3F THE XVI, XVII, & XVIIIT9 CENTURIES
=(O
Presented to the
LIBRARIES of the
UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO
by
PETER H. WEINRICH
PENMANSHIP
OF THE XVI, XVII & XVIIITH CENTURIES
OTHER WORKS BY LEWIS F, DAY
ALPHABETS OLD AND NEW. Third Edition
LETTERING IN ORNAMENT
PATTERN DESIGN
ORNAMENT AND ITS APPLICATION
NATURE AND ORNAMENT
ART IN NEEDLEWORK. Third Edition
ENAMELLING
WINDOWS: A BOOK ABOUT STAINED
& PAINTED GLASS. Third Edition
BY PERCY J. SMITH
LETTERING AND WRITING.
A Portfolio of Examples
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Palomares, Madrid, 1789
PENMANSHIP
OF THE XVI, XVII XVIIlTH CENTURIES
A series of typical Examples from English
and Foreign Writing Books selected by
LEWIS F. DAY
Author of " Alphabets Old and New "
"Lettering in Ornament" "Windows" etc.
LONDON
B. T. BATSFORD, 94 HIGH HOLBORN
-
NOTE BY MISS DAY
ENMANSHIP has, of recent years, assumed a position of
so great importance as a branch of art education that
there is no need to make any apology for bringing out a book
on the subject. The present volume, moreover, deals with a
branch of penmanship which has been practically ignored of
late, and about which little has been written. The tendency
has been to pay little attention to any kind of lettering but
uncial, half-uncial, and Roman. But, whilst the dignity of
these letters must be apparent to every one, there are purposes
for which they are quite unsuitable, and it is for just these
purposes that the lightness and comparative frivolity of more
modern writing is peculiarly well adapted.
While going through an important collection of Writing
Books of the i6th, i7th, and i8th centuries, at that time in
the possession of Mr. Batsford, it occurred to my father that
here was a, very mine of suggestions for the inspiration of
writers, illuminators, architects, engravers, and the numerous
art workers who have to use lettering in one form or another.
Mr. Batsford's collection, which has been largely drawn
upon for this volume, contained a number of rare old writing
books, not to be found at the British Museum or in the Library
of the Victoria and Albert Museum. We have, however, not
been content with simply reproducing these ; we have gone
through hundreds of writing books Dutch, English, French,
German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish in order that we may
be able to give not only a representative collection of hand-
writings, but the best possible examples. In examining this
mass of material, we were astonished to find how much of
it, though finely engraved, was quite unsuitable to modern
needs. We discovered, further, that the later writing masters
were in the habit of calmly copying from their predecessors
(though they don't usually mention the fact) and vulgarizing
their work in the process, so that from one cause or another a
good many of the most easily accessible writing books are
really worthless to the student.
My father had, before his death, chosen most of the ex-
amples now reproduced, the remainder have been added by
Mr. Percy J. Smith, Mr. Batsford, and myself; and we have
closely followed his principles of selection, and have adhered in
the main to his plan of arrangement. Our special thanks are
due to Mr. C. L. Ricketts of Chicago, who has most readily
offered suggestions as to the volumes best worth referring to.
We have also to thank the authorities of the British Museum
and the Victoria and Albert Museum for permission to repro-
duce certain plates.
It is not contended that all the pages given are altogether
admirable, or that everything, or indeed anything, in the
volume should be copied as it stands. What we have tried to
do is, to provide students, teachers, and craftsmen with good
examples of penmanship which may serve to show them what
has been done, and what can be done, with a pen, and to inspire
them to attempt something of their own which may be dis-
tinctive and graceful without necessarily being too far removed
from the writing of everyday life.
With regard to the arrangement of the plates, writing
masters used such varying terminology that it was hopeless to
try to group the examples after the manner of any particular
penman, whilst to arrange them in a strictly chronological
order would have meant simply chaos. It has therefore been
necessary to try some rather different plan. The book begins
with some examples of the various Chancery hands, and these
are followed by specimens of Old English, German, Roman,
and other more or less formal types of penmanship. The
rather restrained running hands come next, followed, in their
turn, by writing characterized by more or less heavy blobs of
ink at the ends of the letters. The current hands in which
flourishes are predominant, bring to an end the examples
chosen simply as writing. The remaining illustrations contain
a few specimens of how title-pages and other special work were
set out and framed up, and some examples of scrolls and
flourishes.
The book does not pretend to be in any sense a history of
penmanship that would be a very large undertaking but
those interested in calligraphy, from a more or less antiquarian
point of view, will find a good deal of information in the list of
books from which the illustrations have been taken, whilst the
wants of the more strictly practical student have been provided
for by the descriptive list of plates.
R. M. D.
SHORT CRITICAL NOTES ON PENMANSHIP
WITH REFERENCE TO THE EXAMPLES IN
THIS WORK, BY PERCY J. SMITH
DURING the i6th, i/th, and i8th centuries Penmanship,
i.e. the style or manner of writing, occupied a position
in the curriculum of studies which it is difficult for us to
appreciate to its full extent : its practitioners and professors
were often men of culture and influence, and held a very high
place in the esteem of their contemporaries. Among these we
may mention, as a representative English scribe, John Davies
of Hereford. Educated at Oxford University, and pursuing his
occupation as writing master in the same city, he was very well
known during the late i6th and early iyth centuries both as
a poet and as one of the most skilful penmen of his day. His
epigrams and sonnets, containing references to Shakespeare,
Fletcher, Ben Jonson and other writers of the period, show the
calligrapher to have been on terms of friendship with many
of his most notable contemporaries. At one time he had
many pupils in Magdalen College, and drew others, including
Algernon, Lord Percy, from families of the highest rank.
One of his pupils, Richard Gething, who worked at the sign
of the Hand and Pen in Fetter Lane, London, also attained
considerable eminence at a little later date.
The work of the best of the penmen deserves study, not
only because we find reflected in it the spirit of their time, but
because, if we put aside their exaggerated displays of technical
skill and "ingenuity in making divers curious figures," for
theirs is essentially a conscious art, we shall find much that
is beautiful, fundamentally right, and of practical use in the
work of to-day.
It is not possible within the necessarily brief limits of these
notes to consider separately all the examples from old writing
books here brought together ; moreover, were they thus treated,
the interested student would lose somewhat the valuable and
pleasurable exercise of personal judgment and discovery. Nor
will the relation between the styles or the development of the
various characters be investigated, for to treat that part of the
subject adequately would require a history of writing. This
is an introduction to the collection as a whole ; references will
be made to specific examples, but mainly as representative of a
particular style or of a method of treatment, while the criticisms
made and principles laid down will be found capable of a very
wide application. The guiding thought and intention will be
to open the eyes of the mind to perceive the best.
It is deeply to be regretted that we are deprived of the
advantage of the late Mr. Day's experience and trained judgment
in the introduction which should rightly be his, for his know-
ledge of, and interest in, everything appertaining to lettering is
too well known to need emphasis here, and it must needs be
a source of regret that we cannot know his thoughts and
consider his criticism on these examples of the craft. Both
before and since his death the collection has passed through
many examinations and siftings, and every example contains
some feature or features justifying its inclusion ; though
occasionally pages are reproduced with details which it is
not desirable that we should emulate or study. Especially
is this true of the initials, as, for instance, in the work of
Beauchesne and Baildon in Example 30, but with the excep-
tion of this initial the page well repays study, both for the
character displayed in the small letters and for the signs of
playfulness in the slight scrolls and flourishes.
At the close of the I5th century a formal literary or book-
hand ceased to be generally practised ; it was superseded
by the printing press; and it was during the i6th century
that cursive writing, under the pressure of influence from the
northern Gothic or pointed style and the southern more rounded
and freely written Italian script, passed through one of its most
interesting phases. This period may be considered to mark
the birth of modern writing. The first three examples of
this collection, and others of the style of Examples 7 and 8,
exhibit very clearly the influence of northern 15th-century
bookwork. The letters have much of the "weight" and soli-
darity of type, while the freedom of penwork is evident in the
treatment of descending strokes, and in the use of flourishes
and scrolls. Example 4, which is also type-like in character,
is taken from a Spanish writing book of the i8th century
and shows a style of work noticeable for its fine roundness
and bold simplicity of form, combined with good, clear spacing
of letters and lines ; the value of these qualities in ensuring
readability, and what we may define as tranquillity and a
forceful serenity of character in the page, cannot easily be
overestimated.
The decorative value of a headline of letters, larger and
heavier than the text, may be seen in such examples as n, 18,
20, and 25 ; while No. 14, an example of work by John Ayres,
writing-master in St. Paul's Churchyard during the last half
of the i yth century, is worthy of study as suggesting a legiti-
mate method of interlineal decoration forming, as it were, a
rich background of pattern or tone which need in no way
interfere with the legibility of the matter. The somewhat thin
and weak treatment of some of the scrolls and the complete
isolation of others are weaknesses we must not repeat in
work based upon this example. The page is, however, full
of suggestion to metal workers and engravers, of whose craft
it is peculiarly reminiscent. The superiority of the wide
Gothic writing over the laterally compressed form in such
essentials of good lettering as legibility, dignity, and strength,
may be studied in Examples 14, 15, and others.
The Italian or Roman style, destined to supersede the
heavier and more complicated Gothic, is illustrated in Example
35, a very beautiful piece of late 16th-century work. The
initial " D " is well constructed and full of vitality. The student
should observe the strength and very beautiful subtlety of form
in this letter, especially noting how the bow springs from the
base of the stem and, curving well out, returns and completes
its form with a slight drop. Observe, too, the honouring of
the two important words and the decorative value accruing
from the use thus made of the line of capitals ; the equality of
weight as between the large and small letters ; the excellent
spacing, which is a thing so little understood and so rarely
well done in these days ; the freedom with which the lines
are allowed to terminate where they will, without excessive
spreading out or closing up ; and, lastly, the simplicity and
good composition of the whole. All these features combine
to make this a very quiet and dignified inscription, severely
simple, yet stored with lessons and inspiration for the modern
scribe, but even more for the discerning letter-cutter, typo-
grapher, and architect.
In Plate 32 we have a small, interesting example of decora-
tive writing from a Spanish copybook of 1650. The arrange-
ment and balance of effect are excellent : and the flourishes
are legitimate and unforced accentuations of distinctive parts
of the letters from which they spring. They are full of
vitality, and while adding interest to the page form a good
example of organic decoration. The three lines of small
writing are invaluable in providing a base and thus steadying
the composition.
Spain has provided us with many examples of a style of calli-
graphy which, though closely akin to that of Italy, has a distinct
national character. Example 49, taken from an iSth-century
writing book, is strongly and beautifully written with a slanted
pen, and shows an interesting and varied treatment of the serifs
or terminating strokes of the/'s and g's. Both in this and in
other examples, it is well to note that the placing of the dots
of the z's is responsible for a feeling of "spottiness." The
practice of making the dots range with the tops of the ascending
strokes was, and is, often followed, with a resultant loss of con-
nection between the two component " parts, and consequent
isolation of the smaller member. It adds to the unity of the
letter, to the strength of the lines of writing, and to the
restfulness of the page, if the dots are placed close to the stems
of the letters of which they form necessary parts. It is to be
regretted that the border in this example is not in scale with
the writing ; it is weak in weight of line, and somewhat
'disconnected in design ; nevertheless it contains suggestions
as to decoration which should be of practical use to the
discriminating student. Another method of adding a decorative
interest, and at the same time strengthening the composition
of a page which would otherwise be disconnected, is by tying
the parts together with bands and lines. These may be
judiciously interlaced as in the two examples from the book
of Palatino, one of the earliest and best known of the Italian
writing masters, given in Examples 66 and 67.
The very beautiful Italian semi-formal script of the Renais-
sance had a decisive influence on other European styles, and,
mainly as the result of this influence, English cursive writing
gradually lost a great part of its disjointed and angular character
and acquired the freely written and linked-up manner exemplified
in the writing of Peter Gery (see No. 51). Plate 38 and the
succeeding italic alphabets and writings are replete with hints
to modern workers witness the interesting and useful forms of
.amperzands ; the character, strength of curvature, and subtleties
of shape and construction in the letters ; the spacing, compact-
ness, and uniformity of the lines ; and the treatment of capitals
and ascending and descending strokes, with their flourishes
and scrolls. The manner of writing the word " Socrates " in
Example 82 is an instructive example of the pride of display
and " ingenuity " of the French penman, Jean de Beaugrand, not
without its fascination for the modern scribe and letter-engraver.
Examples 71 and 72 illustrate good "placing" of title or head-
ing, and the free but fairly reticent rendering of the scrolls in
which the writers loved to show their control of the pen, while
the management of the various items of the note on Plate 74,
written by Maria Strick as a specimen for the guidance of her
numerous pupils, shows a good feeling for balance and com-
position.
Two varieties of upright writing, both showing good judg-
ment in arrangement, deserve mention. That in Plate 75 has
a pleasing little scroll carried into the lower margin and flanked
and supported by some long vertical lines that materially steady
the design. The other, Plate 90, notwithstanding a rather
heavily inked initial and flourish, exhibits a very beautiful
economy of line in the construction of the letters and suggests
the presence of that restrained power characteristic of most
achievements which win an abiding place in the hierarchy of
things done.
The most delicate writing in the series is that shown in
Examples 80 and 8r, selected from a book issued by Beaugrand
early in the I7th century. The graceful and fanciful treatment
of the initials in both examples and of the two scrolls in the
lower margin of the latter is very pleasing and contains ideas for
the modern calligrapher and designer, while in both plates the
judicious placing of the flourishes and consequent accentuation
of the corners greatly strengthens the design as a whole.
The excessively intricate borders so often found in the old
writing books though they are the inevitable development of
the ornamentation of the initials rarely add to the true beauty
of the work and certainly show but little feeling for that
restrained power to which reference has just been made. It is
sufficient to say here that the examples shown are the most
restrained and the best that could be found, and, while they are
not to be considered as in any way perfect examples of taste,
they are typical of their time and contain suggestions which
may be of service.
We are on happier ground when we come to such page
arrangements as that of Peter Gery (No. 100). The natural
manner in which the arm of the initial L in this plate holds the
text, and the steadying influence of the line or base formed by
the signature, are vital elements in a very good composition.
A cursory glance through this collection is sufficient to
clearly reveal the great importance of the ensemble made by
the composition. The value of a well-shaped mass be it
light or heavy as a contribution to the success of a page
may be judged by a reference to such examples as 53, 81, and
86. Construction and growth of letter, line, and ornament ;
steadiness and balance of part against part ; the due accentua-
tion of this and the dropping of the other ; the question of
scale, and the using of ornament, not for its own sake, but to
support and give value to the whole ; all these considerations
are involved in producing a strong and beautiful piece of work
and must be remembered while studying these examples.
In conclusion, the writer of this introduction would em-
phasize, with all due reserve, the supreme importance, in the
whole range of Penmanship and Lettering, of an appreciation
of reticence combined with legitimate freedom in execution,
associated with depth and vitality of spirit in tone and
inspiration.
P. J. S.
DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
For full Titles of the Books quoted, see Alphabetical List of Authors
at the end of this Volume
i. PAPAL CHANCERY HAND. Spanish, from the Recopilacion
Subtilissima of Juan de Yciar, 1548.
2.) PAPAL CHANCERY HAND. Italian, from II Perfetto Scrittore
3.] of G. F. Cresci, 1570.
4. A MUCH LATER VERSION OF THE SAME KIND OF
HAND. Spanish, from the Arte nueva de Escribir of J. C.
Aznar de Polanco, 1719.
5. SET CHANCERY HAND, from A booke containing divers sortes
of hands by J. de Beauchesne and John Baildon, 1571.
6. GOTHIC WRITING. Flemish, from the Exercitatio Alphabetica
of Clement Perret, 1569.
(Compare Nos. 8, 9, and 14.)
7. GOTHIC WRITING. Netherlandish, from the Exemplaar-Boek
of A. Perlingh, 1679.
8. GOTHIC WRITING. Flemish, from the Exemplaria sive Formulae
Scripturae Ornatioris XXXIV. of J. Houthusius, 1591.
(Compare Nos. 6, 9, and 14.)
9. GOTHIC WRITING, from the Theatrum Artis Scribendi by
J. Hondius. This is a so-called " bastard " English type, and
is written by M. Martin, 1594.
(Compare Nos. 6, 8, and 14.)
10. GOTHIC WRITING. Flemish, from the Exemplaer - Boec of
J. van den Velde, 1607.
B
11. GOTHIC WRITING, from the Lust-Hof der Schrijft-Konste by
Symon de Vries, 1619. Notice the terminations of the/'s and g's
which are particularly ingenious and the decorative value of the
headline.
12. GOTHIC WRITING. German, from the Anweissung zur zier-
lichen Schreibkunst of B. U. Hoffman, 1694.
(Compare Nos. 1 1 and 14.) ,
13. GOTHIC WRITING. English, from A Tutor to Penmanship
by John Ayres, 1695.
(Compare Nos. 9 and 14.)
14. GOTHIC WRITING. English, from the same source.
Note how the flourishes form a kind of middle tint, and decorate
the page without obscuring the writing.
15. GOTHIC WRITING. English, from Multum in Parvo, or the
Pen's Perfection by Edward Cocker, c. 1675.
The third word on the fourth line is meant for a contraction of
Christian but Cocker, or one of his predecessors, has evidently
gone astray and mistaken the Greek p for a/.
1 6. GOTHIC WRITING. English, from Writing Improved by John
Clark, 1714.
17. GOTHIC WRITING. German, from Kunst-richtige Vorshriften,
Frankfort and Leipzig, 1702.
It is interesting to compare this late German example with the
three English versions which precede it (Nos. 14, 15, 16), and
to note how in this case the letters are all closed up and, as it
were, flattened, whilst in the English work they are much rounder
and more open.
1 8. GOTHIC WRITING by Peter Gery, 1670.
This shows a headline in large letters satisfactorily combined
with smaller writing on the rest of the page.
19. A SMALL SCRIPT, rather Gothic in type, from the Exemplaria
sive Formulae Scriptorae Ornatioris XXXIV of Houthusius, 1591.
Note the character given to the writing by the long tails of
the s's.
(Compare Nos. 20 and 21.)
20. ANOTHER EXAMPLE of the use of the long s, from Poecilo-
graphie by J. de Beaugrand, 1598.
Note the decorative value of the headline.
(Compare Nos. 19 and 21.)
21. GOTHIC WRITING, from the Spieghel Der Schrijfkonste by J.
Van den Velde, 1605.
Note the characteristic long s's and the curious form of the
double s.
(Compare No. 26.)
22. CURRENT DUTCH WRITING, from the Tooneel der loflijcke
Schrijfpen of Maria Strick, 1607.
(The four lines at the top of the page compare with Nos. 59 et
seq.}
23. A PRETTILY SPACED RENDERING, in Gothic script, of a
poem in three verses, from the same source.
24. CURRENT WRITING, to go with larger Gothic letters, from 'T
Magazin oft' Pac-huys der Loffelijcker Penn-const by D. Roe-
lands, 1616.
25. A MINUSCULE WRITING, showing certain affinities with
Gothic. From the Paranimphe de 1'Escriture Ronde of F.
Desmoulins, 1625.
(Compare Nos. 19-23.)
26. ANOTHER CURRENT HAND with long tails to the/'s as well
as the s's, from 'T Magazin der Loffelijcker Penn-const by D.
Roelands, 1616.
27. A CURIOUS and characteristic Dutch script, from the Exemplaar-
Boek of A. Perlingh, 1679.
28. SECRETARY HAND, from A booke containing divers sortes of
hands by J. de Beauchesne and John Baildon, 1571.
29. ANOTHER HAND showing the characteristic d of 28, from
Chirographia by R. Gething, 1619.
30. AN EXAMPLE OF LETTRE PATTEE, from the Exercitatio
Alphabetica of C. Perret, 1569.
31. LETRA ANTIGUA. A kind of simple Roman letter with occa-
sional flourishes introduced, which very much help the balance
of the page. From the Recopilacion Subtilissima of J. de Yciar,
1548.
32. AN ITALIC HAND, in which some of the letters are adorned
with flourishes. Spanish, from the Primera Parte Del Arte De
escrivir by J. de Casanova, 1650.
33. A VERSION OF ROMAN MINUSCULE, having some affin-
ity with the so-called "diplomatic hand." From the Libellus
valde doctus elegans, utilis, multa varia scribendarum litterarum
genera complectens of R. Wyss, 1549.
34. ROMAN SCRIPT, from the Exercitatio Alphabetica of C. Perret,
1569.
35. ROMAN SCRIPT, from II Perfetto Scrittore of G. F. Cresci, 1569.
36. ROMAN SCRIPT, from the Primera Parte del Arte de Escrivir,
by J. de Casanova, 1650.
37. ROMAN SCRIPT, from Kunst-richtige Vorschriften. Frankfort
and Leipzig, 1702.
38. ITALIC WRITING, bearing some resemblance to No. 33. From
the Anweissung einer gemeine handschrift, by J. Neudorffer the
elder, 1538.
39. ITALIC WRITING, from the Exercitatio Alphabetica of C.
Perret, 1569.
40.\CAPITALS AND SMALL LETTERS, from A booke contain-
41.) ing divers sortes of hands by J. de Beauchesne and J. Baildon,
1571.
42. LETTERE PIACEVOLLE, a rather fantastic italic hand from
the same source.
Note the unsatisfactory initial.
43. A VERY SIMPLE ITALIC HAND, from the Exemplaria sive
Formulae Scripturae Ornatioris XXXIV. of J. Houthusius, 1591.
44.JTWO SIMPLE ITALIC HANDS, in which the tops of the IPs
45. J etc., show traces of the blob-like thickening which characterizes
the more flowing hands illustrated in Nos. 53 to 64. From the
same source as the preceding example.
46. SPANISH "BASTARDO" WRITING, from the Nueva Arte de
Escribir of P. Diaz Morante, issued by Palomares in 1789.
47. REDONDILLO, or Spanish round hand, from the Arte de Escrevir
of Francisco Lucas, 1580.
Note the curious form of the d which characterizes this type of
writing.
48. BASTARDO Spanish Writing, from the same source.
49. SPANISH WRITING, from the Nueva Arte de Escribir of P.
Diaz Morante, issued by Palomares in 1789.
Note the interesting treatment of the /'s and ^'s.
50. ROUND HAND WRITING, from the Copy-Book of Richard
Daniel, 1664.
51. ROUND HAND, by Peter Gery, 1670.
52. FRENCH AND BASTARD ALPHABETS, from L'Art
d'Ecrire, by J.-B. Allais de Beaulieu, 1680.
53/IEARLY EXAMPLES of the heavy endings to /'s, d's, and other
54.J letters with limbs above the line which form so conspicuous a
feature in the next ten examples. Italian, from the Libro di
G.-B. Palatino, 1540.
5S.\MORE FORMED WRITING, Italian, from II Perfetto Scrittore
56.] of G. F. Cresci, 1570.
57. A BELGIAN RENDERING of the same characteristic, from the
Exercitatio Alphabetica of C. Perret, 1569.
58. ANOTHER EXAMPLE of the same kind of writing, in which
the Initial is less satisfactory and there is more tendency to
introduce flourishes. From the Exemplaria sive Formulae
Scripturae Ornatioris XXXIV. of J. Houthusius, 1591.
59. A MORE RUNNING HAND, with the same characteristic
blobs, from the Tooneel der loflijcke Schrijfpen of Maria Strick,
1607.
60. ANOTHER EXAMPLE, with typical penwork scrolls of the
period above and below the writing. From Les Oevres de Lucas
Materot, 1608.
61. AN ITALIAN EXAMPLE, from II Cancelliere by L. Curione,
1609.
62. AN ENGLISH EXAMPLE, from The Writing Schoolemaster of
John Davies of Hereford, 1648.
63. ANOTHER EXAMPLE, with typical scrollwork, from Les Oevres
de Lucas Materot, 1608.
(Compare No. 60.)
64. A PORTUGUESE EXAMPLE, from the Nova Escola para
aprender a ... escrever, by M. de Andrade de Figueiredo, 1722.
(Note the/;/,/, q, and compare them with Nos. 49, 62, and 63.)
65. AN EXAMPLE, showing the same typical thickening, in a modi-
fied form, combined with the flourish. From the Grundliche
Unterricht der edlen Schreib-Kunst of G. Scheurer.
66.HTALIAN MERCANTILE HANDS, showing an early re-
67.) strained and happy use of the flourish. From the Libro di
Palatino, 1540.
Note how the lines help the composition of the page.
68. ANOTHER ITALIAN MERCANTILE HAND, with flourishes,
from the Opere de Frate Vespasiano Amphiareo, 1554.
69/1 ITALIAN WRITING with flourishes. From II Perfetto Scrittore
70. / of G. F. Cresci, 1570.
71. \PRETTILY SPACED and arranged pieces of flourish work.
72. / From the Spieghel der Schrijfkonste of J. van den Velde, 1605.
73. RATHER RIOTOUS FLOURISH WORK, from the Tooneel
der loflijcke Schrijpen of Maria Strick, 1607.
74. SLOPING AND UPRIGHT WRITING, with flourishes from
the same source.
(Compare the two lines at the top with No. 75.)
75. UPRIGHT WRITING, with flourishes, from the T Magazin oft'
Pac-huys der Loffelijcker Penn-const by Daniel Roelands, 1616.
(Compare the upper part of 74.)
Note the pleasing little scroll and how the long vertical lines on
either side of it help to steady the design.
76. SLOPING WRITING, with flourishes, from Les Oeuvres de Lucas
Materot, 1608.
77- ANOTHER SLOPING WRITING, with flourishes, from II
Cancelliere of L. Curione, 1609.
(Compare No. 61.)
78. RIOTOUS, but on the whole legible, flourish work. From
'T Magazin oft' Pac-huys der Loffelijcker Penn-const by David
Roelands, 1616.
79. A WELL SET OUT piece of flourish writing, from Chirographia
by R. Gething, c. 1619.
8o.\TWO EXAMPLES, in which the flourish is kept within bounds,
8i.J from the Poecilographie of J. de Beaugrand, 1633.
Note the delicacy of the writing and the fanciful treatment of
the initials.
82. RESTRAINED FLOURISH-WORK, from the same source.
83. SLOPING WRITING, with flourishes, from a book by Thomas
Weston, 1 68 1.
84. ANOTHER SLOPING HAND, with flourishes, from Kunst-
richtige Vorschriften, 1702.
85. A SIMPLE CURRENT HAND, with a few flourishes added.
From M. Baurenfeind's Vollkommene Wieder-Herstellung der
Schreib-Kunst, 1716.
86.) PORTUGUESE WRITING, with flourishes. From the Nova
87.) Escola para aprender a ... escrever by M. Andrade de Fig-
ueiredo, 1722.
88. ^CURRENT WRITINGS, from Chirographia by R. Gething,
89.) c. 1619.
90.1TWO WRITINGS WITH FLOURISHES, showing a deliber-
9 i.J ately sought after effect where the ink has not run freely from the
pen. From Richard Daniel's Copy- Book, 1664.
92. GREEK WRITING, from the same source.
93. GREEK WRITING, from The Universal Penman by George
Bickham, 1743.
94. TYPICAL BORDER WORK, from the Tooneel der loflijcke
Schrijfpen by Maria Strick, 1607.
95- TYPICAL BORDER WORK, from Calligraphotechnia by R.
Gething, 1619.
96. VERY ELABORATE BORDER WORK, from the Pen's
Transcendency by Edward Cocker, 1660.
97. A PAGE OF WRITING framed by one sweeping line. From
the Tooneel der loflijcke Schrijfpen by Maria Strick, 1607.
98.1TWO PAGES OF WRITING, one sloping, the other upright,
99.] each framed by an encircling line, by Jean Delachambre, 1638.
100. A PAGE OF WRITING partially framed by the tail of the
Initial L. From Gerii Viri in Arte Scriptoria quondam cele-
berrimi opera, 1670.
101. A PAGE OF WRITING framed by one sweeping line. From
the Exemplaar-Boek of A. Perlingh, 1679.
102. SIGNATURE AND FLOURISHES, from T'Magazin oft 'Pac-
huys of David Roelands, 1616.
103. A FLOURISH, from the Spieghel der Schrijfkonst by J. van den
Velde, 1605.
104. A FLOURISH, from the Exemplaar-Boek of A. Perlingh, 1679.
105. LETTERING WITH FLOURISHES, which form a kind of
scrollwork, from Chirographia by Richard Gething, 1645.
106. A BORDER OF HEARTS, from the same source.
IO7.\FLOURISHES, one encircling the signature, from Calligrapho-
io8.J technia by Richard Gething, 1619.
109. AN ELABORATE FLOURISH starting from the downstroke
of a/. From A. Perlingh's Exemplaar-Boek, 1679.
1 10. AN ELABORATE FLOURISH starting from the tail of a k.
From the Exemplaria sive Formulae Ornatioris XXXIV. by J.
Houthusius, 1591.
in. A FLOURISH, by Peter Gery, c. 1670.
112. SIGNATURE FORMING A HEART, from Richard Daniel's
Copybook, 1664.
PLATES
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47
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jesu tnsename, endcncameytt
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Sufcissimofeuquanio'tu vist-
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53
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{[junto
dljotto.
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uc?$at/qMto if&fkitib
tt
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afta um
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54
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nium virtutum cmator, ct conerwtor omnimi /n?
tc (j>crwtim$u(?me?confo(atoromum mtc da*
JL y, j-i * * -
mmtiim qui qum etterrcm de ninilofecitti vni*
tientm mm^imi(loccnc(^i/Bnati^m (ju J
nom ai Crwitto noifiamo iuumwti^ww m I
c la vent fud^cfirwmw, c(u iftwnmd oani fuiom che
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u .
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com acjcos a alas scnao alica;or-
mal sc compaaccan cmpcnhos
'o tntmaimmlo com aisirahimmlos
(a vontaac.
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tes podcsc conlar cntrcommw dos ink -
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/ / > /
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64
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cmauecento ottantu^oro in czo pec -to) ccvtufa aua
^ fr f *; Q. ^ i. <?><? n/ ^ /? N
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69, 70
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ti mmo aud \9oterodamos
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81
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co
> I I (Ti *M c
rvtr com cj olooj corpo.
o aetutao, u&vnwsura cajcre,.
ar
, cpearcu prccosas
comoslas at terra caasao tanta a-
Sy. x .r? r -* i
tiqria avuta do coracao bumano;
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ue
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tiuados, t a inhnita bdie^a ao/7Uj:
mo '
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mana, e narmonia doj insuiimzntos t
sc rcccpc tanta suavidaac qu& jica o
onwm s\uptnso,e,juut osono,zcomi-
da porutt qojto; gue mcwidaai strd
r r
owvicti da alma oj can-
, comm
lo "
uvo, e acoiuicao a
tr\js
86
Caw/ntta aoqcjidcoTn am o
6. {//
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Q
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s n . f , ^ n
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toM. U(^be/nefca/ve/l ajpcclo
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93
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1 1 1
I 12
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF AUTHORS
WITH THE NAMES OF THOSE OF THEIR BOOKS WHICH
HAVE BEEN DRAWN UPON FOR ILLUSTRATIONS
ALLAIS DE BEAULIEU, JEAN BAPTISTE.
L'art d'Ecrire ov Le moyen d'exceler en cet Art sans
Maistre. Paris, 1680.
No. 52.
AMPHIAREO, FRATE VESPASIANO.
Opera di Frate Vespesiano Amphiareo da Ferrara dell'ordine
minore conventvale nella quale si insegna scrivere Varie Sorti di
Lettere, Et Massime Una Lettera Bastarda Da Lui, Novamente,
Con Sua Industria Ritrovata. Vinegia, 1554.
No. 68.
ANDRADE DE FIGUEIREDO, MANGEL DE.
Nova Escola para aprender A ler, escrever, e contar. Primeira
Parte. Lisboa, 1722.
Nos. 64, 86, 87.
AYRES, JOHN.
A Tutor to Penmanship ; or, the writing master : a Copy Book
shewing all the Variety of Penmanship and Clerkship as now
practised in England. (2 parts.) London, 1698.
Nos. 13, 14.
AZNAR DE POLANCO, JUAN CLAUDIO.
Arte Nueva de Escribir por preceptos geometricos, y reglas
mathematicas. Madrid, 1719.
No. 4.
BAURENFEIND, MICHAEL.
Michael Baurenfeinds . . . Vollkommene Wieder-Herstellung der
. . . Schreib - Kunst . . . gezeiget . . . von Christoph Weigel
in N Urn berg. 1716.
No. 85.
P
BEAUCHESNE, J. DE, and BAILDON, JOHN.
A booke containing divers sortes of hands as well the English as
French secretarie with the Italian, Roman, Chancelry and Court
hands. Also the true and iust proportio of the capitall Romoe set
forth by J. de Beauchesne P. and M. John Baildon. Imprinted at
London by Thomas Vautroiuillier dwelling in the blackefrieres.
London, i 571.
Nos. 5, 28, 40, 41, 42.
BEAUGRAND, JEAN DE.
Poecilographie Ov diverses escritures propres pour L'Usage
Ordinaire avec une methode fort breve et facile pour les bien
apprendre par Jean de Beaugrand Parisien Secretaire . . . de
la chambre de Roy etc.
Probably published at Paris early in the i?th century.
Nos. 20, So, 8 1, 82.
BICKHAM, GEORGE.
The Universal Penman ; Or the Art of Writing Made Useful To
the Gentleman and Scholar, as well As the Man of Business . . .
Written With the friendly Assistance of several of the most
Eminent Masters And Engraved by Geo. Bickham. London.
First issued in parts 1733-41, republished 1743.
No. 93.
CASANOVA, JOSEPH DE.
Primera parte del arte de escrivir todas formas de letras por el
Maestro Joseph de Casanova. Madrid, 1650.
Nos. 32, 36.
CHAMBRE, see DE LA CHAMBRE.
CLARK, JOHN.
Writing Improv'd or penmanship made easy, in its useful and
ornamental parts. With various Examples of all the Hands
now Practis'd in Great Britain. Engraved by George Bickham.
London, 1714.
No. 1 6.
COCKER, EDWARD.
Magnum in Parvo or the Pen's Perfection.
(The copy in the British Museum is dated 1675, but in that
the particular plate illustrated here does not appear.)
No 15.
The Pen's Transcendency : or Fair Writings Store-house Fur-
nished with examples of all the Curious Hands practised in
England and the Nations adjacent. London, 1660.
No. 96.
CRESCI, GIOVANNI FRANCESCO.
II perfetto Scrittore Di M. Gio. Francesco Cresci Cittadino
Milanese Doue se veggono i veri Caratteri & le natural forme
di tutte quelle sorti di lettere che a vero scrittor si appartengono.
Con alcun'altre da lui nuouamente ritrouate : Et i modi che
deue tenere il mastro per ben insegnare. Venetia, 1569.
Nos. 2, 3, 35, 55, 56, 69, 70.
CURIONE, LUDOVICO.
II Cancelliere di Ludovico Curione ornato di lettere corsiue et
d'altre maniere di caratteri vsati a scriuersi in Italia. Libro
Quarto. Roma, 1609.
Nos. 6 1, 77.
DANIEL, RICHARD.
Daniel's Copy-Book : or A Compendium of the most Usual
Hands of England, Netherlands, France, Spaine, and Italic etc.
London, 1664.
Nos. 50, 90, 91, 92, 112.
DAVIES OF HEREFORD, JOHN.
The Writing Schoolemaster, or the Anatomic of faire writing,
Wherein is exactlie expressed each severall Character. Together
with other Rules and Documents coincident to the Art of Faire
and speedy writing. By John Davies of Hereford. London, 1648-
(There is also a portrait with some title dated 1631.)
No. 62.
DE LA CHAMBRE, JEAN.
Verscheyden geschriften geschreven ende int'Koper gesneden
door Jean de la Chambre Liefhebber ende beminder der pennen
tot Haarlem. 1638.
Nos. 98, 99.
DESMOULINS, FRANgOIS.
Le Paranimphe de Lescriture Ronde financiere & italienne de
nouuelle formes prompte enriches de diuers traictez des inuentions
de frangois Desmoulins escriuain. Le tout faict & graue* par luy
mesme. Lyon, 1625.
No. 25.
DIAZ MORANTE, see PALOMARES.
GERY, PETER.
Gerii Viri in Arte Scriptoria quondam celeberrimi opera. Or a
copie Book of all the hands now in use Performed according to
the naturall Freenes of the Pen by that excellent Mr. of writing
Peter Gery. Engraved by Wm. Faithorne. London, 1670.
Nos. 1 8, 51, 100, in.
GETHING, RICHARD
Chirographia or A Booke of Copies containing sundrie Examples
for such as are desirous to better their hands and attaine to
perfection in the Art of commendable Writing, with certaine
peeces of Cursorie hands (not heretofore extant) newlie com in
vse amongst the gentrie especiallie with secretaries and their
Clearks, and are of excellent facilitie and dispatch for any manner
of imploiments whatsoever. Composed and published by Richard
Gething. 1645.
Nos. 29, 79, 88, 89, 105, 1 06.
Calligraphotechnia or The Art of faire writing. Sett forth and
newly enlarged by Ri: Gethinge Mr: in the said Art dwelling in
Fetter-lane, at the hand and Penne, and are to be soulde by
George Humble at the white horse in Popes head alley over
against the roiall Exchange in London. 1619.
Nos. 95, 107, 108.
HOFMANN, BERTHOLD ULRICH.
Griindliche and leichte Anweissung zur Zierlichen Schreib-Kunst
der lieben Jugend zum besten und auf vielfaltiges Zegehren an
den Tag gegeben von Berthold Ulrich Hofmann Schreib und
Rechenmeister in Niirnberg. Niirnberg, 1694.
No. 12.
HONDIUS, JODOCUS.
Theatrvm Artis scribendi, Varia Svmmorvm Nostri Seculi,
Artificum exemplaria complectens. Judoco Hondio celatore.
1594.
No. 9.
HOUTHUSIUS, JACOBUS.
Exemplaria sive Formulae Scripturae Ornatioris XXX IV. In
quis, praeter diuersa Litterarum genera, varij earumdem ductus
structurae & connexiones. Antverpia, 1591.
Nos. 8, 19,43,44,45, 58, HO.
LUCAS, FRANCISCO.
Arte de Escrevir de Francisco Lucas Vezino De Sevilla etc.
Dirigada ala S.C.R.M. Del Rey don Phelippe II. Nuestro Senor.
Madrid, 1577.
Nos. 47, 48.
MATEROT, LUCAS.
Les Oeuvres de Lucas Materot Bovrgvignon Francois, Citoyen
d'Avignon. Ou Ion comprendra facilement la maniere de bien
et proprement escrire toute sorte de lettre Italienne selon 1'vsage
de ce siecle. Avignon, 1608.
Nos. 60, 63, 76.
MORANTE, see PALOMARES.
NEUDOERFFER, JOHANN DER AELTERE.
Anweijsung einer gemeiner hanndschrift. Durch Johann
Neudoerffer, Burger vnd Rechenmeister zu Nurmberg geordnet
und gemacht. Niirnberg, 1538.
No. 38.
PALATINO, GIOVANNI BATTISTA.
Libro di M. Giovambattista Palatino Cittadino Romano Nelqual
s'insegna a Scriuere ogni sorte lettera, Antica et Moderna di
qualunque natione con le sue regole et misure et essempi. Et Con
vn Breve et Vtil Discorso De Le Cifre: Riueduto nuouamente &
corretto dal proprio Autore. Con La Giunta di Qvindici Tavole
Bellissime, Romae. 1540-
Nos. 53, 54, 66, 67.
PALOMARES, FRANCISCO XAVIER DE SANTIAGO.
Arte nueva de escribir, inventada por el insigne maestro Pedro
Diaz Morante e illustrada con Muestras nuevas, y varios discursos
conducentes al verdadero Magisterio de Primas Letras, por D.
Francisco Xavier de Santiago Palomares etc. Madrid, 1776.
Nos. 46, 49, & frontispiece.
PERLINGH, AMBROSIUS.
Exemplaar-Boek Jnhoudende Verscheyde nodige Geschriften . . .
Geschreven en Gesneden, Door Ambrosius Perlingh Schryf-Mr.
binnen. . . . Amsterdam. 1679.
Nos. 7, 27, 101, 104, 109.
PERRET, CLEMENT.
Exercitatio Alphabetica nova Et vtilissima Variis Expressa
Lingvis et characteribus: Raris ornamentis, vmbris & recessibus
picture, Architecturaeque, speciosa, Bruxellae. 15^9-
(Another edition was published by Plantin in 1571.)
Nos. 6, 30, 34, 39, 57.
POLANCO, see AZNAR DE POLANCO.
ROELANDS, DAVID.
t'Magazin Oft'Pac-huys der Loffelycker Penn-const . . . Ghe-
practizeert Door David Roelands van Antwerpen, Fransoijschen
School-Mr, binnen Vlissinghen. 1616.
Nos. 24, 26, 75, 78, 102.
SCHEURER, GEORG (Publisher, no other name given).
Griindliche Unterricht der edlen Schreib-Kunst in Verlegung
Georg Scheurers Kunst-Handlers in Niirnberg. (No date.)
No. 65.
STOSSEL, JOHANN CHRISTOPH (Publisher, no other name
given).
Kunst-richtige so wohl Deutsche als Lateinische Sachsiche Vorsch-
riften bestehend in allerhand Current Cantzelen fractur Verfal-
Romanischen Quadrat-Buchstaben und Zugwerk so insgemein
in Deutschland in sonderheit aber in obervvehnten Sachsischen
Landen am gebrauchlichsten, etc. Franckfurth und Leipzigk bey
Johann Christoph Stosseln. 1702.
Nos. 17, 37, 84.
STRICK, MARIA.
Tooneel der loflijcke Schrijfpen Ten dienste van de Const-
beminnende Jeucht int licht gebracht Door Maria Strick Fran-
soysche School-houdende binnen . . . Dolff G'hesneden Door
Hans Strick. 1607.
Nos. 22, 23, 59, 73, 74, 94, 97.
VELDE, JAN VAN DEN.
Exemplaer-Boec Jnhoudende alderhande Geschriften zeer bequaem
ende dienstelijck voor de Joncheydt onde' alien Liefhebbers der
Pennen. Harlem, 1607.
No. 10.
Spieghel Der Schrijfkonste in den welcken ghesien worden veelder-
hande Gheschriften met hare Fondementen ende onderrichtinghe.
Ut ghegeven door Jan van den Velde Fransoysch-School M. binnen
Rotterdam. 1605.
Nos. 21, 71, 72, 103.
VESPASIANO, see AMPHIAREO.
VRIES, SYMON DE.
Lust-Hof der Schrijft-Konste. 1619.
No. 11.
WESTON, THOMAS.
Illustrissimo Principi C. Ruperto Comiti Palatino Rheni . . . hoc
in Arte Scriptoria Tentamen imperfectum Submisso cultu DDD
Tho: Weston. 1681.
No. 83.
WYSS, R.
Libellus valde doctus elegans utilis, multa varia scribendarum
litterarum genera complectens. Zurich, 1549.
No. 33.
YCIAR, JUAN DE.
Recopilacion subtilissima: intitvlada Orthographia practica . . .
Hecho y experimentado por Jua de Yciar Vizcayno, escriptor de
libros por la qual se enseiia a escrevir perfectamente ; ansi por
practica como por geometria todas las suertes de letras que mas
en Espafia . . . y fuera della se usan . . . cortado por J. de
Vingles Frances. Caragoga, 1548.
Nos. i, 31.
A LIST OF MR. LEWIS F. DAY'S BOOKS
FOR DESIGNERS, ETC.
Alphabets, Old and New. Containing over 200 com-
plete Alphabets, 30 Series of Numerals, and numerous Facsimiles of Ancient
Dates. With Modern Examples specially designed by well-known artists.
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Lettering in Ornament. An Inquiry into the Decorative
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These two volumes may be had bound complete in one handsome volume,
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Windows. A Book about Stained and Painted
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Enamelling. With 115 Illustrations. Demy 8 vo, cloth gilt.
Price ys. 6d. net.
BY MR. PERCY J. SMITH
Lettering and Writing. A Series of Alphabets and their
Decorative Treatment, with Examples and Notes illustrative of Construction,
Arrangement, Spacing, and Adaptation of Letters to Materials. Containing 16
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Large 410, in case. Price 35. 6d. net.
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A LIST of some REFERENCE BOOKS
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A Handbook of Ornament. With 3000 Illustrations of
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With 1 6 Photographic Plates, and over 400 other Illustrations, chiefly from line
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An Alphabet of Roman Capitals. Together with Three
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