working with a
large number of varieties at the Texas Agricultural College, verified and
greatly extended Onderdonk's observations.^ Eventually, Price became
the pontifical authority in this country on the classification of peaches
and in numerous articles and addresses set forth the Onderdonk grouping
of varieties so convincingly that it was adopted by practically all American
pomologists and at present is in use, to some degree at least, in nearly all
of our horticultural literature. It becomes necessary, therefore, to scrutinize
closely this natural classification of Onderdonk and Price.
The end to be attained in a classification of peaches, as in classify-
ing natural objects of any kind, is to provide an epitome of the knowledge
of the fruits classified. Incidentally, a classification helps in the identi-
fication of varieties of peaches. Does the Onderdonk classification serve
these purposes? We have not found that it does. In most arduous
attempts to arrange the sorts of peaches growing on the Station grounds
according to the Onderdonk plan, we have wholly failed. Even the varie-
ties named as types do not fit, as they grow in the north, in the places pro-
vided for them by these southern classifiers. Indeed, we have wasted so
much time and patience in attempting to group varieties according to
Onderdonk and Price, and with so little success, that the Onderdonk
classification seems to us to be cursed with the confusion of Babel. Since
pomologists so generally accept this classification, these words demand
that it be shown wherein this attempt at a natural arrangement of varieties
fails.
In the first place the basis of Onderdonk's classification, as the names
suggest, is regional variation. Each race stands for a region, the Peento
included — for the name is very obviousl}^ Chinese. Incompleteness, then,
is the first fault of this system for there are other regions in which races of
Tex. Sla. Bui. 39:826-832. 1896.
94 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
peaches just as distinct as those named have developed : as, for examples,
the Bokhara represents a hardy " Russian race; " Yellow Transvaal belongs
to the very peculiar " South African race; " in the rich alluvial lands of
Egypt, the " Egytian race " has developed; still another regional race is
found in the evergreen peach of the West Indies. We have no doubt
that distinct races of peaches may have originated or will arise in the
Canary Islands, Hawaii, New Zealand, Argentina, Chili and Mexico, to
mention only countries spoken of in the foregoing pages. The Onderdonk
classification can, of course, be extended to take in these new races, most of
which are now represented in America, but eventually such a classification
would become too cumbersome for use. It must not be overlooked that
the Onderdonk classification should be doubled to apply to the nectarine,
the other division of Primus per ska, which the present classification wholly
ignores.
If the variations are stable, and all regions represented, the likenesses
and dififerences brought about by regional environment may well be used
by classifiers. But in the Onderdonk classification unstable variations
due to climate are too largely used ; as, dififerences in the succession of life-
events, in the rest-period, in the capacity to endure heat and drought, and
in minor modifications of organs, as color of foliage and shape of fruit.
All of these are variations that fluctuate with even slight changes in the
climate. We have said that this classification, though constantly referred
to by northern fruit-growers, is not satisfactory in New York. Professor
Price, too, found as he went northward that his classificatory scheme was
less dependable. He says: ' " Some of the distinctions made in this'classifi-
cation cannot be noticed with decisive clearness a few hundred miles farther
north." A further objection to this regional classification of Onderdonk
is that, in the numerous distinct peach-regions of America, new regional
variations are arising which make it impossible to classify in accordance
with characters that appeared before the peach came to America.
These " races " of Onderdonk and Price, then, by leaving out the
peach-floras of many regions, are too exclusive, but it is no less true that
they are too inclusive. Thus, the many varieties of the historic peach of
western countries are put by the Onderdonk classification in the Persian
race. So considered, this Persian race contains types quite as widely
separated from each other as are the five " races " of the Onderdonk classifi-
cation. In one great group are collected early, late, white-fleshed, yellow-
' Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. no. 1887.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 95
fleshed, red-fleshed, globular, oblong, beaked, hardy and tender, vigorous
and dwarfish peaches. Persian peaches run the whole gamut' of peach-
characters, the flatness of the Peento possibly excepted, and from the
several hundred sorts a score of " races " might be made. These peaches
are noted by Price and Onderdonk as requiring a long period of rest and as
succeeding only in northern climates. Yet to this group belong the peaches
of France, Spain and Italy; those of the warm parts of Africa, South America
and Oceanica; and most of the varieties that thrive at the most northern
limits of peach-growing in Europe and America.
The Onderdonk classification, in assigning zones to each of its five
races, misleads peach-growers as to the hardiness of varieties. It makes
the Peento and honey-flavored peaches much more tender in tree than they
are. Varieties of both groups grow as far north as this Station and Waugh
reports that one of the Peento varieties " was discovered growing thriftily
and fruiting nicely on the grounds of the Massachusetts Agricultural
College, Amherst, Massachusetts." * Of the score of descendants of the
Honey, several are fruiting well on our grounds, four being illustrated and
described in The Peaches of Neiv York. If there were a demand for honey-
flavored peaches, climate would not prevent their culture in New York.
The name used for the Peento group, if it be worth while keeping
these peaches in a group, is inapt. It gives the impression that all, like
Peento, are flat peaches — in fact Price several times so publishes them —
whereas of the twenty-three sorts described by Hume,- though nearly all
are seedlings of Peento, only Peento is flat. We must look upon the
Peento as a peach-monster similar to the cleft peach. Emperor of Russia,
the nippled peach, Teton de V^enus, the Perseque with its teat-like pro-
tuberances, or the more familiar snow-white and blood-red varieties.
We are not able to see where the Peento group leaves off and the Honey
group begins in the Onderdonk classification, though, since varieties of the
Peentos have not fruited at Geneva and the several Honey-flavored
peaches, though both thrifty in tree and fruitful, are possibly not typical-
we ought not to be too critical. As we read the descriptions made by
others, however, we are struck by the fact that there are more similari-
ties than differences in the two groups and that the differences are rapidly
disappearing through hybridization.
^VJiMgh,T. k. Systematic Pomology, \~'?>. 1903.
2 Hume H. Harold Fla. Sta. Bui. 62: 1902.
96 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
But the obstacle which most effectually blocks the use of Onderdonk's
classification in the systematic arrangement of peaches is the brood of
hybrid seedling peaches annually brought forth by fruit-growers. No
doubt the classification is workable, to a degree, with the type- varieties and
a few carefully selected progeny but after the practical peach-grower,
with a devil-may-care attitude toward classification, crosses and recrosses
the types, the several races become hopelessly interlocked. The char-
acters chiefly used by Onderdonk, as has been said, are fluctuating variations
and these do not descend according to Mendelian laws. And so the great
out-pouring of varieties during the past quarter-century has literally
swamped a classification which served only fairly well when it included
but the pioneer varieties. In the trituration of the thousand and more
varieties of peaches now going on, the Onderdonk classification will be less
and less useful.
In dismissing the Onderdonk scheme as having but limited application
for classificatory purposes, acknowledgment is made that it serves other
purposes very well. It calls attention to the history of the peach; it shows
that racial strains of the peach are arising; it brings out valuable informa-
tion in regard to hardiness and the rest-period of peaches ; it offers instances
of modification of the peach by climate; and it shows the capacity of the
peach to vary. For thus illuminating the natural history of the peach,
more especially the climatology of the peach, pomology is much indebted
to Onderdonk and Price.
A key to varieties of peaches. — A natural classification of peaches to
show the relationships of varieties is seemingly impossible. The deluge
of new varieties, which growers continue with cheerful optimism to pour
out, overwhelms the classifier with diiflculties. About the best that can
be done is to arrange varieties, for convenience in identifying, according
to some of the artificial systems of a century ago when the cvilt of the
classifier was at its height. These were really synoptical keys rather than
biological classifications. If such a key is to be used very generally by
fruit-growers, only characters of the fruit are admissible, thereby attain-
ing necessary simplicity and providing that all data can be had at one
examination.
The first division of a synoptical key would of course be founded on
the absence or presence of pubescence on the skin ; these two great divisions
would then be separated into freestones and clingstones; these, in turn,
divided in accordance to color of flesh — white, yellow, red; the Peento and
THK PKACIIES Ol" NKW YORK 97
honry-flavored peaches make necessary a division in regard to siiape
globular, flat, beaked; a further separation into early, medium and late sorts
could then be made. A great merit in this extremely simple classification
is that the language of the layman fits it. As examples: Greensboro would
follow the key from bottom to top — an early, round, white-fleshed, free-
stone peach; or Salwey, a late, round, yellow-fleshed, freestone peach.
This key provides for seventy-two groups, fifty-four for the peach and
eighteen for the nectarine, the latter having but the globular form. Other
characters, of less general application in the key than those so far used,
as size, flavor, adherence or non-adherence of the skin, suture, apex, and
stone, could be used to carry this classification still further.
7
98 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
CHAPTER m
COMMERCIAL PEACH-GROWING IN AMERICA
Commercial peach-growing began in America early in the Nineteenth
Centiiry. About this time, it will be remembered, budded trees began to
take the place of seedlings. Named varieties appeared as a consequence
of budding and, as nurseries sprang up in the settled parts of the country,
varieties multiplied at a rapid rate. After the year 1 800 we read less about
peaches as food for hogs and less about peach-products for assuaging the
thirst for strong drink. As cities and towns built up, market demands
increased and money-making began to quicken the charms of peach -
growing. With the coming of extensive plantings and intensive culture in
commercial orchards, new and menacing pests and other problems began
to appear at every turn. Before the middle of the century, commercial
peach-growing was in full swing in the Chesapeake peach-belt and in its
infancy in several westward regions. Stories of great success now filled
the papers, " peach kings " abounded, and, with the return of good times
following the Civil War, fruit-growers indulged in a saturnalia of peach-
tree planting. The rouge of speculation made the industry doubly attrac-
tive. An account of the rise of commercial peach-growing in America
cannot help but be of interest and, besides, it is only by the study of the
past of the industn,- that we can draw safe conclusions for the future.
Peach-growing on a commercial scale in the United States began in
what is known as the Peninsula, consisting, technically, of the Eastern
Shore of Maryland, Delaware and southern New Jersey but horticulturally,
because of similitude of soil, climate and products, taking in a bit of Vir-
ginia, touching eastern Pennsylvania and running up to Long Island.
All of this region, including the southern reaches of the Hudson, may be
considered as one commercial territory. The peach began its undis-
puted supremacy among fruits in the orchards of the Peninsula as early
as orchards were planted but, beginning with 1800, the industry pushed
ahead with leaps and bounds so that the figures at times remind one of
Alice in Wonderland when she drank from the magic bottle and immedi-
ately grew to gigantic proportions.
In 1800 an orchard of 20,000 trees was set in Anne Arundel County,
Maryland, the product to be used in brandy-making.^ The last peach-
' Gould, H. P. Md. Sla. Bui. 72:129. 1901.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 99
grower to engage in the liquor business seems to have been a certain Mr.
Bayley in Accomack County, Virginia, the tip of the Peninsula, who in
1 8 14 planted 63,000 trees which six years later yielded fifteen gallons of
brandy per 100 trees, worth $2 per gallon — not profitable unless the
seed were sown in rows, as was probably the case, and the seedlings per-
mitted to crowd rather closely.^ One of the first large orchards planted
in this region to supply city peach-markets was that of a Mr. Cassidy who
set an orchard of 50,000 trees in Cecil County, Maryland, about 1830.*
The product of this orchard went to market in sailboats and large wagons.
The industry was not in full swing in this region until the fifties when
orchards were planted all along the water courses in Cecil, Kent and Queen
Anne counties, making a continuous forest of peach-trees two miles back
from the rivers.'
The peach -industry in Delaware seems to have begun, according to Mr.
Charles Wright,'' in 1832 at Delaware City, when a twenty-acre orchard of
budded trees was set by Messrs. Reeves and Ridgeway, which by 1836 had
increased to 1 10 acres. The receipts from this orchard in a single season were
as much as $16,000, the fruit bringing in Philadelphia from $1.25 to $3 per
three-peck basket. Other notable orchards of these early times mentioned
by Mr. Wright are those of Major Philip Reybold and Sons who, beginning
in 1835, by 1846 had 117,720 trees on 1090 acres near Delaware City
from which 63,344 baskets of peaches were shipped in August, 1845; in
Kent County, John Reed began planting as early as 1829 and several years
later had 10,000 trees of Red Cheek Melocotons. In 1848 the peach-
crop in Delaware was estimated at 5,000,000 baskets, chiefly from New
Castle County. Peach -yellows, first a serious pest around Philadelphia
about 1800, became epidemic in northern Delaware in 1842 and, little by
little, the center of the peach-industry shifted southward from Middle-
town in the late sixties to Smyrna; a few years later it had reached Wyoming
and in the nineties it was as far south as Bridgeville.
It is interesting to follow the ups and downs of the peach-industry
in the Peninsula. Epidemics of yellows, a succession of cold winters,
over-production, transportation difficulties or expense, San Jose scale,
have all been factors powerful enough at various times to make or mar the
' Wright, Charles Cyc. of Am. Hort. 3:1240. 1900.
' Gould, H. P. Md. Sta. Bui. 72:130. 1901.
' .Shallcross, J. T. Md. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 1:17. 1898.
'Wright Charles Or. o/>lm. //or/. 3:1238. 1900.
lOO THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
fortunes of those engaged in growing peaches. Indeed, in following the
history of this fruit on the Peninsula, one is forced to declare that peach -
growing is gambling pure and simple. Take, for example, the building
of the Delaware railroad. Peaches were scarcely planted in the interior
parts of the Peninsula, away from water-ways, until the building of this
road in the sixties and seventies, when the yield increased so rapidly that
4. 1 75.500 baskets were shipped by rail in 1875, the total yield being 8,782,716
baskets ' — fortunes followed the completion of the railroad only to be
lost in subsequent over-production.
New Jersey, eastern Pennsylvania, and southeastern New York rather
slowly followed the lead of Delaware in commercial peach-growing. New
Jersey, according to census reports, reached her zenith in peach-growing in
1899 when there were 4,413,568 peach-trees in the State which produced
2,746,607 bushels of fruit giving her third rank among the states of the
Union in production. Ten years later the State had dropped to fourteenth.
The peach seems to have been neglected in eastern Pennsylvania as a
commercial crop, possibly because a good start was never made on account
of the early appearance of yellows. In southeastern New York and on
Long Island, peach-growers have usually followed the fortunes of their
neighbors in New Jersey who have ever grown on a much larger scale.
■ To show how quickly the peach gives returns and how great the return
from the capital invested, the following figures, savoring a good deal of
American boastfulness of dollars and cents, are illustrative: ^ " The peach
farms in Upper Delaware and Maryland have returned to their owners
the most fabulous amounts for their investments far exceeding in profit
any other staple crop that has been raised in the Middle States, and on a
scale never before heard of in this or any other country. Some of the
orchards containing from 1000 to 1300 acres have netted their owners from
$20,000 to $30,000 annually. A peach orchard in New Castle county,
Delaware, of 400 acres, netted the owner in one crop, $38,000. One in
Kent county, Maryland, of some 600 acres, produced a crop paying $31,000,
and the same orchard in 1879 yielded $42,000. In 1873, the Delaware
Peach Growers' Association reported that there were sent from the
Delaware peninsula to the northern markets of Philadelphia and New
York 1,288,500 baskets of peaches, or 2577 car-loads by the railroad.
Adding the quantity shipped by steamers and sailing vessels, and the
amount canned, the actual quantity amounted, in the aggregate, to
2,000,000 of baskets. In 1872, the whole district, comprising the Eastern
• Am. Farmer July, 1878.
* Rutter Cull. & Diseases of the Peaih 8 1, 82
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK ID I
Shore of Maryland, marketed 3,500,000 baskets. The late Col. Wilkins,
on Chester river, Kent county, Maryland, had 1350 acres in with peach
trees, numbering 137,000, producing in bearing years from $30,000 to
$40,000 annually."
Commercial peach-growing in the South is of recent development —
its history is known to all pomologists of the present generation. It began
in the seventies, the impetus being given by the introduction of a number
of early, bright-colored, very showy peaches that could be marketed in
northern cities in May and June. It took years, however, to develop means
to send these peaches to market and it was not until in the nineties that the
perfection of refrigerator cars and rapid transportation was such that the
southern crop cut any figure in the peach-markets. The introduction
of the Elberta in the seventies may be said to be another stone in the founda-
tion of the peach -industry in the South. After Georgia became a factor
in the culture of this fruit in America in the nineties, the State was followed
in lesser degree by South Carolina, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas and
Texas. In most of these southern states the peach-orchard is so near the
cotton-plantation — often the two are interplanted — that the owners
rob Peter to pay Paul in the care of the two crops. But this is not always
the case, and at its best the southern peach-orchard is the consummate
flower of modem commercial peach-growing.
The peach-industry in Connecticut is a recent development, as in the
South. As late as 1880 the crop was negligible in the State; in 1889,
37.295 bushels were grown; 61,775 in 1899; a^rid 417-918 bushels in 1909.
This, considering the smallness of the State and the very uneven surface
of much of it, is a rather remarkable development. Winter-killing, which
takes place about one winter out of four, is the chief drawback but the high
prices received from nearby markets make the peach, despite the occasional
off-year, a profitable crop. Connecticut peaches are characterized by large
size, bright color and good quality. From Connecticut the industry has
spread into Massachusetts where all conditions are essentially the same.
Peach-growing in New York has never been spectaciilar. Along the
lower Hudson before the Civil War and again a decade after it there was a
thriving peach-industry such as there was in New Jersey and Delaware.
A peach-industry is first of all dependent on quick transportation — the
fruit must move. This meant in early days that there must be nearby
markets and water transportation — western New York had the latter
but not the former. Peaches, however, were early grown, in fact, as we
102 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
have seen, were cultivated by the Indians, in the lake regions of western
New York. In 1828 the Domestic Horticultural Society, the third such
organization in America, was organized in Geneva, having for its field ten
counties in western New York.' The Monroe County Horticultural
Society was organized in 1830,- and in 1831 the Genesee Farmer avd
Gardener' s Journal came into existence. These institutions bore fruit,
more literally bore orchards, and a taste for horticulture, which, together
with the nurseries that by this time were being established in the salubrious
climate and excellent soil of western New York, gave a perfection in fruit-
growing long unrivalled in America and now equalled only in California.
Of the history of commercial peach-growing in western New York,
it can only be said that there has been such an industry since 1800. The
product of the orchards of the first quarter-century went, for most part,
to the brandy-still, for the second quarter it was used at home and for
local markets and from then on, since 1850, or a little before, the region
has been well to the front in the peach-markets of eastern United States.
Changes in the commerce of the continent have made great changes in the
peach-industry in New York. In 1825 the opening of the Erie Canal made
western New York the granary of eastern United States — wheat was
more profitable than peaches. Twenty-five years later millions of bushels
of wheat from the plains, carried through the Great Lakes and the Erie
Canal to the sea, began to drive wheat out of western New York and make
the peach more profitable. This is a fine illustration of the fact that
transportation is often as important a factor as soil or climate in the profit-
able production of a crop. Until figures were taken by census enumerators,
the history of the peach-industry could be written only by giving innumer-
able items taken at random from newspapers of the times. The present
status of peach-growing in this region is to be discussed in a future chapter.
Another large commercial peach-region is to be found along the shore
of Lake Erie in Ohio. The peach has been cultivated very generally in
Ohio since the first settlements there more than a century ago and the
industry assumed commercial importance in a dozen or more centers as
early, at least, as 1867, when the assessors' returns showed a total crop for
the State of 1,402,849 bushels.^ But what is now known as the peach-
belt along the shores of Lake Erie is largely a growth of comparatively
' New England Farmer 7 :
2 Mag. Hort. 5:12.
^Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt. 61.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YOKK IO3
recent times, much of the land now covered with peach-orchards having
been originally planted to vineyards Possibly the region was at its zenith
in the nineties, the plantings here contributing greatly to putting Ohio in
third place at this time among the states of the Union in the production
of peaches.
Michigan furnishes an interesting chapter in the history of the peach -
industry. The industry was started in what is now the Michigan peach-
belt by an Indian trader who planted a pit in 1775 near St. Joseph. From
this tree sprang seedling orchards, one of which, near Douglas at the mouth
of the Kalamazoo River, numbered 300 trees. There were no budded
trees until 1 834. A conjunction of several factors now gave peach-growing
a tremendous impetus in the State. Chicago, growing with leaps and
bounds, demanded peaches; the soil and climate of western Michigan were
found to be ideal for this fruit; between the supply and demand was quick
and cheap transportation by water. Shipments began in 1834 to Chicago
and, as this and other western cities grew, peach-planting in Michigan
progressed as probably never before in any other part of the world. In
the seventies peach-yellows swept like a wave of fire over the southern
portion of what is now the belt, driving the industry northward until at
Traverse City the peach reached its highest northern limit in the eastern
states. With better control of the yellows, peach -orchards were again
planted in the southern parts of the belt and the industry continues to
thrive, though with the vips and downs incident to this fruit wherever
grown.
Another large peach-growing area lies in southern Illinois extending
across the Mississippi into Missouri and Kansas. Westward, in Colorado,
Utah, California, Oregon and Washington, are the world's newest peach-
orchards, all of which have arisen to commercial importance within recent
times. In southern Illinois and Missouri, however, even before the Civil
War, peach-growing had assumed sufficient magnitude to be called an
industry. The present standing of these later peach-areas maj'- best be
compared with that of the older regions by a tabulated report from the
United States Census Reports which is herewith printed. In the fluctuat-
ing figures of this table one sees the exploitation of the peach. What
other tree-crop in the whole world could show more ups and downs in the
brief space of thirty years? No state holds first rank two decades in
succession; in fifteen states in 1910 there were more trees not of bearing
age than there were in bearing; there were more peach-trees in the United
104
THE PKACHES OF NEW YORK
States in 1900 than in 19 10; the figures most graphically attest the shiltnig
of peach -regions; decreasing numbers represent misfortunes — most often
yellows, or San Jose scale, a freeze, or overproduction; increasing numbers
stand for a newly discovered advantage. By these tokens we better realize
the speculative nature of peach-growing.
Peach-Production in the United States, 1890-191
Number of trees of bearing age —
Trees not
of bearing
States
Eleventh
Census,
1890
Twelfth
Census,
1900
Thirteenth
Census,
1910
age.
Thirteenth
Census,
1910
New England:
Maine
1 .607
19.057
1.966
87,004
11,816
88,655
1,014,110
4.413.568
1.146,342
1,882,191
9.53.980
783.910
1,919.104
387
334
82,238
1,999.474
78
144,701
4,876,311
4.521.623
6,113.287
I.. 521
I .218,219
450,440
2.133.004
711.138
2,787,546
235.936
1,205,866
2.347.699
1,280,842
878,569
9.592
48,819
4.993
.301,405
48,063
.522,726
2,522,729
2.746,607
3.521.930
6,363.127
2.925.526
2,448,013
8.104,415
6,967
1,626
516,145
4.557.365
2
1,080
1.055.959
5,098,064
2,441.650
4.017.854
149
1.939,113
1,695,642
2.773.788
1.136.790
7,668,639
354.208
2,884,193
2.749.203
2,690,151
1,856,748
5.102
57. .571
5.492
1.54.592
39.342
461,711
2,457.187
1,216,476
2,383.027
3.133.368
2,130,298
2,860,120
2,907,170
4.163
'I, ,571
1,090,749
6,588,034
90
1,815
1,188,373
4,394,894
1,177,402
1,497.724
330
1.. 585. 505
1.424.582
2,661,791
1,336,142
10,609,119
290,850
2,245,402
3.163.737
3.177.331
1,726.298
3.320
35-213
2 187
Vermont
Massachusetts
Rhode Island
162,114
.^0.795
3^8,608
Middle Atlantic:
New York
2.216.907
1.363,632
East North Central:
Ohio
Indiana
Illinois
2,092,300
1.145,479
7,39-3.58
Wisconsin
West North Central:
4.-48
3.837
283 . 308
J
Missouri
North Dakota
South Dakota
Nebraska
604
5.259
263,882
South .Atlantic:
Delaware
Maryland
212,117
805,063
Virginia
West Virginia
1,441,188
North Carolina
South Carolina
Georgia . .
Florida
East South Central:
861,042
349.790
1.531.367
156,782
I ,110,744
1.190,727
838,866
Mississippi
724.895
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Peach-Production in the United States 1890-1910 — Con/intt^d
105
Number of trees of bearing age —
Trees not
of bearing
States
age.
Eleventh
Twelfth
Thirteenth
Thirteenth
Census,
Census,
Census,
Census,
1890
1900
1910
1910
West South Central:
Arkansas
■;.7<'9,052
4,062,218
6.859.962
2,884.927
Louisiana
.SI7.I32
75«.877
903,352
316,132
Oklahoma
206
5,848,808
4.783.825
2,574,680
Texas
4.4«(>.90i
7.248,358
9,737.827
2,958,813
Mountain.
Montana
1 ,670
538
3.386
Idaho
13.639
79.757
9
73.080
46
212.995
419
Wyoming' . -
Colorado
8,204
31.998
793.372
606,001
New MexiLO ...
23,081
117.003
136,191
184.466
Arizona
24.954
67.073
51,415
32 . 562
Utah . .
68,121
409 . 665
544.314
651.233
Nevada
3.996
9,136
6.329
5.049
Pacific:
Washington
72,701
226,636
536.875
1 ,028,141
Oregon....
115.244
281,716
273,162
508,179
California
2,669,843
7.472,393
7,829,011
4,409,562
Total
53.885.597
99.916,598
94,506,657
42,266,243
NEW TYPES OF PEACHES
The capacity of species to split into types, using types in a broad
sense, is, we all agree, one of the greatest assets of ciiltivated plants.
Through diversity of types come adaptabilities to soils and climates and
variety in the crop, to mention but two of the essentials of standard crop-
plants. New types afford the material from which greatest progress comes
in fruit-growing. In common with all fruit-growing, peach-growing has
received impetus from time to time from the introduction of new and
distinct types. In the middle of the Nineteenth Century, three previously
unknown types of peaches, each divisible into horticultural varieties, were
brought to America. All three have had important effects on the peach -
industry in America.
North China peaches. — Not very distinct from the Persian peaches
at the outset, its outliers nmning into some of the other groups as well,
" North China " is now but little more than a name for a conglomerate
lot of varieties grown everywhere in America except in the sub-tropic parts
of the Gulf States. The North China race includes varieties characterized
106 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
by fruits of large size, great beauty, tender skin and llesh, good quality and
vigorous trees which bear abundantly and regularly. The group has
received careful study at the Delaware Experiment Station, an account
of it by G. Harold Powell having been published in the Thirteenth Annual
Report from that Station in 1901. Powell prefers to call the group Chinese
Cling rather than North China.
The peaches put in the North China group are so nearly akin to those
in the Persian group that it is difficult to place varieties. All agree, how-
ever, in taking the European Shanghai, the American Chinese Cling, as
the type- variety and, though it is probable that travelers or missionaries
brought pits of some of these peaches from northern China a century or
more ago, the known history of the group begins with the variety just
named as the type. It is a pleasure to give Robert Fortune, the inde-
fatigable collector of Chinese plants for the London Hortictaltural Society,
credit for introducing these peaches into western countries. In 1844
Fortune collected a fine, large, delicious peach near Shanghai and in the
autumn forwarded pits and a plant in a pot to London. The pits were
sown and the seedlings produced fruit in 1852 and from among these a sort
was selected and called Shanghai.' Pits from this first collection were
probably sent to France, for the name appears in the early fifties in the
pomological literature of this country.
The first American reference to the Shanghai is found in 1S51 - when
fruits were exhibited at the Massachusetts Horticultural Society in Boston
by R. Choate with the statement " peach from a tree imported from
Shanghai." More definite are the facts of an importation made by Charles
Downing in 1850. Early in that year Downing received potted peach-trees
from the British consul at Shanghai under the names " Chinese Cling "
and " Shanghai," supposed to be two sorts but proving to be identical.
One of these trees was sent to Mr. Henry Lyons, Columbia, South Carolina,
and this bore fruit in 1851.^ From Downing's stock the variety was
quickly and widely distributed and the horticultural magazines of the
time gave the new peaches wide publicity, so that, from this and other
importations which were made from time to time by various persons, these
peaches from northern China were universally grown in the peach -orchards
of America within a quarter of a century of their introduction.
Jour. Land. Hort. Soc. 22\. 1846; 1. c. 265. 1852.
■ Mag. Hort. 475. 1851.
' Horticulturist 286, 472. 1853.
THE PKACHES OF NEW YORK IO7
South China peaches. — Those who have read the descriptions of
Chinese peaches in Chapter I (pages 14 to 21) recognize at once the beaked
varieties of South China, especially thbse growing about Canton. These
peaches, common enough in China and cultivated there for centuries,
reached occidental countries only in the middle of the Nineteenth Century.
They came to America as seeds from Dr. J. T. Devan, Canton, China, to
Mr. John Caldwell, Newburg, New York,' and were introduced into Europe
probably by M. Montigny, French Consul at Shanghai, who sent seeds
to the Jardin des Plantes, Paris, in 1852.- In recent years a number of
fresh importations of seeds and plants of these honey-flavored, beaked
peaches have been made by the United States Department of Agriculture.
A composite picture of South China peaches shows the following
characters :
Tree of medium size, upright-spreading; branches leaving the trunk
at an angle of about fifty degrees and curving upward; buds quite
prominent; flowers always large and very abundant, pale pink, base of petals
darker pink; leaves small, long, narrow, pointed, finely serrate, conduplicate,
distributed all along the limb, dark green, in fall slightly tinged with red.
Fruit small, oval, yellow or white blushed with red, slightly flattened;
skin adhering to the flesh; suture very deep in basin, but does not extend
more than one-third the way down; apex long and recurved; flesh white
or yellow; flavor a peculiar honey-sweet; stone free or cling, long-pointed,
generally curved.
As yet these honey-fiavored peaches are grown commercially only in
the Gulf States, the notion prevailing that they cannot be grown in the
North. Quite to the contrary they do exceedingly well as far north as
Geneva, though undesirable because of smallness of fruit and lateness in
ripening. Of the score of the descendants of the original Honey, several
are in bearing on the Station grounds. Climax, Imperial, Pallas and Triana
being illustrated in The Peaches of New York. All but two or three of the
varieties that are put in this group originated in Florida and most of them
come from the grounds of G. L. Taber, Glen Saint Mary, of that
State. An excellent bulletin, No. 73, from the Florida Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, published in 1904, by F. C. Reimer, gives a full account of
these peaches.
Is the beaked character permanent? That regions in time give rise
^ Horticulturist I ■.5fi2. 1847.
^ Rev. Hort. 11. 1861.
108 THE PEACHES OF NEW VOKK
to racial strains must have occurred to all who have read the preceding
pages. The peach acquires distinct varietal characters in every great
geographical region in which it is grown. Possibly in no other character
is the change greater than in the long, pointed, erect or recurved apex in
common parlance called the beak. As a rule, the farther south the more
pronounced is the beak and the more oblong is the fruit. In this respect,
southern peaches, taking them as a whole, are as markedly different from
New York peaches as are the long, crowned, angular-topped apples of the
Pacific Northwest from the rotund fruits of the Atlantic Northeast. The
iouT sorts of honey-flavored peaches described and illustrated in The
Peaches of New York, named in the foregoing paragraph, illustrate this
well, none of them being nearly so abruptly conical as specimens coming
to us from the South. Peaches in China, evidently, show the same modifi-
cation, for those discussed in the previous group are as markedly rotund
as those in this group are conic and beaked. It is a fair inference, then,
that the beaked character of the peach, counting time in generations of the
tree, is permanent only in southern climates.
Peento peaches. — -Another group of these Chinese peaches, not very
different from the South China varieties we have just given an account
of, is composed of the score or more sorts showing relationship to the
variety, Peento. These may be rather indefinitely described as follows:
Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading; branches willow-like, branch-
ing at an angle of about forty degrees; flowers large, pink, opening early,
often at a low temperature and very irregularly; leaves narrow, long,
finely serrated, with reniform glands; incHned to be evergreen; fruit sub-
globose except in Peento which is flattened endwise ; skin white and mottled
with carmine, parting readily from the flesh; flesh white or yellow; flavor
sweet, with a peculiar almond taste; stone occasionally flattened endwise,
either free or cling. This race is adapted to sub-tropical parts of the Gulf
States where it ripens from May ist to June ist.
The Peento, which gives name to this group, is without doubt a
descendant of the fiat peaches of China, common enough as we have seen.
The first tree, however, came from Java to England where it was first
grown by John Braddick under the name Java peach.' William Prince, -
' Trans. Ilorl. Soc. Land. 4:512-513. 1822.
= Prince, \Vm. Treat, on Hort. 16. 1828.
William Prince, second of the name in American pomology and third proprietor of the celebrated
Prince nurseries at Flushing, Long Island, was bom November 10, 1766, and died April 9, 1842. His
grandfather, a French Huguenot, was the founder of the establishment of which he became owner, and
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK IO9
Flushing, Long Island, imported the variety to America some time
previous to 1828 and grew it to the number of twenty trees. The peaches
from Prince's importation seem to have been lost and the variety did not
appear again in America until 1869 when P. J. Berckmans,' Augusta,
Georgia, brought seed from China, from one of which came the Peento.
Peento peaches in America are peculiar to Florida, where all of the score
or more varieties but the Peento have originated. This group of peaches
has been well described by H. Harold Hume in Bulletin 62 of the Florida
Experiment Station from which the description given above is an
adaptation.
PEACH-PRODUCTS
The magnitude of the peach-industry in the United States is better
appreciated if figures showing values are given. The value of peaches
and nectarines in 1909, for the United States, was $28,781,078, an amount
surpassed by only one other fruit, the apple. The highest value for a
geographical division is reported for the East North-Central States, the
amount being $5,173,000, followed by the South Atlantic States with
$4,888,000 and the Pacific States with $4,887,000. Of individual states,
California with her enormous area, over most of which the peach thrives,
ranks first, the value of the crop in 1909 reaching $4,574,000; the next
most important State is Georgia, $2,183,000; the third. New York,
$2,014,000; these followed in order of value by Michigan, Arkansas, Penn-
sylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Missouri, Kentucky, Alabama, Tennessee and
North Carolina, each with a crop of more than $1,000,000 in value.
The peach has greater commercial value in the United States than
in which he made his reputation. Under his father, the first William Prince, the nursery at Flushing
developed into a great commercial nurserj', a private experiment station, a testing ground for American
and foreign fruits and a botanic garden of American plants. The mantle dropped by William Prince,
the father, at his death in 1802, fell upon the shoulders of William Prince, subject of this sketch, then just
reaching the prime of life and one of the most brilliant and versatile pomologists the cpuntry has known.
William Prince continued most successfully the work of his father in breeding new varieties, domesticating
native plants and importing foreign fruits and ornamentals. During his supervision the Prince Nursery
reached the height of its fame. It was conducted less for money than for love of the work. An attempt
was made to grow every American and European plant-species having horticultural value. The catalogs
published from the nurserj' by William Prince are among the best horticultural and botanical contribu-
tions of the first half of the Nineteenth Century. Besides these, William Prince is the author of the
Treatise on Horticulture, published in 1828, and gave assistance to his son, William Robert Prince, in pre-
paring his Pomological Manual published in 1832. In the description of varieties in this text it will be
found that many varieties of peaches were originated, introduced, imported or first described liy William
Prince.
' For a brief history of the life and horticultural activities of Prosper Julius A. Berckmans, the
reader is referred to The Plums of New York, page 159.
I lo THE PEACHES OE NEW YORK
all other stone-fruits combined, the value of the crop in 1909, as we have
seen, amounting to $28,781,078 while the value of the plum was $10,299,495;
of the cherry, $7,231,160; of the apricot, $2,884,1 19; of the almond, $712,000.
The consumption of peaches is increasing year by year. Until recently
the peach has been considered a fruit of luxury, but large plantations,
good care, quick and safe transportation and wide distribution now provide
peaches for all who can afford to eat fruit.
The profits of peach-growing are occasionally so enormous that the
publication of the figures is usually followed by excessive planting, with
consequent over-production and low prices, followed, in tvu-n, by scarcity
and high prices. So, too, the peach is more at the mercy of the seasons
than any other standard tree-fruit and winter freezes and spring frosts
ruin crops in some part of the country every year and often such disasters
are widespread. These ups and downs, however, instead of decreasing,
seem to stimulate the peach-trade, probably, on the part of the grower,
because gambling is a universal vice; on the part of the consumer, because
he better appreciates peaches when the blessing is occasionally withdrawn.
The chosen use for any choice fruit is to eat it as it comes from the
tree or as prepared fresh fruit for dessert. So the peach is chiefly used the
world over. Refreshing and delectable as any other fruit, it has another
quality, appreciated by those who sell as well as by those who consume —
it does not cloy the appetite. The insatiable longing of the great lexi-
cographer, Johnson, for peaches is common to all lovers of this fruit.
Boswell, Johnson's biographer, gives this gustatory reminiscence of his
famous patron: " He would eat seven or eight large peaches of a morning
before breakfast began, and treated them with proportionate attention
after dinner again, yet I have heard him protest that he never had quite
as much as he wished, except once, in his life." In America the greater
part of the crop is, no doubt, eaten out of hand but peach-pie and peaches
and cream, and peach-butter are national dishes, while marmalades,
jellies, pickles, preserves and sauces are as common to this fruit as to any
other. Besides the innumerable cooked products, several refreshing domes-
tic drinks are made from the juice of peaches, as shrub and peach- wine, or
it may be frozen into sherbet or ice cream. Waste peaches are used with
more or less success as stock for vinegar. Peaches are canned and evap-
orated in the United States on an enormous scale, nearly one-half the
crop being so utilized.
Canned peaches. — Canning is conservation In e.xcelsis. It is modem
THE PEACH KS OF NEW YORK III
compliance to the command, " Gather up the fragments that remain,
that nothing be lost." Without this method of preserving crops the com-
mercial culture of fruits and vegetables as carried on nowadays would be
ruined and no fruit would suffer as would the peach, since it leads all others
in quantity and value of the canned pack. The value of canned peaches
in the United States in 1909 was $3,753,698 or nearly one-seventh the
total value of the crop and one may roughly estimate the fruit canned at
home to be half as much as that canned in the factories. The product was
put up in states, named in order of value of the pack as follows : California,
$3,013,203; Michigan, $175,386; Maryland, $158,839; Georgia, $156,282;
New York, $141,142. These canned peaches go to every part of the world
to which they can be cheaply carried and are fit for consumption any
time within two or three years after being put up. The canning factory
has revolutionized the peach-industry in the United States by giving its
products access to the world-market.
Commercial canning is a specialist's business into which we cannot
go. The processes, essentially, are the same as those used in domestic
canning and consist in destrojdng all bacteria by heat and then hermetically
sealing the product in cans. In canning factories the work is nearly all
done by machinery, including peeling, pitting and cutting the fruit, solder-
ing the cans and putting on labels. To purchase proper machinery, hire
labor and manage both to secure uniformity and cheapness in the product
requires large capital and keen business ability. Peaches are easy to
handle in factories and the work can be done so cheaply and the product
is so acceptable that the factory-canned fruit is rapidly taking the place
of that which a quarter of a centiuy ago was almost wholly put up in the
kitchen. The canning industry originated, has been perfected and is now
chiefly carried on in the United States and Canada, though rapidly being
introduced elsewhere. The aid afforded the peach-grower in this country
by the canneries has been a great stimulus and makes the possibilities of
profitable production of this fruit in the future certain.
Orchard-canning on a small scale seldom proves feasible, succeeding
best, if at all, in a home industry to provide a special product for a fancy
or private trade. Occasionally, associations can command capital enough
to compete with the large business enterprises but as a rule the peach-
grower's interests are served best by the production of acceptable fruit
for those who are engaged in the canning industry.
In the East, New York for example, all surplus peaches of standard
112 THK PEACHES OF NEW YORK
varieties go to the cannery, though certain sorts have preference, but on
the Pacific Coast where peaches are grown for canning, the trade demands
a special type. The choice of varieties dififers in different locaUties so that
a prescription of sorts to grow for the canning trade cannot be made.
Canners accept only yellow-fleshed peaches and usually prefer clingstones
since these stand up better in the can. This preference is well shown in
figures from California, where in 1913 only 583,800 cases, 24 cans to the
case, of freestones were canned as against 1,630,255 cases of clingstones.
Fashion now demands varieties red at the pit. Most cans in the great
pack coming from California are labeled " Lemon Cling," but this is really
now but a trade name, the old Lemon Cling, the pioneer sort in the canning
trade, being little grown, a dozen or more similar but improved peaches
having taken its place. The nectarine is canned in California but is not
yet popular with consumers despite the fact that the product is most
appetizing and very pleasing in appearance. Its smooth skin makes it
one of the easiest of all fruits to can.
Evaporated peaches. — In regions distant from the markets evapora-
tion is an even richer resource of the peach-grower than canning. Thus,
in California in 1909, the value of the peaches canned was $3,013,203 while
the dried product was valued at $2,333,137. The figures are greater for
canned peaches, but be it remembered that the canners' profits and the cost
of the cans must be deducted, whereas evaporated peaches are almost
wholly a home product, the grower receiving all of the proceeds. The
dried product is pure peach, almost devoid of water. Peaches may be
cured as dry as a bone and as hard as wood so that the product will keep
indefinitely in the temperate zone, and in this super-dried state is shipped
to the tropics. The apple is evaporated in large quantities but is a
by-product while the cured peach is usually a primary product — a differ-
ence worth noting, for, with the apple, the cream of the crop goes to the
fresh fruit-market while the cured peach is of the same grade as the dessert
and canned fruit.
The dried-peach industry thrives only in regions, as California, where
the summers are sunny and rainless. The product is shipped so cheaply
that peach-growers in cloudy and hiunid climates, as in New York, cannot
use artificial heat in evaporators and compete with the cured peaches from
the Pacific Slope. In times past when commvmities were more dependent
on local resources, the farmer living almost wholly off of his farm, peaches
were cured in humid America though the product, in appearance at least,
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK I I3
was much inferior to that from regions havinj^ favorable conditions for
the evaporation of fruit. New York can hardly hope to compete with
California in curing peaches but two factors make it barely possible that
this State might make a minor industry out of curing peaches. The factors
are the enormous production of peaches in the State, over-production being
frequent, and the existence of a great number of apple-evaporators which
might be utilized in curing the earlier ripening peaches. It seems worth
while, therefore, to go rather fully into the details of curing peaches as
practiced in California with the hope that their methods may be modified
for use in New York evaporators. The subjoined footnote gives the
best account we are able to find of the dried-fruit industry in California
and of curing peaches in particular.'
' Wickson Co/. Fruils 430-456. 1914.
" Trays for Drying. — The fruit is placed upon trays for exposure to the sun. There is great varia-
tion in the size of the trays. The common small tray is made of one-half inch sugar-pine lumber two feet
wide and three feet long, the boards forming it being held together by naiUng to a cleat on each end, one
by one and a quarter inches, and a lath or narrow piece of half-inch stuff is nailed over the ends of the
boards, thus stiffening the tray and aiding to prevent warping.
■' A large tray which is used by some growers is four feet square, and is made of slats three-eighths of
an inch thick, and one and a half inches wide, the slats being nailed to three cross slats three-eighths of
an inch thick and three inches wide, and the ends nailed to a narrow strip one-half inch thick by three-
quarters of an inch wide on the other side.
" Since large drying yards have been supplied with tramways and trucks for moving the fruit instead
of hand carriage, larger trays, three feet by six or three feet by eight, have been largely employed. These
tramways lead from the cutting sheds to the sulphur boxes and thence to various parts of the large drying
grounds, making it possible to handle large amounts of fruit at a minimum cost.
Protecting Fruit front Dew. — In the interior there are seldom any deposit of dew in the drying season
but occasionally there are early rains before the drying season is over. The fruit is then protected by
piling the trays one upon another, in which operation the thick cleats serve a good purpose. In dewy
regions the trays are piled at night, or cloth or paper is sometimes stretched over the fruit, thus reducing
the discoloration resulting from deposits of moisture upon it.
" Drying Floors. — For the most part the trays are laid directly on the ground, but sometimes a staging
of posts and rails is built to support them, about twenty inches from the ground. The drying trays arc
sometimes distributed through the orchard or vineyard, thus drying the fruit with as little carrj'ing as
possible. Others clear off a large space outside the plantation and spread the trays where full sunshine
can be obtained. Drying spaces should be selected at a distance from traveled roads, to prevent the
deposit of dust on the fruit * * *.
" Grading. — It is of great advantage in drying to have all the fruit on a tray of approximately the same
size, and grading before cutting is advisable. Machines are now made which accomplish this very cheaply
and quickly.
" Cutting-Sheds. — Shelter of some kind is always provided for the fruit-cutters. Sometimes it is only
a temporary bower made of poles and beams upon which tree branches are spread as a thatch; sometimes
open-side sheds with boarded roof, and sometimes a finished fruit-house is built, two stories high, the
lower story opening with large doors on the north side, and with a large loft above, where the dried fruit
can be sweated, packed, and stored for sale. The climate is such that almost any shelter which suits the
taste of the purse of the producer will answer the purpose.
114 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
The most obvious change which takes place in curing peaches is the
loss of water but several other important changes occur which even more
" Sulphuring. — The regulations promulgated under the pure food law enacted by Congress in 1906
established an arbitrary limit to the percentage of sulphur compounds in evaporated fruits, which was
shown by producers to be destructive to their industry, and otherwise unwarranted and unreasonable.
As a result of their protest the enforcement of such regulations was indefinitely postponed, pending the
results of scientific investigation which began in 1898.
" From the point of view of the California producer it must be held that before the employment of the
sulphur process, California cured fruits were suitable only to the lowest culinary uses. They were of
undesirable color, devoid of natural flavor, ofTensive by content of insect life. They had no value which
would induce production and discernible future. Placing the trays of freshly cut fruit in boxes or small
' houses,' with the fumes of burning sulphur, made it possible to preserve its natural color and flavor
during the evaporation of its surplus moisture in the clear sunshine and dry air of the California summer.
It also prevented .souring, which with some fruits is otherwise not preventable in such open air drying,
and it protected the fruit from insect attack during the drying process. By the use of sulphur and by
no other agency has it been possible to lift the production of cured fruits of certain kinds from a low-value
haphazard by-product to a primary product for which Califomians have planted orchards, constructed
packing houses and made a name in the world's markets.
" The action of sulphuring is not alone to protect the fruit, it facilitates evaporation so that about one-
half less time is required therefor. Not the least important bearing of this fact is the feasibility of curing
fruits in larger pieces. The grand haU-peaches, half-apricots, half-pears of the CaUfomia cured fruits
are the direct result of the sulphur process. Without it the fruit must be cut into small sections or ribbons,
which in cooking break down into an uninviting mass, while, with the sulphuring, it is ordinar>- practice
to produce the splendid halves with their natural color so preserved that they lie in cut glass dishes in
suggestive semblance to the finest product of the canners, and are secured at a fraction of the cost.
" There are various contrivances for the application of sulphur fumes to the freshly-cut fruit. Some
are small for hand carriage of trays; some are large and the trays are wheeled into them upon trucks. The
most common is a bottomless cabinet about five or six feet high, of a width equal to the length of the tray
and a depth a little more than the width of the tray. The cabinet has a door the whole width of one side,
and on the sides within cleats are nailed so that the trays of fruit .slip in like drawers into a bureau. Some
push in the trays so that the bottom one leaves a little space at the back, the next a little space at the
front, and so on, that the fumes may be forced by the draft to pass between the trays back and forward.
The essentials seem to be open holes or dampers in the bottom and top of the cabinet so that the fumes
from the sulphur burning at the bottom may be thoroughly distributed through the interior, and then all
openings are tightly closed. To secure a tight chamber the door has its edge felted and the cabinet is
made of matched lumber. The sulphur is usually put on a shovel or iron pot, and it is ignited by a hot
coal, or a hot iron, or it is thrown on paper of which the edges are set on fire, or a little alcohol is put on
the sulphur and lighted, etc. The sulphur is usually burned in a pit in the ground under the cabinet.
The appUcation of sulphur must be watchfully and carefully made, and the exposure of the fruit should
only be long enough to accomplish the end desired. The exposure required differs for different fruits,
and with the same fruits in different conditions, and must be learned by experience.
" Grading and Cleaning. — After the fruit is sufficiently dried (and it is impossible to describe how this
point may be recognized except by the experienced touch), it is gathered from the trays in to large boxes
and taken to the fruit house. Some growers put it into a revolving drum of punctured sheet iron, which
rubs the pieces together and separates it from dust, etc., which falls out through the apertures as the drum
revolves. Others empty the fruit upon a large wire-cloth table and pick it over, grading it according to
size and color, and at the same time the dust and small particles of foreign matter fall through the wire
cloth. The fanning mill for cleaning grain may also be used for rapid separation of dirt, leaves, etc., with
proper arrangement of metal screens.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK II5
materially alter the flavor of the product. According to C. F. Lang-
worthy,' Chief of the Office of Home Economics, United States Department
of Agriculture, the carbohydrates which make up the largest part of the
solid matter of fruits imdergo greatest changes. The crude fibre, too, is
reduced in amount or softened. Much of the starch is changed into some
form of sugar and the less soluble sugar may be reduced to a more soluble
form. Some of the volatile oils and other ethereal bodies, so important in
" Sweating. — All fruit, if stored in mass after drying, becomes moist. This action should take place
before packing. To facilitate it, the fruit is put in piles on the floor of the fruit house and turned occa-
sionally with a scoop shovel ; or, if allowed to sweat in boxes, the fruit is occasionally poured from one box
to another. The sweating equalizes the moisture throughout the mass. Some large producers have
sweat-rooms with tight walls, which preserve an even temperature. No fruit should be packed before
' going through the sweat.' If this is not done, discoloration and injury will result.
"Dipping before Packing. — All fruits except prunes can be packed in good condition without dipping,
provided the fruit is not over-dried. Efforts should be made to take up the fruit when it is just sufficiently
cured to prevent subsequent fermentation. If taken from the trays in the heat of the day and covered
so that the fruit moth can not reach it there is little danger of worms. The highest grades of fruit are made
in this way. If, however, the fruit has been over-dried or neglected, it can be dipped in boiling water to
kill eggs of vermin and to make the fruit a little more pliable for the press. The dipping should be done
quickly, and the fruit allowed to drain and then lie in a dark room, carefully covered, for twenty-four
hours before packing.
"Packing. — To open well, packages of dried fruit should be ' faced." The many fine arts of pajjer
lining, etc., must be learned by observation. Flatten some fair specimens of the fruit to be packed (and
reference is especially made to such fruits as apricots, peaches and nectarines) by running them through
a clothes wringer or similar pair of rollers set to flatten but not crush the fruit. Do not face with better
fruit than the package is to contain. It is a fraud which will not in the end be profitable. Lay the flattened
fruit (cup side down) neatly in the bottom of the box. Fill the box until it reaches the amount the box
is to contain, and then apply the press until the bottom can be nailed on. Invert the box and put on the
label or brand; the bottom then becomes the top.
" Many different kinds of boxes are used. A very good size is made of seasoned pine, six inches deep
by nine inches wide by fifteen inches long, inside measurements, and it will hold twenty-five pounds of
fruit. * » *
"Peaches. — Take the fruit when it is fully ripe, but not mushy; cut cleanly aU around to extract the
pit and put on trays cup side up; get into the sulphur box as soon as possible after cutting. Peaches are
dried both peeled and unpeeled, but drying without peeling is chiefly done. Peeling is done with the
small paring machines or with a knife. Peeling with lye has been generally abandoned because of dis-
coloration of the fruit after packing, although it can be successfully done by frequently changing the lye
and using ample quantities of fresh water for rinsing after dipping.
" CUngstone peaches are successfully handled with curved knives and spoon-shaped pitters in con-
junction with ordinary fruit knives. Different styles are carried at the general stores in the fruit districts,
and individuals differ widely in their preferences.
"The weight of dried peaches which can be obtained from a certain weight of fresh fruit, depends
upon the variety; some varieties yield at least a third more than others, and clings yield more than free-
stones as a rule. Dry-fleshed peaches, like the Muir, yield one pound dry from four or five pounds fresh,
while other more juicy fruits may require six or seven pounds.
"Nectarines. — Nectarines are handled like peaches; the production of translucent amber fruit 1:1
the sun depends upon the skillful use of sulphur."
' U. S. D. A. Yearbook 505. iyi2.
H6 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
giving flavor to fruits, pass off or are modified by the curing processes.
These changes insure longer keeping in the product, give it greater food
value than fresh fruit, pound for pound, leaving it quite as digestible, but
not as refreshing and palatable.
Peach-leather was a common dried peach-product in the old domestic
epoch before the coming of railroads, steamboats and the establishment
of canning and drying industries. Though not now common, peach-
leather is still made in many communities in the East, more particularly
in the southeastern states. The peaches are peeled, pitted and then
mashed into a thin layer which is dried in the sun or an oven, the resulting
product taking on the appearance of leather. Peach -leather is said to keep
indefinitely, this being its chief merit.
Peach-brandy is still a commercial product of considerable importance
though the amoimt made nowadays, as compared with that made a hundred
years ago before prohibition began to be preached, is but a drop in the
bucket when the number of bushels raised is considered. According to
the Commissioner of Internal Revenue,' the quantity of peach-brandy made
in 1908, the last year reported, was 13,649.5 gallons, most of which came
from California. Peach-brandy is made by converting the sugar of the
fruit into alcohol and then distilling. The finished liquor contains about
50 per ct. alcohol. In European countries, peach-kernels are much used
in flavoring a liquor called Eau de Noyau.
According to Bulletin 133, Bureau of Plant Industry, United States
Department of Agriculture, valuable fixed and volatile oils can be produced
from the kernel of the peach. Peach-stones are now burned as fuel by
most canneries, excepting small quantities sold to nurseries for propagation.
The possibility of producing oils from the kernels seems well worth looking
into, since there is now an enormous waste of this part of the fruit by
canneries. Oils extracted from peach-kernels may be used for the same
commercial purposes as the almond oils; namely, in medicine, for soaps,
cosmetics, perfumes and confections. The processes of extraction and
distillation are not complex and establishments equipped with steam
would have little difficulty in extracting these oils. It is said, too, that the
press-cake from which the oils have been extracted makes valuable stock-
foods or fertilizers owing to its high content of nitrogenous matter. It is
estimated that in California alone the quantity of peach-pits obtained as
a by-products of canneries amounts to 10,000 tons in a normal year; that
' Information supplied by letter.
THE PKACHES OF NEW YORK II7
these would yield from 600 to 1,200 tons of kernels from which 210 to 420
tons of oil could be extracted. The wholesale price of bitter-almond oil,
or oils purchased under this name, for which peach-oil could be substituted,
is from $3.25 to $4.75 per pound.
Pliny named several medicinal uses for the peach and from his time
down the flesh, kernels, leaves, bark and blossoms have had a place in the
pharmacopoeia of various countries though nowadays little used except in
domestic therapeutics. All of the structures named abound in a bitter
and astringent principle and most of them produce hydrocyanic acid upon
maceration with water. The peach might have value in medicine for
this acid were not the chemical more easily obtained elsewhere. The oils
from the kernels, as we have seen, may be used in medicine. Noting the
medicinal uses to which peach-products have been put by various peoples
in various times we find: The leaves are pounded and boiled in vinegar
for a liniment, an eye-wash, a cure for " scurf," a preventive of bald heads,
and as an insecticide on the heads of children. The blossoms, treated in
various ways, have been used for the same ailments and also as a febrifuge.
The burned pits are also used in making lampblack for paints.
For more than two thousand years stories have been rife of the poison-
ous properties of peach-pits and peach-leaves. In a careful perusal of
peach-literature for this period and in several languages we have not found
a single case cited of fatal results to man or beast from eating the leaves or
kernels of peaches. No doubt these stories arise from common knowledge
that parts of the peach, as the kernels and possibly the leaves, contain
prussic acid though in so minute quantities as never to be toxic in any
quantity likely to be eaten by humans or animals. No doubt, too, the
myth that the Persians sent the peach to the Egyptians as a deadly poison
is still perpetuated.
The wood of the peach is fine-grained and takes a beautiful polish and
in Europe is used somewhat in cabinet-work and toy-making. Its numerous
reddish -brown veins make it a most beautifvd wood but the trees seldom
attain sufficient size to give the species value as a lumber-product.
The peach is attractive to the eye at all seasons. A tree or an orchard
in bloom is a strikingly beautiful sight while a panorama in a peach-cotmtry
in flowering-time is one of the most beautifiil scenes in nature. There is a
great difference in the floral beaut}' of varieties, some sorts having very
inconspicuous flowers while others rank with our finest ornamentals when in
bloom. Several types of Prunus persica are planted for beauty of flower
I 1 8 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
and foliage but the fruit-producing peaches are almost never planted for
landscape effect though their peculiarly sunny expression in leaf and flower,
one of the best types of cheerfulness among trees, should make them useful
either standing alone or in mass for ornamental planting. Those who
have seen the wild wayside peaches of Kentucky or Tennessee in bloom
will always think of the species as an ornamental as well as a fruit-tree.
PEACH- YELLOWS
Yellows is a disease or malignant condition, it is not known which,
virulent and contagious whatever it may be, and is the possession pri-
marily of the region north of the Ohio and Potomac and east of the
Mississippi. At one time or another it has been a cause of decline of
the peach-orchards in every part of the region outlined. Epidemics of
yellows have wholly obliterated thriving peach -industries which in some
cases covered counties. The changes wrought by yellows come so quickly
and are so final, so complete and so widespread in their consequences
that the disease stands alone among the troubles of plants in the extent
of its influence on the crop affected. Under somewhat better control
now, its havoc is less than formerly, but in the past it has outdone all
other accidents combined that have happened to peaches in America.,
including frosts, floods, drought, insects, fungi and injuries due to man and
quadrupeds. The mystery of yellows in most of its aspects makes its
known history all the more significant. We lack knowledge of what it is, or
whence it came, nor do we know of any cure; we know only some of the
circumstances and the terrible consequences to the peach. Yellows began
its siege of the peach in the very beginning of commercial peach-growing
in America. Much of the history of the peach is written in the hundred-
years-warfare that has ensued.
Judge Richard Peters of Philadelphia first described and gave name to
peach-yellows. February ii, 1806, he read a paper "On Peach Trees"
before the Philadelphia Society for Promoting Agriculture. In this paper
we have the first clear account of yellows: '
" About fifty years ago, on the farm on which I now reside, my father
had a large peach orchard, which yielded abundantly. Until a general
catastrophe befell it plentiful crops had been for many years produced
' Smith, Erwin F. U. S. D. A. Dtv. of Bot. Bui. No. 9:17, 18. r888.
. This reference as well as most of those that follow, was found in Bulletin 9, Division of Botany,
United States Department of .Agriculture, the most complete account we have of peach-yellows, whether
of historical facts or of natural history.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
119
with very little attention. The trees began nearly at once to sicken, and
finally perished. Whether by the wasp then undiscovered, or by some
change in our climate, I know not. For forty years past I have observed
the peach trees in my neighborhood to be short-lived. Farther south,
in the western country, and, it seems, in some parts of New Jersey they
are durable and productive as they had been formerly here. * * * 'pj-^g
worm or grub, produced by the wasp depositing its progeny in the soft
bark near the surface of the ground, is the most common destroyer.
* * * When trees become sickly I grub them up. I find that sickly
trees often infect those in vigor near them by some morbid effluvia.
Although I have had trees twenty years old, and knew some of double
that age (owing probably to the induration of the bark rendering it
impervious to the wasp, and the strength acquired when they had siorvived
early misfortunes), yet in general they do not live in tolerable health after
bearing four or five crops. * * * Fifteen or sixteen years ago I lost
one hundred and fifty peach trees in full bearing in the course of two
summers by a disease engendered in the first season. I attribute its origin
to some morbid infection in the air. * * * f^g disorder being gen-
erally prevalent would, among animals, have been called an epidemic.
From perfect verdure the leaves turned yellow in a few days, and the
bodies blackened in spots. Those distant from the point of infection
gradually caught the disease. I procured young trees from a distance in
high health and planted them among the least diseased. In a few weeks
they became sickly, and never recovered. * * * After my general defeat
and most complete overthrow, in which the worm had no agency, I recruited
my peaches from distant nurseries, not venturing to take any out of those
in my vicinity. I have since experienced a few instances of this malady,
and have promptly, on the first symptoms appearing, removed the subjects
of it, deeming their cases desperate in themselves and tending to the other-
wise inevitable destruction of others."
In the last few lines of this account. Judge Peters gives the only means
so far discovered to check the spread of the disease — the prompt destruc-
tion of affected trees — a striking commentary on the baffling nature of
yellows when we consider what science has done, since Judge Peters wrote,
toward the control of other plant-diseases. In a note of later date, page
23 of the same article. Judge Peters speaks of " the disease I call the
yellows," thus giving name to a trouble that until then had been known as
" decay " or " degeneracy " in the peach.
Later Judge Peters writes: ' "I am pursuing my old plan of re-in-
stating my peach trees lost last season (1806 or 1807) by my unconquer-
Smith, Erwin F. U. S. D. A. Div. of Bot. Bui. No. 9:18, 19. ifi
I20 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
able foe, the disease I call the yellows. I obtain them from different
nurseries free from this pestiferous affection. The worm or wasp (^geria)
I have in complete subjection. I should be perfectly disinterested in pro-
posing that the society oflfer a premium for preventing the disease so fatal;
for I shall never gain the reward."
And again : ' "I still think that the disease so generally fatal (more
so this year than any other in my memory), called the yellows, is atmos-
pherical. * * * Compare this account (of thrifty orchards in
Delaware) with the actual state of the peach in our country^ and judge
whether we live in a region favorable to its growi:h. Mr. Heston's attempt
at cultivating this tree in the Southern manner begins already to fail. His
trees are evidently infected, and many are on the decline. The yellows are
universally prevalent this season throughout the whole country {i. e.,
around Philadelphia)."
We have given but little out of much that Judge Peters wrote on
yellows, his observations and experiences covering nearly a generation.
We have quoted suflficiently from his accounts, however, indubitably to
establish the fact that peach-yellows was rampant about Philadelphia at
least as early as 1800. Smith" puts the appearance of yellows in this
region as probably some time prior to 179 1. By this time there was a
considerable body of scientific and practical agricultural literature in
America, and we may assume, since no trouble that could possibly be
identified as yellows had been described as existing elsewhere in America,
though the peach-borer is frequently discussed, that the disease at this
period, about 1800, was restricted to the neighborhood of Philadelphia.
We now find the yellows gradually extending into neighboring states —
Delaware, New Jersey, Maryland and New York. Wm. Coxe of New
Jersey who in 1807 wrote Judge Peters, " I am perfectly ignorant of the
disease to which you give the name yellows," in 1817 knew it only too well
as " a malady which no remedy can cure nor cultivation avert," and devotes
nearly two pages in his Fruit Trees to a discussion of its nature.^ Refer-
ences to yellows in all of the states named by this time had become general.
Our purpose to show the spread, eflfects, and early treatment of the disease
is fully served by quoting at length from a single author — a keen observer,
careful writer and the most notable horticultural and botanical authority
of his time, Wrri. Prince, of Flushing, Long Island.* To Prince, by the
' Smith, Erwin F. U. S. D. A. Div. of Bot. Bui. No. 9:19.
'Ibid. 19. 1888.
'Coxe, Wm. Cull. Fr. Trees 215-217. 1817.
'Prince, Wm. Treat. Ilort. 14, 15. 1828.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 121
way, we are indebted for the first reference to what is now considered the
most certain symptom of yellows — premature ripening of fruit. Prince
says:
" This disease, which commenced its ravages in New Jersey and
Pennsylvania about the year 1797, and in New York in 1801, and has
spread through several of the states, is by far more destructive to peach
trees than the worm, and is evidently contagious. This disease is spread
at the time when the trees are in bloom, and is disseminated by the pollen
or farina blowing from the flowers of diseased trees, and impregnating the
flowers of those which are healthy, and which is quickly circulated by the
sap through the branches, foliage, and fruit, causing the fruit, wherever the
infection extends, to ripen prematurely. That this disease is entirely
distinct from the worm, is sufficiently proved by the circumstance, that
peach trees which have been inoculated on plum or almond stocks, though
less affected by the worm, are equally subject to the yellows — and a
decisive proof of its being contagious is. that a healthy tree, inoculated from
a branch of a diseased one, instead of restoring the graft to vigour and
health, immediately becomes itself infected with the disease. As all efforts
totally to subdue it must require a long course of time, the best method
to pursue towards its eventual eradication, is to stop its progress, and
prevent its farther extension — to accomplish which, the following means
are recommended, which have been found particularly successful.
" As soon as a tree is discovered to possess the characteristics of the
disease, which is generally known by the leaves putting on a sickly yellow
appearance — but of which the premature ripening of the fruit is a decisive
proof — it should be marked, so as to be removed the ensuing autumn,
which must be done without fail, for if left again to bloom, it would impart
the disease to many others in its vicinity; care is also necessary, in its
removal, to take out all the roots of the diseased tree, especially if another
is to be planted in the same place, so that the roots of the tree to be planted
may not come in contact with any of those of the one which was diseased.
" If your neighbour has trees infected with the yellows in a quarter
contiguous to yours, it will be necessary to prevail on him to remove them,
that yours may not be injured by them. By being thus particular in
speedily removing such trees as may be infected, the disease is prevented
from extending itself to the rest of the orchard, and the residue will con-
sequently be preserved in perfect health at the trifling loss of a few trees
annually from a large orchard."
The influence of yellows on the peach-industry of the country is shown
by indicating when it appeared in the various states in which peaches are
grown in eastern America and by noting the effects of epidemics of the
disease.
122 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
In Pennsylvania, following the first outbreak, peach-growing all but
disappeared, to reappear again from time to time in new regions or in old
ones following an interval of years after a plague had passed. Periods and
places of epidemics are indicated by such quotation as follow: Wm. G.
Warren, Centre County, reports in 1851: "A majority of the peach
trees have been destroyed by the yellows." ' In the proceedings of the
American Pomological Society for 1852, a Pennsylvanian reports for the
State: " Peaches have done but ill with us for some years past. The
yellows have swept off thousands of trees." - In 1880 in a book on the
peach, Rutter devotes many pages to yellows in Pennsylvania and speaks
of " thousands of trees dead and dying from the disease in Chester and
Delaware counties." '* The epidemic in the eighties seems to have been
particularly severe, there being at the end of the decade but 1,146,342 bear-
ing trees in the State which by 1900 had increased to 3,521,930 trees.
Perhaps of all states, in proportion to area planted, New Jersey has
suffered most from yellows. Beginning with the epidemic mentioned by
Coxe in 1817, there have been several disastrous irruptions of the disease
in that State. A partictilarly destructive epidemic must have raged in the
early forties, for in 1846 W. R. Prince, Flushing, Long Island, says:''
" Any one who visits the once splendid peach orchards in various parts of
New Jersey will be struck by the desolate aspect of inniimerable planta-
tions of dead trees, with only here and there a sprig of verdure amid the
mighty mass." Another writer. Colonel Edward Wilkins, says: " Fifty
thousand acres in peach trees, in two counties only, had been destroyed
by the yellows prior to 1850; " and in 1858, he further states that " at that
time nearly the whole of the peach orchards of New Jersey had been
destroyed by yellows." ■' He concludes, in the same article, that " in
New Jersey the peach belongs to the past." We choose as the last of the
many accounts of disaster from yellows in this State two quotations from
Professor P. D. Penhallow written in 1882: "
" In New Jersey, where the ravages of the disease have been more
seriously felt than elsewhere, the southern counties were formerly the
center of the peach industry for the entire State, but, owing to the preva-
Report of U. S. Com. Patents 242. i«5i.
'Am. Pom. Soc. Kept. St. 1852.
'Rutter Cult. &■ Diseases of the Peach 70. 1880.
' Uortictdlurisl 1:318. 1846.
■ .In;. Farmer 100-102. 1875.
■ Peach Yellnws, Iloughtoii Farm Experiment Department Ser.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK I23
lence of the yellows the peach orchards have been gradually moving north-
ward, until at the present time the counties of Morris and Hunterdon have
the largest interest involved, and the prospect is that a few more years
will see even these localities deprived of the industry."
" The peach growers of New Jersey consider an orchard worth nothing
after the age of nine years. At that time they root out all the trees as
they would so many corn stumps, and use the land for general crops, plant-
ing a young orchard of seedlings each year to make good the loss."
Still passing northward from the first center of infection, we come to
New York, where, according to Wm. Prince, in a foregoing quotation, the
disease appeared as early as 1801. The son of this writer, W. R. Prince,
in the continuation of the article quoted on page 121, written in 1846, says:
" In this island the malady became exhausted some years since by the
utter destruction of the old orchards, and the determination not to plant
new ones until it became extinct. This proved most fortunate as the
disease has been for years banished from Long Island, and now new orchards
are springing up everywhere, and every garden is becoming readorned
with the finest varieties of the Peach ' redolent with health.'" A. J.
Downing,' writing in 1849, reports: " Fifteen years ago there was scarcely
a tree in the vicinity of Newburgh that was not more or less diseased with
the yellows. By pursuing the course we have indicated (destruction by
burning), the disease has almost disappeared." Thirty years later, Charles
Downing, writing from Newburgh, states: " We have had the yellows
here at intervals for over sixty years, some times continuing for five or
six years and then several years free from it."
At present, 1916, peaches are freely planted along the Hudson in
the region of which the Downings wrote, and, whether from following the
method of A. J. Downing in burning the trees, or whether we are in one of
the intervals of immunity noted by Charles Downing, peach -yellows,
while present, causes but small losses. One might enlarge at length on
the vagaries of yellows but we can concern ourselves only with the main
facts of its history. We now follow the disease from eastern to western
New York.
Looking through the records of the himdred years of peach-growing
in western New York, we find little to indicate that yellows has ever been
the scourge in this region that it is pictured to have been eastward and
southward or even westward in Michigan. The explanation? Growers,
Horticulturist 503. 1849.
124 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
cis a rule, promptly cut out diseased trees. Here there has been less dilly-
dallying and fewer hocus-pocus remedies in treating yellows. Western
New York, more than other regions, has been favored in the century past
by its many eminent horticulturists, several fruit-growers' societies and by
farmers' publications. The result is that there is an enlightened and
energetic body of peach-growers, who, instead of catching and catching
at every will-o-the-wisp notion about yellows, have prevented its spread
by proper orchard-sanitation. Yet the yellows is here and has been since
1824 at least. In that year David Thomas, father of J. J. Thomas, the
pomological writer, planted peaches from Flushing, Long Island, on the
shore of Cayuga Lake, which developed yellows with the resulting loss of
every tree.' But in 1844 John J. Thomas records: " In Western New
York it is comparatively unknown, and great care should be used by
ciiltivators that it be not introduced by importations." * In New York
the depreciation of real estate caused by yellows has not been nearly so
marked as in other peach-regions because of the greater diversification of
fruit-growing than in other eastern states.
This region not only has not had yellows continuously but has never
had the sudden and violent invasions of the disease that have laid waste
the orchards in other communities of intensive ctilture of this fruit. The
one exception, possibly, was in the decade rxinning from 1875 to 1885.
A. M. Smith,^ writing in 1878, says that hundreds of bushels of high-
colored, insipid, premature peaches were sold in western New York in 1877,
that one orchard in Niagara County was destroyed by the disease and that
others in the vicinity were badly affected. Charles W. Garfield, a promi-
nent Michigan horticulturist, reported in 1880 that J. S. Woodward of
Lockport, New York, had a young orchard of peaches, covering thirty
acres, so badly diseased that the trees would have to be taken out before
having produced a crop. Later, 1887,* Mr. Woodward, speaking for
his neighborhood, says that yellows has " nearly finished the orchards." *
To conclude as to the conditions of orchards at the close of this epidemic,
we have from Col. F. D. Curtis'^ the report, in 1887, that yellows had
destroyed whole orchards in the western counties of New York especially
N. Y. Farmer and Ilort. Repository 46. 1831.
' Cultivator 255. 1844.
> Can. Ilort. 15-16. 1878.
Mich. Ilort. Soc. Rpt. 275. 1880.
U. S. D. A. Condition of Growing Crops August.
■ Ihid.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 1 25
in Niagara and Ontario. At this writing, 19 16, yellows may almost be
said to be a minor difficulty in peach-growing in western New York.
Peach-culture has been comparatively unimportant in Connecticut
and Massachusetts until recent years but the toll taken by yellows has been
proportionately as high as elsewhere in the hundred years of its trespassing.
The history of its ravages is told in such statements as follows: " Yellows
appeared in the vicinity of New Haven in 1820 and destroyed thousands
of trees nearly putting an end to peach growing." ' " The yellows are
destroying our peach trees." - " Peaches are infected with yellows and
are generally things of the past." ^ " Cultivation of the peach is now
abandoned in consequence of that scourge to that fruit known as yellows." ''
The foregoing accounts apply to Connecticut but reports are much the
same for Massachusetts, the following being typical: A writer in 1882
declares that yellows about Boston was unknown in 1837 but that " when
it came it swept everything." ^ " Thirty or forty years ago (1842- 1852)
peaches were grown in great abundance in this vicinity (northeast Massa-
chusetts) but for the last twenty years have been almost abandoned." '^
" In former years (said in 1854) peach trees have rarely suffered from
yellows in this neighborhood (Cambridge) where now many trees are
affected by it." '
Sweeping westward from New York, yellows appeared in Ohio about
the middle of the Nineteenth Century, for, in 1851, an orchard of 600 trees
at Saint Clairsville was said to have been destroyed by it.** In the same
year the report came from Richard County: " Our peach trees are some-
what affected by yellows." ' In the years that follow, down to the present
time, the presence of yellows, its symptoms, affects and treatment are
discussed in the voluminous records of agriculture in Ohio as a common-
place part in the culture of the peach though the disease seems not to have
been quite so virulent nor so often epidemic in Ohio as in other prominent
peach -growing states.
Nowhere has the haste and waste of yellows been more apparent than
'A'. Y. Farmer and Hort. Repository g. 1831.
« Yoemans, John L. Rpl. of U. S. Com. of Patents 166. 1852.
' Conn. Bd. Agr. Rpl. 169. 1867.
'Ibid.nz.
' Trans. Mass. Hort. Soc. Pt. 1:140. 1882.
<^ Houghton Farm Exp. Dept. Ser. 3. No. 2:27. 1882.
' Proc. Am. Pom. Soc. 212. 1854.
" Rpt. U. S. Com. Patents 369. 1851.
' Ibid. 378.
126 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
in the peach-belt of western Michigan. The history of the disease is well
estabUshed in this region, the main facts being: The disease appeared
about Saint Joseph and Benton Harbor, Berrien County, in the late sixties
of the last century. At first spreading slowly, its movement became more
rapid " until by 1877-78 it was destructively prevalent in nearly every
orchard in the county." ' " The peach industry was literally swept out
of Berrien County in one decade. There can be no doubt of this. From
being the foremost peach county in Michigan, with an acreage more than
equal to that of all other counties combined (6000 acres in 1874), it became
ninth in order, and could boast of only 503 acres." - In 1877, T. T. Lyon
declares:^ " This violent and contagious disease has nearly destroyed the
peach orchards at Saint Joseph." Three years later in the annual report
of the State Pomological Society, Charles W. Garfield, secretary, says " there
are scarcely any peach orchards left at Saint Joseph." ^ The depreciation
of peach-lands at this time, due to yellows, was so great as to threaten the
community with bankruptcy.
Pitiful was the case of the growers in Berrien County; pitiful enough
that of those in Van Buren County, next on the north, but not so bad owing
to the timely and strict enforcement of a " yellows law " early passed by
the State legislature. The disease seems to have become established in
Van Buren County about 1870 but did not become rampant until four or
five years later " when about five per cent of the trees were found diseased
and were taken out." ^ Then came such reports as these: " At least 5,000
trees have been destroyed by this disease the past season in this county
alone." " " That dreaded ravage of the peach-grower, yellows, has made
slow but marked progress during the years in this locality." ^ "If the
yellows continues to spread, it will be only a question of years when peach-
growing will cease on the lake shore." ^ These three reports, out of many
such, give the condition of the peach-orchards in western Van Buren.
In the eastern part of the county, especially about Lawton where the peach
is largely grown, the disease was later in appearing, cutting out was more
strictly attended to, and the damage, therefore, was markedly less.
' Smith, Ervvin F. U. 5. D. A. Div. of Bot. Bui. 9:42.
' Ibid. 45.
' Cull. & Count. Cent. 765. 1877.
' Ibid. 275.
' Mich. Hon. Soc. Rpl. 274. 1880.
' GuUey, A. G. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 249. 1878.
' Ramsdell, J. G. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 306. 1882.
' Lannin, Joseph Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 11. 1884.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 1 27
Allegan County, north of Van Buren, along the lake shore at least,
sufifered from yellows rather less, though nearly as badly as the region to
the south. The disease was less and less virulent as the peach-belt extends
northward. At Traverse City, the most northern point in the peach-
belt, yellows has never been epidemic. Passing eastward, the disease
appeared about Grand Rapids, the center of peach-culture in Kent County,
in 1883 and in the decade that followed took from peach-growers the toll
usual in western Michigan. Eastward from Kent County, however, in the
several small and rather isolated cases of peach-growing yellows either has
not appeared or has been an unimportant factor.
The lowest ebb in Michigan orchards from yellows was reached in the
eighties after which new plantings increased remarkably, the number of
bearing trees in 1889 being but 1,919,104 and in 1899, 8,104,415. The
disease still persists in Michigan wherever in former times it became
established. Yellows seems, however, to have lost much of its old time
virulency; or, perhaps, the fact that peach-growers are more prompt and
thorough in destroying diseased trees accounts for the decrease of the
disease. Then, too, the Michigan peach-belt has had the bitter experi-
ence in the last decade or two, of several winter freezes which have wiped
out whole orchards, discouraged many planters, and, together with the
keen competition of new peach-regions, reduced the size of orchards and
scattered the plantations so that, in the lessened communal intensity,
yellows has less opportunity.
Going back, now, to the place of first infection and passing southward,
we find that yellows, though not more virulent in Delaware than in Michigan,
was much more devastating. Destruction is the only efficient method in
treating yellows. The necessity of this drastic measure has been pro-
claimed by every authority from Judge Peters, discover of yellows, down.
The strong arm of the law in many states enforces destruction. In Dela-
ware, however, growers were more dilatory in destroying yellows-trees
than elsewhere — in fact for the first half-century made little attempt
so to check the disease. When the scales fell from the eyes of orchard-
owners in this State the industry was already ruined. From hundreds of
accounts, the ups and downs of peach-growing in Delaware as caused
by yellows may be shown by a few brief statements.
The peach-industry began' in Delaware about 1 830 and there are few
references to peach -yellows until a decade or two after that time, though
Dr. John J. Black says that the disease had been known in the State " since
128 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
the war of 1812." ' The yellows-sweep really began in the northern part
of Delaware in New Castle County, in the early forties, when, according
to John Delano, Isaac Reeves' peach-trees were dying of yellows by the
score " maugre all his care, cultivation and circumspection."'- In 1846,
James W. Thompson, in a splendid account of the peach-industr^' in
Delaware, names the borer and yellows as the two devastating enemies
of this fruit and speaks of the latter as a " constitutional, consumptive or
marasmatic disease for which no other remedy is known or to be practiced,
but extirpation and destruction." ^ "By 1855 the yellows had taken
possession of nearly all the orchards, and peach culture in this section was
at an end." ^ Yet in the same coimty, about Middletown, but a few
miles to the south, the disease though present was not epidemic nor did it
become so until twenty years later.
With the passing of the orchards in northern New Castle, the southern
part of the county became the center of the industry in Delaware. Here,
in the early seventies, there were from 1,000,000 to 1,750,000 trees covering
from 10,000 to 17,500 acres. ^ Yellows, according to numerous accounts,
became virulent about 1870, was at its height in 1875, after which the
progress and outcome of the epidemic is essentially the same as in the
northern part of the county — the yellows-sweep was driving slowly but
surely southward. Thus, in 1880, the center of the industry was in Kent
County, second south of the three covmties in Delaware, there being in
1879, according to the census of 1880, nearly 2,000,000 trees covering nearly
20,000 acres in this county. Yellows, present and widespread at an early
date in Kent, was not alarmingly destructive until the summers of 1886
and 1887, when in the northern two-thirds of the county the disease " spread
Hke wild fire." At this time and as late as 1890, there was little yellows in
southern Kent and northern Sussex, but before the end of the century the
whole State had been swept by yellows. There are no census figures for
peaches until 1890 when the number of bearing trees in Delaware was
4,521,623. The toll taken by yellows, augmented by San Jose scale, is
indicated by the falling off in number of trees in the next decade, at the
end of which there were 2,441,650 trees and after another decade, 1909,
but 1,177,402 trees.
Black, John J. Cult. Peach &■ Pear, 81. 1886.
* Cultivator 167. 1843.
' Horticulturist 37. 1846.
' Dimlap, Dr. F. S. U. S. D. A. Div. of Bot. Bui. No. 9:57.
• Smith, Erwin F. U. S. D. A. Div. of Bot. Bui. No. 9:61. 1
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 1 29
Beginning late in the last century, however, there was a revival in
peach-planting in Delaware, especially the northern part of the State,
and now a new peach-industry seems well started in which, through
energetic orchard-sanitation and diversified horticulture, yellows, for the
present at least, is held at bay. The palmy days of fabiilous prices for
peaches and peach-lands, however, are past in Delaware. Here, as in
other communities ravaged by yellows, the value of lands has sunk to a
half or a quarter of what it would have brought a generation ago in the
height of peach-culture. In some cases property, formerly valuable, has
lost all value — a peach-farm will not sell at any price. The best peach-
lands are seldom fit for other crops, so that in Delaware, New Jersey and
Michigan the whole community, including railroads and steamboat lines,
suffers to the verge of bankruptcy when yellows exterminates the orchards.
Probably in no other State in the Union is the peach more perfectly
at home than in Maryland, it having held undisputed supremacy among
fruits in that State for over a century and a half. Yellows, though always
menacing, has not been so devastating as in Delaware to the north. Erwin
F. Smith thinks that yellows has been present in the northern counties of
eastern Maryland for many years — since 1844 or 1845. In his detailed
account of the disease in this State ' he records but one destructive out-
break of yellows, this occurring in the summers of 1886, 1887 and 1888 in
the northeastern part of the State where in two counties along the whole
length of the Sassafras River it was destructively present. Smith notes
that yellows, at this time, " is moving southward on the peninsula.' Since
Smith's account, 1888, reports from Maryland show that, while the disease
is still present and is now in practically all parts of the State, either it is
not now so virulent or is kept in check by extirpating diseased trees. Still,
however, the great decrease in the number of peach-trees in Maryland in
the last twenty years is largely due to yellows, there being 6,1 13,287 bearing
trees in 1889, but 4,017,854 in 1899, and only 1,497,724 in 1909.
In the South, west of the Mississippi, and on the Pacific Coast, yellows
does not exist or if so is not epidemic.
Would that it could be recorded, as we conclude this brief account of
yellows and its plague-spots in America, that in the hundred years of con-
flict some headway had been made in ascertaining from whence the disease
came, what its cause and what the cure. Would, too, that we could believe
that the final holocaust has passed. But we cannot bandage our eves
' Smith, Erwin P. U. S. D. A. Div. oj Bot. But. No. 9:68-7^. 1888.
9
I30 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
against the facts. We are as profoundly ignorant of yellows as at the
start. And, while New York at the moment is nearly free from yellows,
everywhere the sinister reminders of ancient epidemics, like skeletons
at a feast that are never out of sight, bid us be on our guard for new
outbreaks.
PEACH-BREEDING
But little effort has been made, as the histories of its varieties show,
to breed peaches. All but a very few varieties have come from chance
seedlings. Peaches were grown from seed for centuries and many types
now come true when seeds are planted. After budded trees became the
vogue, until Mendel's great discovery, breeding the peach consisted in
selecting an occasional meritorious tree, mioltiplying it by budding and, if
it had pronounced merit, turning it over to a ntirseryman for the trade.
The art progressed no further because selection was thought to be the
fundamental process in improving plants and breeders preferred to work-
in fields where the harvests were more immediate than in tree-fruits. Now
that plant -breeding centers around controlled hybridization, plants propa-
gated vegetatively should receive quite as much attention as those grown
from seed. Mendel has opened the door to intimate familiarity with some
of the fundamental phenomena of hybridization, and, despite the difficult
and complex literatiire the professionals are imposing on the art, chiefly
discussions of methods and disputations about principles, the layman
finds Mendelian laws easy to put in practice ; and peach-breeding is certain
to go forward in leaps and bovmds as the irresistible fascination of the
subject seizes peach-growers.
Meanwhile, as a foundation for future work, it becomes highly
important to know how the varieties we have came into existence. The
known histories of the many diverse kinds of peaches show that this fruit
has been improved almost wholly through new varieties by chance hybridi-
zation — self -fertilized seed, selection and mutations are almost negligible
factors. The following are the data: No case is recorded in The Peaches
of New York of a variety known to have come from a self-fertilized seed.
The seed parent is given for 214 varieties; the seed and pollen parents
of 37 varieties. But 4 varieties are reported to have come from bud-
mutations. Of chance seedlings, sorts from seed with neither parent
known, there are 161. The origins of 1765 of the varieties described
in The Peaches of New York are unknown. The total number of peaches
described is 2 1 8 1 .
THE PKACHES OF NEW YORK I3I
CHAPTER IV
PEACH-GROWING IN NEW YORK
The histon' of the peach, whether narrative or natural, shows that
this fruit succeeds commercially only in restricted areas under special soil
and climatic conditions. In the United States, as we have seen, the peach-
industr}'^ has sprung up in a dozen or more distinct geographical regions,
three of which are in New York. In discussing peach-growing in New
York we must, first, determine the boundaries of its peach -regions; second,
show the relative importance of the peach-industry in each; and, third,
note the determinants that make favored parts of the State peach-regions.
The three main peach-areas in New York are the Hudson River Valley,
the shore of Lake Ontario and the lands surrounding the Finger Lakes.
The relative importance of these areas is shown by the number of trees in
the regions. More than half of the peach-trees in New York are along
the south shore of Lake Ontario, the total number in bearing for the region
in 1909 being 1,271,514. The two counties of the State leading in number
of trees are in this belt, Niagara with 591,350 and Monroe with 339,375,
while of the other three in the belt there are 166,584 in Wayne, 157,934 ^^
Orleans and 16,271 in Oswego. The Hudson River Valley district is second
in importance, with a total of 679,662 trees, of which Ulster Coimty,
ranking third in the State, has 313,971, and Orange, with fourth rank, has
212,879, while Dutchess has 63,741, Columbia 51,818, Rockland 21,081 and
Westchester 16,172. The Finger Lakes region, with a much smaller area
of suitable land, has but 322,179 trees, of which Seneca County has
81,440, Ontario 56,495, Schuyler 51,993, Yates 48,350, Tompkins 34,090
and Livingston, a little to the west of this region proper, 19,251.
Long Island, once the seat of a considerable peach -industry, now has
but 34,348 trees, 30,333 in Suffolk County and 4,015 in Nassau. There
is a large area on the shore of Lake Erie suitable for peaches but land here
is mainly planted with grapes; yet Chautauqua County has 32,377 and
Erie 10,987 trees. Beside these main and subsidiary peach-regions there
are many localities in which peaches arc grown for local markets or home
use. Peach statistics for the State emphasize strikingly the fact that the
peach is a specialist's crop and that it can be grown only in special environ-
ments. Thus, compare the figures given for peach-growing counties with
these: In two counties in New York there is not a peach-tree; in six counties
132 THE PEACHES OK NEW YORK
there axe less than twenty-five trees each; in twenty-two counties there
are fewer than five hundred trees or less than five acres in any one; of the
sixty-one counties in the State, only twenty-foxir average more than one
hundred acres planted to peaches and but six have more than a thousand
acres. There are still, however, acres beyond calculation, fecund for
peaches, many lying fallow, upon which peaches can be grown when the
markets warrant.
The acreage for the State and its peach-regions may be determined,
approximately, by dividing the number of trees by lOO. In 1909 there were
2,457,187 bearing trees and 2,216,907 trees not of bearing age, a total of
4,674,094 trees covering 46,740 acres in the State. At this writing, 19 16,
the acreage is larger. In 1909, along the Ontario Shore there were 12,715
acres planted to bearing peaches; in the Hudson Valley, 6,796; about the
Finger Lakes, 3,221 ; on Long Island, 343; on the shores of Lake Erie, 433.
These figures for districts cover bearing trees only, but holding the pro-
portion the same for the districts as for the State, the total acreage for each
district should be doubled for 1909 and, we are sure, much more than
doubled for 191 6. The statement that the number of bearing trees has
doubled in the past five years is supported by figures furnished me by
F. S. Welsh,' Agriculturist of the New York Central Railroad Company.
The New York Central handles at least 95 per centum of the peaches grown
in New York and shipped to the markets; in 1910 this railroad handled
1,341 carloads of peaches, 4,419 carloads in 191 5.
New York ranks third among the states of the Union in the production
of peaches, the value of the crop being but a little less than that of Georgia
though only about half as much as that of California. The number of
bearing trees and the yield in bushels of fruit are given in the census report
of 1 910 so that the average production per bearing tree in the several peach-
belts of the country may be computed, throwing light on the condition of
the orchards in the different regions. California leads with an average
production of 37.8 quarts per tree; New York follows with 22.6 quarts;
after which comes Michigan with 18.5; Pennsylvania, 13.7; New Jersey,
1 1.6; Ohio, 10.5; Georgia, 7.7; and Delaware, which must have had an oft"
year in 1909, but 5 quarts.
Perhaps it is worth while putting on record an opinion as to the status
of peach-growing in the State at present, 19 16 The acreage is certainly
the greatest yet planted in the State — as has been said nearly or quite
Welsh, F. S. Letter June 9, 1916.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
33
double the number of trees bearing in 1909 which the last census gives as
1,014,110. Certainly, too, orchards were never as well cared for as now.
Yet the percentage of unprofitable peach-orchards in the State is high —
at least fifty per centtim — for which several causes can be named; as, com-
petition and over-production with consequent low prices, poor distribution,
a series of seasons with much winter-killing, and a succession of cold, wet
springs. These are episodes in the industry hard to overcome. Of the
avoidable causes of the present high percentage of unprofitable orchards
perhaps the most common is the attempt to do too much whereby many
eventually come to bankruptcy. Another reason for the many unprofitable
orchards of the present is that the peach is a favorite fruit for beginners.
Profits in peach-growing are often liuing, the peach is an attractive fruit,
it seems easy to grow and the fruit-grower plants, to learn by experience
that peach-growing is not, as so often pictured, a pleasant and profitable
avocation but a most exacting vocation.
Why is the peach so localistic? In particular, what has set the bounds
of the three restricted peach-areas in New York? To some extent, of
course, man-governed agencies have determined where peaches may or
may not be grown in the State. Peaches must move quickly and the
carriers must not dip too deeply in the grower's pockets; therefore markets
must not be too distant and transportation must be cheap and eflScient.
Again, peach-growing is a fine art and becomes thus a specialist's business
that must be learned in the peach-orchard ; therefore, even if soil and climate
be favorable, the industry lags if it lacks leaders to teach and to set the pace
in orcharding. But, outranking by far the agencies depending on man,
are natural conditions, two of which, climate and soil, predetermined where
peach-industries were to stand in New York.
CLIMATE
When are plant and climate trvily congenial? Perhaps the best test
is the degree to which the plant spontaneously accommodates itself to all
climatic conditions. Thus, the peach is ideally suited to climates in which
it maintains itself without the aid of man. The peach is perfectly at home,
then, in America only where it runs wild, — in parts of the South. In
the North, East and the far West, peaches seldom grow spontaneously;
and the cold of winter, the frosts of spring and the drouths of summer,
in these regions, yearly remind us that notwithstanding the generations the
tree has been grown in America it is still a stranger in a foreign country —
134 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
an exotic from warm and sunlit Mid-Asia. Yet with a little help from man
the peach takes kindly to many climates in which it does not grow spon-
taneously. Under what climatic conditions does the peach grow spon-
taneously? And under what climatic conditions can the peach be grown
with the aid of man as a commercial success? These questions can be best
answered by discussing the two constituents of climate, temperature and
rainfall, in relation to the peach.
Of the several phases of temperature only extremes in cold are deter-
minants in peach-growing in New York. The peach stands for all that is
tender and effeminate in a fruit-tree and fares so ill in winter's cold that the
limits of peach-culture are set in all northern states by the winter climate.
The undomesticated peach is at the mercy of the winter wherever the
temperature falls below zero and seldom grows spontaneously where the
mercury drops even to this point. By selecting hardy varieties and follow-
ing careful cultural methods, however, peaches may be grown profitably
in climates where it is occasionally as cold as ten degrees below zero. An
isothermal line passing through points in New York where the thermometer
marks — io° in an occasional winter sets the limits of peach-growing in
New York. The red line in the accompanying map shows the territorv*
in which peach-growing is reasonably safe in New York while the green
line shows the outside limits of the industry as determined by cold.
Even in the favored peach-regions of New York, winter-injury is
a matter of vital importance to the peach-industry and growers seek means
to avoid or check it. The problem is not an insurmountable one, for here
and there are orchards and varieties which siiffer little injury though
possibly adjoining others in which trees or buds are wholly or partially
killed. There must be reasons for the injury in the one and not in the
other. These, the New York Agricultural Experiment Station made an
attempt to discover a few years ago in letters addressed to the peach-
growers of the State.' From the information received, and that gained
by observation, we may lay down the following propositions regarding
hardiness of the peach in New York.
First. — The soil has much influence on hardiness. The peach must
have a warm, dry soil to secure the hardiness inherent in the species. Only
in such a soil can trees make a strong, firm, well-matured growth, which is
conducive to hardiness. Bottom-heat seems especially necessary to secure
' For a full report of this investigation see the Report of the New York State Fruit-Growers Associa-
tion 180-187. 1908.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK I35
a growth that will withstand cold and for this reason gravelly and stony
soils, since they hold heat well, make good peach-lands. So, too, a gravelly
subsoil seems to provide the proper root-environment for the peach-tree
and if this be present it matters little, so far as hardiness is concerned,
whether it be overlaid with sand, gravel, loam, a light clay or combinations
of these.
Second. — The amount of moisture in the soil in the winter affects the
hardiness of the peach. Either extreme of moisture, excessive wetness or
excessive dryness, gives favorable conditions for winter-killing. A wet
soil freezes deeply and trees standing in it are sappy throughout the winter.
Cold, alternating with warm weather, or accompanied with dry winds,
causes excessive evaporation from trees and if the soil be so dry as not to
furnish moisture to replace the water evaporated, winter-injury ensues.
When twigs and buds shrivel in winter, whether from lack of water or lack
of maturity, winter-injury almost invariably follows.
Third. — Fertilizers may have a helpful or a harmful effect as regards
hardiness of tree. When fertilizers cause a heavy, rank, soft growth, they
undoubtedly make the trees more susceptible to winter-injury. On the
other hand, trees suffer as much or more from cold if underfed than if
overfed. Nothing is more certain than that vigorous growth in early
summer can be made of great service in counteracting cold and that half-
starved trees, or those which have been allowed to bear too heavily, siiffer
most from freezing.
Fourth. — Cover-crops protect trees from cold. Case after case can
be cited of orchards with cover-crops surviving a cold winter when
nearby orchards without the muffler of vegetation, leaves and snow were
killed. Possibly the cover-crop is the most effective treatment of the
peach-orchard to avoid winter-killing, acting as a cover to protect the
roots from cold, causing the trees to ripen their wood quickh^ and thoroughly
and assisting in regulating the supply of moisture.
Fifth. — Low-headed trees suffer less in both trunks and branches from
winter-injury than high-headed trees. Buds, however, often survive on
the higher branches and not on the lower ones. The low-headed trees are
less injured probably because the wood loses less moisture by the evapora-
tion from the effects of winds than do high-headed trees; because the trunk
at least is better protected from the sun and hence suffers less from sun-
scald, one of the effects of freezing and thawing; and because, for some
136 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
reason or other, low-headed trees seem to be more vigorous than high-
headed trees.
Sixth. — Wind-breaks furnish small protection against cold to either
trees or buds. The value of a wind-break depends largely upon the
topography of the land. A wind-break so planted as wholly to check
currents of air is detrimental so far as cold is concerned; so planted as to
deflect the current of air they may become of value in keeping off frosts.
More often than not, however, they seriously check atmospheric drainage
and the damage by frost is greater.
Seventh. — Young peach-trees suffer more than old trees, probal^ly
because the young trees do not mature their wood as well as the older
ones. There are, however, many exceptions to the statement that young
trees are less hardy to cold than old ones. Old trees are often forced to
produce large quantities of new wood susceptible to winter-killing, while,
on the other hand, the superabundant growth of young trees can be kept
down by orchard-treatment. Old trees possessing low vitality are less
hardy than vigorous, young trees. Thus, trees suffering from the ravages
of borers, leaf-curl or other fungus troubles suffer most from cold. While
young trees are more susceptible to freezing than old ones, yet they are
much more likely to recover, if recovery be possible, and their return to a
normal condition is more rapid.
Eighth. — What degree of cold will kill peach-trees? Twenty degrees
below zero under the best of conditions kills the peach. Depending upon
the condition in which the trees begin the winter, however, the trees may
be killed by any temperature between zero and — 20°. The following
are the conditions unfavorable to withstanding cold, in about the order of
importance: Immaturity of wood; lack of protection of roots by snow or
cover-crop; poor drainage; overbearing in the preceding year; lack of
vitality from ravages of insects, or fungi or from infertility of soil; suscepti-
bility of variety to cold.
Ninth. — What degree of cold will kill peach -buds? Much depends
upon the condition of the buds. Fifteen degrees below zero seems to be
the limit that peach-buds can stand even when all conditions are favorable.
The chief factors influencing tenderness of buds are mattuity of buds,
variety, and the time at which buds finish their resting period.
Tenth. — Small-growing varieties with compact heads are hardier than
the free-growing sorts with large heads. The following varieties are named
THE PEACHKS OF NKW VOKK 1 37
as compact in growth and hence hardier than the average: Chili, Crosby,
Gold Drop, Barnard, Kalamazoo, Triumph, Wager and Fitzgerald.
Eleventh. — In New York the varieties Crosby, Chili, Stevens, Gold
Drop and Elberta are named as most hardy in wood. As most tender in
wood Early Crawford, Late Crawford, Chairs, St. John and Niagara are
named. Crosby, Chili, Triumph, Gold Drop, Stevens and Kalamazoo are
most hardy in bud. Early Crawford, Late Crawford, Chairs, Reeves and
Elberta are most tender in bud.
The average date at which the last killing frost occurs in the spring
also determines the limit in latitude or altitude at which the peach can be
grown. Even in the favored peach-regions of New York, records bring
out the fact that killing frosts must be expected occasionally to destroy
the peach-crop and there are few years indeed in which frost does not take
heavy toll in the State as a whole. In the twenty-five year period begin-
ning with 1 88 1 and ending with 1905, the peach-crop was destroyed or
seriously injured over a large part of New York in thirteen seasons.' Little
or nothing is done in New York to protect the peach from frosts. Truth
is, not much can be done. Whitewashing trees delays blooming time and
in some seasons might prevent injury from late frosts but it is too uncertain
and too costly to be worth putting in practice. Wind-breaks as often favor
the frost as the tree. Smudging is too expensive for the extensive system
of peach-orcharding practiced in the East. Failure due to frost may be
expected, then, when the commonly recognized precautions in selecting
frost-proof sites are not recognized.
The limits of peach-culture in New York are also determined by early
fall frosts and by the length of the growing season, though both are less
important than the winter-climate and late frosts in the spring. The
peach-grower must be able to synchronize three of these phases of climate,
spring frosts, fall frosts and length of summer season, with the blooming
and ripening of peaches, — to do which he must have weather data and the
dates of blooming and ripening of varieties of peaches. The necessary
data as to the average dates of spring and fall frosts and the length of the
growing season can be obtained from the nearest local weather bureau and
in the accompanying table the blooming and ripening seasons of 181
varieties of peaches grown at the New York Agricultural Experiment
Station are given for the years 1910 to 1914. Blooming and ripening
' Hedriek, U. P. N. Y. Sla. Bui. 299: 190H.
138
THE PEACH KS OF NEW YORK
dates vary in the several peach-regions in the State so that to make use
of the data from this Station consideration must be given to the latitude,
altitude and local environment of the peach-orchard.
The latitude of the Smith Astronomical Observatory, a quarter of a
mile from the Station orchards, is 42° 52' 46.2"; the altitude of the orchards
is from five hundred to five hundred and twenty-five feet above the sea
level. The soil is a loamy but rather cold clay; the orchards lie about a
mile west of Seneca Lake, a body of water forty miles in length and from
one to three and one-half miles in width and more than six hundred feet
deep. The lake has frozen over but a few times since the region was
settled, over a hundred years ago, and has a very beneficial influence on
the adjacent country in lessening the cold of winter and the heat of summer
and in preventing early blooming.
The blooming period is that of full bloom. The data were taken from
trees grown under normal conditions as to pruning, distance apart, and
as to all other factors which might influence the blooming period. There
is a variation of several days between the time of full bloom of the differ-
ent varieties of peaches. These differences can be utilized in selecting
sorts to avoid injury from frost.
Blooming Periods and Season of Ripening of Peach-Varieties
Abundance . . . .
Admiral Dewey
.\ilsworth
Albright Cling .
Alexander
Alton
Amelia
■^meliaberta . . .
Arkansas
Arp
Athens
Augbert
Banner
Barber
Beatrice
Belle
Bequette Free. .
Blooming period
Very-
early
Early
Very
late
Season of ripening
Very
early
Very
late
THK PKACIIKS C)l- NKW YORK 139
Blooming Periods and Season of Ripening of Peach-Varieties — Continued
Very-
early
Blooming period
Early
Very
late
Season of ripening
Very
early
Very
late
Berenice
Bilyeu
Bishop
Blood Cling
Blood Leaf
Bokhara
Bonanza
Brandywiiie . . . ,
Bray Rareripe . .
Brigdon
Briggs
Burke
Butler Late
Buttram
Canada
Capps
Captain Ede. . . .
Carman
Champion
Chairs
Chili
Chinese Cling. . .
Chinese Free
Christiana
Clarissa
Clifton Park
Conkling
Connecticut
Connet
Coolidge
Crosby
Crothers
Davidson
Delaware
Denton
Dr. Burton
Dulce
Early Charlotte .
Eaily Crawford .
Early Michigan .
Early York
Edgemont
Elberta
Emma
Engle
Eureka
Family Favorite
Fitzgerald
Ford Late
140 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Blooming Periods and Season of Ripening of Peach-Varieties — Continued
Very
early
Blooming period
Early
Very
late
Very
early
Season of ripening
Early
Very
late
Foster
Fox
Frances
Frederica
Geary
General Lee
George IV
Gold Drop
Gold Dust
Gold Mine
Gordon
Governor Garland .
Governor Hogg . . .
Greensboro
Guinn
Hale Early
Heath Cling
Heath Free
Hiley
Honest John
Horton River
Hynds Yellow
Hynes
Illinois
Ingold
Iron Mountain . . . .
Jackson
Jennie Worthen . . .
Jennings
Kalamazoo
Klondike
Lamont
Large York
Late Crawford . . . .
Late Elberta
Late Rareripe
Levy
Lodge
Lola
Lord Palmerston .
Lorentz
McCollister
McKay Late
Mamie Ross
Markham
Mathews
May Lee
Maule Early
Millhiser
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 14 I
Blooming Periods and Season of Ripening of Peach- Varieties— Cow/i«tted
Blooming period
Season of ripening
Very
early
Eariy
Mid-
season
Late
Very
late
Very
early
Early
Mid-
season
Late
Verv
late
.
*
*
•
•
•
'*
•
•
Moore Favorite
Morris White
Munson Free
Niagara
Oldmixon Cling
Opulent
Oriole
,
Orleans '. . .
• i '.
Parson Early
.
Pearce Yellow
Pearson
,
Picquet
Potter
Prolific
*
Ray
Red Bird
Red Bird Cling
Rivers . . .
Russell
• 1
i
St. John
,
Schumaker
' 1
1 , .
,
Slappey
,
Sneed
Steadly
,
Strout
Stump
.
Summer Snow
.1
,
•
Surprise
Thurber
Tiebout
Troth
142 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Blooming Periods and Season of Ripening of Peach-Varieties — Conlinued
Blooming period
Season of ripening
Very
early
Early
Mid-
Late
Very
late
Very
early
Early
Mid-
season
Late
Veo'
late
*
*
*
Waddell
.
Wager
Walker
•
Ward
Waterloo
/ t
Wilkins
Willard
Williams
*
Wonderful
.
Worrell
Yellow Rareripe
Yellow Swan.
The peach seldom suffers from hot weather in New York. The fruit
is sometimes injured in the full blaze of the svm but the foliage usually
furnishes ample protection against such injury. On the other hand, for
a finely finished product the peach must have an unclouded sun and ample
air, these conditions giving high color and full flavor.
The peach requires less moisture than most other fruits — its original
home was on the desert's edge in Asia. In New York the rainfall is usually
quite sufficient in all peach-regions for this crop, the exception being^
possibly, in the southern part of the Central Lakes region, where, in the
lands adapted to the peach, the soil is often thin and drought, season after
season, lays heavily on the land. The peach in New York more often
suffers from too much rain than too little. Cold, wet weather in blooming
time is the fruit-grower's vernal bane in this State and rain not infre-
quently prevents a set of peaches even in localities where the spring rain-
fall is light. Monthly and seasonal " means " of precipitation, especially
of the month of May, are of considerable importance in determining the
desirability of a locality for peaches.
There are several other phases of climate visually of but local appli-
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK I43
cation which sometimes become of vital importance to the peach-grower
and must receive attention in selecting an orchard-site. The direction,
force and frequency of prevailing winds during the blooming and ripening
periods; the liability to hail storms; the amount of cloudiness in the summer
months; the nature and degree of seasonal variations; the degree of
humidity of the atmosphere as related to fungus diseases, especially the
dreaded brown-rot; and the frequency of drouths are all problems to be
solved before planting the peach.
SOILS FOR PEACHES
After climate, soil has been the next most potent natural influence
in determining the location of the peach-regions of the State and of indi-
vidual orchards in the several regions. The peach, of all fruits, is most
particular as to soils; though, and this seems not generally understood,
the physical condition of the land is quite as important as the kind of
soil. That is, the peach grows well on a rather wide range of soils if the land
be well drained, well aerated and if it hold heat. All subsequent treatment
fails, whatever the soil, if the root-run be impeded by water or lack of
air and if there be not the stimulus of considerable bottom-heat. These
physical conditions modify greatly what is to be said in the next paragraph
in regard to the kind of soil.
In New York the peach thrives best on a light, free-working sandy
or gravelly loam but there are many good peach-orchards in gravelly and
stony clays — gravel and stone furnishing drainage and aeration and hold-
ing heat. Perhaps, in this State, the light types of soil are too often chosen
on the theory that the peach will grow on any light, sandy soil. Not so.
for the peach will not grow on wind-blown, water-washed sands; on sand
banks, in sand pits, on quicksands, on old sandbars or on pure quartz sands,
though it is to be found planted on all of these. Nor will the peach flourish
on sandy soils at all unless there be a fair admixture of clay and decom-
posed vegetable matter and the whole underlain at a depth of not more
than three or four feet with a clay subsoil or stone which must have natural
drainage. The clay subsoil must not come nearer to the surface than ten
or twelve inches while bed rock ought not, at the very least, be nearer than
twenty inches. So qualified, sandy soils are ideal soils for peaches in
New York. Some of the best peach-lands in the State are exceedingly
stony, the stones being no detriment except in making the land difficult
to till.
144 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
The peach is conspicuous among fruits for its abiUty to nourish itself
where the food supply is meagre — indeed it is the richest resource of
fruit-growers on soils deficient in the most important elements of plant-
food. This does not mean that peach-soils are cheap soils. Few other
crops thrive on peach-soils, which make them of little value except for this
fruit, but good peach-soils are so scarce that once their adaptabilities are
discovered they are seldom cheap. Peach-soils, as a rule, are but
moderately fertile. When too fertile, especially when rich in nitrogen,
the foliage is dense, the wood-growth is great, the season's wood does not
mature, the set of fruit is small, and the peaches lack size, color and flavor.
But if not rich, never poor. On a good peach-soil the trees should make
a relatively small, compact growth of firm wood which each season ripens
thoroughly; and, barring accidents, they should be annually fruitfvil of
large, highly-colored, well-flavored, properly-shaped peaches covered with ,
sparse and short pubescence. The fertilization of peach-soils is to be
considered in a separate topic.
We have been generalizing as to the adaptabilities of peaches to soils.
Peach-growing, through keen competition and the great pleasure that a
finely finished product gives the grower, has become a fine art. Now, in
the refinement of the industry, generalizations as to peach-soils are not
sufficient. Growers must find out what particular varieties grow best in
their particular soil. To be sure, there are cosmopolitan varieties, Elberta
for example, which thrive in a diversity of soils, but, for most part, each
distinct variety or type of varieties has special soil preferences the discovery
of which has often made a man a successful peach-grower. The pecul-
iarities which adapt a soil to a variety are not analyzable but appear he
peach-growers through intuition or experiment.
Some fruits are made to grow in uncongenial soils by working them on
stocks adapted to the soil. Thus, the peach may be worked on plum-
stocks for heavy, clay soils. Little, however, has been done in forcing
the peach to adapt itself to a soil by consorting varieties and stocks. There
is no doubt, however, but that' much may be done when the adaptabilities
of cions to stocks and stocks to soil are better known.
LOCATIONS AND SITES FOR PEACH-ORCHARDS
That peach-growing is not capable of equal development in all of the
agricultural regions of the country and State appears in page after page
of the history of this fruit. Climate and soil, as we have tried to show,
THE PEA( 1IP:s OK NEW YORK I45
are the great determinants of the large geographical peach-areas bvit beside
these there are several other factors influencing the formation of peach-
growing communities; as, transportation facilities, markets, labor, ability
to make and dispose of by-products, selling organizations, local climate
and so on. The economic factors just mentioned, as they apply to the
establishment of peach -belts, have received sufficient ^lotice in the history
of the peach-industry in the United States, but these, together with several
nattiral factors, need a few words in their local application to individual
plantations under the head of locations and sites for peach-orchards —
the location having to do with the general surroundings and the site with
the particular piece of land to be planted.
The dominant considerations in placing commercial peach-orchards
in the peach-zones in New York seem now to be economic ones. Natiiral
conditions are so favorable in any of the recognized peach-districts of the
State and obstacles so easily overcome by those who possess common
knowledge of peach-growing, that a crop comes almost as a gift from
nature. Natural advantages are more common than man-made ones;
so that suitable locations are mostly to be sought for in the centers of
peach-growing near a shipping point where the haul is short, the freight
service prompt, regular, efficient, with low freight rates and refrigerator
service, where labor, is abundant, and, lastly and very important, where
the markets are so placed that they are not controlled by growers in regions
more advantageously situated.
Advantages ofifered by local markets now determine the placing of
a good many peach-orchards in New York. A location where there is a
good local market and at the same time ample facilities for shipping to
distant markets is ideal, for it enables the grower to dispose of over-ripe
and second-rate peaches that otherwise go to the dump. The local con-
sumer, however, usually suffers. Prosperous towns and cities have added
much to the prosperity of nearby peach-districts in this State but generally
these local markets have not received the attention from growers they
deserve. The product sent to the local markets is usually much poorer
than that shipped to a distance. On the other hand, growers maintain that
customers in towns in the peach-belts will not pay for good fruit.
Nowhere are the favorable influences of water more, admirably illus-
trated than in the peach-orchards of New York, all of the peach-districts
being bounded on one or more sides by bodies of water. The great majority
of the orchards arc planted on the shores of one of the two Great Lakes.
146 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
slope toward one of the several Finger Lakes, or are near flowing water
in the Hudson. The equalizing eft'ects of bodies of water on temperature —
warmer winters and cooler summers — and the effects of the air-currents
from bodies of water are so well known that comment is not necessary.
It is worth while noting, however, the distance to which the benign
influences of water are felt in the New York peach-districts. In the Hudson
Valley the peach can be grown only a mile or two from the river with
safety from frosts and freezes. With few exceptions, the peach-orchards
about the Central Lakes overlook the water. On the Great Lakes peach-
plantations are found from one to six or eight miles from the water, depend-
ing upon' the height of the land, and the amount and direction of the slope.
Usvially the peach-plantations are some distance above the lakes or
river, generally from one hundred to three hundred feet. When the alti-
tude is much higher, immunity from frost and winter freezes ceases,
probably because the atmosphere is rarer and no doubt drier so that heat
radiates from the land rapidly inducing frostiness rather than frostlessness.
As the height increases, too, the sweep of the wind increases. But still,
one is often surprised to find vigorous orchards perched high above the
water, the sport of every wind, so that altitude in peach-growing must be
determined by experiment.
The site, as we choose to consider it, is the situation with especial
regard to the particular plot of ground set aside for the peach-orchard —
altitude, soil, slope, exposure, local climate and all of the natural factors
which favor peach-growing. All these have been touched upon in their
relation to peach -districts and locations within the districts but we need
to particularize a little more closely to show how some of these factors
affect individual orchards.
The best peach-orchards in New York are invariably higher than the
surrounding coimtry, such orchards having the two great advantages of
soil-drainage and atmospheric drainage. Rolling land seems not to be at
all essential, for many splendid plantations are on flat lands which, how-
ever, in all cases have an elevation on one or more boundaries above the
surrounding country. The more pronounced the elevation, within limits,
the better, though sharp declines of a few feet, ten or fifteen, serve for small
orchards as do gentle slopes of slightly higher elevation. Ideal spots where
the peach never fails are found in bits of tillable land, usually too small
for large commercial ventures, in the rough and steep gtdches running
down from the highlands to the lakes, occasionally on the Ontario and
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK I47
Erie shores, but more often in the more broken cowntry about the Finger
Lakes. In such cases the rigors of seasons are seldom felt. We do not recall
seeing a single successful peach-orchard in the State shut in on all sides by
higher land — frosts and freezes would soon play havoc in such a situation.
The exposure of a peach-plantation is, without doubt, a matter of some
importance in choosing* a site but the value of particular exposures to avoid
frosts and secure early, late, or highly colored fruits has been greatly over-
emphasized by horticultural writers if New York orchards be taken as
criteria. The theory is most plausible. It runs, in brief: Northward
slopes are best for peaches in frosty regions since on such slopes plants
remain dormant longest thereby often escaping spring frosts. Southward
slopes should be selected for early varieties, the sun and warmth of such
an exposure supposedly hastening the ripening time. Now the facts are,
as we observe them, the peach blossoms with the first burst of spring
warmth whether the slope face north or south ; and whether north or south
makes little difference in ripening because the intense heat of our New York
summers submerges slight differences appearing early in the season because
of exposvire. About all that shows in the matter of exposure for peach-
orchards, in this State is that the best slopes are toward the water to secure
the effects that dictate the location of orchards near water.
One comes across many peach-orchards in New York in the shelter of
high hills or heavy forests for which the trees usually show gratitude in
vigor and fruitfiilness, provided hill or wood does not shade the orchard
too much. Hills and woods provide desirable shelter only when so situated
as to protect against winter winds and summer storms. A most remark-
able example of winter protection by- a forest was to be seen a few years
ago on the somewhat noted fruit-farm of Mr. Grant Hitchings near South
Onondaga where peaches are at the limit as regards temperature. Here
was a peach-orchard half of which was terribly injured by winter-killing
and the other half, protected by a forest a quarter-mile away, was wholly
unhurt. Yet windbreaks have seldom proved satisfactory, usually develop-
ing as many or more disadvantages than advantages.
STOCKS AND THE PROPAGATION OF PEACHES
The peach-tree, in common with all other fruit-trees, is a consort of
two individuals — a named variety budded on an unnamed seedling.
So far, the industry has been carried on with little or no regard to the
effects the seedling may have on the variety to which it is budded, yet
148 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
there can be no doubt but that the fruiting-top is influenced by the stock
upon which it is worked. The present nursery practice is to buy peach-
pits, whatsoever they may be, at the lowest price, sow them in nursery
rows and at the proper time bud to named varieties. Time was, in the
East at least, when the pits came from the nm-wild peaches of the southern
states from which grew vigorous,, healthy and fairly uniform seedlings but
it is to be feared that most of the pits, the country over, now come from
the canneries and from varieties so diverse in vigor, habit and season that
the resulting seedlings are variable and must make variable the trees grown
upon them. It is greatly to be regretted that the practice of growing peach
stock from southern wild seed has been departed from though even a better
practice might be to grow trees from some vigorous variety or, possibly,
a different species, as Primus davidiana, which is now largely used in China.
Prunus davidiana has, as we have stated in discussing the species,
been tried very widely in the United States and seems to have many
excellent qualities for a stock. The seedlings are vigorous, healthy, hardy,
bud readily and the seeds keep well and sprout very imiformly so that
usually there is a good stand. Perhaps the character that commends it
most highly at present, however, is the hardiness of the species. It is
proving hardy in colder regions than those where the peach is now a com-
mercial crop, so that, wherever this fruit as now grown is at the mercy of
the winter, Prunus davidiana is a promising substitute for the hit-and-miss
stocks now used. The drawbacks to the use of the Chinese species are that
it does not bear fruits of any value whatsoever so that the crop woiild
have to be grown for the pits alone and, because of very early blossom-
ing, the trees bear only in most favored situations as regards spring frosts.
Peach-on-peach is now the rule in eastern America but in Europe, and
to a lesser extent on the Pacific slope, several other species are used. Thus,
the hard-shelled Sweet Almond has long been used in Europe and is found
to make a hardy, strong stock in dry soils in California. The Damson
and St. Julian plums have been used with varying satisfaction in moist
and heavy soils in America; and in Eiu-ope, these, with the Muscle and
Pear plums, are common stocks for the peach. Peaches are dwarfed
somewhat by all plum-stocks. The Myrobalan plum, very commonly
used for nearly all cvdtivated plums, was at one time recommended for the
peach but turned out to be very unsatisfactory and is now practically
never used. The nectarine, Peento and Honey peaches are budded upon
seedling peaches.
THK pi>:ac:hks ok new vork 149
A stock greatly desired in peach-growing is one that will dwarf the
tree sufficiently so that winter-protection for buds and wood is practicable.
The late E. S. Goff of Wisconsin tried for some years to find such a stock.
He reports ' working several hundred buds on the dwarf Flowering- Almond
without a single union. Better success attended efiforts with the peach
on the dwarf Sand Cherry, Prunus besseyii, of the Rocky Mountains.
Of the results, as he dismisses the flowering-almond, he says:
" I next tried a form of the Sand Cherry, grown from pits procured in
western Iowa. This shrub is quite dwarf, attaining a height of only two
or three feet. With this stock I have been more successful. I inserted
a few buds in it in 1893, and while I had less expectation of success than
with the Flowering Almond, I succeeded much better. The Peach grew
vigorously on this stock, and by the second year had attained the height
of about five feet. The past season, although the best growing season we
have had for some years, the Peach-trees on this stock have scarcely
increased in height. They have branched rather thickly, and at present
are well filled with flower-buds, from which I infer that they will probably
not grow larger than they now are. At this height the trees are readily
protected by digging away sufficient earth from the roots, so that the
trunk may be bent down readily, when the whole is covered with earth.
The trees blossomed the past spring and set some fruit, though the fruit
failed to mature."
In the same report, Professor Goff mentions trying Prunus suhcordata
and a dwarf form of Prunus maritima as stocks for the peach but with
what success does not appear. Dwarf stocks for peaches ofifer an invitation
to experiment which it is hoped some one will accept. Such an experiment
requires little more than land, time and material, for it is one of those cases
in which nothing succeeds like success and nothing fails like failure so that
he who runs would be able to read.
Tied up with stocks is another problem. Much is being said about
the necessity of selecting buds from trees having certain characters best
developed — as vigor or productiveness; large, handsome or weU-fiavored
fruits; or immtmity to some disease. As yet there is no body of facts to
substantiate the claims of those who maintain that fruits can be improved
by bud-selection nor does present knowledge suggest that such a procedure
is a means of fruit-improvement. Quite to the contrary the histories of
varieties of peaches, as they may be read in this text, suggest that, " Like
begets like," while in the light of science a plant propagated by buds is
' Goff, E. S. Card. & For. 9:448. i8q6.
150 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
essentially complete in its heredity. Yet the whole question is still an open
one and fruit-growers are waiting to know whether putting buds through
the sieve of selection is worth while. The advocates of improving orchards
by bud-selection say little, however, about selecting stocks. There is
nothing more certain than that the stock greatly influences the character
of the tree. The modifications so brought about probably appear and
disappear with the individual — at least we should be the last in the world
to hold that peaches could be permanently modified by the stocks. The
point is, if buds are selected for the tops, the stocks should be selected
also. To do otherwise is to imitate the ostrich — head in the sand, body
exposed.
The peach is easy to propagate. Let it be said before going into the
matter, however, that practically all of the trees in the peach-orchards
in New York were grown in nurseries and that it is probably best to let
the propagation of trees continue a business for the specialist. Still, it is
well that the grower know in a general way the operations in the propa-
gation of the peach-tree. We wish, too, to put on record the nursery
methods used in propagating this fruit at this period in the history of
the peach.
In planting peach-pits, art imitates and quickens nature. In nature
the seeds are self-sown as they ripen, the succulent coat keeping the hard
envelope containing the kernel from becoming stony so that the young
plant bursts forth at the proper season. But in cleaning and drying seeds
for sale and transporta,tion, they become hard and dr>' and must be subjected
to somewhat special treatment before planting. In mild climates the pits
are soaked or kept moist in sand, earth or other medium until softened
and are then planted in the fall in rows where the trees are to be grown.
In cold climates the stones are subjected to freezing, thereby cracking
them, after which the kernels are sown in the spring. To freeze, the seeds
are placed in strata with moist sand, saw-dust, straw or other material
supplying an abundance of moisture, and exposed to the freezing weather
of winter which usually frees the kernel from its envelope. The kernels
are then sifted from the stones and sand and sowed in rows four feet apart.
Pits which the frost does not open must be cracked by hand, though this
tedious operation is usually omitted by large nurseries.
The seeds are planted in a rich, well-drained soil, preferably a light
loam with good bottom. By late mid-summer in New York the stocks
are ready to bud, though often the operation extends into September.
THh: I'KACMHS OF NKW YORK I5I
The peach is universally' budded in America, grafting being most difficult,
though trees can be grown from root-cuttings. The method of budding
is the common T, or shield-bud. The buds " take" in a week or two,
but remain dormant until the next spring when the top of the stock above
the bud is removed to give the cion right of way. At one year from the bud,
two years from the seed, in northern climates, the trees are ready to be
transplanted in the orchard. In the South and on the Pacific Slope, bud-
ding may be done in June, thereby saving a season. These " June buds,"
however, excepting under the most favorable conditions, in the East at
least, are weaklings not nearly so desirable as " summer buds." Occasion-
ally, more particularly in California, summer-budded stocks are planted
in the fall or the next spring as " dormant buds." In New York, trees older
than one year from the bud are seldom worth planting though occasionally
it is necessary to save stocks until their second season before budding.
In budding, the bud-sticks are cut as needed, after which the leaves
are trimmed leaving about a quarter of an inch of the stem as a handle
to the bud. After trimming, the sticks are wrapped in damp burlap and
are taken to the field — once dried, they are worthless. The buds at the
end of the bud-stick are discarded, the plump, hard buds near the middle
of the stick being the most vigorous. At the point where the bud is to be
inserted a T-shaped incission is made, the transverse cut being secured by
a rocking motion of the knife and the vertical one by lightly drawing the
knife upward from a point about an inch below the first cut. Before
removing the knife a slight twist of the blade loosens the edges better to
receive the bud.
The bud is cut from below upward with a drawing motion of the
knife. Nearly the entire thickness of the bark is cut at the point of the
bud so that it will not crumple when inserted into the stock. Almost
no wood is taken with the bud but on the other hand the bud must not be
so thin that the soft growing tissue between the bark and wood is injured.
The bud is taken between the thumb and forefinger and lifted free from the
wood. With the leaf -stem as a handle the bud is inserted into the T-shaped
incision and pushed down until its " heel " is flush with the transverse cut.
Waxing is not necessary but the bud must be securely tied.
For this purpose raffia is now almost universally used. It is cut into
lengths of eighteen or twenty inches and moistened to make it soft and
pliable. The strand is first brought firmly across the upper end of the bud
to keep it from working out. Beginning tlicn at the bottom of the slit,
152 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
the raffia is wound smoothly upward covering everything but the " eye "
and is tied in a single square knot. This winding must be tight to hold the
bud immovably in place. In from two to four weeks, depending on the
growth of the stock, the raffia should be cut to prevent its girdling the
tree.
In the nursery trade, peach-trees are graded according to caliper or
according to height — rarely both since there is a very definite relation
between the two. The common sizes by caliper, or diameter of the trunk,
are five-, seven- or nine-sixteenths of an inch. According to height, the
grades are " three to four foot," " four to five foot," or " five to seven foot."
The medium-sized grade is usually the best since fewer trees die in trans-
planting, they are much easier to handle and, more important, provide a
better opportunity for the grower to form the head as he wants it. The
smallest grade often has many stunted trees. A first-class tree is free from
insects and fungi or the effects of either. Other things being equal, a short,
stocky tree is better than a tall, spindling one; one with many branches
better than one with few. The best stamp on a peach-tree, however, is
a well-developed root-system — many -branched, well-distributed, fibrous,
fresh roots. Practically all peach-trees in New York are dug in the fall
and kept in storage through the winter.
THE PEACH-ORCHARD AND ITS CARE
The peach-orchard is the consummation of modern fruit-growing.
It is more than a plantation of peach-trees, for it personifies ideals and
reflects the personality of the owner. A glance at a peach-orchard and
one knows whether the proprietor is lazy or industrious, slovenly or orderly,
procrastinating or prompt. An orchard of dingy, unhappy peach-trees is
an odious sight in the eyes of a good fruit-grower accustomed to nurturing
and fondling his own trees. Tenants seldom succeed in peach-growing.
Here is a case in which Cato, the sturdy old Roman farmer, is surely right :
" The face of the master is good for the land." The peach in our climate
is least able of all fruits to subsist without the aid of man The best trees
in the best soil, if neglected, have a short, miserable and profitless existence.
These considerations, then, must bring us to the conclusion that growing
peaches differs somewhat from growing other fruits. If not more difficult
it is at least a finer and more delicate affair in which the laborer and crafts-
man working by rule give way to men of higher degree who put thought,
intelligence and taste into their work.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
153
New York is very fortunate in having much land in all of its peach-
districts that is easily prepared for planting. Growers are not called upon
to profane the peach by planting it in a field of boulders as in New England
nor amongst stumps as in some southern peach-regions. Growers in the
State long ago learned that it is an up-hill task to grow the peach in land not
thoroughly fitted at the start. Usually the land is prepared a year in
advance by putting in a hoed crop, after which it is plowed deeply in the
fall, pulverized thoroughly in the spring and then planted as promptly
as possible. Fall-planting is not practicable because of severe losses follow-
ing from winter-killing.
The peach-orchard is usually laid out in meridians and parallels in
New York at intervals of 18 by 18 or 20 by 20 feet, the former requiring
134 and the latter 108 trees. The topography of the land sometimes gives
preference to the triangular system of setting and rich soils or large grow-
ing varieties indicate greater distance while poor soils and small trees
suggest closer planting. One thing certain, it is poor orcharding to set the
trees too closely. Peaches picked in the pleached alleys of a closely set
orchard are few, small and poor in quality. Pride in appearance and
convenience in working the trees make perfect alignment imperative.
The peach readily self-pollinates so that interplanting varieties is not
practiced, but, rather, for convenience in harvesting, varieties are set in
solid blocks, growers seldom, nowadays, planting more than three or four
sorts. Laying out the land, digging holes, trimming roots, setting trees
are all kindergarten operations in fruit-growing, well understood by any
one qualified to go into peach-growing.
As to varieties, Elberta is now the mainstay of all the peach-districts,
coming in as the mid-season crop. Greensboro, Carman, Champion, and
Belle, all white-fleshed; and St. John, Fitzgerald, Niagara and Early
Crawford, all yellow-fleshed, the two series named in order of ripening,
are standard varieties preceding Elberta in the markets. Standard sorts
following are, Oldmixon Free, the only white-fleshed sort, and Crosby.
Late Crawford, Kalamazoo, Chili, Smock and Salwey, these also named in
order of maturity. A large number of new varieties are on probation in
the State of which Arp, Lola, Edgemont, Rochester, J. H. Hale and Frances
are now most conspicuous. The peach-flora changes rapidly and many of
these favorites of today will be the cast-ofifs of tomorrow.
In the early life of the orchard, until bearing is well established, an
inter-crop is a valuable asset in New York peach -orchards; on the other
154 '^^^ PEACHES OF NEW YORK
hand, planted in bearing orchards, any other crop than the peach is a heavy
liabiUty. While inter-cropping is not peculiar to New York orchards it
is probably more practiced in this State than in any other. Few, indeed,
are the plantations in this region that do not sustain themselves for the
first three or four years of their existence on the crops grown between the
trees. These are, or should be, hoed crops like potatoes, cabbage, beans
and cannery crops. He is a sloven, indeed, who would crop his peach -
orchard with grass or grain. Along the Hudson, small-fruits are looked
upon as permissible, but are everywhere discountenanced in western
New York.
Occasionally the peach itself is planted as an inter-crop in apple-
orchards. The custom has little to recommend it and is not as common
now as it was a few years ago. The objection to the peach as a catch-
crop in the apple-orchard is that serious complications arise in orchard-
operations, the two fruits often requiring quite different treatment in their
care and, in spraying the apple, the peach is almost certain to be more or
less injured.
In the matter of cultivation, peach-growers are not in the fog that
envelopes and befuddles apple-growers in New York. The peach so luxuri-
ates under thorough cultivation and, on the other hand, the jaundiced leaves
and hectic flush of the fruit speak so plainly of evil days when the trees
are in sod or unbroken ground that cultivation is universal. Cultivation,
as practiced by the best growers, consists of plowing the land in the spring
and then frequently stirring the soil until late July or early August. The
tools are as diverse as the kinds of soil. Whatever the details, the surface
must be kept level, covered with a dust-mulch and free from weeds. In
soils that are light, therefore hungry and thirsty, cultivation in the best
orchards is almost continuous. To do full duty in such a soil many men
cviltivate weekly. Disking is sometimes substituted for plowing but this
is usually poor policy for the plow buries the mummied peaches that drop
in every orchard to scatter countless myriads of spores of brown-rot and so
perpetuate this plague of the peach-grower. Winter retreats so sullenly
in New York that it is sometimes difficult to find time and weather for
early spring plowing so that increasing numbers of peach-growers are
plowing their orchards in the fall.
The cover-crop follows the last cultivation. There is a growing
suspicion in the State that the value of cover-crops in orchards has been
magnified. Comparative tests do not show that trees or small-fruits
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 1 55
respond to cover-cropping to as great an extent as from theory one might
expect them to do. Thus, in several experiments being conducted b\-
this Station, apples and grapes give no very appreciable response to the
various cover-crops — at least pay but doubtfully for the expense of seed
and seeding. While there are no very satisfactory experiments to confirm
the assumption, it would seem, however, that the peach of all fruits would
he most benefitted by cover-crops. It is patent to all who have had
orchard-experience that land is in better tilth when some green crop is
lurned under in fall or spring; so, too, all know that a cover-crop sowed
in mid-sumnier causes the peach to mature its wood and thus go into the
winter in better condition; it is not unreasonable to assume, though it is
impossible to secure reliable experimental data to confirm the belief, that
cover-crops protect the roots of peaches from winter-killing. Leaving
out, then, the doubtful value of the cover-crop in furnishing plant-food
to the peach, at least three sufificient reasons make it a necessary adjunct
of a peach-orchard.
Several cover-crops are now in general use in the peach-orchards of
New York, in order of frequency of use about as follows: Clover, vetch,
oats, barley, cow-horn turnip, rape, rye, buckwheat. Combination cover-
crops are less popular than formerly, cost of seed being the deterrent.
Yet many years of experience at this Station and wide observation in the
State, unsubstantiated, however, by any experimental work, lead to the
conclusion that some combination of a leguminous and a non-leguminous
crop makes the most satisfactory cover-crop for the peach. A half-bushel
of oats or barley plus twenty pounds of winter vetch or twelve pounds
of red clover is possibly the most satisfactory of all cover-crops for this
fruit in New York. Occasionally a change from oats to barley, and clover
to vetch should be made and once in four or five years rape or cow-horn
turnip should be worked into the rotation.
In the matter of fertilizers, the peach-grower early learns humility.
He is no sooner certain that his trees must be fertilized and that he has
at last hit upon the right formiola than his check plats or his neighbor's
orchard convince him that he is not getting the worth of his money in
fertilizers. In eastern New York, peach-orchards are very generally
fertilized and rather heavily, the amounts and formulas being nearly as
diverse as the men applying them. In western New York, commercial
fertilizers are comparatively little used in peach-orchards. Experiments
in fertilizing peaches in progress at this Station are inconclusive and there
156 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
is nothing to offer from the work here us to what the peach needs in ihe
way of plant-food. In the present state of our knowledge, about the best
the peach-grower can do is to assume that, if his trees are vigorous, bearing
well and making a fair amoimt of growth, they need no additional plant-
food. If they are not in the condition described, look to the drainage,
tillage and health of the trees first and the more expensive and less certain
fertilization afterward. More and more, in western New York at least,
growers are carrying on simple experiments to obtain positive evidence
as to what elements of plant-food their trees need.
The following is an example of such an experiment: (i) Acid phos-
phate to give about 50 lbs. of phosphoric acid to the acre; (2) phosphate
as above and muriate of potash to give 100 lbs. of potash to the acre;
(3) phosphate and muriate as above and nitrate of soda and dried blood
to give 50 lbs. of nitrogen per acre; (4) six tons of stable manure is applied
on a fourth plat; (5) a similar plat is left unfertilized for a check.
No fallacy dies harder than that fertilizers will cure yellows. Nitrate
of soda is a great rejuvenator of trees sviffering from yellows brought on
by sod or lack of tillage but no fact in peach -orcharding has been more
thoroughly demonstrated than that neither this fertilizer nor any other
will in the least benefit trees stiffering from true yellows or from the some-
what similar trouble, little-peach.
Of all fruit-trees, pruning is most used with the peach in regulating
the development of the tree. In its early years, we may almost say that
the peach " lives by the knife." At all stages of growth the vigorous
use of the knife is indispensable in keeping the peach in proper bounds,
and yet, rather paradoxically, knife and saw must be used sometime or
other in the life of every peach-orchard to stimulate growth or at least
to force out new growths. Indispensable as a certain amount of pruning
is in training the peach, there is no question in the minds of those who
have studied the subject but that it is much more often overdone than
underdone. There are no fixed rules in prvuiing peaches and to discuss
in full the diverse theories and practices is not within the range of this
exposition. All that can be attempted is briefly to set down what the
present practices are in the State.
In transplanting, the peach suffers severe root-pruning, an operation
that it does not bear well. Thus deprived of its roots, the young tree
must have its top correspondingly diminished. Two practices are in vogue
in New York in this curtailment of the top as the trees go from the nursery
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 1 57
to the orchard. The most common practice is to cut the young tree back
to a whip and then shorten-in the whip. New branches spring freely from
this bare stub but these do not always come where they are wanted and
often the new wood comes only from the stock. These objections to
pruning to a whip have brought about a modification in which the branches
are cut back to stubs of two or three buds. In a series of experiments
now in progress on the Station grounds it seems certain that the second
method is better than the first.
Two forms of top are open to choice — the vase-form, or open-
centered tree, and the globe-form, or close-centered tree. In the first the
framework of the tree consists of a short trunk, surmounted by four or
five main branches ascending obliquely. In the second the trunk is con-
tinued above the branches, forming the center of the tree, and, later being
headed in, a globe-like head is formed. In New York the vase-form is
nearly always chosen. In neither case is the task difficult since the peach
springs almost at once into tree-form with a full complement of branches.
Beginning with the second year the main branches are shortened back
from one-third to one-half their growth, if heading back seem necessary,
cutting to upper and inner buds so that the oblique ascending vase-form
is maintained. The pruning of the third season is much the same, except
that some of the interior branches should be removed to open up the
heads to air and sunshine. The third season's pruning is repeated from
year to year, having in mind that the slow-growing, hardy, productive
sorts can be pruned much more severely than the free-growing, tender
kinds. Open forks are a serious menace and are carefully avoided to
lessen the danger of splitting when branches are heavily laden. About
the most common mistake is that of cutting out too much wood, thereby
inducing so heavy a growth in the parts that remain that winter-killing
takes place; at best it makes necessary continued heavy pruning for several
seasons to keep the trees in manageable size and shape.
Heading-in as described in the foregoing paragraphs is necessary
because the peach bears the bulk of its crop high up on its branches, which
are often broken by the weight so that after a bountiful harvest the orchard
looks as if a cyclone had swept through it. As the limbs lengthen, too,
it becomes increasingly difficult to pick the peaches. Even with annual
heading-in the bearing wood eventually gets too far from the ground and
the grower may have to resort to decapitating the trees — an operation
commonly known by the inapt term " dehorning." When old trees are
I5« THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
thus to be rejuvenated the limbs are sawed off during the dormant season
to within two feet or thereabouts of the trunk. The tree will then form
a new head which will in a season or two set fruit-buds and bear a crop.
The orchard may thus very often be renewed or even re-renewed, lengthen-
ing its life by several seasons. In thus decapitating trees, however, one
season is always lost, sometimes two, and the writer questions if it is not
better to give the peach a " merry life and a short one " rather than resort
to decapitation to prolong its days. Most growers may well throw dehorn-
ing into the rubbish-heap of the not-worth-while.
Occasionally one sees in the State orchards in which the top is sheared
to a level plane. This shearing follows a fashion, now happily going out,
as it cannot come from any well-thought-out design. It takes but a
moment's study of the sheared tree to see the faults of the method. Strong
shoots are cut back too much, weak ones not enough; superfluous shoots
are not removed but, to the contrary, multiplied as in shearing a hedge.
Heading-in some or all of the shoots may be very necessary but shearing
to a line — never.
Summer-pruning is not practiced in New York peach-orchards. No
doubt every grower, however, as he goes about among his trees in the
growing season cuts back a branch outstripping its neighbors, removes
an occasional unruly member or one out of place, pinches here and rubs
there, better to train his trees to the ideal he has in mind. Certainly no
harm is done by such summer-pruning when the trees are strong and
vigorous.
This record of pruning practices in New York cannot be closed witliout
stating that there are growers who do not prune — not only through
neglect but as a matter of principle. Chiefly, these are men more accus-
tomed to the other tree-fruits — most of which make a fair showing without
priming — than to the peach. The peach can go a few years unpruned
without becoming an abnormal orchard-specimen but left to itself to the
prime of life without the reinvigorating and form-giving knife a peach-
orchard becomes a woeful spectacle. The limbs crowd, choke and kill
each other, except the strongest or those most fortunately placed, which
push aloft, bearing at their extremities sparse-foliaged, parasol-like canopies
of jaundiced foliage which furnish no protection from the blaze of the
sun to the bare, bark-burned, gum-covered tnmk and branches. The
tree-tops are populous with dead and dying twigs and do not furnish
sufficient nutriment for the normal development of fruit or tree. These
THK PKACHKS OF NiCW YORK 1 59
unpruned peach-orchards, come to old age, are the saddest sights of the
country. After the first few crops, when the flush of vigor has passed,
they cannot be profitable and it would seem the sooner the axe lays them
low the better for the owner. Not to prune the peach is consummate
neglect.
Peaches are thinned to improve the fruit that remains, to save the
vigor of the tree, and destroy insect- or disease-infected fruits. Commend-
able as these objects are, the practice is all too seldom observed in New
York. The objections are scarcity and high cost of labor. Still the best
growers always thin, doing the work soon after the summer drop which
usually occurs six to eight weeks after the blossoming-time and just as
the pits in the embryonic fruits begin to harden. It requires good judgment
to tell at the time of thinning what will prove superfluity at the harvest.
Vigor of tree, variety, fertility and moisture in the soil, the season, diseases
and insects, all must be considered. The common advice is to thin the
fruits so that they will not be nearer together than from four to six inches
but the skillfiil growers adjust the size of. the crop to the orchard and
seasonal conditions. Thinning really begins, it should be said, in the
winter when the trees are dormant and redundant branches and superfluous
wood on the parts remaining are cut out. By delaying winter-pruning
untn danger of winter-killing is passed many growers save labor in
summer- thinning, since, as early as this, fruit-prospects are fore-shadowed.
It is interesting to record that peach-orchards are never top-grafted
in New York though it seems to be a matter of rather frequent practice
in the South and far West. There are plenty of occasions for working
over peach-trees in this State; as, when poor varieties are substituted,
or in changes in fashion in peaches, or on finding a variety poorly adapted
to orchard-conditions. But under any of these unfortunate circumstances
in New York the axe and the grub-hoe make way for a new planting rather
than trust to the skill of the grafter. Old peach-trees can, of course, be
either budded over or grafted over to a new variety but we take it that
a century of experience has demonstrated that changing the whole tree
is better than changing the top.
«
HARVE.STING, MARKETING AND PROFITS
The beginning of the Twentieth Century is marked as a period in
which commercial affairs in agriculture are being more highly developed
than ever before. Temporarily, the idea of making two blades of grass
l6o THK PliACHES OF NEW YORK
grow where one grew before is eclipsed by the idea that success in agri-
culture is quite as much dependent on business management as on large
production. We need, then, in The Peaches of New York to set down as
precisely as possible, as a record of the times, the business side of peach -
growing. This we conceive, so far as the fruit-grower is concerned, consists
of matters having to do with growing, picking, grading, packing, cooling
and shipping, while the affairs of the several go-betweens from producer
to consumer belong to merchanting rather than orcharding. Not that the
grower is without interest in the selling of his products — far from it.
There is no better ballast to keep the fruit-dealer steady than knowledge
of all of his dealings on the part of the fruit-grower.
Among Caucasians green peaches have a bad reputation. Adage,
prose and poetry bear witness that any curtailment of the sun's maturing
function in this fruit is going against nature and makes an altogether
unwholesome product. But in China and Japan the peach is habitually
eaten green and hard. Fungi play such havoc with peaches in Oriental
countries that the fruit must be devoured ' green or the crop is lost. A
green peach is quite as palatable, nutritious and wholesome as a green
olive. The ripe prodvict of the one is just as superior to the green as is
the other. All this not to point a moral or adorn a tale but to bring
out the fact that the green peach is an edible fruit and that the annual
performance of health inspectors in all large markets in condemning car-
loads of green peaches as unfit for food while green olives, apples, pears,
plums, cherries and grapes pass muster, is an unjust discrimination against
the peach. The peach is, of course, best when ripe, soft, melting and
luscious, but so are all other fruits and all should be accorded the same
treatment by consumers and health inspectors.
The peach in western countries is picked for market when it has
attained full size and is passing from the hard state of the green peach to
the softer mature condition. The picker tells by eye and by pressure
of the peach between thumb and finger when a peach is ready for picking.
White-fleshed peaches are green in color when picked but turn to greenish-
white or yellowish-white as maturity proceeds; yellow-fleshed turn from
yellowish-green to lemon or orange-yellow. The full flavor of the ripe
peach develops only when the fruit ripens on the tree but ripe fruit cannot
Vje shipped and peaches are therefore picked at the stage in advance of
full maturity that will permit them to reach the market at matvirity — one
or two days in New York, six or seven in California. Peach-picking is
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK l6l
a delicate business for it is equally disastrous to gather the crop before
it is ripe enough or to delay a day or two too long.
Few picking appliances are needed for the peach in New York since
the trees are trained so low most of the fruit can be picked from the ground
or from a short step-ladder. The knack of peach-picking consists of tipping
the fruit sidewise with a light twist which releases it from the branch
without the bruise of a direct pull. The care in handling depends largely
on the temperament of the picker — a coarse, careless rufifian cannot handle
the tender-fleshed peach with the consideration it deserves. Women are
much employed in picking peaches. Two systems of managing pickers
are in vogue: They are employed by the day in charge of a competent
foreman; or the picker is supplied with tickets or tally cards and is paid
by the basket. The day-system is commonest and most satisfactory.
When peach-picking is in full swing a man can pick loo half-bushel baskets
in a day of sorts like Elberta in which the fruits ripen at the same time,
but the quantity grows smaller and smaller as the varieties decrease in
size and increase in length of ripening-time. Peaches are usually graded
and packed indoors, being brought under cover in special picking receptacles
into which the fruit is put as it comes from the tree. Packing indoors
is a comparatively modern innovation, the method a decade or two ago
being to pack in the field as is occasionally done now, more especially
for local markets.
Grading peaches is still a matter of local or personal practice in New
York as it is the country over. No state seems yet to have regulated by
law the grading of peaches, as several have done with the apple. The
need is quite as great for such laws for one fruit as for the other, and no
doubt grading peaches in New York will soon be regulated by the strong
arm of the law as is grading apples. The essentials in good grading as
now practiced are fair or large size for the variety, high and characteristic
color, uniformity in size and color, freedom from bruises and insect and
fungus injuries, and full and characteristic flavor for the variety. Peaches
vary much in shape and pubescence depending on soil and climate — so
much that through variations in these characters the identity of varieties is
sometimes lost — but grading is not yet sufficiently refined to take note
of either character. Good growers sort into at least three grades,
counting culls.
Not solely as a matter of record but to inspire further progress as
well, we record the fact that New York is behind the times in the package
1 62 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
used in sending peaches to market. The antiquated Delaware package,
a truncated cone holding a third- or a half-bushel, is now the most popular
package with growers. This package is a poor carrier, clumsy and easily
tipped over, its sides are so thin that the fruit bruises, it is easily opened
by thieves and it is unattractive. The reason for its popularity among
growers may be guessed when its sole merit is named — peaches need
less sorting and are easily packed in this Delaware package. The grand
jury of consumers, the country over, has declared for a smaller package
for dessert peaches than the Delaware truncated cone and a larger one
for culinary peaches. Better in every way, and more and more used by
growers in the State are the several sizes of climax baskets. The best
of all peach-packages, the Georgia carrier, is just coming into use in New
York. It is a crate holding six four-quart till-baskets. These till-baskets
are dainty and attractive, fulfilling well the adage " good goods come
in small packages." The Georgia carrier is conceded by all to hold the
palm of merit for long-distance shipments of dessert peaches. The bushel
and half -bushel, round -bottom, farm type, the substantial cover supported
by a stout peg between cover and bottom, are being more and more used
for shipping the home canning supply. In western New York the bushel
basket, if not now, promises soon to be the most popular of all peach-
packages.
Our common commercial container, the Delaware basket, is seldom a
packed package. The peaches are turned in, assorted somewhat as to size,
and the top layer faced with the red cheek up. The climax basket requires
more care in packing. The fruit must be arranged in layers and tiers
according to the size of peach and basket. Skill and not a little ingenuity
are displayed in packing the dainty till-baskets for the Georgia carrier,
all depending on the size, uniformity and shape of the peach. The peaches
are placed in rows and tiers which regularly alternate and cover much
as in a box of packed apples. The peach-harvest in New York usually
comes in pleasant weather so that the packing house is generally but a
screen from the blaze of the sun, put up in the orchard. The packages,
both before and after filling, are, of course, kept clean and dry under per-
manent cover.
The peach is so handsome and delectable, for that matter so pleasing
to all of the senses, that every fruit-grower takes special pride in a finely-
finished product going to market and more often than with any other
fruit advertises his wares with a label. These show original ownership.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK I63
where grown, often the variety, always the grade and usually advertise
the whole farm and its product. Some growers have their labels registered
in the United States Patent Office.
New York peach-growers profit more and more from cold-storage.
Peaches can be kept for a few weeks in storage at the freezing point or just
above but they soon lose texture and flavor on coming out and cannot com-
pete with fresh peaches which reach the markets every day from some
source from May until November. Precooling before shipment, now but
coming into practice, is of inestimable value in the heat of the summer.
The fruit is quickly packed and then cooled to 40° F. in a central station or
by forcing cold air through loaded cars, and then goes under refrigeration
to destination. In eastern New York peaches go mostly to New York
City by night-boat but refrigerator service is an absolute necessity for
western New York and has been very generally installed by the railroads
of the region. The precooling station is to be the next step in advance.
DISTRIBUTION OF THE NEW YORK PEACH-CROP
In the past the great problems of peach-growers, as of those who
grow other agricultural products, have been cultural in their essential
character. Attention to problems of distribution have had to do with
the opening up of new regions of production — the expansion of the agri-
cultural domain ; with developing means of transportation — railroad lines,
steamboat service, canals; and in developing centers of consumption in
the cities and towns which have been springing up everywhere in the
habitable parts of America. Until recent years, little has been done in
studying the commercial disposition of agricviltural products. Now, how-
ever, studies are being made everywhere of the distributive systems by
which products get to market and to determine what share of the con-
sumer's price should go to the producer and what to the distributor.
Everywhere the importance of these economic studies is recognized and
no producer sees more clearly than the New York peach -grower the need
of improvement in handling products to distribute risks, reduce risks,
decrease the numbers in the vast armies of middlemen and in every way
improve defective distribution. But these questions belong to specialists —
economists. We wish here only to furnish a few fundamental data which
may be of use to all concerned in the distribution of the peach-crop.
In the economic study of the peach-industry in the State it is essential
to know the volume of the product in the State; what proportion of the
164
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
tolal different sections produce; how the crop is distributed in consump-
tion; and the movement of the peacli-crop from competing peach-states.
These data we undertake to furnish for the year 19 15, a normal peach-
year, taking the figures from the transportation Hnes handling peaches in
New York so far as obtainable. The volume of the product for western
New York is shown by figures taken from the New York Central Railroad '
and the Lehigh Valley Railroad. Peaches were shipped from towns as
follows :
Adams Basin 26 Cars
Albion 41 "
Appleton 108 "
Asnwooa
19
261 "
Barnard
Brighton
3 "
116 "
Burt
. . . 244 "
Caywood
16 "
Charlotte
88 "
Covert
21 "
E Williamson
.... 52 "
Elberta
Elm Grove 1 "
Fruitland . . .
48 "
loS "
Greece
.... 14 "
216 "
Hector
28 "
Hilton
Hollev ....
Junius
61 "
Kendall
Lewiston
Lockport 119
Lodi 3
Lyndon ville 171
Medina 76
Middleport 36
Millers 87
Model City 156
Morton 188
North Rose 2
Ontario 43
Pittsford 2
Ransomville 38
Rochester 214
Rush ville 3
Sodus 126
Spencerport 91
TrumansburR 11
Union Hill i
Valois 5
Wall<er 168
Waterport 15
Waverh- i
Webster 3
Williamson 371
Wilson 126
Wolcott 15
70 Cars
432 "
Total
.4568 Cars
These figures include plums but the shipment of plums in 191 5 was so
insignificant as to be negligible and more than offset by shipments of peaches
not accounted for by the earners named.
In addition to the above the American Express Company took out of
this territory about 173 cars, mostly in less than car-lot shipments.
Welsh, F. S. and .\ndcrson, E. H. The Markethi" of Xt~:v Ynrk SUile Peaches 5.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 1 65
Accurate figures could not be obtained from the Hudson River Valley
and Long Island shipping points as so much of the fruit is shipped by
water, but, basing the yield in 1915 on the census reports of 1909 as to
yields and number of trees as compared with similar data for these years
from western New York, a rough approximation of the number of car-
loads in eastern New York is 600. From reports received from the chief
Hudson River navigation lines it would seem that they probably carried
about one hundred carloads.
Practically all of the 600 carloads grown in eastern New York were
consigned to New York City or nearby towns. From the above table
we may assume that about 5000 carloads were produced in the rest of the
State and we are fortunate in having a record as to where 4419 of these
were consigned. The New York Central Railroad distributed the number
of carloads named as follows: '
No. of Percentage A'o.
Cars of Crop Destination Towns
1 ,628 36 Buffalo and points west, including Pittsburgh 96
906 20 Pennsylvania and points south of Newberry Junction. 72
222 5 Points east of Albany 25
986 22 ..^ Points north of New York City 145
677 IS . 7 New York City i
4.419 339
Analyzing these figures we find that the 4,419 carloads reached 339
destinations grouped as follows: -
9 cities took 2,378 cars, over one-half of the crop,
21 cities took 3,018 cars, two-thirds of the crop,
59 cities took from 4 to 10 cars each,
231 cities took from i to 3 cars each,
62 per cent of the crop went outside of the State,
22.3 per cent went to points in New York north of New York City,
15.7 per cent went to New York City
The nine cities which took over one-half of the crop are:
New York 677 Cars Cincinnati 116 Cars
Pittsburgh 555 " vSyracuse 109 "
Philadelphia 418 " Columbus 109 "
Cleveland 156 " Detroit 103 "
Boston 13s "
Total 2,378 Cars
' Welsh, F. S. and Anderson, E. H. The Marketing of New York Slate Peaclies 5. 191 6.
■ Ibid. 6-7. 1916.
l66 TlirC I'RACMF.S OF NEW YORK
While these nine cities took over one-half the 191 5 peach-crop, twenty-
one cities took 3,018 carloads. In addition to those already named, these
cities are as follows:
Newark, N. J 77 Cars Wilkes-Barre 50 Cars
Dayton, 0 69 " Schenectady 46 "
Albany 67 " Watertown 44 "
Utica 64 " Indianapolis 43 "
Baltimore SS " Toledo 37 "
Troy 52 " Providence 36 "
Total 3,018 Cars
COSTS IN GROWING PEACHES
Peach-growing is a game of chance from start to finish; advantages
and disadvantages in location are exceedingly changeable; risks to tree
and crop attendant on weather are many; the trees are beset on all sides
by diseases and parasites for two of which in New York, yellows and little-
peach, there is no preventive, antidote nor alleviation; transportation is
perilous, competition keen, and markets fitful. Add variability in invest-
ment and the difficulties in calculating profits in peach-growing are
apparent. On the other hand, keeping accounts in peach-growing is not
as difificult and complicated as in growing other fruits. The peach is not
as long-lived, barring accidents the trees bear more regularly, the crop is
quickly disposed of, orchard-operations among growers are more uniform,
and, no doubt, the very fact that the peach partakes so much of specula-
tion makes growers a little keener on striking balances at the end of the
season. At any rate there is a great body of material in the reports of the
horticultural societies in New York on costs in peach-growing and from
these data, together with notes taken for several years, we venture to esti-
mate the present costs per acre of the several items entering into peach-
production. To attempt to go further and calculate profits, with all of the
inconstant factors of yields and markets, would be guessing pure and
simple.
Let us consider the cost of production in a ten-acre orchard. This
unit is now, however, rather too small, for more and more growers are
giving up general farming, finding peach-growing an exacting, full-time
vocation. Often enough it is successfully combined with the growing of
other fruits, but less and less so with the growing of farm-crops. The
first item in cost of production is interest on investment. What value is
to be placed on a New York peach-orchard?
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK I67
The value must be calculated from the cost of land and trees and tlie
labor and the deferred dividends until the orchard comes into profitable
bearing. Selling price is never a safe gauge with the peach, sales usually-
being made under conditions more abnormal than in almost any other
phase of farming and showing great variability in every locality. Suppose
we place the value at $400 per acre, a sum sufficiently high to cover, besides
the cost of the orchard, the overhead expenses of houses and barns that
would fall to ten acres of a New York farm. Interest now runs at five
percentum so that the first expense item is $20.00 per acre on investment.
Assessment rates on land so valued would bring taxes up to $1.00 per acre.
The equipment needed to care for a peach-orchard is quite uniform
the State over and the cost of the several items varies scarcely at all, so
that a very close approximation may be made of the total cost. The
items run about as follows: Team and harness at present price, $500;
spraying outfit, $250; wagon, plow, harrow, ladders, crates, pruning tools,
etc., $250; total, $1,000. These figures are below the mark rather than
above but the instances are few in which the equipment itemized would
be used exclusively for a ten-acre peach-orchard; in fact, with this equip-
ment thirty acres could be cared for. It is not total cost, however, but
depreciation and interest on money with which we are concerned. Setting
these at 20 percentum, we have $20.00 per acre to charge to maintenance
of equipment.
Year in and year out, tillage is the most costly ingredient in the
making of a good peach -orchard. It consists of plowing once a year, fall
or spring, and harrowing on the average at least ten times a season. High
cost of labor brings this item up to $10.00 per acre which includes seeding
the cover-crop but not the cost of seed, for which an additional charge of
$2.50 must be made for a combination crop of red clover and oats or of vetch
and barley.
It would seem easiest of all to ascertain the cost of fertilizers for the
peach but the practices are so diverse and fertilizers are applied so irregu-
larly by those who use them at all that the data at hand are almost worth-
less. Those who plow under cover-crops regularly, spend little for fer-
tilizers; an occasional dressing of stable manure answers for fertilization
with many; still more, so uncertain of results as to feel they are " buying
a pig in the poke," spend nothing for fertilizers. We shall enter a charge
of $5.00 per acre for fertihzers though this is without question above the
average even if only successful orchards be considered.
1 68 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
A more certain charge is that for pruning. The problems in pruning
are more of the mind than the hand and once the work is laid out it goes
along rapidly. An acre-average of $3.00 is sufficient to cover the expense of
pruning and thinning may be done, year in and year out, at the same cost.
The peach-orchard is customarily sprayed but once in New York,
an application of the lime-sulphur wash being made to prevent leaf-curl
and to destroy San Jose scale. The cost of this single spray cannot be
more than $4.00 per acre but to this must be added a charge for protection
against mice and rabbits, destruction of borers and cutting out trees
infected with yellows or little-peach, averaging, all told, at least $S.oo for
keeping under pests.
The services of a peach-grower are worth more than the time of the
men who do the actual labor. It is but fair, then, that an allowance be
niade for superintending the work. Since a competent orchardist can
superintend a farm enterprise of several times the magnitude of a ten-acre
orchard, but part can be allowed for superintendence, $300 for the season
being a fair price, or $30.00 per acre.
Picking, grading, packing and hauling are all operations that cost no
two men the same for any one. Without attempting to segregate these
items an approximation of the total cost of all, based on a considerable amount
of data, is $30.00 per acre. This sum does not include the cost of packages.
This brings us to a summary of the cost sheet in growing the average
acre of peaches:
Interest on investment
Taxes
Depreciation in equipment and interest
Tillage
CoN-er-croj) seed
Fertilizers
Pruning and thinning
Keeping pests under
Superintendence
Picking, grading, packing and hauling
Pushing this calculation further, the cost per tree runs at $i.32§, there
being 100 trees to the acre in the average orchard in the State. Peach-
growers expect 150 bushels per acre during the bearing time of the peach,
and dividing 132.50 by 150 we have 885 cents as the average cost, exclusive
S20
00
I
00
20
00
10
00
2
50
5
00
6
00
8
00
30
00
.5°
00
$132
50
THK PEACHES OF NEW YORK 1 69
of the package, per bushel of peaches in New York. In this calculation
it is assumed that the peach comes in profitable bearing at five years after
setting and that the orchard is on the home stretch in the fifteenth lap,
giving ten bearing seasons, at least three of which will be fruitless.
Peach-growers to whom this cost sheet has been submitted say 88 cents
is too high a cost for producing a bushel of peaches but asked to consider
the several items agree that most of them are too low. No doubt few who
figure the cost of production include the item of superintendenc\- which
increases the cost for each bushel 20 cents. So, too, the average yield given
is considered high. Granting that they may be high, all of the figures are
permitted to stand, on the theory that the yield bears a close relationship
to the expense of production — increased costs stand for increased yields.
In tabulations of this kind much is usually made of the cost of bringing
the orchard in bearing. In this calculation the high charge of invest-
ment goes to cover the cost of the first five years, the period of incubation,
so to speak, and it is certain that this, with the sale of inter-crops, covers
all expenditures for the first five years. ■
DISEASES OF THE PEACH
The peach is attacked by a half-score or more diseases in New York,
two of which, yellows and little-peach, have this fruit quite at their mercy,
there being no preventive, antidote, nor means of alleviation for either.
Two other diseases, brown-rot and leaf-curl, are always present and often
bring disaster, their virulency depending on locality, season, weather and
variety, but both are amenable to treatment and at most destroy only
foliage and fruit, while yellows and little-peach take their toll in trees.
The several other diseases to be discussed are either easily controlled or are
of minor importance.
Yellows is a malignant disease or condition of the peach, very con-
tagious, usually virulent, of which we know neither cause, origin nor cure.
We know only its unmistakable symptoms, its terrible consequences.
The history of yellows, the circumstances of its coming and its effects have
been given in a foregoing chapter so that we need to discuss now only the
symptoms and means of preventing the direct results of the disease.
In its later stages the symptoms are characteristic enough and cannot
be confounded with those of any other malady or condition of the tree.
The marks of yellows are: (i) Premature ripening of the fruit accom-
panied by red blotches over the surface and red streaks rvmning through
l-jO TEIK PEACHES OF NEW YORK
the flesh; (2) premature unfolding of leaf-buds into willowy growths of
tips and the production of shoots upon the trunk or ma n branches with
growths developing into bunchy tufts of yellow or reddish foliage ; (3) total
discoloration of the foliage.
Prematureness in ripening varies from a few days to several weeks;
the earlier it occurs, the smaller the fruit. When diseased fruit ripens near
the normal season the peaches may be full size, showy to voluptuousness
and marked outwardly only by the hectic red of the disease. The taste
indicates the disease — in insipid, mawkish or bitter specimens which show
the red color and undersize of prematured peaches. During the first season
prematured fruit may show only on particular Vjranches or even on a single
shoot which may not differ in appearance from other parts of the tree.
Prematureness, unaccompanied by other symptoms of yellows, may be
due to borers, drought, neglect, girdling or similar causes.
The second symptom is the opening of winter-buds out of season.
This usually occurs a year later than the appearance of prematured, red-
colored fruits. The buds may push forth shortly after they have formed
in mid-summer while the tree-top is still bearing its fruit and foliage or they
may delay until the next spring, to appear a few days in advance of normal
leafing-time. Very often these buds begin growth in the autumn after
healthy leaves have fallen. Such diseased buds may develop on tips of
branches, especially water-sprouts, but feeble, sickly shoots due to the
disease usually appear in considerable numbers on main limbs and on the
trunk, no doubt under the influence of the yellows on old resting buds
buried deep in the bark of the wood. Sometimes these yellow shoots are
unbranched but oftener they are much branched and frequently but
bunchy tufts of foliage, stems slender, leaves pale green, small, narrow and
standing out stiffly at nearly right angles to the stems.
In the final stage of the disease the trees assume the yellowish leaves
which give name to the trouble, though sometimes the yellow is tinged
with red. Yellows is an unfortunate name since so many other troubles
of the peach cause the foliage to take on the jaundiced appearance of this
disease. The third stage marks the beginning of the end — sometimes
three years, sometimes five or six, but always death sooner or later, there
being no instance on record of a diseased tree having been cured.
This, in brief, is the usual course of yellows, but it follows no invariable
rule in its development. Yellows is known to be spread as a contagion
bv affected buds in nursers^ stock, bv nurserv'-trees, bv orchard-trees, and
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK I7I
may even be communicated by pits from affected trees. That it must be
caused or transmitted in still other ways is apparent to all who have had
experience with the disease. It seems not, however, to linger in the soil,
for trees may be set in the very spots from whence diseased plants have been
removed without danger to the newcomer. " War to the knife and the
knife to the hilt" — absolute extermination, root and branch, by ax
and fire, is the only known method of subduing yellows.
Little-peach is possibly a variant of peach-yellows or, at least, is very
similar in nature. It seems to have been described first in Michigan in the
early nineties of the last century but had attacked orchards in New York
before that time so that it is now impossible to say where it first appeared.
Be that as it may, the disease is not now the exclusive possession of either
state but in the twenty years of its history has become as widely distributed
as yellows, covering about the same territory, and seems now to be equally
destructive. Outwardly the disease differs from yellows chiefly: (i) In
delayed rather than premature ripening of the under-sized fruits of little-
peach; (2) the leaves usually show more green than in yellows and show a
decided tendency to droop or roll; (3) little-peach, as a rule, appears later
in the season than yellows; (4) the characteristic, sickly, wiry shoots of
yellows are seldom present in little-peach. Little-peach is kept at bay,
as in yellows, by extermination of affected trees.
Rosette, though distinct in most of its symptoms from yellows and
little-peach, is clearly similar in nature, is just as virtilent and contagious,
is communicated in the same ways and requires the same treatment. On
trees affected with rosette the fruits shrivel and drop and tufts or rosettes
of leaves develop freely. Rosette is not found in New York nor north
of the Potomac and hence is of but passing interest to peach-growers in
this State.
Brown-rot {Sclerotinia fructigena (Persoon) Schroeter), known also
as fruit-mold and ripe-rot, attacks flowers and shoots of the peach, but is
most conspicuous on the ripe or ripening fruits. Here its presence is
quickly detected by a dark discoloration of the skin which is afterwards
partly or whoUy covered with pustule-like aggregations of gray spores.
The decayed fruits fall to the ground or more often hang to the tree,
becoming shriveled mummies, each mummy being a storehouse of fungus
threads and spores from which infestation spreads to the next crop. The
rot spreads with surprising rapidity on the fruits in warm, damp weather
either before the fruit is picked or in baskets while being shipped or stored.
172 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Preventive remedies have so far met with but indifferent success; probably
the best method of control is to destroy the mummy-like fruits and all
other sources of infection either by picking them from the trees, or much
better by plowing them under deeply. Even so it is impossible to exter-
minate all of the countless myriads of brown-rot spores. Spraying with
the self-boiled lime-sulphur mixture three times at intervals of three weeks,
beginning as the calyxes drop, is the appointed preventive but the results
are uncertain, as this is one of the diseases in which it is difficult to touch
the spot in spraying. Varieties of peaches show various degrees of sus-
ceptibility to brown-rot.
Peach leaf-curl (Exoascus deformans (Berk.) Fuckel) is the best-
known and probably the most prevalent fungus disease of the peach in
New York. The disease appears in early spring as the leaves unfold and
continues until warm, dry, summer weather prevails. The name describes
the disease so that all may know it — the leaves curl, then become puckered,
distorted and much thickened, turn from normal green to yellow, tinged
with red, and finally fall. In severe cases the trees may be defoliated,
though a second covering of leaves almost always comes out. Leaf -curl
is most prevalent and most virulent in cool, moist weather. The disease
is easily controlled by spraying with lime-sulphur, bordeaux mixture or
any other good fungicide applied while the trees are dormant.
In common with other species of Prunus the foliage of peaches is
attacked by several fungi which produce diseased spots on the leaves, the
dead areas usually dropping out leaving holes as if punctured by shot,
giving the names " shot-hole fungvis," " leaf-spot " and " leaf -blight."
Two fungi are in the main responsible for these leaf -troubles, Cylindros-
poriiim padi Karsten and Ccrcospora cirauiiscissa Saccardo. The ravages
of these fungi are prevented by the use of the self-boiled lime-sulphur
mixture. With these, as with other fungi, cultivation has a salutary
effect as it destroys diseased leaves which harbor the fungi during their
resting period and keeps the trees vigorous enough to resist the fungi.
Peach-scab {Cladosporiiim carpophiUim Thiim.) is a common and
destructive fungus in peach-growing districts on the Atlantic seaboard
and is found rather frequently in New York but seldom does much injur>^
in the State. It appears in sooty, black spots and blotches on the surface
of the peach, causing atrophy and hardening of the parts aflfected which,
in severe cases, crack badly. Twigs and leaves may be affected. White-
fleshed sorts suffer most and are ruined for the market even in mild attacks.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 1 73
Sclf-boilcd lime and sulphur, if it does not wholly prevent infections, at
least alleviates the trouble.
Peach-growers in New York are much plagued by a mildew yet suffer
small loss from it, though the disease greatly injures peach-foliage in some
regions. The delicate, white or grayish powder, giving the name " powdery
mildew," consists of the spores and mycelium of a fungus (SphcBrotheca
pannosa (Wallroth) Leveille) which attacks the leaves of several species
of Prunus causing them to curl and crinkle and sometimes to drop. It
occtirs most often when there are sudden changes in temperature. When
treatment is necessary, the self-boiled lime-sulphur mixture is used.
In common with all tree-fruits, the peach is attacked by crown-gall
{Bacterium tiimefnciens Smith and Townsend). In New York crown-
gall seldom greatly injures old trees but nursery plants arc sometimes
girdled by the galls, seriously injuring them. Badly diseased young plants,
therefore, should not be planted. The galls are tumor-like structvires,
usually at the juncture of top and root, which vary from the size of a pea
to that of a large egg, forming at maturity rough, knotty, dark-colored
masses. Neither preventive nor cure is known. Planting diseased trees
is not a safe practice, nor should the peach be set in groimd known to have
recently had trees badly infected. The raspberry is a common carrier of
crown-gall and should not be planted as an inter-crop in a peach-orchard.
The peach suffers more or less from an excessive flow of gum. This
gumming is usually a secondary effect of injuries caused by fungi, bacteria,
insects, frost, sunscald, and mechanical agencies. There is a good deal
of difference in the susceptibilities of varieties to this trouble, sorts having
hard wood suffering less than those having soft wood. There is less
gumming, too, on trees in soils favoring the maturity of wood, under con-
ditions where sun and frost are not injurious, and, obviously, in orchards
where by good care the primary causes of the diseases are kept out.
INSECTS ATTACKING THE PEACH
The peach has its full share of troublesome insects, entomologists
listing about forty species, at least half of which are either destructive or
annoying in New York. The peach cannot undergo hardships and once
it is beset by parasites, it does not prosper. No small part of the peach-
grower's time, therefore, is spent in combating the insect-pests of his trees.
The several pestiferous species vary greatly in importance, the peach-
borer probably holding first place in destructiveness.
174 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
The peach-borer {Sanninoidea exitiosa Say) is probably the commonest
and is certainly the most ancient enemy of the peach in America. It is
found everywhere east of the Rocky Mountains and, since it is a native, its
natural host being the wild species of Prunus, it has been a parasite on the
peach from the earliest introduction of this fruit. All in all, it is the most
destructive insect-pest of the peach, its presence always endangering the
life of the tree. All peach-growers know the peach-borer. It is a white,
grub-like caterpillar with a yellowish, shield-like head, which lives and
feeds in the trunk of the peach just below the surface of the ground, eating
out irregular chambers and galleries underneath the bark, sometimes
girdling the trees. The pest is easily discovered through the exudation
from the infested part of gum mixed with borings and excreta. The
borers are found at all times in the summer, usually very small in late
summer and autumn but an inch or more in length in early summer. The
borer is a larva of a wasp-like moth which lays its eggs in early summer;
these hatch in from seven to ten days and the minute borers work their
way into the tree. The moth may be deterred somewhat from depositing
her eggs by thorough cultivation, mounding the trees and, according to
some, by the use of obnoxious coverings or poisonous washes on the trunk.
Preventive measures are seldom sufficiently effective, however, and the
borers must be destroyed. This is best done by digging them out with a
knife or wire — " worming " in the parlance of the peach-grower.
The lesser peach-borer {Sesia pictipes Grote & Robinson) is rather infre-
quently found infesting the peach in New York. It usually attacks only
old trees or those showing injury from freezing or other causes. The borer
is much like the common peach-borer, described in the foregoing para-
graph, but is smaller, seldom reaching the length of four-fifths of an inch.
Unlike the true borer, it infests the trunks as well as the crowns of peach-
trees, feeding in much the same way. Fortunately the pest is not common
in the State, for it is rather difficult to control, since not only the crown
but the trunk must be reached in worming for the pest.
The plum-curculio {Conotracheliis nenuphar Herbst) is sometimes a
troublesome pest of the peach. It is a rough, grayish, hump-backed
snout-beetle somewhat less than a quarter of an inch in length, an insect
so familiar to fruit-growers as hardly to need description. The female
beetle pierces the skin of the young peaches and places an egg in the
puncture. About this cavity she gouges out a crescent-shaped trench,
the puncture and trench making the star and crescent of the Ottoman
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 1 75
Empire, hence the common name, " Little Turk." The egg-laying process
may be repeated in a number of fruits and from each egg a larva hatches
within a week and burrows to the stone, making a wormy fruit. Most of
the infested fruits drop. Poisoning with an arsenate is the chief means
of combating the pest. Rubbish and vegetation offer hiding places and
hibernating quarters for the insects and hence cultivated orchards are
most free from curciilio. The thin-skinned nectarines are damaged most
b}' the insect but peaches are attacked rather freely. Early peaches suffer
much more than late ones from curculio; thus, of standard sorts in New
"S'ork, Greensboro and Carman are usually injured more or less while
Salwey and Chili seldom show a puncture. The plum-orchard is usually
the source of supply of curculio and early peaches ought not, therefore,
be set with or near plums.
San Jose scale {Aspidiotus perniciosus Comstock) is as harmful to
peaches as to any other tree-fruit. The insect is now so well known in all
fruit-growing regions as scarcely to need description. It is usually first
recognized by its work, evidence of its presence being dead or dying twigs' —
oftentimes the whole tree is moribund. Examination shows the twigs or
trees to be covered with myriads of minute scales, the size of a small pin-
head, which give the infested bark a scurfy, ashy look. If the bark be
cut or scraped, a reddish discoloration is found. Leaves and fruit as well
as bark are infested, the insidious pest, however, usually first gaining a
foothold on the trunk or a large branch. Reproduction is continuous
throughout the summer in this climate so that the insects multiply by
leaps and bounds. The peach, possibly, succumbs more quickly than any
other fruit, three years sufficing for the destruction of a young orchard
if the pest be brought in on nursery stock. The rougher-barked, older
trees resist longer and suffer less injury. Still, old orchards are irre-
trievably ruined in one or two seasons of unrestricted breeding. Peach-
growers, in common with all fruit-growers, find the lime-sulphur solution
applied in the dormant season the most effective spray in combating this
insect. There are several insect-enemies of the scale that are valuable
allies and entomologists say that the insects seem more susceptible to the
climatic condition of the country than formerly but still natural checks
are far from sufficient and the peach-grower should quickly attack with
the spray-nozzle at the first appearance of scale.
Besides the San Jose there are several other scales more or less
abundant in New York orchards, two of which make the peach their favorite
176 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
host. These are the West Indian peach-scale {Aidacas[?is pentagova
Targioni) and the Peach-Lecanium {Eulecanium nigrofasciatiim Pergande).
Neither, however, is very troublesome as far north as New York and both
are kept well under control by the treatment for the more common San
Jose. The Lecanium is responsible for the discolored, sooty peaches
occasionally found in parts of the State; for, though the discoloration
is caused by a soot-fungus, the fungus lives in the honey-dew of the
scale.
The black peach-aphis {Aphis persica-niger E. F.Smith) is sometimes
a serious pest in light peach-soils in New York but is not nearly as trouble-
some here as it is in states having a larger proportion of sandy land since
it seems to find life easiest in light, warm soils. The insect is an intensely
black, shining louse with brownish legs. It lives underground m.ore than
above ground, maintaining itself for most part on the tender roots of newly
set or nursery trees, being found only occasionally on shoots and foliage.
An expert eye detects the presence of the lice by the sparse and jaundiced
foliage of young trees which an untrained eye would say were down with
incipient yellows — indeed countless numbers of young trees have been
sacrificed to the yellow's pyre when they suffered only from lice on the
roots. The pest is easily detected on stock received from niirseries — the
chief source of infestation — and the trees may be dipped or fiunigated
as for San Jose scale, thus completely exterminating the aphids. Good
culture and a dressing of some fertilizer will help to carry young orchards
through an infestation though treatment to a dose of a pound of ground
tobacco stems worked in the soil about the roots may be necessary.
There is, too, a green plant-louse {Myzus persicae Sulzer) more or less
common on peaches in the State every season. It is very similar in appear-
ance to the green aphis of the apple and other plants and makes its presence
known by much the same effect on the leaves. It works on the under-
side of the leaves along the veins, causing the leaves to pucker, curl and
crinkle much as with leaf-curl. This green louse, however, is seldom
numerous or liarmful enough on peaches to require treatment. Should
treatment be required, no doubt nicotine, now the standard remedy
for aphids on foliage, would keep the pest under.
The frtiit-tree bark-beetle {Eccoptogaster rugulosus Ratzeburg), known
in New York as the shot-hole borer, is often a serious menace to old or
decrepit peach-trees. The beetle is a small, cylindrical insect an eighth
of an inch long, one-third as wide, the body uniformh- black and the surface
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 1 77
closely and deeply pitted and punctured, the punctures on the wing-covers
arranged in rows. Injury to the peach by this insect is first indicated by
exudation of gum from trunk and branches and later by numerous small,
round holes as if the tree had been struck by shot. Healthy, vigorous trees
are seldom attacked and if so the larvae do not develop, but a peach-tree
suffering a decline from any cause whatsoever is open to immediate attack
and once the pest gains foothold the plant is doomed. Here, indeed, an
ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure, for keeping the orchard
constantly in healthy, vigorous condition to avoid accidental introduction,
and prompt removal and destrviction of infested trees, both preventive
measures, constitute the only satisfactory treatment.
The peach twig-borer {Anarsia lineatella Zell.) imported from Europe,
has at times been a troublesome pest of the peach in parts of the United
States but causes little injury in New York. Still, it can be found every
year in nearly every peach-district in the State and needs, therefore, to be
guarded against since it may some time appear in sufficient numbers to
become formidable. The adult is a moth the larva of which is about
one-half inch long, pinkish in color. This larva is the borer and in early
spring attacks tender shoots boring down into the pith. It passes from
one succulent shoot to another so that often many wilted shoots may be
examined before the borer is found. Fortunately peach-trees send out
shoots about as rapidly as this pest can destroy them so that in New York,
at least, unless the tree is much weakened in vitality, not much harm is
done. The twig-borer has small chance in a well-kept orchard, but, should
it attain headway, prompt treatment with arsenate of lead will at once
cut short its career.
Occasionally complaints come that the common rose-bug or rose-
chafer {Macrodactylus subspinosus Fabricius) is at work on the peach.
Leaves, flowers and fruits are eaten. The fuzz on the epidermis of the
fruit is a deterrent but once a beetle gets through into the flesh, a dozen
more join in the banquet and the peach is quickly ruined. Now and then
one hears of a crop destroyed by the beetle. Insecticides seldom avail,
for the insects are very resistant to poisons. The insects breed only in
waste places and hence they may be looked for in the orchards of the sloven
or where slovenly kept fields adjoin. Cultivation and sanitation are, then,
the preventives. In New York rose-bugs are abundant only in warm,
sandy soils.
178 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
CHAPTER V
LEADING VARIETIES OF PEACHES
ADMIRAL DEWEY
I. Ca. Sta. Bui. 42:232. i8g8. 2. Mirli. Sla. Sp. But. 30:14. 1905. 3. Albertson-Hobbs Cat.
29. 1906.
.Admiral. 4. Budd-Hansen .Iw. //or/, .l/a/;. 2:335. '903.
Dewey. 5. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 36. 1909. 6. Waugh .Am. Peach Onh. 201. 1913.
Perhaps the peach most of all desired nowadays by peach-growers
is a very early, yellow-fleshed freestone. For years Admiral Dewey and
Triumph, both seedlings of Alexander, have been grown to fill this place
and both, in the main, fail. Admiral Dewey, while early, yellow in flesh
and good in quality, is not always a freestone and has several other defects
which make it nearly worthless as a commercial fruit. Thus, though the
trees arc very productive, the peaches run small, are so heavily pubescent
as to be unattractive, are very susceptible to brown-rot and are often dis-
figured with the peach-scab. The trees, too, sufifer much from leaf-curl.
With Alexander as the parent, the trees should be hardy, and from
behavior elsewhere, must be so rated; but they have not proved excep-
tionally so on our grounds. While nowhere largely planted, Admiral
Dewey is often set, as no doubt it should be, for an early peach in the
home orchard. Of the two early sorts, this variety stands shipment
rather better than Triumph. The varieties are of about the same season,
both coming a week or thereabouts later than the well-known Alexander.
Admiral Dewey was grown from a seed of Alexander by J. D. Husted,
Vineyard, Georgia, in the latter part of the Nineteenth Century. It was
introduced in 1899 by Mr. Husted and has since been grown commercially
east and west, north and south. The American Pomological Society
placed the variety on its fruit-list in 1909 as Dewey but the full name
bestowed to commemorate the great Admiral should, we think, be retained.
Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, hardy, very productive; trunk thick, smooth;
branches stocky, reddish-brown mingled with light ash-gray; branchlets slender, long,
olive-green overspread with dark red, glossy, smooth, glabrous, with numerous lenticels,
raised near the base.
Leaves six inches long, one and one-half inches wide, folded upward, oval to obo\-ate-
lanceolate, thin; upper surface olive-green, smooth except near the midrib; lower surface
Hght grayish-green; margin finely serrate, tipfjed with reddish-brown glands; petiole one-
fourth inch long, with one to seven large, reniform, greenish-yellow glands variable in
position.
ADMIRAL DEWEY
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 1 79
Flower-buds small, short, conical, pubescent, plump, free; blossoms appear in mid-
season; flowers pink, one and one-half inches across, well distributed, usually in twos;
pedicels short, thick, glabrous, green; calyx-tube dull reddish-green, orange-colored within,
campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes short, broad, obtuse, glabrous within, slightly pubescent
without; petals round-ovate, tapering to short, broad claws red at the base; filaments
one-half inch long, shorter than the petals; pistil pubescent at the ovary, equal to the
stamens in length.
Fruit matures early; two and one-fourth inches long, two and one-half inches wide,
round-oblate, slightly compressed; cavity deep, wide, abrupt, with tender skin; suture
shallow, becoming deeper at the extremities; apex roimdish or flattened, with mucronatc
tip variable in size; color deep orange-yellow, blushed with dark red, indistinctly splashed
and mottled; pubescence heavy; skin thin, tender, adherent to the pulp; flesh yellow,
tinged with red near the pit, juicy, stringy, tender, melting, sweet but sprightly; good in
quality; stone semi-free to free, one and one-fourth inches long, seven-eighths inch wide,
oval to obovate, flattened at the base, tapering to a short point, with grooved surfaces;
ventral suture deeply grooved along the sides, wide; dorsal suture a deep, wide groove.
ALEXANDER
I. Cult. &f Count. Gent. 38:598. 1873. 2. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpl. 263, 26.i. 1874. 3. Card. .Mon.
17:367, 368. 1875. 4. .4»i. Pom. Soc. Cat. 28. 1877. 5. Card. Mon. 19:147, 303. 1877. 6. Hojrg
Fruit Man. 4i6. 1884. 7. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 424. 1886. 8. r?i. 5;o. B»/. 39:809, figs. 5 &■ 9. 1896.
9. Ont. Fr. Exp. Sta. Rpt. 6:21 fig. 1899. 10. Fulton Peach Cult. 173. 1908. 11. Waugh -Im. Peach
Orch. ig8. 1913. 12. U. S. D. A. Plant Immigrants 117:958. 1916.
Alexander's Early. 13. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 75, 76. 1873. 14. Horticulturist 28:224. 1873.
For nearly a half-century Alexander has been one of the notable early
peaches on this continent, hardiness and vigor of tree contributing with
earliness to make the variety popular. Unfortunately, there are few
fruit-characters to commend Alexander; the peaches run small, the flesh
clings to the stone and is so tender that the two can be separated only with
difficulty, and the quality is poor. Added to the defects of the fruit the trees
have the grave fault of being unproductive. The fruits, too, are very sus-
ceptible to brown-rot but to offset this weakness, the trees are more resistant
to leaf -curl than those of the average variety. Alexander has been more or
less grown in every peach-region on this continent, sometimes attaining
considerable commercial importance, but is now widely cultivated only on
the Pacific Slope, and even here it is evidently destined to pass out before
many years in the competition with newer and better sorts. It is often
confused with Amsden though the two are quite distinct.
Alexander originated soon after the Civil War on the farm of O. A.
Alexander, Mount Pulaski, Illinois. Since 1877 it has been on the fruit-
list of the American Pomological Society. It has been the parent of a
score or more of meritorious extra-early peaches.
l8o THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, hardy, unproductive; trunk stocky, smooth;
branches reddish-brown overlaid with Hght ash-gray; branchlets medium to long, olive-
green overlaid on the sunn\' side with dark red, smooth, glabrous, with conspicuous, large,
raised lenticels.
I eaves six inches long, one and one-half inches wide, folded upward, oval-lanceolate,
thin, leathery; upper surface dark green, smooth; lower surface light grayish-green; margin
finely serrate, tipped with dark red glands; petiole three-eighths inch long, glandless or
with one to four small, usually globose, greenish-yellow glands tipped with red, variable
in ijosition.
Flower- buds oblong-conic, pubescent, usually free; blooming season early; flowers
pale pink, one and seven-sixteenths inches across, in well-distributed clusters; pedicels
very short, thick, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube dull green, light yellowish within, cam-
panulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes short, broad, acute, glabrous within, slightly pubescent
without; petals roundish, often broadly notched near the base, tapering to short, broad
claws marked with red; filaments nearly one-half inch long; pistil pubescent at the ovary,
equal to the stamens in length.
Fruit matures very early; two and one-eighth inches long, two and one-fourth inches
wide, round, slightly compressed, with sides nearly equal; cavity deep, abrupt or slightly
flaring; suttire shallow; apex depressed, ending in a mucronate or small, mamelon,
recurved tip; color greenish-white becoming creamy-white, blushed and blotched with
dark red, mottled; pubescence short; skin separates readily from the pulp; flesh greenish-
white, juicy, stringy, sweet, very mild; fair to good in quality; stone clinging, one and
one-fourth inches long, five-eighths inch thick, oval, plump, faintly winged, abruptly
pointed at the apex, with slightly pitted surfaces and with a few grooves; ventral suture
deeply grooved along the sides, bulged; dorsal suture deeply furrowed, faintly winged.
ALTON
I. ///. Hort. Soc. Rpt. l8l. 1898. 2. Rural N. V. 60:726, 774. 1901. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat 3^.
1909. 4. N. Y. Slate Fr.Gr. Assoc. Rpt. 2\. 1912.
Minnie. 5. Mich. Sla. Bui. 118:30. 1895. 6. Tex. .Sta. Bui. 39:813. 1896. 7. ///. Horl. Soc.
Rpt. 53. 1896. S. Mick. .Sta. Bui. j6g:220. 1899. 9. Budd-Hansen Im. //or/. .1/aw. 2:351, 352. 1903.
Alton is everywhere held in high esteem as a ■ early mid-season, white-
fleshed, semi-free peach. It merits the esteem bestowed upon it by virtue
of large size, handsome appearance and high quality of the peaches and
hardiness and productiveness in the trees. It ripens a little earlier than
Champion, long the favorite white-fleshed peach of its season, does not rot
so readily when brown-rot is rife and hangs longer on the tree in good
condition. It is not, however, quite so choicely good in quality as
Champion, nor, on the Station grounds at least, are the trees quite as
productive. Other faults of Alton are that leaf-ctirl takes heavy toll on
unsprayed trees, the blossoms open so early as often to be caught by spring
frosts, and the peaches show great variation in size and shape and even in
ALEXANDER
^ ^i^
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK l8l
texture and flavor. The accompanying cut shows the beauty of the out-
side but unfortunately on the grounds of this Station the variety is almost
a clingstone so that the stone could not be separated to permit photograph-
ing the creamy-white flesh, red at pit, and, all in all, most tempting to the
eye. Alton seems to be most at home in the Middle West and South and
is not a familiar inhabitant of eastern orchards as a commercial product.
This variety originated with T. V. Munson, Denison, Texas, a quarter-
century ago and was introduced by him under the name Minnie. By
some it is supposed to have come from Alton, Illinois, and to have been
introduced as Emma but this is an error. Munson's Minnie was tested
at the Illinois Experiment Station from which place Stark Brothers Nursery
Company, Louisiana, Missouri, received it and propagated it under the
name Alton. In 1909 the American Pomological Society placed the variety
upon its list of fruits as Alton, a name which usage makes preferable to
the first one, Minnie.
Tree large, vigorous, spreading, hardy, medium in productiveness; trunk very stocky;
branches thick, reddish-bronze overlaid with light ash-gray; branchlets slender, long,
olive-green mingled with dull red, smooth, glabrous, with many small, inconspicuous
lenticels.
Leaves six and one-fourth inches long, one and three-fourths inches wide, folded
upward, oval-lanceolate, broad; upper surface dark green, rugose at the base; lower surface
light grayish-green; margin finely serrate, tipped with dark glands; petiole three-eighths
inch long, with two to four reniform glands, greenish-yellow, tipped \vith dull red, variable
in [)osition.
Flower-buds small, short, conical, usually appressed, heavily pubescent; season of
bloom early; flowers pale pink, nearly two inches across; borne usually singly; pedicels very
short, glabrous, green; calyx-tube dull reddish-green, tinged with greenish-yellow within,
campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes acute to slightly obtuse, glabrous within, heavily
pubescent without; petals roundish-oval, with blunt apex, frequently notched near the
base, tapering to narrow claws; filaments one-half inch long; pistil pubescent at the ovar\-,
as long as the stamens.
Fruit matiires in early mid-season; two and five-sixteenths inches long, two and five-
eighths inches thick, round-oblate, slightly compressed, with unequal halves; cavity abrupt
or slightly flaring; suture of medium depth; apex roundish, mucronate; color creamy-white
overspread with dull red, dotted and splashed with carmine; pubescence thin, short; skin
tough, adhering slightly to the pulp; flesh white, juicy, stringy, tender, pleasantly subacid;
fair in quality; stone semi-cling, one and three-eighths inches long, seven-eighths inch
wide, obovate, plump at the apex, winged near the base, with pitted surfaces; ventral
suture deeply grooved along the sides, narrow; dorsal suture deeply grooved.
1 82 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
ARP
I. N. Y. Stale Fr. Gr. Assoc. Rpt. 24. 1913.
Arp Beauty. 2. .V. J. Ilort. So,. Rpt. lou. lyii. 3. A^. Y. State Fr. Cr. Assoc. Rpt. 21,^. 1913.
4. N. Y. Sta. Bill. 364: iH:^. 1913.
Arp is the earliest good yellow peach. This is the chief reason for its
cultivation though it has other good characters beside earliness to give it
a place among yellow peaches. At this Station the trees are healthy,
vigorous, productive and hardier in bud than the average, the buds having
withstood the cold of two test winters. The round-oval shape and shallow
suture give it a pleasing appearance of rotundity. To its shapeliness, add
a skin creamy-yellow, heavily blushed with red and covered with short,
thick pubescence with the sheen of velvet, and you have a beautiful
peach — well shown in the color-plate. The flesh is light yellow, firm,
juicy, sweet, rich, and of excellent quality, but unfortunately clings rather
tenaciously to the stone. The season of Arp is from a month to five weeks
earlier than Elberta and for so early a peach is remarkably long. It is
somewhat susceptible to brown-rot. We do not know from experience
how the fruit will ship but believe it will stand the wear and tear of trans-
portation and markets as well as any of the standard peaches. Arp ought
to be in every home orchard. Attention is called to the fact that the
June Elberta. in the hands of some growers is Arp.
Arp originated with C. P. Orr, Arp, Texas, about 1897. Elberta is
supposed to have been one of the parents while the other may have been a
peach of the Indian type. The variety was introduced by the originator
about 1902.
Tree rather large, vigorous, spreading, hardy, productive; trunk stocky, intermediate
in smoothness; branches thick, smooth, reddish-bronze overlaid with light ash-gray; branch-
lets with intemodes intermediate in length, pinkish-red mingled ^\■ith green, smooth,
glabrous, with many smallish lenticels.
Leaves six and one-fourth inches long, one and one-half inches wide, folded upward,
ovcJ -lanceolate, sometimes inclined to obovate, thin, somewhat leathery; upper surface
dark green; lower surface grayish-green; margin finely serrate, tipped with reddish-browm
glands; petiole three-eighths inch long, with one to three large, reniform, greenish-yellow
or reddish-brown glands usuall}- at the base of the leaf.
Flower-buds intermediate in size and length, plump, oblong-conic, pubescent,
appressed; blossoms opening in mid-season; flowers light pink, one and three-fourths
inches across; borne seldom in twos; pedicels short, glabrous, green; calyx-tube dark
reddish-green, dull orange within, campanulate, glabrous; cah-x-lobes long, medium in
width, obtuse to acute, glabrous within, heavily pubescent without; petals round-obovate.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 1 83
usually broadly notched on each side of the base, tapering to short, narrow claws; filaments
one-half inch long; pistil glabrous, pubescent at the ovary, equal to the stamens in length.
Fruit matures early; two and one-sixteenth inches long, two and one-eighth inches
wide, oval to round, compressed, the halves unequal; cavity medium to deep, wide, abrupt;
suture shallow, deeper at the base; apex roundish or depressed, with a mucronate tip;
color greenish-yellow changing to deep yellow, heavily blushed with red, indistinctly
striped, with conspicuous, large dots; pubescence short, stiff, thick; skin thick, tough,
adhering to the pulp; flesh light yellow mingled with faint stripes of red radiating from the
pit, juicy, stringy, tender, sweet, highly flavored; very good in quality; stone clinging,
one and three-sixteenths inches long, three-fourths inch wide, narrow-oval, plump, with
short, acute apex, the surfaces pitted and with few short grooves; ventral suture slightly
winged, rather widely furrowed ; dorsal suture a deep, narrow groove.
BELLE
I. Ga. Sta. Bui. 42:233. 1898. 2. Am. Card. 21:852. 1900. 3. Ga. Sta. Rpl. 13:308. 1900.
4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 35. 1909.
Belle of Georgia. 5. Am. Card. 17:67. 1896. 6. 0/iio 5ta. S«/. 170: 172, 173 fig. 1906.
Georgia. 7. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 33. 1899. 8. Del. Sta. Rpl. 13:99, 100 fig. 5. 1901.
Belle elicits praise from all who know it because of the great beauty
of its fruits. At its best it is one of the glories of the peach-orchard, the
fruits being large, trim in contour, creamy-white, with a beautiful crimson
cheek — truly voluptuous in form and color. The color-plate — made in
a poor season — falls far short of doing the fruits justice in size and art
cannot depict the soft tints of red and cream which make Belle so beautiful.
The fruits are as enticing to the eye inwardly as outwardly, the white
flesh being deHcately marbled, tinted with red at the pit and the flesh and
pit usually part cleanly. Unfortunately, appearance misrepresents quality;
for the variety, while good, falls short in flavor, and the flesh is stringy so
that it must be rated as not above the average for its type. The trees are
large, open-headed, a little straggling, fast-growing and hardy, though,
like most of its type, easy prey to leaf-curl. Belle prefers a southern
climate and in the South is often a good commercial sort but in New York
is grown only for local markets and home use, hardly equalling Champion
as a white-fleshed peach for distant markets.
Belle came from a seed of Chinese Cling planted in 1870 by L. A.
Rumph, Marshallville, Georgia. The other parent is unknown but it is
supposed to have been Oldmixon Free, a tree of which stood near the
Chinese Cling tree. The variety came to notice about the same time
as Elberta and has been thought by some to be a seedling of Elberta.
The American Pomological Society listed Belle in its catalog in 1899 as
1 84 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Georgia but in 1909 changed the name to Belle and it is so designated in
horticultural treatises but popularly it is " Belle of Georgia."
Tree large, vigorous, spreading, open-topped, hardy, very productive; trunk thick;
branches stocky, smooth, reddish-brown covered with light ash-gray; branchlets thick,
medium to long, olive-green overlaid with dark red, smooth, glabrous, with numerous
conspicuous, rather small lenticels.
Leaves five and one-half inches long, one and one-half inches wide, folded upward,
oblong-lanceolate, somewhat leathery; upper surface dark green, smooth; lower surface
light grayish-green; margin coarsely serrate, tipped with dark red glands; petiole three-
eighths inch long, with two to six large, reniform or globose, greenish-yellow glands variable
in position.
Flower-buds large, long, oval, very plump, strongly pubescent, usually appressed;
blooming season early ; flowers pale pink but deeper in color along the edges, one and three-
eighths inches across, often in twos; pedicels long, thick; calyx-tube dull reddish-green,
yellowish within, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes medium in length and width, acute
to obtuse, glabrous within, heavily pubescent without; petals roundish-oval, tapering to
short, broad claws red at the base; filaments nearly one-half inch long; pistil pubescent
at the ovary, longer than the stamens.
Fruit matures in mid-season; two and one-sixteenth inches long, two and one-eighth
inches wide, roundish-oval, often bulged near the apex, somewhat compressed, with halves
nearly equal; cavity abrupt or somewhat flaring, red, with tender skin; suture shallow,
deepening toward the apex; apex roundish to slightly pointed, with a mucronate tip; color
greenish-white changing to creamy-white, blushed with red, with faint stripes and splashes
of darker red, mottled; pubescence short, fine, rather thick; skin thin, tender, adherent
to the pulp; flesh white, tinged with red at the pit and with radiating rays of red, juicy,
stringy, tender, sweet, mild; good in quality; stone semi-free to free, one and one-eighth
inches long, thirteen-sixteenths inch wide, oval, bulged near the apex, blunt at the base,
with short, sharp point at the apex, with deeply-pitted surfaces; ventral suture deeply
furrowed along the sides, wide ; dorsal suture a narrow groove.
BEQUETTE FREE
I. Mich. Sta. Bui. 118:32. 1895. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 35. 1909.
Beg^uctl Free. 3. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpi. 41. 1895. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 32. 1899. 5. Budd-
Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:337. '903-
Becquette Free. 6. Tex. Sla. Bui. 3g:8o6. 1896. 7. Del. Sta. Rpt. I3:()i. lyoi.
As it grows at this Station, Bequette Free makes a favorable impression
because of the flavor and attractive appearance of the fruit. It is not a
new variety, however, and the fact that it seems to have been rather widely
and well tested without receiving general commendation except on the
Pacific Slope is against its having- a place in the list of desirable peaches
for the Eastern States. The trees are fast-growing, very vigorous, hardy
and densely clothed with foliage but cannot be called fruitful and are.
BEQUETTE FREE
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 1 85
possibly, a little too susceptible to leaf-curl. The color-plate shows the
fruit to be a little more irregular than it is in nature.
This variety originated about i860 in a seedling orchard of Benjamin
Bequette, Yisalia, California. J. H. Thomas of the same place named
the sort and first propagated it about 1877. In 1899 the American
Pomological Society added the variety to its list of fruits under the name
Bequett Free but in 1909 corrected the spelling to Bequette Free.
Tree large, vigorous, spreading, open-topped, hardy, rather unproductive; trunk-
thick, smooth; branches stocky, smooth, reddirh-brovm mingled with light ash-gray;
branchlets slender, long, olive-green mingled with dark red, smooth, glabrous, with
numerous large and small, inconspicuous, raised lenticels.
Leaves very numerous, six and three-fourths inches long, one and three-fourths inches
wide, folded upward, oval-lanceolate inclined to broad-obovate, leathery; upper surface
very dark green, smooth or slightly rugose; lower surface light ;^ayish-green ; margin
coarsely serrate, tipped with dark glands; petiole three-eighths inch long, with two to five
large, reniform, greenish-yellow glands variable in position.
Flower-buds large, long, oblong-conic, plump, pointed, heavily pubescent, usually
appressed; blossoms appear in mid-season; flowers light to dark pink, nearly one and one-
fourth inches across, borne in ones and twos; pedicels short, thick, glabrous, green; calyx-
tube reddish-green, light yellow within, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes rather short,
medium to narrow, nearly acute, pubescent within, heavily pubescent without; petals
roundish-oval, slightly notched near the base, tapering to short, narrow claws tinged with
red at the base ; filaments nearly one-half inch long, shorter than the petals ; pistil heavily
pubescent at the ovary, longer than the stamens.
Fruit matures in mid-season; two and one-half inches long, two and three-eighths
inches wide, round-oval, compressed, often with unequal sides; cavity small, deep, abrupt
or flaring, often tinged with red; suture shallow, deepening toward the apex; apex roundish,
depressed at the center, with a small, recurved, mamelon tip; color greenish-white mingled
with yellow, blushed, splashed and blotched with dark red; pubescence thick, long, coarse;
skin thin, tough, separates readily from the pulp; flesh white, slightly tinged with red
near the pit, juicy, stringy, tender and melting, pleasantly flavored, sprightly; good to
very good in quality; stone nearly free, one and three-eighths inches long, seven-eighths
inch wide, oval, with a short-pointed apex, medium in plumpness, with deeply pitted
and slightly grooved surfaces; ventral suture slightly bulged near the apex, deeply furrowed
along the edges, narrow; dorsal suture grooved.
BERENICE
I. La. Sta. Bui. 3:44. 1890. 2. Ibid. 27:941. 1894. 3. Tex. Sta. Bui. 39:806. 1896. 4. Ca.
.Sla. Bui. 42:233. 1898. 5. Del. .Sta. Rpl. 13:9- '90'- 6. Mich. .Sta. Bui. 194:45. 1901.
7. Berckmans Cat. lo. 1912-1.V
When at its best Berenice is hardly surpassed in quality by any other
peach but it seems capricious, in the North at least, and this, with the
I8b THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
fact that it is none too attractive in coloring, is probably the reason wh\-
the variety is not more grown. The trees are about all that could be
desired, falling short chiefly in not being as productive as several other
peaches of its season and in being a little susceptible to leaf -curl. The
variety has been offered to fruit-growers a sufficient length of time to
have had its merits well tried as a commercial peach and the fact that
it is not now largely grown is presumptive evidence that it has little
commercial value. Its high quality makes the variety a good sort for
the home collection at least.
Berenice originated some thirty or more years ago with the late Dr.
L. E. Berckmans of Augusta, Georgia. It is supposed to have sprung
from the pit of a General Lee tree which grew in one of Mr. Berck-
mans' test orchards. In the Berckmans nursery catalog it is stated of
Berenice that after thirty years' trial " there is nothing equal to it in the
same season."
Tree large, vigorous, spreading, open-topped, hardy, medium to productive; trunk
stocky; branches thick, smooth, reddish-brown mingled with light ash-gray; branchlets
with short intemodes, dark red overlaid with olive-green, smooth, glabrous, with numerous
large and small lenticels raised at the base.
Leaves six inches long, one and five-eighths inches wide, folded upward, oval to obovate-
lanceolate, leathery; upper surface dark green, smooth; lower surface light grayish-green;
margin coarsely serrate, tipped with dark glands; petiole one-fourth inch long, with two
to ten large, reniform, yellowish-green glands variable in position.
Flower-buds large, oblong, slightly pointed, heavily pubescent, usually appressed;
blossoms appear in mid-season ; flowers one and three-sixteenths inches across, pale pink,
tinged darker along the edges, well distributed; pedicels short, glabrous, green; calyx-tube
red mingled with dull, dark green, orange-colored within, campanulate, glabrous; cah-x-
lobes often broad, acute to obtuse, glabrous within, slightly pubescent or heavily pubescent
without; petals round-ovate, broadly notched, tapering to short claws red at base;
filaments three-eighths inch long, shorter than the petals; pistil pubescent at the ovary,
longer than the stamens.
Fruit matures in mid-season; two and five-eighths inches long, two and one-half
inches wide, round-oval, with halves often unequal; cavity deep, medium to wide, con-
tracted around the sides, with tender skin, often blushed with red; suture shallow, deepening
toward the apex; apex roundish or depressed, with a mucronate or mamelon tip; color
greenish-yellow, blushed and splashed with red; pubescence short, medium fine; skin tough,
separates from the pulp; flesh yellow, faintly tinted with red near the pit, string^', tender
and melting, sweet, mild, pleasant flavored; good in quality; stone nearly free, one and
three-eighths inches long, fifteen-sixteenths inch wide, oval, plimip, drawn out at the ends,
usuall\- with pitted surfaces; ventral suture deeply furrowed along the edges; dorsal suture
deeply grooved, with sides slightly win;:'-liko.
BERENICE
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK ly-
BLOOD CLING
I. Bridgeman Card. Ass'l Pt. 3:109. 1857. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 21. 1897. 3. Waugh Am
Peach Orch. 199. 19 13.
Blood Clingstone. 4. Prince Treat. Fr. Trees 17. 1820. 5. Floy Am. Fruits 411. 1825. 6. Down-
ing Fr. Trees Am. 493, 494. 1845. 7. Ibid. 601. 1869. 8. Fulton Peaeh Cull. 201. 1908.
Blood Peach. 9. Kenrick Am. Orch. 197. 1841.
Indian Blood Cling. 10. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 18. 1871.
Indian Blood. 11. Ga. Sla. Bui. 42:237. 1898.
Blood Cling is the favorite curiosity of the peach-orchard and as
such we accord it a color-plate and a full description in The Peaches of
New York. Unfortunately, the beet-red color of the flesh could not be
reproduced with sufficient accuracy to make the attempt satisfactory. It
is a pleasant peach to eat out of hand and is much used for pickling and
preserving, for which purposes it has real merit. The round-headed, com-
pact tree might make the variety a desirable parent in breeding new
peaches.
This peach is an American seedling raised many years ago from the
Blood Clingstone of the French. The fruit is much larger than that of
the parent sort bvit otherwise is much the same. The Blood Free raised
by John M. Ives of Salem, Massachusetts, while somewhat of the nature
of Blood Cling, is, nevertheless, a different sort. The American Pomo-
logical Society listed Blood Cling in its catalog in 1871 under the name
Indian Blood Cling. In 1897 this name was changed to Blood Cling.
Tree large, vigorous, round, compact, hardy, unproductive; trunk thick; branches
stocky, reddish-bronze, with a light ash-gray tinge; branchlets slender, long, with short
internodes, olive-green overlaid wath dark red, smooth, glabrous, with numerous usually
small, inconspicuous lenticels.
Leaves five and three-fourths inches long, one and one-half inches wide, folded upward,
oval-lanceolate; leaves thin, somewhat leathery; upper surface dark green, varying from
smooth to rugose ; lower surface light grayish-green ; margin finely serrate, with dark
brown glands; petiole three-eighths inch long, with two to five reniform, light or dark
green glands variable in position.
Flower-buds large, long, plump, oblong-conic, pubescent, free; flowers open in mid-
season; blossoms pink, one and three-eighths inches across; pedicels short, glabrous, pale
green; calyx-tube dull, speckled greenish-red, light greenish-yellow within, campanulate,
glabrous; calyx-lobes long, narrow, acute, glabrous wdthin, heavily pubescent without;
petals oval to ovate, crenate near the base, tapering to short, narrow claws white at the
base; filaments three-eighths inch long, shorter than the petals; pistil pubescent, seven-
sixteenths inch long, equal to or shorter than the stamens.
Frait matures very late; one and three-fourths inches long, one and seven-eigliths
inches thick, compressed, with unequal halves often giving a lopsided appearance; cavity
l88 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
narrow, abrupt, usually white; suture shallow; apex round, with a mucronatc tip; color dull
greenish-white, entirely overspread with dingy pink mingled with splashes and stripes
of darker, clouded red, mottled; pubescence long, coarse; skin tough, adherent to the pulp;
flesh red, becoming lighter colored next the stone, juicy, coarse, string}', tough and meaty,
brisk, pleasantly flavored; fair in quality; stone clinging, one and one-fourth inches long,
seven-eighths inch wide, oval to slightly obovate, short-pointed, strongly bulged near the
apex, with grooved and pitted surfaces; ventral suture deeply furrowed at the sides,
narrow; dorsal suture deep, medium in width.
BLOOD LEAF
I. Mich. Sta. Bui. 118:33. •895-
Blood-leaved Peach. 2. Card. Mon. 13:206. 1871. 3. Ibid. 14:316, PI. 1872. 4. Ibid. 15:142,
183. 1873. s. Horticulturist 28:155. i873- 6. Card. Mow. 17:58, 59. 1875.
Blood Leaf is a handsome ornamental. Its beet-red leaves in early
spring and its pink blossoms, borne in great profusion, entitle it to esteem
for both foliage and flowers. It is vi^orth growing as well for its fruits.
The color-plate opposite page 78 shows the flowers and the accompanying
illustration depicts the fruit-characters. The peaches are in no way
remarkable and yet they please some as a dessert fruit. Seedlings springing
up under two trees of this variety in the Station orchard in 19 13, furnished
interesting data on the inheritance of the blood-red color in the leaves;
of this peach. Out of 252 young trees, 189 were red-leaved and 63 green-
leaved — an exact three-to-one ratio to show that the green color is carried
as a recessive.
Several stories are told of the origin of this peach. One is that on
the battlefield of Fort Donelson, Kentucky, a southern general, fatally
wounded, sucked the juice of a peach and threw the stone into the little
pool of blood which flowed from his side. From this pit in its bloody
seed-bed sprang the tree with its blood-red leaves. John L. Hebron, in
a letter published in Gardener's Monthly, 1873, tells a different tale.
According to Hebron the variety was found by P. I. Connor in 1866 at
Champion Hills, Mississippi, on the battlefield where General Tilghman
was killed, a tree having sprung up close to the spot where the General
died. The variety is sometimes called the General Tilghman peach. Leav-
ing fable and coming to facts, we find that the variety originated in
Mississippi in the sixties and was introduced to the trade in 1871.
Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, willowy in growth, open-topped, hardy,
unproductive; trunk thick, rough; branches smooth, reddish -bronze overspread with light
ash-gray; branchlets slender, long, with short intemodes, dull green overlaid with dark
red, smooth, glabrous, w\th numerous small, inconspicuovis lenticels.
BLOOD CLING
BLOOD LEAF
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 1 89
Leaves four and three-fourths inches long, one and one-fourth inches wide, folded
upward, oval-lanceolate with tendency to obovate, thin; upper surface when young
purplish-red but changing to green, smooth or rugose; lower surface purplish-olive; margin
finely serrate, tipped with small, dark glands; petiole three-eighths inch long, with two
to five small, reniform, greenish-yellow, red-tipped glands variable in position.
Flower-buds large, oblong-conic, plump, pubescent, appressed; blossoms appear in
mid-season; flowers one and one-half inches across, pale pink, occasionally in twos; pedicels
nearly sessile, glabrous, greenish ; calyx-tube dark, dull red mingled with green, yellowish
within, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobe? long, narrow, acute, glabrous within, slightly
pubescent to heavily pubescent without; petals oval, slightly contracted toward the apex,
tapering to short claws; filaments three-eighths inch long, shorter than the petals; pistil
equal to the stamens in length.
Fruit matures verj' late; one and five-eighths inches long, nearly one and five-eighths
inches wide, roundish-oval, slightly compressed, with unequal sides, with prominent bulge
near the apex; cavity deep, narrow, abrupt, contracted about the sides, marked with
narrow, radiating stripes of pale red ; suture very shallow, becoming deeper toward the
apex; apex roundish or slightly depressed, with a small, mucronate or recurved, mamelon
tip; color greenish-white and pale yellow, lightly washed with dull pink which changes
to dull brown, in some cases deepening to a reddish blush; pubescence thick, short, fine;
skin thin, tender, adherent to the pulp; flesh white to the pit, juicy, coarse, meaty but
tender, sweetish, with some astringency; poor in quality; stone clinging, over one inch
long, three-fourths inch wide, oval, very plump, tapering to a short, blunt point at the
apex, with grooved surfaces; ventral suture lightly furrowed along the sides, rather wide;
dorsal suture with narrow groove, slightly winged.
BRIGDON
I. Am. Card. 11:244, 378. 1890. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 32. 1899. 3. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort.
Man. 2:340. 1903. 4. Waugh Am. Peach Orch. 199. 1913.
Garfield. 5. Can. Hort. 26:441, fig. 2665. 1903.
Brigdon is a local variety which possibly local pride puts too much
in evidence in assigning it a place among the major varieties in The Peaches
of New York. Still, it belongs with the Crawfords, aristocrats among
peaches, and this is enough to give it standing in a home collection at
least. In tree and fruit it is similar to and a worthy rival of Early Craw-
ford and has the same two fatal faults to bar it from commercial planta-
tions — the trees are capricious as to soils and are often tmproductive.
On the other hand, a character of the tree to commend it to the amateur
is that it is one of the least susceptible of all peach-trees to leaf-curl. The
variety is well known only in western New York and is going out in this
region.
Brigdon originated more than a quarter-century ago in Cayuga County,
New York, and has been grown since more or less extensively on the shores
190 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
of Seneca Lake. The name Garfield was given to this peach by some
one but why or when does not appear. The variety was added to the
American Pomological Society's recommended list of fruits in 1899, a
distinction it has since held.
Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, hardy, unproductive; trunk
thick; branches stocky, rather smooth, reddish-brown overlaid with light ash-gray; branch-
lets slender, with tendency to branch, long, olive-green overlaid with dark red, smooth,
glabrous, with numerous large and small, inconspicuous, irregiilarly shaped and often
raised lenticels, the expansion of which causes a cracking of the bark.
Leaves five and seven-eighths inches long, one and five-eighths inches wide, folded
upward, oval to obovate-lanceolate, thin; upper surface dark green, rugose; lower surface
light grayish-green; margin finely serrate, tipped with dark glands; petiole nearly one-half
inch long, glandless or with one to four small, globose, greenish-yellow glands variable
in position.
Flower-buds oblong-conic, pubescent, somewhat shrunken, usually free; blossoms
open in mid-season.
Fruit matures in mid-season; two and one-half inches long, two and three-fourths
inches wide, round-oval to cordate, compressed, bulged beak-like near the apex; cavity
deep, medium to wide, abrupt or flaring, often colored with red ; suture shallow, becoming
deep near the apex ; apex roundish, with a pointed or recurved, mamelon tip ; color greenish-
yellow changing to pale orange-yellow, speckled and splashed with dull red which often
extends over nearly the whole surface ; pubescence long, thick, woolly ; skin thin, somewhat
tough, separates from the pulp only when fully ripe ; flesh j-ellow, juicy, coarse, firm, tender,
sweet, mild, pleasant flavored; very good in quality; stone semi-free to free, one and one-
fourth inches long, seven-eighths inch wide, oval, decidedly bulged on one side, with a
rather long and slightly curved point, with pitted and grooved surfaces; ventral suture
deeply furrowed along the edges, medium in width; dorsal suture grooved, slightly winged.
CANADA
1. Mich. Sla. Bui. 118:33. 1895.
Early Canada. 2. Card. Mon. 20:237. 1878. 3. Ibid. 27:144, 145. 1885. 4. Mich. Hort. Soc.
Rpt. 80. 1897. 5. Bogue Ca;. 25. 1905.
Canadische FrUhpfirsich. 6. Mathieu iVo/n. Pom. 391. 1889.
Since its introduction some twenty-five years ago, Canada has been
a standard early peach in the northern states and more particularly in
the peach-growing region along Lake Ontario in Canada where it originated.
The variety has few characters to commend it excepting earliness and
hardiness though the trees often load themselves with fruit. The peaches,
though small, are attractive in color which is bright red on a light back-
ground. The red is well shown in the color-plate though the fruits
illustrated are rather smaller than usual. Canada is about the poorest
of all peaches in flavor. The fruits are firm and ship well for a white-
w
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK I9I
fleshed peach making, so many maintain, a better commercial variety
than its rival, Alexander. On our grounds Canada is freer from rot than
Alexander and the flesh does not cling as tightly. All agree that the tree
is very hardy. However, there ought to be but small place in the peach-
lists of nowadays for a variety so poor in quality and with fruits of such
inferior size as those of Canada.
The variety originated as a chance seedling more than a quarter-
century ago with A. H. High, Jordan, Ontario, Canada. It is often known
as Early Canada and is not infrequently confounded with Amsden and
Alexander, varieties of the same season.
Tree large, upright-spreading, open-topped, hardy, productive; trunk thick; branches
stocky, smooth, reddish-brown overspread with light ash-gray; branchlets with internodes
medium in length, dark red, with a slight tinge of green, glossy, smooth, glabrous, slightly
curving, \^^th numerous conspicuous, large, raised lenticels.
Leaves folded upward, six inches long, one and one-fourth inches wide, oval to obovate-
lanceolate, medium in thickness; upper surface pale olive-green, smooth or rugose; lower
surface grayish-green; margin finely serrate, tipped with reddish-brown glands; petiole
one-fourth inch long, with one to four small, globose, greenish-yellow glands variable in
position.
Flower-buds small, short, narrow, pointed, not very plump, dark colored, appressed;
blossoms appear in mid-season ; flowers dark pink at the center, bordered with lighter pink,
one and one-half inches across; pedicels very short, glabrous, green; calyx-tube reddish-
green, lemon-yellow within, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes short, obtuse, glabrous within,
slightly or heavily pubescent without; petals roundish-ovate, widely notched at the base,
tapering to long, broad claws red at the base; filaments one-half inch long, shorter than
the petals; pistil equal to the stamens in length.
Fruit matures ver>' early; two inches long, two and one-fourth inches wide, round-
oblate, slightly compressed, with unequal sides; cavity wide, flaring; suture shallow to
deep ; apex ending in a mucronate, recurved tip ; color creamy white, blushed with red and
mottled and splashed with darker red; pubescence short, thick; skin thin, tender, separates
from the pulp; flesh white, juicy, fine-grained, meaty but tender, sweet yet sprightly;
fair in quality; stone semi-clinging, one and one-eighth inches long, seven-eighths inch
wide, round-oval to elliptical, plump, abruptly pointed, with small grooves in the surfaces;
ventral suture very deeply grooved along the sides, narrow; dorsal suture deeply grooved.
CAPTAIN EDE
I. Lovett Cat. 29. 1897. 2. W. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 12. 1907.
Ede. 3. Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt. 183. 1888-89. 4. Mich. Sta. Bui. 169:212. 1899. 5. Del. Sta.
Rpt. 13:96. 1900. 6. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 37. 1909.
Though Captain Ede has been under cultivation forty-six years it
has but recently come into prominence and seems now to find favor quite
192 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
generally as a money-making peach. Those who recommend it say that
the trees are vigorous, heavy bearers and that the crop is uniform and
always fair, smooth and without culls. The crop matures in a short time,
ships well and is in demand in the markets either as a dessert peach or
for culinary purposes. On the Station grounds, Captain Ede comes up
to the reputation given it in all respects excepting productiveness — here
it is a shy bearer. The peaches, as the color-plate shows, are beautiful,
the flavor is subacid but rich, with a distinct smack of the almond. Captain
Ede ripens with Early Crawford, a week or ten days before Elberta.
The tree, as it grows here, can hardly be distinguished from that of Elberta.
We should unhesitatingly recommend Captain Ede to New York peach-
growers, were it not for the fear that it does not accommodate itself to
a diversity of soils and climates. It does rather better farther south.
Captain Ede originated in 1870 as a seedling in the door-yard of
Captain Henry Ede, Cobden, Illinois. Later, it was introduced by George
Gould and Son, Villa Ridge, Illinois. The parentage of the variety is
unknown. By some, Chinese Cling is supposed to have been one of the
parents and others give the same credit to Honest John. The American
Pomological Society added Captain Ede to its fruit-list in 1909.
Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, hardy, not always productive; trunk thick;
branches stocky, smooth, reddish-brown overspread with very light ash-gray; branchlets
slender, olive-green more or less overspread with dark red, smooth, glabrous, with numerous
large or very small, inconspicuous lenticels.
Leaves five and three-fourths inches long, one and one-half inches wide, folded upward,
oval to obovate-lanceolate ; upper surface dark green, smooth; lower surface light grayish-
green; margin finely serrate, tipped with dark red glands; petiole one-fourth inch long,
with two to six, reniform, greenish-yellow glands medium in size and variable in position.
Flower-buds large, long, oblong-conic, plump, usually appressed; blossoms open very
late; flowers three-fourths inch across, dark pink; pedicels short, glabrous, pale green;
calyx-tube dull, dotted reddish-green, orange-red within, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-
lobes short, broad, obtuse, glabrous within, heavily pubescent without; petals rotmdi&h-
ovate, notched near the base, tapering to short, narrow, white claws; filaments one-fourth
inch long, equal to the petals in length; pistil pubescent toward the base, equal to the
stamens in legth.
Fruit matures in mid-season; about two and one-fourth inches in diameter, roundish-
cordate to somewhat oval, verj' slightly compressed, with nearly equal halves, bulged
near the apex; cavity wide, abrupt or flaring, often tinged with red and with tender skin;
suture variable in depth, extending more than half-waj' around; apex roundish, with a
prolonged, recurved, mamelon tip; color orange-yellow, with specks and splashes of red,
blushed with darker red; pubescence thick, short, variable in coarseness; skin tough,
CAPTAIN EDE
THK PEACHES OF NEW YORK I93
adherent to the pulp; flesh yellow, stained red at the pit, dry, stringy, tender, somewhat
meaty, strongly aromatic, pleasanth- flavored; good in quality; stone free, one and one-
fourth inches long, seven-eighths inch wide, oval, bulged along the ventral suture, with
pitted surfaces; ventral suture deeph' furrowed along the edges, narrow; dorsal suture
grooved, somewhat flattened.
CARMAN
I. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 25. 1894. 2. Rural N. Y. 54:235, 619. 1895. 3. Ga. Sta. Rpt.
13:308. 1900. 4. Del. Sta. Rpl. 13:92, 93 fig. 3. 1901. 5. U. S. D. A. Yearbook 385, 386, PI.
XLVIII. 1901. 6. ir. .V. r. Hon. Sor. Rpt. II. 1907. 7. Aw. Pom. .Soc. Cat. 36. 1909.
Among the many white-fleshed peaches of recent introduction, few
hold a more conspicuous place than Carman. Possibly its chief asset
is a constitution which enables it to withstand trying cHmates, both north
and south, and to accommodate itself to a great variety of soils. Thus,
we find Carman a very general favorite in nearly every peach-region on
this continent. Besides its cosmopolitan constitution, there is much merit
in the fruits especially for a peach ripening so early. While of but medium
size (the color-plate does not do justice in showing the size of Carman)
the peaches are most pleasing in appearance. The color is a brilliant red
splashed with darker red on a creamy-white background. The shape is
nearly round and the trimness and symmetry of the contour make the
variety, especially when packed in box or basket, one scarcely surpassed
in attractiveness of form. Carman is rated as very good in quality for
a peach of its season though a smack of bitterness in its mild, sweet flavor
condemns it for some. The habit of growth is excellent, peaches are borne
abundantly, brown-rot takes comparatively little toll and in tree or bud
the variety is remarkably hardy. All in all, Carman is one of the mosc
useful peaches of its class and season for either home or commercial
planting.
Carman grew from a seed planted in 1889 by J. W. Stube:, auch.
Alexia, Texas. The tree fruited in 1892 and its earliness anc' freedom
from rot so pleased Mr. Stubenrauch that he at once began p jpagating
the new variety, naming it Pride of Texas. Later, in 1894, th( name was
changed to Carman in honor of the late E. S. Carman, long e litor of the
Rural New Yorker. In 1909 the American Pomological SG:iety added
Carman to its list of fruits as one of its recommended vari( ties.
Tree large, vigorous, spreading or somewhat upright, open-topped .lardy, very pro-
ductive; trunk thick; branches stocky, smooth, bright red overspread witl ash-gray; branch-
lets Ion , olive-green overspread with dark red, glabrous, smooth, glos y, with nimierous
small, inconspicuous lenticels.
13
194 '^'^^ PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Leaves five and seven-eighths inches long, one and three-fourths inches wide, folded
upward, oval to obovate-lanceolate ; upper surface dark green, smooth; lower surface light
grayish-green ; margin finely serrate, tipped with dark red glands ; petiole one-fourth inch
long, with thr ee to five reniform glands mediiun in size and variable in position and color.
Flower-buds oval, pointed, plump, heavily pubescent, appressed; blossoms open in
mid-season; flowers one and one-fourth inches across, pink; pedicels short, glabrous, pale
green; calyx-tube dull reddish-green, speckled, yellowish-green within, campanulate,
glabrous; calyx-lobes short, acute to obtuse, glabrous within, heavily pubescent without;
petals oval to ovate, with distinct notches near the base, tapering to narrow, white claws
of medium length ; filaments three-eighths inch long, shorter than the petals; pistil pubescent
near the base, shorter than the stamens.
Fruit matures early; about two and one-fourth inches in diameter, round-oval, com-
pressed, with unequal sides, bulged near the apex; cavity abrupt or flaring, tinged with
pink and with tender skin ; suture shallow, becoming deeper at the cavity ; apex roundish
or depressed, with a somewhat pointed or mucronate tip; color creamy- white more or less
overspread with light red, with splashes of darker red; pubescence very thick, short; skin
thin, tough, adherent to the pulp; flesh white, red at the pit, juicy, tender, sweet, mild,
pleasant flavored; very good in quality; stone nearly free, about one and one-half inches
long, one inch wide, oval, plump, with thickly-pitted surfaces; ventral suture deeply grooved
along the edges, thick, furrowed and winged; dorsal suture deeply grooved.
CHAIRS
1. Mich. Sla. Bui. 169:209. 1899. 2. Rural N. Y. 59:642 fig. 236. 1900. 3. Budd-Hansen Am.
Hort. Man. 2:340. 1903.
Chairs' Choice. 4. N. C. Sta. Rpl. iiwo'i. 1889. $. 'Wa.ngh Am. Peach Orch. 200. 1913.
Cluiir's Choice. 6. Col. O. Hort. Soc. Rpl. 151. 1893. 7. ///. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 166. 1895. 8. Ibid.
26. 1899.
Chair Choice. 9. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 44. 1891.
Chairs is a select fruit in the Crawford group, in its turn the most
select of the several groups of peaches. In quality Chairs is unapproach-
able by varieties outside of its own family and is not svirpassed by any
within its group. The variety was at one time a standard late, yellow-
fieshed, freestone, market peach competing in popularity with Late Craw-
ford over which it often held ascendency because less subject to brown-rot.
The coming of the showier and more productive but less well-flavored
varieties of the Elberta type has driven the Crawford group from the
markets and Chairs is now known only in collections where it will long be
treasured for its delectable quality. Unproductiveness and capriciousness
in soil and climate, faults of all Crawford-like peaches, are marked in
Chairs. The fruits are usually larger than the specimens shown in the
accompanying illustration.
Chairs originated about 1880 in the orchard of Franklin Chairs, Anne
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 1 95
Arundel County, Maryland. First called Chairs' Choice, the apostrophe
was dropped in 1891 by the American Pomological Society and still later
the same organization shortened the name to Chairs. Its horticultural
value was early appreciated by all pomologists and it has long been a prime
favorite.
Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, hardy, unproductive; trunk stocky; branches
thick, smooth, reddish-brown covered with light ash-gray; branchlets inclined to rebranch,
short, with long intemodes, olive-green overlaid with dark red, smooth, glabrous, with
numerous large and small, raised lenticels.
Leaves five and three-fourths inches long, one and one-half inches wide, folded upward,
oval to obovate-lanceolate, thin; upper surface dark green, smooth or somewhat rugose';
lower surface light grajdsh -green ; margin coarsely serrate, often in two series, tipped with
reddish-brown glands ; petiole one-fourth inch long, with two to six small, globose, greenish-
yellow glands variable in position.
Flower-buds large, oblong-obtuse, ven,' plump, usually free; season of bloom late;
flowers dark pink fading toward the whitish centers, three-fotuths inch across; pedicels
short, glabrous, pale green; calyx-tube dull, dotted reddish-green, orange-red within,
campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes obtuse, glabrous \vithin, heavily pubescent without;
petals oval or ovate, nearly entire, often notched near the base, tapering to claws of medium
width, white at the base; filaments one-fourth inch long, equal to the petals in length;
pistil pubescent near the ovary, usually longer than the stamens.
Fruit matures in late mid-season; two and three-fourths inches long, two and seven-
eighths inches thick, roimdish-oval, irregxdar, bulged beak-like along one side toward the
apex, compressed, with unequal halves; cavity deep, wide, abrupt or flaring; suture shallow,
deepening toward the apex and extending slightly beyond ; apex roundish, with a mucronate
or small, recurved, mamelon tip; color golden-yellow, blushed and splashed with dull red;
pubescence short, fine; skin thin, tough, free; flesh yellow, faintly stained with red near
the pit, juicy, stringy, tender, subacid or sprightly, pleasantly flavored; very good in
quality; stone free, one and three-fourths inches long, one and three-eighths inches wide,
large, broadly oval, bidged along one side, pliunp, with surfaces deeply pitted and with
short grooves; ventral sutitre wide, deeply fuirowed along the sides, winged; dorsal suture
a deep, wide groove inclined to wing.
CHAMPION
I. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 392. 1891. 2. Mich. Sla. Bui. 118:33. ■SqS- 3- Ont. Ft. Exp. Sta. Rpt.
1:57 1895- 4- Am- Pom. Soc. Cat. 21. 1897. 5. Ga. Sta. Bui. 42:233. 1898. 6. iiich. Sta. But.
169:209,210. 1899. 7. Kan. Horl. Soc. Rpt. 4S. 1901. i. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. \\2. 1903. 9. Can.
Hort. 27:97, 98, fig. 2746. 1904. 10. U. S. D. A. Yearbook 478, 479, PI. XLV. 1908. 11. Waugh
Am. Peach Orch. 200. 1913.
Champion is the white-fleshed peach par excellence in quality — rightly
used as the standard to gauge the quality of all other white-fleshed peaches.
The fruits are nearly as attractive to the eye as to the palate but unfortu-
nately nm small ruid off color in all but choiceh' good peach-soils. The
196 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
peaches are not only very good in the characters that make up quality —
tender flesh, juiciness, pleasant flavor — but there is a peculiar honeyed
sweetness possessed by few other peaches which gives the Champion
individuality. The color, barring a slight excess in yellow, is well shown
in the color-plate but the size as shown is small. The tree of Champion
is almost perfect from the ground up, few other varieties surpassing it in
height and girt and none, on the Station grounds at least, equalling it
in the quantity and the luxuriant green of its foliage. A Champion tree
is known by its foliage as far as the eye can distinguish color. As would
be expected from the tree-characters given, in soils to which it is suited,
Champion rejoices in vigor and health as do few other varieties. The
variety surpasses most of its orchard-associates in productiveness but the
peaches are inviting prey to brown-rot and the trees are sometimes
defoliated with leaf-curl so that, with its capriciousness as to soils, it has
grave faults as a commercial variety. Because of high quality of the
fruit and the beauty of the tree, Champion should have a conspicuous
place in the orchard of the amateur.
Champion is a seedling of Oldmixon Free supposedly fertilized by
Early York. The original seed was planted about 1880 by I. G. Hubbard,
Nokomis, Illinois, and the variety was introduced by him and by the
Dayton Star Nurseries in 1890. In the early years of its dissemination
Champion was confused with an early, semi-cling variety which originated
in western Michigan and which was locally sold for a time imder the same
name. The American Pomological Society added Champion to its fruit-list
in 1897.
Tree large, vigorous, spreading, open-topped, very productive; trunk thick; branches
stocky, sniooth, reddish-brown covered with ash-gray; branchlets thick, very long, with
short internodes, oHve-green overspread with dull red, smooth, glabrous, with numerous
large lenticels, inconspicuous except toward the base.
Leaves five and one-fourth inches long, one and one-half inches wide, folded upward,
oval to obovate-lanceolate ; upper surface dark green, rugose along the midrib; lower surface
^ayish-green ; margin finely serrate, tipped with dark red glands; petiole three-eighths
inclj long, with two to five small, globose, greenish-yellow glands variable in position.
Flower-buds large, medium in length, plimip, conical, pubescent, free; blossoms
appear in mid-season; flowers pink, less than one inch across, well distributed; pedicels
short, glabrous, pale green; calyx-tube dark, mottled reddish-green, greenish-yellow within,
obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes short, broad, obtuse, glabrous within, pubescent without,
slightly reflexed ; petals round-oval to ovate, tapering to narrow, short, white claws; filaments
three-eighths inch long, equal to the petals in length; pistil pubescent about the ovary,
equal to the stamens in length.
CIIAMI'ION
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK I97
Fruit matures in early mid-season; two and one-fourth inches long, two and three-
eighths inches wide, round or roimd-oval, somewhat truncate, with halves usually equal;
cavity shallow, narrow, abrupt or flaring, contracted ; suture shallow; apex roundish, usualh-
with a slightly recurved, mucronate tip; color pale green changing to creamy-white, with
splashes of carmine mingled with a blush of darker red; pubescence short, thick; skin
tough, adherent to the pulp; flesh white, tinged red at the pit, very juicy, markedly tender,
sweet, pleasant flavored; very good; stone semi-free to free, one and one-half inches long,
about one inch wide, oval, long-pointed, with deeply grooved surfaces; ventral suture
furrowed deeply along the sides, wide; dorsal suture deeply furrowed, rather wide, witli
sides slightly wing-like.
CHILI
I. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 21. 1897. 2. Budd-Hanscn Am. Horl. Man. 2:340. 1903.
Hill's Chili. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 184, 211. 1856. 4. Elliott Fr. Book 298. 1859. 5. Downing
Fr. Trees Am. 2nd App. 142, 143. 1872. 6. Am. Pom. .Soc. Cal. 28. 1873. 7. Mich. Ilort. Soc. Rpt.
483, 484. 1873.
Sugar. 8. Card. Mon. 11:148. 1869.
Stanley Late. 9. Ibid. 14:347. 1872. 10. Mich. Sla. Sp. Bui. 44:62. 1910.
Jenny Lind. 11. Mich. Horl. Soc. Rpt. i id. 1872.
Cass. 12. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 14, 15. 1899.
Chili, long familiar to the older generation of peach-growers as Hill's
Chili, is now waning in popularity though for nearly a century it was one
of the mainstays of peach-growing, having been widely and commonly
planted in commercial orchards the country over. Chili, in its day, was
one of the notable culinary peaches, being especially desirable for canning
and curing because of its firm, dry, but well-flavored flesh, and, besides,
it ripened late in the season when cool weather gave storage conditions
and made culinary work more agreeable to housewives. The peaches are
not at all attractive in size, color or shape, are quite too dry of flesh to
eat with pleasure out of hand and are made even less agreeable to sight
and taste by pubescence so heavy as to be woolly. The trees of Chili
are about all that could be desired, for, while of but medium size, they
are vigorous, very hardy, long-lived and, barring injury from cold or
frost, are annually fruitful, though the variety has the fault of ripening
its crop unevenly — an asset in home orchards, a liability in commercial
plantings.
Chili came into cultivation early in the Nineteenth Centiuy, the first
tree probably having appeared in the orchard of Deacon Pitman Wilcox,
Chili, Monroe County, New York. It comes almost true to seed and
several seedlings have sprvmg up which are almost indistinguishable from
it. Among these are Sugar, Stanley Late, Jenny Lind and Cass. Chili
was mentioned by the American Pomological Society in 1 856 as a worthy
198 THE PEACIIKS OF NEW YORK
sort under the name " Hill's Chili "; placed under this name on the fruit
list in 1873; and changed to Chili in 1897.
Tree medium in size, compact, vigorous, upright-spreading, hardy, i^roductive; trunk
thick, shaggy; branches stocky, smooth, reddish-brown covered with light ash-gray;
branchlets unusually long, with spur-like branches near the tips, dark reddish-green, glossy,
smooth, glabrous, with conspicuous, raised lenticels.
Leaves folded upward and recurved, six inches long, one and one-half inches wide,
long-oval to obovate-lanceolate, thin; upper surface dark, dull olive-green, smooth; lower
surface grayish-green; margin finely serrate, tipped with reddish-brown glands; petiole
three-eighths inch long, with two to seven small, usually reniform, reddish-brown glands
mostly on the petiole.
Flower-buds small, short, obtuse, plump, pubescent, nearly free; blossoms appear
in mid-season; flowers pink, one and one-half inches across, well distributed; pedicels
short, glabrous, green; calyx-tube red at the base, orange-colored within, campanulate,
glabrous; calyx-lobes short, medium to broad, obtuse, glabrous within, pubescent without;
petals oval, faintly notched near the base, tapering to short claws of medium width, tinged
with red at the base; filaments one-half inch long, shorter than the petals; pistil pubescent
near the base, longer than the stamens.
Fruit late; two and one-half inches long, two and one-fourth inches wide, oblong-
conic, somewhat angular, compressed, with imequal halves; cavity imeven, shallow, medium
to wide, contracted, abrupt or flaring, the skin tender and tearing easily; suture shallow,
sometimes extending beyond the apex ; apex slightly pointed ; color greenish-yellow changing
to orange-yellow, with a dark red blush, splashed and mottled with red; pubescence long,
thick, coarse; skin thin, tough, separates from the pulp; flesh stained red at the pit, yel-
lowish, dry, string>', firm but tender, mild but sprightly; good in quality; stone free, one
and one-half inches long, fifteen-sixteenths inch wide, flattened wedge-like at the base,
oval to obovate, winged, usually without bulge, long-pointed at the apex, with pitted
surfaces; ventral suture deeply furrowed, wide; dorsal suture deeply grooved.
CHINESE CLING
1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 636. 1857. 2. Horticulturist 14:107. 1859. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat.
18. 1871. 4. Del. Sta. Rpt. 13:85, 86, 95, 107, fig. 4. 1901.
Shaiighae. 5. Mag. Hort. 17:464. 1851. 6. Card. Chron. 693. 1852. f. Downing Pt. Trees Am.
641. 1857.
Chinese Peach. 8. Horticulturist N. S. 3:286, 472. 1853.
Shanghai. ^. Hogg Fruit Man. 22,1. 1866.
De Chang-Hai. 10. Mas ie Ferger 7:211, 212, fig. 104. 1866-73.
Chinese Cling holds a high place in the esteem of American pomol-
ogists for its intrinsic value, because it was the first peach in one of the
main stems of the peach-family to come to America, and because it is the
parent, or one of the parents, of a great number of the best white-fieshed
peaches grown in this country. The variety is not now remarkable for
CHINESE CLING
THE I'EACHES OF NEW YORK
199
either fruit- or tree-characters, being surpassed in both by many of its
offspring, except, possibly, in quality. The flavor is delicious, being finely
balanced between sweetness and soiimess, with sweet predominating, and
with a most distinct, curious and pleasant taste of the almond. The fruits
are too tender for shipment and very subject to brown-rot. The trees
are weak-growers, shy-bearers, tender to cold and susceptible to leaf-curl.
Chinese Cling created a sensation in pomology when it was brought to
America because it was very different from any other peach then here
and was superior to any other in several characters. Its seedlings quickly
came into prominence with the result that possibly a hundred or more
of the varieties named in The Peaches of New York have descended from
it. The attempt to hold it and its seedlings in a distinct group fails, as
we have tried to show in discussing groups of peaches, because through
hybridization they are hopelessly confused with other stocks. The color-
plate is an excellent illustration of Chinese Cling.
Chinese Cling was found growing in the orchards south of the city
of Shanghai, China, by Robert Fortune, the indefatigable English botanist,
who was sent to China by the London Horticultural Society to collect
useful and ornamental plants. Fortune sent the peach to England in
1844 under the name Shanghai, a name which it retains, with variable
. spellings, in Europe. Chinese Cling was imported as potted plants to
America in 1850 by Charles Downing through a Mr. Winchester, British
consul at Shanghai, China. Downing forwarded one of the trees to Henry
Lyons, Laurel Park, Columbia, South Carolina, with whom the variety
first fruited in America. Lyons called the new fruit " Chinese Peach."
In 1 87 1 the American Pomological Society placed Chinese Cling on its
recommended list of varieties, a place it still holds.
Tree rather weak in growth, upright-spreading, round-topped, not very hardy, medium
in productiveness; trunk thick; branches stocky, reddish-brown mingled with light ash-
gray; branchlets with short intemodes, olive-green more or less overlaid with dark red,
smooth, glabrous, with numerous large and very small, inconspicuous lenticels.
Leaves seven and one-half inches long, two inches wide, folded upward, broad oval-
lanceolate, thick, leathery; upper surface dark green, smooth, becoming slightly rugose
along the midrib; lower surface light gra^^sh-g^een ; margin coarsely crenate to fineh^
serrate, tipped with dark red glands; petiole one-half inch long, with two to five reniform,
greenish-yellow, dark-tipped glands variable in position.
Flower-buds large, long, obtuse, pliunp, very pubescent, somewhat appressed; blossoms
appear in mid-season; flowers pink, one and one-half inches across, well distributed;
pedicels short, glabrous, green; calyx-tube reddish-green; calyx-lobes medium to broad,
200 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
obtuse, glabrous within, heavily pubescent near the outer edges; petals ovate, irregularly
notched near the base, tapering to short, white claws; filaments one-fourth inch long,
shorter than the petals; pistil pubescent at the base, longer than the stamens.
Fruit matures late; two and five-eighths inches long, two and nine-sixteenths inches
wide, round-oval, compressed; cavity deep, contracted, narrow, abrupt, faintly tinged with
red ; suture deep, extending beyond the apex ; apex roundish or flattened, with a mucronate
tip; color greenish-white changing to creamy-white, blushed on one side with lively red,
splashed and marbled with duller red ; pubescence thick ; skin tough, adhering to the pulp ;
flesh white, tinged with red near the pit, juicy, meaty, tender, sweet but sprightly, aro-
matic; good in quality; stone clinging, one and three-eighths inches long, one inch wide,
oval, conspicuously winged, bulged on one side, with pitted surfaces; ventral suture deeply
furrowed along the sides, rather narrow; dorsal suture large, deep, wide, winged.
CfflNESE FREE
I. Ala. Sta. Bui. n:;, ii. iHgo. 2. Am. Pom. So( . Cal. 44. 1891. 3. Ga. Sla. Bui. 42:234.
1898. 4. Del. .Sta. Rpl. 13:95. 1901. 5. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 36. 1909. 6. Waugh Am. Peach Orch.
200. 191 3.
Perhaps it is enough to say that Chinese Free is Chinese CUng with
a free stone — at least it has been so heralded. On our grounds, however,
leaves, flowers and fruits are all smaller and the quality of the fruit is
not nearly as good while the tree runs a little better in most characters.
This, perhaps, is a good example of many of the seedlings of Chinese
Cling — the influence of another parent and the stimulus of hybridization
are apparent. Chinese Free is surpassed by many other white-fleshed
peaches of its season for both home and market. Doubt has arisen
as to whether the tree on the Station grounds is the true Chinese Free.
yet we think it is the variety now commonly going under this name.
This variety grew from a seed of Chinese Cling in the orchard of
W. P. Robinson, Atlanta, Georgia, nearly forty years ago. Mr. Robinson
first exhibited it before the Georgia Horticultural Society in 1881 as an
unnamed seedling. Thereafter it was sometimes known locally as Robinson
but commercially it has always been called Chinese Free. In 1891 the
Georgia Horticultural Society formally adopted the latter name. The
American Pomological Society listed Chinese Free on its fruit-list in 1891
but dropped it in 1897. In 1909, however, another change in heart caused
the Society's officials again to list it in the catalog where it still remains.
Tree above medium in size, vigorous, spreading, the lower branches slightly drooping,
open-topped, neither very hardy nor very productive; trunk thick; branches stoclc},',
smooth, reddish-brown tinged with light ash-gray; branchlets slender, inclined to rebranch,
long, dark red intermingled with olive-green, glossy, smooth, glabrous, vnth. numerous
large, conspicuous lenticels raised toward the base.
M
\^^^"'
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 201
Leaves five and three-fourths inches long, one and five-eighths inches wide, folded
upward, oval-lanceolate, medium in thickness and toughness; upper surface dark green,
rugose along the midrib; lower surface dull grayish-green; margin finely serrate, tipped
with dark red glands; petiole three-eighths inch long, with two to six rather large, reni-
foi-m, greenish-yellow, dark-tipped glands variable in position.
Flower-buds usually obtuse, plump, very pubescent, somewhat appressed; blooming
season early; flowers ])ale pink, darker along the edges, one and one-fourth inches across,
often in twos; pedicels short, glabrous, green; calyx-tube dull, dark reddish-green, light
yellow within, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes acute, glabrous within, pubescent without;
petals oval or ovate, tapering to small, narrow claws tinged with red at the base; filaments
one-half inch long, usually shorter than the petals; pistil pubescent at the ovary, often
longer than the stamens.
Fruit matures in mid-season; two and one-half inches long, two and three-fourths
inches wide, roimdish-oval, bulged at one side, compressed, with unequal halves; cavity
narrow, abrupt, tinged with red, with tender skin; suture shallow but deepening at the
apex; apex roundish or pointed, with a mucronate tip; color greenish- white changing to
creamy-white, blushed with red, mottled and striped with darker red ; pubescence very short,
thin; skin thin, tough, separates from the pulp; flesh greenish-white or whitish, stained
with red at the pit, juicy, tender, melting, subacid, sprightly; fair to possibly good in
quality; stone free, one and one-fourth inches long, fifteen-sixteenths inch wide, oval,
I)lump, abruptly pointed, with purplish-brown, pitted surfaces; ventral suture deeply
furrowed along the sides, winged near the base, rather wide; dorsal suture deeply grooved,
wing-like.
CLIMAX
i.Am.Pom.Soi.Cat.44. 1891. 2. Tex. Sla. Bui. 3g:>i04. 1S96. 3. Glen St. Mary Cai. 1 1. igoo-
4. Fla. Sia. Bui. 73:143- 1904. 5. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 36. 1909.
Climax is a honey-sweet, freestone peach supposedly adapted only
to the far south. The trees on the grounds of this Station seem as hardy
as the average and are as productive. Whether or not the peaches are
as large and as attractive here as in Florida, where the variety is a com-
mercial sort, we cannot say but certain it is, Climax has no commercial
value in New York. The peaches are small, unattractive in color, drop
badly, are disfigured by peach-scab and have only honeyed sweetness to
recommend them. We figure and describe the variety in full only to
show that honey-fleshed peaches can be grown this far north and to call
attention to the possibility and desirability of using peaches of this stock
in breeding to improve the quahty or give new flavors to northern peaches.
It would, too, give pleasant variety and add quality to the home orchard.
Climax is a seedling of Honey but neither the date of origin nor the
name of the originator is known. The variety was introduced by G. L.
Taber, Glen Saint Mary, Florida, in 1886. The American Pomological
202 THE PEAt:HES OF NEW YORK
Society added Climax to its fruit-list in 1891 but dropped it in 1899. ^^
1909, however, the variety was replaced in the Society's catalog as a peach
of merit for the South.
Tree small, vigorous, upright-spreading, round-topped, dense, Tjroductive; trunk
roughish; branches roughened by the lenticels, reddish-brown covered with gray; branchlets
very slender, long, with short internodes, olive-green overspread v/ith darker red, smooth,
glabrous, with very few small, inconspicuous, raised lenticels.
Leaves six inches long, one and three-eighths inches wide, flattened, lanceolate, thin,
leathery; upper surface dull, medium green, smooth; lower surface olive-green; margin
bluntly serrate, glandular; petiole three-eighths inch long, slender, glandless or with one
to four small, reniform glands usually at the base of the leaf.
Flower-buds small and short, conical, plimap, pubescent, appressed; blooming season
late; flowers pale pink, one inch across; pedicels slender, glabrous, green; calyx-tube dotted
reddish-green, greenish-yellow within, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes acute or obtuse,
glabrous within, pubescent without, partly erect ; petals ovate or oval, tapering to narrow
claws whitish at the base; filaments shorter than the petals; pistil shorter than the stamens.
Fruit mature? in mid-season; two and three-eighths inches long, two and one-eighth
inches thick, oval, but slightly compressed, with unequal sides; cavity usually shallow
flaring, splashed with red; suture shallow, deepening toward the apex; apex conic, with
a long, swollen, often recurved tip; color greenish-white or creamy-white, occasionaIl\-
with a blush or faint mottlings of red toward the base; pubescence short, thick; skin thin,
adherent to the pulp; flesh white, stained with red near the pit, juicy, stringy, melting,
very sweet, mild; very good in quality; stone semi-free to free, one and one-foiuth inches
long, thirteen-sixteenths inch wide, oval, plump, bulged on one side, long-pointed at the
apex, with pitted and grooved, reddish-brown surfaces; ventral suture deeply furrowed
along the sides, narrow; dorsal suture grooved.
CROSBY
I. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 391, PI. VIII. 1.S91. 2. Oiil. Fr. Exp. Sta. Rpt. 2:58. 1895. 3. Minn. Ilort.
Soc. Rpt. 224 fig. 1896. 4. Ohio Hon. Snc. Rpt. 58, 59. 1896-97. 5. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 21. 1897.
6. Mich. Sta. Bui. 169:211. 1899. 7. Can. Ilort. 23:379. 1900.
Excelsior. S. Am. Card. I2:6()g. 1891. 9. /?;ira/ ,V. K. 50:736. 1891. 10. Am. Card. 13:47. 1892.
Of the several virtues which entitle Crosby to the esteem of fruit-
growers, possibly the most notable is hardiness in tree and bud so marked
that it is often called the " frost-proof " peach. It is doubtful, however,
whether it is hardier than other peaches of its kind as Chili, Smock and
Heath Cling. Besides hardiness, the trees have to recommend them
vigor, health and productiveness, the latter character offset somewhat
by small size. The quality of the fruit is excellent. The rich, yellow,
freestone flesh is delicious to the taste either as a dessert or as a culinary
fruit. In these days of showy fruits, however, Crosby falls far short in
appearance, the peaches running small, being somewhat irregtilar and
THE PKACHKS OF NEW YORK 203
covered with dense tomentum. Still, at its best, in soils to which it is
perfectly suited, the peaches are often handsome. But there lies another
fault, the variety accommodates itself but poorly to trying soils and
climates, failing especially in hungry soils and dark climates. The variety
is noted for its willowy growth, small leaves, small flowers, small pits and,
as has been said, hardiness. It is an ideal home sort.
Crosby was sent out about 1876 by a Mr. Crosby, a nurseryman of
Billerica, Massachusetts. Later the Massachusetts Agricultiu-al College
propagated and distributed it in a small way in northern Massachusetts
where it was known as Excelsior. The fact that there was another variety
called Excelsior made a change necessary and the peach was renamed in
honor of Mr. Crosby. The American Pomological Society placed Crosby
on its list of recommended varieties in 1897.
Tree small, vigorous, spreading, open-topped, with lower branches slightly drooping,
unusually hardy, very productive ; trimk thick ; branches of medium size, smooth, reddish-
brown overspread with light ash-gray; branchlets slender, inclined to rebranch, long,
olive-green almost overspread with dark red, glossy, smooth, glabrous, with numerous
large and small, conspicuous lenticels.
Leaves rather small and narrow, five and three-fourths inches long, one and one-fourth
inches wide, folded upward, oval to obovate-lanceolate, thin; upper surface dark green,
smooth; lower surface light grayish-green; margin finely serrate or crenate, tipped with
dark brownish-red glands; petiole three-eighths inch long, with two to seven rather small,
reniform, greenish-yellow glands variable in position.
Flower-buds small, short, conical, pubescent, appressed; flowers appear in mid-season;
blossoms pale pink, darker near the edges, nearly one inch across, well distributed; pedicels
very short, thick; calyx-tube dull reddish-green, orange-colored within, campanulate,
glabrous; calyx-lobes short, narrow, acute, glabrous within, pubescent without; petals
oval, tapering to long, narrow claws often red at the base; filaments three-eighths inch
long, equal to the petals in length; pistil pubescent at the ovary, equal to or sometimes
longer than the stamens.
Fruit matures late; two and three-fourths inches long, two and three-eighths inches
thick, roundish or roundish-oblate, slightly compressed, bulged near the apex, with
unequal sides; cavity deep, abrupt or flaring, sometimes splashed with red; suture shallow,
becoming deeper near the apex and extending beyond; apex roundish, with a simken,
mucronate tip; color orange-yellow, often blushed over much of the surface with dull red,
splashed and striped with darker red; pubescence long, thick, coarse; skin thick, tough.
adherent to the pvilp; flesh deep yellow, stained with red near the pit, jviicy, stringy, firm
but tender, sweet, mild, pleasant flavored; very good in quality; stone free, one and five-
sixteenths inches long, one inch wide, oval, plump, bulged near the apex, with pitted and
grooved surfaces ; ventral suture with shallow furrows along the sides ; dorsal suture deeply
grooved, \vnnged.
204
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
DAVIDSON
I. Harrison & Sons Cat. i6. 1905. 2. Mn. Slate Fr. Sta. Rpt. 12. 1905-06. 3. Mich. Stu. Sp.
B!</. 44:35 fig., 36. 1910.
Davidson is on probation as an early peach for northern cUmates
with the chances greatly against its ever proving worthy the attention
of New York peach-growers. Still, it comes so highly recommended that
we give it a place among the major varieties in The Peaches of New York
hoping that the growers of the State will at least try it out. It is a white-
fleshed peach similar to the well-known Rivers, larger in size, but not quite as
early. The trees are very hardy, come into bearing early and bear heavily
but ripen their crop unevenly. The peaches, as the color-plate shows, are
handsome, and for a variety of early season they are particularly good
in quality but are very susceptible to brown-rot, peach-scab, leaf-curl and
seemingly all the other ills peach-flesh is heir to.
Davidson originated with G. W. Davidson, Shelbj', Michigan, and
is supposed to be a sport of Early Michigan, being very similar to that
sort in all respects except season, Davidson being two weeks earlier. It
is often confused with Eureka.
Tree large, upright-spreading, hardy, productive; trunk thick; branches stocky,
smooth, reddish-brown covered with ash-gray; branchlets dull red strongly colored with
olive-green, smooth, glabrous, with numerous small, conspicuous lenticels raised toward
the base.
Leaves five and three-fourths inches long, one and five-eighths inches wide, folded
upward, oval to obovate-lanceolate; upper svirface dark green, smooth or slightly rugose;
lower surface light grayish-green; margin broadly crenate or coarsely serrate, tipped with
dark red glands; petiole one-half inch long, glandless or \^ath one to five small, reniform,
greenish-yellow glands variable in position.
Flower-buds conical, pubescent, plump, appressed; blooming season early; flowers
pink, one and three-fourths inches across, well distributed; pedicels nearly sessile, glabrous,
green; cal37X-tube dull reddish-green, yellowish-green within, campanulate, glabrous;
calyx-lobes meditim in length, narrow, acute, glabrous within, pubescent without; petals
roundish-ovate, often broadly notched near the base, tapering to short, broad claws
occasionally with a red base; filaments one-half inch long, shorter than the petals; pistil
pubescent at the ovary, equal to the stamens in length.
Fruit matures early; two and one-half inches long, two and three-eighths inches mdc,
roundish, bulged near the apex, compressed, with unequal halves; cavity contracted,
deep, narrow, abrupt; suture shallow, becoming deep at the extremities; apex roundish,
with a small, mucronate tip; color creamy- white blushed with dull red, indistinctly striped
with darker red; pubescence short, thick; skin tough, separates from the ptilp; flesh white,
juicy, stringy, tender, melting, sweet or with some sprightliness; fair to good in quality;
THE PEACHES OK NEW YORK 205
stone semi-free to free, one and three-eighths inches long, one inch wide, oval, ijlumj),
tapering to a short, abrupt point, bulged near the apex, contracted toward the base, with
grooved, light-colored surfaces; ventral suture deeply furrowed along the sides, narrow,
winged; dorsal suture winged, groowd
EARLY CRAWFORD
I. Kenrick Am. Orcli. 184. 1841. 2. Hovcy Fr. .l»i. 1:29, 30, I'l. 1851. 3. Waugh Am. Peach
Orrh. JOI. 1913.
Crawford's Early Melocotov. 4. Downing /•>. Trees Am. 490. 1845. 5. Mas Le Verier 7:45, 46,
fig. 21. 1 866-73.
Cra-d'ford's Early. 6. Elliutt /■>. BooA- 272, 273. 1854. •;. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 2i\. 1856. %. Am.
Pom. Soi. Rpl. 42, 43. 1856. 9. Leroy Did. Pnni. 6:104 ^g-. lo.S- 1879. 10. FulUin Peach Cull.
192, 193. 1908.
IVillermoz. II. Carriere Var. Pcchers 76, 77. 1867. 12. Pom. France 6: No. 10, PI. 10. 1869.
13. Lauchc Pent. Pom. VI: No. 22, PI. 1882. 14. Mathicu Nom. Pom. 418. 1889.
Unproductiveness and uncertainty in bearing keep Early Crawford
from being the most commonly grown early, yellow-fleshed peach in
America. In its season, when well grown, it is unapproachable in quality
by any other peach and is scarcely equalled by any other of any season.
The peach has all of the characters that gratify the taste — richness of
flavor, pleasant aroma, tender flesh and abundant juice. Besides being
one of the very best in quality it is one of the handsomest peaches.
Unfortunately, this Station is one of the many places in which Early
Crawford is not at home and the accompanying illustration is far from
doing the variety justice in size, shape or color. At their best, the fruits
are larger, more rotund and more richly colored than shown in The Peaches
of New York. In soils to which it is well adapted the peach is large,
often very large, roundish-oblong, slightly compressed, distinguished by
its broad, deep cavity, rich red in the sun, splashed and mottled with
darker red, and golden yellow in the shade. The flesh is a beautiful,
marbled yellow, rayed with red at the pit and perfectly free from the
stone. The trees are all that could be desired in health, vigor, size and
shape but are unproductive and uncertain and tardy in bearing. Yet
with these fatdts Early Crawford, for at least a half-centur>% was the
leading market peach of its season giving way finally to white-fleshed sorts
of the Belle, Carman and Greensboro type. Fast passing from commer-
cial importance. Early Crawford ought long to be grown in home
plantations because of the beauty and unexcelled quality of the fruit.
Early Crawford came into existence in the orchard of William Craw-
ford, Middletown, New Jersey, early in the Nineteenth Century. Its
merits were first set forth by William Kenrick in the American Orchardist
206 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
in 1832. The variety in some manner found its way to Europe and came
into the hands of Ferdinand Gaillard, a nurseryman at Brignais, Rhone,
France, but without a name. Gaillard, believing it to be a new sort,"
gave it the name Willermoz in honor of M. Willermoz, Secretary of the
Pomological Congress of France. Later, French pomologists decided that
Gaillard's peach and Early Crawford were identical. The American
Pomological Society put this peach on its fruit-list in 1856 under the name
Crawford's Early. The name has several times been varied but today
the variety is listed as Early Crawford.
Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, round-topped, often unproductive; trunk
thick ; branches stocky, smooth, reddish-brown very lightly tinged with ash-gray ; branchlets
with intemodes of medium length, pinkish-red intermingled with darker red, glossy, smooth,
glabrous, with numerous large and small, conspicuous, raised lenticels.
IvCaves six and three-fourths inches long, one and one-half inches wide, folded upward
and recurved, oval to obovate-lanceolate, medium in thickness, leathery; upper surface
dark green, usually smooth except along the prominent midrib; lower surface light grayish-
green; margin finely serrate, often in two series, tipped with very fine, reddish-brown
glands; petiole three-eighths inch long, glandless or with one to five small, globose, greenish-
yellow glands variable in position.
Flower-buds conical, heavily pubescent, free; blossoms appear in mid-season; flowers
pale pink, less than one inch across, well distributed; pedicels very short, thick, glabrous,
green; calyx-tube reddish-green, orange-colored within, obconic; calyx-lobes short, medium
to narrow, acute, glabrous within, pubescent without; petals oval, broadly notched near
the base, tapering to broad claws red at the base; filaments one-fourth inch long, equal
to the petals in length; pistil often longer than the stamens.
Fruit matures in early mid-season; two and one-half inches long, two and nine-six-
teenths inches wide, round-oval or cordate, bulged near the apex, compressed, with unequal
halves; cavity deep, wide, abrupt; suttue shaDow, becoming deeper near the apex; apex
variable in shape, often with a swollen, elongated tip; color golden-yellow, blushed with
dark red, splashed and mottled with deeper red; pubescence thick; skin separates from
the pulp; flesh deep yellow, rayed with red near the pit, juicy, tender, pleasantly sprightly,
highly flavored; very good in quality; stone free, one and one-half inches long, one inch
wide, oval or ovate, bidged along one side, medium plump, with small, shallow pits in the
surfaces; ventral suture deeply furrowed along the sides, mediiom in width, winged; dorsal
suture grooved, slightly winged.
EARLY YORK
I. Kenrick Am. Orch. 220. 1832. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 475, 476. 1845. 3. Horticulturist
2:399. 1847-48. 4. Proc. Nat. Con. Fr. Gr. 37, 38, 51. 1848. 5. Hovey Fr. Am. 1:45, PI. 1851.
6. EUiott fr. Booyfe 273. 1854. 7. Hooper W. Fr. BooA 221. 1857. 8. Ifog. ifort. 23:518. 1857. g. Fhr.
& Pom. 24, PI. 1862. 10. Hogg Fruit Man. 446. 1884. 11. Fulton Peach Cult. 184. 1908.
Serrate Early York. 12. Thomas ylm. Fruit Cull. 290 fig. 1849. 13. U. S. Pat. Off. Rpt. 334. 1856.
York Prhoce. 14. Mas Le Verger 7:115, 116, fig. 56. 1866-73. 15. Leroy Did. Pom. 6:308, 309
fig- 310. 1879-
THK PEACHES OF NEW YORK 207
Early York is entitled to a place among the leading varieties of
peaches only because of the part it played in the beginning of the peach-
industry in America. As the history which follows shows, it was one of
the first named varieties to be grown in this country. It is of more than
passing interest, too, because it is one of the few sorts with glandless leaves.
The fruits of Early York are insignificant, though the color-plate hardly
does the variety justice, but the vigorous, healthy, compact trees have
much to recommend them so that the variety might be used as a stepping-
stone in improving tree-characters of peaches.
No doubt several distinct varieties have been grown as Early York.
Large York, for example, which originated with Prince at Flushing, New
York, has probably been more often sold for Early York than any other
sort. Early Purple, a very old peach of European origin, was introduced
to America about the time Early York came to notice. In some manner
this variety has been confused with Early York, the name often being
given as a synonym of that variety. The two sorts, however, are distinct
and the error of connecting the name has led to much misiinderstanding.
Early Purple disappeared from American cultivation soon after its intro-
duction and peaches sold under this name today are probably Early York.
A controversy has arisen as to the origin of Early York, both America and
England having been given as its home. That Early York is of American
origin, however, there can be little doubt. Its parentage, the time and
place of origin, however, are unknown. It may have come in existence
in New York, or possibly New Jersey or, as some have thought, near
York, Pennsylvania. The variety was sent to Eiu-ope about the middle
of the Nineteenth Century where Thomas Rivers grew it at Sawbridge-
worth and from it raised several promising seedlings. The leaves of the
variety are distinctly serrated, giving rise to the name Serrate Early York.
Red Rareripe, another variety having serrated, glandless leaves, has often
been confused with Early York. The two are very similar but the fruit
of Red Rareripe is larger, broader and ripens about a week later. Early
York was placed on the list of recommended fruits at the National Con-
vention of Fruit-Growers in 1848 and since that time has had a place on
the fruit-list of the American Pomological Society.
Tree large, compact, upright-spreading, unproductive; trunk stocky; branches thick,
smooth, reddish-brown tinged with light ash-gray; branchlets ver>' long, dark pinkish-red
with some green, glossy, smooth, glabrous, with conspicuous, raised lenticels variable in
size, numerous at the base and well scattered along the branches.
EDGEMONT
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 209
Edgemont, shortened from Edgemont Beauty, in accordance with the
rules of the American Pomological Society, is of rather recent origin, having
been introduced by the Miller Orchard Company, Edgemont, Maryland,
in 1902.
Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, productive; trunk stocky, smooth; branches
thick, smooth; branchlets mediiim in thickness, purpHsh-red mingled with brown.
Leaves large, obovate, medium in thickness; upper surface yellowish-green, some-
what wrinkled; margin crenate; glands globose.
Flower-buds half-hardy, medium in size; flowers appear in mid-season, small, dark
pink, well distributed, single; pedicels short, somewhat slender; petals ovate, entire;
filaments long, sometimes longer than the petals.
Fruit matures in late mid-season; large, irregular, roundish-ovate, truncate at the
base, with unequal halves; cavity rather deep, medium to narrow, regular, abrupt; suture
shallow; apex mucronate; color light yellow or orange-yellow, with a bronze blush often
deepening to an attractive carmine blush; pubescence short, medium in thickness; skin
thick, somewhat tough, separates from the pulp ; flesh yellow, stained red at the pit, very
juicy, slightly coarse and stringy, meaty, mild subacid or sprighlty; very good in quality;
stone free, large, oval, plump, pointed, with corrugated surfaces.
ELBERTA
1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 66. 1881. 2. .Im. Card. 9:391 fig. 1888. 3. Can. //or/. 11 :28i, 282. 1888.
4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 30. 1889. 5. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 382, PI. i. 1891. 6. Can. Hort. 17:305, PI.
1894. 7. Mo. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 272, 273. 1896. 8. Tez. Sta. Bui. 39:807 fig. 1896. 9. Can. Hort.
23:131, 132, fig. 1769. 1900. 10. Del. Sta. Rpt. 13 = 97 fig- 98- 1900. 11. Rural N. Y. 60:54. 'goi-
12. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:343, 344 fig. 1903.
Elberta leads all other peaches in number of trees in New York and
in America. It is, too, the most popular of all peaches in the markets.
A study of the variety, though it reveals some shortcomings, justifies its
popularity with orchardists and marketmen. The preeminently meritorious
character of Elberta is its freedom from local prejudices of either soil or
chmate — it is the cosmopolite of cultivated peaches. Thus, Elberta is
grown with profit in every peach-growing state in the Union and in nearly
all, if not all, is grown in greater quantities than any other market peach.
The second character which commends Elberta to those in the business
of peach-growing is fruitfulness — barring frosts or freezes the trees load
themselves with fruit year in and year out. Added to these two great
points of superiority are ability to withstand, in fair measure at least,
the ravages of both insects and fungi, large size, vigor, early bearing and
longevity in tree, and large, handsome, well-flavored fruits which ship
and keep remarkably well.
2IO THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Elberta, however, is not without faults and serious ones. The trees
are not as hardy in either wood or blossom as might be wished. In northern
regions peaches of the Crosby, Chili, Smock and Wager type stand winter
freezes and spring frosts much better. The blossoms open rather too
early in New York. The peaches also fall short in quality. They lack
the richness of the Crawfords and the sweetness of the white-fleshed Cham-
pion type. Moreover, the pronounced bitter tang, even when the peaches
are fully ripe, is disagreeable to some. Picked green and allowed to ripen
in the markets, Elberta is scarcely edible by those who know good peaches.
The stone is large but is usually wholly free from the flesh. With these
faults, the dominance of Elberta is not wholly desirable as growers have
a feeling of sufficiency with the one variety and consiimers are forced to
put up with a peach none too high in quality. Still, since no other variety
is so reliable for the trade, this, by the way, being about the only variety
suitable for export by reason of shipping qualities, Elberta promises long
to continue its commercial supremacy.
Elberta was grown by Samuel H. Rumph, Marshall ville, Georgia,
from a seed of Chinese Cling planted in the fall of 1870. The Chinese
Cling tree stood near Early and Late Crawford trees and trees of Oldmixon
Free and Oldmixon Cling. Mr. Rumph believed that the Chinese Cling
blossom which produced Elberta was fertilized by pollen from Early
Crawford. The seedling was named Elberta in honor of Mr. Rumph 's
wife, Clara Elberta Rumph. An interesting coincidence connected with
the origin of Elberta is that another stone from the same Chinese Cling
tree was given to L. A. Rtrniph and from this grew Belle, the splendid
white-fleshed, freestone peach. Nurserymen and growers frequently pro-
duce strains of Elberta which they think superior to the older sort but
the several strains which have been tested on the grotmds of this Station
have not proved to differ a whit from the old variety. From the number
of so-called " Early Elbertas " and " Late Elbertas " it may be suspected
that occasionally Elberta, because of some local condition, ripens its fruit
prematurely, or that ripening may be delayed; when removed from the
particular local environment, ripening time seems to occiar normally.
Elberta was placed on the American Pomological Society's fruit-list in 1889.
Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, dense-topped, hardy, very productive; trunk
thick; branches stocky, smooth, reddish-brown intermingled with light ash-gray; branchlets
with tendency to rebranch, with long intemodes, olive-green lightly overspread with
dark red, glossy, smooth, glabrous, with numerous conspicuous lenticels variable in size.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 211
Leaves six and three-fourths inches lonj^, one and three-fourths inches wide, oval tc
obovate-lanceolate; upper surface dull, dark olive-green, mottled and somewhat rugose;
lower surface grayish-green; margin finely to coarsely serrate, often in two series, tipped
with reddish-brown glands; petiole three-eighths inch long, with one to six reniform,
greenish-yellow glands medium in size and variable in position.
Flower-buds large, pubescent, conical or obtuse, plump, appressed; flowers appear
in mid-season; blossoms light pink near the center, darker pink toward the edges, one and
one-foiu-th inches across; pedicels short, glabrous, green; calyx-tube reddish-green, orange-
colored within, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes acute, glabrous within, pubescent without;
petals oval to ovate, bluntly notched near the base, tapering to broad, short claws red at
the base; filaments one-half inch long, shorter than the petals; pistil pubescent at the ovary,
longer than the stamens.
Fruit matures in mid-season; two and three-fourths inches long, two and one-half
inches wide, roimdish-oblong or cordate, compressed, usually with a slight bulge at one
side; cavity deep, abrupt to flaring, often mottled with red; suture shallow, deepening
toward the apex; apex roundish, with a mamelon or pointed tip; color greenish-yellow
changing to orange-yellow, from one-fourth to three-fourths overspread with red and
with much mottling extending sometimes over nearly the entire surface; pubescence thick
and coarse; skin thick, tough, separates from the pulp; flesh yellow, stained with red near
the pit, juicy, stringy, firm but tender, sweet or subacid, mild; good in quality; stone free,
one and eleven-sixteenths inches long, one and one-sixteenth inches wide, broadly ovate,
varying from flat to plump, sharp-pointed, decidedly bulged on one side, with pitted sur-
faces; ventral suture deeply furrowed along the sides, narrow, winged; dorsal suture deeply
^T-ooved. strongly winged.
ENGLE
1. Mick. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 192, 296, 299. 1893. 2. Mich. Sla. Bui. 169:213. 1899. 3. Am. Pom.
Soc. Cat. 37. 1909. 4. Mich. Shi. Sp. Bui. 44:39, 40. 1910.
Engol's Mammoth. 5. Ont. Fr. Exp. Sla. Rpt. 2:5s. 1895. 6.7^.6:43. 1899.
Engle is almost a cotinterpart of the well-known Late Crawford from
which it differs essentially in earlier ripening fruit and more productive
trees. Before Elberta became the vogue, Engle stood high in the esteem
of commercial planters in Michigan and its culture was rapidly spreading
into other states but the coming of Elberta stopped its career. There
seems little doubt but that Engle is more productive than either of the
two Crawfords, splendid peaches which fail because of unproductiveness,
and for those who want the best it is as good as any of this group —
quite too good to be lost. One of the faults of the two Crawfords is that
the trees are tardy in coming in bearing. Engle is said to bear younger.
On the Station grounds the fruit drops rather too readily but we do not
find this fault mentioned by others.
Engle was grown some forty years ago by C. C. Engle, Paw Paw.
/
f
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 213
than it now receives — the peaches are exceptionally uniform in size.
The color-plate, by the way, shows shape and color very well but does not
give a fair idea of the size, as the peaches grow larger in average years.
Though long grown. Eureka is worthy further trial in New York.
Eureka is a seedling of Chinese Cling found nearly half a century ago
in Bossier Parish, Louisiana. It was introduced by L. T. Sanders and
Son, Plain Dealing, Louisiana.
Tree above medium in size, upright-spreading, round-topped, semi-hardy to hardy,
very productive; trunk thick; branches stocky, smooth, reddish-brown overspread with
very light ash-gray; branchlets with long intemodes, reddish lightly intermingled with
olive-green, glossy, smooth, glabrous, with numerous conspicuous, large lenticels.
Leaves five inches long, one and seven-sixteenths inches wide, folded upward, variable
in shape, leathery; upper surface dark green intermingled with olive-green, smooth becoming
rugose near the midrib; lower surface grayish-green, with a prominent midrib; margin
finely or coarsely serrate, glandular; petiole five-sixteenths inch long, with two to six large,
reniform glands variable in color and position.
Flower-buds somewhat tender, small, short, heavily pubescent, obtuse or conical,
plump, usually appressed; blossoms open early; flowers one and thirteen-sixteenths inches
across, pink, well distributed; pedicels very short, medium to thick, glabrous, green; calyx-
tube reddish-green, greenish-yellow within, obconic; calyx-lobes usuaUy broad, obtuse,
glabrous within, pubescent without; petals oval or ovate, entire, broadly and shallowly
crenate, tapering to long claws reddish at the base; filaments one-half inch long, shorter
than the petals; pistil pubescent at the ovary, as long as the stamens.
Fruit matures early; about two and seven-sixteenths inches in diameter, round or
round-oval, bulged on one side, compressed, with tmequal halves; cavity shallow, abrupt;
suture shallow, deepening at the apex; apex flattened or more or less rounded, with mucro-
nate tip; color greenish-white or creamy-white, often with a distinct, bright red blush
overspreading one-third of the surface, with faint mottlings; pubescence fine, thick, short;
skin thin, tender, separates from the pulp; flesh white, tender and melting, very juicy,
pleasant flavored, good; stone free, one and one-half inches long, one inch wide, ovate
to oval, tapering to a long point, with corrugated and deeply pitted surfaces; ventral
suture winged, deeply groo\'ed along the edges, narrow; dorsal suture a narrow groove.
FAMILy FAVORITE
I. Card. M,m. 22:304. 1880. 2. W. N. Y. Ilorl. Soc. Rpl. 114. 1880. 3. Tex. Sla. Bui. 39:807
fig. 7. 1896. 4. Del. Sla. Rpt. li-.qq. 1901. 5. Budii-Hanscn .Ihi. //or/, .lifun. 2:344. [903. 6. .I/ii.
Pom. Soc. Cat. 33. 1909.
Family Favorite is one of the well-known peaches in the South-Central
States but in most respects falls far short of Champion, with which it must
compete, in New York. The tree is doubtfully hardy and the fruit scabs
badly. The variety has two characters to commend it and to give it
214 THE PEACHP:s of new YORK
standing among commercial peaches in New York: Compared with that
of Champion, the fruit stands shipment much better and when brown-rot
is rife, does not suffer nearly as much. In selected locations, then,
when a mid-season, white-fleshed peach is wanted, this variety is worth
trying.
Family Favorite is a seedling of Chinese Cling, possibly crossed with
Oldmixon Free. It was raised by the late William H. Locke, Bonham,
Fannin County, Texas. The exact date of its origin is unknown. The
variety was named and introduced by T. V. Munson, Denison, Texas.
The American Pomological Society added Family Favorite to its list of
fruits in 1909.
Tree of medium size, spreading, inclined to droop, open-topped, productive; trunk
and branches intermediate in thickness; branches reddish-brown with a tinge of very
light ash-gray; branchlets rather short, with intemodes dark red intermingled with olive-
green, glossy, smooth, curving, with numerous medium to small, conspicuous, raised lenticels.
Leaves folded upward, six inches long, one and one-half inches wide, ovate-lanceolate;
upper surface a dull, mottled, dark green mingled with olive-green, rugose along the mid-
rib; lower surface light grayish-green; margin finely serrate, often in two series, tipped
with reddish-brown glands; petiole three-eighths inch long, with one to four small, globose,
greenish-yellow glands variable in position.
Flower-buds smaU, obtuse to pointed, \'er>^ plump, heavily pubescent, appressed;
season of bloom early; flowers light pink at the center, darker pink along the edges, one
and one-eighth inches across; pedicels short, glabrous; calyx-tube reddish-green, cam-
panulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes broad, obtuse, pubescent within, heavily pubescent toward
the edges; petals oval to ovate, usually entire, tapering to narrow claws; filaments one-
half inch long, equal to the petals in length; pistil pubescent at the base, longer than the
stamens.
Fruit matures in mid-season; two and one-half inches long, two and three-eighths
inches wide, roundish-oval to strongly oval, bulged near the apex, compressed, with unequal
sides; cavity contracted, narrow, abrupt; suture a line, deepening toward the apex; apex
roundish, with a small, mucronate tip set in a depression; color creamy-white, with a few
splashes of red showing through a dull and mottled blush; pubescence short, thin; skin
thin, tough; flesh greenish-white, strongly stained with red at the pit, very juicy, tender
and melting, sweet or subacid, aromatic; good in quality; stone semi-free to free, tinged
with red, one and one-half inches long, one inch wide, flattened near the base, elliptical,
plump, winged on one side, with roughish and usually pitted surfaces; ventral suture deeply
furrowed along the sides, narrow ; dorsal suture grooved, irregular.
FITZGERALD
I. Can. Hon. 18:417. 1895. 2. Onl. Fr. Exp. Sta. Rpt. 2:57. 1895. 3. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpl
-35i 236. 1896. 4. .Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 33. 1899. 5. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:344. •903-
6. Can. Hort. 27:195 fig. 1904. 7. VVaugh .Am. Peach Orch. 196, 202. 1913.
♦
FAMILY FAVORITE
FITZGERALD
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 215
Compare the color-plates of Fitzgerald and Early Crawford and it
is seen at once that the two peaches are almost identical in fniit and foliage.
There could be no use in growing Fitzgerald in this State, so similar is it
to the better-known Early Crawford, were it not for the fact that the two
diflfer in season a few days and that possibly Fitzgerald is the more pro-
ductive of the two. Fitzgerald ripens a few days earlier than Early
Crawford though in some of the references given it is said to ripen a few
days later. Canadian peach-growers claim that Fitzgerald, besides being
more productive and extending the season of Early Crawford, is hardier.
In the effort to maintain peaches of the Crawford family in commercial
plantations it may be worth while to try Fitzgerald.
Fitzgerald originated a quarter of a century or more ago at Oakville,
Ontario, but who the originator or what the parentage is not known.
The American Pomological Society placed Fitzgerald on its list of recom-
mended fruits in 1899, a place it still holds.
Tree of medium size, upright-spreading, round-topped, hardy, not verj' productive;
trunk smooth; branches smooth, reddish-brown covered with light ash-gray; branch] ets
long, with inclination to develop short, spur-like branchlets, pinkish-red or dark red inter-
mingled with green, smooth, glabrous, with numerous conspicuous, rather small lenticels.
Leaves six inches long, one and one-half inches wide, folded upward but recurved,
oval to obovate-lanceolate; upper surface dark green tinged with olive-green, rugose; lower
surface light grayish-green; margin finely serrate, tipped with reddish-brown glands;
petiole one-half inch long, glandless or with one to five small, globose, greenish-yellow
glands variable in position.
Flower-buds hardy, conical, pubescent, plump, free; blossoms appear in mid-season;
flowers pale pink varjdng to a deeper red along the edges, seven-eighths inch across; pedicels
very short, slender, glabrous, green; calyx-tube reddish-green, orange-colored within.
obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes narrow, acute, glabrous within, heavily pubescent without;
petals roundish-oval to ovate, white at the center, tapering to narrow claws often red
at the base; filaments one-fourth inch long, equal to the petals in length; pistil pubescent
at the ovarj', equal to the stamens in length.
Fruit matures in mid-season; two and one-half inches long, more than two and one-
half inches wide, roimdish-oval to cordate, somewhat compressed, with unequal halves,
bulged at one side; cavity medium to deep, wide, abrupt or often flaring, marked with
radiating streaks ; suture shallow, deepening toward the apex ; apex roimdish, ending in a
recurved, mamelon point; color golden-yellow more or less overspread with a dull red blush,
with splashes and mottlings of deeper red; pubescence long, thick; skin thin, tough; flesh
yellow, rayed with red at the pit, juicy, rather firm, tender, sweet or mildly subacid,
pleasant flavored; very good in quality; stone free, one and one-half inches long, one inch
wide, ovate, plump, flattened near the base, with pitted surfaces; ventral suture very
deeply furrowed along the sides; dorsal suture slightly winged.
2l6 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
FOSTER
I. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 32. 1869. 2. Am. Ilorl. .-inn. 82 fig. 39. 1870. 3. Card. Mon. 12:371.
1870. 4. Downing Fr. Treci id m. 1st App. 121. 1872. 5. Mich. Ilorl. Soc. Rpl. t,2, 260. 1874. 6. Cull.
& Count. Gent. 44:678. 1879. 7. Budd-Hansen Am. Hart. Man. 2:345. I903- 8. Waugh Am. Peach
Orch. 202. 1913.
Foster's .Seedling. 9. Am. Jour. Horl. 2:277 fig. 1867.
Foster is another very good peach of the Crawford type and at one
time was widely grown in all northern peach-regions. It is so similar
to Late Crawford that even experienced growers can hardly tell them
apart. Those who grow the two in the same orchard find the essential
differences to be: Foster is the larger peach, is more rotund, somewhat
more flattened at the base, is a little earlier, possibly handsomer and is
even of better quality than Late Crawford; the trees of Foster, however,
are hardly as productive as those of either of the two unproductive Craw-
fords. This unproductiveness is the fault that keeps the variety in the
background as a commercial peach. The variety is well worth planting
in any home orchard.
Foster originated about 1857 with J. T. Foster, Medford, Massa-
chusetts, from the stone of a peach purchased by him in a Boston market.
It was awarded a place on the American Pomological Society's list of recom-
mended fruits in 1869.
Tree very large, vigorous, upright-spreading, hardy, variable in productiveness; trunk
thick; branches stocky, smooth, reddish-brown intermingled with light ash-gray; branch-
lets spur-like, long, dark pinkish-red mingled with olive-green, glossy, smooth, glabrous,
with numerous large and small lenticels raised at the base.
Leaves six inches long, one and three-eighths inches wide, folded upward, oval to
obovate-lanceolate, intermediate in thickness, leathery; upper surface dark green, smooth
becoming rugose near the midrib ; lower surface grayish-green ; margin finely serrate, tipped
with small glands; petiole seven-sixteenths inch long, with one to four small globose
glands variable in color and position; flower-buds somewhat tender, conical or pointed,
pubescent, free; blossoms appear in mid-season.
Fruit matures in mid-season; two and seven-sixteenths inches long, more than two
and one-half inches wide, round-cordate, often bulged at one side, compressed, with unequal
sides; cavity deep, wide, flaring or somewhat abrupt, often splashed with red; suture shal-
low, becoming deeper at both apex and cavity and extending slightly beyond the point;
apex roundish or pointed, with a recurved, mamelon or occasionally mucronate tip; color
deep yellow overspread with dark red, with a few splashes or stripes of red; pubescence
long, thick; skin thick, tough, separates from the pulp when fully ripe; flesh deep yellow,
faintly stained with red near the pit, juicy, coarse and stringy, firm but tender, sweet,
mild, spicy; very good in quality; stone free.
GENERAL LEE
GENERAL LEE
2. Am.
Pom. Soc. Cat. 30.
1889.
3-
Budd-Hansen
Am.
Horl
Rpt. 21.
1877. 5. Card. Mon
27:275-
1885
6. Go
Sta.
Bill
. 1897.
8. Del. Sta. Rpi. 13:
104.
1901. 9.
Budd-Hansen
Am.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 217
1. Card. Mon. 29:271. 1887.
Man. 2:346. 1903.
R. E. Lee. 4. Ga. Hart. Soc.
42:240. 1898.
Lee. 7. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 22,
Hort. Man. 2:349. 1903.
General Lee is a white-fleshed cUngstone, the fruit none too attractive
and surpassed by that of other varieties of its season in quaUty. It is
without value in the North. Southern growers say General Lee is an
improved Chinese Chng and as such well worth growing under some con-
ditions. It has the reputation of being quite susceptible to brown-rot.
The variety is offered by a good many nurserymen and we discuss it only
to condemn it for planting in New York. The variety, as its history
shows, really belongs to eastern Asia and thus arouses interest.
General Lee originated with Judge Campbell, Pensacola, Florida,
from pits brought from Japan in i860. In 1864 P. J. Berckmans received
buds from R. R. Hunley of Alabama and in 1867 introduced the sort under
the name General Lee. The American Pomological Society listed this
peach in 1889 as General Lee but in 1897 shortened the name to Lee and
so it appears in the Society's catalog at the present time. We prefer the
old name since when shortened it loses all significance as a commemorative
appellation.
Tree very large, \'igorous, spreading, unproductive; trank thick, rough; branches
reddish-brown tinged wth Hght ash-gray; branchlets slender, with intemodes dark red
mingled with considerable green, glossy, smooth, glabrous, with numerous inconspicuout,
raised lenticels variable in size.
Leaves six and one-fourth inches long, one and one-half inches wide, flat or folded
downward, oval to obovate-lanceolate, thick, leathery; upper surface dark, dull green,
smooth; lower surface grayish-green; apex acuminate; margin coarsely serrate, tipped
with reddish-brown glands; petiole nearly one-half inch long, with one to four large,
reniform, reddish-brown glands variable in position.
Flower-buds somewhat tender, large, conspicuous, very plump, conical to obtuse,
strongly pubescent, appressed or slightly free; blossoms appear in mid-season; flowers
one and thirteen-sbcteenths inches across, pink, well distributed; pedicels short, glabrous,
green; calyx-tube reddish-green at the base, greenish-yellow within, obconic, glabrous;
calyx-lobes narrow, obtuse, glabrous within, pubescent without; petals narrow-oval,
tapering to short, broad claws occasionally with reddish base; filaments seven-sixteenths
inch long, shorter than the petals; pistil pubescent near the base, longer than the stamens.
Fruit matures in mid-season; two and five-eighths inches long, two and one-half
2l8 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
inches wide, round or roundish-oval, compressed, with halves equal; cavity deep, medium
to wide, contracted around the sides, abrupt or flaring, often mottled with red; suture
medium to deep, extending beyond the tip; apex mucronate, mamelon; color greenish-white
changing to creamy-white, with a dull or lively red blush in which are intermingled a few
splashes of duller red; pubescence coarse, long, thick; skin thick, tough, clings to the pulp;
flesh white, stained with red near the pit, juicy, stringy, tender, sweet but sprightly,
pleksantly flavored; good in quality; stone clinging, one and five-sixteenths inches long,
one inch wide, bulged on one side, broadly oval to ovate, flattened, short-pointed at the
apex, with pitted surfaces; ventral suture winged, narrow, deeply grooved along the
edges; dorsal suture grooved.
GEORGE IV
I. Mas Lf Verger 7:49, 50, fig. 23. 1866-73. 2. Leroy Diet. Pom. 6: 129 fig. 1879. 3. Am. Pom.
Soc. Cat. 37. 1909. 4. Waugh Am. Peach Orch. 202. 1913.
George the Fourth. 5. Land. Hort. Sue. Rpl. 6:413. 1826. 6. Pom. Mag. 3:105, PI. 1830.
7. Prince Pom. Man. 1:192, 193. 1831. 8. Downing fr. Trees Am. 47S. 1845. 9. Mag. Hort. 13:120.
121, 122. 1847. 10. Proc. Nat. Con. Fr. Gr. 38, 51. 1848. 11. Carrifere Var. Peckers 70. 1867.
12. Hogg Fruit Man. 4i\7. 1884. 13. Budd-Hansen >lw. /foW. il/a«. 2:346. 1903.
Once one of the mainstays of American peach-growing, George IV
is now of but historical interest. This variety was one of the first named
American peaches and had the honor of being placed on the recommended
list of fruits at the first meeting of the National Convention of Fruit-
Growers, an organization which became the American Pomological Society,
in 1848. George IV is not worth planting now and is illustrated and
described in The Peaches of New York only that fruit-growers may note
progress in the development of peaches. It is interesting to note that this
old American peach is still widely grown in Evirope.
George IV has been confused with several other sorts, particularly
Morris Red. Prince, in the Magazine of Horticulture, writes that Morris
Red is an old Red Rareripe brought to America from Evirope by Huguenot
emigrants and that George IV came from buds of the original tree of this
variety. The consensus of opinion, however, among those who early
knew both peaches, is that Morris Red and George IV are distinct and that
both are of American origin. George IV, the best authorities say, sprang
up as a chance seedling, about 1821, in the garden of a Mr. Gill, Broad
Street, New York City. After fruiting, the variety rapidly grew in favor
and within a few years was everywhere grown in eastern America. Taken
to Europe, it soon became one of the standard European peaches. From
the first it was on the list in the American Pomological Society's fruit-
catalog but was dropped in 1897 to be replaced in 1909. We doubt if it
now deserves to be recommended on any list of fruits.
gkorgp: IV
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 219
Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, hardy, unproductive; trunk thick; branches
stocky, smooth, reddish-brown covered with light ash-gray; branchlets dark red, with
faint traces of green, glossy, smooth, glabrous, with numerous conspicuous, smaU lenticels.
Leaves seven inches long, one and five-eighths inches wide, folded upward and recurved,
oval to obovate-lanceolate, rather thick, leathery; upper surface dark green, smooth except
near the midrib; lower surface grayish-green; margin sharply serrate, red; petiole three-
eighths inch long, glandless or with one to three small, globose, reddish-brown glands
usually at the base of the blade.
Flower-buds short, obtuse, plump, heavily pubescent, appressed; blossoms appear
in mid-season; flowers pale pink, with white centers and edged with darker ]Dink, nearly
one inch across; pedicels nearly sessile; calyx-tube reddish-green, light yellow within, cam-
panulate, glabrous; caljTc-lobes medivmi in length and width, obtuse or acute, glabrous
within, pubescent without; petals roundish-oval, tapering to claws red at the base;
filaments one-fourth inch long, equal to the petals in length; pistil longer than the
stamens.
Fruit matures in mid-season; two and five-sixteenths inches long, two and seven-
sixteenths inches wide, roundish-oblate, bulged near the apex, oblique, with unequal sides;
cavity slightly contracted, deep, wide, abrupt, with tender skin; suture shallow, becoming
deeper at both apex and cavity and faintly showing beyond the tip; apex roundish, with
a mucronate tip; color greenish-white changing to creamy-white, with a pink blush and
sometimes with faint mottlings of red; pubescence short, thick, fine; skin thin, tough,
variable in adherence to the pulp; flesh whitish, deeply tinged with red near the pit, juicy,
stringy, tender, mild, pleasantly flavored; good in quality; stone semi-free to free, one and
one-eighth inches long, three-fourths inch thick, roundish-oval, very plump, flattened at
the base, tapering to a short, rounded point, with grooved surfaces; ventral suture \vinged,
rather narrow; dorsal suture grooved.
GOLD DROP
I. Kan. Hon. Soc. Peach, The 142. 1899. 2. Mich. Sla. Bui. 169:214. 1899. 3. Budd-Hansen
Am. Hor't. Man. 2:347. 1903. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 37. 1909.
Golden Drop. 5. U. S. Pat. Off. Rpt. 298. 1855. 6. Mich. Hart. Soc. Rpl. 243. 1886. 7. Onl.
Fr. Exp. Sta.Rpt. 2:5s fig. 1895. 8. Jl/JcA. 5/o. 5p. 5«/. 44:42, 43 fig., 44, 45. 1910.
Gold Drop, long a familiar variety in ' Michigan peach-orchards, is
not much grown elsewhere. It is doubtfully worth planting in New York
as a peach of commerce but should find a place in ^vcry home orchard.
The variety has several distinctive peculiarities which make it a pleasing
variation in the peach-orchard and add to its merits as a home fruit.
Thus, its transparent, golden skin and flesh make it one of the handsomest
of all peaches; add to handsome appearance a somewhat distinctive
flavor — vinous, rich, refreshing — and the peach becomes one that all
agree is ver}^ good and one that, were the size larger, would sell in any
market. Gold Drop is further characterized by great hardiness in tree
220 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
and bud and by remarkable productiveness. Indeed, it loads itself so
heavily that the peaches invariably run small unless the trees are heavily
pruned and the crop thinned — small size of fruit is the greatest defect
of the variety. Besides being one of the hardiest of all peaches it is also
about the least susceptible to brown-rot and leaf-curl, the two worst
scourges of the peach when yellows permits the trees to live. Earliness
in coming in bearing 's another admirable character. The trees are of
but medium size, are dainty in habits with clean, fresh foliage so that
the variety is an attractive ornamental. All in all, Gold Drop is ideal
for the home garden and has many good characters which can be used
as stepping-stones in breeding peaches.
The origin of Gold Drop is unknown. It is evidently an old sort
and some horticultvuists believe it to be an old variety renamed. The
variety has been cultivated in Michigan orchards for many years under
the name Golden Drop given it by George W. Griffin, Casco, Allegan
County, Michigan, who introduced it. The variety was at one time
supposed to be the peach which is grown in Michigan as Yellow Rareripe
but it is not the Yellow Rareripe cultivated today. The American Pomo-
logical Society listed it in its fruit-catalog in 1909 under the name Gold
Drop.
Tree of medium size and vigor, spreading, rather open-topped, hardy, very productive;
tnmk thick and smooth; branches stocky, smooth, reddish-brown with a covering of light
ash-gray; branchlets slender, with intemodes dull pinkish-red intermingled with green,
smooth, glabrous, with conspicuous, raised lenticels.
Leave five and one-half inches long, one and one-fourth inches wide, folded upward
and recurved, oval to obovate-lanceolate, leathery; upper surface dark green, mottled;
lower surface grayish-green; margin finely serrate, tipped with red along the edge; petiole
three-eighths inch long, with two to nine large, reddish-brown or grapsh. mixed glands
usually on the leaf.
Flower-buds long, conical or obtuse, plump, somewhat appressed, pubescent; season
of bloom early; flowers pale pink, one "and three-fourths inches across, well distributed;
pedicels short, medium to slender, glabrous, green; calyx-tube reddish-green, orange-colored
within, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes broad, usually acute, glabrous within, pubescent
without; petals ovate, notched near the base, tapering to long, narrow claws variable
in color at the base; filaments one-half inch long, shorter than the petals; pistil pubescent
at the ovary, equal to or longer than the stamens.
Fruit matures late; two and seven-sixteenths inches long, nearly two and one-half inches
wide, roundish-oval, bulged at one side, with unequal halves; cavity deep, abrupt, twig-
marked; suture very shallow, extending beyond the apex; apex roundish, \^dth a slightly
mamelon or mucronate tip; color greenish or golden-yellow, with a dull blush on one side;
GOLD DROP
GOVERNOR HOGG
THE PKACHES OF NEW YORK 221
pubescence thick, coarse; skin adhering to the pulp; flesh pale yelIo\\- to the pit, variable
in juiciness, pleasantly sprightly; good in quality; stone free, one and nine-sixteenths
inches long, one and one-sixteenth inches wide, broadly ovate, bulged at one side, with
a pointed apex and deeply grooved surfaces; ventral suture deeply grooved at the sides,
rather narrow; dorsal suture with a deep groove, wing-like.
GOVERNOR HOGG
n. Pom. Sor. Oil. 37.
I. Brown Bros. Cat. 27. 1906.
2. Ga. Ilorl. .Soc
Rpi. 65, 6(). 1907.
909. 4. ,V. /. Ilort. Soc. Rpi. 37.
1912. 5. Waugh
Am. Peach Orch. 20.
Gmcnior. 6. Del. Sta. Rpi. 13: i
01. 1901.
Were it not that Governor Hogg must compete with the well-estab-
lished Greensboro and Carman, we should say at once that it was well
worth tr\4ng in commercial planting in New York as an early, white-
fleshed peach. In the Station orchard, Governor Hogg ripens a few days
after Carman, is larger, handsomer and as good in quality. In both
appearance and quality, Governor Hogg excels Greensboro, the size, shape
and color of the two, as the illustrations show, being much the same
though the color of this variety runs more to reds and soft tints of red.
The flesh is firm, though tender and delicate, and the peaches ought to
stand shipment well. As with all of these early, white-fleshed peaches.
Governor Hogg is quite susceptible to both leaf-curl and brown-rot.
The parentage of this peach is unknown. It seems to have originated
with a Mr. McClung, Tyler, Texas, about 1892, and was disseminated
by Messrs. Sneed and Whitaker of the same place. The American Pomo-
logical Society placed Governor Hogg on its fruit-list in 1909.
Tree large, upright-spreading, open-topped, hardy, variable in productiveness; trunk
thick, reddish-brown intermingled with light ash-gray; branches slender, with short inter-
nodes, brownish mingled with red and ash-gray, glossy, smooth, glabrous, with man\-
conspicuous, large and small, lenticels.
Leaves five and one-half inches long, one and one-half inches wide, folded upward
and slightly recurved, usually oval-lanceolate, medium in thickness, leathery; up]ier surface
dark oli\-e-green, smooth; lower surface grayish-green; margin finely serrate, tipped with
reddish-brown glands; petiole three-eighths inch long, glandless or with one to five reniform,
reddish-bro\vn glands of medium size, variable in position; flower-buds conical, plump,
pubescent, appressed; blossoms open in mid-season.
Fruit matures early; two and one-fourth inches long, more than two inches wide,
oblong-oval, compressed, oblique; cavity deep, narrow, abrupt; suture shallow, becoming
deeper at the, cavity; apex depressed, with a mucronate tip; color creamy-white, blushed
with red ; pubescence short ; skin thin, separates from the pulp ; flesh white, juicy, stringy,
meat_\', rather tough; good in quality; stone clinging, one and three-eighths inches long,
seven-eighths inch wide, obovate, piixmp, strongly bulged on one side, conspicuously winged.
222 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
pointed at the base, with the surfaces grooved and pitted; ventral suture winged, narrow,
with furrows of medium depth along the sides.
GREENSBORO
I. Mich. Hon. Soc. Rpt. 2,^8. 1896. 2. Am. Pom. .Sot. Cat. 33. [899. 3. Kan. Hort. Soc. Peach,
Ttu- 49, 143. 1899. 4. Del. Sla. Rpt. 13:101 li};. (>, 102. 1901. 5. Ont. Fr. Exp. Sta. Rpt. 9:37, 38.
1902. 6. IF. N. Y. Ilorl. Soc. Rpt. 11. 1907. 7. Waugh Am. Peach Orch. 202. 1913. 8. .V. Y. State
Fr. Cr. Assoc. Rpt. 16. 1915.
Balsey. 9. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 289. 1893.
Greensboro is one of the leading early, white-fleshed peaches. It
takes high place because of its showy fruits and its large, vigorous, healthy,
early-bearing and prolific trees. In the last character, in particular,
Greensboro is almost supreme — year in and year out, barring accidents,
its trees are fruitful. Possibly, too, no other white-fleshed peach is adapted
to a greater variety of soils than Greensboro which, with fair capacity to
stand heat and cold, makes it suitable for wide variations in peach-regions.
The peaches, while handsome, as the color-plate shows, are in no way
remarkable, the quality, if anything, being rather inferior, so that it is
the tree that gives Greensboro its standing. The variety is well thought
of by fruit-dealers not only on account of the attractive product but
because the fruits carry well and keep long. Possibly the peaches are
less susceptible to brown-rot than most other varieties of Greensboro's
season but to offset this advantage there are many cracked pits and
accompanying mal-formed fruits. Picked green the stone clings; picked
at maturity the variety may be called a freestone. AU in all, Greensboro
is one of the best early, market peaches for New York.
Greensboro is a seedling of Connett grown by W. G. Balsey, Greens-
boro, North Carolina, about 1891. It was introduced by John A. Young
of Greensboro as Balsey, this name being changed to Greensboro in 1894.
Greensboro was added to the list of fruits recommended by the American
Pomological Society in 1899.
Tree very large, spreading, open-topped, hardy, very productive; trunk thick, shaggy;
branches stocky, smooth, reddish-brown covered with light ash-gray; branchlets slender,
long, with short intemodes, dark red intermingled with oli\^e-green, glossy, smooth, glabrous,
with very small, conspicuous lenticels.
Leaves six and one-half inches long, one and one-half inches wide, folded upward,
recurved, oval to obovate-lanceolate, thick, leathery; upper surface dark green, smooth,
rugose along the midrib; lower surface grayish-green; margin finely serrate, tipped with
reddish-brown glands; petiole one-half inch long, with one to five reniform, reddish-brown
glands usually at the base of the blade.
GREENSBORO
HALE EARLY
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 223
Flower-buds hardy, large, medium to long, conical or obtuse, very plump, strongly
pubescent, usually free; season of bloom early; flowers pale pink, one and three-fourths
inches across, usually in twos; pedicels very short, glabrous; calyx-tube dull reddish-green,
lemon-yellow within, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes very broad, obtuse, glabrous
within, pubescent without; petals round-ovate, tapering to short, narrow claws red at the
base; filaments one-half inch long, shorter than the petals; pistil pubescent at the base,
equal to the stamens in length.
Fruit matures early; two and one-half inches long, two and three-eighths inches wide,
oblong-oval, often oblique, bulged at one side, compressed, with unequal sides; cavity
deep, narrow, abrupt; suture shallow, deepening toward the cavity; apex roundish, with
a small, mucronate tip; color creamy-white, blushed red, with a few stripes of darker red
intermingling; pubescence heavy, nearly tomentose; skin rather tough, separates from the
pulp; flesh white, very juicy, tender and melting, mild, sweet, sprightly; fair in quality;
stone semi-clinging, one and seven-sixteenths inches long, one inch wide, winged on both
sides, ovate, strongly bulged along one side, with short grooves on the surfaces; ventral
suture narrow, deeply grooved along the sides; dorsal suture grooved, winged.
HALE EARLY
I. Mag. Hort. 27:65, 66. 1861. 2. Am. Pom. .Soc. Cat. 78. 1862. 3. Card. Mon. 5:68, 69, 198,
277, 278. 1863. 4. Horticulturist 18:63, 64, 197. '98, 242, 243 fig., 244. 1863. 5. Downing Fr. Trees
Am. 615. 1869. 6. Horticulturist 27:23, 304. 1872. 7. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 37. 1909.
Precoce de Hale. 8. Mas Lc Ffrg^r 7: 193, 194, fig. 95. 1866-73.
Hale. 9. Am. Pom. .'ioc. Cat. :^:i. 1891. 10. .l/;c/!. .S/o. Bm/. 169:215. 1899.
In the middle of the last century. Hale Early was considered the
best peach of its season for home and market. Even now it has several
characters to recommend it; as, large, vigorous, hardy, healthy, productive
trees, fruits handsome in color, uniform in size and shape, with flesh more
than ordinarily free from the stone for an early peach, fair quality for
the season and extreme earliness. The chief fault is that the peaches run
small in size, scarcely exceeding large marbles, which they resemble in
roundness. The variety must be grown in the best of peach-lands, heavily
thinned, and the trees severely pruned. The peaches, besides being small,
are very susceptible to brown-rot. Nowhere very commonly planted, the
variety is still widely distributed, a fact, in view of the competition with
many early peaches, which speaks well for a peach introduced more than
fifty years ago. It is interesting to note that Hale Early was introdu^^ed
into Europe many years ago and that European pomologists still speak
highly of it.
Hale Early grew from a seed planted in 1850 by a German named
Moas at Randolph, Portage Covmty, Ohio. A few years later the attention
of a Mr. Hale, Summit County, Ohio, was called to the seedling and he.
224 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
impressed with its earliness, began to propagate it. About 1859 the
variety was introduced by Hale and Jewett, nurserymen in Summit County,
as Hale's Early German. In some localities it became known as Early
German but finally the name Hale's Early was adopted. It was so listed
in the American Pomological Society's fruit-catalog in 1862 but in 1891 the
name was changed to Hale so to remain until 1909 when it appeared
in the Society's catalog as Hale Early. The adoption of the last name
is warranted, possibly, from the fact that another peach named Hale
existed several years before the origin of the present sort.
Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, hardy, variable in productiveness; tnmk
thick; branches stocky, smooth, reddish-brown mingled with ash-gray; branchlets long,
dark pinkish-red with a trace of olive-green, glossy, smooth, glabrouf , with rather few large,
conspicuous lenticels.
Leaves flat or curled downward, six and one-fourth inches long, one and one-fourth
inches wide, long-oval to obovate-lanceolate, thin, leathery; upper surface dark green,
smooth; lower surface grayish-green; margin finely serrate, often in two series, tipped
with reddish-brown glands; petiole three-eighths inch long, glandless or with one to four
small, globose, reddish-brown glands usually at the base of the blade.
Flower-buds conical or pointed, plump, pubescent, usually free; blossoms appear in
mid-season; flowers dark pink at the center, with lighter pink toward the margin and
with streaks of light pink along the veins, one and one-half inches across, usually single ;
pedicels short, glabrous, green, with a few reddish dots; cahTC-tube dull green mottled
with red, with varying shades of orange within, campanulate, glabrous; calyTc-lobes broad,
usually obtuse, pubescent within and without, with longer hairs along the edges, erect;
petals round or inclined to oval, entire, notched on both sides near the claws which are
short, broad and tinged with red near the base; filaments one-half inch long, shorter than
the petals; pistil finely pubescent at the ovary, longer than the stamens.
Fruit matures early; one and three-fourths inches long, one and seven-eighths inches
wide, round, slightly compressed, with imequal halves; cavity regular, medium to deep,
wide, flaring; sutiu-e shallow, with a slight bulge near the apex; apex roundish or flattened,
ending abruptly in a short, sharp, recurved point; color creamy-white, with an attractive
blush extending over one-half of the surface; pubescence short, thick; skin tough, free;
flesh white, juicy, tender, sweet, with some astringency; good in quality; stone semi-free,
one and five-sixteenths inches long, fifteen-sixteenths inch wide, ovate or oval, plump,
with a short-pointed apex, surfaces marked by short grooves; ventral sutixre deep along
the sides, narrow; dorsal suture deeply grooved, winged.
HEATH CLING
I. Prince Treat. Fr. Trees 17. 1820. 2. Kenrick Am. Orcli. 234. 1832. 3. Proc. Nal. Con. Fr.
Gr. 51. 1848. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 78. 1862. 5. Fulton Peac/j Ctt/«. 197, 198. 1908.
Heath. 6. Coxe Cult. Fr. Trees 228. 1817. 7. Land. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 97. 1831. 8. Prince Pom.
Jl/(iH. 2:29, 30. 1832. 9. Downing Fr. rrecT .Iw. 494, 495. 1845. 10. Floy-hindley Guide Orch. Card.
HEATH CLING
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 225
187,188. 1846. u. Elliott Fr. Boo* 274, 275. 1S54. 12. Mas Z,e Ferger 7:207, 208, fig. 102. 1866-73.
13. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 37. 1909.
White English. 14. Horticulturist N. S. 7:178, 179. 1857.
Heath Cling is unquestionably the oldest named American peach
now under cultivation. Its antiquity constitutes about its only claim to
recognition though for its tree-characters and for at least one fruit-
character it ought to be retained for breeding. Few varieties have larger,
healthier, hardier trees than Heath Cling, the fact that the oldest of our
peaches has from the first retained theSe characters in pristine vigor
confuting the notion thtit varieties degenerate. In the descriptions of
Chinese peaches in Chapter I, we read of winter peaches — sorts that
could be kept for three or four months after picking. Of all American
peaches. Heath Cling, possibly, most nearly approaches these Chinese
winter peaches. It has been known to keep in good condition from
October to December. Its quality, at best, is good but often it runs poor.
Well grown, the peach has a sweet, rich, vinous taste but the flesh adheres
so tightly to the stone that it is not pleasant eating out of hand though
splendid cooked, preserved or pickled, the stone in culinary operations
imparting a pleasant flavor of peach-pit bitterness. It is the best of all
peaches to preserve or pickle whole. The color-plate shows the blushed
sides of Heath Cling and therefore too much red for typical specimens
of this variety.
Just how old Heath Cling is no one knows but it probably was grown
in the colonies before the Revolution. Two accounts are given of its
origin. According to one it originated with Daniel Heath of Maryland
from a pit brought from the Mediterranean. Another is that the honor
of originating this peach belongs in the Prince family and that the first
William Prince discovered the variety growing wild on the farm of Judge
Willet, Flushing, New York. The Princes, according to this account,
gave it the name Heath because it was found on a barren heath. It
seems fairly well established that the variety was in the Prince orchards
before the Revolutionary War whether or not it was found and named
by them.
Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, hardy, unproductive; trunk shaggy; branches
stocky, reddish-brown covered with light ash-gray; branchlets long, dark red intermingled
with olive-green, glossy, smooth, glabrous, with numerous conspicuous, large, raised
lenticels.
Leaves six and one-fourth inches long, one and one-half inches wide, folded upward,
recurving, oval to obo\^ate-lanceolate, leathery- ; upper surface dark green, rugose; lower
226 TIIK PEACHES OF NEW YORK
surface grayish-green; margin finely serrate, tipped with reddish-brown glands; petiole
one-half inch long, with two to seven small, mostly reniform, reddish-brown glands usually
at the base of the leaf.
Flower-buds tender, mediimi to small, short, conical or pointed, plump, pubescent,
free; blossoms appear in mid-season; flowers a faded pink, white at the center of the petals,
about three-fourths inch across; pedicels short, mediiun to thick, glabrous, green; calyx-
tube reddish-green; calyx-lobes short, broad, obture, glabrous within, pubescent without;
petals roundish-oval, tapering to short, broad claws occasionally with a red base; filaments
one-fourth inch long, shorter than the petals; j^istil pubescent near the base, longer than
the stamens.
Fruit matures very late; two and one-eighth inches long, two and one-fourth inches
wide, round-oval, compressed and somewhat angular, with unequal sides; cavity variable
in depth and width, abrupt or flaring; suture shallow, extending beyond the apex; apex
ending in a swollen, pointed tip; color creamy-white, blushed with red, splashed and mottled
with darker red; pubescence short, thick, fine; skin thin, adhering to the pulp; flesh white,
juicy, firm and meaty but tender, sweet or somewhat sprightly; good in quality; stone
clinging, one and one-fourth inches long, seven-eighths inch wide, oval, plump, flattened
and pointed toward the base, tapering to a short point at the apex, with dark brown, grooved
surfaces; ventral suture deep along the s-ides, thick, furrowed; dorsal suture grooved.
HEATH FREE
I. Am. Pom. Soc. Cal. 37. 1909. 2. Waugh Am. Peach Onh. 203. 1913.
Kenrick Ilcath. 3. Prince Trea/. //or/. 17. 1828. 4. Prince /"oni. -l/a/i. 2:30, 31. 1832. 5. Down-
ing Fr. Trees Am. 479. 1845. 6. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 78. 1862. 7. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man.
2:348. 1903.
Heath. 8. Kenrick Am. Orch. 226, 227. 1832.
Heath Free is now rarely planted, being replaced by better sorts — in
fact it was out of date a quarter-century ago when the American Pomo-
logical Society dropped it from its fruit-list. We can see no justification
of the Society's action in restoring the variety to its list ten years later.
The tree-characters of Heath Free seem to be, in the main, very good
but the peaches are not at all attractive in appearance and none too good
in quality — at best it is but a culinary sort. Possibly it is worth growing
under some conditions as a late, white-fleshed peach.
Heath Free is another old variety, a native of New England. Kenrick,
one of the first American pomologists, received the variety from General
Heath, Roxbury, Massachusetts, early in the Nineteenth Centur>'. Later,
Kenrick sent it to Prince at Flushing, New York, who is credited with
having distributed it. The variety should not be confused with Heath
Cling. Ripening at the latter end of the peach-season, the term " Late "
is often attached to the name. In 1862 the American Pomological Society
HEATH FREE
I.
%
#^
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 227
put this peach on its fruit-hst under the name Kenrick Heath but dropped
it from the hst in 1S99. Ten years later, 1909, the variety was replaced
in the Society's catalog as Heath Free.
Tree very large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, unproductive; trunk thick,
somewhat shaggy; branches stocky, smooth, reddish-brown covered with very light ash-
gray; branchlets long, with many short, spur-like branches near the tips, with internodes
dark red intermingled with olive-green, glossy, smooth, glabrous, with numerous con-
spicuous lenticels, raised near the base and tip.
Leaves seven and one-eighth inches long, one and three-fourths inches wide, folded
upward, recurved slightly, long-oval to obovate-lanceolate, rather thin; upper surface
dark green, smooth becoming rugose near the midrib; lower surface grayish-green; margin
finelj- serrate, with reddish-brown glands; petiole one-half inch long, with two to five
reniform, reddish-brown glands usually on the petiole.
Flower-buds half-hardy, conical or pointed, very pubescent, free; blossoms appear in
mid-season; flowers dark pink along the margins of the petals changing to white toward
their centers, well distributed; pedicels short, glabrous, green; calyx-tube reddish-green,
yellow within, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes short, narrow, acute to obtuse, glabrous
within, pubescent without; petals small, narrow-oval, often broadly notched near the
base, tapering to short, broad claws red at the base; filaments one-fourth inch long, equal
to the petals in length; pistil pubescent at the base, longer than the stamens.
Fruit matures in late mid-season ; two and one-eighth inches long, two and one-fourth
inches thick, roundish-oval to oblong-oval, often strongly compressed, with halves nearly
equal; cavity meditmi to shallow, wide, flaring, contracted along the sides, with tender
skin; suture shallow; apex roundish, with a depressed, mucronate tip; color creamy-white,
blushed or mottled with red, with splashes of deeper red; pubescence rather coarse, thick;
skin thick, tough, adherent to the pulp; flesh white, bronzed at the pit, juicy, coarse, firm
but tender, mild subacid with some astringency; good in quality; stone free, one and three-
eighths inches long, one inch wide, flattened near the base, oval, with long grooves deeply
sunken in the surfaces; ventral suture deeply furrowed along the edges, wide; dorsal suture
grooved, faintly winged.
HILEY
I. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpl. 170. 1899. 2. Del. Sta. Rpl. 13:102 fig. 7, 103. 1901. 3. U. S. D. A.
Yearbook 271, 272, PI. 34. 1903. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cal. 37. 1909.
Early Belle. 5. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:342. 1903. 6. \V. N. Y. Ilort. Soc. Rpl. 12.
1907.
In spite of keen competition with many other early, white-fleshed
peaches, there seems to be a place for Hiley. Two characters make it
notable in its class. It is the earliest commercial freestone, white-fleshed
peach and it is rather better in quality than most of its competitors. Well
grown, the peaches are large in size and handsomely colored but the
fruits are not quite as uniform in either size or color as could be desired
for a commercial variety. The trees, while productive, are neither large
228 THE PEACHES OV NEW YORK
nor sufficiently hardy and vigorous to make an ideal commercial sort.
Still, we must end as we began, with the statement that there is a place
for Hiley because of earliness and high quality. The fruits, unfortunately,
are easy prey to brown-rot.
Hiley originated with Eugene Hiley, Marshallville, Georgia, about
iS86. Seeds of several varieties, including Belle and Elberta, were planted
and from these sprang one tree which bore the fruit under discussion.
R. A. Hiley, who seems to have first discovered its value, is of the opinion
that this variety is a seedling of Belle crossed with Alexander. The new
peach was first named Early Belle and the first crops were shipped under
this name. Later the name was changed to Hiley. The American Pomo-
logical Society placed the variety on its fruit-list in 1909.
Tree medium in size, lacking in vigor, upright-spreading, open-topped, very pro-
ductive; trunk thick; branches stocky, smooth, reddish-brown covered with light ash-gray;
branchlets with short intemodes, brownish-red heavily overlaid with olive-green, smooth,
glabrous, with conspicuous lenticels variable in number and size.
Leaves six and one-fourth inches long, one and one-half inches wide, folded upwards
to nearly flattened, narrow-oval to obovate-lanceolate, leathery; upper surface dull, dark
green, mottled, nearly smooth; lower surface grayish-green; margin finely serrate, tipped
with reddish-brown glands; petiole three-eighths inch long, glandless or with one to eight
small, globose and reniform, greenish-yellow glands variable in position.
Flower-buds tender, obtuse, plump, heavily pubescent, appressed or nearly so;
blossoms appear in mid-season; flowers pink, one and seven-eighths inches across, often
in twos; pedicels glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube dull, dark reddish-green, greenish-yellow
within, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes broad, obtuse, glabrous within, heavily pubescent
without; petals roundish-ovate, tapering to long, broad claws red at the base; filaments
one-half inch long, shorter than the petals; pistil pubescent at the ovary, equal to or often
longer than the stamens.
Fruit matures in mid-season; two and three-eighths inches long, two and one-fourth
inches thick, roundish-conic to oblong-conic, bulged near the apex, with unequal halves;
cavity abrupt, the skin tender and tearing easily; suture shallow, deepening toward the
apex; apex pointed; color greenish-yellow with a dull blush often extending over one-half
the surface, more or less mottled; pubescence thick, fine, short; skin thin, tough, separates
from the pulp when fully ripe; flesh creamy-white, stained red at the pit, stringy, firm
but tender, with a distinct, pleasant flavor, sprightly; good in quality; stone semi-free
to free, one and three-eighths inches long, seven-eighths inch wide, elliptical to ovate.
pointed at both ends, with nearly smooth surfaces; ventral suture rather wide and with
deep furrows along the sides; dorsal suture a small groove.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 229
HYNES
I. Tex. Sla. Bui. 39:812. 1896. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 33. 1899. 3. Ont. Fr. Exp. Sta. Rpt.
8:14 liR. 1901. 4. Buiid-Hansen .1 m. //or/. .Uan. 2:348. 1903.
Ilynes Surprise. 5. W. N. Y. llorl. .S'oi . Rpt. 50. 1879. 6. Ibid. in. 1880. 7. U. S. D. .'I.
Pom. Rpt. 42. 1895.
Coming at a season when there are several very good, white-fleshed
peaches, we doubt whether Hynes can establish itself in the peach-list
for New York. The peaches are not quite large enough and the stone
dings a little too tenaciously for a first-class early peach. The flavor
is good for an early peach and when large enough the fruits are attractive,
shape and coloring being particularly pleasing. Hynes was at one time
highly recommended, widely advertised and largely sold in New York by
nurserymen and fruit-growers in this State. We doubt if many are now
planting it. The color-plate is an excellent reproduction of the variety.
Hynes was grown about 1877 by E. F. Hynes, West Plains, Missouri.
Its parentage is unknown. The variety soon became disseminated as a
valuable early, commercial peach. At first it was known as Hynes Surprise
but gradually the name has been shortened to Hynes. The late S. D.
Willard, Geneva, New York, grew and recommended this variety for a
number of years and by some has been given the credit of having originated
and introduced it. The American Pomological Society put Hynes on its
fruit-list in 1899.
Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, hardy, medium in productive-
ness; tnmk thick; branches stocky, smooth, reddish-brown with a small amount of ash-gray ;
branchlets long, with intemodes of mediirai length, dark red intermingled with oli\-e-green,
glossy, smooth, glabrous, with conspicuous, large lenticels.
Leaves six and one-half inches long, about one and one-half inches wide, oval to
obovate-lanceolate, leather}', dull, dark green, smooth; lower surface grayish-green; apex
tapering to a long, narrow jjoint; margin finely serrate, tipped with reddish-brown glands;
petiole three-eighths inch long, with one to five small, globose, brownish-yellow glands
variable in position.
Flower-buds hardy, small, short, obtuse, plump, slightly pubescent, usually appressed;
blossoms appear in mid-season ; flowers dark pink at the center, light pink near the edges,
often in twos; pedicels short, medium to thick, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube reddish-
green, greenish-yellow within, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes short, medium to broad,
obtuse, glabrous within, pubescent without; petals broadly oval, irregular in outline,
tapering to claws often red at the base; filaments one-half inch long, shorter than the
petals; pistil pubescent near the base, equal to the stamens in length.
Fruit matures early; two and one-half inches long, two and one-fourth inches wide,
round-oblate, with halves usually equal; cavity wide, flaring; suture shallow, becoming
230 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
deeper near the tip; apex flattened or roundish, ending abruptly in a short, sharp point;
color greenish or creamy-white, with a dull, dark red blush, splashed and mottled with
carmine; pubescence thin, short, fine; skin thin, tender, variable in adherence to the pulp;
flesh greenish-white, with a red stain vmder the skin and often rayed with red about the
pit, juicy, stringy, tender and melting, sweet, mild; fair to good in quality; stone nearly
free, one and one-fourth inches long, seven-eighths inch wide, bulged on one side, ovate,
very plump, with surfaces pitted and with short, narrow grooves; ventral suture furrowed,
very deeply grooved at the edges; dorsal suture wide, deeply grooved.
ILLINOIS
I. N. J. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 36. 1912. 2. Stark Bros. Cat. 37 fig. 1913. 3. Waugh Am. Peach Orch.
203. 1913. 4- Stark Bros. Cat. 43. 1914.
Illinois is a mid-season, white-fleshed, freestone peach, still on pro-
bation with what result as to commercial possibilities we should not like
to predict. It has been little tried in New York and growers in other
peach-regions are not in accord as to its value. In size, color and shape
of fruit, as the color-plate shows, Illinois is one of the beauties of the
orchard. Yet, all things considered, the new variety is not as good
as Champion with which it would have to compete. Neither tree- nor
fruit-characters are quite satisfactory as the variety grows on the Station
grounds. It must be apparent, too, to all peach-growers that the industry
is overloaded with white-fleshed peaches which at best must be sold in
nearby markets or grown for home use.
Illinois originated about 1910 on the grounds of E. H. Riehl near
North Alton, Illinois. It is supposed to be a cross between Stark Heath
and Washington.
Tree medium in size and vigor, upright to spreading, hardy, very productive; trunk
thick; branches stocky, smooth, dark reddish-brown overlaid by ash-gray; branchlets
slender, short, with intemodes dark red and olive-green, smooth, glabrous, with a few
inconspicuous, raised lenticels variable in size.
Leaves five and one-half inches long, one and one-half inches wide, curled under at
the tips, ovate-lanceolate, thin, leathery; upper surface dull, dark green, rugose along
the midrib; lower surface olive-green; margin deeply and sharply serrate, the serrations
often in two series, tipped with small glands; petiole three-eighths inch long, glandless.
Flower-buds mediimi to large, obtuse or conical, plump, pubescent, appressed;
blossoms appear in mid-season; flowers variable in color, over one inch across, often in
twos; pedicels short, greenish, glabrous; calyx-tube reddish-green, greenish-yellow within,
campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes mediiun to broad, obtuse, glabrous within, pubescent
wnthout; petals oval, crenate, often broadly notched near the base, tapering to narrow
claws with a tinge of red at the base; filaments one-half inch long, equal to the petals in
length; pistil pubescent at the base, as long as the stamens.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 23I
Fruit matures in early mid-season; two and one-fouith inches long, two and one-half
inches wide, round-oblate, compressed, the halves usually unequal; cavity deep, abrupt,
often tinged with red; suture shallow, deepening toward the apex; apex roundish, with
a mucronate tip; color creamy-white, blushed with dull, dark red and mottled with splashes
of brighter red; pubescence heavy; skin tough; flesh white, stained red near the pit, juicy,
tender and melting, sweet; good in quality; stone semi-free to free, one and one-fourth
inches long, fifteen-sixteenths inch wide, oval or obovate, not bulged, slightly elongated
toward the base, plump, short-pointed at the apex, with grooved and pitted surfaces;
ventral suture winged, of medium width, deeply grof)\-ed along the edges; dorsal suture
deeply grooved.
IMPERIAL
I. Lrt. .S7(i. B»/. 27:94;,. 1894. 2. Tex. Sla. Bill. 3g:X[<). 1896. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 22. 1897.
4. Alii. Sla. Bui. ii?:.^"?. i^oi. 5. Flu. Sta. Bui. 73: 148, Pis. 3 &• 4. 1904. 6. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat.
37. 1909. 7. Ala. Sta. Bid. 156:133. 191 1.
Of the several honey-flavored peaches fruiting on the Station grounds,
Imperial is probably the best. The fruit is not easily distinguished in
appearance -from that of Climax, at least by those unfamiliar with southern
peaches, and is also rather closely allied to Honey in outward character but
has a somewhat distinct flavor in which it surpasses Climax and Honey.
It differs from both, too, in time of ripening. The peaches of this, as of
other honey-flavored sorts, drop badly as they mature. It is doubtful
if we shall ever grow pure-bred peaches of the Honey type in New York
for the markets, but Imperial, at least, is worth a place in every home
orchard where it does not have to brave too great a degree of cold; and
peach-breeders should seize the opportunity to cross it with our less richly
flavored northern varieties.
Imperial is a seedling of Honey grown in 1890 by G. L. Taber, Glen
Saint ]\Iar>', Florida. This variety has been much confused with White
Imperial, a sort grown in New York many years ago but long since out of
cultivation. Pomologists frequently list White Imperial as a synonym
of Imperial, giving the origin as New York, when the variety in mind is
the true Imperial of southern origin. Imperial was listed in the American
Pomological Society's catalog in 1897 but was dropped in 1899. It
appears again, however, in the Society's catalog in 1909 under the name
Imperial with White Imperial incorrectly given as a synonym.
Tree medium in size or small, upright-spreading, round-topped, productive; trunk
thick, rough; branches stocky, roughened, reddish-brown intermingled more or less with
ash-gray; branchlets slender, often rebranching, long, with intemodes dark pinkish-red
mingled with varying shades of olive-green, and with conspicuous, numerous, raised
lenticels.
232 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK •
Ivcaves six and one-fourtli inches long, one and one-half inches wide, flattened, lanceo-
late, leathery; upper surface dull, dark green; lower surface olive-green; margin finelj- and
shallowly serrate, tipped with glands; petiole three-eighths inch long, with one to four
small, reniform glands usually at the base of the blade.
Flower-buds small, medium to short, conical or obtuse, pubescent, plump, usually
appressed; blossoms appear in mid-season; flowers medivmi in size, showy, light pink,
usually single; pedicels medium in length and thickness, green; calyx-tube reddish-green,
orange-green within, obconic; calyx-lobes acute or obtuse, glabrous within, pubescent
without; petals roundish, tapering to claws tinged with red at the base; filaments equal
to or shorter than the petals; pistil pubescent.
Fruit matures late; two and one-half inches long, two and three-sixteenths inches
wide, oval, with unequal halves; cavity shallow, medium in width, flaring; suture very
shallow, often indistinct toward the cavity; apex distinctly elongated; color pale green
becoming whitish, with faint mottlings and with a distinct or faint blush; pubescence
short, thick; skin tough, adhering to the pulp; flesh white, stained with red near the pit,
juicy, fine-grained, tender and melting, very sweet and of a delightful flavor; very good to
best; stone free, one and three-eighths inches long, thirteen-sixteenths inch wide, oval
or ovate, not very plump, bulged at one side, long and pointed at the apex, with roughish
and pitted surfaces, dark brown mingled with purplish-red; ventral suture rather narrow,
often winged, deeply grooved along the edges; dorsal suture grooved.
mON MOUNTAIN
1. Mich. Sla. Bui. 152:197, 200. 1898. 2. Ibid. 169:217. 1899. 3. Rural N. V. 58:738 fig. 271.
1899. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 37. 1909. 5. Waugh .Im. Peach Orch. 203. 1913.
Hardiness is the outstanding character which has brought Iron
Mountain into prominence. The introducer and many growers claim
extreme hardiness of wood and bud for the variety — others say that it
is surpassed by Crosby, Wager and other varieties of their type. The
trees on the Station grounds turned out not to be true to name so that
we can offer no data as to hardiness. Iron Mountain is a very late, white-
fleshed, freestone peach well adapted for extending the commercial limits
for this frtiit in regions where fall frosts hold off sufficiently long for the
fruit to ripen. The tree-characters are reported by most growers as very
satisfactory and the peaches serve very well for culinary purposes but
are not sufficiently attractive for a dessert fruit though the quality is
excellent. There seem to be two varieties, much alike in fruit, passing
under this name; one is large-flowered, the other small-flowered. This
variety might well be planted in New York for some markets; as, for
example, near towns and cities where it is desirable to extend the local
market as late as possible.
Iron Mountain seems to have originated in New Jerse>- about a
V
^■"
.^..
IRON MOUNTAIN
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 233
quarter-century ago but nothing is known of its parentage or by whom grown.
The variety was introduced by J. H. Lindley, Whitehouse, New Jersey. It
was put on the fruit-Hst of the American Pomological Society in 1909.
Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped not always productive; trunk
thick; branches smooth, dark ash-gray mingled with reddish-brown; branchlets medium
to slender, with internodes of medium length, greenish-brown, smooth, glabrous, with
numerous small, raised lenticels.
Leaves six inches long, one and one-half inches wide, folded upward and recurved,
oval to obovate-lanceolate, medium in thickness, leathery; upper surface dark green,
smooth; lower surface light green, with a prominent midrib; margin glandular, finely
serrate; petiole three-eighths inch long, with one to six reniform glands of medium size,
usually on the petiole; flower-buds medium to small, conical, free; season of bloom late;
flowers small.
Fruit matures very late ; two and three-fourths inches long, two and five-eighths inches
thick, oblong-oval, often bulged on one side, compressed; cavity contracted, below medium
in depth, flaring; suture shallow, extending only to the tip; apex distinctly mucronate
or roundish, sometimes tapering; color pale greenish or creamy-white, occasionally with
a light blush; pubescence heavy; skin medium to thin, tender, adherent to the pulp; flesh
white, stained brown next to the pit, juicy, tender, sweet, mild; quality good; stone semi-
free one and five-eighths inches long, more than one inch wide, somewhat wedge-like
at the base, obovate, pliunp, long-pointed at the apex, winged, with large, wide and deep
grooves in the surfaces; ventral suture with wide, deep furrows; dorsal suture grooved
deeply, winged.
J. H. HALE
1. W. p. Stark Cat. 45-55. 1913. 2. Waugh Am. Peach Orch. 203. 1913.
Of many new peaches, J. H. Hale is now the leading aspirant for
pomological honors. Indeed, it is one of the sensations of the pomo-
logical world, the variety having many merits to commend it and the
name and fame of the originator and of the introducers, together with
extensive advertising, helping much to bring the peach to the attention
of fruit-growers. Elberta is now the standard commercial peach and,
since J. H. Hale must make its way in competition with the variety in
command of the markets, we can best set forth the characters of the new
sort by comparing it with Elberta with which all are familiar. The
comparison is easy to make, for the two peaches are of the same general
type, Elberta, probably, being' one of the parents of J. H. Hale.
In size of fruit, J. H. Hale averages larger — all things considered
a trifle too large when the trees are at their best. The flesh of J. H. Hale
is firmer and heavier and the peaches will ship and keep longer than those
of Elberta. In shape, the fruit is almost a perfect sphere, its symmetry
234 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
being scarcely marred by the suture so that it is more shapely than the
oblong Elberta and can, of course, be packed to better advantage. The
color-plates of the two peaches show the differences in shape very well.
In color of fruit there is no choice — both peaches are voluptuously
handsome. The skin of J. H. Hale is less pubescent and possibly a little
firmer and tighter, characters adding to the appearance and shipping
qualities of the fruit. It is but an invitation to argument to say which
is the better in the characters that go to please the palate — flavor, aroma,
texture and juiciness. Neither, in comparison with many other peaches,
can be rated as extra good.
Unfortunately we cannot be as certain of the merits of the trees of
the two varieties as we are of the fruits. This much we know, J. H. Hale
is a few days earlier than Elberta and its trees and buds are hardier than
those of Elberta. Which is the more productive is not certain and this
can be ascertained only when data can be had from a large number of
growers since productiveness in both is bound to vary with the soil. The
greatest asset of Elberta is its ability to adapt itself to diverse soils ; whether
J. H. Hale is equally elastic in constitution remains to be seen. The
variety is still on probation in New York with the chances growing stronger
each year that it will take high place among commercial peaches. We
do not expect it to drive Elberta from the markets but the markets will
be shared between the two, J. H. Hale reaching the fruit-stands several
days in advance of Elberta. Would that there were as good a commercial
variety to follow Elberta.
This remarkable variety is a chance seedling found by J. H. Hale,
South Glastonbury, Connecticut. From its characters, one sees at once
that it is either an offspring or is very closely related to Elberta — at
first many thought the two were identical. After having thoroughly
tested the new^ variety in commercial orchards in both Connecticut and
Georgia, Mr. Hale decided that it was worth introducing and sold the
new peach to the William P. Stark Nurseries, Stark City, Missouri. The
distribution of the variety was begun in 191 2 and possibly no other tree-
fruit has ever been so rapidly propagated and so widely distributed as
has the J. H. Hale in the past four years.
Tree vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, productive; trunk of medium thick-
ness, smooth; branches smooth, ash-gray overspread with dark reddish-brown; branchlets
medium in thickness and length, with long intemodes, olive-green overspread with red,
smooth, glabrous.
J. H. HALE
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 235
Leaves six and three-fourtlis inches lon^, one and three-fourths inches wide, folded
upward, recurving at the tip, lanceolate, thin, leathery; upper surface dark green, smooth
becoming rugose along the midrib; lower surface olive-green, with prominent midrib;
margin singly or doubly serrate; petiole five-sixteenths inch long, thick, with one to five
reniform, dark brown glands of medium size; flowers appear in mid-season.
Fruit matures in mid-season; three inches long, three and one-fourth inches wide,
regular, round, with equal halves; cavity deep, wide, regular; suture a mere line, very
shallow or with almost no depression ; apex roundish, with a small tip set in a depression ;
color lemon-yellow overspread with attractive dark red and with mottlings and splashes
of carmine; pubescence light; skin thick, tough, separates but poorly from the pulp; flesh
yellow, red around the pit, juicy, fine-grained, sweet or somewhat sprightly; good in
quality; stone free, one and three-fourths inches long, one and one-fotuth inches wide,
oval, plump, flattened at the base, pointed at the apex, with grooved and pitted surfaces;
ventral suture furrowed, deeply grooved along the sides; dorsal suture winged, deeph-
grooved.
JENNIE WORTHEN
1. Mich. Sla. Bui. 31:58. 1887. 2. Munson Cal. 8. 1890-91. 3. ///. Ilorl. Soc. Rpt. 183. 1898.
Worthen. 4. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. ^. 1895. 5. -l/iV/i. .S/a. Sh/. 169:229. 1899.
Jennie. 6. Tex. Sta. Bui. 39:812. 1896.
Jennie Worthen is given a place among the major varieties in The
Peaches of New York with the hope that New York growers may be
induced to try it as a high-grade, yellow-fleshed, freestone variety to
precede Elberta. It is enough to say that it is very similar to Early
Crawford — best of all early peaches — and on the Station grounds is
more productive, unproductiveness being the fault that keeps Early
Crawford from being a money-making variety. Whether or not Jennie
Worthen can be grown commercially, it is well worth planting in the
home orchard.
But little is known of the history of this variety. According to a
letter from the late T. V. Munson, Denison, Texas, it originated in Illinois
with a Mr. Worthen and was named for his daughter. The Munson
Nursery grew the variety for a few years after its introduction but has
since discontinued its propagation.
Tree large, vigorous, spreading, hard}', productive; trunk thick, smooth; branches
thick, nearly smooth, reddish-brown mingled with light ash-gray; branchlets of medium
thickness, tending to rebranch near the tips, with intemodes of medium length, dark
pinkish-red intermingled with green, glossy, smooth, glabrous, with numerous conspicuous,
small, raised lenticels.
Leaves six and one-half inches long, one and three-eighths inches wide, curled both
upward and downward, oval to obovate-lanceolate, thin, leathery; upper surface dark green,
rugose near the base of the midrib; lower surface grayish-green; margin finely serrate,
236 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
tipped with reddish-brown glands; petiole one-half inch long, glandless or with one to six
reniform, reddish-brown glands of medium size, variable in position.
Flower- buds hardy, usually obtuse, sometimes conical, jilump, very pubescent, free;
blossoms appear in mid-season; flowers pale pinkish, darker pink near the margins, well
distributed; pedicels short, medium to thick, glabrous, green; calyx-tube dull, dark reddish-
green, orange-red within, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes short, narrow, usualh- acute,
glabrous within and without; petals oval, often broadly notched near the base, tapering
to long, narrow claws occasionally tinged with red at the base; filaments three-eighths
inch long, equal to the petals in length; pistil pubescent at the ovary, equal to or longer
than the stamens.
Fruit matures in mid-season ; two and seven-eighths inches long, two and five-sixteenths
inches wide, irregular, roundish-oval, bulged at one side, considerably compressed, with
unequal sides; cavity medium to deep, abrupt, with tender skin; suture shallow, deepening
toward the tip; apex elongated; color greenish-yellow changing to orange- yellow, with
stripes and splashes and mottlings of deeper red; pubescence thick, long; skin thin, tough,
separates from the pulp; flesh deep yellow, stained with red near the pit, juic\-, slightly
stringy, tender, sweet, very pleasantly flavored, sprightly; good to very good in quality;
stone free, one and three-eighths inches long, one inch wide, ovate, plump, bulged at one
side, the surfaces grooved; ventral suture narrow, winged, deeply grooved near the edges;
dorsal suture grooved.
KALAMAZOO
I. Mich. Ilorl. Soc. Rpt. 27, 28, 192. 1893. 2. Ibid. 143. 1894. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 33. 1899.
4. Mich. Sta. Bui. 169:217. 1899. 5. Budd-Hansen Am. Horl. Man. 2:348. 1903. 6. Mich. Sta-
Sp. Bill. 44:49 fig., 50. 1910. 7. Waugh Am. Peach Orch. 203. 1913.
Before peach-growers had Elberta, Kalamazoo was a promising yellow-
fleshed, freestone variety. The fruit is better in quality than Elberta but
not as showy in appearance and the trees are not quite as productive.
Kalamazoo ripens with Late Crawford and could well compete with that
variety for the trees are hardier in wood and bud and are much more
productive. The variety falls short, however, in the size of the peaches,
these running no larger than a medium Late Crawford, though possibly this
defect could be remedied by thinning. The fruits are of highest quality
either for dessert or culinary purposes. The trees are susceptible to leaf-
curl and must be thoroughly sprayed for this fungus. The variety is grown
rather extensively in Michigan and is well known in parts of New York.
Kalamazoo originated with J. N. Steams, Kalamazoo, Michigan,
about 1869, as a sprout from below the bud on a Yellow Alberge tree.
It first fruited in 1871 and was exhibited that year at the Michigan State
Fair where it received a premium as the best seedling peach. The
American Pomological Society placed Kalamazoo in its fruit-list in 1899
where it still remains.
JENNIE WORTHEN
KALAMAZOO
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 237
Tree large, spreading, vigorous, open-topped, very productive; trunk meaium in
thickness and smoothness; branches stocky, nearly smooth, reddish-brown mingled with
light ash-gray; branchlcts long, with intemodes of medium length, dark pinkish-red with
a small amount of olive-green, smooth, glabrous, with lenticels of medium number and
size.
Leaves six and one-half inches long, one and three-eighths inches wide, nearly flat
or curled downward, o\-al to obovate-lanceolate, leathery; upper surface dark olive-green,
smooth; lower surface grayish-green; apex narrow-acuminate; margin finely serrate, tipped
with reddish-brown glands; petiole three-eighths inch long, with one to six small, reniform,
reddish-brown glands variable in position.
Flower-buds hardy, conical, somewhat pointed, pubescent, partly appressed ; blossoms
appear in mid-season; flowers pale pink, white at the center of the petals, one and one-
eighth inches across; pedicels short, medium to slender, glabrous, green; calyx-tube reddish-
green, orange-colored within, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes medium to narrow,
acute, glabrous within, pubescent without; petals oval to somewhat ovate, irregular in
outline near the base, tapering to narrow claws occasionally reddish at the base; filaments
one-half inch long; pistil pubescent at the base, equal to or shorter than the
stamens.
Fruit matures late; two and three-eighths inches long, two and seven-sixteenths
inches wide, roundish-oval, often compressed, with unequal sides; cavity rather wide,
flaring to abrupt; suture indistinct becoming more pronounced toward the tip; apex ending
in a small, elongated point; color greenish-yellow becoming yellow, with a faint or distinct
blush usually extending over one-fourth of the surface, mottled; pubescence thick, fine;
skin thin, tough, separates from the pulp; flesh light yellow, stained with red near the
pit, juicy, tender, sweet, mild; good in quality; stone free or nearly so, one and one-half
inches long, one and one-sixteenths inches wide, oval to ovate, bulged on one side, winged
near the base, the surfaces pitted and grooved near the apex; ventral suture very deeply
grooved at the sides, medium in width; dorsal suture winged, grooved deeply.
LAMONT
I. Cornell Sta. 8111.74:^,72. 1894. 2. N. Y. State Fr.Cr. Assoc. Rpl. m. 1910. i. Ibid. 21. 1912.
4. Van Dusen Nur. Cat. 21. 1913.
Though long grown in parts of western New York, Lamont has not
been sufficiently well tested by the peach-growers of the State. It is a
yellow-fleshed, freestone peach, much like Early Crawford in appearance
and quality, which ripens from one to two weeks after Elberta. It is
more productive than either of the Crawfords and if it does as well else-
where as about Geneva, the place of its origin, it ought to take high place
in the list of commercial peaches for this State. Several large growers
in this region speak well of it as a market fruit. As a garden variety for
its season, it can hardly be surpassed.
The original Lamont tree grew as a chance seedling on the grounds
238 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
of Charles Lament, Geneva, New York, first fruiting about 1884. It
was introduced by E. Smith and Sons, Geneva, New York, soon after its
discovery. The variety is offered by several Geneva nurserymen.
Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, productive; trunk thick, nearly smooth;
branches stocky, smooth, reddish -brown with light ash-gray; branchlets with intern odes
of medivun length, dark pinkish-red intermingled with green, glossy, smooth, glabrous,
with inconspicuous, raised lenticels.
Leaves seven inches long, one and five-eighths inches wide, folded upward and curled
downward slightly, oval to obovate-lanceolate, thick, leathery; upper surface dark olive-
green, smooth; lower surface grayish-green; apex acuminate; margin finely and sharply
serrate, tipped with reddish-brown glands; petiole one-half inch long, with one to six reni-
form, dark brown glands variable in position.
Flower-buds tender, large, long, conical or pointed, pubescent, free; blossoms appear
in mid-season; flowers thirteen-sixteenths inch across, white at the center of the petals
becoming dark pink near the edges; pedicels short, green; calyx-tube reddish-green at
the base, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes short, medium to broad, obtuse, glabrous within,
heavily pubescent without; petals roundish-oval, somewhat irregular in outline near the
base, tapering to long, narrow claws occasionally with a red base; filaments three-eighths
inch long, equal to the petals in length ; pistil pubescent near the base, as long as the stamens.
Fruit matures late ; about two and seven-eighths inches in diameter, roundish-cordate,
compressed, with unequal sides; cavity deep, usually abrupt; suture indistinct, becoming
deeper near the tip; apex roundish or pointed, usually with a noticeable mamelon or
sometimes mucronate tip; color golden-yellow, blushed and faintly striped and splashed
with carmine; pubescence hea\'>', long, coarse; skin thick, tough, adherent to the pulp;
flesh light yellow, stained with red near the pit, juicy, coarse, tender, pleasantly sprightly;
good in quality; stone free, one and five-eighths inches long, one and one-eighth inches
wide, oval to obovate, flattened near the base, often bulged at the apex, winged, with
grooved surfaces; ventral suture deeply marked along the edges, narrow, winged; dorsal
suture grooved, the sides wing-like.
LARGE YORK
I. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 22. 1897. 2. ///. Horl. Soc. Rpl. 26. 1899.
New York Rareripe. 3. Coxe Cult. Fr. Trees 220. 1817. 4. BlWott Fr. Book 277. 1854.
Large Early York. 5. Prince Treat. Fr. Trees 16. 1820. 6. Proc. Sat. Con. Fr. Or. 39, 51. 1848.
7. Cole .Im. Fr. Book 192. 1849. 8. Cultivator 6:308 fig. 1849. 9. .Im. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 44. 1S56.
10. Elliott Fr. Book 288. 1859. 11. Horticulturist 16:245. 1861. 12. Card. Mon. 5:13. 1863.
13. Downing /^r. Trees .4 OT. 619. 1869. 14. Fulton PeacA Cm//. 185, 186. 1908.
Large Early Rareripe. 15. Prince Pom. Man. 2:25. 1832.
Large York long ago lost all value for either home or commercial
plantings but it is still listed in a few nursery catalogs and is still in the
fruit-list of the American Pomological Society. It is one of the old
American sorts and has been much confounded with several other peaches.
We place it among the major varieties in The Peaches of Xew York chiefly
A ^ h, .:"- \
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 239
to Straighten out the nomenclatorial tangle involving it and the several
varieties with which it is commonly confounded.
Large York has been more often confused with Early York than
any other sort. George IV, Haines and Honest John have also been
listed time and again as identical with Large York. While the sorts
mentioned have many resemblances, there are distinguishing characters
for all of them. Large York, known also as Large Early York and Large
Early Rareripe, originated with William Prince,' Flushing, New York,
some time in the Eighteenth Century, probably from a pit of Red Rareripe.
The variety was at first called Early York but to distinguish it from
another Early York the term Large was added. Prince sent the variety
to William Forsyth of England about 1790. Forsyth grew it in the Royal
Kensington Gardens and later renamed it Royal Kensington under which
name it is frequently sold in England. While Large York and Early
York are closely related, the leaves of the latter are glandless while those
of the former have globose glands. At the National Convention of Fruit-
Growers held in 1848, Large York was put on the list of recommended
varieties under the name Large Early York. The peach has remained
on the American Pomological Society's fruit-catalog since the date given,
the name being shortened in 1897 to Large York.
Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, rather unproductive; tnnik
thick; branches thick, smooth, reddish-brown intermingled with light ash-gray; branchlets
with long intemodes, dark red with some green, somewhat russetted, glossy, smooth,
glabrous, with conspicuous, numerous, large, raised lenticels; leaves six and one-half inches
long, one and one-half inches wide, variable in position, oval to obovate-lanceolate, thick,
leathery, dark green tinged with olive-green; margin finely serrate; petiole three-eighths
inch long, glandless or with one to six small, globose, reddish-brown glands; flower-buds
small, short, pointed, not very plimip, pubescent, appressed; flowers small, appearing
in mid-season.
Fruit ripens in mid-season; one and seven-eighths inches long, two and one-sixteenth
inches wide, round-oblate, bulged at one side, compressed, with unequal halves; cavity
narrow, abrupt, faintly splashed with red; suture shallow, becoming deeper toward the
apex and extending considerably beyond; apex roundish or depressed, with a mucronate
tip; color greenish- white or creamy-white, blushed and mottled with red; pubescence
short, thick, fine; skin thin, tender, adheres to the pulp; flesh white, rayed with red near
the pit, juicy, string^-, tender, sweet, mild, pleasant flavored, aromatic; good in quality;
stone nearly free, one and one-eighth inches long, seven-eighths inch wide, oval, plumj),
short-pointed at the apex; ventral suture medium in width; dorsal suture grooved.
' For a brief history of William Prince, the first, and his contributions to American pomology, the
reader is referred to The Plums of New York, page 389.
240 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
LATE CRAWFORD
1. Mas LeVerger 7:231, 232, fig. 114. 1866-73. 2. Waugh Am. Peach Orch. 204. 1913.
Crawford's Superb Malacatune. 3. Kenrick Am. Orch. 191, 192. 1S41.
Crawford's Late Melocoton. 4. Horliculturist 1:12. 1846-47. 5. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 491.
1845. 6. Cole Am. Fr. Book 197. 1849.
Crawford's Late. 7. Proc. Nat. Con. Fr. Gr. 51. 1848. 8. Hovey Fr. Am. 2:9, 10, PI. 1851.
9. Elliott Fr. Book 273. 1854. 10. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 43. 1836. 11. Fulton Peach Cull. 194. 1908.
Late Crawford is at the head of the Crawford family, long dominant
among the several groups of American peaches and not yet equalled by
any other yellow-fleshed peaches in quality. Late Crawford, a quarter-
century ago, began to give way to Elberta because of the greater
productiveness of the Elberta tree and the showier Elberta fruits and
now, though widely distributed, is nowhere largely planted and seems
destined to pass out of cultivation as a peach of commerce. Unproduc-
tiveness and tardiness in coming in bearing are the faults on account of
which Late Crawford is failing. Itself adapted to a wide range of soil
and climatic condition. Late Crawford, through the recurring variations
from seed, has made the Crawford family the most cosmopolitan of the
several distinct races of American peaches. Of all the family it is most
virile, more than a score of its offspring being described in The Peaches of
New York.
Compared with other Crawford-like peaches. Late Crawford is possibly
the best in fruit-characters, the peaches being unsurpassed in appearance
and scarcely equalled in texture of flesh and richness of flavor. The
peaches, too, are more shapely and more uniform in shape than fruits of
other Crawford varieties, being rounder, trimmer in contour and having
a suture that scarcely mars the symmetry of the peach. In color, Late
Crawford runs the whole gamut of soft tints of red and yellow that make
Melocotons and Crawfords the most beautiful of all peaches. The trees
are as vigorous, hardy, healthy and as little susceptible to disease as
any of the varieties near of kin, failing only, as has been said, in produc-
tiveness and in coming in bearing rather tardily. Evidently destined to
pass from commercial cultivation, Late Crawford ought long to remain
one of the treasures of the home orchard.
Late Crawford was raised by William Crawford, Middletown, New
Jersey, at least a hundred years ago, the exact date of origin, as well as
its parentage, being unknown. The variety was first brought to notice
by William Kenrick, Newton, Massachusetts, who described it in the
LATE CRAWFORD
THE PKACHKS Or NKW YORK 24 1
Amcricau Orchardist under the name Crawford's Superb Malacatune. No
doubt it has a worthy line of ancestors in the old seedling orchards of the
early colonists, the fact that it is the founder of a race indicating long-
continued reproduction from seeds with little interposition of budding.
At the National Convention of Fruit-Growers held in 1848, Late Crawford
was placed in the list of recommended fruits and since that time has held
a place on the fruit-list of the American Pomological Society. It was
first listed as Crawford's Late; later as Crawford's Late Melocoton and
now appears as Late Crawford in accordance with the Society's rules of
nomenclature.
Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, not very productive; trunk
stocky, smooth; branches thick, smooth, reddish-brown mingled with light ash-gray;
branchlets long, somewhat twiggy, dark reddish-brown overlaid with olive-green,
smooth, glabrous, with conspicuous, numerous, small, raised lenticels.
Leaves si.\ and seven-eighths inches long, one and three-fourths inches wide, folded
upward and curled downward, oval to obovate-lanceolate, thick, leathery; upper surface
dark olive-green, smooth becoming rugose along the midrib; lower surface grayish-green;
margin finely serrate, tipped with reddish-brown glands; petiole one-half inch long, with
one to six small, globose, reddish-brown glands variable in position.
Flower-buds tender, large, above medium in length, obtuse or conical, plump, very
pubescent, appressed or free; blossoms open in mid-season; flowers one and one-eighth
inches across, pink, well distributed; pedicels short, medium to slender, glabrous, green;
caly.x-tube reddish-green, orange-colored within, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes mediiun
to broad, obtuse, glabrous within, pubescent without, becoming heavily pubescent near
the edges; petals oval to ovate, notched at the base, tapering to narrow claws which are
reddish at the base; filaments seven-sixteenths inch long, shorter than the petals; pistil
pubescent near the base, longer than the stamens.
Fruit matures late; two and three-fourths inches long, two and eleven-sixteenths
inches wide, roundish-oval, compressed, with unequal halves; cavity deep, medium to
narrow, abrupt or flaring; suture shallow, deepening toward the apex; apex roundish,
with a slightly pointed and swollen beak-like tip; color deep yellow, dully or brightl\-
blushed, with the red cheek splashed with darker red; pubescence short, fine; skin thick,
tough, separates readily from the pulp ; flesh yellow, strongly stained with red at the pit.
juicy, firm but tender, sweet but sprightly, richly flavored; very good in quality; stone
free, one and three-fourths inches long, one and one-eighth inches wide, ovate, flattened,
bulged on one side, blunt-pointed, flattened near the base, with surfaces deeply pitted
and grooved; \-entral suture deeply grooved along the edges; dorsal suture a deep, wide
groove, winged.
LATE RARERIPE
I. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 22. i«97. 2. Waugli .Im. Peach Orcli. J04. 1913.
Prince Red Rareripe. 3. Prince Pom. Man. 2:16. 1832. 4. Elliott Fr. Book 278. 1854.
Late Red Rareripe. 5. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 486. 1845. 6. Am. Pom Soc. Cat. 78. 1862.
16
242 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Rareripe Rouge Tardive. 7. Mas Le Verger 7:217, 218, fig. 107. 1866-73. 8. Leroy Did. Pom.
6:255 fig-. 256. 1879.
Prince. 9. Mich. .Sla. Bui. 169:223. 1899.
Late Rareripe is a white-fleshed, late freestone. It is of value now only
because of its historical interest though its high quality makes it well
worth growing in gardens. Its position as a milestone in the progress of
peaches is better marked if we quote A. J. Downing ' who wrote in 1845
when Late Rareripe was in its prime and one of the leading varieties:
" Unquestionably one of the very finest of all peaches. Its large size,
great excellence, late maturity, productiveness, vigor, all unite to recom-
mend it to universal favor. We cannot praise it too highly."
This old variety is certainly of American origin but the originator,
the time and place of origin are all unknown. It has been cultivated more
than a hundred years. Prince believed it to be a seedling of Red Rare-
ripe but there is nothing to be found now to verify this belief. Late Rare-
ripe was sent to France in 1855 where it has since been grown as a satis-
factory commercial sort. The American Pomological Society listed this
variety in its catalog in 1862 under the name Late Red Rareripe. In
1897, the name was shortened to Late Rareripe as it now appears.
Tree often very large, vigorous, spreading, open-topped, of medium productiveness;
trunk stocky, nearly smooth; branches thick, smooth, reddish-brown tinged with light
ash-gray; branchlets long, with intemodes of medium length, dark pinkish-red inter-
mingled with dull green, glabrous, with numerous conspicuous, large lenticels raised at
the base.
Leaves six and one-half inches long, one and one-half inches wide, folded upward
and curled downward, oval to obovate-lanceolate, thick, leathery; upper surface smooth
becoming rugose at the midrib; lower surface pale green; apex acimiinate; margin finely
and often doubly serrate, tipped with reddish-brown glands; petiole three-eighths inch
long, glandless or with one to four small, globose, reddish-brown glands variable in position.
Flower-buds half-hardy, conical to pointed, plump, pubescent, free; blossoms appear
in mid-season; flowers one and three-sixteenths inches across, white at the center of the
petals changing to pink toward the margins, well distributed; pedicels short, glabrous, green;
calyx-tube reddish-green at the base, greenish-yellow within, obconic, glabrous; calyx-
lobes acute, glabrous within, pubescent without; petals oval, faintly notched near the base,
tapering to narrow claws of medium length tinged with red at the base; filaments three-
eighths inch long, equal to the petals in length; pistil pubescent near the base, usually
as long as the stamens.
Fruit matures late ; two and five-eighths inches long, two and eleven-sixteenths inches
' For a brief history of the Hfe and horticultural activities of .\ndrew Jackson Downing, whose likeness
is shown in the frontispiece of The Peaches of New York, the reader is referred to The Cherries of New
York, page 244.
LATE RARERIPE
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 243
wide, roundish-cordate, with unequal surfaces; cavity variable in depth and width, abmpt
or flaring, often with twig-mark across the cavity; suture variable in depth, extending
beyond the tip; apex roundish, mamelon or mucronate, recurved; color greenish or creamy-
white, sometimes with a lively red blush, mottled and splashed with darker and duller
red; pubescence thick, coarse; skin tough, adherent to the pulp; flesh white, stained with
red near the pit, juicy, stringy, tender, pleasantly flavored, sweet or somewhat sprightly;
good to very good in quality; stone free or nearly so, one and one-half inches long, one
and one-sixteenth inches wide, oval to ovate, plump, with deeply grooved surfaces; ventral
suture deeply grooved along the edges, strongly furrowed; dorsal suture deeply grooved.
LEMON FREE
I. Wickson Cal. Fruits 313. 1889. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 33. 1899. 3. Mich. Sta. Bui. 169:218.
1899. 4. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Matt. 2:349. 'goS- 5- Waugh Atti. Peach Orch. 204. 1913.
Lemon. 6. Rural N. Y. 47:131. 1888. 7. Atti. Pom. Soc. Cat. 32. 1889. 8. Otit. Fr. Exp. Sta.
Rpt. 2:59. 1895.
Lemon Free is a yellow-fleshed, freestone, lemon-shaped, lemon-
colored peach ripening in late mid-season. The fruit is not sufficiently-
attractive in appearance to sell vi-ell in the markets and, besides, is too
thin-skinned to ship or keep well. The quality is very good, the flavor
being sweet, rich and delicious, though possibly the flesh is a little too dry
to permit the variety being ranked as " very good." It is an excellent
peach for culinary purposes having the reputation of making a handsomer
canned product than any other peach. Lemon Free is little grown in the
eastern states but it is one of the leading sorts of its season in parts of
California. The color-plate shows the shape very well but the color is
not quite that of the real peach.
This variety seems to have originated in Ohio about 1885 but nothing
is known of its parentage, originator or introducer. Wickson, in California
Fruits, claims California as its birthplace but this, we think, is an error.
In 1889 the American Pomological Society placed Lemon Free in its fruit-
catalog as Lemon but in 1899 changed the name to Lemon Free.
Tree very large, vigorous, upright-spreading, dense-topped, hardy, rather unpro-
ductive; trunk thick, smooth to medium; branches stocky, smooth, reddish-brown tinged
with light ash-gray ; branchlets often very long, with a tendency to rebranch, with mediimi
to long intemodes, pinkish-red with but a trace of green, glossy, smooth, glabrous, with
large, raised, russetty lenticels mediimi in number.
Leaves seven inches long, one and three-fourths inches wide, folded upward and
curled downward, oval to obovate-lanceolate, thick, leathery; upper surface dark olive-
green, smooth becoming rugose along the midrib; lower surface grayish-green; margin
finely serrate, tipped with reddish-brown glands; petiole three-eighths inch long, with
tv\"o to six rather large, reniform, reddish-brown glands variable in position; flower-buds
244 "^"^ PEACHES OF NEW YORK
intermediate in size and lenj^th, conical to pointed, slightly pubescent, usually free; flowers
appear in mid-season.
Fruit matures in late mid-season; two and one-half inches long, two and five-sixteenths
inches wide, roundish-oval; cavity medium to deep, wide, flaring, often mottled with red;
suture shallow, becoming deeper at the apex and extending beyond; apex mucronate to
roundish-mamelon, recurved; color green or golden-yellow, with a faint blush and mottled
with red; pubescence fine, long, thick; skin thin, tender, variable in adhesion to the pulp;
flesh yellow, juicy, stringy, tender and melting, sweet to sprightly, pleasantly flavored;
very good in quality; stone semi-free to free, one and one-fourth inches long, nearly one
inch wide, oval, plump, flattened near the base, short-pointed, the surfaces usually grooved
and with few pits; ventral suture winged, deeply marked along the edges, narrow; dorsal
suture winged grooved.
LEVY
I. Card. Mon. 23:82. 1881. 2. Atn. Pom. Soc. Cat. 37. 1909. 3. Waugh Am. Peach Orch. 204.
1913-
Henrietta. 4. U. S. Pal. Off. Rpt. 380. 1858. 5. Cult. &■ Count. Gent. 45:649. 1880. 6. Tex.
Sta. Bui. 39:807. 1896. 7. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 33. 1899. 8. Waugh Am. Peach Orch. 203. 1913.
Levy Late. g. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. g2, gi,. 1881. 10. Downing Fr. Trees Am. ird App. lyi. 1881.
II. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:349. 1903.
This variety ripens quite too late for any but the most favorable
peach-sections in New York. It is a round, yellow-fleshed clingstone of
very good quality and might be planted in the parts of New York, where
the season permits it to mature, for a very late culinary peach. It is one
of the favorite peaches to close the season in Southern fruit-growing sections.
The history of Levy is badly confused. More than half a century
ago a peach called Henrietta was cultivated. Where or when the variety
originated no one can tell. In 1881, Downing mentioned a peach imder
the name Levy Late as being a new, late clingstone originating in the
garden of W. W. Levy, Washington, District of Columbia. Downing
gave Henrietta as a synonym of Levy Late, as have several pomologists
since. From these facts, it seems safe to say that the variety is old, that
it was first introduced as Henrietta and that the peach which Mr. Levy
claimed to have originated was Henrietta. The American Pomological
Society, in 1899, added this peach to its fruit-list as Henrietta but in 1909
changed the name to Levy, giving Henrietta as a synonym.
Tree large, vigorous, upright to quite spreading, hardy, productive; trunk thick,
rough; branches stocky, smooth, reddish-brown intermingled with very light ash-gray;
branchlets slender, with intemodes dark red or purplish-red mingled with light green,
smooth, glabrous, with small, numerous, conspicuous, raised lenticels.
Leaves six and one-half inches long, one and one-half inches wide, oval to obo\-ate-
LEMON FREE
THE PEACHES OK NEW YORK 245
lanceolate, of medium thickness, leathery; upper surface dark green, smooth becoming
rugose along the midrib; lower surface grayish-green; apex acuminate; margin finely
serrate, tipped with reddish-brown glands; petiole five-sixteenths inch long, with one to
six small, globose, reddish-brown glands variable in position.
Flower-buds hardy, conical to pointed, pliunp, pubescent, free; blossoms appear in
mid-season; flowers seven-eighths inch across, with varying shades of pink, sometimes-
in twos; pedicels short, medium to thick, glabrous, green; calyx-tube reddish-green at
the base, orange-colored within, somewhat campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes short,
medium to narrow, acute, glabrous within, pubescent without; petals oval, notched near
the base, tapering to long, narrow claws often tinged with red at the base; filaments five-
sixteenths inch long, equal to the petals in length; pistil pubescent near the base, as-
long as or longer than the stamens.
Fruit matures very late ; about two and one-half inches in diameter, roundish-cordate,
compressed, with very unequal halves; cavity medium to deep, wide, abrupt to slightly
flaring, with tender skin and often twig-marked; suture deep, extending beyond the tip;
apex mamelon, recurved, a few fruits with very large, mucronate tips; color greenish or
golden-yellow, with splashes of dull red and a lively blush covering one cheek; pubescence
short, thick, fine; skin thick, adherent to the pulp; flesh yellow, juicy, stringy, meaty,
mild or somewhat astringent, pleasantly flavored; fair to good in quality; stone clinging,
one and one-half inches long, one inch wide, bulged on one side, ovate to oval, pliunp,
winged, with surfaces marked by short, red grooves; ventral suture deeply furrowed along
the edges, wide; dorsal suture a deep groove.
LOLA
1. Del. Sta. Rpl. 13:104. 1901. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 37. 1909.
Lolo. 3. Cornell Sta. Bui. 74:373- 1894- 4- -l'"- Pom. Soc. Cat. 33. 1899. 5. Budd-Hansen
Am. llort. Man. 2:349, 350. 1903.
Miss Lola. 6. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 43, Vh IV. 1895. y. Rural N. V. 60:67s. 1901. 8. A^. 1'.
Sla. Bui. 364:184. 1913.
Miss Lulo. 9. Tex. Sta. Bui. 39:808. 1896.
Lola is a popular peach in parts of the South but is hardly known in
New York. On the Station grounds it is the best of its season and one of
the best of all white-fleshed peaches. Moreover, it fills a gap in the peach
procession that ought to make it valuable in this State. It follows Mamie
Ross and Greensboro, both of which it surpasses in appearance and quality.
It precedes Champion and is even better than that handsome and delicious
peach. Since it ripens with the well-known Carman, fruit-growers will
want to know how it compares with that variety. It is hardier in bud
than Carman, that sort not having a single fruit after the cold winter
of 1911-12 while Lola bore a fair crop; the fruit is of better quality, larger,
hardly as well colored and on the Station grounds the tree is more productive.
Attention of New York peach -growers was called to Lola, in words almost
246 THE PEACIII'S OF NEW YORK
identical with those here used, in Bulletin 364 from this Station, published in
19 1 3, with the result that it is now being tried in several parts of the State
and we shall soon know what its commercial value is this far north.
The parentage of Lola is unknown. The variety originated from
seed planted in 1876 by J. W. Stubenrauch, Alexia, Texas, who named
it Miss Lola in honor of his daughter. The American Pomological Society
listed Lola in its catalog in 1899 as " Lolo." In 1909, however, the spelling
was changed to Lola as it is correctly written. •
Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, hardy, productive; trunk thick,
smooth; branches stocky, smooth, reddish-brown with a light tinge of ash-gray;
branchlets very long, with intemodes of medium length, dark pinkish-red intermingled
with pale green, glossy, smooth, glabrous, with conspicuous, numerous, small, raised
lenticels.
! Leaves six inches long, one and one-half inches wide, variable in position, oval to
obovate-lanceolate, thin; upper surface dull, dark green; lower surface silvery-green;
apex acuminate; margin finely serrate to nearly crenate, glandular; petiole three-eighths
inch long, with one to five reniform glands usually on the petiole.
Flower-buds hardy, obtuse, very plump, heavily pubescent, appressed or free;
blossoms open early; flowers nearly two inches across, light to dark pink, usually in twos;
pedicels short, slender, glabrous, green; calyx-tube reddish-green at the base, greenish-
yellow within, somewhat campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes broad, obtuse, glabrous
within, pubescent without; petals ovate, deeply indented near the base, faintly crenate,
tapering to narrow claws; filaments one-half inch long, shorter than the petals; pistil,
pubescent near the base, equal to the stamens in length.
Fruit matures in early mid-season; two and three-eighths inches long, two and
one-half inches wide, round-oval, usually somewhat oblique, compressed, with nearly
equal halves; cavity deep, wide, abrupt, with tender skin; sutiu-e shallow, deepening toward
the tip; apex small, mucronate, roundish or somewhat depressed; color creamy-white
blushed with carmine deepened by a few dark splashes; pubescence short, thin; skin thin,
tough, separating from the pulp; flesh white, rayed with red near the pit, very juicy,
tender and melting, sweet, with a pleasant sprightliness ; good in quality; stone semi-free
to free, one and three-eighths inches long, fifteen-sixteenths inch wide, obovate, plump,
abruptly pointed, with corrugated and pitted surfaces; ventral suture wide, winged, deeply
furrowed along the edges; dorsal suture a deep, narrow groove.
MAMIE ROSS
I. Com. //or/. 17:346. 1894. 2. Tea-. 5/a. B;*/. 39:807, 808 fig. 8. 1896. 3. Ga. 5/a. S»/. 42:238.
189S. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cal. :-,j. 1899. 5. Del. Sla. Rpl. 13:104, 105. 1901. 6. Budd-Hansen .4hi.
Horl. Man. 2:351. 1903. 7. W'augh Am. Peach Orch. 205. 1913.
Mamie Ross seems to have a very good reputation as a table and
market peach in Texas and other parts of the South but is hardl\- worth
I
/■'
^t
y
MAMIE ROSS
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 247
growing in New York. The fruit has two bad t'avdts : The quality is not
high — the flesh being coarse, juicy and insipid in flavor; and the peaches
bruise with the least possible handling so that they cannot be shipped to
advantage. On the Station grounds the pubescence, too, is so abundant
as to be objectionable. Mamie Ross comes at a season when there are
many other good mid-season, white-fleshed peaches and may, therefore,
be thrown out of the list for this region. It is, as the color-plate shows,
a very handsome peach.
Mamie Ross is probably a seedling of Chinese Cling. It originated
about 1 88 1 with Captain A. J. Ross, Dallas, Texas. The variety soon
attracted attention and neighbors began propagating it. Later, Mr. Ross'
brother named the peach after the originator's youngest daughter. In
1899, the American Pomological Society added the variety to its fruit-list.
Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading to somewhat drooping, open-topped, hardy,
productive; trunk thick, .smooth; branches stocky, smooth, reddish-brown with light
ash-gray; branchlets very long, with long intemodes, dark red with considerable olive-
green, glossy, smooth, glabrous, with nimierous conspicuous, raised lenticels variable
in size.
Leaves six and three-fourths inches long, one and three-fourths inches wide, variable
in position, oval to obovate-lanceolate, thick, leathery; upper surface dark green, smooth
becoming rugose along the midrib; lower surface grayish-green; margin finely serrate,
tipped with reddish-brown glands; petiole three-eighths inch long, with none to five small,
globose and reniform, reddish-brown glands variable in position.
Flower-buds semi-hardy, obtuse to pointed, plump, heavily pubescent, free or
appressed; blossoms open early; flowers one and three-fourths inches across, pink, single;
pedicels very short, medium to thick, glabrous, green; calyx-tube reddish-green at the
base, greenish-yellow within, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes acute or obtuse, glabrous
within, heavily pubescent without; petals oval to obovate, entire except near the base,
tapering to narrow claws often red at the base; filaments one-half inch long, shorter than
the petals; pistil pubescent at the base, equal to the stamens in length.
Fruit matiu-es in early mid-season; two and one-half inches long, two and seven-
eighths inches wide, roundish-oval to oblong, often bulged on one side, compressed,
usually with sides equal; cavity deep, abrupt, often marked with streaks of red; suture
variable in depth; apex small, mucronate, set in a slight depression; color pale yellowish-
cream, with more or less dull or bright red in which are splashes of darker red ; pubescence
short, fine, thick; skin thin, tough, separates from the pulp; flesh white, streaked with
red near the pit, very juicy, stringy, tender, melting, sweet or somewhat sprightly,
pleasantly flavored; good in quality; stone semi-cling or cling, one and five-eighths inches
long, one inch wide, ovate to long-elliptical, plump, long-pointed, bulged on one side,
with pitted and grooved surfaces; ventral suture deeply grooved along the edges, na row,
winged ; dorsal suture grooved.
248 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
MAY LEE
I. Del. Sla. Rpt. 13:105. 1901. 2. Stark Bros. Oil. lig. 1904. 3. Ibid. 62 fig. 4, 63. 1910.
May Lee is a very early white-fleshed, clingstone, pink-cheeked peach
introduced to rival Alexander, Triumph and other extra early sorts. It
fails, on the Station grounds at least, because the peaches run small, the
flesh clings too tenaciously and the stones crack. Neither is the fruit
attractive in color nor high in quality. It may be as good in quality as
Alexander or Triumph- but is no better. The variety is but doubtfully
worth planting in New York.
May Lee originated with E. W. Kirkpatrick, McKinney, Texas, from
a seed of Mamie Ross planted in 1896.
Tree large, spreading, low-growing, very productive; trunk thick, smooth; branches
stocky, smooth, reddish-brown with light ash-gray; branchlets slender, often incHned
to rebranch, medium to long, with intemodes dark pinkish-red intermingled with olive-
green, glossy, smooth, glabrous, with nimierous conspicuous, raised lenticels medium
in size.
Leaves six and one-half inches long, one and three-fourths inches wide, flattened
or curled downward, oval to obovate-lanceolate, rather thick, leathery- ; upper surface
dark green, smooth becoming rugose along the midrib; margin crenate, tipped with small,
reddish glands; petiole three-eighths inch long, glandless or with one to five large, reni-
form glands variable in color and position.
Flower-buds hardy, small, short, conical, plump, very pubescent, appressed or free;
blossoms open in mid-season; flowers nearly two inches across, light pink; pedicels
very short, of medium thickness, glabrous; calyx-tube greenish-red, campanulate; calyx-
lobes obtuse, glabrous within, pubescent without; petals round or broadly ovate, notched
near the base, tapering to claws red at the base; filaments one-half inch long, shorter than
the petals; pistil pubescent at the ovary, longer than the stamens.
Fruit matures early; about two and three-fourths inches in diameter, round, com-
pressed, bulged along one size, with unequal halves; cavity deep, narrow, abrupt; suture
variable in depth, extending beyond the tip; apex small, mucronate, depressed; color
creamy-white, usually with a blush toward the apex; tomentose; skin thick, tough, semi-
free to free; flesh white, ver>' juicy, tender and melting, sweet, mild, pleasantly flavored;
good in quality; stone semi-clinging to clinging, one and nine-sixteenths inches long, one
and one-eighth inches wide, oval, conspicuously winged, flattened near the base, with
deeph' grooved surfaces; ventral suture thin, winged, very deeply grooved along the edges;
dorsal suture grooved.
MORRIS WHITE
1. Proc. Nat. Con. Fr. Cr. 39, 51. 1848. 2. EUiott Fr. Book 276. 1854. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat_
22. 1897. 4. Mich. Sla. Bui. 169:220. 1899. 5. Fulton Peach Cult. 190, 191. 1908.
Whilr Rareripe. 6. Coxe Cull. Fr. Trees 222. 1817. 7. Prince Pom. Man. 2:26. 1832.
^
i
THE PEACHKS OF NEW YORK 249
Morris While Freestone. 8. Lond. Ilort. Snc. Rpt. 6:410. 1826. 9. Floy-I.indley Guide Orch. Card.
189. 1846.
Morris White Rareripe. 10. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 481. 1845.
Btanclie de Morris, n. Mas Le Verger 7:171, 172, fig. 84. 1866-73.
Morris Blanche. I2. Leroy Diet. Pom. 6:171 fig., 172. 1879.
Morris White is one of the ancients of American peach-orchards worth
noticing now only because of its worthy past. It is distinguished among
peach varieties by its white flesh — white clear to the pit with no trace
of red even on the surface or next to the stone. It is further distinguished
by its sweet, rich flavor — giving it high rank among the best of peaches —
and by the great productiveness of the trees. Though undoubtedly the
day of Morris White is passed for either commercial or home orchards, it
might still be used advantageously in breeding late, white-fleshed, free-
stone peaches.
William Robert Prince,' in his Pomological Manual, describes a White
Rareripe which he claims originated in the nursery of his grandfather and
which can be no other than the Morris White under discussion. The
origin of the variety will always be in doubt but probably the elder Prince
originated it in the latter part of the Eighteenth Century. Leroy has
confused the history of Morris White with that of Red Rareripe, commonly
called Morris Red Rareripe, which probably originated with Robert Morris,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Leroy questions the identity of the White
Rareripe mentioned by Coxe but, although the season of Coxe's sort is a
trifle earlier than Leroy's, the two are probably the same. There was a
White Rareripe grown for a short time in America many years ago which
proved to be the old French Nivette renamed. Nivette was not widely
disseminated and probably has long since passed from cultivation in
America. Morris White was reported upon at the National Convention of
Fruit-Growers in 1848 and received a place in the list of recommended
fruits. It continued to be listed in the American Pomological Society's
fruit-catalog until 1891 when it was dropped but was replaced in 1897 and
still remains there.
Tree large, ^•igorous, upright-spreading to drooping, dense-topped, productive; trunk
intermediate in thickness and smoothness; branches stocky, smooth, reddish-brown with
very light tinge of ash-gray; branchlets long, with long intemodes, dark red mingled with
green, glossy, smooth, glabrous, with many conspicuous, small, raised lenticels at the base.
' The Plums of New York is dedicated to William Robert Prince through the likeness shown of him
in the frontispiece. A brief history of his life is given on page 21 of The Crapes of New York and reprinted
on page 24 of The Plums of New York.
250 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Leaves six and three-fourths inches long, one and three-fourths inches wide, flat or
curled downward, oval to obovate-lanceolatc, leathery; upper surface dull, dark green,
smooth; lower surface grayish-green; apex long, acuminate; margin finely serrate, tipped
with reddish-brown glands; petiole three-eighths inch long, with one to five small, globose
and reniform glands variable in color and position.
Flower-buds tender, obtuse to conical, plump, very pubescent, usuallj- free; blossoms
appear in mid-season; flowers less than an inch across, pale pink, deepening in color along
the edges; pedicels short, thick, glabrous, green; calyx-tube greenish-red, greenish-yellow
within, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes narrow, glabrous within, pubescent without;
petals oval, narrow; filaments three-eighths inch long, equal to the petals in length; pistil
longer than the stamens.
Fruit matures late; two and one-sixteenth inches long, two and one-eighth inches
wide, cordate-oval or oblate, compressed, with halves nearly equal; cavity abrupt or
flaring; suture a line, becoming deeper toward the tip; apex roundish, depressed in the
suture, with mucronate tip; color pale white, usually without blush or with a faint bronze
blush; imbescence heavy, long and coarse; skin thin, tough, somewhat adherent; flesh
white, juicy, tender and melting, sweet, pleasantly flavored; good in quality; stone semi-
free to nearly free, one and one-fourth inches long, seven-eighths inch wide, oval to
slightly obovate, flattened near the base, with deeply grooved surfaces- ventral suture
with deep grooves along the edges, furrowed; dorsal suture grooved.
MOUNTAIN ROSE
I. Tilton Jour. Uort. 7:339 fig. 1870. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 18. 1871. 3. Downing Fr. Trees
Am. ist App. 121. 1872. 4. Mich. Horl. Soc. Rpt. 33, 261. 1874. 5. N. J. Horl. Soc. Rpt. 41. 1878.
6. Ca. Sla. Bui. 42:239. 1898. 7. Mich. Sta. Bui. 169:220. 1899. 8. Budd-Hansen Am. Horl. Man.
2:352. 1903. 9. Fulton Peack Cult. 174. 1908.
For many years Mountain Rose was preeminent among white-fleshed,
freestone peaches by virtue of high quality and handsome appearance.
It has a distinct and curious but deHcious flavor — a sort of scented sweet-
ness that appeals to all who appreciate choicely good fruit. Unfortunately,
it fails in the chief requirement for popularity in these days of commercial
fruit-growing — the trees are unproductive, a fattlt so marked that the
variety is rapidly passing from cultivation. Mountain Rose sells well
in all markets where it is known, usually bringing a fancy price because of
its extra good quality and because it follows closely after the dozen or
more white-fleshed, clingstones of poorer quality.
The variety originated about 1851 on the farm of a Dr. Marvin,
Morristown, New Jersey. Of its parentage nothing is known. Mountain
Rose has always been considered a good market variety and has been widely
disseminated. The American Pomological Society added this peach to
its fruit-list in 1871, a place it has since held.
MORRIS WHITE
1
#^
MOUNTAIN ROSE
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 25 1
Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, low-growing and dense-topped, rather
unproductive; trunk thick, medium in smoothness; branches stocky, smooth, rerldish-
brown covered with light ash-gray; branchlets thick, long, with intemodes of medium
length, dark red intermingled with olive-green, glossy, smooth, glabrous, with numerous
conspicuous, large and small lenticels raised near the base.
Leaves six and three-fourths inches long, one and five-eighths inches wide, flattened
or curled downward, oval to obovate-lanceolate, thick, leathery; upper siuface dull, dark
green; lower surface grayish-green; apex long-acuminate; margin finely serrate, tipped
with reddish-brown glands; petiole seven-sixteenths inch long, with two to four small,
globose, reddish-brown glands variable in position ; flower-buds conical to pointed, plump,
very pubescent, usually appressed; blossoms appear in mid-season; flowers small.
Fruit matures in early mid-season; two and one-eighth inches long, two and one-
fourth inches viide, roundish-oblate to slightly cordate; cavity intermediate in depth
and width, flaring to abrupt, often twig-marked; suture shallow, becoming deeper toward
the tip; apex roundish, depressed in the suture, with mucronate or sometimes mamelon
tip; color creamy- white blushed with deep red, with a few splashes of darker red;
pubescence long, thick; skin thin, tough, variable in adhesion; flesh white, stained red
near the pit, juicy, tender and melting, sweet, mild, pleasantly flavored; good to very
good in quality; stone free, one and one-fourth inches long, seven-eighths inch wide, oval
to ovate, plump, bulged on one side, contracted toward the base, tapering to a short point,
usually with small pits in the surfaces; ventral suture deeply grooved along the sides,
furrowed; dorsal suture groo\'ed, faintly winged.
MUIR
I. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 314. 1889. 2. Wickson Cal. Fruits 312, fig. 1889. 3. Ga. Sla. Bui. 42:239.
1898. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 34. 1899. 5. Mich. Sta. Bui. 169:221. 1899. 6. Budd-Hansen .Iw.
Hort. Man. 2:352. 1903.
As a rule, peaches originating in California find small favor in New-
York. California peaches are selected for canning, evaporating and ship-
ping, whereas New York varieties are dessert fruits. Muir is a California
sort suitable only for culinary purposes — attractive enough inside but so
unattractive externally that it could tempt no one who did not know the
fruit to be sweet and delicious in flavor. It is a late mid-season, yellow-
fieshed, freestone peach much used by canners on the Pacific slope. It
ought to be more generally grown for the same purpose in the East; for,
as a canned product, it is hardly surpassed in appearance or quality. The
trees are vigorous, productive and little subject to leaf-curl but the fruits
in New York are often marred by peach-scab. The variety seems per-
fectly at home in this State as, seemingly, it is in most peach-regions.
In fruit-characters, Aluir is very similar to Wager.
The variety was found more than twenty-five years ago on the farm
252 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
of John Muir, near Silveyville, California. G. W. Thissell, Winters,
California, named and introduced Muir. The American Pomological
Society added this peach to its fruit-list in 1899.
Tree vigorous, upright or somewhat spreading, hardy, productive; trunk rough;
branches smooth, ash-gray over reddish-brown; branchlets slender, long, with short inter-
nodes, dark pinkish-red with but a trace of green, smooth, glabrous, with inconspicuous,
small, raised lenticels.
Leaves fall early in the season, six and three-fourths inches long, one and three-
eighths inches wide, flat or somewhat curled downward, oval-lanceolate, leathery; upper
surface dull, dark green, nearly smooth; lower surface olive-green; apex acuminate; margin
bluntly serrate, tipped with reddish-brown glands; petiole seven-sixteenths inch long,
with one to five large, reniform glands variable in position.
Flower-buds small, short, obtuse, very plump, heavily pubescent, appressed; blossoms
open late; flowers seven-eighths inch across; pale pink, darker about the edges, usually
singly; pedicels short, green; calyx-tube reddish-green, orange-red within, campanulate,
glabrous; calyx-lobes short, obtuse, glabrous within, pubescent without; petals narrow-
oval or ovate, tapering to claws of medium width; filaments three-eighths inch long, equal
to the petals in length ; pistil as long as the stamens.
Fruit matures in mid-season ; two and three-fourths inches long, two and three-eighths
inches wide, roundish-cordate or oval, slightly angular, compressed, with unequal halves;
cavity shallow, contracted about the sides, abrupt or flaring; suttue medium in depth;
apex pointed, with a large, reciu-ved, mamelon tip; color greenish or lemon-yellow, with
little if any blush; pubescence heavy, long; skin thin, tough, separates from the pulp
when fully ripe; flesh yellow, faintly tinged with red near the pit, dry, coarse, tender,
sweet, mild; good in quality; stone free, one and seven-sixteenths inches long, fifteen-
sixteenths inch wide, ovate, flattened, wedge-shape toward the base, tapering to a long
apex, with large pits and a few small grooves in the surfaces; ventral suture deeply
grooved along the sides, very wide, deeply furrowed; dorsal suture widely and deeply
grooved.
NIAGARA
I. W. N. Y. Horl. Soc. Rpl. 115. 1900. 2. Budd-Hansen Am. Horl. Man. 2:352, 353. 1903.
3. W. N. Y. Horl. Soc. Rpl. 24. 1904. 4. .4w. Pom. Soc. Cat. 38. 1909. 5. .V. Y. Sla. Bui. 403:213,
214, PI. 1915.
Newark Seedling. 6. Del. Sla. Rpl. 5:99. 1892.
Niagara is a variant of a peach which all growers lament as being less
and less grown, the Crawford. The Crawford group, though a dominant
type, is, as we have several times pointed out, a little too capricious as to
soil and climate to suit the needs of commercial peach-growers, failing
to bear regularly or abundantly in most soils. For this reason the once
very popular Early and Late Crawfords are now seldom grown. All who
know these varieties regret that a sort of their type, without their faults.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 253
has not yet come to light. In New York the best of the comparatively-
new Crawford-like peaches is Niagara, said to be a seedling of one of the
Crawfords. The fruit ripens later than Early Crawford, averages larger.
is borne more abundantly and holds its size better to the end of the season.
But Niagara's great point of merit, as compared with Crawford, is that it is
more dependable in all tree-characters, being, especially, less capricious
as to soil and climate. Niagara, as the color-plate shows it, is a beautiful
fruit, yellow, with a handsome over-color of red. The flesh, too, is
attractive and delectable — yellow, thick and firm, with a rich, sweet
flavor which makes it one of the most palatable peaches of its season.
It is, as are most of its type, a freestone. Niagara fails in productiveness
in some localities, having in this respect the faxolt of all its tribe; but it
should have a welcome place in any home collection and, where it proves
productive, is one of the best for general market.
Niagara probably came originally from Maryland to Julius Harris,
Ridgeway, New York. Later it was sold to a grower near Lockport, New
York, who disposed of it to a Mr. Corwin, Newfane, Niagara County, New
York, who called it Corwin's Crawford. It then came into possession of the
Rogers Nurseries, Dansville, New York, from whom this Station received
its trees under the name Niagara. It is probably a seedling of Early
Crawford. Niagara was added to the fruit -list of the American Pomologi-
cal Society in 1909.
Tree large, upright-spreading, hardy, medium in productiveness; trunk thick and
smooth; branches stocky, smooth, reddish-brown mingled with light ash-gray; branchlets
thick, red intermingled with olive-green, glossy, smooth, glabrous, with conspicuous,
large, raised lenticels.
Leaves six and three-fourths inches long, one and three-fourths inches wide, flattened
or curled downward, oval to obovate-lanceolate, leathery; upper surface dvdl, dark green,
rugose along the midrib; lower surface grayish-green; apex acuminate; margin finel\-
serrate, tipped with reddish-brown glands; petiole three-eighths inch long, glandless or
with one to five small, globose, raised, reddish-brown glands variable in position.
Flower-buds large, long, conical or pointed, very pluriip, pubescent, usualh- free;
blossoms open in mid-season; flowers one inch across, white near the center of the petals
changing to dark pink near the edges; pedicels very short, thick, glabrous, green; calyx-tube
reddish-green, orange-colored within, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes narrow, acute,
glabrous within, pubescent without; petals roimd-oval, tapering toward the apex, broadlv
notched near the base, contracting to claws red at the base; filaments three-eighths inch
long, equal to or shorter than the petals; pistil pubescent at the ovary, longer than the
stamens.
Fruit matures in mid-season; two and one-half inches long, two and three-eighths
OLDMIXON CLING
THE PEACHES OF Ni:\V YORK
255
duced from Europe by Sir John Oldmixon but Downing believes that it
was the pit and not the tree which Oldmixon brought to America. At any
rate the variety takes its name from its supposed introducer. If the pit
were planted by Sir John Oldmixon, this must be the oldest of our peaches
for Oldmixon came to America nearly 200 years ago. He was, by the way,
the author of one of the early and notable books on America, The British
Jim pin- in America, published in London in 1741. Pomologists from
time to time have made two words of the name making it appear that
old and new Mixon peaches existed. Oldmixon Cling was placed in the
fruit-list of the American Pomological Society in 1856 and ever since has
retained a place there. In 1881 the Society changed the name from Old
Mbcon Cling to Oldmixon Cling.
Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, hardy, rather unproductive; trunk mediiun
to thick, smooth; branches stocky, smooth, reddish-brown tinged with light ash-gray;
branchlets of medium thickness and length, with tendency to rebranch, red intermingled
with dull green, glossy, smooth, glabrous, with numerous conspicuous, large, raised
lenticels.
Leaves six and three-fourths inches long, one and one-half inches wide, flattened
or curled downward, oval to obovate-lanceolate, leathery; upper surface dark green,
smooth becoming rugose along the midrib; margin finely serrate, tipped with reddish-
brown glands; petiole three-eighths inch long, with one to four small, globose glands
variable in color and position.
Flower-buds large, conical or pointed, plump, pubescent, appressed or somewhat
free; blossoms appear in mid-season; flowers three-fourths inch across, light pink at the
center deepening to darker pink at the margins, often in twos, sometimes in threes;
pedicels short, green; calyx-tube reddish-green at the base, greenish-j'ellow within,
obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes short, narrow, acute, glabrous within, pubescent without;
petals round-oval, nearly entire, tapering to claws tinged with red at the base; filaments
one Daniel Smith in what, for the times, was an extensive fruit-tree and ornamental nursery. Demands
for information became so frequent that he determined to put his knowledge in print and his Fruit Trees
was the result. The objects he sought to obtain in writing are well set forth in the title page as follows:
'• .\ VIEW of the CULTIVATIO.N of FRUIT TREES, and the Management of Orchards and Cider;
with Accurate Descriptions of the Most Estimable Varieties of NATIVE AND FOREIGN APPLES,
PEARS, PEACHES, PLUMS, AND CHERRIES, Cultivated in the Middle States of America; lUustrated
by Cuts of two hundred kinds of Fruits of the natural size; Intended to Explain Some of the errors which
exist relative to the origin, jwpular names, and character of many of our fruits; to identify them by accurate
descriptions of their properties, and correct delineations of the full size and natural formation of each
variety; and to exhibit a system of practice adapted to our climate, in the Successive Stages of
A NURSERY, ORCHARD, AND CIDER ESTABLISHMENT." He was at one rime a member of
the State Legislature and later a Congressman intimately associated with Daniel Webster. He was, also,
an honorary member of the Horticultural Society of London to which during many years he was a faithful
correspondent. It was Coxe's privilege to see the very beginnings of commercial peach-growing in America
and through his nurserj-, his orchard and his book he contributed much to American peach-culture.
256 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
three-eighths inch long, equal to or longer than the petals; pistil pubescent near the base,
usually equal to the stamens in length.
Fruit matures late; about two and one-half inches in diameter, round or roundish-
oval, bulged along one side, compressed, with unequal halves; cavity medium to deep,
wide, variable in shape; suture shallow, becoming deeper toward the apex and extending
beyond; apex round, with a recurved, mucronate or prominent and prolonged mamelon
tip; color creamy-white, with a blush of lively red and faint splashes of darker red;
pubescence fine, short, thick; skin thin, tough, separates from the pulp; flesh white, faintly
stained with red near the pit, juicy, stringy, tender, melting, sweet but sprightly,
pleasantly flavored; very good in quality; stone clinging, one and seven-sixteenths inches
long, one and one-eighth inches wide, ovate to oval, bulged on one side, flattened near the
base, plump, long-pointed, with grooved surfaces; ventral suture deeply grooved along
the edges, furrowed; dorsal suture grooved, with tendency to wing.
OLDMIXON FREE
1. Kenrick Am. Orch. 221. 1832. 2. Prince Pom. Man. 2:23. 1832. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am.
484. 1845. 4. Proc. Nat. Con. Fr. Gr. 51. 1848. 5. Elliott Fr. Book 278. 1854. 6. Am. Pom.
Soc. Rpl. 45, 183, 211. 1856. 7. Fulton Peach Cull. 187, 188. 1908. 8. Waugh Am. Peach Orch.
205. 1913-
Oldmixon Ctearstone. 9. Coxe Cult. Fr. Trees 222. 181 7.
Oldmixon Free is a variant of Oldmixon Cling, differing, essentially,
as the name implies, in having a free stone; it is, also, more sprightly
in flavor and not quite as well endowed with the characters that consti-
tute high quality. Side by side, outwardly, the two peaches can hardly
be told apart. Since Oldmixon Cling is sometimes semi-free and Old-
mixon Free often clings more or less, the two are often confused in
orchards and markets. Both of these Oldmixons, as those who live in regions
where cold and frost do frequent damage should know, are as hardy in wood
and bud as any of the white-fleshed varieties. The blossoms of both, too,
appear in late mid-season, thereby often escaping frosts. The trees of
Oldmixon Free, like those of Oldmixon Cling, have the fault of being
unprodtictive.
Oldmixon Free is supposed to be an American seedling of Oldmixon
Cling, a fruit for the introduction of which we are indebted to Sir John
Oldmixon of early colonial fame. At the Convention of Fruit-Growers
held in 1848, Oldmixon Free was placed on the list of recommended peaches.
In 1856 it appeared in the fruit-list of the American Pomological Society
where it still remains.
Tree \'ery large, vigorous, upright to spreading, hardy, rather unproductive; trunk
thick, smooth; branches stocky, smooth, reddish-brown tinged with light ash-gray;
OLDMIXON FREE
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 257
branchlets of medium thickness and length, with tendency to rebranch, dark, deep red
intermingled with olive-green, glossy, smooth, glabrous, wth conspicuous, numerous, raised
lenticels.
Leaves six and seven-eighths inches long, one and three-fourths inches wide, curled
downward or flattened, oval to obovate-lanceolate, leathery, dull, dark green, smooth;
lower surface grayish-green; apex acuminate; margins finely serrate, tipped with reddish-
brown glands; petiole three-eighths inch long, glandless or with one to four small, globose
glands variable in color and position.
Flower-buds half-hardy, conical to pointed, plimip, pubescent, free; blossoms appear
in mid-season ; flowers three-fourths inch across, pale pink near the center becoming darker
jiink at the outside, often in twos; pedicels very short, glabrous, green; calyx-tube reddish-
green at the base, greenish-yellow within, obconic; calyx-lobes short, obtuse, glabrous
within, pubescent without; petals oval, faintly notched near the base, tapering to
narrow, long claws tinged with red at the base; filaments three-eighths inch long, equal
to the petals in length; pistil pubescent near the base, equal to or longer than the
stamens.
Fruit matures late; two and one-half inches long, two and three-fomths inches wide,
round-cordate, usually bulged on one side, often compressed, with unequal sides; cavity
meditmi to deep, abrupt or flaring, tinged with red; suture shallow, becoming deeper
toward the apex and extending beyond; apex roundish, with a mucronate or recurved,
mamelon tip ; color creamy- white more or less overspread with a lively red blush in which
are faint splashes and mottlings of darker red; pubescence coarse, thick; skin thin, tcntgh,
separates from the pulp; flesh white, deeply tinted with red near the pit, juicy, string\-,
tender and melting, sweet, with more or less sprightliness; very good in quality; stone
free or nearly free, one and three-eighths inches long, one and one-eighth inches wide,
oval to ovate, bulged, flattened near the base, with grooved and purplish-brown surfaces;
ventral .suture deeph- grooved near the edges, furrowed, faintly winged; dorsal suture
grooved.
OPULENT
I. III. Hort. Soc. Rpl. 20<). 1906. 2. Fancher Creek Nur. Cat. 31. 1907. 3. Burbank Ca/. 5. 191 1
Opulent is a white-fleshed, freestone peach of very mediocre char-
acter as it grows on the Station grounds. The fruits are attractive in
appearance but not uncommonly so and are often marred, as they grow in
New York, by peach-scab. The quality is scarcely better than the average
and is ruined for most peach-lovers by a bitter tang, though to others
this almond-like bitterness in the flavor may be a commendation. The
variety ripens in mid-season. The trees are scarcely more satisfactory'
on the Station grounds than the fruits, being unproductive and none too
vigorous. The chief claim this peach has to public notice is that it is a
cross between a peach and a nectarine. Though as yet not thoroughly
tried in New York, it is safe to say that it is worthless for this region.
25^ THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Opulent was sent out several years ago by Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa,
California, as a hybrid between the Muir peach and New White Nectarine.
Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading with a tendency to droop, mediiam in pro-
ductiveness; trunk smooth; branches stocky, smooth, reddish-brown with a light ash-
gray tinge ; branchlets slender, long, with medium to long intemodas, dull red intermingled
with green, glossy, smooth, glabrous, with conspicuous, large, raised lenticels few in
ntimber.
Leaves six and one-half inches long, one and one-half inches wide, flattened or curled
downward, oval to obovate-lanceolate, leathery, dark green, smooth becoming rugose
along the midrib; lower surface grayish-green; margin finely serrate, tipped with reddish-
brown glands; petiole one-half inch long, with one to six small, globose and reniform,
reddish-brown glands variable in position.
Flower-buds tender, large, long, conical or obtuse, pubescent, pltmip, free; blossoms
appear in mid-season ; flowers one and one-eighth inches across, white at the center of the
petals becoming dark pink near the margins; pedicels short, glabrous, green; calyx-tube
reddish-green, orange-colored within, campanulate, glabrous; cal^Tc-lobes short, narrow,
acute, glabrous within, pubescent without; petals oval or roundish, broadly notched,
tapering to long, narrow claws red at the base; filaments five-sixteenths inch long, equal
to the petals in length; pistil pubescent at the ovary, longer than the stamens.
Fruit matures in early mid-season; two and one-half inches long, two and seven-
sixteenths inches wide, round-oval, compressed, with unequal halves; cavity deep, abrupt,
often marked with red; suture a mere line or very shallow, often a slight depression just
beyond the point; apex roundish, with a mucronate and recurved tip; color creamy-
white, with a faint blush, speckled and striped with darker red; pubescence short; skin
tough, separates from the pulp; flesh white, juicy, stringy, tender, melting, sweet but
sprightly; fair in quality; stone free, one and five-sixteenths inches long, seven-eighths
inch wide, ovate to slightly oval, flattened at the base, plump, short-pointed, with pitted
surfaces marked by few grooves; ventral sutvu-e deeply furrowed along the edges, medivmi
in width, furrowed; dorsal suture deeply grooved.
PALLAS
I. Ga. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 55. 1885. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 46. 1891. 3. La. Sta. Bui. 17:499. 1891.
4. Tex. Sta. Bui. 39:805. 1896. 5. Ga. Sta. Bui. 42:239, 240. 1898. 6. Mich. Sta. Bui. 169:222.
1899. 7. Budd-Hansen .'Im. Ilort. Man. 2:353. 1903- 8. Fla. Sta. Bui. 73:150. 1904. 9. .l/o. Sta.
Bui. 156:134. 1911.
Pallas Honeydeiv. 10. Ohio Sta. Bui. 170:178. 1906.
Pallas is about the best of the several honey-flavored, beaked peaches
that have fruited on the Station grounds. This is one of the sorts supposed
to thrive only in warm climates but here, in a location none too favorably
situated as to climate, the trees are vigorous, appear to be hardy and differ
from northern varieties, so far as life events are concerned, only in holding
their leaves longer. The fruits run small and lack miiformity in size,
THK PEACHES OF NEW YORK 259
faults that ■will not permit Pallas ever to become a commercial sort in New
York. Moreover., the peaches are not attractive in appearance, suffer
terribly from brown-rot and do not ship well — further disqualifications
for competition in commerce. In quality, especially, to those who have
a taste for sweets, Pallas is almost unapproachable — so rich, sweet,
aromatic and delicious as well to justify the sobriquet, " Honeydew,"
frequently bestowed itpon it. This variety might well be planted in every
home orchard.
Pallas is one of the many seedlings of Honey and originated in 1878
with L. E. Berckmans, Augusta, Georgia. In 1891 the American Pomolog-
icaJ Society added Pallas to its list of fruits as a noteworthy variety for
southern fruit-districts.
Tree medium in vigor, upright-spreading, rovmd-topped, productive; trunk rough;
branches roughened by the lenticels, brownish intermingled with ash-gray and a little
red; branchlets slender, with intemodes of medium length, dark pinkish-red mingled
with green, smooth, glabrous, with nimierous conspicuous, small, raised, russet-colored
lenticels.
Leaves fall late in the season, six inches long, one and one-half inches wide, variable
in position, ovate-lanceolate, thin, leathery; upper surface diill, dark green, smooth; lower
siuface olive-green; margin sharply and often doubly serrate, glandular; petiole three-
eighths inch long, stout, glandless or with one to three small, globose glands usually at
the base of the leaf.
Flower-buds large, long, conical, plump, pubescent, conspicuous, usually free; flowers,
appear in mid-season, light pink changing to darker red; pedicels thick, glabrous, green;
calyx-tube red, yellowish-green within, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes obtuse, glabrous
within, heavily pubescent without; petals oval, entire, red at the base; filaments shorter
than the petals; pistil pubescent, longer than the stamens.
Fruit matures in early mid-season; two and one-fourth inches long, two inches wide,
pointed-oval, compressed, with halves equal; cavity shallow, flaring, with tender skin;
suture shallow; apex a characteristically long, straight tip; color pale white or greenish-
white occasionally with a bright red blush but mostly with dull mottlings; pubescence
mediimi in amoimt; skin thick, tough; flesh white, scarcely stained at the pit, very juicy,
sweet, tender and melting, high-flavored; very good in quality; stone free, one and five-
sixteenths inches long, seven-eighths inch wide, oval to ovate, slightly wedge-shaped at
the base, pliunp, conspicuously winged, long-pointed, with pitted and grooved surfaces;
ventral sutiu-e narrow, furrowed; dorsal suture grooved.
PEARSON
1. Dd. Sla. Rpt. ly. 105. 1901. 2. N. Y. Stale Fr. Cr. Assoc. Rpt. 21. 1912.
Pearson is a newcomer among peaches which will bear watching if
it does as well in other parts of New York as on the Station grounds. It
260 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
is a large, handsomely-colored, white-fleshed, freestone peach of good
quaUty which ripens ten days before Champion. There are, it is true, a
good many white-fleshed peaches at this season but Pearson is an exception-
ally good one, much excelling Mamie Ross with which it might have
to compete although the latter ripens a little later. The trees are very
vigorous, productive and, so far, about as healthy as any on the Station
grounds.
Pearson originated with J. M. Pearson, McKinney, Texas. Its
parentage is unknown. The variety was introduced by E. W. Kirkpatrick
of McKinney, who thinks it may be a seedling of Chinese Cling.
Tree large, vigorous, spreading, the lower branches drooping, very productive; trunk
mediiun in thickness, smooth; branches stocky, smooth, reddish-brown mingled with
light ash-gray; branchlets slender, sliort, with short intemodes, dark red mingled with
olive-green, glossy, smooth, glabrous, with few inconspicuous lenticels variable in size
and raised toward the base
Leaves seven inches long, one and three-fourths inches wide, variable in position,
oval to obovate-lanceolate, leathery; upper surface dark, dxill green, smooth becoming
rugose along the midrib ; lower surface grayish-green ; apex long and narrow ; margin finely
serrate, tipped with reddish-brown glands; petiole three-eighths inch long, glandless or
with one to four small, globose, reddish-brown glands usually at the base of the blade.
Flower-buds hardy, long, heavily pubescent, conical to obtuse, plump, appressed or
partly free; blossoms appear very early; flowers nearly two inches across, pink, usually
single; pedicels short, of medium thickness, glabrous, green; calyx-tube dark, dull
reddish-green, greenish-yellow within, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes broad, often
emarginated, acute or obtuse, glabrous within, heavily pubescent without; petals oval to
roundish-obovate, tapering to long, narrow claws; filaments about one-half inch long,
shorter than the petals; pistil pubescent only at the base, equal to the stamens in length.
Fruit matures in early mid-season; two and one-fourth inches long, two and three-
sixteenths inches wide, round-oval or somewhat cordate, compressed, with imequal halves,
bulged near the apex; cavity medium to deep, abrupt or flaring, with tender sldn; suture
quite variable in depth; apex rovmd or depressed, with a small, mucronate or recurved,
mamelon tip; color greenish- white, with a blush covering much of the surface, more or
less mottled; pubescence thin, fine, short; skin thin, tough, semi-free; flesh white, faintly
tinged with red near the pit, juicy, string>% tender and melting, pleasantly flavored; good
in quality; stone semi-clinging or free, one and three-eighths inches long, one inch wide,
oval, flattened at the base, winged, with pitted surfaces; ventral suttu-e deeply grooved
near the edges, narrow; dorsal suture grooved, winged.
PEENTO
I. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 41. 1877. 2. Gar(f. ifo«. 19:114, 301. 1877. 3- Gard. Man. 26:61. 1884.
4. r. S. D. A. Rpt. 650. 1887. 5. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 32. 1889. 6. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. H4-116.
1889. 7. Fla. Sla. Bui. 62:506-509, PI. i. 1902. 8. Fulton Peach Cult. 202. 1908.
PEARSON
cil from Traiisa
PEENTO
; ^li tl'.c llorliculmral Society of I.oiuloii
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 26l
Chinese Plat. 9. Prince Treat. Hort. 16, 17. 1828. 10. Kenrick Am. Orch. 225, 226. 1832.
Flat Peach 0/ China. 11. Lindley Guide Orch. 247, 248. 1831. 12. Horticulturist 1:383, 384, fig. 92.
1846-47. 13. Fla. Sla. Bui. 62:512, 513. igo2.
Piatt Pfirsich. 14. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 410. 1889.
For the history and a discussion of the hortictilttiral characters of
Peento, the reader is referred to page io8. The variety is too tender to
cold to be grown in New York; in fact it succeeds only in Florida and the
warmest parts of the other Gulf States. The American Pomological
Society listed Peento in its fruit-catalog in 1889. The following descrip-
tion, as it applies to the tree, has been compiled:
Tree vigorous, open-topped, too tender for the North, variable in productiveness;
leaves mature late, four and one-half inches long, one and seven-sixteenths inches wide,
oblong-oval, thin, leathery; upper surface light olive-green, smooth; lower surface grayish-
green; margin coarsely serrate, tipped with dark glands; petiole with two or three reni-
form glands of medium size, gray or greenish-yellow, usually at the base.
Fruit matures early; one and three-eighths inches long, two and seven-sixteentlis
inches wide, strongly oblate; cavity shallow, very wide, flaring, twig-marked; suture
deep, wide, extending two-thirds aroimd the fruit; apex depressed, set in a large, wide,
flaring basin; color creamy-yellow, mottled and delicately pencilled with red, often
blushed toward the apex; pubescence short, thick; skin thick, tough, nearly free; flesh
white, stained red at the stone, juicy, stringy, tender and melting, sweet, mild, with an
almond-like flavor; very good in quality; stone clings, red, one-half inch long, fifteen-
sixteenths inch wide, strongly oblate, with corrugated surfaces; ventral suture very deep
at the edges, narrow at the base, becoming wide at the apex; dorsal suture a wide,
deep groove, merging into a line at the apex.
PROLIFIC
I. Ca. Sta. Bui. 42:240. 1898.
New Prolific. 2. Col. O. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 32. 1892. 3. Mick. Ilorl. Soc. Rpl. 190.
1895. 4. Ohio Ilort. Soc. Rpt. 59. 1896-97. 5. Mich. Sta. Bui. 169:221. 1899. 6. Budd-Hansen
Am. Hort. Man. 2:352. 1903. 7. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 38. 1909.
Prolific was heralded a quarter-century ago as one of the great
acquisitions to the peach-flora of the coimtry. Time has not dealt kindly
with the variety and it is doubtful if it is as popular now as it was a few
years after its introduction. The trees are very satisfactory, excelling most
of their orchard-associates in vigor, size, health, hardiness and productive-
ness but the peaches fall below the mark in several characters. The fruits
are of but medium size and not vmcommonly attractive in color, though
handsome enough, but too poor in quality to rate high among the peaches
of its season which is a few days before Elberta. The flesh is yellow, firm,
dry and little attacked by rot. With the qualities just named, the variety
262 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
is, of course, a good shipper and mij^ht l)c in demand in the markets for
culinary purposes. We doubt whether the peach should be largely planted
in New York.
Further than that Prolific comes from Michigan, nothing is known of
its parentage, the originator or the date of origin. It was introduced about
1890 by Greening Brothers, Monroe, Michigan, vmder the name New
Prolific. In 1909 the American Pomological Society added this peach
to its fruit-list as New Prolific.
Tree large, vigorous, spreading, becoming drooping, open-topped, very productive;
trunk rough; branches stocky, smooth, reddish-brown with a very light tinge of ash-gray;
branchlets deep, dull red intermingled with green, glossy, smooth, glabrous, with con-
spicuous, nimierous lenticels raised near the base.
Leaves six and one-half inches long, one and one-half inches wide, variable in position,
oval to obovate-lanceolate, leathery; upper surface dull, dark green, smooth, becoming
rugose near the midrib; lower surface grayish-green; apex long-acuminate; margin finely
serrate, tipped with reddish-brown glands; petiole three-eighths inch long, with from
one to five small, globose glands variable in color and position.
Flower-buds hardy, conical to obtuse, plump, somewhat pubescent, appressed or
free; blossoms open early; flowers one and five-sixteenths inches across, white near the
center becoming pink along the edges; pedicels very short, glabrous, green; calyx-tube didl,
dark reddish-green, orange-colored within, campanvdate, glabrous; calyx-lobes narrow,
acute, glabrous within, heavily pubescent without; petals roundish-ovate to oval, broadly
notched near the base, tapering to narrow claws red at the base ; filaments seven-sixteenths
inch long, equal to the petals in length ; pistil pubescent at the ovary, as long as the stamens.
Fruit matures in mid-season; two and one-fourth inches long, two and three-eighths
inches wide, round-oval to cordate, bulged on one side, compressed, with tmequal halves;
cavity deep, usually abrupt, frequently mottled with red; suture a line, becoming deeper
toward the tip; apex round or somewhat pointed, with a recurved, mamelon tip; color
light orange, mottled and blushed with red; pubescence thick, fine; skin thin, tough, sep-
arates from the pulp ; flesh light yellow, stained with red near the pit, medium juicy, coarse,
stringy, tender, sweet, mild, pleasantly flavored; good in quality; stone free, one and
three-eighths inches long, one inch wide, ovate, bulged on one side, plump, with long,
pointed apex, with surfaces grooved and marked by small pits; ventral suture deeply
grooved along the sides, slightly winged near the base ; dorsal suture a deep groove, faintly
winged.
RAY
I. Del. Sta. Rpl. 13:106. 1901. 2. Aw. Pom. Soc. Cat. 38. 1909. 3. !f. J. IJort. Soc. Rpt. 35.
1912. 4. Harrison Cat. 27. 191 5.
This is another of the many early, white-fleshed, freestone peaches
which are competing for favor among peach-growers. We doubt if Ray,
however, shoidd find a place on the peach-list for New York. Several
i I
PROLIFIC
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 263
faults condemn it; worst of all, the trees are not productive. Add to
unproductiveness, lack of uniformity in size, shape, color and flavor and
the variety is out of the race as a commercial sort. This far north, too,
the trees suffer from winter injury. The variety is remarkable for its
foliage. Were it not for the fact that Ray is well spoken of in several
other states, and the possibility that it might do better in other parts of
New York than on the Station grounds, we should not place it among the
major varieties in The Peaches of New York. It is said to be an excellent
shipper.
This peach is occasionally confused with Raymond Cling, which
originated in Mississippi many years ago and which has long since passed
from cultivation. The present variety originated with D. Ray, Tyler,
Texas. Its parentage is unknown. The American Pomological Society
placed Ray on its fruit-list in 1909.
Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, the lower branches drooping, medium in
productiveness; trunk thick, nearly smooth; branches stocky, smooth, reddish-brown
with a light tinge of ash-gray; branchlets slender, dark red intermingled with olive-green,
glossy, smooth, glabrous, with numerous raised lenticels variable in size.
Leaves six and one-half inches long, one and five-eighths inches wide, flattened or
curled downward, oval to obovate lanceolate, leather^'; upper surface dark green, smooth;
lower surface medium green; margin fineh' serrate, tipped with reddi?h-brown glands;
petiole three-eighths inch long, glandless or with one to three small, globose glands variable
in position.
Flower-buds half-hardy, short, heavily pubescent, conical to pointed, plump, usually
appressed; blossoms appear in mid-season; flowers one inch across, light pink becoming
darker pink along the edges; pedicels short; calyx-tube reddish-green, greenish-yellow
within, obconic; calyx-lobes long, narrow, obtuse, glabrous within, heavily pubescent
without; petals ovate, with claws medium in length and width; filaments three-eighths
inch long, equal to the petals in length; pistil pubescent at the base, longer than the
stamens.
Fruit matures in mid-season ; two and three-eighths inches long, two and one-half
inches wide, rotmdish-conic to oblong-conic, slightly compressed, with nearly equal halves;
cavity narrow, abrupt, with tender skin; suture shallow, deepening toward and often
extending beyond the tip ; apex round, with a mucronate tip ; color greenish-white changing
to white, scarcely blushed or with a bright pinkish-red blush varying from a small amount
to about one-third of the surface, faintly mottled; pubescence coarse, thick, long; skin
very thin, tough, separates from the pulp; flesh greenish-white, stained with red near
the pit, juicy, stringy, firm but tender, aromatic, sprightly; good in quality; stone semi-
free to free, one and seven-sixteenths inches long, slightly more than one inch wide, oval
to ovate, plump, with short point at the apex, with grooved and pitted surfaces; ventral
suture deeply grooved along the edges, narrow, furrowed; dorsal suture grooved.
264 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
RED CHEEK MELOCOTON.
I. Prince Pom. Man. 2:31, 32. 1832. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 492. 1^45. 3. Am. Pom. Soc.
Cat. 32. 1867.
Red Cheek Malacotnn. 4. Coxe Cull. Fr. Trees 225. 1H17. 5. Floy-Limiley Guide Orch. Card.
186. 1846.
Early Yellow Malacalune. 6. Kenrick Am. Orch. 220. 1832.
Yellow or Rd Cheek Malacalune. 7. Ibid. 225. 1832.
Hogg's Malacalune. 8. Ibid. 190. 1841.
Red Cheek. 9. Elliott Fr. Book 288. 1854, 10. .Mich. .Sla. Bui. 169:223, 224. 1899. 11. Budd-
Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:354. 1903. 12. Fulton Peach Cult. 195, 196. 19ns. 13. Am. Pom. Soc.
Cat. 39. 1909.
Malacalune. 14. Hooper W. Fr. Book 225. 1857.
For nearly a century, beginning soon after the Revolutionary War,
Red Cheek Melocoton had few rivals among yellow-fleshed, freestone
peaches. Even yet it is surpassed in quality only by members of the
Crawford family of which, by the way, it is supposed to be the immediate
ancestor — certainly all Crawford-like peaches resemble it in both fruit
and tree-characters. Lack of vigor and unproductiveness have driven
Red Cheek Melocoton from common cultivation — indeed it is now almost
impossible to obtain the trees. We give the variety attention in The
Peaches of New York, not because of present worth, but because of the
prominent part it has played in the peach-industry of the country in the
past. The color-plate is an admirable reproduction of this old peach
though possibly the fruits run a little larger than in the illustration.
The derivation of " Melocoton," so often used in this text, is given on
page 51.
Red Cheek Melocoton is an American seedling which, according to
William Prince, sprang from a bud of a stock on which Lemon Cling had
been grafted, at the Prince farm. Flushing, New York. The Princes
were so impressed with the seedling that they propagated it, giving it the
name Red Cheek Malacatune, the name Malacatune at that time being
given to all yellow peaches having little red. The discovery of the variety
in the Prince orchards dates back considerably over one hundred years.
From Red Cheek Melocoton the Crawfords and several other notable
peaches are said to have come. In 1867 the American Pomological Society
placed this variety in its catalog as Red Cheek Melocoton but in 1909
shortened the name to Red Cheek. We prefer to preserve the old name.
Tree medium in size, vigorous, upright-spreadiiifj, lacking in productiveness; tnmk
intermediate in thickness and smoothness; branches stocky, smooth, reddish-brown mingled
RED CHEEK MELOCOTON
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 265
with light ash-gray; branchlets thick, variable in length, with medium to long internodes,
deep, dark red intermingled with green, glossy, roughened by the lenticels, glabrous,
with a few smallish, inconspicuous lenticels which are raised toward the base.
Leaves seven and one-fourth inches long, nearly two inches wide, variable in position,
oval to obovate-lanceolate, medium in thickness, leathery, dark olive-green, smooth,
becoming rugose toward the midrib; margin sharply serrate; petiole three-eighths inch
long, glandless or with one to three small, globose, alternate glands variable in color and
in their position; flower-buds intermediate in size and length, conical or pointed, j:)limip,
free ; blossoms appear in mid-season ; flowers small.
Fruit matures in mid-season; two and one-fourth inches long, about two and one-
half inches wide, roundish-cordate, compressed, with halves nearly equal; cavity wide,
deep, flaring or abrupt; suture shallow; apex roundish, with a mucronate or mamelon
tip; color deep golden-yellow, splashed, blushed and mottled with red; pubescence heavA';
skin thick, tough, adherent to the pulp; flesh rayed with red near the pit, yellow, juicy,
firm but tender, sweet, pleasantly flavored; good in quality; stone free, one and one-half
inches long, one inch wide, ovate, more or less bulged at one side and drawn out near the
base, plimip, rather long-pointed, with short grooves and pits in the surfaces; ventral
sutm"e winged, medium in thickness, deeply grooved and furrowed along the edges; dorsal
suture a narrow groove, winged.
REEVES
I. Tex. Sta. Bid. 39:814. 1896. 2. Mich. Sta. Bid. 169:224. 1899. 3. Budd-Hansen Am. llorl.
Man. 2:354. 190,1. 4- ^^ni. Pom. Soc. Cat. 39. 1909.
Reeves' Favorite. 5. Elliott Fr. Book 288. 1854. 6. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 633. 1857. 7. .!«;.
Pom. Soc. Cat. 30. 1875. 8. Fulton Peach Cult. 193. 1908.
Reeves' Late. 9. Jifich. Ilort. Soc. Rpt. 458. 1883.
Reeves is another of the old favorites now rapidly passing out of
ctdtivation. In its day it was justly celebrated for the high quality of its
yellow-fleshed, freestone fruits which are as handsome as they are palatable.
The peaches have but two minor defects to keep them from perfection —
they are a little too irregular in shape and sometimes fall short in size.
In textiare of flesh, juiciness-, taste and aroma they are scarcely surpassed.
The fault that condemns the variety is unproductiveness in the trees.
Under average conditions, Reeves is scarcely as productive as the Crawford s
which are rated by all as about the poorest bearers. Making up in some
degree for unfruitfulness, the trees are vigorous and more than usually
hardy. It can hardly be expected that so poor a bearer will prove profit-
able in commercial plantations but Reeves is worthy of perpetuation for
home orchards.
This attractive peach came from a chance seedling foimd about sixty
years ago by Samuel Reeves, Salem, New Jersey. The variety has for
many years gone under the name Reeves' Favorite and was so listed in
266 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
the fruit-catalog of the American Pomological Society in 1875 but in 1909
the name was shortened by the Society to Reeves.
Tree meditim to large, vigorous, upright-spreading, hardy, rather unproductive;
branches stocky, smooth, reddish-brown with Hght ash-gray; branchlets intermediate
in thickness and length, with a tendency to rebranch, dark pinkish-red with some oHve-
green, glossy, smooth, glabrous, with moderately conspicuous lenticels raised and breaking
the bark near the base.
Leaves six and three-fourths inches long, one and three-fourths inches wide, variable
in position, oval to obovate-lanceolate ; upper surface dark olive-green, smooth becoming
rugose along the midrib; lower surface grayish-green; apex acuminate; margin finely ser-
rate, with reddish-brown glands; petiole three-eighths inch long, glandless or with one
to three small, globose glands variable in position.
Flower-buds tender, medium in size and length, pubescent, conical or pointed, plump,
free; blossoms open late; flowers seven-eighths inch across, light and dark pink, well dis-
tributed; pedicels very short, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube reddish-green at the base,
orange-colored within, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes medium to narrow, acute, glabrous
within, pubescent without; petals oval to ovate, tapering to claws red at the base; fila-
ments three-eighths inch long, equal to the jjetals in length; pistil pubescent near the
base, as long as the stamens.
Fruit matures in mid-season; two and three-eighths inches long, two and one-half
inches wide, round-cordate, bulged at one side, compressed, with unequal halves; cavity
often very deep, flaring or abrupt, the skin tender and often marked with red; suture
shallow, sometimes extending beyond both cavity and tip; apex pointed or rounded, with
a prominent, recurved, mamelon tip; color deep yellow, blushed with dull red, striped,
splashed and mottled with brighter red; pubescence thick, long; skin thick, tough, sepa-
rates from the pulp; flesh yellow, tinged with red near the pit, juicy, string}% tender and
melting, pleasantly flavored, mild, sweet; very good in quality; stone free, one and three-
eighths inches long, fifteen-sixteenths inch wide, ovate to oval, more or less biilged near
the apex, sometimes winged along the ventral suture, with pitted and grooved surfaces;
ventral suture deeply furrowed along the sides, narrow, grooved; dorsal suttu-e small,
grooved.
RIVERS
I. Am. Pom. ^oc. Cat. 34. 1883. 2. Onl. Fr. Exp. Sta. Rpl. 6:22 fig. 1899. 3. Del. Sla. Rpt.
13:106. 1901. 4. Com. 7/or/. 25:464. 1902. 5. Budd-Hansen .4m. /ior/. jl/a«. 2:354. 1903.
Early Rivers. 6. Jour. Ilorl. N. S. 17:38, 58. ' 1869. 7. Downing Fr. Trees .Am. 1st App. 120,
121. 1872. 8. Card. Citron. 1262. 1872. 9. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 28. 1875. 10. Hogg Fruit Man.
445. 1884. II. Rev. Hort. 388. 1890. 12. Cat. Cong. Pom. France 98 fig. 1906.
Rivers' Fruhe. 13. Lauche Dent. Pom. VI: No. 9, PI. 1882.
Prccoce Rivers. 14. Baltct Cult. Fr. 239 fig. 138. 1908.
Rivers and one other, Salwey, are the only foreign peaches now com-
monly cultivated in America. The peach, of all tree-fruits, best proves
the general rule that American varieties of frtiits are best adapted to
American conditions. Perhaps to Rivers may be added three or four more
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 267
exotic peaches which are now and then planted in this country but all are
passing out so rapidly that we shall soon be standing on a basis in peach-
growing which is wholly American. Earliness and high quality of fruit
keep Rivers alive in private places in America. No one would think of
planting it in a commercial orchard because of its small fruit, tender skin
and flesh which show every bruise, and its susceptibility to brown-rot.
It is a white-fleshed freestone, tender, juicy and with an exceedingly rich,
sugary flavor with a savoring smack of the nectarine. This variety stands
almost alone in beauty of flesh which is white to the stone, translucent
and more or less mottled and interspersed with white veins. At its best
the fruits are rather large and quite handsome as they grow in America,
but even so they are but a shadow of the peach described under this name
in European fruit-books. The trees are fairly satisfactory in all essential
characters.
Rivers originated with Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, England,
about 1865 as a seedling of Early Silver. Soon after its introduction in
England it was brought to America. The American Pomological Society
listed the variety in its fruit-catalog in 1875 as Early Rivers but in 1883
changed the name to Rivers though it is still popularly known as Early
Rivers.
Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, with incHnation to droop, round-topped,
hardy, productive; trunk thick; branches stocky, smooth, dark reddish-brown overspread
with light ash-gray; branchlets long, with intemodes olive-green overlaid with thin brownish-
red, glossy, smooth, glabrous, with numerous conspicuous, large and small lenticels.
Leaves five and three-fourths inches long, one and five-eighths inches wide, folded
upward and somewhat recurved, oval to obovate-lanceolate, thin, leathery, dark green,
smooth or sometimes rugo?e; lower surface grayish-green, not pubescent, with a promi-
nent midrib; apex acuminate; margin finely serrate, tipped with fine, reddish-brown
glands; petiole one-fourth inch long, with one to six reniform, greenish-yellow glands
variable in position.
Flower-buds large, long, conical, heavily pubescent, appressed; season of bloom early;
flowers pink, one and one-half inches across, often in pairs; pedicels short, glabrous, green;
calyx-tube dtdl reddish-green, light yellow within, campaniilate, glabrous; calyx-lobes
short, narrow, acute to obtuse, glabrous within, heavily pubescent without; petals roimd-
ovate, bluntly notched near the base, tapering to long, narrow claws occasionally with
a reddish base; filaments one-half inch long, shorter than the petals; pistil pubescent at
the ovary, equal to the stamens in length.
Fruit matures early; two and three-eighths inches long, two and one-fourth inches
wide, roimd-oval, compressed, with unequal halves; cavity shallow, contracted, irregular,
abrupt; suture medium to shallow; apex roundish, somewhat mucronate; color creamy-
268 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
white, blushed with red; pubescence short, heavy; skin thick but tender, adherent to
the pulp; flesh white, translucent, veined, juicy, melting, sweet or mildly sprightly; good
in quality; stone nearly free, one and five-sixteenths inches long, one inch wide, oval,
plump, bulged on one side, light colored, short-pointed at the apex, with grooved sur-
faces; ventral suture very deeply grooved along the sides, narrow, winged; dorsal suture
grooved, more or less winged.
ROCHESTER
I. Heberle Bros. Cat. ii, 23. 1915. 2. .V. Y. Sla. Bui. 414:6. 7. P'- I9i6- 3- -V. Y. Slate Fr.
Gr. Assoc. Rpt. 18. 1916.
Fruit-growers have long desired an early, yellovi', freestone peach
with suitable tree-characters for a commercial plantation. There are
several competitors for the place, the latest of which is Rochester, a member
of the Crawford group and in several respects a marked improvement on
the well-known Early Crawford. Rochester, in season, regarding the crop
as a whole, certainly precedes Early Crawford several days, ripening soon
after the middle of August. The introducers say that it is two weeks
earlier, a statement made possible by the fact that its season is very long,
a few specimens ripening extremely early. The great length of season of
this variety under some circumstances may be an asset, tinder others a
liability. As the color-plate shows, the peaches are large, yellow, with a
handsome over-color of mottled red, more rotund than either of the two
Crawfords or Elberta, making, all in all, a strikingly beautiful peach.
The flesh, too, meets all the requirements of a good peach — thick and
firm, marbled yellow, stained with red at the pit, juicy, rich, sweet and in
all respects fully up to the high standard of palatability found in peaches
of the Crawford group. While the variety must be classed as a freestone,
yet there is a slight clinging which may disappear under some conditions
and may be augmented tinder others. Rochester seems to be sufficiently
productive for a good commercial fruit but it remains to be seen how
generally it is adapted to soils and climates. Should its range of adapta-
bility be great, Rochester, by virtue of earliness, good quality and handsome
appearance, at once takes a high place in commercial peach-growing in
New York.
Rochester came from a seed planted about 1900 on a farm owned by
a Mr. Wallen, near Rochester, New York. It was introduced by the
Heberle Brothers Nurseries, Brighton, New York, in 1912.
Trees large, vigorous, upright-spreading, more upright than Elberta, productive;
trunk medium to thick, somewhat shaggy, branches stocky, smooth, ash-gray over red;
H
ROCHESTER
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 269
branchlets slender, long, with long intemodes, green mottled with brownish-red, smooth,
glabrous, with nimierous inconspicvious, small lenticels.
Leaves six inches long, one and five-eighths inches wide, folded upward and slightly
recurled, oval to ovate-lanceolate, thin, leathery; upper surface dark green but often
with a lighter tinge, smooth; lower surface grayish-green; apex acuminate; margin
shallowly crenate; petiole one-half inch long, thick, with two to eight large, reniform
glands variable in position.
Fruit matures in early mid-season; variable in size, the largea- specimens varying
from three to three and one-half inches in diameter, round-oblate, compressed, with
unequal halves, often bulged near the apex; cavity wide, deep, flaring; suture shallow,
becoming deeper near the tip; apex variable, often with a mucronate tip; color lemon-
yellow changing to orange-yellow, blushed with deep, dark red, mottled; pubescence
heavy; skin thick, tough, separates from the pulp; flesh yellow, stained with red near the
pit, very juicy, tender and melting, sweet, highly flavored, sprightly; very good in quality;
stone free, one and three-eighths inches long, more than one inch wide, oval, pltunp, flat-
tened near the base, with roughened surface marked by large, deep pits and short grooves;
ventral suture deeply furrowed along the edges, rather wide; dorsal suture grooved
deeply, wide.
ST. JOHN
I. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpl. 320. 1890. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 46. 1891. 3. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt.
68. 1891. 4. Tex. Sta. Bui. 39:814. 1896. 5. Out. Fr. Exp. Sta. Rpl. 9:8 fig. 1902. 6. Waugh
Am. Peach Orch. 207. 1913.
Plater's St. John. 7. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 613. 1869.
Vellow St. John. 8. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 18. 1871. 9. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpl. 64. 1871. 10. Ohio
Sta. But. 170:182. 1906.
Fleitas St. John. 11. Pa. Bd. Agr. Rpt. 586. 1878. 12. Ca. Sla. Bui. 42:235. 1898.
May Beauty. 13. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 148. 1883.
Crane. 14. Mich. Sta. Sp. Bui. 44:34. 1910.
Unproductiveness and uncertainty in bearing keep this magnificent
yellow-fleshed dessert fruit from being one of the most popular early
peaches. Even with these handicaps, to which may be added small size
in many situations, St. John has maintained great popularity for home
orchards and in many peach-regions is grown for the markets. It is one
of the earliest of the Crawford-like peaches, a perfect freestone, handsome
in appearance, sweet, rich and delicious in flavor and pleasing in all of the
flesh attributes of a good dessert peach. St. John resembles Early Craw-
ford in size and shape but is a little more rotund, runs somewhat smaller,
is not qtiite as high in quality and ripens several days earlier. The trees
are all that could be asked for in size, vigor and hardiness, falling short
only in the characters noted in the opening sentence. St. John should
always be planted in the home orchard and it would seem that it is more
often worth planting in commercial orchards. The color-plate does not
270 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
do the variety justice in size, color or shape, the Station grounds being
one of the many places in which the variety cannot be had at its best.
Where, by whom and when St. John originated and what its parentage,
are unknown. It is more than half a century old, came from the South,
and has been widely planted in southern peach-districts, especially along
the southern coast of Alabama. The variety reproduces itself from seed
and this fact has led to its being distributed under a number of different
names as is shown by the synonyms listed in the references. In Michigan
the variety was grown for some time as Crane, or Crane's Early Yellow,
having come from the orchard of Charles G. Crane of Fennville.
Mr. Crane, it appears, had lost the true name of the peach and after fruit-
ing his supposed seedling for a time it was discovered by T. T. Lyon ' to be
identical with St. John. In 1871 the American Pomological Society added
this peach to its fruit-list as Yellow St. John but dropped " Yellow " from
the name in 1891, the variety having appeared since that time in the
Society's catalog as St. John.
Tree medium to large, vigorous, upright-spreading, with the lower branches drooping,
unproductive; tnmk stocky, medium to smooth; branches thick, smooth, reddish-brown
' Theodatus Timothy Lyon, fruit-grower, experimenter and writer, was for many years the leading
pomological authority of his adopted State, Michigan. T. T. Lyon, as he always signed his name, was
born in Lima, New York, January' 13, 1813, and died in South Haven, Michigan, February 6, 1900. At
the age of fifteen he moved with his parents to Michigan where until his thirty-first year, in 1844, he
worked at most of the arts and crafts practiced by pioneers in a new country. In the year named, he
began the career of horticulturist, by planting a nursery at Plymouth, Michigan. In the nearby regions
French missionaries had early planted orchards and old settlers had long been importing varieties of fruit.
The nomenclature of these fruits was in uttermost confusion. T. T. Lyon set himself the task of ascertain-
ing the correct names of these varieties in the old settlements of the State. The result was he became
the pomological authority of the State. In 1874 Mr. Lyon moved to the famous " peach-belt " of western
Michigan, where he lived until his death. Here, at first, he was president of a prominent nursery company.
In 1876 he was elected president of the State Horticultural Society and continued as its active president
until 1891 and from then on until his death was honorary president. In 1888 T. T. Lyon wrote a History
of Michigan HorlkuUure which was published in the Seventeenth Report of the State Horticultural Society.
From the beginning of his interests in horticulture in southwestern Michigan Mr. Lyon was particularly
interested in peaches — growing seedlings, testing new varieries, planting orchards and in every way
helping to forward the great peach-industr>' of the region. He was probably, in his time, the best informed,
the most accurate and the most critical judge of peaches in this country. In 1889 he was given charge
of the South Haven Sub-station of the Michigan Experiment Station which gave him added facilities
for studying and describing fruits and a means of pubUshing, through his connection with the Experiment
Station, bulletins on fruits. These, for accurary of description of varieties, are still imsurpassed among
American pomological publications. Besides these bulletins, the fruit-lists in the reports of the Michigan
Horticultural Society and in the American Pomological Society, during the last half of the Nineteenth
Century, show the results of his accurate judgment of fruits. A modest man, shrinking from publicity,
his printed works but poorly represent his vast knowledge of fruits and his great influence in the betterment
of American pomology.
ST. JOHN
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 271
(X)vered with light ash-gray; branchlets with intemodes of medium length, dark pinkish-
red with a trace of green, glossy, smooth, glabrous, with a few lenticels variable in size,
raised at the base.
Leaves six and one-half inches long, one and three-fourths inches wide, flattened or
slightly curled downward, oval to obovate-lanceolate, thick; upper surface dull, dark
green, smooth; lower surface grayish-green; apex acimiinate; margin finely serrate, often
in two series, tipped with reddish-brown glands; petiole three-eighths inch long, glandless
or with one to five small, globose glands variable in color and position.
Flower-buds obtuse, pubescent, plump, appressed or free; blossoms appear in mid-
season; flowers seven-eighths inch across, white toward the base of the petals, becoming
dark pink near the edges; pedicels short, glabrous, pale green; calyx-tube reddish-green,
orange-colored within, obconic; calyx-lobes obtuse, glabrous within, pubescent without;
petals small, ovate to oval, notched near the base, tapering to narrow olaws; filaments
seven-sixteenths inch long, equal to the petals in length; pistil pubescent near the base,
as long as the stamens.
Fruit matures early; two and one-half inches long, two and three-fourths inches
wide, roimd-oval, often bulged near the apex, usually compressed, with oblique sides;
cavity medium to deep, wide, abrupt or flaring, often tinged with red; suture deep near
the tip; apex round or depressed, with a mucronate or pointed tip; color deep yellow,
blushed and splashed with carmine; pubescence thick and long; skin mediimi to thick,
tough, variable in adherence to the pulp; flesh light yellow, tinged with red near the pit,
juicy, tender, pleasantly sprightly, highly flavored; very good in quality; stone free, one
and one-fourth inches long, fifteen-sixteenths inch wide, ovate, plump, tapering to a long
point, with rough surfaces marked by large and small pits; ventral suture deeply grooved
along the edges, furrowed ; dorsal suture a large, deep groove
SALWEY
I. Leroy Diet. Pom. 6:270, 271 fiK- 1879. 2. Hogg Fruit Man. 460. 1884. 3. Bunyard Cat. 36.
I9I3-I4-
Salway. 4. Horticulturist N. S. 8:168. 1858. 5. Card. Chron. 944. 1861. 6. Mas Le Verger
7:51. 52, fig- 24. 1866-73. 7. ^m. //oW. ^ren. 80, 81 fig. 38. 1870. 8. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpl. 56. 1871.
9. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 1st App. 122. 1872. 10. Horticulturist 27:248. 1872. 11. Am. Pom.
Soc. Cat. 30. 1875. 12. Mich. Sta. Bui. 169:225. 1899. 13. Kan. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 48, 49. 1901.
14. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:355. •903- iS- Cat. Cong. Pom. France 114 fig. 1906.
Salwey is one of the two Etoropean peaches cultivated on a commercial
scale in America, Rivers being the other. Both find their greatest useful-
ness in extending the peach-season, this variety being one of the latest
and Rivers one of the earliest sorts. It is a yellow-fleshed, freestone peach
of attractive appearance and of good quality, neither handsome enough
nor good enough in quality, however, to be considered a first-class dessert
fruit. On the other hand it is one of the best sorts for canning, preserving
and evaporating. The trees are vigorous, hardy, healthy and very pro-
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 273
wide, round-cordate, bulged near the apex, compressed, with unequal halves; cavity deeiJ,
abrupt, often splashed with red; suture shallow, often extending beyond the tip; apex
usually a small, elongated point; color greenish-yellow, usually with a brownish-red
blush splashed dark red; pubescence short, thick, fine; skin thin, tough, adherent to the
pulp; flesh golden-yellow, faintly tinged with red near the pit, juicy, stringy, tender,
becomes dry with age, sweet, pleasantly flavored, aromatic; good to very good in quality;
stone free, one and one-half inches long, one and one-sixteenth inches wide, oval to
roundish-oval, very plump, pointed at the base, with large pits and short grooves in the
surfaces; ventral suture narrow, deeply furrowed along the edges; dorsal suture winged,
a narrow groove.
SCHUMAKER
I. Card. Mon. 22:276. 1880. 2. W. N. Y. Ilorl. Soc. Rpl. 115. 1880. 3. Card. Mon. 25:111
lig. 1883. ^. Mich. Hon. Soc. Rpl. :^n, T,i^. 1889. 5. R. I. Sla. Bui. 7:41 . 1890. 6. Budd-Hansen
Am. Hort. Man. 2:356. 1903.
Shoemaker's Seedling. 7. Cull. & Count. Gent. 41:631. 1876.
Schumaker, now grown only in western New York and Pennsylvania,
for a long time was described as the earliest of the white-fleshed, clingstone
peaches. There are other peaches as early but, on the Station grounds,
this is the best flavored of the early peaches. Moreover, when fully ripe
it is almost a freestone. It is a handsome peach in color and shape but
the fruits are too small though this can be remedied in part by thinning.
The trees are large, hardy, vigorous and productive to a fault. With all of
these good qualities, the wonder is that Schumaker is not more popular as a
commercial variety to open the season but for some reason peach-growers
are not pleased with it — probably because of the small size of the peaches.
For a peach of its season, Schumaker is remarkably free from brown-rot.
Nurserymen often substitute Alexander for this variety and vice versa.
This variety originated as a seedling with Michael Schumaker, Fair-
view, Erie County, Pennsylvania. Its parentage is unknown. It fruited
for the first time in 1877 and was for a few years grown commercially but
its popularity has long been on the wane.
Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, becoming drooping, open-topped, productive;
trunk thick, smooth; branches stocky, smooth, reddish-brown tinged with light ash-gray;
branchlets long, pinkish-red with but a trace of green, glossy, smooth, glabrous, with
large, conspicuous, raised lenticels.
Leaves six and one-half inches long, one and five-eighths inches wide, variable in
position, oval to obovate-lanceolate, leathery; upper surface dull, dark green, smooth;
lower surface grayish-green; margin finely serrate, tipped with reddish-brown glands;
IJetiole seven-sixteenths inch long, glandless or with one to four small, globose, reddish-
brown glands variable in position.
274 THE PHAdiES OF NEW YORK
Flower-buds hardy, pubescent, conical or jjointed, i:)lumiJ, usually free; blossoms
appear early; flowers one and one-half inches across, pink; pedicels very short, glabrous,
green; calyx-tube reddish-green at the base, greenish-yellow within, obconic, glabrous;
calyx-lobes short, acute, glabrous w4thin, pubescent without; petals oval to ovate, tapering
to claws sometimes red at the base; filaments one-half inch long, shorter than the petals;
pistil pubescent at the base, as long as the stamens.
Fruit matures very early; about two and one-eighth inches in diameter, round, com-
pressed, with unequal halves; cavity deep, flaring; suture shallow; apex ending in a
recurved, mucronate tip but variable; color creamy-white, heavily blushed and often
mottled with dark red; pubescence short, thick; skin thin, tender, separates from the
pulp when fully ripe; flesh white, very juicy, stringj% tender, sweet, aromatic, highly
flavored; very good in quality; stone clinging, becoming semi-cling when fully mature,
one and one-fourth inches long, three-fourths inch wide, oval, plump, inconspicuously
winged, with corrugated surfaces.
SMOCK
1. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 193, 194. 1865. 2. Mas /,<• Verger 7:75, 76, fig. 36. 1866-73. 3. Am. Pom.
Soc. Cat. 28. 1873. 4. Leroy ^tci. Pom. 6:279 fig., 280. 1879. 5. Mich. Sta. Bui. i6g:22=,, 22h. 1S99.
6. Fulton Peach Cult. 196, 197. 1908.
Saint George. 7. Kenrick Am. Orch. 193. 1841.
Smock Freestone. 8. Downing Fr. Trees .4m. 492. 1845. 9. Bridgeman Card. Ass't Pt. 3:108.
1857. 10. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 78. 1862.
Though Httle grown now, during the last half of the last century
Smock was one of the leading commercial peaches of its season. The
variety has so little to recommend it, however, that we cannot but believe
that reputation more than merit kept up its popularity. The trees are
about all that could be desired but the peaches are of but mediocre quality
and not at all attractive in appearance, lacking in size and color, are ungainly
in shape and have but little uniformity in size, color or shape. It is one of
the latest yellow-fleshed peaches and is said to be excellent for all culinary
purposes. With so many better varieties of late yellow-fleshed, freestone
peaches. Smock is not worth planting for any purpose.
Smock originated three-quarters of a century or more ago with a
Mr. Smock, Middletown, New Jersey. Variations imder such names as
Smock X and Smock (Hance) have arisen as distinct varieties but all
have proved to be identical with the old sort. The name Smock CUng
appears in peach-literature but whether the peach was distinct we cannot
say. Years after the introduction of Smock a peach was put out under
the name " Beers Smock." The differences claimed are that Beers Smock
runs larger and is better in quality than Smock. All descriptions of the
two sorts, however, are so nearly identical that we believe that the two
names are given to the same peach. In 1862 the American Pomological
SCHUMAKER
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
275
Society listed Smock in its catalog as Smock Freestone. In 1873 the name
was shortened to Smock and it so appears today.
Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, somewhat drooping, dense-topped, tall, usually
very productive; trunk medium to thick, rough; branches stocky, smooth, reddish-brown
with very light ash-gray tinge; branchlets slender, medium to long, with short intemodes
tlark red intermingled with olive-green, glossy, smooth, glabrous, with large, raised
lenticels.
Leaves six and one-fourth inches long, one and one-half inches wide, flattened or
curved downward, oval to obovate-lanceolate, thick; upper surface dull, dark green;
smooth; lower surface grayish-green; margin finely serrate, tipped with dark red glands;
petiole three-eighths inch long, with none to five small, globose or reniform glands variable
in color and position.
Flower-buds tender, conical or pointed, slightly pubescent, appressed or free; blossoms
appear in mid-season; flowers less than one inch across, white at the center of the petals,
light or dark pink near the edges, often in twos; pedicels short, glabrous, greenish; calyx-
tube reddish-green at the base, orange-colored within, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes
broad, acute, serrate, glabrous within, pubescent without, partly reflexed; petals oval,
irregular in outline near the base, tapering to long, narrow claws often- reddish at the
base; filaments three-eighths inch long, equal to the petals in length; pistil pubescent
near the base, equal to or longer than the stamens.
Fruit matures very late; two and one-half inches long, two and three-eighths inches
wide, oval, irregular, often btilged near the apex, compressed, with halves imequal and
somewhat angular; cavity narrow, abrupt, contracted around the sides, twig-marked;
suture a mere line, becoming deeper toward the apex; apex roundish, with a recurved,
mucronate tip; color greenish-yellow or sometimes orange-yellow, specked and mottled
with dull, dark red or sometimes faintly tinted with a bronze blush; pubescence very
heav>', thick, fine; skin thin, tough, adherent to the pulp; flesh yellow, faintly tinged with
red near the pit, variable in jtiiciness, tender, sprightly, pleasantly flavored; good in quality ;
stone free, one and five-eighths inches long, one and one-sixteenth inches wide, oval or
obovate, bulged near the apex, flattened toward the base, with deeply grooved surfaces;
ventral suttire narrow, winged, deeply grooved along the sides; dorsal suture a wide and
deep groove, winged.
STEVENS
I. Budd-Hanscn Am. Ilort. Man. 2:356, 357. 1903.
Slevens Rareripe. 2. N. J. Horl. Soc. Rpt. 42. 1878. 3. ArK. Pom. Soc. Cat. 32. 1889. 4. Ont.
Fr. Gr. Assoc. Rpt. 22:31, 32. 1890. 5. Mich. Sta. Bui. 169:227. 1899. 6. Ont. Pr. Exp. Sta. Rpt.
9:38. 1902. 7. Waugh Am. Peach Orch. 207. 1913.
Stevens is one of the fruits of the generation just past — a large, white
and red, white-fleshed, freestone peach. The variety is best known
as Stevens Rareripe but the last part of the name is inapt for the
true rareripes are earlier ripening peaches while with Stevens latenes:;
is one of its prime assets. In quality the fruits are extra good, the flesh-
276 THE PKA( HES OF NEW YORK
characters pleasing in every respect. The flavor is a pleasing mingling of
sweet and sour not found in many other peaches so late in the season.
The appearance of the peach is as alluring as the taste. The color-plate
shows the variety almost perfectly in color and shape but the peaches as
depicted are rather smaller than the average. These late, white-fleshed
peaches now seldom sell well, usually reaching the markets in poor con-
dition, but they are choice fruits for home use and for this purpose Stevens
should be planted in every home orchard. The variety has the reputa-
tion of being hardy in both wood and buds.
Stevens originated about 1858 on the farm of B. Stevens, Morris-
town, New Jersey. Its parentage is unknown. It was listed in the
American Pomological Society's catalog in 1889 as Stevens Rareripe.
Later the name was shortened to Stevens in accordance with the Society's
rules of nomenclature.
Tree vigorous, upright-spreading, with the lower branches inclined to droop, pro-
ductive; trunk of medium thickness, rough; branches stocky, smooth, reddish-brown
mingled with light ash-gray; branchlets thick, dark reddish-brown with but little green,
glossy, smooth, with niimerous large and small lenticels.
Leaves six inches long, one and five-eighths inches wide, folded upward and slightly
recurled, oval to obovate-lanceolate, leathery; upper surface dark green, glossy, rugose
along the midrib; lower surface light green; margin finely serrate, tipped with reddish-
brown glands; petiole three-eighths inch long, glandless or with one to six small, reniform
glands usually at the base of the leaf; flower-buds intermediate in size and length, conical
to pointed, somewhat appressed, pubescent; flowers small.
Fruit matures late; about two and eleven-sixteenths inches in diameter, round to
round-oval, with nearly equal sides; cavity deep, wide, flaring to abrupt; suture medium
to deep, often extending beyond the tip; apex roimdish, with a strongly mucronate and
recurved tip; color greenish-white overlaid with attractive purplish-red, often mottled
or splashed with darker red; pubescence short, fine; skin thick, tough, adherent to the
pulp; flesh white, tinted with red near the pit and reddish underneath the deepest surface
blush, juicy, coarse, sweet, sprightly; good in quality; stone nearly free, one and five-
eighths inches long, one and one-eighth inches wide, obovate, flattened at the base, plump,
with grooved surfaces; ventral suture mediiun to deeply grooved along the edges, inter-
mediate in width, furrowed; dorsal suture deeply grooved, winged.
STUMP
I. Tex. Sta. Bui. 39:817. 1896. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 22. 1897. 3. Mich. Sta. Btil. 169:227
1899. 4. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:357. 1903.
Slump the World. 5. V. S. Pal. Off. Rpl. 299. 1854. 6. Elliott Fr. Book 304. 1859. 7. Horti-
cullurisl 14:106, 107, PI. 1859. 8. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 80. 1862. 9. U. S. D. A. Rpl. 193. 1865.
10. HoKg Fruit Man. 232. 1866. 11. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 633. 1869. 12. Ga. Sta. Bui. 42:242.
1898. 13. Fulton Peach Cul . 189, 190. 1908.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 277
Stump-of-the-World. 14. X. J. Hort. Soe. Rpl. ^i, 42. 1878.
Peche dit New-Jersey. 15. I^roy Diet. Pom. 6:t<)s,, 196 fig. 1879.
Late Slump. 16. Ark. Sta. Bui. 43:102. 1896.
Stump has long been a favorite white-fleshed, freestone, late peach
of the Oldmixon type. It is not a handsome fruit, the color-plate flattering
rather than detracting from its appearance, but makes up in quality what
it lacks in looks. The flesh is melting, juicy, sparkling, rich and good
though dry and very mediocre if permitted to overripen. The peaches
are too tender for distant shipment and the variety is of value only for
local markets and home use. The trees are large, vigorous, hardy, healthy
and productive, with a shapely, upright-spreading, dense-topped head — -
about all that could be desired in a peach-tree. In spite of the high
quality of the peaches and the splendid tree-characters. Stump is steadily
waning in popularity and will, no doubt, soon pass from cultivation.
We can say little of the history of Stump other than that it originated
in New Jersey at least three-quarters of a century ago. A Mr. Brant,
Madison, New Jersey, in a report on peaches at the meeting of the New
Jersey Horticultural Society in 1878 mentions a variety as Stump-of-the-
World which originated on the farm of Samuel Whitehead in Middlesex
County, New Jersey, about 1825. Mr. Brant, however, considered this
sort distinct from Stump although very similar to it. From the description
he gives it seems certain that he was describing the true Stump. In 1862
the American Pomological Society listed this sort in its catalog as Stump
the World. The name was shortened to Stiunp in 1897 by the committee
on nomenclature in accordance with pomological rules.
Tree of medium size, vigorous, upright-spreading, dense-topped, productive; trunk
medium in diameter, smooth; branches stocky, smooth, reddish-brown tinged with
light ash-gray; branchlets thick, inclined to rebranch, long, with intemodes dark red
mingled with olive-green, glossy, smooth, glabrous, with many conspicuous, small, raised
lenticels.
Leaves six and three-fourths inches long, one and three-fourths inches wide, folded
downward, broad-oval to obovate-lanceolate, leathery; upper surface dull, dark green,
rugose along the midrib ; lower surface grayish-green ; margin finely serrate, often in two
series, tipped with reddish-brown glands; petiole seven-sixteenths inch long, with one
to four globose glands variable in color and position.
Flower-buds semi-hardy, pubescent, conical to pointed, pltunp, usually more or less
free; blossoms appear in mid-season; flowers thirteen-sixteenths inch across, white at the
center, becoming pink near the margin; pedicels long, slender; calyx-tube dull reddish-
green, yellow within, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes acute, obtuse, glabrous within,
pubescent without : petals oval, faintly notched near the base, tapering to very short claws
278 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
tinged with red near the base; filaments five-sixteenths inch lonj;, equal to the petals in
length; pistil pubescent at the ovarj', longer than the stamens.
Fruit matures late ; about two and one-half inches in diameter, round-oval to cordate
bulged near the apex, compressed, with markedly unequal halves; cavity shallow, wide,
uneven in outline, flaring or abrupt, with tender skin; suture shallow, often extending
beyond the tip; apex round or pointed, with a recurved, mucronate tip; color creamy-white,
blushed, mottled and splashed with red; pubescence long, thick, coarse; skin thin, tough,
separates from the pulp; flesh white, strongly stained with red near the pit, juicy, tender
and melting, sweet, rich, pleasantly flavored, aromatic; very good in quality; stone nearly
free, one and one-half inches long, one and one-sixteenth inches wide, ovate to oval,
plump, flattened toward the base, tapering to a long point, with grooved surfaces; ventral
suture deeply marked along the edges, narrow, sometimes winged; dorsal suture grooved.
SUMMER SNOW
I. Okla. Sta. Bui. 2:15. 1892. 2. Mich. 67a. Bui. 118:31. 1895. 3. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult.
691. 1897. 4. Mich Sta. Bui. 169:227. 1899. 5. Ont. Fr. Exp. Sta. Rpt. 7:55. 1900.
Summer Snow is a ctiriosity with some value for culinary purposes
Its distinctive peculiarities are a skin almost pure white and flesh white
as snow from skin to pit. The quality is poor and the flesh clings to the
pit so tenaciously that the variety has no value, whatsoever, for dessert
but is said to be excellent for pickling and to make a very good and a very
distinctive canned product.
There are no records of the origin of this peach but it is doubtful if
it dates back more than a quarter of a century. The variety is very
similar to the old Snow, which was probably its prototype, differing
essentially in having a clinging stone while the stone of Snow is free. In
New York the name is a misnomer as the fruit does not ripen until the
last of September or early in October. Albino peaches date back to the
early records of this fruit and seem to be known wherever peaches are
grown. Whenever seedling peaches are grown in large numbers, an
occasional albino appears.
Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, slightly drooping, productive; trunk thick
and smooth; branches stocky, smooth, reddish-brown mingled with very light ash-
gray; branchlets very long, inclined to rebranch, with internodes of medium length,
olive-green intermingled with light brown, smooth, glabrous, with conspicuous, russet-
colored lenticels.
Leaves six and one-fourth inches long, one and five-eighths inches wide, flattened or
curved downward, oval to obovate-lanceolate, thin; upper surface dull green, smooth;
lower surface grayish-green; margin finely serrate, tipped with reddish-brown glands;
petiole three-eighths inch long, glandless or with one to six small, globose and reniform
glands variable in color and position.
SUMMER SNOW
THE PKACHKS OK NKW YORK 279
Leaf-buds semi-hardy, small, short, variable in shape, plimip, appressed or slightly
free; blossoms appear in mid-season; flowers one and five-eighths inches across, white,
sometimes in twos; pedicels short, thick, glabrous, green; calyx-tube tinged with green,
yellow within, campanidate, glabrous; calyx-lobes variable in length, medium to narrow,
acute, glabrous within, pubescent without; petals often pointed at the apex, round-ovate,
broadly notched at the base, tapering to broad, short claws; filaments seven-six-
teenths inch long, shorter than the petals; pistil pubescent near the base, as long as the
stamens.
Fruit matures late; two and three-eighths inches long, two and five-sixteenths inches
wide, round-cordate, somewhat angular, bulged at one side, compressed, with unequal
sides; cavity deep, narrow, abrupt, contracted about the sides, twig-marked; suture
shallow, becoming deeper toward the tip; apex roundish or depressed, with a mucronate
or sometimes a small, mamelon tip; color greenish-white changing to creamy-white,
without blush; pubescence long, thick, coarse; skin thin, tender, adherent to the pulp;
flesh white to the pit, juicy, meaty, mildly sweet to sprightly; fair in quality; stone firmly
clinging, one and nine-sixteenths inches long, one and one-eighth inches wide, broad-oval,
often bulged near the apex, winged, with pitted surfaces marked with short grooves;
ventral suture rather narrow, winged, with furrows of medium depth along the sides;
dorsal suture grooved, with winged sides.
SURPASSE
I. Mich. Sta. Bui. 169:227. 1899. 2. Budd-Hansen Am. Horl. Man. 2:357. 1903.
Surpasse Melocoton. 3. Mich. Horl. Soc. Rpl. 33. 1874. 4. Barry Fr. Garden 407. 1883. 5. R. I.
Sta. Bui. 7:41. 1890.
As Surpasse grows on the Station grounds, it has most of the quahties
of a first-class yellow-fleshed, freestone peach. The fruits are large,
handsome and of excellent quality, while the trees are satisfactory in every
respect except, possibly, in productiveness. The variety has been grown
sufficiently long in New York to have been well tested and has not found
favor, so that we must conclude that it does not do as well elsewhere as
here and that it is doomed to go into the discard.
Surpasse originated more than forty years ago on the grounds of
Ellwanger & Barry, Rochester, New York, and has long been sold by
this nursery firm. It has never been widely nor largely grown commercially
but is not uncommon in western New York.
Tree above medium size, vigorous, upright-spreading, with a tendency to droop,
rather unproductive; tnmk thick and smooth; branches stocky, smooth, reddish-browai
mingled with light ash-gray; branchlets thick, inclined to rebranch, long, dark pinkish-
red with some green, smooth except for the lenticels, glabrous, with ver>' conspicuous,
numerous, large and small, raised lenticels.
Leaves six inches long, one and five-eighths inches wide, variable in position, oval
28o THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
to obovate-lanceolate, leathery; upper surface dark olive-green, rugose along the midrib;
apex acuminate; marjrin finely serrate, tipped with reddish-brown glands; petiole seven-
sixteenths inch long, glandless or with one to four small, globose glands variable in color
and position.
Flower-buds tender, pubescent, conical to pointed, plump, usually free; blossoms
open in mid-season; flowers seven-eighths inch across, light pink but darker along the
edges, usually single; pedicels short, glabrous, green; calyx-tube reddish-green, orange-
colored within, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes long, narrow, acute, glabrous within,
pubescent without; petals ovate, with short, indistinct claws; filaments three-eighths inch
long, equal to the petals in length; pistil as long as the stamens.
Fruit matures in mid-season; two and one-half inches long, two and three-eighths
inches wide, round-cordate, irregular, compressed, much bulged near the apex, with
unequal halves; cavity deep, wide, flaring to abrupt, with tender, reddish skin; suture
a line becoming deeper toward the tip; apex pointed, usually with an erect, mamelon
tip; color pale yellow or orange-yellow, mottled and splashed more or less with red and
overspread with a lively, dark red blush; pubescence medium in length, thick, fine; skin
thin, separates from the pulp; flesh light yellow, red near the pit, very juicy, rather coarse,
stringy, tender and melting, sprightly, highly flavored; good to very good in quality;
stone free, one and three-eighths inches long, fifteen-sixteenths inch wide, ovate, rather
plimap, tapering to a long point, sometimes slightly winged along the ventral suture, with
pitted surfaces; ventral suture deeply grooved along the edges, below medium in width,
furrowed; dorsal suture grooved, winged.
THURBER
I. Am. Fom. Soc. Rpt. 75. 1873. 2. Card. Mon. iT-175- '875- 3- Downing Fr. Trees Am. 2nd
App. 144. 1876. 4. Atn. Pom. Soc. Cat. 32. 1881. 5. Del. Sta. Rpl. 13:109 fig. 8, no. 1901.
6. Budd-Hansen Am. Horl. Man. 2:357. 1903.
Thurber is mediocre in all of its characters in New York, though
perhaps it is a little better in quality than the average white-fleshed,
rnid-season freestone. In the South, however, it seems to be considered
one of the best of its class not only in quality but in size and appearance.
The fruits are small in New York, as the color-plate shows, while all
descriptions of them in the South say they are large. The variety is
possibly worth planting, because of good quality, in home orchards in this
State.
Thurber is a seedling of Chinese Cling grown by L. E. Berckmans,
Rome, Georgia, more than forty years ago. The variety was named in
honor of Dr. George Thurber, American botanist, naturalist and editor.
It is similar to its parent but is a freestone and the trees are more com-
pact and thrifty than those of Chinese Cling. The American Pomologicai
Society added Thurber to its fruit-list in 1881, a place it still holds
THURBER
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 28 1
Tree above metHum size, vigorous, upright-spreading, productive; trunk thick and
smooth; branches stocky, smooth, reddish-brown mingled with hght ash-gray; branchlets
slender, often very long, olive-green with some red, glossy, smooth, glabrous, with
numerous conspicuous, raised lenticels variable in size, usually russetted toward the
base.
Leaves six inches long, over one and one-half inches wide, flattened or cnirled down-
ward, oval to obovate-lanceolate, leathery; upper surface dull, dark green, smooth
becoming rugose along the midrib; lower surface grayish-green; margin finely serrate,
tipped with reddish-brown glands; petiole three-eighths inch long, glandless or with one
to four small, globose glands variable in color and position.
Flower-buds tender, large, medium to short, heavily pubescent, obtuse, very plump,
usually free; blossoms open in mid-season; flowers one and one-eighth inches across, light
pink, darker along the edges, usually single; pedicels long, slender, glabrous, greenish;
calyx-tube reddish-green, greenish-yellow within, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes
acute, glabrous within, lieavily pubescent without, flattened; jjetals ovate, tapering to
short, narrow claws; filaments seven-sixteenths inch long, equal to the petals in length;
pistil longer than the stamens.
Fruit matures in mid-season; two and three-eighths inches long, two and one-eighth
inches wide, round-oval, somewhat compressed, with unequal halves; cavity shallow,
narrow, flaring or abrupt, often tinted with red, compressed about the sides; suture a line
or very shallow, often extending beyond the tip; apex round, with a recurved, mucronate
or mamelon tip ; color green or creamy-white, with few splashes of dull red over a livel^•
red blush; pubescence long, coarse, thick; skin thin, tough, variable in adherence to the
pulp; flesh white, deeply stained with red near the pit, juicy, tender and melting,
pleasantly sprightly, aromatic; good in quality; stone free, one and one-half inches long,
more than an inch wide, red, obovate to oval, flattened toward the base, plvunp, tapering
to a short point, often winged on the ventral suture, with surfaces pitted and marked
by short grooves; ventral suture deeply grooved along the edges, narrow; dorsal suture
grooved, slightly winged.
TRIANA
I. Tex. Sta. Bui. 39:^19. 1S96. 2. Fla. Sta. Bui. 73:i.S-. 1904. 3. Glen St. Mary Nur. Cut.
23. 1906. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 39. 1909.
Triana is another of the honey-fleshed, beaked peaches supposed to
thrive only in the far South. It can be grown, however, with about as
much certainty in New York as many of the standard varieties of the North.
Its small size and poor shipping qualities debar it from competing with
commercial peaches in this region but it is well worth planting in home
orchards for the sake of variety and because of its delicious flavor — a
sort of scented sweetness wholly unknown in northern varieties. The
good health, vigor, size and hardiness of these honey-peaches on the Station
grounds is a constant surprise to those who have believed that they could
be grown only in the Gulf States.
282 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Triana originated a quarter of a century or more ago at the Glen
Saint Mary Nurseries, Glen Saint Mary, Florida. It was introduced in
1 892 by the originators. The American Pomological Society added Triana
to its fruit-list in 1 909.
Tree of medium size, upright-spreading, open-topped, productive; branches greenish-
red; Vjranchlets slender, long, with a tendency to rebranch, dark red with some olive-
green, rough, glabrous, with numerous conspicuous, large, raised lenticels.
Leaves five and one-half inches long, one and five-eighths inches wide, folded upward
and recurled, slightly lanceolate, thin, leathery ; upper surface dark green, smooth; lower
surface grayish-green, with prominent mid-rib; margin finely serrate; petiole three-eighths
inch long, with one to five small, reniform glands variable in position.
Flower-buds half-hardy, short, pubescent, conical, plump, usually appressed; blossoms
one and one-half inches across, pale red, in dense clusters, usually single; pedicels long,
slender, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube reddish-green, dark greenish-yellow within, cam-
panulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes acute, glabrous within, pubescent without; petals oval
to long-ovate, tapering to short claws; filaments seven-sixteenths inch long, shorter than
the petals; pistil pubescent at the ovary, often longer than the stamens.
Fruit matures in late mid-season; two and one-eighth inches long, one and thirteen-
sixteenths inches wide, oval, compressed, with unequal halves; cavity shallow, flaring;
suture of medium depth; apex a long, mucronate tip; color creamy-white, blushed,
splashed and mottled with bright red; pubescence short, fine; skin thin, tender, adhering
to the pulp; flesh white, faintly stained with red near the pit, tender, sweet, mild; good
in quality; stone nearl}' free, one and one-fourth inches long, one and three-fourths inches
wide, oval or elliptical, usually with pitted surfaces; ventral suture deeply grooved along
the edges; dorsal suture grooved.
TRIUMPH
I. Card. & For. 8:20. 1895. 2. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 44. 1895. 3. Kan. Hort. Soc. Peach,
The 49. 1899. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 34. 1899. 5. Can. Hort. 24:401, fig. 2158. 1901. 6. Ont.
Fr. Exp. Sta. Rpt. 9:38. 1902. 7. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:358. 1903. 8. Ohio Sta. Bui.
170:182. 1906. 9. Waugh Am. Peach Orch. 196, 208. 1913.
Triomphe. 10. Rev. Hort. 79. 1895.
Triumph is an extra early, yellow-fleshed peach so inferior in
appearance and quality of fruit and so subject to brown-rot that it is not
worth growing in any but the most northern peach-regions where, because of
great hardiness in wood and bud, it becomes a valuable variety. It is grown
more or less, however, both north and south because it is one of the earliest
yellow-fleshed sorts and because the trees bear regularly and abundantly.
The dark color and the great amount of fuzzy pubescence detract materially
from the appearance of the peach. The specimens shown in the color-
plate are from unthinned trees; the size can be increased by thinning.
Small pits somewhat offset the small size of the fruits. The peaches, if not
./:
i
I A ^
>
THK PKA( HKS OF NEW YORK 283
attacked by brown-rot, stand shipment splendidly, a character which adds
to its value for early markets. Though often put down as a clingstone
it is, when well grown, a semi-cling and sometimes the stone is free.
Triumph is one of several seedlings grown by J. D. Husted, Vineyard,
Georgia. It is supposed to be an offspring of Alexander. The date of
origin is unknown but references go back to 1895. Triumph was placed
on the fruit-list of the American Pomological Society in 1899.
Tree of medium size, vigorous, upright-spreading, with lower branches drooping,
hardy, very productive; tmnk intermediate in thickness and smoothness; branches
stocky, smooth, reddish-brown intermingled with very light ash-gray; branchlets slender,
long, with intemodes of mediimi length, dark pinkish-red with some green, glossy, ver>'
smooth, glabrous, with many conspicuous, small, raised lenticels.
Leaves six inches long, one and five-eighths inches wide, flattened or curled down-
ward, o\-al to obovate-lanceolate, thin, leathery; upper surface dull, dark olive-green,
rugose near the midrib; lower surface grayish-green; margin finely and shallowly serrate,
tipped with reddish-brown glands; petiole three-eighths inch long, glandless or with one
to four very small, globose glands variable in position.
Flower-buds hardy, small, short, pubescent, obtuse or pointed, plump, appressed
or free; blossoms unfold early; flowers one and five-eighths inches across, dark pink,
sometimes in twos; pedicels short, slender, glabrous, green; calyx-tube reddish-green at
the base, orange-colored within, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes broad, obtuse,
glabrous within, pubescent without; petals broadly oval to ovate, widely notched near the
base, tapering to claws with reddish base; filaments seven-sixteenths inch long, shorter
than the petals; pistil pubescent near the base, equal in length to the stamens.
Fruit matures early; two inches long, two and one-eighth inches wide, roundish-oval,
compressed, vnth unequal sides; cavity deep, abrupt, with tender skin; suture shallow;
apex roundish, with a mamelon and recurved tip; color pale yellow overlaid with dark
red; pubescence thick and long; skin thin, adherent to the pulp; flesh yellow, stained with
red near the pit, juicy, firm until fully ripe, sprightly; fair in quality; stone semi-free to
free when fully ripe, one and one-fourth inches long, seven-eighths inch wide, obovate,
flattened wedge-like at the base, bulged at one side near the apex, plump, with deeply
grooved surfaces; ventral suture deeply grooved along the edges, furrowed; dorsal suture
winged, deeply grooved, rather wide.
TROTH
I. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 7,5. 1899. 2. Mich. Sla. But. 169:22s. 1899. 3. Am. Card. 24:417,. 1903.
Troth's Early Rareripe. 4. Kenrick Am. Orch. 183. 1841.
Troth's Early Red. 5. Elliott /^'r. Boo* 304. 1859. 6. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 634. 1869.
Troth's Early. 7. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 80. 1862. 8. Am. Jour. Ilort. 3:341. 1868. 9. Fulton
Peach Cult. 183, 184. 1908.
Troth, the standard early peach in the middle of the last century, is
now all but out of cultivation. It is still listed in a few nurser>^ catalogs
284 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
and is still on the fruit-list of the American Pomological Society. Among
the multitude of early peaches now grown, Troth cuts but a sorry figure
in either tree- or fruit-characters. It is worth discussing here only because
it is a milestone in the evolution of cultivated peaches.
Troth, first known as Troth's Early Red, originated in the first years
of the Nineteenth Century, probably in New Jersey. Nothing is known
of its parentage or of the originator. It ripens with Early York and some
pomologists have confused it with this variety and also with Haines but,
while similar to both. Troth is distinct. The American Pomological Society
placed the variety upon its fruit-list in 1862 under the name Troth's Early
Red but dropped it in 1891. In 1899 it was once more recommended by
the Pomological Society, being listed as Troth.
Tree above medium in size, vigorous, upright-spreading, the lower branches drooping,
very productive; trunk somewhat stocky; branches thick, smooth, reddish-brown covered
with light ash-gray; branchlets slender, long, with short intemodes, dark pinkish-red
intermingled with green, with conspicuous, very numerous, large and small lenticels;
leaves six and one-fourth inches long, one and three-fourths inches wide, flattened and
slightly curled downward, oval to obovate-lanceolate, leathery, dark, dull green, smooth
becoming rugose near the midrib; margin finely and shallowly serrate, tipped with
reddish-brown glands; petiole seven-sixteenths inch long, with one to five very small,
globose, reddish-brown glands; flower-buds half-hardy, of medium size and length, more
or less pubescent, obtuse or conical, plump, usually appressed; blossoms small, appear
in mid-season.
Fruit matures in early mid-season; two inches long, two and one-eighth inches wide,
roundish-oblate, slightly bulged at one side, somewhat compressed, with halves decidedly
unequal; cavity of medium depth and width, abrupt, somewhat irregular, contracted
about the sides, often dotted and striped with red; suture rather shallow, extending con-
siderably beyond the point; apex roundish or depressed, with a mucronate or slightly
pointed tip; color greenish-white or creamy-white, blushed with dark, dull red and with
more or less heavy mottlings extending over more than half of the surface; pubescence
thick, short; skin thin, tender, adheres somewhat to the pulp; flesh whitish, tinged with
red near the pit, variable in juiciness, tender, nearly melting, pleasant flavored; fair to
good in quality; stone free, one and one-eighths inches long, seven-eighths inch wide.
oval, flattened toward the base, acute at the apex, with grooved surfaces; ventral suture
mediimi in width; dorsal suture grooved.
WADDELL
I. Ga. Sta. Bui. 42:242. 1898. 2. Del. Sta. Rpl. 13:111 fig. 9. 1901. 3. .Am. Pom. .Soc. Rpt.
249. 1903. 4. Budd-Hansen Am. Horl. Man. 2:358. 1903. 5. Ohio Sta. Bui. 170:182. 1906.
6. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 39. 1909. 7. Waugh Am. Peach Orch. 208. 1913.
Waddell is an early mid-season, white-fleshed, semi-cling peach from
Georgia, a very evident descendant of Chinese Cling. The variety is now
THE PEACHP:S of new YORK 285
widely grown and is everywhere esteemed as a commercial sort. Its chief
competitor is Carman, compared with which the fruit differs in ripening
a few days early; is handsomer, in color at least, the two, as the color-
plates show, being very similar in size and shape; is of rather finer texture
of flesh and is better flavored; and, lastly, according to most reports,
Waddell is a better shipper than Carman. The variety has not been nearly
as widely nor as generally planted as the better-known Carman but we are
of the opinion that it has been a greater factor in the success of a score or
more of the big commercial peach -orchards, North and South, of the last
few years. It is a particularly pleasing peach in New York and ought to
be considered for every commercial plantation where a variety of its
season is wanted to precede or to compete with Carman.
Waddell is a chance seedling found by William Waddell, Griffin,
Georgia. The variety was introduced by J. H. Hale, South Glastonbury,
Connecticut. The American Pomological Society added Waddell to its
fruit-list in 1909.
Tree medium in size, vigorous, upright becoming spreading and with the lowei-
branches inclined to droop, hardy, productive; trunk thick, smooth; branches stocky,
smooth, reddish-brown tinged with light ash-gray; branchlets long, inclined to rebranch,
dark pinkish-red overspread with green, glossy, smooth, glabrous, with numerous con-
spicuous, raised lenticels variable in size.
Leaves six inches long, one and three-fourths inches wide, folded upward and curled
downward, oval to obovate-lanceolate, leathery; upper surface dull, dark green, smooth;
lower surface grayish-green; apex acuminate; margin finely serrate, tipped with reddish-
brown glands; petiole three-eighths inch long, with one to four small, globose, reddish-
brown glands variable in position.
Flower-buds hardy, conical or pointed, pubescent, usually appressed; blossoms appear
in mid-season; flowers one and three-fourths inches across, red becoming pale pink, in
clusters of twos; pedicels short, slender, glabrous, green; calyx-tube reddish-green at the
base, greenish-yellow within, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes broad, obtuse, glabrous
wathin, pubescent without; petals oval, crenate, irregular in outline near the base, tapering
to claws with reddish base; filaments seven-sixteenths inch long, shorter than the petals;
pistil pubescent near the base, equal to the stamens in length.
Fruit matures in early mid-season; two and one-fourth inches long, about two inches
wide, oval to roundish-oval, compressed, bulged on one side, with unequal halves; cavity
deep, abrupt, with tender skin, tinged with pink; suture shallow, deepening toward the
apex and extending beyond; apex roundish, with a small, mucronate tip; color creamy-
white, blushed with red and with a few dull splashes of darker red; pubescence thick; skin
tough, separates from the pulp; flesh white, stained \vith pink near the pit, juicy, stringx-
finn but tender, sweet but sprightly, aromatic; very good in quality; stone semi-free to
286 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
free, one and thiee-eighths inches long, one inch wide, ovate; ventral suture deeply
grooved along the sides, faintly winged; dorsal suture grooved, not winged.
WAGER
I. Cult. &f Count. Cent. 43:584. 1878. 2. W. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 113, 114. 18S0. 3. Cult. &
Count. Gent. 4S: S22,. 1883. 4. Black Cull. Peacli & Pear iii. 1886. 5. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 22. 1897.
6. Kan. Hort. Soc. Peach, Tlu 148. 1899. 7. Budd-Hansen Am. Ilort. Man. 2:358, 359. 1903.
Hardiness, productiveness and early bearing are the outstanding
characters of Wager that give it a high place in the peach-list for New
York. It is a yellow-fleshed, freestone peach none too attractive in color-
ing, always rather small and of only fair quality as a dessert fruit but
excellent for canning, drying and all culinary purposes. The variety comes
true to seed, or nearly so. The fruits of Wager are not attractive enough
and the trees are too small to make the variety of much value in com-
mercial plantations but it is a very good peach for home orchards and one
of the best of all where hardiness is a prime requisite. Several quite dis-
tinct peaches are sold by nurserymen as Wager.
Wager originated some time previous to 1870 with Benjamin Wager,
West Bloomfield, Ontario County, New York. The variety was added to
the fruit-list of the American Pomological Society in 1897.
Tree medium in ?ize or small, upright-spreading, hardy, productive; trunk inter-
mediate in thickness and smoothness; branches stocky, smooth, reddish-brown overlaid
with light ash-gray; branchlets rebranching near the tips, dark red with some green,
roughened by the lenticels, which are medium in size and number.
Leaves five and one-half inches long, one and one-fourth inches wide, flattened or
curled downward, oval to obovate-lanceolate, thin, leathery; upper surface dull, dark
green, rugose along the midrib; lower surface grayish-green; apex acuminate; margin
finely serrate, tipped with reddish-brown glands; petiole five-sixteenths inch long, \\4th
two to four small, globose or reniform glands variable in color and position.
Flower-buds medium in size and length, heavily pubescent, conical, plump, usually
free; blossoms appear in mid-season; flowers one and one-eighth inches across; pedicels
very short, thick, glabrous, green; calyx-tube reddish-green, orange-colored within, cam-
panulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes narrow, acute, glaljrous within, pubescent without; petals
oval, broadly notched, tapering to claws red at the base; filaments three-eighths inch
long, shorter than the petals; pistil pubescent at the ovary, longer than the stamens.
Fruit matures in mid-season; two and one-half inches long, two and one-fourth inches
wide, oval, bulged near the apex, sometimes conical, compressed, with unequal halves;
cavity flaring or abrupt, often mottled with red and with tender skin; suture a line,
becoming deeper toward the tip; apex roundish or pointed, usually with a mamelon,
recurved tip; color orange-yellow, blushed and mottled with dark red; pubescence thick,
long and fine; skin thin, tough, separates from the pulp; flesh yellow, faintly stained with
1^
iisfs^w.
>^'
m
THK PEACHES OF NEW YORK 287
red near the pit, meaty but tender, sweet, mild; good in quality; stone free, one and
three-eighths inches long, one inch wide, ovate, flattened near the base, with pitted sur-
faces, marked with few short grooves; ventral suture deeply grooved along the sides, wide,
furrowed; dorsal j'uture a wide, deep groove.
WATERLOO
I. Cult. &■ Count. Gent. 43:489. 1878. 2. W. N. Y. Ilort. Soc. Rpt. 51. 1879. 3. Hogp; Fruit
Man. 463. 1884. 4. Am. Pom. Sac. Cat. 34. 1885. 5. Ibid. 22. 1897. 6. Garden 66:112. 1904.
7. Budd-Hansen Am. Hart. Man. 2:359. 1903. 8. Fulton Peach Cult. 173. 1908. 9. Waugli Am.
Peach Orch. 209. 191 3.
Waterloo is without honor in its ovi^n country but is a standard peach
in England. In spite of the fact that the variety originated within ten
miles of the Station grounds it is all but worthless here as it is in most parts
of New York. Waterloo is an extra-early, white-fleshed, semi-cling peach
very similar to the better-known Canada. The faults that condemn it
are small size, poor quality, susceptibility to brown-rot and a long period
of ripening for the fruit and small size and unproductiveness in the tree.
It is given prominence in The Peaches of New York only because it is so
often noted in the horticultural press as a standard variety, an opinion,
no doubt, reflected in America from European publications.
Waterloo was first grown by Henry Lisk, Waterloo, Seneca County,
New York, who brought it to notice in 1877. Thomas Rivers introduced
it into England where it has long been grown and esteemed for its earliness
and good quality. The American Pomological Society placed Waterloo
in its fruit-catalog in 1885, where it remained until 1891 when it was
dropped, but was replaced in 1897.
Tree small, upright-spreading, sometimes productive; trunk smooth; branches stocky,
smooth, reddish-brown covered with light ash-gray; branchlets very long, rebranching,
with intemodes of medium length, dark pinkish-red mingled with green, glossy, smooth,
glabrous, with few large lenticels.
Leaves six and one-fourth inches long, one and three-fourths inches wide, flattened,
oval to obovate-lanceolate, leathery; upper surface dull, dark olive-green, smooth; lower
surface grayish-green; margin finely serrate, tipped with reddish-brown glands; petiole
seven-sixteenths inch long, glandless or with one to four small, globose and reniform,
reddish-brown glands variable in position.
Flower-buds half-hardy, obtuse or conical, plump, usually free, pubescent; flowers
appear in mid-season; blossoms one and one-half inches across, light pink, usually single;
pedicels very short, thick, green; calyTC-tube lemon-yellow wthin, campanulate, glabrous;
calyx-lobes short, obtuse, glabrous within, pubescent without; petals ovate, tapering to
claws with reddish base; filaments one-half inch long, shorter than the petals; pistil equal
to the stamens in length.
288 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Fruit matures very early; nearly two inches in diameter, roundish, with equal halves;
cavity deep wide flaring; suture shallow; apex depressed, with a recurved, mamelon
tip; color creamy-white, blushed and mottled with red; pubescence short, thick; skin thin,
adherent to the pulp; flesh greenish-white, juicy, stringy, tender and melting, sweet, mild,
fair to good in quality; stone semi-clinging, one and one-sixteenth inches long, three-
fourths inch wide, oval, plump, acutely pointed at the apex, with pitted surfaces; dorsal
suture slightly winging.
WHEATLAND
I. Thumas Am. Fruit Cult. 550. 1875-85. z. W. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpl. 113. 1880. 3. Downing
/■>. yVirvylm. 3rd App. 173. 1881. 4. .im. Pom. .Soc. Cat. 34. 1883. 5. Tex. 5ta. 5»/, 39:815. 1896.
6. Bu'lil-Hansen ^m. Ilorl. Man. 2:359. 1903. 7. Waugh Am. Peach Orch. 209. 1913.
Wheatland is a large, yellow-fleshed, freestone peach of excellent
quality which ripens just before Late Crawford. Although the variety
originated in this State it is little grown here now, being somewhat more
popular westward in Michigan and very much grown in Colorado and
Utah. The fruit is about all that could be desired in New York but the
trees are so unproductive that the variety is nowhere grown in this region
with profit. The beauty and high quality of the fruit might make it
desirable for home orchards.
Wheatland is a chance seedling found about 1870 on the grounds
of Daniel E. Rogers, Scottsville, New York. The variety was placed
on the fruit-list of the American Pomological Society in 1883.
Tree medium to large, vigorous, upright-spreading, with the lower branches drooping,
hardy, rather unproductive; trunk thick and smooth; branches stocky, smooth, reddish-
brown tinged with light ash-gray; branchlets long, with long intemodes, inclined to
rebranch, dark pinkish-red with but little green, smooth, glabrous, with conspicuous,
large and small, raised lenticels intermediate in number.
Leaves six and one-half inches long, one and three-fourths inches wide, folded
upward and recurved downward, oval to obovate-lanceolate, leather}^; upper surface
dark green, rugose; lower surface grayish-green; margin finely serrate, tipped with
reddish-bro^vn glands; petiole five-sixteenths inch long, with one to five small, globose
and reniform, reddish-brown glands variable in position.
Flower-buds tender, medium to small, pubescent, conical or pointed, plump, usually
free; blossoms open late; flowers seven-eighths inch across, light pink becoming darker
along the edges; pedicels very short, glabrous, green; calyx-tube reddish-green, orange-
colored within, campanulate; calyx-lobes narrow, acuminate, glabrous within, pubescent
without; petals ovate; filaments five-sixteenths inch long, equal to the petals in length;
pistil as long as the stamens, sometimes defective.
Fruit matures in mid-season; large, roimd; suture shallow; apex a small, acute point;
color yellow, blushed and mottled with red; skin separates from the pulp; flesh yellow.
stained red around the pit, juicy, fimi but tender, sweet, pleasantly flavored; good in
WATERLOO
WHEATLAND
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 289
quality; stone free, one and seven-sixtcenlhs inches long, more than an inch wide, ovate,
broad at the base, with pitted surfaces; \'enlral suture very deeply grooved at the edges;
dorsal suture deeply grooved.
YELLOW RARERIPE
I. Loud. Ilort. Soc. Cat. 102. 1831. 2. Kenriuk Am. Orch. 229. 1832. 3. Prince Pom. Man.
2:14, 15. 1832. 4. Downing Fr. rreci .4»i. 493. 1845. 5. Elliott /•>. Boa* 280. 1854. 6. Am. Pom
Soc. Cat. 80. 1862. 7. Mich. Sla. Bill. 169:229. 1899. 8. Fulton Peach Cull. 193, 194. 1908.
Marie Antoinette. 9. Kenrick Am. Orch. 187. 1S41.
Early Orange Peach. 10. VXoy-LxndXey Guide Orch. Card. 187. 1846.
Culler's Yellow. 11. Hovey Fr. Am. 2:59, 60, PI. 1 851.
Rareripe Jaune. 12. Mas Lc IVrgcr 7:215, 216, fig. 106. 1866-73.
A century ago Yellow Rareripe was at the head of the list of yellow-
fleshed, freestone peaches — largest, handsomest, hardiest and best-fiavored
of all. Even now in fruit- and tree-characters, with the single exception
of productiveness, Yellow Rareripe holds its own very well with the peaches
of its type and season. A glance at the color-plate shows the peach to be as
attractive as any in color and shape; the size is above the average and in
texture and flavor it is not often surpassed. Its fault is unproductive-
ness, to make up for which the trees usually bear regularly and come in
bearing early. The variety is now hardly worth planting commercially
in New York, being equalled by several yellow-fleshed peaches in all
characters and surpassed in productiveness by many, but, if the trees can
be obtained, it might find a welcome place in home orchards. Yellow Rare-
ripe seems still to have all of the vigor and vitality of the first trees, help-
ing thereby to furnish evidence that varieties do not run out.
This is another American peach the origin of which is involved in so
much uncertainty that it is impossible to state where, when and by whom
produced. Prince claims to have discovered the original Yellow Rareripe
tree near Flushing, New York, over a hundred years ago. It was being
grown in the vicinity of Boston early in the Nineteenth Century where
it seems to have been first introduced by William Kenrick, Newton, Massa-
chusetts, under the name Yellow Red Rareripe. Occasionally another and
inferior peach, Yellow Melocoton, was substituted for Yellow Rareripe.
Hovey received peach-trees from Kenrick under the name Cutter's Yellow
which later proved to be Yellow Rareripe. Hovey retained the name
Cutter's Yellow, because it was briefer. The Marie Antoinette, men-
tioned by Kenrick in 1841, is without question Yellow Rareripe and has
been listed as synonymous by several authors. Yellow Rareripe was
placed in the American Pomological Society's fruit-catalog in 1862 where
it has since remained as a recommended variety.
19
290 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Tree large, vijrorous, upright-spreading, rather unproductive; trunk stocky; branches
thick, smooth, reddish-brown mingled with light ash-gray; branchlets with intemodes
of medium length, dark pinkish-red tinged with pale green, glossy, smooth, glabrous,
with conspicuous, numerous, large, raised lenticels.
Leaves six and three-fourths inches long, one and three-fourths inches wide, folded
upward and curled downward, oval to obovate-l,anceolate, leathery; upper surface dull,
dark olive-green, smooth becoming rugose near the midrib; lower surface grayish-green;
margin finely serrate and sometimes in two series, tipped with reddish-brown glands;
petiole three-eighths inch long, glandless or with one to four small, globose glands \'ariable
in color and position.
Flower-buds conical or pointed, pubescent, plump, usually appressed; blossoms
open in mid-season; flowers seven-eighths inch across, light pink but darker along the
edges, usually single; pedicels short, green; calyx-tube reddish-green, orange-colored
within, campanulate; calyx-lobes narrow, acute, glabrous within, pubescent without;
petals oval to ovate, shallowly and widely notched towards the base, tapering to claws
red at the base; filaments three-eighths inch long, equal to the petals in length; pistil as
long as the stamens.
Fruit matures in mid-season; two and one-fourth inches long, two and three-
sixteenths inches wide, round-conic to round-cordate, compressed, with unequal halves;
cavity contracted and wrinkled about the sides, abrupt or flaring; suture shallow; apex
round or somewhat pointed, with a mucronate or mamelon tip ; color orange-yellow, with
a deep red blush, splashed and mottled with red; pubescence thick, long, coarse; skin
thin, tender, variable in adherence to the pulp; flesh yellow, tinged with red near the pit,
juicy, fine-grained, tender and melting, sweet, pleasantly flavored; good to ver\- good
in quality; stone free, one and one-fourth inches long, seven-eighths inch wide, oval to
ovate, bulged near the apex, plump, tapering to a short point, with grooved and pitted
surfaces; ventral suture deeply grooved along the edges, furrowed; dorsal suture grooved,
winging.
YELLOW RARERIPE
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 29I
CHAPTER VI
THE MINOR VARIETIES OF PEACHES
"A Bee. I. ./""'■• Hort. N. S. 3:370. 1862. 2. Uo^^^g Fruit Man. 212. 1866. 3. Pom.
France 6: No. 11, PI. 11. 1869.
Mignonne d bee. 4. Mas Le Verger 7:37, 38, fig. 17. 1866-73.
Pourpree a. bee. 5. Mas Pom. Gen. 12:186. 1883.
Schnabel Pfirsich. 6. Mathieu Norn. Pom. 414. 1889.
The 'A Bee peach takes the name from its beak-like apex. It originated about 181 1
at EcuUy, Rhone, France, with a M. Lacene. Tree hardy, vigorous, productive; leaves
large; glands globose; flowers large, rose-colored; fruit very large, roundish, uneven in
outline; apex terminates in a bold, blunt nipple; cavity narrow, deep; skin thin, tender,
lemon-yellow, blushed and dotted with deep crimson where exposed; flesh white, with a
shght tinge of red about the stone, tender, melting, sweet, aromatic; quality good; stone
oval, furrowed, free; ripens the first half of August.
Abbe de Beaxunont. i. Thomas Guide Prat. 52. 1876. 2. Leroy Diet. Pom. 6:35.
36 fig. 1H79.
This peach originated in Daumeray, France, in the Eighteenth Century but was not
introduced until 1868. Tree vigorous, productive; glands globose; fruit large, globular;
suture a mark; cavity large, deep; skin heavily pubescent, white, marbled with carmine;
flesh white, tinged with a rose color at the stone, juicy, sprightly; stone ovoid, free; ripens.
at the end of July.
Abbe Jodoc. i. Thomas Guide Prat. 47, 214. 1876.
Abt Jodociis. 2. Mas Pom. Gen. 12:185. 1883.
A fruit of English origin. Flowers rose-colored; leaves glandless; fruit large, spherical,
irregular; skin almost covered with small, bright red dots; flesh fine; ripens the last of
August .
Abundance, i. McKay Car 20. 1913.
This variety as grown on the Station grounds is a type of Alexander. Introduced
about 1907 by W. L. McKay, late proprietor of the Van Dusen Nurseries, Geneva, New York.
Acampo. i. Leonard Coates Cat. 6. 1913.
According to Leonard Coates, Morganhill, California, this \-ariety is a medium early,
liigh-colored yellow peach of good quality; good for table and drying.
Acme. I. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 161. 1881.
This variety was reported as growing in Texas.
Acton Scot. I. Lindley Guide Orch. Gard. 254. 1854. 2. Mas Le Verger 7:93, 94,
fig. 45. 1866-73.
Acton Scot is the result of crossing Noblesse with Red Nutmeg; raised by Thomas
Knight, Downton Castle, England, 1814. Leaves crenate; glands globose; flowers large,
pale rose; fruit small, narrowed and depressed at the apex; cavity large, deep; skin woolly,
])ale yellow, blushed, marbled with deeper red; flesh yellowish-white usually to the stone,
juicy, sugary but .slightly bitter; quality medium; pit free, small, plump; ripens the end
of August.
292 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Adele Thirriot. i. Thomas Guide Prat. 47. 1876.
Tree strong, productive ; flowers small ; glands reniform ; fruit verj- large, with a purplish
blush; first quality; ripens in September.
Admirable, i. Duhamcl Trait. Arb. Fr. 2:31, 32, PI. XXI. 1768. 2. Prince Pom.
' Man. 1:196. 1831. 3. Leroy Diet. Pom. 6:38 fig., 39, 40. 1879.
Early Admirable. 4. Langley Pomona 103, PI. 30 fig. 2. 1729. 5. Lindley Guide
Orch. Card. 256, 257. 1831. 6. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 477. 1845. 7. Am.
Pom. Soc. Cat. 30. 1877. 8. Hogg Fruit Man. 442. 1884.
Wunderschoner Lackpfirsche. 9. 'DochnahX F iihr . Obstkunde 3: 2og, 210. 1858.
According to Leroy, Admirable was first mentioned by Lectier in 1628, probably ha\-ing
originated in France many years previous. Although not an extremelj- early peach it
was long called Early Admirable to distinguish it from Late Admirable. The American
Pomological Society listed Admirable in its fruit-list in 1877 but dropped it in 1897. Tree
productive; flowers small; glands globose; fruit of medium size, roundish, pale yellowish-
white, with a lively red cheek ; flesh white, red next the pit from which it readily separates,
melting, juicy, with a good, rich, sweet flavor; ripens the first of September or later.
Admirable Jaune. i. Noisette Mok. Comp. Jard. 2:478. i860.
This variety should not be confused with Yellow Admirable described elsewhere.
Variations in the size of the flowers cause writers to list more than one sort under this name-
The peach listed here has mediimi-sized flowers and globose glands.
Admirable Jaune Tardive, i. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard. 2:478. 1S60.
Tree very vigorous; glands globose; flowers of mediimi size; fruit large, elongated,
yellow; flesh }'ellow. slightly vinous; ripens late in October.
Admirable Saint-German, i. Leroy Diet. Pom. 6:42, 43. 1879.
This peach was obtained from seed by Charles Buisson, Tronche, Isere, France, in
1863. Tree vigorous; glands small, globose; flowers medium in size, rose-colored; quality
of first rank; ripens early in August.
Adrian, i. Col., 0., Hort. Soc. Rpt. 32. 1892. 2. Mich. Sta. Bui. 169:207. 1899.
Adrian originated in Louisiana. Tree vigorous, hardy, spreading, productive; glands
globose; flowers small; fruit medium to large, roundish-oval; cavity abrupt; suture distinct
near the apex; skin clear yellow, occasionally washed with red; flesh yellow, red at the pit,
juicy, firm, vinous; quality good; pit free, oval, plump; ripens late in September.
Advance, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 147. 1881. 2. Mich. Sta. Bid. 152:199. 1898.
3. Ibid. 169:207. 1899.
Advance is a seedling of Hale Early which originated with C. C. Engle, Paw Paw,
Michigan. Tree spreading ; glands reniform ; flowers small ; fruit medium to large, roundish ;
cavity deep; skin creamy- white, largely mottled with red; flesh creamy-white, juicy,
tender, sprightly; quality good; pit semi-clinging; ripens earlj- in August.
Aehrenthal. i. Mathieu No)n. Pom. 386. 1889.
Achrenthal Lackpfirsich. 2. Dochnahl Fiihr. Obstkunde 3:214. 1858.
Originated about 1851. Tree vigorous, productive; glands reniform; flowers small;
fruit large, roundish, slightly oblate; skin yellowish-white, blushed with lively red which
becomes purplish; flesh white, vinous; stone small, oval; ripens at the end of August.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 293
Aiken, i. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 301. 1890.
Listed as growing in Canada.
Ailsworth. i. Mich. Sta. Sp. Bid. 44:29. 1910.
Ailsworth is a late, yellow-fleshed peach which originated near Benton Harbor,
Michigan. The fruit as it grows on the Station grounds is not attractive in color but is
pleasantly flavored. Tree vigorous, upright; leaves long; glands reniform; flowers small;
fruit above medium in size, roundish-cordate; skin heavily pubescent, golden yellow, with
a slightly mottled blush of red; flesh yellow, red at the pit, juicy, medium coarse, firm,
pleasingly subacid; quality good; pit free, oval, winged; ripens the last week in September.
Albatross, i. Thomas Guide Prat. 54. 1876. 2. Hogg Fruit Man. 435. 1884.
3. Bunyard Fruit Cat. 35. 1913-14.
Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, England, grew Albatross from a stone of Princess
of Wales about 1870. Leaves glandless; flowers large; fruit very large, roundish; suture
distinct only at the apex ; skin pale yellow, blushed with crimson and mottled with darker
crimson; flesh white, stained with red at the stone, juicy, melting; ripens the end of
September.
Albemarle. i..Langley Pomona 104, PI. XXXI fig. IL 1729.
Skin yellowish-green overlaid with red; flesh vermilion about the stone, melting.
vinous; ripens the first week in August.
Alberge. i. Rea Flora 211. 1676. 2. Coxe Cult. Fr. Trees.
Purple Alberge. 3. Langley Pomona 104, PI. XXX fig. V
Orch. Card. 267. 1831.
Yellow Alberge. 5. Miller Card. Diet. 1752. 6. Prince
1831. 7. DowningFr. Trees Am. 492, 493. 1845. 8.
Gelbe Pfirsche. g. Sickler Teutsche Obst. 8:229-234, Tab.
Rother Aprikosenpfirsch. 10. DochnahX Fiihr. Obstkiinde z:2\9,. 1858.
Rossanne. 11. Leroy Diet. Pom. 6:263, 264 fig., 265. 1879.
Safraupfirsch. 12. Mathieu A'om. Pom. 413. 1889.
Alberge is an old French sort, one of the earliest of the ^-ellow-fleshed peaclies.
Probably from this variety have sprung the Melocotons and Yellow Rareripes of this
country. Rossanna, though very similar to Alberge, differs from it in having reniform
glands and in ripening about two weeks later. In some sections, especially around
Rochester, New York, Alberge is known as Barnard's Rareripe. The variety was placed
on the fruit-list of the American Pomological Society in 1862 but was dropped in 1891.
Tree moderate in growth; leaves crenate; glands globose; flowers small, rose-colored; fruit
medium in size, nearly globular; suture and cavitj- deep; skin yellow, almost entirely
covered with deep red or purple; flesh deep \'ellow, red near the stone, melting, juicy,
vinous; of second quality; pit large, oval, terminating in a short point, brownish-red, free;
ripens in the middle of August.
Albert, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 32. 1883.
Early Albert. 2. Card. Chron. 1025. 1861. 3. Mag. Hort. 29:53. 1863. 4. Mas
Le Verger T.ioT,, 104, fig. 50. 1866-73. 5- -"!'"• Po»i- Soc. Cat. 30. 1877.
Albert was raised by Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, England, from a pit of Grosse
. 220. 1S17.
J. 1729 4. L
indley Guide
e Pom. Man.
1:182, J83.
Rural K. V. 11
:iii. i860.
12. 1797.
294 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Montagne Pr^coce. The variety appeared on the fruit-list of the .\merican Pomological
Society in 1877 as Early Albert; later it -was changed to Albert and in 1891 was dropped.
Tree vigorous, hardy; glands globose; flowers small; fruit medium in size, roundish, one
side of the suture frequently higher than the other; skin greenish-yellow, deep crimson
where exposed; flesh white, brick-red next to the stone, tender, melting, aromatic; of first
quality'; ripens earl\- in August.
Albert Late Rareripe, i. Horticulturist N. S. 7:178. 1857.
Glands globose; fruit large, globular; skin yellowisli-white, marbled with red; flesh
pale white, stained at the pit, very sweet, juicy; quality \'ery good; ripens early in
September.
Albert Sidney, i. Del. Sta. Rpt. 5:97. 1892. 2. Ga. Sta. Bui. 42:232. 1898.
Johnson. 3. Del. Sta. Rpt. 13:103. 1901.
Albert Sidney was grown from seed received from Japan in i860 by Judge Campbell,
Pensacola, Florida, and was introduced by P. J. Berckmans, Augusta, Georgia. Tree tall,
spreading; leaves large; glands reniform; fruit large, oblong, greenish-yellow, blushed with
red; flesh white, stained with red at the stone, juicy, melting; quality good; pit free; ripens
late in July.
Albertine Millet, i. Thomas Guide Prat. 48. 1876.
A very early variety with globose glands and rose-colored blossoms.
Alberza. i. Parkinson Par. Ter. 582. 1629.
" The Alberza Peach is late ripe, and of a reasonable good taste."
Albright. I. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 391. 1891. 2. Lovett Cat. 25. 1892. 3. Rural
N. Y. 52:430. 1893. 4. Mich. Sta. Bui. 169:207. 1899.
Albright originated with a Miss Albright, York, Pennsylvania. Tree vigorous,
upright; glands globose; flowers small; fruit large, faintly ovate; cavity narrow, deep;
skin lightly pubescent, creamy-white, splashed and washed with red; flesh white, red at
the pit, juicy, melting, vinous; quality good; pit oval, long, free; ripens the middle of
September.
Albright Cling I. i. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 35. 1909.
Albright. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 97. 1887.
Albright October. 3. A^. C. Sta. Rpt. 12:108. 1889.
Albright Winter. 4. Franklin Davis Nur. Cat. 26. 1901.
This Albright Cling is a white-fleshed peach from North Carolina. The variety
appeared on the fruit-list of the American Pomological Society in 1899 as Albright but was
later changed to Albright Cling. Tree large, vigorous, upright; leaves large; glands reni-
form; flowers large; fruit of medium size, roundish, halves imequal in many; cavity nar-
row; skin heavily pubescent, greenish- white, thick, tough; flesh whitish, meaty, tender,
juicy, astringent; quality below fair; stone medium in size, oval, plump, clinging; ripens
late.
Albright Cling n. i. Wickson CaZ. Fn«fo 318. 1889.
A yellow clingstone grown by a Mr. Albright, Placerville, California. The fruit is
described as larger, more highly colored, and more productive than Orange Cling. It
should not be confused with the white Albright Cling of the East.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 295
Alexandra, i. Hogg Fruit Matt. 213. 1866. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Attt. 597. 1869.
3. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:336. 1903.
Alexattdra Noblesse. 4. Card. Mon. 7:373. 1865.
Noblesse Seedling. 5. Sac. Nat. Hort. France Pom. 318 fig., 319. 1904.
This variety was raised many years ago by Thomas Rivers, Sawbridge worth, England,
from seeds of the old Noblesse, a sort at one time prominent in the Old World. Curiously
enough Alexandra has been many times confused with Alexander, a variety of American
origin differing from the European sort both in color of skin and in season. Although of
excellent quality Alexandra seems never to have found favor in America. Tree vigorous,
healthy, productive; fruit large, round, marked with a deep suture; skin covered with a
rough pubescence, pale, without any color except a few clusters of red dots on the side
exposed to the sun; flesh white to the stone, tender, melting, juicy, richly flavored, vinous,
sweet: quality verv' good; stone large, free; season the middle of August.
Alexandre Dumas, i. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 408. 1889.
Listed as a clingstone in this reference.
Alexiana Cherpin. i. Decaisne J ard. Frint. 7 -.PI. 1872-75.
Tree vigorous; branches slender; leaves large; glands reniform; flowers large; fruit
large, globular; suture more pronounced near the cavity; skin heavily pubescent, wine-red
becoming \-iolet, marbled, adheres to the pulp; flesh blood-red, fibrous, melting, aromatic;
stone large, ovoid, free; ripens early in October.
Alexis Lepere. i. Rev. Hort. 471. 1892. 2. Cat. Cong. Pom. France 84 fig. 1906.
Alexis Lepere, Jr., Montreuil, France, grew this variety from seed about 1876. Tree
vigorous, productive; leaves glandless; flowers small; fruit large, roundish, faintly conic;
skin greenish-yellow, marbled with carmine; flesh white, tinged with red about the stone,
fine, melting, juicy, aromatic; quality very good; stone free; ripens the last of August.
Alger Winter, i. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 297. 1875.
A yellow, freestone peach which ripens late and keeps long.
Algerine. i. Peachland Nur. Cat. 12. 1892.
The catalog of the Peachland Nurseries, Seaford, Delaware, describes this variety
as a large, yellow-fleshed, clingstone peach.
Alice. I. Munson Cat. 6. 1898-99. 2. Del. Sta. Rpt. 13:90. 1901.
Alice Haupt. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 152. 18S3.
Alice is a white-fleshed, freestone seedling of Chinese Cling raised b}' William W.
Haupt, Kyle, Texas.
Alice Free. i. Green River Nur. Cat. 14. 1899.
The catalog of the Green River Nurseries, Bowling Green, Kentuck\-, states that
J. W. Shalcross, Louisville, Kentucky, first grew Alice Free. Fruit very large; skin white,
red where exposed ; quality good ; ripens late in October.
Alida. I. Horticidtttrist 22:4s f^g- 1867. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 597. 1869.
Alida originated wnth Charles Carpenter, Kelly Island, Ohio, and is probably a seedling
of Late Crawford. Fruit large, round; skin blushed with dark red; flesh yellow, juicy;
quality good; ripens in September.
Allen L i. Cultivator N. S. 1:352. 1844. 2. Hooper IF. Fr. Book 212. 1857.
Allen I reproduces itself from seed, having been so grown for a number of years by a
296 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
community of Aliens in Walpole, Massachusetts. The variety was put on the fruit-list
of the American Pomological Society in 1901. Tree hardy, productive; leaves with
globose glands; flowers small; fruit small, roundish, blushed with red; flesh white, juicy,
vinous; stone free; ripens in September.
Allen n. I. W. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 113. 1880.
This is an early seedling raised by A. T. Allen, Willoughby, Ohio.
Allen October, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 26. 1873. 2. Waugh ylw. Peach Orch. 198. 1913.
This variety originated in Missouri and appears on the fruit-list of the American
Pomological Society from 1873 to 1899. Fruit of medium size, round, yellow, blushed with
red; flesh yellow, red at the pit; quality poor; freestone; ripens late.
Allman Cling, i. ///. Uort. Soc. Rpt. 167. 1871.
Allman Cling is recommended for the vicinity of Centralia, Illinois.
Almond, i. Lindley Guide Orch. Card. 243, 244. 183 1.
Mandel-Pfirsiche. 2. Sickler Teutsche Obst. 12:260-264, Tab. 14. 1799.
Amandter-Pecher. 3. Carri^re Var. Pechers 102, 103. 1867.
Externally Almond resembles the almond but the characters of the flesh and stone
are those of the peach. The variety was raised by T. A. Knight, Downton Castle, England,
from a seed of the sweet almond which had been fertilized by a peach. Tree vigorous,
bearing glandless leaves which are doubly serrate; fruit mediimi in size, roundish, with a
slight suture; apex somewhat depressed; skin heavily pubescent, yellow, marbled with pale
red in the sun; flesh pale yellow, bright red next the pit which is free, very juicy, melting,
with a good flavor; season the middle of September.
Alpha I. I. W. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 114. 1880.
Alpha is thought to be a cross between Early Rivers and Foster, raised by T. Y. Munson,
Denison, Texas. The fruit ripens before Alexander which it resembles very closely.
Alpha II. I. III. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 166. 1895. 2. Mich. Sta. Bui. 169:207. 1899.
Tree moderately \igorous, not \ery productive, roundish, upright; glands reniform;
flowers small; fruit rather large, roundish, slightly compressed toward the suture which is
indistinct; .skin rich, clear yellow, much overspread with dark red; flesh yellow, firm, juicy,
nearly sweet; quality good; pit large, oval, plump, adherent; ripens the middle of
September.
Alpha in. I. Wood Cat. 7 fig. 19 10.
A few years ago Allen Wood, Rochester, New York, introduced a white-fleshed \-ariety
under the name Alpha but it was so similar to Champion that its propagation was dis-
continued.
Alto Pass. I. III. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 53, 207. 1896.
This is a medium-sized, leather-colored peach under test in Illinois; flesh lemon-
yellow; of good quality; freestone.
Amande Douce, i. Thomas Guide Prat. 48. 1876.
Listed without a description.
Ambrosia, i. Continental PI. Cat. 14. 1913.
Tliis variety is said by the Continental Plant Company, Kittrell, North Carolina, to
be a productive, attractive fruit with tender, melting flesh of high flavor, ripening in Julv.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 297
Amelia I. i. Mas Lc Verger 7:241, 242, fig. 119. 1S6O-73. 2. Gard. Mon. 10:126.
iboS. 3. Downing /*>. Trees Am. 598. 1869. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. iS. 1871.
5. Mich. Sta. Bui. 169:207. 1899.
This peach originated many years ago with a Mr. Stroman, Orangeburg, South
Carolina. Tree moderately productive, vigorous; glands reniform; fruit large, roundish-
oblong, with a large, deep suture extending nearly around the fmit; skin pale whitish-
yellow, shaded and marbled wth a crimson blush; flesh creamy-wliilc, juicy, melting,
sweet, rich, vinous; quality good; pit free; ripens the last of August.
Amelia II. 1. Gard. Mon. 10:22. 1868. 2. Downing Fr. rr«'e5 .4m. 598. 1869. ^. Tex.
Sta. Bill. 39:809. 1896.
Pavie Amelia. 4. Leroy Diet. Pom. 6:211 fig., 212. 1879.
This variety, which originated in 1850 with George Husman, Hermann, Mi.ssouri,
is supposed to be a seedling of Columbia. It has frequently been confused with the Amelia
frcmi South Carolina. Tree vigorous, healthy; fruit large, round; suture distinct; apex
roundish; color clear, rich yellow, marbled with dull red; flesh _\ellow, firm, juicy, .sweet or
pleasantly subacid; stone large, free; season the last of September.
Ameliaberta. i. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 32. 1899. 2. Del. Sta. Rpt. 13:90. 1901.
Amcliaberta is a cross between Ameha II and Elberta. The variety has little or
!io value in this State. It originated with J. H. Jones, Herndon, Georgia, and was
introduced in 1893. In 1899, it was given a place in the fruit-list of the American
Pomological Society where it remained until 1909. On the Station grounds the fruit
ripens with Elberta and does not equal that variety. Tree vigorous, upright-spreading;
leaves oval to obovate-lanceolate, usually with reniform glands; flowers appear late; fruit
large, roundish; suture shallow, deeper at the ape.x; skin yellow, washed and splashed
with crimson; flesh yellow, with red radiating from the pit, stringj', juicy, sprightly;
quality good; stone free, large, broadly oval; ripens the first half of September.
American Apricot, i. Dochnahl Fiihr. Obstkunde 3:219. 1858. 2. Gard. Mon. 29:306
fig. 1887. 3. Mich. Sta. Bui. 169:207. 1899.
Jaune d'Ameriquef 4. Mas Pom. Gen. 12:176. 1883.
Northern Apricot. 5. Mich. Sta. Bui. 129:26. 1896.
This variety, a seedling from South Carolina, as grown on the Station grounds is of the
Crawford type, rather late in ripening and only fair in quality.
American Pound, i. Gard. Mon. 7:372. 1865.
A name applied to a large, American variety introduced into New Zealand.
Ammirabile Belga. i. Gard. Chron. 907. 1858.
An Italian peach exhibited at the Imperial and Royal Horticultural Society of
Tuscany, Italy, in 1858.
Amsden. i. Wogg Fruit Man. 437. 1884. 2. Rev. Hart. 506, 507, 508. 1893. 3. Cat.
Cong. Pom. France 85 fig. 1906.
Amsden June. /[. Cult. & Count. Gent. 39:472.486. 1874. z-^'^rd. Mon. 16:278.
1874. 6. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 2nd App. 141. 1876. 7. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat.
28. 1877.
Amsden grew from a seed planted in i868 by L. C. Amsden, Carthage, Missouri.
298 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
It first fruited in 1872; in 1877 the American Pomological Society added the variety to
its fruit-list but dropped it in 1891. Tree vigorous, productive; glands globose; fruit of
medium size, roundish, slightly compressed, with a broad, shallow suture extending be\-ond
the depressed apex; skin greenish-white, nearly covered with light and dark red, nearly
Durple in the sun; flesh greenish-white throughout, tender, juicy, sweet, slightly vinous;
quality good; stone small, nearly free when mature; season the last of June or early in July.
Amsden Pine. i. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 416. 1899.
Listed as growing in Canada.
Ananiel. i. Mas Le Verger 7:187, 188, fig. 92. 1866-73. 2. Thomas Guide Prat. 45,
215. 1876.
Ananiel originated near Toumay, Belgium. Glands globose; flowers small, rose-
colored; fruit large, irregular, spherical, truncated at the base; skin whitish-yellow, more
or less covered with purple at maturity; flesh pale, purplish near the stone, melting, ver}-
juicy; quality good; stone terminating in a long point, free; ripens the last of September.
Andre Leroy. i. Mathieu Norn. Pom. 387. 1889.
Listed but not described.
Andrews, i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 118:29. 1895.
Andrews Mammoth. 2. Ibid. 31:58. 1887.
Listed as growing in Michigan.
Angel. I. Am. Pom. Sac. Cat. 44. 1891. 2. Tex. Sta. Bid. 39:818 fig. 1896. 3. Fla.
Sta. Bui. 62:509, 510, 519. 1902. 4. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:336, 337.
1903. 5. Ala. Sta. Bui. 156:132. 191 1. 6. Waugh Am. Peach Orch. 198. 1913.
Angel was grown from a Peento seed by Peter C. Minnich, Waldo, Florida, about
thirty years ago. G. L. Taber, Glen Saint Mary, Florida, bought the original tree and
introduced the variety in 1889. The American Pomological Society added Angel to its
finit-list in 1891. Tree open, productive; fruit small, roundish; suture shallow, short;
apex blunt or \-ery slightly tipped; skin light creamy-white, tinted and washed with
attractive red; flesh white, reddish near the pit, firm, juicy, with a slightly acid, agreeable
flavor; quality good; pit free; season the middle of June to the first of July in Florida.
Angelle Lafond. i. Thomas Guide Prat. 48. 1876.
Listed as a large and beautiful variety with reniform glands.
Angers Large Purple, i. Horticulturist N. S. 5:70. 1855.
Said to be one of the largest and finest of peaches; ripens with Chancellor
Anna Ruffin. i. Van Lindley Cat. 19. 1892.
Listed without description in the catalog of J. Van Lindley, Pomona, North Carolina.
Anne. i. Langley Pomona 100. 1729. 2. Forsyth Treat. Fr. Trees 27. 1803.
Early Anne. 3. Lindley Guide Orch. Gard. 246, 247. 183 1.
Green Nutmeg. 4. Prince Pom. Man. 2:23. 1832.
Anne is an old English sort which for many years was the earliest of all peaches. The
variety was named in honor of Mrs. Anne Dunch, Pusey, Berkshire, England. Tree
not \ery vigorous; leaves doubly serrated, glandless; flowers large, nearly white; fruit
roundish, medium in size; skin white, blush often lacking- flesh soft, melting, white to
the stone, sugary; stone free; ripens very early.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
299
Annie Laurie, i. Smith Brothers Cat. 16. 1899.
It is stated in the catalog of Smith Brothers, Concord, Georgia, that this variety
has been in cultivation fift\- years and comes true from seed. Fruit of medium size, bright
red; flesh tender, .sweet,' juicy; quality best.
Annie Trice, i. Green River Nur. Cat. 13. 1899.
According to the catalog of the Green River Nurseries, Bowling Green, Kentucky,
Annie Trice originated some forty years ago in Hopkinsville, Kcntuck}-. It is an early
peach of the Hale Early type.
Annie Wylie. i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 41. 1877. 2. Ala. Sta. Bui. n:6. 1890.
Annie W\lie originated at Chester, South Carolina. Fruit large; skin white, with
a red blush; flesh white, red at the pit, fine-grained, melting, vinous; quality- very good;
clingstone; ripens early in September in South Carolina.
Antleys. i. Del. Sta. Rpt. 13:90. 1901.
P. j. Berckmans, Augusta, Georgia, found this variet}- on the farm of a Mr. Antleys,
Blackville, South Carolina. It is a ven- large and almost white Chinese Cling.
Apex. I. Weber & Sons Cat. 11. 19 12.
The catalog of Weber and Sons, Nursery, Missouri, states that Apex ripens with
Alexander but is superior to it in size, color and flavor; skin yellow, mottled with red;
flesh yellow; stone adherent.
Arctic. I. Card. Moii. 12:156. 1870. 2. Mich. Sta. Bui. 169:208. 1899. 3. Rural
X. y. 59:705. 1900.
This is a hardy seedling said to have been introduced from the Isle of Man. Tree
vigorous, not very productive, upright; leaves partially folded, with reniform glands;
fruit medium in size, roundish-ovate; cavity rather broad; apex sunken; skin light yellow;
flesh pale yellow, red at the pit, not very juicy, mild; quality fair; stone free, oval, plump;
ripens early in October.
Aremie. i. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 598. 1869.
Aremie is a large, high-flavored, yellow-fleshed clingstone which originated in Pomaria,
South Carolina. Fruit ripens in early August.
Arietta, i. Ala. Sta. Bui. 47:11. 1893.
This is a freestone peach resembling Stump; ripen.s the end of Jul}- in Alabama.
Arkansas, i. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:337. 1903.
Arkansas Traveler. 2. Mass. {Hatch) Sta. Bui. 2:14. 1888. 3. Harrison & Sons
Cat. 16. 1904.
Arkansas as it fruits at this Station resembles Alexander very closely in season, size
and shape. It is distinct, however, being a seedling of Amsden. Like all other early,
white-fleshed peaches it rots badly. Tree vigorous, hardy, moderately productive; leaves
large ; glands globose ; flowers large, pale pink ; fruit about two inches in diameter, roundish-
truncate; apex mucronate; skin thick, tough, covered with short pubescence, creamy-white,
blushed with dark red, with few stripes and splashes; flesh white, stringy, juicy, sweet;
quality fair; stone semi-free to free, oval, very plump; ripens the last week of Jul\-.
Arlington. 1. Cal. Sta. Rpt. 408. 1892-93.
Early Arlington. 2. Fla. Sta. Bui. 62:512. 1902.
Listed as belonging to the Peento type.
300 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Arthur Chevreau. i. Rev. Hort. 103. 1901.
Arthur Chevreau, Montreuil, France, grew this variety from a seed of Bonouvrier.
Tree vigorous, productive; glands globose; flowers small; fruit large, round; suture pro-
nounced; cavity deep, large; flesh whitish-yellow, juicy, sugary, acidulated; stone large,
free; ripens early in September.
Artz. I. r. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 25. 1894.
This is a large, handsome clingstone grown near Georgetown, District of Columbia.
Fruit roundish-oval; cavity deep, abrupt; apex terminates in a mamelon tip; skin thin,
tough, pubescent, creamy-white, blushed and marbled with crimson; flesh white, tinged
with red about the pit, firm, juicy, mild subacid, sprightly; quality very good; stone oval.
Asa Meek Seedling, i. J. R. Johnson Cat. 5. 1894.
According to J. R. Johnson, Coshocton, Ohio, this is a seedling very closely resembling
Globe.
Ashby Early, i. IT. A'. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt. iii. 1880. 2. .4))/. Pom. Sac. Cat. 32. 1883.
This \'ariety, raised by G. W. Ashby, Charrute, Kansas, is said to be earlier and
better than Amsden. In 1883 it was placed on the fruit-list of the American Pomological
Society where it remained until 1891.
Astor. I. Land. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 6:414. 1826. 2. Floy-Lindley Guide Orch. Card. 183.
1846.
Astor was found b}- Michael Floy in tlie yard of a Mr. Astor, New York Cit\-, about
1820. Tree large, thrifty, productive; leaves broad, deeply serrated, with globose glands;
flowers medium in size; fruit large, oblate; cavity deep; suture divides the fruit; skin pale
yellow, with a deep red cheek; flesh melting, whitish-yellow, faintly red at the stone, very
juicy, high in quality; stone small, roundish, free; ripens the last of August.
Athenian Cling, i. Horticulturist N. S. 7:180. 1857.
Fruit very large, oblong, depressed at the apex; suture a mere line; skin very downy,
yellowish-white, marbled with dull red in the sun; flesh pale red at the pit, firm, rich, vinous;
quality good; ripens in October.
Athens, i. New Haven Nur. Cat. 6. 1901-02.
This variety is briefly described in the catalog of the New Haven Nurseries, New
Haven, Missouri. Athens on the Station grounds is a light bearer of fruit fair in quality.
Tree vigorous; leaves thin; glands globose; fruit oval-cordate, about two and one-fourth
inches high, halves unequal; suture shallow, deepening toward the apex; skin tough,
golden yellow, with a lively red blush and a few darker splashes; flesh yellow, meaty,
rather coarse, sweet; quality fair; stone clings, oval, noticeably bulged near the apex;
ripens the second half of September.
Atlanta, i. Downing Fr. Trees Am. ist App. 120. 1872.
As fruited on the Station groimds, Atlanta does not appear valuable for an}- purpose.
The variety was raised by Dr. E. W. Sylvester, Lyons, New York. Tree vigorous; glands
reniform; fruit of medium size, roundish; suture large, distinct; ca\dty deep; skin greenish-
white, blushed with deep red; flesh white, usually stained with red at the stone, soft, juicy;
stone nearly free; ripens the last of August.
Atwater. i. EUiott Fr. Book 281. 1854.
This is a variety of American origin closely resembling President.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 3OI
Atwood. I. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 598. 1869.
Atwood is a large, productive clingstone originating with Roscius Atwood, Newberrj-,
South Carolina.
Augbert. i. JJ. S. D. A. Yearbook 447, 448, PI. 44. 1908. 2. Am. Pmn. Sac. Cat. 35.
1909.
Augbert as it frails on the Station grounds is a disappointment in productiveness
and in quality of fruit. It originated with Joel Boon, Lindale, Texas, about 1897, from
a seed of Elberta, thought to have been fertilized with Salwey. In 1906 the name Augbert
was registered as a trade-mark. In 1909 the variety was put on the fruit-list of the
American Pomological Societj'. Tree vigorous; glands reniform; flowers medium in size;
fruit large, oval, slighth- cordate; cavity abrupt, medium to deep, often marked with
red; apex terminates in a noticeable mamelon tip; skin thin, tough, finely pubescent, light
golden, with a few carmine splashes on a lighter red cheek; flesh yellow, stained with red
at the pit, tender, fine-grained, juicy, vinous; stone large, oval, pointed at the ends,
plump; ripens just before Salwey.
Augusta. I. Ramsey Cat. 8. 1909.
F. T. Ramsey and Son, Austin, Texas, state that Augusta is a large, yellow, freestone
seedling of Elberta ripening a month later than its parent.
Augusta Fau Jaune. i. Mathicu Norn. Pom. 408. 1889.
Listed by Mathieu as a clingstone.
Aurora, i. Bailey Ann. Hort. 184. 1892.
This variety was introduced by J. H. Jones, Hemdon, Georgia, as a cross between
Chinese Cling and Mar>' Choice. Fruit verj- large, creamy, with a dark cheek; freestone;
ripens early in July.
Austin. I. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 44. 1891.
Austins Late Red. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 292. 1859. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 598.
1869. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 28. 1875.
Austin Cling. 5. Okla. Sta. Bui. 2:14. 1892.
The cultivation of Austin is confined to the South. It first appeared on the fruit-list
of the American Pomological Society in 1872; later it was listed as Austin Late and
finally as Austin in 1891 in which year it was dropped from the list. Glands reniform;
flowers large; fruit large, oblong; color white, with a red cheek; flesh white, juicy, vinous;
clingstone.
Australian Saucer, i. Oregon Nur. Cat. 28. 1903.
According to the catalog of the Oregon Nurserj' Company', Orenco, Oregon, this
variety is one of the Peento peaches and takes its name from its flat appearance, one side
being hollowed like a saucer. Skin white, with a crimson blush; fle.sh white, sweet; pit
verj- small, almost round.
Avant-Peche Jaune. i. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 2:9, 10. 1768. 2. Lcroy Diet. Pom.
6:48, 49 fig. 1879.
Gelbc Friihpfirsche. 3. Liegel Anweisimg 69. 1822.
Early Yellou.' Alberge. 4. Prince Pom. Man. 1:183, 184. 183 1.
Friiher Aprikosenpfirsich. 5. Dochnahl Fiihr. Obstkunde 3:218. 1858.
302 THE PKACHES OF NEW YORK
According to Leroy, this variety was mentioned as early as the Fourteenth Century.
It has been much confused with Avant-Peche Blanche. Tree vigorous; glands reniform;
flowers large; fruit medium in size, roundish; cavity deep; apex mamelon; skin thin, heavily
pubescent, golden-yellow, mottled with dark brownish-red; flesh firm, yellow, carmine
at the stone, juicy, sweet, aromatic; stone small, roundish, jjlump, strongly sutured, free;
ripens the middle of July.
Avant-Precoce. i. Mas Pom. Gen. 12:157, 158, fig- 15- 1883.
(ilands reniform; flowers medium in size; fruit small to medium, nearly round; a]:)ex
mucronate; suture deep; cavity narrow, small; skin firm, thin, heavily pubescent, whitish-
yellow, purple where exposed; flesh white, stained with red at the stone, firm, sugary,
juicy, aromatic; stone small, oval; ripens late in July.
Avant-Precoce Pavie. i. Mas Pom. Gen. 12:185. 1883-
Listed but not described.
Avocat CoUignon. i. Mathieu Norn. Pom. 387. 1889.
Listed but not described.
Azoo Cling. I. Tex. Sta. Bui. 8:34. 1889.
Listed as growing in Texas.
Babcock. i. A'. Y. Sta. Rpt. 15:289. 1897.
Grown at one time on the Station grounds.
Bagby Large, i. Elliott Fr. Book 293. 1859.
The tree of Bagby Large has a peculiar, slender, drooping gi'owth. The fruit, which
is esteemed for drying, is oblong, white and juicy; ripens the middle of August.
Bailey, i. la. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 244. 1893. 2. Ibid. 417, 418. 1898. 3. Ibid. 89, 90.
1899. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 35. 1909.
Friday Seedling. 5. la. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 373, 377. 1896.
Cedar County Hardy. 6. Ibid. 373. 1896.
Bailey is a very hardy peach grown in southeastern Iowa. It was named after Dr.
Bailey, West Branch, Iowa, who grew the variety most extensively. In Scott County,
it is known as Friday seedling, after its originator, Jacob Friday. The variety was listed
by the American Pomological Society in 1909. Bailey reproduces itself from seed and
has been distributed throughout Iowa by this means, which accounts for the difTerences
that appear in different localities. The variety as it grows on the Station grounds is very
susceptible to mildew; leaves deeply serrated, glandless; fruit small, white; freestone;
worthless for New York.
Baker Cling, i. Del. Sta. Rpt. 5:97. 1892.
Listed in this reference.
Baker Early, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 161. 1881.
Baker Early May. 2. W. N. Y. Hort. Soc: Rpt. 50. 1879.
A very early freestone of southern origin which resembles Hale Early.
Baldwin, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 44. 1891.
Baldwin October Free. 2. U. S. Pat. Of. Rpt. 279. 1854.
Baldwin Late. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 18. 1871. 4. Ga. Sta. Bui. 42:233. 1898.
Baldwin originated with Dr. William Baldwin, Montgomery-, Alabama. It became
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
303
popular because of its late ripening and splendid keeping qualities and gained a place
on the fruit-list of the American Pomological Society in 1871, which it held until 1897-
Leaves large; glands reniform; fruit medium in size, greenish-white; flesh white, stained
at the stone; quality fair; stone free, small.
Baltet. I. Thomas Guide Prat. 48. 1876. 2. Cat. Cong. Pom. France 86 fig. 1906.
M. Baltet, Troyes, Aube. France, originated this variety about 1866. Leaves glandless;
flowers medium in size; fruit large, roundish-oval, with a mamelon tip at the apex; skin
creamy-white, reddish -purple where exposed; flesh tinged wnth red, deeper about the
stone; quality excellent; stone elongated, with pointed apex; ripens early in October.
Baltimore Beauty, i. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 490. 1845.
Lea\'es with globose glands; flowers large; fruit small, roundish-oval; color deep
orange, with a brilliant red cheek ; flesh yellow, red at the stone, sweet; ripens early in August.
Baltimore Rose. i. Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt. 9. 1857.
Very similar to Oldmixon Cling.
Bandel. i. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 279 1882. 2. Ibid. 197. 1883.
This variety, grown from seed by a Mr. Bandel, Saugatuck, Michigan, closely resembles
Early Crawford but ripens five days earlier.
Banner, i. Ont. Sta. Rpt. 5:107. 1898. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 32. 1899. 3. Mich.
Hort. Soc. Rpt. 107. 1903.
Banner originated in Essex County, Canada, about 1880. At Geneva, the fruit is
small, fair in quality and the tree an uncertain yielder. In 1899 it was added to the
fruit-list of the American Pomological Society. Tree large, vigorous; leaves thin; glands
reniform; flowers small, pink; fruit small to above, roundish, slightly cordate; apex
rounded, with a mamelon tip; skin tough, with short, fine pubescence, deep yellow,
mottled with deep red; flesh yellow, stained with red at the pit, moderately juicy,
meaty, mild; quality fair; stone broadly oval, slightly flattened, deeply grooved; ripens
about a week after the Elberta.
Barber, i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 104:88. 1893. 2. Ibid. 118:32. 1895. 3. Ibid. 152:200.
1898.
Hinman. 4. Del. Sta. Rpt. 5:98. 1892.
Barber is thought to have originated in Allegan County, Michigan. The trees at
Geneva are not productive and the fruits are only fair in quality. Tree upright, slightly
spreading, vigorous; glands usually reniform; flowers small; fruit large, roundish-oval,
halves noticeably unequal; cavity wide, flaring; suture enlarged on one side; apex prom-
inent, with a recurved, mamelon tip; skin tough, thickly pubescent, lemon-yellow, with
a dull carmine blush giving a bronze effect; flesh yellow, tinged with red at the stone,
melting, mild subacid, lacks character; stone oval, dull brown, free; ripens the middle
of September.
Barcelona Yellow Clingstone, i. Prince Treat. Fr. Trees 17. 1820.
A larj:;e clingstone rijjening in October.
Barker No. 13. i. Kan. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 50. 1901.
This is a descendant of Golden Rareripe which originated with F. G. Barker, Salina,
Kansas. Fruit large, downy, yellow, coarse.
304 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Barnard, i. Elliott Fr. Book 281. 1854. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 78. 1862. 3. Mich.
Hart. Soc. Rpt. 32. 1874. 4. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:337. 1903.
Early Barnard. 5. Mag. Hort. 14:538. 1848. 6. Mich. Sta. Bui. 169:212. 1896.
Barnard, once a favorite in Michigan, is a seedling of Alberge and is often confused
with Yellow Alberge and Yellow Rareripe, all being similar to Alberge. The variety has
held a place in the American Pomological Society's fruit-list since 1862. Tree vigorous,
productive, slightly spreading; glands reniform; fruit large, roundish, with a distinct
suture; ape.K small; skin yellow, nearly covered with dark purplish-red; flesh deep yellow,
fed at the pit, juicy, tender, rich; quahty good; stone free; season the last of August.
Barnes, i. Mun.son Cat. 6. 1893. 2. Tex. Sta. Bui. 39:809. 1896.
Barnes originated in Bell County, Texas, with a Mr. Barnes Parker. Tree vigorous;
fruit mediiun in size, yellow; flesh firm, subacid; clingstone.
Baron Ackenthal. i. Guide Prat. 40. 1895.
All Austrian variety with globose glands.
Baron Dufour. i. Thomas Guide Prat. 39, 215. 1876. 2. Lauche Ergdnzimgshand 697
fig., 698. 1883.
This sort was found by Baron Dufour in his gardens at Metz, Germany; it is called
b\- some Grosse Magdalene von Metz. In 1872 it was introduced as Baron Dufour.
Tree vigorous, productive; glands globose; fruit large, roundish; suture shallow; cavity
wide, shallow; skin greenish-yellow, dark brownish-red in the sun; flesh clear yellow,
tinged with red at the stone, juicy, melting, aromatic; stone large, oval, roundish at the
base; ripens the last of August.
Baron Pears, i. Carriere Var. Pechers 81. 1867.
This variety was grown from seed by Baron Pears, Oostcamp, near Bruges, Belgium.
Tree vigorous; leaves glandless; flowers large; fruit large, oblate, strongly sutured; skin
pale vellow, striped with red where exposed; flesh white, tinged with red at the stone,
firm, juicy, aromatic; stone free, bluntly oval; ripens the last of September.
Baronne de Brivazac. i. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 387. 1889.
Listed in the reference given.
Barr Early, i. Fla. Sta. Bui. 14:6. 1891. 2. Ibid. 62:510. 1902.
A seedling of Peento which originated with Colonel John Barr, Micanopy, Florida.
Fruit medium in size, showy; semi-cling; matures a week later than Peento.
Barr Late. 1. Fla. Sta. Bui. 14:6. 1S91. 2. Ibid. 62:^10. 1902.
This is another of Colonel Ban-'s seedlings; it resembles Barr Early but matures two
weeks later. Neither \-ariety is planted commerciall\-.
Barrington. i. Brookshaw Pom. Brit. i:Pl. 23. 1S17. 2. Lindley Guide Orch. Card.
255. 1831. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 78. 1862.
Buckingham Mignonnc. 4. Kenrick Am. Orch. 226. 1832.
Barringloner Lieblingspfirsich. 5. Dochnahl Fiihr. Obstkunde 3:205, 206. 1858.
A Mr. Barrington, Burwood, Surrey, England, grew this variety about iSoo. Barring-
ton was entered on the fruit-list of the American Pomological Societ}^ in 1S62 but
remained there only a few years. Tree hardy, prolific; glands globose; flowers large; fruit
large, roundish, somewhat elongated; sldn pale yello^vish, \vith crimson stripes and
THE PEACHES OK NEW YORK
305
mottlings; flesh yellowish-white, tinned with red at the stone, melting, juicy; stone free;
ripens late in September.
Batchelder. i. Cole Am. Fr. Book 196. 1849.
Batchelder originated in Haverhill, Massachusetts, with William Batchelder; it is
said to reproduce itself from seed. Fruit large, round, white, with a deep blush; flesh
white, melting, juicj-, vinous; ripens the last of September.
Baugh. I. Downing Fr. Trees /Im. 608. 1857.
Leaves with reniform glands; fruit medium in size, roundish; suture obscure; apex
with a mucronate tip; skin pale yellow, with a slight blush towards the sun; flesh
\-ellowish-white, melting, juicy, sweet; freestone; ripens the first of October.
Baxter Cling, i. Wickson Ca/. Frwite 314. 1889.
Wickson says this is a good cling similar to Orange Cling but earlier. It originated
in Placer County, California, with William Baxter.
Bayne Favorite, i. Kenrick Am. Orch. 183. 1841.
Introduced by a Dr. Bayne, Alexandria, Virginia, about 1843. Tree productive;
fruit \ery large, oval, pointed; color pale yellow, pale red in the sun; flesh yellow, melting,
juicy; freestone; ripens with Anne.
Bayne New Heath, i. Kenrick Am. Orch. 196. 1841.
This is another of Dr. Bayne's seedlings which is said to be superior to Heath Cling
with which it ripens.
Beahnear Cling, i. J. R. Johnson Cat. 5. 1894.
J. R. Johnson, Coshocton, Ohio, states that this variety is a yellow-fleshed seedling
raised some years ago by a Dr. Bealmear, Nashport, Ohio. Tree strong, willowy; fruit
large, oblong, juicy, sweet, chngstone; ripens the third week in September.
Bear Early, i. Land. Hort. Soc. Cat. 93. 183 1.
Listed in this reference.
Bear Late. i. Can. Exp. Farm Bui. 2nd Ser. 3:63. 1900.
Listed as a strong grower in Canada.
Beatrice, i. Card. Man. 13:279. 1871. 2. Tex. Sta. Bid. 39:809. 1896. 3. Budd-
Han.sen Am. Hort. Man. 2:337. 1903-
Early Beatrice. 4. Card. Chron. 1^2^. 1872. 5. Cart/. AfoH. 15:315, 339, 340. 1873.
6. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 28. 1875. 7. Hogg Fruit Man. 443, 444. 1884.
This peach is a seedling of Rivers White Nectarine and was raised many years ago
by Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, England. The American Pomological Society
added Beatrire to its fruit-Hst in 1875 but dropped it in 1891. Fruit small to medium,
round, a little pointed at the apex, marked on one side by a distinct suture; skin yellowish,
almost covered with patches of bright red; flesh pale yellowish-white, melting, juicy, richly
flavored, slightly adherent to the pit; season remarkably early, ripening in England in
July.
Beauchamp. i. Tex. Sta. Bui. 39:809. 1896.
Tree rather weak in growth, unproductive; fruit medium in size, round, yellow, with
a red cheek; flesh yellow, firm, mild acid; quality fair; freestone; ripens the latter part
of August.
3o6
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Beaute de la Saulsaie. i. Thomas Cnide Prat. 51. 1876.
A ^landless variety of doubtful merit.
Beauty of Salisbury, i. Elliott Fr. Book 290. 1854.
A foreign, freestone variety subject to mildew; fruit large, roundish, \-ello\vish-\vhite,
blushed with red; ripens in September.
Beaver No. 2. i. Am. Pom. Sac. Rpt. 45. 1897.
Fruit roundish, above medium in size; skin thin, white, washed and splashed with
red; ]jubescence short; flesh white, purplish at the stone, mild subacid; quality very good;
stone free; ripens early in Augu.st.
Beckwith Early, i. IT. A'. V. Hart. Soc. Rpt. 50. 1879.
Beckwith Early is a large, early clingstone raised by a Mr. Beck"with, Olathe, Kansas.
Beckworth. i. Cultivator 3rd Ser. 1:155. i853-
A hardy, prolific seedling, immune to mildew, raised by Dr. Beckworth, Oswego,
New York; flesh yellow; pit small; ripens the first of September.
Becquett Late. i. Tex. Sta. Bui. 39:810. 1896.
This variety may be identical with Bequette Free. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit
medium to .small, oval, light yellow, subacid; quality good; freestone; season late in
Texas.
Beer Late White Cling, i. A'. J. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 42. 187S.
This variety originated with Samuel Beer, Keyport, New Jersey. Fruit large, rich,
fine for brandying; ripens about the middle of October.
Beers Late. i. Lovett Cat. 36. 1890.
Beers Melcatoon. 2. ///. Hart. Soc. Rpt. 184. 1898.
Beers Late Melocoton. 3. Okla. Sta. Bui. 2:14. 1892.
Beers Late is a seedling of Late Crawford with which it ripens. Tree strong; fruit
rather large, yellow, more or less red.
Beers Late Red Rareripe, i. Kenrick Am. Orch. 191. 1841.
Beers Red Rareripe. 2. Bridgeman Card. Ass't Pt. 3: 105. 1857.
Joseph Beers, Middletown, New Jersey, first grew this peach. Fruit ^-ery large,
oblong; skin nearly white, red where exposed; flesh firm, juicy, high in quality; ripens
the last of September.
Beers Smock, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 28. 1875. 2. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 299. 1875.
3. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:337. 1903. 4. Waugh Am. Peach Orcli. 198.
1913-
Beer. 5. Tex. Sta. Bui. 39:815. 1896.
Beers Smock and Smock are identical as grown at this Station. Pomological authorities
now verj^ generally agree that the two names have been given the same fruit. For a
description of Beers Smock see Smock.
Bell Favorite, i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 169:208. 1899.
Tree fairly vigorous, upright, meditim productive; glands globose; flowers small;
fruit large, oval, tapering; skin hght yellow, with a small blush of red, lightly pubescent;
flesh yellow, stained with red at the pit, juicy, vinous; quality fair; pit nearly free; season
towards the end of September.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 307
Bell October, i. Kan. Hort. Soc. Kpt. 38. 1902-03. 2. Munson Cat. 7. 1904-05.
Bell October is a large, yellow peach of fine flavor ripening after Sahvey and often
keeping until November. It originated in Denton County, Texas.
Belle de Bade. i. Guide Prat. 42. 1895.
Fruit ver}- large, }-ellow; glands globose; flesh Ann, sweet, aromatic; matures in
September.
Belle de Beaucaire. i. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 94. 1831. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 290. 1854.
3. Leroy Diet. Pom. 6:52, 53 fig. 1879.
This variety originated near Beaucaire, Card, France. Glands small, globose; flowers
small ; fruit large, roundish ; cavity narrow, deep ; apex with a mamelon tip ; skin greenish-
yellow, spotted with carmine in the sun; flesh greenish-white, red at the stone, firm, juicy,
pleasingly acidulated; stone free, brown; ripens the last of August.
Belle Beausse. i. Leroy Diet. Pom. 6:54 fig., 55, 56. 1879.
Belle Beaiice. 2. Kenrick Am. Orcb. 212. 1832.
Belle Baiisse. 3. Prince Pom. Man. 2:n, 12. 1832. 4. Mas Le Verger 7:163, 164,
fig. 80. 1866-73. 5- Downing Fr. Trees Am. 599. 1869.
Belle-Bauce. 6. Poiteau Pmn. Franc. i:No. 15, PI. 1846.
Schone von Beauce. 7. Dochnahl Fiihr. Okstkunde 3:202, 203. 1S58.
This variety was raised long ago by Joseph Beausse, Montreuil, Bellay, France.
Because of its close resemblance to Grosse Mignonne the two have often been confused.
Fruit large, somewhat flattened at the base and apex, with a distinct suture; skin thin,
with fine pubescence, greenish-yellow, highly colored with deep red; flesh white, tinged
with red around the pit, juicy, tender, melting, vinous; quality good; freestone; season
early September.
Belle Beaute. i. Liegel Syst. Anleit. 184. 1825.
An excellent, scarlet-red freestone ripening the end of September.
BeUe Cartiere. i. Pom. France 6:No. 8, PI. 8. 1869.
Armand Jaboulay introduced Belle Cartiere which he found in the vineyard of Madame
Cartiere, Oullins, Rhone, France. Glands reniform; flowers small; fruit large, globular;
suture more or less pronovmced; skin heavily pubescent, white, almost entirely covered
with reddish-purple; flesh white, with red radiating from the pit, melting, vinous, juicy;
pit nearly free, obtuse, deeply grooved; ripens the first week in September.
Belle de Charleville. i. Thomas Guide Prat. 52. 1876.
Fruit \er\- large, of first quality; glands reniform; ripens in Sej^tember.
Belle Conquete. i. Carriere Var. Peckers 74. 1867.
Tree moderately vigorous; glands globose, small; flowers ver\- large; fruit large, round-
ish, often flattened at the ends; skin heavily pubescent, whitish-yellow, mottled with
carmine; flesh whitish, reddish at the pit, melting, sweet; stone large, oval, plump, free;
ripens the last of August.
Belle de la Croix, i. Hogg Fruit Man. 214. 1866. 2. Thomas Guide Prai. 44. 1876.
This variety was first grown in Bordeaux, France. Tree hardy; glands reniform;
flowers small; fruit large, round; skin white, washed with purple; flesh fine, reddish about
the stone, sweet, aromatic; of first quality; ripens the end of August.
308 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Belle de Doue. i. Hogg Fruit Man. 214, 215. 1866. 2. M;is Le Verger 7:139, 140,
fig. 68. 1866-73. 3- Leroy Diet. Pom. 6:58, 59. 1879.
Schone von Doue. 4. Lauche Deut. Pom. VI: No. 20, PI. 1882.
This peach was grown from seed in 1839 by a M. Dimia-Chatenay at Doue-la-Fon-
taine, Maine-et-Loire, France. Glands globose; flowers small; fruit medium to large,
roundish, with a distinct suture; skin greenish-yellow, washed and mottled with red; flesli
greenish-white, red at the pit, juicy, sweet, with a delicious, aromatic flavor; stone free;
ripens about the middle of August.
Belle Dupont. i. Mas Pom. Gen. 12:185. 1883.
Listed in this reference.
Belle et Bonne, i. Ann. Pom. Beige 1:49, 50, PI. 1853.
Schone Magdalene. 2. "Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkundc ;i: igg. 1858.
A. Bivort grew this seedling about 183 1 and, because of size and quality of fruit called
it Belle et Bonne. Leaves glandless; flowers large; fruit large, roundish, deeply sutured;
skin heavily pubescent, clear yellow, with a bright red cheek; flesh white, fine, melting,
aromatic; freestone; ripens the latter part of August.
Belle Henri Pinaud. i. Card. Chron. N. S. 18:472. 1882. 2. Soc. Nat. Hort. France
Pom. 292 fig., 293. 1904.
A French variety introduced to commerce about 1 88 1 . Tree vigorous ; glands renif orm ;
flowers large; fruit large, roundish, slightly flattened at apex; skin greenish-yellow, deep
red where exposed; faintly sutured; flesh whitish-yellow, fine, sweet; very good in quality;
stone free, elongated ; ripens the middle of September.
Belle Imperiale. i. Mag. Hort. 34:89. 1868. 2. Cat. Cong. Pom. France 93 fig. 1906.
Obtained by a M. Chevalier, Montreuil, Seine, France. Tree vigorous; glands
globose; flowers medium in size; fruit large, spherical, slighth- oblique near the apex;
shallowly sutured; skin heavily pubescent, yellow, blushed with deep red in the sun; flesh
whitish-yellow, faint carmine near the stone, melting, vinous, sweet; quality good; ripens
the middle of September.
Belle de Liege, i. Thomas Cwzde Prat. 48. 1876.
Belle dc Li^ge produces large, excellent fruit of first quality; glands absent ; flowers
medium in size; ripens the end of August.
Belle de Logelbach. i. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 388. 1S89. 2. Guide Prat. 40. 1895.
Tree vigorous, productive; glands reniform; fruit very large, juicy, aromatic; ripens
the middle of September.
Belle de Mes Yeux. i. Thomas Guide Prat. 52. 1876.
Described as a mediimi-sized peach, with a reddish-brown blush on a green ground;
ripens early in September.
Belle de Neuville. i. Cat. Cong. Pom. France 90 fig. 1906.
A French seedling raised by C. Jacquet, Neuville, France. Tree ^^gorous; glands
globose; flowers very large; fruit medium in size, roundish, faintly sutured; skin amber,
washed with deep purple where exposed; flesh amber, tinged with red at the pit, juicy,
sweet, sprightly; quality excellent; pit large, broad, plump, nearly free; ripens the last
of August.
THIi: PEACH I£.S OK NEW YORK 3O9
Belle d'Orbassano. i. Thomas (Jitidc Prat. 48. 1876.
Mentioned as a \-ery laic, but excellent, Italian variety with reniform glands.
Belle de Saint-Geslin. i. Card. A/o«. 15:244. 1873. 2. Le Bon J ard. 326. 1882.
A variety discovered some years ago in the ruins of the St. Geslin tower near Richelieu,
Indre-et-Loire, France, by a M. Joutron. Fruit large, whitish-green, splashed with purple;
flesh white, melting; very good; stone free; matures the latter half of October.
Belle de Saint-Geslin Blanche, i. Card. Chroti. N. S. 22:472. 1884.
A wliile-fruited .sj)orl from the Belle de Saint-Geslin, much esteemed by the French
as a late peach.
Belle de Toulouse, i. Leroy Diet. Pom. 6:60 fig., 61. 1879.
Belle Toulousaine. 2. Carri6rc Var. Peckers 54. 1867.
Schone Toulouserin. 3. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 414. 1889.
Jean Rey, a nurseryman at Toulouse, Haute Garonne, France, raised this peach from
seed in 1859. Leroy combines Souvenir de Jean Rey with this variety but the two are
apparently distinct. Fruit large, roundish-oval, with a shallow suture; skin clear yellow,
washed with dark red; flesh greenish-white, red at the pit, juicy, with a sweet, vinous
flavor; stone free; season the first of September.
Belle de Vitry. i. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 2:36, 37, PI. XXV. 1768. 2. Lindley
Guide Orch. Card. 244, 245. 1831. 3. Downing Fr. frees Am. 472. 1845.
4. Leroy Diet. Pom. 6:61 fig., 62. 1879.
Bellis. S. Miller Card. Diet. 1752.
Beauty of Vitry. 6. Prince Potn. Man. 1:193. 1831.
Schoner von Vitry. 7. Dochna-hl Fiihr. Obstkundc 3:210. 1858.
According to Leroy this peach was raised more than two centuries ago at Vitry-sur-
Seine, France, and was first mentioned by Merlet in 1675. Some writers have confused
it with Admirable. Leaves glandless or with few globose glands; fruit of medium size,
broad, with a deep suture; skin pale yellowish-white, tinged and marbled with bright
and dull red; flesh greenish-yellow, red at the pit, firm, juicy, rich; quality good; stone
free; season the last of September.
Bellegarde. i. Leroy Diet. Pom. 6:62, 63 fig. 1879.
This name has been applied to another peach called Galande but the variety described
by Leroy in this reference appears to be distinct. Fruit medium in size, roundish, com-
pressed; skin covered with dark red in the sun; flesh whitish, juicy, sweet, with a pleasant
flavor; stone free; ripens the first of September.
Bellows. I. Langley Pomona 105, PI. XXXI fig. V. 1729.
Bellows is a good bearer with fruit of fair quality. Color greenish-yellow, with a
mottled blush; flesh white, with a trace of red at the pit; ripens the first of .August.
Beltzar. i. Mag. Hort. 13:110. 1847.
An early \-ariety originating in Coshocton County, Ohio.
Beltzar Early Rareripe. 1. Mag. Hort. 13:110. 1847. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 291. 1854.
Originated in Coshocton County, Ohio. Glands globose; fruit roundish, blushed with
red in the sun; ripens in August.
3IO THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Ben Hur. i. Mich. Sta. Sp. Btil. 44:30. lyio.
A variety, thought to have originated in Michigan, which ripens just before Elberta-
Benade. . i. Jotir. liort. N. S. 7:429. 1864.
Benade is an American peach of medium size; yellow flesh; poor quality; ripening in
August.
Benango. i. Tex. Sta. Bui. 39:810. 1896.
Listed as growing in Texas.
Bennett Rareripe, i. Kenrick Am. Orch. 199. 1841. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 291. 1854.
Of American origin. Glands globose; fruit large, whitish-yellow, blushed with red;
deficient in flavor; ripens early in August.
Bequette Cling, i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 118:32. 1895. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 32. 1899.
Bccqitctte Cling. 3. Del. Sta. Rpt. 13:91. 1901.
Bequette Cling originated about i860 in a seedling orchard belonging to Benjamin
Bequette, Visalia, California. In 1877 J. H. Thomas of the same place gave the variety
the name of the originator and commenced propagating it. This peach is similar to
Bequette Free, see page 184, a variety of the same origin, except in the clinging tendenc\-
of the stone.
Berckmans. i. Del. Sta. Rpt. 13:91. 1901.
Dr. Berckmans. 2. Rural N. Y. 54:106. 1895. 3. Ga. Sta. Bui. 42:235. 1898.
Dr. L. E. Berckmans, Augusta, Georgia, grew Berckmans from a pit of General Lee
about 1880. Glands reniform ; fruit large, creamy-white, blushed and mottled with crimson ;
flesh white, stained with red at the pit, melting, juicy, vinous; season follows Thurber.
Bergame. i. Thomas Guide Prat. 52. 1876.
Tree vigorous, productive; fruit very large, roundish, irregular; skin blushed with
purple on a deep yellow ground; of first qiiality; ripens early in October.
Bergen, i. Elliott Fr. Soo^ 272. 1854.
Bergen Yellow. 2. Kenrick Am. Orch. 199. 1841. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 490.
1845. 4. Proc. Nat. Con. Fr. Gr. 51- 1848.
Bergen is probably a native of Long Island. It resembles Yellow Rareripe but ripens
about ten days later. The American Pomological Society added this variety to its list of
fruits in 1848, a place which it still holds. Tree bears well; glands reniform; flowers small;
fruit large, globular, depressed; suture distinct; skin deep orange, with a broad, dark red
cheek; flesh yellow, melting, juicy, rich; matures early in September.
Bermuda Cling, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 191. i860.
Recommended for planting in Mississippi.
Bernard Verlot. i. Carriere Var. Pechers 52, 53. 1867.
A French 'variety obtained by a M. Carrelet, Paris, France. Tree vigorous; glands
reniform; flowers small; fruit very large, roundish; cavity wide, shallow; skin with short
pubescence, streaked and spotted with reddish- violet where exposed; flesh whitish, stained
at the pit, melting, very juicy, aromatic; stone nearly free, obovate, deeply grooved at the
sutures.
Bemardin de Saint-Pierre, i. Leroy Diet. Pom. 6:65 fig., 66. 1879.
An old, French seedling found growing about 1865 in the nurseries of Jamin and Durand
THK I'KA( HKS OF NEW YORK 3II
near Paris, France. Tree moderately productive; glands rcniform; flowers small; fruit
above medium in size, roundish-oval; suture faintly marked; skin heavily pubescent,
whitish-yellow, mottled with purple in the sun; flesh whitish, carmine at the stone, melting,
very juicy, sweet, sprightly; quality good; stone small, free, ovoid, pliunp; ripens in
September.
Berry, i. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 41. 1895.
Fruit roundish, mediiun in size; cavity wide, deep; suture distinct; apex swollen; skin
thin, tough, covered with short pubescence, cream\'-white, washed with red; flesh whitish,
tinged with red at the stone, meaty, tender for a cling, ver\' juicy, sweet, rich; quahty
good; stone small, oval, clinging; ripens in the District of Columbia early in September.
Bertholome. i. Thomas Guide Prat. 52. 1876.
Barthelemy. 2. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 387. 1889.
A very large, yellow, late peacli with small flowers and reniform glands.
Bessie Kerr. i. J. S. Kerr Cat. 4. 1898.
This variety is described briefly by J. S. Kerr, Denton, Maryland. Tree vigorous,
upright, productive; fruit large, oblong, white; clingstone; matures in August.
Best June. i. Ramsey Cat. 3. 191 2.
According to F. T. Ramsey and Son, Austin, Texas, this peach was originated about
1894 by John Burkhardt, Fayette County, Te.xas. It was introduced by F. T. Ramsey'
and Son in 1906, and is said to excel Mamie Ross. Tree very productive; fruit light-
colored, with a red cheek; stone semi-clinging; season the last of June in Texas.
Besy Robin, i. Thomas Gtiide Prat. 52. 1876. 2. Leroy Diet. Pom. 6:66 fig., 67.
1879.
Raised by Besy Robin, Angers, Maine, France, about 1863. Tree productive; glands
reniform; flowers small; fruit large, globular, truncate; suture prominent; skin thick,
greenish-yellow, blushed with red, deeper where exposed; flesh whitish-yellow, stained at
the pit, firm though melting, very juicy, sprightly; of first quality; stone free, very large,
roundish-oval, pliunp; matures the middle of September.
Beville. i. Mag. /for/. 15:503. 1849.
Beville has a dwarfish, compact habit of growth and bears numerous, large blossoms.
Grown only in the South.
Bexar, i. Tex. Sta. Bid. 8:34. 1889. 2. Ibid. 39:810. 1896.
Tree vigorous, moderately productive; glands globose; fruit ovate, light creamy;
flesh slightly acid; freestone; ripens the middle of August.
Bianci di Nizza. i. Card. Chron. 907. 1858.
Exhibited at the Imperial and Royal Horticultural Society of Tuscany, Italy.
Bickell. I. Mich. Sta. Bui. 104:88. 1894. 2. Ibid. 194:45- 1901-
An undesirable, late, white freestone of mediiun size, ripening with Salwey.
Biddle. i. III. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 167. 1895.
A white-fleshed clingstone ripening the middle of Juh'.
Bidwell Early, i. Card. Mon. 28:334. 18S6. 2. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 575. PL VI. 1S88.
3. .4))!. Pom. .Soc. Cat. 44. i8qi. 4. Fla. .S'/a. Bui. 62:511. 1902.
One of the seedlings of Peento raised about 1886 by A. I. Bidwell. Arlington, Florida.
312 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
The variety was placed in the fruit-hst of the American Pomological Society in 1891.
Fruit medium in size, oblong; cavity abrupt; apex rounded, with a small, recurved point;
skin velvety, creamy-white, deep red where exposed; flesh firm, whitish, juicy; quality
very good; stone oval, thick, clinging; season in Florida May 20th to June 15th.
Bidwell Late. i. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 44. 1891. 2. Fla. Sta. Bui. 62: sii- 1902.
Another of A. I. Bidwell's seedlings of Peento that does well further north than some
varieties of the same origin. Placed in the fruit-list of the American Pomological Society
in 1 89 1. Fruit large, roundisli, yellowish-white; flesh meaty, juicy; quahty excellent;
stone adherent; matures in Florida June i sth to July 1st.
Bilice. I. Rea. Flora 211. 1676.
" The Bilice peach is something like the Newington."
Billmeyer. i. Mich. Sta. Sp. Bui. 44:30- 1910.
Billmeyer is a sprout from the stem of an old Crawford tree, raised by J. H. Bilhneyer,
HoUoway, Michigan. Tree productive; fruit roundish-oblate, mediimi to large; cavity
deep; skin thick, tough, with long pubescence, pale yellow, blushed with dark crimson;
flesh yellow, stained with red at the stone, meaty, tender, juicy, sprightly; quality very
good; stone oval, small, free; matures between the two Crawfords.
Bilyeu. i. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 21. 1897. 2. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:338.
1903. 3. Waugh Am. Peach Orch. 199. 1913.
Bilyeu Comet. 4. Card. Mon. 18:14, 27, 140, 141. 1S76.
Bilyeu' s October. 5. Fulton Peach Cult. 177. 1908.
This peach seems to have originated more than forty years ago as a chance seedling
in Caroline County, Maryland, having been found and propagated by a Mr. Bilyeu. It
was once quite popular in Maryland. Tree moderately productive, vigorous; fruit
medium in size, round; skin greenish-white, with a red cheek; flesh white, firm, sweet; of
fair quality ; stone free ; ripens very late.
Binney Large Red. 1. Thomas Guide Prat. 4&. 1876.
Listed as having small flowers and globose glands.
Bird Beauty, i. ///. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 77. 1893.
Exhibited at the World's Fair in 1893, as having grown in Illinois.
Bishop. 1. Okla. Sta. Bui. 2:14. 1892. 2. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 4^- 189s- 3- •■^'"■
Pom. Soc. Cat. 32. 1S99. 4. Mich. Sta. Bui. 169:208. 1899.
Bishop Early. 5. Ohio Sta. Bui. 170:172. 1906. 6. Waugh Am. Peach Orch. 199.
1913-
According to Waugh, Bishop originated in California. Tree vigorous, hardy, pro-
ductive; glands globose; fruit medium to large, round, with a distinct suture; color creamy-
white, with a dark red blush; flesh white, juicy, tender, vinous; quality good; pit free;
season the last of August.
Black. I. .4;;;. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 45. 1897.
Dr. Black. 2. Am. Card. 18:715. 1897.
Black is a seedling of the Smock type, named in honor of Dr. J. J. Black, Newcastle,
Delaware. Fruit large, round; skin heavily pubescent, yellow, with a blushed cheek;
flesh yellow, red at the pit, rich subacid; quality very good; stone oval; ripens late.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 313
Black Early, i. Card. Mon. 14:280. 1872.
Black Extra Early. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. ist App. 120. 1872.
A very early, white-fleshed seedling found on the farm of Dr. J. vSta\-man, Leavenworth,
Kansas. The fniit is said to surpass Hale Early in size and quality.
Black Seedling, i. Rural N. Y. 62:562. 1903.
A seedling of Mamie Ross raised by J. H. Black, Hightstown, New Jersey. The
fruit ripens with Sneed but is higher in quality and is more resistent to rot.
Blacke. i. Parkinson Par. Ter. 582. 1629.
" The Blacke Peach is a great large Peach, of a very darke browne colour on the out-
side, it is of a waterish taste, and late ripe."
Blake, i. Mich. Sta. Sp. Bui. 44:30. 1910.
A peach that William Blake, Niles, Michigan, says is the earliest, yellow freestone.
Blanc de City. i. Decaisne Jard. Fruit. 7:P1. 1872-75.
Tree moderately vigorous, very productive; glands reniform; flowers medium to large;
fruit medium in size, globular; suture distinct; cavity wide; skin covered with short
pubescence, whitish-yellow, dark red where exposed; flesh whitish, melting, juicv-; stone
large, roundish, nearly free; ripens early in September.
Blanchard. 1. Munson Cat. 7. 1904-05.
The catalog of T. V. Munson, Denison, Texas, states that this variety is a seedling
originated and named by C. C. F. Blanchard, Runnels County, Texas. It is similar to
Chinese Cling but ripens later.
Blanche d'Ekenholm. i. Mag. Hori. 20:270. 1854.
Fruit large, yellowish-white, hghtly marked with carmine; flesh whitish-yellow, sweet,
sugary; stone free; ripens at the end of July.
Blanche Enorme de Mezel. i. Carri^re Var. Peckers 64. 1867.
Tree vigorous; glands reniform; flowers large, rose-colored; fruit large, spherical,
rarely elongated; skin very pubescent, pale yellow, occasionally blushed in the sun;
flesh yellow, stained at the pit, melting, sweet; stone oval, free; ripens the second half
of August.
Blanche Tardive de Sabarot. i. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 388. 1889.
Listed in this reference.
Blanton Cling, i. Downing Fr. Trees Am. b^s. 1857.
Ycllo'iv Blantoii Cling. 2. Elhott Fr. Book 277. 1854.
A seedling of Lemon Cling and very similar to it but a few days later. Leaves large;
glands reniform; fruit large, resembling Lemon Cling. Reproduces itself from seed.
Bledsoe Early Cling, i. IF. A^ Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 50. 1879. 2. Ibid. no. 1880.
A seedling raised by Ira L. Wood, Pleasant Hill, Missouri. Said to be earlier and better
than Amsden.
Bledsoe Seedling, i. Hooper IF. Fr. Book 214. 1857.
A good commercial peach about Frankfort, Kentucky. Leaves glandle.ss; flowers
large; fruit roundish-oblong, of medium size, yellow, with a red blush; flesh mild, sweet;
ripens in September.
314 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Blodgett's Seedlings, i. (/ard. Mon. 24:334, 335. 1882.
The following are seedlings mentioned as having originated with a Lorin Blodgett:
Blodgett Crimson Cling,
Blodgett Crimson Freestone,
Blodgett Golden Cling,
Blodgett Golden Freestone,
Blodgett Golden October Cling,
Blodgett Golden Pointed Cling.
These jieaches do not seem to have been recognized by other wpters.
Blondeau. i. Thomas Guide Prat. 48. 1876. 2. Soc. \'at. Hort. France Pom. 296 fig.,
297. 1904.
Joseph Blondeau, Monlmeil, Seine, France, introduced this variety about 1856. Tree
moderately vigorous, very productive; glands globose; flowers small, deep red; fruit large,
roundish; cavity large, deep; skin milky-white, purple where exposed; flesh milk\--white,
reddish around the pit, melting, sweet, aromatic; quality excellent; stone elliptical, plump,
free; ripens late in September.
Blood Free. i. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 21. 1897.
Blood Freestone. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 601. 1869.
Indian Blood Freestone. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 28. 1873. 4. Ga. Hort. Soc. Rpt-
25. 1876.
Blood Free was probably raised by John M. Ives, Salem, Massachusetts, and is distinct
from Blood Cling in having its stone free. The American Pomological Society placed the
variety in its list of fruits in 1873 as Indian Blood Freestone but in 1897 shortened the name
to Blood Free. Tree vigorous, hardy; fruit of medium size, compressed; apex roundish;
skin greenish-white overspread with splashes and stripes of dark red ; flesh blood-red through-
out, juicy, coarse, tough and meaty; quality fair; stone free; season very late.
Bloor. I. Mich. Sta. Sp. Bid. 44:31. 1910.
Named after the originator, John Bloor, Mears, Michigan. Tree upright, exceptionally
hardy in bud and branch ; fruit resembles Kalamazoo with which it ripens but is superior
to it.
Blush. I. Del. Sta. Rpt. 13:92. 1901.
Beauty Blush. 2. Bailey Ann. Hort. 184. 1892.
A little known seedling from Chinese Cling raised by J. H. Jones, Hemdon. Georgia.
Fmit large, high-colored, melting, delicious; freestone; ripens in Georgia the last of June.
Bogg Leviathan, i. IT. A'. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 114. 1880.
Bogg Mammoth. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 161. 1881.
A very large peach of good quality, ripening three weeks later than Late Cra\\ford,
excellent for drying and canning. Raised by a Mr. Bogg, Bonham, Texas.
Boisselot. I. Thomas Guide Prat. 52. 1876. 2. Leroy Diet. Pom. 6:68 fig., 69. 1S79.
Auguste Boisselot, Nantes, Loire-Inferieure, France, originated this variety. Glands
reniform; flowers small, rose-colored: fruit large, roundish-oval; skin thick, whitish, marbled
and streaked with red; flesh white, melting, rather firm, juicy, often disagreeable; stone
elongated, free; ripens the last of August.
THP; PEACHES OF NEW YORK 315
Bokhara, i. Ja. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 377. 1896. 2. Ibid. 256. 1897. 3. Mich. Sta. Bid.
187:68. 1901. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 36. igoy.
Bokhara is remarkable for great hardiness but has Utile else to recommend it. It
was introduced by the late J. L. Budd from pits received from Bokhara, Russia, about 1890
and in 1909 was added to the frviit-list of the American Pomological Society. Several
distinct peaches are grown under this name, probably all from the pits planted by Pro-
fessor Budd. As Bokhara grows on the Station grounds the leaves are large; glands reni-
form; flowers appear in mid-season, medium in size, pink; fruit of medium size, oblong-
oval, bulged near the apex making the halves unequal; suture shallow; apex with a pro-
longed tip; skin thin, tender, with a thick, short pubescence, greenish-yellow, pale, faintly-
blushed and striped with dull red; flesh greenish-white, stringy, mealy, sweet; qiialit\'
poor; stone oval, narrow, conspicuously winged; ripens late in August.
Boley. I. New Haven A'tir. Cat. 6. 1899-1900.
This variety is described in the catalog of the New Haven Nurseries, New Ha\-en.
Missouri, as a large, white-fleshed variety rijjening in Missouri about August 20th.
Bollweiler Favorite, i. Mas Le Verger 7:33, 34, fig. 15. 1866-73. 2. Lauche Deut.
Pom. VI:No. 2, PI. 1882.
Obtained by Eugene Baumann, Bollweiler, ELsass, Germany. Tree productive;
glands reniform; flowers large; fruit large, roundish, flattened at the base; suture shallow;
skin tender, whitish-yellow, blushed; flesh white, tender, sweet, pleasing; stone oval, free;
ripens early in August.
Bollweiler Magdalene, i. Kenrick .4 »;. Ore/;. 177. 1S35. 2. Dochnahl Fidir. Obstkunde
3:197. 1S58.
Bollwiller de Madeleine. 3. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 98. 1831.
Grosse-Madeline. 4. Thomas 6"«n(i^ Prat. 40, 219. 1876.
Another variety from the same source as above. Tree vigorous, productive; glandless;
flowers large; fruit meditim in size, roundish; suture shallow; skin greenish-white; flesh
very pleasing; stone free; ripens the last of August.
Bonanza, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 161. 1881. 2. Mich. Sta. Bui. 169:208. 1899.
Bonanza is of Texas origin and is planted only in the South. It is very late in ripen-
ing and is not productive nor is the fruit high in quality on the Station grounds. Tree
vigorous, hardy; glands reniform; flowers appear in mid-season, small, dark pink at the
edges; fruit small to above, roundish-oval, with a prune-like neck, halves unequal; apex
with a small, mamelon tip; skin tough, with long, coarse pubescence, creamy-white, with a
small blush of lively red; flesh white, rather dry, stringy, with a slight astringency; .stone
oval, slightly flattened, with a long, sharp apex; ripens the second week of October.
Bonito. I. Tex. Sta. Bui. 8:34. 1889. 2. Ibid. 39:815. 1896.
Vigorous, productive; glands reniform; fruit rather small, rovmdish, with an acute
projection; color creamy-white; stone adherent; ripens Jul\- 25th.
Bonlez. i. Mas Le Verger 7:43, 44, fig. 20. 1866-73. 2. Downing Fr, Trees Am. 606.
1869.
Bonlczcr Lackpfirsich. 3. Dochnahl Fnhr. Obstkunde 3:212. 1858.
Bonlez was obtained by Bivort of Belgium about 1830. Tree moderately productive;
31 6 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
glands rcniform; flowers large; fruit large, roundish, depressed, deeply sutured; skin downy,
white, blushed; flesh white, melting, juicy, sweet, aromatic; of first quality; stone oval,
thick, free; ripens the middle of September.
Bonne Dame de Laeken. i. Thomas Guide Prat. 52. 1876.
A variety of Belgian origin; fruit large; tree productive.
Bonne Gros de Noisette, i. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 601. 1869.
Cuter grosser Lack'pfirsicli. 2. Dochnahl Fiihr. Obstkunde 3:21 1. 1858.
Originated with a M. Noisette, Paris, France. Fruit large, roundish, depressei;
suture deep; color white, faintly marbled in the sun; flesh yellowish-white, juicy, \-inous,
aromatic; freestone; ripens in September.
Bonne Grosse. i. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard. 2:480. i860.
Bonne Grosse originated about 1820 in France. Glands globose; flowers small; fruit
very large, roundish, greenish, blushed with red; flesh firm, vinous, good; ripens at the
end of September.
Bonne-Julie, i. Thomas CrnVfe Prat. 52, 216. 1876.
Fruit large; skin washed and spotted with carmine-red; flesh melting, very juicy,
pleasing; ripens the second half of August.
Bonneuil. i. Hogg Fruit Man. 227. 1866. 2. Carriere Var. Peckers 46. 1867.
Bonneuil Lackpfirsich. 3. Doch.na.hl Ftihr. Obstkunde 3:216. 1858.
This is a very late clingstone ripening the second week in November; a long keeper.
Glandless; flowers large; fruit above medivmi in size, roundish, distinctly sutured; apex
mamelon; skin greenish-white, with a faint blush in the sun; flesh firm, white, juicy; not
highly flavored.
Bonouvrier. 1. Mas Le Verger 7:147, 148, fig. 72. 1866-73. 2. Bobbink & Atkins
Cat. 119. 1914.
Bonouvrier originated with a M. Bonouvrier, Montreuil, Seine, France. Glands
globose; flowers mediimi in size; fruit large, roundish, compressed; suture more pronounced
at the apex; skin white, largely blushed with deep purple; flesh white, stained at the pit,
melting, sweet; stone nearly free; ripens at the end of September.
Boquier. i. Wickson Cal. Fruits 316. 1889.
A large, yellow, Califomian variety with good shipping qualities.
Bordeaux, i. Am. Pont. Soc. Cat. 28. 1875.
Bordeaux Cling. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 635. 1857.
Belle de Bordeaux. 3. Can. Exp. Farm Bui. 2d Ser. 3:63. 1900.
Bordeaux was raised from a stone brought from Bordeaux, France. It held a place
on the fruit-list of the American Pomological Society from 1875 until 1891. Fruit large,
oblong, a little one-sided; suture shallow; skin downy, lemon-yellow, with a red
cheek; flesh yellow, red at the pit, juicy, melting, vinous; stone clinging; ripens early in
August.
Bottchers Friihpfirsich. i. Mas Pom. Gen. 12:185. 1883.
Not described in this reference.
Bourdeaux. i. Rea F/ora 211. 1676. 2. Miller Cartf. Diet. 1752.
Listed among yellow varieties of lesser merit.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 3I7
Bourdine. i. Langley Pomotm 102, PI. 28 fi^j. 5- 1729. 2. Duhamel Trail. Arb. Fr.
2:20, 21, PI. 12. 1768. 3. Lindley Guide Orch. Card. 245, 246. 1831. 4. Card.
Chron. 152. 1865. 5. Leroy Diet. Pom. 6:70, 71 fig., 72, 73, 74. 1879.
Bourdin Lackpfirsich. 6. Dochnahl Fw/ir. O^s/^wMde 3:208, 209. 1858.
Boudin. 7. Hogg Fr«i7 Mch. 215. 1866.
Bourdine is an old French sort WTitten of by Merlet and Quintinj-e. It has been
confused with Royale, Louis XIV having so named it on receiving it from his gardener,
Bourdine. Duhamel maintains that these two are distinct varieties and we have followed
him. Leaves with globose glands; flowers small, edged with carmine; fruit large, roundish,
halves unequal; suture deep and wide; skin greenish-white, blushed and marbled; flesh
white, melting, separates readily from the pit, sugary; quality good; stone small, nearly
round; ripens the middle of September.
Bourdine Royale. i. Loyid. Hort. Soc. Cat. 94. 1831.
Listed in this reference.
Bowers Early. 1. Card. Man. 19:274. 1877. 2. 11'. A'. V. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 50. 1879.
A large, freestone peach, earlier than Amsden, said to have originated in Frederick,
Maryland, in 1876.
Bowslaugh Late. i. Can. Hort. 11:151. 1888.
Bou'slaiigh. 2. Out. Fr. Cr. Assoe. Rpt. 22:31. 1890.
A fine, late, yellow seedling of the Crawford type; originated in the Niagara district,
Ontario, Canada.
Boyd Early, i. Del. Sta. Rpt. 5:97. 1892.
Listed in this reference.
Boyles. i. Ont. Sta. Rpt. 1:51. 1894. 2. Mich. Sta. Sp. Bui. 44:31. 1910.
A variety found by James Boyles, Douglas, Michigan. A very good substitute for
Early Crawford. Tree vigorous; fruit large, yellow, pleasing.
Brackett. i. Berckmans Cat. 12. 1912-13.
P. J. Berckmans, Augusta, Georgia, states that this variety was named in honor of
the late Colonel G. B. Brackett. It is a yellow-fleshed freestone, a cross between Smock
and Chinese Cling, ripening just after Elberta, said to be of best quality.
Braddick American, i. Brookshaw //or/. Reposit. 1:59, PI. 29. 1823. 2. hmdXey Ciiide
Orch. Card. 273, 274. 1831.
Braddick' s North American. 3. Land. Hort. Soc. Cat. 94. 1831.
Leaves crenate, with globose glands; flowers small; fruit of medium size, slightly
tapering towards the apex; deeply sutured; skin pale yellow, tinged with red; flesh pale
yellow nearly to the stone, juicy; stone clings; ripens the middle of September.
Braddick New York. i. Lo)id. Hort. Soc. Cat. 94. 1831.
Braddick New York is a freestone of second size and quality, ripening early in Septem-
ber; glands reniform; flowers small; color pale green, with a blush.
Braddick Red. i. Land. Hort. Soc. Cat. 94. 183 1.
Leaves serrate, glandless; flowers large; fruit large, pale green, blushed with dark red;
flesh melting, free from the pit; of first quality; ripens at the end of August.
31 8 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Braddick South American, i. Land. Hort. Soc. Cat. 94. 1831.
\ot described in this reference.
Braddick Summer, i. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 95. 183 1.
Leaves with reniform glands; flowers small; fniit large, pale green; flesh melting; of
second quality; pit free; ripens late in August.
Bradley, i. Pa. Fr.Gr. Soc. Rpt. 39, PI. 1879. 2. Del. Sta. Rpt. 5:97. 1892.
Bradley originated in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. Not generally disseminated.
Tree vigorous, productive; glands globose; fruit large; flesh white, firm, juicy; freestone;
ripens after Late Crawford.
Brainard Large Yellow, i. Kenrick Am. Orcli. 189. 1841.
Fruit large, yellow in the shade ; of excellent flavor ; ripens in September.
Brandy, i. Kenrick Am. Orch. 199. 1841.
Brandy is a round, medium-sized fruit, with crimson flesh; ri])ens in August.
Brandywine. i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 161. 1881. 2. Rural X . Y. 46:352. 1887.
3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 32. 1899. 4. Mich. Sta. Bid. 169:208, 209. 1899.
5. Budd-Hansen /Iw. //or^ MoH. 2:339. 1903. 6. Fulton Peac/i 0(/^ 175. 1908.
According to the references, Delaware is the place of origin of this peach and Late
Crawford may be its parent. Tree vigorous, moderately productive; glands globose;
fruit large, flattened and ovate, compressed at the suture which is distinct ; apex prominent ;
color yellow, washed and striped with red; flesh yellow, red at the pit, juicy, tender, mild
but not rich; quality good; pit free; season the last of September.
Brant, i. Utah Sta. Bid. 1%: 12. 1892.
Listed as once grown in Utah.
Bray Rareripe, i. A". ./. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 42. 1878. 2. Mo. State Fr. Sta. Rpt. 12.
1905-06.
Bray White. 3. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 243. 1886.
This variety resembles Oldmixon Free except in season, being later. It originated with
D. Bray, Monmouth County, New Jersey. The peach as it grows on the Station grounds
is hardy but not productive; glands globose; flowers small, appear in mid-season; fruit
large, roundish; cavity shallow; apex mamelon, recurved; skin tough, thick, heavily
pubescent, creamy-white, blushed with lively red; flesh white, stained at the pit, juicy,
tender, sprightly, pleasing; good in quality; stone free, broadly oval, flattened; ripens late
in September.
Braunauer Lackpfirsich. i. Dochnahl Fidir. Obsthindc 3:214. 1858.
Braunauer Rote Frtihe Pfirsich. 2. Mathieu Nam. Pom. 389. 1889.
A seedling of Gemeiner Lieblingspfirsich. Tree productive; glands reniform; fruit
above medium in size, oval; skin heavily pubescent, greenish-}-ellow ; flesh reddish at the
pit, aromatic; stone free; ripens the middle of September.
Braunauer Magdalene. 1. Mathieu Xom. Pom. 389. 1889.
Listed in the reference given.
Brett. I. Card. Mon. 22:370. 1880. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 36. 1909.
Mrs. Brett. 3. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:352. 1903.
Brett was introduced by Joseph H. Ricketts, Newburgh. New York; listed by the
THE PEACHES OK NEW YORK 3I9
American Pomological Society in 1909. It is earlier than Oldmixon Free and superior
to it in color and quality.
Brevoort. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 6:^1^. 1826. 2. Downing Fr. 7ref5 i4»j. 472. 1845.
Brcvoort Seedling Melter. 3. Floy-Lindley Guide Orclt. Card. 183. 1846.
Raised by Henry Brevoort of New York, from Morrisania Pound. Leaves crenated;
glands reniform; flowers small; fruit below medium in size, roundish; skin grayish-white,
bright red where exposed; fle.sh firm, juicy, sugary; stone small, flat, free; ripens the middle
of August.
Brevoort Seedling Pound, i. Land. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 6:412. 1826.
Anotlier seedling of Morrisania Pound, raised by Henr\- Brevoort Resembles its
parent in shape and flavor, but ripens two weeks earlier.
Brice Early, i. IT. A'. V. Hort. Soc. Rpi. 50. 1879. 2. Card. Mon. 25:272. 1883.
Dr. S. M. Brice of Kansas originated this variety about 1S74; it is said to ri\-al other
early, white clings.
Briggs. I. Cole Am. Fr. Hook 193. 1S49. 2. Waugh Aui. Peach Orch. 199. 1913.
3. Am. Pont. Soc. Cat. 36. 1909.
Briggs' May. 4. Ibid. 28. 1877.
Brigg's Early May. 5. ir. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 113. 1S80.
Rouge de Mai. 6. Cat. Cong. Pom. France 526. 1906.
The name Briggs has been applied to three distinct varieties. This peach originated
in Dedham, Massachusetts, many years ago. The American Pomological Society added
it to its fruit-list in 1877 as Briggs' May, dropping it in 1891 but replacing it as Briggs
in 1909. Tree hardy, reproducing itself closely from seed; fruit large, roundish-truncate,
with a distinct suture; skin white, nearly covered with bright red; flesh white, tinged with
red at the pit, juicy, with a rich, sweet, vinous flavor; quality good; pit free; season the
first of September.
Briggs Red May. i. Card. Mon. 18:145, 241. 1876. 2. Wickson Cal. Fruits 309. 1889.
Briggs. 3. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:339, 340. 1903.
This variety originated about 1870 as a chance seedling on the fann of John G. Briggs,
near Yuba Cit}-, California. Fruit mediimi to large, round; skin white, with a rich red
cheek; flesh greenish-white, melting, juicy, free; quality very good; season early.
Bright. I. Can. Hort. 26:483. 1903.
Charles E. Bright, Brampton, Canada, originated tliis variety about 1895. Fmit
large, creamy-white; flesh tender, juicy, sweet; matures early in October.
Brodie. i. Kenrick Am. Orch. 184. 1835.
Fruit large, round, red in the sun; very juicy; clingstone.
Bronough Cling, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 158. 1881. 2. Tex. Sta. Bui. 39:815. 1896.
A very late variety with reniform glands. " Does not do well in Texas."
Bronzee. i. Mas Patn. Gen. 12:185. 1883.
Fruit not described in this reference.
Brooks. I. Langley Pomona 104, PI. 31 fig. 3. 1729.
Raised by Lord Brooks, Twickenham, Middlesex. England. Fruit large; flesh white
to the stone, melting, juicy; freestone; ripens on a west wall about August 8th.
320 THE PEACHES OP' NEW YORK
Brown, i. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 170. 1882. 2. i'. S. D. A. Yearbook 273. 1903.
This is a white-fl&shed seedling of Chili found by Orrin Brown, Berrien County,
Michigan. Tree hardy, with the drooping habit of Chili. Fruit averages larger than
Hale Early which it closely follows in ripening.
Brown Choice, i. Black Cult. Peach & Pear 115. 1886.
Brown Best. 2. Fulton Peach Cult. 177, 178. 1908.
A large, white-fleshed variety ripening with Late Crawford.
Brown Early, i. ir. A'. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 115. 1880.
An early variety originated by W. L. Brown, Ashley, Illinois.
Brown Nutmeg, i. Prince Pom. Man. 2:24, 25. 1832.
This is a stray variety which has often been confused with Red Nutmeg but the two
are distinct. Fruit much smaller than Red Nutmeg, somewhat oval, with a mamelon
apex; skin yellowish, with considerable dingy red; flavor pleasant; ripens in July.
Browns Friihpfirsich. i. StoU 0. U. Pom. PI. 52 fig. 4. 1888.
A seedling of Hale Early ripening after it. Fruit globular, slightly compressed at
the ends; skin woolly, whitish-yellow, spotted red where exposed; flesh white, adherent
stone large for the size of fruit.
Brunson. i. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 79. 1889. 2. Mich. Sta. Sp. Bui. 44:32, PI. 1910
Brunson is a chance seedling found about 1880 by Rufus Brunson, Benton Harbor,
Michigan. It is grown in Michigan but not as much as Kalamazoo which it closely
resembles. On the Station grounds the trees are hardy, unproductive, large, with lower
branches drooping. Glands reniform; flowers appear early, small; fruit large, cordate
apex usually mamelon; skin tough, covered with short pubescence, lemon-yellow, splashed
with dark, dull red on a lively blush giving it a bronze efifect; flesh yellow, firm, mild
good; stone broadly oval, bulged near the apex, terminating in a long, sharp point; ripens
the middle of September.
Buck. 1. Wickson Cat. Fruits 318. 1889.
A seedling grown by L. W. Buck, Vaca Vallej-, California; a good shipper.
Buckeye, i. Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt. 4. 1855.
A seedling from Clark County, Ohio, having pale yellowish-white flesh. It is
inferior to Late Crawford and ripens ten days later.
Buckinghamshire Minion, i. Brookshaw Pom. Brit. i:Pl. 23. 18 17.
Skin thin; flesh red at the stone; ripens the middle of August.
Bullard. i. Kenrick Am. Orch. 186. 1841.
Originated with a Mr. Bullard, Framingham, Massachusetts. Fruit very large,
round, deep yellow in the sun ; flesh yellow, juicy, sweet ; freestone ; ripens early in September.
Bullard Cling, i. Kenrick Am. Orch. 196. 1841.
A large, round clingstone from Massachusetts.
Bullmann Aprikosenpfirsich. i. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:219. 1858.
Leaves glandless; flowers small; fruit of mediimi size, somewhat oblate, faintly
sutured; flesh yellow, sprightly; stone acutely pointed, free; ripens at the end of August.
Buonaparte, i. Bridgeman Card. Ass't Ft. 3:105. 1857.
A fine, early market variety introduced by Joseph Buonaparte, New Jersey.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 32 1
Burchell Early, i. Loud. Hort. Soc. Cat. 95. 1831.
Listed in this reference.
Burdock, i. Langlej' Pomona 106, PL 33 fig. 2. 1729.
Fruit large, blushed with vermilion-red; flesh firm, juicy; stone clinging; ripens on
a south wall August 30th.
Burford October Cling, i. Am. Poin. Soc. Rpt. 191. i86o.
Reported as grown successfully in Mississippi.
Burgess Beauty, i. Kenrick Am. Orcli. 183. 1841.
A variety from Middletown, New Jersej-. Earlier, better, and more productive
than Early York.
Burke, i. Card. Mon. 27:79. 1886. 2. Del. Sta. Rpt. 13:92. 1901.
Burke is of southern origin having come from Avo\-elles, Louisiana. The peaches
ought to ship well as they are thick-skinned. On the Station grounds the fruit drops badly
and lacks both color and quality. Tree vigorous, hardy, tmproductive; glands reniform;
flowers appear iri mid-season, large; fruit large, oblong-oval, halves unequal, sides drawn
up about the cavity, with a mucronate tip at the apex; skin thick, tough, covered with
thick, coarse pubescence, creamy-yellow, with a slight blush of lively red; flesh white,
stained at the pit, firm, juicy, tender, pleasing; quality fair; stone clinging, oval, pointed
at the ends, plump on one side; ripens the first week in September.
Burlington Large Early, i. Land. Hort. Soc. Cat. 95. 183 1.
Listed in this reference.
Bumap. I. Ramsey Cat. 3. 1912.
This variety is described by F. T. Ramsey and Son, Austin, Texas, as a productive,
white clingstone found by S. L. Bumap, Austin, Texas.
Bums. I. Card. Mon. 20:273. 1878. 2. II'. A'. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 51. 1879.
Bioms is claimed by its originator, T. F. Bums, Mt. Pulaski, Illinois, to ripen a month
earlier than Alexander.
Burrough. i. Del. Sta. Rpi. 5:97. 1892.
Listed in this reference.
Buski. I. Ariz. Sta. Bid. 15:67. 1895.
Listed as ha\'ing been grown in Arizona.
Bustian October, i. Card. Mon. 16:315. 1874. 2. Ga. Sta. Bui. 42:233. 1898.
Bustian October originated in Fayette County, Georgia. Ripens too late for the
North. Tree spreading, dense; glands reniform; flowers conspicuous; frait large, sweet;
clingstone; ripens the middle of October.
Butler Late. i. A^. C. Sta. Rpi. 11:108. 1889. 2. Hood Cat. 30. 1905.
Butler Late originated with J. T. Butler, Richmond, Virginia. The fruit on the
Station grounds lacks in size and flavor. Tree hardy, not very productive; glands reniform;
flowers appear in mid-season, small, margins deep pink; fruit medium in size, irregularly
oval, angular; cavity shallow; suture extends nearly around the fruit, deepens near the
apex; skin thin, tough, with thick pubescence, creamy-white, blushed with lively red,
deepening to dark red; flesh white, rather dry, stringy, slightly sprightly; fair in quality;
322 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
stone wedge-shape at the base, obovate, acutely pointed at the apex, semi-clinging; ripens
the last of September.
Butterpfirsich. i. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 391. 1889.
Bcure. 2. Mas Le Verger 7:31, 32, fig. 14. 1866-73. 3- Carri^re Var. Peckers
79. 1S67.
Found in the village of Beure, Doubs, France. Tree productive; glandless; flowers
small, deep red; fruit of medium size, halves unequal, depressed at the apex; cavity deep,
narrow; skin marbled with deep red in the sun; flesh whitish, faintly red at the stone,
melting, juicy, sugary; stone small, oval, nearly free; ripens August 15th.
Buttram. i. Ramsey Cat. 8. 1909.
F. T. Ramsey, Austin, Texas, introduced Buttram from Deaf Smith County, Texas.
A large, yellow clingstone ripening in Texas about September 15th.
C. Cling. I. N. Y. Sta. Rpt. 15:288. 1897.
Listed by this Station in 1897 ; received from the Farmers Nursery Company, Tadmar,
Ohio.
Cabin, i. ///. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 77. 1893.
Exhibited at the World's Fair, 1893, as having been grown in Illinois.
Cable. I. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 36. 1909.
Cable Late. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 282. 1854. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 602. 1869.
Cable Late Malacatune. 4. Hooper W. Fr. Book 215. 1857.
A seedling of Red Cheek Melocoton, raised by E. Cable, Cleveland, Ohio. Resembles
Late Crawford but the fruit is larger and earlier.
Cable Early, i. EUiott Fr. Book 291. 1854.
One of E. Cable's seedlings; glands globose; fruit large, yellow, subacid; ripens in
September.
Cable Medium Melocoton. i. Elliott Fr. Book 291. 1854.
A yellow variety with globose, glands; ripening in September.
Cabler Indian, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 44. 1891. 2. Glen St. Mary Nur. Cat. 11. 1900.
Cabler Indian originated in Texas. In 1891 it appeared on the fruit-list of the
American Pomological Society where it remained about ten years. Fruit large; flesh
purpHsh, rich, subacid; clingstone; ripens in Florida July 15th.
California, i. Wickson Cal. Fruits 316. 1889. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 36. 1909.
California originated in Sacramento, California; it is highly prized in its native state.
It was entered on the fruit-list of the American Pomological Society in 1909. Fruit
large, round, orange-yellow, largely blushed with dark red; flavor delicate, rich, vinous;
clingstone.
Callie ScafE. i. Card. Mon. 20:237. 1878.
A seedling of Early York from J. D. Scaff, Water ^'^alley, Kentucky. It is an early
sort, said to excel Amsden.
Calloway Cling, i. Card. Mon. 24:83, 148. 1882.
Calaway. 2. Tex. Sta. Bui. 39:815. 1896.
Introduced about 1875 by G. W. Stoner, Shrevesport, Louisiana. Remarkable for
the size, quality, and lateness of the peaches.
THIi PEACHES OF NEW YORK 323
Camak Serrate, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 186. 1858.
Camak Red Twigged. 2. Mag. Hort. 15:501, 502. 1849.
This variety is grown more for its tree than for its fniit. The tree has vermilion-
colored twigs in winter and golden foliage in summer. Fruit large, oval; suture distinct;
apex noticeably mamelon; flesh yellow, juicy; flavor reminding one of an unripe pineapple;
season very late.
Cambria. 1. Brookshaw Hort. Reposit. 2:197, f- 103. 1823.
Canibray. 2. Ixmd. Hort. Soc. Cat. 95. 1831.
Cambria is a poor table-fruit but is one of the best for preserving. Leaves coarsely
serrated; flowers large; fruit pale greenish-white, blushed; ripens the last of September.
Cambridge Belle, i. Elliott Fr. .Boofe 282. 1854. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. -ji. 1862.
Hovey Cambridge Belle. 3. Mag. Hort. 13:114. 1847.
Cambridge Belle held a place on the fruit-list of the American Pomological Society
from 1862 until 1869. Fruit large, roundish, clear waxen, tinted where exposed; ripens
early in September.
Camden Superb, i. Mo. State Fr. Sta. Rpt. i:ii. 1901.
Listed but not described.
Camelia. i. Rural N. Y. 62:533. 1903.
Camelia originated on the farm of a Mr. Wright, Randolph County, North Carolina.
It is verj' similar to Carman.
Campbell, i. Ala. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 106. 1908.
Campbell is a strain of Chinese Cling raised by Judge Campbell, Pensacola, Florida.
It is too tender for commercial purposes.
Canary, i. Elliott Fr. i?oo^ 291. 1854. 2. Hogg FrmV Ma«. 215, 216. 1S66. 3. Down-
ing Fr. Trees Am. 602. 1869.
Canary takes its name from the peculiar coloring of its fruit; it is of American
origin. Glands globose; flowers small; fruit medium in size, roundish-oblong; skin thin,
bright yellow flesh melting, juicy, rich; stone free; ripens in the North in August.
Canner Choice, i. Tex. Nur. Cat. $. 1913.
Mentioned by the Texas Nursery Comjmny, Sherman, Texas, as a white clingstone,
ripening in July.
Cannon, i. Peachland Nur. Cat. ii. 1892.
This variety, according to the Peachland Nurseries, Seaford, Delaware, is grown in
Bridge\411e, Delaware, where it originated with H. P. Cannon. Tree vigorous, productive:
fruit large, yellow; ripens late.
Caper, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 164. 1899.
Recommended for Delaware.
Capital. I. U. S. D. A. Potn. Rpt. 25. 1894.
Fruit above medium to large, roundish; cavity broad and deep; suture deep at the
cavity; with a mamelon tip at the apex; skin velvety, thin, tenacious, yellow, with a
slight blush; flesh lemon-yellow, stained at the stone, firm but tender, sprightly; quality
very good; stone very small, oval, free; ripens the first of October.
324 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Capps. I. Capps Bros. Cat. 1908.
Capps was raised and introduced by Capps Brothers, Mt. Pulaski, Illinois, about
1902. At this Station the trees are unproductive. Tree low, open; leaves large, with
both globose and reniform glands; flowers appear in mid-season; fruit large, roundish-oval,
halves unequal; cavity deep, wide; skin tough, covered with a thick, coarse pubescence,
golden yellow, usually blushed with lively red; flesh yellow, stained at the pit, fine, tender,
pleasing when fully ripe; quality variable; stone large, oval, pliimp, flattened and pointed
at the base, with numerous pittings, free ; ripens the middle of September.
Cardinale. i. Duhamel TrazV. >lr6. Fr. 2:43, PI. 31. 1768. 2. Christ Worterb. s 49- 1802.
3. Prince Pom. Man. 1:199. 183 1. 4. Leroy Diet. Pom. 6:82 fig., 83. 1879.
Grosse Blutpflrsche. 5. Christ Handb. 595, 596. 181 7.
Sanguine Cardinale. 6. Carri^re Var. Packers 65. 1867.
According to Duhamel, this is a sub-variety of Sanguinole which it surpasses. It
was brought to America by W. R. Prince as a curiosity. The flesh is dark purple; the
quality is poor. In warmer climates, it does much better than here and is esteemed for
preserves and compotes; ripens in October.
Carey Mammoth Cling. 1. Horticulturist 2:400. 1847-48.
This variety is not large as the name would indicate. Glands globose; flowers small;
fruit oval; flesh white and well-flavored; ripens the last of September.
Carl Late. i. Pa. Dept. Agr. Rpt. 149. 1895.
Listed as having been grown in the Juniata peach-belt, Blair County, Pennsylvania.
Carl Wredow. i. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 391. 1889.
Listed but not described.
Carlisle, i. Ont. Sta. Rpt. 1:19. 1894. 2. Brown Bros. Cat. 32. 1900.
A hardy, vigorous and productive peach originating in St. Catherines, Ontario, Canada.
Fruit with thin skin, considerably blushed; flesh deep yellow, firm, aromatic; pit small;
ripens after Early Crawford.
Carmine, i. Elliott Fr. Book 294. 1859.
Carmine is a freestone peach of American origin, with reniform glands and small
flowers. Fruit large, oblong, reddish, with sweet, juicy flesh; ripens in August.
Carnation, i. Parkinson Par. Ter. 580. 1629.
" The Carnation Peach is of three sorts, two are round, and the third long; they are
all of a whitish colour, shadowed over with red, and more red on the side is next the simne ;
the lesser round is the more common, and the later ripe."
Caroline Beauty, i. N. Y. Sta. Rpt. 12:612. 1893. 2. Hood Cat. 30. 1905.
A white-fleshed clingstone from Caroline County, Virginia, where it is largely used
for preserves. It matures on the Station grounds early in October.
Caroline Incomparable, i. Carriere Var. Peckers 43. 1867.
Tree vigorous; glands reniform; flowers small, pale rose; fruit large, irregular in
outline, conical, mamelon at the apex; skin orange-j'ellow, blushed and marbled with
deep red; flesh stained at the pit, firm, fibrous, sugar}', juicy; stone clinging, acutely oval;
ripens the first of September.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 325
Carolinen Hartling. 1. Mels Potn. Gcii. 12: iSs- 1883.
Lisleil in this reference.
Carpenter, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 36. 1909.
Carpenter Cling. 2. Ibid. 44. 1891. 3. Del. Sta. Rpt. 13:91, 92. 1901.
Carpenter is a seedling of Chinese Cling which originated with a Mr. Carpenter of
Texas. It was put on the American Pomological Society's list of fruits in 1891 as Carpenter
Cling, but was dropped in 1S97, reappearing in 1909 as Carpenter. Fruit large, white-
fleshed, clingstone; ripens July 15th.
Carpenter Red Rareripe, i. Hooper W. Fr. Book 215. 1857.
Best known about Frankfort, Kentucky. Glands reniform; flowers small; fruit
roundish, of medium size; flesh white, stained at the pit, melting, juicy; quahty fair; free-
stone; ripens in September.
Carpenter White, i. Downing Fr. Trees Aw. 609. 1857. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. jS. 1862.
Carpenter Late. 3. Kan. Hort. Soc. Peach, The 139. 1899.
William S. Carpenter, New York City, introduced this variety. It held a place on
the fruit-list of the American Pomological Society from 1862 until 1869. Tree vigorous,
productive; glands globose; fruit very large, round, white; flesh white to the pit, juicy,
melting, separating from the stone, of excellent flavor; matiires the middle of October.
Carroll Late. i. Del. Sta. Rpt. 5:97. 1892.
Listed as growing at the Delaware Station.
Carson, i. Berckmans Cat. 11. 1912-13.
Carson came from Hancock County, Georgia, according to the catalog of P. J.
Berckmans, Augusta, Georgia. Tree productive; fruit above medium in size; skin pale
yellow, totally overspread with light carmine; flesh white, juicy, vinous; stone adherent;
ripens late in July in Georgia.
Carter Large, i. Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt. 7. 1857.
A seedling from Pennsylvania, resembling Oldmixon Free. Tree hardy, proauctive;
flowers large; valuable as a market sort.
Caruth Late. i. J. S. Kerr Cat. 5. 1898.
Caruth Late was introduced by J. S. Kerr, Sherman, Texas. The variety is very
prolific, bright yellow, and a freestone.
Catharine, i. Langley Pomona 107, PI. 33 fig. 6. 1729. 2. Pom. Mag. 1:9, PI. 1828.
3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 28. 1875.
Catharinen-Lackpfirsich. 4. Dochnahl Ftihr. Obstkunde 3:216. 1858.
This is an old variety long grown in England and France, in the latter country as
La Belle Catharine. The fruit is sinailar to Incomparable but higher in flavor. It
was placed on the list of fruits of the American Pomological Society in 1875 where it
remained until 1897. Leaves crenate, with reniform glands; flowers small, reddish; fruit
large, roundish, siirface uneven; color pale yellow, marbled with red; flesh white, strongly
red at the pit, very firm, juicy ; stone chnging, roundish-oval ; ripens the last of September.
Catline. i. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 95. 183 1.
Leaves with globose glands; flowers small; fruit of mediimi size, pale yellow, blushed;
stone adherent; ripens late in September.
326 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Cecile. i. Thomas Guide Prat. 48. 1876.
Glands rcnifoiTn; flowers small.
Cecile Mignonne. i. Thomas Gtiide Prat. 53. 1876. 2. Leroy Dia. Pom. 6:85, 86
fig. 1879.
A seedlinj^ raised by Charles Buisson, Grenoble, Is6re, France. Tree productive,
glands small, globose; flowers large, pink; fruit above medium in size, irregularly ovoid;
skin tender, finely pubescent, yellowish-white, streaked and spotted with carmine; flesh
white, faintly tinged at the stone, melting, juicy, sugary; of first quality; stone ovoid,
free; matiu-es early in August.
Celestin Port. i. Leroy Diet. Pom. 6:86, 87 fig. 1879.
A variety named after Cdestin Port, Angers, Maine-et-Loire, Prance, about 1870
Tree productive; glands very small, globose; flowers of medium size, deep pink; fruit
large, globular, flattened at the ends; suture narrow; skin thick, tough, heavily pubescent,
greenish-yellow, with a dull red blush; flesh white, firm but melting, stained at the stone,
very juicy, vinous; stone large, roundish-oval, free; matures early in Augiist.
Centennial, i. Ont. Sta. Rpt. 1:22. 1894. 2. Can. Exp. Farm Bui. 2nd Ser. 1:13.
1898.
Centennial is a strong, round-topped grower; fruit large and late.
Chalmer Yellow Free. i. Mo. Hart. Soc. Rpt. 178. 1903.
A variety grown in Illinois, said to be earlier, larger, and better than Elberta It
reproduces itself from seed.
Champion (of Michigan), i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 143:187. 1897. 2. U. S. D. A. Yearbook
479. 1908.
This is an early variety which originated with Eugene Gibson in western Michigan
and was introduced by him about 1887. The variety was subject to mildew and the
fruit proved to be of so little value that the sort was soon dropped from cultivation. The
leaves are serrate and the stone clings. Although ver>' different from the well-known
Champion of Illinois, it was at first sold for the latter, much to the disappointment of
buyers.
Chancellor, i. Miller Card. Diet. No. 14. 1752. 2. Brookshaw Pom. Brit. i:Pl. 30
fig. I. 1817. 3. 'LindleY Guide Orch. Gard. 255, 256. 1831. 4. Leroy Diet. Pom.
6:88 fig., 89. 1879.
Stewards Late Galande. 5. Loiid. Hort. Soe. Cat. 97. 1831.
English Chanecllor. 6. Prince Pom. Man. 1:188, 189. 1831.
KleinblUhender Kanzlerpfirsich. 7. Dochnahl FHhr. Obstkunde 3:214. 1858.
This peach was named after Chancellor Pierre Seguier, Paris, France, in whose garden
it grew about 1670. Leaves crenate, with reniform glands; flowers small, reddish; fruit
large, oval, distinctly sutured; skin pale yellow, mottled with dark crimson; flesh yellowish-
white, stained at the pit, juicy, melting; stone oblong, tapering, free; ripens the middle
of September.
Chapman, i. Little Price List 2. 1897.
Chapman resembles Late Crawford of which it is a ueedling. Introduced by
W. R. Little and Company, Rochester, New York.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 327
Charles Ingouf. i. Rcik Hort. 113. 1906.
Named after Charles Ingouf, a nephew of the pomologist, Charles Baltet, Troyes,
France, in whose nursery this seedling was found. Fruit large, early, blushed with carmine
on a creamy ground; ripens between Amsden and Hale Early.
Charles Ronge. i. Mas Lc Verger 7:81, 82, fig. 39. 1866-73.
Charles Rongc was introduced by a M. Galopin, Liege, Belgium. Glands small,
globose; flowers of medium size; fruit large, spherical, compressed at the ends; noticeably
sutiored; skin tender, covered with short pubescence, pale green, blushed with intense
carmine; flesh white to the pit, melting, sugary; first quality; stone .small for the size of
fmit, ovoid, semi-free; ripens early in August.
Chas. Wood. i. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 404. 1894.
Grown in Canada.
Charlotte, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 36. 1909. 2. Waugh Am. Peach Orch. 200. 1913.
Charlotte should not be confused with the yellow-fleshed Early Charlotte. This
variety is said to have originated in Europe and is a large, oval, white-fleshed freestone,
ripening in early mid-season; it was added to the American Pomological Society's fruit-
list in 1909.
Chartreux. i. Carri^re Var. Peckers 67, 68. 1867.
Chartreux was obtained from seed of either Brugnon Musque or Brugnon des
Chartreux, planted in 1859. Tree vigorous; glands reniform; flowers very small; fruit
medium to large, roundish, depressed; skin very pubescent, j^ellowish, streaked with dark
red; flesh greenish-white, red at the pit; stone free, oval, roundish at the base; ripens the
last of August.
Chase Early, i. R. G. Chase Cat. 19, PI. 1900.
Chase Early is a seedling of Mountain Rose according to R. G. Chase, Geneva, New
York. On the Station grounds the fruit ripens with Elberta. Leaves large, with small,
globose glands; flowers small, dark pink at the edge of the petals; frmt large, roundish-
oblate; skin tough, thick, creamy-white, with a lively red blush and a few dull splashes;
flesh white except at the pit, melting, juicy, sprightly; ?|uality good; stone oval.
Chazotte. i. Thomas Guide Prat. 41. 1876.
Chazottc is productive, vigorous; glands reniform; fruit very large, irregular in outline;
flesh red at the pit, melting, juicy; ripens at the end of September.
Chelcie Cling, i. Cult. & Count. Gent. 47:513. 1882.
This variety, which reproduces itself from seed, is a seedling of Oldmixon Cling.
Cherokee, i. Mo. State Fr. Sta. Rpt. 12. 1905-06.
Fruit a straw-yellow color with a brownish-red blush; semi-free; ripens the latter
part of July.
Cherry Peach, i. Parkinson Par. Tcr. 582. 1629. 2. Forsyth Treat. Fr. Trees 30.
1803.
Peche Cerise. 3. Duliamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 2:25, 26, PI. 15. 1768. 4. Poiteau Pom.
Franc. i:No. 38, PI. 1846.
Kirschpfirsche. 5. Christ Handb. 602, 603. 18 17.
Fruit small, roundish, with a deep suture and a large, pointed apex; skin the color
328 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
of wax, with a cherry-red blush, sometimes with very fine pubescence; flesh citron-yellow,
line, melting, rather insipid; ripens the first of September.
Chevreuse. i. Langley Pomona io6, PI. 33 fig. i. 1729.
Belle Chevreuse. 2. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 2:22, 2,5. 1768. 3. Poiteau Pom.
Franc. i:No. 30, PI. 1846.
Schone Perumanische. 4. Liegel Anweisung 69. 1822.
Schoner peruanischer Lackpfirsich. 5. Dochnahl Fiihr. Obstkunde 3:213. 1858.
Chevreuse Hdtive. 6. Leroy Diet. Pom. 6:91, 92 fig., 93. 1879.
Chevreuse is an old French sort, Nicolas de Bonnefond having mentioned it in 1665.
In 1 768 Duhamel failed to recognize the presence of the glands, thus causing some confusion
between this and the variety he describes as Chevreuse Hdtive. Leaves crenate, witli
•reniform glands; flowers medium in size; fruit of medium size, elongated; skin greenish-
white, marbled and streaked in the sun; flesh white except beneath the blush and at the
stone, melting, sweet, agreeable; stone free, large; ripens early in September.
Chevreuse Clingstone, i. Prince Pom. Man. 2:33. 1832.
A variety received by W. R. Prince from the Mediterranean region. Fruit of good
size, oval, greenish-yellow; ripens at the end of September.
Chevreuse a Feuilles Cloquees. i. CarriSre Var. Pechers 53. 1867.
Freestone. 2. Mas Pom. Gen. 12:185. 1883.
Although resembling Late Purple, this variety is distinct. Tree vigorous; glands
reniform; flowers very small, deep pink; fruit large, irregular in outline; skin heavily
pubescent, tender, deep red on a yellow groimd; flesh white except at the stone, melting,
juicy; stone elliptical, free; ripens late in August.
Chevreuse Hative. i. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 2:21, 22. 1768. 2. Poiteau Pom.
Franc. i:No. 31, PI. 1S46.
Fruhe Peruvianerin . 3. Liegel Syst. Anleit. 179. 1825.
FrAher peruanischer Lackpfirsich. 4. Dochnahl FUhr. Obstkunde 3:212. 1858.
Chevreuse Hative, although very similar to Chevreuse, is here listed separately. Some
authors, including Christ and L5roy, combine the two varieties. The Chevreuse H4tive
ripens from the middle of August to the beginning of September.
Chevreuse Tardive, i. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 2:24, 25, PI. XIV. 1768. 2. Prince
Pom. Man. 1:178. 1831. 3. Leroy Diet. Pom. 6:93, 94 fig., 95. 1879.
Spater peruanischer Lackpfirsich. 4. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:212. 1858.
This peach is often called Pourpr6e because of its color but it should not be confused
with the old Late Purple. Tree vigorous, productive; glands reniform; flowers small,
rose-colored; fruit large, roundish, often compressed; sutiire distinct, deep; with a mamelon
tip at apex; skin thick, pale yellow, spotted and washed with reddish-purple; flesh white
except about the pit, melting, fibrous, juicy, sweet, pleasing; stone elongated, free; matures
at the end of September.
Chick Early Cling, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 75. 1873.
This variety originated with I. W. & R. S. Chick, Newberr\', South Carolina. Flesh
white, vinous, juicy; ripens with Tillotson or before.
THE PEACHES OK NEW YORK 329
Chili No. 2. I. Mich. Sta. Bui. 104:88, 91. 1894. 2. Ibid. 169:210. 1899.
Engle-Chili. 3. Mich. Sta. Sp. Bui. 44:40 fig., 41. 1910.
This is a seedling of Chili raised by C. C. Engle, Paw Paw, Michigan. Tree vigorous,
spreading, productive; flowers small; fruit large, roundish-oval; cavity deep; apex promi-
nent; skin thick, j-ellow, with a bright red cheek; flesh yellow, red at the pit, fine-grained,
moderately juicy, tender, mild but rich; quality good; stone long, oval, pointed, free;
season the last of September.
Chili No. 3. 1. Mich. Sta. Btd. 104:8s, gi. 1894. 2. Ibid. 169:210. 1899.
This is another seedling of the same origin as Chili No. 2. Tree moderately strong,
spreading; flowers small or mediimi; fruit medium in size, roundish, slightly oblong,
compressed; suture indistinct; apex not prominent; skin yellow, with a dark red cheek;
flesh yellow, slightly red at the pit, moderately juicy, tender, mild, sweet; quality faii^to
good; pit large, oval, pointed, free; season the last of September.
Chilian, i. Elliott Fr. Book 291. 1854.
This is an American peach of unknown origin. Fruit of meditmi size, yellowish-
white, with a red cheek, lacking in flavor; freestone; season September.
Chilow. I. Ramsey Cat. 9. 1909.
According to F. T. Ramsey and Son, Austin, Texas, Chilow is a yellow-fleshed seedling
of Chinese Cling, which ripens at this Station the latter part of September. Tree vigorous,
moderately productive; glands reniform; flowers appearing in mid-season, large, showy;
fruit medium in size, oblong-oval; suture deeper at the cavity, extending beyond the
apex; skin thin, tender, with coarse pubescence, lemon-yellow, with a faint, dull blush
near the cavity; flesh yellow, tinged at the pit, coarse, meaty, juicy, mild; fair in quality;
stone below medium in size, oval, flattened, clinging.
Chilson. I. Mich. Sta. Sp. Bui. 44:33. 1910.
N. and C. Chilson, Battle Creek, Michigan, first exhibited this peach in 1870. Described
as a yellow-fleshed clingstone, of medium size.
Chinese Blood, i. Tex. Sta. Bui. 39:816. 1896.
Chinese Blood is of unknown origin; the fruit resembles Chinese Cling in flavor.
Tree vigorous, moderately productive ; fruit small, ovate, with an acute apex; color yellowish-
green, with a red blush; flesh clinging, moderately sweet, with a pleasant, vinous flavor;
ripens in Texas the first of July.
Chinese Crooked, i. Fulton Peach Cult. 202. 1908.
A variety of unknown origin; so named because of its crooked fruits. The seed from
which it sprang is supposed to have been brought from China. The fruit is very sweet
but so small and unattractive as to be worthless. Grown under glass as dwarf trees, the
variety fonns an attractive ornamental.
Chinese Peach, i. Card. & For. 5:438, 439, fig. 72. 1892.
Peach-pits were sent to Charles S. Sargent, Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plains,
Massachusetts, in 1879 from China and from one of these grew this peach. The tree is
very vigorous and hardy. The fruit has a thick skin, white, juicy flesh ; is of good quality-
and a freestone. Sargent behoves the variety may be valuable in breeding a new race
of exceptionally hardy peaches.
330 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Chisolm. I. Tex. Nur. Cat. 4. 1913.
The Texas Nvirsery Company, Shennan, Texas, describes this variety as a yellow
freestone grown by W. H. Chisolm, Grayson County, Texas; it ripens after Elberta.
Christiana, i. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 603. 1869. 2. Tex. Sta. Bui. 39:810. 1896.
3. Md. Sta. Bui. 159:155- 1911-
Downing speaks of a white-fleshed Christiana from Pomaria, South Carolina. Other
pomologists say it has yellow flesh. On the Station grounds the tree is vigorous and
only moderately productive. Glands small, globose; flowers appear in mid-season, small;
petals edged with a deep pink; fruit large, roundish-oval, with a beaked apex, angular;
cavity deep; suture shallow; skin tough, covered with fine pubescence, golden-yellow, washed
with deep red and with a few splashes; flesh light yellow, tinged with red about the pit.
jv»cy, firm, stringy, sprightly; quality good; stone free, large, ovate, pltimp; matures the
third week in September.
Christmas Seedling, i. N Y. Sta. Rpt. 12:612. 1893.
Received at this Station in 1893 from Warren Hartle, Covington, Ohio.
Citry a Fruit Blanc, i. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 392. 1889.
Listed in this reference.
Clara, i. Fla. Sta. Bui. 62:511, 512. 1902.
Clara is a seedling of Waldo raised by T. K. Godbey, Waldo, Florida. Fruit large,
roundish-oblong; suture nearly lacking; apex rormded, oblique, with a very small tip;
skin velvety, yellowish-red in the sun; flesh firm, white, melting, juicy, with a slight
almond flavor; quality very good; stone large, oval, pointed, free; ripens early.
Clara Mayer, i. Guide Prat. 43. 1895.
Tree productive; glands reniform; flowers double; fruit large, roundish-oval; skin
greenish-yellow, faintly blushed where exposed; flesh greenish-yellow, juicy; freestone;
an ornamental.
Clarissa, i. Tex. Sta. Bui. 39:811. 1896.
Clarissa seems to be well thought of in Texas, where it originated, but at Geneva it
is unproductive; fruit of good quality. Glands large, reniform; flowers appear in mid-
season, small; petals edged with dark pink; fruit above medium in size, oval-cordate,
halves unequal, bulged at the apex; skin tough, covered with short, thick pubescence,
golden-yellow mingled with lively red which deepens on the exposed side; flesh yellow,
stained at the pit, juicy, rather coarse and stringy, sweet, pleasing; stone below meditun in
size, oval, drawn in about the base, plimip, semi-free; ripens the second half of September.
Clark Early, i. U. S. Pat. Off. Rpt. 257. 1854.
Originated with Lewis Clark, St. Louis, Missouri. Said to be one of the earliest to
ripen. Tree a slow grower, productive; fruit small, of rich flavor.
Clarke, i. Cole Am. Fr. Book 194. 1849.
Clarke originated with A. Clarke, Sherburne, New York; fruit very large, rovmdish.
yellow, blushed with red; flesh yellow except at the stone, juicy, sugary, aromatic; ripens
September loth.
Claudine Willermoz. i. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 392. 1889.
Listed in this reference.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 33 1
Cleffey Allen, i. Ont. Sta. Rpt. 1:20. 1894. 2. Mich. Sta. Bui. 169:210. 1899.
Tree strong, upright, fairly productive; glands renifonn; (lowers small; fruit medium
to large, roundish, with a broad, deep cavity; suture indistinct; skin strongly pubescent,
yello\\-, blushed with brownish-red; flesh juicy, tender, mild, not rich; quality good; pit
oval, ijlump, pointed, free; ripens the middle of September.
Clemence Isaure. i. Mas Le Verger 7:47, 48, fig. 22. 1866-73. 2. Leroy Diet. Pom.
6:96, 97 fig. 1879
Barthi^re Brothers, Toulouse, Haute-Garonne, France, first fruited this variety in
1854. Later it was named in honor of Cl<^mence Isaure. Glands globose; flowers small,
with an intense rose-color; fruit large, globular, halves unequal, with a mamelon tip at the
apex; suture distinct; skin tender, whitish-yellow, washed with carmine; flesh yellow,
stained at the pit, melting, juicy, sugary; stone free, large, roundish-oval, plump; matuues
early in September.
Cleveland I. i. Peaehland Nnr. Cat. 11. 1892.
Said to have originated at Salisbury, Maryland. The fruit excels Fox with which it
ripens, according to the catalog of the Peaehland Nurseries, Seaford, Delaware.
Cleveland n. i. Del. Sta. Rpt. 13:95. 1901.
Cleveland is a seedling raised and introduced by J- F- Lyendeckcr, Frelsburg, Texas,
about 1 88 1. The tree came up between Thurber and Onderdonk trees; it was named
after President Cleveland. Fruit large, cream-colored; clingstone; ripens with Honey.
Clifton Cling, i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 152:196. 1898. 2. Ga. Sta. Bui. 42:234. 1898.
Tree low and spreading in growth, vigorous; leaves small; glands reniform; fruit green-
ish-yellow, faintly blushed with carmine; flesh greenish-yellow, red at the pit, granular,
subacid; quality poor; ripens in Georgia the middle of August; very subject to rot.
Clifton Park. i. Wiley Cat. 16. 1899. 2. Mich. Sta. Sp. Bui. 30:14. 1905.
William Palmer, Saratoga County, New York, first exhibited this seedling at the
State Fair in 1897. The trees at this Station are not productive. Tree hardy, vigorous;
glands renifonn; flowers appear early, large, show>', pale pink; fruit of medium size, roundish-
oval, bulged near the apex; suture shallow; skin thin, with short, thick pubescence, pale
yellow, blushed with dark, dull red; flesh white, tinged at the pit, juicy, stringy, pleasing,
sweet; quality good; stone with a slight clinging tendency, above mediimi in size, plimip;
ripens the second week in August.
Clingman May. i. La. Sta. Bid. 27:942. 1894. 2. Ibid. 112:30. 1908.
A large, white-fleshed clingstone; early but not very desirable.
Clinton, i. Kenrick Am. Orch. 199. 1841. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 473. 1845.
An American variety of second quality. Glands globose; fruit medium in size, round-
ish; suture nearly lacking; skin pale yellowish-white, striped with dull red; flesh scarcely
stained at the stone, juicy; ripens the last of August.
Cobb Mignonne. i. Land. Hort. Soc. Cat. 99. 1831.
Listed in the reference as having globose glands.
Cobbler, i. Okla. Sta. Rpt. 61. 1898-99. 2. Harrison Cat. 20. 1904.
Yelloiu Cobbler. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 161. 1881.
From Grayson County, Texas. Large, yellow, freestone, ripening witli Smock.
332 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Coe Golden Cling, i. Can. Exp. Farm Bui. 2nd Ser. 3:64. 1900.
A strong grower but does not ripen its fruit in Canada.
Coggin Early, i. Ala. Sta. Bui. 11:7. 1890.
Flowers larj^e; fruit medium in size; flesh white, firm, semi-clinging; matures early in
June.
Coigneau. i. Leroy Diet. Pom. 6:97, 98 fig. 1879.
Originated by P. J. Berckmans, Augusta, Georgia, but not described by American
writers. Leaves with large, reniform glands; flowers small, with an intense rose-color;
fruit of medium size, irregularly globular; suture distinct; skin thick, yellow, washed and
striped with carmine; flesh orange-yellow, red at the pit, fibrous, melting, juicy, resembles an
apricot in flavor; stone small, plump, free; ripens early in August.
Cole. I. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 44. 1891.
Cole Early. 2. Ibid. 32. 1887.
Cole Early Red. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 473. 1845, 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 78.
1862.
Cole appeared on the fruit-list of the American Poxnological Society in 1862 as Cole
Early Red but was dropped in 1891. Glands globose; flowers small; fruit of medium size,
roundish; skin almost entirely overlaid with red; flesh white, melting, very sprightly; free-
stone; ripens early in August.
Cole Large Yellow, i. Card. Chron. 1251. 1864.
Listed as an undesirable variety introduced into England from America.
Cole White, i. Carri^re Var. Peckers 55, 56. 1867.
According to Carriere this variety is distinct from Cole White Melocoion. Tree
vigorous; flowers very small; glands reniform; fruit large, roundish, with a slight suture;
skin yellowish-white, with a purplish-red blush; flesh yellowish-white, slightly stained
with red at the pit, tender yet firm, juicy, very sweet; quality good; stone oval, free; ripens
in France the first of September.
Cole White Melocoton. i. Thomas Am. Fruit Cidt. 299. 1849.
This peach is thought by most pomologists to be identical with IVlorris White but
according to T. Hancock, in the American Fruit Culturist, it is distinc';, the peaches being
larger, heavier, rounder and ripening two weeks later than Morris White.
Coleman, i. Tex. Sta. Bui. 39:804. 1896. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 36. 1909.
Coleman is a variety of the Honey type originated by Thomas Coleman, Rockpori.
Texas. It appeared on the fruit-list of the American Pomological Society in 1909. Tree
vigorous, productive; glands both reniform and round; fruit medium in size, ovate, cream-
colored, with a red cheek; flesh white, sweet; freestone; ripens with Clima.\.
Colerane. i. Rea Flora 211. 1676.
" Colerane peach is a good red peach."
Colmar. i. Mas Pom. Gen. 12:179. 18S3.
Listed in this reference.
Colon. I. Glen St. Mary Niir. Cat. 11. 1900. 2. Fla. Sta. Bui. 73:143. 1904. 3. Am.
Pom. Soc. Cat. 36. 1909.
This is a seedling of Honey which was originated by G. L. Taber, Glen Saint Mary,
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 333
Florida, about 1892. Fruit large, roundish-oblong; suture distinct; skin thin, tender,
finely pubescent; flesh white, streaked with red at the stone, juicy, spicy, subacid; quality
\'cry good; stone large, elliptical, sharply pointed, free; ripens in Florida the last of June.
Colonel Ansley. i. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 93. 1831.
Resembles Harrington, the two being listed as the same by some writers.
Colonel McFarland. 1. Card. Mon. 24:338. 1882.
A seedling of Late Crawford originating in 1874 near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Tree
strong, vigorous, spreading; fruit large, yellow, with a red cheek; flesh juicy, rich, high
in quality; freestone; ripens the middle of October.
Colonel Tom Ruff in. i. Van Lindley Cat. 16. 1892.
An early, white-fleshed clingstone, ripening about July 20th, according to the catalog
of the J. Van Lindley Company, Pomona, North Carolina.
Columbia, i. Coxe Cult. Fr. Trees 226, fig. 10. 1817. 2. Prince Pom. Man. 2:19, 20.
1832. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 491. 1845. 4. Hooper W. Fr. Book 216, 217.
1857. 5. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 78. 1862. 6. Am. Jour. Hort. 3:343. 1868.
7. Leroy Diet. Pom. 6:99 fig., 100. 1879.
Virginia. 8. Mo. Bd. Agr. Rpt. 1:411. 1865.
This singular peach was raised more than a century ago by William Coxe from a pit
brought to New Jersey from Georgia. While it reproduces itself from seed with consider-
able exactness, most of the seedlings show variations in shape and color. Nurserymen
have, therefore, grown many different types but all having the general characteristics of
the original fruit. The American Pomological Society placed Columbia in its fruit-list
in 1862 where it has since remained. Tree moderately hardy and productive; glands reni-
form; fruit large, roimd, broad and considerably depressed, with a distinct suture; skin
rough, thick, dingy red, sprinkled with spots and streaks of darker red; flesh yellow, often
with a red streak next the skin, rich, juicy, melting, with the texture of a very ripe pine-
apple; quality good; freestone; season the last of September.
Columbus June. i. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 610. 1857.
Fruit medium to large, flattened, with a shallow suture; skin pale yellowish-white, with
a rich red cheek; flesh red at the pit, melting, juicy, pleasant-flavored; good; stone free;
ripens in the South the middle of June.
Comet. I. Mag. Hort. 29:52. 1863. 2. Hogg Fruit Man. 216. 1866. 3. Tex. Sta.
Bui. 39:811. 1896.
Comet was raised from a pit of Salwey by Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, England,
fruiting for the first time in 1857, when the great comet of that year was in its zenith.
Glands reniform; flowers small; fruit roundish; skin yellow, with a crimson cheek; flesh
yellow, melting, jviicy; stone free; matxires early in October.
Cornice d' Angers, i. Leroy Diet. Pom. 6:100 fig., loi. 1879.
Jautie du Cornice. 2. Mas Le Verger 7:195, 196, fig. 96. 1866-73.
Hdtive de Gascogne. 3. Thomas Guide Prat. 52, 219. 1876.
Madeleine du Cornice. 4. Mas Pom. Gen. 12:186. 1883.
This variety, received from Angers, France, is grown commercially in that locality.
Glands both reniform and globose; flowers small, with deep rose-color; fruit large, spherical.
334 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
ending in a mamelon tip at the apex; suture distinct; skin tender, heavily pubescent, yellow,
marbled and striped with purple on a deep carmine blush; flesh stained at the pit, melting,
very juicy, sprightly; stone free, large, plump; ripens at the end of August.
Cornice de Bourbourg. i. Brehaut Peach Pruner 173. 1866. 2. Leroy Diet. Pom.
6: loi, 102 fig. 1879.
A seedling from Bourbourg, Nord, France, first fruiting about 1850. Glands small,
both reniform and globose; flowers of meditun size; fruit large, roimdish-oval, distinctly
sutured; skin tender, light yellow, streaked with carmine; flesh white, melting, juicy, tinged
about the pit, sprightly; stone free; ripens the middle of September.
Compton Pure Gold. i. III. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 77. 1893.
Exhibited from Illinois at the World's Fair, in. 1893.
Comte d'Ansembourg. i. Mas, Pom. Gevi. 12:186. 1883.
Listed in this reference.
Comte de Neperg. i. Mas Pom. Gen. 12:185. 1883.
Listed in this reference.
Comtesse de Hainaut. i. Ann. Pom. Beige 6:79, 80, PI. 1858.
Of Belgian origin, being a seedling of Early Purple found near the Royal Chateau
at Laeken. Flowers large; fruit large, roundish; suture distinct but not deep; skin clear
yellow; flesh yellowish-white except at the pit; stone large, free; ripens the first half of
September.
Comtesse de Montijo. i. Thomas Gidde Prat. 53. 1876. 2. Cat. Cong. Pom. France
524. 1906.
Obtained about 1848 by a gardener, Gauthier, in Paris, France. Tree vigorous, pro-
ductive; glands very small, globose; flowers of medium size; fruit large, roundish; skin
creamy-white, with a blush, often streaked; flesh melting, sprightly; ripens the middle of
September.
Con Cling, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 26. 1873.
Con Cling appeared on the fruit-list of the American Pomological Society from 1873
until 1883 without a description. Recommended for Oregon.
Condor, i. Jour. Hort. N. S. 28:470. 1875. 2. Lauche Erganzung'iband 701 fig., 702.
1883.
A large and beautiful seedling of Early Silver. Tree vigorous, productive; glands
reniform; flowers of medium size; fruit very large, globular, halves equal, distinctly sutured;
skin greenish-yellow, blushed with pale red; flesh white, tinged at the stone, juicy, melting;
stone oval, truncate at the base; ripens in August.
Congress, i. Prince Treat. Fr. Trees 17. 1820. 2. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 95. 1831.
3. Prince Povn. Man. 2:27. 1832. 4. Carri^re Var. Peckers 66, 67. 1S67.
Beguine de Termonde? 5. ThomssGuide Prat. 21, 215. 1876.
First cultivated by Alfred Livingston, Westchester County, New York. Leaves with
reniform glands; flowers of medivmi size; fruit large, oval, pale yellow, blushed with red;
clingstone; ripens in September.
Conkling. i. EUwanger & Barry Cat. 33. 1S79. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 36. 1909.
1-: M. Conkling, Parma Comers, New York, introduced this peach about 1877, having
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 335
fruited it first in 1873. The fruits are small and the trees unproductive at Geneva. It was
added to the fruit-list of the American Pomological Society in 1909. Leaves with small,
globose glands; flowers late; fruit below medium in size, roundish-oval, bulged near the
apex; halves unequal; apex with a mamelon, recurved tip; skin thin, tender, with long,
thick pubescence, yellow, mottled with dark red over a lighter blush ; flesh stained at the
pit, juicy, firm, stringy, sweet, pleasant; pit free; ripens early in September.
Connecticut, i. Hale Cat. 29. 1898. 2. Ont. Sta. Rpt. 6:44. 1899.
Connecticut originated at South Glastonbury, Connecticut, about 1885 from a seed
of Pratt pollinized by Chili. The trees are unproductive at this Station. Tree willow>'
in habit; glands small, both reniform and globose; flowers appearing in mid-season, small,
edged with deep pink; fruit medium in size, roundish-cordate; apex noticeably mamelon.
recurved; skin thin, tough, adherent, thickly pubescent, orange-yellow, blushed with dull
red; flesh tinged at the pit, rather firm, stringy, sweet; quality good; stone free, small,
ovate, plump, bulged near the apex; ripens the last of August.
Connett. i. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 36. 1909.
Connett Early. 2. AT. C. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 64. 1893. 3- -'I"*- Pom. Soc. Cat. 32.
1899. 4. Del. Sta. Rpt. 13:96. 1901.
Connett originated as Connett Southern Early with Rev. Alfred Connett, McLeans-
ville. North Carolina, about 1880. In 1889 it was listed by the American Pomological
Society as Connett Early, the name being changed in 1909 to Connett. At this Station
it is a shy bearer; ripens the middle of August. Tree willow^' in growth; glands reniform;
flowers appearing in mid-season, large; fruit above medivmi in size, roundish-oval; suture
shallow; skin thin, tough, creamy-yellow, slightly blushed with dark red; flesh white except
at the pit, firm, stringy, sweet, juicy; quality fair; stone nearly free, oval-elliptical, pointed
at the ends.
Connor White, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. js. 1873.
Conner Clitig. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 32. 1883.
Connor White is a southern variety which originated in Mississippi. The American
Pomological Society listed it from 1883 until 1889. Fruit medium in size, slightly oblong,
with a small, acute apex; skin white, nearly covered with crimson; flesh white to the stone,
juicy, vinous, subacid; clingstone; matures the last of June in Mississippi.
Conover. i. Mo. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 422. 1905.
Conover is one of the best hardy peaches in Mi.ssouri.
Cook Late. i. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 32. 1887.
Cook Late White. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 28. 1877.
A variety of American origin. Entered on the fruit-list of the American Pomological
Society in 1877 where it remained until 1897. Fruit of medium size, white, freestone;
ripens late.
Cook Seedling, i. Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt. 6, 7. 1857.
A seedling resembling Late Crawford grown by J. S. Cook, Walnut Hills, Ohio.
Cooley Mammoth, i. Lovett Cat. 33. 1891. 2. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 451. 1896.
Originated in Indiana where the fruit attracted attention because of large size and
handsome color. Flesh yellow, juicy, sprightly; clingstone; ripens late in September.
336 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Coolidge. I. Cole Am. Fr. Book 191. 1849.
Cooledge''! Favorite. 2. Kenrick Am. Orch. 219, 220. 1832. 3. Downing Fr. Trees
Am. 473. 1845. 4. Prcc. Nat. Con. Fr. Gr. 38, 51. 1848.
Coolidge' s Favorite. 5. Hovey Fr. Am. 2:49, 50, PI. 1851. 6. Hooper W. Fr. Book
216. 1857.
For many years Coolidge was a favorite in New England and in nearly every orchard
there were trees of this sort. Joshua Coolidge of Watertown, Massachusetts, raised the
variety. The fruit-lists in the catalogs of the American Pomological Society from the first
issue until 1899 contained the name of this peach. Fruit medium to large, roundish, with a
shallow suture ; skin clear white, with a fine, mottled, crimson cheek ; flesh white, with red
at the pit, melting, juicy, with a rich, sweet, high flavor; freestone; season the last of
August.
Coolidge Mammoth, i. Mich. Sta. Bid. 169:211 1899.
Tree vigorous; foliage crimped, with globose glands; flowers small; fruit large, roundish-
ovate; suture distinct; apex prominent; skin bright yellow, with a bright blush; flesh red at
the pit, juicy, mild, vinous; pit large, oval, pointed, free; matures the middle of September.
Cooner. i. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 7,iS. 1890.
A large-fniited, market variety from Allegan County, Michigan.
Cooper Early, i. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 95. 183 1.
Leaves with globose glands; flowers small; fruit of mediimi size, pale yellow; stone
adherent; of third quality; ripens early in September.
Cooper Late. i. Peachland Nur. Cat. 11. 1892.
Cooper Late originated at New Castle, Delaware, and is a large, white-fleshed, pro-
ductive peach, according to the catalog of the Peachland Nurseries, Seaford, Delaware.
Cooper Mammoth, i. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 190. 1880.
A yellow peach found near South Haven, Michigan. The variety is worthless because
of unproductiveness.
Cooper Manet, i. A''. Mex. Sta. Bui. 30:242. 1899.
A variety being tested in New Mexico.
Cora. I. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 41. 1877. 2. La. Sta. Bid. 21:614. 1893.
One of L. E. Berckmans seedlings of Lady Parham, from Rome, Georgia, about 1873.
Fruit small, round; skin creamy-white, splashed with dull red; flesh white, stained at the
stone, juicy, melting, subacid; freestone; ripens at the end of September.
Cora Wright, i. Fulton Peach Cult. 175. 1908.
A large, yellow peach from Caroline County, Maryland.
Corbeil. i. Leroy Diet. Pom. 6:102, 103. 1879.
Corbeil is a name applied to peaches found near Corbeil, Seine-et-Oise, France; men-
tioned first, according to Leroy, in 1540 by Charles Estienne. Fruits pubescent, white,
juicy.
Corlett. I. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 146. 1896.
Produced by a Mv. Corlett, Olinda, Ontario, Canada; resembles Amsden. Fruit
large, round; sutture shallow; skin yellow, partly covered with a pinl<; blush; flesh pale yellow,
juicy, sweet; stone medium in size, free; ripens at the end of July.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 337
Cornelia, i. Harrison Cat. 19. 1912.
Listed by J. G. Harrison, Berlin, Maryland, as a vij^orous, productive, white-fleshed
peach ripening at the end of Jul\-.
Comer, i. Mich. Hart. Soc. Rpt. 197. 1883. 2. Mich. Sta. Bui. 169:211. 1899.
Originated by William Corner, Ganges, Michigan, where it is grown locally. Tree
\-igorous; glands reniform; flowers small ; fruit of medium size, oval to ovate; suture distinct ;
skin brightly blushed on a yellow ground; flesh red at the pit, moderately juicy, tender,
mild but not rich; pit free, oval, pointed; matures early in September.
Corosa. i. Ga. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 66. 1907.
According to the reference, Corosa ripens .soon after Mamie Ross which it excels.
Corriell. i. la. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 335. 1896.
A very hardy variety grown in southeastern Iowa.
Cothelstone Seedling, i. Land. Hort. Soc. Cat. 95. 1831.
Listed in this reference.
Coulombier. i. Mathieu Noni. Pom. 392. 1889.
Mentioned in this reference.
Countess, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 44. 1891. 2. La. Sta. Bui. 27:942. 1894. 3. Tex.
Sta. Bui. 39:811. 1S96. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 36. 1909.
Countess is a southern variety of unknown origin. It appeared on the fruit-list of
the American Pomological Society from 1891 to 1899, reappearing in 1909. The fruit is
white-fleshed, juicy, nearly free; ripens early in July.
Counts. I. Downing Fr. Trees .4)n. 605. 1869. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 28. 1877.
Counts originated with H. H. Counts, Lylesford, South Carolina. It was on the
fruit-hst of the American Pomological Society from 1877 until 1891. Fruit large, white,
blushed; flesh white, rich, juicy; clingstone; matures in mid-season.
Coupers. i. Am. Card. 24:414. 1903.
Coupers is a heavy bearer; skin white, with a blush; ripens late in August.
Cowan Late. i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 186. i860. 2. Tex. Sta. Bui. 39:811. 1896.
Glands reniform; fruit very small, round; ripens in September.
Cox Cling. I. Wash. Bd. Hort. Rpt. 140. 1891-92. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 32. 1899.
Cox Cling appeared on the fruit-list of the American Pomological Society from 1899
until 1909. It is listed as a medium-sized, white-fleshed clingstone of fair quality; origi-
nated in Texas.
Cox October, i. U. S. Pat. Of. Rpt. 298. 1855.
A choice variety grown at one time in Mississippi.
Cream, i. Kan. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 80. 1898.
E. T. Daniels, Kiowa, Kansas, grew Cream from a stone of Marcclla. It resembles
Late Crawford in size and color; ripens October isth.
Crimson Beauty L i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 161. 18S1. 2. Ga. Sta. Bui. 42:234.
1898.
Tree tall, erect; glands reniform; fruit of medium size, globular; skin greenish-yellow,
overspread with carmine; flesh white except at the stone; clingstone; ripens at the middle
of August.
338 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Crimson Beauty II. i. Bailey Ann. Hort. 184. 1892.
Tree with heavy, dark foliage; fruit large, highly colored; flesh firm, fine; freestone;
ripens in November.
Crimson Galande. i. Hogg Fruit Man. 217. 1866. 2. Mas Lc Verger 7:igi, 192,
fig. 94. 1866-73. 3. Hogg Fruit Man. 441. 1884.
Crimson Mignonne. 4. Jour. Hort. N. S. 5:188. 1863.
Crimson Galande is one of the many seedlings raised by Thomas Rivers, Sawbridge-
worth, England. Tree an abundant bearer; glands globose; flowers small; fruit large.
roundish, uneven in outline, faintly sutured; skin almost entirely covered with very dark
crimson; flesh white, purple about the pit, melting, juicy, sprightly; stone free, small,
ovoid; ripens at the end of August.
Crockett, i. Tex. Sta. Bui. 39:811. 1896.
Crockett Late White. 2. Card. Mon. 2:335 fig. i860. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 28.
1877.
Crockett Late. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 32. 1887.
Crockett originated in New Jersey and was once popular as a late, market sort. In
1877, it was added to the fruit-list of the American Pomological Society; in 1887, the
name was changed to Crockett Late; the variety was finally dropped in 1891. Glands
reniform; fruit medium to large, oblong, greenish- white, with an occasional blush; flesh
pale, sweet, not very juicy; freestone; ripens the last of September.
Crofts Golden, i. La. Sta. Bid. 3:44. 1890.
Listed by the Louisiana Experiment Station.
Cromwell Seedling, i. Card. Mon. 3:280. 1861.
An early variety introduced by a Mr. Cromwell, Baltimore, Maryland.
Crothers. i. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 289. 1893. 2. Rural N. Y. 59:626 fig. 1900.
A Mr. Crothers of Neosho Falls, Kansas, found this variety on his farm. On the
Station grounds it is very similar to Oldmixon Free. Tree fairly vigorous and productive ;
glands small, globose; flowers small, appearing early; fruit above medium in size, roundish-
oval, sometimes oblique, angular; apex often with a recurved, mamelon tip; skin thin,
tough, with fine, short pubescence, creamy-white, mottled with dark red; flesh white,
stained about the pit, juicy, stringy, sprightly; quality not as high as Oldmixon Free;
stone nearly free, large, plump, broadly oval, with a long point at the apex; ripens the
last of September.
Crown. I. Kea. Flora 211. 1676.
Listed as a fair fruit ripening with Newington.
Cumberland, i. Am. Pom! Soc. Rpt. 151. 18S1. 2. Soc. Nat. Hort. France Pom. 300
fig., 301. 1904.
An American variety but little known. Tree moderately vigorous, productive;
glandless; flowers large; fruit medium in size, somewhat oblate; skin creamy-white, marbled
with deep red; flesh white to the stone, melting, juicy, sweet; quality very good; stone
small, oval, acutely pointed, nearly free; matures early in July.
Curtis. I. Tex. Sta. Bid. 39:806. 1896. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 32. 1899.
A southern variety named after Professor G. W. Curtis, College Station, Texas. The
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 339
American Pomological Society held it on its fruit-list from 1809 until 1909. Tree
vigorous, productive; glands globose; fruit of medium size, round to slightly oblong; skin
clear yellowish-white; clingstone; matures early in July.
Cutter. I. Cole Am. Fr. Book 194. 1849.
Cutter is very similar to Lincoln but is a few days earlier.
Dabezac. i. Thomas Guide Prat. 48. 1876.
Fruit medium in size, cordate; of first quality: ripens the last of August.
Dad. I. Kan. Hort. Sac. Rpt. $0. 1901.
A seedling from F. G. Barker, Salina, Kansas.
Dagmar. i. Jour. Hort. N. S. 9:190. 1865. 2. Hogg Fruit Man. 217. 1866.
A seedling of Albert raised by Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, England. Glands
round; flowers small; fruit round; suture shallow; skin very tender, thickly pubescent,
with a pale straw-colored ground, almost entirely overlaid with crimson; flesh white,
tender, vinous; freestone; ripens in August.
Darby, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 75. 1873.
A seedling of the Heath type originated by I. W. and R. S. Chick, Newberry, South
Carolina. Fruit large, round, with a well-marked suture; skin creamy-white, faintly
washed with red; flesh white to the stone, fine, juicy, aromatic; quality very good; cling-
stone; matures at the end of October.
Daun. I. Thomas Guide Prat. 40. 1876.
Glands globose; flowers large; fruit large, heavy, roundish, regular in outline; skin
pale greenish-yellow, marbled with reddish-brown ; flesh fine, melting, very juicy, aromatic ;
ripens before the middle of September.
David Hill. i. Cultivator 3rd Ser. 6:283. 1858.
According to this reference, David Hill was at one time valuable in western New York.
Davidson No. i. i. W. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 113. 1880.
This variety was raised by M. B. Bateham, Painesville, Ohio. It is said to ripen
a few days earlier than Alexander. The fruit is of mediimi size, attractive and equal in
quality to most early peaches.
Davidson No. 2. i. W. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 113. 1880.
Another seedling raised by M. B. Bateham, Painesville, Ohio. Fruit medium in size,
attractive, as good in quality as other early peaches. Ripens a few days later than the
preceding sort.
Dawson, i. Ala. Sta. Bui. 156:132. 191 1.
Dawson is not recommended in the reference given. Tree slow growing; fmit of
mediimi size, rotmd; skin rich yellow; flesh yellow; flavor excellent; ripens June isth;
a poor shipper.
Dawson Early, i. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 170. 1882.
A white-fleshed variety, little known in Michigan; glands globose; flowers large;
fruit roundish; ripens late in August; said to be free from rot.
Day Yellow Free. i. Wickson Cal. Fruits 311. 1889.
A California seedling ripening with and closely resembling Foster; a good market
variety.
340 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
De Citry. i. Mas Pom. Gen. 12:185. uS8,^.
Listed in this reference.
De Corsa Heath, i. Del. Sta. Rpt. 5:97. 1892.
Grown at one time near Seaford, Delaware.
De Ferrieres. i. Mas Pom. Gen. 12:185. 18S3.
Listed but not described.
De Gloria, i. Land. Hort. Sac. ('at. 97. 1831.
Listed in this reference.
De Grillet. i. Mas Pom. Gen. 12:185. 1883. ]
Listed in this reference. .]
De Halle, i. Can. Exp. Farm Bui. 2nd Ser. 3:64. iqoo. \
A weak grower; planted in Canada. " |
D'Ispahan a Fleurs Simples, i. Mas Pom. Gen. 12:185. 1883. \
Listed but not described. ^
De Napier, i. Can. Exp. Farm Bui. 2nd Ser. 3:64. igoo. j
A mediimi-vigorous variety grown in Canada. '
De Thoissey. i. Mas Pom. Gen. 12:185. 1883. ,
Listed in this reference. '
De Tondensis. i. Kenrick Am. Orch. 199. 1841. |
A large, moderately productive, first quality, red aad white peach, ripening in |
September. . j
De Trianon, i. Mas Pom. Gen. 12:185. i88.?- '
Listed in this reference. \
De Tullias. i. Mag. Hort. 20:271. 1854. '
"A variety of the Egyptian peach with larger fruit, surpassing the original type."
De Zelhem. i. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 606. 1869. 1
Fruit of meditim size, roundish; suture deep; skin downy, yellow, with more or less <
liright red; flesh white, melting, juicy, sweet; freestone; matures in August.
Deaconess, i. Can. Hort. 23:379, 380. 1900. '
A yellow variety said to be immune from yellows. i
Dean Orange, i. Kan. Hort. Soc. Peach, The 140. 1899. j
Named after its originator, Martin Dean, Bavaria, Kansas, about 1875. Another
seedling that reproduces itself from seed.
Dean Red Free. i. Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt. 16. 1896-97.
Dean Brothers of southern Indiana originated this variety; tlesh white, freestone;
ripens with Oldmixon Free.
December, i. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 634. 1887. 2. Wickson Cal. Fruits 318. 1889.
A white clingstone occasionally grown because of its extreme lateness.
Decker, i. Wickson Cal. Fruits 201. 1908. 1
Buck Prolific. 2. Ibid. 318. 1889. \
Decker is grown extensively for eastern shipmsnt in Sutter and Butte Counties,
and in Vaca Valley, California.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 341
Dekenhoven Pfirsich. i. Mas Pom. Gen. 12:185. 1883.
Madeleine d' Ekenholen. 2. Carri^re Var Pediers 80. 1867.
Madeleine Dekenhoven. 3. Decaisne Jard. Fruit. 7:P1. 1872-75.
Tree moderately vigorous; branches slender; leaves devoid of glands; flowers large;
fruit large, roundish, .slightly depressed at the base, apex terminating in a small, mamelon
tip; distinctly sutured; skin tender, almost entirely overlaid with reddish-black; flesh
white except at the stone, melting, juicy, sweet; stone small, free; ripens the last of August.
Delavan White, i. Mich. Horl. Soc. Rpt. 450. [879. 2. Ibid. 458. 1883.
Of American origin, but not generally known or valued. Glands round; flowers
small; fruit large, roundish-oval; skin white, with a red cheek; freestone; ripens early
in October.
Delaware, i. Lovett Cat. 18. 1898. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 36. 1909.
Delaware, or Delaware Rareripe as it is sometimes called, originated in Delaware
as a seedling of Moimtain Rose. The variety is unproductive on the Station grounds.
Tree large, vigorous; leaves large, with small, globose glands; flowers appear in mid-season,
small, edged with deep pink; fruit medium in size, roundish-cordate, halves unequal;
.skin thin, thickly pubescent, pale yellowish- white, blushed about the cavity; flesh white,
stained at the pit, coarse, stringj-, .sweet; quality good but not high; stone free, small, oval,
plimip; ripens the second half of August.
Deming. i. Cultivator 3rd Ser. 4: 146. 1856. 2. Am. Pom. .Soc. Cat. 36. 1909.
Deming Orange. 3. Ibid. 28. 1875.
Deming September. 4. Ga. Hort. Soc. Kpl. 24. 7876. 5. Ga. Sta. Bui. 42:234. 1898.
Deming is a southern variety which was i)laced on the fruit-list of the American
Pomological Society in 1875 as Deming Orange, remaining until 1897, and reappearing
as Deming in 1909. Tree open; glands reniform; fruit large, oblate; flesh yellow; cling-
stone; ripens in mid-season.
Demouilles. i. Thomas Guide Prat. 55. 1876. 2. Leroy Diet. Pom. 6:106 fig., 107.
1879.
An ornamental peach originating with a M. Demouilles, Toulouse, Haute-Garonne,
France. Glands usually reniform; flowers small; fruit of medium size, roimdish, generally
depressed at the base; suture shallow; skin thick, orange-yellow, streaked and washed
with deep red where exposed; flesh intense yellow, tinged with red at the pit, melting,
juicy, vinous; stone free, small, ovoid, plump; ripens at the end of September.
Dennis, i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 118:29. i895- 2. Ibid. 169:211. 1899.
Tree strong, spreading, with drooping branches; glands globose; flowers large; fruit
of medium size, roundish; suture distinct, two-thirds around; skin yeUow; flesh yellow,
juicy, tender, highly vinous; pit large, roundish-oval, plump, free; ripens early in September.
Denton, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 45. 1897. 2. Del. Sta. Rpt. 13:96. 1901.
J, W. Kerr, Denton, Maryland, grew this peach in 1888 from a seed of Early Beauty
(To.ssed with Elberta. Denton resembles Elberta very closely and on the Station grounds
ripens a week later. Tree large, vigorous, moderately productive; glands large, reniform:
flowers large; fruit large, oval; cavity deep; skin tough, covered with thick, coarse pubes-
cence, lemon-yellow, with a few dark splashes; flesh yellow, with red radiating from the
342 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Stone, juicy, firm, sprighlly but varying in flavor; quality good; stone large, obovate,
flattened, decidedly bulged, nearly free; ri]:)ens the third week in September.
Desire Vitry. i. Rev. Hort. 463. 1903.
Listed in this reference.
Despot. I. Rea Flora 211. 1676.
Listed as a yellow peach spotted with red.
Desprez. i. Poiteau Pom. Franc. i:No. 39, PI. 1846.
Named after a M. Desprez, a judge at Alengon, Ome, France. Leaves carry from
two to four reniform glands; flowers large; fruit variable, often large, roundish, with a
small, mamelon tip at the apex; skin smooth, thick, yellow; flesh white, melting, vinous;
stone plump, oval, pointed at the ends, free; ripens the last of August.
Desse Tardive, i. Jour. Hort. N. S. 9:250. 1865. 2. Mas Le Verger 7:143, 144, fig.
70. 1866-73. 3- Hogg Fruit Man. 218. 1866.
Desse Tardive was named after its originator, a M. Desse of Chantecoq, Seine, France,
about 1835. Glands rovind; flowers small; fruit large, round, flattened at the top, deeply
sutured; skin thin, greenish-white, marbled with vermilion-red; flesh white, slightly
colored with red at the stone, melting, juicy, sweet; stone plump, nearly free; ripens at
the end of September.
Dewey Cling, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 91. 1899. 2. Peyton-Barnes Cat. 19. 1912.
Dewey Cling originated with H. W. Jenkins, Boonville, Missouri, in 1898. Tree
vigorous, healthy, upright yet spreading, hardy; fruit of good size; skin smooth, creamy-
white; flesh white, very juicy, rich; of good quality; ripens in Missouri the middle of
September.
Dey. I. Rttral N. Y. 41:864, fig. 1882.
Named after a Mr. Dey, Newark, New Jersey, in whose yard it was found. Fniit
large, greenish-white; sweet, rich, juicy; freestone.
Di Carema Giallo. i. Thomas Guide Prat. 48. 1876.
A delicious, yellow peach from Italy.
Diamond, i. Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt. 50. 1888-89. 2. Ibid. 16. 1896. 3. Ga. Sta Bui.
42:235. 1898.
Diamond originated in Athens County, Ohio. On the grounds of this Station it
closely resembles Orange Cling. Tree low, spreading; leaves with globose glands;
fruit large, globular; flesh pale yellow except at the pit; clingstone; ripens the first of
October.
Diana. 1. Coxe Cult. Fr. Trees 221. 1S17.
According to Coxe, Diana is a large, oblong clingstone, with white flesh, ripening
the first of September.
Dix. I. Kenrick Am. Orch. 199. 1841.
A large, productive, first-rate peach.
Dixie. I. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 289. 1893.
Fruit above medirnn in size, roundish; cavity deep, abrupt; skin thin, yellowish-white,
with a blush ; flesh white, slightly tinged at the stone, firm, mildly subacid, slightly bitter ;
stone oval, clinging.
TIIIC I'KACIIKS OK Ni:\V YORK 343
Docteur Burkard. i. Mathieu Noiti. Pom. .5(>3. 1889.
Listed but not described.
Docteur Lucas, i. Thomas Guide Prat. 53. 1876.
Found at the Saint-Florian Abbey, Germany. Tree vigorous; fruit large, roundish-
oblate, blushed with deep red on a green ground; of first quality; matures the middle of
September.
Docteur Krans. i. Mas Z-e Verger 7:1 it, 118, fig. 57. 1866-73.
Introduced by a Dr. Krans, Liege, Belgium. Tree vigorous; glands reniform; flowers
large; fruit of medium size, roundish-oval, flattened at the fends; suture pronounced; skin
thin, tender, pale yellow, blushed with intense purple where exposed; flesh white, tinged
about the pit, melting, juicy, sweet; of first quality; stone small, elliptical, nearly free;
ripens at the end of August.
Dr. Burton, i. Munson Cat. 6. 1905-06.
According to T. V. Munson, Denison, Texas, this \-ariety is a seedling grown by Dr.
E. L. Burton, Grayson County, Texas. In the Station orchard it is a fairly good peach
but not of superior merit. Tree productive; glands globose, small; flowers appearing
in mid-season, large; fruit large, oval; cavity deep; apex often ends in a mamelon tip;
skin tough, creamy-j^ellow, with few splashes of dark, dull red usually near the cavity;
flesh white, with a trace of pink along the suture, juicy, tender, stringy, sprightly; stone
oval, with a long point at the apex, plump; ripens just before Champion.
Dr. Cummings. i. Rural N. Y. 61:734. 1902.
A seedling of Early Crawford raised at Cayuga, New York, and disseminated by
H. S. Wiley of the same place; a yellow freestone ripening about October ist.
Dr. Graham White Freestone, i. Loud. Hart. Sac. Rpt. 6:412. 1826.
Fruit large, perfectly white; juice rich and sweet; stone small; ripens the middle of
September.
Dr. Hogg. I. Jour. Hort. N. S. 9:190. 1865.
This peach was grown by Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, England, from a French
peach. Tree a strong grower, vigorous, productive; glands reniform; flowers large; fruit
large, roimd, with a distinct suture; skin thin, tough, lemon-colored, faintly crimson where
exposed; flesh yellowish-white, deeply stained at the pit, firm but tender, sugary, brisk;
stone free; ripens in August.
Dr. Pilkington. i. Cal. Sta. Rpt. 393. 1895-97.
An Oregon freestone seedling of promise.
Dr. Tomlinson. i. Del. Sta. Rpt. 5:97. 1892.
Listed in this reference.
Domergue. i. Rev. Hort. 156, PI. 1889. 2. Guide Prat. 42. 1895.
Originated near Marseilles, Bouches du Rh6ne, France, by a M. Domergue. Tree
vigorous, productive; glands globose; flowers of medium size; fruit large, well colored;
ripens early in August.
Donahoo. i. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 636. 1857.
From a Mr. Donahoo, Clark County, Georgia. Glands reniform; fruit very large,
roundish; suture visible around the entire fruit, deep on one side; skin creamy- white.
344
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
tinged with red in the sun; flesh white to the stone, very juicy, excelling Heath Cling in
tenderness and flavor; clingstone; ripens the second week in September in Georgia.
Donegal, i. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 25. 1894.
Fruit large, roundish; cavity large and deep; skin thin, tenacious, velvety, yellow,
sprinkled with dark red; flesh yellow, tinged at the pit, tender, melting, juicy, subacid;
quality good to above; stone small, oval, free; season follows Smock.
Dorsetshire Mignonne. i. Land. Hort. Soc. Cat. 99. 18,51.
A large-sized fmit of second quality ripening at the end of September; glands rcni-
form; flowers small; skin dark red on a pale yellow ground; flesh melting.
Dorothy, i. Glen St. Mary Nur. Cat. 12. 1901. 2. Fla. Sta. Bui. 62:512. i()02.
3. Am. Pom. Soc. CM. 36. 1909.
A seedling of Angel grown by G. H. Norton, Eu.stis, Florida. In 1909, it was lisitHl
by the American Pomological Society. Fruit large, nearly round; flesh yellow, rirli,
subacid; freestone; ripens early in July in Florida.
Double Blanche de Fortune. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 12: 1S5. 1885.
Listed in this reference.
Double Cramoisie de Fortune, i. Mas Pom. Gen. 12:185. 1883.
Listed in this reference.
Double Jaune. i. Mas Pom. Gen. 12:165, 166, fig. 19. 1883.
Originated in the vicinity of Montauban, Tarn-et-Garonne, France. Leaves with
reniform glands; flowers medium in size; fruit large, roundish-oval, ending in a mamelon
tip; deeply sutured; skin thin, tender, canary-yellow, nearly covered with an intense
reddish-brown; flesh yellow to the stone, melting, juicy, with an apricot flavor; of first
quality; stone .small for the size of fruit, oval, freestone; ripens at the end of August.
Double Mountain, i. Brookshaw Pom. Brit. i:Pl. 26. 181 7. 2. Christ Handb. 592.
1817. i. Lindley Guide Orch. Gard. 246. 183 1.
Sion. 4. Mi\lcr Gard. Diet. 1752.
Doppelter Bergpfirsich. 5. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkuiule 3:198. 1858.
An excellent French variety very similar to Noblesse but ripening a week earlier.
Leaves doubly serrate, glandless, not as susceptible to mildew as most French varieties;
flowers large; fruit of medium size, roundish, flattened at the apex; skin greenish-white,
marbled with deep red on a soft red blush; flesh white to the stone, melting, juicy,
highly flavored; stone mucronate, rugged, free; ripens from the middle to the last of
August.
Down Easter, i. Elliott Fr. Book 283. 1854.
Hall Doum-Easiter. 2. Cole Am. Fr. Book 196, 197. 1849.
This variety originated many years ago with M. Hall, Portland, Maine. It has
long since passed from cultivation. Tree hardy and productive; fruit large, roundish,
with a deep suture; skin yellow, with a broad, red cheek; quality fair; season the last of
September.
Downer, i. GarcJ. Mom. 19:115. 1877.
A seedling of the old Red Rareripe, grown at Newburyport, Alassachusetts ; never
dis-seminated.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 345
Dowling. 1. Tex. Sta. Bid. 39:811. i8g6.
Dowling June. 2. Ibid. 8:34. 1889.
Tree vigorous, productive; glandless; fruit of medium size, roundish, with a slight
proiection at the apex ; color creamy, with a red cheek ; flavor subacid ; clingstone ; matures
in Texas about July 8th.
Downing, i. Card. Mon. 17:270. 1875. 2. Mich. Hort. .'^oc. Rpt. 462. 1885. 3. Cat.
Cong. Pom. France 526. 1906.
Downing originated about 1870 with H. M. linglc Lancaster County, Pennsylvania,
from a pit of Hale Early. Tree productive: fruit of medium size, roundish, with a distinct
suture; skin greenish-white, mottled with red; flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet; quality
good; ripens from the first to the middle of July.
Drain Seedling, i. la. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 491. 1908.
One of the early seedlings planted iti Iowa.
Drap d'Or. i. Mag. Hort. 20:271. i8:;4. 2. .Im;. Pom. ficli^e 3:1, PL 1855.
Drop d'or Esperen. 3. Thomas Guide Prat. 52, 217. 1876.
A variety of Belgian origin. Tree moderately vigorous, productive; glands small
round; fruit large, roundish, depressed; skin thin, clear yellow, with spots of carmine
noticeably sutured; flesh whitish-yellow, colored at the pit, fine, juicy, vinous; quality
good; stone very large, roundish-oval, jjartly free; ripens September 20th.
Druid Hill. i. Downing Fr. Trees .Am. 474. 1845. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 78. 1862.
3. Leroy Diet. Pom. 6:110 fig., in. 1879. 4. Fulton Peach Cult. 191. 1908.
Druid Hill originated about 1840 with Lloyd N. Rogers, Druid Hill, Baltimore,
Maryland. From 1862 until 1899 it was listed in the catalog of the American Pomological
Society. Tree vigorous, productive; glands reniform; fruit large, round, with a slight
suture; skin pale greenish-white, clouded with a red blush; flesh greenish-white, almost
purple at the pit, very juicy, melting, with a rich, vinous flavor; stone free; season the
last of September.
Duboisviolette. i. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard. 2:476. i86o.
This variety was brought to France from China by a M. Duboisviolette. The flowers
are very large, semi-double, reddish-piu-ple ; glands reniform; fruit large, roundish, termi-
nating in a mamelon tip; skin white except where exposed; flesh white, vinous.
Duboscq. I. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 122. i860.
Similar to Oldmixon Free; a very large, good, greenisli-whitc ])each.
Duchess of Cornwall, i. Card. Chron. 59:446. 1901.
Duchess of York. 2. Ibid. 58:59. 1900. 3. Ibid. 59:427. 1901.
Originated and introduced by Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, England. Fruit of
medium size; skin creamy-yellow, with a striped red blush; flesh melting, with a distinct
nectarine flavor; freestone; ripens with Alexander.
Duchesse de Galliera. i. Guide Prat. 40. 1895.
Vigorous, productive; glands globose; fruit very large, compressed; apex mucronate;
skin thin, reddish-purple in the sun; flesh white, violet at the pit, melting, very juicy;
freestone; ripens the second half of September.
346 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Duff. I. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 44. 1891.
Duveteuse Jamie. 2. Mas Le Verger 7:237, 238, fig. 117. 1866-73.
Duff Yellow. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 608. 1869. 4. Ga. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 24.
1876. 5. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 28. 1877.
DufE is an early, market peach which appeared on the fruit-list of the American
Pomological Society from 1877 until 1897. Glands globose; flowers small; fruit very large,
round, with a sharp point; skin yellow, with a red cheek; flesh yellow, red about the stone,
jmcy, slightly acid; clingstone; ripens the middle of July in the .South.
Duggar. I. Tex. Sta. Bid. 39:811. 1896.
Duggar Golden. 2. Ala. Sta. Bid. 11:8, 11. 1890.
Glands globose; flowers small; fruit large, roundish; color yellow, with a blush; flesh
yellow, subacid, firm; clingstone; ripens the last of July.
Duggar White, j. Ala. Sta. Bui. ii:%. 1890.
F'lowers large, white; fruit medium in size; flesh white, very firm; quality good; ripens
the middle of July; not very prolific.
Duke of Marlborough, i. Brookshaw Pom. Brit. i:Pl. 27 fig. i. 1817.
A variety resistant to mildew, found in the garden of the Duke of Marlborough, near
Brentford, Middlesex, England. Flowers large; fruit large, slightly flattened about the
base, heavily pubescent; ripens August loth.
Duke of York. i. Can. Hort. 25:326. 1902. 2. Bunyard Cat. Fr. Trees 35. 1913-14.
This variety is a cross between Early Rivers nectarine and Alexander peach, made
by Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, England. Fruit large; skin brilliant crimson; flesh
tender, melting, refreshing; ripens with Alexander.
Du Lin. I. Thomas Guide Prat. 48. 1876.
A variety from Aire, France, with reniform glands.
Du Moulin, i. Thomas Guide Prat. 48. 1876.
A \-ariety with reniform glands; recommended for central France.
Du Quesnoy. i. Mas Pom. Gen. 12:155, 156, fig. 14. 1883.
A variety of Belgian origin. Leaves with small, globose glands; flowers large; fruit
large, roundish, depressed at the ends, faintly sutured; skin heavily pubescent, greenish,
covered more or less with an intense purplish-brown; flesh white, purplish about the pit,
melting, sweet; stone small for the size of fruit, nearly free; ripens the middle of August.
Du Thiers, i. Thomas Guide Prat. 52. 1876.
Glands reniform; flowers of medium size, pale rose-colored.
Dtilany. i. Am. Pom, Soc. Rpt. 95. 1854.
A seedling of Heath Cling; superior to its parent in Maryland.
Dulce. I. Munson Cat. 7. 1904-05.
On the Station grounds the trees of Dulce are weak and unproductive. The variet}-.
according to T. V. Munson, Denison, Texas, originated with B. C. Murray, Denison.
Texas. Leaves with large, reniform glands; flowers appear late; fruit small, roundish-
cordate, angular, halves unequal; cavity narrow, flaring; suture shallow; apex roimdish,
usually with a small, mamelon tip; skin covered with heavy, coarse pubescence, tough,
greenish-yellow, faintly blushed, with a bronze appearance; flesh yellow, stained at the
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 347
pit, moderately juicy, fine-grained, mild, often astringent; stone below medium in size,
ovate, pltmip, decidedly bulged, semi-clinging to free; ripens early in October.
Dumont. i. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 267. 1S85. 2. Mich. Sta. Bui. 169:212. 1899.
Raised by Peter Dumont, Allegan, Michigan, from seed planted about 1835. Tree
strong, very hardy, susceptible to leaf -curl; glands reniform; flowers small; fruit medium
to large, roundish-oval, much compressed; cavity narrow; suture distinct, extending
beyond the apex which terminates in a short, projecting tip; skin covered with dense
pubescence, dark golden, usually blushed, thick, tough; flesh deep yellow, tinged at the
pit, melting, moderately juicy, brisk subacid; stone oval, free; ripens the middle of
September.
Dim. I. Cat. Cong. Pom. France 97 fig. 1906.
Dun originated in Austria. Leaves with small, globose glands; flowers large; fruit
very large, roundish, with a mamelon tip at the apex; skin yellowish- white, marbled with
dull red; flesh white, stained at the stone, melting, very juicy, aromatic; very good; stone
ending in a long point, free ; ripens the middle of August.
Dunlap. 1. Mich. Sta. Bui. 118:29. 1895. 2. Ibid. 169:212. 1899.
Tree a strong grower, spreading; glands globose; flowers small; fruit large, roundish
to occasionally ovate; cavity wide; suture distinct; color yellow, nearly covered with dark
red; flesh yellow, stained at the pit, quite juicy, rich, vinous; pit large, plump, free; ripens
the last of August.
Dunnington Beauty, i. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 96. 1831.
Very much like Noblesse. Leaves serrate, glandless; flowers large; fruit large; skin
pale greenish-red; flesh melting; quality good; ripens at the end of August.
Duperron. i. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 608. 1869.
A seedling raised by a M. Duperron. Glands globose; flowers small; frviit large to
very large, roundish, depressed at the end; suture shallow; skin downy, golden vellow,
more or less washed with pale red; flesh yellow; clingstone; ripens in October.
Durasme. i. Parkinson Par. Tcr. 582. 1629.
" The Durasme or Spanish Peach is of a darke yellowish-red colour on the outside
and white within."
Durchsichtiger Lieblingspfirsich. i. Dochna.h\ Fiihr. Obstkunde 3:202. 1858.
Tree of medium size, productive; fruit large, roundish-oblate, yellowish- white, with
a bright red blush ; flesh firm yet melting, with a sweet, vinous flavor ; quality good ; season
early in September.
Durham Favorite. 1. hui. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 52. 1867.
Listed in this reference.
Dutchess. I. Coxe Cult. Fr. Trees 22^. 18 17.
A very large peach, with white skin, a red cheek and a clear stone ; ripens in August
and September.
Dwarf Aubinel. i. Ftor. t? Pom. 144. 1876.
This variety is remarkable for the constancy with which it is reproduced from seed
and for its dwarf, bushy habit of growth. Flowers large; fruit large, globular; skin pale
orange, marbled with red near the apex; flesh yellow, red near the stone; quality good;
freestone; ripens at the end of September.
348 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Dwarf Champion, i. A'. Mex. Sta. Bid. 30:224, 225. 1S99.
Listed as growing in New Mexico.
Dwarf Cuba. i. Mich. Sia. Bui. 118:29. 1895. 2. Ibid. 129:23. 1896.
A variety with small flowers and reniform glands.
Dwarf Orleans, i. Prince Treat. Hort. 17. 1828.
Main. 2. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 2:44, 45. PI. 32. 1768. 3. Leroy Diet. Pom.
6:17s fig-. 176- 1879-
Zwergpfirsich. 4. 'Doc\mah\ Fiihr. Obstktmde ^Wiyg. 1858.
Italian Dwarf. 5. Am. Jour. Hort. 1:287, 288. 1867.
Dwarf Orleans originated in Orleans, Loiret, France, early in the Eighteenth Centur3^
The tree attains a height of two or three feet and is used mostly as an ornamental; leaves
long, pendent, glandless and much indented; flowers large, showy; irmt about two inches
long, roundish, deeply sutured; skin white; flesh white, melting, with bitter juice; freestone;
ripens early in October.
Dyer June. i. Gard. Man. 24:18. 1882.
A chance seedling found near Ava, Missouri. Fruit large; early; clingstone,
Dymond. i. Jour. Hort. 3rd Ser. 3:331- 1881. 2. Hogg Fruit Man. 442. 1884.
Said to have been introduced by a Mr. Veitch, Exeter, England. Leaves glandless;
fruit large, roundish, with a deep suture; skin greenish-yellow, with a dull red cheek,
mottled with brighter red; flesh white, slightly red at the pit, juicy, melting, with a
high flavor; stone free; season the middle of September.
Eagle Red. i. Kenrick Ajm. Ore/;. 199. 1841.
Listed as a large, beautiful fruit, with a red blush, ripening in September.
Earliest Mignonne. i. Land. Hort. Soc. Cat. 99. 1831.
A variety with globose glands and small flowers.
Early, i. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 96. 1831.
A variety with globose glands and large flowers.
Early Alfred, i. Card. Man. 7:372. 1865. 2. Uogg Fruit Man. 2ig. 1866.
Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, England, grew Early Alfred from a seed of Hunt
Tawny nectarine. Glands round; flowers large; fruit large; suture deeply marked, higher
on one side than the other; skin tender, pale straw-colored, somewhat mottled with bright
crimson; flesh white, melting, brisk, vinous; ripens early in August.
Early Ascot, i. Gard. Chron. 1474, 1506. 1870. 2. Flor. & Pom. i, PI. 1873.
Early Ascot was raised from a seed of Elruge nectarine by a Mr. Standish of Ascot.
England. Tree hardy, productive; glands small, roundish; flowers smaU; fruit medium in
size, roundish, somewhat depressed, with a distinct suture; skin nearly smooth, almost
entirely covered with red, becoming nearly black where exposed; flesh yellow, tinged at
the stone, very juicy; partially freestone; ripens the second week in August.
Early Avant. i. Forsyth Treat. Fr. Trees 27. 1803.
An agreeable-flavored peach ripening m August.
Early Beauty, i. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 314. 1889.
This is a Texas variety. Fruit large, yellow; freestone; ripens very early.
Early Bourdine. i. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 94. 1831.
Listed as having serrate, glandless leaves and small flowers.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 349
Early Charlotte, i. R. G. Chase Cat. 20. i8g6. 2. Chico Nur. Cat. 25. 1904.
A seedling of Early Crawford which originated about 1878 with O. Dickenson, Salem,
Oregon. The variety has considerable merit as it grows on the Station grounds. Leaves
with reniform glands; flowers appear in mid-season, small, faded, pale pink; fruit large,
roundish-oval, often cordate, halves unequal; cavity deep; apex with a recurved, mamelon
tip; skin covered with long, thick pubescence, thin but tough, pale yellow, splashed with
lively red on a slight blush; flesh yellow, deeply stained at the pit, slightly stringy, tender,
sprightly, rich, pleasing; quality good to above; pit broadly oval, plump, bulged, free;
matures early in September.
Early Chelmsford, i. Cole Ant. Fr. Book 190. 1849. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 614.
1857-
Tree vigorous, productive, hardy; leaves glandless; fruit large, roundish; suture
encircling the fruit; skin white, with a bright red cheek; flesh white, melting, juicy, vinous;
freestone; ripens the third week in August.
Early Chevalier, i. Card. Cliron. N. S. 20:47. 1883-
A Frencli peach in which carU- and late fruits are produced on different branches of
the same tree.
Early China, i. Tex. Sta. Bui. ^g: 804, 805. 1896. 2. .Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 21. 1897.
Early China is a Honey-flavored peach which originated in southern Texas where it
has proved vigorous and productive, gaining a place in 1897 on the fruit-list of the American
Pomological Society. The glands are round, often lacking; fruit of medium size, oval;,
apex with a sharply recurved point; color creamy, with a bright red cheek; flesh white,
pinkish at the pit, very sweet; quality fair; freestone; ripens the middle of June in
Texas.
Early Crawford Seedlings Nos. i and 3. i. Mich. Sta. Bid. 118:29. 1895. 2. Ibid.
169:212. 1899.
Seedlings obtained by C. C. Engle, Paw Paw, Michigan.
Early Cream, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 44. 1891. 2. Tex. Sta. Bui. 39:818. 1896.
3. Fla. Sta. Bui. 73:144- 1904-
Kite. 4. Ibid. 73:14s. 1904.
Kite Honey. 5.7^^.73:149. 1904.
Early Cream is a seedling of Honey. It appeared on the American Pomological
Society's fruit-list from 1891 until 1897. Tree strong, productive; fruit larger than Honey
and resembles it in shape but is not as shaqDly pointed at the apex; skin very smooth,
yeUow, washed with red; flesh fine, sweet, juicy; flavor excellent; ripens the middle of June.
Early Croneste3m. i. Can. Exp. Farm Bui. 2nd Ser. 3:64. 1900.
Listed as a slow grower in Canada.
Early Curtis, i. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 186. 1880.
A seedling with reniform glands; very similar to Alexander but less inclined to adhere
to the pit.
Early Downton. 1. Lindlcy Guide Orch. Card. 247. 1831.
Raised by Thomas Knight, Downton Castle, England, about 1815. Leaves crenate,
with globose glands; flowers large, pale rose-colored; fruit narrowed at the apex, usually
350 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
tenninating in an acute nipple; skin pale yellowish-white, bright red in the sun; flesh
yellowish-white to the stone from which it separates, juicy; ripens at the end of August.
Early Free. i. N. Y. Sta. Rpt. 15:289. 1897.
Growing on the grounds of this Station in 1896.
Early Imperial, i. Cal. Bd. Hort. Rpt. 241. 1890.
W. W. Smith, Vacaville, California, grew Early Imperial from a pit of St. John open to
cross-fertilization. It is highly recommended in California because of extreme earliness and
its good drying qualities; flesh yellow; freestone.
Early Leopold, i. Jour. Hort. N. S. 17:58. 1869. 2. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 34. 1874.
3. T\\oma.s Guide Prat. 53. 1876.
Raised by Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, England, from a seed of Early York.
Glands reniform; flowers small; fruit of medium size, pale yellow, rich; succeeds Rivers.
Early Louise, i. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 609. 1869. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 28. 1875.
3. Hogg Fruit Man. 444. 1884. 4. Cat. Cong. Pom. France 526. 1906.
Louise. 5. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:350. 1903.
Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, England, raised this peach from a seed of Early
Albert and named it in honor of Queen Victoria's daughter. Princess Louise. From 1875
imtil 1883 the variety maintained a place in the fruit-list of the American Pomological
Society. Fruit of mediimi size, round, marked on one side with a deep suture; skin highly
colored, with a bright red cheek; flesh yellowish-white, tender, richly flavored, partly
adlierent to the pit; season early.
Early Lydia. i. W. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt. iii. 1S80.
Early Lydia is said to be resistant to rot; a rose-colored freestone ripening with Hale
Early.
Early Michigan, i. Mich. Sta. Bid. 118:29. 1895. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 36. 1909.
3. Mich. Sta. Sp. Bid. 44:38, 39. 1910.
Confusion has arisen over two seedlings put out by J. D. Husted, Lowell, Michigan,
as Husted No. 15 and 16. Eventually, No. 15 was introduced as Early Michigan but
because of its similarity to No. 16, the latter is often substituted for it. The true Early
Michigan is a cross between Hale Early and Chili. As it fruits at this Station, the peaches
lack size and quality. In 1909 the American Pomological Society added it to its fruit-
list. Tree vigorous, spreading; glands reniform; flowers appear early, large, showy; fruit
of medium size, roundish-oval; cavity deep, narrow; apex with a large, mucronate tip;
skin thin, tender, with long, thick pubescence, creamy, blushed with dull red, with a few
deep red splashes; flesh greenish-white, tinged at the pit, juicy, stringy, melting, sweet,
mild; stone free, broadly oval, plump; ripens the last of August.
Early Miners, i. N. J. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 40. 1878.
Not spoken of favorably in New Jersey.
Early Newington Free. i. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 476. 1845. 2. Am. Pom. Soc.
Cat. 78. 1S62.
This freestone should not be confused with the other Newingtons which are all clings
and usually later in season. One characteristic of this variety is that fruits on the same
tree are free or adhere partially or wholly to the stone. Tree a moderate bearer; glands
THE PEACHES OK NEW YORK 351
rcniform; flowers small; fruit large, round, distinctly sutured; skin pale yellowish-white,
with a ricli red check; flesh white, tinged at the stone, juicy, melting, vinous; ripens late
in August.
Early Purple, i. Miller Card. Diet. 1752. 2. Prince Pom. Man. 1:189, 190. 1831.
3. Kenrick Am. Orch. 211. 1832.
Veritable Pourpree hdtive a grande Jlenr. 4. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 2:16, 17, PI.
VIII. 1768.
Fruhe Purp^firsehe. 5. Christ Handb. 593, 594. 1817.
PourprSe Hdtive. 6. Poiteau Pom. Franc. i:No. 16, PI. 1846. 7. Leroy Diet.
Pom. 6:241 fig., 242, 243. 1879.
Weiniger Lieblingspfirsieh. 8. Dochnahl Fahr. Obstkunde 3:203. 1858.
Desse Hdtive. g. Mas L^ Verger 7:201, 202, fig. 99. 1866-73.
This variety originated far back in the Eighteenth Century. According to Mas, it
was raised by a M. Desse, Chantecoq, vSeine, France, and passed for a long time under the
name Desse Hitive. Early Purple long found favor in European orchards but is not much
grown now, being surpassed by better sorts. It was brought to America by William Prince,
Flushing, New York, early in the Nineteenth Centurj' and soon became confused with
Early York. The true variety, however, quickly passed from cultivation and the name
has ever since been confused with that of Early York. Fruit medium to large, roundish,
flattened at the base; suture deep; color yellowish, blushed with dark red and dotted with
red on the shaded side; pubescence thick, fine; flesh white, stained red under the skin on
the side exposed to the sun, tinged with red next the pit, juicy, vinous, highly flavored,
melting; very good in quality; stone semi-free to free, brownish-red; ripens early.
Eai-ly Rareripe I. i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 85. 1854.
Dr. H. A. Muhlenberg, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, originated this freestone.
Early Rareripe II. i. Kan. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 50. 1901.
Early Rareripe is an improvement on a seedling erroneously called Felt Rareripe,
which was brought to Kansas from Illinois by F. G. Barker of Salina. Fruit large, deep
yellow.
Early Red I. i. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 96. 183 1.
Leaves with globose glands; flowers large; fruit of medium size; skin pale yellow, with
a red blush; flesh melting; fair in quality; ripens at the end of August.
Early Red n. i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 152:199. 1898.
This Early Red originated with C. C. Engle of Paw Paw, Michigan.
Early Red Cling, i. Prince Caf. Fr. rr^^5 24. 1823. 2. Prince Po;;;. Man. 2:27. 1832.
Earliest Red Cling. 3. Prince Treat. Fr. Trees 16. 1820.
This variety is thought to have been brought to Flushing, New York, by the French.
The shoots are subject to mildew; flowers small.
Early Rose I. i. Kenrick Am. Orch. 183. 1841.
Of foreign origin. Fruit of medivim size; red where exposed; ripens in August.
Early Rose U. i. Card. Mon. 22:338. 1880.
This Early Rose is one of the so-called Spanish peaches and was found on the farm
of Preston Rose, Mission Valley, Texas. It is described as a medium-sized, round, ros\-
red fruit, with firm flesh, ripening Tune 2Sth; freestone.
352 THE PEACHKS OF NEW YORK
Early Rose III. i. W. P.. Stark Cat. 49, 50 fig. :91s.
Early Rose III, according to W. P. Stark, Stark City, Missouri, was grown by John
Keller, Fort Valley, Georgia, from the pit of a Honey-flavored peach crossed with one of
the Indian peaches. Tree a moderate grower, rather small; flowers large; fruit of medium
size, a rich, deep red; flesh white, rich, sweet; clingstone; ripens with Eureka. The fruit is
handsomely colored and is said to sell for a fancy price wherever known. Unfortunately,
it seems not yet to have lieen tried in the North.
Early Royal George, i. Kenrick .4»(. Ore/?. 220. 1832. 2. Mag. //ori. 14:538. 1848.
Early George. 3. Tex. Sta. Bui. ^giSii. 1896,
This variety may be an American seedling of Royal George. Fruit large, roundish;
skin yellowish-white, splashed with red in the sun; flesh juicy, tender, vinous, free; fair to
good in quahty; ripens in August.
Early Sam. i. Mas Pom. Gen. 12:185. 1883.
Listed in this reference.
Early Silver, i. Hogg Fn/;7 Man. 220. 1866. 2. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:343.
1903.
Argentee Precoce. 3. Thomas Guide Prat. 43, 215. 1876.
Silver. 4. Del. Sta. Rpt. 13:107. 1901.
This variety was grown by Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, England, in 1857, from a
seed of White Nectarine. Fruit large, roundish-ovate, with a shallow suture; color creamy-
white, slightly sprinkled with red; flesh entirely white, melting, juicy, with a vinous,
pleasant, subacid flavor; stone free; quality good to very good; ripens from the middle to
the last of August.
Early Strawberry, i. Ariz. Sta. Bui. 15:62, 67. 1895.
Grown at one time in Arizona.
Early Tallman. 1. A'lich. Sta. Sp. Bui. 40:19. 1907.
This is a small, white-fleshed peach of fair quality, ripening with Triiomph. It is a
semi-clingstone and of no value.
Early de Tours, i. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 96. 183 1.
Listed but not described.
Early Victoria, i. Card. Chron. 946. 1861. 2. Mas Pom. Gen. 12:143, i44. fig- 8.
1883.
Victoria. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 39. 1909.
Early Victoria should not be confused with the Victoria of the South. This variet>-
first fruited in 1854 with Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, England, from a stone of Earh-
York. In 1909 the American Pomological Society added it to its fruit-list as Victoria.
Leaves glandless; flowers large; fruit of mediimi size, rotmdish; skin pale yellow, with a
maroon blush; flesh white, melting, juicy, sweet; stone free, small; season very early, a
week before its parent.
Early Wheeler, i. U. S. D. A. Yearbook t,6o, i(>\.V\. 28. 1906.
This is one of a large number of Heath Cling seedlings grown by E. W. Kirkpatrick,
McKinney, Texas, about 1900. Tree moderately productive; glands reniform; blossoms
very large; fruit medium to large, roundish-oblong; ca\-ity large, broad; apex protruding;
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
353
skin thick, lough, heavily pubescent, creamy-white, marbled and splashed with crimson;
flesh white, stained with red near the skin, firm, meaty, juicj-, subacid; quality good to
very good; stone adherent, oval; ripens with Alexander.
Early White, i. .4m. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 85. 1.854.
A large, fine-flavored freestone originating with Dr. H. A. Mutilenberg, Lancaster
County, Pennsylvania.
Early White Cling, i. Prince Cat. Fr. Trees 24. 1823. 2. Prince Pom. Man. 2:35.
1832.
Fruit medium to small; skin pale >-ellow, marbled with red; flesh yellowish-green,
juicy, pleasant; ripens early in September.
Eastbum Choice, i. Hoffy Orch. Comp. i:Pl. 1841.
The name is in honor of the originator, Rev. Joseph Eastburn, Philadelphia, Penn-
sylvania, who planted a pit about 1825. The variety comes true from seed. Tree hardy,
vigorous, productive; fruit large, nearly round; skin pale yellow, blushed on the sunny
side; flesh yellowish-white, tinged about the pit, .sprightly, slightly acid, juicy; pit small;
ripens late in September.
Eaton. I. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 44. 1891.
Eaton Golden. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 205. 1858. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 611.
1869. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 18. 187 1.
Eaton originated in North Carolina and its planting is confined chiefl_\- to the South.
In 1 87 1 it was placed on the fruit-list of the American Pomological Society as Eaton
Golden but in 1891 was changed to Eaton. Glands reniform; flowers large; fruit above
mediimi in size, round; suture shallow; skin golden-yellow, with occasional pink spots
near the base; flesh golden, sweet, juicy, with a marked apricot flavor; clingstone; ripens
the middle of September.
Edgar Late Melting, i. Lond. Flort. Soc. Cat. 96. 1831.
Listed in this reference.
Edith. I. Fla. Sta. Rpt. 8:89. 1896. 2. Griffing Bros. Cat. 12. 1900.
Edith is a large, round, white-fleshed clingstone; ripens in Florida jul\- 25th.
Edouard Andre, i. Rev. Hort. 87, 208, 209, PI. 1895.
A French variety originating in the Department of Ain, France. Tree vigorous,
productive; fruit roundish, compressed; cavity deep and narrow; distinctly sutured; skin
deep reddish-purple on a yellow ground; flesh cream-colored, red at the pit, melting, juicy;
stone plump, oval; ripens the middle of August.
Eduard Lucas, i. Mathieu Nam. Pom. 394. 1889.
Listed in this reference.
Edward Late White, i. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 614. 1857.
Raised by a Dr. Baldwin, Montgomery, Alabama. Fruit large, roundish, depressed
at the apex; suture distinct; skin white, blushed with red; flesh white, stained at the pit,
sweet, juicy; stone slightly adherent; ripens the first of October and continues all the
month.
Eladie. i. Ga. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 21. 1877.
A seedling of Chinese Cling; fruit of large size and excellent quality.
23
354 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Elate. I. Out. Sta. Rpt. 1:22. 1894
Mentioned Iml not described.
Elberta (Hottes). i. Wivfidd Nur. Cat. 21 fig. 1912.
This is a supposed strain of Elberta found in an orchard of Elbertas in drand Valley,
Colorado, according to the catalog of the Winfield Nursery Company, Winfield, Kansas.
The fruit is said to be larger and better in quality than Elberta but its other characters
are similar.
Elberta Cling, i. III. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 223. 1904. 2. Stark Bros. Cat. 42. 1914.
This variety was brought to notice in Louisiana, Missouri, Stark Brothers having
selected it from Elberta. Some pomologists rank it as identical with Elberta in growth
and appearance except that it is a clingstone. As grown at this Station, however, it does
not closely resemble Elberta in shape nor is it equal to that variety in quality. Tree
vigorous, upright; glands usually reniform; fruit above medium in size, roundish-oblate,
halves unequal, bulged near the apex; suture deepens toward the apex which is roundish;
skin rich yellow, with an attractive blush of deep red; flesh yellow, deep red about the
stone, juicy, meaty, often having a slight sprightliness, clinging; ripens the second week
in September.
Eldred. i. Gard. Mon. 18:15. 1876. 2. Mich. Sta. Bui. 169:212, 213 1899.
Eldred was named after its originator, a Mr. Eldred of Washington County, Texas.
It is one of the earliest clings to ripen; glands globose; flowers medium in size; fruit large,
roundish-ovate ; skin creamy-white, with a red blush ; flesh white, firm, mild ; pit roundish-
oval; ripens just before Hale Early.
Elisabeth Bonamy. i. Thomas Guide Prat. ^g. 1876. 2. '\la.s Pom.Gen. i2:i-jb. 1883.
A French variety introduced in 1868 and named after Madame Elisabeth Bonamy.
Glands reniform; flowers small; fruit very large, roundish, irregular, with a mamelon tip
at the apex; pale yellow, with a deep carmine blush; flesh yellow; matures the middle
of September.
Eliza I. I. Elliott Fr. Book 283. 1854. 2. Hofty N. Am. Pom. i:Pl. i860.
Gerard Schmitz, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, exhibited this seedling in 1849. Leaves
large, with reniform glands; fruit large, round; skin yellow, with a mottled red cheek;
flesh yellow except at the stone; freestone; matures the last of September.
Eliza n. I. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 187. 1880.
This is a seedling of Late Crawford, originating with C. C. Engle, Paw Paw, Michigan.
Foliage rather glaucous; fruit large, roundish, tapering at the apex; color yellow, blushed
with red; flesh bright yellow, red at the pit, tender, juicy, rich, vinous; ripens after Late
Crawford.
Ellison. I. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 314. 1889. 2. la. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 510. 1900.
Ellison is another variety that reproduces itself from seed. It originated in Ohio.
As it grows at this Station its only value is for canning. Tree not very productive ; glands
reniform; flowers small; fruit above medium in size, resembling Chili in shape; apex with
a recurved, mamelon tip; skin covered with long pubescence, greenish-yellow, \\-ith nan-ow
splashes of dull red; flesh yellow, faint red at the pit. rather dry, mild to sprightly; quality
fair; stone free, small, oval, shortly pointed, plump; ripens the middle of October.
THE PKACHHS OF NEW YORK 355
Elma. I. Fla. Sta. Rpt. 8:89. 1896. 2. Griffing Bros. Cat. 12. 1900.
A medium-sized clingstone of the Spanish type; ripens the last of July.
Elmira. i. Horticulturist 3:251. 1S48-49. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 636. 1857.
Originated with Dr. M. W. Phillips. Edwards, Mississippi. Glands reniform; flowers
small; fruit large, o\'al, depressed; suture shallow; skin heavily pubescent, creamy-white;
flesh white, tinged with red at the stone to which it adheres, sweet, good; ripens early
in August.
Elmo. I. Fla. Sta. Rpt. 8:89. 1896.
Listed as growing at the Florida Station.
Elodie. I. Pa. Fr. Gr. Assoc. Rpt. 586. 1878.
A seedling of Chinese Cling not as susceptible to rot as its parent.
Elriv. I. .4m. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 45. 1897. 2. Del. Sta. Rpt. 13:96. 1901.
J. W. Kerr, Denton, Maryland, produced Elriv by crossing Rivers with Elberta, in
1888. Tree strong and producti\^e; flowers large; fruit large, roundish to slightly oblong;
suture very distinct; skin thin, tender, nearly entirely overlaid with bright red; flesh white,
red at the pit, juicj-, sprightly; quality good; pit large, oval, semi-clinging; ripens with
St. John.
Elrose. i. Del. Sta. Rpt. 13:98. 1901.
Elrose is the result of a cross between Elberta and Mountain Rose made by J. W.
Kerr, Denton, Maryland, in 1888. Flowers small; fruit oblong, irregular, large; sutiwe
distinct; skin almost entirely marbled with pale red; flesh firm, white; quality fine; stone
plump, large; ripens with Mountain Rose.
Ely. I. Village Nur. Cat. 9. 19 14.
El\- is a large, yellow-fleshed peach of good quality, ripening just before Carman,
according to the catalog of the Village Nurseries, Hightstown, New Jersey.
Emil Liebig. i. Mathieu Xom. Pom. 394. 1889.
Listed in this reference.
Emma. i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 134. 1897. 2. Ga. Sta. Bui. 42:235. 1898. 3. Am.
Pom. Soc. Cat. 32. 1899.
Emma, on the Station grounds, is unproductive and of poor quality. It has had a
place on the American Pomological Society's fruit-list since 1899. Tree upright, rather
tall; branclilets inclined to throw out short, spur-like shoots; glands reniform; fruit small,
roundish-cordate; apex usually with a mucronate tip; skin thin, tough, deep yellow, with
a mottled blush of dull carmine; flesh yellow, stained at the pit, firm, string}', sprightly;
l)it small, ovate, plump, free; ripens at the end of August.
Emporia, i. IL. .V. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt. iii. 1880.
Emporia is a very early variety originated by Mrs. L. Burns, near Emporia, Kan.sas.
Endicott. i. ///. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 159. 1889.
A freestone seedling of Oldmixon Cling which it resembles in shape; ripens with Hale
F.arly.
English. I. 7V.V. Sta. Bid. 39:816. 1896.
The tree of English is vigorous lout not iiroducti\-e. Glands globose; fruit medium
in size, oval, with a pointed apex; flesh white, firm; quality fair; clingstone; ripens the middle
of August.
356 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
English Swash, i. Horticulturist. 2:401. 1847-48.
Leaves globose; flowers small; ripens the middle of September; moderately productive.
Enon. I. Ohio Sta. Bui. 170:174. 1906.
Fruit of medium size, globular, often oblate; suture shallow but distinct; color greenish-
white, shaded and splashed with carmine; flesh white, moderately firm, melting; quality
,i;ood; pit oval, short, free; ripens August loth.
Equinox, i. .An.'^tiu \'ur. Cat. 9. 1909.
I A very large, yellow freestone, ripening about the third week in September, according
to the Austin Nursery Company, Austin, Texas.
Ermine, i. Ont. Fr. Gr. Assoc. Rpt. 28:83. 1896.
Fruit of medium size, partially free; pit large; ripens early in August.
Ernoult. i. Ann. Pom. Beige 2:71, PI. 1854.
Ernoult originated about 1844 near Liege, Belgiiun. Tree vigorous, productive;
glands globose; fruit large, roundish; apex with a peculiarly wrinkled depression; skin
downy, clear yellow, shaded with deep reddish-purple in the sun; flesh white, stained at
the pit, melting, juicy, rich; freestone; ripens the middle of September.
Ernst. I. Ramsey Ca/. 1913.
According to F. T. Ramsey and Son, Austin, Texas, Ernst originated with a Mr. Sur-
ties, Bexar County, Texas, about 1905. Fruit of mediiun size, white; freestone; ripens
the middle of July.
Erzherzog Cari. 1. Tiochnshl Fuhr. Obslkunde ^-.20$. 1858.
A seedling of Gemeiner Lieblingspfirsich with which it is similar but larger, more
deeply sutured, less pubescent and not as dark red; ripens early in September.
Erzherzog Johann. 1. TiocimahlFtihr. Obstkunde 1:20$. 1858.
Archiduc Jean. 2. Thomas G^wide Prat. 48, 215. 1876.
A productive seedling of Gemeiner Lieblingspfirsich which it resembles. It is larger,
more pointed, more deeply sutured, less pubescent, and not as dark a red as its parent;
ripens early in September.
Espagne Jaune. i. Leroy Diet. Pom. 6:115 fig- i879-
This variety was found about 1840 in the vicinity of Bayonne, Basses-Pyrenees,
F'rance. Some believe it to be a native of Spain. Tree vigorous; glands large, reniform;
flowers of medium size; fruit mediiun in size, o\-oid, somewhat cylindrical, halves unequal:
suture distinct; apex with a mamelon tip; skin thick, yellow, spotted and washed with
red; flesh yellow^ tinged at the pit, fibrous, melting, very juicy, acidulated; stone adheres
very slightly, small, ovoid, plump; matures the latter part of October.
Essex Mammoth, i. Ont. Sta. Rpt. 7:53. 1900.
Listed as having been grown in Canada.
Estella. I. Fla. Sta. Rpt. 8:89. 1896. 2. Glen St. Mary Niir. Cat. 11. 1900. 3. .4;;;.
Pom. Soc. Cat. 37. 1909.
Estella originated in western Florida. In 1909 it was added to the fruit-list of the
American Pomological Society. Fruit almost round, very large; skin greenish-}-ellow,
with a full, red cheek; flesh yellow; ripens in Florida early in September.
Esther, i. Ga. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 21. 1877.
A Chinese Cling seedling of large size and excellent quality.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 357
Esther Doom. i. Tex. Sta. Bui. 8:34. iSSg. 2. .Austin Nur. Cat. 9. igoy.
Esther Doom originated with Judge Doom, Austin, Texas. A fine, productive, yellow
clingstone, ripening July 25th.
Evangelist, i. la. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 306. 1899.
A hardy variety grown in Iowa.
Evans, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 91. 1899.
Evans No. j. 2. Mo. State Fr. Sta. Rpt. 12. 1905-06.
Evans is said to have the good characters of Elberta; ripens just after thai variety
is gone.
Evans Cling, i. Kan. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 195. 1902-03.
A hardy clingstone grown in Iowa.
Everbearing. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 51. 1897. 2. U. S. D. .4. Yearbook 498, 499,
500, PI. 61. 1905. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 37. 1909.
Everbearing originated in the garden of a Mrs. Page, Cuthbert, Georgia, in 1885,
and was named and disseminated by P. J. Berckmans about 1897. A marked characteristic
of this variety is that some trees have a long blossoming and fruiting period. It is too
tender for the North but is recommended for southern peach-districts, having been placed
on the fruit-list of the American Pomological Society in 1909. Tree vigorous, compact,
productive; glands reniform; flowers large; fruit roundish-conical, large, the later-ripening
fruits being smaller; cavity large, deep and abrupt; suture shallow, with a prominent
apex; skin thick, tough, thickly covered with long pubescence, greenish-white, striped
and mottled with purplish-red; flesh white, considerably stained and \-cined with red,
meaty, juicy, subacid; stone oval, free; season July ist to September or later in southern
Georgia.
Excellente. i. Mas Pom. Ge«. 12: 185. 1883.
Listed but not described.
Excelsior, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 185. 1856. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 37. 1909.
3. Waugh Ain. Peach Orch. 201. 19 13.
Prince's Excelsior. 4. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 6^2. 1857.
Excelsior was grown more than half a century ago by William R. Prince, Flushing,
New York. It has been confused with Crosby, this sort having been once known as
Excelsior. Fruit large, roundish to roundish-oblate; suture a line, ending in a flattened
depression at the base; color attractive, bright orange-yellow; flesh golden-yellow, very
rich, juicy, aromatic, sweet, separating freely from the stone; quality \'ery good; season
the middle of October.
Exquisite, i. U. S. Pat. Of. Rpt. 380. 1858. 2. Jour. Hort: N. S. 7:152. 1864.
3. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 612. 1869. 4. Card. Mon. 19:114. 1877.
Pavie Georgia. 5. Leroy Diet. Pom. 6:218, 219 fig. 1879.
Exquisite originated in Georgia many years ago. It seems to have been sent to
England and France by P. J. Berckmans, Augusta, Georgia. Leaves with globose glands;
fruit large, roundish-oval, with a distinct suture; skin yellow, mottled with crimson in
the sun; flesh yellow, red at the stone, free, tender, melting, juicy, vinous; ripens in
September.
358 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Extra Early, i. Card. Moit. 2:337. i860.
A seedling of Fay Early Anne which precedes its parent by three weeks; the fruit is
small and fleshy, with a small pit.
Fabre. i. Carriere Var. Peckers 54. 1867.
Tree moderately vip;orous, very productive; glands reniform; flowers verj' small;
fruit large, roundish at the base; apex with a small, mamelon tip; skin blushed with deep
red on a yellowish-white ground; flesh yellowish-white, coarse, melting, \ev\- juicy; pit
large, oval, free; ripens early in September.
Fahnestock. i. Mag. Hort. 13:111. 1847.
A large-fruited seedling from A. Fahnestock, Lancaster, Ohio.
Fahnestock Mammoth, i. Mag. H9rt. 13:111. 1847.
•> A large, yellow clingstone which originated with A. Fahnestock, Lancaster, Ohio.
Falcon, i. Tex. Sta. Bid. 39:816. 1896. 2. Rivers Cat. 28. 1909-10.
Fattcoii. 3. Thomas Guide Prat. 55, 218. 1876.
Falcon originated with Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, England, from a pit of White
Nectarine. Fruit mediimi in size, roundish; cavity deep, wide; suture shallow; apex with
a small, erect, mamelon tip; skin thin, creamy-white, blushed with dull red, with a few
stripes, not very attractive; flesh white, tinged at the pit, meaty, sprightly; stone oval,
moderately plump; ripens at this Station the middle of September.
Fame. i. Ala. Sta. Btd. 156:133. 191 1.
Fame is an upright-growing tree, bearing yellow, freestone fruits of medium size;
ripens July 1 8th ; very susceptible to rot.
Fanning, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 92. 1883.
Fanning was exhibited in Philadelphia in 1883 by J. H. Ricketts of Newburgh, New
York. Fruit medium in size, globular; skin striped and splashed with brownish-red on
a yellowish-white ground; flesh greenish-white, melting, juicy, vinous, sprightly; very
good; stone moderately plump, free.
Farmbacher Lackpfirsich. i. Dochnahl Fiihr. Obstkiinde 3:21s- 1858.
Tree very jDroductivc; branches long and slender; glands reniform; flowers of medium
size; fruit large, long, halves unequal; deeply sutured; skin whitish-yellow, washed and
striped with red; flesh whitish-yellow, red near the stone, very tender, fibrous, vinous;
freestone; ripens the middle of September.
Faut. I. Am. Card. 12: $(>$■ 1891.
A Southern seedling. Tree strong, vigorous; fruit large; clingstone.
Favier. i. Prince Pom. Man. 2:34. 1832.
Favier was introduced by William Robert Prince from the region of the Mediterranean.
Blossoms small; fruit of medium size, roundish; suture usually but a line; skin overlaid
with red, with a deeper hue in the sun; flesh pale yellowish-white, strongly colored at the
l)it, melting, juicy; freestone; ripens September loth.
Favourite, i. Coxe Cidt. Fr. Trees 219. 181 7. 2. Downing Fr. Trees A>ii. 477. 1S45.
Favourite Large Red Clingsionef 3. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 96. 183 1.
Favourite Red. 4. Prince Pom. Ma«. 2:23. 1832.
Early Favourite? 5. Mas Pom. Gen. 12:185. 1883.
TIIK PKACHKS OF NKW YORK 359
Glands small, globose, often lacking; flowers small; fruit large, oblong; skin white,
rather downy, covered with dark red where exposed; flesh red at the stone, somewhat
firm, juicy, vinous but not rich; ripens early in August.
Fay Early Anne. i. Cultivator ^rd ?<er. 1:91. 1853. 2. .4;;!. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 41. i'856.
3. /;)/(/. 78. 1862.
Anne Precoce dc Fay. 4. Mas Le Verger 7:101, 102, fig. 49. 1866-73.
A seedling of Anne, grown by Lincoln Fay, Chautauqua County, New York. It held
a place in the fruit-list of the American Pomological Society from 1862 until 1869. Tree
hardy and productive; glands reniform; flowers small; fruit of medium size, roundish; skin
creamy-white, sometimes faintly tinged with red where exposed; flesh white, juicy, rich;
ripens two weeks before Early Crawford.
Fei Tau. i. 11". .V. Y. Hart. Soc. Rpt. 21. 1909.
Cions of the Fei Tau peach were brought to America by Frank N. Meyer, United
States Department of Agriculture, from the province of Fei Tcheng, China.
Felicie. i. Leroy Diet. Pom. 6:117, iiS fig. 1879.
Charles Buisson, Tronche, Iserc, France, grew this variety in i86j. (jlands usually
lacking; flowers small; fruit of medium size, roundish-oval, halves unequal, with a mamelon
tip at the apex; faintly sutured; skin thick, heavily pubescent, whitish-yellow, washed and
striped with carmine; flesh yellowish-white to the stone, firm, fibrous, juicy, vinous, with
an after taste; stone small, ovoid, free; ripens the last of September.
Felt Rareripe, i. Gregg Fruit Cult. 100. 1877.
The chief characteristic of this variety is that it reproduces itself from seed. It
originated with Cyrus Felt, Monte Bello, Illinois; fruit large, yellow-fleshed, freestone;
ripens the last of August.
Ferdinand, i. Fla. Sta. Rpt. 8:89. 1896. 2. Am. Pont. Soc. Cat. 22. 1897. 3. Fla.
Sta. Bui. 73:144. 1904.
Ferdinand is a seedling of Honey raised by G. L. Taber, Glen Saint Mary, Florida, in
1892. It was entered on the fruit-list of the American Pomological Society in 1897 but was
dropped in 1899. Fruit roundish, slightly flattened, bulged on one side, large; apex short,
blunt, recur\'ed; suture but a line; skin velvety, thick, tough, dull yellow, well covered with
dull red; flesh firm, meaty, white, streaked with red; flavor insipid, poor; stone clinging,
o\-al, plvmip, short; season early in July.
Fetters, i. Card. Mon. 16:313. 1874.
John Fetters, Lancaster, Ohio, raised this white-fleshed freestone from a pit of Lemon
Cling.
Fine Jaboulay. i. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 395. 1889. 2. Cat. Cong. Pom. France 99 fig.
1906.
Thought to have originated with Armand Jaboulay, OuUins, Rhone, France. Leaves
with reniform glands; flowers of meditam size; fruit large, roundish, with a very small,
mamelon tip at the apex; skin marbled and washed with red on a yellow ground; flesh white,
melting, \-inous, aromatic; quality very good; ripens the middle of September.
Finley October, i. Del. Sta. Rpt. 5:98. 1892.
Grown near Seaford, Delaware.
360 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Finley Superb, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 186. i860.
Recommended for planting in Georgia.
Fisher, i. Mo. State Fr. Sta. Bui. 12:11. 1904.
A variety grown in Texas and Wright Counties, Missouri. Fruit large, round, yellow,
blushed with red; clingstone; ripens in Missouri about the middle of September.
Fleenor. i. Ind. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 25. 1864. 2. Ibid. 60. 1870.
Fleenor originated in Indiana. Tree hardy, productive, slender; fruit large, oblong,
white; quality good; clingstone; used for market and canning; ripens in October.
Flewellen. i. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 636. 1857. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 30. 1875.
Flewcllen is of American origin and held a place in the American Pomological Society's
fruit-list from 1875 until 1897. Fruit large, globular, depressed at the apex; skin downy,
yellowish-white, dark, dull purplish-red where exposed; flesh red at the pit, very juicy,
sweet; desirable for an early cling; ripens early in August.
Florence, i. Ga. Sta. Bid. 42:235. 1898.
This variety is a moderate bearer but rots badly. Tree tall, with dense foliage,
vigorous; fruit of medium size, globular, greenish-white; flesh white, adherent; quality
fair to good; ripens the middle of August.
Florida, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 36. 1909.
Florida Crawford. 2. Ibid. 44. 1891. 3. Tex. Sta. Bid. sg:&iS,. 1896.
Introduced by G. L. Taber, Glen Saint Mary, Florida, in 189 1. The variety appeared
on the fruit-list of the American Pomological Society in 189 1 as Florida Crawford where it
remained until 1899. In 1909 it reappeared as Florida. Fruit belongs to the Spanish
type, very large, roundish-oblong, somewhat bellied, with a shallow suture; skin pale to
deeper yellow, frequently blushed at the base; flesh stained at the pit, firm, juicy, vinous;
freestone; ripens the last of July.
Florida Gem. 1. Fla. Sta. Rpt. 8:S6. 1S96. 2. Fla. Sta. Bid. 73: 14$- 1904- 3- -■^'"■
Pom. Soc. Cat. 36. 1909.
One of the best seedlings of Honey both for home and commercial purposes. Listed
by the American Pomological Society in its fruit-catalog of 1909. Fruit medium to
large, oval, angular; suture indistinct, often wanting; apex conical, long, recurved; skin
fuzzy, thin, tough, greenish-yellow, washed with deep red where exposed; flesh firm, juicy,
white, pink at the stone, sweet, agreeable; stone free, elliptical, reddish; ripens the last of
June.
Florida Own. i. Fla. Sta. Bui. 14:6. 1891. 2. Ibid. 62:513. 1902.
Florida Own is a seedling of Peento, now out of cultivation. Fruit large, nearly
round; skin white, overspread with carmine; flesh sweet, juicy, melting, semi-clinging;
quality excellent; ripens with Peento.
Florin, i. Wickson Cal. Fruits 313. 1889.
Florin is a California variety ripening with Late Crawford but superior in size and
flavor; tree hardy, a rapid grower and free from curl.
Floss. I. N. Y. Sta. Rpt. 15:289. 1897.
Received at this Station for testing in 1894, from E. A. Riehl, Alton, Illinois. Fruit
above medivim, roundish -oblong; color greenish-white, with a few red dots; flesh white,
moderately juicy, firm, adherent; quality good; season the middle of October.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 361
Floyd. I. Ortiz Fruit Farm Cat. 27. 1900.
According to the catalog of the Ortiz Fruit Farm, Mexico, Missouri, Floyd was found
in Mexico, Missouri, by Wallace Bassford of that place. Tree verj' hardy; fruit hangs
well, large; skin tough, creamy-white, blushed where exposed; flesh tender, white, juicy;
freest one; riijcns September 2 5lh.
Flushing Heath, i. \'an Lintllcy Cat. 17. 1892.
This is a large, white-fleshed clingstone which ripens the last of August, according
to the Van Lindley Company, Pomona, North Carolina.
Ford. I. Budd- Hansen >1 MI. Hor^ MoH. 2:345. 1903.
New Ford. 2. Mich. Sia. Bui. 118:30. 1895. 3. Jbid. 169:213. 1899,
Probably originated in Delaware. Tree moderately vigorous, upright, with drooping
branches; glands globose; flowers small; fruit large, roundish, yellow, blushed with red;
fle.sh yellow, tinged at the pit, moderately juicy, firm, mild, .sweet; quality good; pit free,
oval, plump, pointed; ripens early in September.
Ford Choice, i. A'. Y. Sta. Rpt. 15:289. 1897.
Ford Choice was received at this Station for testing in 1892 from J. S. Ford, Pittsford,
New York. Fruit large, irregularly oval, with a shallow suture; skin yellow, with markings
of dark red; flesh yellow, slightly stained with red at the pit which is nearly free, juicy,
somewhat stringy, firm; quality good; ripens early in September.
Ford Late. i. ///. Hori. Soc. Rpt. 53. 1896. 2. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:345. 1903.
Ford Late, as it fruits on the Station grounds, is of doubtful value. Trees vigorous,
productive; leaves with small, globose glands; flowers appear early, large, pink; fruit large,
oval, tapering, halves unequal, sides drawn in about the cavity; apex with a mucronate
tip; skin covered with long, coarse pubescence, thin, tough, lemon-j'ellow to creamy, with
a faint blush of pink; flesh white, neither very juicy nor stringy, sprightly; stone brown,
free, large, obovate, with a wedge-shaped base; ripens early in October.
Ford No. I. I. Tex. Sta. Bid. 8:34. 1889. 2. Ibid. 39:807. 1896. 3. Mich. Sta.
Bui. 169:213. 1899.
Tree strong, spreading, productive if not too far south; glands few, reniform; fruit
mediimi to large, roundish-elongated, faintly sutured ; skin creamy-white, with a delicate
wash of bright red; flesh creamy-white, tinged with red at the pit, juicy, tender, sprightly,
vinous; quality good; pit pltmip, semi-clinging; ripens from the middle to the last of August.
Ford No. 2. I. Tc.v. Sta. Bid. 8:34. 1889. 2. Ibid. 39:811. 1896. 3. Mich. Sta.
Bill. 169:213. 1899.
Trees round-headed, fairly productive ; glands globose ; flowers small ; fruit of medium
size, roundish, slightly ovate; suture indistinctly marked; cavity broad, deep; color yellow,
with a red cheek; flesh red at the stone, tender, vinous, juicy; stone oval, pointed, plump,
free; quality good; ripens on the Station grounds the last of September.
Ford No. 3. I. Tex. Sta. Bui. 8: 3^^. 1889. 2. Mich. Sta. Bui. 169:214. 1899.
Described as follows as it grows on the Station grounds: Trees strong; glands reni-
form; flow-ers small; fruit of medium size, roundish; apex indistinct; skin greenish-yellow,
with a thin bloom; flesh white, tinged with red at the pit, juicy, tender, vinous; stone free,
plump, pointed; quahty poor; ripens the last of October.
362 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Ford Red. i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 118:30. 1895. 2. Ibid. 169:213. 1899.
Ford Red is thought to have originated in Delaware. Trees roundish, with an upright
head, fairly productive; fruit medium-sized, slightly enlarged at the suture, generally oval;
cavity deep, narrow; color creamy-white, with a slight blush; flesh white, reddish and
rather bitter at the pit, juicy, tender, rich, mild; quality good; pit free, oval, pointed,
quite plump; season early in September.
Ford Seedling, i. Loud. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 5:539. 1824. 2. Lindley Guide Orch. Card.
24S. 1831-
Leaves doubly serrate, glandless ; flowers large ; fruit of medium size, slightly narrowed
at the apex; skin yellowish-green, marbled with bright red; flesh yellow to the stone, juicy,
with a rich, astringent flavor; freestone; ripens the middle of September.
Fords. I. Ga. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 63. 1891.
A large, very early, white-fleshed freestone.
Fords Improved, i. Cal. Sta. Rpt. 393. 1895-97.
A white-fleshed freestone of the Chinese type. It ripens early but is soft and is a poor
keeper.
Forrester, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 33. 1899. 2. Waugh Am. Peach Orch. 202. 1913.
A large, round, good peach, from Georgia. Fruit yellowish-red; ripens in mid-season.
Four in One. i. Continental PL Cat. 13. 1916.
According to the Continental Plant Company, Kittrell, North Carolina, this variety
is the largest peach that grows and the flrmest of the mid-siammer varieties. Skin deep
creamy and crimson, tough; flesh soft, juicy, melting.
Fourteen Ounce, i. Del. Sta. Rpt. 5:98. 1892. 2. Can. Exp. Farm Bui. 2nd Ser. 3:65.
1900.
A clingstone, listed but not described in these references.
Fox. I. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 44.' 1891. 2. Ibid. i^. 1899. 3. Midi. Sta. Bui. 169:
214. 1S99. 4. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:345. 1903.
Fox's Seedling. 5. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 4j8. 1845.
Fox originated in New Jersey. The American Pomological Society listed the variety
in its fruit-catalog in 1891 but dropped it in 1897, replacing it in 1899. Tree vigorous;
glands globose; fruit mediimi in size, roundish, slightly compressed, wdth a small suture
which extends nearly around the fruit; skin creamy-white, with a red blush; flesh white,
red at the pit, free, melting, juicy, sweet, with a rich, vinous flavor; season the last of
September.
Frances, i. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:345, 346 fig. 1903. 2. Am. Pom. Soc.
Cat. 37. 1909. 3. Ala. Sta. BtU. 156:133. 1911. 4. Waugh .4;)!. Peach Orch.
202. 1913.
Francis. 5. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 42. 1895.
There is doubt as to the place of origin of this peach. Most writers mention Ohio
but a communication from Leon Sanders, Plain Dealing, Louisiana, states that the variety
was found in that State by his father about 1895 and was introduced to the trade by L. T.
Sanders and Son. Frances was added to the fruit-list of the American Pomological Society
in 1909. Fruit large, roundish-oval, with a pronounced suture; apex prominent: skin
THK PEACHES OF NEW YORK 363
yellow, washed and striped with bright red; flesh yellow, stained with red at the pit, melt-
ing, juicy, with a rich, vinous flavor; quality pood; stone oval, free; season follows Elbcrta.
Frank, i. Munson Cat. 14, PI. 1915-16.
According to the Munson Nurseries, Denison, Texas, Frank was raised in 1903 by
J. W. Stubenrauch, Mexia, Texas, from a pit of Elberta and named after Frank Holland
of the Farm and Ranch. Fruit large, globular; skin yellow, covered with considerable
rich red; clingstone; ripens two weeks after its parent.
Frankfort, i. Del. Sta. Rpt. 5:98. 1892.
Listed in this reference.
Franklin. 1. Mich. Sta. Bid. zi:i?>. 1887.
Listed as grown in Michigan at one time.
Franquieres. i. Ihoma.s Guide Prat. 49. 1876. 2. Guide Prat. 31. 1895.
Resembles Orchard Queen but is earlier, rounder, and higher in quality. Trees very
vigorous and productive; glands reniform; fruit large, roundish, nearly covered with
reddish-carmine; flesh very red at the stone, juicy; matures the first of September.
Franz Koelitz. i. Mathieu Norn. Pom. 395. 1889. 2. Guide Prat. 40. 1S95.
An early, German variet}' without glands.
Fredenburgh. i. Card. Mon. 23:303. 1881.
A large, very early sort, like Alexander in appearance and quality, raised by W. H.
Fredenburgh, Kingston, New York.
Freehold, i. N. ./. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 47. 1884.
Freehold originated in Freehold, New Jersey ; fruit large, with a red cheek ; flesh white ;
freestone; of good quality; ripens the second week in November.
Free Mason, i. Card. Mon. 13:26. 1871. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 1st App. 121.
1872.
A seedling of Early Rareripe, grown by Rev. R. W. Todd, Denton, Maryland. Tree
very vigorous, spreading in its habit; leaves serrate, glandless ; flowers small; fruit of medium
size, roundish, inclining to oblong; skin white, shaded with red; flesh deep red at the stone,
juicy; ripens immediately after Smock.
Freeman, i. Gard. Mon. 10:20, 21. 1868.
Freeman Late. 2. Ibid. 19:336. 1877.
Named after its originator, H. C. Freeman, Alto Pass, Illinois. The fruits resemble
Smock of which it may be a seedling; however, it is later and higher in quality.
Freeman White, i. Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt. 45. 1867.
A variety of some repute in New Jersey. Resembles Heath Free but is larger; used
for market.
French Blood Cling, i. Loud. Hort. Soc. Cat. 104. 183 1. 2. Prince Pom. Man. 2:33.
1832.
Wilder Blutpfirsich. 3. Dochnahl Fiihr. Obstkunde 3: ig^- 1858.
Leaves with reniform glands; flowers large; fruit of medium size, dark red; used for
preserves ; matures at the end of October.
French Chancellor, i. Prince Potn. Man. 1:189. 1831-
A variety of French origin. Fruit large, with a distinct suture; apex with a small,
364 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
mamelon tip; skin fine red next the sun; flesh melting, sweet, witli a pleasant flavor; ripens
the first of SeptemVjer.
French Mignonne. i. Miller cyard. Did. 1752. 2. Brookshaw Pom. Brit. i:Pl. 21 fig. 2.
1817.
Although bearing a close resemblance to Grosse Mignonne, this peach seems to be
distinct. The chief points of difference are thicker skin, more brilliant color and more
oblong form in the fmit of this variety.
French Willow Leaved, i. Prince Pom. Man. 2:12. 1832.
A Feuilles de Saule. 2. Carriere Var. Peckers 77, 78. 1867.
This tree has leaves resembling those of the willow. Leaves devoid of glands; flowers
very small; fruit of medivim size or larger, roundish, halves unequal; flesh white, red at the
stone; pit large, free; ripens in October and only succeeds in a warm exposure.
Friers, i. Rea F/oro 211. 1676.
" Friers peach is an excellent fruit."
Fritzes Samling. i. Mathieu Norn. Pom. 395. 1889.
Listed in this reference.
Frogmore Golden, i. Hogg Fruit Man. 221. 1866. 2. Flor. & Pom. 89, PI. 1878.
A Mr. Ingram, Frogmore, England, grew this variety from a pit of the Bellegarde peach
crossed with Pitmaston Orange nectarine. Trees rather free from mildew; glands globose;
fruit of medium size; of a deep apricot color, both in and out; flesh rich, vinous, tinged
at the stone from which it separates; ripens early.
Friihe aus der Ortenau. i. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 395, 1889.
Listed in this reference.
Friihe May von Brigg. i. Lucas Handb. Obst. 475. 1893.
Tree strong and very productive; fruit very large, whitish-yellow, with a red blush;
ripens the middle of July.
Friihe Mignonne. i. Land. Hort. Soc. Cat. 100. 1831. 2. Mathieu A'om. Pow. 395. 1889.
Large Early Mignonne. 3. Prince Pom. Man. 2:10. 1832.
Early Mignonne. 4. Kenrick Am. Orch. 211. 1832.
Friihe Lieblingspfirsich. 5. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkundc 3:202. 1858.
Early Grosse Mignonne. 6. Hogg Fruit Man. 219. 1866. 7. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat.
30. 1877. 8. Leroy Diet. Pom. 6:165 fig., 166. 1879.
Friihe Mignonne was first mentioned early in the Nineteenth Century as coming
from the vicinity of Paris, France. It is a strain of Grosse Mignonne, but with smaller and
earlier fruit. The American Pomological Society listed it in its fruit-catalog from 1877
until 1897. Glands small, globose; flowers large; fruit large, roundish, more or less ovoid,
regular in outline, strongly sutured; usually with a mamelon tip; skin pale yellow,
marbled with carmine; flesh whitish-green, red at the pit, melting, juicy, sweet, sprightly;
stone roundish-oval, plump, nearly free; ripens early in August.
Friiher Bergpfirsich. i. Dochnahl Fiihr. Obstkunde 3:200, 201. 1858.
Fruit large, oblate, halves unequal; deeply sutured; skin with a straw-yellow color,
with dark red streaks, heavily pubescent; flesh white throughout, pleasing; stone small;
ripens from the first to the middle of August.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 365
Fruitland. i. Downing,' Fr. Trees Am. 613. 1869.
Fruitland originated at Auj;u«ta, Georgia. Fruit larj^e, obovate, tapering to a point;
greenish-white, with a pale, mottled red cheek; flesh greenish-white, faintly red at the
stone, ver\' juicy, vinous; freestone; matures early in September.
Fulkerson. i. Elliott Fr. Book 283. 1854.
Of American origin, having been raised by R. P. Fulkerson, Ashland, Ohio, about 185 1.
Leaves without glands; fruit of medium size, obtuse, sides irregular and unequal; skin
white, with a red cheek; flesh whitish-yellow, tinged at the stone, juicy, rich, high in
quality; stone small, angular, flattened, free; ripens August 20th.
Fullers Galande. i. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 97. 1831.
Listed as having globose glands and small flowers.
Fumess. i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 59. 1869.
Mentioned as a good, late clingstone.
G. & A. I. Del. Sta. Rpt. 5:98. 1892.
Fruit irregular in outline; yellow-fleshed; freestone; quahty good; pit small; ripens the
first of September.
G. Orange Cling, i. ///. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 206. iSgd.
An inferior variety listed by the Illinois Horticultural Society; fruit of medium size;
flesh yellow; quality fair.
Gaillard-Girerd L i. Rev. Hort. N. S. 7:12. 1907.
Soon after the early American varieties of the Amsden and Hale Early type were
introduced into France they were used in breeding new varieties. This peach is a white-
fleshed freestone, resulting from a seed of Poirieux crossed with Hale Early.
Gaillard-Girerd II. i. Rev. Hort. N. S. 7:12. 1907.
Said to resemble closely its parent, Gaillard-Girerd I.
Gain de Montreuil. i. Card. Citron. 68. 1848. 2. Mas Le Verger 7:123, 124, fig. 60.
1866-73.
Galande von Montreuil. 3. Lauche Deut. Pom. 6:No. 6, PI. 1882.
Alexis Lep^re, Montreuil, France, grew this variety about 1846. Tree strong, unusually
productive ; leaves with both renif orm and globose glands ; flowers very small ; fruit of medium
size, roundish, depressed at the ends; suture distinct; apex with a small, mamelon tip;
skin thin, with short pubescence, yellowish-white, with a red blush; flesh stained at the
stone, firm, sweet; very good; stone adherent, elongated-oval, deeply furrowed; ripens
the last of August.
Galande. i. Pom. Mag. 1:26, PI. 1828. 2. Mas L^ Verger 7:189, 190, fig. 93. 1866-
73. 3. Leroy Diet. Pom. 6:124, 12S %•> 126. 1879. 4. Mathieu Nonj. Pom.
396, 397. 1889.
Bellegarde. 5. Miller Card. Diet. 1752. 6. Lindley Guide Orch. Card. 254, 255.
1831. 7. Downing Fr. Trees Am. ^-ji. 1845.
Grosse Noire de Montreuil. 8. Ann. Pom. Beige i:&s, P\. 1853.
Violette Galande. 9. Dochnshl Fiihr. Obstkunde y.210, 211. 1858.
The origin of this old variety is unknown. It apparently was known in France in the
middle of the Seventeenth Century and was long and widely cultivated in that country
366 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
under various names. The number of synonyms shows its popularity in France and
England. Leaves crenate, with j^lobose glands; flowers small; fruit large, round, regular,
with a shallow suture; color pale yellowish-green, with a rich red cheek, often streaked with
darker purple; flesh pale yellow, rayed with red at the stone, melting, juicy, highly flavored,
free; season the last of August.
Galande Pointue. i. Mas Le Verger 7:129, 130, fig. 63. 1866-73. 2. Leroy Diet.
Pom. 6:127 fig., 128. 1879.
Spitze Galand Pfirsich. 3. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 415. 1889. 4. Gaucher Pom.
Prak. Obst. No. 85, Tab. 77. 1894.
About 1805 a M. Dormeau of Montreuil, Seine, France, seems to have been growing
this variety. Fruit large, roundish-oval, irregular; skin yellowish-white, partly covered
and dotted with carmine; flesh whitish, somewhat red at the center, firm but tender, juicy,
sweet, vinous; quality good; stone free; season early in August.
Galbraith. i. ///. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 167. 1871. 2. Mich. Hart Sac. Rpt. 498. 1871.
A variety from Illinois, recommended for market. Glands globose; flowers small;
fi-uit of medium size, roundish; color white, with a red cheek; very good; ripens at the end
of July.
Galland May. i. Greensboro Nur. Cat. 22. 1898.
A very early variety with good shipping qualities, according to the Greensboro
Nurseries, Greensboro, North Carolina.
Galveston, i. Tex. Sta. Bui. 39:805. 1896. 2. Am. Pom. .Soc. Cat. i^,. 1899.
Galveston was placed on the fruit-list of the American Pomological Society in 1899
it comes from southern Texas. Tree very vigorous and productive, inclined to overbear
glands few, reniform; fruit of medivmi size, roundish; skin creamy, with a light red cheek
flavor subacid; ripens the last of July.
Gant Noir. i. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 397. 1889.
Listed in this reference.
Garden Cling, i. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 289. 1893.
Garden Cling on the Station grounds is not promising in fruit or tree characters.
Fruit of medium size, roundish, compressed; skin thick, tough, greenish-white, more or
less overspread with bright red; flesh white to the stone, juicy, sweet, rubbery; stone oval,
smooth, plump; ripens early in October.
Gates Cling, i. Wickson Cal. Fruits 312. 1889.
Originated and named by J. W. Gates, Vacaville, California. Trees tender; fniit
large; skin too tender for shipping, silver-white, with a red blush; flesh white, finn; pit
large, irregular.
Gather Late October, i. Van Lindley Cat. 19. 1892.
A very late clingstone listed by Van Lindley, Pomona, North Carolina.
Gaylord. i. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 614. 1869. 2. 7V.v. Sta. Bui. 39:812. 1896.
A peach grown in Mississippi by Dr. M. W. Phillips. Tree fairly vigorous, but not
productive; glands large, round; flowers small; fruit resembles Crothers, large, round, with
a pointed apex; skin creamy-white, heavily pubescent; flesh white, juicy, rich; freestone;
ripens the middle of August.
THE PEACHEa OK MCW VOKK 367
Geary, i. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:346. 1903.
Gearys Hold-On. 2. Card. Mon. 19:174. 1877. 3. Hood Cat. 31. 1905.
Hold-On. 4. Fulton Peach Cult. 176. 1908.
Geary is said to be a seedling of Smock; on the Station grounds it ripens with it. Tree
large, vigorous but not very productive, slightly drooping; leaves finely serrate, with large,
reniform glands; flowers small, faded pink, darker at the edges; fruit above medium in
size, oval, halves unequal; cavity deep, sides drawn up forming a prune-like neck; tip
mucronate; skin tough, covered with short pubescence, golden-yellow, slightly splashed
with darker red on a dull blush ; flesh pale yellow, stained at the pit, rather dr>', coarse,
sweet; fair in quality; stone large, oval, flattened, more or less pointed, free.
Gebhardt. i. Mich. Sta. Sp. Bui. 44:41- 1910.
A locally known seedling of Hale Early grown by Benton (}ebliardt, Oceana County,
Michigan, about 1878. It is valued for high qualit>- in fruit. Tree hardy and an
early and regular bearer, not very susceptible to fungus; fruit above medium in size,
roundish-oblong, flattened slightly at the ends; cavity broad; suture continuous, deeper
at the ends; skin velvety, creamy-white, with a solid, dark crimson cheek; flesh creamy-
white, tender, juicy, mild subacid, aromatic; quality very good; stone free; ripens just
before Early Michigan.
Gem. I. Munson Cat. 6. 1893. 2. Tex. Sta. Rid. 39:812. i8g6.
Similar to Oldmixon Cling, but with more color in the cheek; glands reniform; season
very late; unproductive.
Gemina. i. Mo. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 181. 1895.
Mentioned as a very late and very hardy variety; recommended for Missouri.
General Bidwell. i. Wickson Cal. Fruits 315. 1889.
A seedling named by the California Horticultural Society in 1886 and recommended
for cultivation. Fruit larger than Orange Cling, yellow; flesh solid, juicy, rich; pit small,
free; ripens between Late Crawford and Salwey.
General Custer, i. W. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt. iii. 1880.
A seedling raised by E. F. Hynes, Kansas, about 1878.
General Grant, i. Wickson Cal. Fruits 317. 1889. 2. Mich. Sta. Bui. 169:214. 1899.
Originated with W. W. Smith, Vacaville, California. Trees fairly strong; glands
reniform; flowers small; fruit medium to large, roundish, tapering towards the apex;
cavity narrow, deep; suture extends two-thirds around the fruit; skin pale creamy-white,
with a mottled cheek; flesh red at the pit, moderately juicy, firm, vinous; pit roundish-
o\-al, pointed, plump, adherent; ripens late.
General Greene, i. N. C. Sta. Rpt. 12:108. 1889. 2. Greensboro Nur. Cat. 25. 1898.
A large, white-fleshed freestone, ripening the last of August. The variety originated
in Guilford County, North Carolina.
General Harrison, i. Glen St. Mary Nur. Cat. 20. 1906.
According to the Glen Saint Mary Nurseries, Glen Saint Mary, Florida, this \-ariety
was originated at Cocoa, Florida, by C. W. Harrison. Fruit above medium in size, shaped
like the Honey seedlings without the long points; color light yellow, overlaid with red;
flesh white; clingstone; ripens in July.
368 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
General Laudon. i. Dochnahl Fiihr. Obstkunde 3:205. 1858.
General Laudon is a seedling of Karl Schwarzenberg, raised about 1836. Tree
productive; flowers large, pale red; fruit large, oval, deeply sutured; skin greenish-yellow,
blushed; flesh white, vinous; freestone; ripens at the end of August.
General Taylor, i. Ga. Ilort. Soc. Rpt. 25. 1876. 2. Tex. Sta. Bui. 39:812. 1896.
General Ta\'lor is an early clingstone of fair quality. Tree vigorous, productive;
glands renifonn; fniit of medium size, roundish-ovate; skin creamj'-white, with a red
cheek; ripens in Texas the last of June.
Genesee, i. II'. A'. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 16. 1883.
Fruit medium to large; flesh creamy-white, juicy; freestone; ripens in October.
Genueser. i. Christ Handb. 591. 1817.
Pechc dc Genes. 2. Christ U'drterb. 351. 1802.
Genueser Aprikosenpfirsich. 3. Dochnahl Fiihr. Obstkunde 3:218. 1858.
Flowers small; fruit large, round, halves unequal; suture shallow; skin yellow, more
or less mottled with clear red; flesh deep yellow, pleasing, melting; freestone; ripens earlv
in October.
George Late. i. Cal. Bd. Hort. Rpt. 73. 1891. 2. Cal. Nur. Cat. 20. 1898.
George Late originated in Sacramento, California, where the fruit is much esteemed
as a clingstone because of its rich color, large size and superior shipping qualities. The
trees on the Station grounds have not yet fruited.
Georgia Press, i. Greensboro Nur. Cat. 25. 1898.
Fruit large; flesh nearly white, juicy, acid; ripens in August, according to the Greens-
boro Nurseries, Greensboro, North Carolina.
Gest Superb, i. Elliott Fr. Book 292. 1854.
An American variety bearing globose glands; fruit large, roundish; skin yellowish-
white; flesh firm, subacid; ripens in September.
Gestreifter Blutpfirsich. i. Dochnahl Fiihr. Obstkunde 3:194. 185S.
Resembles Sanguinole but longer. Fruit striped; flesh clear red, not adhering to
the pit; ripens early in October.
Gettysburg. 1. Rural N. Y. 62:820, fig. 304. 1903.
Found and named by Earl Peters, Mount Holly Springs, Pennsylvania, who claims
it to be the latest and best yellow-fleshed freestone in that vicinity.
Gibbon, i. Gard. Mon. 21:149. i879-
Fruit large, oval, terminating in an acute, swollen tip; skin clear >-ellow, blushed;
flesh yellow, melting, juicy; ripens the middle of August.
Gibbon October, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 44. 1891. 2. Griffing Cat. 10. 1910.
A seedling of the Spanish type from northern Florida. In 1891, it appeared on the
fruit-list of the American Pomological Society but was soon dropped. It is one of the
last white-fleshed, freestone peaches to mature, ripening at the last of September.
Gibson, i. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 242. 1886. 2. Mich. Sta. Sp. Bid. 44:42. 1910.
A seedling raised by Eugene Gibson, New Richmond, Michigan. The variety was
said to be earlier than either Amsden or Alexander. It was thought by some to be
identical with the Champion of Michigan. Leaves deeply serrate; susceptible to mildew.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 369
Gibson Late. i. Gard. Mon. 21:362. 1879.
Gibson Late has small value as grown on the Station grounds. Tree neither vigorous
nor productive; fruit niedium to above in size, oblong-oval, sometimes roundish-oval,
with a bulge along the suture; skin with considerable pubescence, greenish-yellow, with
a faint blush: flesh light yellow, stained at the pit, juicy, coarse, stringy; quahty fair;
freestone; ripens the latter hcilf of October.
Gibson Seedling, i. Tex. Sta. Bid. 8:34. 1889.
Listed as grown in Texas.
Gillingham. i. Oregon Xur. Cat. 35. 1913.
The Oregon Nursery Company, Orenco, Oregon, states that Gillingham resembles
Earh- Crawford but ripens a few days later; the tree bears young and abundanth-.
Gilman Early, i. Kenrick Am. Orch. 199. 1841.
A variety ripening in August; productive.
Gilmore. i. Mo. Hort. Sac. Rpt. 246. 1893.
This variety was found growing in Gilmore, Arkansas, by S. W. Gilbert, Thayer,
Missouri; said to be " very early and good to look at but not fit to eat."
Gladstone, i. Hogg Fruit Man. 448. 1884.
This is another variety grown by Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, England. Leaves
glandless; flowers large; fruit very large, round, often oblate; suture shallow; skin pale
>ellowish-green, with a faint red cheek; flesh white, tender, melting, vinous; freestone.
Glasgow. I. Rural N. V. 14:119. 1863.
Glasgow is listed as a freestone grown in Missouri.
Glen. I. Glen St. Mary Nur. Cat. 19. 191 1.
Glen is a cross between Peento and Honey from Glen Saint Mary, Florida. Fruit
two and one-half inches long, ending in a blunt point; deeply sutured; skin tough, yellow,
often entirely covered with red; flesh Hght yellow, stained at the pit, firm; freestone;
season early in June.
Glendale. i. Tex. Sta. Bid. 39:812. 1896.
Glendale, better known as Glendale Beauty, did not prove productive in Texas.
Glands large, globose; fruit large, ovate, with an acvite apex; skin yellow; flesh firm, .sweet;
freestone; ripens early in July.
Globe. I. Gard. Mon. 27:334. 1885. 2. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 314. 1889. 3. .4));.
Pom. Soc. Cat. 30. 1889. 4. Mich. Sta. Bui. 169:214. 1899.
Globe is a chance seedling from Berks Center, Pennsylvania. The tree is a rapid and
vigorous grower and usually productive. It was placed on the fruit-list of the American
Pomological Society in 1889 where it still remains. Glands globose; flowers small; fruit
large, round, slightly ovate; cavity broad; skin yellow, with a red cheek; flesh yellow,
vinous, sprightly; quality good; pit large, oval, plump, free; ripens at the last of September-
Gold Ball. I. Bailey Ann. Hort. 184. 1892.
A large, yellow-fleshed chngstone introduced in 1892 by Ramsej^ & Son, Mahomet, Texas.
Gold Dust. I. ni. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 107. 1882. 2, Boonville Nur. Cat. 18. 1912.
Gold Dust originated with J. C. Evans, Howell County, Missouri. The peaches
on the Station grounds are v^er>' attractive. Trees moderately productive; glands reni-
24
370 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
form, large; flowers appear in mid-season, small; fruit largo, roundish-cordate, hal\-es
unequal; apex ends in a small, recurved, mamelon tip; skin thin but tough, hea\-ily
pubescent, golden-yellow, overspread with lively red and with few splashes of darker red;
flesh tinged at the pit, juicy, meaty, sprightly; quality fair; stone adherent, large, oval to
ovate, acutely pointed at the apex; ripens late in September.
Gold Mine. i. Greening Bros. Cat. 85. 1901. 2. Mich. Sta. Sp. Bid. 44:45, PI. 1910.
G. E. Prater, Paw Paw, Michigan, grew and introduced Gold Mine. It is a cross
between Barnard and Late Crawford, resembling the latter parent. On the Station
grounds the variety lacks productiveness; trees vigorous, hardy; glands small, globose;
flowers appear in mid-season, small; fruit large, oval to cordate, halves decidedly unequal;
apex with a large, mucronate tip; skin thick, tough, coarsely pubescent, greenish-yellow,
blushed with dull red; flesh yellow except at the pit, juicy, coarse, sprightly, pleasing;
qualitv good; pit free, large, ovate, plump, tinged with purple; ripens late in September.
Golden, i. Horticulturist N. R. 7:178- i«57-
Golden is a mediocre variety from Georgia.
Golden Ampere, i. Mas Pom. Gen. 12:185. 1883-
Listed in this reference.
Golden Ball. i. Elliott Fr. Book 292. 1854.
Golden Ball is of American origin. Glands globose; fruit large, roundish, orange-
yellow; flesh stained at the stone, juicy; freestone; ripens early in September.
Golden Belt. i. Kan. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 195. 1902-03.
Listed as grown at one time in Kansas.
Golden Cling, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 147. 1881. 2. Wickson Cal. Fruits 314. 1889.
3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. i^. 1899. 4. Waugh Am. Peach Orch. 202. 1913.
Golden Cling is one of the standard peaches of California. It has held a place on
the fruit-list of the American Pomological Society since 1899. The variety originated
with A. T. Hatch, Suistun Valley, California. Fruit large, oval, compressed, yellow-
fleshed; quality good; season late; good for kitchen or market.
Golden Cuba. i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 31:58. 1887.
Listed as growing in Michigan.
Golden Eagle, i. Hogg Fruit Man. 448. 1884.
Aigle dore. 2. Thomas Guide Prat. 54. 1876.
Golden Eagle was raised by Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, England, as a second
generation from Late Crawford. Leaves with reniform glands; flowers small; fruit very
large, round, deeply sutured; skin deep orange, with a red cheek on the sunny side;
flesh stained at the pit, tender, melting, rich; freestone; ripens at the end of September.
Golden Gate. i. New Haven Nur. Cat. 7. 1899- 1900.
Dr. Smith, Hermann, Missouri, originated Golden Gate. Fruit yellow; season follows
I'^lberta according to the New Haven Nurseries, New Haven, Missouri.
Golden Purple, i. Kenrick Am. Orch. 200. 1841.
Gold and Purple. 2. Prince Treat. Hort. 17, 18. 1828. 3. Carriere \'ar. Pechers
43, 44. 1867.
Pourpre Doree. 4. Leroy Diet. Pom. 6:239, 240 fig. 1S79.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 37 1
Golden Purple originated in Georjjia and was sent out by P. J. Berckmans, Auj^usta,
Georgia. Fruit of medivun size, round, with a distinct suture; color golden-yellow, with
a deep crimson blush; flesh greenish-yellow, slightly red at the pit, juicy, sweet, with a
pleasant, aromatic flavor; stone free; season the last of July.
Golden Rareripe, i. Kenrick Am. Orch. 192. 1841. 2. Jour. Hort. N. S. 5:188. 1863.
3. Hogg Fruit Man. 448. 1884.
An American variety from Monmouth County, New Jensey. little known in America
but listed by several English nurserjTnen. Glands renifonn; flowers small; fruit resembles
the Crawfords.
Golden Sweet Cling, i. Stark Bros. Cat. 36. 1913.
Originated near Fort Smith, Arkansas. Fruit large, juicy and sweet, according to
the catalog of Stark Brothers, Louisiana, Missouri.
Goode. I. Budd-Hansen .\m. Hort. Man. 2:347. 1903.
Goodc October. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 614. 1S69.
This variety originated in South Carolina. Fruit large, round or slightly oblong;
skin white, veined with red, heavily pubescent; flesh white, stained at the stone, juicy,
vinous; clingstone; mattores early in October.
Gooding, i. Del. Sta. Rpt. 13:100, loi. 1901.
A Mr. Gooding, formerly of Smith County, Texas, originated this variety. It was
introduced in 1892 by John F. Sneed, Tyler, Texas. The fruit resembles Mamie Ross
but is a few days later.
Gordon, i. Harrison Cat. 13. 1904.
Gordon is a very late variety from J. G. Harrison and Sons, Berlin, Maryland. The
trees are not productive on the Station grounds. Glands small, globose; flowers appear
late; fruit large, oval-cordate, halves unequal; apex tipped with a recurved, mamelon
tip; skin tough, covered with short pubescence, creamy-white, blushed with lively red,
with a few dull splashes; flesh white, tinged at the stone, juicy, tender, rich; quality very
good; stone large, oval to obovate, flattened, wedge-shape at the base, free; ripens at the
last of September.
Gorgas. i. Mag. Hort. 19:519. 1853. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 615, 616. 1857
3. Hoffy N. Am. Pom. No. i, PI. i860. 4. Leroy Diet. Pom. 6:130, 131 fig.
1879.
Gorgas originated with Benjamin Gullis, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, from a stone
of Morris White planted in the fall of 1846. The variety first fruited in 1850. Tree
vigorous, bearing glandless leaves; fruit moderately large, roundish, with a swollen point
at the apex; suture indistinct; color yellowish-white, clouded and blotched with red on
the cheek; flesh white, stained at the stone which is free, firm, juicy, sweet and agreeably
flavored; quality very good; ripens late in September.
Goshawk, i. Jour. Hort. 3rd Ser. 13:494. 1886. 2. Bunyard-Thomas Fr. Card. 113.
1904.
Autour. 3. Thomas Guide Prat. 55, 215. 1876.
Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, England, raised Goshawk from a seed of Coolidge
impregnated with pollen from the Stanwick nectarine. On the Station grounds the trees
372 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
arc not vigorous; leaves devoid of glands; flowers large; fruit large; skin greenish-white,
mottled with spots of dull red; flesh juicy, melting, brisk; ripens in mid-season.
Gough Late Red Clingstone, i. Prince Treat. Fr. Trees 17. 1820.
Listed by Prince in 1820.
Governor, i. Ant. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 75. 1873.
Governor is a seedling of President which it surpasses in quality of fruit. It origi-
nated with L. E. Berckmans of Rome, Georgia, many years ago. Fruit very large,
roundish, regular; skin white, nearly covered with red and with a dark red cheek; flesh
white, melting, vinous, aromatic, free; quality good; ripens the middle of August.
Governor Briggs. i. Tex. Sta. Bui. 39:812. 1896.
Briggs. 2. Mich. Sta. Bui. 169:209. 1899.
The origin of this sort is unknown but it has been propagated in Michigan for some
years under the name Briggs. Tree unproductive; glands globose, small; fruit medium
to large, roundish-ovate, with a distinct suture; color yellow, with a red cheek; flesh yellow,
red at the pit, juicy, tender, with a rich, vinous, sprightly flavor; quality good; pit free;
season in Michigan the last of August.
Governor Campbell, i. Ramsey Cat. 9. 1909.
This is an old, white clingstone which ripens in Texas about July 20th, as described
by F. T. Ramsey and Son, Austin, Texas.
Governor Garland, i. IT'. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 51. 1879. 2. Ibid. 112. 1880.
The original Governor Garland tree grew six miles from Bcntonville, Arkansas. The
fruits are described as larger, earlier and inferior in flavor to Amsden.
Governor Hubbard, i. Tex. Sta. Bui. 8:34. 1889.
Listed by the Texas Experiment Station.
Governor Lanham. i. Ramsey Cat. 9. 1909.
Governor Lanham originated at Austin, Texas, and was introduced by F. T. Ram-
sey and Son, of that place. It resembles Elberta in size, shape and season but is a
clingstone.
Governor Phelps, i. W. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt. m. 1S80.
E. F. Hynes of Kansas introduced Governor Phelps; fruit large, yellow, clingstone.
Grand Admirable, i. Card. Mait. 3:56. 1861. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 78. 1862.
An attractive clingstone from Louisville, Kentucky, first grown about 1840. On
the Station grounds the trees are only fairly productive; glands small, globose; flowers
appear early, small; fruit medium in size, roundish, inclined to oblate, angular, halves
unequal; skin tough, covered with short pubescence, creamy-white, with a carmine blush
and a few lively red mottlings; flesh tinged at the stone, juicy, moderately coarse, meaty,
with a trace of sprightliness; fair in quality; stone oval, somewhat pliunp; ripens the last
week in September.
Grand Carnation. 1. Parkinson Par. Ter. 580. 1629.
" Grand Carnation is like Carnation but greater and later, ripening the beginning
of September."
Grand Monarque. i. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 97. 183 1.
This variety bears reniform glands and small flowers.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 373
Grand Reporter, i. Wcbcr A'ur. Cat. 14. igoo.
Grand Reporter was found by a Mr. Pfister, Creve Coeur Lake, Missouri. Tree
hardy and productive, witli fruit similar to Late Crawford but a week later, according
to H. J. Weber, Nursery, Missouri.
Grandeville. 1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 97. 183 1.
Leaves deeply serrate and glandless; flowers large.
Granger, i. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 189. 1880.
A seedling grown by S. L. Staley about 1850 and later given to F. Granger, Monterey,
Michigan. It is distinguishable from Late Crawford only by a .slight difference in habit
of tree; leaves large, with globose glands.
Grant Cling, i. Horticulturist N. S. 7:1 &o. 1857.
A clingstone peach from J. T. Grant, Georgia. Fruit above medium in size, oblong,
tapering; distinctly sutured; skin heavily pubescent, with a pale cream color, blushed
considerably; flesh pale red at the stone, juicy, tender.
Grant Large Yellow, i. Kenrick Am. Orch. 194. 1841.
Originated with a Mr. Grant, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; ripens late.
Grauer-Pfirsich. i. Mas Pom. Gen. 12:185. 1883.
Listed in this reference.
Graven Red Cheek Cling, i. Mag. //or^ 13: no. 1847.
A seedling from Holmes County, Ohio.
Graves, i. Card. Mon. 21:362. 1879.
Craves Semi-Cling. 2. W. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 115. 1S80.
Graves Early. 3. Tex. Sta. Bid. 3g:&i6. 1896.
A supposed hybrid between the apricot and peach by William Graves, Hazelhurst,
Mississippi; larger and earlier than Alexander.
Gray. i. Ala. Sta. Bui. 112: iji. 1900. 2. Ibid. 117:^08. 1901. 3. Ibid. 156:133. 1911.
Tree vigorous, productive; fruit medium to large, rather long and flattened, with a
prominent point at the apex; skin smooth, pale yellow, sprinkled with red; flesh yellow,
thick, firm, rich ; freestone ; ripens the last of June ; not recommended.
Great Eastern, i. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 614. 1869.
Great Eastern originated in the Fruitland Nurseries, Augusta, Georgia. Glands
globose; flowers small; fruit very large, round, often a trifle flattened; skin greenish- white,
with a red cheek; flesh white, juicy, well-flavored; ripens the middle of July.
Great Northern, i. Ont. Sta. Rpt. 3:42. 1896.
Mentioned as growing in Ontario.
Great Western, i. Okla. Sta. Bui. 2:14. 1892. 2. Mich. Sta. Bui. i6g:2i4. 1899.
Trees strong, round-headed, moderately productive; glands reniform; flowers small;
fruit medium to large, roundish or slightly ovate; cavity narrow, deep; apex prominent;
skin creamy-white; flesh juicy, white to the pit, firm, mild, slightly bitter; quality poor;
pit adherent, roundish-oval, pointed, plump; season the early part of October.
Great White, i. Parkinson Par. Ter. 580. 1629.
" The great white Peach is white on the outside as the meate is also, and is a good well
rcllishcd fruit."
374 THIC PEACHKS OF NKW YORK
Green Catharine, i. Loud, llorl. Soc. Cat. 95. 1831. 2. Horticulturist 1:210, 258, 259.
1846-47. 3. Leroy Diet. Pom. 6:84 fig., 85. 1879.
\V. R. Prince says, in the second reference, that Green Catharine was brought to
notice by his grandfather. Glands small, globose; flowers small; fruit large, roundish,
distinctly sutured; skin pale green in shade, becoming whitish-yellow, streaked with carmine;
flesh greenish-white except at the stone, melting, fibrous, juicy, somewhat acid; stone
free, plump; rijjens at the end of August.
Green Rareripe, i. Horticulturist 2:401. 1847-48.
A productive and fine-flavored freestone adapted to New England. Glands globose;
flowers small; fruit of medium size; ripens in September.
Green Winter, i. Prince Treat. Fr. Trees 18. 1820. 2. Prince Pom. Man. 2:1$. 1832.
1 Green Winter is of no value as a table fruit but makes beautiful preserves, the fruits
retaining their green color ; the flesh is firm and adheres closely to the stone ; matures in October.
Gregory, i. Horticulturist N. S. 5:70. 1855.
Gregory Late. 2. Hogg Fruit Man. 448. 1884.
Introduced by William Gregory, a nurseryman at Cirencester, England, about 1849.
It is an excellent, late, melting peach, but does not color nor ripen well in ordinary seasons.
Glands globose; flowers small; fruit large, ovate, pointed; skin greenish, with a red blush;
flesh vinous, sugary, high in quality; ripens early in October.
Gresham. i. Cal. Sta. Rpt. 357. 1895-97.
Listed in this reference.
Griffing No. 4. i. Griffing Bros. Cat. 20. 1914.
The catalog of Griffing Brothers, Jacksonville, Florida, describes the fruit as large,
roundish; skin golden yellow, nearly covered with red; flesh streaked with red near the
Ijit, fine-grained, juicy, subacid; clingstone; ripens the last of June.
Grimes, i. Munson Cat. 14. 1914-15.
Grimes is thought to be a second generation seedling from Mamie Ross, which it closely
resembles. It originated with T. H. Graves, Anderson, Texas; ripens in Texas about
June 20th, as described by the Munson Nurseries, Denison, Texas.
Griswold. I. .4;;;. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 205. 1858. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 297. 1S59.
Fruit kirge, round, greenish-white, .slightly tinged with red; flesh very juicy and
highly flavored; ripens the middle of September.
Grosse Bourdine. i. Thomas Guide Prat. 49. 1876.
Listed in this reference.
Grosse Gallande. i. Kenrick .\m. Orch. 186. 1841.
Fruit large, attractive, roundish; color white, with a red blush; flavor excellent; ripens
early in September.
Grosse Madeleine Lepere. i. Mas Poj«. G"£'k. 12:185. 1883.
Listed in this reference.
Grosse Mignonne. i. Duhamel Trait. Arh. Fr. 2:18, 19, PI. X. 1768. 2. Pom. Mag.
1:23, PI. 1828. 3. Lindlcy Guide Orch. Gard. 258, 259. 1831. 4. Downing Fr.
Trees .\m. 478. 1845. 5. Proc. Nat. Con. Fr. Gr. 37, 51. 1848. 6. Thomas
Guide Prat. 40, 219. 1876. 7. Leroy Diet. Pom. 6:162, 163 fig., 164. 1S79.
8. Hogg Fruit Man. 449. 1884.
THE PEACHES OF M.W VOKK 375
Grimwood's Royal George. 9. Brookshaw Pom. Brit. i:Pl. 21, fig. i. 1817.
Early \'ineyard. 10. Lindley Guide Orcli. Gard. 257. 1831.
Neil's Early Purple. 11. Ibid. 263, 264. 183 1.
Royal Kensingtou. 12. Ibid. 271. 1831.
Superb Royal. 13. Ibid. 272, 273. 1831.
Gemeiner Lieblingspfirsich. 14. T)ochna.h\ Fiihr. Obstkiinde y. 201, 202. 1858.
Veloutie de Piemont. 15. Thomas Guide Prat. 51. 1876.
Crosse Mignoii Pfirsich. 16. Mathieu Xoiii. Pom. 398, 399. 1889.
The niunerous synonyms for this variety are an evidence of the esteem in which it
was long held. It undoubtedly originated in France; according to Leroy it was mentioned
by Merlet in 1667. Dioring the reign of George the Third, Grimwood, of the Kensington
Nursery, sent it out as Grimwood's Royal George. A Mr. Lee of Hammersmith, England,
called it Early Vineyard; Shailer, of Chelsea, Superb Royal; Forsyth, a royal gardener at
Kensington in 1784, called it Royal Kensington. Lindley described the same variety
under several different names, apparently believing them to be distinct. At the first
meeting of the American Pomological Society, in 1848, Grosse Mignonne was placed on
the list of recormnended fruits, a place it held until 1899 when it was dropped. Tree large,
moderately vigorous, subject to mildew, productive; glands small, globose; fruit large,
roundish, depressed and marked with a hollow suture at the top, which seems to divide it
into two lobes; color pale greenish-yellow, mottled with red which deepens to brownish-
red on the sunny side; flesh free, pale yellow, rayed with red at the stone, melting, juicy,
with a rich, delicate, vinous flavor; quaHty good; ripens at the last of August.
Grosse Mignorme Lepere. i. Mas Pom. Gen. 12:185. 1883.
Listed in this reference.
Grosse Mignonne Saint -Cyr. i. Thomas Gindc Prat. 52. 1876.
A variety- of doubtful \'alue, bearing globose glands and medium-sized flowers.
Grosse Montagne Precoce. i. Mag. /fori. 29:53. 1863.
Another seedling from Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, England, which sprang
from a seed of a very early, clingstone peach; the fruit is large and early, but a clingstone.
Grosse de Stresa. i. Thomas Guide Prat. 53. 1876.
Listed as received from Italy.
Grosse de Vitry. i. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 97. 183 1.
Listed ill this reference.
Grosser Blutpfirsich. i. Dochnahl Fiihr. Obstkunde 3: •!C)4. 1858.
Sanguine a gros fruit. 2. Noisette Man. Contp. Jard. 2:477, 478. i860.
This variety dift'ers from Sanguinole in being larger.
Grosster Aprikosenpfirsich. i. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:220. 1858.
Flowers small, flesh-colored; fruit very large, roundish, lightly sutured; skin yellow,
often without any red; flesh yellow to the stone, fine, sweet; clingstone; ripens at the end
of August.
Grover Cleveland, i. Wickson Ca/. Frm'te 314. 1889.
Gro\-er Cle\-eland originated as a chance seedling with J. W. Gates, Vacaville, California.
Tree hardy, prolific; fruit small, yellow, with a dark red cheek; flesh stained at the pit,
firm; stone small, clinging; good for shipping and canning.
376 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Grover Red. i. ///. Hort. Soc. Rpt. i88. 1881.
Grovcr Red is an earl}-, white-fleshed freestone grown about Warsaw, Illinois.
Grubbs Cling, i. N. Mex. Sta. Bui. 30: 24^. 1899.
Tested at the New Mexico Experiment Station.
Guadalupe, i. U. 5. D. A. Rpt. 263. 1892. 2. Tex. Sta. Bui. 39:805. 1896.
G. Onderdonk, Nursery, Texas, grew Guadalupe from a peach of the Spanish type.
Glands reniform ; fruit roundish-oblate, conical, small ; .suture deep ; apex prominent ; .skin
covered with a short, persistent down, thick, tough, dull creamy- white ; flesh tinged at the
stone, vinous, aromatic; quality very good; clingstone; ripens in August in southern Texas.
Gudgeon, i. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 301. 1890. 2. Mich. Sta. Bui. 169:215. 1899.
Tree upright, roundish, not very productive; glands reniform; flowers small; fruit
mediimi to large, roundish ; apex prominent ; color creamy-white, with a bright red blush ;
flesh red at the stone, juicy, sprightly; quality fair; stone free, oval, pointed; season the
first of October.
Guespin. i. Thomas Guide Prat. 52. 1876.
A variety of doubtful merit, bearing reniform glands.
Guinn. i. Ramsey Cat. 9. 1909.
According to F. T. Ramsey and Son, Austin, Texas, this variety was raised by a
Mr. Guinn, Cherokee County, Texas. As grown on the Station grounds the fruits are very
susceptible to brown-rot. Tree vigorous, moderately hardy; glands small, globose; flowers
appear in mid-season ; frtiit of medivim size, cordate, halves decidedly unequal ; cavity deep
and wide, with a mamelon tip at the apex; skin moderately thin and tough, covered with
short, thick pubescence, deep yellow, blushed with dull red, with a few carmine mottlings;
flesh tinged with red at the stone, juicy, coarse, firm, sprightly, moderately high in flavor,
fairly good; stone free, ovate, noticeably bulged; ripens the last of August.
Galley, i. Bailey Ann. Hort. 173. 1890.
Mentioned as introduced by A. G. Gulley of Michigan in 1890.
Gumey. i. Mich. Sta. Sp. Bui. 44:45, 46 fig. 1910.
One of the many late seedlings of the Chili type. Originated with C. A. Gumey,
Hart, Michigan. On the Station grounds it grows as follows: Tree vigorous, spreading,
an early bearer ; fruit of mediimi size, conic, cleft into halves by a deep suttire which extends
beyond the apex; skin thick, tough, covered with short, thick pubescence, light yellow,
with a faint red cheek; flesh light yellow, red at the pit, fine, juicy, mild subacid; quality
very good; stone free.
Gustave Thiu-et. i. Carri^re Var. Peckers 58. 1867.
The seed of this variety came from China and was planted about 1862 at Antipolis,
Alpes-Maritimes, France, by Gustave Thuret. Tree moderately vigorous; leaves with
small, reniform glands; flowers large; fruit very small, halves unequal; noticeably sutured,
with a small, mamelon tip at the apex; skin whitish-yellow, with a red blush; flesh whitish-
yellow, tinged at the pit, firm though tender, juic}-, sweet; stone ovoid, often clinging;
ripens the latter part of August.
Haas. I. Mich. Sta. Bui. 104:89. 1894. 2. Ibid. 169:215. 1S99.
John Haas. 3. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 313. 1889.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 377
A variety from Delaware resembling Hale Early and ripening with it. Trees strong,
spreading, moderately productive; glands reniform; flowers large; fruit medium to large,
roundish, faintly sutured; cavity broad and deep; skin creamy-white, partially washed and
striped with red; flesh yellowish- white, juicy, tender, vinous; quality fair to good; pit
small, o\al, phimp, free; season from the first to the middle of August.
Hacker Seedling, i. Am. Jour. Hort. ^-.^42. 1868.
Formerly grown about Makanda, Illinois.
Hague. I. Harrison Cat. 18. 1910.
Hague is a large, yellow-fleshed freestone which ripens the last of August, according to
J. G. Harrison, Berlin, Maryland.
Haines, i. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 458. 1883.
Haines' Early Red. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 479. 1845. 3. Gen. Farmer 8:243.
1847. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 78. 1862.
Haines is an early peach from New Jersey. The variety has been confused with
several other sorts. Tree hardy, vigorous, productive; glands globose; fruit. of medium
size, round, depressed at the base, with a distinct suture extending nearly around the
fruit; skin pale yellowish-white, with deep red in the sun; flesh greenisli-white, melting,
very juicy, sweet, with a pleasant flavor; quality good; season the middle of August.
Hale. I. Elliott Fr. Book 284. 1854.
Hale's Melocoton. 2. Cole Am. Fr. Book 193. 1849.
Hale originated with a Col. E. Hale of Stowe, Massachusetts. Fruit moderately
large, oblong, flattened at the base, with a slight suture on one side; color bright yellow;
flesh yellow, rich, sweet; of excellent quality; freestone; ripens early in September.
Hale Oblong, i. Mich. Sta. Bid. 104:89. 1894. 2. Ibid. 169:215. 1899.
A seedling from C. C. Engle, Paw Paw, Michigan. Very similar to Hale Round and
Hale but more productive; fruit larger and pit less adherent than Hale Early.
Hale Rareripe, i. La. Sta. Bui. 3:45- 1890.
Listed by the Louisiana Experiment Station.
Hale Round, i. Mich. Sta. Bid. 104:89. 1894. 2. Ibid. 118:35. 1895
A seedling from C. C. Engle, Paw Paw, Michigan, very similar to Hale Oblong. Tree
more productive; fruit larger and pit less adherent than Hale Early.
HaU. I. Fla. Sta. Bui. 62:514. 1902.
Hall Yellou: 2. Glen St. Mary Nur. Cat. 13, 14. 1903.
Hall is a seedling of Angel. It was originated by R. C. Hall, Volusia County, Florida,
about 1900. ivlany years ago a Mr. Hall of Maine originated a peach which he called Hall
Down-Easter. Several \\Titers since, have, in describing the Hall, of Florida, erroneously
given its origin as Maine. Fruit large, roundish-oblate, sometimes inclined to olilong,
bulged on one side; suture very shallow; apex rounded; skin yellow, washed with red;
flesh yellow, red at the pit, with red lines radiating into the flesh, meaty, moderately juicy,
with an agreeable acid flavor; quality good; stone free; season early.
Halliday. i. ///. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 166. 1895.
Halliday is a medium-sized, white-fleshed clingstone, which ripens about the first of
August.
378 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Halsteads Early, i. 11'. \\i. Sta. Bui. 82:406. 1902.
Halsteads Early is a white-fleshed peach of medium size, ripening in West \'irginia the
last of August.
Hamner. i. Card. Mon. 18:241. 1876.
A chance seedling clingstone which sprung up in Galveston. Texas.
Hance. 1. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:347. 1903. 2. Mich. Sta. Bid. 169:215.
1S99.
Hance Golden Rareripe. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 124. 1881.
Hance Golden. 4. Mich. Sta. Bui. io4:&q. 1894.
Hance originated in New Jersey. Trees fairly strong, moderately productive; glands
globose; flowers small; fruit medium to large, roundish; suture indistinct; cavity broad;
color yellow, with a dark red cheek in the sun; flesh yellow, red at the pit, juicy, tender,
vinous; quality good; pit free; season early September.
Hance Smock, i. Mich. Sta. Bid. 104:89. 1894. 2. Ibid. 169:215. 1899.
Hance Smock came from Delaware. Tree upright, quite vigorous; glands reniform;
flowers small; fruit large, roundish to oval; deeply sutvired near the apex, often extend-
ing beyond; color pale yello\\-, with a marbled cheek; flesh yellow except at the pit,
moderately juicy, tender, vinous; quality good; pit large, oval, pointed, free; season early
n October.
Hannah, i. hid. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 64. 1902.
Hannah sprung from a seed of Arkansas, grown by William Hannah, Greene County,
Indiana. Flesh clear yellow, freestone; used for canning localh*.
Hape Early, i. W. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 50. 1879.
Raised by Dr. Samuel Hape, Atlanta, Georgia; equal to any early, white variety
known in 1879.
Hardy White Tuscany. 1. Wickson Cal. Fruits 317. 1889.
This variety is very susceptible to leaf -curl; fruit large, clear white, with a pale pink
wash; flesh \-ery firm, white to the pit.
Harker. i. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 32. 1887.
Harker Seedling. 2. Ohio Hort. Sdc. Rpt. 9. 1857. 3. Elliott Fr. Book 297. i£59.
4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 30. 1877.
A popular variety from New Jersey which appeared on the American Pomological
Society's fruit-list in 1877 as Harker Seedling. In 1887 the name was changed to Harker
and in 1891 the variety was dropped. Glands globose; flowers small; fruit large,
roundish; flesh yellow, sweet, juicy; freestone; ripens early in September.
Harper Early, i. IF. .V. )'. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 51. 1879. 2. Ibid. 112. 1880.
Harper Earty is said to have originated in Wilson County, Kansas. It is neither as
large nor as early as Amsden.
Harris Early, i. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 314. 1889.
Similar to Alountain Rose; a shy bearer.
Harris Winter, i. Gard. Mon. 20:340. 1878. 2. Tl'. A'. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 112. 1880.
HaiTis Winter is a late variety of value in the South but too late for culti\-ation in the
North; originated in North Carolina.
THE PEACHES OP' NEW YORK 379
Harter Blutpfirsich. i. DoclmiM Fiilir. Obstkuiidc 3:104. 1858.
A dark red cliiiKStone somewhat similar to Sanj^inolc; flowers and stone are small;
ripens at the end of October.
Hartshorn, i. Cole Am. Fr. Book 195. 1849.
J. Hartshorn, Reading, Massachusetts, introduced this seedling which is said to
reproduce itself from seed. Fruit large, roundish-oval, rich yellow, deeply blushed; flesh
rather coarse; clingstone; ripens the middle of September; good for preserves.
Hastings, i. Fla. Sta. Bid. 73:145. 1904.
Hastings is a Honey-like peach which originated with Griffing Brothers, Macclenny,
Florida, about 1900. Fruit medium to large, oval, very irregular, with a recurved tip at
the apex; cavity deep, abrupt; skin very fuzzy, thin, tough, dull greenish-yellow, washed
and streaked with deep red; flesh red at the stone, firm, meaty, juicy, sweet; stone free,
oval, plump, with a broad, recurved point; season the last of June.
Hastings Rareripe, i. Hortictdturist 2:400. 1847-48.
Probabh' of New England origin. Leaves with globose glands; flowers small; fruit of
mediimi size, roundish, often a little flattened; skin yellowish-white, with a purplish-red
cheek ; ripens the middle of September.
Hatch. I. Cole Am. Fr. Book 192. 1849.
This variety originated in Franklin, Connecticut, with S. O. Hatch, and reproduces
itself from seed. Fruit very large, roundish, pointed; suture shallow; skin deep yellow,
blushed where exposed; flesh melting, sweet; excellent; freestone; ripens September ist.
Hative d'Aikelin. i. Thomas Guide Prat. 49. 1876.
Aikeliu Fridipfirsich. 2. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 386. 1889.
This peach originated in Wurttemberg, Germany; fruit of meditim size, globular;
skin deep purple on a whitish ground; of first quality; ripens late in August.
Hative de Chine, i. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 400. 1889.
Listed in the reference given.
Hative de Ferrieres. i. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 617. 1857. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 297.
1859.
A variety of French origin ]:)robably distinct from Grosse Mignonne. Fruit of medium
size, roundish, with a shallow suture; skin white, nearly covered with rich red; flesh white,
tinged with red at the stone, juicy, melting, with a sweet, rich, vinous flavor, free; season
the last of August.
Hative de Gaillard. i. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 400. 1889.
Listed in this reference.
Hative de Holland. 1. Mas Le Verger 7:229, 230, fig. 113. 1866-73.
Fruhe Hollandische. 2. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 395. 1889.
Tree moderately vigorous ; leaves with reniform glands ; flowers large ; fruit of medium
size, roundish, flattened at the ends; skin thin, yellowish-white, striped with red; flesh
white often to the pit, melting, juicy, sweet, aromatic; stone clinging, large for the size
of the fruit, oval, acute at the base; ripens early in August.
Hative Lepere. i. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 400. 1889.
Listed without description.
380 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Hatt. 1. Thoma'A (7uide Prat. 49. 1876.
Mentioned as received from France.
Haun Golden, i. Ont. Fr. Gr. Assoc. Rpt. 25:147. 1893.
Listed in this reference.
Haupt. I. Tex. Sta. Bui. 39:812. 1896. 2. Del. Sta. Rpt. 13:102. 1901.
Tree vigorous, unproductive; glands globose; fruit of medivun size, oval, with a pointed
apex; skin creamy-white, blushed with red; flesh rather acid; quality fair; stone clinging;
ripens in Texas the last of July.
Haupt Seedlings, i. Tex. Sta. But. 8:34. 1889.
Haupt August, Haupt October Free, and Haupt No. 14, are seedlings, listed but not
described, originating with W. W. Haupt, Kyle, Texas.
Hawkins Winter, i. N. C. Sta. Rpt. 12:108. 1889.
Listed in this reference.
Heath Ringold. i. III. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 206. 1896.
A small, red and white, freestone variety of no value.
Heckel. i. Leonard Coates Cat. 7. 1910-11.
A yellow freestone raised by George Heckel, Morganhill, California, according to
Leonard Coates of that place.
Heim Lackpfirsich. 1. Doch.n.a.hl Ftihr. Obstktmde 3:21s- 'SjS.
A seedling originating about 1855. Tree productive; glands reniform, large; flowers
of medium size; fruit of medium size, roundish, somewhat flattened, halves unequal; deeply
sutured; skin yellowish-white, with mottlings of purplish-red, heavily pubescent; flesh
stained at the pit, tender, juicy, aromatic; stone free, oval, acutely pointed; ripens late in
September.
Hemphill, i. Hoopes Bros. & Thomas Cat. 16. 1907.
Hemphill originated with Judge Hemphill, West Chester, Pennsylvania, according
to the catalog of Hoopes Brother and Thomas Company of that place. At Geneva this
variety proves to be weak and unproductive. Fruit large, white, clingstone; season early in
October.
Hemskirk. i. Langley Pomona 105, PI. 31 fig. 4. 1729. 2. Lindley Guide Orcii. Card.
259. 1831.
A beautiful, early fruit from the Royal Gardens at Kensington, England. Leaves
doubly serrate, glandless; flowers large, with a pale rose-color; fruit below medium in size,
oblate, somewhat narrowed at the apex; skin greenish-yellow, wnth a bright red blush,
marbled with deeper red; flesh faintly tinged at the pit, melting, juicy, vinous; stone free,
small, nearly round, smooth; ripens at the end of August.
Henry Clay. i. Horticulturist N. S. 3:139. 1853.
A southern peach grown by Rev. A. B. LawTence, Woodville, Mississippi. Leaves
very large; fruit very large; skin creamy-white, with a deep crimson blush; fle^h white,
with the peculiar flavor of both strawberry and pineapple ; pit small, free ; ripens the last of
July.
Henshaw. i. TT. Va. Sta. Bid. 82:406. 1902.
A large, white peach with a red blush ripening the latter jjart of August.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 381
Herbert, i. Bailey Ann. Hort. 185. 1892.
A cross between Chinese Cling and Salwey, introduced by J. H. Jones, Georgia. Fruit
large, yellow; clingstone; ripens about August 20th.
Hennione. i. Pa. Fr. Gr. Soc. Rpt. 587. 1878.
A white-fleshed variety listed by the Pennsyh-ania Fruit-Growers' Society.
Hero. I. Bailey Ann. Hort. 185. 1892.
Hero was introduced by J. H. Jones of Georgia. It is a seedling of Chinese Cling but
larger, higher colored and freer from rot; ripens in Georgia July 20th.
Hewellay. i. Mas Pom. Gen. 12:186. 1883.
Listed in this reference.
Hewellen. i. Ctitoator 3rd Ser. 4: 146. 1856.
A very early clingstone of southern origin.
Hicks Seedling, i. Thomas Guide Prat. 54. 1876.
Listed as a variety of American origin.
Hilard. i. Tc.k. Sta. Bui. 39:816. 1896.
In Texas, Hilard proved a small, worthless variety ripening in October.
Hilbom. I. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 301. i8go. 2. Ibid. 449. 1896.
One of the best peaches for Briti.sh Columbia; fruit of medium size, globular; color
creamy-yellow, with a red cheek; flesh juicy, tender; ripens the middle of August.
Hill Home Chief, i. Ohio Sta. Bui. 170:176. 1906.
A white-fleshed sort of no particular merit which ripens on the Station grounds about
the middle of September. Tree open, hardy, unproductive; leaves with small, reniform
glands; flowers appear in mid-season, small; fruit above medium in size, oval-cordate,
halves slightly unequal; sides about the cavity drawn in, forming a prune-like neck; suture
extends about three-quarters around the fruit; skin thin, tough, creamy, overlaid with a
lively blush often becoming duller or even lacking; flesh stained at the pit, rather dry,
firm, sprightly; stone free, obovate.
Hine Seedling, i. Hooper 11'. Fr. Book 222. 1857.
Raised by Daniel Hine of Talmadge, Ohio, from Heath Cling. EarHer and better
colored than its parent. Leaves with globose glands; flowers large; fruit large, round;
flesh juicy, sweet; clingstone; ripens in September.
Hinkley Seedling, i. la. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 366. 1908.
A hardy seedling from Iowa.
Hlubek Lieblingspfirsich. i. Dochnahl Fiihr. Obstkitnde 3:206. 1858.
Glands reniform; flowers large, white; fruit of medium size, roundish, deeply sutured;
skin yellowish-white, with a dark red blush; flesh red at the stone, sweet, vinous; stone oval.
free; ripens early in September.
Hobbs Early, i. Card. Man. 3:87. 1861.
O. T. Hobbs, Randolph, Pennsylvania, says this variety is a seedling of Fay Early Anne,
originating at the American Garden of Experiments. The fruit is verj' early and the pit small.
Hobson. I. Del. Sta. Rpt. 13:102. 1901.
Hobson is a seedling of Mamie Ross grown by E. W. Kirkpatrick, McKinney, Texas.
Fruit of medium .size, oval, compressed; apex imeven, blunt; skin firm, thick, creamy-white,
382 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
fainlly Ijlushed; flesh firm, moderately juicy, astringent; stone clinging, short, lilunt;
good for canning.
Hobson Choice, i. Ga. Sta. Bid. 42:236. 1898.
Originated on the grounds of the Georgia Experiment Station. It is very similar to
Admiral Dewey. Tree low in habit, spreading; leaves with globose glands; frtiit of medium
size, globular, deep yellow; freestone; ripens the last of June.
HofiEmanns White, i. Loud. Hort. Soc. Cat. 97. 1831.
Glands renifonn; flowers small; fruit of medium size, whitish, with a red blush; flesh
melting; quality good; ripens from the beginning to the middle of September.
Hoffmans Favorite, i. Loud. Hort. Soc. Cat. 97. 1831.
Leaves with renifonn glands; flowers small; fruit medium in size, melting, white; of
second quality; ripens early in September.
Hoffner. i. Elliott Fr. Book 292. 1854. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 617. 1869.
Originated near Cincinnati, Ohio. Glands globose; fruit mediimi to large, roundish;
skin greenish-white, blushed; flesh yellowish-white, juicy; freestone; ripens in August.
Holderbaum. i. Rural N. Y. 59:706. 1900.
Holder. 2. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:347. 1903.
Holderbaum originated in the mountains of Pennsylvania. The trees on the Station
grounds are weak and only moderately productive. Leaves with small, globose glands;
flowers appear in mid-seascn; fruit medivmi to above in size, roundish-oblate; ca\'ity deep,
narrow; suture deepens at the apex, often extending entirely aroimd the fruit, with a
mucronate tip at the apex; skin thin, tough, covered with short, thick pubescence, creamy-
white, with a slight blush of red, often mottled with darker red; flesh white, tinged at the
stone, juicy, melting, .sprightly, rich; very good; stone free, rather small, oval; ripens at
the end of August.
Hollister. i. ///. Hon. Soc. Rpt. 169. 1895.
Mentioned as a small, dry, white peach ripening in October.
Holsinger Salwey. i. Stark Bros. Cat. 24. 191 2.
According to Stark Brothers, Louisiana, Missouri, this variety is supposed to be an
improved Sah\-ey from the orchard of Major Frank Holsinger, Wyandotte Count}-, Kansas.
Rated by Mr. Holsinger as the best of forty-nine Salwey seedlings raised by him.
Holt Early, i. ///. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 188. 1881.
An early, white freestone from Warsaw, Illinois.
Honest Abe. i. Cat. Bd. Hort. Rpt. 69. 1883. 2. Wickson Cal. Fruits 312. 1891.
Honest Abe is a California variety from Healdsburg; said to be curl-proof. Fruit
large, yellow, blushed; ripens between the Crawfords.
Honest John. i. U. 5. Pat. Of. Rpt. 299. 1854. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 44. 1856.
3. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 115. 1873. 4. Mich. Sta. /?;.-/. 59: 14. 1890. 5. ^Hch.
Sta. Sp. Bui. 44:46. 1910.
Honest John is an old variety whose origin is given both as in western New York and
as in Michigan. The Honest John gro\%-n in Michigan and disseminated by C. C. Engle of
Paw Paw, is probably the true variety. Half a century ago it was grown extensiveh" in
l)each-sections but inferior quality and small size of fruit condemn it. Several writers
THlv PEACHES OF NEW YORK 383
have confused Honest Jolin with Lar^c York, GeorKC IV and Haines but all of tliese
are distinct. Tree larj^e, vigorous; fmit large, roundish-oval, compressed; apex roundish
or slightly pointed; color greenish-yellow changing to deep yellow, mottled and blushed with
dull carmine; fresh yellow, tinged with red near the pit, moderately juicy, meaty yet tender.
subacid, inferior in flavor; fair in quality; stone free; ripens in mid-season.
Honey, i. Horticulturist N. S. 8:456. 1858. 2. Jour. Hort. N. S. 5:188. 1863.
3. Downing Fr. 7m-.s- .4w. 617. 1S69. 4. Hogg /•>;(// Afai;. 450. 18S4. 5. Am.
Pom. Soc. Cat. 30. 1889. 6. Fla. Sta. I'ltl. 73:141 145. 1904.
Moiitiguy. 7. Mas Lc Verger 7:69, 70. fig. ,:;.?. 1866-7,5. 8. Carriere Var. Pecherf
59, 60. 1867, 9. Leroy Diet. Pom. 6:169, 170 fig. 1879.
Honey is a Chinese peach probably first rai.sed in Europe from seed sent to the Jardin
des Plantes at Paris, by de Montigny, Consul of France, at Shanghai. The name Honev
may have been applied to it in England. It reproduces itself closely from seed and a
number of slight variations from the original type have been found in America. The
strain chiefly grown in this country was raised by Charles Downing from seed brought
from China. Downing's seedlings failed but prior to their failure he had sent grafts from
them to Henry Lyons, Columbia, South Carolina, who grew some trees. The variety was
probably disseminated in America from this source. In i88g the American Pomological
Societ}- added Honey to its list of fruits. Tree vigc-ous, hardy and productive in the
South; glands usually reniform but sometimes globose; fruit small to medium, oblong-oval,
tapering at the apex into a long, sharp nipple or beak, and marked with a distinct suture ;
color whitish-yellow, washed and dotted with red, which deepens to almost a crimson
Ijlush; flesh creamy-white, streaked with red around the pit, juicy, very tender, melting,
sweet, uath a distinct, rich, honey-like flavor; quality very good; pit free; season in the
South from the middle of June to the first of July.
Honey Cling, i. Cal. Sta. Rpt. 369, 371, 373. 1892-94.
Fruit white, very highly colored and very sweet.
Honey Seedling, i. Fla. Sta. Rpt. 8:86, 89. 1896.
A .seedling of Honey propagated by the Florida Station.
Hone3nveIl. i. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 299. 1875.
John Honeywell, Randolph, Ohio, raised this peach. Said to be earlier than Alexander.
Hoover Heath, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 32. 1887. 2. Ga. Sta. Bui. 42:236. 1898.
Hoover Late Heath. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 28. 1873.
Hoover Late. 4. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 297. 1875.
This variety is a seedling of Heath. It appeared on the fruit -list of the American
Pomological Society in 1873 as Hoover Late Heath. In 1887 the name was changed to its
]ire.sent form; in 1899 the variety was dropped. Tree low in habit, straggling, spreading;
glands reniform.
Hopes Early Red. i. Tex. Sta. Bui. 8:34. 1889.
Listed but not described.
Hopkinsville. i. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 3rd App. 170. 1881.
Raised from seed by James Quisenburg, near Hopkinsville. Kentucky. Tree repro-
duces itself from seed; leaves without glands; flowers small; fruit large, oblong, with a
3«4
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
mamelon tip at the apex; skin dull white, quite downy, mottled with red; flesh tinj,'ed with
red at the stone, juicy, melting; freestone; ripens early in September.
Horton Delicious, i. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 637. 1857.
Probably from Georgia. Fruit large, roundish, inclining to oval; suture shallow; skin
moderately downy, creamy-white, with a faint blush; flesh white to the stone, with a Heath
Cling flavor; quality best; ripens from the first to the middle of October.
Horton Rivers, i. W. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 73, 74. 1890.
Horton Rivers is a seedling of Early Rivers and is very similar to it. The trees did
not prove hardy nor productive on the Station grounds. Tree dense and spreading ; leaves
long and broad, with reniform glands; blossoms appear early ; fruit of medium size, roundish-
oval, oblique; suture indistinct except at the ends; apex with a prolonged, recurved tip;
skin thin, tough, covered with short, thick pubescence, creamy-white, with a slight blush
usually near the cavity; flesh white, juicy, tender, sweet, sprightly, high in flavor; quality
good ; stone free, large, oval, faintly obovate, not very plump ; ripens the third week in August.
Houpt October, i. Tex. Sia. Bid. 39:816. 1896.
Listed in this reference.
Howard, i. W. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt. m. 1880.
A seedling raised by E. F. Hynes of Kansas.
Howell Cling, i. Tex. Sta. Bui. 39:812. 1896.
Tree fairly vigorous and productive; glands small, reniform; fruit of medium size,
roundish, creamy-white; clingstone; ripens the last of August.
Howers Friihpfirsich. i. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 401. 1889.
Listed in this reference.
Hoyte Lemon Cling, i. Land. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 6:414. 1826.
A seedling of Pineapple which originated with a Mr. Hoyte of New York Cit\-. Fruit
very large, resembles Pineapple; ripens late.
Hubbard Early, i. Elliott Fr. Book 298. 1859.
Hubbard Early is a medium-sized, white-fleshed peach of fair quality; season from
July to August.
Hudson. I. Am. Card. 21:693 fig- iQoo-
Hudson is a yellow peach put out by H. S. Wiley, Cavmga, New York. The trees
on the Station grounds were not productive; stone free; season very late.
Hudson November. 1. Ala. Sta. Bui. 11:9. 1890.
Flowers large; fruit of medium size, white; flesh firm; clingstone; ripens late in October;
easily injured by drouth.
Hughes L X. L. i. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 392. 1891. 2. Mich. Sta. Bui. 118:30. 1895.
Glands reniform; flowers large; fruit of medium size, greenish-yellow, mottled and
striped with deep crimson; flesh lemon-yellow, mild subacid; clingstone; season late in
October in the South where it may be profitable.
Hull Athenian. 1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 638. 1857.
Named after Henry Hull, Jr., of Athens, Georgia. Fruit very large, oblong; suture
but a line; skin very downy, yellowish-white, marbled with dull red where exposed; flesh
white, pale red at the stone, firm, \'inous; ripens in October.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 385
Hull Late. i. Leonard Coatcs t'a/. 7. lyii.
According to Leonard Coates, Mory:anhiU, California, this variety is a very late, market
clingstone, valuable for shipping.
Hunter, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 95. 1854.
Hunter Favonic. 2. Horticulturist iz:A9i- '5<6o.
Dr. Hunter of Lincoln, North Carolina, raised this freestone peach; color yellow;
stone small ; season the last of September.
Husted Early, i. V. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 42. 1895. 2. Mich. Sta. Sp. Bui. 44:47. 1910.
Husted Early, or Husted No. 16 as it was first called, is often confused with Early
Michigan. Although they are very similar in fruit, the tree-characters are dilTerent.
Glands globose; flowers large; fruit roundish, medium in size; skin woolly, greenish-white,
with a crimson blush, thick, tenacious; flesh fine-grained, juicy, subacid; stone oval, free;
ripens in Georgia early in July.
Husted's Seedlings, i. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 191. 1879.
In this reference are described several seedlings which were sent out by J. D. Husted,
Lowell, Michigan, from a large nvmiber originated by him.
Husted No. 17. This variety is thought to have originated as a cross between Chili and
Hale Earh-. Fruit large, cream j^- white, marbled with dark red; flesh creamy-
white, firm, melting, juicy, mild, sweet, rich; ripens early.
Husted No. 20. Fruit nearly large; color clear yellow, striped and shaded with dark
red; flesh bright yellow, almost melting, very juicy, mild, vinous, rich.
Husted No. 22. Fruit mediimi to large, bright yellow, with a dull red lilush ; flesh pale
yellow, delicate, melting, juicy, very mild, vinous.
Husted No. 26. Fruit large, clear yellow, with a dark red blush ; flesh bright yellow, fine-
grained, melting, juicy, rich, with a mild, vinous, almost abnond flavor.
Husted No. 46. Fruit large, yellow, faintly marbled with dull red; flesh orange-yellow,
dark red at the pit, firm, slightly fibrous, juicy, with a mild acid flavor.
Huston Seedling, i. Del. Sta. Rpt. 5:98. 1892.
Listed as growing in Delaware.
Hutchinson, i. Card. Man. 13:31. 1871.
This fruit is similar in appearance to the old Red Rareripe. The variety is said to
have borne regvdarly for forty years in the vicinity of Reading, Massachusetts.
Hyatt. I. ///. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 159. 1889. 2. Mich. Sta. Bid. 118:35. 1895.
Hyatt is verj^ much like Hale Early but more highly colored and better flavored;
when fulh- ripe it is nearly free from the pit.
Hybride Quetier. i. Rev. Hort. 115. 1888.
This variety grew from a pit of Grosse Mignonne fertilize<l by an apricot. Fruit of
medium size, pale yellow, very juicy; ripens in October.
Hydelberg. i. Kan. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 228. 1910-11.
Hydelberg is a good, yellow peach ripening in Kansas about August loth.
Hynds Yellow, i. Munson Cat. 6. 1903-04.
Hynds Yellow is briefly described by the Munson Nurseries, Dcnison, Texas. It
ripens earlier than Elberta. On the rt.-^t-'on grounds it is a very mediocre sort. Tree
25
^86 THE PEACHKS OF NEW YORK
vigorous, upright; leaves with small, globose glands; flowers appear in mid-season; fruit
of medium size, roundish-oval, bulged near the apex, halves unequal; apex tipped with
a small, recurved, mamelon point; skin covered with long, thick pubescence, thin, tough,
light orange-yellow, with few stripes and splashes of dull red; flesh stained with red at the
stone, juicy, firm, mild, not very pleasing; stone free, small, o\'al to ovate, usually bulged
near the apex.
Hynes Nectar, i. IT. A'. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt. m. 1880.
This jjcach originated with E. F. Hynes, West Plains, Missouri. It is said b\- the
originator to Ix- a delicious freestone ripening a few days before Hynes.
Hyslop Cling, i. Prince Pom. Man. 2:27. 1832. 2. Hooper W. Fr. Book 223. 1857.
3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 78. 1862.
This variety is named after David Hj'slop, Brookline, Massachusetts, who disseminated
cions of it as early as 1810. It was very desirable for northern climates and for that reason
was placed on the fruit-list of the American Pomological Society in 1862 where it remained
until 1897. Frviit large, roundish; skin white, with a crimson blush; flesh ver>' juicy,
\-inous; ripens in October.
Hyslop Favorite, i. Okla. Sta. Bui 2:14. 1892.
Listed as growing in Oklahoma.
Ice Mountain, i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 118:30. 1895. 2. Ibid. 152:197, 200. 1898.
A very late freestone from Delaware. Flowers large; glands renifonn; fruit small
though good; moderately productive.
Idaho Mammoth, i. Stark Bros. Cat. 37. 1913.
According to Stark BrotherSj Louisiana, Missouri, this peach is a large, yellow-fleshed
freestone which originated with Major Manning of Idaho.
Imperatrice Eugenie, i. Thomas Guide Prat. 49. 1876.
Glands globose; flowers of medium size; fruit large, of first quality; ripens at the
end of September.
Imperial (Middleton). i. Elliott Fr. Book 298. 1859.
An American variety of unknown origin. Fruit large, roundish, yellow mingled
with red; flesh yellow, sweet, free; ripens the middle of September.
Imperial (Pettit). i. Elliott Fr. Book 298. 1859.
Elliott mentions this variety as of American origin. Fruit large, roundish-o\'al.
yellow, with red in the sun; flesh yellow, juicy, sweet, subacid, free; season the middle
of September.
Improved Pyramidal, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 75. 1873.
The habit of this variety is similar to that of a Lombardy poplar; it often attains a
height of thirty feet. The original tree was found in Kentucky by W. P. Robinson.
Fruit mediimi to large; skin white, covered with carmine; flesh juicy, melting, vinous;
quality best; matures August first.
Incomparable, i. Loud. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 5:549. 1824. 2. Lindley Guide Orch. Card.
275. 1831.
Paiyie Admirable. 3. Kem-ick Am. Orch. 232. 1832.
Incomparable ripens with and is very similar to Catharine. The variety appeared
Till'; l'KA( IIKS OK NEW YORK 387
on the list of fruits of the American Pomological Society from 1877 to 1897. Leaves
crenatc, with reniform glands; flowers small, pale; fruit large, roundish, with a slight
swelling on one side; skin light yellow, pale red in the sun, becoming deep crimson; flesh
tin.ued with red at the i)it, juicy, sugary; stone roundish, nearly smooth, adherent.
Incomparable en Beaut e. i. Hogg Fruit Man. 224. 1866.
A showy fruit hut only fair in quality. Glands round; flowers small; fruit large,
round, depressed at the ends; skin pale yellowish-green,' streaked with crimson where
exposed; flesh white, stained at the stone, melting, juicy, vinous; ripens the middle of
September.
Incomparable Guilloux. i. Rev. Hort. 478. 1905.
M. Guilloux, horticulturist at Saint-Genis Laval, Rh6ne, France, obtained this variety
by crossing Bonouvrier and Amsden. Tree vigorous; leaves glandless; flowers small;
fruit large, roundish, highly colored; flesh melting, juicy, sweet, aromatic; stone slightly
adherent; ripens with Hale Early.
Indian, i. Wash. Bd. Hort. Rpt. 139, 140. 1893.
A singular and peculiar fruit raised by a Mr. Coxe from a seed brought from Georgia.
Tree a slow grower and moderately productive. Fruit large, roundish, broad and depressed;
flesh bright yellow, of the texture of a very ripe pineapple, rich, juicy, and of a very excellent
flavor; stone free.
Indian Chief, i. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 290. 1893.
A seedling of Hughes I. X. L., evidently of the Spanish type; of little value. Trees
on the Station grounds spreading, vigorous; leaves coarsely crenatc; glands reniform;
fruit large, roundish, pointed; cavity large, deep; surface rather harsh; skin thick, tough,
dark yellow, striped and splashed; flesh yellow, streaked with red near stone and skin,
firm, mild, subacid; stone oval, clinging; ripens in Louisiana the second week in August.
Indian Rose. i. A'. /. Hort. Sac. Rpt. 107. 1912.
Mentioned as growing in New Jersey.
Infant Wonder, i. IT. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 114. 1880. 2. Mich. Sta. Bid. 118:35.
1895. 3. Ibid. 169:216. 1899.
Infant Wonder was raised by Captain Daniel Webster, Denison, Texas. Tree strong,
spreading; glands globose; flowers small; fruit large, roundish; cavity narrow, deep; skin
creamy-white, with a thin blush where exposed; flesh red at the pit, juicy, tender, vinous,
with a slight bitterness; pit large, oval, pointed, free; ripens the last of August.
Ingold. I. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 33. 1899.
Ingold Lady. 2. Card. Mon. 26:80. 1884.
Ingold originated with Alfred Ingold, Guilford County, North Carolina. On the
Station grounds the variety proved a very shy bearer, with fruit of fair size, high in quality.
Tree upright-spreading, tall; leaves long, broad, with small, globose glands; flowers appear
late; fruit roundish to cordate; cavity deep; apex somewhat pointed, with a recurved,
mamelon tip; skin tough, covered with short, thick pubescence, pale yellow deepening
to orange, with splashes of dull, dark red; flesh yellow, tinged at the stone, juicy, firm
but tender, sweet, rich; very good; stone free, ovate-cordate, pltimp; ripens the last of
August.
388 THE PEACH KS OF NEW YORK
Ingraham. i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. io8. 1885.
Ingraham, named after its originator, was introduced by Joseph J. Robinson, Lamont,
Michigan. Fruit of medium size, dull greenish-white, with a few spots and blotches of
red; freestone; quality good; ripens the middle of September.
Ireland Choice. 1. Okla. Sta. Bui. 2:ia- 1892.
Listed by the Oklahoma Station.
Ironclad, i. la. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 138. 191 1.
A very hardy variety in Iowa; similar to Bailey in tree and fruit.
Isabella, i. Rea Flora 211. 1676.
" Isabella peach is a fair reddish-yellow colour, and good taste."
Island. I. Parkinson Par. Ter. 580. 1629.
" The Island peach is a faire Peach and of a very good rellish." •
Ispahan, i. Prince Pom. Man. 1:180, 181. 1831. 2. Kenrick Am. Orch. 215. 1832.
hpahancr Strauchpfirsich. 3. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:195. 1858.
This variety was discovered in 1799 by Brugniere and Oliver at Ispahan, Persia.
The tree attains a height of twelve feet and forms a thick, round bush filled with numerous
slender branches. Leaves from one to two inches long, finely serrated, devoid of glands;
fruit spherical, whitish-green; flesh melting, juicy; freestone; matures the middle of
September.
Italian, i. Langley Pomona 107, PI. 33, fig. 5. 1729.
Italienischer Lackpfirsich. 2. Dochnahl Fiihr. Obstkmtde 3:212. 1858.
Peche d'ltalie. 3. Thomas Guide Prat. 49. 1876.
The fruit of this variety is very similar to that of Chevreuse Hative but larger; its
flowers arc smaller; ripens the middle of September,
Italian Red. i. Del. Sta. Rpt. 5:98. 1892.
Listed by Charles Wright, Seaford Count}-, Delaware.
Italienischer Lieblingspfirsich. i. Dochnahl Fji/;/-. Ohstkiiude 3:208. 1858.
Flowers large; fruit large, roundish, noticeably sutured, creamy-white, with a faint
blush; flesh aromatic; clingstone; ripens early in August.
Ives Blood Free. i. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 404. 1894. 2. Billings Cat. 22. 1906
Medium to large in size, blood-red throughout. Tree hardy, productive; glands
reniform; flowers large.
J. Van. I. Van Lindley Cat. 60. 1913.
Originated about 1900 with W. E. Johnson, Silver City, North Carolina. It is
probably a seedling of Elberta, which variety precedes it in ripening, according to J. Van
Lindley, Pomona, North Carolina.
Jack Ross. I. Tex. Sta. Bui. 8:34. 1889.
The Texas Experiment Station lists this variety.
Jackson Cling, i. Downing Fr. Tr^e^ Aw. 638. 1857. 2. Horticulturist N.S. 7:178. 1857.
This peach is a seedling raised many years ago by Mrs. L. A. Franklin, Athens,
Georgia. Fruit large, oblong, with a large, swollen apex; color dark yellow, covered with
a dark red blush; flesh orange-yeUow, dark red at the pit, firm, juicy, sprightly, rich; good;
season the last of August.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 389
Jacques, i. Ilovcy Fr. Am. 2:57, PI. 1851. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 78. 1862.
Jacques' YcUo'cv Rareripe. 3. Prince Treat. Hort. 18. 1828. 4. Kenrick Am. Ordt.
223. 1832.
Jacques' Rareripe. 5, Downing Fr. Trees Am. 631. 1857.
Jaques. 6. Elliott Fr. Book 275. 1854. 7. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 37. 1909.
This variety originated or was introduced by Colonel Jacques, Somerville, Massachu-
setts, at least a hundred years ago. It held a place in the fruit-list of the American
Pomological Society from 1862 to 1891 when it was dropped but in 1909 was replaced.
Leaves crenate, with reniform glands; fruit large, roundish, often compressed, with a
shallow suture; skin yellow, much streaked and mottled with red; flesh yellow, red at the
pit, free, melting, juicy, with a sweet yet sprightly flavor; season the middle of September.
Jacques Late. i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 169:217. 1899.
Tree vigorous, roundish, with large leaves bearing globose glands; fruit mediimi to
large, roundish-ovate; suture shallow; color creamy-white, with a light red blush; flesh
creamy-white, red at the pit, free, tender, juicy, rather acid, slightly bitter; quality good;
season the last of September.
Jakobi-Aprikosenpfirsich. i. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:220. 1858.
Flowers medium in size; fruit of medium size, roundish, faintly sutured; skin clear
yellow, blushed with red; flesh firm, aromatic; matiu-es at the end of Jidy.
Jane. i. Mag. Hort. 19:516. 1853. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 617. 1857.
Originated with Isaac B. Baxter, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Fruit large, roundish-
oblate; color yellowish-white, with a red cheek; quality very good; freestone; ripens at
the last of September.
Japan Nos. i, 2 and 3. i. Del. Sta. Rpt. 5:98. 1892.
Three varieties listed by the Delaware Station.
Japan Nos. 7 and 10. i. Col. 0. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 151. 1893.
Varieties sent out by Lovett's Nxirsery Company, Little Silver, New Jersey; both
are small, late clingstones unworthy of cultivation.
Japan No. 9. i. Col. 0. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 150. 1893.
A medium-sized, white, freestone of good quality; very susceptible to rot.
Japan Dwarf, i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 129:24. 1896. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 37. 1909.
Japan Blood. 3. Ga. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 54. 1892. 4. Mts<:. Sta. Bui. 93:13. 1905.
Japan Dwarf Blood. 5. Tex. Sta. Bui. 39:819. 1896. 6. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort.
Man. 2:348. 1903.
Japan Dream. 7. W infield Nur. Cat. 14, 15. 1915.
This variety was introduced about a quarter of a century ago from Japan. It is
dwarf in habit of growth and comes into bearing early, frequently two years from planting.
Japan Dream, said to be a superior strain of this variety, seems to be in every way
identical. Tree low, dwarfish, spreading, with a compact head, productive; fruit medium
in size, roundish, somewhat flattened and pointed at the apex; color attractive greenish-
yellow, mostly overspread with crimson; flesh blood-red, juicy, acid until fully ripe when
it becomes very good; stone free; season very early.
39"
I'KACUKS OF NEW YORK
Japanese Early, i. A'. Y. Sta. Rpt. 15:289. 1897.
Leaves large, with globose glands; fruit of medium size, roundish; skin light greenish-
yellow, with considerable dull purplish-red; flesh white to the pit, moderately juicy, insipid;
stone free, of medium size; ripens the middle of August.
Japanese Wonder, i. La. Sta. Bui. 112:31. [908.
An inferior variety, ripening in Louisiana the last of June.
Jarle Late. i. Can. Exp. Farm Bui. 2nd Ser. 3:66. 1900.
Jarle Late White. 2. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 404. 1894.
Tree a moderate grower.
Jarrell Late YeUow. i. Del. Sta. Rpt. 5:98. 1892.
Listed in this reference.
Jarretts Late White, i. Pa. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 48. 1882.
Listed as growing in Pennsylvania.
Jaune d'Agen. i. Thomas Guide Prat. 49. 1876.
Listed as an excellent variety; glands reniform.
Jaune de Barsac. i. Mathieu Nam. Pom. 401. i88g.
Listed in this reference.
Jaune de Bertholon. i. Mas Pom. Gen. 12:159, 160, fig. 16. 1883.
An old variety from Toulouse, Haute-Garonne, France. Leaves with large, reniform
glands; flowers large; fruit of medium size, irregularly roundish-ovoid; skin thin, tender,
yellow, purple where exposed; flesh deep yellow, stained at the pit, tender, melting, sweet;
stone large for the size of fruit, free; ripens at the end of August.
Jaune des Capucins. i. Mas Pom. Gen. 12:135, 136, fig. 4. 1883.
A variety raised from seed in the gardens of the Capuchin Monks, Toulouse, Haute-
Garoime, France. Tree vigorous; leaves with large, reniform glands; flowers small; fruit
large, roundish, deeply sutured; cavity large, deep; skin thin, fine, clear yellow, deep red
where exposed; flesh deep yellow, stained at the stone, melting, aromatic; quality excellent;
stone of medium size, oval, nearly free; ripens the first half of September.
Jaune d'Espagne. i. Mas Pom. Gen. 12:186. 1883.
Listed in this reference.
Jaune Hative de Doue. i. Thomas Guide Prat. 44. 1876.
Tree vigorous; glands reniform; flowers small; fruit large, roundish-oval; skin yeUow,
with a red blush; flesh melting, juicy, agreeable; ripens the last of August.
Jaune de Mezen. i. Mas Pom. Gen. 12:186. 1883.
Listed in this reference.
Jellico. I. Texas Nur. Cat. 4. 1913.
According to the Texas Nursery Company, Sherman, Texas, Jellico is a white, oblong
clingstone, very fine for canning; matures in August.
Jennings, i. Franklin Davis Nur. Cat. 21. 1907.
The Franklin Davis Nursery Company, Baltimore, Maryland, states that Jennings
originated in Richmond, Virginia. On the Station grounds the fruit is very similar
to Elberta but ripens later. Tree vigorous, productive; leaves large, with reniform glands;
flowers appear in mid-season; fruit large, oval-cordate, halves unequal, with a faint
THE PEACHES OF x\E\V YORK 31) I
drawing in of the sides about the cavity; apex often with a recurved, mamclon tip; skin
thick, tough, covered with thick, coarse pubescence, lemon-yellow to darker, with a
lively red blush becoming duller, attractive; flesh light yellow, stained at the pit, juicy,
stringy, resemlilcs Elberta; stone free, large, oval to ovate, more or less purple.
Jersey Mixon. i. III. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 77. 1893.
Exhibited at the WorldV: Fair in 1893.
Jersey Pride, i. Rural .V. Y. 53:7. 1894.
Jersey Pride originated with the Newark Nursery, Newark, New Jersey.
Jersey Yellow, i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 129:24. 1896. 2. Ibid. 169:217. 1899.
Trees spreading; glands reniform; flowers small; fruit of medium size, roundish-oval,
enlarged on one side of the suture; cavity narrow, deep; distinctly sutured; color clear
yellow, slightly blushed; flesh red at the pit, moderately juicy, mild, often slightly bitter;
stone plump, free; quality fair; matures early in October.
Jewel. I. Fla. Sta. Rpt. 8:86. 1896. 2. Fla. Sta. Bui. 62:514, 515. 1902. 3. Am.
Pom. Soc. Cat. 37. 1909.
Jewel, one of the leading commercial peaches of Florida, is a seedling of Waldo. It
originated with T. K. Godbey, Waldo, Florida. Fruit oblong, medivun to large; cavity
abrupt; suture frequently lacking; apex bluntly pointed, short, recurved; skin velvety,
creamy, washed with red where exposed; flesh white, faintly stained at the stone, juicy,
sweet; stone free, reddish, oval, one inch long; ripens two weeks earlier than Waldo.
Johnson Late Purple, i. Brookshaw Pom. Brit. i:Pl. 24, fig. i. 1817.
This variety is peculiarly marked with large, strong, dark blotches and heavj'
pubescence. It received its name from its originator, a gardener at Kew Green,
England. The tree is an excellent bearer and ripens its fruit late in August.
Jones. I. Mich. Sta. Bui. 118:30. 1895. 2. Ibid. 169:217. 1899.
Tree strong, roundish-upright; glands globose; flowers small; fruit large, inclined to
ovate; cavity deep; suture distinct, two-thirds around fruit; color yellow, with a mottled
cheek of dark red; flesh yellow, red at the pit, juicy, vinous; pit long, oval, nearly free;
quality fair to good; ripens the middle of September.
Jones Cling, i. 6^a. Sta. i?M/. 42:237. 1898.
Listed as a round-topped, dense tree, with medium-sized leaves and reniform glands.
Jones Early, i. Mag. Hort. 13:447, 448. 1847.
Raised by S. T. Jones, Staten Island, New York. Leaves crenate, with small, globose
glands; fruit of medium size, roundish, oblique at the apex; suture shallow, extending
around the fruit; skin yellowish-white, tinged with pale red in the sun; flesh yellowish-
white, stained at the stone, tender, juicy, rich; stone small, free; ripens early in August.
Jones Large Early, i. Mag. Hort. 13:447- 1847.
Another of S. T. Jones' seedlings; leaves with reniform glands; fruit large, rotmdish,
flattened at the ends ; suture deep ; skin clear white, blushed with crimson where exposed ;
flesh white, pink at the stone, juicy, rich, sprightly; stone of medium size; ripens early
in August.
Jones No. 34. i. N. Y. Sta. Rpt. 15:290. 1897.
Fruit medittm to small, roundish; cavity broad; skin bright yellow, downy; flesh
392
THE PEACHKS OK MiW YORK
stained at the stone, mild, firm, rather dry, poor in quaHty; freestone; ripens at this
Station early in September.
Jose Sweet, i. Kenrick Am. Orch. 200. 184 1. 2. Horticulturist 2:400. 1847-48.
A peach of delicious flavor but not very attractive outwardly; K'"eenish-white, with
a dull clieek. Flowers small; glands globose; ripens the last of September.
Josephine, i. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 188. 1880.
Josephine is a seedling of Late Crawford grown by C. C. Engle, Paw Paw, Michigan,
about 1875. On the Station grounds the fruit ripens early m October. Tree hard>-,
vigorous, productive; leaves with crenate margins and globose glands; fruit large, roundish;
cavity broad; suture shallow; skin orange-yellow, with a heavy, dark red blush, considerabK-
mottled, heavily pubescent; flesh stained at the stone, juicy, rich, vinous; quality good;
stone large, elliptical, free.
Joys Early, i. N. J. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 107. 1912.
Joys Early was introduced by R. G. Joyce of New York. The variety was grown for
a time in New Jersey.
Judd. I. Mich. Sta. Sp. Bui. 44:49- 1910.
This is a cross between Chili and Barnard made by G. E. Prater, Jr., Paw Paw,
Michigan. It is said to be an improvement over its parents.
Jiihlke Liebling. i. Lauche Deut. Pom. VI:No. 13, PI. 1882.
Raised from seed by August Fritze of Werder, near Potsdam, Prussia, Germany, in
1870. Tree vigorous, bears early; leaves of medium size, with small glands; flowers large,
rose-colored; fruit large, globular, strongly sutured; skin heavily pubescent, thin, pale
yellow, with a red blush; flesh yellowish-white, melting, aromatic, sweet; freestone; ripens
at the end of August.
Julia. I. .Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 205. 1858.
A southern variety.
June Beauty, i. Cal. Sta. Rpt. 408. 1892-93. 2. Fla. Sta. Bui. 62:515. 1902.
June Beauty originated with Peter C. Minnich, Waldo, Florida, from a seed of Peento.
Fruit medium to large, roundish-oblong; stone semi-clinging; ripens the middle of June
in Florida.
June Elberta. i. Stark Bros. Cat. 43. 1914.
June Elberta was introduced by Stark Brothers, Louisiana, Missouri. In the hands
of some growers it is thought to be Arp, which it closely resembles.
June Rose. i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 104:89. 1894. 2. Ibid. 118:30, 35. 1895. 3. Tex.
Sta. But. 39:812. 1896. 4. Del. Sta. Rpt. 13:103. 1901.
June Rose is a seedling of Rivers crossed with Mountain Rose grown by T. V^.
Munson, Denison, Texas. Tree fairly vigorous and productive; glands globose; flowers
large; fruit of medium size, roundish; suture distinct; skin greenish-white, with a red
cheek; flesh white, stained at the stone, juicy, tender, vinous; freestone; ripens in Texas
about the middle of June.
Juneripe. i. Childs Cat. 147. 1905.
A variety listed by J. L. Childs, Floral Park, New York. A large, handsomely colored,
yellow peach ripening at the end of June.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 393
Juno I. I. Berckmans Cat. 13. i8gg. 2. Del. Sta. Rpt. 13:103, 104. 1901.
Dr. L. E. Berckmans, Augusta, Georgia, raised Juno I from a seed of General Lee in
1879. F™it large, deep yellow, mottled; flesh fine, juicy, subacid; ripens the middle of
August in Georgia.
Juno n. I. Midi. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 188. 1880.
This is another of C. C. Engle's seedlings of Late Crawford gro\vn at Paw Paw.
Michigan. Tree hardy, vigorous, productive; leaves long, broad, with globose glands;
fruit very large, round, compressed; skin yellow, dark red in the sun; flesh slightly stain(;rl
at the pit, vinous, juicy, rich; clingstone; ripens October first.
Kallola. I. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 301. 1890. 2. Lovett Cat. 41. 1893. 3. Mich.
Sta. Bui. 11^:30, 35. 1895.
Kaloola Free. 4. La. Sta. Bui. 68:843. 1894.
A seedling of Chinese Cling; glands reniform; flowers large; fruit large, roundish-oval;
skin white, tinged in the sun; flesh greenish-white, faintly stained about the pit, tender,
juicy, vinous; quality fair; freestone; ripens the middle of September.
Kalo Cling, i. La. Sta. Bui. 68:843. 1894.
Gro^vn about Calhoun, Louisiana.
Karl Schwarzenberg. i. Dochnahl Fiihr. Obstkunde. 3:205. 1858.
Charles Schwarzenberg. 2. Thomas Guide Prat. 48. 1876.
A seedling of Early Purple, introduced about 1827. Trees vigorous; glands globose;
flowers large; fruit large, roundish, strongly sutured; skin whitish-yellow, with a red
blush; flesh white throughout, fine, juicy, aromatic; freestone; ripens early in September.
Katherine. i. Del. Sta. Rpt. 13:104. 1901.
The origin and parentage of Katherine are unknown. Said to be the earlist, good,
clingstone peach; tree prolific and productive.
Katie. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 44. 1891.
Katie held a place on the fruit-list of the American Pomological Society from 1891
until 1897. Fruit small, greenish- white ; late in ripening.
Kay. I. ///. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 203. 1879.
Recommended in Hancock Cotinty, Illinois.
Keene Favorite, i. III. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 156. 1880.
A variety that does well about Centralia, Illinois.
Keevit Cling, i. Can. Exp. Farm Bui. 2nd Ser. 3:66. 1900.
Listed as a medium grower in Canada.
Keith. I. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 290. 1893.
Keith is a seedling of Peento ripening a little later than its parent. It originated
with Robert Keith, Waldo, Florida. Fruit roundish-oval, of medium size; suture deep
near the base; cavity deep; skin thick, tender, greenish-yellow, mottled and shaded with
red; flesh white, tinged at the stone, tender, melting, subacid, slightly bitter; quality
good; stone plump, oval, clinging.
KeUey Early, i. IF. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 115. 1880.
Raised by H. M. Kelley, Irving, Illinois; said to ripen three weeks before Amsden.
394 THE PKACHES OF NEW YORK
Kelly Surprise, i. Texas Nur. Cat. 5. 1913.
A semi-clingstone, yellow-fleshed variety ripening in June, according to the Texas
Nursery Company, Sherman, Texas.
Kelsey Cling, i. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 188. 1880.
Nained after its originator, Stephen Kelsey, Three Rivers, Michigan. Tree vigorous;
leaves crenate, with reniform glands; fruit of medium size, roundish; skin with a light coat
of pubescence, creamy- white, with a marbled cheek; flesh stained at the pit. tender, firm,
juicy, rich; ripens with Heath Cling.
Kenrick Clingstone, i. Kenrick Am. Orch. 185. 1835.
A variety of New England origin first fruiting in 1833. Fruit large, roundish-oblong,
pointed at the apex; color golden- yellow, with a red cheek; flesh yellow, juicy, sweet, vinous,
excellent; season the last of September.
Kent I. I. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 42. 43- iSgS- 2. Mich. Sta. Sp. Bui. 44:48.
1910.
J. D. Husted called this peach, his seedling No. 18, Kent, in honor of the covmty in
Michigan where it originated. Glands globose; fruit rotindish, above medium in size;
skin rather harsh, with short down, greenish-white, washed, mottled and striped with
crimson; flesh stained at the stone, tender yet firm, juicy, subacid: ripens in Georgia early
in July.
Kent II. I. Berckmans Cat. 9. 1908-og.
The catalog of P. J. Berckmans, Augusta. Georgia, describes this peach as a new cling-
stone originating with L. W. Kent, Augusta, Georgia; skin very tough but peels readil\-;
flesh yellow, buttery; ripens in Georgia August ist to ijth.
Kemloser Aprikosenpfirsich. i. Dochnahl FHhr. Obstkuiide 3:220. 1858.
Tree productive; flowers small: fruit large; flesh red; clingstone; ripens early in
September.
Kerr. i. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 22. 1897.
Jessie Kerr. 2. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 314. 1889.
Kerr is a southern variety said to be larger and earlier than Alexander. It originated
in Maryland. It was added to the fruit-list of the American Pomological Society in 1897.
The fruit is of medivun size and a freestone.
Kerr Dwarf, i. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 43. 1895.
Kerr Cling No. i? 2. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 392. 1891.
The tree is semi-dwarf in habit, with dense foliage; glands reniform; fruit large,
roundish; suture shallow; skin yellow, washed, mottled and splashed with red, thick,
tough; flesh stained slightly about the pit, firm, juicy, mild subacid, sprightly; stone large,
oval, adherent ; matures early in September.
Kestrel, i. Bunyard Cat. Fr. Trees 35. 1913-14.
Kestrel is a variety raised by Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, England. Fruit large,
rich crimson; flesh tender, juicy; ripens early in August.
Kew Seedling, i. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 97. 183 1.
Glands globose; flowers small; fruit of second size, pale yellow and dark red; flesh
melting; of second qualit\-; matures early in September.
TIIK PKACHKS OK NKW YORK ' V)5
Keyport. i. Am. l\>m. Soc. i'at. 22. 1897.
Keyport White. 2. Mich. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 411. 1871. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. ,50.
1875. 4. N. J. Ilort. Soc. Rpt. 42. 1878.
Keyport originated in the garden of Joseph Beer, Keyport, New Jersey, about 1852.
In 187s it was given a place on the fruit-hst of the American Pomological Society as
Keyport White; later the name was changed to Keyport. Tree a good grower and a
heavy bearer; leaves with reniform glands; fruit large, freestone; ripens very late.
Babby Golden, i. N. Y. Sia. Rpt. 15:290. 1897.
Fruit above medium in size, distinctly sutured; light yellow, approaching white, ahnost
entirely overspread with light pink; flesh decidedly tinged with red, changing to whitish
toward the pit, soft, coarse, juicy, sweet; fair in quality; ripens the middle of September.
Kilboum. i. Mo. Hart. Soc. Rpt. 419. 1885. 2. ///. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 159. 1889.
Because of hardiness, this peach is sometimes called Canada Iron Clad. Fruit large;
flesh adheres to the stone; ripens with Hale Earlw
King Solomon, i. Smith Bros. Cai. 15. 1913.
Said by Smith Brothers, Concord, Georgia, to be one of tlie best late, yellow peaches;
larger than Elberta. It was propagated for many years in Georgia from seed; ripens there
the last of September.
Kinnaman Early, i. Cartf. Mo;;. 20:236. 1878. 2. ]]'. .V. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 51. 1879.
This variety originated with Samuel Kinnaman of Delaware; fruit of medium size,
roundish; skin pale brownish-red on a pale greenish ground; flesh greenish-white to the
stone, juicy, sweet; very good; adheres partially to the pit; ripens a few days earlier than
Alexander.
Kite. I. Fla. Sta. Bui. 62:515. 1902.
Kite is a Peento seedling which originated with Robert Kite, Waldo, Florida, about
1885. Fruit of meditim size, roundish; cavity large, abrupt; suture wide, extending beyond
the apex; skin velvety, thick, creamy, washed with red; flesh creamy, pink at the pit,
firm, tender, juicy; quality medium, lacks character; clingstone; season the first of June.
Kitrells Favorite, i. Pa. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 48. 18S2.
Listed in this reference.
Kleine Charlestowner Ananaspfirsche. i. Christ Worterb. 350. 1802. 2. Chrift Handb.
601. 1817.
Very similar to Pineapple but smaller and more aromatic.
Kleiner Blutpfirsich. i. 'Dochnahl Fiihr. Obstkunde y.ig^, 194. 1858.
Sanguine a petit fruit. 2. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard. 2: 4'j8. i860.
Smaller and more heavily pubescent than Sanguinole.
Klondike, i. Rural N. Y. 56:662. 1897. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 37. 1909.
Klondike is a chance seedling found in York County, Pennsylvania about 1885. The
tree on the Station grounds is only a moderate producer and its fruit is not as good as
Champion. It was put on the fruit-list of the American Pomological Society in 1 909. Tree
upright-spreading, open; leaves broad, with small, globose glands; flowers small; fruit of
medium size, roundish-oval, halves unequal, compressed; sides inclined to draw in about
the cavity; apex with a small, mamelon tip; skin thin, tender, with short pubescence.
396 ' THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
creamy-white, splashed and blushed with dark red; flesh stained at the pit, juicy, melting,
sweet though sprightly, high in flavor; quality good; stone nearly free, oval; ripens the third
week in September.
Kohler Cling, i. Kan. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 38. 1902-03.
Large, yellow; ripens with Heath Cling.
Knapp Castle Seedling, i. Land. Hort. Soc. Cat. 97. 183 1.
Fruit very much like Noblesse, large; leaves glandless; flowers large; skin pale green
and red; flesh melting; quality good; ripens at the end of August.
Knight Early, i. Land. Hort. Soc. Cat. 97. 183 1.
Fruit of medium size ; leaves with globose glands ; flowers large ; skin pale green, blushed
with dark red; flesh melting; quality good; ripens the middle of August.
Knight Mammoth, i. Tex. Sta. Bid. 8:34. 1889.
Listed in this reference.
Knight Markley Admirable, i. Card. Chron. 1009. 187 1.
Raised by G. Darby, Markley, Sussex, England; fruit oval, with a prominent, mamelon
tip at the apex; freestone.
Knowles Hybrid, i. N. Y. Sta. Rpt. 15:290. 1897.
As this variety grows on the Station grounds it is not very promising. Fruit above
medium in size, irregular; suture indistinct; skin rich yellow, blushed with carmine; flesh
coarse, leathery, sweet; quality fair; clingstone; ripens at the end of September.
Kraus 4 & 16. i. Mich. Sta. Bid. 143:184. 1897.
Two varieties listed in this reference.
Krengelbacher Lieblingspfirsich. i. Dochnahl Fiihr. Ob^tkunde 3: 20^. 1858.
Fruit large, similar in shape to a walnut, ribbed; skin greenish-yellow; flesh white,
pleasantly subacid; ripens in September.
KrmnmeL i. ///. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 210. 1906.
Kriimme! Late. 2. Weber & Son Ca^ 15. 1900.
Kritmmel October. 3. ///. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 223. 1904.
Krummel was fotmd by a Mr. Krummel of St. Louis, Missouri. It is said to be one
of the best of the very late, yellow freestones.
Eruse Kent. i. Bunyard Cat. Fr. Tree's 35. 19 13-14.
Raised from Sea Eagle by a Mr. Kruse, late of Truro, Cornwall County, England.
Flowers very dark; fruit large, white-fleshed, very late; a great improvement over its
parent. "^^
La Belle, i. W. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt. iii. 1880.
A seedling raised by E. F. Hynes, Kansas.
La Chalonnaise. i. Mathieu Nam. Pom. 402. 1889.
Listed in this reference.
La Fleur. i. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 197. 1883. 2. Mich. Sta. Bid. 169:218. 1899.
3. Mich. Sta. Sp. Bid. 44:50, 51 fig. 1910.
This is a seedling of Chili which originated with G. H. La Fleur, Mill Grove, Michigan.
It is popular in some places in Michigan because of hardiness. Tree vigorous, productive;
glands reniform; flowers large; fruit medium to large, oval to oblong, usually irregular
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 397
or lopsided; sucare continuous; skin heavih- pubescent, thick, tenacious, light yellow, with
a bright crimson cheek; flesh golden yellow, stringy, moderately juicy, mild subacid; qualit\
very good; stone free; season between Late Crawford and Smock.
La France, i. Cal. Sta. Rpt. 40^. 1892-93. 2. Cat. Cong. Pom. France 104 fii^. 1906.
M. Boussey, a nurserjTnan at Montreuil-sous-Bois, France, first propagated this
variety. Glands globose; fruit very large, roundish, deeply sutured; skin thinly pubescent.
clear red; flesh white, juicy, aromatic; quality very good; freestone; ripens early in August.
La Grange, i. Kenrick Am. Orcli. 194. 1841. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 480. 1845.
3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 78. 1862.
Tardive d'Oullim. 4. Mas Le ]'crt:cr 7:39, 40. fig. 18. 1866-73. 5- Leroy Did.
Pom. 6:141, 142 fig., 143. 1S79.
La Grange originated about 1840 with Jolm Hulsc, Burlington, New Jersey. A few
years later a French sort, Tardive d'Oyllins, said to have been found at Oullins, Rh6ne,
France, made its appearance. The two were found to be the same. In 1862, La Grange
was placed on the fruit-list of the American Pomological Society where it remained until
1891 and was reentered in 1909. Its lateness, size and productiveness have won it a good
name among growers in New Jersey. Leaves with reniform glands; flowers small; fruit
large, oblong; skin greenish- white ; flesh pale, juicy, melting, rich, sweet; freestone; ripens
at the end of September.
La Magninque. i. Tex. Sta. Bui. 8:34. 1889.
Listed as growing in Texas.
La Reine. i. Te.r. 5ta. 5mL 39:805. 1896.
La Reine was introduced by G. L. Taber, Glen Saint Mary, Florida, in 1889. Tree
vigorous, but not recommended in Texas; fruit rather small, oblong; skin greenish, with
a red cheek; flesh red at the stone, adherent; ripens early in August.
La Rieva. i. Fla. Sta. Rpt. 8:89. 1896.
Listed in this reference.
Lady Anne Stewart, i. Lond. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 6:414. 1826.
Fruit of medium size, white, with a slight blush, ver>' juicj-, rich ; stone free, flat, hollow
at one end ; ripens the middle of September.
Lady Farham. i. Tex. Sta. Bui. 8:34. 1889.
Listed as growing in Texas.
Lady Lindsey. i. Munson Cat. 16. 1914-15.
A seedling grown by Mrs. George Lindsey, Greenville, Texas. It is a large, yellow-
fleshed clingstone, ripening between Munson Cling and Levy, according to the catalog
of T. V. Munson, Denison, Texas.
Lady Palmerston. i. Thomas Guide Prat. 49. 1876. 2. Hogg Fruit Man. 451. 1884.
Raised by Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, England, from a pit of Pineapple nectarine.
Leaves with reniform glands; flowers small; fruit large, greenish-yellow, marked with
crimson; flesh pale yellow, rich, melting; freestone; matures late in September.
Lafayette I. i. Kenrick Am. Orch. 230. 1832.
A large, yellow-fleshed clingstone; ripens late in August; sometimes called Meiggs
Lafayette.
398 THE PEACHES OF NEW VOKK
Lafayette II. i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 152:199. 1898.
This is another of C. C. Engle's seedlings from Paw Paw, Michigan.
Lafayette Free. i. Kenrick Ant. Orch. 190. 1841.
Introduced about 1840 from Monmouth County, New Jersey. Fruit large, round,
dark crimson where exposed; flesh very juicy, stained with crimson throughout; freestone;
ripens the last of August.
Lakeside Cling, i. Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt. 29. 1888-89.
A variety from Ottawa County, Ohio.
Lancaster, i. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 391. 1891.
Lancaster Yellow Rareripe. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 85. 1854.
Raised Iw Dr. H. A. Muhlenberg, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. Fruit large,
free, very juicy.
Lane. i. Austin Nur. Cat. 1913.
According to the Austin Nursery Company, Austin, Texas, Lane is a large, golden
clingstone raised by a Mr. Lane, Jacksonville, Texas; ripens with Elberta.
Langier. i. Land. Hort. Soc. Cat. 97. 1831.
Listed in this reference.
Langlicher Blutpfirsich. 1. Dochnahl Fiihr. Obstkunde 3: ig^. 1858.
Ver>' similar to Sanguinole but the fruit is longer and ripens earlier.
Lantheaume. i. Mathieu Norn. Pom. 408. 1889. 2. Guide Prat. 40. 1895.
Glands reniform; fruit large to very large, of a beautiful yellow, deepening on matiirity ;
flesh firm, sweet, juicy, aromatic; clingstone; ripens the last of October.
Laporte. i. Mas Le Verger 7:iS9< 160, fig. 78. 1866-73.
Obtained from a seed of Belle de Vitry by A. M. Laporte near Lyons, Rh6ne, France.
Leaves with very large, reniform glands; flowers small; fruit large, slightly oval, taper-
ing to the apex; suture extends beyond the apex; skin thin, tender, creamy, washed and
strongly splashed with deep red; flesh white, stained darker nearer the pit, juicy, sugary,
melting; stone large for the size of the fruit; freestone; ripens at the end of .August.
Larents. i. Fla. Sta. Rpt. 8:89. 1896.
Listed in this reference.
Large Early, i. Land. Hort. Soc. Cat. 97. 1831. 2. Cole Am. Fr. Book 193. 1849.
3. Hooper W. Fr. Book 224. 1857.
This name has been incorrectly used as a synonym of Large Early York. Tree hardy,
vigorous, productive; fruit large, roundish, flattened at the base; suture distinct; skin
whitish, with a red cheek, purple in the sun; flesh white, red at tlie stone, delic.ate, sweet,
rich; quality good; stone very small; season the last of August.
Large Early Mignonne. i. Thomas Guide Prat. 49. 1876. 2. Hogg Fruit Man. 451.
1884.
Raised by Thomas Rivers, Sawbridge worth, England, in 1865 from a pit of Belle
Beausse. Glands round; flowers large; fruit very large; skin pale straw-yellow, blushed
where exposed; flesh melting, very juicy, rich.
Large-Fruited Mignonne. i. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 100. 1831.
A large-flowered \-ariety with glandless, serrate leaves.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
i99
Large White Cling, i. Prince Treat. Fr. Trees 17. 1820. 2. Downing' Fr. Trees Am.
495. 1845. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 211. 1856.
New York White Cling. 4. Loud. Hori. Soc. Rpt. 6:410. 1826.
Williams New York? 5. Loud. Hort. Soc. Cat. 105. 1831.
This variety was raised about 1807 by David WilHamson of New York. It soon became
very popular among the clingstones in New England and held a jilace in the fruit-list of
the American Pomological Society from 1856 until 1891. Tree hardy and a regular bearer;
glands globose; flowers small; fruit large, round; suture slight; skin white, with a light
red oheek; flesh tender, melting, juicy, sweet; ripens the first half of September.
Larkin Early, i. 11'. A'. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 115. 1880.
Raised by D. F. Larkin, Hunts Station, Tennessee. Said to be as fine as Large Earl\-
York and earlier than Alexander.
Larkin Trophy, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 161. 1881.
Listed as growing in northern Texas.
Last of Season, i. Utah Sta. Bui. 18:13. 1892.
Listed in this reference.
Late Barnard, i. Mich. Sta. Bid. 169:218. 1899.
Tree strong, roundish-upright, with drooping branches, fairly productive; fruit medium
to large, rotmdish-oval, compressed near the suture; cavity narrow, deep; skin yellow, with
a dark red cheek; flesh red at the pit, firm, juicy, rich, sweet; quality good; stone large.
plump, free; season the middle of September.
Late Catherine, i. Prince Treat. Fr. Trees 17. 1820.
Ripens in October.
Late Delaware, i. Pa. Dept. Ag. Rpt. 149. 1895.
Listed in this reference.
Late Devonian, i. Garden 53:35. 1898. 2. Bunyard-Thomas Fr. Card. 113. 1904.
3. Bunyard Cat. Fr. Trees 36. 1913-14.
Raised by Messrs. Veitch, Exeter, England, from a pit of Belle de Vitry crossed with
Royale; introduced in 1894. The tree is very hardy and the fruit is winning a place among
the good, late varieties of England. Glands globose; flowers large, rich pink; fruit large;
skin rather woolly, greenish-yeUow, with bright red marblings; flesh juicy, pale red at the
stone, melting, brisk; freestone; ripens the middle of September.
Late Elberta. i. Kan. Hort. Soc. Rpt. t,8. 1902-03. 2. Stark Bros. Co/. 35. 1914.
This variety on the Station grounds seems to be identical with Elberta in tree and
fruit-characters.
Late Free White, i. Am. Jour. Hort. 8:49. 1870.
This is a large, palatable peach, ripening about October 15th.
Late Mignonne. i. Prince Potn. Man. 1:187. 1831.
Mignonne Tardive. 2. Mas Le Verger y.Tg, 80, fig. 38. 1866-73.
The origin of Late Mignonne is doubtful; it is thought to be an American strain of
Grosse Mignonne. Glands small, globose; flowers large; fruit large, roundish-truncate,
noticeably sutured; skin tender, heavily pubescent, greenish-white, more or less covered
with deep purple; flesh white, stained with purple around the pit, melting, sweet; stone
small, ovoid, free; matures the first of September.
400 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Late Morris White, i. Thoma?. Guide Prat. 54. 1876. 2. Cat. Sta. Rpt. 3{;3. 1895-97.
Tliis pcacl: dilTers from Morris White only in time of maturity, this sort being later.
The fruit is large and of good quality, ripening in September.
Late October, i. Wash. Bd. Hort. Rpt. 149. 1891-92.
One f)f the latest varieties of the season.
Late Purple, i. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 2:17. 18, PL IX. 176S. 2. Liegel Anweisun^
71. 1822. 3. Prince Pom. Man. 1:191. 1831. 4. Leroy Did. Pom. 6:243,
244 fig., 245. 1879.
Spate Purpurjarbige Pfirsichc. 5. Sickler Teut<idH' Ohst. 8:308-313, 'Pal). 16. 1797.
Grosse Pourpr&e. 6. Loud. Hort. Soc. Cat. 102. 1831.
Spdter purpurrothe Lackpfirsich. 7. Dochnah] Fiihr. Ohstkunde i: 21,^. 1858.
Pourpree tardive a petites fleursf 8. Thomas Guide Prat. 50. 1876.
An old variety mentioned as early as 17 14 by French writers. Tree productive;
glands usually reniform; flowers small, with an intense rose-color; fruit of mediimi size,
roundish, halves unequal; skin very pubescent, whitish, deep purple where exposed ; flesh
stained at the pit, fine, melting, juicy, vinous; of first quality; stone free, plump, roundish;
ripens the middle of September.
Late Red Magdalen, i. Prince Pom. Man. 1:185. 1831.
This \'ariety has been confused with Royal George but is distinct. It ripens much
later. Flowers small; fruit of medium size, highly colored and well-flavored; ripens the
last of October.
Late Robinson Crusoe, i. Kenrick Am. Orch. 192. 1841.
This peach was raised by Dr. Coxe, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, from a stone brought
from Crusoe's Island of Juan Fernandez. Tree very productive; fruit large, round, white.
with a pale red wash ; ripens the first of October.
Late Rose. i. Wrif^ht Nur. Cat. 14. 1892.
This is a New Jersey variety of small value in the Station orchard. Fruit of mediiuii
size, roundish-oval, often compressed, bulged along the suture; skin greenish-white, with an
unattractive blush; flesh stained at the pit, juicy, coarse and stringy; quality good; free-
stone; ripens the first week in October.
Late Serrate, i. Am. Jour. Hort. 3:344. 1868.
A late, freestone peach grown by W. C. Flagg, Alton, Illinois; ripens about October 1 5th.
Late White, i. Mich. Sta. Btil. io/^:?,g. 1894. 2.76^^.169:218. 1899.
A seedling from C. C. Engle, Paw Paw, Michigan. Tree fairly vigorous, drooping;
glands reniform; flowers small; fruit medium to large, roundish-oval, slightly compressed
near the suture; apex prominent; suture distinct; color creamy-white, bright red in the
sun; flesh red at the pit, juicy, sprightly, vinous; quality good; pit free, large, plump, oval;
ripens late in September.
Late Yellow Alberge. i. Prince Pom. Man. 2:22. 1832. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am.
496. 1845.
Algiers yellow winter clingstone. 3. Prince Treat. Fr. Trees 18. 1820.
October yellow clingstone. 4. Ibid. 17. 1820.
Algiers Yellow. 5. Prince Pom. Man. 2:16. 1S32.
THK PEACHES OK NEW YORK 4OI
Late Yellow Alberge is a very late, clingstone peach highly esteemed in southern
France. At one time it was much grown in America but was supcxseded by Het-th Cling.
Leaves with renifomi glands; flowers large; fruit of medium size, roundish-oval, distinctly
sutured; skin downy; flesh yellow to the stone, very firm, juicy, sweet; matures in October.
Laura, i. Fla. Sta. Rpt. 8:&g. 1896. 2. F/a. .S/a. 5jy/. 62:515. 1902.
A seedling of Peento. Fruit very large, nearly round; flesh white, sweet, juicy; qiiality
excellent; clingstone; ripens about with Peento.
Laura Cling, i. Weber & Sons Cat. 19. 1906.
Laiu-a Cling is identical with Knmimel except that it is a clingstone while Krummcl is a
freestone. It originated in Missouri, according to H. J. Weber & Sons, Nursery, Missouri.
LaureneL i. Card. Mon. 12:158. 1870.
A seedling from Monroe, Ohio; said to be larger and earlier than Hale Early.
Laurent de Bavay. 1. Carri^re Var. Peckers 75, 76. 1867.
Probably of Belgian origin. Tree vigorous, a strong grower; glands globose; flowers
large; fruit very large, roundish, halves unequal; skin heavily pubescent, pale yellow,
washed with deep red; flesh white, red at the stone, melting, juicy, sweet; stone large, oval,
free; ripens late in September.
Lawrence, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 52. 1871.
Introduced by W. K. Tipton, Jeru.salem, Ohio, who says it is superior to Hale Early
in flavor and a week earlier.
Lawton. i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 127. 1875.
Raised by C. W. Lawton, Seattle, Washington, from a seed imported from England;
fruit very large and ripens early.
Leader, i. Burbank Cat. 1912-13.
According to Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa, California, Leader is of the Muir-Crawford
type ripening in California in July; freestone.
Leatherbury Late. i. Pa. Hort. Assoc. Rpt. 48. 1882.
Listed in this reference.
Leatherland Late. i. N. Mex. Sta. Bui. 30:243. 1899.
Listed by the New Mexico Station.
Lemon Cling, i. Prince Treat. Fr. Trees 17. 1820. 2. Floy-Lindley Guide Orch. Card.
188. 1846. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 78. 1862.
Large Yellow Pine Apple. 4. Coxe Cult. Fr. Trees 224. 181 7.
Kennfdy Carolina. 5. Prince Treat. Fr. Trees 17. 1820.
Kennedy Lemou Cling. 6. Land. Hort. Soc. Cat. 98. 1831.
Pine Apple Clingstone. <]. Yio?iy Orch. Comp. i:V\. 1841-42.
Englischer Lackpfirsich. 8. 'DochnahlFuhr. Obstkunde 1:21$. 1858.
Pavie Citron. 9. Leroy Did. Pom. 6:216. 1879.
Lemon Cling dates back to before the Revolutionary War. From all accoimts it
originated in South Carolina, probably in Charleston. A number of seminal varieties,
all very similar to Lemon Cling, are cultivated; all of these some writers combine imder the
name Lemon Cling. Robert Kennedy introduced the fruit into New York about i8oo
where it became known as Kennedy's Carolina or Kennedy's Lemon Clingstone. The
402
THE PEACHKS OF NEW YORK
\-aricty is ver\' popular in many sections, especialh' ("alifornia, as a canning peach. It
was placed on the fruit-list of the American Pomological SocietN' in i<S62. Tree vigorous,
highly productive, bears regularly; leaves crenate, with reniform glands; flowers small,
deep red; fruit large, oval, resembling a lemon; apex terminating in a large nipple; skin
deep yellow, brownish-red where exposed ; flesh firm, with a deep, lemon color, red at the
stone, juicy, sprightly, vinous, with an agreeable acidity; very good when perfectly ripe;
stone clings; ripens in September.
Lemon Clingstone (Hoyte). i. Lond. Hori. Soc. Cat. gfi. 1831.
Leaves with globose glands; flowers small; fruit large; skin yellow and dark red; of
second quality; ripens at the end of September.
Leny Winter, i. Card. Mon. 23:18. 1881.
A large, yellow peach; will keep throvigli Novemljer if gathered before a hard f-ost.
Leona. i. Austin Nur. Cat. 4. 1912.
Similar to a bright-colored Elberta but earlier and more pro(hicti\'e, according to the
catalog of the Austin Nursery Company, Austin, Texas.
Leonie. i. Leroy Diet. Pom. 6:143, '44 %• ^^19-
Charles Buisson raised Leonie from seed about 1863 at Tronche, Isere, France. Leaves
glandless; flowers of medivun size; fruit medium in size, roundish-oval; suture deep; skin
thin, whitish-yellow, carmine where exposed; flesh red at the stone, melting, juicy, aromatic;
of second quality; stone small, plump, roundish-oval, free; ripens the last half of September.
Lenoir, i. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 621. 1869.
Lenoir is of medium size, round, halves unequal; skin white, washed and splashed witli
red; flesh juicy, aromatic; freestone; ripens the middle of August.
Leopard, i. Te.v. Sta. Bui. 39:816. 1896.
A worthless, southern variety similar to Blood Cling.
Leopold I. I. Kenrick .4hi. Orc/i. 195. 1841.
Leopold Clingstone. 2. .4m. Pom. Soc. Cat. 78. 1862.
Leopold I originated at Smithfield, Virginia. It was put on the fruit-list of the
American Pomological Society in 1862. Fruit very large, round, yellow, juicy; ripens
in August.
Leopold n. I. Jour. Hort. N. S. 3:370. 1862. 2. Pom. France 6:No. 9, PI. g. 1869.
3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 18. 187 1.
Leopold Magdalene. 4. Dochnahl Ftlhr. Obstkunde 3:199, 200. 185S.
Leopold Free. 5. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 32. 1869.
This peach was introduced by a M. Van Orle, Villeme, Belgivim. The variety was
brought to America and appeared on the fruit-list of the American Pomological Society
from 1869 until 1899. Tree vigorous, productive; glands globose; flowers large; fruit
large, roundish, slightly attenuated at the base; suture distinct; skin yellowish- white,
richly colored with carmine; flesh white, stained at the pit, melting, sweet, aromatic;
quality very good; pit slightly adherent, oval; ripens the middle of September.
Lepere. i. Carri^re Var. Pickers 38, 39. 1867.
Tree vigorous, very productive; leaves with reniform glands; flowers small, rose-
colored; fruit large, globular; cavity dee]); skin thinly pubescent, blood-red wliere exposed;
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 4O3
flesh whitish-yellow, blood-red at the pit, firm, juicy, aromatic; quality good; pit roundish-
oval, clinging; ripens at the end of August.
Leroy Winter, i. Mo. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 276. i8g6.
A late, >-ellow \-ariety from Missouri.
Lewenau Lieblingspfirsich. i. Dochnahl Filhr. Obstkunde 3:207. 1858.
A seedling of Admirable, raised about 1851. Glands reniform; flowers large, white;
fruit roundish, flattened, strongly sutured; skin greenish-yellow, heavily pubescent; flesh
white, red at the stone, sprightly; stone free, sharply pointed; matures the middle of
September.
Lewis. 1. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 279. 1882. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. ^3. 1899. 3. M-icli.
.'^ta. Sp. Bui. 44:52. 1910.
Early Lewis. 4. Kan. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 195. 1902-03.
Lewis is the only white-fleshed seedling which appeared from about one hundred
Chili pits, planted by N. W. Lewis, Allegan County, Michigan. The variety was placed
on the fruit-list of the American Pomological Society in 1899 where it still remains. Tree
vigorous, bears early, productive, but subject to leaf-curl; glands reniform; flowers large;
fruit medium to large, roundish, slightly flattened at the ends, a trifle irregular; suture
.shallow; skin smooth, thin, tough, creamy-white, splashed and mottled with crimson;
flesh white, juicy, vinous; quality good; stone free, large; season immediately following
Hale Early.
Libra, i. Garden 64:109. 1903. 2. Bunyard Cat. Fr. Trees 36. 1913-14.
A seedling raised by R. D. Blackmore and introduced by Will Taylor, Hampton,
England. The fruits are large, very juicy; ripen in July.
Liefmanns. i. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 403. 1889.
Listed in this reference.
Liermann Pfirsich. i. Lauche Ergdnzungsband 711 fig., 712. 1883.
Tree vigorous, productive; fruit very large, globular, surface irregular; suture deep,
dividing the fruit unevenly; skin tender, yellowish-white, without a blush; flesh tender,
juicy, sweet, aromatic; stone roundish, flattened at the base; ripens on a west wall toward
the end of August.
Lilard October, i. Tex. Sta. But. 8:34. 18S9.
Listed as growing on the Station grounds.
Lillian, i. III. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 77. 1893.
Exhibited at the World's Fair in 1893 from Illinois.
Limon. i, Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 98. 183 1.
Listed in this reference.
Lina Hauser. i. Mas Pom. Gen. 12:186. 1*883.
Lina Lackpfirsich. 2. Dochnahl FHhr. Obstkunde 3:214, 215. 1858.
Glands reniform; flowers small, white; fruit large, roundish, halves unequal, greenish-
yellow and dark red; flesh stained at the pit, aromatic; freestone; ripens the middle of
September.
Lincoln, i. Cole Atn. Fr. Book 194. 1849.
Lincoln originated in Lincoln, Massachusetts, about 1800. Tree hardy, productive;
404
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
glands globose; fruit very large, roundish; suture prominent; skin rich yellow, with con-
siderable dark purplish-red; flesh tinged at the stone, juicy, rich, sweet; freestone; ripens
the middle of September.
Lincoln Cling, i. Horticulturist 15:491. i860.
A spicy-flavored clingstone from a Dr. Hunter, Lincoln, North Carolina; fruit yellow,
with a prominent, mamelon tip at the apex.
Lindley I. i. Thomas Guide Prat. 49. 1876.
Glands reniform; flowers pale red; fruit very large; matures in September.
Lindley n. i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 238, 239. 191 1.
Lindley II was found in a block of Elbertas by J. Van Lindle\-, Pomona, North
Carolina. Flesh yellow, firm, free; ripens with Hiley.
Linzey White, i. Mo. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 246. 1893.
Grown by S. W. Gilbert of Iowa.
Lipscomb, i. Tex. Sta. Bui. 39:813. 1896.
Lipscomb is vigorous but not productive; glands reniform; fruit small, round; color
yellow, with a red cheek; flavor subacid; stone semi-clinging; ripens the last of June in
Texas.
Lisle. I. Miller Card. Diet. 1752. 2. Prince Pom. Man. 2:21. 1832.
Fruit roundish, of medium size; skin violet where exposed; flesh melting, vinous,
pale yellow except about the pit; clingstone; ripens early in September.
Little Anne. i. ///. Hori. Soc. Rpt. 167. 1871.
Little Anne, ripening ten days earlier than Hale Early, was discarded on account
of the small size of the fruit and tenderness of the tree.
Lizzie, i. U. S. D. A. Yearbook 114, 115, 116, PI. X. 1913.
Lizzie originated with J. W. Stubenrauch, Mexia, Texas, from an Elberta seed
probably fertilized with Bell October. Tree thrifty, productive; fruit globular to obovate,
sides often unequal, medium to large; suture shallow except at the cavity; skin tough,
rich yellow, striped with light red; flesh stained at the pit, firm, meaty, juicy, vinous;
good to very good; stone broad, obovate, large, free; ripens two weeks after Elberta.
Lock Cling, i. III. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 248. 1884. 2. Mich. Sia. Bui. 118:30. 1895.
Lock Late. 3. III. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 77. 1893.
Glands reniform; flowers small; fruit yellow, late, clingstone.
Lockwood. I. Ilgenfritz Cat. 24, fig. 1896.
Lockwood is one of the earliest, yellow freestones, ripening three weeks before Early
Crawford.
Lodge. I. Harrison Cat. 17. 1904.
According to the catalog of J. G. Harrison, Berlin, Maryland, Lodge originated in
Kent County, Delaware. On the Station grounds the tree is vigorous but only moderately
productive; leaves fairly broad; margin finely serrate, with small, globose glands; flowers
appear early, of medium size, pale pink, darker at the edge; fruit medium in size, cordate,
halves unequal, compressed; cavity abrupt, often with red markings; sutiu-e shallow;
apex with a mucronate tip; skin thin, tough, covered with thick pubescence, creamy-white,
with an attractive, lively red blush; flesh white, stained about the stone, juicy, stringy.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 4O5
melting, sprightly, pleasing; quality good; stone nearly free, large for the size of the fruit,
oval, flattened at the base; ripens the last of August.
Lone Ark. i. .V. Mex. Sta. Bid. 30:243. 1899.
Listed in this reference.
Lone Tree. 1. la. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 420. 1898. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 38. 1909.
Lone Tree is one of many seedlings that thrive about Lone Tree, Iowa. In 1909
it was put on the fruit-list of the American Pomological Society. Fruit of mediimi size,
yellow, without any blush; quality good; pit very small, free; ripens about September
10th.
Long Leaved, i. Mas Pom. Gen. 12:186. 1883.
Listed in this reference.
Longhurst. i. Green Cat. 18. 1893. 2. Mich. Sta. Bui. 169:218. 1899. 3. Can. Hort.
29:105. [906. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 38. 1909.
Longhurst originated on the Niagara Peninsula, Canada. It was added to the fruit-
list of the American Pomological Society in 1909. Trees very hardy, productive; glands
globose; flowers large; fruit medium in size, oval, halves unequal, very pubescent, unattrac-
tive; suture indistinct; apex prominent; color yellow, with a red blush; flesh red at the
pit, fibrous, vinous, sprightly; pit free, oval, pointed; ripens the last of September.
Longworthy. i. Tex. Sta. Bui. 39:813. 1896.
Longworthy Late Rareripe. 2. U. S. Pat. Off. Rpt. 415. 1858.
Tree vigorous but a shy bearer; glands reniform; fruit small, roimd, pale white, with
a red cheek; flavor pleasant subacid; clingstone; ripens the last of July in Texas.
Lonoke, i. Tex. Sta. Bui. 8:34. 1889. 2. Munson Cat. 6. 1893.
Flowers large; fruit large, yellow; clingstone; ripens late; stire bearer.
Lord Fauconberg Mignonne. i, Lindley Guide Orch. Card. 261, 262. 1831.
An old English variety known as early as 1769. Leaves doubly serrate, without
glands; flowers small; fruit above medium in size, ovate, deeply sutured, pale yellow,
with wide splashes of deep, dull red; flesh yellowish-white, red at the stone, juicy; stone
free, rather flat; ripens the middle of September.
Lord Palmerston. i. Hogg Fruit Man. 225. 1866. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 621.
1869. 3. Lauche Erganznngsband 715 fig., 716. 1883. 4. Hogg Fruit Man. 452.
1884.
Palmerston. 5. Mich. Sta. Bid. 169:222. 1899.
This variety was raised by Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, England, from a pit
of Princess of Wales. Fruit large, rotmdish, inclined to oval, with a distinct suture ; color
yellowish-white, with a red blush; flesh creamy-white, red at the pit which is somewhat
adherent, juicy, firm, mild; qiiality good; season the last of September.
Lorentz. i. Reid Cat. 33 fig. 1894. 2. Mich. Sta. Bui. 169:204, 219. 1899. 3. Ont.
Fr. Exp. Sta. Rpt. 7:54. 1900. 4. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:350. 1903.
5. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 38. 1909.
Lorentz is supposed to have come from a seedling tree found about 1889 in the
orchard of Fred Lorentz, Marshall County, West Virginia. It was introduced about
1894 by E. W. Reid, Bridgeport, Ohio. Fruit of medium size, roundish, compressed.
406 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
with a shallow suture; color yellow, blushed with red; flesh yellow, red at the pit, juicy,
tender, mild, free; quality good; season early October.
Lottie. I. Fla. Sta. Rpt. 8:89. 1896.
Grown by the Florida Experiment Station.
Loudon. I. Carri^re Var. Peckers 60, 61. 1867.
Tree moderately vigorous, very productive; glands reniform; flowers very large; fruit
large, oblate; skin downy, marbled with deep red; flesh whitish-yellow, stained near the
pit, melling, juicy, aromatic, sweet; stone free, oval; ripens at the end of August.
Louisiana, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 38. 1909.
Listed by the American Pomological Society; fruit large, round, white; freestone.
Love All. I. Lovett Cat. 39. 1889.
According to J. T. Lovett, Little Silver, New Jersey, this variety is a large, yellow
peach from California; excellent for canning.
Lovejoy Cling, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 191. i860.
Recommended for planting in Mississippi.
Lovell. I. Wickson Cal. Fruits 314. 1889. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 33. 1899. 3. Mich.
Sta. Bui. 169:219. 1899.
Lovell is a chance seedling raised and named by G. W. Thissell of California in 1882.
The fruit cans, ships and dries well. Tree fairly vigorous, drooping; glands globose; flowers
small; fruit of medium size, roundish, compressed; suture distinct, extending beyond the
apex; skin bright yellow, with a faint, marbled blush; flesh yellow to the pit, juicy, tender,
vinous; pit small, roundish-oval, free; ripens the last of September in Michigan.
Lovell White Madison, i. Okla. Sta. Bui. 2:14. 1892.
Listed in this reference.
Lovett. I. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 38. 1909.
Lovett White. 2. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 314. 1889. 3. Mich. Sta. Bui. 169:219.
1899.
The American Pomological Society listed this varietj^ in its catalog of 1909. Tree
strong, roundish-upright, productive; glands reniform; flowers small; fruit large, roundish;
suture distinct; skin creamy- white, with considerable bloom; flesh creamy-white to the
pit, juicy, tender, sprightly; pit free; ripens the last of September; valuable for canning
purposes.
Lowes Favorite, i. Mick. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 105. 1903.
A peach of the Crawford type originating in Oceana County, Michigan.
Lowets White, i. Guide Prat. 42. 1895.
Fruit large, white, sweet; very late.
Lows Large Melting, i. Land. Hort. Soc. Cat. 98. 183 1.
Allied to Royal George but not as good; leaves glandless; flowers small; fruit large;
color pale yellowish-green, with a red cheek; flesh melting; quality fair; ripens early in
September.
Lucia. I. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 391. 1S91.
A large, globular fruit, yellow, shaded with rich purplish-red; flesh red at the stone,
mild subacid; best of quality; clingstone; season the end of September.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 407
Luizet Dwarf, i. Am. Jour. Hort. 6:24(;. 1869.
lu iS()i, Gabriel Luizet, Ecully, Rhone, France, grew this dwarf from a seed of
Grosse Mignonne. Tree dwarf, vigorous, productive; leaves large, deeply serrate, gland-
less; fruit small, oval, surface uneven, halves unequal; skin nearly smooth, bright red
where exposed: flesh \-clIowish-white, red at the stone, juicy, sprightly; stone free, deeply
furrowed.
Lulu L I. Cult. & Count. Gent. 45:536. 1880.
A very early seedling from Batavia, New York; fruit globular; clingstone; ripens
before Amsden.
Lulu n. I. Tex. Sta. Bui. 39:806. 1890.
Lulu II belongs to the so-called Spanish group; tree hardy, productive; glands
numerous, globose; fruit small, greenish-yellow; flavor rather acid; quality poor.
Luton. I. Tex. Nur. Cat. 12. 1909.
The Te.xas Ntusery Company, Sherman, Texas, states that this variety was grown
from seed at Ector, Texas, by J. T. Luton; fruit large, oblong; clingstone; ripening a week
before Elberta.
Luttichau. i. Glen St. Mary Niir. Cat. 26. 1913.
It is reported in the Glen Saint Mary Nursery Catalog, Glen Saint Mary, Florida,
that Baron H. Von Luttichau, Earleton, Florida, originated this variety. Fruit large,
oval; skin waxy, greenish-white, washed or blushed with red, thin, tough; flesh tinged at
the pit, firm, juicy, sweet; pit free; season the last of May.
Lydon Cling, i. Harrison Cat. 18. 1910.
Lydon Cling is a large, firm, yellow peach ripening about the middle of August,
according to J. G. Harrison, Berlin, Maryland.
Lynn Lemon Cling, i. J. R. Johnson Cat. 6. 1894.
Fruit large, with a red cheek; of excellent quality; ripens the last of September, as
described in the catalog of J. R. Johnson, Coshocton, Ohio.
Lyon. I. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 622. 1869.
A seedling originating with George Husman, Hermann, Missouri. Fruit large, round,
somewhat irregular; sutiu-e a red streak; skin smooth, yellowish-white, marbled with
deep red; flesh veined with red, deep at the stone, juicy, sweet, vinous; freestone; ripens
early in August.
Lyon Cling, i. Wickson Cal. Fruits 317. 1889.
Lyon Mammoth Cling. 2. Del. Sta. Rpt. 5:98. 1892.
From W. M. Williams, Fresno, California; flesh white to the stone; late.
McAllister, i. Okla. Sta. Bui. 2:14. 1892. 2. Fa. Sta. Bui. 37:10. 1896.
Listed as succeeding on either high or low land.
M'Clish. I. Pacific Nur. Cat. 10. 1906.
According to the Pacific Nursery Company, Tangent, Oregon, M'Clish is of the
Orange Cling type ripening just after Early Crawford but is larger, sweeter and richer;
used by the California canneries.
McCollister. i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 31:58. 1887. 2. L'. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 43. 1895.
McCollister on the Station grounds is neither hardy nor productive but is relatively
408 THE PEACHE;S of NKVV YORK
free from leaf-curl. Trees large, with a slight drooping tendency; leaves long, large, with
small, globose glands; flowers appear in mid-season; fruit large, irregular in outline,
roundish-cordate, oblique, halves decidedly unequal; cavity deep and wide; suture often
extends two-thirds around the fruit; apex with a small, mamelon tip; skin thick, tough,
blushed with dull red on a deep lemon-yellow ground, attractive; flesh stained with red
at the stone, firm, coarse, noticeably stringy, moderately sweet but not rich; stone free,
ovate, l)ulged near the apex; ripens the first of September.
McConnell Seedling, i. Can. Hort. 18:417- 1895.
A very hardy seedling grown in Essex County, Canada.
McCormick. i. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 189. 1880.
This peach was found by W. H. McCormick, Clyde, Michigan. Tree similar to
Late Crawford; glands reniform; fruit nearly round; flesh deep yellow to the stone which
is small and free; ripens just ahead of Late Crawford.
McCowan Cling, i. Wickson Cal. Fruits 314. 1889.
Dr. McCowan, Ukiah, California, raised this variety. It is free from leaf-curl ; must
be carefully thinned for size; flesh yellow, stained at the pit; good for canning.
McCoy Free. i. Winfield Nur. Cat. 15. 1915.
The Winfield Nursery Company, Winfield, Kansas, states that this variety is a large,
yellow freestone, ripening two weeks after Elberta.
McCoy Seedling, i. J. R. Johnson Cat. 6. 1894.
Originated with Henry McCoy, Coshocton County, Ohio; very similar to Wonderful,
according to J. R. Johnson, Coshocton, Ohio.
McDevitt. I. Wickson Cal. Frtiits 318. 1889. 2. .4);;. Pom. Soc. Cat. 34. 1899.
McDevitt is a yellow cling which originated with Neal McDevitt, Placer County,
California. In 1899 it was added to the fruit-list of the American Pomological Society.
Mcintosh. I. Ga. Sta. Bui. 42:238. 1898. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 38. 1909.
Mcintosh is a peach from Georgia which was placed on the fruit-list of the American
Pomological Society in 1909. At this Station, it is a light bearer and susceptible to
leaf -curl. Tree with a drooping tendency; glands usually globose; flowers appear in
mid-season; fruit medium in size, roundish-oval, tapers toward the apex, halves equal;
cavity deep, wide, abrupt; suture shallow; apex with a mucronate tip; skin thin, tough,
pale creamy-yellow, blushed with light red becoming deeper, attractive; flesh white,
stained near the pit, juicy, stringy, melting, vinous, aromatic; stone with a clinging
tendency, large, oval; ripens the last of August.
Mclntyre Late Free. i. Wickson Cal. Fruits 315. 1889.
Approved by the growers in several covmties in California; fruit large, yellow; of
(^alifornia origin.
McKay Late. i. Rural N. Y. 62:835. 1903-
This is a very late, yellow freestone, originating about 1890 with the late W. L.
McKay, Geneva, New York. Tree upright-spreading to slightly drooping, hardy; glands
reniform; flowers appear in mid-season; fruit large, oval, angular; halves decidedly unequal;
sides drawn in about the cavity, which is shallow and narrow; apex with a mucronate tip;
skin heavily pubescent, thick, tough, pale yellow, usually wth blush near the cavity but
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 4O9
often without; flesh stained at the pit, juicy, coarse, stringy, sprifjhtly; stone large, oval,
"plump, acutely pointed at the apex; ripens in October.
McKevitt. I. Wickson Cal. Fruits ,515. i88g. 2. Mich. Sta. Bnl. 169:220. 1899.
3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 38. 1909.
This white clingstone is widely distributed in California and in 1909 was added to
the fruit-list of the American Pomological Society. It originated on the farm of
A. McKevitt, Vaca Valley, California. Tree upright, roundish; glands globose; flowers
small ; fruit large, roundish-oval ; apex prominent ; color creamy-white, marbled with bright
red; flesh moderately juicy, faintly tinged with red at the pit, firm, sweet, highly flavored;
stone oval, pointed; ripens in mid-season.
McKinley. i. la. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 420. 1898.
A white peach from a Mr. Calkins, Iowa City, Iowa.
McKinnel. i. Ala. Sta. Bui. 156:134. 191 1.
An upright, rank-growing tree with heavy foliage, productive but susceptible to
rot; fruit roundish, medium to large; apex sharply pointed; flesh yellowish-white, fine,
juicy; quality very good; ripens the last of May.
McKinney. i. Ala. Sta. Bui. 117:309. 1901.
A promising new variety; tree a strong grower, fairly productive; fruit medium to
large; flesh white, firm, juicy, sweet; clingstone; ripens the last of June.
McLide Seedling, i. Ont. Fr. Gr. Assoc. Rpt. App. 37. 1901.
Exhibited at the Pan American Exposition.
McNair Late. i. Mo. State Fr. Sta. Bui. 3:38. 1902.
A good variety for commercial or home use in Missouri.
McNeil. I. Utah Sta. Bui. 18:13. 1892.
Listed in this reference.
McNeil Early, i. King Bros. Cat. 14. 1915.
This sort was found b}'- Frank McNeil, Dansville, New York, and was introduced by
King Brothers of that place in 19 13. Fruit white-fleshed; a perfect freestone; one of the
first to ripen.
Macon, i. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 450. 1879.
A variety with fruit of fair quality, valued in Lenawee County, Michigan.
McShaw. I. Bailey Ann. Hort. 185. 1892.
A large, clingstone peach ripening in October.
Madame d'Andrimont. i. Mas Le Verger 7:77, 78, fig. 37. 1866-73.
Probably originated about Liege, Belgiimi. Leaves glandless; flowers large; fruit
large, spherical, depressed at the ends; suture shallow; skin downy, pale yello.w, bright
red in the sun; flesh white, stained about the pit, melting, juicy, aromatic; stone free,
large; ripens the middle of August.
Madame Bemede. i. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 403. 1889.
Listed in this reference.
Madame Daurel. i. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 403. 1889.
Listed in this reference.
Madame Gaujard. i. Koch Dcut. Obst. 540. 1876. 2. Lauche Dent. Pom. VI: No. 23,
P'. 1SS2.
410
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Orij^inatcd in 1858 with N. Gaujard, Ghent, Belgium. Flowers small; fruit large,
roundish; suture more or less distinct; skin very pubescent, thin, clear yellow, with a
purplish-red blush; flesh white, stained at the pit, juicy, sweet; stone free, broadly oval;
ripens in September.
Madame Malfilatre. i. Mathicu Nam. Pom. 403. 1889.
Listed in this reference.
Madame Pynaert. i. Card. Mon. 29:46. 18S7.
Madame Edouard Pynaert. 2. Mathieu Nam. Pom. 403. i88g.
A large, dark red peach of superior quality, raised in Belgium about 1881.
Madeira, i. Elliott Fr. Book 285. 1854.
Hill Madeira. 2. Coxe Cult. Fr. Trees 224. 1817.
Madeira Freestone. 3. Horticulturist 4:24^. 1849-50.
Madeira was raised by Henry Hill, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, from a pit brought from
Madeira. Fruit large, whitish, with a pale red cheek; flesh highly flavored, melting, juicy;
freestone; ripens in September.
Madeleine Blanche d'Anoot. 1. Thomas Guide Prat, s^- 1876.
A variety bearing globose glands.
Madeleine Blanche de Doue. i. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 403. 1889.
Listed in this reference.
Madeleine Blanche de Loisel. i. Thomas Guide Prat. 44. 1876.
Often included incorrectly with the White Madeleine.
Madeleine Hariot. i. Thomas Guide Prat. 40. 1876.
Tree vigorous, productive; leaves glandless; fruit large, ovoid, somewhat pointed at
the base; greenish-yellow, striped and marbled with deep carmine; flesh white to the pit.
juicy, vinous; matures at the end of August.
Madeleine Hative a Moyennes Fleurs. i. Mas Le Verger 7:173. i74- fig- 85. 1866-73.
This sort is thought by Leroy to be Royal Charlotte. Probably the only difference is
in its ripening, this variety ripening early in August.
Madeleine a Mamelon. i. Loud. Hort. Soc. Cat. 98. 1831.
Listed in this reference.
Madeleine Paysanne. i. Mas Le Verger 7:99, too, fig. 48. 1866-73.
This is an old French sort often confused with Bollweiler Magdalene of some authors.
Tree vigorous, productive; leaves glandless; flowers large; fruit large, spherical, depressed
at the ends, distinctly sutured; cavity large; skin finely pubescent, pale yellow, with a
deep purple blush; flesh whitish-yellow, stained about the pit, melting, aromatic, sweet;
pit small -for the size of fruit, free.
Madeleine Striee. i. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 404. 18S9. 2. Guide Prat. 40. 1S95.
Tree very productive; leaves glandless; fruit large, roimdish; skin thin, whitish-
yellow, striped with red in the sun; flesh fine, melting, sweet, aromatic; ripens the last of
August.
Madeleine Superbe de Choisy. i. L<? Bon Jard. 327. 1882.
This variety originated with a M. Gravier of Choisy-le-Roi, France. Fruit ^-erx-
large, roundish, blushed with deep red where exposed; flesh white, purple at the stone.
melting, sweet, aromatic; stone small, free; matures the last of September.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK ' 41 I
Madison County Mammoth, i. Mo. Stciic Fr. Sta. Rpt. 11. 1901.
This is a variety from Missouri which ripens too late in New York. The tree in the
Station orchard is upright, moderately vigorous, very productive; glands reniform; fruit
of the Chili type but more irregular and broader; cavity small; suture extends beyond
the apex; skin heavily pubescent, whitish, with considerable mottling; flesh stained at
the pit, moderately juicy, tough, leathery; flavor and quality fair; stone slightly elliptical,
decidedly clinging; ripens the last of October.
Magdala. i. Am. Jour. Hort. 6:250. 1869. 2. Hogg Fruit Man. 452. 1884.
Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, England, raised Magdala in 1865 from a seed of
Orange nectarine. Leaves with reniform glands; flowers large; fruit of meditmi size,
inclining to oval; skin nearly smooth, creamy-white, marbled with crimson; flesh tender,
melting, rich; freestone; ripens the last of August.
Magdalen Clingstone, i. Prince Pom. Man. 1:198. 183 1.
Pavic Madeleine. 2. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 2:13. 1768.
This sort is a variation of 'White Magdalen. Some writers list it as identical with
Smith Newington. Leaves devoid of glands; flowers large; fruit of medium size, broadly
globular; suture shallow, deepening toward the base; skin pale yellowish-white, marbled
and streaked where exposed; flesh firm, pale yellowish-white to the stone, juicy, sugary;
stone clings, shortly ovate, thick; ripens early in September.
Maggie I. i. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 22. 1897. 2. Ibid. 38. 1909.
Maggie Burt. 3. Tex. Sta. Bui. 8:34. 1889.
Maggie I, or Maggie Burt as it was first called, was put on the fruit-list of the American
Pomological Society in 1897. It is a large, oval, white-fleshed clingstone from Texas.
Maggie n. 1. Fla. Sta. Rpt. 8:86. 1896. 2. Fla. Sta. Bui. 62:516. 1902.
Peter C. Alinnich, Waldo, Florida, originated this variety which resembles and
ripens with Bidwell Early. Fruit medium to large, roundish-oblong; cavity open, abrupt,
suture but one-quarter around the fruit; apex rounded; skin velvety, thick, light yellow;
washed with red; flesh firm, white, jtticy; quality very good; stone partly clinging, large,
oval.
Magistrate, i. Elliott Fr. Book 293. 1854.
A fruit of American origin; glands renifonn; fruit large; skin greenish-white, with a
red cheek ; flesh juicy but not high in quality ; freestone ; ripens in September.
Magnifique de Daval. i. Mas Pom. Gen. 12:186. 18S3.
Listed but not described.
Magnum Bonum. i. Rural N. Y. 14:119. 1S63.
Listed as a good peach for Missouri.
Maid of Malines. i. Card. Chron. 204. 1848.
Pucellc de Malines. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 30. 1875. 3. Leroy Diet. Pom. 6:249
fig., 250. 1879.
Jungfern-Magdalene. 4. Dochnahl Ftilir. Obstkunde 3: igg. 1858.
Jungfrau von Mecheln. 5. Gaucher Pom. Prak. Obst. No. 87, Tab. 19. 1894.
This variety from Belgium held a place on the fruit-list of the American Pomological
Society from 1S75 until 1897. Tree vigorous, productive; glands lacking; flowers large;
412
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
fruit large, roundish, depressed; suture well marked; skin very downy, elear yellow, highly
colored where exposed; flesh yellowish-white, stained at the stone, melting, juicy, sugary;
freestone; ripens at the end of August.
Maiden, i. Elliott Fr. Book 286. 1854.
Early Maiden. 2. Mag. //ort. 14:537. 1848.
Leaves glandless; flowers small; fruit medium in size, roundish, compressed, one side
enlarged; suture distinct; skin white, with a red cheek; juicy, sprightly; freestone; matures
the last of August.
Malta. I. Miller Carti. Diet. 1752. 2. Pom. Mag. i:No. 15, PI. 1828. 3. Am. Pom.
Soc. Cat. 78. 1S62. 4. Lcroy Diet. Pom. 6:157 %-. iS^- 1879.
Malta is supposed to have originated in Malta or in Italy but the Italians did not men-
tion it until it had been known in France for some time, Merlet having described it in 1667.
It was early introduced into America and held a place on the fruit-list of the American
Pomological Society from 1862 until 1891. Leaves doubly serrate, without glands; flowers
large, pale; fruit of mediiun size, depressed at the apex; suture broad and shallow; skin
dull green, broadly marbled with dull purplish-red; flesh greenish-yellow, stained with red
near the pit, juicy, rich, vinous; stone free, oval, pointed; ripens at the end of August.
Malte de Gouin. 1. ThomasGnide Prat. ^1, 221. 1876. 2. Mas Pow. (Jew. 12:129, 130,
fig. I. 1883.
The fruit is larger and the quality better than that of Alalta. Tree productive;
leaves glandless; fruit spherical, striped and marbled with reddish-purple; flesh white to
the stone, melting, juicy, aromatic; stone small for the size of the fruit, free; ripens the
first of September.
Malte de Lisieux. 1. CarriSre Var. Peckers 82. 1867.
The fruits of this variety diflEer from Malta in their higher color, larger size and
heavier pubescence.
Malte Saint Julien. i. Thomas Guide Prat. 50. 1876.
A glandless variety listed by Thomas.
Mammoth, i. Land. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 6:410, 411. 1826.
This old peach was found in New York City a century ago by M. Brevoort. The
stone, which is large for the size of the fruit, is remarkable for always having two kernels.
The variety comes true from seed. Fruit large, greenish-yellow; stone free; ripens at the
end of September.
Mammoth Cling, i. Kenrick Am. Orch. 184. 1835.
Fruit largo, of a pale color, red where exposed; very juicy and fine.
Mammoth Freestone, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 28. 1873.
A large, very late variety listed in the fruit-catalog of the American Pomological
Society from 1873 until 1897.
Mammoth Golden, i. III. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 77. 1893.
Listed as once grown in Illinois.
Mammoth Heath, i. Stark Bros. Cat. 52. 1899.
According to the catalog of Stark Brothers, Louisiana, Missouri, Mammoth Heath
is supposed to be a strain of Heath Cling from Missouri. On the Station gi-ounds the trees
THK PKACHES OK NKW YORK 4I3
are unproductive and susceptible to leaf-curl; glands reniform; fruit above medium in size,
halves unequal; cavity deep and wide; apex with a small, mamelon tip; suture often extends
beyond the apex; skin thin, tender, tmusually woolly, creamy-white, occasionally with a
slight blush; flesh meaty, juicy, pleasing; stone oval, flattened at the base; ripens the
second week in October.
Mammoth Melocoton. i. Thomas Guide Prat. 54. 1876.
A large fruit of first quality, ripening in September.
Man. I. Parkinson Par. Ter. 582. 1629.
" The Man peach is of two sorts, the one longer than the other, both of them are
good Peaches but the shorter is the better relished."
Mandelartige Magdalene, i. Dochnahl Fiihr. Obstkunde 3: ig&. 1858.
The leaves of this variety arc glandless; flowers usually large; fruit of mediima size,
elongated, almond-like; skin yellowish-green; flesh white, stained at the pit, pleasantly
subacid; stone free; ripens the middle of September.
Mandls Magdalene, i. Dochnahl Ftihr. Obitkunde 3: igg. 1858.
Lorcii2 Maudl. 2. Mathieu Non. Pom. 403. 1889.
A seedling from Liegel, raised about 1851. Leaves glandless; flowers usually large,
white; fruit large, roundish-oblate, halves unequal, deeply sutured; skin greenish-white,
with a reddish-brown blush; freestone; ripens the middle of August.
Manning, i. Mag. Hort. 13:441. 1847.
J. F. Allen grew and named this variety after Robert Manning of Salem. Massachusetts.
Marcella. 1. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 25. 1894.
Marcella originated with E. T. Daniels, Kiowa, Kansas. On the Station grounds the
trees are unproductive and susceptible to leaf-ciirl. Tree vigorous, upright-spreading or
slightly drooping; glands reniform; flowers appear late; fruit large, roundish to oval, halves
decidedly unequal; cavity shallow, sides slightly drawn in; apex roundish, with a mucronate
tip; skin covered with long, thick pubescence, thin, tough, golden-yellow, with a few
splashes, if any, of dark red; flesh faintly red at the pit, stringy, slightly subacid; fair in
quality; stone large, oval or obovate; matures the first of October.
Marguerite, i. Thomas Guide Prat. 43, 221. 1876.
Saint Marguerite. 2. Mas Le Verger 7:41, 42, fig. 19. 1866-73.
Originated at Li^ge, Belgiixm. Tree vigorous; leaves devoid of glands; flowers large;
fruit medium to above, roundish-ovoid, small, with a mamelon tip at the apex; skin thin,
greenish-yellow, with a dark red blush; flesh white to the stone, juicy, sweet, aromatic;
stone large, ovoid, free; matures toward the end of July.
Marie de la Rochejaquelein. i. Thomas Guide Prat. 50. 1876. 2. Mas Pom. Gen.
12:177,178. 1883.
Resembles Orchard Queen; leaves with reniform glands; flowers small.
Marie Talabot. i. Mathieu Noni. Pom. 404. 1889.
Listed in this reference.
Marionville Cling, i. Stark Bros. Cat. 38. 1913.
A productive, white clingstone from Marionville, Missouri, according to Stark Brothersi
Louisiana, Missouri.
414
THE PEACHES OK NEW YORK
Mark Chili, i. Mich. Sta. Sp. Bui. 44:55 fig. 1910.
Mark Chili is a Chili seedling raised by W. D. Markham, Hart, Michigan. The fruit
is similar to that of its parent but is larger and later. Tree vigorous, free from diseases;
flowers large; fruit large, oblong, decidedly ribbed; suture continuous, deepening toward the
apex; skin heavily pubescent, thick, tough, light yellow, with a rich, dark cheek of solid
red; flesh deep yellow, red at the pit, melting, juicy, brisk subacid; stone oval, free; very
good in quality.
Markham. i. Mich. Sta. Sp. Bui. 44:53, 54 fig- 1910.
W. D. Markham, Hart, Michigan, raised this Chili seedling about 1880. It is very
similar to Early Crawford which it follows in ripening. In the Station orchard the trees
are vigorous, spreading, not very productive; leaves broad, with very small, globose
glands; flowers appear in mid-season; fruit of medium size, roundish, halves decidedly
unequal on some specimens; cavity deep, with radiating streaks of red; suture but a line
until near the apex; skin heavily pubescent, tenacious, golden yellow, with a blush vary-
ing in size and shade; flesh tinged with red at the pit, tender, stringy, sweet, rich in flavor;
quality good; stone large, broadly oval, flattened near the base, apex ending in a long
point.
Marks Cling, i. Tex. Sta. Bui. 8:34. 1889.
Listed as growing at the Texas Experiment Station.
Marlborough, i. Brookshaw //or;. Reposit. 1:27, PI. 14. 1S23.
Marlborough was found in the garden of the late Duke of Marlborough near Brent-
ford, England. Leaves long, narrow, not affected by mildew ; blossoms large ; fruit round-
ish; skin thin, white, with a brilliant red blush; flesh stained at the pit, with a pineapple
flavor; ripens about August loth.
Marquis of Downshire. i. Card. Chron. 1506. 1870. 2. Hogg Fruit Man. 453. 1884.
Royal Ascot. 3. Garden 52:307. 1898.
This peach was raised at East Hempsted Park, Berkshire, England, and was dis-
tributed by the Royal Ascot Nurseries. Glands globose; flowers large; fruit medium in
size, slightly oblate, uneven in outline; sutare distinct; skin greenish-yellow, with a light
red cheek, mottled with darker red where exposed; flesh stained at the pit. tender, juicy,
melting, sweet; freestone; ripens late.
Marquise de Brissac. i. Thomas Guide Prat. 53. 1876. 2. Leroy Diet. Pom. 6:159
fig.. 160. 1879.
This variety was found in the vicinity of Angers, France, and named after tlie Mar-
quise de Brissac. Glands small, reniform; flowers of medium size; fruit large, oval-
roundish, with a noticeable, mamelon tip at the apex; distinctly sutured; skin thick,
heavily pubescent, pale yellow, with a few splashes of carmine; flesh greenish-white,
stained at the stone, juicy, melting, very sweet, vinous; verj' good; stone free, large;
matures early in October.
Marshall, i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 118:30. 1895. 2. Ibid. 169:219. 1899.
Marshall Late. 3. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 45^- 1896- ■
Marshall comes from and is known only in Ohio. Tree fairly vigorous, roundish-
upright; glands reniform; flowers small or medium; fruit medium to large, roundish.
THE PKACHES OF NEW YORK 4I5
slightly oblong; suture distinct, two-thirds around the fruit; skin pale yellow, mottled
with red; flesh deep red at the pit, moderately juicy, firm, with a slight acid taste; quality
good; stone free; matures the last of September.
Martha Fern Cling, i. Stark Bros. Cat. 38. 1913.
A white-fleshed clingstone from Pike County, Missouri, according to Stark Brothers,
Louisiana, Missouri.
Martindale. i. Kan. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 52. 1901.
Raised by a Mr. Martindale of Kansas. Tree very hardy; fruit white, very sweet,-
rich and juicy; freestone; ripens early in August.
Mary, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 33. 1899. 2. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:351
1903.
Mary Choice. 3. Thomas 6^ji!(i<? Prat. 44, 217. 1876.
Mary is a good dessert and market sort grown in New Jersey and Maryland. It
was placed on the fruit-list of the American Pomological Society in 1899. Fruit large,
oblong; flesh yellow, firm, very good; freestone; season late.
Mary Choice (Kerr), i. Del. Sta. Rpt 5:99. 1892.
Listed in this reference.
Marydel. i. Del. Sta. Rpt. 5:99- 1892.
Listed in this reference.
Maryland Early, i. Card. Mon. 18:273. 1876.
A seedling from Frederick City, Maryland. One of the earliest to ripen in that
locahty.
Masicot. I. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 32. 1889.
Mascotte. 2. Fla. Sta. Bui. 62:516. 1902.
GrifBng Brothers raised Masicot from a seed of Waldo. It first fruited in 1894 and
was put on the fruit-list of the American Pomological Society in 1889. Fruit two and
one-half inches high, nearly round; color creamy-yellow, washed or flecked with carmine,
becoming deeper; flesh creamy-white, stained at the stone, juicy, subacid; freestone; ripens
a few days later than Waldo.
Mathews, i. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:351. 1903. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 38.
1909.
Mathews Beauty. 3. Rural N. Y. 57:610. 1S98.
Matthews Beauty. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 51. 1897. 5. W. N. Y. Hort. Soc.
Rpt. 13. 1907.
Matthews. 6. Rural N. Y. 59:706. 1900.
Mathews is supposed to be a cross between Elberta and Smock which originated
with J. C. Mathews, Cuthbert, Georgia. Fruit large, roundish; color golden yellow, with
streaks of red and a crimson cheek; flesh yellow, firm, juicy, mild, free; quality good;
season early in August.
Maule Early, i. Black Cat. 16. 1907. 2. ///. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 203. 1911. 3. Black
Cat. 5. 1913.
According to the statement of Joseph H. Black, Son and Company, Hightstown,
New Jersey, this variety is a seedling of Mamie Ross. It was introduced in the fall of
_|.l6 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
1906 by this company. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit medium in size, roundish-oval.
with a shallow suture; color creamy- white, mottled and striped with considerable bright
red; flesh white, firm, juicy, sweet, semi-adherent; quality good; season early.
Maurice Desportes. i. Leroy Diet. Pom. 6:160 fig., 161. 1879.
This peach was raised about 187 1 by Baptiste Desportes from a seed of Grosse Mig-
nonne and named after his son, Maurice. Tree vigorous, productive; glands small, globular;
flowers of meditmi size; fruit mediiim in size, globular, compressed at both ends; sutiu-e,
wide, shallow; skin tender, covered with short hairs, washed with red on a pale yellow
ground; flesh white, faintly red at the pit, melting, very juicy, acidulated, aromatic; very
good; stone small, plvunp, free; ripens the middle of August.
May Choice, i. Batavia Nur. Cat. 27. 1905.
A very desirable peach ripening immediately after Early Crawford which it resembles
but excels in quality, according to the Batavia Nurseries, Batavia, New York.
May Peach, i. Cw/iCTOior 3rd vSer. 4:146. 1856.
A very early, white-fleshed peach which may be Kleiner Weisser Fnihpfirsich.
Mayflower, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 38. ioo<). 2. .4/a. Sta. Bui. 156:134. 191 1.
3. N. J. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 100. 1911. 4. Kcv. Hart. 66, 67. igii.
Tree productive; fruit of medium size, oval, with a pointed apex; color greenish-
white, with a dark red blush; flesh greenish-white, juicy, tender, subacid, adherent; quality
fair; season very early.
Melocotone. i. Parkinson Par. Ter. 580. 1629.
Malacotune. 2. Langley Pomona 107, PI. ^^ fig. 4. 1729-
Fruit yellowish-green, with a deep red blush; flesh firm, chnging, with a pleasant
flavor; ripens early in September.
Melting, i. Elliott Fr. Book 293. 1854.
An unproductive variety of American origin; glands globose; fruit large; flesh white,
stained with red at the stone; freestone; ripens in September.
Mena. i. Mo. State Fr. Sta. Rpt. 13. 1905-06.
Mena is a semi-free peach, with yellow flesh, ripening the middle of August.
Mendenhall. i. la. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 426. 1898.
This is a white-fleshed seedling, bearing regularly near Des Moines, Iowa.
Merlin, i. Rivers Cat. 29. 1909-10.
EmSrillon. 2. Thomas Guide Prat. 55, 218. 1876.
Merlin is a large, luscious, pale peach from a pit of Fruhe Mignonne; flavor rich;
ripens early in August.
Merriam. i. Cole Am. Fr. Book 197. 1849.
E. Merriam, Roxbury, Massachusetts, first grew this variety; glands globose; fruit
large, short-oval, light yellow, with a bright red cheek; flesh tinged at the stone, melting,
very sweet, juicy; ripens October ist.
Merriman. i. Mich. Sta. Sp. Bui. 44:56, 57. 19 10.
Found on the Merriman farm near Bangor, Michigan. A yellow freestone ripening
just after Smock.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 417
Merveille de New-York. i. Mas Pom. Gen. 12:186. 1883.
Listed in this reference.
Merveille d'Octobre. i. Thomas Guide Prat. 50. 1876.
A good, late i^each of unknown origin; glands globose; flowers small.
Metelka. i. Thomas Guide Prat. 50. 1876.
A variety from Hungary; glands reniform; flowers medium in size.
Meyer, i. Mich. Sta. Sp. Bui. 44:56 fig. 1910.
A \-ariety grown from seed by H. F. W. Meyer, Mears, Michigan. Tree vigorous,
liard\-, reasonably free from diseases; fruit ripens with Gold Drop but larger; flesh yellow,
free.
Meyers Rareripe, i. Am. Card. 11:715. 1890.
This \ariety originated in Alameda, California.
Michigan I. i. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 187. 1880.
C. C. Engle, Paw Paw, Michigan, introduced this variety about 1879 as a seedling
of Late Crawford. Fruit yellow, juicy, vinous, ripening just before Late Crawford.
Michigan 11. i. Mich. Sta. Sp. Bui. 44:57. 1910.
Raised many years ago by B. Hathaway, Little Prairie Ronde, Michigan; fruit large,
yellow-fleshed; freestone. '
Michigan Chili, i. Cornell Sta. Bui. 74:373. 1894.
Listed as grown near Newark, New York.
Michigan Nos. i, 2 and 3. i. Out. Sta. Rpt. 1:19. 1894.
Listed in this reference.
Michelin. i. Mathieu Norn. Pom. 404. 1889.
Listed in this reference.
Mid September, i. Mo. State Fr. Sta. Rpt. 14. 1905-06.
This is a lemon-yellow freestone which ripens early in September.
Middleton Imperial, i. Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt. 37. 1864.
This variety is said to have come from New Jersey; resembles Susquehanna.
Mid-Season Favorite, i. A'. V. Sta. Rpt. 12:613. 1893.
Tree upright-spreading, vigorous; glands reniform; fruit of medivmi size, irregular
in shape; suture distinct; skin pale, light yellow, with a moderate amount of bright red;
flesh white, with red markings near the pit, juicy, tender, not firm, sweet; quality good;
stone small, broad, thick, free; ripens the last of August.
Mifflin Pennsylvania, i. Kenrick Am. Orch. 227. 1832.
This name is given to a variety from Colonel Carr of Bartram's Botanic Garden;
highh- spoken of by the Philadelphia Horticultural Society.
Mignonne (American), i. Loud. Hort. Soc. Cat. 99. 183 1.
Leaves with reniform glands; flowers small; fruit large; skin pale yellowish-red; flesh
melting; of second quality; ripens at the end of September.
Mignonne Bosselee. i. Thomas Guide Prat. 50, 221. 1876.
A variety with globose glands, listed in this reference.
Mignonne Dubarle. i. Hogg Fruit Man. 225. 1866. 2. Thomas Guide Prat. 50, 221.
1S76.
27
^.l8 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Tliis is a very earl_\- form of Grosse Mignonne which ripens about eight days earlier
than Early Grosse Mignonne. Glands round; flowers large; fruit of medium size, roundish,
inclining to oval, distinctly sutured; apex mamelon; skin nearly entirely covered with
blight red; flesh tender, melting, very juicy.
Mignonne Frizee. i. Prince Pom. Man. 2:10. 1832.
Pcchcr ii fleurs jrisee. 2. Poiteau Pom. Franc. i:No. 13, PI. 1S46.
Krauser Lieblingspfirsich. 3. Dochnahl Fw/ir. Obstkunde y.20i\. 1858.
The principal traits distinguishing this variety are found in its flowers, which
arc tairled and frizzled; the leaves have globose glands; fruit ripens at the end of
August.
Mignonne Purple, i. Loud. Hort. Soc. Cat. 100. 183 1.
Listed in this reference.
Mignonne de Saint Loup. i. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 404. 1889.
Mentioned in this reference.
Mikado, i. Capps Bros. Cat. 2. 1908.
Mikado, a gold-medal jDeach at the St. Louis Exposition, was introduced by Capps
Brothers, Mt. Pulaski, Illinois. On the Station grounds it is a light producer and is
susceptible to mildew and leaf -curl. Tree above medium in size, dense-topped; leaves
large, with reniform glands; flowers appear in mid-season; fruit above medium in size,
roundish, slightly cordate, angular, halves decidedly unequal; cavity deep, wide; apex
with a recurved, mamelon tip; skin thick, tough, covered with short pubescence, with
splashes of dull red mingled with a lighter blush on a light yellow ground; flesh stained
at the stone, juicy, string>', moderately coarse, sprightly; quality good; stone large, ovate,
broad, plump, with a clinging tendency; ripens the middle of October.
Miller, i. .\m. Pom. Soc. Cat. 38. 1909.
Miller Cling. 2. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:351. 1903.
The American Pomological Society lists this variety in its fruit-catalog for 1909.
Fruit large, yellow, firm.
Miller Cling, i. Ga. Sta. Bui. 42:238. 189S.
An early, white-fleshed cling of much promise, listed in this reference.
Millhiser. i. .V. Y. Sta. Rpt. 12:613. 1893. 2. Hood Cat. 34. 1905.
This variety originated with M. Millhiser, Richmond, Virginia. As it grows in the
Station orchards it is of doubtful value, being only a fair yielder and somewhat susceptible
to leaf-curl. Tree large, vigorous, the lower branches slightly drooping; leaves fairly broad,
with globose glands; flowers appear in mid-season; fruit of meditun size, roundish-oval,
halves unequal; cavity deep, abrupt; suture deepens at the apex; skin tough, covered
with short, coarse pubescence, creamy -white, with a slight blush; flesh white to the stone,
juicy, moderately coarse, tender, stringy, sweet and aromatic; of fair quality; stone large,
broadly oval, plump, nearly free; ripens the last of September.
Millionaire, i. E. D. Smith Cat. 30. 1898.
E. D. Smith, Winona, Ontario, Canada, reports that this variety is a Canadian
seedling found near St. Catharines. Fruit large, yellow; freestone; ripens a week later
than Early Crawford.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 419
Miner, i. Tex. Sta. Bid. 39:816. i8()6.
Tree fairly vigorous; glands reniform; fruit of medium size, oval, with a large apex,
yellow; flesh subacid, pleasant; ripens early in July.
Minerva, i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 143:185. 1897.
Listed among the fruits grown in Michigan.
Minion, i. Langley Pomona 10 1, PI. 28 fig. 2. 1729.
" Minion abounds with fine juice and firm pulp which adheres to the stone; ripens
on a South wall July 20."
Minnie, i. Mich. Sta. Bid. 143:185. 1897.
Minnie is a stray variety planted on the grounds of the Michigan Agricultural College
in 1892. It is a freestone, ripening in Michigan the last of September.
Minot. I. U. S. D. .4. Pom. Rpt. 43. 1895.
Fruit of medium size, oblique, oval; cavity broad, oval, deep; suture deep; skin
thick, velvety, rich yellow, with a crimson cheek; flesh yellow to the stone, sprightly
subacid; stone large, oval, free; ripens the last of September.
Mint Free. i. Mo. State Fr. Sta. Rpt. 14, 1905-06.
Mint Free is described as a greenish-white clingstone, ripening throughout July.
Miss May. i. W. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 114. 1880.
Miss May originated with a Mr. Carroll, Dresden, Texas; fruit large, of first quality
and very late.
Miss Percival. i. Card. Mon. 21:336. 1879.
A large, white freestone; very productive.
Missouri Apricot, i. Del. Sta. Rpt. 5:99. 1892.
Listed in this reference.
Missouri Beauty, i. Mo. State Fr. Sta. Bid. 3:32. 1902.
Listed as grown in Missouri.
Missouri Mammoth, i. Mo. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 410. 1865.
This variety, as grown in Missouri, resembles Columbia of which it is believed to
be a seedling.
Mitchell. I. la. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 47. 1899. 2. Ibid. 217. 1901. 3. .A)ii. Pom. Soc.
Rpt. 251. 1903.
Mitchell originated in Iowa with M. J. Graham of Adel; it is one of the few hardy
sorts grown in Iowa. Fruit of medivmi size, slightly oval; suture distinct but not deep;
apex conical; skin white, with a red cheek; flesh streaked with red and red at the pit,
melting, juicy; stone free, of medium size; quality fair; ripens the last of September.
Mitchell Mammoth, i. L'. .*?. Pat. Of. Rpt. 380. 1858. 2. .4m. Pom. Soc. Cat. 30.
■875-
This peach, of Southern origin, won a place in tlic fruit-list of the American Pomo-
logical Society in 1875 which it held until 1897; fruit large, late in ripening; flesh white;
clingstone.
Mobray Heath Cling, i. Peachland Nur. Cat. 12. 1892.
According to the Peachland Nurseries, Seaford, Delaware, this variety is a beautiful,
white cling from Dorchester County, Maryland.
420 THIC PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Modena. i. Rea Flora 210. 1676.
" iModoiia is an excellent peach of a yellowish color and comes clean from the stone."
Modeste. i. Thomas Guide Prat. 50. 1876.
A large and good peach with small flowers and globose glands.
Mogneneins. i. Baltet Cult. Fr. 237. 1908.
Listed in this reference.
Molden WMte. i. Downing Fr. Tr^es Am. 621. 1857. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. ^8. 1862.
■ This sort originated on Molden Mountain on the Chesapeake, where it is valued
for its lateness. From 1862 until 1897 it held a place in the fruit-catalog of the American
Pomological Society. Fruit large, oblong; suture distinct; skin creamy-white, rarely
with a linge of red; flesh white to the stone, juicy, sweet, melting; freestone; ripens at
tlu' end of September.
Monfrein. i. Christ Worterb. 352. 1802.
This is a peach with firm, yellow flesh, not very juicy but sweet.
Monsieur Jean. i. Coxe Cult. Fr. Trees 218. 181 7.
This variety ripens in July and August; fruit oval, greenish-white, with a red cheek.
Monstrous Free. i. Prince Pom. Man. 2:36. 1832. 2. Kenrick Am. Orch. 187. 1841.
Tree moderately productive; fruit very large, round, highly colored where exposed;
flesli rich, juicy, sweet; ripens early in September.
Monstrous Lemon, i. Prince Pom. Man. 2:29. 1832.
Largest Lemon. 2. Land. Hort. Sac. Cat. 98. 1831.
Tree \-igorous; flowers small; fruit very large; ripens in October.
Monstrueuse de Saverdun. i. Thomas Guide Prat. 50. 1876.
Probably of French origin; glands reniform.
Montagne Tardive, i. Thomas Guide Prat. 50. 1876.
An English variety.
Montauban. i. Miller Card. Did. 1752. 2. Lindley Gjiide Orch. Card. 263. 1831.
Montabon. 3. Langley Pomona 102, PI. 28 fig. 4. 1729.
Tree productive; leaves doubly serrate, glandless; flowers large, pale; fruit medium
in size, with a small suture; skin greenish-yellow, covered with deep red in the sun; flesh
white to the stone, melting, juicy, rich, freestone; ripens the middle of August.
Montgomery Late. i. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 621. 1857. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 30.
1875-
This variety, of American origin, was listed by the American Pomological Society
from 187s until 1897. Glands reniform; flowers large; fruit large, round, depressed at
the apex; suture shallow but distinct; skin do\vny, yellowish- white, with a diill red cheek;
flesh red at the stone, very juicy, melting; freestone; ripens the fii"st of September, lastinj:'
nearly a month.
Monticola. i. Tex. Sta. Bui. 39:813. 1896.
A good market peach but unproductive; glands reniform; fruit large, round; color
beautiful yellow, with a deep red cheek; pleasant acid flavor.
Montreal, i. Brookshaw Hort. Reposit. 2:191, 192, PI. loo fig. 2. 1823.
This peach originated in Montreal, France. The fruit is nearly black and the
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 42 1
variety is often called " The Black Peach of Montreal." The peach has a rich flavor,
thin skin, and a remarkably small stone, close to which the flesh is red. It ripens the
latter part of September when most other peaches are gone.
Moore Favorite, i. Cole Am. Fr. Book 193. 1849. 2. Fulton Peach Cult. 186. 1908-
Moore. 3. Mich. Sta. Bui. 169:220. 1899.
According to Cole, this peach originated with H. K. Moore, Chelsea, Massachusetts.
Fulton claims that it is a native of Delaware, ahd that it originated with J. V. Moore,
Odessa. Tree hardy, vigorous, productive; fruit large, roundish, slightly oval, with a
shallow suture; skin creamy- white, with a clear red blush; flesh white, red at the pit,
juicy, tender, with a rich, vinous flavor; pit free; season early September.
Moore June. i. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 621. 1857.
Moore June originated at Athens, Georgia. Glands reniform; flowers small; fmit
below medium in size, globular; suture shallow; cavity deep; skin yellowish, nearly
covered with dots and marblings of deep red; flesh white, red at the pit and often near
the skin, juicy, vinous, pleasantly flavored; freestone; ripens the last of June.
Moore Rareripe, i. Kenrick Am. Orch. 200. 1841.
A large, round, productive peach of excellent quality, ripening in September.
Moore Seedling, i. ,V. Y. Sta. Rpt. 15:290. 1897.
This is a small, yellow-fleshed freestone of little value.
Morello. i. Rea Flora 210. 1676.
" Morello peach is a fair, red-sided fruit, and parts from the stone."
Morris County, i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 118:30, 36. 1895. 2. Ibid. 169:220. 1899.
This peach is similar to Morris White but ripens later. Tree strong, spreading;
glands reniform; fruit of medium size, roundish; suture a line; apex prominent; skin
creamy-white, with a red cheek; flesh creamy-white, red at the pit, moderately juicy,
tender, with a mild but somewhat astringent flavor; quality fair; stone oval, free; ripens
the middle of September.
Morris Red. i. Elliott Fr. Book 275. 1854.
Red Rareripe. 2. Coxe Cidt. Fr. Trees 219, 220. 1817. 3. Prince Pom. Man. 2:14.
1832.
Morris Red Rareripe. 4. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 480. 1845. 5. Cole Am. Fr. Book
192, 193. 1849. 6. Hooper W. Fr. Book 225, 226. 1857.
Morris Red Freestone. 7. Floy-Lindley Guide Orch. Card. 189. 1846.
Morris Red has been confused with George IV and Red Rareripe but is distinct.
Prince believed that the variety came from Europe while Downing considered it of
American origin. It seems to have been disseminated by Robert Morris, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania. Tree vigorous, productive; gland.^ globore; flowers small; fruit large,
roundish, depressed at the apex, with a distinct suture; skin pale greenish-white, with
a bright red cheek; flesh pale greenish-white, quite red at the pit, juicy, melting, with a
rich, sweet flavor; freestone; ripens the last of August.
Morrisania. i. Hogg Fruit Man. 226. 1866.
Morrisania Pound. 2. Lovid. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 6:410. 1826.
Hoffman Pound. 3. Floy-Lindley Guide Orch. Gard. 189. 1846.
422
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Martin Hoffman claims this variety originated with him at York Island, and that
buds were taken by Gouverneur Morris of Morrisania, near New York City. Glands
globose; flowers small; fruit very large, heavy, nearly round; flesh light yellow, firm,
compact, juicy, rich, aromatic; stone free, larpe; ripens the middle of September.
Mother Porter, i. Wickson Cal. Fruits 315. 1889.
W. W. Smith found this seedling in the yard of a Mrs. Porter, Napa, California.
The fruit is yellow-fleshed to the pit to which it clings.
Mountain Cling, i. 7a. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 120. 1898.
Mc'iitioncil as ^Town in Iowa for home use.
Mountain Rareripe, i. A^. J. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 39, 40. 1884.
Mountain Rareripe resembles Oldmixon Cling in general appearance and ripens about
with it. It is recommended as a profitable variety for market.
Mountain White, i. Mich. Sia. Bui. 31:58. 1887.
Listed by the Michigan Experiment Station.
Mountaineer, i. Loud. Hort. Soc. Cat. 100. 1831. 2. Hogg Fruit Man. 226. 1866.
Mountaineer is a coarse peach raised from a pit of Red Nutmeg crossed with Early
Violet nectarine. Glands globose; flowers large; fruit large, roundish, somewhat pointed
at the apex; skin smooth, pale yellow and dark red; flesh red at the stone, melting, juicy,
rich; freestone; matures early in September.
Mr. Gladstone, i. Can. Exp. Farm Bui. 2nd Ser. 3:67. 1900.
Listed as a weak grower.
Mrs. Hunley. i. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 623. 1S69.
This variety, of southern origin, comes from the Fruitland Nursery, Augusta, Georgia.
Leaves with reniform glands; flowers small; fruit of medium size, one-sided, pale yellow;
flesh yellow, rich, melting; ripens late in September.
Mrs. Poinsett, i. Horticulturist 4:276. 1849-50. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 285. 1854.
This variety is the result of crossing Blood Cling with some yellow freestone. It
was named after Mrs. J. R. Poinsett of South Carolina. The limbs are inclined to be
pendant; leaves with globose glands; fruit globular; suture distinct; skin yellow,
veined with red; flesh yellow, juicy, melting; stone partially clinging; ripens early in
September.
Munson Cling, i. Munson Cat. 6. 1904-05.
This is a seedling of Elberta with which it ripens; the fruit is more spherical. It was
grown by T. V. Munson, Denison, Texas.
Munson Free. i. Munson Cai. 7. 1904-05.
This is another Elberta seedling grown by T. V. Munson, Denison, Texas. On the
Station grounds the fi-uit ripens with Elberta and just after it. Tree upright, unpro-
ductive, quite spreading; leaves large, leathery, with reniform glands; flowers appear in
mid-season, of medium size, reddish-pink; fruit large, oval-conic, halves unequal, sides
drawn in about the cavity; cavity shallow; suture shallow; apex with a recurved, mamelon
tip; skin thin, tough, with long, coarse pubescence, lemon-yellow, with narrow splashes
and stripes of darker red; flesh red at the pit, juicy, string}', firm, sprightly in some cases;
quality good; stone free, large, oval-pointed, winged.
THE PEA( HES OF NEW VOKK 423
Murat. I. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 290. 1893.
This is another seedling of Late Crawford grown by C. C. Engle, Paw Paw, Michigan.
As tested in the Station orchard, it is of doubtful value. Tree spreading; glands reniform;
flowers small; fruit of medium size, roundish, bulged; suture shallow except at the apex;
surface velvety, yellow, washed and mottled with red; flesh stained at the pit, melting,
juicy, vinous, sprightly; quality very good; stone above medium in size, oval, free; season
late,
Murray Miilacatune. i. Kenrick Am. Orch. 200. 1841.
Listed as a large, fine fruit.
Murrays Early Anne. i. Prince Pom. Man. 2:24. 1832.
According to Prince, this is a seedling of Anne.
Muscade de Montauban. i. Thomas Guide Prat. 50. 1876.
A productive variety devoid of glands, with medium-sized flowers and large fruit;
ripens late.
Muscogee, i. Am. Pom. Sac. Rpt. 75. 1873.
Muscogee was raised by J. C. Cook, Columbus, Georgia. Fruit large, roundish or
a little one-sided; skin dingy, pale yellow, striped like Columbia; flesh white, faintly red
at the stone, melting, juicy, buttery, rich; quality very good; pit small, round, free;
matures the middle of August.
MusL I. Fla. Sta. Rpt. 8:89. 1896.
Growing at De Funiak Springs, Florida.
Musk. I. Rea Fhra 211. 1676.
" Musk peach is a large, good tasted beautiful fruit."
Muskirter Aprikosenpfirsich. i. Dochnahl Fiihr. Obstkunde 3:218. 1858.
Tree \-ery jaroductive; flowers small; fruit of medium size, round, yellow, with a light
red blush; flesh firm, vinous; ripens at the end of July.
Musser. i. Card. Mon. 19:274. 1877. 2. Stoll Pomologie PI. 52 fig. 2. 1888.
A variety from Pennsylvania; fruit globular, more flattened near the stem; suture
broad; cavity deep; skin somewhat woolly, white except where washed with red; flesh
very juicy, vinous, sugary, somewhat fibrous; stone clinging, small; ripens very early.
Muyzerwinkel. i. Thomas Guide Prat. 50, 221. 1876.
Listed in this reference.
My Choice, i. III. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 77. 1893.
Listed as exhibited by the lUinois Station.
Myer Seedling, i. .V. Y. Sia. Rpt. 8:352. 1889.
A freestone, making fair sauce but not rich.
Myers, i. la. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 238. 1906.
Myers is one of the hardy seedlings from Iowa.
Myers Rareripe, i. Am. Card. 11:715. 1890.
A variety from Alameda, California.
Mystery, i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 169:221. 1899.
Yellow Mystery. 2. Lovett Cat. 39. 1889.
A variety from Maryland ripening a week before Troth. Tree moderately vigorous,
424
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
fairly productive; fruit large, roundish, compressed; cavity narrow, deep; suture indis-
tinct; skin dark yellow, with a dark red cheek; flesh red at the pit, juicy, coarse but tender,
vinous; freestone.
Nain Aubinel. i. Leroy Diet. Pom. 6:176, 177 fig. 1879.
This dwarf originated with a M. Aubinel, a nurseryman at Grenade, Haute-Garonne,
France, about 1846, but was not introduced until some years later. Tree dwarf in habit;
branches short; leaves with large, reniform glands; flowers small; fruit of medium size,
roundish-oval, irregular, halves unequal; apex with a mamelon tip; skin thick, yellow,
purple in the sun, heavily pubescent; flesh red at the stone, melting, juicy, sweet, vinous;
of second quality; stone free, of medium size, oval, plump; ripens the first of September.
Nail. I. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 314. 1889.
Nail originated with a Mr. Nail, Louis\-ille, Kentucky. It is described as a strong
grower and sure bearer. The fruit is a yellow cling.
Namaper. i. Out. Sta. Rpt. 4:-;i. 1897. 2.76/^.7:54. 1900.
A promising market sort, very productive and vigorous, little subject to leaf-curl;
fruit large, oval, resembling Elberta but ripens a week later.
Nancy, i. Mich. Sta. Sp. Bui. 44:57- iQio-
Nancy was named by Peter Collier, Adrian, Michigan, about 1900. The fruit is
large and ripens late; has no fpecial merit.
Nanticoke. i. Pa. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 48. 1882. 2. Mo. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 406. 1S90.
A profitable, yellow freestone; upright grower.
Napoleon, i. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 624. 1869.
Supposed to have originated near Macon, Georgia; glands reniform; flowers small;
fruit of medium size, round; skin very downy, dark red; flesh pink, juicy, rich; freestone;
ripens the last of July.
Nash. I. Del. Sta. Rpt. 5:99. 1892.
Listed in this- reference.
National, i. Burbank Cat. 19 12-13.
A giant Muir-Crawford peach. Tree strong, productive; fruits ripen before the
Crawfords. according to Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa, California.
Native Seedling, i. Fla. Sta. Rpt. 8:89. 1896.
Listed in this reference.
Natural Seedling No. 81. i. Fla. Sta. Rpt. 8:89. 1896.
Listed in this reference.
Navar. i. Rea Flora 210. 1676.
" Navar peach is of a whitish color and comes clean from the stone."
Near. i. Mich. Sta. Sp. Bui. 44:58 fig. 1910.
Near originated with John Near, Shelby, Michigan. It is a seedling of Chili, probably
fertilized by Early Crawford. It ripens a week ahead of Chili and is considered promising
but has not yet been disseminated.
Nectar, i. Barnes Bros. Cat. 4. 1913.
According to Barnes Brothers, Yalesville, Connecticut, Nectar was received in a
shipment from Texas. Tree thrifty, hardy; flowers large; fruit of medium size; skin and
flesh yellow, nearly free; ripens before Greensboro.
Till-: PEAHIKS OF NEW YORK 425
Nectarine, i. Jour. Hort. N. S. 15:208. 1868. 2. Hogg Fruit Man. 454. 1884.
Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, England, grew this peach from a pit of the Grand
Noir nectarine. Leaves with reniform glands, small; flowers large; fruit very large, ovate,
terminating in a pointed nipple ; ? kin nearly smooth like a nectarine, yellow, with a mottled,
red cheek; flesh semi-transparent, red at the stone, melting, brisk, rich; freestone; ripens
the middle of September.
Need. i. Mich. Sta. Hul. 118:31. 1895. 2. Ibid. 169:221. 1899.
Tree moderately strong, round, upright; glands reniform; flowers small; fiTiit of
medium size, roundish, slightly ovate; suture extends two-thirds around the fruit; flesh
yellow, stained at the stone, juicy, tender, mild, vinous; quality fair; season the last of
August.
Neil (Marshall), i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 118:31. 1895. 2. Ibid. 169:221. 1899.
Tree moderately vigorous, unproductive; fruit of medium size, roundish, irregular,
with a suture distinct only at the apex; color yellow, with a light marbling of red; flesh
yellow, tender, moderately juicy, mild and pleasant, free; of fair quality; season early
October.
Nelson, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 161. 1881. 2. Tc.x. Sta. Bui. 39:813. 1896.
A small, late cling of little value in Texas.
Nelson Seedlings, i. Mo. State Fr. Sta. Rpt. i:ii, 12. 1901. 2. Fbid. 14. 1905-06.
These seedlings arc mentioned by numbers i, 2, 4 and 5, numbers 4 and 5 being
yellow-fleshed freestones.
Nettie Corbet, i. Van Lindlcy Cat. 17. 1892.
According to J. Van Lindley, Pomona, North Carolina, Robert Corbet, Gates County,
North Carolina, originated and named this peach after his daughter, Nettie. Fruit large,
of a dingy yellow color; freestone; ripens in August.
New Bellegarde. i. Lindley Guide Orcli. Card. 264, 265. 183 1.
New Bellegarde is very similar to Galande but is probably distinct. Fruit medium
in size, slightly oblong, with a very shallow suture; color pale yellow, marbled and shaded
with deep red; flesh pale yellow, red at the pit, melting, juicy, highly flavored, free; ripens
the first of September.
New England Cling, i. Rural X. Y. 14:119. 1863.
A very profitable clingstone and uniformly productive.
New Golden Purple, i. Kenrick Am. Orch. 190. 1841.
A variety from Virginia where it is highly esteemed; fruit large, yellow-fleshed,
stained with red at the stone; freestone; ripens two weeks before Heath Cling.
New Globe, i. Green River \'nr. Cat. 15. 1899.
Tree vigorous; fruit golden-yellow, large, freestone, according to tlie Green River
Nurseries, Bowling Green, Kentucky.
New Noblesse, i. Lindley Guide Orch. Card. 249. 1831.
New Noblesse was gro\vn at one time about Brentford, England. Leaves doubly
serrate, glandless; flowers large; fruit of medium size, oval, with an obscure suture; skin
pale greenish-yellow, marbled where exposed; flesh greenish-yellow to the stone from
which it separates, juicy, rich; ripens early in September.
426 THK PEACHKS OF NEW YORK
New White Rareripe, i. Loud. Hort. Soc. Cat. 103. 183 1.
Listed but not described.
New York Early Lemon Clingstone, i. Lond. Hort. .Soc. Rpt. 6:413, 414. 1826.
A seedling of the Lemon Clingstone; fruit larger and ripens a fortnight earlier than
that of its parent.
Newhall. i. Wickson Cal. Fruits 313. 1889.
Sylvester Newhall, San Jose, California, was the originator of this variety; tree hardy,
vigorous, not affected by leaf -curl; fruit large; flesh deep yellow, juicy, vinous, rich; ripens
a week before Late Crawford.
Newman, i. Cole Am. Fr. Book 194. 1849.
A seedling from Charles Newman, Reading, Massachusetts; fruit large, round; flesh
white, juicy, melting, sweet; ripens the last of September.
Newington (of America), i. Lo>id. Hort. Soc. Cat. 100. 1S31. 2. Ga. Hort. Soc. Rpt.
25. 187(1.
This is an unproductive clingstone ripening at the end of September. The glands
are globose and the fruit is of first size but the sort is unworthy cultivation.
Nicarde. i. Baltet Cult. Fr. 238. 1908.
A variety grown in France.
Nichols. I. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 38. 1909.
Nichols Orange Cling. 2. Wickson Cal. Fruits 314. 1889.
This is a productive clingstone which originated with Joseph Nichols, Niles. California.
In 1909 it gained a place on the fruit-list of the American Pomological Society.
Nicholson Smock, i. Del. Sta. Rpt. 5:99. 1892.
Grown on the Delaware Station grounds.
Nicols Beauty, i. Peachland Nur. Cat. 14. 1892.
A large, yellow variety from Delmar, Delaware, according to the Peachland Nurseries,
Seaford, Delaware.
Nina Cling, i. Harrison Cat. 18. 19 10.
According to J. G. Harrison and Sons, Berlin, Maryland, Nina Cling is a yellow peach
of high quality ripening about the middle of August.
Nivette. i. Langley Pomona 103, 104, PI. XXX fig. IV. 1729. 2. Prince Pom. Man.
1:196, 197. 1831. 3. Poiteau Pom. Franc. i:No. 24, PI. 1846.
Nivette Veloutee. 4. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 2:39, 40, PI. 28. 176S. 5. Mas Le
Verger 7:135, 136, fig. 66. 1866-73. 6. Leroy Diet. Pom. 6:197, 19S fig., 199.
1879.
White Rareripe. 7. Horticulturist 1:210, 258. 1846-47.
The origin of Nivette is unlcnown. It is a very old variety and seems to have been
popular in the Old World for many years. In America, where it was first known early
in the Nineteenth Century, it became confused with Morris White. The distinguishing
characters between the two are ; Morris White has renif orm glands and white flesh while
Nivette has globose glands and fiesh which is red at the pit. Tree vigorous, upright,
productive; fruit large, roundish, more or less elongated, flattened a little at the base,
having a distinct suture, which so divides the fruit that one side is more projecting than
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 427
the other; apex a mamelon point; color ycllowish-whitc, occasionally tinged with some
red veins and with a blush on the sunny side; flesh white, with red veins around the stone,
very juicy, melting, with a rich, sweet, vinous flavor; quality good to very good; stone
free, oval; season the last of September.
Nix. I. Austin Nur. Cat. 10. 1909.
Nix Late Cling. 2. Cultivator 3rd Ser. 4:146. 1856.
Nix Late White. 3. Ga. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 25. 1876.
Nix October. 4. .V. C. Sta. Rpt. 12:108. 1889.
Nix Late. 5. J. S. Kerr Cat. 5. 1898.
An old, southern peach highly esteemed at one time.
Noblesse, i. Langley Pomona loi, PI. 28 fig. ,5. 1729. 2. Lindley Guide Orch. Card.
249, 250. 1831. 3. Pom. Mag. 2:9s, fig. 1839. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 78.
1863.
Noblest. 5. Miller Card. Diet. 1752.
Edlepfirschc. 6. Christ Handb. 592. 18 17.
Mellish Favorite. 7. Kenrick Am. Orch. 178. 1835.
Edle Magdalene. 8. Dochnahl Fiihr. Ob';tkiinde 3:198. 1858.
Noblesse is a ver\' old, English variety. It was added to the fruit-list of the American
Pomological Society in 1862 where it remained until 1897. Leaves doubly serrate, gland-
less; flowers large, pale; fruit large, roundish, terminating in an acute nipple at the apex
skin pale yellowish-green, marbled with dull red, with streaks and blotches of darker red
flesh pale white to the stone, melting, juicy, highly flavored; stone large, obovate, free
ripens at the end of August.
Noblesse Early, i. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. loi. 1831.
Listed in this reference.
Noblesse of Oatlands. i. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. loi. 1831.
Listed in this reference.
Nonpareil, i. Elliott Fr. Book 293. 1854.
Scotts Nonpareil. 2. Thomas Ain. Fruit Cult. 301. 1849. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat.
78. 1862.
Nonpareil originated in Burlington, New Jersey. The fruit resembles thai of Late
Crawford but is sweeter. Nonpareil was on the fruit-list of the American Pomological
Society from 1862 until 1871. Glands globose; ripens the middle of September.
Normand. i. Mich. Sta. Btd. lo^'.go. 1894. 2.767(^.169:222. 1899.
Normand Choice. 3. Lovett Cat. 34. 189 1.
Tree strong, upright; glands reniform; fruit of medium size, roundish to oval; flesh
creamy-white to the stone, firm, mild; stone slightly adherent; quality fair; season early
October.
North China No. 2. i. A". V. Sta. Rpt. 15:290. 1897.
Received at this Station from the Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station, -Vmcs, Iowa.
Fruit small, round, greenish-white, mottled with dull red; flesh juicy, sweet, good, free:
ripens the first of September.
42;
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Norton Late. i. Kan. Hori. Soc. Rpt. 50. 1901.
Tliis is a fine, large peach resembling Elberta, ripening the last of September; obtained
from J.I. Norton, Salina, Kansas.
Norvell Mammoth, i. Ind. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 64. 1902.
A seedling clingstone raised by Dr. H. V. Norvell, Bloomfield, Indiana. Fruit larger
than Heath Cling; ripens the middle of September.
Novalis. I. Wickson Cal. Fruits 309. 1889.
Novalis is a seedling of Peento which originated with S. M. Gass, San Diego, Cali-
fornia. Fruit slightly oblong; flesh white; ripens with the Alexander to which it is superior
in flavor.
Nugent June. i. W. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt. iii. 1880. 2. .4m. Pom. Soc. Cat. 34.
1883.
This variety originated with E. J. Nugent, Ottawa, Kansas. It was on the fruit-list
of the American Pomological Society from 1883 until 1891. Fruit very earh", yellow;
clingstone.
Number 2. i. Kan. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 80. 1898.
This sort is a seedling of Marcella grown by E. T. Daniels, Kiowa, Kansas. It
resembles Late Crawford but ripens the last of October.
Number 34 H. i. Mich. Sta. Bid. 104:90. 1894.
Listed as lia\-ing renifonn glands; flowers large; flesh yellow; ripening the middle of
ScptemVjer.
Number 83. i. Fla. Sta. Rpt. 8:86. 1896.
Listed in this reference.
Nutmeg. I. Parkinson Par. Ter. 582. 1629.
■• The Nutmeg peach is of two sorts, one that will be hard when it is ripe and eateth
not so pleasantly as the other, which will be soft and mellow ; they are both small peaches
having very little or no resemblance at all to a nutmeg except in being a little longer than
round und are early ripe."
Oblong. 1. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 458. 1883.
Glands reniform; flowers small; fruit large, roundish-oval, yellowish-red; ripens at
the end of September.
Oceana, i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 194:46. 1901. 2. Mich. Sta. Sp. Bid. 44:58. 1910-
Oceana was grown from a pit of Chili by B. F. Garver, Oceana County, Michigan.
Fruit large, yellow; ripens just after Barnard.
October Beauty, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 161. 1S81. 2. Ga. Sta. Bui. 42:239. 1898.
Tree u]jright, dense; leaves very large, with globose glands; clingstone; of little
October Free. i. Mo. State Fr. .Sta. Rpt. 14. 1905-06.
A yellow freestone, ripening in Missouri about September 13th.
October White, i. .Aiti. Card. 11:715. 1890.
This is a late, white-fleshed peach which originated as a sport from Myers Rareripe.
October White Clingstone, i. Prince Treat. Fr. Trees 17. 1820.
Listed in this reference.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 429
October Yellow, i. .4m. Jour. Hort. 3:344. 1868.
A rather small, yellow, freestone peach of good quality, ripening in Illinois early in
October. It may be the October Free from Missouri.
Octoberta. i. Austin Nur. Cat. 10. 1909.
T. Heep, Austin, Texas, raised this variety about 1909, probably from a pit of Elberta.
The fruit ripens in September and October, according to the Austin Nursery Company,
Austin, Texas.
O'Gwynne. i. .4);;. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 205. 185S.
Listed as growing in the south.
Oignies. i. Ann. Pom. Beige 7:45, 46, PI. 1859.
There is a difference of opinion as to the origin of this variety but it is generally believed
to have come from seed in the province of Hainaut, Belgium. Tree vigorous, productive;
fruit large, roundish; suture large but shallow; skin heavily pubescent, greenish-yellow,
more or less colored with red; flesh >-ellowish-white, colored at the stone, melting, juicy;
stone oval, medium in size, free; ripens early in September.
Old English, i. Tex. Sta. Bui. 8:34. 1S89.
Listed by the Texas Experiment Station.
Old Newington. i. Langley Pomona 104, PI. 31 fig. i. 1729. 2. Prince Pom. Man.
2:9, 10. 1832.
Newington. 3. Parkinson Par. Ter. 580. 1629.
Large Newington. 4. Coxe Cult. Fr. Trees 226. 1817.
Newington Magdalene? 5. Dochnahl Fiihr. Obstkunde 3:200. 1858.
Old Newington was at one time a favorite cling in England, having been cultivated
there for over two hundred years. Flowers large; leaves doubly serrate, glandless; fruit
large, globular, with a slight suture; skin pale yellowish-white, with a red cheek; flesh pale
yellowish-white, stained with deep red at the stone, firm, juicy, rich; ripens the middle of
September.
Old Royal Charlotte, i. Lindley Guide Orch. Card. 250, 251. 1831.
Old Royal Charlotte has been known in England since about 1760. Leaves doubly
serrate, glandless ; flowers large, pale ; fruit of medixun size, roundish, narrowed at the apex ;
skin pale greenish-yellow, marbled with deep red; flesh white to the stone, soft, vinous;
stone obtuse, free; ripens from the middle to the last of August.
Old Settler, i. la. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 532. 1898.
A liardy variet\- grown in Iowa.
Olden. I. I'. 5. D. A. Rpt. 392. 1891.
This white-fleshed freestone ripens the first of September in southern Missouri.
Olga. I. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 41. 1877.
A seedling of Lady Parham raised by L. E. Bcrckman.s, Rome, Georgia, about 1873.
Onderdonk. i. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 46. 1891. 2. Te.x. Sta. Bui. 39:806. 1896.
3. Budd-Hansenylm. Hori. Maw. 2:353. 1903. 4. .4/a. Sta. Bui. 156:134. 1911.
Onderdonk' s Favorite. 5. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 160. 188 1.
Onderdonk bears the name of its originator, G. Onderdonk, Nursery, Texas. Tree
vigorous and productive in the south; leaves with reniform glands r fruit of medium size.
430
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
oblong, flattened, with a pointed apex; color lemon-yellow; flesh yellow, slightly acid,
moderately tender; quality fair; pit free; ripens in the south the first of August.
Opoix. I. Rev. Hort. 103. 1901.
Opoix is a Russian variety named in honor of a French gardener, a M. Opoix. Tree
vigorous; leaves with reniform glands; flowers small; fruit large, roundish, distinctly
sutured; flesh white, vinous, juicy, sweet; freestone; ripens early in October.
Orange Cling, i. Prince Treat. Fr. Trees 17. 1820. 2. Downing Fr. Trees .\m. 497.
1845. 3. Card. & For. 6:520. 1893. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 34. 1899.
Orange. 5. Kenrick Am. Orch. 228. 1832.
In California this variety is said frequently to produce a second crop of small, inferior
fruit. Leaves serrate, often without glands; fruit large, round, with a distinct suture;
skin deep orange, with a dark red cheek; flesh dark yellow, firm, juicy, with a vinous flavor;
season September.
Orange Free. i. Del. Sta. Rpt. 5:99. 1892. 2. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 690. 1807.
A medium-sized, round, freestone, with yellow flesh.
Orange Smock, i. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 290. 1893.
Regarded by J. W. Kerr, Denton, Maryland, as superior to any other peacli of the
Smock type. The tree is stocky and productive and the fruit ripens in Mar\-land about
September 5 th.
Orchard Queen, i. Gard. Chron. i^i . 1848. 2. Koch /?«<<. 06si. 539. 1876. 3. Leroy
Diet. Pom. 6:258 fig., 259, 260. 1879.
Monstrueuse de Doue. 4. Horticulturist N. S. 5:70. 1855.
Monstrous of Douay. 5. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. ^i. 1874.
This variety originated with Jamin Loreze, near Doue, Maine-et-Loire, France, about
1847. Tree very hardy, productive; glands reniform; flowers small. Fruit valuable for
the market, with its large size and firm flesh; oval, distinctly sutured; skin yellowish-white,
blushed with purplish-red where exposed; flesh white, stained near the pit, firm, juicy,
sprightly; stone free, large, ovoid, plump; matures late in August.
Ord. I. Land. Hort. Soc. Cat. loi. 1831.
Ord is allied to Chancellor. Glands reniform; flowers small; skin greenish-yellow;
flesh melting; of second quality; ripens at the beginning of September.
Oriole, i. La. Sta. Bui. 21:612. 1893. 2. Del. Sta. Rpt. 13:105. 1901.
Oriole originated with Dr. L. E. Berckmans, Augusta, Georgia, about 1876 from a
pit of General Lee. On the Station grounds the variety is a fair producer but the fmit is
only good for pickling. Tree inclined to spread, vigorous ; leaves broad, nearly flat, serrate ;
glands reniform; flowers appear in mid-season, large, pink; fruit large, oval to roundish-
oval; cavity deep, narrow; suture shallow, deepening at the apex which ends in a mucronate
tip; skin thick, tough, covered with coarse, thick pubescence; color golden-yellow, with a
varying blush and often with splashes of duller red ; flesh light yellow, stained at the pit,
moderately juicy, meaty, coarse, sprightly; stone clinging, oval, pointed, winged; ripens
the third week in September.
Orlando, i. La. Sta. Bui. 22:681. 1893. 2. Ibid. 27:943. 1894.
Fruit of medium size; color white, with a red cheek; flesh stained near the pit; cling-
stone; ripens in Louisiana early in Jime.
THK PEACHES OF NEW YORK 43I
Orleance. i. Rea. Flora 210. 1676.
" Orleance red peach is a fine fruit, and leaves the stone."
Orleans, i. IT. .V. V. llort. Soc. Rpt. 158. 1898.
Orleans is best known in Orleans County, New York, where it originated with Jtilius
Harris of Ridgeway. On the Station grounds the trees are not very productive. Trees
upright, slightly spreading, open; leaves numerous, rugose at the midrib, slightly curled up;
glands small and globose; flowers appear late, small; fruit large, roundish-oval to roundish-
conic, halves imequal, bulged at the apex; cavity deep; suture shallow; apex often tipped
with a mucronate point; skin tough, covered with thick pubescence, greenish-yellow,
becoming almost orange, slightly splashed with dull red forming a mottled blush; flesh
tinged with red about the pit, juicy, coarse, stringy, sweet, mild, high-flavored; \-ery
good in quality; stone free, large, ovate, conspicuously winged: ripens the middle of
September.
Orman. i. Tex. Sta. Bui. 8:34. 1899. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 38. 1909.
Listed by the American Pomological Society as having originated in Texas.
Oro. I. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 263. 1892.
Oro was brought to notice by C. S. Bell, Oroville, California. Glands reniform;
fruit large, oblate-conic; skin thin, tender, yellow, with a bright red blush; flesh reddish-
j'ellow, melting, juicy, vinous, subacid; freestone; ripens in California the last of September.
Ortiz Cling, i. Boonville Nur. Cat. 19. 191 2.
This clingstone ripens in September and attains the size of Elberta. It is excellent
for preserving.
Oscar. I. Greening Bros. Cat. 81. 1899.
Oscar Black Prince. 2. Ont. Sta. Rpt. 43. 1899.
This variety is from Greening Brothers, Monroe, Michigan. The fruit is much like
that of Alexander but darker in color and perhaps is a little better in quality; it ripens
about two weeks later than Alexander.
Osceola, i. Mas Le Verger 7:233, 234, fig. 115. 1866-73. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am.
629. 1869.
A peach of the Indian type which originated in Macon County, Georgia. Glands
reniform; flowers large; fruit of medium size, roundish, compressed at the ends; apex
tipped with a mamelon point; skin thick, golden-yellow, with a red cheek; flesh stained
with dull red at the pit, fibrous, sweet, pleasant; stone free, roundish-oval, plump; matures
late in September.
Osprey. i. Hogg Fruit Man. 455. 1S84.
Orfraie. 2. Thomas Guide Prat. 55, 222. 1876.
Osprey originated with Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, England, about i860 from
a seed of Pitmaston Orange nectarine. Leaves with globose glands; flowers small; fruit
very large, oblate, distinctly sutured; skin creamy, with a crimson stain where exposed;
flesh tender, melting, deeply stained at the pit to which it clings, sprightly.
Ostrander Early, i. A^ Y. Sta. Rpt. 15:290. 1897.
This variety originated in Rochester, New York. The fruit resembles that of Early
Crawford but is ten days earlier.
432
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Ostrander Late. i. Mich. Sta. Bui. iiSi^i. 1895. 2. Brown Bros. Ca/. 35. 1900.
Listed as a yellow-fleshed freestone, bearing globose glands; ripens in November.
Overheiser. i. Mich. Sta. Sp. Bui. 44:50- iQio-
This is a variet}' from western Michigan resembling Honest John but the peach lacks
the (lavor and aroma of the fmit of Honest John.
Oviedo. I. Tex. Sta. Bui. 39:819. 1S96. 2. Fla. .Sta. Bui. 73:149- 1904- 3- '•^'«-
Pom. Soc. Cat. 38. 1909.
S. J. Kennard, Waldo, Florida, grew Oviedo from a pit of Honey about 1892. In
1909 the variety appeared in the list of the American Pomological Society. Tree a rapid
grower, productive; fruit roundish-oblong, bulged on one side; skin thin, tough, becoming
smoother on ripening, greenish-yellow, marbled with dull red where exposed; flesh firm,
meaty, white, stained at the pit, medium juicy, sweet, agreeable; quality ver}- good; stone
free, elliptical, curved, with a recurved point; season late in June in Florida.
Owen. I. Coh .\iii. Fr. Book igs. 1849. 2. Elliott Fr. Eoofe 287. 1854.
J. Owen found this variety in his garden at Cambridge, Massachusetts. Glands
globose; fruit very large, roundish; flesh yellow, tinged at the pit, tender, juicy; freestone;
ripens the last of September.
Oxford. I. Concord \'tir. Cat. 16. 1899.
According to the Concord Nurseries, Concord, Georgia, this variety is a very desirable
peach for home or market to follow Elberta; flesh firm, crisp, adherent.
Ozark Queen, i. Mo. State Fr. Sta. Rpt. i:ii. 1901.
Listed in this reference.
Padley. i. Brookshaw Pom. Brit. i:Pl. 24 fig. 2. 1817. 2. Brookshaw Hort. Reposit.
1:33, PI. 17 fig. 1. 1823.
Padley was raised by William Padley, once a gardener for the King of England, at
Hampton Court, England. It is described as being a peach with delicious flavor, ripening
the first of August.
Palestine, i. Tex. Nur. Cat. 4. 1913.
Briefly described by the Texas Nursery Company, Sherman, Texas, as a very large,
round, yellow clingstone, ripening from August to September.
Pansy, i. V. S. D. .4. Pom. Rpt. 43. 1895. 2. Mich. Sta. Bui. 169:222. 1899.
Fruit large, roundish-oblong, compressed, with a shallow suttue; color yellow, washed
and blushed with deep red; flesh yellow, tinged with red at the stone which is free, tender,
melting, juicy, mild subacid; quality fair to good; season the middle of August.
Paragon, i. Elliott Fr. Book 287. 1854.
Prince's Parago)i. 2. Kenrick Am. Orch. 200. 1841. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am.
624. 1857.
Paragon was probably first introduced by William R. Prince, Flushing, New York.
Tree vigorous, productive; glands globose; fruit large, roundish-oval; skin yellowish-green,
shaded with red; flesh white, red at the pit, juicy, sweet, rich, free; season the middle of
September.
Parfumee de Montauban. i. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 408. 1889.
Listed in this reference.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 433
Parham. i. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 22. 1897.
Lady Parham. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 299. 1859. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 619.
1869. 4. .l;j;. Pom. Soc. Cat. 18. 1871.
Parham appeared in the fruit-list of the American Pomological Society in 187 1 as Lady
Parham; in 1897 the name was changed to Parham. The variety originated with
Thomas Affleck of Mississippi. Glands reniform; flowers small; fruit of medium size,
roundish, halves unequal, distinctly sutured; skin yellowish-white; flesh pale red at the
stone, firm, rich, vinous; freestone; ripens the middle of October.
Parker, i. Wickson Cal. Fruits 311. 1889. 2. Ohio Hart. Soc. Rpt. 9. 1910.
Originated about 1885 as a seedling of Early Cra\vford in the orchard of J. C. Parker,
near San Diego, California. Fruit large, oblong, swollen on one side of the suture which is
quite prominent; skin yellow, with a dark red cheek; flesh yellow, red at the pit which
is free, juicy, with an agreeable, acid flavor; ripens the first of October.
Parks. I. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 38. 1909. 2. Waugh Am. Peach Orch. 206. 1913.
Parks' Cling. 3. Card. Man. 13:56, 313, 348. 1871.
Parks originated by chance on the grounds of A. L. Parks, Alton, Illinois. Fruit
large, roundish-oblate, with a deep suture extending entirely around the fruit; skin light
creamy-yellow, nearly covered with red; flesh adherent, creamy-white, stained with red
along the veins and at the ?tone, very juicy; of fair quality; season \'ery late.
Pamell. i. Card. Moii. 22:275. 1880.
Said to have been originated by J. H. Pamell, West Point, Georgia. Fruit large,
dark red, very juicy and of an excellent flavor, with a small, free pit; season early.
Parson Early, i. Wickson Cal. Fruits 310. 1889. 2. Munson Cat. 6. 1905-06.
This peach is supposed to be of California origin. It is a large, freestone fruit, with
a red cheek and white flesh, ripening early, and the tree is an abundant bearer.
Pass-Violet, i. Langley Pomona 103, PI. XXX fig. III. 1729.
Fniit of an orange color, faintly dotted with brownish-red; flesh very red around the
stone which is free; ripens early in August.
Patterson, i. Am. Card. 11:379. 1890.
Said to have originated in Greenfield, Indiana, some time prior to 18S8. I--ruit
uniformly large, greenish-yellow, overspread with considerable red; flesh yellow, juic\-,
of fair quality; season the last of September.
Pau. I. Duhamel Trail. Art. Fr. 2:41, 42. 1768. 2. Leroy Diet. Pom. 6:204, 205 fig.,
206. 1879.
Lackpfirsich von Pau. 3. Dochnahl Fiihr. Obstkundi; 3:211. 1858.
Pau is an old sort spoken of early in the Seventeenth Centurj'. Leaves with small,
globose glands; flowers of medium size; fruit very large, roundish; cavity large; suture
distinct; skin heavily pubescent, yellowish-white, marbled and striped with reddish-brown;
flesh white, stained near the pit, melting, fibrous, juicy, sprightly; quality fair; stone
free, large, ovoid, plimip; ripens at the end of September.
Paul Bo3mton. i. N. Y. Sta. Rpt. 15:290. 1896.
Received at thi^ Station in 1889 from the Greenmont Nurseries, Dansvillc, New York.
A large, roundish-oval, yellowish-red peach of fair quality, ripening the last of October.
434
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Pavie Abricotee. i. Camere Var. Peckers 44. 1867.
Aprikosenartigcr Hartling. 2. Mathieu Norn. Pom. 387. 1889.
Tree moderately vigorous, productive; leaves with reniform glands; flowers small;
fruit medium to above in size, oblate; suture deep; skin deep orange, intense red where
exposed; flesh yellow, red about the stone, melting, fibrous, juicy, sugary, aromatic; stone
clinging, oval ; ripens early in September.
Pavie Alberge. i. Duhamel Trait Arh. Fr. 2:11. 1768.
YclloTx,' Alberge Clingstone. 2. Prince Pom. Man. 2:22. 1832.
Herz-Pfirsiche. 3. Deut. Obstcahinct 7:P1. 6. 1858.
Hartling Aprikosenpfirsich. 4. Dochnahl Fiihr. Obstkunde i: 2 ig. 1858.
Pavie Alberge Jaune. 5. Leroy Diet. Pom. 6:209, 210 fig., 211. 1879.
Tree medium in size, productive; leaves large, with reniform glands; flowers variable,
rose-colored; fruit large, roundish, somewhat flattened, with a moderately deep suture;
skin lightly pubescent, yellow, marbled with dark purplish-red; flesh golden-yellow, red
at the pit which is closely adherent, juicy, sweet; aromatic; of fair quality; ripens the
last of September.
Pavie Demming. i. Leroy Djci. Pom. 6:216. 1879.
Sent out in i860 by P. J. Berckmans, Augusta, Georgia. Fruit large, with a yellowish-
orange color, dotted and washed with dark red; season late.
Pavie Duff Jaiine. i. Leroy Diet. Pom. 6:216, 217. 1879.
According to Leroy this peach was sent out in i860 by P. J. Berckmans. Augusta,
Georgia. Fruit large, greenish-white, with a deep red blush, ripening the last of August.
Pavie Duperron. i. Mas Le Verger 7:63, 64, fig. 30. 1866-73.
According to Mas, this peach was raised from seed of Malta by a M. Duperron, near
Pont-de-Veyle, Ain, France. Fruit large, roundish-oval; skin yellowish-white, with
considerable red in the form of a blush; flesh clinging, yellow, deep red near the pit, sweet,
somewhat aromatic; quality good; ripens in October.
Pavie Genisaut. i. Mag. Hort. 20:570. 1854.
Listed as a yellow, clingstone peach coming from Bordeaux, France, man\- years
ago.
Pavie d'ltalie Tres Hatif. i. Liegel Syst. Anleii. 185. 1825.
Listed in this reference as a desirable fruit.
Pavie de Jalagnier. i. Lond. Hort. Sac. Cat. loi. 1831.
Listed in this reference.
Pavie Jaune. i. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 2:34. 1768. 2. Christ Worterb. 555. 1802.
3. Kenrick Am. Orch. 230. 1832. 4. Poiteau Pom. Franc. i:No. 35, PI. 1846.
Grosser Pavien-Aprikosenpfirsich. 5. Y)ixhnah\ FHhr. Obsthmde y. 2 1(), 220. 1S58.
Pavie Alberge. 6. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard. 2:481. i860.
Pavie Jaune should not be confused with Pavie Alberge which ripens later. Tree
vigorous; glands reniform; flowers small, faintly colored; fruit very large, round, a little
flattened; suture shallow, wide; skin heavily pubescent, dark yellow, blushed, marbled
with darker red; flesh yellow, red about the pit, firm, not fibrous, vinous, juic\-; quality
good; stone adherent, oval, obtuse at the ends; ripens the middle of September.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 435
Pavie Mazeres. i. Mas Lc IVrger 7:227, 228, fig. 112. 1866-73.
This peach is a chance seedling found by a M. Mazeres, Toulouse, France. Fruit
large, roundish, irregular; skin yellowish-white, with a deep blush; flesh clinging, white,
stained deep red at the jiit, juicy, sweet and jilcasantly flavored; season from the middle to
the last of October.
Pavie Mirlicoton. i. Leroy Die/. Pom. 6:223. 1879.
A variety once grown in France but long since lost to culti\-ation.
Pavie Muy-Swantzel. i. Lcroy Diet. Pom. 6:224 fig-, 225. 1879.
Originated in America and introduced into France about 1850 by D. Dauvesse,
Orleans, Loiret, France. Fruit of medium size, roundish, compressed at the base, with a
distinct suture; color greenish-white, washed, striped and dotted with red; flesh white,
tinged with red near the pit which is adherent, juicy, firm, sweet, with a pleasant, aromatic
flavor; ripens the last of July.
Pavie de Pamiers. i. Prince Pom. Man. 2:13, 14. 1832. 2. Carrierc Var. Peckers 45.
1867. 3. Leroy Diet. Pom. 6:225 fig., 226, 227. 1879.
Pavie de Pamiers is of French origin and was introduced into America in 1832 by
William Robert Prince, Flushing, New York. Fruit large, roundish, flattened at the
ends, with a large, distinct suture; skin white, with an attractive, red blush; flesh white,
red at the stone, firm but tender, juicy, sweet; quality good; ripens in the south of France
early in August.
Pavie de Pompone. i. Miller Card. Diet. 1752. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 498. 1845.
3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 30. 1877. 4. Leroy Diet. Pom. 6:229, 230 fig., 231. 1879.
Pavy Royal. 5. Langley Pomona 105, PI. 32 fig. 2. 1729.
Pavie rouge de Pomponne. 6. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 2:37, 38, PL 26. 1768.
Monstrose Hartling. 7. Christ Handb. 599, 600. 181 7.
Monstrous Pavie. 8. Coxe Cult. Fr. Trees 220. 1817.
Riesenpfirtche. g. Liegel Syst. Anleit. 185. 1825.
Monstreuse. 10. Prince Treat. Hort. 17. 182S.
Monstrous Pomponne. 11. Prince Pom. Man. 1:197. 1831.
Monstroser Lieblingspfirsieh. 12. Dochnahl Fw/ir. 06?/feMwcfe 3:207, 208. 1858.
This old French variety was spoken of by many early writers. Among these was
Arnauld d'Andilly who raised the first fruits in 1655 at his home, the Pompone estate,
Seine-et-Mame, France. It was early introduced into America and in 1877 was added to
the fruit-list of the American Pomological Society where it remained for twenty years.
Duhamel mentions a Red Pavie that differs from this variety only in that it ripens earlier
and is smaller. Tree vigorous; leaves crenate, with reniform glands; flowers large; fruit
very large, somewhat oval, with a well-defined suture; apex with a mamelon tip; skin
an intense red on a yellowish-white ground ; flesh firm, red at the pit ; stone adherent, small
for the size of fruit ; ripens in dry seasons from the middle to the end of October.
Pavie Tardif. i. Kenrick .4w. Orch. 233, 234. 1832. 2. Poiteau Pom. Franc. i:No. 36,
PI. 1846.
Fruit large, compressed at the sides, with a distinct suture; skin yellow, washed with
a red blush; flesh yellow, red at the pit, juicy, witli a pleasant flavor; ripens the last of
October.
436 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Pavie Tres-Tardif Madame Verge, i. Malhicu Xom. Pom. 409. 1889.
Listed in this reference.
Pavien Lieblingspfirsich. i. Uochnahl Fnhr. Obstkunde 3:208. 185S.
Tree hardy and productive; fruit moderately large, of a yellowish-straw color, with
a dark reddish-purple blush; flesh firm, very juicy, with a pleasant, vinous flavor; ripens in
September.
Pavier Pleureur. 1. Leroy Did. Pom. 6:228 fiy., 229. 1879.
Picher Pleureur. 2. Carri^re Var. Peckers 51, 52. 1867.
Trailer pfirsich. 3. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 416. 1889.
This curious old peach of unknown origin has been known for nearly a century. It is
said to reproduce itself from seed. Fruit of medium size, roundish, regular; skin clear
yellow, washed with red; flesh greenish-white, red at the pit, juicy, with a sharp, bitter
flavor; clingstone; ripens the last of September.
Payne, i. Mich. Sia. Sp. Bui. 44:60 fig. 1910. 2. U. S. D. A. Yearbook 42S, 42g,P\. 7,s-
1910.
Payne originated in 1901 as a sprout from a peach -stock in the orchard of E. B. Payne
and Sons, near Cloverdale, Michigan. Fruit large, round, with a shallow suture; color
yellow, blushed and splashed with crimson; flesh yellow, slightty stained with red at the
pit, melting, tender, juicy, with a pleasant, subacid flavor; quality good; stone free; ripens
the last of August.
Peach de Pavie. i. Rea Flora 210. 1676.
Said to be a good, yellow peach.
Peach du Troas. i. Parkinson Par. Ter. 582. 1629.
" The peach du Troas is a long and great whitish yellow Peach, red on the outside,
early ripe, and is another kinde of Nutmeg Peach."
Pearce. i. Greening Bros. Cat. 82. 1899. 2. Ont. Fr. Exp. Sta. Rpt. 7:55. 1900.
According to Greening Brothers, Monroe, Michigan, this variety was raised by P. S.
Pearce, Catawba Island, Ohio. Fniit large, roundish; skin yellow, blushed with red;
flesh yellow, free, with excellent flavor and good quality; season the middle of September.
Pearl I. i. Horticulturist N. S. 7:178. 1857.
Originated many years ago with Mrs. L. A. Franklin, Athens, Georgia. Fruit large,
round, creamy-white, with a rich red cheek; flesh adlierent, white but red at the pit, firm,
juicy, vinous, excellent; season the last of August.
Pearl n. i. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 290. 1893. 2. Mich. Sta. Sp. Bui. 44:61. 1910.
This peach is said to be a cross between Late Crawford and Hale Early, originating with
C. C. Engle, Paw Paw, Michigan. Fruit large, roundish, slightly elongated, with a shallow
suture; color creamy-white, slightly shaded with crimson stripes; flesh free, creamy-white,
juicy, melting, fibrous, with a rich, vinous flavor; season the middle of September.
Pearson No. i. i. Jour. Hort. N. S. 15:114. 1868.
Raised by a Mr. Pearson, Chilwell, England. Fruit large, yellow; flesh deep orange-
yellow, very melting, juicy, pleasantly flavored; quality good.
Peche Baboud. i. Mas Pom. Gen. 12:171, 172. 1883.
Leaves of medium size, with reniform glands; flowers very small; fruit large, irregularh-
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 437
ovoid, surface uneven; apex with a mamelon tip; skin fine, with heavy pubescence, pale
yellow, blushed with intense purple in the sun; flesh white, stained about the pit, slighth-
acidulated, aromatic; stone large, nearly free; ripens the middle of August.
Peche de Bisconte. i. Mas Pom. Gen. 12:186. 1883.
Listed in tliis reference.
Peche Blonde, i. Poiteau Pom. Franc. i:No. 26, PI. 1846.
Leaves small, with reniform glands; flowers large; fruit of medium size, elongated,
with rugose surface; skin yellow, blushed and striped with clear red; flesh white, stained
faintly at the pit, vinous; stone large, long; ripens at the end of August.
Peche de Brahy. i. Mas Pom. Gen. 12:186. 1883.
Listed in this reference.
Peche Everardt. i. Rev. Hart. 316. 1889.
Fruit large, regular, spherical; flesh orange-}'ellow, stained at the pit, juicy; ripens at
the end of August.
Peche Grosse Violette. i. .\nn. Pom. Beige 3:89, PI. 1855.
Tree productive; fruit large, round, distinctly sutured; skin with a deep red l)lush
on a greenish-yellow ground; flesh white, red at the pit, sweet, vinous, aromatic; matures
the middle of September.
Peche d'De, i. Mas Pom. Gen. 12:186. 1883.
Listed in this reference.
Peche d'Ispahan. i. Poiteau Pmn. Franc. i:No. 7, PI. 1846.
This peach was raised from seed brought to Paris, France, from Asia, about 1800, by
a French naturalist, Olivier. Fruit small, nearly round, marked with a deep suture;
skin greenish- white; flesh greenish-white, juicy, fibrous, with a delicious flavor when fulh-
mature; season the middle of September.
Peche Jaune Hative de Done. i. Mas Pom. Gen. 12:186. 1883.
Listed but not described.
Peche de Lion. i. Christ Worterb. 351. 1802.
A beautiful, somewhat elongated fruit, with firm, yellow flesh; freestone; ripens at
the end of October.
Peche du Quesnoy. i. Thomas Guide Prai. 52. 1876.
Said to resemble Grosse Mignonne.
Peche Quetier. i. Flor. & Pom. 216. 1876.
Said to be a seedling of an English variety, raised by a M. Quetier, Meaux, Seine-et-
Mame, France. Fruit large, round, with a distinct suture; skin yellow, with a deep red
blush; flesh free, yellow, sweet, vinous, excellent; season late.
Peche Reine des Tardives, i. Rev. Hort. 324, 325, PI. 1889.
Raised from a pit of Baltet which it resembles. Fruit large, oval, sides often unequal;
skin yellow, washed with considerable red; flesh free, yellow, with red veins extending
through it, juicy, with a sweet, aromatic flavor; season very late.
Peche Rouge de Mai. i. Rev. Hort. 276, PI. 1888.
Fi-uit roundish-oljlate, somewhat irregular; skin almost entirely covered with bright
red; flesh white, semi-free, very juicy, sweet, with a pleasant, vinous flavor; ripens the
beginning of August.
43S THIi PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Peche de Sainte-Anne. i. Thoma.?. Guide Prat. 51, 223. 1876. 2. Guide Prat. 35, 210.
1895.
Originated in the Province of Lombardy, Italy. Fruit large, beautifully colored with
dark red; flesh yellow, red at the pit, fibrous, sweet; ripens the first of August.
Peche Souvenir de Pierre Tochon. i. Rev. Hort. 246, 247. 1906.
This peach was raised in 189 1 but its parentage is unknown. Fruit very large, regular;
color yellow, blushed with red; flesh yellowish-white, juicy, sweet; purplish-red next the
pit which is free; quality ver}^ good; ripens the middle of September.
Peche de Syrie. i. Mas I.c Verger 7:7, 8, fig. 2. 1866-73. 2. Pom. France 6:Xo. 26,
PI. 26. 1869. 3. Leroy Diet. Pom. 6:283, 284 fig., 285. 1S79.
D' Egypt. 4. Mag. Hort. 20:270. 1854.
Syrische Pfirsich. 5. Mathieu Norn. Pom. 416. i88g.
This variety probably originated from a peach-pit brought to France from Egypt
about 1802 by a M. Barral, a surgeon in the French army. Fruit medium in size, roundish-
oval, with a moderately deep suture; skin pale yellow, washed with dark red; flesh yellowish-
white, tinged with red at the center, juicy, sweet, with a pleasant, vinous, aromatic flavor;
quality good; stone free; ripens from the first to the middle of September.
Peche Theophile Sueur, i. Rev. Hort. 574, 575, PI. 1909-
Arthui- Chevreau, a hortiailturist at Montreuil-sous-Bois, France, obtained this
variety from a peach-pit which he planted in 1897. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit
medium to large, roundish, with a highly colored surface; flesh white, with red veins
at the center, juicy, sweet; good to very good in qualit}-; stone free; season early in
September.
Peche Tondu. i. Rev. Hort. 261, 262. 1888.
Originated at Montreuil, France, in 1878. Tree vigorous, productive; glands reni-
form; fruit large, oval; skin blushed with deep red; flesh white, stained at the pit, sweet,
aromatic; ripens at the end of September.
Peche de Trianon, i. Thomas Guide Prat. 51. 1876.
Listed in this reference.
Peche de Verone. i. Christ Worterb. 356. 1802. 2. Mas Le Verger 7:?39- 240, fig.
118. 1866-73. 3- Leroy Diet. Pom. 6:298 fig., 299. 1879.
This peach originated about 1830 in Verona, Venetia, Italy. Fruit large, roundish-
oval, with a distinct suture; skin yellowish-white, dotted and washed with red in the sun;
flesh free, white, tinged with purplish-red at the pit, juicy, sweet, with a pleasant, vinous
flavor; ripens the first of September.
Peche de Venders, i. Thomas Guide Prat. 52. 1876.
A glandless varietx' with rose-colored flowers.
Peche de Vigne Blanche, i. Baltet Cult. Fr. 236. 190S.
Listed as a pubescent, freestone variety.
Peche de Vigne Jaune. i. Baltet Cult Fr. 236. 1908.
This is also a freestone peach with pubescent skin.
Peche de Vigne Rouge, i. Baltet Cult. Fr. 236. 190S.
Still another pube.scent, freestone peach.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
439
Peche Vineuse Jaune. i. Carricre Var. Peckers 63. 1867.
Said to have been obtained in France by a M. Morel. Fruit large, roundish, somewhat
flattened; skin yellowish-orange, with a carmine blush; flesh free, pale yellow, purplish-red
at the pit, juicx-, sweet, aromatic; season the middle of August.
Pecher a Bois Jaune. i. Decaisne yord. FrwiV. 7:?!. 1872-75. 2. Rn\ llort. ■~,ib. i88q.
This variety originated in the vicinity of Toulouse, Haute Garonne, France, and is
valued both for its fruit and as an ornamental. Fruit of medium size, nearly round, often
depressed at the base, with a distinct suture; skin orange-yellow, dotted and washed with
red; flesh free, yellow, somewhat red about the pit, juicy, sweet and aromatic; ripens the
last of September.
Pecher Douteux. i. Carriere Var. Peckers 102. 1867.
Tlie tree of this variety has many characteristics of the ahnond while the fruit resembles
the peacli. Fruit of medium size, marked with a deep suture; skin yellowish-white, blushed
with red; flesh free, white, slightly tinged with red at the pit, rather sweet and aromatic,
with an agreeable flavor; season ver\- late.
Pecher a Fleur Semi-Double, i. Duhamcl Trait. .\rb. Fr. 2:42, 43, PI. XXX. 1768.
PCxker a Fleurs Doubles. 2. Poiteau Pom. Franc. i:No. 25, PI. 1846.
This curious old peach has double flowers and bears its fruits in clusters of from one to
foiu". Fruit small, roundish, with a well-marked suture; skin pale yellow, washed with
clear red; flesh greenish-white, often red at the pit, fibrous, juicy, sweet, with an agreeable
flavor; ripens the last of September.
Pecher Hatif de Chine, i. Decaisne Jard. Fruit. 7:P1. 1872-75.
Said to resemble Honey in certain characters. Fruit medium in size, roundish ; color
greenish-yellow, with a red blush; flesh free, white or sometimes tinged with red, juicy,
often with an astringent flavor; ripens the last of Jul\-.
Pecher Hy bride Quetier. i. Rev. Hort. 115. 1888. 2. Ibid. 42, 43. 1889.
This peach originated with a M. Quetier, Meaux, Seine-et-Marne, France, as a ci-oss
between Grosse Mignonne and an apricot. Tree vigorous ; glands reniform ; fruit of medium
size, somewhat flattened, with a deep suture; skin greenish-yellow, marbled with red;
flesh strongly adherent to the stone, white, juicy, firm, with a sweet, aromatic flavor;
ripens early in October in France.
Pecher Nain a Fleur Double, i. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 2:45, 46. 1 76S.
Said to be a dwarf, double-flowering peach seldom bearing fruit and useful only as
an ornamental.
Pecher Nain d'Orleans. i. Rev. Hort. 42 fig. 18, 43, 44. 1908.
According to the reference this peach was mentioned by Louis Ligier in 17 14. Fruit
of medium size, round, with a deep suture; skin pale greenish-yellow, with a red blush;
flei-h white, tinged red at the pit which is adherent, moderately sweet, not of high flavor.
Pecher Petite Madeleine, i. Carricre Var. Peckers 78, 79. 1867. 2. Decaisne Jard.
Fruit. 7:P1. 1S72-75.
Leaves glandless; flowers small; fruit small, round, slightly depressed; skin greenish-
white, marbled with red; flesh free, white, dark red at the stone, very juicy, sweet, with
a pleasant, aromatic flavor; ripens the middle of August.
440
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Pecher Thuret. i. Decaisne yard. Fmt7. 7:P1. 1872-75.
This peach was raised in 1862 by Gustave Thuret, Antibes, Alpes Maritimes, France,
from a seed sent from China. Fruit large, with a distinct suture on one side ; skin yellow,
washed with dark red; flesh yellowish-white, red at the pit which is usually free, juicy,
sweet, pleasantly flavored; season the last of August.
Peck Orange Cling, i. Wickson Cal. Fruits 314. 1889.
In the reference Luther Burbank says that this variety is an improved seedling of
Orange Cling, originated at Healdsburg, California. Fruit large, with yellow flesh ; valuable
for market or drying.
Pendleton, i. Ga. Sta. Bui. 42:240. 1898. 2. Berckmans Cat. 13. 1899.
A very large, yellow, clingstone peach of good quality, ripening the first of September.
Penelope, i. Hoffy N. Am. Pom. i:Pl. i860.
This peach originated with Isaac Baxter, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Fruit large,
roundish; skin greenish-white, slightly stained with red; flesh greenish-white, red at the
pit which is free, juicy, rich; quality very good; season the middle of September.
Peninsula, i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 169:223. 1899. 2. Budd-Hanren Am. Hort. Man. 2:353.
1903.
Penimula Yellow. 3. Del. Sta. Rpt. 5:99. 1892.
Fruit large, roundish, often inclined to oval, with a shallow suture; color yellow, washed
with red; flesh yellow, red at the pit which is free, juicy, firm, with a vinous, sprightly flavor;
ripens the middle of September.
Pennington, i. Okla. Sta. Bui. 2:14. 1892.
Listed in this reference.
Peregrine, i. Garden 64:126, 127, 157. 1903. 2. Ibid. 69:334. 1906.
This variety is supposed to be a seedling of the Spencer nectarine, raised by Thomas
Ri\-crs and Son, Sawbridgeworth, England, and introduced about 1906. Fruit large, with a
liright crimson color; flesh melting and juicy, with a pleasant flavor; season early August.
Perfection, i. Chico Nur. Cat. 26. 1904.
According to the Chico Nursery Company, Chico, California, Perfection originated
near Weston, Umatilla County, Oregon. Fruit large, \-ellow, with a beautiful blush;
flesh yellow, red at the pit, thick, fine-grained; season early in September.
Period Early Nutmeg, i. Loud. Hort. Soc. Cat. loi. 1831.
Listed in this reference.
Persian Cling, i. Wickson Cal. Fruits ^ij. 1889. 2. Fancher Creek Nur. Cat. 2-j. 1906.
This variety is supposed to have originated from a reed of Heath Cling at Visalia,
California. Fruit large, with clear white skin; flesh w]iite to the pit, very firm, sweet;
valuable for canning; ripens with its parent.
Persique. i. Miller Care?. Diet. 1752. 2. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 2:40, 41, PI. XXIX.
1768. 3. Coxe Cult. Fr. Trees 229, 230, fig. 15. 1817. 4. Prince Pom. Man.
2:13. 1832. 5. Leroy Diet. Pom. 6:236, 237. 1879.
Gro'ise Perse'que. 6. Kenrick Am. Orch. 232. 1832.
Persique Clingstone. 7. Prince Pom. Man. 2:36. 1832.
Persischer Lackpfirsich. 8. Dochnahl Fw/ir. Obstkunde 3:215. 1858.
Persee. 9. Le Bon Jard. 329. 1882.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
441
Persique is a very old variety of unknown origin, the name having often been con-
fused with other sorts. Fruit large, oblong, somewhat angular, often with small pro-
tuberances over the surface and with a distinct swelling at the apex; skin velvety, with
considerable red; flesh white, light red next the stone, juicy, melting, with a rich, agree-
able fla\or; stone large, free; ripens from the last of September to early October.
Peruvianischer Blutpfirsich. 1. Dochnahl Fiihr. Obstkmtde 3:194. 1858.
Fruit large, dark red, almost black; flesh dark red; ripens at the end of September.
Pesca Mandorla. i. Card. Chron. 907. 1858.
Exhibited at the Imperial and Royal Horticultural Society, Tuscany, Italv.
Pesca Melo. i. Card. Chron. 907. 1858.
Also exhibited at the Imperial and Royal Horticultural Society, Tuscany, Italy.
Peter Cling, i. Am. Pom. Sac. Rpt. 152. 1883.
Listed in this reference as coming from Washington County, Texas.
Petite Bourdine. i. Mas Pom. Gen. 12:141, 142, fig. 7. 1883.
Fruit of medium size, elongated-oval; skin pale yellowish-white, washed with deep
red; flesh white, striped with dark red at the pit which is free, juicy, firm, sweet, with a
pleasant, aromatic flavor; season the middle of September.
Petite Imperial, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 30. 1877.
Petit Imperial Mammoth White. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 155. 1858.
Petit' s Imperial. 3. Mag. Hort. 30:208. 1864.
A large, white, moderately juicy, vinous peach with reniform glands, ripening rather
late.
Petite Mignomie. i. Traite dcs Peckers 8. 1750. 2. Prince Pom. Man. 1:174, 175.
1831. 3. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 402. 1889.
Double de Troyes. 4. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 2:8, 9, PI. IV. 1768. 5. Leroy
Diet. Pom. 6:107, 108 fig., 109. 1879.
Kleine Lieblingspfirsche. 6. Christ //anJfe. 596, 597. 1817.
Grosse rothe Friihpfirsche. 7. lAegeX Syst. .\nleit. 179, 180. 1825.
Kleiner lieblicher Lackpfirsich. 8. Dochnahl Fw/ir. 06?/feM«<ie 3:213, 214. 1858.
Besides being larger than Red Nutmeg, with which it is sometimes confused, this
variety has small flowers of a ven,' pale rose-color. It was first spoken of by the French in
1670. Leaves with small, reniform glands; fruit small, globose; skin thin, white, with
some red; flesh stained at the pit, firm, sweet, aromatic; stone free, small, ovoid, plump;
matures early in August.
Petite Pavie d'Oimous. i. Mag. Hort. 26:152, 153. i860.
Tree small; fruit nearly round, marked with a distinct suture; skin yellowish-white,
dotted with a rose-color; flesh white, streaked with red at the stone which is adherent,
firm, juicy, subacid and somewhat insipid; season very late.
Petite Violette Hative. i. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 2:26, 27, PI. XVI, fig. 2. 1768.
Fruit large, nearly round; skin yellowish-white, with a reddish-violet blush; flesh
whitish-yellow, red at the pit, juicy, sweet, with a vinous, aromatic flavor; season the
first of September.
442
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Pettingill Early, i. Rural N. Y. 14:119. 1863.
Said to have originated in Missouri from seed brought from New Hampshire and
planted in 1852. A bright, attractive fruit.
Pfirsich-Nectarine. i. Lauche Deut. Pom. VI:No. 16, PI. 16. 1882.
This variety was raised from a nectarine seed about i860 by Thomas Rivers. Saw-
bridgeworth, England. Fruit large, roundish, slightly compressed; skin practically smooth
on the sides but with fine pubescence at the base and apex, yellowish-white, with a dark-
red blush; flesh white, red at the pit, firm, juicy; quality good; season the middle of
September.
Pfirsiche mit Nicht Abloslichem Stein, i. Deut. Obstcabinet 7: PL 35. 1858.
Fruit ovcd. with a deep suture; skin pale yellow, washed with purplish-red; flesh
whitish-yellow, red at the pit, melting, with a pleasant, subacid flavor; season the middle
of October.
Pfirsiche von Pau. i. Deut. Obstcabinet 7 -.PI 11. 1858.
Fmit large, round, with a shallow suture; color pale green, with some red; flesh white,
red at the pit, melting, juicy, subacid and pleasant; ripens the middle of October.
Phfleiger. i. Elliott Fr. Book 293. 1854.
An unproductive variety which bears large, yellow, freestone fruit with good flavor
and which ripens in September.
Phillips Cling, i. Wickson Cal. Fmit% 317. 18S9. 2. Waugh Am. Peach Orch. 206.
1913-
Phillips. 3. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 392. 1891.
This peach originated with Joseph Phillips, Sutter County, California, and was intro-
duced by J. T. Bogue of Marysville. Fruit large, round, slightly compressed; color lemon-
yellow, lightly shaded with red; flesh yellow, firm, juicy, with a sweet flavor; quality good;
season the first of September.
Piasa. I. III. Hon. Sac. Rpt. 166. 1895.
Said to produce a large, attractive yellow, freestone peach of good quality, but not
sweet, ripening August first.
Pickett. I. Mich. Sta. Bui. 118:31. 1895. 2. Ibid. 169:223. 1899.
Said to have originated in Missouri. Fruit of medium size, roundish, slightly inclined
to ovate; skin yellow, with a red blush; flesh clinging, yellow, red at the pit, firm, juicy,
with a mild, sprightly flavor; quality fair; ripens the last of September.
Picquet Late. i. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 627. 1869. 2. Horticulturist 28:151, 375.
1873-
Originated with Antoine Picquet, Belair, Georgia. Glands reniform; fruit large,
round, often somewhat flattened and one-sided; skin yellow, with a red cheek; flesh yellow,
melting, sweet, rich and aromatic; stone free; ripens early in September.
Piel Pfirsich. i. Thomas Guide Prat. 53. 1876. 2. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 410. 18S9.
Listed as a worthy, German variety.
Pierce Seedling, i. Del. Sta. Rpt. 5:99. 1900.
Listed without a description.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 443
Pignutt Late. i. Ga. Horl. Soc. Rpt. g. 1877.
This variety is said to have been disseminated in soutliern Ilhnois, where it pro\'ed
to be a superior sort.
Pinckney. i. Kenrick Am. Orch. 200. 1841.
A very large, excellent, late peach.
Pineapple, i. Prince Treat. Fr. Trees 17. 1820.
Charlestowner Ananaspfirsche. 2. Christ Worterb. 350. 1802.
Grosse Charlestowner Ananaspfirsche. 3. Christ Handb. 600, 601. 18 17.
Pineapple Clingstone. 4. Land. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 6:414. 1826.
Ananas- Aprikosenpfirsich. $. Dochnahl Fiihr. Obstkunde 3:220. 1858.
Pineapple, according to Christ, is a seedling of Alberge introduced from South Carolina
some time previous to 1800. When perfectly ripe, the juice is rich and lively and has the
flavor of a j^ineapple.
Pingree. i. Rural N. Y. 57:21. 1898.
Listed in this reference.
Pitmaston Seedling Noblesse. 1. Loud. Hort. Soc. Cat. loi. 1831.
Listed but not described.
Plant. I. Ga. Sta. Bui 42:240. 1898. 2. Berckmans Cat. 13. 1899.
Plant Cling. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 134. 1897.
Plant is an attractive peach of unknown origin. Tree low, compact, only moderately
healthy, unproductive; fruit very large, round, lemon-yellow, with a red blush; flesh pale
yellow, juicy, coarse, sweet but of poor quality; clingstone; ripens from July 2sth to August
loth.
Plowden. i. Horticulturist 26:288. 1871. 2. Card. Mon. 13:245, 246, 278, 343. 187 1.
Plowden originated about sixty miles below Washington, D. C. The fruit resembles
that of Hale Early but ripens about ten days earlier. Fruit large, roundish; flesh
white, very juicy; quality good; stone free.
Pocahontas, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 205. 1858.
Listed in this reference.
Poinsett, i. Horticulturist 4:277. 1849-50. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 287. 1854.
Originated in South Carolina. Leaves glandless; fruit large, roundish-oval, with a
pointed apex; color ruddy yellow; flesh firm, juicy; clingstone; season September.
Pond Late. i. Tex. Nur. Cat. 13. 1909.
According to the Texas Nursery Company, Sherman, Texas, this peach originated and
was introduced by E. W. Kirkpatrick, McKinney, Texas. Fruit large, roundish-oblong;
skin yellow; flesh yellow, free; of good quality; season September.
Pond Seedling, i. ///. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 179. 1886.
A large, desirable, hardy, late peach, ripening about September 25th.
Poole Island, i. Utah Sta. Bid. iB:n. 1892.
Listed in this reference.
Poole Large Yellow, i. Kenrick ^>n. Ore/;. 194. 1841. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. .ig\.
1845. 3. Out. Fr. Exp. Sta. Rpt. 7:54. 1900.
Pool Favorite. 4. Mo. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 97. 1910.
444
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
This peach originated near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, about 1840. Fruit large,
roundish, with a distinct suture; skin deep yellow, with a dark red cheek; flesh free, yellow,
red at the pit, rich, juicy, of excellent flavor; ripens from the last of September to early
October.
Porpree. i. Langlcy Pomona 105, PI. XXXII fig. III. 1729.
Pourprce. 2. Knoop Fructologie 2:87. 1771.
Porpree, according to some authors, resembles Rossanna. Tree very branchy,
productive; leaves sharply serrate; flowers small, purple; fruit large, round, often
irregular; skin slightly pubescent, purplish; flesh purple, juicy, vinous; quality good;
pit adherent, purplish; ripens the last of August.
Port Royal, i. Lond. Horl. Sac. Cat. 102. 1831.
Listed in this reference.
Porter, i. ///. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 203. 1879.
Listed in this reference.
Portugal. I. Rea F/om 211. 1676. 2. Miller Card. Did. 1752. 3. Lindley Gtiide Orch.
Card. 277. 1831.
Portugiesische Pfirsche. 4. Christ Handb. 597. 1817.
Leaves usually glandless; fruit large, round; skin pale yellow, dark red in the sun;
flesh white, faint red at the stone which is closely adherent, firm, with a rich, \-inous
flavor; ripens the middle of September.
Potomac Heath, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 127, 128. 1854.
This large, late peach of good quality is said to have been brought to notice by John
Dowling, Fairfax, Virginia.
Pound Hardy, i. Can. Exp. Farm Bui. 2nd vSer. 3:67. 1900.
Mentioned in the reference as being a tree of medium growth.
Pourpre de Frogmore. i. Guide Prat. 38. 1895.
Of English origin. Glands globose; fruit medium in size, roundish, very largely
covered with deep jiurj^le; flesh white, melting, sweet, refreshing; matures the second
half of September.
Pourpree du Grand-Jardin. i. Thomas Guide Prat. so. 1876.
Glands globose; flowers of medium size; fruit large, red; of first quality; ripens late
in August.
Pourpree Hative. i. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 2:19, 20, PI. XI. 1768.
This variety is distinct from Grosse Mignonne with which it has been confused.
Fruit large, round, with a deep suture; color a deep, mottled red in the sun; flesh white,
red at the pit, juicy, vinous, pleasantly flavored.
Pourpree Joseph Norin. 1. Mas Pom. Gen. 12:186. 1883.
Listed by Mas.
Pourpree Tardive de Lyon. i. Mathieu Norn. Pom. 410. 1889.
Listed in this reference.
Powell. I. Okla. Sta. Bui. 2:14. 1892.
Powell's Mammoth. 2. Del. Sta. Rpt. 5:99. 1892.
Mentioned in these references.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 445
Powers September, i. Fla. SUi. Rpt. 8:Sy. 1896.
Listed in this reference.
Prachtige von Choisy. i. Gaucher Pom. Prak. Obsi. No. 8g, Tab. 7. 1894.
Fruit large or very large, roundish-oval, with a distinct suture; skin greenish-yellow,
with a deep, mottled blush; flesh whitish throughout, juicy, melting, pleasant-flavored;
season the last of September.
PrachtvoUe Blutpfirsich. i. Mathieu \'om. Pom. 411. 1S89.
Sanguine Grosse Admirable. 2. Carriere \'ar. Peckers 64. 1867.
Glands reniform; flowers large; fruit of medium size; skin covered with a grayish
pubescence, marbled and streaked with deep red; flesh deep red, juicy, moderately sweet;
stone red, oval; ripens at the end of September.
Prado. I. Thomas Guide Prat. 50, 222. 1876.
Glands reniform; flowers small; fruit large, ripening the last of September.
Prasident Griepenkerl. i. Mathieu Norn. Pom. 411. i88g.
Mentioned in this reference.
Pratt. I. Cult. & Count. Gent. 52:746. 1887. 2. Mich. Sta. Bui. 169:223. 1899.
Said to have been brought to notice by J. H. Hale, South Glastonbury, Connecticut.
Fruit of medium size, roundish, compressed, with a distinct suture; color yellow, with
a red cheek; flesh yellow, red at the pit, juicy, tender, mild; quality good; pit free; ripens
the last of August.
Precoce de Bagnolet. i. Rev. Hort. 103. 1901.
This peach was raised from seed of Grosse Mignonne Hative a number of years ago
by a M. Savart, Bagnolet, Seine, France. Fruit large, flattened, with a small suture;
skin white, slightly rose-colored in the sun; flesh w^hite, juicy, sweet, vinous; quality
good; stone free; ripens a few days earlier than Hale Early.
Precoce de Beauregard, i. Baltet Cult. Fr. 237. 190S.
Said to grow in the vicinity of Hyeres, Var, France.
Precoce de Bonpas. i. Baltet Cult. Fr. 237. 1908.
Said to grow in the Pyrenees Mountains.
Precoce de Chartreuse, i. Mag. Hort. 20:271. 1854.
Fruit of medium size, highly colored; skin fane; flesh delicate, melting, vinous; ripens
early in September.
Precoce de Croncels. i. Baltet Cult. Fr. 249, fig. 150. rgoS.
Fruit large, yellowish-amber, tinted with purplish-red ; flesh juicy, firm, with an
agreeable flavor; ripens the first of August.
Precoce Gaudin. i. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 411. 1889.
Listed in this reference.
Precoce de Mezen. i. Thomas Guide Prat. 52. 1876.
Said to liave bell-shaped flowers and reniform glands.
Precoce du Perigord. i. Thomas Guide Prat. 50. 1876.
Fruit large and of good quality.
Precoce de Saint-Assicle. i. Mathieu Notn. Pom. 411. 1889.
St. Ascydes. 2. Cal. Sta. Rpt. 393. 1895-97.
Said to be of French origin.
446 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Precocious, i. Card. Mon. i7:3''8- 1875.
According to the reference, this is a seedling which grew with J. Lewis, Alvin, Hhnois,
about 1873. Said to have bloomed when three months old.
Premier, i. Jour. Hort. N. S. 33:80. 1877. 2. Hogg Fruit Man. 456. 1884.
This peach is a cross between Grosse Mignonne and Bellegarde, raised in the Royal
Gardens, Frogmore, England. Fruit large, round; suture shallow, terminated at the
apex with a sharp nipple; skin nearly covered with purplish-red, becoming very dark in
the sun; flesh juicy, tender, melting, with a rich, pleasant flavor; stone free.
President, i. Prince Treat. Fr. Trees 17. uSao. 2. Prince Pom. Man. 2:33, 34. 1832.
3. Poin. Mag. 2:54, PI. 1839. 4. Elliott Fr. Book 278. 1854.
Prdsidenten-Lackpfirsich. 5. Dochnahl Fiihr. Obstkunde 3:211. 1858.
President originated at Bedford, New York, nearly a century ago and has long since
passed from ciiltivation. Tree healthy, productive, bearing leaves with globose glands;
fruit large, roundish-oval, with a shallow suture; skin pale yellowish-green, with a red
cheek; flesh white, red at the pit which is free, juicy, sweet, highly flavored; ripens the
middle of September.
President Church, i. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 623, 624. 1857. 2. Horticulturist N. S.
7:170. 1857. 3. Mas Lf" Verger 7:221, 222, fig. 109. 1S66-73. 4. Leroy Diet.
Pom. 6:245, 246 fig. 1879.
Church. 5. Ga. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 62. 1891.
This variety was raised by Rev. A. Church, President of Franklin College, Athens,
Georgia. Glands reniform; fruit large, roundish, inclining to oval; suture often a mere
line; skin pale yellow, mottled and washed with dark red; flesh white, pale red at the pit,
juicy,- melting, with a delicious flavor; stone free; season the middle of September.
President Lyon. i. AHch. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 187. 1880.
This variety was raised from a seed of Early Crawford planted in 1870 by C. C. Engle,
Paw Paw, Michigan. Tree hardy, vigorous, productive; glands reniform; fruit similar
to Early Cra\vford but larger.
Preston, i. Del. Sta. Rpt. 5:99. 1892. 2. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 690. 1897.
3. Del. Sta. Rpt. 13:105, 106. 1901.
Preston originated with a Mr. Preston, near Greensboro, North Carolina, and was
introduced by J. Van Lindley of Pomona. Its parentage is unknown. Fruit large,
creamy-yellow, with a red cheek; flesh light yellow, juicy, adherent; quality good; ripens
two weeks later than Chinese Cling.
Price. I. Tex. Sta. Bui. 39:808, 809. 1896.
Fruit of medium size, roundish, slightly pointed; color greenish-white, with a light
red cheek; freestone; season the first of August.
Pride of Autumn, i. Thomas Guide Prat. 50. 1876.
This peach has rose-colored flowers, reniform glands and ripens in October.
Pride of Franklin, i. Rural X. Y. 46:352. 1887. 2. .Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 198. 1899.
Said to be grown extensively in New Jersey. Fruit large, round, with yellow skin
and flesh; freestone; quality good; resembles Late Crawford and ripens about five days
later.
THE PEACHES OK NEW" YORK 447
Pride of Idaho, i. Chase Cat. 20. 1895. 2. .V. V. Sta. Rpt. 15:290. 1897.
According to the R. G. Chase Company, Geneva, New York, this peach originated
in the mountains of Western Idaho. Fruit of medium size, having a yellow skin, with
a shght l>lush: ripens after Late Crawford.
Pride of Northboro. i. la. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 434. 1904.
Said to ha\e done well in the vicinity of Slienandoah, Iowa.
Prince Blood Clingstone, i. Prince Pom. Man. 2:32. 1832.
A superior variety of its class raised b)- William Prince; used mostly for preserves,
compotes, and pickles. Flowers small; fruit large, oval; skin very downy, dark purplish;
flesh crimson; flavor indifferent.
Prince Climax, i. Downing Fr. Trees .\in. 641. 1857.
Said to have originated on the farm of George Mitchell, Flushing, New York. Tree
very productive; fruit large, oval; skin yellow, mottled with a crimson cheek; flesh jcllow,
very rich, aromatic, with a pineapple flavor; stone adherent; ripens from the middle to
the end of September.
Prince Eugene, i. Hogg Fruit Man. 228. 1866.
Eiigen von Savoyen. 2. Dochnahl Fiihr. Obstkunde 3:205. 1858.
Prinz Eiigen. 3. Thomas Guide Prat. 50, 223. 1876.
Similar to Early Purple, of which it is a seedling, but smaller and more deeph' suUu-ed.
Tree vigorous and very productive; ripens the middle of August.
Prince John. i. Elliott Fr. Book 302. 1859. 2. Leroy Diet. Pom. 6:246, 247 fig. 1879.
This variety is of American origin and was sent to France in i860 by P. J. Berckmans,
Augusta, Georgia. Fruit large, roundish or roundish-oval; skin orange-yellow, with a
deep red blush; flesh deep yellow, firm, very juicy, with a delicious flavor; stone free; ripens
the middle of September in France.
Prince Late Yellow Freestone, i. Bridgeman Card. AssH. Pt. 3:107, 108. 1857.
A beautiful, greenish-yellow fruit, tinged with red, having a firm, rich flesh.
Prince of Wales, i. Hogg Fruit Man. 229. 1866. 2. Am. Hort. Ann. 79, 80. 1S70.
3. .4;)!. Pom. Soc. Cat. 30. 1877.
Prinz von Wales. 4. Gaucher Pom. Prak. Obst. No. 90, Tab. 17. 1894.
Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, England, raised this peach from a seed of Pitmaston
Orange nectarine. It fruited first in America with James H. Ricketts, Newburgh, New
York, in 1869. The variety held a place in the American Pomological Society's fruit-list
from 1877 to 1 89 1. Tree vigorous, bearing leaves with reniform glands; fruit of medium
size, roundish, slightly flattened, with one side enlarged; suture distinct, extending beyond
the apex; skin creamy-white, shaded and mottled with red in the sun; flesh white, stained
red at the stone from which it freely separates, juicy, tender, melting, sweet, with a rich,
vinous flavor; ripens early in September.
Princess Paragon, i. Horticulturist N. S. 7:177. 1857.
Fruit large, oval, with one side larger than the other; skin yellowish-white, dotted
and nearly overspread with red; flesh white, melting, juicy; quality good; freestone; ripens
the middle of August.
448 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Princess of Wales, i. Hog<i Fruit Mail. 229. 1866. 2. Am. Hort. Ann. So. 1870.
3. Jour. Hort. N. S. 24:471. 1873. 4. Am. Pom. Sac. Cat. 30. 1877.
Princesse de Galles. 5. Leroy Did. Pom. 6:248 fig., 249. 1879.
Prinzessin von Wales. 6. Lauche Dent. Pom. VI: No. 17, PI. 1882.
Princess. 7. Mich. Sta. Bui. 169:223. 1899.
This peach is another seedhng raised by Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, England,
about 1863, from a seed of Pavie de Pompone. It first fruited in America some six years
later with James H. Ricketts, Newburgh, New York. The American Pomological Societ\-
listed the variety in its fruit-catalog from 1877 until 1897. Tree vigorous, with leaves
having globose glands; fruit large, round, narrowing towards the apex which is termi-
nated by a nipple; suture indistinct; skin creamy- white, shaded with a red cheek; flesh
free, white, red at the stone, juicy, melting, sweet, good; ripens the last of September.
Princesse Marie, i. Hogg Frwji Maw. 228, 229. 1866. 2. Le Son Jarcf. 328, 329. 1882.
Prinzessin Marie von Wiirttemberg. 3. Koch Deut. Ohst. 540. 1876.
Tree vigorous, with glandless leaves; fruit of medium size, roundish; skin yellowish-
white, dotted with pale red and shaded with dark red; flesh yellowish-white, rayed with
red at the pit, melting, juicy, with a rich, vinous fiavor; .stone free; season the middle of
September.
Prize. I. Am. Pom. Sac. Cat. 34. 1899. 2. Mich. Sta. Bid. 169:223. 1899. 3. Budd-
Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:354. 1903.
Fruit large, roundish, with a slight suture; skin yellow, more or less blushed with
thin red; flesh free, yellow, red at the pit, juicy, very tender, with a vinous, sprightly
flavor; ripens from the middle to the last of September.
Probst Friedrich Pfirsich. i. Mas Pom. Gen. 12:186. 1883.
Listed in this reference.
Professeur Vilaire. i. Baltet Cult. Fr. 238. 1908.
Listed in this reference.
Proudfoot. I. Mas Pom. Gen. 12:137, 138, fig. 5. 1883.
Probably originated with a Dr. Proudfoot, Cleveland, Ohio. Fruit large, roundish-
conic; skin greenish-yellow, washed with dark red; flesh yellow, rather dark red at the
pit which is free, juicy, sweet, tender, with a pleasant, aromatic flavor; ripens from the
first to the middle of October.
Pry Favorite, i. IT. Va. Sta. Bui. 82:406. 1902.
Said to ripen earher than Lorentz.
Pullen. I. Fulton Peach Cult. 177. 1908.
Pnllen's Seedling. 2. Gard. Mon. 3:215, 216 fig. 1861.
Raised by Isaac Pullen, Hightstown, New Jersey. Fruit very large, compressed;
color yellow, blushed with dark red; flesh yellow, with an excellent flavor; ripens the last
of September.
Purdy. I. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 279. 1882.
\'alued for the size and attractiveness of the fruit; ripens just before Late Crawford.
Purple Peach, i. Gard. Mon. 25:305. 1883.
This is a seedling, valued chiefly as an ornamental.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
449
Pyramidal, i. Lcroy Did. Pom. 6:250, 251 fig., 252. 1879.
This peach which was found near Poissy, Seine-et-Oise, France, in 1823, is vakied
chiefly as an ornamental. Fruit small, roundish-oval, irregular; skin yellowish-white,
marbled with deep carmine; flesh yellowish-white, slightly red at the pit, juicy, very
sweet; quality good; stone free; season the first of September.
Quaker, i. Augustine Nur. Cat. No. 43:7. 19 10.
According to Augustine and Company, Normal, Illinois, this peach was found in
northwestern Iowa about 1900, by Colonel Milton L. Haney, and was later introduced
b\- the firm named. Tree hardy; fruit of medium size; of fair quality.
Quality, i. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 290. 1893. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 73. 1895.
Originated with J. W. Kerr, Denton, Maryland. Fruit medium to large, roimdish;
color white, with a red cheek; flesh free, creamy-white, tinged with red at the stone, juicy,
melting, vinous, sprightly; quaHty very good; season the last of August.
Queen, i. Mo. State Fr. Sta. Rpt. i:ii. 1901.
Mentioned as growing on the Missouri Station grounds.
Queen Caroline, i. Land. Hort. Soc. Cat. 102. 1831.
Listed in this reference.
Queen of Delaware, i. Fulton Peach Cult. 178. 1908.
Originated in Delaware. Tree vigorous; fruit large, attractive white, with a red
blush; flavor excellent.
Queen Olga. i. Can. Exp. Farms Bui. 2nd Ser. 3:67. 1900.
Konigin Olga. 2. Card. Chron. 437. 1885. 3. Lucas Handb. Obst. 476. 1893.
Queen Olga is a seedling of Willermoz grown at Reutlingen, Wiirttemberg, Germany.
Larger and earlier than its parent; flesh yellow, stained about the pit from which it
separates readily.
Queen of the South, i. Fla. Sta. Bui. 62:517 1902.
This peach is supposed to be a seedling of Peento and has been replaced by better
sorts. Fruit large, roundish-oblong, with a shallow suture; skin dark yellow, washed
with dull red; flesh yeUow, red at the pit, firm, juicy, sweet, slightly acid, pleasant; stone
free; season July.
Queenes. i. Parkinson Par. Ter. 582. 1629.
" The Queenes Peach is a faire great yellowish browne Peach, shadowed as it were
over with deepe red, and is ripe at Bartholmew tide, of a very pleasant good taste."
Quetier. i. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 411. 1889. 2. Guide Prat. 41. 1895.
Glands reniform; fruit large; flesh yellow, tender, juicy, sweet, vinous, with a pleasant
flavor; stone free; ripens from the first to the middle of October.
Quince, i. Rea Flora 211. 1676.
" Quince Peach is something of that fashion, yellow and good."
R. S. Stevens, i. Mich. Sta. Bid. 169:225. 1899. 2. W. .V. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 114.
1900.
This peach is a seedling which originated on the grounds of late congressman, R.
S. Stevens, Attica, New York. On the Station grounds the tree is rather strong, hardy,
fairly productive; glands reniform; fruit of medium size, roundish, compressed; suture
29
450
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
distinct; apex a mere point; skin yellow, with a dark red cheek; flesh deep yellow, red
at the pit, tender, very mild, vinous, juicy; quality good; pit very small, nearly round,
plump; season early September.
Radclyffe. i. Thomas Guide Prat. 55. 1876.
Obtained from a seed of Desse Tardive grown by Thomas Rivers, Sawbridge worth,
England. Fruit very large, with a pale color and excellent flavor; ripens the last of
September.
Ragan Smock, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 94. i88i.
This variety is a seedling of Smock raised by Z. S. Ragan, Independence, Missouri.
The fruit has golden flesh, ripens late and is a delicious, semi-clingstone peach.
Ragan Yellow, i. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 404. 1894.
Listed in this reference.
Rainbow, i. Can. Hort. 24:486 fig., 487. 1901.
Rainbow was raised from a peach-pit brought from Mackinac Island, Michigan,
in 1897 by David Sare, London, Ontario, Canada. Fruit large, with an attractive straw-
color, mottled with purplish-red; flesh yellow, with pink markings, juicy, pleasant-flavored;
stone nearly free.
Raisin, i. Tex. Sta. Bui. 39:813. 1896. 2. Munson Cat. 16. 1914-15.
According to T. V. Munson and Ron, Denison, Texas, this peach is supposed to be
the result of a cross between Columbia and Heath Cling. Fruit small, oval, with an
acute apex; skin dull yellowish-white, mottled with reddish-brown; flesh adherent, white,
tinted with red, with a subacid flavor; quality good; ripens the middle of August in Texas.
Rambouillet. i. Rea. Flora 211. 1676. 2. Miller Card. Diet. 1752. 3. Christ Worterb.
355. 1802. 4. Lmdley Gjiide Orch. Card. 268. 1831. 5. Leroy Diet. Pom. 6:254.
1879.
This variety was raised about 1670 near Paris, France, and evidently was named in
honor of Marquis de Rambouillet of Paris. It was introduced into England in 1729 where
it was grown for many years. Fruit of medium size, elongated-oval, with a deep sutiu-e;
skin pale yellow, with a fine, red blush; flesh yellow, deep red at the pit which is free, juicy,
with a pleasant, vinous flavor; ripens the middle of September.
Ramsey Early Cling, i. W. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 115. 1880.
Originated by A. M. Ramsey, Mahomet, Texas; the fruit is said to excel Alexander.
Ramsey Late. i. Atistin Nur. Cat. 4. 1912.
According to F. T. Ramsey and Son, Austin, Texas, this peach originated with Mr.
Ramsey near Bowie, Texas. The tree is productive and the fruit is a white clingstone
resembling Heath Cling; the fruit ripens in September.
Ranck. i. Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt. 51 fig. 1888-89.
This is a seedling of Early Crawford which originated with Martin A. Ranck about
1886. Fruit of medium size, roundish-oblate; color pale creamy-yellow, splashed and
shaded with red; flesh free, nearly white, slightly red at the pit, juicy, moderately firm,
with a rich, high flavor; ripens from the middle to the last of August.
Raymaekers. i. Leroy Dirf. Pom. 6:256, 257 fig. 1879. 2. UoggFruitMan. 4Sj. 1884.
Raymaekers' Magdalene. 3. Dochnahl FHhr. Obstkunde 3:199. 1858.
TIIK I'KACHES OF NP:\V YORK 45 1
This peach was probably raised in Belgium about 1825. Fruit large, roundish,
somewhat depressed, with a distinct suture; skin greenish-yellow, with a deep crimson
blush; flesh greenish-white, stained with red at the pit from which it separates, juicy,
melting, vinous; quality good; ripens early in September.
Raymond Cling, i. Horticulturist N. S. 7:179. 1857. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 28.
1873.
Ray. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 628. 1869.
This variety, grown by Dr. H. Ray, Yalobusha County, Mississippi, is a seedling
of an old Indian peach. In 1873, it was listed in the American Pomological Society's
fruit-catalog but was dropped in 1897. The variety should not be confused with Ray,
a sort of more recent origin. Glands reniform; fruit of mediimi size, roundish, with a
shallow suture; apex pointed; skin creamy-white, shaded and spotted with red; flesh
white, juicy, vinous, well-flavored; ripens the last of August.
Read Seedling, i. Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt. 167 fig. 1886-87.
This variety was first brought to public notice in 1886 by Professor M. C. Read,
Hudson, Ohio. Fruit of medium size, with white, juicy flesh which is red near the stone;
quality good; stone free; season early September.
Reagen. i. Tex. Sta. Bui. 39:813, 814. 1896.
Fruit large; color greeni.sh-white, with a red cheek; flavor pleasantly acid; stone
free; season the last of July in Texas.
Red Bird. i. Bradley Bros. Cat. 31. 1913. 2. Waugh Am. Peach Orch. 206. 1913.
According to Bradley Brothers, Makanda, Illinois, the tree of this variety is hardy
and bears early and abundantly; fruit large, with bright, glowing red color and fine quality;
ripens early.
Red Ceylon, i. Del. Sta. Rpt. 5:99. 1892. 2. Glen St. Mary Nur. Cat. 13. 1900.
Fruit large, with a dull green color; flesh blood-red to the stone from which it separates
freely, a little too acid for most palates but excellent for cooking; of the Peento type and
productive in southern Florida.
Red Magdalen, i. Langley Pomona 100, PI. 27 fig. 5. 1729. 2. Brookshaw Pom.
Brit. i:Pl. 26 fig. 3. 1817. 3. Lindley Guide Orch. Card. 268, 269. 1831. .
Madeleine Rouge. 4. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 2:14, 15, PI. VII. 1768. 5. Pom.
France 6: No. 7, PI. 7. 1869.
Madeleine de Coiirson. 6. Pom. Mag. 1:30, PI. 182S. 7. Lindley Guide Orch. Gard.
262. 1831. 8. Leroy Did. Pom. 6:150, 151, fig. 152. 1879.
Coursoner Magdalene. 9. Dochnahl Fiihr. Obstkunde 3:196. 1858.
Rathe Magdalene. 10. Ibid. 3:196, 197. 1858.
Rote Magdalenenpfirsich. 11. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 412. 1889.
This variety, probably known for over two centuries, has been confused with several
other old sorts and, as the numerous synonyms show, has been grown under various names.
Leaves doubly serrate, glandless; flowers large; fruit of medium size, roundish, compressed,
with a long, deep suture ; skin pale yellow, with a deep red blush ; flesh white, stained with
red at the stone which is free, juicy, melting, vinous, rich; quality good; ripens the first
of September.
452 THE PKACHKS OF NEW YORK
Red Nectarine, i. Card. Chron. 1466. 187.5.
Mentioned as a hardy, free-bearing, Syrian variety.
Red Nutmeg, i. Langley Pomona 100. 1729. 2. lAndley Guide Orch. Card. 251. 183 1.
3. Prince Pom. Man. 1:174. 1831. 4. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 482. 1845.
Avant-Peche Rouge. 5. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 2:7, 8, PI. III. 1768. 6. Leroy
Diet. Pom. 6:50, 51. 1879. 7. Mas Pom. Gen. 12:163, 164, fig. 18. 1883.
Scarlet Nutmeg. 8. Prince Treai. Fr. Trees 16. 1820.
Rothe Friihpfirsche von Troyes. 9. Liegel Anweisung 68. 1822.
Kleiner Rother Friihpfirsich. 10. Dochnahl Fiihr. Obstkundc 3:203, 204. 1858.
Rote Friihpfirsich. 11. Mathieu Norn. Pom. 412. 1889.
Red Nutmeg, probably known more than two centuries ago, has httle to recommend
it aside from its earliness. Tree moderate in growth, rather dwarf, having large, rose-
colored flowers and leaves with renif orm glands ; fruit small, roundish, with a distinct suture ;
skin pale yellow, with a bright, rich red cheek; flesh yellowish-white, usually red at the
stone which is free, juicy, sweet but with a musky flavor; ripens from the middle to the
last of July.
Red Peach, i. Parkinson Par. Ter. 580. 1629.
" The red Peach is a faire Peach, and of a very good relish."
Red Rareripe, i. Kenrick Am. Orch. 221. 1S32. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 485, 486.
1845. 3. Fulton Peach Cult. 188. 1908.
Early Red Rareripe oj Rhoades. 4. Kenrick Am. Orch. 220. 1832.
Early Red Rareripe. 5. Ibid. 184. 1841.
This peach has often been confused with Early York and Morris Red Rareripe. The
fruit is larger and broader and ripens a week later than the first and its serrate, glandless
leaves serve to distinguish it from the latter. Because of its similarity to Royal George,
it is supposed to be an American seedhng of that variety. Leaves serrate, glandless;
flowers small; fruit large, roundish but broad and depressed; suture broad, extending
nearly around the fruit; skin white, mottled with red dots, with a rich, dark red cheek;
flesh white, red at the stone, juicy, melting, rich, highly flavored; ripens from the middle
to the last of August.
Red River, i. Del. Sta. Rpt. 5:99. 1S92. 2. Tex. Sta. Bid. 39:814. 1S96. 3. Ont.
Fr. Exp. Sta. Rpt. 7:55- 1900. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 39. 1909.
Introduced by T. V. Munson and Son, Denison, Texas. Fruit large, roundish; skin
creamy-white, vnih a fine red cheek; flesh creamy-white, juicy, fine-grained, with a
pleasant flavor; quality good; pit nearly free; ripens the first of August.
Red Seedling, i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 118:37. 1895. 2. Ibid. 169:224. 1899.
Supposed to have originated at South Haven, Michigan. Fruit of medium size,
roundish, wth a distinct suture; color creamy -white, with a bright red blush; flesh creamy-
white, slightly red at the pit from which it separates, juicy, tender, with a mild, vinous
flavor; season from the middle to the last of August.
Redding, i. Ga. Sta. Bui. 42:240, 241. 1898.
Originated at the Georgia Experiment Station, Experiment, Georgia. Glands globose;
fruit of medium size, roundish; color deep yellow, with a red blush; flesh free, yellow,
firm, juicy, melting; quality good; ripens the first of Jvily in Georgia.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 453
Reed. i. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 43. 1895.
Reed Early Golden. 2. Gard. Mon. 26:308. 1884.
Fruit large, roundish, with a shallow suture; skin yellow, blushed and striped with
red; flesh yellow, tinged with red at the stone which is free, tender, mild subacid, rich;
quality verj' good; ripens the last of August.
Reeks, i. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 279. 1882.
Recks ripens with Amsden and Alexander; is larger and fully as attractive as these sorts.
Reeves Mammoth. 1. Fla. Sta. Rpt. S:8g. 1896. 2. Glen St. Mary Nur. Cat. 1 3. 1900.
This sort is said to have originated in Orange County, Florida. It is advertised as
a fine, large, productive, freestone peach, ripening early in August.
Regan Pride, i. ///. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 95. 1882.
Listed in this reference as a good variety.
Ren. I. Tex. Sta. Bui. 39:814. 1896.
Tree vigorous but not productive; glands large, reniform; fruit of medium size, round,
with an acute point; color yellow, sj^lashed with red; flavor pleasant acid; stone clinging;
ripens the last of June in Texas.
Rendatler. 1. Ca-vvihre Var. Packers 81. 1867. 2. Dccinanc Jard. Fruit. j-.TL 1872-75.
Belle Mousseuse. 3. Thomas Guide Prat. 52, 216. 1876.
Fruit large, nearly round, with a distinct suture; skin pale yellow, with an attractive,
red blush; flesh yellowish- white, tinged with red at the pit which is free, juicy, tender,
sweet, with a pleasant flavor; ripens in Paris the last of August.
Reuinsiela. i. Ariz. Sta. Bui. 15:62. 1895.
Listed in this reference.
Rey. I. Mathieu Nam. Pom. 412. 1889.
Mentioned in this reference.
Reynolds, i. Mo. State Fr. Sta. Bui. 12:10, 11, PI. 8. 1904.
Fruit large, more oblate than Elberta; skin yellow, with a red blush; flesh yellow,
of the texture of Elberta but juicier and better flavored; season ten days earlier than
Elberta.
Richardson Mammoth, i. Del. Sta. Rpt. 5:99. 1892.
Listed as growing in the Delaware Station Experiment orchard on the farm of Charles
Wright, near Seaford, Delaware.
Richmond, i. Tilton Jour. Hort. 8:328, 329 fig. 1870. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am.
ist App. 122. 1872. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 30. 1877.
Richmond is one of a large number of seedlings raised by Dr. E. W. Sylvester, Lyons,
New York. It was placed upon the fruit-list of the American Pomological Society in
1877 where it still remains. Glands reniform; fruit medium to large, roundish, slightly
compressed, with a distinct suture; skin yellow, shaded and mottled with dark, rich red;
flesh yellow, red at the stone which is free, juicy, melting, sweet, vinous; quality very
good; ripens the last of September.
Rickets, i. Langley Pomona 106, PI. XXXII fig. IV. 1729.
First propagated b\' a Mr. Rickets. Fruit light yellow, with a vermilion blush;
flesh white, red at the pit, juicy, melting, sweet; ripens the last of August.
454
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Riepper. i. N. Mex. Sta. Bid. 30:235. 1899.
Said to ripen in September in New Mexico.
Rigaudiere. i. Lcroy Diet. Pom. 6:260, 261 fig. 1879.
Raised in 1863 by Auguste Boisselot, Nantes, Loire-Inferieure, France. Fruit above
medium in size, round, with a distinct suture; color clear yellow, mottled and washed
with dark red; flesh free, white, red at the pit, juicy, with a sweet, aromatic flavor; ripens
the first of August.
Ringold. 1. Tex. Sta. Bill. 3g:8i:i. 1896. 2. Mieh. Sta. Bui. 169:224. 1899. 3. Budd-
Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:354. 1903.
Ringold Mamtnoth Cling. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 161. 1881.
Said to be taking the place of Heath Cling in Ohio and Michigan. Fruit large, roundish,
Somewhat ovate; skin creamy-white; flesh entirely white, tender, rich, sprightly; quaUty
good; clingstone; season early October.
Rival. I. Fla. Sta. Bui. 62:517. 1902.
Fruit roundish-oblong, flattened at the base and apex; color pale yellow, washed with
dull red; flesh free, yellow, red at the pit, juicy, firm, with an agreeable, sweet, slightly
acid flavor; season July.
River Bank. i. Utali Sta. Bui. 18:14. 1892. 2. Mich. Sta. Bid. 169:224. 1899.
3. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:354. 1903.
Tree vigorous and hardy; fruit large, roundish-oval, slightly compressed; color
greenish-yellow, with a dark red blush; flesh yellowish-white, juicy, tender, mild; quality
good; pit semi-free; ripens the last of July.
Rivers Early York. i. Mag. Hort. 34:89. 1868. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 630. 1S69.
3. Jour. Hort. N. S. 17:58. 1869. 4. Hogg Fruit Man. 458. 1884.
This variety is a seedling of Early York, raised many years ago by Thomas Rivers.
Sawbridgeworth, England. It differs from its parent chiefly in having globose glands
on its leaves. Tree not as susceptible to mildew as is Early York; fruit of mediiun size
roundish; skin marbled with red; flesh melting, juicy, with a nectarine flavor; stone free;
quality good; season in England, early August.
Robena. i. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 209, PI. IV. 1893. 2. Mich. Sta. Bid. 143:186. 1897.
Raised about 1887 by Dr. Thomas Taylor, Washington, D. C. Tree productive;
glands reniform; fruit large, roundish, with a long, shallow sutiu-e; skin yellow, shaded
with red and crimson; flesh free, yellow, tinged with red at the pit, juicy, melting, mild
subacid, vinous; quality good; season early October.
Robert, i. Ga. Sta. Bid. 11:44. 1891. 2. Ibid. 42:241. 189S. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat.
39. 1909.
Glands large, globose; fruit large, roundish, with a lemon-yellow color; flesh semi-
clinging, white but red at the pit, juicy, with a rich, vinous flavor; ripens early in
August.
Robert Lavallee. i. Guide Prat. 41. 1895.
Fruit large, oval; color deep red in the sun; flesh yellowish-white, red around the
pit which is nearly free, juicy, sweet, with a vinous flavor; ripens the middle of
September.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 455
Roberta, i. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 392. 1891.
Fruit of mediiim size, roundish; color reddish-yellow, washed with dark red; flesh
free, reddish-j^ellow, with a rich, vinous flavor; ripens from the first to the middle of
Aup.ist .
Robertson, i. Mathicu Noni. Pom. 412. 1889.
Listed in this reference.
Robinson Crusoe, i. Kenrick Am. Orch. 228. 1832. 2. Bridgeman Gard. Ass't. Pt.
3:108. 1857.
Early Robinson Crusoe. 3. Kenrick Am. Orch. 184. 1841.
This peach was raised long ago by a Dr. Coxe, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, from
a pit brought from Juan Fernandez Island in the Pacific Ocean. Fruit large, round; skin
pale yellow, with a light red blush; flesh ver\- juicy, sweet and delicious; ripens early in
September.
Rockey. i. Rural N. Y. 63:130, fig. 59. 1904.
Introduced by J. W. Rockey, Miamisburg, Ohio. Fruit large, roundish; color yellow,
with a blush; flesli yellow, sweet, free; ripens in southern Ohio about the middle of October.
Rodgers. i. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 290, 291. 1893.
Said to have come from W. C. Rodgers, Nashville, Arkansas. Fruit below medium
in size, oblong, pointed, irregular; skin dull yellowish-white, striped and blushed with
red; flesh adherent, dull yellowish-white, with some red at the stone, firm, mild, sweet;
quality good; season the middle of November in Arkansas.
Rodman Red. i. Kenrick Am. Orc/i. 196. 1841. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 630. i86q.
Rodman's Cling. 3. Hooper W. Fr. Book 229. 1857.
Fruit large, roundish-oblong; skin almost white, nearly covered with red; flesh white,
red near the pit, juicy, firm, with a vinous, aromatic flavor; season the last of September.
Rogers I. i. Gard. Mon. 19:115. 1877.
This peach, which originated in Newbury, Massachusetts, is supposed to be a seedling
of Early Crawford. It resembles its parent but is earlier and sweeter; ripens the middle
of September.
Rogers n. i. Del. Sta. Rpt. 13:107. 1901.
This variety is a seedling of Chinese Cling, having originated with a Mr. Rogers, near
McKitmey, Texas. Fruit of medium size, round; color creamy-white, with a full red
cheek; flesh free, white, tender, melting, mild subacid; good; ripens just before Mamie Ross.
Roman, i. Parkinson Par. Ter. 582. 1629. 2. Rea Flora 211. 1676.
Said to be a very good, yellow peach.
Romorantin. i. Leroy Diet. Pom. 6:261, 262 fig. 1879.
Jaune de Romorantin. 2. Carri^re Var. Peckers 62. 1867.
As its name indicates, this variety originated in Romorantin, Loir-et-Cher, France.
Fruit medium to large, roundish, with unequal sides and a distinct suture; sl<in greenish-
yellow, shaded with dark red; flesh white, red at the pit, very juicy. \'inous, sweet; quality
good; stone free; season the middle of September.
Romorantin a Chair Rouge, i. Mas Pom. Gen. 12: 186. 1883.
Listed in this reference without description.
456 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Ronde de Vallabreques. i. I.ond. Uort. Soc. Cat. 10,5. 1831.
Listed in this reference.
Rose Aromatic, i. Downinj^ Fr. Trees Am. 630. 1869.
Originated with J. F. Nesmith, Indian Town, South Carolina. Fruit of medium size,
oblong, one side enlarged; suture distinct; skin yellow, washed with red; flesh white, red
near the pit which is free, rather dry, with an aromatic flavor; season the last of Juh'.
Rosebank. i. Elliott Fr. Book 279. 1854. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 625. 1857.
Originated with James Dougall, Windsor, Canada. Fruit large, round, with a deejj
suture; skin greenish-white, with a mottled, dark red cheek; flesh free, white, juic\', melting,'
rich, excellent; season varies from the last of August to early September.
Rosedale. i. Tex. Sta. Bui. 39:816. 1896.
Originated in southern Texas. A small, yellow, subacid, clingstone peach, ripening
the last of August.
Rosen-Magdalene, i. Dochnahl Fnhr. (^bstkmidc 3:200. 1858.
Fruit of meditim size, roundish, with a shallow suture; skin greenish-yellow, rarely
tinged with red; flesh firm, moderate!}' juicy; ripens the last of September.
Rosenburg Cling, i. Wickson Cal. Fruits 315. 1889.
This large, yellow, clingstone peach originated on Kings River, Fresno County.
Cahfornia. It is said to be productive and superior to Lemon Cling.
Roser. i. III. Hort. Soc. Rpt. lyg. 1886. 2. Mz'd/. .S7a. /?m/. 169:224. 1899.
Fruit of medium size, roundish, inclining to ovate; skin creamy-white; flesh free,
white, juicy, tender, sprightly; quality fair; season early October.
Roseville. i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 169:225. 1899.
Roseville Cling. 2. Wickson Cal. Fruits 315. 1889.
Originated in Placer County, California. Fruit large, roundish-oval; color creamy-
white; flesh adherent, creamy-white, red at the pit. juicy, finn, vinous, rich; qualit\' good;
season the last of September.
Rossanna. i. Miller Card. Diet. 1752. 2. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 2:11, PI. VI. 1768.
3. Forsyth Treat. Fr. Trees 29. 1803. 4. Lindley Guide Orch. Card. 269. 1831.
Rozanna. 5. Langley Pomona loi, PI. XXVII fig. III. 1729.
Roussaine. 6. Knoop Fructologie 2:88. 1771.
Alberge-Aprikosenpfirsich. 7. Dochnahl Fiihr. Obstkundc 3:217, 218. 1858.
Rossanna, though called Alberge by several ^\Titers, is a distinct variety. Tree a
medium grower, very productive; flowers small, pale, dull red; leaves crenate; glands
reniform; fruit of medium size, roundish, slightly larger and more flattened than Alberge;
suture prominent; apex terminating in a short nipple; skin yello\\-, almost entirely overlaid
with deep purple; flesh deep yellow, red at the pit, firm, often meaty, sweet, vinous; stone
small, free; ripens the middle of September.
Round Transparent, i. Prince Pom. Man. 1:188. 1832.
This peach is distinct from Grosse Mignonne although very similar in most characters.
The chief differences between the two are that this sort has reniform glands and smaller
fruit. The variety was introduced to America from France about 1825 by William Robert
Prince, Flushing, New York.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 457
Roussane Berthelane. i. Leroy Diet. Pom. 6:265, 266 fif,'. 1879.
Fniit large, roundish-oval, with a pronounced suture; skin clear greenish-yellow,
with a dark red blush; flesh white, very juicy, tender, sweet, with a pleasant flavor; stone
free; season the middle of September.
Roussanne Nouvelle. i. Mas Pom. Gen. 12:180. 1883.
Fruit very large, round; skin very pubescent, deep red; flesh white, free; ripens the
l;ist of August.
Royal Charlotte. i.'Prince Treat. Fr. Trees ib. 1820. 2. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. lo^,. 1831.
New Royal Charlotte. 3. Lindley Guide Orch. Gard. 265. 1831.
Mittclgrossbliihende Magdalene. 4. Dochnahl Fiihr. Obstkimde 3:197. 1858.
Madeleine a moyennes fleurs. 5. Mas Le IVrge?- 7 : 1 5 1 , 152, fig. 74. 1866-73.
Madeleine Hative. 6. Leroy Diet. Pom. 6:152, 153 fig., 154. 1879.
This English peach originated in Kew Gardens and at first was known as Kew.
Leaves doubly serrate, glandless; flowers of medium size, dark red; fruit above medium
in size, ovate; skin pale greenish-white, with a deep red, marbled cheek; flesh white, stained
at the pit, melting, juicy; stone ovoid, free; ripens early in September.
Royal George, i. Christ Worierb. 356. 1802. 2. Pom. Mag. 3:119, PI. 1830.
3. hmdXcy Guide Orch. Gard. 210. 1831. 4. Prince Pon;. A/a;i. 1 : 179, 180. 1831.
5. Downing Fr. Trea Am. 485. 1S45. 6. Hogg Fruit Man. 459, 460. 1884.
7. Mas L^ V'crgfr 7 : 1 2 1 , 122, fig. 59. 1866-73.
Millet's Mignonne. 8. Lindley Guide Orch. Gard. 262, 263. 1831.
Konigliche Magdalene. 9. Dochnahl Fiihr. Obstkunde 3:197. 1858.
Konig Georgs Pfirsich. 10. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 402. 1889.
It is very doubtful if the variety here described as Royal George is the original variety.
According to Hogg the first mention of Royal George is by Switzer who said, in 1724,
that it was raised by a Mr. Oram, Brompton Lane, England. At this time George the
First was on the throne and, no doubt, the peach was named for him. The variety became
popular but was difficult to propagate since it united with peach stocks very poorly.
Hence, nurserymen substituted Millet's Mignonne, a new sort at that time which had
been introduced by a Mr. Millet, North End, Fulham, England. The original Royal
George was probably a seedhng of Grosse Mignonne and but little different from that
variety in many characters. The long list of synonyms given Royal George by writers
attests the length of time this name has been extant and the confusion surrounding its
identity. Flowers small; leaves serrate, without glands; fruit large, round, somewhat
depressed, with a moderately deep suture; skin very pale yellowish-white, sprinkled with
many red dots and marbled with deep red; flesh pale yellowish-white, very red at the
stone from which it separates, very juicy, melting, rich and highly flavored; usually ripens
the first of September.
Royal George Clingstone, i. Prince Pom. Man. 2:20. 1832.
Differs from Royal George by being more oblong in shape and having flesh adherent
to the stone.
Royal George Mignonne. i. Lindley Guide Orch. Gard. 270, 271. 1831.
According to Lindley, this variety is reported to have been rinsed from seed by a
^^^g THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
friend of a Mr. Ronalds, Brentford, England. Although it closely resembles Royal George,
Lindley says they are distinct.
Royal Vineyard, i. Thomas Guide Prat, si- 1876.
An English variety, ripening a week before Barrington; glands rcniform.
Royale. i. Rea. Flora 212. 1676. 2. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 2:35, 36, PI. 24. 1768.
3. Leroy Did. Pom. 6:267 %•• 268. 1879.
Late Admirable. 4. Langley Pomona 106, PI. 32, fig. 5. 1729. 5. Lindley Guide
Orch. Card. 260, 261. 1831. 6. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 28. 1873.
Konglecher Lackpfirsich. 7. Bochnahl Ftihr. Obsikunde 3:209. 1858.
Royale is an old French sort which originated about 1644 near Port-Royal-des-Chanips,
France. It resembles Admirable of which it is a seedling and has been confused more or
less with Belle de Vitry, Bourdine and Teton de Venus, all of which are listed separately
in this text. In 1873 there appeared a Late Admirable in the fruit-list of the American
Pomological Society which is identical with Royale. Leaves crenate, with globose glands ;
flowers small, pale red; fruit large, roundish, inclining to oval; suture deep; apex with a
small, pointed nipple; skin pale greenish-yellow, marbled and streaked with dark
red; flesh whitish, stained at the pit, melting, juicy; freestone; ripens at the end of
vSeptember.
Royale de Barsac. i. Baltet Cult. Fr. 237. igoS.
Listed in this reference.
Riidiger Starhemberg. i. Dochnahl Fithr. Obsikimde 3: 205. 1858.
A seedling of Karl Schwarzenberg which it closely resembles; ripens at the end of
September.
RudingLate. 1. Mich. Horl. Soc. Rpt. 460. 1883.
Glands reniform; flowers small; fruit large, roundish-conic; skin white, with a red
blush; freestone; quality good; season the middle of September.
Rumbullion, i. Brookshaw Pom. Brit. i:Pl. 27 fig. 2. 1817. 2. Brookshaw Hjrt.
Reposit. 2:99, PI. 53. 1823.
Rumbolion. 3. Langley Pomona 106. 1729.
Fruit large, light yellow, with a red blush; flesh yellow, light red at the pit, juic>% with
a rich, vinous flavor; ripens early in September.
Runde Feine Durchsichtige. i. 'Lxegel Anweismig bc). 1S22.
Fruit yellowish-white, blushed with attractive red; flesh white, red at the pit, sweet
but wth a slight subacid flavor.
Runyon Orange Cling, i. Wickson CaZ. Frwjis 314. 1889.
Said to have originated with a Mr. Runyon on the Sacramento River, California,
and to surpass Orange Cling. Glands globose; fruit very large, yellow, with a dark crimson
cheek; flesh rich, sweet, with a \'inous flavor.
Rupley. I. Tex. Sta. Bui. 39:817- 1896-
Said to have been originated by T. V. Munson, Denison, Texas. Tree vigorous,
productive; glands globose; fruit small, oval, with a light orange color; flavor fair; cling-
stone; ripens the middle of July in Texas.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 459
Russell. I. U. S. D. A. Rpl. 2t)i. 189J. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 34. uSgy. 3. Budd-
Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:355 Ar- >903- 4- f'- -"^- O- -4. Yearbook 429, PI. LIII.
1911.
Russel No. I. 5. G"a?-d. <$* For. 8:349. 1895.
J. M. Russell, Wymorc, Nebraska, ^rew Russell from a stone of Chili which may have
been fertilized by Alexander. The variety first fruited in 1893. In 1899, it was added
to the fruit-list of the American Pomological Society. Fruit large, roundish-oblong; color
creamy-white, shaded and washed with crimson; flesh greenish-white, with yellow veins,
red at the pit, juicy, very melting, mild subacid, rich; quality ver>' good; stone free; season
in Nebraska a month later than Alexander.
Russell No. 3. I. Neb. Hort. Soc. Rpi. 2Ti. 1901.
Listed as a promising seedling in Nebraska.
Russet. I. Parkinson Par. Ter. 580. 1629.
" The russet Peach is one of the most ordinary Peaches in the Kingdome, being of a
russet colour on the outside, and but of a reasonable rcllish, farre meaner then manr
other."
Russian, i. Col. O. Hort. Soc. Rpt. IV:No. 4, 76. i88y.
Flowers small; fruit small, round, with a white skin; flesh white, of good quality:
ripens the middle of August.
Rutter. I. Tex. Sta. Bui. 39:814. 1896.
Listed as a small, late, worthless variety.
S.G.French, i. N. Mex. Sta. Bnl. 30:224. 1899.
Said to ripen about the middle of July in New Mexico.
Saint -Barthelemy. i. Mas Pom. Gen. 12:133, 134, fig. 3. 1883.
This peach is a chance seedling found by the Barth^re Brothers in a garden at Toulouse,
Haute Garonne, France. Fruit large, roundish-oval; skin greenish-yellow, marbled with
dark brownish-red; flesh yellow, streaked with dark red around the pit, juicy, sweet,
aromatic; quality good; season the last of August.
Saint Catherine, i. Pa. Fr. Gr. Assoc. Rpt. 586. 1878.
Listed in this reference.
St. Clair, i. Ohio Sta. Bui. 170:180. 1906.
Fruit medium to large, round, irregular; color greenish-white, shaded with red; flesh
greenish-white, red at the pit which is free, firm, moderately juicy; quality good; ripens
the middle of September.
Saint Fagus. i. Lortd. Hort Soc. Cat. 104. 1831.
Listed in this reference.
St. Helena, i. Ga. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 21. 1877.
This is a seedling of Chinese Cling and is said to be of good size and excellent quality.
Saint James, i. Parkinson Par. Tex. 580. 1629.
Thought by Parkinson to be the same as the Queenes peach.
St. Joseph Yellow Rareripe, i. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 227, 229. 1874.
Grown by a Mr. Pike of Royalton, Michigan, and once considered valuable in that
section.
460 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
St. Louis. I. r. S. Pal. Of. Rpt. 257. 1854. 2. Hooper W . Fr. Book 230. 1857.
A large, yellow, native peach.
Saint Marie, i. N. Y. Sta. Rpi. 15:290. 1897.
Listed in this reference.
St. Mary. i. Ga. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 21. 1877.
This is a seedling of Chinese Cling and is said to be of excellent quality.
St. MichaeL i. Kenrick Am. Orch. 200. 1841. 2. Hortiadtnrist X. S. 7:178. 1857.
3. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 409. 1889.
Glands rcniform; fruit very large, round; skin bright yellow, striped and marbled with
dull red; flesh yellow, streaked with red near the apex but not at the stone, sweet, juicy;
quality very good; clingstone; season early September.
Sallie Worrell, i. Card. Mon. 20:311. 1878. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 3rd App.
171, 172. 1881.
Worrell. 3. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:359. 1903-
This peach was raised from seed by Mrs. Sallie Worrell, Wilson, North Carolina;
introduced by C. W. Westbrook of the same place. Tree vigorous, productive, bearing
glandless, serrate leaves; fruit large, roundish, with one side enlarged; suture shallow but
distinct; skin creamy-white, shaded and mottled with light red; flesh free, white, red at
the pit, juicy, melting, slightly vinous; of excellent quality; ripens the last of September.
SaUville. i. Mas Pom. Gen. 12:186. 1883.
Listed in this reference.
Sanders, i. Ga. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 16. 1878. 2. Tex. Sta. Bid. 39: 806. 1896.
Saunders. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 151. 188 1.
Fruit small, ovate, with an acute apex; color creamy-white; flesh yellowish-green,
adherent, with a peculiar, vinous flavor; season the first of August in Texas.
SangmeL i. Tex. Sta. Bui. 39:819. 1896. 2. Glen St. Mary Nur. Cat. 13. 1900.
Sangmel is a seedling of Honey introduced by G. L. Taber, Glen Saint Mary, Florida,
about 1892. Fruit above mediimi in size, roundish-oblong, pointed; skin white, overspread
with red; flesh streaked with red; clingstone; ripens the last of June in the South.
Sanguine, i. Leroy Diet. Pom. 6:272, 273 fig., 274. 1879.
Cardinale. 2. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. gs- 183 1. 3. Dochnahl Fiihr. Obstktinde 3:194.
1858.
Cardinal de Furstemberg. 4. Mas Pont. Gen. 12:185. 1883.
Sanguine made its appearance in France early in the Seventeenth Century% being first
described by Claude Sainte-Etienne. The Chartreux Monks, about 1704, gave this
variety the name Cardinal de Furstemberg. Unfortunately this name was also given to
Cardinale causing much confusion. Sanguine differs from the Sanguinole in ripening eariier
and in having smaller flowers. Glands reniform; flowers of mediimi size, intensely rose-
colored; fruit large, roundish-oblate, faintly sutured; skin orange-jellow, nearly entireh-
overlaid with deep carmine; flesh firm, fibrous, flesh-colored, with deeper streaks of red,
juicy, rather acid; stone plump, ovoid, free; ripens early in September or the last of August.
Sanguine de Jouy. i. Mas Le Verger 7:9s, 96, fig. 46. 1866-73.
Peche de Vigue. 2. Leroy Diet. Pom. 6:299. 1879.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 461
This is an old seedling found in a \-inc\-ard at Jouy-aux-Orches near Metz, France.
Leaves devoid of glands; flowers small; fruit medium in size, ovoid, faintly mamelon at
the apex; flesh marbled with red, melting, sugary; quality good; stone free, small; ripens
from the middle to the end of September.
Sanguine de Manosque. i. Carri6re Var. Peckers 65, 66. 1867.
Sanguine de Alanosque drew its name from the locality of the same name in Basses-
Alpes, France, where Carriere believed it to have originated. He described it as having
large flowers; glands globose; fruit large, roundish-oblong; skin streaked with \'iolct; flesh
red, melting, juicy; stone large, rtisset, obovate, free; ripens in August.
Sangtiinole. i. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 2:43. 1768. 2. Leroy Diet. Pom. 6:275,
276 fig., 277. 1879.
Bloody Monsieur. 3. Rea Flora 211. 1676.
Bloody. 4. Langley Pomona 107, PI. 72 fig. 6. 1729.
Scarlet. 5. Coxe Cult. Fr. Trees 230. 1817.
French Blood. 6. Prince Pont. Man. i:ig8, 199. 1831.
Genieiner Blutpfirsiclt. 7. Dochna.h\ Fiihr. Obstkunde 3: ig^. 1858.
Sanguinolente. 8. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard. I'.^TJ. i860.
Geu'dhnliche Blutpfirsiclt. 9. Mathieu Norn. Pom. 397. 1889.
This beet-red peach is very similar to Sanguine. It is needless to say that the two
have been much confused. It was first described as Peche Beterave by Friar Triquel in
1659. Glands small, reniform; flowers large; fruit roundish, more or less elongated; skin
thick, adhering to the pulp; flesh dark red, rather dn,', bitter, not very agreeable; stone
free, small, ovoid; ripens early in October.
Sanguinole Melting, i. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 104. 1831.
Glands reniform; flowers large; fruit large; flesh melting, of second qualit\'; matures
the last of September.
Sanguinole Pitmaston. i. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 104. 1S31.
Leaves with reniform glands; flowers large; fruit small, dark red; flesh melting; ripens
at the end of September.
Sargent, i. Kenrick Am. Orch. 223, 224. 1832.
Sargent's Rareripe. 2. Prince Treat. Hort. 18. 1828. 3. Prince Pom. Man. 2:26.
1832.
Sargent originated with Daniel Sargent, Boston, Massachusetts. Fruit medium in
size, round; color pale yellow, tinged with a red blush; flesh yellow, juicy, sweet, excellent;
ripens the first of September.
Savoy. I. Rea Flora 210. 1676.
Early Savoy. 2. Jour. Hort. N. S. 3:370. 1862. 3. Hogg Frwi/ Man. 220. i866.
This is a large, earl\- peach, having a deep red blush and fine, melting flesh.
Sawyer. 1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 46. 1897.
A variety grown by W. N. Blackington, Denmark, Iowa. Fruit large, roundish;
color golden yellow, blushed and splashed with red; flesh yellow, red at the pit which is
free, mild subacid; quality very good; season the middle of September.
4(.2
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Scarlet Admirable, i. Lond. Hart. Soc. Cat. 93. 183 1.
Listed in this reference.
Scarlet Anne. i. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 104. 183 1.
Sai<l to have small leaves and large flowers. '
Scheucter Choice, i. Del. Sta. Rpt. 5:99. 1892.
Listed in this reference. -
Schieski. i. Mathieu Noni. Pom. 413. 1889.
Mentioned by Mathieu.
Schley, i. .Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 170. 1899.
This is a productive, yellow, freestone peach of very good quality, ripening ten days
earlier than Elberta. I
Schlomer Early, i. Can. Exp. Farm Bui. 2nd Ser. 3:67. 1900. I
Tree medium in growth. ^
Schlossers Friihpfirsich. i. Lucas Handb. Obst. 3rd Ed. 475. 1893.
Fruit large, roundish, with a red blush; flesh tender and of good quality; ripens from ,
July to August.
Schmidberger Pfirsich. i. Lauche Deut. Pom. VI: No. 19, PI. 1882.
Schmidbergcr's Magdalene. 2. 'DochuahX Fiihr. Obstkiiyide y.igg. 1858.
Fruit large, roundish, compressed at the base and apex; skin yellowish- white, dotted ^
and mottled with dull red; flesh white, stained red at the pit. tender, juicy, with a delicate. j
aromatic flavor; season the last of August.
Schofields Seedling, i. .V. V'. Sta. Rpt. 9:347- 1890. j
Planted for trial at this Station in 1890. \
Schofields White, i. iV. Y. Sta. Rpt. 9:347- 189°- ■"
Placed in the orchard of this Station for testing in 1890. j
Schone Pavie. i. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 414. 18S9. j
Listed in this reference. j
Schone von Vilvorde. i. Mas Fom. C^m. 12: 186. 1883. \
Mentioned without a description.
Schone Wachterin. i. \^\ege\ Anweisung -jo. 1822. 2. T>ochnah\ Fidir. Obstkimde i:2io. \
1858.
Fruit large, purplish-red, with much reddish-black in the sun; flesh whitish-yellow,
pink at the stone and often under the skin, with a pleasant, musky flavor; ripens the last j
of August.
Schone von Westland. i. Koch Dent. Obst. 540. 1876.
Schone aus Westland. 2. Lauche Dettt. Pom. VI: No. 25, PI. 1882.
Fruit large, rotmdish; skin dull yeUowish-white, with a red blush; flesh whitish-yeUow.
with red at the pit, very tender, sweet; quality good; season September.
Schoner Peruanischer Lackpfirsich. i. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:213. 1858.
Fruit large, roundish-oval; skin yellow, with a deep red blush; flesh yellow, tender,
good; season the first of September.
Scott. I. Mich. Sta. Btd. 169:225. 1899. 2. Mich. Sta. Sp. Bui. 44:61. 1910.
Alexander Hamilton, Allegan County, Michigan, introduced this variety. Leaves
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 463
bear globose glands; flowers small; fruit large, yellow-fleshed, separating from the [)it;
ripens late.
Scott October, i. Downing /<>. 7>a'i- .4 »;. 632. 1869. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 28. 1H73.
Scott Clingt 3. Del. Sta. Rpt. 5:99. 1892.
Scott. 4. Tex. Sta. Bui. 39:814. 1896.
This sort originated with Jacob C. Lyons, Columbia, South Carolina. It is a pale
yellow clingstone, ripening verj' late.
Scotts Early Red. i. Downing Fr. Trt^es ^m. 487. 1845.
Downing reports the peach of this variety excellent and the tree a prolific bearer;
from New Jersey. Leaves with obscure, globose glands; flowers small; fruit of medium
size, roundish; suture distinct; skin pale greenish-white, mottled with red; flesh very juicy,
rich ; ripens the middle of August.
Scotts Magnate, i. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 626. 1857.
A variety of Red Rareripe; glands reniform; fruit verj- large, round, depressed; skin
pale yellow, with a dark red cheek; flesh white, luscious and well-flavored; ripens early
in September.
Scotts Nectar, i. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 626. 1857.
Another seedling from Red Rareripe; glands globose; fruit large, pale yellow, with a
bright red cheek; flesh white; matures early in September.
Scruggs. I. Del. Sta. Rpt. 5:99. 1892. 2. Tex. Sta. Bui. 39:814. 1896.
Scruggs originated with J. W. Stubenrauch, Mexia, Texas, and later was introduced
by T. V. Munson, Denison, Texas. Fruit medium in size, ovate; skin yellow, with a small,
red blush; flesh light yellow, moderately tender and juicy, flavor insipid; stone semi-
clinging; season late.
Sea Eagle, i. Card. Mon. 23:211. 1881. 2. Flor. & Pom. 152. 1882. 3. Hogg Fruit
Man. 460. 1884.
Aigle de Mer. 4. Thomixs Guide Prat. 54, 215. 1876.
Sea Eagle was raised by Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, England, from a seed of
Early Silver. Fruit large, round and regular in shape, with a slight suture; skin pale
lemon-yellow, with a deep red blush; flesh free, pale yellowish- white, stained with deep
red next the stone, juicy, melting, with a rich, vinous flavor; ripens the last of September.
Seiders. i. Del. Sta. Rpt. 13:107. 1901.
This is a seedling of Thurber which originated with F. T. Ramsey, Austin, Texas.
It is a medium-sized, round, \-ellow clingstone, ripening the middle of July.
Selby Cling, i. Bridgeman Card. Ass't Pt. 3:110. 1857.
Fruit large; skin white, with a red blush; flesh melting, juicy, with a peculiar, rich
flavor; ripens the last of September.
Sellers Cling, i. Del. Sta. Rpt. 5:99. 1892.
Sellers' Golden Cling. 2. Wickson Cal. Fruits 314. 1889.
This variety originated on the farm of S. A. Sellers, Contra Costa County, California.
It is a very large, rich, clingstone, with golden color, ripening with Late Cra^vford.
Sellers Free. i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 141. 1883.
Said to be desirable along the California coast.
464 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Semis de Madeleine, i. Mas Pom. Gen. 12:186. 1883.
Listed in this reference.
Semis de Peche d'Egypte. i. Mas Pom. Gen. 12:186. 1883.
Mentioned by Mas without a description.
Semis de Plowden. 1. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 414. 1S89.
Mentioned by Mathieu.
Sener. i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 118:31. 1895. 2. Ibid. 169:225. 1899.
'I'his is an unproductive, Michigan variety. Fruit large, nearly round or obscureh-
ovate; color yellow, blushed and marbled with red; flesh yellow, red at the pit, very juic}',
tender, with a mild, vinous flavor; stone free; season the middle of September.
Semach. i. Prince Pom. Man. 2:35. 1832.
Peche de Sernach. 2. Mag. Hort. i:i4g. 1835.
Probably originated at Tarascon, Bouches du Rlione, France. Fruit medium in size,
oval; skin yellowish-white, with a bright red blush; flesh free, pale yellowish-white, with
some red at the pit, juicy, rich, pleasant; ripens early in September.
Serrate Ispahan, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 185. 1858.
Listed in this reference.
Shannon Cling, i. Johnson Cat. 1894.
According to J. R. Johnson, Coshocton, Ohio, this peach originated in Coshocton
County. It is a large, attractive, yellow clingstone of good quality, ripening the last of
September.
Sharpe Nos. i, 2 and 3. i. W. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 115. 1880.
These three seedlings were raised by a Mr. Sharpe, Wooster, Ohio, and all are said to
excel Alexander.
Shaw Mammoth, i. Va. Sta. Bui. 2:9. 1889.
Growing in the Virginia Station orchard in 1889.
Sheester. i. Okla. Sta. Bui. 2:15. 1892.
Listed in this reference.
Shelby, i. Ga. Sta. Bui. 11:44. 1891.
Mentioned in this reference.
Shepherd Early, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 154. 1883.
Mentioned in this reference as an excellent freestone.
Sherfey Early, i. ir. A'. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 115. 1880.
This variety was raised by Raphael Sherfey, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, who recom-
mends it.
Sherman October, i. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 313. 1889.
Said to have originated in Maryland. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit large; skin
white, without a blush; quality good; valuable for shipping; season the middle of
October.
Shinn Rareripe, i. Wickson Cal. Fruits 312. 1889.
Originated with James Shinn, Niles, California. Fruit large, with a very dark red
surface; flesh sweet, rich, white, red at the stone which is free; quality good for market;
ripens soon after Early Crawford.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 465
Shipler. i. J. S. Kerr Cat. 4. 1898. 2. Del. Sta. Rpt. 13:107. 1901.
This \\'iriety is a seedling of Chinese Cling originated b}' A. L. Shipler, Denison, Texas.
It is described as a yellow clingstone, resembling Elberta and ripening in Texas about the
middle of July.
Shipley, i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 169:225. 1899.
.Shipley's Late Red. 2. Okla. .Sta. Bid. 2:15. 1892. 3. VulUm Peach Cult. 176.
190S.
Fruit medium to large, roundish-ovate, compressed; color pale yellow, with a red
cheek; flesh free, pale yellow, juicy, tender, with a sprightly, vinous flavor; quality fair;
season the middle of September.
Shipley Rareripe, i. ///. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 166. 1895.
Fruit mediiun to large; flesh white, free; ripens early in August.
Shockley Early, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 28. 1873.
This \-ariety api)eared in the fruit-list of the American Pomological Society from
1873 to 1897.
Shop. I. r. 5. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 43, 44. 1895.
This peach grew near a building used as a shop by E. A. Riehl, Alton, Illinois. Fruit
large, roundish; color creamy-white, with a slight blush; flesh white, with yellow veins,
stained red at the stone, juicy, very tender, melting, sweet; quality good; stone free; season
the middle of September.
Siebolt. I. Elliott Fr. Book 295. 1854.
Siebolt is a moderately large, freestone, greenish-yellow peach with a red Ijlush, which
has yellowish-white flesh and ripens in September.
Sieulle. i. Yio^g Fruit Man. 232. 1866. 2. Tiecsasne Jard. Fruit. 7:P1. 1872-75.
Fruit large, roundish, inclining to oval; skin coarsely pubescent, greenish-yellow, with
a dark red blush; flesh tender, juicy, rich; yellowish-white, deeply stained with red at
the pit which is free; quality good; season the last of September.
Sill. I. Augustine Nur. Cat. No. 43, 7. 1910.
According to Augustine and Company, nurserymen at Normal, Illinois, Sill originated
about 1904 with W. H. Sill, at Normal, as a seedling of Elberta. The fruit resembles
Elberta but is larger, a little higher colored and ripens from a week to ten days later.
Silvan Seedling, i. Mag. Hort. 13:110. 1847.
Said to be an attractive peach of good quality.
Silver Medal, i. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 460. 18S3. 2. Fulton Peach Ctdt. 175, 176.
1908.
Tree vigorous; fruit roundish-oblate; skin white, with an occasional blush; flesh white,
free and of good quality; season the last of September.
Simms. i. Ala. Sta. Bid. 156:134. 191 1.
Fruit medium in size, round; color yellow, splashed with red stripes; flesh yellow_
moderately juicy, subacid; quality good; freestone; ripens the last of July in Alabama.
Simon, i. Neb. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 175. 1895.
Imported from China. Fruit round, flattened at the ends, of medium size; skin dark
red; flesh yellow, hard, ^^^th a bitter-almond flavor; quality poor.
30
^66 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Sims. I. Smith Bros. Cat. 14. 1913.
According to Smith Brothers, Concord, Georgia, this peach resembles Columbia.
The fruit is large with dark veins through its yellow flesh, of fine quality and ripens early
in August. Said to come true from seed.
Sites Old Zack. i. Elliott Fr. Book 287. 1854.
Old Zack. 2. Ohio Hart. Soc. Rpt. 4. 1855.
Originated at Columbus, Ohio. Fruit nearly large; skin yellow, with a dull red cheek;
flesh yellow, juicy, separating freely from the stone; season early September.
Skinner Superb, i. Elliott Fr. Book 287. 1854.
This is a very good freestone peach which originated in the South, where it ripens in
early August :
Slane. i. Rca/'lom2ii. 1676.
Listed as a large, good, yellow peach.
Slappey. i. Budd-Hansen Ain. Hori. Man. 2:356. 1903. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 39.
1909. 3. -Ala. Sta. Bui. 156:134, 135. 1911-
Fruit naedinin in size, roundish, inclining to conic; color golden yellow, shaded with
red and crimson; flesh yellow, somewhat mealy, sweet; quality good; pit free; ripens the
last of June in Alabama.
Sleeper Dwarf, i. Jour. Hort. N. S. 2q:ss4. 1875. 2. W. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 115.
1880.
This dwarf peach originated with W. M. Sleeper, Oxford, Indiana. Tree dwarf
and compact in habit of growth; fruit mediimi to large; skin greenish-white, tinged with
crimson; flesh juicy, sweet, rich; season October.
Slindon Park. i. Card. Chron. 941. 1865. 2. Ibid. 364. 1S66.
A. Stewart, Slindon Park, England, raised this variety from a pit of Late Admirable.
It is a large, late, freestone peach, having very good flavor.
Sloan Carolina, i. Tex. Sta. Bui. 8:35. 1889.
Listed in this reference.
Slocum Early, i. Elliott Fr. Book 295. 1854.
Glands globose; fruit large; color yellow, shaded with red; flesh yellow; ripens in
August.
Small White Magdalen, i. Prince Pom. Man. 1:186. 1831.
Small White. 2. Parkinsqji Par. Ter. 580. 1629.
Fruit small; skin white, dotted with red; flesh white, melting, juicy, sweet; season the
middle of August.
Smeigh. i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 46. 1897.
Raised by Daniel Smeigh, Lancaster, Peimsylvania. Fruit nearly large, roundish-
conic; skin white, washed and mottled with red; flesh adherent, white, red at the pit, firm,
compact, sweet, rich; season very late.
Smith. I. Ramsey Cat. 5. 1915.
According to F. T. Ramsey and Son, Austin, Texas, this variety originated in Lam-
pasas County, Texas, more than forty years ago. It is said to be a regular and abundant
of deliciouslv sweet fruit.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 467
Smith Favorite, i. Cole Am. Fr. Book 195. 1849. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 633.
1857-
Raised by Calvin Smith, Lincoln, Massachusetts. Glands reniform; fruit large,
roundish, with a deep suture; skin yellow, nearly covered with deep, rich red; flesh yellow,
juicy, sweet, rich, delicious; freestone; season from the middle to the last of September.
Smith Indian, i. Ramsey Cat. 4. 191 2.
According to F. T. Ramsey and Son, Austin, Texas, this is a seedling which originated
in Austin. It is a large, rcd-fleshed, juicy clingstone ripening the last of July.
Smith Newington. i. Langley Pomona 101, PI. 28 fig. i. 1729. 2. Downing Fr. Trees
.4)H. 498. 1845.
Early Newington. 3. Miller Cartf. Diet. 1752.
New York Early Newington. 4. Coxe Cult. Fr. Trees 218. 181 7.
Weisser Hdrtling. 5. Liegel Anweisung 72. 1822.
Hdrtlings Magdalene. 6. Dochnahl Fw/tr. Otofewwde 3:200. 1858.
Pavie Blanc (Gros). 7. Leroy Diet. Pom. 6:213 fig-. 214. 1879.
Smith Newington was never much grown in America but was at one time widely grown
in England as an early clingstone. Flowers large; leaves serrate, without glands; fruit
medium in size, oval; skin pale straw-color, with a lively red blush; flesh firm, juicy, pale
yellow, stained red at the pit to which it adheres; of very good quality; ripens the last
of August.
Smithson. i. Out. Fr. Or. Assoc. Rpt. ist App. 37. 1901.
Listed in this reference.
Smooth-Leaved Royal George, i. Lindley G"j«d<? Orcft. Carcf. 271, 272. 1831. 2. Kenrick
Am. Orch. 224. 1832.
This peach seems to have originated with a Mr. Lee, Hammersmith, England. Glands
globose. Fruit large, nearly round, yellowish-white, blushed with a beautiful, deep red
on carmine ; flesh yellowish-white, deep red next the pit, melting, juicy, sweet, with a high,
vinous flavor; ripens early in September.
Smoothstone. i. Mag. Hort. 13:110. 1847.
Listed in this reference.
Smyrna, i. Rea. Flora 211. 1676.
Mentioned as a good, yellow peach.
Sneed. i. Card. & For. 6:279. i893- 2. U. S. D. A. Pont. Rpt. 44. 1895. 3. Ant.
Pom. Soc. Cat. 22. 1897. 4. Mich. Sta. Bui. 169:226. 1899. 5. Del. Sta.
Rpt. 13:107, 108. 1901. 6. Rev. Hort. 350, 594, 595, PI. 1904.
Sneed originated about 1885 in the yard of Judge John L. T. Sneed, Nashville,
Tennessee, and is said to be a seedling of Family Favorite. According to the references
the variety has been grown in the southwest under the names Peebles and Bowers. Sneed
was added to the fruit-Ust of the American Pomological Society in 1897. Tree vigorous,
moderately productive; fruit of medivim size, roundish-oval, with a shallow suture; color
greenish-white, washed and mottled with bright red; flesh greenish-white, often stained
with red under the skin, juicy, tender, melting, mild subacid, often slightly bitter; quality
fair; stone small, clinging; season the middle to the last of July.
468 THE PEAC:iIES OF NEW YORK
Snow. I. Kenrick A7n. Orch. 224. 1832. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 486, 487. 1845.
3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 78. 1862. 4. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 426. 1897.
Neige. 5. Thomas, Guide Prat. 40, 221. 1876.
This unique peach is of American origin. The blossoms and the fruit are white,
without a trace of color, and the flesh is white to the stone. Tree hardy, productive;
glands reniform; flowers small, white; fruit large, round, with a slight suture; skin thin,
clear white; flesh white to the pit, juicy, melting, rich, sprightly, free; ripens the first of
September.
Snow Cling, i. Horticulturist 7:1 yj. 1857.
Snow. 2. Tex. Sta. Bui. 39:817. 1896.
Fruit small, round, creamy-yellow, sweet, juic\', clingstone; glands small, globose;
ripens early.
Snow Favorite. 1. Can. Hori. 23:^81. 1900.
This peach originated in S\TaCT.isc, New York; it ripens with Early Crawford. Fruit
f)f large size and high color; flavor excellent and quality good.
Snow Orange, i. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 114, 115, 321. 1873. 2. Am. Potn. Soc. Cat.
30. 1875. 3. Mich. Sta. Sp. Btd. 44:61, 62. 1910.
Snou'. 4. Mich. Sta. Bui. 169:226. 1899. 5. Btidd-Hansen .4;);. Hort. Man. 2:356.
1903.
Snow Orange was introduced by L. P. Hall, Paw Paw, Michigan, more than fifty years
ago and is supposed to be a seedling which originated upon the farm of a Mr. Snow of that
place. Tree moderately vigorous and productive; glands obscurely reniform; flowers
small; fruit of meditun size, roundish-oval, compressed; suture distinct; apex slightly
pointed; color yellow, with a dull red cheek and slight mottlings of red; flesh yellow, red
at the pit, juicy, tender, sweet, sometimes with a slight bitter taste; quality good; pit free,
large, plump; ripens the last of August.
Sobiesky Lieblingspfirsich. i. Doc\mah\ Fuhr. Obstkunde i:2o<,. 185S.
Fruit roundish-oval; skin yellow, with a red blusli; flesh white, sweet, with a \Hinous
flavor; ripens the last of August.
Solomon, i. Kan. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 195. 1902-03.
Listed in this reference.
Soulard Cling, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 122. 1854.
Mentioned as a very good, native peach.
Southern Early. \. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. ^i^. 1889. 2. Mich. Sta. Bui. i6g: 226. 1S99.
Originated in South Carolina. Fruit of mediimi size, roundish, compressed at the
suture which is distinct; skin yellow, nearly covered with dark red; flesh yellow, red at the
pit, moderately firm, with a pleasant, rich, sprightly flavor; quality good; stone free; season
the last of August.
Southwick. 1. Fulton Peach Cult. 175. 1908.
Soutlmnck's Late. 2. .Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 52. 1871. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am.
ist App. 122. 1872.
Southwick is an accidental seedling found on the grounds of T. T. Southwick, Dans-
\-ille. New York. Frviit large, roundish, with a distinct suture; skin yellownsh-white.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 469
dotted and streaked with red; flesh white, separatinj; freely from the stone, very juicy,
melting, with a fine, delicate flavor; season the last of September.
Souvenir de Gerard Galopin. i. Guide Prat. 42. 1895.
Tree vigorous, productive; glands globose; fruit very large, with a purplish-black
color; flesh juicy, good, yellow, red at the pit which is free; ripens the first of September.
Souvenir de Java. i. Mag. Hart. 20:271. 1S54. 2. Mas Le Verger 7:149, 150, fig. 7,5.
i866-7,v
Andenken an Java. 3. Mathieu Norn. Pom. 387. 1889.
This variety was raised in the vicinity of Li6ge, Belgiimi, about 1849 by Madam
Brahy. It was so called by a M. Papeleu because of courtesies shown him while in Java
by Madam Braliy's father. Branches slender; leaves with reniform glands; flowers small,
rose-colored ; fruit above medium in size, globular, slightly depressed at the ends ; cavity
deep; skin thin, separating from the flesh, whitish-yellow, purple where exposed; flesh
yellow, crimson at the pit, melting, \'inous; stone small, oval, slightly obovate, free;
ripens the last of August.
Souvenir de Jean-Denis Couturier, i. Rev. Hon. 108, 109. 1891.
This peach was grown about 1856 by Jean-Denis Couturier at Montreuil, Seine, France.
Fruit large, roundish; skin yellowish-white, with a fine red blush; flesh white, red at the
pit from which it separates, juicy, sweet, with a pleasant, aromatic flavor; ripens the last
of August.
Souvenir de Jean Rey. i. Carriere Var. Peckers 63. 1867.
A)ide}ikeu an Jean Rey. 2. Mathieu Norn. Pom. 387. 1889.
This is a variet\- raised by Jean Rey, a nurseryman, Toulouse, France. Leroy com-
bines this variety with Schone Toulouserin. Tree vigorous; leaves with reniform glands;
flowers small, rose-colored; fruit medium, globular; suture shallow; skin strongly pubescent,
pale yellow, deep red where exposed; flesh \-ellow. melting, juic\', aromatic; stone russet;
obtuse, free; ripens early in September.
Spanish, i. Prince Pow;. Maw. 2:32. 1832. 2. Kenrick /Iw. Oc/;. 183. 1835.
Spanish Clingstone. 3. Prince Treat. Fr. Trees 17. 1820.
Fruit large, round; skin white, with a red blush; flesh adherent, very juicy, sweet,
vinous, excellent; ripens early in October.
Spate Mignot Pfirsich. i. Mas Pom. Gen. 12:186. 1883.
Tardive des Migiiots. 2. Carridre Var. PCxIwrs 60. 1867.
Fruit large, roundish, depressed at the base; skin white, washed with bright red; flesh
free, white, red at the stone, juicy, sweet, ]:)leasant-flavored ; season early in September.
Spater Lackpfirsich. i. Dochnahl Ftihr. Obstkimde 3:216. 1858.
Fruit large, roundish, compressed at the ends; skin }-ellowish-white, with some red;
flesh yellow, red at the pit, juicy, moderately firm; good; season late in October.
Spath Seedling, i. Can. Exp. Farm Bid. 2nd Ser. 3:68. 1900.
Said to be a tree of medium growth.
Spence. i. Ramsey Cat. 10. 1909.
According to F. T. Ramsey and Son, Austin, Texas, this variety originated in Austin.-
The fruit resembles that of Mamie Ross but is larger and has a better flavor. The flesh
is inclined to be mealy ; ripens the last of June in Texas.
470
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Spottswood. I. De'. Sta. Rpt. sigg. 1892. 2. Mich. Sta. Bui. 169:226. 1S99. 3. Del.
Sta. Rpt. 13:108. igoi.
This peach originated with the late Jvulge Campbell, Pensacola, Florida, from a pit
brought from Japan in i860 by W. A. Spottswood, a Fleet Svirgeon in the United States
Navy. P. J. Berckmans, Augusta, Georgia, introduced the variety about 1868. Fruit
meditmi in size, roundish, inclining to oval; color creamy-white; flesh white, red at the pit
which is free, juicy, tender, mild, vinous; quaUty good; season early in September.
Spring Grove, i. Pom. Mag. 3:97, PI- 1830. 2. Lindley Guide Orch. Card. 272. 1831.
3. Prince Potn. Man. 2:17, 18. 1832. 4. Hogg Fruit Man. 232. 1866.
Schnellwachsender Lieblingspfirsich. 5. Dochnahl Fiihr. Obstkunde 3:206. 1858.
This peach was raised by T. A. Knight, Downton Castle, Wiltshire, England, from a
stone of Grosse Mignonne which had been fertilized by Red Nutmeg. Leaves crenate,
with globose glands; fruit medium in size, round, with a shallow suture; color greenish-
yellow, with a bright crimson blush; flesh greenish-yellow to the stone from which it
separates, juicy, rich and pleasantly flavored; ripens the last of August.
Squaw. I. Tex. Sta. Bui. 39:817- 1896-
This is a small, inferior, yellow, freestone peach with small, reniform glands, ripening
in Texas the last of July.
Staley. 1. WicksonCal. Fruits 2i&- 1889. 2. Budd-Hansen Aw. //ort. Ma^r. 2:356. 1903.
Staley originated as a sucker from a peach-root in Selma, Fresno County, California,
and was introduced by F. M. Nevins of Selma. Fruit ver\' large, elongated, somewhat
flattened laterally; color creamy-white with touches of light red; flesh white, juicy, tender;
quality very good; pit free; season late in California.
Stanley, i. Griifing Bros. Cat. 11 fig. 1900. 2. Fla. Sta. Bui. 73:151. 1904.
Stanley is a seedling of Honey which originated in the nurser>' of Griffing Brothers,
iVIacclenny, Florida. The variety is subject to brown-rot and is a poor shipper. Fruit
roundish-oblong, medium to large; cavity deep, open; apex short, conical, nearly straight
or a mere point; skin thick, greenish-white, washed with deep red on the sunny side; flesh
white, rather soft, easily breaking down, sweet, insipid, with a tinge of bitter around the
stone; quality no more than fair; stone clinging, oblong, plump; ripens the middle of June
in Florida.
Stanwick Early York. i. Card. Man. 17:365. 1875.
This is a productive variety but the fruit is small and not very attractive and drops
badly in dry weather.
Stark Early Elberta. 1. Stark Bros. Cat. 46, 47. 1914.
Goldfinch. 2. Barnes Bros. Cat. 5. 1913.
Stark Early Elberta was introduced by Stark Brothers, Louisiana, Missouri. The
variety first fruited with Dr. Sumner Gleason of Kaysville, Utah. It is a seedling of
Elberta and much like that variety but is said to ripen about a week earlier and to be hand-
somer and of better quahty. On the grounds of this Station it seems to be identical with
Elberta.
Stark Heath, i. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 44. 1895. 2. Mich. Sta. Bui. 169:226. 1899.
3. Stark Bros. Yearbook 71. 1910. 4. Ibid. 52. 1916.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 47 1
Stark Heath is said to be an improvement over Heath Cling. Frait of medium size,
roundish, shghtlj' oval; apex prominent ; suture distinct ; color clear creamy-white, somewhat
blushed; flesh creamy-white, juicy, tender, melting, with a vinous flavor; quality good;
stone clinging; ripens a month after Elberta.
Steadley. i. Horticulturist 23:25. 1873. 2. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 460. 1883. 3. Mich.
Sia. Bui. 169:226. 1899. 4. Bvtdd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:356. 1903.
This variety is said to be a seedling of La Grange which it resembles. Leaves with
reniform glands; fruit large, roundish, inclining to ovate, with a slight suture; skin creamy-
white, washed with pink; flesh free, white, very juicy, tender, with a mild sprightliness ;
quality good; season from the middle to the last of September.
Steams, i. Mich. Sta. Sp. Bui. 44:62. 1910.
This variety, which was introduced in 1906, originated with J. N. Steams, South
Haven, Michigan. The fruit is about the size of Elberta which it surpasses in quality and
brilliancy of color. It is a perfect freestone, with yellow flesh and ripens just after Elberta.
Steele, i. Can. Hort. 24:418. 1901.
Originated with Dr. M. Steele, Tavistock, Perth County, Ontario. Tree productive;
fruit large, vnth an attractive, creamy skin and red cheek; flesh white, tender, juicy; good;
season the last of August.
Stenson October, i. La. Sta. Bui. 81:31. 1905.
Undesirable in Louisiana.
Stephenson Cling, i. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 641, 642. 1857. 2. Horticulturist N. S.
7:178. 1857.
This peach is supposed to be a seedling of Blood Cling grown by Thomas Stephenson,
Clark County, Georgia. Fruit large, roundish, with a distinct suture; skin creamy-white,
wnth a dark, dull, purplish-red blush; flesh white, with tinges of red and deep red at the
stone, very tender, melting, juicy, wth a pleasant, vinous flavor; ripens September first.
Stetson. I. Mag. Hort. 13:114. 1847. 2. Hovey Fr. Am. 1:53, PI. 1851. 3. Downing
Fr. Trees Am. 626. 1857.
This is an accidental seedHng which sprang U]) in 1843 in the garden of N. Stetson,
Bridgewater, Massachusetts. Fruit large, roundish, with a shallow suture; skin greenish-
white, marbled and shaded with crimson; flesh white, pink at the stone, very melting,
juicy, brisk, rich; stone free; ripens from the middle to the last of September.
Stevens Late. i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 104: go. 1894. 2. Ibid. 169: 22'j. 1899.
Late Rareripe Stevens'. 3. Ga. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 25. 1876. 4. Ibid. 15. 1878.
Stevenson's Oct. 5. Ala. Sta. Bui. 11:10. 1890.
Stevens Late originated in Delaware or New Jersey. Tree strong; fruit of medium
size, roxmdish, with an indistinct suture; skin creamy-white, with a bright, mottled
blush ; flesh pale creamy-white, with a little red at the pit, moderately jmcy, tender, with
a sprightly, vinous flavor; quality good; season early October.
Stewart Nos. i and 2. i. iV. Y. Sta. Rpt. 15:290. 1897.
Listed in the reference; received at this Station from S. Richardson, Richardson, Utah.
Stickler Cling, i. ///. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 77. 1893.
Listed in this reference.
472
THE PEA( HES OF NEW YORK
Stiles. I. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 291. 1893.
Stiles originated with Dr. E. P. Stiles, Austin, Texas, from a seed brought from
Virginia and jDlanted in 1866. Fruit of medium size, resembling Elberta in shape and
color; flesh reddish-yellow, red at the pit, melting, juicy, free; quality good; ripens the
last of June in Texas.
Stilson. I. Wickson Cal. Fruits 314. 1889.
Originated in California. Fruit very large, having a red cheek, with crimson stripes;
flesh yellow, free; quality excellent; ripens after Late Crawford.
Stinson. I. Ala. Sta. Bui. 156:135. 191 1. 2. .Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 39. 1909.
Stinson Late. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 157. 1881. 4. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 263. 1892.
Stinson October. 5. .Ala. Sta. Bui. 47:11. [893.
Fruit large, broadly o\'al; color creamy-white, shaded with dark purplish-red; flesh
adherent, white, veined with red and red at the pit, mild subacid; quality good; season late.
Stirling Castle, i. Card. Chron. ss7- '858. 2.761^.734. i860. 3. Mag. /for/. 28:365.
1862. 4. Thomas Guide Prat. 44. 1876.
Raised at Stirling Castle, England. Fruit large, roundish, with a well-colored,
brownish-red surface; flesh red near the pit, \-inous, aromatic; quality good; ripens early
in September.
Stone. I. Jour. Hon. N. S. 5:318. 1893.
Said to be a yellow-fleshed peach common in the south of Europe.
Stonewall Jackson, i. Ga. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 21. 1877. 2. Tex. Sta. Bui. 39:809. 1896.
3. Waugh .4;;;. Peach Orch. 207. 1913.
Stonewall. 4. .Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 34. 1899. 5. Del. Sta. Rpt. 13:108. 1901.
General Jackson. 6. 5. C. Sta. Rpt. 19:16. 1906.
This peach may have originated in Texas as a seedling of Chinese Cling. Some
authorities, however, say that it originated with Judge Campbell, Pensacola, Florida,
from a peach-pit brought from Japan in i860 by William A. Spottswood, a Fleet Surgeon
in the United States Nav\'. It is supposed to have been introduced by P. J. Berckmans,
Augusta, Georgia, about 1868. Fruit of medivun size, roundish-oblate, inclined to conic;
suture distinct; color creamy-yellow, with a faint crimson blush and many red dots; flesh
white, red at the pit, firm, juicy, rich, with a pleasant, subacid flavor; stone large, clinging;
season early.
Storm No. i. i. Flor. & Pom. 84. 1880.
This is a seedling raised by James A. Storm of Missouri^ and said to be a large,
attractive, freestone peach, ripening just before Amsden.
Stranahan. i. Mich. Sta. Sp. Bui. 44:62. 1910.
Stranahan's Late Orange. 2. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 189. 1880.
Stranahan is a seedling raised in Michigan. Fruit very large, nearly round; color
deep yellow, with a red cheek; flesh golden yellow, firm, free; quality good; season ver\- late.
Strawberry, i. Kenrick Am. Orch. 200. 1841. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 487. 1845.
3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 32. 1877.
Rose. 4. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 263. 1892.
Strawberry' was introduced by Thomas Hancock, Burlington. New Jersey. Fruit
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 473
of mediiim size, roundish -oval; skin nearly all marljlcd with dark red; flesh white, juicy,
melting, rich, with a sprightly, vinous flavor; ripens early in August.
Strong. I. r. 5. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 44. 1895. 2. Mich. Sta. Bui 169:227. 1899.
Fruit medium to large, roundish; color cTeamN'-white; with a bright red cheek; flesh
white, red at the pit from which it is free, tender, melting, moderately juicy, mild subacid,
\'inous; quality good; ripens from the middle to the last of August.
Strout Early, i. Budd-Hansen Ant. Hort. Man. 2:357. 1903.
Originated in Indian Territory and resembles Alexander. I'Vuit medium in size,
roundish, slightly compressed; flesh streaked with red, firm; of good quality; stone free;
ripens early.
Strunk.
Trees of this peach were received at this Station for testing in 1913 from W. P. Strunk,
Roodhouse, Illinois, who originated it from seed in 1904. According to a statement of
the originator, the trees are productive and bear large, \^ellow, freestone fruit of good
quality which ripens the last of August.
Stuart. I. //;. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 161. 1898.
Fruit medium in size; color greenish-yellow, with a red blush; flesh clinging; quality
good; season the last of July.
Studt. I. la. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 366. 1908.
This is a seedling with Persian blood which originated in Solon, Johnson County,
Iowa.
Sturtevant. i. Elliott Fr. Book 290. 1852. 2. .Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. So. 1862.
Sturtevant was originated in 1826 by E. T. Sturtevant, Cleveland, Ohio. The
American Pomological Society listed the variety in its fruit-catalog from 1862 until 1897.
Fruit medium in size, roundish, compressed; skin very pubescent, rich yellow, nearh-
covered with dark red; flesh yellow, red at the pit, with veins of red running into the
flesh; quality very good; pit free; ripens the last of August.
Suber. i. Fla. Sta. Bui. 62:517, 518. 1902. 2. .Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 39. 1909.
Suber was originated by a colored man of that name at Lake Helen, Volusia Count\-.
Florida. Fruit large, roundish-oblong, with a shallow suture; color creamy-yellow, with
a pinkish-red blush; flesh white, firm, meaty, sweet, vinous; quality good; clingstone;
ripens early in Florida.
Success. I. Mo. State Fr. Sta. Rpt. 1:11. igor. 2. Budd-Hansen .{m. Hort. Man.
2:357. 1903- 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 39. 1909.
Success probably originated in Texas. Fruit large, roundish, with a yellow surface;
flesh firm, juicy, rich; good; pit free.
Sulhamstead. 1. Vmdley Guide Orch. Card. 252. 1831. 2. Hogg Fnu7 .V/a«. 232. i866.
3. Mas Le Verger 7:89, 90, fig. 43. 1866-73.
This variety originated about a century ago in the garden of a Mrs. Thoytes, of
Sulhamstead House, near Reading, Berkshire, England. Leaves deeply serrate, glandless;
fruit large, roundish; skin clear, pale yellow, marbled with dark red; flesh pale yellow,
melting, juicy, sweet, with a rich, vinous flavor; pit free; ripens from the first to the
middle of SeptemVjer.
474 '™E PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Sylphide. i. Tex. Sta. Bui. 39:809. 1896. 2. Dei. Sta. Rpt. 13:109. 1901.
Sylphide Cling. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 161. 1881.
Sylphide is a seedling of General Lee and originated in 1874 with Dr. L. E. Berckmans,
Augusta, Georgia. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit medium to large, roundish-oblong,
compressed, with a distinct suture; color creamy-white, dotted with red; flesh adherent,
white, red at the pit, juicy, mild subacid; ripens the last of August.
Sumner Early, i. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 633, 634. 1869.
Fruit medium to large, with an attractive blush; flesh white, firm, free; ripens
early.
Sumner White Free. i. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 634. 1869.
Originated in South Carolina. Fruit large, nearly round, slightly depressed, with
unequal sides; suture distinct; skin whitish-green, shaded with red; flesh white, juicy,
sweet; ripens the first of September.
Sunrise, i. W. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 25. 1904.
Sunrise originated with Miller Brothers, Paw Paw, West Virginia, as a seedling of
Heath Cling. Fruit large, roundish-oblong; color creamy- white, with a red blush; flesh
firm, very juicy, sweet; quality good; clingstone; ripens very late.
Sunset. I. Fla. Sta. Rpt. 8:89. 1896.
Listed in this reference.
Superbe de Choisy. i. Mathieu Norn. Pom. 416. 1889. 2. Guide Prat. 41. 1895.
Fruit very large; flesh juicy, sweet, agreeably aromatic, white, red at the pit which
is free; ripens the last of 'September.
Superbe de Trevoux. i. Cat. Cong. Pom. France 115 fig. 1906.
Fruit large, with a distinct suture which divides the fruit into two unequal faces;
skin nearly covered with dark red; flesh juicy, sweet, pleasantly flavored; quality good;
ripens the last of August.
Superior Late. i. Country Gent. 26:2^,6. 1865.
Scattergood No. 1. 2. Trans. Am. Inst. 211. 1865.
This is a seedling raised about sixty years ago by H. V. Scattergood, Albany, New
York. It is a large clingstone of good quality, ripening early in October.
Surpasse Bon Guvrier. i. Card. Chron. 3rd Ser. 1:210. 1887.
Fruit large, round, furrowed on one side; color deep scarlet in the sun; flesh melting,
sweet, yellowish-white, red at the pit which is free; ripens the last of September.
Surprise, i. Prince Pom. Man. 2:33. 1832.
Tree productive; fruit very large, with a dingy-red or purpHsh surface; flesh deep
yellow, with crimson veins running towards the center; quality verj' good; freestone.
Surprise de Jodoigne. i. Ann. Pom. Beige 6:91, 92, PL 1858.
Fruit medium in size, roimdish, flattened at the base; sldn yellow, mottled and
dotted with red; flesh juicy, sweet, yellow, red at the pit which is free; quality fair.
Surprise de Pellaine. i. Thomas Guide Prat. 41. 1876. 2. Leroy Diet. Pom. 6:281,
282 fig. 1879.
Introduced about 1864 by Henri Delloyer, a Belgian. Leaves glandless; fruit medium
to large, roundish-oval, with a well-marked suture; skin pale greenish-yellow, washed
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 475
with dark red; flesh greenish-white, red at the pit, juicy, sweet, aromatic; quaUty good;
stone free; ripens the last of September.
Sure Crop. i. Lovett Cat. 24 fig. 1906.
Introduced by J. T. Lovett, Little Silver, New Jersey. Tree hardy, productive;
fruit large, nearly round; skin white, with a bright carmine cheek; flesh very juicy, sweet,
rich, sprightly; ripens early.
Surties. i. Ramsey Cat. 1913.
According to F. T. Ramsey and Son, Austin, Texas, this variety was originated by
a Mr. Surties, Bexar County, Texas. The fruit resembles Honey but is less pointed;
ripens the last of June in Texas.
Susquehanna, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 184, 214. 1856. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 633.
1857. 3. MasLe Verger 7:179, 180, fig. 88. 1866-73. 4- Leroy Diet. Pom. 6:282,
283 fig. 1879.
Griffith. 5. Mag. Hor/. 24:107. 1858.
Susquehanna was raised many years ago by a Mr. Griffith on the banks of the Sus-
quehanna River, Pennsylvania, but the exact place of origin has never been known. Tree
vigorous, productive; leaves have large, reniform glands; fruit ver\- large, nearly round;
skin rich yellow, with a beautiful red cheek; flesh yellow, sweet, juicy, with a rich, vinous
flavor; quality good; stone free; ripens the first of September.
Swainson Black, i. Land. Hart. Soc. Cat. 94. 183 1.
This is a dark red, meditmi-sized peach, ripening the first of September.
Swalsh. I. Coxe Ctilt. Fr. Trees 221, 222. 1S17. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 294. 1854.
Swalze. 3. Langley Pomona 105, PI. 32 fig. i. 1729.
Double Swalsh. 4. Lindley Guide Orch. Card. 256. 1831.
This variety is said to have been brought into England by Lord Peterborough before
1729. Leaves with reniform glands; flowers small, dark red; fruit mediiun in size, ovate,
with a deep suture; skin pale yellow, with a bright, deep red blush; flesh white, pale red
at the pit from which it separates, melting, juicy, pleasantly flavored; ripens the first
of September.
Swann Free. i. A^. C. Sta. Rpt. 12:108. 1S89.
Listed in this reference.
Sweet. I. Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt. 167 fig. 1886-87.
Originated by M. E. Sweet, Kirtland, Ohio. Fruit large, roundi.sh-oval ; color orange-
yellow, mottled and striped with bright red; flesh light yellow, juicy, sweet; quality very
good; season September.
Sweet Water, i. Prince Treat. Fr. Trees 16. 1820. 2. Prince Pom. Man. 2:24. 1832.
Early Sweetwater. 3. Lond. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 6:412. 1826. 4. Floy-Lindlcy Guide
Orch. Card. 184. 1846.
According to Prince, Sweet Water originated in Flushing, New York, early in the
Nineteenth Century. The peaches ripen a few days after Anne which Sweet Water
resembles in shape of fruit and growth of tree. Leaves large, doubly serrate, glandless;
flowers large; fruit of medium size, nearly round; skin thin, white, with a small amoimt
of color on the exposed side; flesh melting, white, juicy, sweet; stone small, round, nearly
flat, free.
476 THE PEACHES OF NEW VOKK
Swick Wonder, i. la. Hort. Soc. Rpi. 236. 1906.
LisU'd in ihis reference.
Switzerland, i. Card. Mon. 10:249. 1868. 2. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 37S. i.Sy.v
3. Mich. Sta. Bui. 169:227, 228. 1899.
This peach is supposed to have originated in (jeoi-Kia. Tree productive, bearing
leaves with globose glands; fruit medium to large, roundish, tapering slightly towards
the apex, with a very shallow suture; color creamy-white, with a broad, dark red cheek;
flesh white, red at the pit, tender, mild and vinous; quality good; pit free; ripens the last
of August.
Taber. i. Fla. Sta. Rpt. 8:86. 1896. 2. Fki. Sta. Bui. 73:i.sr, 152. 1904. 3. .4;;:.
Pom. Soc. Cat. 39. 1909. 4. Ala. Sta. Bui. 156:135. 1911.
Taber originated in 1892 with G. L. Taber, Glen Saint Mary, Florida, as a seedling
of Honey. The American Pomological Society added the variety to its fruit-list in 1909.
Fruit large, roundish-oblong, with a long, recurved apex; skin white, well covered with
red; flesh white, streaked with red, firm, juicy, rich, subacid; quality very good; cling-
stone; ripens the last of June in Florida.
Tacker. i. Del. Sta. Rpt. 13:109. 1901.
|. W. Tacker of Freestone County, Texas, grew this variety from an unknown
peach-]jit about 1845. It is said to reproduce itself closely from seed and is considered
a \-aluable clingstone in Texas.
Tallman Nos. 1, 2 and 3. i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 118:31. 1895.
Listed in this reference.
Xante Melanie. i. Thomas Guide Prat. 53. 1876.
Tree very prolific; glands reniform; flowers very small; fruit well-colored.
Tarbell. i. Cole Am. Fr. Book 194. 1849. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 39. 1909. 3. Waugh
Am. Peach Orch. 20S. 1913.
This variety was grown many years ago by C. H. Tarbell, Lincoln, Massachusetts.
Fruit very large, roundish, flattened at the base, with a suture nearly around the fruit;
skin rich yellow, almost entirely covered with deep red; flesh yellow, red at the pit, very
juicy, rich, sweet; quality good; season the middle of September.
Tardive d'Avignon. i. Mathieu Nam. Pom. 416. 1889.
Listed in this reference.
Tardive d'Auvergne. i. Mas Pom. Gen. 12:182. 1883.
Belle tardive d'Auvergne. 2. Thomas Guide Prat. 48. 1876.
Probably of Belgian origin. Glands globose; flowers small; fruit large, roundish;
of first quality; matures early in October.
Tardive Beraud. i. Mathieu Norn. Pom. 416. 1889.
Listed in this reference.
Tardive Chevallier. i. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 416. 1889.
Mentioned in this reference.
Tardive de Gros. i. Mathieu Nam. Pom. 416. 1889.
Listed in this reference.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 477
Tardive des Lazaristes. i. Alas Pom. Gen. 12:186. 1883.
Listed m this reference.
Tardive du Mont d'Or. i. Garden 52:44(;. 1897. 2. Rev. Hort. 520. 52 r, PI. 1897.
This peach seems to have been sent out about 1896 by Francisque Morel, a nurseryman
at Lyons, Rhone, France. Fruit large, roundish-o\'al ; skin yellow, shaded with deep
red; flesh creamy-white, streaked with pink at the center, very juicy, sweet, aromatic;
season the first of No\-ember in France.
Tardive de Montauban. i. Thomas Guide Prat. 53. 1876.
A large, yellow-fleshed peach ripening at the end of September.
Tardive de Passebel. i. Mathieu Norn. Pom. 416. 1889.
Listed in this reference.
Tasmanian Wonder, i. Del. Sta. Rpt. 5:100. 1892.
Mentioned in this reference.
Tausch. I. Mathieu Norn. Pom. 416. i88g.
Tausch's Liehlingspfirsich. 2. Dochnahl Fuhr. Obstkunde 3:206, 207. 1858.
Fruit large, roundish, flattened at the base; skin yellowish- white, with a red blush;
flesh yellowish- white, sweet, vinous; season the middle of September.
Taylor, i. Del. Sta. Rpt. 5:100. 1892. 2. Waugh Am. Peach Orch. 208. 1913.
Originated in the District of Columbia. Fruit large, round, with a \-ellow surface;
clingstone; very good.
Tecumsa. i. Am. Pom. Sac. Rpt. 205. 1858.
Said to be valuable in the South.
Teindoux. i. Coxe Cult. Fr. Trees 229. 1817. 2. Prince Pom. Man. 2:16, 17. 1832.
Teindou. 3. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 2:38, 39, PI. 27. 1768. 4. Leroy Diet. Pom.
6:286, 287. 1879.
Teint-Doux. 5. Christ Worterb. 356. 1802.
Sanftfarbige. 6. Christ Handb. 594. 1817.
Zartgefdrbter Lackpfirsich. 7. Dochnahl Fiihr. Obstkunde 3:213. 1858.
Glands globose; fruit large, round, divided into two unequal sections by a distinct
suture; skin pale yellow, mottled with red; flesh juicy, sweet, melting, with a delicate
flavor, white, faintly streaked with red around the pit which is free; ripens the last of
September.
Teissier, i. Pmn. France 6:No. i6, PI. 16. 1869. 2. Cat. Cong. Pom. France 117 fig.
1906.
Peche du Teissier. 3. Jour. Hort. N. S. 2:32. 1862.
This variety was found on the grounds of a M. Teissier at Oullins, near Lyons, France,
and was introduced to the trade about 1855. Fruit large, roundish, incHning to conic,
with a well-marked suture; skin pale yellow, washed and mottled with deep red; flesh
juicy, sweet, white, red at the pit which is free, vinous; quality very good; ripens the
last of September.
Temple Late. i. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 460. 1883.
Temple White. 2. Mo. State Fr. Sta. Bui. 3-33- 1902.
This is a mediiun-sized, oval, yellowish-red peach of good quality, ripening in
September.
478 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Tennessee, i. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 291. 1893.
This peach was raised about 1890 by Rev. J. G. Teter, Athens, Tennessee. Fruit
large, round; skin heavily pubescent, creamy-white, with a trace of red; flesh creamy-
white throughout, juicy, firm, meaty, sweet, rich; quality very good; clingstone; ripens
the last of October in Tennessee.
Tennessee Everbearing, i. Hood Cat. 28. 1909.
According to W. T. Hood and Company, Richmond, Virginia, this variety first fruited
about 1888. It is a large, creamy-white clingstone with a deep blush and ripens its fruit
continuously from August first to October first.
Terrel. i. 111. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 77. 1893-
Listed in this reference.
Teton de Venus, i. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 2:34, 35, PI. XXHI. 1768. 2. Coxe
Cult. Fr. Trees 227, fig. 12. 18:7. 3. Lindley Guide Orch. Card. 273. 1831.
4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 211. 1856. 5. Pom. France 6:No. 30, PI. 30. 1869.
6. Thomas G'Micff? Prat. 45, 224. 1876. 7. Leroy Diet. Pom. 6:288 fig., 289. 1879.
Tuteon de Venice. 8. Langley Pomona loi. 1729.
Teton Venus. 9. Miller Card. Diet. 1752.
Royal. 10. Pom. Mag. 2:73, PI. 1839.
Venusbrust. 11. Dochnahl Fiihr. Obstkunde 3:209. 1858.
From all accounts this variety was known long before Merlet mentioned it in 1667
but its exact origin cannot be learned. According to Leroy it seems at one time to have
been called Peche du Chevalier but this name was permanently replaced by the present
one about 1789 — applied because of the unique shape of the fruit. In 1856 the American
Pomological Society added the variety to its fruit-list but dropped it in 1862. Tree of
moderate vigor and productiveness; leaves crenate, with globose glands; flowers small,
pale red; fruit large, roundish, inclinging to oblong, with a deep suture on one side; apex
terminated by a broad, prominent, obtuse nipple; skin pale greenish-yellow, marbled
with deep red in the sun; flesh greenish-white, faintly tinged with red at the pit, juicy,
melting, sweet, having an excellent flavor; stone large, oval, free; season the last of
September.
Texan, i. Tex. Nur. Cat. 4. 1913.
Texan originated in the yard of the First National Banli at Wliitesboro, Texas, and
was introduced by the Texas Nursery Company, Sherman, Texas. It is a large, white
clingstone, with a blush, ripening with Elberta.
Texas, i. ///. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 159. 1889. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 34. 1899. 3. Waugh
Am. Peach Orch. 208. 1913.
Texas King. 4. Ohio Sta. Bui. 170:182. 1906.
Fruit of medium size, roundish, compressed at the ends; color greenish-white, over-
spread with considerable crimson; flesh white, tinged with red at the pit and under the
skin, firm, juicy, good; semi-clingstone; ripens about the middle of August.
Thames Bank, i. Hogg Fruit Man. 233. 1866. 2. Card. Chron. 1552. 1871.
Tliis variety was raised by a Mr. Rust, who was a gardener for L. Sullivan, Broom
House, Fulham, England. Fruit large, roundish-oblong; skin deep orange-yellow, streaked
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 479
on one side with crimson; flesh yellow, tender, melting, juicy, highly flavored; season
late.
Thissell Free. i. Wickson Cal. Fruits 313. rSSg.
Thisscll White. 2. Cal. Sta. Rpt. 315. 1895-97.
Originated with G. W. Thissell in California and is quite widely disseminated in that
state. Fruit large, white, with a light red cheek; flesh white throughout, juicy, rich,
Thomas Bums. r. Card. Mon. 20:236. 1878.
Introduced by Thomas F. Bums, Mt. Pulaski, Illinois. Fruit large, roundish, with
a large suture; skin white, shaded and mottled with light red; flesh entirely white, juicy,
melting, sweet, adherent; quality very good; season very early.
Thomas November, i. Cultivator 3rd Ser. 4:146. 1856. 2. Thomas Guide Prat. 51.
1876.
Glands reniform; flesh white, juicy, very firm, highly flavored; ripens the first of
November.
Thomas Rivers, i. Garden 56:34. 1899. 2. Bunyard-Thomas Fr. Card. 114. 1904.
Originated with Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, England. Leaves glandless; fruit
large, round, with a brilliant red blush; quality good ; freestone; ripens the last of September.
Thompson, i. Am. Pont. Soc. Cat. 39. 1909.
A yellow freestone said to have originated in Florida.
Thompson Orange, i. Gard. Mon. 20:273. 1878. 2. Flor. & Pom. 84. 1880.
Said to have been raised at Wilson, North Carolina. It is a large, early, attractive,
freestone peach with a good, subacid flavor.
Tice. I. Elliott Fr. Book 295. 1854.
Vice's Late Red and Yellow. 2. Kenrick Am. Orch. 194. 1841.
Originated by James Tice, Middletown, New Jersey. Fruit large; color yellow,
with a deep red blush; flesh free, yellow, juicy, sweet, delicious; ripens the last of September.
Tiebout. i. Munson Cat. 7. 1904-05.
According to T. V. Munson and Son, Denison, Texas, this variety originated with
V. J. Tiebout, Ellis County, Texas. Fruit large; color rich orange-yellow, with a dark
red cheek; flesh firm but tender, free; quality good; ripens in Texas the last of
August.
Tillotson. I. Elliott Fr. Book 279. 1854. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 34. 1883.
Early Tillotson. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 475. 1845. 4. Cultivator N. S. 6:23.
86, 308. 1849. 5- '"l'"- Pom. Soc. Cat. 78. 1862. 6. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult.
315. 1867.
Tillotson Precoce. 7. Mas Le Verger 7:165, 166, fig. 81. 1866-73. 8. Lcroy Diet.
Pmn. 6:290 fig. 1879.
According to Thomas, this peach originated many years ago in Ca>aiga County, New
York. It seems to have been introduced by J. J. Thomas, Macedon, Wayne Coimty,
New York. The American Pomological Society added the variety to its fruit-list in 1862
as Early Tillotson but shortened the name to Tillotson in 1883. Tree hardy, moderately
productive; leaves deeply serrate, glandless; flowers small; fruit of medium size, roundish,
sides unequal, with a shallow suture; skin pale yellowish-white, shaded mth deep red:
48o
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
flesh white, red at the stone which is partially clinf,'ing, melting, juicy, with a rich, excellent
flavor; season the middle of August.
Tinley October, i. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 634. 1869.
Said to have originated at Macon, Georgia. Fruit medium in size, somewhat oblong ;
color white, with a light wash of red; flesh white, juicy, vinous, good; season the middle
of October.
Tippecanoe, i. HofTy Orch. Comp. i:Pl. 1841-42. 2. Mag. Hort. 8:252. 1842.
3. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 499. 1845. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 80. 1862.
Pavie Tippecanoe. 5. Leroy Diet. Pom. 6:234 fig., 235. 1879.
Tippecanoe was raised from seed by George Thomas, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,
and was brought to notice in 1840. The \ariety received a place in the fruit-list of the
American Pomological Society in 1862. Leaves with reniform glands; fruit very large,
nearly round, a little compressed on the sides; skin yellow, with a fine red blush; flesh
yellow, adherent to the pit, fiiTn, juicy, with a good, vinous flavor; ripens the last of
September.
Tirlemonter Magdalene, i. Dochnahl Fahr. Obstkmidc 3:197, 198. 1858.
Belle Tilkmont. 2. Loud. Hort. Soc. Cat. 94. 1831.
Fruit large, roundish; skin yellow, with a red blush; flesh yellowish-white, sweet,
vinous; season the last of September.
Titus. I. Downing F)-. Trees Am. 634. 1857. 2. Horticulturist N. S. 7:107 fig. 1857.
Originated with Mrs. Sarah Titus, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Fruit large, round;
skin yellow, with a red blush; flesh yellow, red at the pit which is free, juicy, sweet; quality
good; ripens from the middle to the last of September.
Toledo. I. Mich. Sta. Bui. 118:31. 1895. 2. Ibid. 169:228. 1899.
Early Toledo. 3. Storrs-Harrison Cat. 142. 1894.
Toledo Prolific. 4. Can. Exp. Farm Bid. 2nd Ser. 3:68. 1900.
According to the catalog of the Storrs and Harrison Company, Painesville. Ohio,
Toledo came from northeastern Ohio about 1890. Fruit large, roundish; color creamy-
\vhite, washed, mottled and distinctly striped with red; flesh creamy-white, slightly
colored at the pit which is free, juicy, tender, with a sweet, pleasant flavor; ripens from
the middle to the last of August.
Tonbridge. i. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 104. 183 1.
A hardy, yellow, dark red peach, ripening early in September.
Tong Pa. I. Mich. Sta. Bui. 31:58. 1887. 2. Col. 0. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 150. 1893.
Said to be a medium-sized peach of fair quality.
Topaz. I. Can. Exp. Farms Rpt. 404. 1894. 2. Ariz. Sta. Bid. 34:81. 1900.
Fruit of medivmi size; skin greenish- white, tinged with red; flesh not juicy but free
and of good quality ; ripens the last of November in Arizona.
Toquin. i. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 291. 1893. 2. Mich. Sta. Bid. 169:228. 1899.
Said to have originated \vith H. E. Harrison, Toquin, Michigan. Fruit medium in
size, roundish; skin yellow, with a dull red cheek; flesh free, yellow, melting, juicy, mild
subacid; quality good; season the middle of September.
THF PEACHES OF NEW YORK 48I
Tornado, i. Del. Sta. Rpt. 13: 109. igoi.
This seedling of Elberta originated with W. S. White, Denison, Texas. The fruil
resembles that of Elberta but is larger and of better quality; season early July.
Toughina. i. Rural N. Y. 74:1197. 1915.
TouKhina was originated by J. W. Stubenrauch, Alexia, Texas, as a cross between
Elberta and Bell October. The fruit is said to surpass that of its parents in quality and
adaptability for distant shipping. Fruit very large, with a bright yellow skin, nearly
covered with attractive red; flesh yellow, firm; quality ver\' good; ripens immediateh-
after Elberta.
Towns Early, i. W. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt. m. 1880.
'I'his is a large, early peach originated by a Mrs. Towns, Garnett, Kansas.
Townsend. i. Del. Sta. Rpt. 5:100. 1892. 2. Mich. Sta. Bui. 169:228. 1899.
3. Fla. Sta. Bui. 73:152. 1904.
Said to be a seedling from Honey. Fruit large, roundish, often flattened at the base,
compressed; color yellow, bushed with red; flesh juicy, tender, mild, vinous, yellow, red
at the pit which is free ; quality good ; season the last of September.
Transparente Ronde. i. Christ Worterb. 357. 1802.
Said to be red on one side, with a firm, pleasing flesh.
Triomphe de Saint-Laurent, i. Leroy Diet. Pom. 6:291 fig., 292. 1879.
Triomphe Saint-Laitrcnt. 2. Thomas Guide Prat. 40. 1876.
This peach was probably raised about i860 by a M. Galopin in Li^ge, Belgium. Fruit
large, roundish, with sides unequal; skin pale yellow, with a dark red blush; flesh white,
red at the pit, juicy, sweet; quality good; stone free; ripens the middle of August.
Troy. I. Rea Flora 210. 1676.
Troy is a large, early, red peach of good quality .
Trueblood Late Free. i. Ind. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 27. 1869.
Said to be a hardy variety of good quality.
Tuckahoe. i. A''. Mex. Sta. Bui. 30:235. 1899.
Said to ripen late in New Mexico.
Tufts Early, i. Cole Am. Fr. Book 190. 1849. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 289. 1854.
Raised b}- E. Tufts, Cambridgeport, Massachusetts. Tree vigorous, ]3roductive;
fruit large, roundish; skin \-ellowish-white, with a red cheek; flesh free, white, red at the
pit, ver\- juicy, melting, with a sweet, delicious flavor; ripens the last of August.
Tufts Rareripe, i. Cole Am. Fr. Book 195. 1849.
This peach was originated by Bernard Tufts, Billerica, Massachusetts, and is said
to come true from seed. Tree hardy, vigorous, productive; fruit mediimi in size, roundish;
skin yellow, with a bright red blush; flesh yellow, melting, very sweet, free; ripens from
the middle to the last of September.
Turenne. i. Noisette Man. Comp. Jard. 2:479. i?>(^o.
Turenne Amelioree. 2. Jour. Hort. N. S. 5:188. 1863. 3. Decaisne Jard. Fruit.
7:P1. 1872-75.
Turenne grew from seed many years ago near Lyons, Rhone, France. Fruit large,
roundish, somewhat irregular; skin pale yellow, deeply mottled with crimson; flesh
482 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
yellowish-white, dee]) red at the pit which is adherent, coarse, acid, bitter; ripens in
September.
Tuskena. i. Am. Pom. Soc. lipt. 75. 1873. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 34. 1899.
3. Mich. Sta. Bid. 169:228. 1899.
Tuskena Cling. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 28. 1873.
Tuscan Cling. 5. Okla. Sta. Bui. 2:15. 1892.
Yellow Tuscany. 6. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:360. 1903.
Tuskena originated in Mississippi. It received a place on the fruit-list of the American
Pomological Society in 1873 but was dropped in 1897, only to be replaced in 1899. Fruit
large, roundish-oval; skin yellow, with a dark red cheek; flesh adherent, yellow, red at
the pit, firm, vinous, rich; quality good; season the last of September.
Twenty-Ounce Cling, i. Oregon Nur. Cat. 36. 1913.
According to the Oregon Nursery Company, Orenco, Oregon, this is a large, earh-
peach desirable for canning.
Twyford. i. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 104. 1831.
Twyford is probably a seedling of Noblesse. Fruit large, pale green, wath a red blush ;
flesh tender and of good quality ; season the first of September.
Tyehurst. i. Can. Hort. 14:317. 1891. 2. Ont. Fr. Exp. Sta. Rpt. 2:58. 1895.
Tyehurst is a chance seedling which originated about thirty years ago with E. Tye-
hurst, Leamington, Ontario, Canada. Fruit medium in size, round; skin light yellow,
with only a faint carmine blush; flesh yellow, sUghtly stained at the pit, sweet, firm, free;
quality fair; ripens the middle of September.
Ulatis. I. Del. Sta. Rpt. 5:100. 1892. 2. Tex. Sia. Bui. 39:815. 1896. 3. Wickson
Cal. Fruits 310. i88g.
Ulatis originated near VacaviUe, California, and is supposed to be a seedhng of
Alexander. Fruit large, roundish-oval; color creamy-white, with a red blush; flesh white,
with a good flavor; freestone; ripens with Alexander.
Unique, i. Mas Le Verger 7:161, 162, fig. 79. 1866-73. 2. Leroy Diet. Pom. 6:293.
294 fig. 1879.
New Cut-leaved. 3. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 100. 1831.
New Serrated. 4. Ibid. loi. 1831.
Emperor of Russia. 5. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 477. 1845. 6. Floy-Lindley Guide
Orch. Card. 184, 185. 1846.
De Smyrne. 7. Mag. //ort. 20:271. 1854.
Schone Jersey Pfirsich. 8. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 414. 1889.
Emperor. 9. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 37. 1909.
Unique was raised more than a century ago by Michael Floy, New York City, from
a pit of a curious peach-tree with serrate leaves which he had discovered about 1809 in
New Jersey. In England the variety was introduced about 1819 as Emperor of Russia.
Tree of moderate vigor, bearing narrow, glandless leaves which are very deeply and doubh-
serrated; fruit large, roundish, broad, one side much longer than the other; skin dull
yellowish- white, with a dark red cheek; flesh yello-nnsh-white, firm, juicy, rich and aromatic:
stone free; season the last of August.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 483
Unnamed Chinese, i. U. S. D. A. Rpl. 291. 1893.
Professor C. S. Sargent grew this variety at the Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plain,
Massachusetts, from seed received in 1868 from Dr. Bretschneider, who found it as a
cultivated variety in the mountains north of Pekin, China. Its chief importance is as a
parent type in the production of new, hardy varieties. Fruit medium in size, roundish
to oblong-conic, sides somewhat unequal, compressed; color greenish-white, with a faint,
dotted blush ; flesh greenish-white, slightly tinged with red at the free pit, firm, juicy,
fibrous, sul^aciil to sweet; quality good; season early September in Massachusetts.
Unvergleichlicher Lieblingspfirsich. i. Doc\mah\ Fiihr. Obstkunde y. 206. 1858.
Unvergleichlich Schone. 2. Liegel Anweisung 70. 1822.
Fruit large, roundish, somewhat flattened; skin yellow, with a deep red blush; flesh
white, tender, sweet, \'inous; season the first of September.
Utah Cling, i. Munson Cat. 6. 1897-98.
Introduced in 1893 by T. V. Munson and Son, Denison. Texas. It is a large, prolific,
yellow peach with a red cheek.
Utah Free. i. Munson Cat. 6. 1897-98.
Also introduced by T. V. Munson and Son. A large, prolific, valuable, rich yellow
peach.
Vagaloggia Cotogna. i. Mag. Hort. 25:88. 1859.
This is an attractive, Italian peach of excellent quality.
Vainqueur. i. Baltet Cult. Fr. 238. 1908. 2. U. S. D. A. Plant Immigrants 117:958.
1916.
This is an early variety of the type of Alexander, valuable chiefly for breeding.
Valdy. I. Thomas Guide Prat. 53. 1876. 2. Leroy Diet. Pom. 6:295 fig-. 296. 1879.
Valdy was originated more than fifty years ago by a M. Valdy, Croix-Blanche, Lot-et-
Garonne, France. Fruit large, roundish; skin yellow, washed with a dark carmine blush;
flesh yellow, red at the center, juicy, sweet, with a pleasant, aromatic flavor; pit free;
ripens the middle of August.
Van Buren Golden Dwarf, i. Card. Man. 3:53. i86i. 2. Ctdt. & Count. Gent. 28:238.
1866. 3. Am. Jour. Hort. 2:171, 172 fig. 1867.
This sort is supposed by the originator, J. Van Buren of Georgia, to be an accidental
cross between Italian Dwarf and Van Zandt, originating about 1857. The tree resembles
a currant bush; has numerous buds; its fruits attain average size but vary in shape.
Fruit large, oblong, sometimes round, pointed at the apex ; skin golden yellow, with a
crimson cheek; flesh firm, juicy, sprightly; clingstone; ripens from the middle of September
until October.
Van Deman. i. Green Nur. Cat. 23 fig. 1916.
According to Green's Nursery Company, Rochester, New York, this peach originated
near the simimer home of the late Professor H. E. Van Deman, Beulah, Michigan. Fruit
large, with a distinct suture; color clear yellow, with considerable red; flesh yellow, sweet,
good; stone free; ripens early.
Van Deman Early, i. II'. A^. V. Hort. Soc. Rpl. no, in. 1880.
Said to have originated with H. E. Van Deman, Geneva, Kansas. The tree fruited
484 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
first in 1878. Fruit large; color white, covered with bright purple and crimson; flesh
slightly adherent, white, good.
Van Zandt. i. Leroy Diet. Pom. 6:296 fig., 297. 1879.
Van Zandt' s Superb. 2. Prince Pom. Man. 2:15. 1832. 3. Downing Fr. Trees
Am. 487. 1845-
Van Zandt originated aljout 1823 with R. B. Van Zandt, Flushing, New York. Leaves
with globose glands; fruit of medium size, roundish, with a small suture; skin yellowish-
white, mottled with dark red; flesh white, tinted with red at the pit, juicy, melting, sweet,
aromatic; quality good; stone free; ripens the first of September.
Vandermark. i. U. S. Pat. Of. Rpt. 196. 1847. 2. Elhott Fr. Book 295. 1854.
Said to be a seedling of Lemon Cling. Fruit large, roundish ; color yellow, with a red
blush; flesh yellow, acid, adherent to the pit; season September.
Vanderveer Optimum, i. Prince Pom. Man. 2:12. 1832.
This peach is a seedling of Old Newington and was named after a Dr. Vanderveer,
of Long Island, New York. Fruit large, pale yellowish-white, blushed with red; flesh
sweet, juicy, with a delicate flavor; clingstone; season the last of September.
Vanguard, i. Vrmce Treat. Fr. Trees ij. 1820. 2. hindley Guide Orch. Card. 2$^,. 1831.
3. Hogg Fruit Man. 233. 1866.
Probably Vanguard is but a variation of Noblesse, being included with it by some
writers. The only distinction between the two is in habit of growth, Vanguard being
more robust and hardy.
Vanmeter. i. ///. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 210. 1906.
A late variety resembling Krummel.
Variegated Free I. i. Horticulturist 18:276, 277 figs. 1863.
This variety originated many years ago with Isaac PuUen, Hightstown, New Jersey.
Fruit large, roundish, with a well-marked apex; skin yellow, striped and marbled with
deep red; flesh yellow, moderately juicy, sweet; quality very good; ripens early in September.
Variegated Free H. i. Black Cult. Peach & Pear 113. 1886.
This peach is said to be a seedling of Variegated Free I and was introduced by H. R.
Walker, Middletown, Delaware. It is a desirable white peach, with streaks and stripes
of red.
Veritable Chancelliere. i. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 2:23, 24. 1768.
Kanzkrpfirsiche. 2. Christ Handb. 593. 1817.
Sclwne Kanzlerin. 3. Dochnahl Fwftr. Obstkimde. 3:198. 1858.
This variety differs from Chancellor in having large flowers and globose glands.
Verona, i. Rea Flora 211. 1676.
Listed as a good, red peach.
Verte de Beaulieu. i. Mas Pom. Gen. 12:151, 152, fig. 12. 1883.
This variety was introduced and possibly originated by a IvL Dumas near Lectoure,
Gers, France. Fruit large, roundish-oval; skin greenish-white, shaded with red; flesh
white, juicy, sweet, aromatic; quality good; season the middle of September.
Very Large Seedling Peach, i. W. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 112. 1880.
This variety is said to have been raised in New York City and to have ripened too
late to be of value in the north.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 485
Vessier. i. Mag. Horl. 27:545. 1861.
Vessier is a late, French peach, with rich, melting flesh.
Victor. I. Del. Sta. Rpt. 13:110. 1901. 2. W. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 11. 1907. 3. Am.
Pom. Soc. Cat. 39. 1909.
Early Victor. 4. Mo. State Fr. Sta. Rpt. 12, 13. 1905-06.
Victor is a variety of unknown parentage which originated with John B. Bass, Bass,
Texas. Fruit medium in size, roundish; color creamy-white with a red blush; flesh
creamy- white, melting, juicy, subacid, with an almond flavor; quality good; stone semi-
clinging; season early.
Victoria, i. Ariz. Sta. Bid. 15:62, 67. 1895. 2. Glen St. Mary Nur. Cat. 14. 1900.
Victoria is of American origin and belongs to the Spanish type. Fruit large, nearly
round; skin yellow; flesh yellow, juicy, sweet, free; ripens in Florida early in August.
Vilmorin. i. Can. Exp. Farm Bui. 2nd Ser. 3:68. 1900. 2. Cat. Cong. Pom. France
119 fig. 1906.
Vilmorin was obtained by Alexis Lepere, Montreuil, France. Fruit large, roundish,
flattened at the base; skin pale yellow, washed with bright red; flesh free, white, tinged
with dark red at the pit, juicy, with a pleasant, sweet, aromatic flavor; ripens from the
middle to the last of September.
Vineuse de Fromentin. i. Christ Worterb. 351. 1802. 2. Kcnrick Am. Orch. 212.
1832.
Weinhafte Fromentinerpfirsche. 3. Christ Handb. 594. 1S17.
Fromentiner Lieblingspfirsich. 4. Dochnahl Fiilir. Obstkunde 3:202. 1858.
The fruit of this variety is similar to that of Grosse Mignonne with which it is often
confused. Glands rovmd; flowers large; fruit roundish, somewhat compressed at the ends;
skin nearly covered with dark red; flesh white except at the stone, tender, vinous, juicy;
stone small, free.
Vineuse Hative. 1. Poiteau Pom. Franc. i:No. 17, PI. 1846. 2. Leroy Diet. Pom.
6:300, 301 fig., 302. 1879.
Although Poiteau and Leroy differ somewhat as to the origin of this peach, there
is probably no doubt but that it was found near Paris, France, more than two centuries
ago. Fruit meditun in size, roundish, compressed at the ends; skin greenish-yellow, with
a dark red blush; flesh white, red under the skin and at the stone, juicy, vinous, sweet;
stone free; ripens the last of August.
Vinous Purple, i. Prince Pom. Man. 1:190. 1831.
This variety resembles Grosse Mignonne but is distinct. Fruit large, divided on one
side into two sections by a deep groove; skin fawn-colored, covered with very dark red;
flesh white, red under the sldn and around the pit, juicy, vinous, •ftdth a slightly acid flavor;
stone free.
Violet Hative. i. Langley Pomona 104, PI. 30 fig. 6. 1729. 2. DowTiing Fr. Trees An'..
637. 1869.
Grosse Violette Hative. 3. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 2:27, PI. XVI fig. I. 1768.
Violette Hdtive. 4. Brookshaw Hort. Reposit. 1:33, PI. 17 fig. 2. 1823. 5. Hogg
Fruit Man. 233, 234. 1866.
486 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
This is tindoubtcdly a French \-ariety and may be a seedling of Galande. Fruit large,
roundish; skin yellow, mottled with red over most of the surface; flesh white, juicy, sweet,
vinous; season early September.
Violet Muscat, i. Rea F/ora 211. 1676.
This variety is listed as a fine, violet-colored peach of good quality.
Violet Musk. i. Rea, Flora 211. 1676.
This is a red peach with yellow flesh.
Violette de Montpellier. i. Mas Pom. Gen. 12:183. 1883.
The tree of this variety is described as being moderately vigorous and bearing dense
foliage which has reniform glands.
Violetter Aprikosenpfirsich. i. Dodhnahl Filhr. Obstkunde 3:218. 1858.
Fniit of medium size, roundish-oblong; color yellow, with a violet-red blush; flesh
juicy, tender, with a slightly acid flavor; ripens in August.
Voorheis No. i. i. Tex. Sta. Bui. 8:35. i88g. 2. Ibid. 39:815- 1896-
Tree vigorous, unproductive; fruit of medium size, ovate, with a pointed apex; color
yellow, with a red cheek; quality good; season the last of June in Texas.
Voorheis Silver, i. Tex. Sia. Bui. 8:35. 1889.
Listed in this reference.
Wake Forest, i. N. C. Sia. Rpt. 12:108. 1889.
Listed in this reference.
Walburton. i. Elhott Fr. Book 289. 1854. 2. Budd-Hansen Am. Hart. Man. 2:359.
1903.
Walbtirton Admirable. 3. Gard. Ghron. 702. 1841. 4. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 627.
1857. 5. Mas Le Verger 7:225, 226, fig. iii. 1866-73. 6. Hogg Fruit Man. 463.
1884.
Walburton is a late peach raised more than seventy-five years ago by Andrew Morton,
Walburton, Sussex, England. The variety is supposed to be a seedling of Noblesse which
it resembles in many respects. Tree hardy, productive; glands globose; flowers small;
fruit large, round, with a distinct suture; skin greenish-white, mottled, with a dark red
blush; flesh white, stained at the pit, juicy, melting, with a rich, sweet flavor; ripens the
last of September.
Waldo. 1. Am. Pom. Soc.Cat. ^6. 1891. 2. FZa. Sto. 5m/. 62:518, 519. 1902. 3. Ala.
Sta. Bui. 156:135. 1911. 4. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:359. 1903-
Waldo was raised from a seed of Peento about 1886 by T. K. Godbey, Waldo, Florida;
it first fruited in 1 888. Tree moderately large and productive in the South ; glands reniform ;
fruit medium to large, roundish, with a shallow suture; apex blunt, often with a recurved
tip; skin yellow, washed with a delicate red blush; flesh yellowish- white, slightly pink
near the pit, juicy, with a sweet, delicious flavor; freestone; ripens the first of June in
the South.
Walker, i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 169:228, 229. 1899. 2. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man.
2:359. 1903-
Walker's Variegated Free. 3. ///. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 213. 188 1. 4. Fulton Peach Cult.
177- 1908.
THK PEACHES OF NEW YORK 487
Said to have originated in Delaware. Glands globose ; flowers small ; fruit medium to
large, roundish-owil, with a slight suture; color creamy-white, with a bright red cheek;
flesh creamy-white, with red at the pit, tender, juicy, vinous, sprightly; quality good;
pit free; season the last of September.
Walker Early, i. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 500. lS?!.
A productive, market sort ripening in August. Glands globose; fruit small, roundish;
color white, with a red blush; quality good.
Wallace, i. Ga. Sta. Bui. 42:242. 1898.
Tree moderately vigorous; glands reniform; fruit large, roundish; color greenish-
yellow, with a red blush; flesh white, tough, rich, vinous, adherent; quality good; ripens the
middle of August in Georgia.
Waller, i. Berckmans Cat. 13. 1916-17.
According to the P. J. Berckmans Company, Augusta, Georgia, this peach was
originated by Waller Brothers near Sparta, Georgia. Tree productive, bears annually;
fruit of the Crawford type, large; skin yellow but nearly covered with red; flesh stringy;
of good quality.
Wallis Best. i. Stark Bros. Cat. 40. 1913.
According to Stark Brothers, Louisiana, Missouri, this peach originated as a seedling
of Elberta on the grounds of Henrj' Wallis, St. Louis County, Missouri. It li said to
resemble its parent in habit of growth, ^^gor and productiveness but is hardier and of
higher quality.
Wallis Heath Free. i. Stark Bros. Cat. 40. 1913.
This variety originated with Henry Wallis, St. Louis County, Missouri, according to
Stark Brothers of Louisiana, Mi.ssouri. Tree hardy, vigorous, very productive; fruit very
large; flesh creamy yellow and of fine quality.
Walter Early, i. Kenrick Am. Orcli. 183. 184. 1841. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 488.
1845. 3. Cole Am. Fr. Book 191. 1849.
Walter Early originated in New Jersey. Tree productive; leaves with globose glands;
fruit large, roundish; skin white, with a red cheek; flesh white, tinged red at the stone,
melting, juicy, sweet, pleasant; ripens the last of August.
Ward Late. i. Leroy Diet. Pom. 6:305 fig., 306. 1879. 2. Fulton Peach Cult. 191,
192. 1908.
Ward's Late Free. 3. Kenrick Am. Orch. 201. 1841. 4. .\m. Pom. Soc. Cat. 80.
1862.
Ward's Freestone. 5. Elliott Fr. Book 280. 1854.
Tardive de Ward. 6. Mas Le Forger 7:203, 204, fig. 100. 1866-73.
According to Leroy, Dpctor A. Ward, Athens, Georgia, originated this variety. There
is no statement as to the date of origin. The American Pomological Society listed this
peach in its fruit-catalog in 1862 where it has since remained. Tree vigorous, productive;
glands globose or reniform; flowers small; fruit large, roundish, inclining to oval, with a
moderately deep suture; skin pale yellowish- white, with an attractive, crimson blush;
flesh nearly white, occasionally tinged \vith red at the pit, free, rich, juicy, melting, with a
vinous flavor; ripens the last of September.
488 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Ware. i. U. S. Pat. Of. Rpt. 372. 1856. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 80. 1862.
Ware was placed in the fruit-list of the American Pomological Society in 1862 without
a description but was dropped in 1869.
Wark. I. Mich. Sta. Bui. 205:31. 1903- 2. Mich. Sta. Sp. Bui. 44:63. 1910.
Wark originated as a sprout from the roots of an old peach-tree in the orchard of James
Wark near Douglas, Michigan. It resembles Triumph but is larger and freer from leaf-
curl and brown-rot. It ripens later than Triimiph.
Washington, i. Land. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 6:409. 1826. 2. Downing Fr. Trees .Am. 488.
1845. 3. Elliott Fr. Book 289. 1854. 4. Mas Le Verger T.in, 178, fig- 87-
1866-73. 5- Mich. Sta. Bui. 169:229. 1899.
Washington Red Freestone. 6. Kemick Am. Orch. ijg. 1835.
Washitigton Rareripe. 7. Hogg Fruit Man. 234. 1866.
Washington originated in America and was named and introduced by Michael Floy
of New York City. Tree vigorous, productive; glands globose; fruit large, roundish,
broad, with a deep suture extending nearly around the fruit ; skin yellowish-white, with a
deep crimson cheek; flesh pale yellowish-white, juicy, very tender, melting, sweet, rich;
stone usually free; season the middle of vSeptember.
Washington Clingstone, i. Prince Cat. Fr. Trees 24. 1823. 2. Kenrick Am. Orch. 232.
1832. 3. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 4()g. 1845. 4. EViiott Fr. Book 28g. 1854.
Said to be of American origin. Glands reniform; fruit of medivun size, roundish;
skin yellowish-green, with a slight red blush; flesh very jmcy, tender, melting, with a sweet,
luscious flavor; ripens the last of September.
Watkin Cling, i. Cultivator ^rd Sev. 4:146. 1856.
This variety originated in the South as a seedling of Heath Cling which it rescml)k■:^
except in later ripening.
Watkin Early, i. Del. Sta. Rpt. 5:100. 1892.
Listed in this reference.
Weaver, i. Ramsey Cat. 4. 191 2.
According to F. T. Ramsey and Son, Austin, Texas, this peach originated from seed
grown by D. W. Weaver of Austin. Friiit large; color yellow, overspread with red; flesh
very yellow and ver>' firm, adherent; quality good; ripens the first of September in Texas.
Weber Golden Free. i. Weber Cat. 17. 1906.
According to H. J. Weber and Sons Nursery Company, St. Louis, Missouri, the fruit
of this variety is mediimi in size, golden yellow, with a bright red cheek, sweet and good in
quality.
Weber Prize, i. The Dalles Nur. Cat. 17, fig. 1910.
According to R. H. Weber, proprietor of The Dalles Nurseries, The Dalles, Oregon,
this variety originated in The Dalles. Fruit very large; color rich golden-yellow, consider-
ably overspread with deep carmine and crimson; flesh yellow, firm, rich, delicious; pit
very free; ripens the last of September.
Weed. I. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 44. 1895.
Weed originated on the farm of George Weed, Douglas, Michigan. Fruit of medium
size, roundish ; color yellow, with a ptirplish-red cheek ; flesh free, yellow, deep red at the pit,
soft, juicy, sweet, vinous; quality good; ripens the first of September.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 489
Weeping, i. Kenrick Am. Orch. 229. 1832. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 206. 1854.
Keid's Weepi)ig 3. Horticulturist 2^:16$, 166. 1874.
Reid. 4. Mich. Sta. Bid. 169:224. 1899.
This variety originated many years ago on the grounds of William Reid, Elizabeth-
town, New Jersey. Tree vigorous, spreading, with graceful, drooping branches; fruit
large, roundish-ovate; skin yellow, with a bright red cheek; flesh yellow, stained with
red at the pit. very juic\-. tender, \anous; quality good; pit free; ripens the last of August.
Weihnachts-Aprikosenpfirsich. i. T>ochr\ah\ Fiihr. Obstkiinde y.220. 1858.
Fruit medium in size, yellow, washed with red; flesh yellow, tender, sweet; season very
late.
Weisse Charlotte. 1. 'DochnahX Fiihr. Obstkwtde y.20T. 1858.
Fruit large, round; skin yellowish-white, partly washed with red; flesh yellowish-
white, often with tinges of red, sweet but with a slight astringent flavor ; season the middle
of October.
Welch. I. U. S. D. A. Yearbook 272, 273, PI. 35. 1903.
Welch was introduced by Charles B. Welch, Douglas, Michigan, having been raised
as a seedling of Chili about 1880. The variety resembles its parent but is considered
hardier, less subject to leaf-curl and brown-rot, better in qualit\- and ripens its fruit
later.
Weld Freestone, i. Kenrick Am. Orch. 179. 1835. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 289. 1854.
Said to have been raised by Eben Weld, Roxburj', Massachusetts. Fruit large,
roundish-oval; skin greenish-white, with a red blush; flesh rich, sweet, vinous, with a
delicious flavor; ripens the last of September.
Wellington, i. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 105. 1831. 2. Can. Hort. 24:480. 1901.
This old sort has long been growing in Toronto, Canada, but only recently came before
the public. The fruit is a large freestone, with yellow flesh and the tree shows distinct
hardiness and vigor.
West. I. Ga. Sta. Bid. 42:242. 1898.
This is a low, spreading variety with reniform glands.
Western Newington. i. Prince Treat. Fr. Trees 17. 1820.
Listed in this reference as a clingstone.
Whaley Favorite, i. Ont. Fr. Gr. Assoc. Rpt. 28:87. 1896.
This is a seedling peach raised by Mark Whaley, Olinda, Ontario, Canada. The
fruit is a yellow freestone of fair size and ripens two weeks ahead of Early Crawford.
Wheatstone. i. A'. Y. Sta. Rpt. 3:22. 1884.
Listed as growing upon the Station grounds in 1884.
Wheatley. 1. Miss. Sta. Bui. gy.i^. 1905.
Listed in this reference.
Wheeler Early, i. Country Gent. 23:158. 1864. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 30. 1875.
3. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 416. 1S88.
Wheeler Early was listed by the American Pomological Society from 1875 until 1897.
Glands globose; fruit small, roundish; skin white, blushed with red; flesh melting, not very
high in quality; freestone; ripens early.
490 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Wheeler Late. i. Can. Exp. Farm Bui. 2nd Ser. 3:68. 1900.
This is a strong-growing variety which does not ripen its fruit in Canada.
Wheeler Late Yellow. 1. Del. Sta. Rpt. 5:100. 1892.
Listed as growing in Delaware.
White Ball. i. Mag. Hort. 13:114. 1847. 2. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 636. 1869.
Said to have originated in Massachusetts. Glands reniform; fruit of medium size,
roundish, slightly depressed; skin greenish-white, shaded and marbled with red; flesh free,
white, juicy, melting, sweet; ripens early in September.
White Blossom, i. Prince Treat. Fr. Trees 17. 1820.
Wliite Blossomed Incomparable. 2. Lojid. Hort. Soc. Cat. 97. 183 1. 3. Prince Pom.
Man. 2:19. 1832.
Pecker a Fleurs et a Fruits Blancs. 4. Mas Lc \ 'crger 7:13, 14, fig. 5. 1866-73.
This singular variety has white blossoms and pale, straw-colored bark. It was found
in a hedge in Kings County, New York. The fruit resembles the Snow peach but is
inferior in size, flavor and appearance. Leaves light green, with reniform glands; fruit
large, oval; flesh white to the stone, melting, juicy; ripens late in August.
White Cling, i. Ga. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 25. 1876.
This peach is a white-fleshed clingstone ripening in July.
White Double Crop. i. Del. Sta. Rpt. 5:100. 1892.
Mentioned in this reference.
White Globe. 1. O/Z/nw/w 4: 146. 1856.
This is a very juicy, clingstone peach, having a delicious, aromatic flavor and ripening
early in September.
White Lnperial. i. Downing Fr. Trees Am.. 488, 489. 1845. 2. Elliott Fr. Book 279.
280. 1854. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 80. 1862.
This old sort originated with David Thomas, Cayuga Coimty, New York, and is
believed to be a seedling of Noblesse. It was introduced by J. J. Thomas, a son of the
originator, Macedon, New York. Growers and pomologists have confused White Imperial
with the Imperial of southern origin. Tree hardy, vigorous; fruit large, roundish, broad,
depressed at the apex; sutiu-e moderately deep; skin yellowish- white, tinged with light
purplish-red in the sun; flesh nearly white, melting, juicy, of delicate texture, sweet; qual-
ity very good; freestone; ripens the last of August.
White July. 1. Del. Sta. Rpt. 5:100. 1892. 2. Ala. Bd. Agr. Rpt. 36:106. 1908.
This is a superior clingstone peach which ripens early in Alabama.
White Jiuie. i. Green River Nur. Cat. 15. 1899.
According to the Green River Nurseries, Bowling Green, Kentucky, this variety
originated with W. W. Ware, Hopkinsville, Kentucky. It is a white peach of good qualit}-,
ripening wath Alexander.
White Magdalen, i. Langley Pomona loi, PI. 27 fig. 6. 1729. 2. Christ Handb. 598.
1817. 3. Lindley Guide Orch. Card. 253. 1831.
Magdalen. 4. ReaF/ora2io. 1676.
Madeleine Blanche. 5. Duhamel TrafZ. /Irfc.Fr. 2: 11, 12, 13, PI. VI. 1768. 6. Leroy
Diet. Pom. 6:147, 148 fig-. 149- 150- 1879.
Madeleine Blanche precocc. 7. Mas Pom. Gen. 12:186. 1883.
THK PICACHES ()!• NKW YORK 49 1
White Magdalen is an old French sort, having been mentioned as early as 1628 b>-
Lectier. Leaves doubly serrate, ^landless; flowers large, pale red; fruit below medium in
size, somewhat globular, hah'es unequal; deeply sutured; skin yellowish-white, marbled
with deep red; flesh melting, stained near the pit, juicy but not high in flavor; stone free,
small, obtuse; ripens the middle of August.
White Monsieur. 1. Rea. Flora 211. 1676.
Said to be a fine, early peach.
White Nectarine. 1. Del. Sia. Rpt. i^iin. lyoi.
This is an old English variety belonging to the Chinese Cling group of peaches. Fruit
nearly large, roundish; color greenish-white, washed and striped with crimson; flesh white,
tinged with red at the ])it, juicy, melting, with a mild subacid, vinous flavor; pit free;
season late.
White Nutmeg, i. Langley Pomona 100, PI. 27 fig. i. 1729. 2. Miller Card. Diet.
1752-
Avant-peche blanche. 3. Duhamel Trait. Art. Fr. 2:5, 6, PI. II. 1768. 4. Leroy
Diet. Pom. 6:45, 46 fig., 47, 48. 1879.
Weisse FrUhpfirsche. 5. Christ Handb. 598. 181 7.
Kleiner weisser FrUhpfirsche. 6. Liegel Anweisung 68. 1822. 7. Dochnahl Fuhr.
Obstkunde. 3:196. 1858. 8. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 402. 1889.
FrUhe Montagne ? g. 'L\ege\ Anweisung t?>. 1822.
Earliest White Nutmeg. 10. Prince Pom. Man. 1:173. 1831.
This is an old French sort spoken of in 1589. Leaves small, doubly serrate, without
glands; flowers large, pale; fruit very small, oval, distinctly sutvired; apex with an acute
nipple; skin white, with a pale tinge; flesh white to the stone, juicy, musky; freestone;
quality fair; stone small, oval; ripens the middle of July.
White Pace. i. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 637. 1869.
This is a Southern variety, having Persian blood but with a comparatively white skin.
Flesh yellowish, juicy, sweet, free; season August.
White Winter. 1. Vnnce Treat. Fr. Trees i-j. 1820. 2. Prince Pow. A/a;;. 2:32. 1832.
This is an oval-shaped peach with white skin and flesh which ripens in October and is
chiefly valued for preser\'es.
Whitehead Red Heath, i. Kermck Am. Orch. 197. 1841.
This variety, which was sent out about 1840 by Richard Reynolds, Smithfield, Virginia,
is said to be superior to Heath Cling with which it ripens. Fruit very large, with a deep
red color.
Whitlow Choice, i. Green River Nur. Cat. 16. 1899.
This variety was found by the Green River Nurseries, Bowling Green, Kentucky,
on the farm of W. H. Whitlow near Casky, Kentucky. It is a freestone of good quality,
resembling Yellow Rareripe and ripening the last of July.
Wiard. i. W. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 117. 1900.
Wiard originated about twenty years ago on the grounds of Harry Wiard, Syracuse,
New York. Fruit large, with golden-yellow skin, nearly covered wath bright crimson;
flesh yellow, very juicy; of good quality; freestone; season the middle of September.
492
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Wiggins. I. Ga. Sta. Bid. 42:242. 1898. 2. Del. Sta. Rpt. 13:111, 112. 1901.
Said to have originated in Texas. Fruit medium in size, roundish-oblong, slightly
compressed; skin creamy-yellow, with a red blush; flesh greenish- white, juicy, tender, sweet;
quality excellent; stone free; ripens early in July in Texas.
Wilbur. I. Leonard Coates Ca/. 5. 191 1- 12.
According to the Leonard Coates Ntu-sery Company, Morganhill, California, this is
a very large, attractive, yellow, freestone peach ripening in September.
Wilder, i. Card. Mon. 17:270. 1875. 2. Ibid. 18:82. 1876.
Wilder probably originated with H. M. Engle, Marietta, Pennsylvania. It is said
to be a promising variety.
Wilkins. i. U. S. D. A. Rpt. ^82. 1891.
Wilkins Cling. 2. Kan. Hort. Soc. Peach, The 148. 1899.
Wilkins is said to have originated with Colonel Wilkins of Maryland as a seedling of
Heath Cling and is thought to be identical with that variety except in being larger and having
clearer and more creamy color.
WiUard. W. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 115. 1900.
This variety originated with S. D. Willard, Geneva, New York, and is a peach of good
quality, ripening after Early Crawford.
Willett. 1. Mich. Sta. Bui. 118:32. 1895. 2. Ibid. 169:229. 1899- 3- U. S. D. .4.
Yearbook 476, 477, PI. LXL 1902.
Cornelius 0 'Bryan of New York City is said to have originated this peach more than
fifty years ago from a stone brought from South America. In 1874 Mr. O'Bryan's property
came into the possession of Wallace P. Willett, who was so impressed with the new seedling
that the following year he induced C. L. Van Dusen, Geneva, New York, to propagate it.
Fruit large, roundish-ovate, compressed; skin deep yellow, blushed and often striped with
crimson; flesh yeUow, red at the pit, juicy, fairly tender, with a vinous flavor; stone free;
quality good; ripens the last of September.
Williams. 1. W. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 115. 1880.
Williams was discovered about 1875 by Lewis Williams, Hillsboro, Mar\'land. The
fruit is said to be earlier and better than that of Alexander.
Williams Catherine, i. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 95. 183 1.
Ven,' much like Catharine. Leaves with reniform glands; flowers small; fruit large,
pale green, blushed; of first quality; stone clings; matures late in September.
Williams Cling, i. L. R. Johnson Cat. 6. 1894.
L. R. Johnson, Coshocton, Ohio, says that this peach was grown from a seed of
Bealmcar Cling by J. F. Williams. It closely resembles its parent.
Williams Early Purple, i. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 105. 1831.
This is said to be a good, pale green peach, blushed \\4th dull red and ripening early
in August.
Williamson, i. U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt. 44. 1895. 2. Mich. Sia. Bid. 169:229. 1899.
Williamson Choice. 3. Col., 0., Hort. Soc. Rpt. 32. 1892.
Fruit large, roundish; skin yellow, washed and striped with crimson; flesh yellow, red
at the pit, juicy, tender, -n-ith a mild, vinous flavor; freestone; ripens the last of September.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 493
Williamsoa Cling, i. Kenrick .4;;;. Orch. i86. 1835.
Fruit laxge, oblong, with a pointed apex; skin white, with a red blush; flesh white,
very juicy, with a good flavor; season the middle of October.
Willow -Leaf. i. Mic/i. 5ta. 5«/. 31:58. 1887.
Listed in this reference.
Willson. I. Card. Mon. 24:307. 1882.
This variety originated about 1878 with Pierpont Willson, Vineland, New Jersey.
Fruit large, roundish, inclined to oblong; color yellowish-white, with a slight blush; flesh
yellowish- white, dark red at the pit, very juicy, of excellent flavor ; freestone ; season the
first of September.
Wilson. I. Peachland Nur. Cat. 12, 13. 1890.
Wilson was introduced more than twenty-five years ago by Charles Wright, proprietor
of the Peachland Nurseries, Seaford, Delaware. The variety resembles Reeves but is
larger, more productive and ripens a week earlier.
Windoes. i. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 452. 1879.
This is a freestone peach ripening in the middle of September and of only local interest
in Michigan, where it originated.
Wine. I. Continental PI. Cat. 13, 14. 1915-16.
Wine is an old variety recently introduced by the Continental Plant Company, Kittrell,
North Carohna. Said to reproduce itself from seed. Fruit mediitm in size, with an
attractive, red cheek; flesh very juicy and tender, with a wine-like flavor; freestone; season
the last of July.
Winesburgh Large Yellow, i. Mag. Hort. 13:110. 1847.
This is said to be a large, very excellent seedling which originated long ago in Holmes
County, Ohio.
Winifred, i. Leonard Coates Cai. 5. 191 1- 12.
According to the Leonard Coates Nurser>' Company, Morganhill, California, this is
a verj' late, yellow chngstone equal to Lev}-.
Winnepesaukee. i. Am. Potn. Soc. Rpt. 149. 1S97.
This is a peach of New Hampshire origin.
Wirt Lady. i. Kan. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 84. 1898.
Said to ripen with Crothers.
Witham Seedling, i. Land. Hort. Soc. Cat. 105. 1831.
Listed in this reference.
Wobum Early Mignonne. i. Loud. Hort. Soc. Cat. 100. 1831.
Mentioned in this reference.
Woemer. i. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 291. 1893.
Fruit of medium size, oblong, with a cream-white skin, faintly blushed with red;
flesh white, firm, sweet, rich; quality very good; clingstone; season the last of October.
Wonderful, i. A^ C. Sia. Rpt. 12:108. 1889. 2. Can. Hort. 16:81. 1893. 3. Mich.
Sta. Bui. i6g:22g. 1899. 4. Budd-Hansen^)«. //ori. A/an. 2:359. 1903. 5. Am.
Pom. Soc. Cat. 39. 1909.
Wonderful is a seedhng peach which originated in New Jersey nearly thirty years ago.
494 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
It has been confused with Smock which it closely resembles. Tree hardy but lacking in
productiveness; fruit large, roundish-oval, with a distinct suture; color yellow, with a
red blush when exposed; flesh yellow, red at the pit, moderately juicy, tender, free; quality
fair; season the last of September.
Woodlawn Golden, i. Woodlawn Nur. Cat. 36. 1914.
This variety was recently introduced by Allen L. Wood, proprietor of the Woodlawn
Nurseries, Rochester, New York. Fruit large; color golden yellow, with a red check: flesh
free, yellow, firm, with a fine, rich flavor; season the first of September.
Woodman Choice, i. A'. Y. Sta. Rpt. 15:290. 1896.
At one t'me grown on the Station grounds. Fruit large, roundish; skin greenish-
yellow, with a mottled blush; flesh deep yel'ow, stained with red at the pit, juicy, firm;
freestone; quahty good; season the last of September.
Woolsey. i. Budd-Hansen Am. Hort. Man. 2:359. 1903-
Woolscy Nebraska. 2. Stark Bros. Cat. 40. 1913.
Said to have originated in Gage County, Nebraska. Tree hardy in Nebraska; fruit
large, roundish; color yellow, with a red and crimson cheek; flesh yellow, rich, melting,
vinous, good; pit free.
Worcester, i. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 89. 1899.
Dr. J. Warren Worcester, Middletown, New York, raised this variety from a pit of a
California peach. Fruit large, round, with a distinct sutvu-e; flesh yellow, red at the stone,
juicy, sweet, rich; freestone; ripens rather late.
World Fair. i. Bailey Am. Hort. 185. 1892.
This variety, which was introduced by the Home Nurserj^ Company, Normal, Illinois,
is said to have originated about 1892 in Sappington, Missouri. Tree hardy, vigorous;
fruit very large, roundish; color yellow, with a deep red blush; flesh juicy, with an excellent
flavor; season about the middle of June in Missouri.
Worth. I. Stark Bros. Cat. 40. 1913.
Worth was introduced by Stark Brothers, Louisiana, Missouri, many years ago. The
peach is a yellow freestone, with a brilliant red blush, resembling Early Crawford.
Wright. I. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 291. 1893.
Tree very productive; fruit large, roundish; color rich orange-yellow, shaded with red;
flesh yellow, tinged wath red at the pit, firm, juicy, sweet, rich; quality very good; cling-
stone; season early in November in California.
Wright Seedling, i. Card. & For. S-.^^g. 1895. 2. Neb. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 27-/. 1901.
This peach was obtained by W. F. Wright, Johnson County, Nebraska. Said to
reproduce itself from seed.
Wyandotte Chief, i. IF. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 50. 1879. 2. Ibid. no. 1880.
This variety is said to have originated on the farm of Matthew Mudeator, near
Wyandotte, Kansas. It is described as a handsome, dark red, rich, juicy, finely flavored,
freestone peach, ripening very early.
Wylie Cling, i. Wickson Cal. Fruits 200. 190S.
This is an old seedling grown by John Wylie, Green Valley, California. It is superioi-
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 495
to Orange Cling in not splitting at the jjit or dropping from the tree; a fine peach for canning
and drying.
XX YeUow. I. Del. Sla. Kpt. 5:100. 1892.
Listed in this reference.
Yates Early, i. Elliott Fr. Book 296. 1854.
Said to be inferior to Early York which it resembles.
Yates Red Cling, i. Stark Bros. Cat. 40. 19:3.
According to Stark Brothers, Louisiana, Missouri, this is a large, attractive, red-
cheeked, white-fleshed, clingstone peach, ripening ten days earlier than Heath Cling.
Yazoo. I. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 39. 1909. 2. Waugh Am. Peach Orch. 209. 1913.
This is a clingstone which originated in Mississippi.
Yellow Admirable, i. Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr. 2:33, 34, PI. XXII. 1768. 2. Kcnrick
Am. Orch. 216. 1832. 3. Card. Chron. 1159. 1864. 4. Leroy Did. Pom. 6:40,
41 fig., 42. 1879.
Abricotee. 5. Land. Hort. Soc. Cat. 92. 183 1. 6. Downing Fr. Trees Atn. 489.
1845. 7. Noisette Maw. Co;;;/?, yari. 2:476. i860.
Apricot. 8. Prince Pom. Man. 1:194. 183 1.
Gelbe W under schone. 9. Deut. Obstcabinet Pt. 7:9. 1858.
Gelber Aprikosenpfirsich. 10. Dochnahl FHhr. Obstkunde 3:2ij. 1858.
Prachtvolle Apricosenpfirsich. 11. Lauche Dent. Pom. VI:No. i, PI. 1882.
Yellow Admirable is an old French sort which has never been cultivated in America.
Tree vigorous, productive; leaves small, with reniform glands; flowers usually large, with
an intense rose-color; fruit large, round, flattened; suture shallow; skin thick, finely
pubescent, yellow, blushed with red where exposed ; flesh yellow, faintly red near the stone,
firm, rather dry, sweet, with the flavor of the apricot; good in quality; pit small for the size
of the fruit, partially clinging, oval, blunt at the apex; ripens the middle of October.
Yellow Apricot, i. Prince Treat. Hort. 18. 182S.
Fruit very large; color yellow, with a red blush; flesh yellow, Ann, with an apricoi
flavor; ripens the first of October.
Yellow August, i. Tex. Sta. Bui. 39:817. 1896.
Said to be a very late and worthless variety in Texas.
Yellow Chance, i. Cat. Sta. Rpt. 391. 1894-95.
Said to be a seedling ripening the last of September.
Yellow Chevreuse. i. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 95. 1831.
Leaves with globose glands; flowers small; flesh melting.
Yellow Extra, i. Mich. Sta. Bui. 31:58. 1887.
Listed in this reference.
Yellow Globe, i. Kati. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 228. 1910-11.
Mentioned in this reference.
Yellow Mignonne. i. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 100. 183 1.
Mentioned in this reference as a pale, greenish-yellow peach having a red blush, dull
yellow flesh and ripening in early September.
496 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Yellow Nutmeg, i. Prince Treat. Fr. Trees i6. 1820. 2. Cultivator 6:308 fig. 1849.
Early Yellow Nutmeg. 3. Land. Hori. Soc. Cat. 10 1. 1831.
This is a free grower having large flowers and reniform glands. Its flesh is deep
yellow and of good quality and its season is early.
Yellow Peach, i. Parkinson Par. Ter. 580. 1629. 2. Card. Chron. 1042. 1872.
This is a very old peach once considerably used in making peach-brandy. Tree
small, bushy; fruit large, with a bright golden, pubescent skin; flesh very firm, clinging
tenaciously to the pit.
Yellow Preserving, i. Coxe Cult. Fr. Trees 224. 1S17. 2. Prince Pom. Man. 2:20.
1832.
Fruit small, with a greenish-yellow skin; flesh greenish-yellow, dry. with but little
flavor; freestone; ripens in September.
Yellow Rose. 1. Kan. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 51. 1901.
Yellow Rose is a seedling from F. G. Barker, Salina, Kansas. Trees hardy, repro-
ducing truii from seed; fruit fair in size; skin pale yellow, free from down; flesh firm, yellow;
ripens early in October.
Yellow Seedling, i. Mag. Hort. 27:154. 1861.
Listed as a large, promising freestone.
Yellow Swan. i. Sneed & Wood Cir. 1906.
According to John F. Sneed, Tyler, Texas, this peach was brought to notice by
C. W. Wood, vSwan, Texas. It is thought to be a seedling of Chinese Cling. Fruit large,
roundish-oval, slightly compressed, with a shallow suttire; skin yellow, mottled with red
on one side; flesh yellow, sometimes faintly red at the pit, semi-clinging, tender, sweet
yet sprightly; quality good; ripens early in August.
Yenshi. i. Green River Nur. Cat. 17. 1899.
Yenshi Hardy. 2. Lovett Cat. 34 fig. 1896.
According to the Lovett Company, Little Silver, New Jersey, this variety was
introduced from northwestern China by Professor J. L. Budd, Ames, Iowa. Tree vigorous,
very hardy; fruit large, roundish; color creamy-white, nearly covered with crimson; flesh
tender, very juicy, high-flavored; freestone; ripens with Alexander.
Yocum. I. ///. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 203. 1879.
This is an attractive, large, late, yellow peach.
York PearL i. Mich. Sia. Bid. 143:186. 1897.
Listed in this reference.
Yulu. I. Ont. Fr. Gr. Assoc. Rpt. App. 33:37. 1901.
Listed in this reference.
Yum Yum. i. Del. Sta. Rpt. 5:100. 1892. 2. Fla. Sta. Bui. 62:518, 519. 1902.
Originated by a Dr. Cushing, Waldo, Florida. Fruit large, roundish-oblong, vi-ith
a shallow suture; skin light creamy- white, dotted and washed with delicate red; flesh
white, firm, meaty, juicy, sweet, with almost an almond flavor; quality very good;
chngstone; season early Jime in Florida.
Zane. i. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 263. 1892. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 74. 1895.
Zane originated on Wheeling Island in the Ohio river and was brought to notice by
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 497
Joseph Morrison, Cadiz, Ohio. Fruit medium in size, roundish-oblate; color yellow,
wnth a dark red blush; flesh yellow, red at the pit, tender, juicy, mild subacid; quality
i^'ood; freestone; season early September.
Zea. I. Mich. Sta. Bui. 152:199. 1898. 2. Ibid. 205:31. 1903.
Zca is large and attractive but is not so good nor as productive as Waddell with
which it ripens.
Zelhemer Lieblingspfirsich. 1. Dochnahl F-tihr. Obstkunde 3:207. 1858.
Fruit medium in size, round; skin yellow, washed with red; flesh very yellow, with
a sweet, vinous flavor; ripens the last of August.
Zelia. I. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 41. 1877. 2. Pa. Fr. Gr. Soc. Kpt. 587. 1878.
Zelia originated in 1873 with L. E. Berckmans, Rome, Georgia. Fruit large; skin
white, with a red cheek; flesh white, juicy, vinous; qualitj' very good; freestone; ripens
the last of September.
Zell. I. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 39. 1909.
Listed in this reference.
Zelia. I. Mo. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 246. 1893.
Zelia was brought to notice in 1893 by S. W. Gilbert, Thayer, Missouri. It is a
large, white, freestone peach with a bright red blush and fine flavor.
Zipf Seedling, i. Hopedak Nur. Cat. 22. 191 2.
According to the Hopedalc Nurseries, Hopedale, Illinois, this varietj' originated as
a chance seedling. Fruit large, roundish-oblong; flesh firm, of good flavor; ripens the
middle of September.
Zoar Beauty, i. Elliott Fr. Book 290. 1854.
Beauty of Zoar. 2. Mag. Hort. 13:110. 1847.
Glands globose; fruit medium in .size, round; skin mostly red; flesh free, tinged with
red; ripens in September.
32
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 499
BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES, WITH ABBREVIATIONS USED
The list of books which follows contains all American pomological
works in which the peach is discussed at any length. Only such European
books are listed, however, as were found useful in writing The Peaches of
Xetv York. Only periodicals are listed to which references are made in
the text of the book. The reports and bulletins of experiment stations
and horticultural societies are not included since the abbreviations used
for such publications will be recognized by all. The date of copyright
has been preferred to that of publication though sometimes it has been
necessary to use the latter, as when there were several editions from the
same copyright.
Am. Gard American Gardening. An Illustrated Journal of Horticulture
and Gardener's Chronicle. New York: 1892-1904. Copy-
right, 1903. (Before its union with Popular Gardening
in 1892, the publication was known as The American
• Garden. Both Popular Gardening and The American
Garden residted from the union or absorption of several
other horticultural periodicals.)
Am. Gard. Mag The American Gardener's Magazine, and Register of Useful
Discoveries and Improvements in Horticulture and Rural
Affairs. See Mag. Hort.
Am. Hort. An American Horticultural Annual. A Year-book of Horticul-
tural Progress for the Professional and Amateur Gardener,
Fruit-grower, and Florist. {Illustrated.) New York: 1867.
Copyright, 1867. New edition. New York: 1S70. Copy-
right, 1869.
Am. Jour. Hort The American Journal of Horticulture and Florist's Com-
panion. {Illustrated.) Volumes 1-5. Boston: 1867-1869.
Copyrights, 1867-1869. Continued as Tilton's Journal of
Horticulture and Floral Magazine. {Illustrated.) Volumes
6-9. Boston: 1869-1871. -CopjTights, 1869-1871.
Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt Proceedings of the American Pomological Society. Issued
usually biennially from 1850 to date. First published as
the Proceedings of the National Convention of Fruit
Growers in 1848.
Ann. Hort Annals of Horticulture and yearbook of information on
practical gardening. 5 Volumes. London: 1846-1850.
500
TIIK I'lXACIIES OF NEW YORK
Ann. Pom. Beige Annalcs de Pomologie Beige ct Etrangdre; publi^es par la
Commission royale de Pomologie Institut(^e par S. M. le
Roi des Beiges. (Illustre.) 8 Tomes. Bruxelles: 1853-
1860.
Bailey, Ann. Hort Annals of Horticiilture in North America for the Years
1889-1893. A Witness of Passing E\-ents and a Record
of Progress. By L. H. Bailey. New York: 1890-1894.
Copyrights, 1889, 1891-1894.
Bailey, Cyc. Hort Cyclopedia of American Horticulture Comprising Suggestions
for Cultivation of Horticultural Plants, Descriptions of
the Species of Fruits, Vegetables, Flowers and Ornamental
Plants Sold in the United States and Canada, Together
with Geographical and Biographical Sketches. By L. H.
Bailey, assisted by WiUielm Miller. (Illustrated.) In
Four Volumes. New York: 1900-1902. Copyrights, 1900-
1902.
Bailey, Ev. Nat. Fruits Sketch of the Evolution of our Native Fruits. By L. H.
Bailey. (Illustrated.) New York: 1898. CopjTight,
1898.
Bailey, Stand. Cyc. Hort. . . The Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture. A Discussion,
for the Amateur, and the Professional and Commercial
Grower, of the Kinds, Characteristics and Methods of
Cultivation of the Species of Plants Grown in the Regions
of the United States and Canada for Ornament, for Fancy,
for Fruit and for Vegetables; with Keys to the Natural
Families and Genera, Descriptions of the Horticultioral
Capabilities of the States and Provinces and Dependent
Islands, and Sketches of Eminent Horticulturists. By
L. H. Bailey. (Illustrated.) In Six Volumes. New York
and London: 1914-1917. Copyrights, 1900, 1901, 1914,
191S, 1916, 1917.
Bailey, Sur. Unlilie The Survival of the Unlike. A Collection of Evolution
Essays Suggested by the Study of Domestic Plants. By
L. H. Bailey. (Illustrated.) Fifth Edition. New York:
1906. Copyright, 1896.
Baltet, Cult. Fr Tr^it^ de la Cultiu-e Fruitiere Commerciale et Bourgeoise.
Par Charles Baltet. (Illustre.) Ouatrieme Edition. Paris:
1908.
Barry, Fr. Garden The Fruit Garden. By P. Barry. (Illustraied.) New York:
1852. Coi)yright, 1851. Revised Edition, 1896. Copy-
right, 18S3.
Beverly, Hist. Va History of Virginia. By Robert Beverly. 1722. Reprinted
in Richmond, 1855.
THE PEACHES OF NEW V(M<K 5OI
Black, Cult, Peach &• Pear The Cultivation of the Peach And The Pear, on the Delaware
and Chesapeal<c Peninsula; with a Chapter on Quince
Cultiore and the Culture of Some of the Nut-Bearing Trees.
By John S. Black, M. D. (Illnstraied.) Wilmington:
1886. Copyright, 1886.
Bradley, Gard New Improvements of Planting and Gardening, both Philo-
sophical and Practical. In three parts. By Richard
Bradley. {Illustrated.) Seventh Edition with Appendix,
London: 1739.
Bridgeman, Gard. Ass't The Young Gardener's Assistant, in three parts. By Thomas
Bridgeman. New Edition, with an Appendix. New York:
1857. Copyright, 1847.
Brookshaw, Hort. Reposit.. The Horticultural Repository, containing Delineations of the
best Varieties of the Different Species of English Fruits.
By George Brookshaw. {Illustrated.) In Two Volumes.
London: 1823.
Brookshaw, Pom. Brit Pomona Britannica, or A Collection of the iVIost Esteemed
Fruits at present Cultivated In Great Britain; selected
principally from the Royal Gardens At Hampton Court,
and the remainder from The Most Celebrated Gardens
Round London; Accurately Drawn and Colored from
Nature, with Fidl Descriptions of their Various Qualities,
Seasons, &c. By George Brookshaw. Volumes I and II.
London: 1817. Vol. I. The Peach.
Budd-Hansen, Am. Hort.
Man American Horticultural Manual. By J. L. Budd, assisted
by N. E. Hansen. {Illustrated.) In Two Volumes.
Volume 2, New York and London: 1903. Copyright,
1903-
Bimyard-Thomas, Fr. Gard. The Fruit Garden. By George Bunyard and Owen Thomas.
(Illustrated.) London and New York: 1904.
Can. Hort The Canadian Horticulturist. {Illustrated.) Toronto and
Peterboro: 1878 to date.
Carri^re, Var. P^chers Description Et Classification des Vari^t^s De Pechers et de
Brugonniers. Par E. A. Carri^re. Paris: 1867.
Cat. Cong. Pom. France . . . Soci6t6 Pomologique de France Catalogue Descriptif des
Fruits Adoptcs par le Congr^ Pomologique. Lyon: 1887.
Ibid.: 1906.
Cecil, Hist. Gard. Eng A History Of Gardening In England. By the Hon. Mrs.
Evelyn Cecil. Third and enlarged edition. {Illustrated.)
New York: 19 10.
Christ, Handb Handbuch uber die Obstbavimzucht und Obstlehre. Von
J. L. Christ. Vicrte, sehr verbcsserte und vermehrte
Auflage. Frankfurt: 181 7.
502 THE PKACIIES OF NEW YORK
Christ, Worterb Pomologisches theoretisch-praktisches Handworterbuch, oder
Alphabetisches Vcrzeichniss. Von J. L. Christ. Leipzig:
1802.
Cole, Am. Fr. Book The American Fmit Book ; containing directions for Raising,
Propagating, and Managing Fruit Trees, Shrubs, and
Plants; with a description of the Best Varieties of Fruit,
including New and Valuable Kinds. By S. W. Cole.
(Illustrated.) Boston: 1849. Copyright, 1849.
Country Gent The Country- Gentleman. Albany: 1853-1865. The Culti-
vator & Country Gentleman. Albany: 1866-1897. The
Countiy Gentleman. Albany and Philadelphia: 1898 to
date.
Coxe, Cult. Fr. Trees A View of the Cultivation of Fruit Trees, and the Manage-
ment of Orchards and Cider; with accurate descriptions
of the most estimable varieties of Native and Foreign
Apples, Pears, Peaches, Pltmis and Cherries, cultivated in
the middle states of America. By William Coxe. {Illus-
trated) Philadelphia: 181 7. Copyright, 181 7.
Cultivator The Cultivator. Albany: 1834-1865. In 1866 united with
The Countrj' Gentleman.
Cult. & Count. Gent The Cultivator & Country Gentleman. See Countr\' Gent.
Darwin, Ans. and Pis. Do-
mest The Variation of Animals And Plants under Domestication.
By Charles Darwin. {Illustrated.) First edition. London:
1868. Second edition, revised. In Two \^olumes. Lon-
don: 1893.
De CandoUe, Or. Cult.
Plants Origin of Cultivated Plants. By Alphonse de CandoUe.
Geneva [Switzerland]: 1882. New York: 1885.
Decaisne, Jard. Fruit Le Jardin Fruitier Du Museum Ou Iconographie De Toutes
Les Esp^ces Et Varietes D'Arbres Fruitiers Cultives dans
cet Etablissement Avec Leur Description, Leur Histoire,
Leur Synonymie, Etc. Par J. Decaisne. Tome Septieme.
Paris: 1872-1875.
Decaisne & Naudin, Man.
Amat. Jard Manuel de L'Amateur Des Jardins Traite General D'Horti-
cultvue. Par Jh. Decaisne et CH. Naudin. {Ilhistre.)
Tome Quatrieme. Paris.
Deut. Obstcabinet Deutsches Obstcabinet in naturgetreuen fein colorirten
Abbildungen und Fruchtdurchschnitten zu Dittrich's sys-
tematischem Handbuche der Obstkunde trnd zu jedem
pomologischen werke nebst einter kurzen Beschreibung
und Diagnose der Obstarten. Neue Aiifiage. Section VII.
Jena: 1858.
THI'; PKACHRS OF NEW YORK 5O3
Dochnahl, Fiihr. Obstkunde Der sichere Fiihrer in der Obstkunde auf botanisch-pomo-
logischen Wege oder Systematische Breschreibung aller
Obstsorten. Von F. J. Dochnahl. Vier Bande. Num-
berg: 1855-60. Volume 3, 1858. Peaches.
Downing, Fr. Trees Am. .. . The Fruits and Fruit Trees of America: or the culture,
propagation, and management, in the garden and orchard,
of fruit trees generally; with Descriptions Of All The
Finest Varieties Of Fruit, Native and Foreign, Cultivated
In This Country. By A. J. Downing. (Illustrated.) New
York & London: 1845. Copyright, 1845. Second edition,
same text, with colored plates, 1847. First revision, by
Charles Downing. New York: 1857. Copyright, 1857.
Second revision, by Charles Downing. New York: 1869.
First appendix, 1872. Second appendix, 1876. Third
appendix, 1881.
Duhamel, Trait. Arb. Fr... Traitd Des Arbres Fruitiers; Contenant Leur Figure, Leur
DescTiption, Leur Ctilture, &c. Par M. Duhamel Du
Monceau. {IlltistrS.) Tomesieta. Paris: 1768. Edition
public en 1872, en trois tomes. Nouvelle Edition en six
tomes, 1 807-1 83 5.
Elliott, Fr. Book Elliott's Fruit Book; or, the American Fruit-Grower's Guide
in Orchard and Garden. By F. R. Elhott. {Illustrated.)
New York: 1858. Copyright, 1854. Revised edition.
1859.
Fish. Hardy-Fr. Bk The Hardy-Fruit Book. By D. T. Fish. {Illustrated.)
Two Volumes. London: probably 1882.
Flor. & Pom The Florist And Pomologist: A Pictorial Monthly Magazine
of Flowers, Fruits, and General Horticulture. Conducted
at first by Robert Hogg and John Spencer, later by Thomas
Moore and William Pavd. {Illustrated.) London: 1862-
Floy-Lindley
Gard
Guide Orch.
A Guide to the Orchard And Fruit Garden or an account
of the Most Valuable Fruits cultivated in Great Britain.
By George Lindley; edited by John Lindley. American
edition by Michael Floy. New York: 1833. New edition;
with an Appendix. New York: 1846. Copyright, 1846.
A Treatise on the Culture and Management of Fruit Trees.
By William Forsyth. London: 1802. Same with an
Introduction and Notes, by William Corbett. Albany:
1803. Seventh edition [Enghsh] London: 1824.
Fulton, Peach Cult Peach Culture. By James Alexander Fulton. {Illustrated.)
Copyright, 1889. New, revised, and greatly enlarged
edition. New York: 1908.
Forsyth, Treat. Fr. Trees.
504
I'hACHES OF NEW YORK
Card. Chron The Gardener's Chronicle. (Illustrated.) London: 1841 to date.
Card. & For Garden And Forest. A Journal of Horticulture, Landscape
Art and Forestry. Conducted by Charles S. Sargent.
{Illustrated.) \fo\\imes l-X. New York: 1888-1897. Copy-
rights, 1888-1897.
Gard. Mon The Gardener's Monthly and Hortictdtural Advertiser.
Edited by Thomas Meehan. {Illustrated.) Philadelphia:
1859-1887.
Garden The Garden. {Illustrated.) London: 1872 to date.
Gaucher, Pom. Prak. Obst. Pomologie des Praktischen Obstbaumzuchters. Von N.
Gaucher. {Illustrirt.) Stuttgart: 1894.
Gen. Farmer The Genesee Farmer. Edited by Luther Tucker, Rochester :
1831-1839. Then consolidated with the Cultivator.
Another periodical of the same name was published in
Rochester from 1845 to 1865. Also New Genesee Farmer
and Monthly Genesee Farmer.
Gerarde, Hcrball The HerbaU or Generall Historic of Plantes. By John
Gerarde. Enlarged and amended by Thomas Johnson.
London: 1633. Reprinted without alteration, 1636.
Guide Prat Guide Pratique de L'Amateur De Fruits. Description Et
Culture des Vari^tes De Fruits Classees Par Series De
Merite composant les collections pomologiques De L'Etab-
lissement Horticole Simon-Louis Fr^res. A Plantieres-
Les-Metz (Lorraine Annexee) Suivi D'Une Table Generale
Alphab^tique de tous les Synonymes connus, Francais et
Strangers appartenent a chaque variete. Deuxieme Edi-
tion. Paris et Nancy: 1895.
HofTy, N. Am. Pom Hoffy's North American Pomologist, containing niunerous
Finely Colored Drawings, accompanied by letter press
descriptions, &c., of Fruits of American Origin. Edited by
William D. Brinckl^. Book No. i. Philadelphia: i860.
Copyright, i860.
Hoffy, Orch. Com The Orchardist's Companion. Alfred Hoffy, Editor and
Publisher. A quarterly journal. Vol. I, 1841-2; Vol. II.
1842-3. Philadelphia.
Hogg, Fniit Man The Fruit Manual: A Guide to the Fruits and Fruit Trees
of Great Britain. By Robert Hogg. First edition,
London: i860. Second edition, 1861. Third edition.
1866. Foiuth edition, 1873. Fifth edition, 1884.
Hooper, W. Fr. Book Hooper's Western Fruit Book: a compendious Collection of
Facts from the Notes and Experience of Successful Fruit
Culturists, arranged for practical use in The Orchai'd and
Garden. By E. J. Hooper. Cincinnati: 1857. Copy-
right, 1857.
THE PEACHES OK NEW YORK 505
Hort. Reg. (Am.) Horticultural Register and Gardener's Magazine. Edited
by T. G. Fessenden and J. E. Teschemacher. Volume I.
Boston: 1835.
Hort. Reg. (Eng.) The Horticultural Register and General Magazine. By
Joseph Paxton and Joseph Harrison. Vol. I. London:
1833-
Horticulturist The Horticulturist and Journal of Rural Art and Rural
Taste. Founded and first edited by A. J. Downing.
(Illustrated.) Volumes i to 30. Albany, Philadelphia and
New York: 1846-1875.
Hovey, Fr. Am The Fruits of America, containing Richly Colored Figures,
and full Descriptions of all the choicest Varieties cultivated
in the United States. By C. M. Hovey. Volume I.
Boston and New York: 1852. Volume H. Boston: 1856.
Copyright, 1851.
Jour. Hort The Journal of Horticulture began as: The Cottage Gardener;
or Amateur's and Cottager's Guide to out-door gardening
and spade cultivation. 25 Volumes. London: 1849-186 1.
Continued as The Journal of Horticulture, Cottage Gar-
dener, and Country Gentleman. A Jotunal of Horticul-
ture, Rural and Domestic Economy, Botany and Natiual
History. New Series. 38 Volvunes. London: 1861-1880.
Continued as The Journal of Horticulture, Cottage Gar-
dener, and Home Farmer. A Chronicle of Countr\'
Pursuits and Country Life, including Poultry', Pigeon,
and Bee-keeping. Third Series. 59 Volumes. London:
1 880- 1 909.
Jour. Roy. Hort. Soc The Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society. London:
1846 to date. Vols. 1-9, 1846-55, bear the title of The
Journal of the Horticultural Society of London.
Kalm, Travels N. Am Travels into North America. By Peter Kalm. Volumes
1-3. 1770-1771.
Kenrick, Am. Orch The New American Orchardist.. By William Kenrick. Bos-
ton: 1833. Copyright, 1832. Second edition. Boston:
1835. Copyright, 1835. Seventh edition, enlarged and
improved, with a supplement. Boston: 1845. Copyright,
1841.
Knoop, Fructologie Part I. Pomologie, ou Description des meilleures sortes de
Pommes et de Poires. Part H. Fructologie, ou Descrip-
tion des Arbres Fruitiers. Par Jean Herman Knoop.
{Illustre.) Amsterdam: 1771.
Koch, Deut. Obst Die Deutschen Obstgeholze. Vorlesungen gehalten zu Berlin
im Winterhalbjahr 1875-76. Von Karl Koch. Stuttgart:
506 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Kraft, Pom. Aust Pomona austriaca, Abhandlung von den Obstbaumen. Von
Johann Kraft. 2 Theile. Vienna: 1792.
Langley, Pomona Pomona, or the Fruit Garden Illustrated. By Batty Langley.
London: 1729.
Lauche, Deut. Pom Deutsche Pomologie. Von W. Lauche. {Ilhistrirt.) Berlin;
1882.
Lauche, Erganzungsband. . . Erster Erganzungsband zu Lucas' und Oberdieck's lUustrirtes
Handbuch der Obstkunde. Von W. Lauche. Berlin:
1883.
Lawson. Hist. Carolina. . . . History of Carolina. By John Lawson. 17 14. Reprinted
at Raleigh, i860.
Le Bon Jard Le Bon Jardinier. 126® Edition Almanach Horticole, 1882
et 129^ :^dition, 1884. Paris.
Leroy, Diet. Pom Dictionnaire de Pomologie. Par Andr6 Leroy. (lUustre.)
6 Tomes. Paris: 1867-1879. Tome 6, 1879. Peaches.
Liegel. Anweisung Anweisung, mit welchen Sorten verschiedene Obstbaum-
Anlagen besetzt werden sollen. Von G. Liegel. Salzburg:
1822.
Liegel, Syst. Anleit Systematische Anleitung zur Kenntniss der vorzuglichsten
Sorten des Kern-, Stein-, Schalen- und Beerenobster.
Von Georg Liegel. Passau: 1825.
Lindley, Guide Orch. Gard. A Guide to the Orchard And Kitchen Garden; or, an account
of the most valuable fruit and vegetables cultivated In
Great Britain: with Kalendars of the Work Required in
the Orchard and Kitchen Garden during every month
in the year. By George Lindley. Edited by John Lindley.
London: 1831.
Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat A Catalogue of the Fruits Cultivated in the Garden of the
Horticultural Society of London. London: 1826. Second
edition, 183 1. Thii'd edition, 1842. A supplement was
published in 1853.
Loudon, Arb. Frut. Brit.. . . Arboretum et Fruticetimi Britannicum. Par J. C. Loudon.
Deuxieme Edition. Tome 2. London: 1S44.
Loudon, Enc. Gard An Encyclopedia Of Gardening. By J. C. Loudon. {Illus-
trated.) New edition. London: 1834.
Lucas, Handb. Obst Vollstandiges Handbuch der Obstkultur. Von Ed. Lucas.
{Ilhtstrirt.) Stuttgart: First edition, 1880; second edition.
1 886; third edition, 1893. Third edition edited by Fr.
Lucas, 1894.
Mcintosh, Bk. Gard The Book of the Garden. By Charles Mcintosh. {Illus-
trated.) Two Volimies. London: 1855.
McMahon, Am. Gard. Cal. The American Gardener's Calendar. By Bernard McMahon.
PhiladeliJhia : 1806.
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK 507
Mag. Hort The Magazine of Horticulture. Boston; 1837-1868. First
published as The American Gardener's Magazine, 1835-6.
Edited by C. M. Hovey with P. B. Hovey, Jr., associate
editor during 1835-6.
Manning, Book of Fruits. . . Book of Fruits. By Robert Manning. {Illustrated.) Salem:
1838. Copyright, 1838.
Mas, Le Verger Le Verger ou Histoire, Culture Et Description avec planches
colorizes Des Vari(5t6s De Fruits Les Plus G^neralement
Connues. Par M. Mas 8 Tomes Paris: 1866-73
Tome 7. Peaches.
Mas, Pom. Gen Pomologie G^nerale. Par M. Mas. (Illustre.) 12 Tomes.
Paris: 1872-83. Tome 12, 1883. Peaches.
Mathieu, Nom. Pom Nomenclator Pomologicus. Von Carl Mathieu. Berlin:
1889.
Mawe-Abercrombie, Com.
Gard The Complete Gardener. By Thomas Mawe and John
Abercrombie. London: 1829.
Miller. Gard. Diet The Gardener's Dictionary. By Philip Miller. Sixth edition.
London: 1752. Revised edition. By Thomas Martyn.
London: 1807.
Miller, Gard. Kal The Gardener's Kalendar. By Philip Aliller. London :
1734-
Nat. Nut The National NurserN-man. Published by The National
Nurser>'man Publishing Co. {Illustrated.) Rochester:
1893 to date.
Nicholson, Diet. Gard The Illustrated Dictionary' of Gardening, a practical and
scientific Encyclopedia of Horticulture for Gardeners and
Botanists. By George Nicholson, assisted by J. W. H.
Trail and J. Garrett. 4 Volumes. London. Supplement
to same. By George Nicholson et al. London: 1900.
Noisette, Man. Comp. Jard. Manuel Complet du Jardinier. Par M. Louis Noisette.
Tome Deuxieme. Paris: 1S60.
Oberdieck, Obst-Sort Deutschlands beste Obst-Sorten. Von F. G. C. Oberdieck.
Leipzig: 1881.
Parkinson, Par. Ter Paradisi in Sole. Paradisus Terrestris. By John Parkinson.
{Illustrated.) London: 1629.
Parkinson, Tour Am A Tour In America, in 1798, 1799 and 1800. Exhibiting
Sketches of Society and Manners and a particular account
of the American System of Agriculture, with its recent
improvements. By Richard Parkinson. Volumes I and
II. London: 1805.
Phillips, Com. Orch The Companion for the Orchard. An Historical And
Botanical Account of Fruits Know-n In Great Britain.
By Henry Phillips. New Edition. London: 1831.
5oS
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Poiteau, Pom. Franc Pomolo^'ie Francaisc. Rccaieil des I^lus Beaux Fruits Cultiv6s
En France. Par Antoine Poiteau. Tomes 1-4. Paris:
1846.
Pom. France Pomologie De La France ou Histoire Et Description de tous
Les Fruits Cultiv^s En France Et Admis Par Le Congrds
Pomologique. (Illustre.) Tomes I-VIII. Lyon: 1863-
1873. Tome VI, 1869. Peaches.
Pom. Mag The Pomological Magazine; or, Figures And Descriptions
of the Most Important Varieties Of Fruit cultivated in
Great Britain. Three Volumes. London: 1828-30. This
work has also been published under the title Pomona
Brittanica.
Popular Gard Popular Gardening. An Illustrated periodical devoted to
Horticulture in all its branches. Volume I. BufTalo:
1886. Continued as Popular Gardening and Fruit Grow-
ing. Volumes II-VI. Buffalo: 1887-1891. Consolidated
with The American Garden and continued as American
Gardening. New York: 1892-1904.
Prince, Cat. Fr. Trees Catalogue of Fruit And Ornamental Trees & Plants, Bulbous
Flower Roots, Green-House Plants, &c. &c. Cultivated
at the Linnaean Botanic Garden, William Prince, Prop.
Twenty-second edition. New York: 1823.
Prince, Pom. Man The Pomological Manual ; or, A Treatise on Fruits. By
William Robert Prince, aided by William Prince. Second
Edition. Part I. New York: 1832. Copyright, 1831.
Part II. New York: 1832. Copyright, 1832.
Prince, Treat. Hort A Short Treatise on Horticulture. By William Prince
New York: 1828. Copyright, 1828.
Prince, Treat. Trees &
Plants A Treatise • on Fruit and Ornamental Trees And Plants.
cultivated at the Linnaean Botanic Garden, Flushing,
Long-Island, near New-York. By William Prince. New
York: 1820.
Rea, Flora Flora: Seu, De Florum Cultura; or A Complete Florilege.
By Jolin Rea. 3 Books. London: 1676. Book 3.
Rev. Hort Revue Horticole. Journal D'Horticultiu-e Pratique.
{Illustre.) Paris: 1829 to date.
Rural N. Y The Riu-al New-Yorker. A Joiunal for the Suburban and
Country Home. (Illustrated.) Rochester and New York:
1850 to date.
Rutter, Cult. & Diseases
Peach The Culture And Diseases of The Peach. By John Rutter.
Harrisburg: 1880. Copyright, 1880.
TIIK PKACHES OF NEW YORK 5O9
Sickler. Teutsche Obst Der teutsche Obstgartner oder gemeinnutziges Magazin Des
Obstbaues in Teutschlands sammtlichen Kreisen; ver-
fasser von einigen prachtischen Freunden Der Obstcultur
und herausgegeben von J. B. Sickler. Volumes 8-13.
Weimar: 1797-1800.
Soc. Nat. Hort. France Pom. Soc\6t6 Nationale D'Horticiilture De France. Section Po-
mologique. Les Meillcurs Fruits au ddbut du XX*^ sidcle.
(Illusire.) Paris: 1904.
Sou. Cult The Southern Cultivator. A Monthly Journal, devoted to
the improvement of Southern Agriculture. {Illustrated.)
Augusta, Ga. : 1843-1848.
Thacher, Am. Orch The American Orchardist. By James Thacher. Boston:
1822. Copyright, 1822.
Thomas, Am. Fruit Cult The American Fruit Culturist. By John J. Thomas. (Illus-
trated.) First Edition. Geneva and Auburn, N. Y.: 1846.
Copyright, 1846. Revised Edition. Auburn, N. Y.:
1851. Copyright, 1849. Revised Edition. New York:
1869. Copyright, 1867. Revised Edition. New York:
1885. Copj'right, 1875-1885. Twentieth Edition, Revised
and Enlarged. New York: 1897. Copyright, 1897.
Twenty-first Edition, Revised and Enlarged. New York :
191 1. Copyright, 1903.
Thomas, Guide Prat Guide Pratique de L'Amateur de Fruits. Par O. Thomas.
1876. Deuxidme Edition. 1895. See Guide Pratique.
Thompson, Gard. Ass't. . . The Gardener's Assistant; Practical and Scientific. By
Robert Thompson. {Illustrated.) Two Volumes. London:
1859. Same, revised by William Watson. Six Volumes.
London: 1901.
Tilton, Jour. Hort Tilton's Journal of Horticulture and Floral Magazine.
See Am. Jour. Hort.
Trans. Lond. Hort. Soc... Transactions of the Horticultural Society of London. Volume
L London: 1815. Volume H. London: 1817. Volume
in. London: 1820. Volimie IV. London: 1822. Volimie
V. London: 1824. Volume VI. London: 1826.
U. S. D. A. Rpt Reports of the United States Department of Agriculture:
1862-1894.
U. S. D. A. Yearbook Reports of the United States Department of Agriculture:
1894 to date.
U. S. Pat. Off. Rpt Reports of the Agricultural section of the United States Patent
Office: 1837 to 1861.
Waugh, Am. Peach Orch . . . The American Peach Orchard. A Sketch of the Practice
of Peach Growing in North America at the Beginning of the
Twentieth Century. By F. A. Waugh. {Illustrated.)
New York: 1913. Copyright, 1913.
510 THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Waugh, Syst. Pom Systematic Pomology. Treating of the Description, Nomen-
clature, and Classification of Fruits. By F. A. Waugh.
(Ilbi'^traied.) New York: 1903. Copyright, 1903.
Wickson, Cal. Fruits The California Fruits and How To Grow Them. By Edward
J. Wickson. (Illustrated.) Second Edition. San Fran-
cisco: 1891. Copyright, 1889. Fourth Edition. Los
Angeles: 1909. Copyright, 1908. Seventh Edition. San
Francisco: 1914. Copyright, 1914.
Willich, Dom. Enc Domestic Encyclopedia or a Dictionary of Facts. By A. F. M.
Willich. First American edition with additions by James
Mease. In five volvunes. Volxmie 4. Philadelphia: 1803.
INDEX
(Na
this index, if accepted names, appear in Roman type; synonyms in italics.)
"A Bee, 291
'k Feuilles de Sauk (svn. of French Willow Leaved),
364
Abb6 de Beaumont, 291
Abb(5 Jodoc, 291
AbricotSe (sjm. of Yellow Admirable), 495
.16/ Jodocus (syn. of Abbe Jodoc), 291
Abundance, 291
Acampo, 291
Acme, 291
Acton Scot, 291
Adfele Thirriot, 292
Admirable, 292
Admirable Jaune, 292
Admirable Jaune Tardive, 292
Admirable Saint-German, 292
Admiral (syn. of Admiral Dewey), 178
Admiral Dewey, 178
Adrian, 292
Advance, 292
Aehrenthal, 292
Aehrenthal Lackpfirsich (sjm. of Aehrenthal), 292
Affleck, Thomas, var. orig. with, 433
Agriculture, history of, i
Aigle dore (syn. of Golden Eagle), 370
Aigle de Mer (syn. of Sea Eagle), 463
Aikelin Fnihpfirsich (syn. of Hative d'Aikclini,
379
Aiken, 293
.■\ilsworth, 293
Albatross, 293
.-Vlbemarle, 293
Alberge, 293
Alberge-Aprikosenpfirsich (syn. of Rossarma), 456
Albert, 293
Albert Late Rareripe, 294
Albert Sidney, 294
Albertine Millet, 294
Alberza, 294
Albright, 294
Albright (syn. of Albright Cling I), 294
Albright, var. orig. by, 294
Albright, Miss, var. orig. with, 294
Albright Cling I, 294
Albright Cling II, 294
Albright October (syn. of Albright Cling I), 294
Albright Winter (syn. of Albright Cling I), 294
Alexander, 179
Alexander, O. A., var. orig. by, 179
Alexander's Early (syn. of Alexander), 179
Alexandra, 295
Alexandra Noblesse (syn. of Alexandra), 295
Alexandre Dumas, 295
Alexiana Cherpin, 295
Alexis Leptre, 295
Alger Winter, 295
Algerine, 295
Algiers Yellow (syn. of Late Yellow Alberge), 400
Algiers yellow winter clingstone (syn. of Late Yellow
Alberge), 400
Alice, 295
Alice Free, 295
Alice Haupt (syn. of Alice), 295
Alida, 295
Allen, A. T., var. orig. by, 296
Allen, J. F., var. orig. by, 413
Allen I, 295
Allen II, 296
Allen October, 296
Allman Cling, 296
Almond, 296
Almond, relationship of the, to the peach, 11-13,
69-70, 80
Alpha I, 296
Alpha II, 296
Alpha III, 296
Alto Pass, 296
Alton, 180
Amande Douce, 296
Amaudier-PScher (syn. of Almond), 296
Ambrosia, 296
Amelia I, 297
Amelia II, 297
Ameliaberta, 297
American Apricot, 297
American Pound, 297
Ammirabile Belga, 297
Amsden, 297
Amsden, L. C, var. orig. by, 297
Amsden June (syn. of Amsden), 297
Amsden Pine, 298
Amygdalu.s laevis (syn. of P. persica), 77
Amygdalus Nectarina (syn. of P. persica), 77
Amygdalus Nuci-persica (syn. of P. persica), 77
Amygdalus Persica (syn. of P. persica), 77
Amygdalus Persica var. nucipersica (syn. of P.
persica), 77
Ananas-Aprikosenpfirsich (syn. of Pineapple), 443
Ananicl, 298
Andenken an Java (syn. of Souvenir de Java), 469
Andenken an Jean Rey (syn. of Souvenir de Jean
Rey), 469
Andre Leroy, 298
Andrews, 298
5i:
Illi PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Andrews Mammoth (syn. of Andrews), 2<)8
Angel, 298
Angelle Lafond, 298
Angers Large Purple, 298
Anna Ruffin, 298
Anne, 298
Anne Precoce de Fay (syn. of Fay Early Anne), 359
Annie Laurie, 299
Annie Trice, 299
Annie Wylie, 299
Antleys, 299
Antleys, var. orig. with, 299
Apex, 299
Apricot (syn. of Yellow Admirable), 495
Aprikosenartiger HdrtUng (syn. of Pavie Abricotde),
434
Archiduc Jean (syn. of Krzhcrzog Johann), 356
Arctic, 299
Aremie, 299
Argentee Precoce (syn. of Early Silver), 352
Arietta, 299
Arkansas, 299
Arkansas Traveler (syn. of Arkansas), 299
Arlington, 299
.•\rp, 182
Arp Beauty (syn. of Arp), 182
.\rthur Chevreau, 300
Artz, 300
.'\sa Meek Seedling, 300
Ashby, G. W., var. orig. by, 3(K)
.^shby Early, 300
Asia, the peach in, 13-25
/\stor, 300
.Astor, var. orig. with, 300
Athenian Cling, 300
.\thens, 300
.\tlanta, 300
.Atwater, 300
.^tvvood, 301
.•\twood, Roscius, var. orig. with, 301
.^ubinel, var. orig. with, 424
.\ugbert, 301
Augusta, 301
Auguste Fau Jaune, 301
Aurora, 301
Austin, 301
Austin Cling (syn. of Austin), 301
Austins Late Red (syn. of Austin), 301
Australian Saucer, 301
Autoiir (syn. of Goshawk), 371
Avant-pSclie blanche (syn. of White Nutmeg), 491
Avant-PGche Jaune, 301
Avant-PMie Rouge (syn. of Red Nutmeg), 452
Avant-Pr(5coce, 302
Avant-Precoce Pavie, 302
Avocat CoUignon, 302
Azoo Cling, 302
Babcock, 302
Bagby Large, 302
Bailey, 302
Baker Cling, 302
Baker Early, 302
Baker Early May (syn. of Baker Early), 302
Baldwin, 302
Baldwin, Dr. William, var. orig. by, 302, 343
Baldwin Late (syn. of Baldwin), 302
Baldwin October Free (syn. of Baldwin), 302
Balsey (syn. of Greensboro), 222
Balsey, W. G., var. orig. by, 222
Baltet, 303
Baltet, var. orig. by, 303
Baltimore Beauty, 303
Baltimore Rose, 303
Bandel, 303
Bandel, var. orig. by, 303
Banner, 303
Bariaer, 303
Barcelona Yellow Clingstone, 303
Barker, P. G., var. orig. with, 303, 339, 496
Barker No. 13, 303
Barnard, 304
Barnes, 304
Baron Ackenthal, 304
Baron Dufour, 304
Baron Pears, 304
Baronne de Brivazac, 304
Barr, Colonel John, var. orig. with, 304
Barr Early, 304
Barr Late, 304
Barral, var. orig. by, 438
Barrington, 304
Barrington, var. orig. by, 304
Barringtoner Lieblingspfirsich (syn. of Barrington)
304
Barthelemy (syn. of Bertholome), 311
Bartram, William, quoted, 42-43
Bass, John B., var. orig. with, 485
Bassford, Wallace, var. orig. by, 361
Batchelder, 305
Batchelder, WiUiam, var. orig. wnth, 305
Bateham, M. B., var. orig. by, 339
Baugh, 305
Baumann, Eugene, var. orig. by, 315
Baxter, Isaac B., var. orig. with, 389, 440
Baxter, William, var. orig. with, 305
Baxter Cling, 305
Bayne, Dr., var. introduced by, 305
Bayne Favorite, 305
Bayne New Heath, 305
Bealmear, Dr., var. orig. by, 305
Bealraear Cling, 305
Bear Early, 305
Bear Late, 305
Beatrice, 305
Beauchamp, 305
Beausse, Joseph, var. orig. by, 307
Beaute do la Saulsaie, 306
Beauty Blush (syn. of Blush), 314
Beauty of SaUsbury, 306
Beauty of Vitry (syn. of Belle de Vitry), 309
Beauty of Zoar (syn. of Zoar Beauty), 497
Beaver No. 2, 306
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
513
Beckwith, var. orig. by, 306
Beckwith Early, 306
Becquett Late, 306
Becquette Cling (syn. of Bequette Cling), 310
Becquette Free (syn. of Bequette Free), 184
Beer (syn. of Beers Smock), 306
Beer, Samuel, var. orig. with, 306
Beer Late White Cling, 306
Beers, Joseph, var. orig. by, 306, 395
Beers Late, 306
Beers Late Melocolon (syn. of Beers Late), 306
Beers Late Red Rareripe, 306
Beers Melcatoon (syn. of Beers Late), 306
Beers Red Rareripe (syn. of Beers Late Red Rare-
ripe), 306
Beers Smock, 306
Beguine de Termonde f (syn. of Congress), 334
Bell Favorite, 306
Bell October, 307
Belle, 183
Belle de Bade, 307
Belle-Bauce (syn. of Belle Beausse), 307
Belle Bausse (syn. of Belle Beausse), 307
Belle de Beaucaire, 307
Belle Beauce (syn. of Belle Beausse), 307
Belle Beausse, 307
Belle Beaute, 307
Belle de Bordeaux (syn. of Bordeaux), 316
Belle Cartiere, 307
Belle de Charleville, 307
Belle Chevreuse (syn. of Chevreuse), 328
Belle Conquete, 307
Belle de la Croix, 307
Belle de Dou^, 308
Belle Dupont, 308
Belle et Bonne, 308
Belle of Georgia (syn. of Belle), 183
Belle Henri Pinaud, 308
Belle Imp^riale, 308
Belle de Li^ge, 308
Belle de Logelbach, 308
Belle de Mcs Yeux, 308
Belle Mousseuse (syn. of Rendatler), 453
Belle de Neuville, 308
Belle d'Orbassano, 309
Belle de Saint-Oeslin, 309
Belle de Saint-Oeslin Blanche, 309
Belle tardive d'A uvergne (syn. of Tardive d'Auvergne ),
476
Belle Tillemont (syn. of Tirlemonter Magdalene),
480
Belle Toulousaine (syn. of Belle de Toulouse), 309
Belle de Toulouse, 309
Belle de Vitry, 309
Bellegardc, 309
Bellegarde (syn. of Galande), 365
Bellis (syn. of Belle de Vitry), 309
Bellows, 309
Beltzar, 309
Beltzar Early Rareripe, 309
Ben Hur, 310
Benade, 310
Benango, 310
Bennett Rareripe, 310
Beqtiett Free (.syn. of Bequette Free), 184
Bequette, Benjamin, var. orig. by, 185, 310
Bwiui'tte CHng, 310
Hri lurttc Free, 1 84
Hi-ri knians, 310
Borckmans, L. E., var. orig. by, 186, 259, 280,
3'", 336, 372, 393. 429, 430, 474. 497
Hurckinans, P. J., var. introduced by, 294, 371,
434. 470, 472; var. orig. by, 332
Berenice, 185
Bergame, 310
Bergen, 310
Bergen Yellmv (syn. of Bergen), 310
Bermuda Cling, 310
Bernard Verlot, 310
Bemardin de Saint-Pierre, 310
Berry, 311
Bertero, quoted, 65
Bertholome, 3 1 1
Bessie Kerr, 311
Best June, 311
JBesy Robin, 3 1 1
Beure (syn. of Butterpfirsich), 322
Beverly, Robert, quoted, 48-49, 82
Seville, 311
Bexar, 311
Bianci di Nizza, 311
Bickell,3ii
Biddle, 311
Bidwell, A. L, var. orig. by, 311, 312
Bidwell Early, 311
Bidwell Late, 312
Bilice, 312
Billmeyer, 312
Billmeyer, J. H., var. orig. by, 312
Bilyeu, 312
Bilyeu, var. orig. with, 312
Bilyeu Comet (syn. of Bilyeu), 312
Bilyeiis October (syn. of Bilyeu), 312
Binney Late Red, 312
Bird Beauty, 312
Bishop, 312
Bishop Early (syn. of Bishop), 312
Bivort, A., var. orig. by, 308, 315
Black, 312
Black, J. H., var. orig. by, 313
Black, John J., quoted, 127-128
Black Early, 313
Black Extra Early (syn. of Black Early), 313
Black Seedling, 313
Blacke, 313
Blackmore, R. D., var. orig. by, 403
Blake, 313
Blanc de City, 313
Blanchard, 313
Blanchard, C. C. P., var. orig. by, 313
Blanche d'Ekenholm, 313
Blanche finorme de M^zel, 313
514
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Blanche de Morris (syn. of Morris White), 249
Blanche Tardive de Sabarot, 313
Blanton Cling, 313
Bledsoe Early Cling, 313
Bledsoe Seedling, 313
Blodgett, Lorin, var. orig. by, 314
Blodgett's Seedlings, 314
Blondeau, 314
Blondeau, Joseph, var. introdi:ccd by, 314
Blood Cling, 187
Blood Clingstone (syn. of Blood Cling), 187
Blood Free, 314
Blood Freestone (syn. of Blood Free), 314
Blood Leaf, 188
Blood-leaved Peach (syn. of Blood Leaf), 188
Blood Peach (syn. of Blood Cling), 187
Bloody (syn. of Sanguinole), 461
Bloody Monsieur (syn. of Sanguinole), 461
Bloor, 314
Bloor, John, var. orig. by, 314
Blush, 314
Bogg, var. orig. by, 314
Bogg Leviathan, 314
Bogg Mammoth (syn. of Bogg Leviathan), 314
Bogue, J. T., var. introduced by, 442
Boisselot, 314
Boisselot, Auguste, var. orig. by, 314, 454
Bokhara, 315
Boley, 315
BoUweiler Favorite, 315
BoUweiler Magdalene, 315
Bollwiller de Madeleine (syn. of BoUweiler Magda
lene), 315
Bonanza, 315
Bonito, 315
Bonlez, 315
Bonlezer Lackpfirsich (syn. of Bonlez), 315
Bonne Dame de Laeken, 316
Bonne Gros de Noisette, 316
Bonne Grosse, 316
Bonne- Julie, 316
Bonneuil, 316
Bonneuil Lackpfirsich (syn. of Bonneuil), 316
Bonouvrier, 316
Bonouvrier, var. orig. with, 316
Boon, Joel, var. orig. with, 301
Boquier, 316
Bordeaux, 316
Bordeaux Cling (syn. of Bordeaux), 316
Boswell, quoted, no
Bottchers Friihpfirsich, 316
Bourdeaux, 316
Boudin (syn. of Bourdine), 317
Bourdin Lackpfirsich (syn. of Bourdine), 317
Bourdine, 317
Bourdine Royale, 317
Bowers Early, 317
Bowslaugh (syn. of Bowslaugh Late), 317
Bowslaugh Late, 317
Boyd Early, 317
Boyles, 317
Boyles, James, var. orig. with, 317
Brackett, 317
Braddick American, 317
Braddick New York, 317
Braddick Red, 317
Braddick South American, 318
Braddick Summer, 318
Braddick' s North American (syn. of Braddick
American), 317
Bradley, 318
Brahy, Madam, var. orig. by, 469
Brainard Large Yellow, 318
Brandy, 318
Brandy wine, 318
Brant, 318
Bray, D., var. orig. with, 318
Bray Rareripe, 318
Bray White (syn. of Bray Rareripe), 318
Braunauer Lackpfirsich, 318
Braunauer Magdalene, 318
Braunauer Rote Friihe Pfirsich (syn. of Braunauer
Lackpfirsich), 318
Brett, 318
Brevoort, 319
Brevoort, Henry, var. orig. by, 319
Brevoort Seedling Melter (syn. of Brevoort), 319
Brevoort Seedling Pound, 319
Brice, Dr. S. M., var. orig. by, 319
Brice Early, 319
Brigdon, 189
Brigg's Early May (syn. of Briggs), 319
Briggs, 319
Briggs (syn. of Briggs Red May), 319
Briggs (syn. of Governor Briggs), 372
Briggs, John G., var. orig. with, 319
Briggs' May (syn. of Briggs), 319
Briggs Red May, 319
Bright, 319
Bright, Charles E., var. orig. by, 319
Brodie, 319
Bronough Cling, 319
Bronz^e, 319
Brooks, 319
Brooks, var. orig. by, 319
Brown, 320
Brown, Orrin, var. orig. with, 320
Brown, W. L., var. orig. by, 320
Brown Best (syn. of Brown Choice), 320
Brown Choice, 320
Brown Early, 320
Brown Nutmeg, 320
Browns Friihpfirsich, 320
Bruce, quoted, 48
Brunson, 320
Buck, 320
Buck, L. W., var. orig. by, 320
Buck Prolific (syn. of Decker), 340
Buckeye, 320
Buckingham Mignonne (syn. of Barrington), 304
Buckinghamshire Minion, 320
Budd, J. L., var. introduced by, 315, 496
TlIK PKACHES OF NEW YORK
515
Buisson, Charles, var. orig. by, 292, 326, 359, 402
Ballard, 320
Bullard, var. orig. with, 320
Bullard Cling, 320
Bullmann Aprikoscnpfirsich, 320
Buonaparte, 320
Buonaparte, Joseph, var. introduced by, 320
Burbank, Luther, var. orig. by, 258
Burchell Early, 321
Burdock, 321
Burford October Cling, 321
Burgess Beauty, 321
Burke, 321
Burkhardt, John, var. orig. by, 311
Burlington Large Early, 321
Bumap, 321
Bums, 321
Bums, Mrs. L., var. orig. by, 355
Bums, T. F., var. introduced by, 479; var. orig.
by, 321
Burrough, 321
Burton, Dr. E. L., var. orig. by, 343
Buski, 321
Bustian October, 321
Butler, J. T., var. orig. with, 321
Butler Late, 321
Butterpfirsich, 322
Buttram, t,22
C. Cling, 322
Cabin, 322
Cable, 322
Cable, E., var. orig. by, 322
Cable Eariy, 322
Cable Late (syn. of Cable), 322
Cable Late Malacatune (syn. of Cable), 2,22
Cable Medium Melocoton, 322
Cabler Indian, 322
Calaway (syn. of Calloway Cling), 322
California, 322
Callie Scaff, 322
Calloway Cling, 322
Camak Serrate, 323
Camak Red Twigged (syn. of Camak Serrate), 323
Cambray (syn. of Cambria), 323
Cambria, 323
Cambridge Belle, 323
Camden Superb, 323
Camelia, 323
Campbell, 323
Campbell, Judge, var. orig. by, 217, 323, 470, 472
Canada, 190
Canadische Friihpjirsich (syn. of Canada), 190
Canary, 323
Canner Choice, 323
Cannon, 323
Cannon, H. P., var. orig. with, 323
Caper, 323
Capital, 323
Capps, 324
Capps Brothers, var. introduced by, 324, 418
Captain Ede, 191
Cardinal dc Furstemherg (syn. of Sanguine), 460
Cardinalc, 324
Cardinalc (syn. of Sanguine), 460
Carey Mammoth Cling, 324
Carl Late, 324
Carl Wredow, 324
Carlisle, 324
Carman, 193
Carmine, 324
Carnation, 324
Caroline Beauty, 324
Caroline Incomparable, 324
Carolinen Hartling, 325
Carpenter, 325
Carpenter, Charles, var. orig. with, 295, 325
Carpenter, William S., var. introduced liy, 325
Carpenter Cling (syn. of Carpenter), 325
Carpenter Lale (syn. of Carpenter White), 325
Carpenter Red Rareripe, 325
Carpenter White, 325
Carrelet, var. orig. by, 310
Carroll, var. orig. with, 419
Carroll Late, 325
Carson, 325
Carter Large, 325
Carti^re, Madame, var. orig. with, 307
Caruth Late, 325
Cass (syn. of Chili), 197
Catharine, 325
Catharinen-Lackpfirsich (syn. of Catharine), 325
Catline, 325
Cdcile, 326
Cecile Mignonne, 326
Cedar County Hardy (syn. of Bailey), 302
Celestin Port, 326
Centennial, 326
Chair Choice (syn. of Chairs), 194
Chair's Choice (syn. of Chairs), 194
Chairs, 194
Chairs, Franklin, var. orig. by, 194
Chairs' Choice (syn. of Chairs), 194
Chalmer Yellow Free, 326
Champion, 195
Champion (of Michigan), 326
Chancellor, 326
Chapman, 326
Charles Ingouf, 327
Charles Rong^, 327
Charles Schwarzenberg (syn. of Karl Schwarzen-
berg), 393
Chas. Wood, 327
Charlestowner Ananaspfirsche (syn. of I'incapple),
443
Charlotte, 327
Chartreux, 327
Chase Early, 327
Chaucer, quoted, 35
Chazotte, 327
Chelcie Cling, 327
Cherokee, 327
Cherry Peach, 327
516
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Chevalier, var. orig. with, 308
Chevreau, Arthur, var. orig. by, 300, 438
Chevreuse, 328
Chevreuse Clingstone, 328
Chevreuse h. Feuilles Cloqu^es, 328
Chevreuse Hative, 328
Chevreme Hative (syn. of Chevreuse), 328
Chevreuse Tardive, 328
Chick, I. W. & R. S., var. orig. by, 328, 339
Chick Early Cling, 328
Chili, 197
Chili No. 2, 329
Chili No. 3, 329
Chilian, 329
Chilow, 329
Chilson, 329
Chinese Blood, 329
Chinese Cling, 198
Chinese Crooked, 329
Chinese Flat (syn. of Peento), 261
Chinese Free, 200
Chinese Peach, 329
Chinese Peach (syn. of Chinese Cling), 198
Chisoltn, 330
Chisolm, W. H., var. orig. with, 330
Choate, R., quoted, 106
Christiana, 330
Christmas Seedling, 330
Church (syn. of President Church), 446
Church, Rev. A., var. orig. by, 446
Cibot, quoted, 8, 20
Citry a Fruit Blanc, 330
Clara, 330
Clara Mayer, 330
Clarissa, 330
Clark, Lewis, var. orig. with, 330
Clark Early, 330
Clarke, 330
Clarke, A., var. orig. with, 330
Claudine Willermoz, 330
Cleffey Allen, 331
CltSmence Isaure, 331
Cleveland I, 331
Cleveland II, 331
Clifton Park, 331
Climax, 201
Clingman May, 331
Clinton, 331
Cobb Mignonne, 331
Cobbler, 331
Coe Golden Cling, 332
Coggin Early, 332
Coigneau, 332
Cole, 332
Cole Early (syn. of Cole), 332
Cole Early Red (syn. of Cole), 332
Cole Large Yellow, 332
Cole White, 332
Cole White Melocoton, 332
Coleman, 332
Coleman, Thomas, var. orig. by, 332
Colerane, 332
CoUinson, Peter, quoted, 57
Colmar, 332
Colon, 332
Colonel Ansley, 333
Colonel McFarland, 333
Colonel Tom Ruffin, 333
Columbia, 333
Columbus June, 333
Columella, quoted, 27
Comet, 333
Comice d'Angers, 333
Cornice de Bourbourg, 334
Compton Pure Gold, 334
Comte d'Ansembourg, 334
Comte de Neperg, 334
Comtesse de Hainaut, 334
Comtesse de Montijo, 334
Con Cling, 334
Condor, 334
Congress, 334
Conkling, 334
Conkling, E. M., var. introduced by, 334
Connecticut, 335
Connett, 335
Connett, Rev. Alfred, var orig. with, 335
Connett Early (syn. of Connett), 335
Conner Cling (syn. of Connor White), 335
Connor White, 335
Conover, 335
Cook, J. C, var. orig. by, 423
Cook, J. S., var. orig. by, 335
Cook Late, 335
Cook Late White (syn. of Cook Late), 335
Cook Seedling, 335
Cooley Mammoth, 335
Cooledge's Favorite (syn. of Coolidge), 336
Coolidge, 336
Coolidge, Joshua, var. orig. by, 336
Coolidge Mammoth, 336
Coolidge' s Favorite (syn. of Coolidge), 336
Cooner, 336
Cooper Early, 336
Cooper Late, 336
Cooper Mammoth, 336
Cooper Manet, 336
Cora, 336
Cora Wright, 336
Corbeil, 336
Corbet, Robert, var. orig. by, 425
Corlett, 336
Corlett, var. orig. by, 336
ComeHa, 337
Comer, 337
Comer, William, var. orig. by, 337
Corosa, 337
Corriell, 337
Cothelstone Seedling, 337
Coulombier, 337
Coulter, Thomas, quoted, 59-60
Countess, 337
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
517
Counts, 337
Counts, H. H., var. orig. with, 337
Coupers, 337
Coursoner Magdalene (syn. of Red Magdalen), 451
Couturier, Jean-Denis, var. orig. by, 469
Cowan Late, 337
Cox Cling, 337
Cox October, 337
Coxe, Dr., var. orig. by, 400, 455
Coxe, William, life of, 254-255; ciuoted, 120, 254-
255, var. orig. by, 333
Crane (syn. of St. John), 269
Crawford, William, var. orig. by, 205, 240
Crawford's Early (syn. of Early Crawford), 205
Crawford's Early Melocoton (syn. of Early Craw-
ford), 205
Crawford's Late (syn. of Late Crawford), 240
Crawford's Late Melocoton (syn. of Late Crawford),
240
Crawford's Superb Malacatune (syn. of Late Craw-
ford), 240
Cream, 337
Crimson Beauty I, 337
Crimson Beauty II, 338
Crimson Galande, 338
Crimson Mignonne (syn. of Crimson Galande), 338
Crockett, 338
Crockett Late (syn. of Crockett), 338
Crockett Late White (syn. of Crockett), 338
Crofts Golden, 338
Cromwell, var. introduced by, 338
CromweU Seedling, 338
Crosby, 202
Crosby, var. introduced by, 203
Crothers, 338
Crothers, var. orig. with, 338
Crown, 338
Cumberland, 338
Curtis, 338
Gushing, Dr., var. orig. by, 496
Cutter, 339
Cutter's Yellow (syn. of Yellow Rareripe), 289
Dabezac, 339
Dad, 339
Dagmar, 339
Daniels, E. T., var. orig. by, 337, 413, 428
Darby, 339
Darby, G., var. orig. by, 396
Darwin, Charles, quoted, 12, 65
Daun, 339
David Hill, 339
Davidson, 204
Davidson, G. W., var. orig. with, 204
Davidson No. i , 339
Davidson No. 2, 339
Davis, R. A., quoted, 64-65
Dawson, 339
Dawson Early, 339
Day Yellow Free, 339
De Candolle, quoted, 6, 81
De Chang-Hai (syn. of Chinese Cling), 198
De Citry, 340
De Corsa Heath, 340
D' Egypt (syn. of P6chc de Syrie), 438
De Ferricres, 340
Dc Gloria, 340
De Grillet, 340
De Halle, 340
D'Ispahan k Fleurs Simples, 340
De Napier, 340
Dc Smyrne (syn. of Unique), 482
De Thoissey, 340
De Tondensis, 340
De Trianon, 340
De Tullias, 340
De Zelhem, 340
Deaconess, 340
Dean, Martin, var. orig. by, 340
Dean Brothers, var. orig. by, 340
Dean Orange, 340
Dean Red Free, 340
December, 340
Decker, 340
Dekcnhoven Pfirsich, 341
Delavan White, 341
Delaware, 341
Delloyer, Henri, var. introduced by, 474
Deming, 341
Deming Orange (syn. of Deming), 341
Deming September (syn. of Deming), 341
Demouilles, 341
Demouilles, var. orig. with, 341
Dennis, 341
Denton, 341
D^sir^ Vitry, 342
Desportes, Baptiste, var. orig. by, 416
Despot, 342
Desprez, 342
Desse, var. orig. by, 342, 351
Desse Native (syn. of Early Purple), 351
Desse Tardive, 342
Dewey (syn. of Admiral Dewey), 178
Dewey Cling, 342
Dey, 342
Di Carema Giallo, 342
Diamond, 342
Diana, 342
Dickenson, O., var. orig. with, 349
Dimia-Chatenay, var. orig. by, 308
Dix, 342
Dixie, 342
Docteur Burkard, 343
Docteur Krans, 343
Docteur Lucas, 343
Dr. Berckmans (syn. of Berckmans), 310 .
Dr. Black (syn. of Black), 312
Dr. Burton, 343
Dr. Cummings, 343
Dr. Graham White Freestone, 343
Dr. Hogg, 343
Dr. Pilkington, 343
Dr. Tomlinson, 343
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Doincrgue, 343
Domergue, var. orig. by, 343
Donahoo, 343
Donegal, 344
Doom, Judge, var. orig. with, 357
Doppelter Bergpfirsich (syn. of Double Mountain)
344
Dorothy, 344
Dorsetshire Mignonne, 344
Double Blanche de Fortune, 344
Double Cramoisie de Fortune, 344
Double Jaune, 344
Double Mountain, 344
Douhle Swalsh (syn. of Swalsh), 475
DoiMe de Troyes (syn. of Petite Mignonne), 441
Dougall, James, var. orig. with, 456
Dowling, 345
Dowling, John, var. orig. by, 444
Dowling June (syn. of Dowling), 345
Down Easter, 344
Downer, 344
Downing, 345
Downing, A. J., quoted, 242
Drain Seedling, 345
Drap d'Or, 345
Drap d'or Esperen (syn. of Drajj d'Or), 345
Druid Hill, 345
Du Lin, 346
Du .Moulin, 346
Du Quesnoy, 346
Du Thiers, 346
Duboisviolctte, 345
Duboscq, 345
Duchess of Cornwall, 345
Duchess of York (syn. of Duchess of Cornwall,!, 345
Duchesse de Galliera, 345
Dudley, quoted, 56-57
Duff, 346
Duff Yellou' (syn. of Duff), 346
Dufour, Baron, var. orig. with, 304
Duggar, 346
Duggar Golden (syn. of Duggar), 346
Duggar White, 346
Duke of Marlborough, 346
Duke of York, 346
Dulany, 346
Dulce, 346
Dumas, var. orig. by, 484
Dumont, 347
Dumont, Peter, var. orig. by, 347
Dun, 347
Dunlap, 347
Dunnington Beauty, 347
Duperron, 347
Duperron, var. orig. by, 347, 434
Durasme, 347
Durchsichtiger Lieblingspfirsich, 347
Durham Favorite, 347
Dutchess, 347
Duveteuse Jaune (syn. of Duff), 346
Dwarf Aubinel, 347
Dwarf Champion, 348
Dwarf Cuba, 348
Dwarf Orleans, 348
Dyer June, 348
Dymond, 348
Eagle Red, 348
Earliest Mignonne, 348
Earliest Red Cling (syn. of Early Red Cling), 351
Earliest White Nutmeg (syn. of White Nutmeg), 491
Early, 348
Early Admirable (syn. of Admirable), 292
Early Albert (syn. of Albert), 293
Early Alfred, 348
Early Anne (syn. of Anne), 298
Early Arlington (syn. of Arlington), 299
Early Ascot, 348
Early Avant, 348
Early Barnard (syn. of Barnard), 304
Early Beatrice (syn. of Beatrice), 305
Early Beauty, 348
Early Belle (syn. of Hiley), 227
Early Sourdine, 348
Early Canada (syn. of Canada), 190
Early Charlotte, 349
Early Chelmsford, 349
Early Chevalier, 349
Early China, 349
Early Crawford, 205
Early Crawford Seedling No. i, 349
Early Crawford Seedling No. 3, 349
Early Cream, 349
Early Cronesteyn, 349
Early Curtis, 349
Early Downton, 349
Early Favourite? (syn. of Favourite), 358
Early Free, 350
Early George (syn. of Early Royal George), 352
Early Grosse Mignonne (svn. of Fruhe Mignonne),
364
Early Imperial, 350
Early Leopold, 350
Early Lewis (syn. of Lewis), 403
Early Louise, 350
Early Lydia, 350
Early Maiden (syn. of Maiden), 412
Early Michigan, 350
Early Mignonne (syn. of Friihe Mignonne), 364
Early Miners, 350
Early Newington (syn. of Smith Newington), 467
Early Newington Free, 350
Early Orange Peach (syn. of Yellow Rareripe "l, 289
Early Purple, 351
Early Rareripe I, 351
Early Rareripe H, 351
Eariy Red I, 351
Early Red H, 351
Eariy Red Cling, 351
Early Red Rareripe (syn. of Red Rareripel, 452
Early Red Rareripe of Rhoades (syn. of Red Rare-
ripe), 452
Early Rivers (syn. of Rivers), 266
THK PEACHKS OF NliW VOKK
519
Early Robinson Crusoe (syn. of Robinson Crusoe),
455
Early Rose I, 351
Early Rose II, 351
Early Rose III, 352
Early Royal George, 352
Early Sam, 352
Early Savoy (syn. of Savoy), 461
Early Silver, 352
Early Strawberrj', 352
Early Sweetwater (syn. of Sweet Water), 475
Early Tallman, 352
Early Tillotson (syn. of Tillotson), 479
Early Toledo (syn. of Toledo), 480
Early de Tours, 352
Early Victor (syn. of Vfctor), 485
Early Victoria, 352
Early Vineyard (syn. of Grosse Mignonne), 375
Early Wheeler, 352
Early White, 353
Early White Cling, 353
Early Yellow Alberge (syn. of Avant-Peche Jaune),
301
Early Yellow Malacatune (syn. of Red Chock Mclo-
coton), 264
Early Yellow Nutmeg (syn. of Yellow Nutmeg),
496
Early York, 206
Eastburn, Rev. Joseph, var. orig. by, 353
Eastburn Choice, 353
Eaton, 353
Eaton Golden (syn. of Eaton), 353
Ede, Captain Henry, var. orig. by, 192
Edgar Late Melting, 353
Edgemont, 208
Eigemont Beauty (syn. of Edgemont), 208
Edith, 353
Edle Magdalene (syn. of Noblesse), 427
Edlepfirsche (syn. of Noblesse), 427
Edouard Andre, 353
Eduard Lucas, 353
Edward Late White, 353
Eladie, 353
Elate, 354
Elberta, 209
Elberta (Hottes), 354
Elberta Cling, 354
Eldred, 354
Eldred, var. orig. by, 354
Elisabeth Bonamy, 354
Eliza I, 354
Eliza II, 354
Ellison, 354
EUwanger & Barry, var. orig. with, 279
Elma, 355
Eknira, 355
Elmo, 355
Elodie, 355
Elriv, 355
Elrose, 355
Ely. 355
Emerillon (syn. of .Merlin), 416
Emil Liebig, 355
Emma, 355
Emperor (syn. of Unique), 482
Emperor of Russia (syn. of Unique), 482
Emporia, 355
Endicott, 355
Engle, 2 1 1
Engle, C. C, var. orig. by, 211, 292, 329, 349, 351,
354, 377, 392. 393. 398, 400. 417. 423. 436. 446
Engle, H. M., var. orig. with, 345, 492
Engle-Chiti (syn. of Chili No. 2), 329
Englischer Lackpfirsich (syn. of Lemon Cling), 401
English, 355
English Chancellor (syn. of Chancellor), 326
English Swash, 356
Engol's Mammoth (syn. of Engle), 211
Enon, 356
Equino.\, 356
Ermine, 356
Emoult, 356
Ernst, 356
Erzherzog Carl, 356
Erzherzog Johann, 356
Espagne Jaune, 356
Essex Mammoth, 356
Estella, 356
Esther, 356
Esther Doom, 357
Eugen von Savoyen (syn. of Prince Eugene), 447
Eureka, 212
Evangelist, 357
Evans, 357
Evans, J. C, var. orig. with, 369
Evans Cling, 357
Evans No. 3 (syn. of Evans), 357
Evelyn, Robert, quoted, 46
Everbearing, 357
Excellente, 357
Excelsior, 357
Excelsior (syn. of Crosby), 202
Exquisite, 357
Extra Early, 358
Fabre, 358
Fahnestock, 358
Fahnestock, A., var. orig. witli, 358
Fahnestock Mammoth, 358
Falcon, 358
Fame, 358
Family Favorite, 213
Fanning, 358
Farmbacher Lackpfirsich, 358
Faucon (syn. of Falcon), 358
Faut, 358
Favier, 358
Favourite, 358
Favourite Large Red Clingstone i" (syn. of Favourite),
358
Favourite Red (syn. of Favourite), 358
Fay, Lincoln, var. orig. by, 359
Fay Early Anne, 359
520
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Fei Tau, 359
Felicie, 359
Felt, Cyrus, var. orig. with, 359
Felt Rareripe, 359
Fenwick, George, quoted, 56
Ferdinand, 359
Fetters, 359
Fetters, John, var. orig. by, 359
Fine Jaboulay, 359
Finley October, 359
Finley Superb, 360
Fislier, 360
Fitzgerald, 214
Flagg, W. C, var. orig. by, 400
Flat Peach of China (syn. of Peenlo), 261
Plater's St. John (syn. of St. John), 269
Pleenor, 360
Pleitas St. John (syn. of St. John), 269
Flewellen, 360
Florence, 360
Florida, 360
Plorida Crawford (syn. of Florida), 360
Florida Gem, 360
Plorida Own, 360
Florin, 360
Floss, 360
Floy, Michael, var. introduced by, 488; var. orig.
by, 482
Floyd, 361
Flushing Heath, 361
Ford, 361
Ford Choice, 36 1
Ford Late, 361
Ford No. I, 361
Ford No. 2, 361
Ford No. 3, 361
Ford Red, 362
Ford Seedling, 362
Fords, 362
Fords Improved, 362
Forrester, 362
Fortune, Robert, var. introduced by, 199
Foster, 216
Foster, J. T., var. orig. with, 216
Foster's Seedling (syn. of Foster), 216
Four in One, 362
Fourteen Ounce, 362
Fox, 362
Pox's Seedling (syn. of Fox), 362
Frances, 362
Francis (syn. of Frances), 362
Frank, 363
Frankfort, 363
Franklin, 363
Franklin, Mrs. L. A., var. orig. by, 388, 436
Franquii'res, 363
Franz Koelitz, 363
Fredcnburgh, 363
Fredenburgh, W. H., var. orig. by, 363
Free .Mason, 363
Freehold, 363
Freeman, 363
Freeman, H. C, var. orig. by, 363
Freeman Late (syn. of Freeman), 363
Freeman White, 363
Freestone (syn. of Chevreuse h Feuilles Cloqu^es),
328
French Blood (syn. of Sanguinole), 461
French Blood Cling, 363
French Chancellor, 363
French Mignonne, 364
French Willow Leaved, 364
Friday, Jacob, var. orig. by, 302
Friday .Seedling (syn. of Bailey), 302
Friers, 364
Fritze, August, var. orig. by, 392
Fritzes Samling, 364
Frogmore Golden, 364
Fromenliner Lieblingspfirsich (syn. of Vineuse de
Fromentin), 485
Friihe aus der Ortenau, 364
Priihe Hollandische (syn. of HS.tive de Holland), 379
Friihe Lieblingspfirsich (syn. of Fruhe Mignonne),
364
Friihe May von Brigg, 364
Friihe Mignonne, 364
Friihe Montagne ? (syn. of White Nutmeg), 491
Priihe Peruvianerin (syn. of Chevreuse Hative),
328
Friihe Purpurfirsche (syn. of Early Purple), 351
FrUher Aprikosefipfirsich (syn. of Avant-Peche
Jaune), 301
Friiher Bergpfirsich. 364
Friiher peruanischer Lackpfirsich (syn. of Chevreuse
native), 328
Fruitland, 365
Fulkerson, 365
Fulkerson, R. P., var. orig. by, 365
Fullers Galande, 365
Fumess, 365
G. & A., 365
G. Orange Cling, 365
Gaillard-Girerd I, 365
Gaillard-Girerd II, 365
Gain de Montreuil, 365
Galande, 365
Galande von Montreuil (syn. of Gain de Montreuil),
365
Galande Pointue, 366
Galbraith, 366
Galland May, 366
Galopin, var. introduced by, 327; var. orig. by, 481
Galveston, 366
Gant Noir, 366
Garden Cling, 366
Garfield (syn. of Brigdon), 189
Garver, B. F., var. orig. by, 428
Gass, S. M., var. orig. with, 428
Gates, J. W., var. orig. by, 366, 375
Gates Cling, 366
Gather Late October, 366
Gaujard, N., var. orig. with, 410
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
521
Gauthier, var. orig. by, 334
Gaylord, 366
Geary, 367
Gearys Ilold-On (syn. of Geary-), 367
Gebhardt, 367
Gebhardt, Benton, var. orig. by, 367
Gelbe Fruhpfirsche (syn. of Avant-POchc Jaunc), 301
Gelbe Pfirsche (syn. of Alberge), 293
Getbe Wunderschone (syn. of Yellow Admirable),
495
Gelber A prikosenpfirsich (syn. of Yellow Admirable),
495
Gem, 367
Gemeiner Blutpfirsich (syn. of Sanguinole), 461
Gcmeiner Liehlingspfirsich (syn. of Grosse
Mignonne), 375
Gemina, 367
General Bidwell, 367
General Custer, 367
General Grant, 367
General Greene, 367
General Harrison, 367
General Jackson (syn. of Stonewall Jackson), 472
General Landon, 368
General Lee, 217
General Taylor, 368
Genesee, 368
Genueser, 368
Genueser A prikosenpfirsich (syn. of Genueser), 368
George IV, 218
George Late, 368
George the Fourth (sjrn. of George IV), 218
Georgia (syn. of Belle), 183
Georgia Press, 368
Gerarde, John, quoted, 36-37; varieties of peaches
mentioned by, 36
Gest Superb, 368
Gestreifter Blutpfirsich, 368
Gettsburg, 368
Gewohnliche Blutpfirsich (syn. of Sanguinole), 4(11
Gibbon, 368
Gibbon October, 368
Gibson, 368
Gibson, Eugene, var. orig. by, 326, 368
Gibson Late, 369
Gibson Seedling, 369
Gill, var. orig. with, 218
Gillingham, 36.9
Gilman Early, 369
Gilmore, 369
Gladstone, 369
Glasgow, 369
Glen, 369
Glen Saint Mary Nurseries, var. orig. with, 282
Glendale, 369
Globe, 369
Godbey, T. K., var. orig. by, 330, 391, 4«6
Goff, E. S., quoted, 149
Gold and Purple (syn. of Golden Purple), 370
Gold Ball, 369
Gold Drop, 219
Gold Dust, 369
Gold Mine, 370
Golden, 370
Golden Ampere, 370
Golden Ball, 370
Golden Belt, 370
Golden Cling, 370
Golden Cuba, 370
Golden Drop (syn. of Gold Drop), 219
Golden Eagle, 370
Golden Gate, 370
Golden Purple, 370
Golden Rareripe, 371
Golden Sweet Cling, 371
Goldfinch (syn. of Stark Early Elberta), 470
Goode, 371
Goode October (syn. of Goode), 371
Gooding, 371
Gooding, var. orig. by, 371
Gordon, 371
Gorgas, 371
Goshawk, 371
Gough Late Red Clingstone, 372
Governor, 372
Governor (syn. of Governor Hogg), 221
Governor Briggs, 372
Governor Campbell, 372
Governor Garland, 372
Governor Hogg, 221
Governor Hubbard, 372
Governor Lanham, 372
Governor Phelps, 372
Graham, M. J., var. orig. with, 419
Grand Admirable, 372
Grand Carnation, 372
Grand Monarque, 372
Grand Reporter, 373
Grandeville, 373
Granger, 373
Grant, var. orig. with, 373
Grant Cling, 373
Grant Large Yellow, 373
Grauer Pfirsich, 373
Graven Red Cheek Cling, 373
Graves, 373
Graves, T. H., var. orig. with, 374
Graves, William, var. orig. by, 373
Graves Early (syn. of Graves), 373
Graves Semi-Cling (syn. of Graves), 373
Gravier, var. orig. with, 410
Gray, 373
Great Eastern, 373
Great Northern, 373
Great Western, 373
Great White, 373
Green Catharine, 374
Green Nutmeg (syn. of Anne), 298
Green Rareripe, 374
Green Winter, 374
Greening Brothers, var. introduced by, 262
Greensboro, 222
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Gregory, 374
Gregory, C. T., quoted, 74-/5
Gregory, William, var. introduced by, 374
Gregory Late (syn. of Gregorj'), 374
Gresham, 374
Griffin, George W., var. introduced by, 220
Griffing Brothers, var. orig. with, 379, 415, 470
Griffing No. 4, 374
Griffith (syn. of Susquehanna), 475
Griffith, var. orig. by, 475
Grimes, 374
Grimwood's Royal George (syn. of Grossc Mignonne),
375
Griswold, 374
Gross: Blutpfirsche (syn. of Cardinalc), 3^4
Grosse Bourdine, 374
Grosse Charlestoxuner Ammaspfirsche (syn. of Pine-
apple), 443
Grosse Gallandc, 374
Grosse Madeleine Lep6re, 374
Grosse- Madeline (syn. of BoUweiler Magdalene), 315
Grosse Mignon Pfirsich (syn. of Grosse Mignonne),
375
Grosse Mignonne, 374
Grosse Mignonne Lepere, 375
Grosse Mignonne Saint-Cyr, 375
Grosse Montagne Prdcoce, 37,5
Grosse Noire de Montreuil (syn. of Galande), 365
Grosse Perseque (syn. of Persique), 440
Grosse Pourpree (syn. of Late Purple), 400
Grosse rothe FrUhpfirsche (syn. of Petite Mignonne),
441
Grosse de Stresa, 375
Grosse Violette Hative (syn. of Violet Hdtive), 485
Grosse de Vitry, 375
Grosser Blutpfirsich, 375
Grosser Pavien-Aprikosenpfirsich (syn. of Pa vie
Jaune), 434
Grosster Aprikosenpfirsich, 375
Grover Cleveland, 375
Grover Red, 376
Grubbs Cling, 376
Guadalupe, 376
Gudgeon, 376
Guespin, 376
Guilloux, var. orig. by, 387
Guinn, 376
Guinn, var. orig. by, 376
Ciulley, 376
Gulley, A. G., var. introduced by, 376
GuUis, Benjamin, var. orig. with, 371
Gurney, 376
Gumey, C. A., var. orig. with, 37(1
Gustave Thuret, 376
Gitter grosser Lackpfirsich (syn. of Bonne Gros de
Noisette), 316
Haas, 376
Hacker Seedling, 377
Hague, 377
Haines, 377
Haines' Early Red (syn. of Haines), 377
Hale, 377
Hale, Col. E., var. orig. with, 377
Hale, J. H., var. introduced by, 285; var. orig.
with, 234
Hale (syn. of Hale Early), 223
Hale Early, 223
Hale Oblong, 377
Hale Rareripe, 377
Hale Round, 377
Hale's Melocoton (syn. of Hale), 377
HaU, 377
Hall, L. P., var. introduced by, 468
Hall, M., var. orig. with, 344
Hall, R. C, var. orig. by, 377
Hall Down-Easier (syn. of Down Easter), 344
Hall Yellow (syn. of Hall), 377
HaUiday, 377
Halsteads Early, 378
Hamilton, Alexander, var. introduced by, 462
Hamner, 378
Hance, 378
Hance Golden (syn. of Hance), 378
Hance Golden Rareripe (syn. of Hance), 378
Hance Smock, 378
Hancock, Thomas, var. introduced by, 472
Hannah, 378
Hannah, William, var. orig. by, 37S
Hape, Dr. Samuel, var. orig. by, 378
Hape, Eariy, 378
Hardy White Tuscany, 378
Harker, 378
Harker Seedling (syn. of Harker), 378
Harper Early, 378
Harris, Julius, var. orig. with, 431
Harris Early, 378
Harris Winter, 378
Harrison, C. W., var. orig. by, 367
Harrison, H. E., var. orig. with, 480
Harter Blutpfirsich, 379
Harding Aprikosenpfirsich (syn. of Pavie Alberge),
434
Hdrtlings Magdalene (syn. of Smith Newington),
467
Hartshorn, 379
Hartshorn, J., var. introduced by, 379
Hastings, 379
Hastings Rareripe, 379
Hatch, 379
Hatch, A. T., var. orig. with, 370
Hatch, S. O., var. orig. with, 379
Hathaway, B., var. orig. by, 417
Hative d'Aikehn, 379
native de Chine, 379
H&tive de Ferrieres, 379
native de Gaillard, 379
Hative de Gascogne (syn. of Cornice d'Angers), 333
native de Holland, 379
Hative Lepere, 379
Hatt, 380
Haun Golden, 380
Haupt, 380
THK PEACHES OF NEW YORK
5^3
Haupt, William W., var. orig. by, 295, 380
Haupt Seedlings, 380
Hawkins Winter, 380
Heath, General, var. orig. with, 226
Heath (syn. of Heath Cling), 224
Heath (syn. of Heath Free), 226
Heath Cling, 224
Heath Free, 226
Heath Ringold, 380
Heberle Brothers, var. introduced l>y, 268
Heckel, 380
Heckel, George, var. orig. by, 380
Heep, T., var. orig. by, 429
Heim Lackpfirsich, 380
Hemphill, 380
Hemphill, Judge, var. orig. with, 380
Hemskirk, 380
Hennepin, quoted, 44
Henrietta (syn. of Levy), 244
Henry Clay, 380
Henshaw, 380
Herbert, 381
Hermione, 381
Hero, 381
Herz-Pfirsiche (syn. of Pa vie Alberge), 434
Hewellay, 381
Hewellen, 381
Hicks Seedhng, 381
High, A. H., var. orig. with, 191
Hilard, 381
Hilbom, 381
Hiley, 227
Hiley, Eugene, var. orig. with, 228
Hill, Henry, var. orig. by, 410
Hill Home Chief, 381
//('// Madeira (syn. of Madeira), 410
HilVs Chili (syn. of Chili), 197
Hilton, William, quoted, 42
Hine, Daniel, var. orig. by, 381
Hine Seedling, 381
Hinkley Seedhng, 381
Hinman (syn. of Barber), 303
Hlubek Lieblingspfirsich, 381
Hobbs Early, 381
Hobson, 381
Hobson Choice, 382
Hoffman, Martin, var. orig. with, 422
Hoffman Pound (syn. of Morrisania), 421
Hoffmanns White, 382
Hoffmans Favorite, 382
Hoffner, 382
Hogg's Malacatime (syn. of Red Cheek Melocolon,
264
Hold-On (syn. of Geary), 307
Holder, 382
Holdcrbaum, 382
HoUister, 382
Holsinger, Major Frank, var. orig. by, 382
Holsinger Salwey, 382
Holt Early, 382
Honest Abe, 382
Honest John, 382
Honey, 383
Honey Cling, 383
Honey Seedling, 383
Honeywell, 383
Honeywell, John, var. orig. by, 383
Hoover Heath, 383
Hoover Late (syn. of Hoover Heath), 383
Hoover Late Heath (syn. of Hoover Heath), 383
Hopes Early Red, 383
Hopkinsville, 383
Horton Delicious, 384
Horton Rivers, 384
Houpt October, 384
Hovey Cambridge Belle (syn. of Cambridge Belle),
Howard, 384
Howell Cling, 384
Howers Friihpfirsich, 384
Hoytc Lemon Cling, 384
Hoyte, var. orig. with, 384
Hubbard, I. G., var. orig. by, 196
Hubbard Early, 384
Hudson, 384
Hudson November, 384
Hughes L X. L., 384
Hull Athenian, 384
Hull Late, 385
Hulse, John, var. orig. with, 397
Hunter, 385
Hunter, Dr., var. orig. by, 385
Hunter Favorite (syn. of Hunter), 385
Husman, George, var. orig. with, 297, 407
Husted, J. D., var. orig. by, 178, 283, 350, 385, 394
Husted EarU-, 385
Husted No. 17, 385
Husted No. 20, 385
Husted No. 22, 385
Husted No. 26, 385
Husted No. 46, 385
Husted's Seedlings, 385
Huston Seedling, 385
Hutchinson, 385
Hyatt, 385
Hybride Quctier, 385
Hydelberg, 385
Hynds Yellow, 385
Hynes, 229
Hynes, E. F., var. introduced by, 372; var. orig. by,
229, 367. 3«4. 3«6, 396
Hynes Nectar, 386
Hynes Surprise (syn. of Hynes), 229
Hyslop, David, var. introduced by, 386
Hyslop Cling, 386
Hyslop Favorite, 386
Ice Mountain, 386
Idaho Mammoth, 386
Ikeda, quoted, 21-22
Illinois, 230
Impcratrice Eugenie, 386
Imperial, 231
524
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Imperial (Middleton), 3K6
Imperial (Pettit), 386
Improved Pyramidal, 386
Incomparable, 386
Incomparable en Beauts, 387
Incomparable Guilloux, 387
Indian, 387
Indian Blood (syn. of Blood Cling), 187
Indian Blood Cling (syn. of Blood Cling), 187
Indian Blood Freestone (syn. of Blood Free), 314
Indian Chief, 387
Indian Rose, 387
Infant Wonder, 387
Ingold, 387
Ingold, Alfred, var. orig. with, 387
Ingold Lady (syn. of Ingold), 387
Ingoitf, Charles, var. orig. with, 327
Ingraham, 388
Ingram, var. orig. by, 364
Ireland Choice, 388
Iron Mountain, 232
Ironclad, 388
Isabella, 388
Island, 388
Ispahan, 388
Ispahaner Strauchpfirsich (syn. of Ispahan), 388
Itahan, 388
Italian Dwarf (syn. of Dwarf Orleans), 348
Italian Red, 388
Ilalienischer Lackpfirsich (syn. of Italian), 388
Italienischer Lieblingspfirsich, 388
Ives, John M. var. orig. by, 314
Ives Blood Free, 388
J. Van, 388
J. H. Hale, 233
Jaboulay, Armand, var. introduced by, 307; v
orig. with, 359
Jack Ross, 388
Jackson Cling, 388
Jacques, 389
Jacques, Colonel, var. introduced by, 389
Jacques Late, 389
Jacques' Rareripe (syn. of Jacques), 389
Jacques' Yellow Rareripe (syn. of Jacques), 389
Jacquet, C, var. orig. by, 308
Jakobi-Aprikosenpfirsich, 389
Jane, 389
Japan Blood (syn. of Japan Dwarf), 389
Japan Dream (syn. of Japan Dwarf), 389
Japan Dwarf, 389
Japan Dwarf Blood (syn. of Jai)an Dwarf), 389
Japan No. 1, 389
Japan No. 2, 389
Japan No. 3, 389
Japan No. 7, 389
Japan No. 9, 389
Japan No. 10, 389
Japanese Early, 390
Japanese Wonder, 390
Jaqnes (syn. of Jacques), 389
Jarle Late, 390
Jarle Late White (syn. of Jarle Late), 390
Jarrell Late Yellow, 390
Jarretts Late White, 390
Jaune d'Agen, 390
Jaune d'Amerique ? (syn. of American Apricot),
297
Jaune de Barsac, 390
Jaune de Bertholon, 390
Jaune des Capucins, 390
Jaune du Cornice (syn. of Cornice d'Angers), 333
Jaune d'Espagne, 390
Jaune Hative de Dou^, 390
Jaune de Mezen, 390
Jaune de Rotnorantin (syn. of Romorantin), 455
Jellico, 390
Jenkins, H. W., var. orig. with, 342
Jennie (syn. of Jennie Worthen), 235
Jennie Worthen, 235
Jennings, 390
Jenny Lind (syn. of Chili), 197
Jersey Mixon, 391
Jersey Pride, 391
Jersey Yellow, 391
Jessie Kerr (syn. of Kerr), 394
Jewel, 391
John Haas (syn. of Haas), 376
Johnson (syn. of Albert Sidney), 294
Johnson, W. E., var. orig. with, 388
Johnson Late Purple, 391
Jones, 391
Jones, J. H., var. introduced by, 301, 381; var.
orig. by, 297, 314
Jones, S. T., var. orig. by, 391
Jones, Thomas, quoted, 50
Jones Cling, 391
Jones Early, 391
Jones Large Early, 391
Jones No. 34, 391
Jose Sweet, 392
Josephine, 392
Joyce, R. C, var. introduced by, 392
Joys Early, 392
Judd, 392
Jiihlke Liebling, 392
Julia, 392
June Beauty, 392
June Elberta, 392
June Rose, 392
Juneripe, 392
J ungfern- Magdalene (syn. of Maid of Malines), 411
Jungjrau von Mecheln (syn. of Maid of Malines), 41 1
Juno I, 393
Jimo II, 393
Kalamazoo, 236
Kallola, 393
Kalm, Peter, brief mention of life of, 43; quoted,
44. 52-54
Kalo Cling, 393
Kaloola Free (syn. of Kallola), 393
Kanzlerpfirsiche (syn. of Veritable Chancelliere),
484
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
525
Karl Schwarzenberg, 393
Katherine, 393
Katie, 393
Kay, 393
Keene Favorite, 393
Keevit Cling, 393
Keith, 393
Keith, Robert, var. orig. with, 393
Keller, John, var. orig. by, 352
Kelley, H. M., var. orig. by, 393
Kelley Early, 393
Kelly Surprise, 394
Kelsey, Stephen, var. orig. by, 394
Kelsey Cling, 394
Kennard, S. J., var. orig. by, 432
Kennedy Carolina (syn. of Lemon Cling), 401
Kennedy Lemon Cling (syn. of Lemon Cling), 401
Kenrick, John, life of, 57-58
Kenrick, William, life of, 58; var. introduced by, 289
Kenrick Clingstone, 394
Kenrick Heath (syn. of Heath Free), 226
Kent, L. W., var. orig. with, 394
Kent I, 394
Kent H, 394
Kemloser Aprikosenpfirsich, 394
Kerr, 394
Kerr, J. S., var. introduced by, 325
Kerr, J. W., var. orig. by, 341, 355, 449
Kerr Cling No. i 7 (syn. of Kerr Dwarf), 394
Kerr Dwarf, 394
Kestrel, 394
Kew Seedling, 394
Keyport, 395
Keyport White (syn. of Keyport), 395
Kibby Golden, 395
Kilboum, 395
Kin, Yamei, quoted, 9-10
King Solomon, 395
Kinnaman, Samuel^ var. orig. with, 395
Kinnaman Early, 395
Kirkpatrick, E. W., var. orig. by, 248, 352, 381, 443
Kirschpfirsche (syn. of Cherry Peach), 327
Kite, 395
Kite, RobcTt, var. orig. with, 395
Kile (syn. of Early Cream), 349
Kite Honey (syn. of Early Cream), 349
Kitrells Favorite, 395
Kleinbliihender Kanzlerpfirsich (syn. of Chancellor),
326
Kleine Charlestowner Ananaspfirsche, 395
Kleine Lieblingspfirsche (syn. of Petite Mignonne),
441
Kleiner Blutpfirsich, 395
Kleiner lieblidter Lackpfirsich (syn. of Petite
Mignonne), 441
Kleiner Rother Fruhpfirsich (syn. of Red Nutmeg),
452
Kleiner weisser Friihpfirsche (syn. of White Nutmeg),
491
Klondike, 395
Kohler Cling, 396
Konglecher Lackpfirsich (syn. of Royale), 458
Konig Georgs Pfirsich (syn. of Royal George), 457
Kdnigin Olga (syn. of Queen Olga), 449
Konigliche Magdalene (syn. of Royal George), 457
Knapp Castle Seedling, 396
Knight, Thomas A., var. orig. by, 291, 296, 349, 470
Knight Early, 396
Knight Mammoth, 396
Knight Markley Admirable, 396
Knowles Hybrid, 396
Krans, Dr., var. introduced by, 343
Kraus 4 & 16, 396
Krauser Lieblings pfirsich (syn. of Mignonne Frizee),
418
Krengelbacher Lieblingspfirsich, 396
Krummel, 396
Krummel Late (syn. of Krummel), 396
Krummel October (syn. of Krummel) 396
Kruse, var. orig. by, 396
Kruse Kent, 396
La Belle, 396
La Chalonnaise, 396
La Fleur, 396
La Fleur, G. H., var. orig. \rith, 396
La France, 397
La Grange, 397
La Magnifique, 397
La Reine, 397
La Rieva, 397
Lacene, var. orig. with, 291
Lackpfirsich von Pau (syn. of Pau), 433
Lady Anne Stewart, 397
Lady Farham, 397
Lady Lindsey, 397
Lady Palmerston, 397
Lady Parham (syn. of Parham), 433
Lafayette I, 397
Lafayette H, 398
Lafayette Free, 398
Lakeside Cling, 398
Lamont, 237
Lamont, Charles, var. orig. with, 238
Lancaster, 398
Lancaster Yellow Rareripe (syn. of Lancaster), 398
Lansdell, Henr>', quoted, 24-25
Lane, 398
Lane, var. orig. by, 398
Langier, 398
Langlicher Blutpfirsich, 398
Lantheaume, 398
Laporte, 398
Laporte, \. W., var. orig. by, 398
Larents, 398
I>arge Early, 398
Large Early Mignonne, 398
Large Early Mignonne (syn. of Fruhe Mignonne),
364
Large Early Rareripe (syn. of Large York), 238
Large Early York (syn. of Large York), 238
Large-Fruited Mignonne, 398
Large NerunngUm (syn. of Old Newington), 429
■■,26
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Large White Cling, 399
Large Yellow Pine Apple (syn. of Lemon Cling), 401
Large York, 238
Largest Lemon (syn. of Monstrous Lemon), 420
Larkin, D. F., var. orig. by, 399
Larkin Early, 399
Larkin Trophy, 399
Last of Season, 399
Late Admirable (syn. of Royale) 458
Late Barnard, 399
Late Catherine, 399
Late Craw-ford, 240
Late Delaware, 399
Late Devonian, 399
Late Elberta, 399
Late Free White, 399
Late Mignonne, 399
Late Morris White, 400
Late October, 400
Late Purple, 400
l^ate Rareripe, 241
Late Rareripe Stevens (syn. of Stevens Late), 471
Late Red Magdalen, 400
jMte Red Rareripe (syn. of Late Rareripe), 241
Late Robinson Crusoe, 400
Late Rose, 400
Late Serrate, 400
Late Stump (syn. of Stump), 277
Late White, 400
I-ate Yellow Alberge, 400
Laura, 401
Laura Cling, 401
Laurenel, 401
Laurent de Bavay, 401
I^wrence, 401
Lawrence, Rev. A. B., var. orig. by, 380
Lawson, John, quoted, 45-46
Lawton, 401
l^awton, C. W., var. orig. by, 401
La Page, quoted, 43-44
Leader, 401
Leatherbury Late, 401
Leatherland Late, 401
Lee, var. orig. with, 467
Lee (syn. of General Lee), 217
Lemon (syn. of Lemon Free), 243
Lemon Cling, 401
Lemon Clingstone (Hoyte), 402
Lemon Free, 243
Leny Winter, 402
Leona, 402
L<;onie, 402
Lenoir, 402
Leopard, 402
Leopold I, 402
Leopold II, 402
Leopold Clingstone (syn. of Leopold I), 402
Leopold Free (syn. of Leopold II), 402
Leopold Magdalene (syn. of Leopold II), 402
Lept're, 402
Lep^re, Alexis, var. orig. by, 295, 365, 485
Leroy Winter, 403
Levy, 44
Levy Late (syn. of Levy), 244
Lewenau Lieblingspfirsich, 403
Lewis, 403
Lewis, J., var. orig. with, 446
Lewis, N. W., var. orig. by, 403
Libra, 403
Liefmanns, 403
Liermann Pfirsich, 403
Lilard October, 403
Lillian, 403
Limon, 403
Lina Hauser, 403
Lina Lack pfirsich (syn. of Lina Hauser), 403
Lincoln, 403
Lincoln Cling, 404
Lindley, quoted, II
Lindley I, 404
Lindley II, 404
Lindley, J. H., var. introduced by, 233
Lindsey, Mrs. George, var. orig. by, 397
Linzey White, 404
Lipscomb, 404
Lisk, Henry, var. orig. by, 287
Lisle, 404
Little Anne, 404
Lizzie, 404
Lock Cling, 404
Lock Late (syn. of Lock Cling), 404
Locke, William H., var. orig. by, 214
Lock wood, 404
Lodge, 404
Lola, 245
Lolo (syn. of Lola), 245
Lone Ark, 405
Lone Tree, 405
Long Leaved, 405
Longhurst, 405
Longworthy, 405
Longworthy Late Rareripe (syn. of Longworthy), 405
Lonoke, 405
Lord Fauconberg Mignonne, 405
Lord Palmerston, 405
Lorentz, 405
Lorentz, Fred, var. orig. with, 405
Lorenz Mandl (syn. of Mandls Magdalene), 413
Loreze, Jamin, var. orig. with, 430
Lottie, 406
Loudon, 406
Louise (syn. of Early Louise), 350
Louisiana, 406
Lounsbury, quoted, 65
Love All, 406
Lovejoy Cling, 406
Lovell, 406
Lovell White Madison, 406
Lovett, 406
Lovett, J. T., var. introduced by, 475
Lovett White (syn. of Lovett), 406
Lowes Favorite, 406
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
527
Lowets White, 406
Lows Large Melting, 406
Lucia, 406
I.uizet, Galirid, var. orig. by, 407
Luizet Dwarf, 407
Lulu I, 407
Lulu II, 407
Luton, 407
Luton, J. T., var. orig. by, 407
Luttichau, 407
Luttichau, Baron H. Von, 407
Lydon Cling, 407
Lyendecker, J. F., var. orig. by, 331
Lynn Lemon Cling, 407
Lyon, 407
Lyon, T. T., life of, 270
Lyon Cling, 407
Lyon Mammoth Cling (syn. of Lyon Cling), 407
Lyons, Jacob C, var. orig. with, 463
McAllister, 407
M'Clish, 407
McClung, var. orig. with, 221
McCollister, 407
McConnell Seedling, 408
McCormick, 408
McCowan, Dr., var. orig. by, 408
McCowan Cling, 408
McCoy, Henrj', var. orig. with, 408
McCoy Free, 408
McCoy Seedling, 408
McDevitt, 408
McDevitt, Neal, var. orig. with, 408
Mcintosh, 408
Mclntyre Late Free, 408
McKay, W. L., var. introduced by, 291 ; var. orig.
with, 408
McKay Late, 408
.McKevitt, 409
McKevitt, A., var. orig. with, 409
McKinley, 409
McKinnel, 409
McKinney, 409
McLide Seedling, 409
McNair Late, 409
-McNeil, 409
McNeil Early, 409
Macon, 409
McShaw, 409
Madame d'Andrimont, 409
Madame Bemede, 409
Madame Daurcl, 409
Madame Edouard Pynaert (syn. of Madame
Pynaert), 410
Madame Gaujard, 409
Madame Malfilatre, 410
.Madame Pynaert, 410
Madeira, 410
Madeira Freestone (syn. of Madeira), 410
Madeleine Blanche (syn. of White Magdalen), 490
Madeleine Blanche d'Anoot, 410
Madeleine Blanche de Douc, 410
Madeleine Blanche de Loisel, 410
Madeleine Blanche pricoce (syn. of White Magdalen),
490
Madeleine du Cornice (syn. of Cornice d'Angers), iii
Madeleine de Courson (syn. of Red Magdalen), 451
Madeleine Dekenhoven (syn. of Dekenhoven
Pfirsich), 341
Madeleine d'Ekenholen (syn. of Dekenhoven
Pfirsich), 341
Madeleine Hariot, 410
Madeleine Native (syn. of Royal Charlotte), 457
Madeleine HStive k Moyennes Fleurs, 410
Madeleine k Mamelon, 410
Madelehie a moyennes fleurs (syn. of Royal Char-
lotte), 457
Madeleine Paysanne, 410
Madeleine Rouge (syn. of Red Magdalen), 451
Madeleine Stride, 410
Madeleine Superbe de Choisy, 410
Madison County Mammoth, 411
Magdala, 41 1
Magdalen (syn. of White Magdalen), 490
Magdalen Clingstone, 411
Maggie I, 41 1
Maggie II, 411
Maggie Burt (syn. of Maggie I), 411
Magistrate, 41 1
Magnifique de Daval, 411
Magnum Bonum, 411
Maid of Malines, 41 1
Malacatune (syn. of Red Cheek Melocoton), 264
Malacotune (syn. of Melocotone), 416
Maiden, 412 '
Malta, 412
Malte de Gouin, 412
Malte de Lisieux, 412
Malte Saint Julien, 412
Mamie Ross, 246
Mammoth, 412
Mammoth Cling, 412
Mammoth Freestone, 412
Mammoth Golden, 412
Mammoth Heath, 412
Mammoth Melocoton, 413
Man, 413
Mandel-Pfrsiche (syn. of Almond), 296
Mandelarcige Magdalene, 413
Mandls Magdalene, 413
Manning, 413
Manning, Major, var. orig. with, 386
MarccUa, 413
Marguerite, 413
Marie Antoinette (syn. of Yellow Rareripe), 289
Marie de la Rochejaquelein, 413
Marie Talabot, 413
Marion ville Cling, 413
Mark Chili, 414
Markham, 414
Markham, W. D., var. orig. by, 414
Marks Cling, 414
Marlborough, 414
528
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Marquis of Downshire, 414
Marquise de Brissac, 414
Marshall, 414
Marshall Late (syn. of Marshall), 414
Martha Fern Cling, 415
Martindale, 415
Martindale, var. orig. by, 415
Marwin, Dr., var. orig. with, 250
Mary, 415
Mary Choice (Kerr), 415
Mary Choice (syn. of Mary), 415
Marydel, 415
Maryland Early, 415
Mascotte (syn. of Masicot), 415
Masicot, 415
Mathews, 415
Mathews, J. C, var. orig. with, 415
Mathews Beauty (syn. of Mathews), 415
Matthews (syn. of Mathews), 415
Matthews Beauty (syn. of Mathews), 415
Maule Early, 415
Maurice Desportes, 416
May Beauty (syn. of St. John), 269
May Choice, 416
May Lee, 248
May Peach, 416
Mayflower, 416
Mazores, var. orig. by, 435
Mellish Favorite (syn. of Noblesse), 427
Melocotone, 416
Melting, 416
Mcna, 416
Mendenhall, 416
Merlin, 416
Merriam, 416
Merriam, E., var. orig. by, 416
Mcrriman, 416
Merveille de New-York, 417
Merveille d'Octobre, 41 7
Metelka, 417
Meyer, 417
Meyer, Frank N., quoted, 4-6, 22, 79
Meyer, H. F. W., var. orig. by, 417
Meyers Rareripe, 417
Michelin, 417
Michigan I, 417
Michigan H, 417
Michigan Chili, 417
Michigan No. i, 417
Michigan No. 2, 417
Michigan No. 3, 417
Mid September, 417
Mid-Season Favorite, 417
Middlcton Imperial, 417
Mifflin Pennsylvania, 417
Mignonnc (.'Xmerican), 417
Mignonne a bee (syn. of 'A Bee), 291
Mignonne Bossel^e, 417
Mignonne Dubarle, 417
Mignonne Frizec, 418
Mignonne Purple, 418
Mignonne de Saint Loup, 418
Mignonne Tardive (syn. of Late Mignonne), 399
Mikado, 418
Miller, 418
Miller Brothers, var. orig. with, 474
Miller Cling, 418
Miller Cling (syn. of Miller), 418
Miller Orchard Company, var. introduced by, 209
Millet's Mignonne (syn. of Royal George), 457
Millhiser, 418
Millhiser, M., var. orig. with, 418
Millionaire, 418
Miner, 419
Minerva, 419
Minion, 419
Minnich, Peter, C, var. orig. by, 298, 392, 411
Minnie, 419
Minnie (syn. of Alton), 180
Miniot, 419
Mint Free, 419
Miss Lola (syn. of Lola), 245
Miss Lola (syn. of Lola), 245
Miss Mary, 419
Miss Percival, 419
Missouri Apricot, 419
Missouri Beauty, 419
Missouri Mammoth, 419
Mitchell, 419
Mitchell, George, var. orig. with, 447
Mitchell Mammoth, 419
Mitlelgrossbltihende Magdalene (syn. of Royal
Charlotte), 457
Moas, var. orig. by, 223
Mobray Heath Cling, 419
Modena, 420
Modeste, 420
Mogneneins, 420
Molden White, 420
Monfrein, 420
Monsieur Jean, 420
Monstreuse (syn. of Pavie de PomponeJ, 435
Monstrose Hartling (syn. of Pavie de Pompone) 435
Monstroser Lieblingspfirsich (syn. of Pa\-ie de
Pompone), 435
Monstrous of Douay (syn. of Orchard Queen), 430
Monstrous Free, 420
Monstrous Lemon, 420
Monstrous Pavie (syn. of Pavie de Pompone), 435
Monstrous Pomponne (syn. of Pavie de Pompone),
435
Monstrueuse de Doue (syn. of Orchard Queen), 430
Monstrueuse de Saverdum, 420
Montagne Tardive, 420
Montabon (syn. of Montauban), 420
Montauban, 420
Montgomery Late, 420
Monticola, 420
Montigny (syn. of Honey), 383
Montreal, 420
Moore, H. K., var. orig. with, 421
Moore (syn. of Moore Favorite), 421
Moore Favorite, 421
Moore June, 42 1
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
529
Moore Rareripe, 421
Moore Seedling, 421
Morel, var. orig. by, 439
Morello, 421
Morris, Robert, var. introduced by, 421
Morris Blanche (syn. of Morris White), 249
Morris County, 421
Morris Red, 421
Morris Red Freestone (syn. of Morris Red), 421
Morris Red Rareripe (syn. of Morris Red), 421
Morris White, 248
Morris White Freestone (syn. of Morris White), 249
Morris White Rareripe (syn. of Morris White), 249
Morrisania, 421
Morrisania Pound (syn. of Morrisania), 421
Morton, Andrew, var. orig. by, 4,S6
Mother Porter, 422
Mountain Cling, 422
Mountain Rareripe, 422
Mountain Rose, 250
Mountain White, 422
Mountaineer, 422
Mr. Gladstone, 422
Mrs. Brett (syn. of Brett), 318
Mrs. Huntley, 422
Mrs. Poinsett, 422
Mudeator, Matthew, var. orig. with, 494
Muhlenberg, Dr. H. A., var. orig. by, 351, 333, 398
Muir, 251
Muir, John, var. orig. with, 252
Munson, T. V., var. introduced by, 452, 463, 483;
var. orig. by, 181, 296, 392, 422, 458
Munson Cling, 422
Munson Free, 422
Murat, 423
Murray, B. C, var. orig. with, 346
Murray Malacatune, 423
Murrays Early Anne, 423
Muscade de Montauban, 423
Muscogee, 423
Musi, 423
Musk, 423
Muskirter Aprikosenpfirsich, 423
Musser, 423
Muyzerwinkel, 423
My Choice, 423
Myer Seedling, 423
Myers, 423
Myers Rareripe, 423
Mystery, 423
Nain (syn. of Dwarf Orleans), 348
Nain Aubinel, 424
Nail, 424
Nail, var. orig. with, 424
Namaper, 424
Nancy, 424
Nanticoke, 424
Napoleon, 424
Nash, 424
National, 424
Native Seedling, 424
34
Natural Seedling No. 81, 424
Navar, 424
Near, 424
Near, John, var. orig. with, 424
Nectar, 424
Nectarine, 425
Nectarine, characters and history of the, 81-85;
explanation of the origin of the, 82-84
Nectarines, commercial adaptability and value of,
in America, 84-85
Need, 425
Neige (syn. of Snow), 468
Neil (Marshall), 425
Neil's Early Purple (syn. of Grosse Mignonne), 375
Nelson, 425
Nelson Seedlings, 425
Nesmith, J. F., var. orig. with, 456
Nettie Corbet, 425
Nevins, F. M., var. introduced by, 470
New Bellegarde, 425
New Cut-leaved (syn. of Unique), 482
New England Cling, 425
New Ford (syn. of Ford), 361
New Globe, 425
New Golden Purple, 425
New Noblesse, 425
New Prolific (syn. of Prolific), 261
New Royal Charlotte (syn. of Royal Charlotte), 457
New Serrated (syn. of Unique), 482
New White Rareripe, 426
New York Early (syn. of Smith Newington), 467
New York Early Lemon Clingstone, 426
New York Rareripe (syn. of Large York), 238
New York White Cling (syn. of Large White Cling),
399
Newark Seedling (syn. of Niagara), 252
Newhall, 426
Newhall, Sylvester, var. orig. by, 426
Newington (of America), 426
Newington (syn. of Old Newington), 429
Newington Magdalene ? (syn. of Old Newington),
429
Newman, 426
Newman, Charles, var. orig. by, 426
Niagara, 252
Nicardc, 426
Nichols, 426
Nichols, Joseph, var. orig. with, 426
Nichols Orange Cling (syn. of Nichols), 426
Nicholson Smock, 426
Nicols Beauty, 426
Nina Cling, 426
Nivette, 426
Nivette Veloulee (syn. of Nivette), 426
Nix, 427
Nix Late (syn. of Nix), 427
Nix Late Cling (syn. of Nix), 427
Nix Late White (syn. of Nix), 427
Nix October (syn. of Nix), 427
Noblesse, 427
Noblesse Early, 427
530
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Noblesse of Oatlands, 427
Noblesse Seedling (syn. of Alexandra), 295
Noblest (syn. of Noblesse), 427
Noisette, var. orig. with, 316
Nonpareil, 427
Normand, 427
Normand Choice (syn. of Normand), 427
North China No. 2, 427
Northern Apricot (syn. of American Apricot), 297
Norton, G. H., var. orig. by, 344
Norton Late, 428
Norvell Mammoth, 428
Norvell, Dr. H. V., var. orig. by, 428
Norwood, quoted, 47, 64
Novalis, 428
Nugent, E. J., var. orig. with, 428
Nugent June, 428
Number 2, 428
Number 34H, 428
Number 83, 428
Nutmeg, 428
Nuttall, Thomas, quoted, 44
Oakenfull, quoted, 65
Oblong, 428
O'Bryan, Cornelius, var. orig. by, 492
Oceana, 428
October Beauty, 428
October Free, 428
October White, 428
October White CUngstone, 428
October Yellow, 429
October yellow clingstone (syn. of Late Yellow
Alberge), 400
Octoberta, 429
Oglethorpe, quoted, 50
O'Gwynne, 429
Oignies, 429
Old English, 429
Old Newington, 429
Old Royal Charlotte, 429
Old Settler, 429
Old Zack (syn. of Sites Old Zack), 466
Olden, 429
Olga, 429
Oldmixon, Sir John, quoted, 50, 51; var. intro-
duced by, 255
Oldmixon (syn. of Oldmixon Cling), 254
Oldmixon Clearstone (syn. of Oldmixon Free), 256
Oldmi.Kon Cling, 254
Oldmixon Free, 256
Onderdonk, 429
Onderdonk, G., var. orig. by, 376, 429
Onderdonk' s Favorite (syn. of Onderdonk), 429
Opoix, 430
Opulent, 257
Orange (syn. of Orange Cling), 430
Orange Cling, 430
Orange Free, 430
Orange Smock, 430
Orchard Queen, 430
Ord, 430
Orfraie (syn. of Osprey), 431
Oriole, 430
Orlando, 430
Orleanee, 431
Orleans, 431
Orman, 431
Oro, 431
Orr, C. P., var. orig. by, 182
Ortiz Cling, 431
Oscar, 431
Oscar Black Prince (syn. of Oscar), 431
Osceola, 431
Osprey, 431
Ostrander Early, 431
Ostrander Late, 432
Overheiser, 432
Oviedo, 432
Owen, 432
Owen, J., var. orig. with, 432
Oxford, 432
Ozark Queen, 432
Padley, 432
Padley, William, var. orig. by, 432
Page, Mrs., var. orig. with, 357
Palestine, 432
Pallas, 258
Pallas Honeydew (syn. of Pallas), 258
Palmerston (syn. of Lord Palmerston), 405
Pansy, 432
Paragon, 432
Parfumee de Montauban, 432
Parham, 433
Parker, 433
Parker, Barnes, var. orig. with, 304
Parker, J. C, var. orig. with, 433
Parkinson, John, quoted, 38-39, 81-82, 294, 313,
324. 347. 372, 373. 388, 413. 428, 436, 449, 452,
459; varieties of peaches mentioned by, 38-39
Parkinson, Richard, quoted, 61-63
Parks, 433
Parks, A. L., var. orig. with, 433
Parks' Cling (syn. of Parks), 433
Pamell, 433
Pamell, J. H., var. orig. by, 433
Parson Early, 433
Pass- Violet, 433
Patterson, 433
Pau, 433
Paul Boynton, 433
Pavie Abricotee, 434
Pavie Admirable (syn. of Incomparable), 386
Pavie Alberge, 434
Pavie Alberge (syn. of Pavie Jaune), 434
Pavie Alberge Jaune, 434
Pavie Amelia (syn. of Amelia), 297
Pavie Blanc {Gros) (syn. of Smith Newington), 467
Pavie Citron (syn. of Lemon Cling), 401
Pavie Demming, 434
Pavie Duff Jaune, 434
Pavie Duperron, 434
Pavie Genisant, 434
Pavie Georgia (syn. of Exquisite), 357
Pavie d'ltahe Tres Hatif, 434
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
531
Pavie de Jalagnicr, 434
Pavie Jaune, 434
Pavie Madeleine (syn. of Magdalen Clingstone), 411
Pavie Mazfercs, 435
Pavie Mirlicoton, 435
Pavie Muy-Swantzel, 435
Pavie de Pamiers, 435
Pavie de Pom pone, 435
Pavie rouge de Pomponne (syn. of PaviedePompone),
435
Pavie Tardif, 435
Pavie Tippecanoe (syn. of Tippecanoe), 480
Pavie Trfe-Tardif Madame Verg^, 436
Pavien Lieblingspfirsicli, 436
Pavier Pleureur, 436
Pavy Royal (syn. of Pavie de Pompone), 435
Payne, 436
Payne, E. B. and Sons, var. orig. with, 436
Peach, adaptability and variability in the, 63-67;
age of the, in China, 8-10; behavior of the, in
South Africa, 64-65; behavior of the, in South
America, 65; care of the, in colonial times, 59-63;
chief uses of the, no; diseases of the, 169-173;
early history of the, 1-2; fruit-characters of the,
14-15; history of the, in America, 39-57; history
of the, in Asia, 13-25; history of the, in Belgium,
33-34; history of the, in England, 34-39; history
of the, in Europe, 25-39; history of the, in France,
32-33; history of the, in Germany, 33-34; history
of the, in Greece, 26; history of the, in Holland,
33-34; history of the, in Italy, 27-32; history of
the, in Japan, 21-22; history of the, in Mexico,
40-41; history of the, in Persia, 2-4; history of
the, in Spain, 33-34; history of the, in Turkestan
and Persia, 22-25; horticultural classifications of
the, 91-97; insects detrimental to the, 173-177;
mention of the, by Chinese writers, 7 ; mention of
the, by French writers, 32-33; mention of the,
by Greek and Roman writers, 6-7, 26-32; origin
of the, 2-1 1 ; origin of the name of the, 2 ; original
habitat of the, 3-4; place of the, in the genus
Prunus, 68-70; relationship of the, to the almond,
1 1 -1 3, 69-70, 80; tree- and fruit-characters of
the, 71-77; uses of the wood of the, 117
Peach-acreage in New York, 132-133
-areas in New York, 131-132
-brandy, commercial value of, 116
-breeding, discussion of, 130
-culture, where started in America, 40
-flowers, value of, in classification, 75-76
-fruits, value of, in classification, 76
-growing, commercial beginning of, in America,
98-99; commercial development of, in the
South, loi ; commercial development of, in
Connecticut, loi ; development of, in New York,
101-102; development of, in Ohio, 102-103
-industry, climatic conditions affecting the,
133-143; development of the, in Michigan, 103;
extent of the, in Delaware, 99-100; magnitude
of the, in the United States, 109-110; profit
derived from the, 1 00-101
Peach -leather, how made, 116; use of, 116
-orchard, care of the, 152-159; planting the, 153
-orchards, fertilizers best suited for, 155-156;
intercropping of, 153-154; locations and .sites
for, 144-147; use of cover-crops in, 154-155
-production, tabulated report of, in the United
States, 104-105
-products, 1 09-119
-stones, uses and value of, 1 16-117
-tree, ornamental forms of the, 79
-trees, number of, in New York, 131
-varieties, blooming dates of, 138-142; season of
ripening of, 138-142
-yellows, discussion of, 118-130; first notice of,
II 8-1 19; magnitude of, 118; ravages of, in
Delaware, 1 27-1 29 ; ravages of, in New England,
125; ravages of, in New Jersey, 122-123;
ravages of, in New York, 123-125; ravages of,
in the Central States, 125-127; regions first
affected by, 120-122; symptoms and means of
combatting, 169-171
Peaches, American, characters of, 20-21 ; canning of,
as an industry, 110-112; Chinese, illustrations of
the fruit-characters of, 15-20; classification of,
by aid of glands, 73-75; classification of, by
Onderdonk, 92-96; costs in the production of,
166-169; discussion of six varieties of, by Pliny,
28-30; distribution of, from New York, 163-166;
early plantings of, in Florida, 42 ; evaporation of,
as an industry, 112-116; first colonial plantation
of, 46; grading and marketing of, 161-163; liar-
vesting of, 159-161; history of, in New England,
56-57; history of, in New York, 54-55: history
of, in Pennsylvania, 51-54; history of, in Virginia,
46-51; history of, in the colonies, 46-57; history
of, in the South, 41-46; Indian, characters and
history of, 41-46; key to varieties of, 96-97;
new types of, 105-109; North China group of,
105-106; ornamental value of, 117-118: Peento
group of, 108-109; practice of budding, when
started, 57-59; pruning of, 156-159; soils for,
143-144; South China group of, 107-108; standard
varieties of, 153; stocks and the propagation of,
147-152; types of, 66-67; varieties of, mentionetl
by Gerarde, 36; varieties of, mentioned t)y
Parkinson, 38-39
Peach de Pavie, 436
Peach du Troas, 436
Pearce, 436
Pearce, P. S., var. orig. by, 436
Pearl I, 436
Peari II, 436
Pears, Baron, var. orig. by, 304
Pearson, 259
Pearson, var. orig. by, 436
Pearson, J. M., var. orig. with, 260
Pearson No. 1, 436
Peche Baboud, 436
Peche de Bisconte, 437
Pdche Blonde, 437
Peche de Brahy, 437
532
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Peche Cerise (syn. of Cherry Peach), 327
P6che Everardt, 437
PUche de Genes (syn. of Genueser), 368
peche Grosse Violette, 437
PCche d'lle, 437
peche d'Ispahan, 437
Piche d'llalie (syn. of Italian), 388
P6che Jaune Hative de Don6, 437
Pdchc de Lion, 437
Peche du New-Jersey (syn. of Stump), 277
I'cche du Quesnoy, 437
POche Queticr, 437
peche Reine des Tardives, 437
Pdche Rouge de Mai, 437
Peche de Sainte-Anne, 438
Phhe de Sernach (syn. of Sernach), 464
Peche Souvenir de Pierre Tochon, 438
Peche de Syrie, 438
Pkhe du Teissier (syn. of Teissier), 477
Peche Th^ophile Sueur, 438
POche Tondu, 438
Pgche de Trianon, 438
Peche de Verone, 438
P6chc de Verviers, 438
Plche de Vigne (syn. of Sanguine de Jouy), 460
Pfiche de Vigne Blanche, 438
Pfiche de Vigne Jaune, 438
Pgche de Vigne Rouge, 438
Peche Vineuse Jaune, 439
Pecher a Bois Jaune, 439
PScher Douteux, 439
Pccher a Fleur Serai-Double, 439
Pkher i Fleurs Doubles (syn. of Pecher a Fleur
Semi-Double), 439
Pkher i Fleurs et d Fruits Blancs (syn. of White
Blossom), 490
Pkher d. fleurs f'lsee (syn. of Mignonne Frizee),
418
PScher Hatif de Chine, 439
Pecher Hybride Qu6tier, 439
PScher Nain k Fleur Double, 439
Pecher Nain d'Orl^ans, 439
Pecher Petite Madeleine, 439
Pkher Pleureur (syn. of Pavier Pleureur), 436
Pecher Thuret, 440
Peck Orange Cling, 440
Peento, 260
Pendleton, 440
Penelope, 440
Penhallow, P. D., quoted, 122-123
Peninsula, 440
Peninsula Yellow (syn. of Peninsula), 440
Pcnn, William, quoted, 51
Pennington, 440
Peregrine, 440
Perfection, 440
Period Early Nutmeg, 440
Pers6e (syn. of Persique), 440
Persia, fruit species from, 2
Persian Cling, 440
Persica Davidiana (syn. of P. Davidiana), 85
Persica flore pleno, 37
Persica laevis (syn. of P. persica), 77
Persica lutea, 37
Persica nucipersica (syn. of P. persica), 77
Persica platycarpa (syn. of P. persica), 77
Persica praecocia, 37
Persica vulgaris (syn. of P. persica), 77
Persique, 440
Persique Clingstone (syn. of Persique), 440
Persischer Lackpfirsich (syn. of Persique), 440
Peruvianischer Blutpfirsich, 441
Pesca Mandorla, 441
Pesca Melo, 441
Peter Cling, 441
Peters, Richard, quoted, 118-119, 120
Petit Imperial Mammoth White (syn. of Petite
Imperial), 441
Petit's Imperial (syn. of Petite Imperial), 441
Petite Bourdine, 441
Petite Imperial, 441
Petite Mignonne, 441
Petite Pavie d'Ounous, 441
Petite Violette Hative, 441
Pettingill Eariy, 442
Pfirsich- Nectarine, 442
Pfirsiche mit Nicht Abloslichem Stein, 442
Pfirsiche von Pau, 442
Phfleiger, 442
Phillips, Joseph, var. orig. with, 442
Phillips, Dr. M. W., var. orig. by, 355, 366
Phillips (syn. of Phillips Chng), 442
Phillips Cling, 442
Piasa, 442
Pickett, 442
Picquet, Antoine, var. orig. with, 442
Picquet Late, 442
Piel Pfirsich, 442
Pierce Seedling, 442
Pignutt Late, 443
Pinckney, 443
Pine Apple Clingstone (syn. of Lemon Cling), 401
Pineapple, 443
Pineapple Clingstone (syn. of Pineapple), 443
Pingree, 443
Pitmaston Seedling Noblesse, 443
Plant, 443
Plant Cling (syn. of Plant), 443
Piatt Pfirsich (syn. of Peento), 261
Pliny, quoted, 26, 28-31
Plowden, 443
Pocahontas, 443
Poinsett, 443
Pond Late, 443
Pond Seedling, 443
Pool Favorite (syn. of Poole Large Yellow), 443
Poole Island, 443
Poole Large Yellow, 443
Porpree, 444
Port Royal, 444
Porter. 444
Portuga'. 444
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
533
Portugiesische Pfirsche (syn. of Portugal), 444
Potomac Heath, 444
Pound Hardy, 444
Pour pre Doree (syn. of Golden Purple), 370
Pourpre de Frogmore, 444
Pourpree (syn. of Porprcc), 444
Pourpree d, bee (syn. of 'X Bee), 291
I'ourpr(Se du Grand-Jardin, 444
Pourprdc native, 444
Pourpree Hativc (syn. of Early Purple), 351
Pourpree Joseph Norin, 444
Pourprde Tardive dc Lyon, 444
Pourpree tardive d, pelites fleurs / (syn. of Late
Piuple), 400
Powell, 444
Powell's Mammoth (syn. of Powell), 444
Powers September, 445
Prachtige von Choisy, 445
Prachtvolle Apricosenpfirsich (syn. of Yellow Ad-
mirable), 495
Prachtvolle Blutpfirsich, 445
Prado, 445
Prasident Griepenkerl, 445
Prasidenlen-Lackpfirsich (syn. of President), 446
Prater, G. E., var. orig. by, 370, 392
Pratt, 445
Pr^coce de Bagnolet, 445
Pr^coce de Beauregard, 445
Pr^coce de Bonpas, 445
Pr^coce de Chartreuse, 445
Pr^coce de Croncels, 445
Pr^coce Gaudin, 445
Precoce de Hale (syn. of Hale Early), 223
Pr6coce de Mezen, 445
Pr&oce du P^rigord, 445
Precoce Rivers (syn. of Rivers), 266
Precoce de Saint-Assicle, 445
Precocious, 446
Premier, 446
President, 446
President Church, 446
President Lyon, 446
Preston, 446
Preston, var. orig. with, 446
Price, 446
Price, quoted, 94
Pride of Autumn, 446
Pride of Franklin, 446
Pride of Idaho, 447
Pride of Northboro, 447
Prince, WilUam, life of, 108-109; quoted, 121; var.
orig. by, 239, 447
Prince, WiUiam Robert, quoted, 122, 123; var.
introduced by, 358, 432, 435, 456; var. orig. by,
357
Prince (syn. of Late Rareripe), 242
Prince Blood Clingstone, 447
Prince Climax, 447
Prince Eugene, 447
Prince John, 447
Prince Late Yellow Freestone, 447
Prince Red Rareripe (syn. of Late Rareripe), 241
Prince of Wales, 447
Prince's Excelsior (syn. of Excelsior), 357
Prince's Paragon (syn. of Paragon), 432
Princess (syn. of Princess of Wales), 448
Princess Paragon, 447
Princess of Wales, 448
Princesse de Calks (syn. of Princess of Wales), 448
Princesse Marie, 448
Prinz Eugen (syn. of Prince Eugdne), 447
Prinz von Wales (syn. of Prince of Wales), 448
Prinzessin Marie von Wiirttemberg (syn. of Princesse
Marie), 448
Prinzessin von Wales (syn. of Princess of Wales), 448
Prize, 448
Probst Friedrich Pfirsich, 448
Professeur Vilaire, 448
Prolific, 261
Proudfoot, 448
Proudfoot, Dr., var. orig. with, 448
Prunus, pubescent-fruited species of, from the
United States, 90-91
Prunus andersonii, habitat of, 90
Prunus Davidiana, characters of, 85; origin and
dissemination of, 85-86; specific description of,
87-88; value of, as a stock, 87, 148; value of,
in hybridization, 87-88
Prunus eriogyna, habitat of, 90
Prunus fasciculata, habitat of, 90
Prunus havardii, habitat of, 91
Prunus maritima, use of, as a stock, 149
Prunus microphylla, habitat of, 91
Prunus minuti flora, habitat of, 91
Prunus mira, characters of, 88-89; cultivation of, in
America, 90; origin of, 89-90; specific description
of, 89-90
Prunus nana, 87
Prunus persica, 14, 94; characters of, 77-78;
botanical and pomological division of, 78-81;
importance of, 68
Prunus Perisca var. Davidiana (syn. of P.
Davidiana), 85
Prunus Persica var. laevis (syn. of P. persica), 77
Prunus Persica var. neclurina (syn. of P. persica), 77
Prunus Persica var. nucipersica (syn. Of P. persica),
77
Prunus Persica var. platycarpa (syn. of P. persica),
77
Prunus Persica var. vulgaris (syn. of P. persica), 77
Prunus persica potanini (sub-species of P. persica),
79
Prunus subcordata, use of, as a stock, 149
Prunus texana, 90
Pry Favorite, 448
Pucelle de Malines (syn. of Maid of Malines), 411
Pullen, 448
Pullen, Isaac, var. orig. by, 448, 484
Pullen s Seedling (syn. of Pullen), 448
Purdy, 448
Purple Alberge (syn. of Alberge), 293
Purple Peach, 448
534
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Pyramidal, 449
Quaker, 449
Quality, 449
Queen, 449
Queen Caroline, 449
Queen of Delaware, 449
Queen Olga, 449
Queen of the South, 449
Queenes, 449
Quetier, 449
Qu^tier, var. orig. by, 437, 439
Quince, 449
Quisenburg, James, var. orig. by, 383
R. E. Lee (syn. of General Lee), 217
R. S. Stevens, 449
Radclyffe, 450
Ragan, Z. S., var. orig. by, 450
Ragan Smock, 450
Ragan Yellow, 450
Rainbow, 450
Raisin, 450
Rambouillet, 450
Ramsey, A. M., var. orig. by, 450
Ramsey, F. T., var. introduced by, 372; var. orig.
with, 450, 463
Ramsey Early Cling, 450
Ramsey Late, 450
Ranck, 450
Ranck, Martin A., var. orig. with, 450
Rareripe Jaune (syn. of Yellow Rareripe), 289
Rareripe Rouge Tardive (syn. of Late Rareripe), 242
Ray, 262
Ray, D., var. orig. with, 263
Ray, Dr. H., var. orig. by, 451
Ray (syn. of Raymond Cling), 451
Raymaekers, 450
Raymaekers' Magdalene (syn. of Raymaekersi, 450
Raymond Cling, 451
Rea, John, quoted, 312, 332, 364, 388, 420, 421, 423,
424. 431. 449
Read Seedling, 451
Reagan, 451
Red Bird, 451
Red Ceylon, 451
Red Cheek (syn. of Red Cheek Melocoton), 264
Red Cheek Malacatune (syn. of Red Cheek Melo-
coton), 264
Red Cheek Malacotan (syn. of Red Cheek Melo-
coton), 264
Red Cheek Melocoton, 264
Red Magdalen, 451
Red Nectarine, 452
Red Nutmeg, 452
Red Peach, 452
Red Rareripe, 452
Red Rareripe (syn. of Morris Red), 421
Red River, 452
Red Seedling, 452
Redding, 452
Reed, 453
Reed Early Golden (syn. of Reed), 453
Reeks, 453
Reeves, 265
Reeves, Samuel, var. orig. with, 265
Reeves' Favorite (syn. of Reeves), 265
Reeves' Late (syn. of Reeves), 265
Reeves Mammoth, 453
Regan Pride, 453
Regel, Albert, quoted, 23-24
Reid (syn. of Weeping), 489
Reid, E. W., var. introduced by, 405
Reid, William, var. orig. with, 489
Reid's Weeping (syn. of Weeping), 489
Ren, 453
Rendatler, 453
Reuinsiela, 453
Key, 453
Rev, Jean, var. orig. by, 309, 469
Reynolds, 453
Reynolds, W. M., quoted, 52
Richardson Mammoth, 453
Richmond, 453
Rickets, 453
Ricketts, Joseph H., var. introduced by, 318
Riehl, E. A., var. orig. with, 465
Riehl, E. H., var. orig. with, 230
Riepper, 454
Riesenpfirsche (syn. of Pa vie de Pompone), 435
Rigaudiere, 454
r.-ngold, 454
Ringold Mammoth Cling (syn. of Ringold), 454
Rival, 454
River Bank, 454
Rivers, 266
Rivers, Thomas, quoted, 11; var. orig. by, 267, 293,
295. 305. 333. 338, 339, 343. 345. 346, 348, 350,
352, 358. 369. 370, 371. 375. 394. 397. 398, 405.
411, 425, 431, 440, 442, 447. 448. 450. 454. 463.
479
Rivers Early York, 454
Rivers' Friihe (syn. of Rivers), 266
Robena, 454
Robert, 454
Robert Lavallee, 454
Roberta, 455
Robertson, 455
Robin, Besy, var. orig. by, 311
Robinson, Joseph J., var. introduced by, 388
Robinson, W. P., var. orig. by, 200, 386
Robinson Crusoe, 455
Rochester, 268
Rockey, 455
Rockey, J. W., var. introduced by, 455
Rodgers. 455
Rodman Red, 455
Rodman's Cling (syn. of Rodman Red), 455
Rogers, var. orig. with, 455
Rogers, Daniel E., var. orig. with, 288
Rogers, Lloyd N., var. orig. with, 345
Rogers I, 455
Rogers II, 455
Roman, 455
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
535
Roinorantin, 455
Roinorantin a Chair Rouge, 455
Ronde de Vallabreques, 456
Rose, Preston, var. orig. with, 351
Rose (syn. of Strawberry), 472
Rose Aromatic, 456
Roseliank, 456
Rosedalc, 456
Rosen-Magdalene, 456
Rosenburg Cling, 456
Roser, 456
Roseville, 456
Rosei'ille Cling (syn. of Roseville), 456
Ross, Captain A. J., var. orig. with, 247
Rossanna, 456
Rossanne (syn. of Alberge), 293
Rote Friihpfirsich (syn. of Red Nutmeg), 452
Rote Magdalenenpfirsich (syn. of Red Magdalen),
451
Rothe Friihpfirschevon Troyes (syn. of Red Nutmeg),
452
Rothe Magdalene (syn. of Red Magdalen), 451
Rother Aprikosenpfirsch (syn. of Alberge), 293
Rouge de Mai (syn. of Briggs), 319
Round Transparent, 456
Roussainc (syn. of Rossanna), 456
Roussane Berthelane, 457
Roussannc Nou\-elIe, 457
Royal (syn. of Teton de Venus), 478
Royal Ascol (syn. of Marquis of Downshire), 414
Royal Charlotte, 457
Royal George, 457
Royal George CHngstone, 457
Royal George Mignonne, 457
Royal Kensington (syn. of Grosse Mignonne), 375
Royal Vineyard, 458
Royale, 458
Royale de Barsac, 458
Rozanna (syn. of Rossanna), 456
Riidiger Starhemberg, 458
Ruding Late, 458
Rumbolion (syn. of Rumbullion), 458
Rumbullion, 458
Rumph, L. A., var. orig. by, 183
Rumph, Samuel H., var. orig. by, 210
Runde Peine Durchsichtige, 458
Runyon, var. orig. with, 458
Runyon Orange Cling, 458
Rupley, 458
Russel No. I (syn. of Russell), 459
Russell, 459
Russell, J. M., var. orig. by, 459
Russell No. 3, 459
Rus.set, 459
Russian, 459
Rust, var. orig. by, 478
Rutter, 459
Rutter, quoted, loo-ioi, 122
S. G. French, 459
Safranpfirsch (syn. of Alberge), 293
St. Ascycles (syn. of Pr^coce de Saint-Assicle), 445
Saint Barth^lemy, 459
Saint Catherine, 459
St. Clair, 459
Saint Fagus, 459
Saint George (syn. of Smock), 274
St. Helena, 459
Saint James, 459
St. John, 269
St. Joseph Yellow Rareripe, 459
St. Louis, 460
Saint Marguerite (syn. of Marguerite), 413
Saint Marie, 460
St. Mary, 460
St. Michael, 460
Sallie Worrell, 460
Sallville, 460
Salway (syn. of Salwey), 271
Salwey, 271
Sanders, 460
Sanders, L. T., var. introduced by, 213, 362
Sauflfarbige (syn. of Teindou.\), 477
Sangmel, 460
Sanguine, 460
Sanguine Cardinale (syn. of Cardinale), 324
Sanguine ci gros fruit (syn. of Grosser Blutpfirsich),
375
Sanguine Crosse Admirable (syn. of Prachtvolle
Blutpfirsich), 445
Sanguine de Jouy, 460
Sanguine de Manosque, 461
Sanguine i petit fruit (syn. of Kleiner Blutpfirsich),
395
Sanguinole, 461
Sanguinole Melting, 461
Sanguinole Pitmaston, 461
Sanguinolente (syn. of Sanguinole), 461
Sargent, 461
Sargent, Daniel, var. orig. with, 461
Sargent's Rareripe (syn. of Sargent), 461
Saunders (syn. of Sanders), 460
Savart, var. orig. by, 445
Savoy, 461
Sawyer, 461
Scaflf, J. D., var. orig. by, 322
Scarlet (syn. of Sanguinole), 461
Scarlet Admirable, 462
Scarlet Anne, 462
Scarlet Nutmeg (syn. of Red Nutmeg), 452
Scattergood, H. V., var. orig. by, 474
Scatlergood No. I (syn. of Superior Late), 474
Scheuster Choice, 462
Schieski, 462
Schley, 462
Schlomer Early, 462
Schlossers Fnihpfirsich, 462
Schmidberger Pfirsich, 462
Schmidberger' s Magdalene (syn. of Schmidberger
Pfirsich), 462
Schnabel Pfirsich (syn. of A Bee), 291
Schnellwachsender Lieblingspfirsich (syn. of Spring
Grove), 470
536
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Schofields Seedling, 462
Schofiel.ds White, 462
Schone von Beauce (syn. of Belle Beausse), 307
Schone von Done (syn. of Belle de Dou6), 308
Schone Jersey Pfirsich (syn. of Unique), 482
Schone Kanzlerin (syn. of Veritable Chancelliere),
484
Schone Magdalene (syn. of Belle et Bonne), 308
Schone Pavie, 462
Schone Peruvianische (syn. of Chevreuse), 328
Schone Toulouserin (syn. of Belle de Toulouse), 309
Schone von Vilvorde, 462
Schone Wachterin, 462
Schone aus Westland (syn. of Schone von Westland),
462
Schone von Westland, 462
Schoner Peruanischer Lackpfirsich, 462
Schoner peruanischer Lackpfirsich (syn. of Chev-
reuse), 328
Schoner von Vilry (syn. of Belle de Vitryl, 309
Schumaker, 273
Schumaker, Michael, var. orig. with, 273
Schuyler, Eugene, quoted, 24
Scott, 462
Scott (syn. of Scott October), 463
Scott Cling ? (syn. of Scott October), 463
Scott October, 463
Scotts Early Red, 463
Scotts Magnate, 463
Scotts Nectar, 463
Scotts Nonpareil (syn. of Nonpareil), 427
Scruggs, 463
Sea Eagle, 463
Seiders, 463
Selby Cling, 463
Sellers, S. A., var. orig. with, 463
Sellers Cling, 463
Sellers Free, 463
SelUrs- Golden Cling (syn. of Sellers Cling), 463
Semis de Madeleine, 464
Semis de P6che d'Egypte, 464
Semis de Plowden, 464
Sener, 464
Semach, 464
Serrate Early York (syn. of Early York), 206
Serrate Ispahan, 464
Shalcross, J. W., var. orig. by, 295
Shanghae (syn. of Chinese Cling), 198
Shanghai (syn. of Chinese Cling), 198
Shannon Cling, 464
Sharpe, var. orig. by, 464
Sharpe No. i, 464
Sharpe No. 2, 464
Sharpe No. 3, 464
Shaw Mammoth, 464
Sheester, 464
Shelby, 464
Shepherd Early, 464
Sherfey, Raphael, var. orig. by, 464
Sherfey Early, 464
Sherman October, 464
Shinn, James, var. orig. with, 464
Shinn Rareripe, 464
Shipler, 465
Shiplcr, A. L., var. orig. by, 465
Shipley, 465
Shipley Rareripe, 465
Shipley's Late Red (syn. of Shipley), 465
Shockley Eariy, 465
Shoemaker's Seedling (syn. of Schumaker), 273
Shop, 465
Siebolt, 465
Sieulle, 465
Sill, 465
Sill, W. H., var. orig. with, 465
Silvan Seedling, 465
Silver (syn. of Early Silver), 352
Silver Medal, 465
Simms, 465
Simon, 465
Sims, 466
Sion (syn. of Double Mountain), 344
Sites Old Zack, 466
Skinner Superb, 466
Slane, 466
Slappey, 466
Sleeper, W. W., var. orig. with, 466
Sleeper Dwarf, 466
Slindon Park, 466
Sloan Carolina, 466
Slocum Early, 466
Small While (syn. of Small White Magdalen), 466
Small White Magdalen, 466
Smeigh, 466
Smeigh, Daniel, var. orig. by, 466
Smith, 466
Smith, Calvin, var. orig. by, 467
Smith, Captain John, quoted, 46-47
Smith, Dr., var. orig. by, 370
Smith, W. W., var. orig. by, 350, 367
Smith Favorite, 467
Smith Indian, 467
Smith Newington, 467
Smithson, 467
Smock, 274
Smock, var. orig. with, 274
Smock Freestone (syn. of Smock), 274
Smooth-Leaved Royal George, 467
Smoothstone, 467
Smyrna, 467
Sneed, 467
Sneed, John F., var. introduced by, 371
Sneed, Judge John L. T., var. orig. with, 467
Snow, 468
Snow (syn. of Snow Cling), 468
Snow (syn. of Snow Orange), 468
Snow Cling, 468
Snow Favorite, 468
Snow Orange, 468
Sobiesk-y Lieblingspfirsich, 468
Solomon, 468
Soulard Cling, 468
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
537
Southern Early, 468
Southwick, 468
Southwick, T. T., var. orig. with, 468
SoHllmick's Late (syn. of Southwick), 468
Souvenir de G(5rard Galopin, 469
Souvenir de Java, 469
Souvenir de Jean-Denis Couturier, 469
Souvenir de Jean Rev, 469
Spanish, 469
Spanish Clingstone (syn. of Spanish), 469
Spate Mignot Pfirsich, 469
Spate Purptirfarbige Pfirsiche (syn. of Late Purple),
400
Spater Lackpfirsich, 469
Spdter permnischer Lackpfirsich (syn. of Chevreuse
Tardive), 328
SpdUr purpurrothe Lackpfirsich (syn. of Late Purple),
400
Spath Seedling, 469
Spence, 469
Spitze Galand Pfirsich (syn. of Galande Pointue), 366
Spot ts wood, 470
Spring Grove, 470
Squaw, 470
Stacy, Mahlon, quoted, 51
Staley, 470
Staley, S. L., var. orig. by, 373
Standish, var. orig. by, 348
Stanley, 470
Stanley Late (syn. of ChiU), 197
Stanwick Early York, 470
Stark Brothers, var. introduced by, 392, 470, 494;
var. orig. by, 354
Stark Early Elberta, 470
Stark Heath, 470
Stayman, Dr. J., var. orig. with, 313
Steadley, 471
Steams, 471
Steams, J. N., var. orig. with, 236, 471
Steele, 471
Steele, Dr. M., var. orig. with, 471
Stenson October, 47 1
Stephenson, Thomas, var. orig. by, 471
Stephenson Cling, 471
Stetson, 471
Stetson, N., var. orig. with, 471
Stevens, 275
Stevens, B., var. orig. with, 276
Stevens, R. S., var. orig. with, 449
Stevens Late, 471
Stevens Rareripe (syn. of Stevens), 275
Stevenson's Oct. (syn. of Stevens Late), 471
Stewards Late Galande (syn. of Chancellor), 326
Stewart, A., var. orig. by, 466
Stewart No. i, 471
Stewart No. 2, 471
Stickler Cling, 471
Stiles, 472
Stiles, Dr. E. P., var. orig. with, 472
Stilson, 472
Stinson, 472
Stinson Late (syn. of Stinson) , 472
Stinson October (syn. of Stinson\ 472
Stirling Castle, 472
Stone, 472
Stoner, G. W., var. introduced by, 322
Stonewall (syn. of Stonewall Jackson t, 472
Stonewall Jackson, 472
Storm, James A., var. orig. by, 472
Storm No. i, 472
Stranahan, 472
Stranahan's Late Orange (syn. of Stranahan), 472
Strawberry, 472
Stroman, var. orig. with, 297
Strong, 473
Strout Early, 473
Strunk, 473
Strunk, W. P., var. orig. by, 473
Stuart, 473
Stubenrauch, J. W., var. orig. by, 193, 246, 363,
404, 463, 481
Studt, 473
Stump, 276
Stump-of-the-World (syn. of Stump), 277
Stump the World (syn. of Stump), 276
Sturtevant, 473
Sturtevant, E. T., var. orig. by, 473
Suber, 473
Suber, var. orig. by, 473
Success, 473
Sugar (syn. of Chili), 197
Sulhamstead, 473
Summer Snow, 278
Sumner Early, 474
Sumner White Free, 474
Sunrise, 474
Sunset, 474
Superb Royal (syn. of Grosse Mignonne), 375
Superbe de Choisy, 474
Superbe de Tr^voux, 474
Superior Late, 474
Sure Crop, 475
Surpasse, 279
Surpasse Bon Ouvrier, 474
Surpasse Melocoton (syn. of Surpasse), 279
Surprise, 474
Surprise de Jodoigne, 474
Surprise de Pellaine, 474
Surties, 475
Surties, var. orig. by, 356, 475
Susquehanna, 475
Swainson Black, 475
Swalsh, 475
Swalze (syn. of Swalsh), 475
Swann Free, 475
Sweet, 475
Sweet, M. E., var. orig. by, 475
Sweet Water, 475
Swick Wonder, 476
Switzerland, 476
Sylphide, 474
Sylphide Cling (syn. of Sylphide), 474
538
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
Sylvester, Dr. E. W., var. orig. by, 300, 453
Syrische Pfirsich (syn. of PCche de Syrie), 438
Taber, 476
Taber, G. L., var. introduced by, 201, 298, 360, 397,
460; var. orig. by, 231, 332, 359, 476
Tacker, 476
Tacker, J, W., var. orig. by, 476
Tallman No. i, 476
Tallman No. 2, 476
Tallman No. 3, 476
Tante M(51anie, 476
Tarbell, 476
Tarbell, C. H., var. orig. by, 476
Tardive d'Avignon, 476
Tardive d'Auvergne, 476
Tardive B6raud, 476
Tardive Chevallier, 476
Tardive de Gros, 476
Tardive des Lazaristes, 477
Tardive d'Oidlins (syn. of La Grange), 397
Tardive des Mignots (syn. of Spate Mignot Pfirsich),
469
Tardive du Mont d'Or, 477
Tardive de Montauban, 477
Tardive de Passebel, 477
Tardive de Ward (syn. of Ward Late), 487
Tausch, 477
Tausch's Lieblingspfirsich (syn. of Tausch), 477
Taylor, 477
Taylor, Dr. Thomas, var. orig. by, 454
Tecumsa, 477
Teindou (syn. of Teindoux), 477
Teindoux, 477
Teint-Doux (syn. of TeindoiLx), 477
Teissier, 477
Teissier, var. orig. with, 477
Temple Late, 477
Temple White (syn. of Temple Late), 477
Tennessee, 478
Tennessee Everbearing, 478
Terrel, 478
Teter, Rev. J. G., var. orig. liy, 478
Teton Venus (.syn. of Teton de Venus), 478
Teton de Venus, 478
Texan, 478
Te.xas, 478
Texas King (syn. of Texas), 478
Thames Bank, 478
Thissell, G. W., var. introduced by, 252; var. orig.
by, 406, 479
Thissell Free, 479
Thissell White (syn. of Thissell Free), 479
Thomas, David, life of, 55-56; var. orig. with, 490
Thomas, George, var. orig. by, 480
Thomas, John J., quoted, 56, 124; var. introduced
by, 479. 490
Thomas Bums, 479
Thomas November, 479
Thomas Rivers, 479
Thompson, 479
Thompson, James W., quoted, 128
Thompson Orange, 479
Thoytes, Mrs., var. orig. with, 473
Thurber, 280
Thuret, Gustave, var. orig. by, 376, 440
Tice, 479
Tice, James, var. orig. by, 479
Tice's Late Red and Yellow (syn. of Tice), 479
Tiebout, 479
Tiebout, V. J., var. orig. with, 479
Tillotson, 479
Tillotson Precose (syn. of Tillotson), 479
Tinley October, 480
Tippecanoe, 480
Tipton, W. K., var. introduced by, 401
Tirlemonter Magdalene, 480
Titus, 480
Titus, Mrs. Sarah, var. orig. with, 480
Todd, Rev. R. W., var. orig. by, 363
Toledo, 480
Toledo Prolific (syn. of Toledo), 480
Tonbridge, 480
Tong Pa, 480
Topaz, 480
Toquin, 480
Tornado, 481
Tough ina, 481
Towns, Mrs., var. orig. by, 481
Towns Early, 481
Townsend, 481
Transparente Ronde, 481
Trailer pfirsich (syn. of Pavier Pleureur), 436
Triana, 281
Triomphe (syn. of Triumph), 282
Triomphe Saint-Laurent (syn. of Triomphe de
Saint-Laurent), 481
Triomphe de Saint- Laurent, 481
Triumph, 282
Troth, 283
Troth's Early (syn. of Troth), 283
Troth's Early Rareripe (syn. of Troth), 283
Troth's Early Red (syn. of Troth), 283
Troy, 481
Trueblood Late Free, 481
Tuckahoe, 481
Tufts, Bernard, var. orig. by, 481
Tufts, E., var. orig. by, 481
Tufts Eariy, 481
Tufts Rareripe, 481
Turenne, 481
Turenne Amelioree (syn. of Turenne), 481
Turner, quoted, 36
Tuscan Cling (syn. of Tuskena), 482
Tuskena, 482
Tuskena Cling (syn. of Tuskena), 482
Tuteon de Venice (syn. of Teton de Venus), 478
Twenty-Ounce Cling, 482
Twyford, 482
Tyehurst, 482
Tyehurst, E., var. orig. with, 482
Ulatis, 482
Unique, 482
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
539
Unnamed Chinese, 483
Unverghicblich Schone (syn. of Unvcrgleichlichcr
Lieblingsplirsich), 483
Unvergleichlicher Lioblingspfirsich, 4H3
Utah Cling, 483
Utah Free, 483
V'agaloggia Cotogna, 483
Vainqueur, 483
Valdy, 483
Vakly, var. orig. by, 483
\'an Biiren, J., var. orig. by, 483
Van Buren Golden Dwarf, 483
Van Oeman, 483
Van Deman, H. E., var. orig. with, 483
Van Ueinan Early, 483
Van Lindley, J., var. introduced by, 446; var. orig.
with, 404
Van Orl(5, var. introduced by, 402
Van Zandt, 484
Van Zandt, R. B., var. orig. with, 484
Van Zandt's Superb (syn. of Van Zandt), 484
Vandermark, 484
Vanderveer Optimum, 484
Vanguard, 484
Vanmeter, 484
Variegated Free I, 484
Variegated Free II, 484
Veitch, var. introduced by, 348
Veitch, Messrs., var. orig. by, 399
Velouth de Piemont (syn. of Grosse Mignonne), 375
Venusbrust (syn. of Teton de Venus), 47S
Vergil, quoted, 27
Veritable Chancelliere, 484
Veritable Pourpree lialive d graiide flenr (sx-n. of
Early Purple), 351
Verona, 484
Verte de Beaulieu, 484
Very Large Seedling Peach, 484
Vessier, 485
Victor, 485
Victoria, 485
Victoria (syn. of Early Victoria), 352
Vilmorin, 485
Vincuse de Fromentin, 485
Vineuse Hative, 485
Vinous Purple, 485
Violet native, 485
Violet Muscat, 486
Violet Musk, 486
Violette Galande (syn. of Galande), 365
Violelte Hative (syn. of Violet Hative), 485
Violette de Montpellier, 486
Violetter Aprikosenpfirsich, 486
X'oorheis No. i, 486
Voorheis Silver, 486
Virginia (syn. of Columbia), 333
Waddell, 284
Waddell, William, \-ar. orig. with, 285
Wager, 286
Wager, Benjamin, var. orig. with, 286
Wake Forest, 486
Walburton, 486
Walburton Admirable (syn. of Walburton), 486
Waldo, 486
Walker, 486
Walker, H. R., var. introduced by, 484
Walker Early, 487
Walker's Variegated Free (syn. of Walker), 4H6
Wallace, 487
Wallen, var. orig. with, 268
Waller, 487
Waller Brothers, var. orig. by, 487
Wallis, Henry, var. orig. with, 4H7
Wallis Best, 487
Wallis Heath Free, 487
Walter Early, 487
Ward, Dr. A., var. orig. by, 487
Ward Late, 487
Ward's Freestone (syn. of Ward Late), 487
Ward's Late Free (syn. of Ward Late), 487
Ware, 488
Ware, W. W., var. orig. with, 490
Wark, 488
Wark, James, var. orig. by, 488
Warren, William G., quoted, 122
Washington, 488
Washington, quoted, 49
Washington Clingstone, 488
Washington Rareripe (syn. of Washington), 488
Washington Red Freestone (syn. of Washington), 488
Waterloo, 287
Watkin Cling, 488
Watkin Early, 488
Waugh, F. A., quoted, 95
Weaver, 488
Weaver, D. W., var. orig. by, 488
Weber, R. H., var. orig. by, 488
Weber Golden Free, 488
Weber Prize, 488
Webster, Captain Daniel, var. orig. by, 387
Weed, 488
Weed, George, var. orig. with, 488
Weeping, 489
Weihnachts-Aprikosenpfirsich, 489
Weinhafte Fromentinerpfirsche (syn. of Vincuse de
Fromentin), 485
Weiniger Liebtingspfirsich (syn. of Early Purple), 351
Weisse Charlotte, 489
Weisse Friihpfirsche (syn. of White Nutmeg,) 491
Weisser Ildrtling (syn. of Smith Newington), 467
Welch, 489
Welch, Charles B., var. introduced by, 489
Weld, Eben, var. orig. by, 489
Weld Freestone, 489
Wellington, 489
West, 489
Westbrook, C. W., var. introduced by, 460
Western Newington, 489
Whaley, Mark, var. orig. by, 489
Whaley Favorite, 489
Wheatland, 28S
Wheat ley, 489
540
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
VVhcatslone, 489
Wheeler Early, 489
Wheeler Late, 490
Wheeler Late Yellow, 490
White, W. S., var. orig. with, 481
White Ball, 490
White Blossom, 490
White Blossomed Incomparable (syn. of White
Blossom), 490
White Cling, 490
White Double Crop, 490
White English (syn. of Heath Cling), 225
White Globe, 490
White Imperial, 490
White July, 490
White June, 490
White Magdalen, 490
White Monsieur, 491
White Nectarine, 491
White Nutmeg, 491
White Pace, 491
White Rareripe (syn. of Morris White), 248; (syn.
of Nivette), 426
White Winter, 491
Whitehead Red Heath, 491
Whitlow, W. H., var. orig. with, 491
Whitlow Choice, 491
Wiard, 491
Wiard, Harry, var. orig. with, 491
Wickson, quoted, 113-115
Wiggins, 492
Wilbur, 492
Wilcox, Deacon Pitman, var. orig. with, 197
Wilder, 492
Wilder Blutpfirsich (svn. of French Blood CHngJ,
363
Wiley, H. S., var. introduced by, 384
Wilkins, 492
Wilkins, Colonel, var. orig. with, 492
Wilkins, Edward, quoted, 122
Wilkins Cling (syn. of Wilkins), 492
Willard, 492
Willard, S. D., var. orig. with, 492
Willermoz (Early Crawford), 205
Willett, 492
Williams, 492
Williams, J. F., var. orig. by, 492
Williams Catherine, 492
Williams Cling, 492
Williams Early Purple, 492
Williams New York > (syn. of Large White Cling),
399
Williamson, 492
Williamson, David, var. orig. by, 399
Williamson Choice (syn. of Williamson), 492
Williamson Cling, 493
Willow-Leaf, 493
Wills„n, 493
Willson, Picrpont, var. orig. with, 493
Wilson, 493
Wilson, E. H., quoted, 89-90
Windoes, 493
Wine, 493
Winesburgh Large Yellow, 493
Winifred, 493
Wirmepesaukee, 493
Wirt Lady, 493
Witham Seedling, 493
Wobum Early Mignonne, 493
Woerner, 493
Wonderful, 493
Wood, Allen L., var. introduced by, 296, 494
Wood, C. W., var. orig. by, 496
Wood, Ira L., var. orig. by, 313
Woodlawn Golden, 494
Woodman Choice, 494
Woolsey, 494
Woolsey Nebraska (syn. of Woolsey), 494
Worcester, 494
Worcester, Dr. J. Warren, var. orig. by, 494
World Fair, 494
Worrell, Mrs. Sallie, var. orig. by, 460
Worrell (syn. of Sallie Worrell), 460
Worth, 494
Worthen, var. orig. with, 235
Worthen (syn. of Jennie Worthen), 235
Wright, 494
Wright, var. orig. with, 323
Wright, Charles, var. introduced by, 493
Wright, W. F., var. orig. by, 494
Wright Seedling, 494
Wunderschoner Lackpfirsche (syn. of Admirable),
292
Wyandotte Cling, 494
Wylie, John, var. orig. by, 494
Wylie Cling, 494
XX Yellow, 495
Yates Early, 495
Yates Red Cling, 495
Yazoo, 495
Yellow Admirable, 495
Yellow Alberge (syn. of Alberge), 293
Yellow Alberge Clingstone (syn. of Pavie Alberge),
434
Yellow Apricot, 495
Yellow August, 495
Yellow Blanton Cling (syn. of Blanton Cling), 313
Yellow Chance, 495
Yellow Chevreuse, 495
Yellow Cobbler (syn. of Cobbler), 331
Yellow Extra, 495
Yellow Globe, 495
Yellow Malacatune (syn. of Red Cheek Melocoton),
264
Yellow Mignonne, 495
Yellow Mystery (syn. of Myster>'). 423
Yellow Nutmeg, 496
Y'ellow Peach, 496
Yellow Preserving, 496
Yellow Rareripe, 289
Yellow Rose, 496
Yellcm St. John (syn. of St. John), 269
THE PEACHES OF NEW YORK
541
Yellow Seedling, 496
Yellow Swan, 496
Yellow Tuscany (syn. of Tuskena), 482
Yenshi, 496
Yenshi Hardy (syn. of Yenshi), 496
Yocurn, 496
York Pearl, 496
York Prfcoce (syn. of Early York), 206
Yulu, 496
Yum Yum, 496
Zane, 496
/Carlgefdrbler Lackpfirsich (syn. of Teindoux), 477
Zea, 497
Zelhemer Lieblingspfirsich, 497
Zelia, 497
Zell, 497
Zella, 497
Zipf Seedling, 497
Zoar Beauty, 497
Zwergpfirsich (syn. of Dwarf Orleans), 348
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