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Continuing: 


The  Pemisylvaiiia-Geriiiaii 

A  POPULAR  JOURNAL  OF 

GERMAN  HISTORY  AND  IDEALS 

IN  THE 

UNITED  STATES 


EDITOR    AND     PROPRIETOR 

H.    VA/.    KRIEBEL 

LITITZ.     PA. 


VOL.    I. 
JANUARY-DECEMBER.    I9I2 

HOLZAPFEL    PUBLISHING    COMPANY 

PRI NTERS 

CLEONA.     PA. 


Copyright,    1912, 
By  H.  W.  KRIEBEL 


OF         ... 

1  PENNSYLVANIA 


INDEX 


(PREPARED    BY    J.    B.    HAAG.    LITITZ,    PA.? 


SUBJECTS 


Office  Chat: 
2.    22fi,   322 
Current   Life   and  Thoug-ht: 


Ameiicans    Slow    .■ 3 

Vindication    of    Schley    4 

An   Englis-li   Or^an   for  Deutschtum    ....        5 

Cliildi-en    ;>nd    Theatre    5 

Germans    Not    Recognized     .5 

Old    Lancaster    Honored     5 

A    Remarkable    Monograpli    6 

German     Mirsionaries     7 

Business    Clianges    7 

William   Rotch   Wister    7 

The    Treatin,^    Habit    8 

Autobiography   of    John    Fritz    9 

The    German    City    9 

'German     Newspapers     10 

Elankenburg,    the    Reformer 10 

Articles    Made   in    York.    Pa 11 

Death    of    Otto    Ringling 66 

Philadelphia,    n    Musical    Center 66 

Hon.    S.   E.   Ancona   Honored 67 

Schiff    Gives    Cornell    $100,000 67 

The    German    in    Africa 68 

New    Use    of   Our    Schools 68 

Forestry    at    Cornell 69 

Germany    and    France 70 

"Peace"    Riot    at    Carnegie    Hall 71 

Significance   of    H.    C.    Frick 73 

The    Corpus     Schwenkfeldianorum 74 

No    Primrose    Path    to    Wealth 75 

York    County    Advancement 75 

"the    Germans    in    Kansas 76 

Good    "Farm    Products" 76 

Penna.     Germans    in    Virginia 77 

"Kansas    Girl    Farmers 77 

The     German     Elections 146 

The  Kaiser  in  American  Politics 147 

Munsterberg    on    Patriotism 147     " 

Tlie    Germanic    in    Americanism 14  8 

Dress   in   Mennonite   Church 149 

T.,aFollette    on    Geimans 150 

Divergence    of    Lutheran    Views 150 

Berger,    the    Socialist    151 

Wisconsin     Items 151 

Anglo-Saxonism      152 

Growth    of    Lutheran    Churches 153 

Kaiser's     Philosophy 153 

How  Germans  Watch  Trade 154 

Germans     in     Kentucky 154 

Kaiser   a   Business   Man 155 

Albert    Ballin 155 

Penna.     German     S'tinginess 156 

A   Kansas    Utopia 15  3 

Stories    of   John    Fritz 15  7 

Kansas  Judges  of  German   Stock 157 

German    Standards 169 

Punishment   of   Crime 177 

Hamburg    Boy 177 

Lutheran    Cliurch-Oigan ]84\/ 

A   Pool    Apologist 227 

Germans   and   M.    K.   Church 227 

Retain    Old    Gprman    Names 228 

Nachrichten   Des  V.    D.    S.   A 2^9 

Kerche\al    Reprinted 229 

The    Great    Game 229 

A    M'uhlenherg  Painting   Being  Made....  230 

German    Literature    in    America 230 

What    is    Moravianistn? v 231 

Gigantic     Coke     Plant 2.32 


Penna.    County    Superintendents 233 

Germans   and    Music    233 

Germany    Not    Slow 234 

Historic    Trappe 23* 

Mennonite  Missions   in   Virginia 2o9 

The    Christian    College 261 

Das   Deutsche    Haus 268 

Fake     Fortunes 279 

^Woman's    Sphere 324 

Socialism  and  the  Church 324 

Religious    Situation    in    Germany 325 

M'irage   of   the   Map 325 

».  The  Berks  County  Boy  Crop 326 

President   James   on   Germany 326 

*~The    Faith    Doctor 327 

The     Holiday     Season 328 

Lessing  at   Miama  University 328 

Kessler   and    Kansas    City 335 

German    in    Politics 418 

Parcel    Post    in    Germany 419 

Brain    or    Soul 419 

Lancaster's    Medical    Men 4_0 

Mid-West    Notes 4  20 

Preserve  Local   Records 4  21 

Missouri  Lutherans  vs.  Co-opere.tion.  .  .  .    422 

California     422 

Art    and    Church 423 

V  Dr.     Hexamer    Honored 423 

Language    by    L'sage 424 

First     American     Missionaries 425 

V  Faith    Curing 425 

Straight  Jacket  for  Superintendent 426 


Pow-wowmg 


426 


The    Lutheran    Church 443 

Greatest  Problem   Before  Mennonites.  .  .    447 

A   Church   Crisis 456 

Minnesota     Bible     League 514 

""Superstitions     ^^^ 

First      Luther?m    Church    in    the      Caro- 

linas    515 

Church     Fable 515 

— *^uck    and    Superstition 516 

German  Language  and  Legal  Notice....    517 

The    German.s'    Many    Visits 517 

Personal   Liberty   vs.    Liquor  Traffic...    51S 

The    Bible    and    Education 518 

America    and     Germany 519 

Carnegie  Foundation  vs.   Denominational 

Schools     520 

To    Regulate    Treating 521 

Life     Insurance 521 

Virginia's     Anti-Treating    Bill. 522 

Baseball   Against   Decalogue 522 

The  Krupp  Centenary 522 

The    Pennsylvania    Patriarch 523 

The    Coming   Battle 533 

*»Dr.    Hexamer's    Dank 537 

Jack     Sheets.     Hero 561 

Aim    of    Lutheran    Colleges 586 

San    Francisco's    Religious    Problem....    586 

Politics    and     Souls 586 

Training    for    the    Farm 587 

German     Thrift 5SS 

T'nion    Work 589 

L'^acing    a    Crisis    589 

Luther-'s  Famous  Letter  t'l  Charles  V.  .  .    589 
Bethlehem    Religious   and    Commercial..    590 

Jahn    and    Gymnastics    591 

The   Legend    of    Barbara   Fritchie 592 

Modern    Language   Teaching 593 

The     Mortgage     Bank 593 

Unchaining   the   Tiger 594 

.Are    We    .Anglo-Saxon? 594 


4'j4 


II 


INDEX 


Practical    Education 595 

German    Monthly    Discontinued 595 

Music    in    Cumberland    Valley 596 

Perkiomen     Seminary 597 

Honesty    Among    Lutherans 597 

The  Luxury  Loving  American 604 

Fraternities    in    Public    Schools 616 

Campanius"    Indian   Catechism 626 

The     Augustus    Synod   and   the     Liquor 

Traffic     631 

Rueckgang   des   Deutschtums    in    Ameri- 

ka     678 

Example    of    German    Pluck 679 

Gardens    of    Old    Germantown 680 

German     Slowness 681 

In     German     Schools 683 

The  Dialect  Not  Expanding 684 

Catechetical     Instructions     685 

Dr.     Abraham     Jacobi 685 

Commercialism    vs.    High    Schools......'    686 

A    German    American    Anniversary 686 

Wisconsin    Germans    in    Politics.. 687 

True    Courtesy    in    Germany 687 

Die     Deutsche     Sprache 717 

Indiana's     Prominent     Gejrmans .'    730 

Early    Moravian    Missionaries 736 

AVIiy    Destroy    Historical    Evidence?....    747 

Early    Lutheranism '.  .  .  .  .    754 

Burn     Them .  .  .  .    759 

Crermany    and    Religious    Paith     ........  79  =; 

Decay    of    the    German    Nobilitv    796 

Germany    and     tlie     Germans     797 

Chpracter    Sketch    of    Hon.    S.    W. 

Pennypacker       7;,9 

Germans     in     Switzerland     SCO 

The     Modern     Pulpit     .800 

Growth    of    Missouri    Synod    SOI 

Germany    and     Temperance     S02 

Moravian    Preaching    Institution     !nOJ 

German    Co-onerative    f^ocieties     s?..'3 

Alfalfa   and    German    Grit    803 

Oar  Historic  Herltagre: 

Genesi.'s,  Evolution  and  Adoption  of  the 
Public  School  System  of  Pennsyl- 
vania    (con.    p.    50) 12,   81 

A  Vindication  of  FVancis  Daniel  Pastor- 

ius 17 

The  National  German-American  Alliance 
and   the   Washington   Convention, 
.  25,    123,    208,    269 

v^  The    Germans   in    Maine 36,   106,   161 

The   T^orest  Preacher  of  the   Schoharie, 

45,    102,    194,    236,   329,    427,    524,    598,    688 
804. 
Heivert   Papen   and   the   Papen  House  of 

Germantown.     Pa 78 

The  Pioneer  Rothermel  Family  of  Berks 
County,      Pa.,      and   their     Ancestral 
Home  of  Wachbach  Wurtenburg.  ...      94 
A      German      Boy.       First     Martyr      of 

our    Revolution    II3 

The    German    Politician    115 

Modern   Languages  in  Graded  Schools.  .    117 

Rudolph    Blankenburg     120 

Allentown,   Pa.,   in   the   Revolution 158 

The    Germans   in   Maine 161 

A  Bibliography  of  Church  Music  in 
Pennsylvania,    with    Annotations, 

170,    262,    371,    460,    627,    755 

Moses   Dissinger — Reminiscences    178 

German    Activities 185 

The    Ghosts    of    Abbott's    Creek,    North 

Carolina     198 

The    Fetterolf    Family 204 

A    German    Refugee    of   the    Revolution 

of    1848     241 

The  Ordination:   A   Story  of  the  Menno- 

nites     245 

-Mexander   Mack    254 

Sliall    wo    liave   Weekday   Bible    Instruc- 


tion?        260 

The  German  as  a  Politician 333 

The    Newborn     336 

Gideon    Moore:      Slave,      Freedman    and 

Litigant     ■. . .    364 

Das    Deutsche    Haus 369 

History   of   Emanuel's   Church,      Peters- 

ville.     Pa 433 

Temperance    Legislation     444 

The  May-Tree,  a  Relic  of  Antiquity....    448 
Reminiscences   of  the   Lehigh   and  Dela- 
ware   Canals    from    1840    to    1856...    452 

The    "Good"    Family 457 

The  Pastorius  Protest  and  the  Real  Be- 
ginning of  the  German  Immigra- 
tion— A  Reply  to  H.  A.  Ratterman.  .    529 

A    Visit    to    the    Ephrata    Cloister 534 

Company  I,  First  Regiment  Pennsyl- 
vania    Volunteers     538 

History    of    Emanuel's    Ciiurch,    Peters- 

ville.     Pa 551 

The    Prohibition    Question 605 

Pev.     Frederick    T\^aage 613 

An  Ancient  Trail  in  Central  New  York.  .    617 
The      "V^^'eisers      and      the      Tulpehocken 

Settlement     625 

The  Irish  Settlement  in  the  Forks  of  the 

Delaware      632 

The   General    Conference    of   the  Church 

of  the  Brethren  of  1912 641 

Glimpse  of  Pioneer  Life  in  the  Shenan- 
doah  Valley    695 

The    Fairy    Parks 697 

The    Fi  ies    Rebellion 703 

The  Disappearance  of  the  I>enni  Lenape 
from    the   Delaware    and    their    Sub- 

seriuent    Migrations    711 

The  Heroism  of  our  Immigrant  Ances- 
tors         718 

The    Brengle    Home    Guard    725 

Will    Theve    be    a      Union    of    Mennonite 

Churches?     72? 

The    Town    Regulations    of    Lititz,    Pa., 

17.S9      731 

The  Elser  Homestead  and  Family  His- 
tory    737 

Lehigh    County    742 

The    Germans    and    Song 748 

The     Sentimental     Journey 750 

Sentiment  in  History  and  Biography....    760 

A    Conrad    Weiser    Diary 764 

Newspaper     Gleanings     815 

The   Red    Rose   Rental   Question    S10 

Daniel     Kiefer     824 

Fvangolieal    Lutheran    Synod    of   Ohio    ..836 

The     Funkites      S£9 

The    Leinbach    Family     831 

Washington's    Christmas    at    N'alley 

Forge      S.T9 

The    Santa    Clans    Myth    S^C 

Lititz.    Pa.,   during   Revolutionary    War    .849 
Charter   Anniversary   F.    nrd    M.    (College.  863 

Proliibitinn    Question     871 

F^^mily      Reunions  ...    875 

First    American     Missionaries     885 

M'arking    the    Braddock    Triii     .     .              .  .887 
St.    Jacob's    (or    Reed's)    church    889 

The  Fenn  Oermanla  Genealog-lcal   Club: 

276,    375,    466,    562,    650,    779.    895. 
Die  Muttersproch : 

Tn    Dp    Gonta    OUa    Tzita 58 

Fs    Noi    Blad 59 

Tlie    Suspicious    Neighbors 131 

Brief    fum    Hawsa    Barrlck 131 

Fn    Berks    County    Vendu 214 

En    BoM'er's    Boo 215 

Nursery     Rhymes 216 

Der  Bauer   280 

Die     Drei    Khicke 280 

Ketten.<-climie<l      281 


INDEX 


in 


Nursery    Rhymes    ^Variations) . . . . 

Sehnsucht    

Vaterlandsliobe    

Dialect    Articles   in   Newspapers. . . 

Die    Kalmustown    G'meh 

Mei     Katz 

"Kennt    Sei"    un    "War    Schon".... 

Kii    Schreiver   ini   Druvel    

Wie   en  Bree-Gluck  UfE-Zubrecha    . 

An    Germania 

To    Germania 

loll    Bin   Far   "Unkel    Sam" 

Dei    Bauere 

Der  Gleedich  Summer 

A  Stickel  aus  der  Suntigschule.  .  .  . 

Die    Gut    Alt    Welt 

The  Dearest  Spot  of  Earth   to  Me. 

Diana's    Bath 

Brief    vum    Hussa    Sack 

Wcs  Gebts  Mit  Unsera  Boova..,.. 

The    Riser    Oberlin    Reunion 

Das    Geistliche    Vogel-Gesang    •  •  •  • 


2S1 
281 
281 
281 
379 
380 
381 
470 
471 
567 
567 
569 
655 
655 
655 
656 
656 
657 
784 
784 
785 
.902 


Miscellaneoas: 

A   Saur  Kraut  Knockout 

Took    Himself   to   Jail 

Index — The    German    and    Swiss    Settle- 
ments  of  Colonial   Pennsylvania.... 


207 
281 


577 


Our  Book  Table: 

GO,    133,    217,    282,   381,   472,    569,    657,    786,    906 
Historical  Notes  and   News 

62,  136,    218,   283,    3S3,    473,    571,    659,   788.   909 
Oeuealog'ical  Notes  and  Queries: 

63,  139,    220. 
JPorum: 

64,  141,    221,   386,    384,    477,    573,    661,    791,   911 

The  German  and  Swiss  Settlements  of  Colonial 
Pennsylvania : 

Chapter  I.  The  Historic  Background.  .  289 
Chapter  II.     The  SettlSng  of  the  German 

Counties    300 

Chapter    III.     Over   Land  and   Sea 313 

Chapter    IV.     Manners   and    Customs    of 

the  Pennsylvania-German  Farmer  in 

the   Eighteenth  Century 386 

Chapter   V.     Language,     Literature  and 

Education     399 

Chapter  VI.     Religious  Life 414 

Chapiter  VIT.  In  Peace  and  in  War....  495 
Chapter    VIII.     Conclusion 506 


XI.I.TTSTBATXONS 


Portraits: 

Rothermel,    Abraham    H., 95 

Dii^singer,     Moses 181 

Schaadt,    James    L., 538 

Gausler,   Major  W.   H 53  9 

Koth,    Captain    B.    C 543 

Stuber,     James     B 544 

Hackman,    Charles,    Age    25 545 

Hackman.    Charles,   Age    76 545 

Trexler,    W.    H.    H 546 

Miller,     Charles 548 

Reitz.    Rev.    J.   J.,   M.   D 551 

Frederick  Waage  in  Early  Life 613 

Fie  lerick  Waags  in  Late"  Life 613 

Scer.cs   and  Views: 

("lunch     at   M'achbach   where     Johannes 

Rotherme;   and  his  wife  worshipped.  98 


Interior    of    tlie    Edifice 99 

P^manuel's    Church,    Petersvillo,    Pa 435 

Emanuel's     Church   and   Public   School 

Children     436 

Inside      view    of      Emanuel's      Church, 

Petersville,    Pa 437 

Monument    of    Rev.    John    E.    Heeker   at 
Emanuel's        Church,        Petersville, 

Pa.,     556 

Old    Pewter    Communion    Set    and    Bap- 
tismal   Bowl   at   Emanuel's    Church, 

Petersville,    Pa 558 

Birthplace    of   Frederick   Waage 614 

An      Ancient      Trail      in    Central      New 

York      618 

Oriskany    Battle    Field 620 

Tablet    at   Fort    Stanwix,     Rome,      New 

York     622 


Authors,    Contributors   and  Periodicals   Quoted 


American    Magazine,    1912,    p.    455,    150,    335, 
515,    587 

Americana    594 

American     Motorist 624 

]:arthollt,  Hon.  Richard 71 

B.  ownback,   G.   E 80 

Baenscli,    Emil 113 

Boonastiel,     Gottlieb 132,   216,   785 

Bainitz.    C.    M 207 

Brunil.augh,    M.    G 254 

(■as.?ier's     Magazine 6,   156 

Cornell   College  Paper  Per.  A.   B.  F......      68 

Chicago    Tribune 149,   153,   327 

Collier's      151,   157,   169 

Centre     Democrat 216 

C.  C.   M 381 

Carroll,     Dr 443 

Columbus  theological   Magazine 754 

Democ-rat     CAllentown) 9,   328,   422,   593 

Dietrich,  W.  J 204 

Drummond,    R.    R 231 

DeTurk.     Maria 364 

Exchange 4,   8.   77,   155,   522,    595 

Ewald,  George  F., 152 


Eshelman,   Cyrus  H 245 

Fasten    Argus    425 

Fern,    Edna 233 

Fry,  Rev.  Charles  L 260 

Farm  and  Fireside 419 

Farrington,    E.    1 588 

Fretz,   Rev.  A.   M 605 

Francis,    Rev.    J.    G 641 

Graves,    John    Temple 4 

Godsho,    Albert 25,   123,   208,   269 

Gospel  Herald    (extracts) 150,   259,   447, 

522,    589,   730 

G;  uber,    M'.    A 337 

Gausler,   W.    H 452 

Good,  Rev.  Prof.  James  I.,  D.  D., 457 

Heidelberg    Teacher 589 

Heydrick,    Christopher,    LL.D 12,   81 

Holsbuck,      Solly 59,   569,   655 

Hexamer,   Dr.   C.   J 72,   418 

Hasslaclier,     Jacob 73 

Hensel,  Hon.   W.   U 75 

IT.    D.    A 655 

Hays,    Kizzie 695 

Hauser,    J.    J 703 


n 


IV 


INDEX 


Heller.    W.    J 711 

Hussa     Sack '.  .  .  .    7S4 

Hacker,    L.    0 785" 

International   Conciliation    326 

I.  H.  B 426 

Incorporation  of  Penn  Germania  Publish- 
ing Co.,    665   to   667    inclusive. 

Independent    Gazette 681 

J.   H.   A.    L 5,    66.    152,    421.    687,    73(1 

Jacobv,    E.     A 45 

J.    H.    B 76 

J.   C.   R 76,    150,    157,   517 

J.   W.   W 77 

Kutztown     Patriot 279,   326 

Kriebel,  Klumsee,  Germany 281 

Kuhns,     Oscar 289,   385,   481,   577 

Kauffman,   Wilhelm,   Cleveland,  0 529 

Krez,    Conrad 567 

Kansas  City  Journal 589 

K.  H 640 

Lutheran     World 7,    lis,    153 

Lenker,    Prof.    J.    N 117 

Lewis,    Alfred    Henry 120 

Louisville    Anzelger 154 

Leonai-d,    Rev.    J.    C, 198 

Lippincott's   (March  1912) 229 

Lacher,   J.   A.    H 241 

Lutheran    Observer 261,   324,    5S6,   747 

Lausch,     Ernest 281 

Lutheran    Church   Woik 325,    456,   597 

Lutheran   Herald 515 

Luther,     Martin 590 

Lutheran    Companion 6  26 

Meyer,    Frederick 45,   102,    194,   236,   329, 

427.    524.    598,    688.    805. 

Metropolitaij    73 

Munsterber.sr,     Hu.s^o 193 

Miller,     Daniel 214,   444,    625 

Meyer,     H 281 

Mitteilungen     537.     679,     795 

Morgeneier,    Robert,   Oakland,   Cal 567 

M'cKenzie.    R.    T 592 

Mcllhaney.   Asa  K 632 

Meshter,    Charles    K 657 

My   German    Year 687 

Maryland  Historical  Magazine 725 

North    American    233,   420,   597 

Nye,  Edwin  A 561 

Nochamol    56 

Old   Penn  Weeklv 7,   184,   424 

P.   J.    B 67,   177 

Philadelphia    Pviblic    Ledger 157,   520. 

523.    597,683. 

Philadelphia    Pres.s 227.   234,    268.   419 

Penn.'jylvania  Scliool  .Journal 233,    fiSt 

Pittsburgh   Gazette  Times 522 

Omwake,    Professor    Geo.    Leslie,    A.    M".. 

Pd.D 718 

Review    of    Reviews 10    fis 

Patterman,    A.    H 17 

Rnthermel.   Abraham   H 9  t 

Reformed  Chui'ch  Record 756,   fi85,   750 

Roberts,  C.  R ITS.    142 


ReE'ding    Times 

R.     M 

Rapp,    Prof.    E.    M 

Reitz,   Rev.   J.    J.   M".    D 433, 

Ra.schen,    Prof.    J.    F.    L 

Rundschau   Zweier  Welten    517, 

Reiter,    A.    O.,    Pottsvilie,     Pa 534, 

bcribner's     

iblieetz,     J.     B 

Sutro.      Theodore 

Spreng,   Bishop   S.   P 

SpringMeld    Republican 

Stump,    Rev.    Adam,    D.    D 

Singmaster,    Prof.    J.    A.,    D.    D 

Shpayd,     Cheg 

Super,   Charles  W-,   Athens,   Ohio.... 518, 

Schaadt,    James    1^.,    Allentown,    Pa 

Selinsgrove    Time.s 

Spaulhroof,     Edward 

Shoemaker,    Henry    W 

Schnerer,     F.     E 

Singmaster,     Elsie     

Thompson,     Garrett    W 36,   106, 

The     Outlook 

The    Gaelic    American 

The    World    Today 

The    Metiopolitan     Magazine 

The    S^aturday    Evening    Post 147, 

The    Lutheran    Quarterly 

The      Moravian 

The    Dickinsonian 

The    Gospel     Messenger 

The     Luthenan,     420,   514  ;516,   519,    520, 

533,   591,    604,616. 
The    Examiner    and    Express,    Lancaster, 

Pa 

The    Presbyterian 

Tabor,    Becky 

The    Boys'    World 

von    Bosse,    Rev.    Georg 115, 

Warrington,     James 170,   262,   371, 

627,   755. 

^\'ayland,     J.     W 229, 

Wuchter,    Rev.    A.    C 

Weitzel,    Louise    A 

Wilmar      Tribute 

Waage,    Rev.    O.    F 

White,   W.    Pierrepont 

Waklersee,    Helene     Graefin 

Wasliington    Journal 

Youth's    Companion 

York    Gazette 

Congregationalist     

Hexamer,   Dr.    C.    J .  .  . 

Literary    Digest     ' .  .  . 

IjUtheran    Quarterly     

Moravian      

Musser.    F'.    B 

Perrine    William     

Reading    Eagle    

Reformed    Church    Review    

Rosenberger.    Elizabeth     D 

Saturday    Evening    Post     


229 

423 

68 

551 

448 

519 

79  (' 

10 

59 

72 

178 

229 

280 

456 

471 

760 

538 

680 

684 

697 

737 

.750 

161 

70 

71 

122 

147 

154 

150 

232 

235 

259 

5/22, 


516 
632 
657 
686 
133 
460. 


230 
379 
380 

424 
612 
617 
655 
717 
147 
587 
800 
871 
797 
801 
802 
889 
R39 
831 
.863 
SSO 
803 


NUMBERS  OF  PAGES  IN  E  ICH    MONTHLY    ISSUE 


The    following   list,   showing   the   numl>er   of  January    Pages        1    to      64    inclusive 

February    "  65    to    144 

pages    in    each    monthlv   issue,   will   be   conven-        March    '  14.t   to   224 

.April    225   to   320 

lent    in    connection    with    the   foregoing   index.          ju^'e "  4*17   to  509 

^     ,.          ,,                                                                               julv "  514   to  .583 

for    nniing    the    separate    numbers    containmg       August    "  584    to   664 

Sppt. — Oct "  665    to  792 

r.-.y    (lr^.<^irod    articles.                                                                 Xcv. — Dec "  793     to     920 


TLbc  pcnn  (5crmania 

Vol.  XIII  JANUARY,  1912  No. I 

OLD  SERIES  Continuing  THE  PENNSYLVANIA-GERMAN  VOL.  XIII,  No.   I 


tlable  of  Coiitente 

OFFICE    CHAT _       _  2 

CURRENT  LIFE  AND  THOUGHT    3 

^/American  Slowness 3 

Vindication    of  Schley    •    •     •. ,     .     .     .  4 

An  English  Organ  for  Deutschtum '    .      .     .  5 

School    Children    and    the    German    Theater 5 

Germans    not    Recognized. 5 

Lancaster  Countian  Honored 5 

Pennypacker's    Remarkable    Monograph 6 

German  Missionaries        7 

William    Rotch    Wister / 7 

Local  Business  Changes 7 

The    Treating    Habit           8 

Autobiography    of   John    Fritz                          9 

The  German  City 9 

Rudolph    Blankenourg,    the   Reformer lO 

German  Newspapers      .           .            10 

Articles  Made  in  York,  Pa            H 

OUR  HISTORIC  HERITAGE 

Genesis.  Evolution   and  Adoption  of  the  Public  School 

System  of  Pennsylvania 12 

By  Christophej-  Heydrick,  L  L.  D. 

A  Vindication  of    Francis  Daniel   Partorius 17 

By  H.  A.  Raiterman 

.The    National  German-American    Alliance 25 

By  Albert  Godsho 

The  Germans  in    Maine     36 

By    Garret  W.    Thompson 

The  Forest  Preacher  on  the  Schoharie 45 

MUTTERSPROCH  58 

OURBOOKTABLE _  60 

HISTORICAL   NOTES  AND  NEWS 62 

GENEALOGICAL   NOTES    AND    QUERIES    63 

FORUM    ___     _     _  64 


Piilili.slii-il     til.;     fiftfr^nlh     .i!'     .  .i.  ,1     irin:!i;i     ;i'  (;<rm;ui)     can     bo     .siipplieil.        ihJsi     o(     'cn.:'::^ 

<*leona,   Pa.  articlps   and  pricfs   on    aiir>lioalion. ) 

Rditorial  Offieo    I>ititz.   Pa.  Subsfribers   are  invited   tu  make  susjjfo.sti.in  - 

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Rates   in   club-i   and    to   solicitors  o,>    vonnr^st  ''^"^*^    "^    =^   montli    before   date  of  Dublicatiun; 

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'nooK-t!  T.-ni>'  T.vvTu-w     I  ^   ,,  ^           .  .     *,  ^*^  articles  are  paid  for  except  upon  definiie 

wuuKb  I'OK  IvKVIEW  sbould  be  .sent  to  tbt  contract 

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RV'K-     vr'vtnnr.o      i^-r     m,         .,  ,         .        '   Cleonn.    Pa..       for      entrance       as    Second-C'las.-j 

1^  >     K     N  I.  .\1HI-,R<5     (nt    Tlic     Pennsylvania-  Mail    Matter. 


(^tticc  Cbat. 


As  the  editorial  finishing  touches  are  Ix-ing  applied  ti_)  tliis  nuniler  Iain  uiisb- 
ing-  for  the  gift  of  telepathy  to  enable  me  to  form  a  mental  picture  of  whar 
readers  think  about  the  issue  as  it  reaches  them.  Some  are  sure  to  write  tellinc. 
me  frankly  how  they  like  the  new  cover,  name,  scope  and  make-up — and  printer 
Others  will  not  do  this.  Fortunately  and  unfortunately  I  am  not  a  telepathist 
I  can  not  know  what  you  are  thinking  unless  you  tell  me.  I  will  be  pleasec' 
to  hear  from  many  of  our  readers.  But  whether  you  write  or  do  not  write  i. 
hope  and  believe  you  will  be  pleased. 

About  the  new  name  and  cover  I  will  say  nothing  at  this  time,  preferring  to 
learn  wdiat  you  think  about  them  regardless  of  my  personal  views. 

Respecting  the  consents  I  have  indicated  briefly  at  the  beg-nn'ng  of  som: 
de]iartments  what  the  gereral  nature  of  the  reading  matter  will  be. 

How  each  reader  can  he^p  to  "boost"  "77/r  Fciiii  iicrniaitiii"  I  liai'c  siii^- 
gested  on  the  second  page  of  the  cover.  It  will  be  an  easy  mater  to  give 
a  mighty  uplift  to  this  periodical  and  place  it  in  tlu'  forefronl  in  the  held  O" 
current  literature  if  every  reader  puts  fa'th,  pluck,  and  teamwork  into  th 
"game."  I  have  indicated  different  lines  of  endeavor  so  as  to  give  each  sub- 
scriber an  opi)OrUuiity  to  do  something.  If  you  can  not  invest  mraiey  in  stock 
you  can  send  me  a  list  of  names  or  clip  coupons  and  invite  \our  friends  to  us\, 
them. 

I  am  anxious  to  have  each  subscriber  feel  that  he  (or  she)  is  a  constituer.u 
part  of  the  magazine.  \Mthout  subscribers  this  as  any  o:her  publication  wd'.' 
luive  to  go  out  of  l)usiness.  With  them  we  can  "remove]niountains.  "  The  close, 
and  more  intimate  the  ties  are  between  publisher  and  cdiLor  on  the  < ne  hand  au'i 
readers  on  the  other  hand  the  better  an.'  more  valuable  tlie  service  will  be.  The 
proverbial  "latchstring"  is  out.  I  want  each  subscriber  to  feel  "at  home"  an  i 
welcome. 

Ilitherto  the  aim  has  l)een  to  conduct  a  special  magazine  in  a  limited  heh'. 
wil'i  the  primary  idea  of  giving  data  that  would  illustrate  the  life  and  ideal- 
of  the  early  ( ierman  immigrant  and  his  descendants.  Hereafter  the  journal  wii' 
1  e'  conducted  along  more  popular  lines.  The  objective  .point  will  be  to  giv. 
v,hat  is  interesting,  entertaining  and  instructive  in  the  whole  held  of  German 
history  in  the  I'nited  States  including  current  life  and  thought.  This  changu 
marks  an  evolution  however  but  not  a  revolution;  a  sujiplementing,  not  a  su]*- 
planting:  an  addition,  not  a  subtraction. 

With  tliese  introductory  words  I  send  the   hrst   copy  of  The   Penn   Germani  . 
forth  on  its  mission  and  invite  the  hearty    cooperation    of    all    subscribers    wil'i 
me  in  its  development  into  a  National   Institution  known  and  read  of  men  an.; 
women   everywhere— an    arena    for   the   discussion     and    defense    of    the    gre; 
t  )rmative   princijvlcs   or   ideals   of  the   (ierman    I\le!nent   of  our   country. 

11.  w .  kki1':i'.i-:l, 

I'lihlishcr. 


URRENT  LIFE  AND  THOUGHT 


Illustrative  of  German-American  Activities 
Contributions  by  Readers  Cordially  Invited 


These  notes,  as  indicated  by  the  name,  reflect  what  the  Na- 
tion's  citizens  of  German  ancestry  are  thinking  and  doing.  The 
items  must  of  necessity  be  brief,  representative  and  selective.  Sub* 
scribers  who  can  serve  as  regular  or  occasional  contributors  to  the 
department  are  invited  to  write  us,  stating  what  special  field  they 
are  willing  to  cover.  Different  sections  of  our  country,  different 
aspects  of  human  endeavor,  must  be  represented  and  narrow,  sec- 
tional, clannish  viewpoints  avoided. 


Americans  [^     the      i'.ciiin     "Ta-e- 

^'°^  blatt""   recently  appeared 

a  (lisi^lay  advcrtiseni-ent 
of  the  excellent  opportunities  for  the  lo- 
cation lof  industrial  plants  afforded  by 
the  new  harlx^r  works  at  (ielsenkirchen, 
for  which,  it  was  stated,  no  less  than 
6,000,000  marks  had  been  appropriated. 
Reference  to  an  atlas  shows  that  (Ielsen- 
kirchen lies  in  the  interior  Province  of 
Westphalia.  What  important  river  runs 
by  (ielsenkirchen?  Not  the  Rhine — ■ 
that  is  miles  away.  Inspection  of  the 
harbor  ])lan  reveals  a  canal  conncctin,<;' 
with  the  Rhine.  Was  this  fuss  made 
over  a  "harbor"  on  a  ditch  through  the 
hills  back  of  Oberhausen  and  nearly 
$1,500,000  spent,  to  attract  new  indus- 
tries to  help  make  that  outlay  pay?  Un- 
d'Oubtedly  it  was.  When  your  Teuton 
invests  four  marks  in  improvements,  he 
flexures  that  at  least  five  marks  are  com- 
ing- back. 

Now  picture  the  citizens  of  Utica,  Xew 
York,  laying-  out  a  harbor  on  the  Eric 
Canal  and  advertising-  that  fact  to  the 
world  as  an  inducenient  fur  the  location 
of  new  industries  there !  Yet  Utica  is 
situated,  with  respect  to  the  .Atlantic 
Coast,  about  as  (ielsenkirchen  to  th:; 
North  .^ca  ports.      Nor  is  this  an  excep- 


tional instance.  Did  }'ou  ever  hear  of 
Neuss?  .\"ot  luany  years  ago  its  popula- 
tion had  sunk  to  about  4.500,  and  the 
good  people  of  the  town  -decided  that 
sornething-  had  to.  be  done.  After  much 
deliberation,  they  borrowed  nearly  $2.- 
000,000,  luade  of  the  degenerate  stream 
Krft  a  deep-water  canal  to  the  Rhine* 
and  constructed  a  commodious  harbor, 
with  carefully  laid-out  sites  for  indus- 
trial plants.  Now  trade  of  all  kinds 
flotrrishes,  the  improvements  are  paying 
for  themselves,  upwarfl  of  forty  new 
factories  have  been  secured,  including 
branches  of  two  of  the  greatest  American 
companies,  and  the  pt^pulation  is  passing 
the  half-way  post  on  its  race  toward  tho 
loo.ooo  niark.  In  our  country  Neuss 
might  be  compared,  in  i)oint  of  situation., 
to  Norristown,  Pennsylvania,  althougu 
without  the  advantages  of  Norristown, 
originall}',  as  to  natural  location,  popula- 
tion- or  industries.  Rut  imagine  the  tax- 
payers of  Norristown  obligating  then-.- 
selves  to  the  extent  of  $2,000,000  to  prc- 
vide  a  harbor  and  dockage  on  the  Schu} '. 
kill !  At  Diisseldorf,  on  the  Rhino, 
early  expenditures  aggregating  close  u]  - 
on  .$5,ooo,ooD  for  encouraging  riv*.- 
traffic  are  being  increased  by  many  mil- 
lions more.     When  its  present  progrcs- 


Tin: 


•KNN  (;i:i<M.\xi.\. 


sivt  [)i.>lio\'  \va>  iiiau,uiir;iUcl,  Dus>cl(i(jr!: 
had  a  population  less  than  that  of  Wil- 
mington, Delaware,  and  few  of  the  nat- 
ural advantages  of  ^\"ilmington  with 
respect  to  niannfaotm-ing  and  commerce. 
Now  it  has  six  times  as  many  people 
and  prohahlv  ten  times  as  many  factory 
operatives.  Would  Wilmington  spend 
$5,000,000  to  get  started  in  the  same 
way,  and  douhle  that  investment  a  shori 
time  afterward?  Mannheim  has  speni 
about  $0,030,000  on  harbor  improve- 
ments- with  private  investments  along 
its  water- fronts  that  run  into  enormous 
figures.  As  a  manufacturing  and  dis- 
tributing center  it  takes  high  rank  among 
the  commercial  cities  of  the  world,  with 
a  population  of  about  175,000.  Not  long 
ago  it  mi'..rht  have  been  likened  to  Little 
Rock.  Arkansas.  How  does  Little  Rock 
compare  with  it  today?  In  order  to  mee: 
the  increased  requirements  of  river 
traffic,  a  new  harbor,  including  about 
nine  miles  of  (|uay  walls  and  the  opening 
of  a  basin  of  500  acres,  is  being  con- 
.«itructeil  at  Lrankfort-on-t'he-Main  at  a 
cost  of  .$13,600.00:).  Frankfort  has  a 
PODulation  e(|ual  to  that  of  Kansas  Cits. 
After  lierculean  efforts  on  the  i)art  of  a 
few  citizens.  Kan.sas  Ci*-'-  is  just  getting 
one  link  of  i^-ickets  started  down  th  • 
river. 

• — F..vcliait<:;c. 


Vindication  ••Slow,     but     sure,     an.i 

ef  Schley  triumphant     over    criti- 

ci'ini  and  misrepresent.i- 
tioH'  Citnies  the  ample  vindication  01" 
Winfield  Scott  Schley  as  the  real  hero  of 
the  Spanish-.American  War. 

Every  patriotic  American  should  re- 
joice and  give  currency  to  the  just  fame 
which  has  so  long  been  obscured  bv  un- 
certainty and  doubt. 

Not  the  battle  of  .Manila  i'.ay.  but  the 
battle  of  Santiago  liarlxir  was  the  de- 
cisive battle  of  \hv  S])anish~Ainerican 
War.  Not  Sami^son.  but  Schley  was  the 
victorious  conunander  of  the  .American 
fleet.      TIk'    ba1t1<'s:ii])    I'.r  >  •klyii    lei    the 


i:)ur.-.uit  of  the  .Sjianish  sc[uaih'on.  aiul  it 
is  statistically  a  fact  that  there  were 
more  bullets  and  shells  of  the  lirooklyn 
found  in  the  Sj^anish  fleet  than  of  any 
other  or  of  all  the  .American  battleships 
combined. 

It  is  not,  perhaps,  so  much  the  fault  ol 
Sampson  as  his  misfortune  that  he  was 
not  i^resent  when  the  battle  was  fought 
and  won. 

It  W;as  the  'l(x:)p'  ot  the  15rooklyn  in 
the  crisis  of  that  l>attle  which  subjected 
Schley  to  criticism  and  to  partial  con- 
demnation by  his  fellow  officers,  saving 
only  Admiray  Dewey,  who  was  keeii 
enough  to  see  and  great  enough  to  say 
that  it  was  the  master  stratagem  of  the 
fight. 

Now  comes  .\dmiral  Chadwiek,  com- 
mander of  the  battleship  New  York,  and 
Admiral  Sampson's  chief  of  .staiT,  to  vin- 
dicate the  genius  as  well  as  the  skill  of 
Admiral  Schley. 

Now  comes  .Admiral  Concas.  of  the 
Spanish  tiagsbip  '.Maria  Teresa,  givin- 
testniu;ny  that  when  the  Spanisb'  fleet, 
held  so  long  in  check  by  lfo|)M,n's  im- 
niortal  act  of  heroism,  broke  out  of  San- 
tiago Darbor-  it  was  their  plan  of  bat- 
tle that  tlu'  Maria  Teresa  shoidd  ram 
tiu'  l)attleshi{)  llrookly]),  swiftest  of  the 
American  navy,  and  so  allow  the  Span- 
ish fleet  to  outrun  in  retreat  the  other 
A)nerican  vessel.x. 

C'hadwick  and  Cou.a.-.  and  Dewev  and 
history  unite  now  in  derlarinQ  that  the 
"loop'  of  the  P.ro.kbii  was  the  consum- 
mate siraiagem  whieir  foiled  the  Span- 
isli  plan  of  battle,  saved  the  speed  an<l 
the  eft'ectiveness  f.f  the  P.rookUn.  an  I 
destroyed  the  Spanish  nav-. 

It  has  been  said  that  renublics  are  nn 
grateful.  Let  this  Republic  now  dem- 
onstrate to  Admiral  .^chley  that  the 
doubt  and  the  distrust  of  the  i)ast  are 
melted  in  the  apj;lause  and  admilation  of 
the  future,  and  let  our  patriotic  societies 
and  (^ur  histories  hereafter  give  place  to 
Winfheld  Scott  Schley  as  tlir  hero  of 
the   Spanish-American   War." 

— ./('////   Tanpti'  (iravcs  in 

.Wtv'    )  I'rh    .  I  nit'iiciin. 


crKiiKNT  i.iKi:  AND  Tuoniiri' 


English  organ  •' h' itii(Ls\liau  ::zi'cicr  Wei- 
For  Deutschtum  /,.„  •  ^\^^,  German  Cur- 
rcnl  Literature,  several 
iiKjiulis  ago  placed  two  que^stions  before 
its  readers,  "i'.raiicht  das  .l])eutschtuni 
ein  Or<^an  in  eiiglischer  Sprache?  Wie 
kann  <lie  Rundschau  deiii  Deutschtum 
am  nieisten  niitzen,  deutsch  oder  eng 
lisch?" 

The  questions  called  forth  c  nsider- 
able  discussion  pro  and  con.  The  de- 
cision reached  by  the  magazine  in  view 
of  answers  received  was  announced  in 
the  December  issue  in  these  words ; — 
"!•  Die  Rundschau  "7\.'cier  IVcltcn' 
wird  nach  wie  vor  in  der  deutscheii 
Sprache  erscheinen.  11,  Die  Redaktion 
l)ereitet  die  \  err)ti'entlichung'  einer  gross- 
en  englischen  Zeitschrift  vor,  die,  im 
(iegensalz  zu  Acn  meisten  jetzt  existir- 
enden  Slattern  in  cnglischer  Sprache, 
Deuischland  "fair  play"  gewahren  wird.  ' 

riie  reading  ])ublic  will  <iwait  with  in- 
terest the  a])pearance  nf  the  proposed 
"grossen  englischen  Zeitschrift."  There 
is  a  growing  demand  for  a  periodical  in 
the  field  named  and  we  wish  our  editor- 
ial colleague  the  fullest  measure  of  suc- 
cess in  ihc  carrying  out  ^'•f  his  plans. 


Children  l:ccau>e    ot    \hc    culture 

and    Theater  ,,£  j^^  j^^^.^^  German  ele- 

ment Milwaukee  has 
long  been  known  as  the  German  Athens, 
and  the  recent  action  of  the  school  board 
text-lK>ak  committee  would  indicate  that 
the  title  is  no  misnomer.  The  committee 
reconnnends  that  pupils  of  German  in 
the  jjublic  .schools  attend  matinees  of  th.- 
rxcellent  (lerman  com])any  at  the  Pabst 
theatre,  at  prices  specially  re<luced  for 
this   purpose. 

The  permanent  German  st<H:k  company 
of  Milwaukee,  recruited  from  the  tinesi 
dramatic  talent  of  the  Fatherland,  re- 
])roduces  the  best  dramas  of  the  German 
stage  with  an  artistic  finish  and  thor- 
oughness .scarcely  equalled  by  anything 
in  .America ;  hence  it  is  not  surprising 
that  th?  committee  should  recognize  the 


educational  value  ui  their  produciiuns. 
IMays  for  the>e  matinees  are  to  Ixi  select- 
ed jointly  by  the  theatre  management  and 
ihe  school  authorities,  and  in  this  man- 
ner wholesome  treasures  of  (jerman 
literature  will  help  to  raise  the  social  and 
artistic  standards  of  the  rising  genera- 
tion of  Milwaukee. 

J.  11  ./.  ;, 


Germans   not  (Juilc  a  stir  w^.-^  cieau-i 

Recognized  ix'cently   in  political  cir- 

cles when  Prof.  Voss  oi 
the  University  of  Wisconsin  advised  the 
Germans  of  this  state  to  act  unitedly  in 
politics,  regardless  of  party  affiliations, 
so  as  to  secure  the  preferment  due  their 
merits  and  number.  AUIkj  the  German 
stcKdc  is  numerically  much  larger  than 
any  other  single  element  in  Wisconsin, 
for  six  years  they  have  had  no  political 
recognition  whatsoever  on  the  victorious 
state  ticket.  Never  in  the  'history  of  the 
state  has  a  candidate  of  Gerinan  ancestry 
been  elected  governor ;  never  has  one 
been  nominated  for  that  office  except  to 
lead  a  forlorn  hone.  Yet  notwithstanding 
this  careful  elimination  of  candidates  of 
German  stock,  not  all  of  our  governors 
have  been  men  of  especial  ability.  The 
Germans  vote  for  principle,  hence  they 
get  no  recognition.  They  are  indeed 
recognized  politically,  as  was  shown  in 
19 ID.  when  the  campaign  of  the  victor- 
ious party  was  managed  altogether  by 
Germans,  chairman,  secretarv  and  treas^ 
nrer  being  of  that  na'.ionalitv. 

/.  H.  ./.   L 


Old    Lancaster  Mr.   Edwhi  M.   Herr 

^°"°'"*^  was  elected  president 

of  the  Westinghouse 
I-dectric  and  Manufacturing  Coni])any 
on  August  I.  191  r.  Me  was  born  at 
T^ncaster,  I'a.,  in  i860,  and,  after  a 
common  school  education  and  two  years* 
experience  in  railroad  work,  he  entered 
the  Sh.'ffield  .Scientific  School    of    Y,Me 


THE    PEXX    GER.MAXIA. 


Ui'versity,  from  whic'i  he  wa-  graduated 
in  i8  '4,  having  worked  during  his  vaca- 
tions in  the  shops  of  th;  Ptu'^sylvania 
Railroad  Company  at  Altcona 

Af.er  an  apj^irenticeship  in  ih.  shops  of 
the  Chicago,  Milwaukee  and  St.  Paul 
Railroad  h,-  entered  the  service  of  the 
Chicago,  Burlington  and  Ouincy  Rail- 
road and  from  1892  to  1894  he  served  as 
superintendent  of  the  great  locomotive 
Works  at  Chicago.  He  then  b-came 
superintendent  of  motive  power  and  ma- 
chinery on  the  Chicago  and  Northwest- 
ern Railroad  following  which  he  held  the 
same  position  on  the  Northern  Pacific 
Railroad. 

Since  1898  he  has  been  connected  with 
tile  W'cs'tinghouse  interests,  having  be- 
come assistant  general  manager  of  the 
Westinghouse  Air  Brake  Company  in 
Scpteniber  of  that  year  and  general 
manager  on  November  i,  1899.  On 
Jure  I,  1905.  Mr.  Herr  was  elected  first 
vice-president  of  the  Westinghouse  Elec- 
tric and  ^Manufacturing  Company  from 
which  he  was  raised  'to  the  office  of 
president  on  August  I,  191 1. 

— Cassicr's  Magocine. 

Edwin  IMusscr  Herr,  the  subject  of 
the  above  sketch  was  l)orn  May  3. 
i860.  He  is  the  son  of  Theodore  W. 
Herr,  the  genealogist  of  Lancaster,  Pa., 
son  of  I'enjamin  G.  Iderr,  son  of  Rev. 
Tohn  Herr  son  of  Francis  Herr,  son  of 
Rev.  lolm  Herr,  son  of  Emanuel  Herr, 
son  of  Rev.  Hans 'Herr  who  was  born 
1639,  died  1725  and  who  settled  in 
Lancaster  County,  Pa.,   1710. 

—Editor. 


A  Remarkable  One  of  the  most  re- 
Monograph  niarkable  recent  books  is 
Ex-Governor  Penny- 
packer's  monograi)h  on  "The  Desecration 
and  Profanation  of  the  Pennsylvania 
Capitol."  The  brrok  is  addressed  '"To 
the  I'eople  of  Penns}lvania.''  In  place 
of  tlie  customary  dedicatory  word-^, 
Scri])tural  ])assages,  bearing  on  persecu- 


ti"  )n  are  quoted.  Its  opening  paragraph 
calls  attention  to  the  beautiful  and  im-  • 
])osing  cathedral  in  the  city  of  Antwerp, 
admired  by  men  and  women  from  every  . 
civilized  country,  a  beautiful  piece  of 
architecture  and  containing  masterpieces 
of  art.  "Without,  against  the  very  walls, 
the  nast}',  dirty,  vulgar  Belgians  of  the 
liresent  day  have  erected  their  urinals 
and  cloaca  in  full  view  of  every  visitor 
to  the  sacred  edifice." 

"W'e  iu  Pennsylvania  have  rC'cently  bfen 
giving  a  like  exh:il)ition  of  ourselves.  \V-- 
l)3vo  ti'^eated  our  Capitol  after  the  ."^ame 
fashion,  with  a  similar  lack  cf  decency  and 
good  .sense.  For  four  years  I  'have  waited 
patiently  until  tbe  courts  Sihould  finish  their 
consideTation  of  tlie  oa«'?is  'bri^ught  before 
them  *  *  *  I  now  proposie  to  speak  *  *  *  it 
shall  he  an  effort  to  i-eadh  the  tiiith  *  *  *  j 
intend  that  those  both  now  and  hereafter 
who  care  to  be  inforaied  and  to  be  correct 
in  the.'ir  conclusions  shall  'have  the  benefit 
of  such  information  a.s  I  possess." 

After  a  unique  discussion  of  the  subject 
and  defense  of  the  offici-alisl  convicted  of  ga-aft 
t;lije   wr-ter  says: 

"Never  before  in  the  history  of  the  world, 
£0  far  as  I  know,  were  criminals  imiiu-'sone'd. 
not  even  William  Penn  and  Robert  Mon-is 
w.ho  were  likewise  sent  to  jail  by  the  foolisli 
of  their  day.  with  such  a.stonishing  certifi- 
cates on  r&cord  of  their  integrity." 

Haiston,  Snyder  an'd  iShumaker  knowing  the 
good  they  endeavored  to  do  and  accompll-ih, 
need  have  no  sense  cf  s;hame  and  do  not  re- 
quire your  isympathy.  The  shame  is  on  those 
who  misused  the  power  of  the  Common- 
weailth.  Let  those  who  fanned  and  fo-tered 
the  scandal  take  the  respon.sibility.  Wlheii 
in  futnre  ages  the  ouriouis  delver  turns  from 
the  beauties  of  the  Capitol  to  dig  among  the 
forgotten  records  <ji  these  trials  it  w'll  bo 
with  strange  wonderments  that  such  events 
could  have  happened  in  the  twentieth  cen- 
tury and  to  write  the  names  of  thes'3  per- 
secutoia  alongside  of  those  cf  the  Council 
■who  clamored  for  the  execution  of  John  Huss 
and  "Of  tihose  ju'dges  w;bo  bound  .loan  of  Arc- 
in  the  nuarket  iplace  of  Rouen." 

No  one  doubts  the  fearlesjsnesn,  the  ind'?- 
l>endence,  the  laoneisity  of  the   ex-Governov. 

The  Allentown  Democrat  says  editorially: 

".Samuel  W.  Ponuy])acker  is  an  honest 
man.  He  is  NOT  a  knave.  The  Demociat 
would  take  iswue  wit;h  any  writer  that  would 
attempt  to  malve  liim  apjrear  as  such.  Co:i- 
sequently  we  tal<e  a  charitable  view  oif  the 
matter.  We  sincerely  trust  that  :his  ifrienjs 
will  prevail  upon  him  not  to  make  any  more 
stui)iid  bilunders  like  the  one  he  made  when 
he  wiYite  Ilia  defense  of  the  capitol  grafters." 


CUKKI':NT   likk  ANDTHorcmT 


German  \\'c     hear     tl'oiil     olII" 

Missionaries  puli)its  and  sec  in  our 

church  papers  not  a 
few  things  that  lead  us  to  wondtr  wheth- 
er our  preachers  and  peoples  have  full 
knowledge  of  themselves  and  of  their 
church. 

I'or  example,  many  of  our  writers 
seem  to  know  much  more  about  John 
Elliot  and  the  Indians  than  they  do  of 
Campanius  and  the  Swedes  on  the  Dela- 
ware and  their  pioneer  work  among  the 
Red  Men  of  America.  Many  seem  ever 
ready  to  quote  Carey,  Duff.  Brainerd. 
Williams,  Bishop  Taylor,  et  al,  as  heroes 
of  foreign  mission  fields ;  but  too  often 
are  silent  as  to  Egede,  Francke,  Ziegen- 
halg,  Pluetschau,  Schwartz,  Krapf, 
Harms,  et  al.  They  know  about  the 
London  Society  for  Promoting  Christian 
Knowledge,  British  and  Foreign  Bible 
Society,  and  other  like  organizations  in 
]'>ritain  and  America;  but  they  ignore  the 
r)aron  von  Can«tein  Society  in  Halb 
(i/io)  and  the  early  foreign  mission  in- 
stitutions of  Francke  in  Halle  and  of  the 
Danes  in  Copenhagen,  to  say  nothing  of 
Hugo  Grotius,  and  of  Peter  Heiling  in 
Abvssinia. 

In  works  of  Charity  they  seem  to  ha'\  e 
acquaintance  with  the  deeds  of  John 
Howard,  Elizabeth  Fry.  Florence  Night- 
ing-ale,  et  al. ;  but  know  little  of  those  of 
John  Falk,  Christian  Zellcr,  Francks, 
A\'ichern,  Fliedner,  Von  Bodelschwing, 
Passavant,  Gertrude  Rcichard  or  Amelit 
Sicvking. 

— Litf/icrai!  U'orhl. 


Business  The       fallowing       item. 

Changes  clipped      from      an      ex- 

ber  of  the  l^hiladclphia 
Bar  and  known  as  the  "'father  of  Ameri- 
can cricket,"  died  at  the  summer  home 
of  his  son-in-law,  Owen  W'ister,  the 
novelist,  at  Saunderstown,  R.  I.,  on  Au- 
gust 21.  He  was  eigthy-four  years  old. 
Mr.  Wister  was  of  the  old  German- 
town  family,  descendants  of  Johann 
Casper  ^^'ister,  who  emigrated  from  Ger- 


many in  colDuial  times,  and  became  :i 
leading  hg'ure  in  the  early  history  of  the 
nation. 

r.esides  holding  the  distinction  of  be- 
ing one  of  the  oldest  members  of  the 
bar  and  among  the  oldest  living  alumni 
of  the  University  of  i'ennsylvania,  xMr. 
Wister  was  one  of  the  best  kr.own  of 
active  business  men  of  a  generation  back, 
and  still  held  his  connection  with  many 
of  his  interests.  He  was  also  a  member 
of  the  Union  League  and  of  the  Phila- 
delphia and  Germantown  Cricket  Clubs. 
His  interest  in  the  latter  began  with  the 
founding  of  the  I'hiln.delphia  Club,  a 
pioneer  in  the  game  in  this  countr)-. 

Born  in  the  family  estate  in  German- 
town,  December  7,  1827,  Mr  .Wister  was 
a  life-long  Philadelphian.  He  was  the 
son  of  William  and  Sarah  Logan  Fisher 
Wister.  He  married  in  1868  Mary  C 
Eustis,  a  granddaughter  of  the  Rev.  Dr. 
William  Ellery  Channing,  a  prominent 
New  England  minister  and  author.  Fie 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  October  6,  1849, 
taking  an  interest  in  public  affairs  and 
advocating  many  progressive  and  ration- 
al civic  reforms.  He  served  in  City 
Councils,  and  as  solicitor  for  the  Giranl 
estate  a  number  of  years. 

He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
National  Bank  of  Germantown,  and  had 
been  for  many  years  a  director  of  the 
old  ''Hand-in-Hand''  Fire  Insurance 
Company,  the  oldest  in  America,  known 
by  the  more  dignified  title  of  the  Phila- 
delphia Contributionship  of  the  Insurance 
of  Houses  from  Loss  by  Fire.  He  was 
one  of  the  promoters  of  the  Duncannon 
Iron  Company,  and  was  a  director  of 
the  Guarantee  Trust  Company  and  of 
William  Wharton,  Jr.,  &  Co.,  Inc.,  rail- 
road supplv  manufacturers. 

—Old  Pcnn  JJ'cckly. 


William  Rotch       William    Rotch    W  i>ter. 
^'ster  ,)f  Germantown,  a  mem- 

change,  has  its  counter- 
l)art  in  the  history  of  many  a  community 
in   eastern    Pennsvlvania.      Is    there   not 


8 


Tin-:    I'KNX    i.KkM  AM  A. 


some  uiic  to  tcil  us  ihc  slory  of  ihc  okl 
fashioned  linseed  oil  mill  of  fifty  or  more 
vears  ago  in  eastern  Pennsylvania? 

"IMorc  than  125  years  ago  an  entcr- 
])rising'  man  by  the  name  of  Trnmp, 
noting-  'the  wasting  of  the  power  of  the 
{"•owder  Valley  Creek,  conceived  the 
idea  of  erecting  a  mill  to  utilize  the 
l)()unding  waters.  In  his  time  clothing 
was  all  home  made,  the  materials  used 
being  wool  and  flax.  To  supply  this 
demand  large  quantities  of  flax  were 
raised  and  the  seed  went  to  waste.  To 
tmploy  this  waste  product  it  was  natural 
to  seek  a  means  to  convert  it  into  mer- 
chantable oil  and  thus  the  first  Linseed 
Oil  mill  in  eastern  Pennsylvania  was 
erected. 

After  some  years  other  mills  were 
l)uill  and  cotton  clothing  came  into  use 
as  a  consequence  flax  seed  became  more 
scarce.  The  mill  was  then  converted  in- 
to a  grist  mill  and  keg  factory  by  Mich- 
ael and  Samuel  Miller,  who  were  then 
the  owners.  For  many  years  the  keg 
factory  portion  had  all  the  work  it  could 
do  to  supply  the  needful  kegs  for  the 
|X)wder  then  manufactured  in  the  Valley. 

.\lx)Ut  40  years  after  no  more  powder 
was  made  in  the  imniediate  vicinity,  A. 
Y.  Schukz,  who  then  owned  the  property, 
changed  the  mill  to  a  spoke  and  handle- 
factory  and  carried  on  the  business  till 
1 880.  The  factory  was  then  sold  to  Sam- 
uel Miller  &  Son,  who  continued  in  the 
same  line  of  business  till  1894,  when  they 
sold  out  to  R.  G.  Schukz,  the  son  of  the 
former  owner. 

Shortly  after  acquiring  owiuership,  R. 
G.  Schultz  rebuilt  the  structure  and  add- 
ed a  saw  mill.  Soon  thereafter  machin- 
ery was  installed  for  the  manufacture  of 
bushel  crates.  Mr.  Schultz  is  carrying 
on  his  enterj^rise  very  successfully.  His 
spokes,  liandles  and  bushel  crates  find  a 
ready  market  and  most  of  the  time  there 
are  so  many  orders  booked  that  it  is 
hardly  possible  to  fill  them.  Mr.  SchulU 
is  an  exceedingly  busy  man.  To  visit 
his  factory  almost  reminds  one  of  the 
activity  of  the  valley  during  the  times 
when  powder  was  still  manufactured  as 


at  tliaL  time  iVjwdcr  \  allc_v  was  ihe  :nosc- 
famous  cider  jnaking  region  of  the  State. 
The  yearly  apple  juice  product  of  the  val- 
ley was  30,000  gallons  and  hundreds  ot 
l)arrels  «if  \ineirar." 


^ 


The     Treating 
Habit 


rile  eonveulion  ul  the 
National  German- Amer- 
ican Alliance  in  Wash- 
ingioii  look  on  step  that  should  receive 
the  support  and  the  hearty  commenda- 
tion of  everyone,  especially  those  who 
seek  to  bring  about  a  more  reasonable 
method  of  controlling  the  drinking  habit, 
in  other  words,  the  liquor  question.  One 
of  the  members  of  the  alliance  ofTered  a 
resolution  which  seeks  to  bring  about  the 
alx)lition  of  the  treating  habit.  This 
resolution  was  adopted  and  it  provides 
that  a  committee  be  appointed  to  formu- 
late a  practical  plan  to  do  away  with  tin 
custom  of  treating  at  public  bars.  Thi- 
committee  is  given  from  now  until  tin 
next  convention  to  do  its  work. 

The  non-treating  custom  is  continen- 
tal, particularly  German.  There  a  man 
who  wants  a  drink  of  some  sort  of. 
stimulant  goes  into  a  })lace  where  the 
stuft  is  to  be  purchased  and  gets  it.  No 
matter  who  is  with  liini.  or  how  ihany 
there  are  in  the  party  he  orders  his  own 
drink  and  i)ays  for  it,  and  the  others  may 
do  as  they  ])lease,  either  drink  or  refrain 
therefrom,  but  if  they  do  indulge  it  is 
understood  tluit  each  man  l>ays  his  own 
reckoning. 

Here  in  .Vnierica  it  is  just  the  rt'verse. 
and  if  a  dozen  men  go  into  a  barroom 
the  chances  are  that  each  menil)i'r  of  tin 
party  will  drink  12  times,  wlien  in  fact 
he  wanted  te)  do  so  only  once.  The  re- 
sult of  this  is  that  l)ef<:)rc  the  man  who 
wants  to  "hold  up  his  end  of  the  plank" 
knows  it  he  has  an  oversupply  of  intoxi- 
cants aboard.  He  didn't  want  it,  bur 
custfMii  just  naturally  forced  it  upon  him. 
There  is  really  lu*)  more  reason  for  a  man 
who  wants  a  drink  asking  his  companion 
to  "have  one  on  me"  than  there  is  for 
a  man  who  wants  a  clean  collar  insisting 


CIKHKNT  I.ll'l':  AM)  THOl^MIT 


ihal  his  triciul  \va\v  I'uc.  This  pr.  llni^- 
cuou-s  and  constain  irc-atiii"  is  oiu-  of  thr 
worst  thiiii^s  iniaj:^inable  in  fuslcriuL;-  in 
temperance.  I'or  some  unaccountahlc 
reason,  treatinj:^  is  synonymous  with 
i5;ood  fellowship  and  more  men  have  l)et-n 
niinecl  training  for  tliai  honor  tlian  were 
evt-r  killed  in  battle. 


^ 


Autobiography 
of  John    Fritz 


I'his  voluuie  has  jusl 
been  published  and 
will  prove  of  especial 
inieroi  to  ihc  p(.<>i)le  of  the  Lehigh  Val- 
ley. In  the  preface  Mr.  Fritz  says:  "In 
this  short  i)reface  1  wish  to  tell  my 
friends  wdio  read  this  bo;)k  how  it  was 
that  1  came  to  write  it.  My  undertaking 
it  came  about  wdioUy  through  the  [)er- 
sistent  urging  of  a  number  of  old  friends, 
who  insisted  on  my  w^riting  out  for  them, 
in  my  own  wtjrds,  an  account  of  my  life 
struggles:  and  the  publication  of  ni)- 
autobiography  before  my  death  is  again 
owing  to  the  fact  that,  against  my  wish- 
es, these  good  friends  would  not  wait 
for  it.  but  insist  on  having  it  nrl^v.  And 
so  1  JKive  jotted  down  the  record  of  my 
lifi'.  and  it  is  given  to  you  as  I  wrote 
it.  Vou  must  not  expect  fine  language 
or  cliMiuent  periods,  but  only  the  honest 
record  of  the  hard-working  life  of  one 
who  loves  'his  coimtry  and  his  fellowmen, 
and  who  lias  tried  to  serve  both." 

The  dedication  follow.s :  "This  book 
is  dedicated  to  the  loyal,  able,  brave  and 
fearless  men  who  so  faith fidly  stood  by 
nu-  throughout  my  career.  To  them  all. 
in  whatever  capacity  employed,  1  am 
ever  grateful,  and  1  should  like  to  call 
each  one  by  name  and  to  thank  them  per- 
sonally, from  the  depth  of  my  heart,  for 
their  most  valuable  assistance  and  for 
the  uniform  kindness  they  have  ever 
shown  me.  They  deserve  the  plaudits  of 
the  country  for  the  innumerable  blessings 
they  liave  conferred  in  performing  the 
great  amount  of  mental  and  [)hysical  la- 
bor necessary  in  accomplishing  the  mar- 
velous   changes     and     w<>nderfril     results 


ihat  h;ive  uKirked  ihr  development  (;t  the 
iron  and  steel  i)usiness  from  my  first  con- 
nection  with  it  some  seventy  years  ago 
nciiiocral    I .  ]Ucnto-,vn  ). 


The    German  The     (  iernian     cit>      is     a 

^'*y  cross-section      of      Ger- 

many just  as  the  Ameri- 
can city  is  a  cross-section  of  America. 
The  city  cannot  be  divorced  from  its 
setting  or  studied  apart  from  its  histor- 
ical environment.  The  German  city  is- 
part  of  the  traditions,  the  sense  of  the 
Fatherland,  the  universal  etticiency,  the 
far-sighted  outlook,  the  i)aternalism, 
vitalized  by  patriotism  of  the  German 
])eople.  Jhe  American  i;ity.  on  the  other 
hand,  has  no  traditions.  There  is  no 
sense  of  resix)nsibility. '  It  is  efficient 
only  in  si>ots.  It  has  no  vision  beyond 
the  present.  It  reflects  the  extreme  in- 
dividualism and  license  which  character- 
izes the  nation.  It  is  democratic  in  form, 
but  hardly  in  reality.  And  measured  by 
the  services  of  the  State,  it  is  far  less 
(iemocratic   than   the   German. 

The  m(.)Sl  obvious  thing  about  the  Ger,- 
man  city  is  its  orderliness.  The  most 
obvious  thing  about  the  .\merican  cit> 
is  its  disorderliness.  The  American  cit> 
is  an  accident,  a  railway,  water  or  in- 
(histrial  accident.  It  has  its  birth  in  the 
chance  location  of  a  1x>dy  of  .settlers.  It 
became  a  city  because  it  could  not  help 
it.  The  German  city  on  the  other  hand, 
was  either  a  fortress,  a  llauptstadt,  or 
an  industrial  community,  like  the  cities 
of  the  lower  Rhine  in  the  neighl>orhoo  I 
of  Essen.  Elberfield.  or  iJarmen,  Berlin, 
Munich,  Dresden,  Cologne,  Mannheim. 
Diisseldorf,  Hanover  and  .Straussburg 
were  the  seats  of  kingdom,  princijialities, 
or  bishoprics.  Frankfort.  Hamburg,. 
Bremen  and  Lubeck  were  free  Hanseatic 
towns,  owing  allegiance  to  no  one — 
proud  of  their  mediaeval  traditions  and 
jealous  of  their  freedom. 

Much  of  that  which  we  admire  in  the 
(^ierman  city  is  traceable  to  age. 

-Ml  of  these  cities  were  enriched  witiv 


10 


THE    I'liNX    GERMANIA. 


valuable  heritages  from  the  past.  Rulers 
cmbelHshed  their  capitals  in  imitation  oi 
Paris.  Some,  like  the  kings  of  Davaria, 
were  themselves  artistic  and  in  love  with 
things  Hellenic.  They  erected  palaces, 
art  gialleries  and  museums.  They  laid 
out  parks  and  palace  gardens. 

ScJ'ihncr. 


^ 


Garman  The     Publishers"     Guide 

Newspapers  for     December     has     an 

article  on  German  Pa- 
pers in  America  bv  Carl  Lorenz,  Editor 
of  the  "W'acchtcr  und  Anzeiger,"'  Cleve- 
land, Ohio,  from  which  we  quote  : 

"Tn  saving  a  few  w<irds  about  the  for- 
eign news])apers  in  Cleveland,  I  would 
begin  with  the  statement  that  they  are  a 
ncessity.  If  this  were  not  so,  I  am  sure, 
thev  could  not  survive.  When  I  came 
to  Cleveland,  a  voung  man,  I  often  heard 
it  said  that  in  twenty-five  years  there 
would  not  be  a  German  paper  any  more. 
The  time  is  about  up,  yet  the  Waechtei 
und  Anzeiger  is  a  giant  compared  with 
what  it  was  twenty-five  years  ago. 

"There  are  a  great  many  people  who 
maintain  that  the  English  language  alone 
shiudd  be  tolerated  in  the  United  State  ^ 
hut  it  mu.st  not  be  forg'Otten  that  thou- 
sand on  our  shores,  unable  to  learn  an- 
oih'.-r  language.  Their  surrotindings 
are  such  that  they  hardly  ever  come  in 
contact  with  our  English-speaking  peo 
pie.  Just  think  of  it — what  it  means  to 
these  men  and  women  to  have  a  paper 
which  tells  them  in  their  own  language 
what  wc  arc  doing  in  this  country,  what 
is  Gfoino-  on  around  them." 


Blankenburg  The        old        editorial 

the    Reformer  habit,     indigenous     to 

American  newspapers 
of  considering  every  local  and  State  elec- 
tion with  reference  to  its  supposed  Ijear- 
ing  on  national  politics,  has  outlived  the 
conditions  that  i-'ave  it  l)irth.     ^^'hatover 


may  have  been  true  in  the  past  munici- 
pal elections  in  this  country  are  no  long- 
er determined  by  divisions  of  the  voters 
on  party  lines,  nor  are  such  elections  in 
any  sense  fair  indications  of  the  drift  of 
public  sentiment  on  national  issues. 
\'otcrs  in  cities  nowadays  are  concerned 
with  the  administrative  abilities  of  the 
men  wdiom  they  are  asked  to  elect  to 
ofiace,  rather  than  their  jnartisan  pre- 
dilections. The  first  question  is,  can  the 
candidates  give  us  a  clean  and  efficient 
government?  Sooner  or  later  this  re- 
solves itself  into  the  query,  Are  the  can- 
didates obligated  to  a  l)oss?  \\'hen  the 
voters  ask  this  and  demand  a  reply  the 
last  connecting  link  between  municipal 
and  national  organization  is  severed. 
The  voters  of  I'hiladelphia  and  Cincin- 
ati  asked  this  question  'last  month  in 
tones  that  were  heard.  To  tell  in  the  ver- 
nacular of  politics  what  happened  on 
November  7  is  to  say  that  the  Repulili- 
can  machines  of  Philadelphia  and  Cincin- 
nati were  destroyed  and  the  work  was 
done  by  Republicans.  Philadelphia  has 
been  called  corrupt  because  she  had  been 
ruled  for  decade  after  decade  ]>y  a  ring 
of  contractors  who  i)hmdered  the  city. 
It  suited  the  purj^iose  of  this  riu'^-  to  wear 
the  livery  of  the  Republican  organiza- 
tion, which  had  inliniale  rehuinns  ot 
course  with  the  State  and  national  or- 
ganizations of  the  party.  At  last  the 
corrui)tion  became  intolerable  to  great 
numhers  of  Republicans,  as  well  as 
Democrats.  Philadelphia  can  no  longer 
1)0  described  as  "contented."  The  elec- 
tion of  the  veteran  reformer,  Rudolph 
r>lankenburg,  as  mayor,  independent  of 
all  bosses;  pledged  to  clean  government, 
meant  the  overthrow  of  the  strongest 
])arty  organization  dominating  any 
American  city. 

— Kciicw  of  Kcz'ic:i.'s. 
Since  his  election  I'>lankenl)urg  ha^ 
been  dined,  feted,  lionized  and  featured 
bv  the  ])ress  possil)lv  to  his  heart's  dis- 
conlent.  A  league  of  (ierman  mer- 
chanls  addressed  him  in  these  words: 

"War   ^begmessen  es    mit    grosser    Freudr. 
(las.s  oin  Deutsdi-Amerikaner  zum  Buerger- 


CUKliKNT    LIFK    AND  THOCCHT 


11 


moister  dcr  Stadt  Philadelphia  trkoreu 
wurde.  Dass  al)pr  init  Ilinen  ein  deutseher 
Kaufniann  mid  Industrieller  zur  Lroitung  der 
gros£en  Stadt  berufeii  wurde,  ert'u-ellt  wolil 
alle  Ang€iho£rigen  ties  Handels  und  de.r 
Ind'iistrlo  Aun'i^kas,  soweit  sie  Deutsch  siiul. 
mit  Stoltz  und  Grenugtuung,  denn  Ihrc  her- 
vorragende  scciale  Position  wlrd  auch  wcrf- 
entlioh  dazu  beitragen,  das  :3tand(siJ<'wusrtL- 
se'n  der  deulsclxMi  Kcufleute  in  Amerika  'iu 
heben — eiu  B?\vusstsein,  das  inisland^  seiu 
wii'd,  besondors  die  grossen  Zi-ele  auf  deni 
Gebiete  von  Wiohlfahrtseinrichtungcn  ini 
(leutsohanrerikanisL-lien  Kaufniannsstande  zur 
ondJiehen   Durchfuehrung  zu   bringen." 


^^ 


Artices   Made  The     following-     is     a 

in  York.  Pa.  list     of     the     articles 

made  in  York.   1  'a. : 

Acids,  atlverti.sing  novelties,  agricnl- 
ttiarl  implements,  architecttiral  iron,  art 
o-oods.  artificial  stone,  artificial  teeth, 
automobile  plants  (4),  awning's. 

Bakers'  machinery,  bank  and  store  fix- 
tin-es,  bar  fixttires,  barrels,  baskets,  bed 
springes,  'boilers,  books,  boots  and  shoes, 
boxes,  brick,  bridges,  brooms,  brushes, 
buggy  tops,  builders'  supplies. 

Cars,  candy,  carpets,  carriages  an  1 
wagons,  cement  building  blocks,  cement, 
chains,  chemicals,  cigar  boxes,  cigars, 
cl  )thing.  commercial  power  wagons, 
confectionery,  cornices,  crackers,  crushed 
stone. 

Electric  dynamos  and  motors,  earlln  r. 
wear,  electric  lamps,  electrical  machin- 
crv,  engines. 


Fences,    feritilizer,    llavoring   extracts,   . 

flour,  furnaces,  furniture.  ' 

Gas  and  gasoline  engine.^,  gas  fixtures, 
glass-stained. 

Ice  and  ice  refrigerating  machinery, 
ice  cream  block  machinery,  iron. 

Ladies'  waists-  lime  and  cement,  li- 
quors, leaf  tobacco,  leather  goods,  locks. 

Harness  and  saddles,  heating  appa- 
ratus, horse  collar,  horse  sh  )es,  hosiery, 
metal  and  alloys,  monuments. 

Nails,  neckwear,  newspapers. 

Organs. 

Painters'  supplies,  paper  boxes,  paper, 
patent  medicines,  pharmaceutical  prep- 
arations, pianos,  pianolas,  pictures  and 
frames,  i:)lasler,  poit.ry,  poultry  food, 
powder,  pumps. 

I\(X)fing  malerial,  rag  carpets,  rubber 
stamps. 

Safes,  sash,  doors  and  blinds,  street 
cars,  scales,  saws,  saw-mills,  shirts,  shoes, 
shoj  pohsh.  silk,  signs,  spokes  and  rims, 
spring  beds,  steam  pipe  and  boiler  cov- 
ering,  .stoneware,    suspenders. 

Tacks,  tile,  teet'h,  tra'ismission  ma- 
cliin.'ry.  turbines. 

\\'agons.  wall  paper  and  window 
shades,  washing  machines,  watch  cases, 
wire,  wire  clo::h,  wood  filler,  wool. 

ihis  list  speaks  volumes.  No  one  can 
conceive  the  ho])es  and  fears,  the  toils 
and  struggle,  the  comfort  and  distress, 
riches  and  i^overty  wrapped  U'^  in  this 
bare  list  of  names,  Yorkers  can  well 
'••n.\-,  "W'e   have  been   Trojans." 


The  Baltimore  Sun  has  bet  n  publishing 
srme  articles  on  scnie  of  the  intei^esting  old 
towns  in  Maryland.  Boonsbcro,  Washington 
county,  was  recently  written  up,  and  in  the 
account  we  have  an  unique  a 'coinit  of  ho.v 
?nnie  matters  were  settled  in  the  oHen  days: 
l.,uti;erans  and  the  followers  of  Zwingii 
united  to  build  the  fine.=t  stone  •church  in 
Western  Maryland,  with  the  excepti<:u  of  on  » 
at  Hagerstowu.  The  two  c;;ngregat'ons  had 
no  disputes  on  doctrinal  ^points.  They  were 
building  a  union  church,  the  finest  union 
church  in  Western  Maryland,  and  were  in 
p^-rfect  amity  on  most  of  the  quest ion.s  that 
came  up.  It  should  be  a  beautiful  church, 
a  church   with   a  tall   spire,   a  church  built 


out  of  the  native  limestone — there  was  no 
disagreement  on  these  points.  As  to  win- 
ftows,  however,  a  controversy  arose.  On? 
oongreeation  favoi-ed  prim,  rectangular  win- 
dows; the  other,  windows  with  arched  tops. 
There  must  have  be^n  many  an  earnest  plea 
on  ea^h  side,  a-;  neither  "squai-e  window' 
nor  "r^u.id  window"  won  the  i.-sue.  A  com- 
promise was  made— "square  windows"  put 
in  on  one  side,  "round  windows"  on  the 
other  and  in  front.  This  testimonial  to  the 
siiirit  of  compromise  stood  nntil  1SG9,  when 
the  old  church  was  torn  down  to  give  way 
to  a  handsonnio  new  structure. 

— The  Lutheran  World. 


OUR  HISTORIC  HERITAGE 


Articles  giving  information  about  the  history  of  the  Germans 
in  the  United  States  from  the  arrival  of  the  first  immigrant  to  the 
present,  of  v^rhatever  section  of  our  country,  of  whatever  vocation  of 
life,  of  whatever  class  or  association,  of  whatever  period  in  a  man's 
life,  as  well  as  discussions  of  questions  of  the  day  so  far  as  Ger- 
man ideals  have  bearing  on  these,  are  to  appear  under  this  general 
head. 


Genesis,  Evolution  and  Adoption  of  the  Public 
School   System  of  Pennsylvania 

By  Christopher  Heydrick,  LL.  D,,  Franklin,   Pa. 


s 


INCK  the  publication  of  a 
book  entitled  "History  of 
Education  in  Pennsylva- 
nia" there  has  been  a  grow- 
ing  disposition  in  certain 
circles  to  ascribe  to  Mr. 
Thaddeus  Stevens  the  hon- 
or of  iiaving-  founded  the  free  school 
system  of  this  state,  and  at  the  same  time 
to  ignore  the  labors  of  other  men,  and 
especially  of  Pennsylvania  Germans, 
tending  to  that  important  achievemem. 

To  the  careless  reader  of  the  book  re- 
ferred to,  and  of  a  more  recent  histori- 
cal wTork,  it  may,  indeed,  appear  that  Mr. 
Stevens  is  entitled  to  the  highest  honor. 
To  such  it  may  be  a  surprise  to  be  told 
that  there  are  authentic  records  of  the 
labors  of  earnest  workers  in  the  cause 
of  free  poi)ular  education  during  a  per- 
iod of  seventy  years  prior  to  the  final 
triumph,  in  the  enactment  of  the  school 
law  of  A.pril  i,  1834,  and  that  such 
records  have  been,  and  still  are  acces- 
sible to  any  careful  historian,  h'or  this 
reason  it  seems  (to  be  worlli  while  to 
bring  such  records  in  review  before  the 
readers  of  The  Pennsylvania  German. 

The   first   j)ractical    step   towards   free 


non-sectarian  schools  in  i'ennsylvania 
was  taken  up  by  the  Schwcnkf elders  in 
the  early  months  of  1764.  These  peo- 
ple after  anxious  consultation  and  de- 
liberaition,  devised  and  formulated  a 
school  system  ( Schul-Wesen),  witli  an 
introductory  recital  thai 

"Whereas  the  faithful  training  <'\  ih' 
young  in  reading,  writing  and  the  study  ol 
the  languageis  and  useful  sciences  aeeor-d- 
ing  to  isex,  ago  and  stauddng.  and  instruc- 
tion in  the  princii)les  of  morality,  virtu*-' 
and  true  religion  contribute  very  much  t<> 
the  prosperity  and  welfare  of  every  coni- 
munity,  which  can  he  accomplished  in  n^* 
way  better  better  than  by  the  ostahlishuient 
of  schools  under  wise  and  proper  regula- 
tions  adapted   to    such    undertaking;" 

and  a  farther  n-cital  i;)f  the  s])ecial  rea- 
sons moving  tliem  to  tlie  adoption  of 
the  system.  Then  follow  ten  carefully 
drawn  sections,  by  which  ])rovisi()n  i^ 
made  for  the  annual  meetings  of  Ihc 
contributors  of  an  endowment  fund  of 
800  p(3un(ls  then  raised,  "on  the  second 
Monday  of  the  month  of  March  in  each 
year  forever;"  for  the  election  of  ad- 
ministrative officers,  styled  trustees,  by 
the  contributors  of  the  finul,  and  such 
others  of  whatever  religious  s(x:iety  as 
might  thereafter  contribute;  defining  the 


12 


PriilJC    SCHOOL  .SYSTEM   IN     I'K.\XS>-I,VA  X  l.\ 


13 


■^xjwcrs  and  duties  of  the  trustees  in  the 
administration  of  their  trust,  the  man- 
agement of  the  endowment,  the  employ- 
ment of  teachers,  who  "must  be  persons 
of  education,  wisdom  and  and  I'nalfect- 
t'd  piety  and  virtue"  and  not  "known 
io  be  selfish,  quarrelsoniL'  and  witliout 
affection ;"  at  least  two  of  the  trustees 
were  required  to  visit  the  schools  once  in 
each  mon;tli.  Children  of  other  tliaii 
Schwenkfcldcr  parentage  were  to  be  ad- 
mitted to  the  schools  upon  payment 
for  their  instruction  and  proselyting  in- 
fluences in  such  cases  were  expressly 
jirohibiled. 

This  document,  iK-aring  dale  June  13. 
1764,  was  signed  by  twenty-nine  heads 
of  families,  of  whom  two  were  widows 
with  the  amount  contributed  to  the  fund 
by  each  written  opposite  their  respec- 
.  1iTe  names  in  the  aggreg-ate  to  800 
.  i)ounds,  and  thereupon  the  "System" 
was  launched  upon  its  mission. 

This  document  is  still  preserved  among 
the  Schwenkfelder  archives,  and  a  copy 
thereof  is  contained  in  No.  i  of  the  sec- 
ond volume  of  Americana  Gerhiania  pp. 
79-85  and  an  English  translation  and  full 
account  of  the  schools  established  there- 
by may  be  found  in  H.  W.  Kriebel's 
History  of  the  Sclm-cnkfiidcrs,  and  also 
in  Vol.  XIIT  of  the  Pennsylvania  Ger- 
man Society's  publications,  page  120  et 
seq. 

it  docs  not  apj)ear  thai  tuition  fees 
were  ever  paid  by  non-contributors, 
whether  of  the  vSchwenkfelder  faith  or 
any  other,  for  education  of  their  chil 
dren,  but  it  docs  affirmatively  appear  that 
upon  the  occasion  of  the  erection  of  a 
new  school  house,  in  1701,  the  trustees 
announced  that 

"chiklron  of  paronts  of  any  religiou.s  do- 
iiominalion.  English  or  Gernvan,  rich  or  poor 
may  bo  taught  (therein)  reading,  writing, 
oyiphering.  and  some  other  j'oung  men  of 
Rtjnius  in:Unicted  in  mathematics  and  th'' 
learned  lau^np.g^es.  and  trained  up  to  become 
ushers  or  assistants  to  this  or  any  other 
•school  in  thi.s  country.  Cat?cliism5  and 
other  doctrinal  books  of  any  religion" 
school  shall  not  be  introduced  in  this  scuooi. 
Parent.s  may  form  th«^  minds  of  their  chi!- 
vlrei)  in  tli^ir  <i\vn  way,  or  inav  coiiniiit  thfni 


to  the  clergy  of  the  church  or  meeting  to 
which  they  belong.  The  master  of  the 
sciliool,  never thelesis,  use  his  utm-ost  ■en- 
endeavors  to  irapre><s  on  their  minds  th*; 
fear  of  God,  the  love  of  their  country  and 
of  all   mankind." 

\\'hen  tlie  school  law  oi  1834  was  en- 
acted the  Schwenkfelders  loyally  acce])t- 
ed  its  promises,  but  did  not  lose  their 
interest  in  the  secondary  education  which 
they  had  blended  with  primarv  in  their 
system,  their  school  fund,  however,  had 
been  so  greatly  impaired  by  the  <lis- 
astrous  consequences  of  the  flocnl  of 
"l)aper  money"  wihich  had  wrecked 
many  private  fortunes  during  and  after 
tlie  Revolutionary  struggle  that  they 
found  it  impracticable  during  a  consider- 
able period,  while  bearing  their  sliarc  of 
the  burden  of  the  state  system,  t..  e.n- 
tinuously  and  efficiently  maintain,  as  a 
se])arate  system,  the  higher  educatioti 
which  had  produced  the  scholarsliip 
evinced  by  the  writings  described  in 
Kriebel's  history.  Conseqiientlv  such 
efforts  as  were  made  in  tlie  way  of  liigh- 
cr  education,  during  a  considerable  per- 
iod cannot  be  said  to  have  been  s}-ste- 
matic.  Nevertheless  the  subject  does  not 
apjiear  to  have  bceji  dismissed  from 
their  minds;  and  in  1892  descendams  in 
the  fourth  and  fifth  generations,  of  the 
signatories  to  the  "Schul-weseii"  of 
1764,  organized,  have  maintained  with 
most  remarkable  success  an  institution 
for  secondary  education  under  the  now 
well-known  name  "Perkiomen  Semin- 
ary." To  quote  from  tliat  institution's 
catalogue  of  1908-09 

"The  beginning  was  small  and  uupreten- 
tions,  the  opening  day  showing  an  enroll- 
ment of  only  nineteen  students  and  four 
teachers  *  *  *  Perkiomen  Seminary  ha.s 
grown  from  a  small  school  of  only  local 
patronage  to  a  school  which  ha.s  drawn  stu 
dent.s  from  thirty-five  counties  of  P<>nnsy!- 
vania.  from  seventeen  states  and  from  five 
foreign  countries;  *  »  »  graduates  of 
state  normal  schools  have  continued  tbejt 
studies  hero  and  more  than  six  hundred 
school  teachers  of  all  grades  have  studied 
at  Perkiomen  Seminary.  Four  hundred  and 
eighty-seven  have  graduated  from  the  dif 
fcrent  departments.  Of  the.^e  about  thri.>o 
hundred  have  continued  their  studies  in  in- 
stitulidus  of    higher   vdiication.      Thesf    stu- 


14 


Tin-:    I'EXX    (iKR.MANlA. 


dents  have  gone  to  fortyjwo  differen^ 
schools,  including  Princeton  University, 
University  of  Pennsylvania,  Johns  Hopkins, 
ffai-vard.  Mt.  Holyoke,  Wellesley,  Wiscon- 
sin University,  Washington  and  Jefferson 
College,  *  *  *  &c  &.C.  From  all  these 
comes  the  gratifying  report  that  they  ranir 
among  the  best  in  their  classes,  frequently 
receiving  honors,  prizes  and  special  recog- 
nition for  worth  and  ability  at  the  very 
best  schools."' 

The  next  step  was  made  by  the  whole 
people  of  the  state,  aeting  in  their  sov- 
ereign capacity,  in  adopting  the  consti- 
ttition  of  1790,  by  which  they  ordaineci, 
among  other  things:  Article  II,  Section 
XI,  that  the  governor  "shall  from  time 
to  time  give  to  the  general  assembly  in- 
formation of  the  state  of  the  common- 
wealth, and  recommend  to  their  con- 
sideration such  measures  as  he  shall 
deem  expedient."  and,  Article  VII,  Sec- 
tion I :  The  legislature  shall  as  soon  as 
conveniently  may  be  provide  by  law  for 
the  establishment  of  schools  throughout 
the  state  in  such  manner  that  the  poor 
may  be  taught  gratis. 

Among  the  sixty  members  of  the  con- 
vention who  framed  the  constitutioii 
there  were  several  eminent  men :  James 
Wilson,  scholar,  ^patriot,  statesman  and 
jtirist,  Thomas  ?\lifflin,  Thomas  MeKean, 
Simon  Snyder,  William  Findley,  the  last 
four  of  whom  subsequently,  and  in  the 
order  named,  became  governors  of  the 
Commonwealth.  Fottrteen  of  the  mem- 
bers, including  Snyder  and  Hiester  were 
immistakable  German  names.  An  un- 
usual proportion  of  an  ofificial  body  at 
that  time  when  a  large  proportion  of 
the  German  population  bad  not  acquired 
the  rights  of  citizenship.  The  reported 
proceedings  of  the  convention  do  nol^ 
show  the  attitude  of  the  members  with 
reference  to  the  distinctoin  of  rich  and 
poor,  but  inasmuch  as  there  were,  at 
that  time,  very  few  Germans  of  any  con- 
siderable wealth  in  the  state,  it  ma)% 
reasonably,  be  presumed  that  they  all, 
or  nearly  all,  assented  to  thg  odious  dis- 
tinction implied  in  the  words  descrip- 
tive of  the  intended  beneficiaries  of  the 
educational  legislation  enjoined  only  be- 
cause  the   section   as   adopted    was    the 


best  provision  on  the  subject  of  educa- 
tion the)'  could   secure. 

The  following  excerpls  from  mes- 
sages of  each  of  the  guverners  fron^ 
1790  to  and  including  1835  will  better 
aid  the  reader  in  an  effort  to  determine 
in  what  meastu'e,  and  to  wh:m  credit  is 
due  for  the  establishment  of  the  free 
school  system  of  Pennsylvania,  than  any 
amotuit  of  tradition  introduced  by  the 
convenient  phrase:  "It  is  said.'' 

Thomas  Mifflin,  governor  from  179c' 
until  1799,  in  his  message  of  Dec.  28, 
1790,  said: 

"To  multiply,  regulate  and  strengthen  the 
sources  of  education  is  indeed  the  duty,  as 
it  must  be  the  delight  of  every  wise  and 
virtuous  government,  for  the  experience  ot 
America  has  evinced  that  knowledge,  while 
it  makes  us  sensible  of  our  rights  as  men, 
enforces  our  obligations  as  members  of  soci- 
ety. Under  your  auspices,  theretfore,  gen- 
tlemen, our  fellow  citizens  may  reasonably 
hope  that  every  measure  will  be  adopted 
which  is  necessary  to  establish  science  on 
a  pure  and  lasting  foundation:" 

and  December  5,  1793,  he  said: 

"a  measure  that  must  be  so  benific'.ial  as  tht> 
irbSitiitavtion  of  publie  schools  vannot,  I  aiu 
persuaded,  require  a  constitutional  injunc- 
tion to  secure  your  regard: 

and  on  December  6,  1794.  at  er  review  - 
ing  the  circumstances  attending  the  so- 
called  Whiskey  Tnsurrecti:  n  in  West- 
ern Pennsylvania  and  it;  suppression- 
without  effusion  of  l)lood.  he  added: 

"while  we  review  the  circumstances  thai; 
have  attended  the  insurrection,  in  order  to 
select  the  means  of  consolation,  the  wisdom 
of  the  legislature  will  naturally  combinri 
with  that  pursuit  an  investigaticn  of  th.:- 
most  effectual  measures  to  prevent  the  re- 
currence of  a  similar  calamity.  Allow  me. 
therefore.  Gentlemen,  to  ])ress  upon  you.- 
consideration,  the  constitutional  injunction, 
"to  provide,  by  law,  as  soon  as  conveniently 
may  be,  for  the  establishment  of  sclrool:? 
throughout  the  state,  in  such  manner  that 
the  poor  may  be  taught  gratis.'  I  have  oa 
otiher  occasions,  indeed,  observed,  that  t'l 
multiply,  regulate  and  strengthen  the  scurc- 
<'s  of  education,  is  the  duty,  and  nuist  1- 
the  delight,  of  every  wise,  and  virtuous  .gov- 
ernment; for  the  experience  of  America  has 
evinced,  that  knowledge,  while  it  makes  U5 
sensible  of  our  rights  as  men,  enforces  our 
obligations  as  meaiibers  of  society.     But  en 


PUBLIC  SCHOOL    SYSTEM    IN   PENNSYLVANIA 


no  occasion  could  the  ^jbservation  be  mor^ 
emphatically  urged  than  the  present;  since 
I  may,  confidently,  appeal  to  the  conviction 
of  every  mind.  Av;hi<h  lia3  been  emiploy<'d  in 
examining  the  origin  and  progress  of  the 
late  disturbances,  for  an  assurance,  that 
ignorance  (whose  natural  concomitants  are 
credulity  and  temerity)  has  been  the  princi- 
pal cause  of  the  deprecated  niisehief.  Re- 
fleeting,  then  that  a  provision  for  the  oh- 
tabllshment  of  public  schools  was  contained 
in  the  -old  constitution  of  the  state;  and 
that  its  insertion  in  the  new  constitution 
shows  the  continued  opinion  of  its  policy; 
I  trust  I  shall  be  excused,  after  a  lapse  of 
near  twenty  years,  in  soliciting  your  imme- 
diate attention  for  this  interesting  branch 
of  the  legislative  trust.  While  your  pre- 
decessors enjoy  the  reputation  arising  from 
an  early  and  faithful  payment  of  the  stat" 
debts;  from  a  judicious  disposition  of  the 
imblic  treasure  and  rosourcas;  and  from 
unexamined,  but  suceessful,  amelioration  ol" 
om-  penal  code;  may  the  theme  of  your 
praise  How  from  institutions  that  shall  il- 
lum:nate  the  minds  of  our  fellow  citizens, 
and  establish  science  on  a  i>ure  and  per- 
manent  foundation." 

Tlunias  McKean,  u,^ove  nor  from  1799 
to  1808,  said: 

"As  ]>owerful  auxildaries  to  any  p'an  for 
improving  the  state  of  society,  you  will, 
douihtlc'ss,  gentlemen,  endeavour  to  diffu,^ 
the  blessings  of  education  among  the  i^oor, 
and  to  invigorate  the  adnnni£traticn  of  just- 
ice. The  former  object  will  claim  your 
care,  under  the  obligations  of  a  constitu- 
tional  injunction." 

"There  has  not  appeared  to  me,  fellow, 
citizens,  a  period  in  my  administration. 
more  auspicious  to  press  upon  your  atiten- 
tion  the  great  points  of  republican  poMcy: 
I  mean  the  institutions  of  public  education, 
of  public  justice,  and  oif  public  force." 

"Our  government  is  a  republic,  in  whicii 
the  pe-ople  constantly  act,  through  the 
medium  of  the  repr:s:ntative  principle 
Such  a  government  must  be  a  type  of  the 
peoj)l6  them.selves;  and  will  be  good  or  bad, 
just  as  they  are,  or  are  not,  virtuous  and 
intelligent.  To  inculcate  virtue  and  promote 
knowledge  among  the  people,  is  therefore 
the  natural,  the  necessary  course,  for  in- 
vigorating and  perpetuating  a  republican 
government.  The  framers  of  the  constitu- 
tion of  Pennsylvania  (an  instrument  that 
does  honour  to  the  human  intellect)  aware 
of  the  principle,  which  is  essential  to  ef- 
fectuate their  great  work,  emphatically  d'.^- 
clared  that  the  Legislature  iihall,  as  soon 
as  conveniently  may  be,  provide  by  law,  foi- 
the  establishment  of  schools  throughout  the 


State,  in  such  manner,  that  the  i)ooi-  may  be 
taught  gratis.  I^et  me.  then  claim  an  early 
attention,  for  the  important  subject.  It  re- 
mains with  you,  by  making  an  adequate 
l)rovision  for  men  of  science  in  public  sem- 
inaries, to  introduce  a  general  system  of 
education,  that  shall  infuse  into  the  mind 
of  every  citizen  ambition  of  excelling  in 
stations  of  public  trust;  and  that  shall  guard 
the  representative  principle,  from  the  al)use3 
of   intrigue   and   imposture." 

Simon  Snyder,  g-ovcrn.)r  from  i8aS  to 
1 8 17,  said  : 

"Moral  virtue  consists  in  a  knowledge  of 
duty,  and  a  conformity  of  will  and  action 
to  that  knowledge.  Political  virtue,  in  a 
republic,  bottomed  on  moral  rectitude,  con- 
sists in  a  love  of  the  republic  and  esteerr. 
for  its  institutions.  Hence  the  immense  iai- 
l)ortance  of  a  system  of  educ.ition.  Can 
a  man  be  morally  or  politicaly  virtuous, 
who  is  ignorant  of  the  value  of  the  first, 
and  understands  not  the  principles  of.  nor 
knows  the  duties  which  the  latter  enjoins? 

To  establish,  therefore  a  system  of  edu- 
cation, calculated  to  diffuse  general  in- 
struction, is  at  once  of  primary  importance, 
in  bcth  a  mKual  and  political  point  of  view; 
affording  the  strongest  bulwarks  against  the 
sn.bvei'sion  of  good  m.'orals,  and  soimd  po- 
litical principles.  The  importance  of  ^'duca- 
tion  is  still  more  enhanced,  by  the  con- 
sideration that,  in  a  republican  or  repre- 
s'ntative  government,  every  citizen  may  b? 
called  upon  to  assist  in  the  enaction,  or 
execution,  of  the  laws  of  his  country;  anl 
will  hence  necessarily  engage  your  atten- 
tion." 

"Many  have  been  the  »'ssays  of  your  pre- 
decessors to  carry  into  complete  effect,  that 
constitutional  injunction,  of  providing  'b.v 
law,  for  the  establishment  of  schools 
throughout  the  state,  in  such  manner  that 
tihe  poor  may  be  taught  gratis;'  let  not 
their  failure  discourage,  but  rather  prompt 
to  extraordinary  exertion  to  surmount  tha 
difficulty.  On  the  want  of  a  general  dif. 
fusion  of  knowledge,  the  ambitious  found 
their  hopes  of  success  in  overthi owing  ou;- 
invaluable  political  institutions,  and  on  thel;- 
ruins  to  erect  the  throne  of  desiiotism;  bul^ 
a  generally  enlightened  and  well  informed 
people,  once  free,  cannot  be  enslaved.  In 
))roportion,  therefore,  as  we  value  liberty, 
let  our  efforts  be  to  diffuse  knowledge,  as 
the  most  certain   pledge  of  its  security." 

"Although  multifarious  subjects  will  oc- 
cnuy  your  attention;  it  is  ]ioi>ed  the  im- 
liortance  of  education  *  *  *  will  hav" 
;i  ^harp  of  your  deliberations." 

In  the  annual  communications  of  the 
executive  to  the  General  Assembly,  a  stand- 
ing thenie  has  been  afforded   by  the  all-inj- 


16 


'l'  H  I 


•MNN    GKK.MAXIA. 


oortaat  subjeci  oi  education.    Much  has  been 
said,  nothing  effectual  has   been   dune,  and 
the  situation   of   it   is   still   such   as   to    be 
much    regretted.      To    expatiate    upon    the 
utility  of  a  general  diffusion  of  knowledge, 
would  bo  a/s  idle  a.>  the  means  of  effecting 
it   appear    to    be   embarrassing.      The    fact 
however   is    palpable,    that    science   and    in- 
te'lleietual    improveni'ent    are  far    behind   the 
l>i-ogress    of     wealth    and    population.      An- 
other year  has  confirmed  me  in  the  opinion 
fxpressed  to  the  last  Legislature,  that  much 
liood  could  be  attained  through  superior  in- 
structions.     Believing    that    these    may    be 
acquired    in    a   very   simple   manner,    I   pre- 
sume again  to  recommend  that  seme  mode 
be   prescrdbed  by   law   fur  ascertaining  the 
<]ualificatians  of  those  who  offer  to  instruct 
■\outh.     That   such    as   are     approved,     and 
who   at   the   expiration   of    the    period     for 
whith  they  may  have  engaged  to  teach,  pro- 
^iuc+'  a  favorable  report  of  the  conduct  and 
jirogress  of  the  school,  by  a  committee  to  bo 
f\)r  that  purpose  appointed  in  each  county, 
shall    rotceive   out   of   the    state   treasury    a 
small  salary  in  addition  to  individual  sub- 
scription.     ThLs,     I     hesitate    not    to    say, 
would    be    the    means    cf    banis'hing    ignor- 
ance   and    negligence    from    presiding    ovev 
the  education  of  children,  and  prevent  that 
deplorably     useless     consumption     of     time, 
that  exhibition    of   idleness    and    demoraliz- 
ing   habits,    so    commonly    prevalent   at   our 
iountry  .schools. '" 

William  Findlay,  ii^ovcrnor  from  1817 
-.--(  1820,  wTotc: 

"This  .period  of  tranquility  and  in-ns;)er- 
)ty  affordi;  an  opportunity,  and  strongly  in- 
vites us  to  persevere  in  the  'measures  tha: 
have  been  commenced,  and  to  adopt  suci 
others  as  may  be  deemed  necessary  for  th  ; 
r>romotion  of  the  happiness  cf  the  peopi.  , 
ihe  true  and  legitimate  end  of  a  republlca.'i 
government.  To  the  attainment  of  this, 
the  efltajblliahraeut  of  a  system  of  edn- 
f-ation  as  enjoined  by  the  constitutio.n  :.s 
essential,  and  has  been  but  partially  com- 
plied wiith.  It  is  a  fact  of  general  noto- 
riety that  f'here  is  not  a  seminary  oif  leai-n- 
ing  in  the  interior  of  the  state,  in  which 
the  preparatory  education  considered  by 
several  sects  of  Christians  as  indispensable 
10  tjhe  licensing  of  a  preacher  of  the  gos- 
l)el,  or  which  is  nece.ssary  for  the  higher 
tn-anches  of  mechanics,  can  be  acquired.  Of 
mujw.  many  of  our  youth  who  have  those 
pursuits  in  view,  as  w^eil  as  others  who  a-^ 
desirous  of  obtaining  a  liberal  education, 
resort  to  the  colleges  of  our  sister  states, 
thereby  adding  to  the  expense  cf  their  edu- 
/:atiou,  and  withdrawing  tihe  amount  of  ic 
from  the  circulating  medium  of  our  owr: 
state.  The  cause  of  religion,  ther<>fore,  tiv- 
■ntertsts    of    central    scienre,     and     of     th  ■ 


useful   and  ornamental  arts,   as  well  as   the 
principles  of   economy,   urge    me  to  suggest 
for  your   consideration,   either  the  relieving 
of   Dickinson    College,   at    Carlisle,   from    its 
pecuniary   embarrassments,   so  as   to  enabl" 
it  to  assume  its  functions  on   a  secure  and 
respectable   basis,   or    what    might    be    raor" 
conducive   to   credit  of   the   Comimou wealth, 
and   to  the  public  benefit,  the  ccnsolidatin^; 
tha  funds  of  two  or  more  of  our  literary^in- 
stitutions,  under  such  modifications  as  they 
would    approve,    and    establishing   a    univer- 
sity in  a  central  part  of  the  state     '      *     "    ' 
To  provide  for  the  education  of  the   pco  ' 
.gratutiously.  is  also  a  duty  equally  impera- 
tive and  important.     This  subject  has  at  dif- 
ferent periods  occupied  the  attention  of  th'' 
legislature,  but  the  measures  hereto  adopted 
liave    not   proved     commensurate    with     th<' 
laudable   motives  by    which   they    were   dic- 
tated.    The  diversity  of  languages  taught  in 
the  state,  with  other  circumstances,  presen; 
.i?reat   difficulties    in    establishing    a    genera! 
system  that  would  be  wholly  free  from  ob- 
jection, l)ut  I  trust  they  are  not  insurmount- 
able.     Education    has   such    an  infiuenoe  in 
improving    and    expanding    the    intellectual 
powers,  and  infusing  into  youthful  and  un- 
tainted   minds,    correct     ideas     of     rsligion, 
justice   and    honor   that   crimes   are   not  so 
frequently    as.sociated    with    it   as    with    ig- 
norance  and  debasement  cE  mind     "*     *     * 
It  may.   indeed,  be  qntstuuiable  how   far   it 
is  correct  in   a  government  to    punish    of- 
fenses without   making  an   effort  to  enabh> 
the   people    to   acquire   a   knowledge   of  th'' 
laws,  and  their  relative  duties  in  society." 
Joseph   Ilit'stcr,    i^overnor    from    182  "> 
to  f823,  said: 

"In  a  government  like  ours,  essentially 
dependent  fcir  its  efficacy  on  public  opin- 
ion, the  diffusion  cif  knowledge  should 
bo  considered  an  obje'ct  of  iprimary 
importance.  To  regulate,  multiply  and 
strengthen  the  sources  of  education,  as  the 
best  means  for  the  dissem'i nation  of  know- 
ledge, ou.ght  therefore  to  bs  the  duty,  as  it 
must  be  the  delight  of  every  virtuous  and 
enlightened  legislature.  Under  the  influence 
of  this  sentiment,  and  in  pursuance  of  the 
constitutional  injuncticn  the  assembly  has 
bestowed  partial  endowments  on  varicus 
seminaries  of  learning.  In  some  parts  of 
the  state,  the  meritorious  diligence  of  pri- 
vate citizens  combining  with  well  directP>l 
measures  of  former  legislatures  have  placed 
education  within  the  i-each  of  all  who  are 
willing  to  receive  it.  For  the  es'tablijh- 
ment  of  schools  in  which  the  terms  of  tui. 
tion  are  greatly  reduced,  and  in  wihich  thos<' 
who  are  not  able  to  meet  the  expense,  are 
taught  gratuitously  the  ciitizfns  of  Phila- 
delphia stand  preeminent. 

cox'rtxrKD  ox  iwgk  :.(i 


A  Vindication   of  Francis  Daniel   Pastorius 

By  H.   A.  Rattei-man. 

Note.— We  give  herewith  a  free  translation  of  an  interesting  article  by  Mr.  H.  A.  Ratterman, 
the  veteran  German  historian  and  editor,  which  appeared  in  the  "Deutsch-Americanische  Geschichts- 
blaetter"  of  October,  I9li. 

The  reply  he  makes  to  the  claims  of  Mr.  Kaufmann  are  timely  in  view  of  the  proposed  erec- 
tion of  a  monument  to  Pastorius  in  Germantown,  Pa. — Editor. 


W'JLLLAM  Kauimaiin's  book. 
"The  Ciennans  in  the  Amer- 
ican Civil  \\'ar"  lias  inst 
Clink'  to  hand  and  before 
1  Could  take  a  hurried  sur- 
vc\-  of  the  book,  the  third 
chapter  of  the  supplcnicni 
accidentally  drew  my  attention,  "I'as- 
l<'triu.s  an<^l  the  Real  i>e.Q"inn:n^"  of  (ier- 
man  Immii;"ration."  1  could  scarcely 
trust  my  eyes  as  1  read  ]\lr.  Kaufmann  .> 
arq;iiments  which,  to  j.:,"uard  against  mis- 
apprehension. 1  rcprcKluce  herewith  in 
full.     Mr.  Kaufmann  writes: — 

"The  first  protest  against  slavery  is- 
sued by  Pastorius  was  unfortunately  not 
hefore  the  proper  parties  ( rechtc 
Schmicde).  Pastorius  was  in  ]()8S  a 
member  of  the  Pennsylvania  Assemblx' 
( Landestages) .  There  he  should  have 
-jH-otested  against  slavery.  But  he  sub- 
mitted his  writing  only  to  the  officers  oi" 
his  brethren  in  the  faith.  It  was  pre- 
sented onl)-  to  the  monthly,  quarterly 
and  annual  meetings  (three  occasions  of 
(Juaker  meetings).  The  pious  brethren 
allowed  the  writing"  to  disappear  in  their 
l^roceedings  and  only  after  almost  200 
years  was  it  discovered  again.  Pastor- 
ius was  content  therewith  and  notwith- 
standing he  lived  after  that  30  years,  hi- 
ready  hand  left  behind  a  single  verse 
bearing  on  slavery.  In  it  this  statement 
is  made:  "Would  you  be  a  slave?"  Tin- 
element  that  alone  could  give  the  Pa.>^ 
lorius'  protest  value.  Publicity,  was  ab- 
sent. The  agitation  of  the  Quakers 
against  slavery  began  onl}-  80  years  af- 
ter the  protest  by  Pastorius  (  i). 

"Concerning  nr»  (ierman  in  America, 
■excepting  perhaps  Schurz  has  so  much 
■  'Cen   saitl  and   written   as  about   Pastor- 


ius! 2  land  also  the  only  poetic  i)r(Kluction 
of  real  value  which  concerns  itself  wit'.i 
the  very  imjjortant  event  of  German  ini- 
migrati(^n  to  America.  \\'hittier's  idyl 
"The  Pennsylvania  Pilgrims"  discusse? 
Pastorius  and  his  work  in  Germantown. 
It  would  be  very  desirable  indeed  if 
(ierman  Americans  would  pay  more  at- 
tention to  their  countr\nien  who  were 
contemporaries  and  forerunners  of  Pas- 
torius (3).  There  are  splendid  personages 
among  the  first  Germans  in  America; 
men  who  well  deserve  to  be  placed  aside 
of,  some  even  alx)ve,  Pastorius.  There 
are  the  two  \\'eisers.  father  and  son,  and 
also  the  older  Sauer ;  soon  Father  Muhl- 
enberg appears  (4)  and  then  the  forerun- 
ners of  Pastorius  in  New  .Amsterdam  : 
Minuit,  born  in  W'esel,  the  first  real  gov- 
ernor of  New  Netherlands  (  1626)  ;  soon 
after  Augustin  Hermann.  Stuyvesant's 
diplomat  and  a  colonizer  and  a  pioneer 
of  commanding  style :  Jacob  Loyseler 
(Leislcr)  l)orn  in  b'rankfort  a  man  who 
in  1691  fell  a  ])rey  to  a  judicial  murder 
which,  a  very  rare  case,  the  Englisn 
parliament  recognized  and  mourned  as 
such.  Loyseler  is  recognized  as  the  first 
American  democrat,  a  forerunner  of  the 
heroes  of  the  American  Revolution,  a 
man  who  first  gave  utterance  to  the 
thought  of  the  homogcneousness  of  tiie 
American  colonics  (5).  John  Lederer 
shouhl  also  be  recalled  who  in  if)S<'y 
explored  the  .\i>palachians  —  also  the 
Jesuit  l-'ather-  h'ranz  Husebius  Kuehn. 
who  apj^ears  in  Southern  California 
1670  (6)  and  many  other  able  and 
energetic  countrymen  who  in  our  time 
are  almost  completely  forgotten  al- 
though many  of  them  earned  more  rcc- 
ocrnition  than  the  soft  and  easv  German 


u 


18 


luv.  i'i:nn'  (;i:km.\xi.\. 


1)  okwonii  I'astorius  (71  who  made 
rhymes  and  jihilosophized  in  Gernian- 
tovvn  in  seven  lani^nay;es  but  who  proper- 
Iv  si)eaking-  never  got  beyond  his  tour 
poles  and  who  showed  so  Httle  of  the 
marks  which  we  particularly  look  for  in 
the  men  of  that  time — enerii'y  and  a 
widrnin;^-  circle  of  activity(8).  The  presi- 
dents of  the  German  unions  in  America 
w  h  )  at  the  many,  too  many,  Ger- 
man days  harp  on  the  same  strings  and 
are  ahlc  to  speak  so  edifyingly  aboui: 
Pastorius  and  his  Crefeld  linenweavers 
should  ])ay  at  least  some  attention  to  the 
otlur  (Icrman  pioneers.  Their  audience 
woul  1  surely  thank  them. 

■"To  Pastorius  there  is  being  erected 
the  linest  memorial  that  German-Amer- 
ica has  yet  brought  forth.  This  is  in 
place  for  the  memorial  is  to  set  forth  less 
the  activities  of  a  single  pioneer  than 
the  cultural  labors  of  the  German  ele- 
ment on  American  soil.  The  place  for 
the  m  tnument  is  also  well  chosen  for  \u 
I 'enns\lvania  the  German  population  de- 
velo])ed  itself  most  powerfully  during  the 
early  period  of  settlements.  Btvt  it  is 
quite  false  if  the  monument  is  to  mark 
the  beginning  of  German  immigration  to 
North  America.  The  arrival  of  Pastor- 
ius (  1682)  is  but  an  episode  in  the  his- 
tor}-  of  German  immigration  and  not  the 
beginning.  It  is  incorrect  even  that  Pas- 
torius and  his  company  led  the  migra- 
tory movement  of  the  Germans  to  Penn- 
s\l\-a'iia.  From  the  first  historian  of 
i*enns}lvania,  Rupp,  it  is  known  that 
vicrmantown  in  1710  contained  only  200 
immigrants(9)  ;  only  after  this  period  did 
the  masses  of  Germans  come  to  Penn- 
sylvania. Thirty  years  before  Pastorius 
there  lived  close  to  Germantown  evident- 
ly more  Germans  by  far  than  in  Ger- 
mantown at  the  beginning  of  the  18th 
century.  These  were  Pommcranians 
who  had  nicn-ed  with  the  Swedes  to  thj 
Delaware  about  1650.  German  immi 
gration  begins  not  in  1682  but  in  1620. 
It  begins  with  the  t)eginning  of  all  cult- 
ure of  Europeans  within  the  limits  o\ 
the  Gnited  States.  Only  in  quite  recent 
times  has  li^ht  been   shed  on  tlie  ohU'sl 


( ierman    immigration.      Kapp's    Histor;.- 
of  the   Germans  of   Xew    York    know- 
])ractically     nothing     about     this.       Th. 
"Documentary  History"   of  the  state  o" 
New    York    and    P>roadhead's    historical 
work   contain   much    material.       I     hav 
found  in  these  detailed   accounts   which 
establish  beyond  doubt  that  at  least  every 
third   Hollander   who  migrated  to    Nev/ 
Amsterdam  from  i6ti  to  1684  must  havj 
been     a     (ierman.       The     extraordinary 
large   number   of  Germans   who  labore:' 
in    important    offices    among    Hollander, 
even   among   those    early    times   permiti 
this   conclusion.     Air.   Lohr's   researches 
which  seemed  to  depend  on  Hollandis/; 
sources  lead  one  to  suspect  that  the  nun- 
ber  must  have  been  far  larger.     Possibly- 
half  of  the  Hollanders  in  New  Amster- 
dam sprang  from   Germany  in  view   c.i 
the  fact  that  at  that  time  the  Hollander^ 
and  Low  Germans  were  one  people  and 
that  the  ])olitical  division  of  the   peop^- 
occurrcfl  onl_\-  about  that  time(  lO.W'hea 
a  son  of  ( ierman  parents  born  iti  .Ameri*.  i 
asks    when    the    first    ( icrmans    came    t^ 
America    the    reply    is:    "The    German-- 
came  into  our  eoniitry  at  the  time  of  ^-■••■-' 
Mayfloii'er  Pili:;rims."     The  young  man 
understands  this  is  also  historically  cct- 
rect.      But    it    is    incorrect    to    mark   tl", 
beginning  of  German   migration  by   t:, : 
landing  of  I'astorius  in   1682. 

REMARKS. 

I.  To  criticise  histor\'  one  mu-z 
above  all  things  know  historx-.  Mr. 
Kaufman  unfortunately  criticisis  Pas- 
torius because  he  submitted  his  protesr 
against  negro  slavery  not  to  the  Pen:'.- 
sylvania  .Assembly  (or  as  he  writes  tlie 
Landtag)  of  which  Pastorius  is  said  to 
have  b.en  a  member  since  16S8  but  that 
he  handed  it  to  the  Ouakers.  lUit  Mr. 
Kaufmann  cU)es  not  knov.'  that  trading 
in  negroes  or  slavery  was  not  a  matter  ^~'f 
colonial  legislation  but  was  distinctly  re- 
served for  tile  I'Jiglisli  I'arliament.  Eng- 
land at  that  tinu"  carrie^I  ^n\  the  sla''C 
trade  as  in  general  all  trans-Atlanr.c 
trade  with  her  colonies  as  a  monopo^.y. 
To   tlie   timr   of   tlu'    Uevolutionarx-    V\'.-r 


A    \1M)UAI1().\     OK     !"KA.\(   IS    l).\.Mi;i.     l'AST.)KIl'S 


19 


all  the  English  cohinios  nf  the  CDUiury 
were  slave  provinces  and  oni_\  \n  Uil- 
year  ij^so  dul  uie  .A.ssenibly  <)i  I'ennsyl- 
vania  ijraclnaliy  remove  slavery  in  me 
state  in  tliat  it  passed  a  law  that  all 
children  born  of  slaves  alter  lKceini)er 
31,  i/.So,  sliinild  he  frcJ.  All  the  n-si 
of  the  colonies  or  states  remained 
slave  states  into  the  iy:h  c£ntury.  lUu 
1  will  not  C(3ndeinn  Mr.  Kanfmann  with- 
out i^'iving  him  a  i^'limpse  .of  the  hi.5- 
toric  conditions  of   i'ennsylvania. 

Concerning-  the  origin  of  this  exe- 
crable evil  in  the  American  colonies,  par- 
ticularly in  Pennsylvania,  the  Professor 
of  History  of  Pryn  ]\Iawr  College  in 
Montgomery  County,  Pennsylvania,  Ed- 
ward R.  Turner,  writes  as  follows  in  tin- 
April  nunAer  of  191 1  of  the  "Pennsyl- 
vania Magazine  of  History  and  Biogra- 
])hy"  under  the  title  "Slavery  in  Colonial 
Pennsylvania"  : 

"The  history  of  the  origin  of  Xegro 
slavery  in  this  region  is  lost  in  the  haze 
of  colonial  antiquity  but  we  know  that 
there  were  negroes  on  the  Delaware  in 
the  time  of  the  Swedes  and  Hollanders. 
.As  soon  as  English  settlers  appeared 
they  placed  negroes  in  service.  The 
registers  of  Xcw  Castle  (the  first  Eng- 
lish settlement  on  the  Delaware,  PI.  A. 
R.)  report  such  negroes  (slaves)  as 
early  as  1677.  We  find  them  in  Penn- 
svlvania  immediately  after  Penn's  arriv- 
al ..  .  TTcnnan  Opdegraeff  relates  in 
1684  in  his  simple  German  report  how 
black  persons  or  iMoreans  arc  held  in 
slavery.  .\s  a  matter-of-fact  Penn  spoke 
al>out  it  already  two  years  earlier  for 
when  he  granted  a  charter  to  the  Erec 
Society  of  Traders  he  devoted  a  section 
of  this  fundamental  law  to  a  discussion 
of  the  manner  of  treatment  of  negroes." 
Professor  Turner  also  relates  that  from 
1702  to  1775  various  attempts  were  made 
l)v  the  Assmblv  to  limit  the  slave  trade: 
"P>ut,"  he  continues,  "practically  in  cacli 
instance  the  lords  of  trade  vetoed  such 
resolutions  because  the  English  govern- 
ment would  not  iicrmit  colonial  legis- 
latures to  meddle  with  the  slave  trad" 
w^hich  was  then  carried  on  by  its  pro- 
tege the  ''African  Company." 


.Xccording  to  Professor  i  urner's  faiili- 
ful  preseniation  of  negro  slavery  in 
Pennsylvania  wdiich  coincides  with  thi 
rcpi^rts  in  Colonial  DcKTumcnts  it  will  be 
clear  why  Attorney  Pastorins  did  not 
apjil}'  at  the  "Schmiede"  (smith)  pointed 
out  b\  -Mr.  Kanfmann  because  this  could 
not  be  the  proper  "Schmiede"'  to  accom- 
plish anything.  The  doctor  of  law 
would  on  account  of  his  ignorance  of 
law  have  been  called  to  order  at  least. 
if  not  laughed  to  scorn.  I  also  question 
the  statement  that  Pastorius  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Assembly  in  1688  for  only  on 
September  29,  1709,  was  he  naturalizcil 
and  made  a  legal  citizen  of  Pennsylvania. 
It  is  inconceivable  that  as  a  non-citizer. 
he  could  have  been  a  member  of  the  leg- 
islature. 

Pastorins.  as  practically  all  (iermans. 
was  an  enemy  of  slavery  and  expresseii 
this  clearly  and  plainly  not  "only  a  sin- 
gle time"  as  Mr.  Kanfmann  writes  buc 
often  e.  g.  in  the  following  English. 
poem  in  the  "Peehive": 

Tf  in  Christ's  doctrine  we  abide. 
Then  God  is  surely  by  our  side  ; 
Put  if  we  Christ's  precepts  transgress, 
Xegroes  by  slavery  oppress, 
.\nd  white  ones  grieve  by  usury 
(  Two  evils  wdiich  to  heaven  cry  ) 
We've  neither  God  nor  Christ  his  son, 
P>nt  straight wa}-s  travel  hellwards  on. 

Tt  is  to  be  regretted  that  the  "Bee- 
hive" of  Pastorius  was  not  printed  in  it-; 
entirety  for  I  found  in  looking  througT. 
it  many  years  ago  that  there  were  other 
effusions  against  the  dreadful  institu- 
tion which  Mr.  Kanfmann  does  no: 
know.  What  better  under  the  conditions- 
referred  to  could  the  Germans  of  Ger- 
mantown  do  than  to  turn  exhortingly  t" 
the  saintl)'  Quakers  whii  at  that  time 
controlled  the  government  of  Pennsyl- 
vania ?  I  hope  this  may  be  sufficient  t>^ 
show  the  critic  that  Pastorius  well  knew 
where  to  find  the  proper  Schmiede  ir. 
regard  to  negro  slavery. 

2.  "Concerning  no  (jerinan  in  Auki- 
ica.  excepting  perhaps  Scliurz  has  s  ~ 
much   Ik  en    said    and    written    as    abou: 


20 


pi: NX  c;i:r MANIA. 


Pastorms."  Here  also  Mr.  Kauliuann  is 
'jTiot  acv]-iiainte(l  with  history,  lieforc  Or. 
''SejcieTi.=;ticker  in  the  year  1871  made  the 
•-•discovery  in  the  Acts  of  Germantown  ati/i 
liresc.t>j?d  Pastorius  from  the  shades  of  oIj- 
3iv'icm  hardly  anything;  was  known  ahou'; 
Hum.  Ang'lo-Americaii  students  of  his- 
lorv  lip  to  this  time  are  all  silent  ahon'. 
the  first  (jtrman  city  of  our  country  and 
•Its  founders.  J-"rancis  S.  Drake's  Dic- 
-tionary  of  .American  Jjiography  (Boston, 
3872)  does  not  mention  i'astorius  amont^ 
rjbe  ""ten  thousand  prominent  Ameri- 
,-cans"  in  which  thousands  of  third-class 
advocates  and  orthodox  preachers  ar:: 
^enhaJmed  for  all  time.  Even  the  g'ig'an- 
■f  jc  "Difiionary  of  Universal  Bioo-raphy" 
■^Tjv  John  Thomas,  published  by  the  Lip- 
■|)iincr.tt  Company  in  188 1  has  in  its  236c- 
<tlonble  c::)lumn  quarto  pag'es  no  room 
ior  Pastorius.  And  what  about  the  ac- 
. counts  about  .America  published  in  Ger- 
•TTiaDv?  The  eleventh  edition  of  Brock- 
'.hains'  Conversations  Lexicon  and  the 
isnpY»-t:Tneaiiary  volume  issued  in  1873  ol" 
-itourse  know  notliing-  of  Pastorius.  An 
:3Tt}flc  about  Carl  Schurz  appears,  but 
•  of  thj  .sic^niticant  physicist  and  philoso- 
•pher  J.  B.  Stallo  the  twelfth  and  thir- 
'f^i"T>tlo.  editions  of  the  Br(  ckhaus  Lexi- 
■  Ti  kn  iw  n oth'ng-.  Xothing-  better  is  to 
Ti)€  expected  from  Germany.  Fran,', 
l^hr  in  his  '"History  and  Conditions  ov 
-the  Germans  in  America"  makes  report 
4>nly  about  the  booklet  of  Pastorius.  let- 
•iers  published  by  the  father  of  Pastorius 
^rd  treats  him  as  of  secondary  considera- 
-ticm.  There  have  been  other  German- 
Americans  of  whtim  history  has  much 
•m'orc  to  say  than  about  Pastorius  and 
•Schm'z.  I  merely  mention  Charles  Seal  — 
N(Far  West)  h'ranz  Lieber  -{ud  many 
.-oth-rs.  1-A-en  here  Mr.  Kaufmann  is  on 
lihc  NxrouiL,''  scent. 

3.  "It  WMiild  be  verv  desirable,  in- 
^leed."  continues  Mr.  Kaufmann.  "if 
•<German-.\mericans  wonUl  yi^x  more  at- 
-Icntion  to  their  countrymen  v.-|k)  were 
•contemporaries  and  forerunners  of  J'a.>- 
lorius."  (  )f  the  names  Air.  Kaufmann 
-jnrntions  he  unfortunately  again  does  not 
"3c?)Lnv   the   historv.      He   names   the   two 


C'op.rad  W'eisers  (father  and  S'lu).  The 
elder  W'eiser  came  with  the  unfortunate 
company  of  l*alatines  who  in  the  years 
1700-1710  encamped  in  the  brown  heatii 
in  Li'udon.  driven  from  their  homes  by 
famine  and  who  were  sent  bv  the  Eng- 
lish government  t(^  the  New  Vi>rk  prov- 
ince to  burn  tar.  When  after  several 
}ears  they  were  cheated  out  of  the  land 
]  mmised  them,  the  older  Weiser  went  to 
England  as  commissioner  to  protest  in 
Parliament  against  the  rol)bery  but  ac- 
complished nothing"  and  after  his  return. 
he  with  a  number  ()f  his  Schoharie  Ger- 
mans moved  to  ]\nns}lvania  where  they 
settled  on  tlvj  Tulpehocken  (1729).  Here 
the  younger  \\'eiser  became  a  kind  of 
leailer  of  the  Germans  and  later,  because 
he  understood  the  lang^uag'e  of  the  Indi- 
ans, often  served  as  interpreter  in  the 
neg^otiations  with  the  Indians.  Concern- 
ing" his  inllucnce  among"  the  Germans  w\ 
Pennsylvania,  an  election  ]iamphlet  of 
Weiser's  ])ublished  by  me  in  the 
■■ULUt--che  Pionier"  \'ol.  X  p  230  of  the 
\''-ar  i~4[  g-';v^s  informatiMn.  This  and 
'he  f-icl  that  he  became  the  father-in- 
law  of  Henry  Afelchior  ?\[uhlenberg"  is 
the  essential  in  his  life.  1  do  not  contest 
his  importance  but  on  what  basis  docs 
he  declare  him  of  more  importance  than 
I'astorius  wdio  died  ten  years  before 
Weiser  came  to  Pennsylvania?  Perhaps 
he  bases  his  knowledg"e  on  the  boastful 
articles  by  eild  \^"olknweber.  "Aus  Penn- 
sylvaniens  truebster  Zeiten"  in  which 
nothing"  truthful  is  contained. 

Mr.  Satier  senior  is  also  mcnli(^ned  l)y 
Mr.  Kaufmann.  I'.ut  of  this  Christopher 
Saui'r  .Seideiisticker  in  "Deutsche  Pio- 
nier"' has  g"iven  exhaustive  information 
and  ])lacc(l  the  in-'.portance  of  him  and 
his  son  so  high  that  ^\v.  Kaufn"iann  can 
not  i)lace  it  hig"her.  P.ut  the  older  Sauer 
cv.mc  to  America  in  1726  and  settled  in 
( lermantown.  .f(nmded  by  Pastorius.  the 
only  German  rallying  point  in  the  Amer- 
ican colonies. 

4.  "Soon  Father  Muhlenberg"  ap- 
]'e:irs,"'  coniinues  Mr.  Katifmann.  If  Mr, 
Kaufmann  desires  to  sec  established  <i 
church  en"ipire  for  Gern"ian-America  with 


A    VINDirATIOX    OF    1-R\N<I>    DANII. 


l'.\STiil<ir 


21 


Muhlcnlioi'Li"  as  primate  1  will  say  to  hiir. 
ihat   this   c^miitry   is   not  a  church  stale 
.iiitl   with   all   (ItK'   respect   fur  the  veiier- 
ahk'  ])alriarch,  respectinj^-  whose  life  aivi 
labors  1   have  four  extensive  bioij;raphies 
•11  my  lil.rar\-,  his  main  service  consisted 
in  iiis  ha\iii,i;  l)een>  the  real  leader  at  the 
Ttsi  l.utlKran  synod  in  the  United  States 
in   1741;  and  later  became  the  busiest  re- 
l)orter  i>f  this  reli,y-ious  lx)dy  in  the  Halle 
K'epor'.s.     r.nt  .Muhlenberj:^-  only  came  t* 
America   in    the    fall   of    1742    to    labor 
ai;"ainst    tlii-   Moravians  then  s^rowin;^  in 
])owcr.      r.efore   him   many,   very  man}. 
Protestant  ministers  were  already  active 
here.     In   the  last   decade    of    the    I7lh 
century    Justus    I'^alkner    and    Bernhar^l 
lleinrich  Koster  arrived  at  Germantown 
of  whom   the  latter  returned  to  become 
the   Lutheran  court  preacher  at   Bruns- 
wick.     Scarcely   ten   years   later  George 
Michael  Weiss  arrived  there  as  the  first 
Keformed    Minister;    Michael    Schlatter, 
])rimate  of  the  Kefonned  Church  was  in 
America  the  first  third  of  the   i8th  cen- 
tury,   hence    long    before     Muhlenberg. 
Without  calling  attention  to  the  so-called 
Ins]>ired    wdio   were   the  first    and  mosL 
significant  i)reachers  of  faith,  more  than 
a  dozen  Lutheran  and  Reformed  preach- 
ers can  be  named  wdio  lalwrid  here  be- 
fore Muhlenlx;rg.     The  Moravians  even 
had  already  established  an  episcopate  at 
Bethlehem.   La.     In  view  of  this  Muhl- 
vnlx-rg    can    not    be    regarded    a    match 
(  ( iegenstiick)  to  Pastorius. 

5.  "And  then  the  forerunners  of  Pas- 
torius in  New  Amsterdam."  continues 
Mr.  Kaufmann  as  he  calls  attention  to 
the  (iermans  found  among  the  Holland- 
ers in  New  Netherlands  (New  York) 
and  the  Swedes  of  New  Jersey  and  Dela- 
ware. It  is  true  that  among  the  Hol- 
landers of  New  Netherlands  and  New 
Sweden  there  were  many  Germans,  per- 
haps a  third  or  even  the  half  of  them, 
but  these  came,  not  as  Germans  but  as 
Hollanders  and  Swedes  and  there  fini 
their  place. 

6.  That  Germans  migrated  into  Eng- 
lish colonies  before  the  time  of  Pastor- 
ius is  a  fact  and  need  not  be  brought  to 


light    1)\-    naming   John   Lederer.      EveiP 
if  educated  he   was  only  an  adventurer" 
and  a   former  professor  of  mathematics- 
at    Inglostadt.     luisebius   Francis   Kvhn' 
was    a    GatlKjlic    missionary    among   the 
wild    Indians,   who   followed   his  mathe- 
matical   inclinations    in    counx^ction    with' 
his  calling.     In  the  fall  of  1885  I  found 
on  the  occasion  of  my  visit  to  Richmond, 
\  a.,   in  the  state  papers  various  names- 
of  Germans   who  had   acquired   land   in- 
\'ii-ginia  before  1680.     In  the  spring  of' 
1887   I    found   at   Columbia,   the   capitals 
of  Soiuh  Carolina  in  the  Land  Register' si' 
office  tlie  names  of  more   than  30  Ger^- 
mans   who   had   bought  land  within   the- 
l)rovince  between  1660  and  1680.    These- 
lands    were   in     the     three    counties-    o£ 
Orangeburg.  Richland  and  Lexington  cm 
the  upi^er  Edisto   and  Congaree  riv-er?^ 
and  this  district,  a-  hundred  years  later.:^ 
still  bore  the  name,  Saxe-Gotha  dislric':- 
But  all  these  German' immigrant-^  ir.  X'ir- 
ginia  and  South  Carolina,  if  th:y  ^e-^kicd^ 
on  the  acquired  land,  came  there-  a:s  in-' 
dividuals    and    their   names   :\nd   history- 
are  sunk  in  the  mists  of  the  pas:  so  tha& 
one  can  only  give  traditions  about  *heni> 
7.     With   Pastorius  and  the   fotmsiingf 
of  (iermantown  tradition  disappear.^  asid! 
history  shows  spirit  and  life.     Ifow  s\i(f 
why   this    is    the   only   and    incontestible 
beginning  of  history  of  GcrmaiT  imnu'gra-- 
ti()n   into  this  country   I   will   briefly  set: 
forth    for  the  benefit  of  my   friend,,  Mr l 
Kaufmann,  and  all  (li>ubters. 

While  AVilliam  Penn  was  travelling  iw 
Germany  as  a  missionary  of  the  religious'' 
sect  of  John  Knox  he  received  notice  o*^ 
the  donation  by  King  Charles  H  of  tlit-* 
territory  west  of  the  Delaware  and  Ije— 
tween    New    "S'ork    and    Maryland,   evei:^ 
since   bearing  his    name,    Pennsylvania^ 
Penn   had  become  acquainted  at  Frank- 
fort on  the  \ia\u  with'  some  cntlTivsiasts- 
CSchwarmcr")   and  to  these  he  sold  in;-' 
1682,  already,  25,000  acres  of  land  lying' 
on    a    navigable    river.      This    company 
named   Pastorius  their  authorized  agent 
in  America  to  select,  manage,  rent  undi 
sell  the  land.     In  addition  the  first  cxA- 
onv  of  Tier  mans,- the  Crefelders.  had  ac- 


22 


Till-;  i'i;xx  t;r:i<.MA\iA. 


x:;uirc(l  1 8.003  acres  of  land  ami  those 
-vvho  followed  Pastorius  became  the 
Tounders  of  the  first  German  settlement, 
planned  in  Germany.  Pastorius,  who 
liad  arrived  in  America  in  the  summer 
of  1683  chose  by  Penn's  consent,  the  land 
lying-  north  of  Philadelphia  and  on  the 
AX'issahickon.  He  secured  a  surveyor  to 
survev  and  lay  it  out  in  building-  lots 
Slid  parcels  of  ground  and  here  was 
founded  the  first  city  in  America  settle  1 
hy  Germans  to  which  they  gave  the  name 
■Cxermantown.  This  was  28  years  before 
Kocherthal  landed  on  the  Hudson  and 
nnore  than  30  vears  before  the  Germans 
imdtr  the  older  Weiser  settled  the  four 
communities  in  .  the  Schoharie  X'alley 
l<nown  only  by  their  names. 

The  colonv  and  city  founded  b_\-  Pas- 
torius and  the  17  German  famihes  soon 
thereafter  received  from  Governor  Penn 
a  charter  and  independent  government, 
jurisdiction  and  city  seal  which  was  con- 
firmed by  the  provincial  council,  and  now 
1)egan  the  renowned  city  activity  of  Pas- 
torius as  a  leader  of  the  German  settle- 
inent.  He  was  the  first  German  justice 
of  peace  of  the  community,  became  their 
recorder  and  opened  the  "Grund  an  1 
Lager  P.uch"  with  a  German  historical 
statement  of  events  up  to  the  foundmg 
of  the  city  and  community  which  he  pref- 
aced with  a  Latin  salutation  to  German 
posleritv; — "Salve  Posteritas." 

8.  '•I'astorius  who,  properly  speaking, 
never  got  beyond  his  four  poles,"  writes 
Mr.  Kaufmann  and  there'by  shows  thai 
lie  either  did  not  read  or  poorly  digested 
the  history  of  the  life  of  Pastorius.  In 
addition  to  the  agency  of  the  Fronkfort 
Company  which  he  filled  to  the  year  170c 
^lis  calling,  strictly  speaking,  was  that 
of  notary  and  legal  adviser.  lUit^  h ; 
-filled  in  addition  many  other  offices. 
Several  limes  he  was  the  burgess  of  the 
citv  founded  by  him  and  until  the  year 
I70r)  when  the  charter  of  Germantown 
expired  and  was  not  renewed,  almost 
continually  the  clerk  and  register  of  the 
city  and  in  the  year  1693  Governur 
Fletcher  appointed  him  justice  of  the 
peace,  not  only  for  Germantown  but  for 


the  whole  county  of  I^hiladelphia.  Hii 
judicial  books  are  still  preserved  intact. 
That  educational  matters  in  the  colonies 
were  then  in  poor  condition  can  be  read 
hundredfold  in  all  histories  of  the  period. 
In  Pennsylvania  as  well  educational  mat- 
ters were  at  a  standstill.  Philadelphia 
since  1683  indeed  had  a  school  teacher, 
Enoch  Mower,  to  wdioni  Pastorius  sent 
his  two  sons  but  this  was  the  only  school 
in  the  \v'hole  ])rovince.  Here  again  it 
was  the  "soft  and  easy  German  book- 
worm Pastorius"  who  in  1702  became  the 
first  (ierman  pioneer  schoolteacher  in 
this  country  in  a  school  founded  by  the 
G-^rman  residents  of  Germantown  over 
which  Pastorius  presided  as  teacher  for 
]/  years.  The  school  was  regularly  or- 
ganized and  the  first  year  Aret  Klinken. 
Peter  Shoemaker  and  I^aul  Wolf  served 
as  the  schoolboard  and  21  families  be- 
longed originally  to  the  school  commun- 
it}-.  Seidensticker  gives  the  names  of 
over  80  families  whose  children  attended 
the  Pastorius'  school.  That  from  this 
school  a  pupil  of  our  learned  preceptor 
went  forth  as  a  teacher  of  a  school  in 
Philadelphia  is  worth  reading.  His  name 
is  Fdwanl  Cadwallader,  showing  thai 
Ivnglish  families  entrusted  their  children 
to  the  school  of  the  first  (German  teachee 
in  America  who  imparted  not  only  Ger- 
man but  also  English  instruction. 

Pastorius.  although  educated  as  a  doc- 
tor of  laws  in  German  universities,  wa- 
in America  not  a  practicing  advocate. 
I  "vulgo  Rechtsverdreher')  for  ajjpoini- 
ment  by  the  crown  of  England  and  Eng- 
lish citizenship  would  have  been  neces- 
sary. lUit  Pastorius  and  the  German 
residents  of  Germantown  were  no  citi- 
zens i)riiir  to  September  29,  1709  be- 
cause on  that  day  he  and  91  of  his  fellow 
citizens  of  Germantown  (a  (ierman  from 
llucks  County  was  among  them)  were 
naturalized  by  the  Provincial  Council 
and  tile  de]iui_\-  ( iovernor  Charles  God- 
kin.  I'astorius  was  likewise  the  watch- 
ful defendtr  of  the  rights  of  his  com- 
mup.ity  and  often  defended  their  rights 
liefore  Assembly  and  the  Provincial 
Council.     Thus  in  the  case  of  the  arrant 


A    NlNDIl  Al  ION    or     !  KA.Nl'lS    DANIKl.    PASTORIUS 


23 


swindler  John  Henry  S]m-o^c1  who  in 
conjunction  with  Daniel  I'alkncr,  the  ap- 
])ointc(l  ai^'cnt  of  the  1 'rank fort  Com- 
pany following  I'astorius  attempted  to 
cheat  the  Clermans  (Uit  of  their  lands  in 
that  on  forged  contracts  he  received  an 
order  of  expulsion  from  the  court  of 
Thiladcli)hia  and  threatened  to  drive  the 
(iermans  frt)ni  house  and  home  who 
could  not  find  an  advocate  to  defend 
them  in  the  wlhole  province.  Sprog'el 
had  retained  all  the  lawyers  and  without 
an  advocate  they  were  not  allowed  to 
appear  hefore  court.  But  I'astorius  had 
a  plan  and  brought  the  matter  before  the 
deputy  governor  and  the  provincial  coun- 
cil and  these  annulled  the  court  decision, 
March  i,  1709.  as  a  heinous  outrage. 
This  is  surely  not  a  weakling  as  Air. 
Kaufmann  delights  to  picture  Pastoriu-. 
\\  ho,  in  addition  to  caring  for  his  garden 
and  his  surprising  industrious  author- 
ship and  writing  of  poetry  spent  his  time 
as  we  have  seen  as  business  man,  ofificer, 
teacher,  advocate  and  in  many  other  acti- 
vities. 

9.  To  min.imize  Clermantown  as  the 
original  settlement  of  German  immigra- 
tion Mr.  Kaufmann,  basing  his  remarks 
on  Professor  Rupp's  writings,  says  tha: 
in  the  year  17 10  the  city  had  only  20:,) 
inhabitants.  Ru])p  at  the  time  he  wrote 
this  could  not  have  made  original  in- 
vestigations, but  apparently  had  drawt: 
this  number  from  Watson's  Annals  which 
were  printed  too  years  after  Watson's 
death.  But  this  figure  does  not  agree 
with  the  number  of  adult  male  resident.^ 
of  Germantown  as  in  the  year  1709 
ninety  were  naturalized.  Counting  as 
many  families  as  adult  males  and  five 
persons  for  each  family  we  have  twice 
the  po])ulation  that  Rupp  mentions.  And 
even  if  that  number  were  correct  what 
has  that  to  do  with  the  whole  question: 
Ik-fore  the  year  1709  German  emigration 
was  but  small ;  only  in  the  year  following 
the  famine  vear.  '170S,  did  it  increase. 
And  thus  we  see  how  in  ten  of  fifteen 
years  Germantown  had  d.veloped  into 
the  special,  not  to  say  the  only  gathering 
place  of  (^.erman   immigration    into    the 


I'nited  States.  Here  throbbed  Ciirman 
business  and  spiritual  life  as  nowhere 
else.  Where  is  there  another  place  be- 
side Germantown  where  by  the  middle  of 
the  i8th  century  such  a  live  German 
activity  showed  itself.  liere  was  the 
center  of  German  book  and  newspa])cr 
])ublication  throughout  the  eighteenth 
and  into  the  nineteenth  century.  Here 
the  first  printing  with  German  characters 
was  done  and  the  Saurs  issued  three 
editions  of  a  German  Quarto  Bible  be- 
fore an  English  Bible  was  |)rinled  in 
America.  Here  appeared  for  more  thai; 
a  third  of  a  century  the  pioneer  of  the 
(jerman  newspapers  in  this  country. 
Here  were  printed  the  first  German  al- 
manacs, the  actual  family  books  of  th? 
people,  and  the  greater  number  of  Ger- 
man books  in  general  during  the  century 
named.  Jt  is  also  a  question  whether 
the  fir.st  paper  was  not  manufactured 
here  hut  it  is  certain  that  the  first  type- 
foundry  was  here.  Here  a  descendant 
of  the  first  German  immigrants.  John 
Ludwig  Gottfried  (or  as  he  had  angli- 
cized liimself  Godfrey)  invented  the  nau- 
tical quadrant  and  here  the  German  Rit- 
tenhouse  constructed  his  renowned  plan- 
etarium (Orrery)  which  Jefferson  called 
the  greatest  work  of  ingenious  art  in 
America.  Can  Mr.  Kaufmann  name  an- 
other place  of  that  period  in  this  country 
where  German  spirit  throbbed  so  warm- 
Iv  as  in  Germantown? 

Tliat  so  little  was  known  of  it  before 
the  time  of  Seidensticker.  i.  e.  before 
1870,  is  due  to  the  fact  that  about  Tio 
years  ago  Germantown  lost  its  existenc^^ 
and  became  a  part  of  Philadelphia  of 
which  it  now  forms  a  part.  Its  docu- 
nientarv  history  it  lost  already  in  the  time 
of  the  Revolutionary  War  when  by  reso 
lution  of  the  Pennsylvania  .\ssembly 
the  ancient  documents  were  lodged  in 
the  Recorder's  Ofifice  in  Philadeli)hia 
where  thev  were  buried  a  full  century 
until  through  Seitlensticker's  industry  m 
making  oilleclions  they  were  discovered 
and  the  sealed  history  of  the  first  purely 
German  inmngrati<^n  and  its  leaders  lai'l 
before  the  world. 


24 


THE   TENN    GERMAXIA. 


lo.  "German  ininiigraiion,""  writes  Mr. 
Kaufmann  in  conclusion,  "began  not  in 
1682  (sic!)  but  in  1620,"  etc.  What. 
Mr.  Kaufmann  sets  forth  in  a  long  gali- 
matias about  the  Germans  among  the 
Hollanders  has  been  answered  in  my 
fifth  note.  The  researches  of  Mr.  Otto 
Lr)hr  which  seemed  to  be  based  on  "Hol- 
landish  sources"  are  unknown  to  me.  1 
believe  Jiowever  that  they  contine  them- 
selves to  the  papers  in  the  office  of  the 
Secretary  of  State  of  New  York  at  Al- 
bany which  were  edited  and  translated 
hv  JNIr.  Ternow.  These  I  examined  al- 
ready in  1876  on  the  occasion  of  an  ex- 
tended stay,  ivom  which  also  I  made  ex- 
tracts in  my  paper  on  Augustin  Her- 
mann. That  among  these  Hollandish 
and  numerous  German  papers  much  sec- 
ondary matter  is  found  I  convinced  my- 
self at  the  time.  }5ut  of  a  connected  his- 
tory of  the  Germans  prior  to  1709  I 
fouml  nothing  in  the  numerous  manu- 
scrijit  volumes  and  what  is  there  relates 


not  to  the  ])eriod  of  the  Hollanders  bu:- 
to  English  colonial  histiiry.  A  part  of 
these,  if  not  all,  has  been  pulilished  by 
^Ir.  Fernow  under  the  title;  "New  York 
Historical  Documents,  new  series."  On 
the  basis  of  tlie  names  appearing  in  these 
papers  it  is  a  doubtful  imdertaking  Lo 
determine  whether  the  bearers  thereof 
were  Hollanders  or  Low  Germans  since 
in  the  whole  of  Xr)rthwest  Germany  the 
family  names  are  in  many  cases  the 
same  in  smuid  as  those  of  the  Holland- 
ers. 

I  bLlicvc  that  1  have  lurewiih  answer- 
ed all  ulijections  of  Mr.  Kaufmann 
against  I'astiirius  and  the  f<.)unding  ot 
Germantown  as  the  starting  point  of 
German  immigration  into  the  Unite  1 
States  and  remanded  tlum  to  their  pro- 
per placLS  in  historv  and  maintain  there- 
fore the  historic  fact  that  the  actual 
German  immigration  began  with  Pastor- 
ius  and  his  co-colonists  in  the  vear  i'>8j 


The  National  Cjcrman-Amcrican 

Alliance,   and  the  Washinaton 

Con\  ention 

Bv  Albert  Godsho,  Assistant    Secretary  of   the  Alliance. 


A\-.  imre  ami  un>rlti,-h  niolixcs  ut  ihe   ImiiKkTs-ol  nui"  iia- 

Tlion   L'vitk'iicrd   ill   thai  inunoiial  record  of  their  labors,. 
llic   t'onsutulioii.   liiul  a   similar  parallel   in   the  sirug-gle 

lieiiiLi    wa'^ed   In    the   nieiiil)ers   of   the   nalioiial   (icrnian 

Aiuerican  Alliance  I'or  a  ^'realer  recos^nilion  and  appre 

ciation  of  hii;her  cnltnral  ideals. 

In  this  strn!;'L;ic  the  Alliance  has  to  cope  with  the  con^e- 
(piences  of  tlu-   wiindcrfnl   material  i)ro:^ress   wrought    from   the   Mna" 
lie^innin^-  when,  united  to  a    connnon    purpose,    the    nucleus    id'    th 
thirteen  Stati>  lirst  came  into  existence,  to  the  ^rand  cluster  <jf  fort) 
ei^hl  Slates  now  united  into  a  common  ])owerful  comitry  with  a  ])opu- 
lation  of  a  humhed  millions,  all  exploiting;  oiu'  immense  resources  and 
l-)r(js])erin<^-.     And  wall  can  it  then  he  understood  that  somethin.G;  that 
our  fathers  stood  for.  siimethint^  that  they  were  strivincj'  for,  has.  been 
lart>"ely  of  late  l()st   s:<;ht  of.     lUit  as  an   old   (ierman   i)roverb  says: 
"Das   sind   die    schlechtestcn    l'"ruechte   niclit,   an    denm    die   Wuermer^ 
nai4"en."     i  !t  is  not  the  worst  fruit  that  worms  will  feed  upon). 

The  National  ( ierman-American  Alliance,  rccoi^nizing"  that  withor.t 
cultural  ideals  and  aims  no  nation  could  ever  attain  to  real  greatness 
and  .subsequent  national  immortality  has  written  culture  and  knowledge 
for  our  American  Nation  upon  its  banner:  culture  and  knowledge  in 
the  German  sense,  fcir  their  own  sake,  n(..t  for  what  they  could  realize 
towards  material  or  individual  ends. 

To  this  loftv  ])urpMse  the  Alliance  has  been  conceived  b\-  tlu"  patriotic- 
element  of  (Icrman  Ijirth  or  extraction  of  our  Republic.  It  fe.ls  that 
its  (hvty  is  to  remedy  to  the  best  of  its  abilit)-  the  lack  of  Ideals:  to  WW 
the  hollowniss  and  shallowness  of  ])urely  materialistic  ])ro>pLrit\-  with- 
the  solid  happiness  and  real  contentment  of  ])nrely  cultural  achieve- 
ments, to  put  in  ])lace  of  the  ])ursin'ts  for  mdividual  aggrandizement  the 
greater  nalio.nal  economic  worth  of  ])ursuits  benefitting  many. 

.\s  to  (Ierman  Ideals  of  today,  however,  no  one  defines  them  better- 
than  I'rofessor  Kuno  b'rancke.  They  are  "Social  justice  as  the  cimi- 
trolling  force  in  the  development  of  political  institutions,  social  effi- 
ciency as  the  goal  of  education,  universal  sympathy  with  life  as  the 
guiding  principle  of  literature  and  art — thi.^  is  a  triad  (jf  uplifting" 
motives  which  cannot  help  to  stimulate  every  constructive  energv,  ever.- 
power  of  good,  containe<l  in  the  nation." 

A.  D.  W'hite,  former  I'.  S.  Ambassador  to  Germany,  says  in  his  l)ook 
"Some  Practical  Intluences  of  G.rman  Thought  upon  the  I'nited 
States :" 

The  dominant  idea  is.  as  I  understand  it,  that  the  ultimate  end  of  a  .s^reat 
modern  nation  is  soniethin.g  iK'sides  'manufacturing,  or  carrying,  or  buying 
or  stalling  products;  that  art,  literature,  science  and  thought,  in  its  highest. 
fllirhTs  and  \vid»>st  ranges,  are  greater  and  more  important:   and  that  highest 

25 


-2H  THE    I'KXX    GERMAN! A. 

of  all— is  the  one  growth  i'or  which  all  wealth  exists — is  the  higher  and  better 
develoa^ment  of  man,  not  merely  as  a  planner  or  worker,  or  a  carrier,  or  a 
buyer  or  seller,  but  as  a  man.  In  no  land  has  this  idea  penetrated  more 
deeply  than  in  Germany,  and  it  is  this  idea  which  should  iwnetrate  more 
and  more  American  thought  and  (practice. 

The  Alliance  was  founded  in  1900,  and  desires  to  enroll  American 
nVv-n  and  women  of  (lerman  origin  within  its  lines.  Its  aims  were 
al)ly  set  forth  by  Dr.  C.  J.  Hexamer,  the  President  of  the  National 
.\nferican  Alliance,  in  opening"  the  Convention  on  "German  Day"'  in 
^^'ashingt()n  on  October  6th,  191 1,  when  he  said: 

May  the  National  German  Americal  Alliance,  with  its  motto,  "Pro 
bono  publico,"  flourish  and  prosper ! 

A  great  orato^r  once  said  "People  will  not  look  forward  to  posterity 
who  never  look  backward  to  their  ancestors."  This  is  quite  true,  but 
with  equal  justice  a  wit  remarked:  "The  man  who  has  not  anything 
to  boast  of  but  his  illustrious  ancestors  is  like  a  potato,  the  only  good 
belonging  to  him  is  under  ground!" 

U  is  the  ha]5])y  combination  of  the  two,  the  study  of  what  our  an- 
cestors did  in  the  upbuilding  of  our  glorious  Nation  and  in  the  culti- 
vation and  i-er]ietuation  of  all  that  is  good,  noble-,  uplifting  and  beauti- 
fid  in  German  character  and  culture  for  the  good  of  the  entire  Ameri- 
can people,  that  the  National  German  American  Alliance,  which  now 
consists  of  over  two  millions  of  members,  sees  its  raison  d  'etre.  In 
a  word,  we  strive  for  better  American  citizenship! 

In  i^iractical  materialistic  achievements  the  American  people  is  forg- 
ing ahead  in  cast  strides,  Avhat  it  lacks  most  is  a  striving  for  those 
highest  ideals  of  culture  and  happiness  so  dear  to  the  German  heart. 
A  former  l*resident  of  the  P^^nited  States  thought  that  the  foremost 
mission  of  the  German  American  was  to  teach  the  American  Nation. 
German  "Gemutlichkeit,"  that  power  of  the  full  enjoyment  of  life, 
the  pleasure  of  living,  without  license  and  excess;  for  as  he  put  it. 
the  .Vmerican  people  take  their  pleasures  sadly  or  else  nm  riot. 

ddie  German  American  has,  however,  a  still  greater  mission.  \\'hat 
he  needs  to  impress  upon  our  people  arc  the  highest  ideals  of  German 
thought:  a  ju.st  appreciation  of  the  rights  of  others,  of  the  good  and 
the  1)eautiful  in  nature,  in  art,  in  science,  in  music  and  jihilosophy, 
rnid  also  those  highest  ideals  of  teaching  which  produce  not  an  aver- 
age mediocrity,  but  great  intellects,  great  investigators,  and  great 
masters.  As  has  been  well  said;  "Only  such  great  masters  will  make 
a  i)eo])le  immortal."  And  to  produce  such  masters  and  thinkers  we 
mu.st  cttltivate  German  "Gemtitstiefe"  and  the  grand  old  German  ideal 
that  material  advancement  is  of  subsidiarv  im])ortancc.  that  we  must 
strive  for  higher  culture,  the  study  of  the  arts  and  sciences  f(n'  the 
sake  of  the  truth  and  the  happiness  tln'\-  liring,  not  for  the  sake  of 
])rospective  personal  advancement  or  material  gains. 

It  is  unnecessary  to  touch  here  on  the  great  ctdtural  work  already 
accomplished  by  the  Alliance,  as  it  is  generalU-  known,  and  mu'  labours 
have  been  published  in  our  transactions.  .\  grcil  statesman  once  saitl 
that  "The  masses  have  ap]n-eciation  for  the  material  in  life  onlv.  ' 
ddiis  certaiidy  has  jiot  l)een  true  of  the  millions  of  members  of  ouv 
Alliance,  where  those  of  all  classes  frdin  the  mechanic  to  the  iniiversity 
])rofcssor  are  l)an(led  together  to  advance  ideals. 


rilK     NATIONAI.    C.KRMAX-AMKKIC  AX     AI.I.IAX(i:  27 

Tf  wc  ("icrnuui  Americans  will  remain  true  to  the  ideals  of  our  fore- 
fathers, we  sliall  succeed  in  transi)lantin^-  tlum  to  the  entire  Americar: 
people,  and  it  will  arise  and  call  us  blessed,  livery  (K'rman  American 
should  remember  that : 

"livery  i^erson  is  res])onsible  for  all  the  mood  within  the  scope  of 
his  abilit}- !" 

The  tremendous  applause  which  iLjreUed  these  words  of  I'resirlent 
Hexamer  showed  how   i1k'\-  struck  home. 

The  followiuL;  Resolulion  of  principles  and  th.'  basis  for  the  aims 
esj^ouscd  b)-  the  Alliance  was  ado]>leil  at  its  first  constitutional  Conven- 
tion on  JuuL'  Id,  K)00.  after  many  i)reliminary  steps  and  after  the 
oris^inal  imiwlse  of  a  nation  wide  .Alliance  had  been  t^iven  throuQli 
the  fountlation  of  the  German  .\m.rican  .Mliance  of  Pennsylvania. 
rrivciples  itf  tlic   Xdtiotin/   (It-iiiKth-  Aurrirmi    AHidiirp  nf  tlic    Uni'cd 

Sfnfp^   of  America 

The  National  Gernian-.'^meriean  Alliaiif^  aims  to  a.wakcn  an:l  strengthen 
the  sense  of  unity  anions:  the  peoijle  of  German  origin  in  America  witih  a 
view  to  prcniote  'the  use^fnl  avx\  healthy  develO';i:ment  of  the  power  inherent 
in  them  as  a  united  body  for  the  mutual  ener,?Ptic  protection  of  such  legiti- 
mate desires  and  interests  not  inconsistent  with  the  common  good  of  the 
country,  and  the  rigMs  and  duties  of  good  citizens:  to  check'  nativistic  en- 
croachments; to  irain'tain  and  safeguard  the  good  friendly  relations  existing 
between  America  and  ithe  oM  German  fatherland.  To  read  the  history  of 
German  immigration  is  to  be  convinced  how  much  it  has  coiUribut''d  to  the 
advancement  of  the  &-i)iritual  and  economic  develo'iment  of  this  country,  and 
to  realize  what  it  is  still  destined  to  contribute,  and  hew  the  German  im- 
migrant has  at  all  times  stood  by  his  adojiteil  country  in  weal  or  in  wee. 

The  Alliance  demands  therefore  the  full  honest  recognition  af  these  merits 
and  cinjoses  every  atten^pt  to  belittle  them.  Always  true  to  the  adopted 
ccuntry.  ever  reaxly  to  risk  all  for  its  welfare,  sincere  and  unselfish  in  tho 
exercise  cif  the  duties  of  citizenship,  resiseeting  the  law — still  remains  th"' 
watchword!  It  has  no  exclusive  interests  in  view,  nor  the  founding  of  a 
State  within  a  State,  but  «€e.s  in  the  centralization  of  the  inhabitants  of 
German  origin  the  shortest  road  to  and  the  surest  guarantee  for  the  attain- 
ment cf  the  aims  set  forth  in  this  constitution:  it  calls  therefore  on  all 
German  organiza'tions—  as  the  organized  representatives  of  the  German 
spirit  and  manners— to  co-oparate  with  it  for  their  healthy  development, 
and  recommends  further  the  formation  of  Societies  in  all  the  States  of  th  ■ 
T'nion  Tor  the  preservation  of  the  interests  of  German-Americans,  looking 
toward  an  eventual  centralization  of  these  societies  into  a  great  German- 
American  Alliance,  and  would  have  all  German  societies  consider  it  a  duty 
and  an  honcr  to  join  the  organization  in  their  respective  States.  The  Alli- 
ance engages  to  labor  firmly  and  at  all  times  with  all  the  legal  means  at  its 
coniimand  for  the  maintenance  and  propagation  of  its  princii)les,  and  to  de- 
fend them  energetically  wherever  and  wihenever  they  are  in  danger;  its 
purposes  are   the  following  platform: 

1.  The  Alliance,  as  such,  refrains  from  all  interference  in  iparty  politics. 
re=erviing.  however,  the  right  and  duty  to  defend  its  principles  also  in  the 
political  field,  in  case  these  should  h^  attacked  or  endangered  by  political 
measures. 

2.  Questions  and  matters  of  religion  are  strictly  exclude<J. 

3.  It  recommends  the  introduction  of  the  study  of  German  into  the  public 
schools  on  the  following  broad   basis: 

Along  with  English,  German  is  a  world  language;  wherever  the  pioneers 
of  civilization,  trade  and  commerce  have  penetrated,  we  find  the  people  of 
both  languages  represented;  wherever  real  knowledge  of  another  language- 
prevails  more  generally,  there  an  independent,  clear  and  unprejudiced 
understanding  is  more  easily  formed  and  mutual  friendly  relations  promoted. 

4.  We  live  in  an  age  cf  pnr^igress  and  invention;    the  pace  of  our  time  is 


o^ 


Till".  ri:xx  (■,i:rm.\xia. 


1-a.picI,  and  the  demands  on  the  individual  are  inexorable;   the  pliysieal  exer- 
tion involved  drnTcases   the  demands  on   the   bodily  itoree;    a  healthy    mind' 
should   live   in  a   healthy   body.     For  these  reason.s  the   Alliance  will   labor 
I'or  the  introduction  of  systemaric  and  practical  gymnastic  (ijhvi^ical  culture 
instruction  in  the  imblis  sohcols. 

5.  It  furthermore  declares  in  favcr  of  taking  the  school  out  of  politics.. 
for  only  a  system  of  edueation  that  is  free  from  political  influence  can  oft'e. 
the  .people  real  and  satisfactory  schools. 

0.  It  calls  on  all  Germans  to  acquire  the  right  of  citizeu.-^hip  as  soon  a- 
they  are  legally  entitled  to  it,  to  take  an  active  part  in  public  life,  and  tO' 
exercise  their  right  at  the  ixills  fearlessly  and  according  to  their  own  judg- 
ment. 

7.  It  re<oni.niends  either  a  liberal  and  modern  interpretation,  or  the  aboli- 
tion of  lavvs^  that  put  unnecessary  diiticulties  in  the  way  of  acquiring  the 
right  to  citizenship,  and  fi-^queutly  entirely  prevent  it.  Grcjod  character., 
unblamable  upright  lifo.  obedience  to  laws  should  decide,  and  not  the  an- 
swering or  non-answering  of  arbitrary  .-elected  political  or  historical  ques- 
tions, which  easily  confuse  the  app'licant. 

8.  It  opposes  any  and  every  restriction  of  immigration  of  h.althy  preson.-- 
from  Euro'pe,  exclusive  of  convicted  criminals  and  anarchi.sts. 

9.  It  favors  tlie  abolition  of  antiquated  laws  no  longer  in  accordance  witi: 
the  spirit  of  the  times,  which  check  ives  inteicour.=e  and  restrict  the  persona' 
freedom  of  the  citizen. 

•  10.  It  recomniend's  the  founding  of  educational  societies  which  will  foster 
the  German  language  and  iliterature,  teach  those  anxious  to  learn,  and  ar- 
ranige  courses  of  lectures  on  art  and  science  and  questions  of  general  interest 

11.  It  recouMiiends  a  systematic  invest igatiO'U  of  the  share  Germans  have 
had  in  the  developanent  of  their  adapted  country,  in  war  and  in  peace,  in. 
ujU  kinds  of  German-Ameidcan  activity,  from  the  earliest  days,  as  the  basis 
for  'he  founding  and  continuance  of  a  German-American  history. 

iL'.  It  reserves  the  right  to  extend  or  supylemeni  this  platioi-iii,  when  new 
conditions  within  the  scciie  of  its  time  and  aims  niai<.e  it  desirable  or  neces- 
sary. 

I  can  best  i^'ivc  a  general  idea  of  ilie  work  of  the  Alliance  at  a  i^'lance.- 
by  a  terse  ciironicle  vi  the  proceedings  and  reports  of  its  National 
biennial  convcnlions  held  m  Mjoi,  lyoj  (^and  Germanic  Congress,. 
1904),   ]9e~)5,   Kjo/,  1909  and   1911. 

1899,  April  16 

Founding  oi  the  Gennan-Anicrican  Central  Alliance  of  i'ennsvlvania_ 

This  Alliance  gives  impulse  to  the  idea  of  the  con.solidation  of  the- 

Gennau-American  element  and  starts  the  German  American  inoveiiienL 

all  over  the  Gnilid  States  which  crystallizes  iiUo  the  Xntional  Gcnnan- 

Amcrican  .llliancc. 

1900,  June  19 

Preliminary  Meeting"  at  I'hiladelphia,  i'a.,  of  Delegates  from  Penn- 
sylvania, Oiiio,  Maryland  and  Minnesota. 

1900,  October  6 

First  Convciuion:  formulating"  ai'ul  adopting  Coiistilution  of  The 
National  German-American  Alliance  of  the  United  States  at  Phila- 
delphia, in  the  Hall  of  the  German  Society  of  Pennsylvania. 

States  represented  at  this  Convention  were:  California,  District  of 
Columbia,  Idaho,  Indiana,  Maryland,  IMinnesota,  Missouri,  New  Jer- 
sey, New  York,  Ohio,  Pennsylvania,  West  Virginia,  Wisconsin. 

Officers  elected:     President:     Dr.  C.  J.  Hexamer,  Philadelphia,  Pa, 


N  ATK  i.\  .\[.    (",1".K  M  A  X-A  M  ICUICAX     A  1 .1.1  AXCli 


2D 


^'irst  A'icc    rroiik'tU  :  Wm.   L.    ICltcrich,   \\';i>hin-i()ii,  1).   C.      Sccc'id 
A'icc    IVesidcnt:    11.   C".    I'.locdcl,    1 'ittsljiir^ii,    I'a.    Secretary;     AddljV.i 

riiiini,  IMiiladclphia,  I'a. 

Resolution  cx()rcssini;-  indisT^nation,  horror  and  (leci)est  rc.Qret  at  the 
.Lssa.'isinalion  <>f  the  President  of  the   I'niled  States.     Letter  of  con- 
dolence to  his  widow,  Mrs.  ^^'illianl  McKinlev. 
Topics  of  tlie  Convention: 

Gennan-.Anierican  Historical  research  '\\nicricana-(jernianica,"  tier 
,nan     .\iuerican     Historical     Society.       German-American     Theatre. 
••.>rman- .American  Teachers'   Seminary  at  Milwaukee.     Planninf,^  fo:' 
I  he  erection  of  a  monument  commemoratiui;  the  first  permanent  .set- 
tlement of  (iermans  under  Pastorius  at  (lermantown.  Biennial  meetin,!4 

)f     National     Conventions.       Alliance     Headquarters,    i.    c.,    National 
Headciuarters  in   Philadelphia.     Next  Convention  to  l)e  held  at  P.alti- 

norc,  Md. 

1903,  September  12 

Second  Convention  in   P.altimore,  Md.,  in  the  Hall  of  "Turnvercin 
A'orwaerts." 

States  rei)resented  bv  delegates:  California,  Delaware,  District  ot 
■Columbia.  Georgia,  Idaho.  Illinois,  Indiana,  Iowa,  iVIaryland,  Alassa- 
.duisetls.  Minnesota.  Missouri,  New  Jersey,  New  York,  Ohio.  Pcnn- 
^vlvania,  West  \'irg-inia,  Wisconsin,  Texas. 

'National'  President's   Report   and  Address    (ITcxamer).      Immigra- 
tion;  Gen.    Steuben  ^Monument :   Pension    for  widow   of   Gen.    Sigel ; 
Local  Option;  P.luc  Laws  to  suit  m<-)dern  C(Midit;ons  ;   Hillegas  Afonu- 
nent. 
Reports  of  the  State  Presidents: 

District  of  Columbia   (V'oelcknerV 
Great  difticulties  in    organizing    for    National    .Mljance.    although. 
i:)istrict  .Mliance  existed  since  1890:  great  future  certain.     Department 
)f  Legal  assistance  and  advice.     Committee  on  Legislation  always  on 
guard?    1^-eparalion   for  a  great  celebration  on  German  Day. 

"  Idaho  (Martin). 
Difliculties  of  organizing,  aithough  an  association  of  German  farm- 
-crs.  etc..   exists   since   Sept.    t8.    1898    (Farmers  of   Fayette   Valley V 
Good  opening  i'V  German  immigrants.     Agitation  for  German  papers 
and  schools. 

Illinois. 
German-.Auurican  Historical  Society  of  Illinois  and  German-Ameri- 
can Alliance  of  Chicago  and  surrounding  Cities,  expect  to  join  Na- 
tional .Mliance  very  shortly. 

Indiana. 
German  element  much  esteemed  in  Indianapolis  (Keller  and  Lopcr,/ 
successfullv    maintaining    Personal    Liberty    principles    and  German- 
.  \mericans'conlrolling  schools.     (7300  children  are  learning  German). 

New  Jersey  .(Lienau). 
Great  success;  many  societies  join;  already  20.000  mcmlicrs.     Ger- 
man theatrical  performances.     Department  of  legal  assistance.     Ger 
:nan   Day  celebrations. 

New  York   ^Anderson). 
Alliance    of    the    German    Societies;  On   November    11.    K)02.    I4''^ 


30 


TIIK    )'i:\N    CKK. MANIA. 


societies  with  about  30,000  menihers.  Alliance  without  doubt  hai 
very  threat  future.  Department  for  Lei^al  assi.stance.  Active  and  suc- 
cessful a.ii'itation  for  ad  thin;^s  German- American  (very  strong  con- 
nections with  New  Jersey). 

Maryland  (Tjarks). 

StruL;'gle  ai^ainst  antiquated  "JUue  Laws."  lulucation  of  the  Ge:'- 
man  element  to  ask  for  recognition.  Excellent  proi^ress  and  i>rospecl.s 
in  spite  of  still  existing'  iniiitterence. 

Massachusetts  (  l^berhardt). 

Introduction  of  "Turnen""  (physical  culture)  in  i'uljlic  Schools 
successful,  (jood  results  are  anticipated  for  Alliance  in  liosion  (an-.l 
Massachusetts). 

Minnesota    (  Xiensladt ). 

Germans  in  I'ublic  Office  and  places  of  honor.     State  supplies  Ger- 
man school  l)Ooks.     Prospects  of  German  instruction  in  Tuljlic  Schools. 
Missouri   (Mrs.  Kichter). 

The  wife,  mother,  and  women's  Societies  of  great  hel])  and  value  to 
maintain  ( lerman  Language  in  the  family. 

Ohio  (Theimer). 

66  .Societies  as  Central  .Alliance  of  Gleveland.  1  Ia\-e  great  political 
weight.  Successful  maintenance  of  (  ierman  stU(h-  in  schools.  In- 
troduction of  "Turn.n"  (Physical  Culture),  (ierman  teachers  cm- 
ployed.  Energetic  stei)s  taken  against  antiquated  lUue  Laws,  and 
against  the  restriction  of  Personal  Liberty. 

T''ennsylvania   ('P)loedel) . 

State  Alliance  of  1 'cnnsylvania  from  \vhich  the  National  Alliance 
idea  was  patterned  is  llourisliing  and  can  re])ort  manv  successes.  (  Sc: 
Report  of  Dr.  Tlcxamer,  Ih-cs.  of  State  I'.ranch  of  Pennsylvania  and 
Xatioual  Alliance). 

AA'cst   A'irginia    (  PentcL 

Agitation  and  organization  is  steadily  and  successfullv  ])rogressing. 
\  ery  great  activity  of  C,erman  Americans,  (ierman  Theatre.  Ger- 
man Day  "Celebratii^n.  Study  (^f  German  in  Schiuds  maintained. 
Personal  Lil)ert_\-  defended. 

\\  isconsiii   f(iangelin). 

Agitation  and  success  so  far  for  Alliance  are  ])romising  great  things" 
for  Wisconsin  and  it  will  d.ubtless  liecoiue  a  verv  strong  Ijrancli  of 
the  National  Alliance. 

Many  oth.r  to])ics.  etc..  occu])ied  time  of  Second  Conventi(^n,  among 
these:  the  neds  of  the  Teachers'  Seminary,  permanent  fund  (Prof. 
Schonrich). 

Teachers'  .Association  {  Prof.  Fernn)  rcconuiiends  maintenance  of 
German  Language  before  everything:  'T'adagogische  Alonatshefte." 

Rudolph  Cronau  agitates  the  erection  of  a  monument  for  the  found- 
ers of  Germantown  under  Pastorius. 

German  .Vmerican  Central  Alliance  of  Califc^-nia  asks  for  strong- 
agitation  to  Commemorate  the  hundredth  anniversary  of  .Schiller's 
death  on  Alay  9th.  on  the  part  of  all  Gerjuan-.\mericans  in  the  C.  S. : 
German-.Vmerican  Annals;  State  to  vote  according  to  memhershi])  de- 
feated; Washington,  as  permanent  ])lace  of  Convention  (Ufeated: 
Convuitions  to  coincide  with  political  years — not  supported;  I'ropos- 
als  to  meet  alternately,  bienniall}-   in   East  and   West — accepted:   Per- 


THF,     NATION. \1.    t  ;I;K  M  A  N -A  M  l-.K  U  A  N     Al.I.IANCl-:  31 

maneiit  Coniniittevs  cstahlishcd  on:  i.  \\'a_\s  and  Means,  j.  ( iennaii 
I.aiii^uagc  and  schools.  3.  Physical  I'nltnrc  (Turnen)  in  schools,  4. 
Theatre,  5.   I'ress,  C).   l*ers<,nal  Lihert\-.  7.   Historical   Research. 

Further  reports  contained  in  the  minutes  of  the  Sicond  Xatii^nal 
Convention.  Reports,  etc..  of  Comiuittees.  etc.  Resolutions.  "Turnen'" 
in  Public  Schools,  Per.sonal  Liberty.  ( iernian  Theatre.  (German  Priss, 
Historical  Research.  Plue  Laws.  Teachers'  Seminary.  N'etLran  and 
Kriei^erbunde.  Public  r)rtices  and  the  National  Alliance,  for  bcttc.' 
,!^"(.vernment.   Re-election  of  present    National  Officers. 

1904,  September  16 

Ciermanic  ( "o-.ij^ress  uud(.T  ilie  aus])ices  of  ih.'  Xational  ( lerman- 
American  Alliance:  in  the  llall  of  Cont^'^resses.  on  the  occasion  oi  the 
Universal  (  Louisana  Purchase)  Lxjiosition.  (World's  I'air)  St. 
Louis.  1904. 

Greetinj;'  of  the  Deleciates  and  Sj^eakers  1)\-  the  i 'resident  of  the 
Exposition,  th?  Hon.  D.  R.  Francis,  and  b\-  the  Mavor  of  St.  Louis, 
the  TTon.  Rolla  Wells. 

Reply  and  oiieninq-  of  the  Conj^ress  b\  the  President  of  the  Xational 
ricrnran-Anierican  Alliance.  Dr.  C.  J.  TLxamer. 

.\ddress  ])v  the  jjermanent  Chairman.  Pmf.  Afarion  1 ).  Learned. 
X'niversity  ()f  Pennsvlvania. 

.^ddre^ses  bv  the  Chairman  of  tlie  derman  .Section.  Prof.  Dr.  Otto 
PTeller.  Washir,tit(^n  Lniversity  :  and  1)\-  tlie  Ch'iirmen  of  the  Eni^'lish. 
.Swedish.    Xorwe'.^ian.    Danish   and   Dntch    .Sectio'.is. 

The  following'  are  the  titks  of  the  pajjers  read  before  the  Contj'ress: 

,.Die   ersten    Deurs;hen    am    unteren    Mississippi    un;l    die   Cre:;len   deutseher 
Abstairmung." 

Professor  .T.  Hanno  Deiler.  Tulaiie   University. 
..I'eber  die  :M:schvm.:?  des  Deutschen  mit  den  anderen  Bevoelkeiungselementea 
in  den  Vereinigteu  Staaten"" 

Emil  -Maniiliardr,  Chica.go 

"Who  was  Chaucer's  Knight?" 

Prcfjssor  .T.  M.  .\Ianl.v.  TniversUy  of  Chicagt. 
,.Die  Xothwpudi.gl^eit   des  Deutschen  in  den  Vereinigten   Staaten" 

Dr.  A.  .T.  W.  Kern,  .Jamaica,  X.  Y. 
..Gri'lparzer's    .Koenig   Ottokars    Glueck    und   Ende'    im    Verhaeltnis    zu    dei>. 
frueheren  dichterischeu  Bearbeitungen  des  gleichen  Stoffes" 

Prcfe-sor  B.   F.   Hoffman.   University   cf   Missouri 

,.Die  deutsche  Frau  in  Amerika" 

Mrs.  Fernande  Ritoher   (Edna  Fern),  St.  Loui5. 
^'Bismarck,  Man  of  BI00.I  and  Iron  and  Prince  of  Peace" 

Professor  Hermann  Schoenfeld,  Columbia  University. 
.,Ueber  die  Aufgaba  und  <len  gsgcnwaertigen  Stand  des  Xatlailalcn  Dentsch- 
anierikanischen  Lehrersemiinars" 

Professjr  Max  Griebsch,  Milwaukee. 
'Translations  of  German  Pcetry  in  American  Ma;ga/.ini'.s.  174()-1S1()" 

Dr.  E.  /.   Davis,  University  of  Pennsylvania. 
,.De  Germanska  nationernas  Forbund."     (The  Union  of  Germanic  Nations;. 

Dr.  .John  A.  Enander,  Chicago. 
Die    wichtigste    Aufgabe  .germanischer    Kulturnaeger   in    der    .letztzeit. 

D;\    .Inliiis    Mngt'nreldei-,    \V<(vt   Poir.'.  Neh. 
..Eingige  Betrachtungui  uel)er  die  StelUing  der  Deutschen  in  den  Vereinigten 

Staateu"  _ 

William  Vot-ke,  Esq..  Cueago. 

,,Dcr   Deut.-.he  in  der   Politik" 

Dr.   H.   .\.  C.   .\nderson.  Xew   \<.rk 


''-  Till-:    I'F.XX    CF.R.MAXIA. 

.,Di('  literari^-clnn   Gesells^-haften   Ds  utsihlancls"' 

Pi'ofessor  A.  Saner.  University  of  Praiiue 
■'The  German   Pliysirian   in   America'" 

Dr.   Carl  Beci<,  New  York. 
,.Deuts(hanierikani.-;c'lie  Crcscliilehe  in  der  anieril<ani.«<ben  S-cluile'' 

Profe.ssor  .Tuliu.s   (loebfl,   Stanford    I'niver.'-nt.^' 
"The  Lani;naAe  of  Freytas's  'Die  Journali.^ten.'  " 

Profes.-or   Charle.s  Bundy  Wilscn.  University  cf   Iowa. 
,,Dii^  deutf-ilianiprikanisc-he  Dichtiing" 

Conrad  Nies,  5t.  Louis 
..Ein   Mahnwcrt  an     Deutsohland  zur  Roinhaltuns   der  Muttersprache" 

Profes.sor  C.  O.   Sflioenrich,  Baltimore. 
■•En.2:l;sh   Loan   Wordn  in   :\lodern  Danish" 

Pro'fessor  D.  K.  D.-'d,2;e,  University  cl  Illinois. 
,.Der  Werdesans  einer  deutsehen  Kolonie   im   Westen  Amerikas" 

Adolf  Falbisaner,   Hermann.   Mo. 
,. Schiller  in   -\,nierika" 

Dr.  E.  C.  Parry,  New  York. 
..Die  deut.schc  Kirche  and  das  DeutSL'htum  in   Amerika" 

Dr  A.  Basse,  Northwestern  University. 
"The  Be.sinnintis  of  the  German  Sta,a;e  in   Philladelphia" 

Prof.  E.  F.  Brede,  Philadelphia. 
,,.\nfii;ahcn  amerikanischer  Bnrger  germanischer  Abstamnnrjg" 

Adolph  Timm,  Philadt-ljihia. 

1905,  October  4 

Tliird  Cl  )nvcii'iiitn  in  ]  ndiannpolis. 

Xatiniial  ] 'resident's  report  and  address  (Ilexanicr).  Incessant 
agitation  for  the  incrtasc  in  nicntl)ershi]),  Slenben  iSIonument  at  Wash- 
ington in  prospect,  Plans  for  Monument  of  Pastorius  not  yet  matured, 
German  schools.  German  churches,  German  theatres.  German  Singers, 
Turners,  ^Tanu:d  Training  schools. 

Rejjort  of  National  Secretary  (Tiium).  Oj)cn  letter  to  Major  Gen 
McArthur.  Agitation  and  protests  successful  against:  Restriction  o^' 
immigration:  Increase  of  Alien  Tax;  Hepburn-rk)lliver  hill:  Pro- 
hibition clauses  in  Oklahoma  and  ^^'ashington.  T*cnsion  for  Gen. 
Osterhaus.     Donation  of  Schillerallnun   in  Marhach. 

vStatistics : 

National  .Alliance  has  "consolidated"  State  P.ranches  as  follows: 
Pennsylvania,  New  Jersey,  Ohio.  California,  Indiana,  Minnesota, 
Maryland,  District  of  Columbia,  ^Passachusetts,  New  York,  Missouri. 
Illinois,  and  has  branches  not  yet  yet  const:»li(lated  in  eighteen  other 
States:  Alabama,  Colorado,  Connecticut.  Delaware,  Illinois,  Iowa. 
Kanses,  Louisiana,  ^^lichigan,  Montana.  Xcbra.s'ka.  Oregon.  So.  Caro- 
lina,  Tennessee.   Texas,   A'ermont,   \\"ashington,   ^^'isconsin. 

State  p.ranches  are  forming  in  IMassachusetts  and  Illinois. 

Reports   from  the  Presidents  and   Delegates   of  the   several   States, 
■etc. 

District  of  Columl)i;i   (f^res.  A'oelckner). 

lonuiding  of  the  ( lerman-.\merican   Historical  ,^ociet\-  of  District  o: 

Columbia,  .\])y\\    \2.   ](j04.    (see  minutes   i<)()5,  ]>  20).       Old-Germany 

( Alt-Deutschland  )    C'elebration.    l)rilliant    and   great    success:   proving 

the  loyalty  of  all   societies,      i'erfecting  organization,  all   the  societies 

vof  the  District  belong  to  the  .Alliance. 

Missouri   (and  S.  Illinois)    (Mrs.  Richter). 

47  Societies  and  43  individual  members;  Fight  against  blue  laws  in 


■nii:      N^lliiNAl,     CI-KM  AX-AM  l-:t<l(\\      AI.I.IANAI  0-) 

;licii"  present    fi>nii:   N'iumil;'   l>r;inoh   took   part   in   (icrnianic  Congres? 
and  L'l'Uhratioii  of  (  ii-rnian   1  )ay  durini:^  St.  Louis  Exposition. 

Illinois. 
Cliica^'o  (  KocllinL;  )   rriiorts  that  oi'ij^anizalion  is  progressing^". 

Massachusetts. 
The   lioston    I '.ranch    (  Ivhcrhardt )    reports    that    consolidated     Stale 
ir.ranch  will  soon  he  founded:  organization  is  almost  ])erfcci. 
New  Jerse}-   (  1  )ele.gates  ]  (einz  and  Stahl). 
State   liranch   maintains  energetic  agitation    and    is    adding'    man}' 
societies  to  Alliance  cniuinuiuisly.     Schiller  .\nniversary ;  Free  Legal 
Advice  and   l'jiij)lo\  nienl    I'.ureau:  ( ierman   Ha}-  Celebration;   Physical 
I'ulture  and  Stud\-  of  (  "lernian  in  schools. 

Nebraska  (Delegate  lleiscr). 
Deulscher   r.nml   (  (  lei-inaii   Alliance)   has  63'Ono  members.     German 
<  iovernor. 

New    ^'o^k   (  Delegate  Cronan). 
.\lliance  of  the  (ierman   Societies.  312   Societies  with  30,000  mem- 
bers.    Obsequies  and  funeral  services  for  victims  of  the  Slocum  dis- 
aster ;  mostlv  German  Americans ;  ( k'rman  Day  Celebration  ;  Sqhiller's 
i^olh   L.irthda)-  Anniversary. 

Ohio  (Delegates  Einstein  and  Judge  Liodc). 
Rei)orts  great  activities  and  successes  for  consolidation;  City  Brancii 
Cincinnati  has  joined  Alliance.     Branch  Cleveland  held  brilliant  Schil- 
ler Anniversarv  and  ]ilans  erection  of  Schiller-CTOthe  Monument. 
I'ennsylvania  (Deleg:ate  BloedGL 
Founding-  of   German   Society  of  IM.ttsburgh.    I'a.:   Schiller's  Anni- 
versary; German  Theatre  I'.uilding  in  riiiladelphia  :  Central  Alliance  oi 
EennsA-lvau'ia  is  growing'. 

West  X'irginia  (Delegate  liente). 
Reports  great  progress:  German  Day  celebrated:  sent  delegates  t'' 
riermanic  Congress;  "Goldenes  l^uch  der  Deutschen  in  Amerika :" 
Schiller  .Anniversear}' ;  l^irm  stand  taken  in  advocating  introduction  of 
German  into  schools ;  Also  against  Women's  Suffrage ;  Agitation  for 
historical  research;  German  pioneers'  histories;  (see  p.  27  of  protocol 
1005).  }^1an^■  proofs  given  of  loyalty  to  Alliance 

Wisconsin    (DelegatL-  Abrams). 
Reports  great  ])rogress.     Organization  will  soon  be  licrfecled.     En- 
'.husiasm  for  Alliance  prevails  everywlure. 

Maryland  (Eres.  Tjarks) 
Reports  great  progress  and  i)rospect  of  more  successes  ;  I'rincipally 
successful  towards:     Introduction  of   German  into  schools;  Physical 
Culture:   and  employment  of  Competent   German   Teachers   in   both. 
(  I'or  full  re])ort,  see  p.  29  minutes  of  1905)- 

Indiana  (  Pres.  Keller). 
Celebrations  of  Schiller's  150th  Birthday  Anniversary. 
Constitution  perfecteil ;  Statutes  etc.  drafted  and  accepted.  Local 
r.ranches  are  very  active  and  successful.  Personal  Liberty:  "Turnen" 
(Physical  Culture)  in  Public  schools;  Historical  Research;  Political 
but  non-partisian  activities,  etc.  "Turnfest"  made  excellent  and  deep 
imprL.ssion  by  reason  of  masses  participating  of  German  Americans 
as  well  as  general  public. 

Brilliant   Celebralii  n  of  (jerman   Da\    during  ("on\Tini"n  at   Indian- 


34  TIIK   I'F.XN    (;f.k.ma.\ia. 

apolis.  Many  proposals,  resolutions  etc.  were  before  this  Third  Con- 
vention, e.  i;.':  Free  Legal  Advice  and  Employment  Bureaus;  Estab- 
lishment of  Chair  at  an  University  for  German  American  history  ;  The- 
intHMluction  of  non-partisan  text-books  iiu  the  study  of  American  Hk-- 
tory  in  schools  :  Mention  of  deeds  by  famous  German  Americans,  Ger- 
man American  historical  characters,  heroes  and  patriots ;  Agitation  'for 
•the  re-opening  of  the  Army-canteens ;  Publication  of  the  "Biography 
of  Pastorius"  ( by  Prof.  M.  D.  Learned)  ;  $ioao  donation  for  prizes- 
to  best  work  in  German  by  pupils  in  Elementary  Public,  High  and 
Private  schools;  and  many  others;  The  By-laws  of  the  Alliance  as  re- 
vised by  the  Committee  were  accepted  by  the  Convention.  Further 
reports  and  interesting  transactions  of  the  Third  Convcntit^n  can  l)e 
found  in  the  1905  printed  Minutes,  as  follows: 

Reports  of  Committee  on :  German  Language,  Physical  Culture. 
German  Theatre,  German  Press,  Personal  Liberty,  Historical  Re- 
search, Resolutions,  Ways  and  INIeans,  Revisions,  Teachers'  Seminary.. 
iMuances  (  Treasurer's  report). 

Literature,  articles,  letters,  contriljutiijns  of  poetry  and  prose,  re- 
views, ets.,  etc.  J'rinciples  of  Alliance,  Programmes  of  Convention.,. 
'Address  of  Dr.  C.  J.  Flexamer,  Address  of  Robert  Sturn,  Telegrams,, 
contributions  in  verse  and  prose. 

Officers  elected  :  President :  Dr.  C.  J.  Hexamer.  Secretary  :  Adolph 
Timm.  First  \'ice-President :  Joseph  Keller,  IndianapoHs.  Second 
A'ice-President :  Xoah  Guter,  Newark,  N.  J.  Finance-Secretary:  John: 
Yenny,  K.  Pittsburgh,  Pa.    Treasurer:  II.  Weniger,  Philadeli)liia.  Pa. 

Next  Convention  to  be  held  in  New  York,  N.  Y. 

1907.  October  5 

Fourth  Convention  in  New  York  at  Terrace  ( iarden. 

Report  of  the  National  President   (Hexamer). 

Alliance  new  extends  over  40  States  of  the  Cnic)!)  with  move  than 
1.500,000  members.  Education  of  leaders  for  a  united  German- 
American  Citizenship.  [Maintenance  of  the  German  Language.  Ger- 
man schools  and  German  theatres  must  be  supported.  German- 
American  Press  excellent  ally  and  must  be  favored  as  much  as  po.-- 
sible.  Participation  of  Alliance  and  its  mciiil)ers  in  non-partisan  poli- 
tics for  the  election  of  capable,  honest  men  in  ])ublic  offices  ;  preferabl}' 
German-Americans.  Man_\-  successful  c.lel)rations  of  German  Day. 
Inlroductii.m  of  study  of  German  in  the  Public  Schools  everywhere. 
Personal  Liberty,  and' what  it  means.  National  German-American 
Teachers'  Seminary.  Erection  whenever  and  wherever  jjossible,  ot" 
monuments  for  famous  (Jerman-Americans  of  patriots  and  luroes  of 
German- American  stock. 

Report  of  the  National  Secretary:  (Timm). 

Significant  growth  and  importance  eif  Alliance  and  its  branches  a'^ 
over  the  Cnion;  President,  Secretary  and  other  Officers  of  the  Alliance- 
made  many  trips  for  iM"o];agan(la  with  great  success.  15  new  State 
Branches  were  founded.  !\roz:u*t  rmd  I'^ranklin  .Anniversaries.  ]'a:n- 
phlet  favoring  commercial  treat}-  with  ( ierman_\-  may  be  of  some  in- 
lluence  towards  realization  of  treat}-.  l*etition  to  Congress  for  the 
apjiointment  of  a  Commission  and  for  the  better  distribution  of  Immi- 
grants.    June  6,  190^).     Petition  t(-)  retain  the  Army  Canteens.     Protest 


Tin-:   XATioNAr,  ckkmax-amkrhax    ai.i.iaxck  C5 

a--;iiiist  the  abuse  of  the  so-called  frankin--  privile.^e  directed  to  the 
I'ostmaster  and  the  Aintrican  Press.  Relief  funds  sent  to  the  C"ali- 
fornia  Branch  for  the  sufferers  by  the  luirthquake.  Incorporation  of 
the  German- American  Alliance  of  the  United  States  by  Act  of  Con- 
.q-ress;  "as  a  purely  National  American  Ort^'-anization."  A.£(reement  witii 
the  Ancient  Order  of  Hibernians.  Stati.stics  of  ( "lerm'an  Schools  to 
be  made.  ( lermans  in  the  South  arc  taking"  an  active  interest  in  tli': 
National  Alliance.  I'.aiKiua  in  honor  Of  Dr.  C.  f.  1  lexamer,  June  ist, 
1907. 

Statistics:  15  new  con.solidated  state  branches  were  founded. 
Former  State  branches  con.solidated:  California,  District  of  Colum- 
bia, Idaho.  Indiana,  Maryland.  Minnesota,  New  Jersey,  Ohio.  I'enn- 
.sylvania.  West  Virginia.  Added  since  last  convention  consolidated: 
Connecticut.  Delaware,  Florida,  Illinois,  Iowa,  Kansas,  Kentuckv. 
:\Iassachusetts,  Missouri,  New  York,  Oklahoma,  South  Carolina,  \i'r- 
.^inia,  Wisconsin.  States  in  which  Branches  have  not  yet  been  con- 
solidated: Alabama,  Colorado,  Kansas,  Louisiana,  Michigan,  :\Ion- 
tana,  Nebraska,  Oregon,  Tennessee,  Texas,  \>rmont,  Washington. 
Reports  of  the  State  Presidents. 

California. 
Increase  of  Alliance:  in  spite  of  earthquake  catastrophe   f April   16. 
1906).     Seven  additional  societies  have  joined.     German  Dav  Celebra- 
tion :  Surplus  of  nearly  $1200  sent  to  San  Francisco. 
District  of  Columbia  (  \'oelkner). 
Loyalty  and  hearty  support.     Contributions  for  San  Francisco  Larth- 
cjuake  sufferers.     \\'reath  for  Dr.  Kellner's  grave.     Delegates  sent  to 
I'^xecutive   Session   at   Baltimore.      Gothc   Celebration.      Reception   of 
visiting  Vienna   Singers.      \'ery    cordial    relations    with    Hibernians. 
District  Branch  always  a  pillar  of  strength  for  aims  of  Alliance. 

Indiana  (Keller). 
Gained   several   societies.      Successful    against    prohibitive    license. 
Successful   for   higher  salaries  of  teachers.      Successful   for  pensions 
of  teachers. 

Illinois  (  Fberhardt ). 
Eighty-one  societies  with  about  9000  members.     Advances  (juicklc 
and  will  certainly  Ijecomc  influential. 

Maryland  (  Tjarks). 
Successfid  against :     Restriction  of  sufi'rage.  and  Blue  Laws. 

Mis.souri  and  Illinois. 
Founding  of  ( ierman   Day  Societies  in  St.   Louis.      ^Fanv  societies? 
•are  joining  all  over  the  State. 

New  Jersew 
Difficulties-  Init  excellent  ])rogress.      Hudson  County  alone  consist>- 
ol    FIG  Societies.     New   ['.runswick  and  Newark  are  gaining  steadily:. 
Successful  the^alrical  performances.     Legal  I'.ureau  :  free  advice  in  ^o> 
cases. 

Ohio. 
Grows.  an<l  now  lias  about  iQ.ooo  member>.     Cleveland  has  lost,  bu' 
is  being  re-org;ui;zed. 

TO  r.K  co.x'ri.vn:!) 


The  Germans   in   Maine 

The  Religious  Development  of  the  Broad  Bay  Settlement 
B\'    (j-arret  \\  .   Thompson,  Orono,  Maine 

Note.— In  the  issues  of  THE  PENNSYLVANIA  GERMAN  for  October,  November  and  Decem- 
ber 1911,  Professor  Thompson  related  the  interesting  story  of  the  settlement  of  Broad  Bay,  introduc- 
tory to  this  study  of  the  religious  life  of  the  community.  Copies  of  these  issues  can  be  supplied. 
The  settlement  and  religious  development  of  Frankfort,  Maine,  will  be  discussed  in  the  same  way 
in  subsequent  issues.  We  have  taken  the  liberty  of  changing  the  order  of  the  parts  of  these  pa- 
pers as  submitted  by  the  author  which  accounts  for  the  seeming  disorder  in  the  numbering  of  the 
iootn  otes . —EDITOR . 


t^^l^ 


S  the  Llcrnians  came  frnm 
dift'crciu  pans  v  l  1  h  c 
Fatherland  it  must  not  be 
expected  that  they  shotild 
have  had  identical  aims  and 
principles  in  their  religion. 
As  a  matter  of  fact  the}; 
were  mostly  followers  of  the  Augsburg- 
Confession,  but  there  were  also  manv 
disciples  of  Zwingli,  and  a  few  Alorav- 
ians  or  United  Brethren.  Whatever  their 
<lenominational  views  and  preferences 
might  liave  been  they  were  all  united  on 
the  necessitv  of  having  an  established 
religion  and  form  of  worship  in  their 
"*  Accidental  home.  Thev  were,  as  they 
had  l)een  at  home,  warm  friends  of 
civil  and  religious  rights,  for  the  en- 
ioyntent  of  which  tlicy  had  been  con- 
strained to  brave  the  perils  of  tlie  deon 
nnd  an  unknown  world.  Fe\A-  of  the 
yeomanry  or  lalxjring  classes  of  citizens 
were  attached  to  the  ceremonial  and  ec- 
clesiastical government  of  the  ej^iscopa! 
church  :  on  the  other  hand  all  favorei'. 
tile  congregational  order  as  truer  I0  their 
pious  ancestors,  to  the  .scriiUurcs,  to 
th-^ir  own  beliefs,  to  the  principles  of 
political  freedom.  And  tluir  settled 
Tni-dsters  shared  the  same  convictions, 
felt  the  same  interest.  1'lie  officers  01 
tho  crown  alone  attended  the  cinu-ch  oi 
Fngland. 

^'The  Gennans--!  (of  Broad  Bay  .'^PttleniPiit) 
were  Lutherans  whose  object  was  to  occupy 
the  vacant  soil  and  improve  their  teinixiral 
condition;    tliey   were  accompanied   and    foi- 


Uil)    l.udwi-    Gen<aloj;y.    V-    ii'J-1. 


lowed  by  their  I'aitlifiil  i)ustors,  whose 
rnerlins,  principles  and  rigid  doctrines  made 
durable  impression  upon  the  sound  and 
rugs;ed  minds  of  their  flock,  which  has  re- 
mained almost  uutinged  by  the  surrounding 
heresies  of  the  present    (IS.'T)    day." 

That  they  were  faithful  to  these  re- 
ligious principles  the  following  citations 
will  attest. 

■'The  earliest-'-i;  arrivals  (1740)  had  religious 
service  on  Sunday.  There  was  no  sectarian 
min'slpr  ■"  -'The--''  Germans  always  met 
every  Sunday,  tho  they  had  no  minister." 
"Wh(::i--'t  the  German  pilgrims  first  settled 
at  Broad  Bay  they  formed  a  Lutheran  church 
and  mot  every  Sunday  for  worship  until 
Sehaeffer  camo  in  til',  when  there  were  about 
^(1  famili'S."  The  mlgratoio--'  of  52  had 
schoolm^asters  but  no  re.gular  ministers.  They 
held  religions  meetings  each  Sunday."'  "The 
German--''  colonists  tho  they  had' no  regular 
pastor  constantly  had  religious  worship." 

Tlu'se  i)iou>  jjvactices  must  have  i)er- 
va  led  ihe  enlire  conmumity.  for  we  have 
a  siateiuent  that  "  almost""'  without  ex- 
cqnion  the  Germans  at  full  age  were 
members  of  the  church."  and  that  their 
religious  conduct  was  not  emotional  but 
quiet,  endowed  therefore  with  the  ele- 
ments of  ]>ermanence  and  growth. 

The  immigrants  of  40  brinight  no 
regular  minister  with  them  :  their  spir- 
itual needs  were  met  by  John  Ulmer,  a 
scho.ilmaster.  v, ho  tho  not  an  ordained 
clergyman   acted    as    their   preacher    and 

i-:-i-l)  Ihid. 

I  'JL'^)  l''filon,    p.    l-T). 

(224)  Will,   II.    390. 

(225>  Eaton,  p.    88. 

(226)  Sewall.   p.    .le.".. 

(227)  P3ath   DaHy   Tribune,   .luiu'    '.K    IS.'i7 


36 


THE    GERMANS    IN     MAINE 


37 


as  such  was  .paiil  hy  W'alilo  for  abitir 
lialt  oi  the  H)  years  slipuhild,  thai  i-. 
until  tht.y  went  to  l.i  •uishur;;.-'-"'  In  4-' 
I'liilipp  (.iollfricd  Kast,  who  came  U^ 
I'.road  l>ay  with  the  colonists  of  thar 
year,  being"  an  appointed  minister,  su- 
perseded U liner  in  the  religious  function. 
lint  he  became  unix)pular  and  left  in  43. 
whereupon  Ulmer  resumed  iiis  duties 
and  continued  to  officiate  until  he  moved 
to  -""'Jhomaston  at  a  later  time ;  he  was 
the  ])rogenitor  of  the  Ulmers  who  lived 
in  Thomaston  and  Rockland.  Charles 
Lei&tner.  Waldo's  agent  (to  whom  re- 
ference has  already  been  jnade),  was  a 
religious  teacher  as  well  as  magistrate 
for  the  coloni.sts  imtil  his  death.  It  is 
probaI)le  that  Ulmer  and  he  served  ;n 
joint  capacity  or  had  some  nnitual 
arrangement,  as  Eaton  says  that 
"Ulmer-""  after  52  continued  to  exhort 
and  in  some  measure  act  the  part  of 
clergyman."  From  Leistner's  death  in 
60  Idmer  ofificiatcd  the  following  thrc: 
years. 

Tn  iyC)2-^''^  Rev.  John  Martin  Schaef- 
fer,  of  the  German  Lutheran  church. 
came  to  L>oston  from  New  York,  and  was 
called  to  Broad  Bay.  Soon  after---  his 
arrival  a  church  was  organized  in  two 
branches,  Lutheran  and  German  Re- 
formed, with  60  or  70  comminiicanc 
members.  Each  contributed  to  Schaei- 
fer's  support  3  pounds  of  old  tenor,  a 
bushel  of  corn,  two  days'  work  annually 
and  the  use  of  the  glebe.  Schaet^'er  also 
received  50  cents  for  the  baptism  and  a 
like  amount  for  the  confirmation  of 
each  child,  as  well  as  a  dollar  for  each 
funeral.  He  was  also  a  physiciati  and 
his  practice  earned  him  a  wide  reputa- 
tion. He  believed  jirofessionally  in  the 
efficacy  of  bleeding  and  maintaineil  that 
all  per.sons  ought  to  be  so  treated  an- 
nually in  the  .spring.  ■Moreover  he  en- 
gaged in  navigation   after  he  had  lived 


(228)  Katon.    p.    S2.      Tost,    of    .lo';.    T.udwis. 
and    Sproulp.    before    I..aiul   Claim    Somm.    ISll 

(229)  Luilwis  GenealoKJ',  p.    51. 

(230)  Katon.  p.  81. 

(231)  Am.   Quart.   Reg.   XITI,   p.   161. 

(232)  Eaton,   p.   128. 


in  the  coiuniunil)  lor  sr)nie  time,  au^l 
with  s  r.iK-what  dubious  rectitude  sold 
the  wood  and  lumber  which  the  German.? 
gathered  in  Boston,  thereby  reaping 
their  legitimate  profits.  In  these  way> 
he  grew  very  rich,  and  at  the  same  time 
became  increasingly  decadent  in  char- 
acter .  so  that  while  he  was  an  elo- 
quent'-'^-' ]ireacher  he  gradually  lost  in- 
tlueiTce  as  a  pastor.  In  fact  he  became- 
notorious  for  profanity,  intemperance 
and  hy]"»r)cris\ .  Later  he  moved  to- 
Warren  where  lie  lived  as  a  i)hysician 
and  Sold  li(iuor.  In  the  latter  town  hi.^ 
house  was  on  one  occasion  pillaged,  and 
tho  ."^chaetTer  was  much  agitated  by  the 
deed  it>  perpetrators  were  never  dis- 
covired.  The  circumstance,  howeverv 
attests  in  what  estimation  he  was  held' 
by  his  neighbors.     I  le  died  "as  a  fool."  , 

SchaetYer's  life  and  character  have  no', 
escaped  the  pen  of  thi'  critic. 

■'Ulmer-'-*  was  mild  aud  harmlessly  vain.. 
Vnit  Schaeffer  was  bold,  a  man  of  bold  ex- 
actions and  mean  selfishness.  His  character 
was  not  so  adorned  with  graces  as  to  en- 
title his  portrait  to  a  place  anions,  thi?- 
ajiostlos  of  rectitude  and  reform." 

It  is  not  known  what  his  literarv  aj'- 
([uisitions  were  but  he  certainly  lacke  ; 
high   ideals  of  attainment. 

"\  woman--'-'  of  sreat  personal  charms,  th'? 
wife  of  another,  was  too  much  for  his  virtue. 
He  seduced  her  and  eloped  with  her  to  thia 
loiuitr.v,  havin.!?  aband<ined  his  own  wife  in 
the  Fatherland.  He  .trained  wealth  and  fa.Tn<.^ 
iis  a  ith.ysicia:i  of  both  body  and  soul.  Pr^.-- 
fane.  intemperate  and  extortionate,  he  can 
be  viewed  in  no  other  light  by  historians 
than  as  a  wolf  in  sheep's  clothing,  who  re- 
co.gni/.ing  his  own  monstrous  double  char- 
acter was  wont  to  excuse  and  explain  and 
apolo.E^ize  by  saying:  'When  I  have  my  plack 
coat  on,  den  I  am  a  minister  and  you  must 
do  as  I  say,  but  when  I  have  my  green  coat 
on.  den  I  am  a  toctor  and  1  can  do  as  I 
please'." 

.\nother  characteristic  story-"'-  is  toM 
of  him.  Whe  none  Dalhani,  a  .soldier- 
came  back  from  the  service  he  called  on 


(233)  Sewall  (p.  .165)  .<;ay.s:  ".Schaoffer  was 
a  great  singer  .and  smart  preacher:  he  led  tlie 
lieartp  of  the  people  captive." 

(234)  Am.    Quart.    Tto"-.    Xfll.    p.    ICI. 

(235)  Sewall.   p.   365. 


^ 


THE    PliXN    GERMAXIA. 


Schaeffer  to  effect  a  settlement  of  his 
'.lebt.s.  He  brou«j;-ht  a  Spanish  doul)loon, 
•v\iorth  $16.50.  Schaeft'er,  who  did  not 
keep  ]>ooks,  reckoned  his  medical  at- 
i.endance  on  the  soldier's  family  as  foi- 
ows; 

•Veil,  veil  your  wife  vos  sick  dat  vos  dei; 
Taller,  next  time  vos  four  Taller;  den  yon,- 
■|3oy  vas  sick,  dat  vas  one  Taller  and  one 
naif  Taller."  As  the  bill  did  not  yet  anioun. 
to  the  full  doubloon  he  continued:  "O,  youi- 
last  schild  I  christened,  dat  ish  another 
naif  Taller." 

Still  lacki  Ji^-  the  necessary  amount  he 
londered   a   moment   and   then    suddenly 
exclaimed : 

O  now  I  c.'it  it.  One  dime  ven  we  dink 
vour  wife  will  die  I  gift  'her  ihe  sacrament, 
lat  vas  another  half  Taller," 

and  fled  out  of  the  room  with  the  doub- 
loon, leaving  the  poor  soldier  to  his  own 
devices. 

Joseph  Williamson-"'   writes : 

"When  the  Revolution  closed  there  was  a 
single  society  of  German  Lutherans  at 
Waldoboro  that  had  existed  over  40  years. 
Its  minister  for  nearly  a  quarter  of  a  century 
was  the  excellent  Mr.  Sxihaeffer  from  New 
York." 

In  the  li^ht  of  all  the  evidence  against 
him  Schaeffer  is  indeed  fortunate  to  have 
one  writer  who  seems  willinp-  to  appl\- 
that  adjective  to  him.  On  the  other 
liand  there  are  indications  of  a  growing 
reaction  against  the  man  and  his  meth- 
ods. Tn  the  summer  of  1772  Christo- 
pher Nikolaus  Homeyer""^  issued  a  cer- 
tificate to  Bernard  Kinsel  dated  from 
P.road  Ray  (Homeyer  went  to  North 
Carolina)  ;  he  must  therefore  have  had 
an  official  relation  to  the  church  and  was 
probably  a  rival  of  Schaeft'er.  The  town 
register  from  177,:^  records  re])eated  at- 
tempts on  the  ]iart  of  tlic  connnunity  to 
secure  another  minister.  According  to 
old  documents  at  Hartwick  Seminarv 
John  Christopher  Hartwick  had  a  call 
to  Broad  Bay  dated  ^Tay  2'^.  1774.  Thi- 
call  was  very  urgent  and  Hartwick  was 
much  desired,  being  a  man  of  influence 


among  the  settlers,  as  is  evident  from 
the  fact  that  they  agreed  to  accept  any 
one  v/hom  he  might  send  if  he  found  it 
impossible  to  come.  He  was  at  Broad 
r>ay  in  July  of  that  year  and  performed 
])astoral  duties;  further  than  these  fact- 
there  is  no  record  of  his  movements.  In 
the  Town  Register  of  W'aldoboro  is  a 
statement  that  Philip  Theobold  filled  the 
pulpit  and  practiced  medicine  at  Broad 
Bay  from  1777  to  1780.  On  May  4. 
1780,  and  also  in  the  years  1781  and 
17S2  resolutions  were  passed  to  collect 
money  in  order  to  maintain  the  preach- 
in"-  of  the  Gospel.  It  is  clear,  tlien,  thai 
Schaeffer  must  have  ceased  his  minister- 
ial career  early  in   1780. 

But  we  possess  additional  evidence 
regarding  Schaeffer's  tenure  of  office. 
His  name  apj^ears  on  the  Broad  Bay 
})etition-^''  of  January  14,  1767  (spelt 
Schaeff'er).  In  a  letter-^'^  from  Jacob 
Bailey  (Episcopal  minister  at  Pownal- 
boro)  to  ^Tessrs  'Slilh  and  Hicks  of 
Boston,  dated  Nov.  26,  1773,  the  writer 
states : 

"At  the  desire  of  ]\Ir.  Mills  I  have  enclosed 
an  exact  account  of  all  the  religious  soci- 
eties in  this  country  according  to  their 
foundation  (in  the  list  is  the  item  of  "Broad 
Bay,   (L)  .Shefford")." 

In  Bailey's  diary-^^  for  June  10.  1774, 
are  the  names  of  Rev.  Dr.  Sheft'ord  and 
another  (as  callers  for  that  day),  with 
the  footnote:  "A  Lutheran  minister  set- 
tled at  Broad  Bav,  now  ^^^aldoboro. 
After  Mr.  P.ailev  left  P(nvnalboro  Dr. 
Shefford  was  sent  for  and  baptized  the 
children  of  etc."  There  i^  al=o  a  com- 
n^nnic-'ti  ■n--'-  of  J.  \] .  Schi.ffer  under 
('at"  of  Oct.   2^,    T777 : 

"To  the  Honorable  committee  of  said  state: 
The  Petition  of  .T.  M.  S.  of  Waldoboro 
Humbly  shows  That  he  is  in  great  want  of 
three  of  the  He.^sian  or  Brunswick  Prison. 
ers  One  for  himse.'f.  On^  for  Waterman 
Thomas   Esq.    and   One   for     Capt.     Andrew 


(236)    T^nrt.    OeneaV.,  pp.    53-4. 

("237)    Coll.   ?iraino   Hist.   Sec.   vol.   VTT.   p.   21 D. 

<238)    Der  rtputsrlip   Tion.   vol.   XVT.   p.   307. 


(239>  CoU.   lSJa\nf   TTi.^t.    S^c.    vol.    XIV.    p.    14 

(."series  IT"). 

(240)  The  P'rontier  Mi.'^sionary.  Appenriix, 
p.    3  4  6. 

(241)  Ibid.,   p.    350. 

(242)  Con.  Maine  Hist.  Sec.  vol.  XV.  p.  266 
(serie.s  II). 


THE    GHKMANS     IX      MAIM-! 


Selu'iu-:i  thert^^fore  prajs  tliat  he  may  havi" 
-lieni    on   t\w  urfual    terms "(signed). 

The  jjctitiiva  was  grantetl.     In  I'ailey's 
J.ninial  arc  the   following  entries  :-^^ 

February  2nd,  177s.  Travelled  with  Di'. 
Mayer  to  Broad  Bay.  Lodged  at  (Rev.) 
Dr.    (Martin)   Shefford's. 

February  -27.  (Rev.)  Dr.  (M.)  Shefford  here 
(at  Pownalboro). 

February  1,  177Si.  At  Capt.  Vinal's.  Cre- 
iier's,  Chapman's,  and  (Rev.  Dr.)  Shefford's. 

Neither   Honieyer  nor    1  lartwick    re- 
mained  long  enough    at    I'road    Bay    to 
ilislorlge   Schaeffer  from  his  position  as 
regular  minister.    As  to  l*hilip  Theobold 
(  who  is  said  to  have  come  to  Broad  Bay 
after  the  surrender  of  Burgoyne  and  re- 
moved   three    years    later    to    Dresden), 
Avith   the   additional    fact   that   Schaeffer 
had   by   this   time   made   himself  obnox- 
ii'us  to  the  people  through  his  worthless 
cha-acter  as  well  as  his  disgraceful  at- 
litude  toward  the  Moravians   (to  which 
reference  will  be  made  later),  it  is  pos- 
>il)le  that  he  disj^laced  the  latter  in  the 
>ear  1777.     But  the  diary  entries  of  Bai- 
ley are  valuable  and  trustworthy  because 
they  arc  based  on  actual  experience,  and 
as  they  identify  Shefford  with  Schaeffer, 
coniirming  his  residence  at   Broad   Bay 
as  late  as  the  year  1779.  we  can  assume 
with  safety  that  Schaeft'er  did  not  give 
up  his  ministerial  duties  until  1780.     Ai 
the   same  time  Theobold  doubtless  pur- 
sued tile  practice  of  medicine,  and  at  the 
most    assisted    Schaeffer    (as    was    not 
likely)  in  his  pastoral  work.     According 
to  the  resolutions  which  we  have  already 
noted  the  ])ulpit  was  vacant  during  1780- 
«Si-82.     In  the  summer  of  1783  Johannes 
Kauser'-'^'   came   as  preacher    to    Broad 
Bay  on  a  nine  months'  trial,  which  was 
extended  to  a  year  and  three  quarters. 

The  next  minister  was  Frederick 
Gruhner-^-'  (spelt  also  Croner,  and  Cra- 
n:r).  He  remained  four  years,  from 
1785  to  1789,  being  dismissed  by  the 
people.     "He  was  an  evil  example  to  hi.=; 


(243)  l->oniier   Miss.,    Ap;  endi.x,   pp.    354   antl 
365. 

(244)  Der  deutsclie  Pion.  vol.  XVI.   p.   307. 

(245)  Town  Register  of  Waldobcro. 


tli:ck.  a  reproach  to  the  ministr\-  and  an 
injury  to  souls."-*'' 

Their  unfortunate  experiences  had  by 
this  time  taught  the  Germans  to  exercise 
more  care  in  the  choice  of  a  minister ; 
they  therefore  sought  advice  in  the  next 
instance  from  the  Synod  of  Pennsvlva- 
"nia,-*'     wliich     recommended    Augustus 
I-'erdinand  Ritz   (Retz).     lie  was  called 
in    1795.     Having  been  educated  at  the 
I'niversity  of  Helmstadt  he  joined  ample 
training   to  a   splendid   character   and   a 
pious  spirit  which  endeared  him   to  the 
hearts   of   his   parishioners.       Ritz    pos- 
sessed a  serious  mould  of  mind  and  rare- 
ly smiled,  but  his  earnestness  of  purj^ose 
compensated    fully   for  a   less   attractive 
exterior  and  justly  earned  for   him  the 
appellation  of  "Pastor  Evangelicus"  by 
which  he  was  known.     He  received  his 
ordination   in   America   and   worked   for 
10    years    (84    to    94)    in    Philadelphia 
as   a  missionary.      Not    being    able    to 
speak  English   he    always    preached    in 
German  and   used  that  language   in   his 
general    intercourse,    having    resort    to 
Latin  when   dealing  with    the    English. 
But    while    this    practice    satisfied    and 
pleased  the  older  members  of  the  com- 
munity the  younger  people  were  slipping 
away    from    the     fold.      Their    friend's 
were    prevailingly    among    the    Anglo- 
Saxons   and   when   they  began   to   com- 
pare the  older  German  ways  and  meth- 
ods with  those  of  their  more  progressive 
neighbors   the  comparison    resulted   uni- 
formly in  favor  of  the  latter.     Ritz  soon 
saw  the  situation  in  the  light  of  the  fu- 
ture :  he  urged  the  Germans  to  abandon 
tlieir    traditional    customs    and    to    give 
th;ir  children  an  English  education.  "Ho 
was  pastor  until  his  death  in   181 1. 

In  the  autumn  of  the  following  year 
John  William  Starman  came  to  Broad  . 
r.ay  as  regular  minister.  The  situation 
at  this  time  was  by  no  means  simj^le. 
His  peculiar  appeal  was  to  the  older  gen- 
eration, to  whom  the  past  with  its  tra- 
ditions of  suffering  and  dogmatic  faitii 
was  not  only  dear  l)ut  sacred.     At  first 

i2t6)    .Vm.   guart.    Re^.   XIII.   p.    164. 
1 247)    Eaton,  p.   287. 


40 


THE   PEXX    GlikMAXlA. 


he  used  only  Cicnuan,  and  laboivd  wil^i 
a  true,  albeit  narrowing,  Christian  zeal. 
The  old  Germans  were  not  fond  of  the 
"new  light"  nor  did  they  welcome  any 
ideas  which  ran  ojunter  to  the  curreni 
of  their  fundamental  religion ;  they  op- 
posed the  invasion  of  luiglish  as  a  lan- 
guage, and  wanted  to  keep  the  services 
of  the  church  exclusively  in  German. 
Moreover,  the  church  had  from  the  first 
been  divided  between  Lutherans  and  the 
German  Reformed,  each  of  whom  had  a 
separate  communion.  The  former  took 
thc  bread  and  wine  from  the  table  and 
served  themselves ;  the  latter  had  the 
bread  put  into  their  mouths  and  the 
wine  cup  held  to  their  lips  by  a  deacon. 
Starman  was  against  this  unfraternai 
practice  and  tried  to  effect  a  uniform 
order.  .Vt  first  only  a  few  agreed  to 
adopt  his  idea.  T>ut  through  his  influence 
the  differences  were  adjusted  and  on  the 
ijtii  of  Jime,  1829,  they  decided  on  one 
form  of  commiuiion.  On  the  other  hand, 
the  problem  of  the  young  peoi)le  was  not 
so  easily  disposed  of.  To  the  older 
generation  the  sufferings  endured  in  the 
Fatherland,  their  exodus  therefrom  and 
the  hardships  incidental  to  their  first 
settlements  at  Broad  Bay  were  personal 
ex])criences ;  to  the  later  generations 
they  were  not  even  first  hand  traditions, 
and  for  this  reason  they  could  feel  re- 
spect but  hardly  sympathy  for  the  senti- 
ments which  bound  their  i)arents  to  a 
living  past.  But  their  look  was  essen- 
tially forward,  and  that  too,  to  an  Eng- 
lish future.  With  no  intentional  aft'ront, 
then,  for  things  German  they  naturally 
preferred  the  use  of  English  as  a  lan- 
guage and  began  to  leave  the  old  churcb. 
for  the  Congregational  membership 
which  was  established  in  1807.  To 
check  this  defection  Starman  in  1820  in- 
troduced English  into  the  service  of  the 
German  church,  but  the  effort  was  made 
too  late,  for  in  contrast  to  the  goorl 
English  to  be  heard  elsewhere  his  awk- 
ward and  broken  attempts  were  power- 
less to  hold  the  young  people  to  the 
faith  of  their  fathers.  Starman  preach- 
ed  his  first  sermon   in   English  in    1820. 


h'njm  iSjo  lu  1S35  he  hckl  Engli.--U 
service  mic  Sunday  in  the  four;  for  tlK 
next  livL-  wars  there  were  two  Sunday> 
of  l'",nglish  and  two  of  ( ierman  ;  in  1840 
ilu-  usl'  of  (ierman  was  confined  to  one 
Sunda\-  in  four,  when  the  l>ord"s'  Supper 
was  administered.  .U'dge  (Iroton,-^ 
who  frequently  heard  ."^tarman  ])reacii. 
says  he  was  cloiiuent  in  (ierman  Imt 
eml)arrassed  in  iMiglish,  tlio  he  gradualK' 
made  progress  in  the  adojjted  language. 
He  died  in  1854  at  the  age  <^f  82,  an. I 
was  the  last  of  the  Lutheran  ])reachers 
at  \Valdob()ro.  There  have  been  no  reg- 
ular services  since  his  day,  exccot  tha; 
the  church  is  oi)en  once  a  year. 

The  German  Protestant  Society  war- 
organized  April  _:^r(l,  1800,  by  an  act  of 
the  General  C'lurt  i>f  the  Ciimmonwealtn 
entitled  "-\n  act  to  incori)i;)ratc  a  relig- 
ious societ\'  in  the  town  of  \\"aldol>oro.'" 
The  incorporators  were  (^4  in  numl)er. 
all  the  names  being  German,  ihe  .Society 
is  empowered  to  hold  the  several  tracts 
of  land  granted  to  the  '"Dutch"  settle- 
ment on  the  west  side  of  the  Muscongus 
by  the  committee  of  the  proprietors  of 
land  Oct.  2,  1784.  Jacob  Ludwig  was 
authorized  to  issue  a  warrant  for  the 
first  meeting  heUl  April  3rd,  1800,  when 
Cajit.  Jos.  Ludwig  was  made  moderator. 
Jacob  Ludwig  clerk,  aiul  Jacob  Win- 
chenbach  treasurer.  'J'he  societv  is  still 
in   existence. 

The  Congregational  church  was  or- 
ganized 'by  ecclesiastical  council  on  ALa\" 
13th,  1807.  The  original  membershii. 
numbered  d.  The  services  were  first  held 
in  an  unfinished  building  used  as  a  town 
hall :  lliese  accommodations  grew  toe 
small  according  to  the  record,  which 
runs:  "\\'e  were  compelled  to  enlarge 
our  tents."  The  new  church  was  beguri 
in  Ib.e  spring  of  1820  and  dedicated  the 
following  September.  The  appended 
names,  found  in  the  rcgistrv  of  the  Con- 


CilSI  Xalli.  Ci-oton  C 1  7  01 -1  ,S,"iS)  was  a  native 
of  Waldoborn  and  took  srrfat  interest  in  the- 
sinwtli  and  hi.story  nf  the  town.  He  wa< 
.Uid'-'o  of  Probate  Court  in  T.,incoln  county  fo" 
fourteen     yo!\y<.       Of.     Coll.     Maine     Hist.     See 


Tin:   (".i:kma.\s   in    maim-: 


41 


gn.-i;aU"iial  church.  >ho\v  in  what  pro- 
portion the  youni;'  Cjcrnuiiih  forsook  tlici. 
native  nu-nibcrshii) :  (JrtV.  Lcvcsellcr, 
Welt,  Sinouse,  Kalcr,  i'"tyler.  .Schwartz, 
Achorn.  Denuith,  llahn,  \\  inchenhacii, 
l-'ogler,  llauin,  Kcizer,  Walz.  etc. 

Moml)ers  ot  the  iifth  L,^v.neration  of 
tlie  strong  and  representative  Ludwii; 
family  joined  the  Methodist  church,  tlio 
tlicv  had  hi.  en  horn  and  educated  as 
l.utheraus.  Tlu-y  are:  (lodfrey  Ludwi-, 
Aaron  his  >on.  Josepli  and  James  his 
lirothers. 

d'hc  (irrni.-uis  in  the  year  I7r)0  erected 
at  Meeting;-  llou.se  Cove,  two  and  a  halt 
miles  .south  of  the  villa,q,-e,  a  log"  house. 
their  first  church  building.  It  was  28  by 
30  ft.,  made  of  spruce  and  hemlock  logs 
hewn  and  d(5ve-tailed  at  the  corners  . 
the  wall>  were  12  feet  inside;  the  roof 
of  frame  work  covered  with  long  pieces 
s]dit  out  of  logs  and  laid  on  with  birch 
bark.  The  church  had  pews  of  hewn 
logs,  a  i)idpit  ])jiintul  10  years  later  b\ 
Is.  Sargers,-'"  the  first  painter  in  liroad 
r.ay.  and  windows  of  shee[)skin.  Not 
far  to  the  eastward  was  the  cemetery, 
fn  ^13  after  the  close  of  the  war  the 
church  was  dedicated.  Schaeffer  preach- 
v(]  from  the  fifth  and  sixth  verses  of  the 
137th  psalm  as  text,  ,and  the  music,  ren- 
dered by  a  mixed  chorus,  was  unflcr  th  - 
leadershi])  o(  Francis  ]\Iiller. 

"Thp^:o  iiious  people,  many  of  whom  had 
vvorshipi)ed  in  the  gorgeous  ehurch-es  at 
Frankfort.  Cologne,  Coblentz,  etc.  in  their 
own  country,    wept   when   they   remembered 

them     and     rejoiced     that     Ihey could 

worship  t'he  same  God  under  the  same  form 
of  religion  (German  faith)  a«  they  did  in 
Germ  any. "-•'"''» 

This  house  went  to  ruin  after  the 
erection  of  a  better  church. 

The  second  and  present  church  was 
built  on  the  east  side  of  the  river  jirior 
to  1763  and  was  removed  to  its  present 
location  about  1795.  There  are  no 
records  to  show  the  date  of  its  erection 
or  removal.  F'ut  the  new  church  must 
have   been    in    existence    in    1773,    since 

(249)  Spelt  Serges  by  Rattermann  (vol. 
XVI.  p.    303). 

(250)  Judge  Groton,  "Remlni.scences"    (Ms.). 


when   the   tir.-^t  town   meeting  of   W  aldc- 
boro   was  called   by   act   of   the   General 
Onn-t  of  Mass.  the  place  designated   in 
the  warrant  was  "at  the  westerly  meet- 
ing  house."      This   indicates    that    there 
were  two  in  the  townshij).     As  the  old 
building    had    become  too    small    a    new 
one  was  projected  about    the    year    70. 
Thc--"'^  land  was  donated  by  C'hris-topher 
Xewberry,  a  favora])le  location,  since   it 
was  near  the  ferry  for  travelers  east  and 
west.     The  people  were  ]ioor  and  r)r<')adi 
lUiy  had  lost  many   inha;)itants  throngii 
the    exodus    ti)    Xorlh    Carolin;i.      S"    it 
happened  that  the  undertaking  dragged 
on  until  final  etlorts  were  ma  1l-  to  com- 
plete it.      Meantime   the   ad\erse   claims 
;o  land  on  the  west  side  of  *h;  river,  to 
which  we  have  already  given  attention, 
were  settled,  deeds  on  that  side  renewed 
and  lots  assigned  for  church  and  school 
purposes,     whereas     \\'a!di)     had    never 
granted  deeds  for  lands  for  similar  uses 
on  the  east  side.     This  was  probably  a 
strong  reason  for  removing  the  building 
to  its  present  locality.    The  remov-a'  was 
in  charge  of  Dr.  John  Christopher  W'ail- 
eazer,  and  took  place  in  the  year  95  ac- 
cording to  the  testimony  of  an  old  resi- 
dent   who    personally    remembered    the 
event  (50  years  ago).  There  are,  more- 
(n'er.  no  dates  on  the  tombstones  earlier 
than  the  year  97.     The  coming  of  Rf^tz 
in  the  year  95  also,  with  his  stiniulai'ng 
influence,  and  the  fact  that  the   Society 
was  organized  subsequently  are  circum- 
stances which   incHcate  that  this  date   is 
at  least  approximately  correct. 

The  church  is  36  by  45  feet,  witli  a 
large  porch  at  the  entrance;  the  w-dl-^ 
are  30  feet  high ;  the  white  pine  and  ash 
flooring  is  still  sound.  A  gallery  encir- 
cles the  interior,  its  supporting  beams 
being  10  inches  square.  Its  front  and 
that  of  the  pulpit  are  painted ;  the  pews, 
however,  have  remained  in  their  natural, 
wood.  The  communion  table  and  col- 
lection 1k)x  are  home  made.  On  one  side 
of  the  pulpit  is  a  tablet  taken  from  the 
graveyard  of  the  original  church  : 


(251)    Lincoln   County  News,  Aug.   12.   1S9' 


-42 


TllK    PENX    GEK.MANIA. 


Heir  lisht-^-  begral>€n 

Herr  John  Mertin  Gross 

\incl  ist  geboren  den   1   Februar  an   J (579 

unci  ist  g^storben  den  11  tebriiar 

17GC  in  9U.  Jahr. 

The  oldest  marked  stone  in  the  ad- 
ioinin-4-  cemetery  is  that  of  Fannie  Mil- 
ler, d'icd  Aug.  22,  1797.  One  of  the 
oldest  also  is  a  slate  stone  marked 
"Mary  Elenora,  wife  of  John  Adam  Leven- 
seler  tl.  Dec.  IS),  1798  aged  GG  years." 

There  are  older  stones,  which  have  no 
names.  A  monument  in  the  upper  ex- 
tremity of  the  yard  has  this  inscription  : 

Conrad  Heyer 
b.   Apr.   10,  1749 
d.  Feb.  19,  18.56 

V-pd  1IH-.  years,  30  mon'ths,  9  days,  was  the 
first  child  bom  of  Europeau  parents  in 
Waldoboro.  Served  3  years  in  the  Revolu- 
tion. 

This  monument  is  erected  by  the  citizens 
of  Waldoboro  to  perpetuate  the  name  of  an 
honest  and  worthy  man. 

The  other  monument  in  the  cemetery  is 
erected  to  Retz  and  Starman  and  has  a 
long  inscription. 

The  career  of  the  Moravian  Brother- 
hood at  Broad  Bay  falls  within  the  dec- 
ade  1760-70. 

''Among2''-  the  carpenters  employed  in  the 
.rection  of  the  Single  Brethren  House  at 
Herrnhaag  was  Hans  Georg  Hahn.  He  left 
there  in  1743  and  went  to  Reweilen  in 
Franconia.  While  there  he  got  acquainted 
with  "some  awakened  souls"  who  wer*  un- 
der the  care  oT  the  Chaplain  of  the  Duke 
of  Cassel.  With  these  he  united,  and  als^ 
married  here.  After  a  few  years  the  coupl-^ 
decided  to  go  to  Pennsylvania  and  settle 
in  the  Moravian  congregation.  They  em- 
barked, but  the  vessel  changed  its  route  to 
Boston.  Here  they  heard  of  the  German 
settlement  at  Broad  Bay  and  went  there  by 
a  coasting  vessel.  By  17G0  there  were  near- 
ly 1000  .settlers  there. 

When  liahn  arrived  he  found  a  mi.xed 
population  of  Scotch-Irish  and  Germans, 
the  latter  being  Lutherans  and  members 
■of  the  German-Reformed  church.  lie 
was  cordially  received  and  invited  to  read 

(252)  Rattcrmann    reads    "liegl." 

(253)  Hist.  Sketch  of  the  Moravian  Mis.sion 
at   Broad   Bay,  by  John  W.   Jordan. 


the  services  on  Sundays.  This  he  did, 
using  Hartmann's  i-'ostille.  Hf  also 
conducted  .special  meetings,  expounding 
the  scriptures,  and  held  love-teasts.  See^ 
ing  and  feeling  the  needs  of  his  hearers- 
he  became  more  systematic  in  his  ct- 
forts  and  introduced  some  of  the  regula- 
tions which  he  had  observed  in  opera- 
tion at  Herrnhaag.  The  earnestness  and 
simplicity  of  Brother  Hahn  made  a  deep- 
ening impression  on  the  people,  for  they 
desired  more  and  more  to  come  undei 
the  care  of  the  Moravian  church,  and 
a  letter  was  sent  to  Brother  Selnheim 
in  Boston  to  the  effect  that  next  time  a 
clergyman  of  the  Moravian  faith  came  to 
lioston  he  should  visit  Broad  Bay. 

In  1760-^'  George  Soelle  (the  ongli 
cized  form  is  Cilley)  and  Samuel  Herr. 
being  en  route  to  New  Hampshire,  called 
on  Brother  Selnheim  and  learned  from 
him  the  situation  at  Broad  Bay.  Tho 
anxious  to  see  this  station  they  could 
find  no  transportation,  and  were  about 
to  abandon  the  idea  of  a  journey  thither, 
when  Brother  Hahivs  wife  arrived  in 
Boston.  From  her  they  received  more 
particulars  regarding  the  religious  op- 
portunities among  the  Germans,  returned 
with  her  and  reached  l^>road  Bay  about 
the  middle  of  August.  On  the  following 
day  Soelle  preached  twice  in  Hahn's 
house  to  good  audiences,  held  a  prayer- 
meeting  and  talked  with  manv  on  spirit- 
ual matters  until  late  at  night.  They 
found  it  impossible.  however.  to 
acccjit  the  urgent  appeals  made  !)>' 
the  ]")eopl'-^  tltat  they  should  re- 
main, and  advised  them  to  ap- 
ply to  the  mission  boarfl  at  Bethlehem 
for  a  permanent  minister.  But  the  letter 
sent  according  to  these  instructions  did 
not  reach  its  destination.  Meantime 
Soelle  departed  to  Litchfield  and  Herr 
to  Bethlehem  where  they  passed  the 
winter.  In  August  of  the  following 
year  the  former  again  visited  the  settle- 
ment at  Broad  Bay  and  assured  the 
people  that  the  Church  would  provide 
for  them.     At  tlic  same  time  he  ofifered 


(254)    Transactions  of   tlio  Mora\ian   Society, 
vol.   IV,   part  I. 


Till".     i;i:kMANS     IX      MAIXF. 


43 


"his    personal    services    for    the    interim- 
which  were  accepted  and  deeply  ai)pre- 
riated.     It  was  also  decided  at  'this  time 
build  a  church. 

With  the  cominp:  of  Schaeffer  of  New 
N  ork  the  spiritual  atmosphere  became 
clouded  and  his  attitude  toward  the 
Moravian  brethren  greatly  marred  the 
religious  growth  of  the  colony.  He  had 
been  engaged  prior  to  Soelle's  last  ar- 
rival by  some  of  the  settlers,  had  visited 
tliem  in  June  and  returned  for  perma- 
nent abode  in  November.  Meanwhile  7 
families  began  to  build  a  meeting  house. 
.Soelle  held  meetings  for  all  who 
desired  them ;  he  also  preached  to  the 
T^nglish  at  Broad  Cove  and  maintained 
services  at  his  own  house  for  members 
of  the  Aloravian  Society  whom  Hahii 
had  gathered.  When  Schaeffer  came 
and  saw  the  extent  and  intent  of  Soelle's 
ivork  he  commenced  to  circulate  scan- 
dals about  the  Moravian  Church,  assert- 
uig  that  Soelle  had  been  stoned  out  of 
Philadelphia  and  escorted  outside  the 
oity  limits  by  a  constable  at  Newport, 
1\.  T.    Of  him  Soelle  writes : 

It  is  true  that  be  was  no  wolf  but  rather 
a  wild  hog,  yet  I  visited  him  and  he  affected 
friendship  for  me  and  even  tried  to  per- 
ewade  me  to  become  his  assistant  an.i 
schoolmaster.  I  replied  I  had  come  here  to 
7ninister  to  a  few  who  had  solicited  me  to 
;^ome." 

On  the  1 2th  of  December  he  held  the 
iirst  meeting  in  the  new  church ;  the  fol- 
lowing Christmas  and  New  Year  were 
also  appropriately  celebrated. 

The  year  1762  brought  nuich  unrest 
and  disquiet.  Some  of  the  settlers  ob- 
jected to  two  clergymen  in  so  small  a 
community ;  others  declared  themselves 
against  a  Ilerrnhuter  and  insisted  that 
Soelle's  congregation  should  join  with 
Schaeffer,  contributing  to  his  support. 
The  ^Moravians  conducted  themselves 
without  show  of  resistance,  but  ''the 
tire  smouldered  under  the  ashes  all  win- 
ter (Soelle),"  and  preparations  were 
made  to  transport  Hahn  and  Soelle  on 
shiplx)ard  to  Boston.  Soelle's  enemies 
•even  went  so  far  as  to  demand  his  pass. 


In  April  the  tumult  increased;  on  Ma\  10 
under  escort  of  30  or  40  men  they  were 
taken  away  and  detained  as  prisoners  an 
entire  day  while  their  congregation  wa- 
waiting  at  the  church.  During  June  the- 
persecution  was  extended,  and  Moraviaii 
settlers  v/ere  deprived  of  their  wooil 
meadows,  but  they  seemed  willing  t.i 
suffer  to  the  limit  rather  than  yield  'their 
freedom  of  conscience.  Perhaps  their 
very  meekness  brought  them  respite,  fur 
save  personal  defamation  of  character 
they  were  unmolested  for  the  balance  of 
the  year.  "We  again  celebrated  Christ- 
mas and  the  vigils  of  the  new  year." 

During  the  year  64  a  reaction  set  in 
in  favor  of  Soelle.  His  persecutors  hafl 
by  this  time  become  suspicious  of 
Schaeft"er's  character  and  conduct ;  these 
suspicions  were  increased  when  a  cop}' 
of  Christopher  Sauer's  newspaper  ar 
rived  among  the  settlers  with  a  notice 
from  Schaeffer's  legal  wife,  whom  he 
had  deserted.  In  consequence  of  these 
scandals  10  families  left  Schaeft'er's 
church,  and  being  Reformed  put  them- 
selves under  the  care  of  a  Reformed 
schoolmaster.  Schaeffer,  however,  made 
determined  efforts  to  vindicate  himself. 
He  accused  Hahn  of  having  sent  the 
paper,  vowed  vengeance  on  him  and  had 
him  arrested  on  the  ground  that  six 
years  previously,  before  any  clerg}man 
visited  the  setthment,  he  had  baptized 
children.  But  these  were  the  efforts  of 
a  losing  man,  for  during  the  winter  the 
Moravian  meetings  were  well  attended, 
and  some  (among  them  one  of  his  bit- 
terest enemies)  reqtiested  Soelle  to 
"school"  their  children.  But  while  these 
persecution-s  gradually  subsided  they 
made  an  incision  into  the  religious  and 
social  life  of  Broad  Bay  from  wdiich  the 
community  did  not  recover  and  which 
factored  in  the  later  migration  of  the 
Moravians  to  North  Carolina. 

Speaking  of  the  general  conditions 
among  the  people  Soelle  says : 
"They  are  as  poor  as  church  mice,  and  the 
land  is  not  rich.  Most  of  the  people  had 
been  here  1-  years,  o  of  which  they  spent  in 
barracks.     All  have   large  farms;    they   can- 


44 


Till-:    PEXN    (jllK.MAXlA. 


not  plow,  and  if  they  wish  to  sow  rye  they 
must  use  the  hoe  to  stir  up  the  sou.  Then- 
flour  they  obtain  in  Boston.  The  severe 
winters   oi>erate   against  tlieni." 

-f^nn    May,   ()7,   John    Ettwein   visited 
Broad  Bav  and  intornicd  Soelle  of  tlie 
latter's     recall     to     i'ennsylvania.       Hi5 
service  of  5  years  had  endeared  him  to 
the  people  and  in  response  to  a  petition 
for   his  reappointment    he    returned    on 
September  28  to  his  former  field  where 
he  was  warmly  welcomed  and  his  labors 
earned    marked    success.       During     his 
visit  at   Broad  Bay  Ettwein  made  men 
lion   to   several   of  the    settlers    of    the 
Moravian  tract  in   North  Carolina,  em- 
phasizing the  genial  climate,  fertile  soil 
etc..  so  that  on  his  return  Soelle  found 
a  number  eager  to  seek  a  southern  home. 
There  was  some  correspondence  between 
Halm    and   Ettwein   regarding  the   pro- 
posed migration.     Soelle  also  wrote: 
"Our    people   are    determined     on    going     to 
North  Carolina.    The  migration  will  be  diffi- 
cult, as  they  are   all   large   families,   yet   it 
will  be  for  the  good.     So  poor  are  they  that 
th^ir   children  wear   only   shirts.     Foolislily 
they  have  published  their  purpose  and  now 
others   wish   to  go  too." 
And   in   April,   68,   he   wrote   to   Bishop 
Nath.  Seidcl : 

"The  people  are  still  determdaed  to  go  to 
North  Carolina  and  have  been  since  my  ar- 
rival in  September  last." 
llis  letter  of  the  following  August 
(written  from  Xewport  to  Ettwein) 
states : 

"As  to  the  emigration  tihe  following  o  fam- 
ilies have  decided  to  set  out  this  fall  for 
Wilmington,  say  in  November ." 

But  the  colony  did  not  leave  until  Au- 
gust 26,  1769:  the  vessel  was  wrecked 
imt  the  crew  and  passengers  were  saved 
and  reached  their  destination,  "wholly 
tmcxpected  by  the  people  but  kindly 
cared  for  at  Salem  and  I'ethabara."  So 
favorable  were  the  reports  of  these  fir.^t 
migrators  that  the  remaining  5  families 
in  Broad  Bav  determined  to  follow.  On 
September  5.  1770,  .Soelle.  who  was  to 
accompany  them  wrote  to  Ettwein  : 

"The  schooner  on  w'hich  we  are  to  set  sail 
liep  in  the  bay." 

(a.Of))    Tr.'^nsjactions      of      Uie    Mor.    Soc.     vol. 
3  v.    p.Trt    I. 


Tlie  colonists  reached.  Salem  and  wcre 
also  well  received.  Not  wishing  tu  re- 
main there  the  Broad  Bay  people  de- 
cided to  establish  a  settlement  of  their 
own ;  they  took  a  tract  in  tlie  southeast- 
ern section  of  the  Wachovia  purchase, 
where  9  lots  of  200  acres  each  were  sold 
to  them,  30  in  the  center  being  reserved 
for  a  church  and  school.  This  settlement 
was  called  Eriedland.  This  closes  the 
career  of  the  Moravians  in  the  early 
Maine  colonial  period,  and  truly  di<l 
Soelle  announce  to  his  friends  on  his 
arrival  in  Salem : 

"Our  mission  at  Broad  Bay  is  virtually  ai 
an  end. "-■'>'; 

During  the  period  of  colonization  the 
German  settlements  of  New  England 
were  fretpiently  visited  by  itinerant 
ministers.  Among  the  earliest  of  these 
were  the  United  Brethren,  whose  rep- 
resentatives Jasper  Payne  and  Christian 
Erohlich  as  early  as  March,  1746,  came 
to  Boston  (and  other  missions),  where 
they  found  a  company  of  their  aflherents. 
The  chronicles-'^^  of  the  M'oravian  soci- 
ety state  that  these  preachers  penetrated 
sixty  miles  beyond  Boston,  but  there  is 
no  record  of  their  reaching  Frankfort 
or  Broad  Bay.  Soelle  was  the  first  who 
labored  ]x"rmanently  at  the  latter  place. 
In  the  autumn  of  1765  Brother  Fran;^ 
Bolder  came  to  assist  him. 
"aber-T'^  die  Leute  waren  zu  strikte  Luther- 
aner,  um  den  Verlockungen  der  Herrnhuter 
Geihoer  zu  geben." 

"Brother  Francis  Bolder--'^  preached 
this  year  (1765)  at  Packagetgotsh,  Pa.. 
where  he  learned  from  several  of  his 
liearers  among  the  white  people  of  some 
Cermans,  emigrated  from  the  I'alatinate 
and  Wirtcnd^crg,  having  settled  at  P)road 
Bay  in  New  England,  several  of  whom 
had,  even  in  Germany,  been  acquainted 
with  Brethren,  who  sought  to  make  his 
acquaintance  there." 


Cl'r>(i)  Tran.sactions  of  the  Mor.  Snc,  vol. 
TV.   part  T. 

(2r.7)  Manu'^oript-arcliive.s  of  the  Moravian 
Roo'etv  at   Betlilehem,  Pa. 

<2f!<'i    Per  deutsobe  Plon.  vol.  XVT.   p.   307. 

f2."9')  .\ncifnt  anrl  Moclern  His^orv  of  the 
Brolhron,   b\-   CranTi,   pf»ot.    2S1,  p.    ^^2. 

TO  BE  ("ONTTXUED 


The  Forest  Preacher  on  the  Schoharie 

A HistoricalTale  of  the  Life  and  C^ustoms  of  the  (jerman 
Americans  of  the  Eighteenth    Century 
By    Frederick  Meyer. 

Translated  from  the  German  by  Professor  E.  A.  Jacoby,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 


Chapter  I. 

U\\  E\"ER,  I  anticipated  liim. 

My    visit    tu   the    sick    3tlr. 

Laihle  was  my  last  official 

(Uity ;    then    1    hastened    to 

\\'eJsenberg.       They     were 

l)repared    for    the   journe}'. 

■'There  is  nothing-  left   for 

us  but  to  llej,"  ni}-   father  cried.     "The 

duke  has  taken  everything  from  me,  but 

I  will  save  my  daughter." 

"Have  \'ou  mone\'  for  the  journey.^"' 
■■\\'e  do  not  have  much,  but  we  have 
c!i  lug'li  to  ^ee  us  througli.  Reverend 
<ir.  ma}-  God  punish  me,  it  1  tell  a  false- 
hood. When  JMr.  Weiser  went  to  Amer- 
ica twenty  years  ago  with  many  Pala- 
tines and  Swabians,  my  brother-in-law, 
( "hristian  Merkle  desired  to  go  too.  The 
duke  depraved  him  of  all  his  property ; 
only  one  hog  was  left  him.  Ilis  wife, 
my  wife's  sister,  was  unwilling  to  ac- 
company him.  To  give  up  one's  home  is 
hard.  Then  a  princess  of  the  country 
was  married,  and  new  taxes  were  levied. 
r>ut,  as  my  brother-in-law  possessed  no- 
thing else,  the  tax-gatherers  took  his 
])ig." 

"Xuv.-  I  go,"  declared  my  sister-in- 
law. 

"To  you  we  wish  to  go,  but  I  felt  as 
if  my  heart  would  break.  Here  we  were 
lx)rn,  here  my  ancestors,  who  were  re- 
spectable farmers,  lived-  for  their  names 
an  Avritten  in  the  old  church  records. 
Tlare  undor  the  linden  tree  the  noble 
duVe  Christoj^ih.er  often  rested  wdien  he 
root  to  Tubingen.  In  our  family  loyalt>- 
to  princes  was  the  ruling  passion,  for  it 
1^    -elated    that    m.y    great    grandfather 


showed  to  the  fugitive  Duke  Ulrich  liie 
way  to  the  lUack  h'orcst  JMountains. 
'I  lie  tombstones  of  my  fathers  stand  be- 
side the  church,  there  my  wife  is  buried, 
heside  her  I  longed  to  sleep  my  last  sleep 
and  now now '' 

".Sir,  do  not  curse  tlie  duke." 

"1  curse  not,  may  God  have  i^ty  upon 
n]\-  beautiful  Fatherland." 

Mis  bosom  heaved  with  emotion,  he 
clenched  his  hands  a. id  cried : 

"ICx])elled,  driven  oui  of  my  country." 

"Do  not  curse." 

The    daughter    embraced    her    father. 

*T  thank  you,"  she  said  as  the  tears 
moistened  her  cheeks.  I  wanted  to  utter 
a  farewell  blessing  but  the  words  stuck 
in  mv  throat.  I  could  only  clasp  their 
hands  in  silence.  After  I  had  brushed 
the  tears  from  my  eyes,  1  still  saw  a 
'^rushed  man  leaning  heavily  on  his  staff 
totter  through  the  village  street,  a  frail 
girlish  form  clinging-  to  him,  slowly  d;is- 
""  earing  in  the  darkness  of  the  night. 
]  listened,  still  thinking  I  heard  foot- 
steps, now  it  is  the  sound  of  sobbing — 
now  all  is  still!  A  partridge  whistled. 
\  temi)est  v/as  rising.  O  dear  home, 
h :)w  rich  are  your  valleys,  how  fertile 
vour  fields,  how  magnificent  your  for- 
ests, how  glorious  your  mountains,  how 
fearless  and  faithful  your  citizens.  Why 
have  we  such  a  prince? 

Why  did  I  not  flee  with  them?  I  do 
not  know.  The  next  night  I  hastened 
through  the  Schonbuch  and  the  Bebling- 
er  Wald  to  the  Black  Forest.  A  fearful 
storm  was  ragdng.  In  my  home  my 
mother  embraced  mc  once  again. 

"Y<-»u  want  to  go  to  America?  There 
the    Indians  will  kill  you,"  she  cried. 


45 


46 


THE    PENN    Gr:RMA>;iA. 


"^lother.  perhaps  they  are  more  com- 
passionate than  our  sovereign  who  is  un- 
worthy before  i  lod  and  man." 

"Do  not  curse  your  prince."' 

"I  have  a  prince  no  longer,  no  home, 
I  am  an  exile." 

■']jut  you  have  a  mother,  my  son,  O. 
my  heart  is  breaking."  \\'c  embraced 
each  other  for  the  last  time. 

l\s  I  am  writing  this,  my  tears  blot 
the  paper.  Let  it  be  so.  The  most  sa- 
cred feelings  can  not  be  committed  to 
paper,  they  nuist  remain  hidden  In  my 
lieart. 

'i'he  snowstorm  ceased.  In  summer  it 
ma>-  be  pleasant  to  live  here.  Rig-ht  be- 
liind  the  log  hut  is  a  valllcy  through 
which  the  Schoharie  flows  to  join  the  AIo- 
hawk.  On  the  other  side  is  a  sawmill. 
T  am  not  quite  alone.  All  around  me 
is  the  f(5rest.  Far  in  the  distance  one 
catches  a  glimpse  of  a  blue  mountain 
range  called  the  Catskills.  Toward  the 
south  one  sees  the  region  through  whicii 
the  Susquehanna  flow's.  On  its  banks 
it  is  said  many  Germans  are  living.  The 
smell  of  rosin  from  the  fir  trees  is  just 
like  that  in  the  Black  Forest,  and  re- 
min.ds  me  of  my  home  across  the  sea. 

Chapter  II. 

I  have  mnv  been  here  for  four  days. 
1  have  not  yet  met  any  human  beings 
except  old  Ursula.  Still  it  is  said  that 
a  numerous  German  population  lives  in 
the  surrounding  village  and  forests.  [ 
only  hope  that  the  people  do  not  resemble 
the  climate  which  prevails  here.  A 
Iieavy  rain  fell  early  this  morning.  No-v 
the  sky  is  quite  clear,  and  it  is  bitter  cold. 
The  field  and  the  forest  are  covered 
with  a  glistening  sheet  of  ice.  Toward 
the  west,  the  rays  of  the  setting  sun 
cause  the  ice  to  glow  in  indescribable 
splendor.  This  brightness  dazzles  the 
eyes  that  the  line  of  demarcation  betwee;i 
the  sun  and  earth  vanishes.  As  a  fiery 
chariot  inflaming  everything  in  its  course 
over  the  earth,  and  now  soaring  with  ease 
over  the  forests  and  the  hills  in  the  dis- 
tance niirn)i-s  itsilf  in  its  production,  sd 


glistens   and   undulates   the   interminal.''  - 
ocean  of  fire. 

Listen,  I  hear  footsteps  on  the  paca 
to  my  cabin  door.  A  man  stands  in  t'.'.e 
open  doorway. 

"My  name  is  Hans  Gerlach.  and  }'iir 
are  you  the  preacher  who  has  lately  ar- 
rived? No,  no,  I  do  not  wisli  to  ^it 
down ;  hut  this  evening  an  importam 
meeting  of  the  farmers  will  be  held  in 
Mr.  Weiser's  barn.  With  your  per- 
mission I  will  conduct  you  thith  -. 
There  you  will  meet  at  one  time  all  the- 
(lermans  in  the  community."  In  t'.ie- 
evening  I  went  down  the  valley  with  hii' 
to  Mr.  Weiser's  barn. 

"There  wifl  be  a  livel}-  meeting,  re- 
marked Mr.  Gerlach  r.s  we  walked  alor.g. 
"The  delegation  which  we  sent  to  Lon- 
don to  present  our  complaints  t<> 
king  liave  returned  and  will  make  tlieir 
report.  I  am  told  that  the  answer  they 
bring  is  unfavorable,  in  fact  a  heavier 
burd-^n   fur  the  colony." 

"What  is  the  purpcjrt  of  their  c<">:n- 
I)laint?"'  "You  will  learn  everything  t^- 
•night,  pastor;  vou  will  hear  all  our  af- 
fairs uo  to  the  present  time.  If  I  <lo  not 
misjudge  old  Mr.  Weiser,  he  will  cause 
a  great  uproar.  He  is  an  upright  man. 
has  a  warm  heart  for  the  settlers,  anil 
has  done  much  for  them,  l^ut  he  is  en- 
tirely too  dogmatic  for  me.  Here  we 
are.  Don't  be  shocked  at  the  rude  an- 
pearance  of  the  people.  Life  in  the  for- 
est makes  the  hands  callous,  but  in  spite 
of  that  the  people  are  kind-hearted." 

"Do  you  expect  to  introduce  mc  to 
the  assembly  tonight?" 

"I  had  better  not  do  that  tonight.  The 
people  are  at  present  too  much  excited. 
The  proper  time  will  come.  A  man  does- 
much  harm,  by  presenting  suitable  sub- 
jects at  an  inopportune  time." 

A  long  building  built  of  logs  was- 
ahead  of  us.  1  lere  the  men  entered. 
They  were  seated  close  together  on  long 
])lanks,  many  were  leaning  against  the 
walls.  ]Most  of  them  smei.ed  in  honu- 
made  pipes  tobacco  that  almost  toi^k  my 
l)reath  away.  A  stove  stood  in  the 
nndst,    win'ch    served    less    to    warm    the 


1"  1 1 1". 


•<)Ki:sr  i'Ki;a(Hi:k  ox 


SllUlllAKIl-: 


47 


luiiUlinj^-  than  the  fire  of  the  pipes  an  1 
torches  with  which  the  room  was  lit.  A 
loud  niurnuir  of  voices  i^reeted  me  as  1 
entered. 

"Look  at  the  pe(ople  closely,  because 
vou  must  live  and  lalx)r  amonj;-  them." 

Several  hundred  men  in  coarse  cloth- 
int:^,  many  with  bear  and  deer  skins  about 
the  shoulders,  faces  and  hands  l)lack 
with  pitch  and  smoke,  arms  and  hands 
hardened  by  toil,  strong  and  sturdy 
l)odies  were  assembled  here;  the  whole 
scene  was  picturesque  but  strange.  Arc 
these  my  countrymen,  T  asked  myself,  or 
am  I  in  a  strange  country  among  a 
strange  race?  When  we  entered  th: 
]>roccedings  had  already  begun.  In  front 
on  an  elevaterl  place,  several  men  sat.  al 
a  table,  the  leaders  of  the  pec^nle.  ■  • 
governors  of  the  assembly. 

"We  have  had  our  greatest  hardships. 
As  we  have  had  a  just  cause  ■  for  com- 
plaint, we  retain  possession  of  our  land. 
N'O  one.  not  even  the  governor  can  dis- 
lodge us,  therefore  I  say,  let  us  hold  on 
to  our  acquisitions.  As  for  the  rest  our 
industrv  and  Heaven's  blessing  will  pro- 
vide." Thus  it  echoed  through  the  build- 
ing. A  general  stamping  of  the  feet 
arose,  a  sign  of  the  assembb''s  approval. 
A  man  of  short  stature  spoke,  the  prcsi 
dent,  it  seemed  to  me,  of  the  assembly. 

■'Why  shall  we  wander  forth  acain. 
he  continued,  "Injustice  has  certainly  be- 
fallen us  but  each  day  has  its  trouble, 
every  country  its  want;  in  I'ennsylvania 
too  afifairs  may  not  pass  off  as  smooth!}- 
as  w.e  imagine.'' 

"Crood,  Auskorn,''  several  exclaimed  as 
the  speaker  took  his  seat.  •  .\  short  pause 
followed.  Each  one  started  to  talk  to 
his  neighbor  in  a  loud  tone,  when  im- 
mediately as  if  at  a  conimand  the  conver- 
sation ceased.  All  eyes  were  turned  up- 
on the  man  who  appeared  upon  the  plat- 
form. The  men  even  laid  their  pipei 
1)y  their  side,  as  if  they  were  listening  to 
a  solemn  church  service. 

"Neighlx>rs  and  fellow  citizens.  w> 
cross,  no  crown,  no  labor,  no  blessing,  in 
this  r  agree  with  the  ])revious  .speaker 
but   I  tell  \ini    I    li.'il   wiili   indignation  at 


the  oi>pressions  which  have  l)een  thrust 
upon  us.  Without  freedom  and  justice 
there  is  no  life.  Patience,  a  charmin'..r 
virtue,  can  also  become  a  great  crime."' 

The  r(X)m  became  quite  still.  On  every 
countenance  was  seen  the  tense  expres- 
sion with  which  they  followed  the  speak- 
er's words.  A  tall,  well  built  man.  about 
60  years  of  age,  stood  before  them.  His 
keen  grey  eyes  glanced  from  beneath  a 
finely  arched  brow.  His  whole  appear- 
ance and  bearing  bespoke  assurance  an  1 
self-confidence.  He  was  not  an  elo- 
quent speaker  to  whom  the  men  listened 
so  attentively,  but  he  was  a  man  of 
deeds.  He  was  John  Conrad  Weiser. 
the  spirited  leader  of  the  Germans  in  the 
state  of  New  York. 

"Remain  if  you  wish,  but  permit^  me 
and  my  flock  to  remove  to  a  land  of  free- 
dom. 'For  25  years,  since  the  beginning- 
of  the  settlement  I  was  with  you.  This 
is  the  last  time  that  I  will  stand  before 
you.  Let  me  speak.  Palatines  and 
Swabians  are  we.  When  our  princes  be- 
came I^'rench " 

"Thirty  Years'  War."  a  voice  broke  in.. 
"The  school  teacher  Heim,  for  my  sake, 
wishes  me  not  to  forget  the  "Thirty 
Years'  War."  During  this  war,  and  the 
invasions  of  the  French  incendiaries  our 
old  home  was  destroyed  and  many  cui- 
zens  were  reduced  to  beggary.  W  ^ 
would  have  retrieved  our  losses  if  o 
l)rinces  had  continued  to  be  German,  but 
the  foreign  jirinces  had  no  love  for  Licr- 
man  ways  and  justice,  ^ly  ancestor- 
were  magistrates  of  Germany  in  \\'u\  ■ 
temburg.  I  filled  this  office  myself  for 
several  years,  but  the  pressure  of  my 
superiors  became  unbearable.  The  mis- 
tresses of  the  princes  consumed  large 
sums  of  money  which  had  to  1:^  forced 
from  the  poor  farmers.  Uesides  in  170') 
there  was  an  extremely  cold  winter,  li 
was  so  cold  that  birds  froze  to  death  in 
their  flight,  our  vineyards  and  grain 
fields  were  ruined,  and  our  rulers  had  no 
mere}'. 

'"I'or  these  reasons  we  left  our  faihirr- 
land.  We.  of  the  Palatines  and  Swab- 
ians iourneved  down  the  Rhine  to   llol- 


48 


IllIL    PEXX    GERMAN  lA. 


land  and  thence  to  lingland.  Aiore  than 
10,000  camped  in  London.  Driven  oiv. 
by  German  princes  we  were  cared  for  by 
Queen  Anne  of  England  and  the  brave 
English  duke  Marlborough.  All  of  us 
were  honest  people,  who  did  not  shun 
any  work.  Then  we  had  to  subsist  on 
charity,  and  be  gaped  at  by  all  the  folk' 
and  buffoons  of  London.  About  that 
time  there  came  to  London  from  .Vmei  - 
ica  three  chiefs  of  the  Mohawk  Indians. 
This  turned  the  daily  conservation  away 
from  us.  The  papers  were  filled  with 
descriptions  of  the  "Three  Kings  from 
America."  3kltn  spoke  with  admiration 
of  these  ^Majesties." 

Loud  laughter  interrupted  the  painful 
silence. 

"The  three  Indians  also  came  to  our 
camp.  Never  will  I  forget  when  I  first 
beheld  their  copper-colored,  repulsive 
faces,  their  wild,  warlike  trappings  with 
tomahawks  and  battleaxes.  A\'hen  they 
heard  that  we  left  our  homes  because  wc 
had  no  lands  nor  fields  nor  gardens,  they 
broke  into  a  boisterous  laugh,  and  prom- 
ised us  as  many  pastures  and  fields  a^ 
Schoharie  as  we  couUl  cultivate.  Is  what 
I  say  true?" 

"Yes,  yes."  Apparently  the  recollection 
of  these  Indians  was  still  fresh  in  the 
minds  of  most  of  them. 

"Next  the  English  government  sen' 
back  to  Germany  all  of  those  who  wer, 
of  the  Catholic  faith.  What  distress 
there  was  among  the  poor  peojjle!  An- 
other portion  were  sent  to  Ireland,  who 
were  to  constitute  a  counteri)oise  to  the 
Catholic  inhabitants  there.  Another  por- 
tion came  to  A^irginia  and  the  southerr. 
colonies,  we,  the  remainder  to  the  num- 
ber of  3500  were  sent  to  New  York. 

"We  were  packed,  so  to   speak,   inti 
ten    ships,  just  like  cattle  or  goods   are 
sent.      On    the   ship   'Lyon,'    in    which    I 
sailed,   there   died   on   the   voyage    from 
ship  fever  and  privation  470  ])u>()ns  and 
250  died  at  the  conclusion  of  the  join- 
ney  when  wc  had  reached  New  ^'ork.  Al- 
together  there   dii'd,   as    T    informed    tli 
English    king.    1700   men.      IJesides.    we 
were  poor,  we  could  request  nothing,  we 
"had  to  allow  things  to  take  their  cours?." 


"To  the  Schoharie  we  wanted  to  go 
to  clear  the  forests  and  till  the  soil,  bin 
the  g-overnor  of  the  colony  decided  other- 
wise. We  were  not  allowed  to  become 
free  colonists.  At  every  step  we  were 
guarded  Hke  prisoners  of  state.  They 
encroached  upon  our  independence  and 
responsibility.  Take  these  away  fri>in 
men  and  you  make  slaves  of  them." 

"Governor  Hunter,  our  superior,  had 
no  comprehension  of  our  necessities.  lie 
sent  us  up  the  Hudson  river  where  he 
had  granted  lands  to  the  most  wicked 
man  in  America,  Robert  Livingstone,  a 
friend  of  the  pirate  Capt.  Kidd.  On 
these  lands  we  were  to  prepare  tar. 
pitch  and  turpentine  for  the  English 
government.  In  winter  we  arrived  ther^- 
only  half  clothed.  Livingstone  was  to 
supply  us  with  provisions.  He  cheate'i 
us  in  weight  and  measure.  He  force- 1 
damaged  food  upon  us  so  that  our  chil- 
dren became  sick.  He  overcharged  u.-. 
Of  what  use  were  complaints?  He  was 
rich,  we  ^verc  poor;  he  was  an  English- 
man, we  were  Germans.  Eor  such  ]x'o- 
ple  there  is  no  justice  here." 

"  Countrymen  and  friends,  wc  did  our 
duty  toward  the  English  government.  We 
felled  trees.  A\'e  labored  for  them  in  'the 
i:)roduction  of  tar.  We  wished  to  repay 
as  w^ell  as  we  could  what  Oticen  Anne 
had  done  for  us.  We  endured  hungei' 
and  sickness,  we  saw  our  brethren  die 
lieforc  our  eyes ;  along  the  Hudson  River 
their  bodies  lie  buried.  Ah!  more  than 
this.  The  g"Overnor  took  my  boys  from 
me,  their  father,  and  he  pledged  them  as 
bondsmen  for  many  years.  My  son  Con- 
rad was  delivered  to  the  Indian  chief. 
(_)ua(iuant.  He  li\-e(l  with  the  savag"es 
in  holes  and  caves.  They  dragged  hitn, 
almost  naked,  through  the  forests  in  the 
midst  of  winter.  He  was  often  in  peril 
of  his  life  while  the  Indians  were  in- 
toxicated by  the  whiskey  with  which 
Giwernor  1  hmter  and  his  friends  sup- 
])lied  them." 

"\'our  sons  and  daughters  were  sold 
like  mine.  How  many  returned  again  to 
tlie  home  of  their  parents?  I  can  bear 
everv  burdth.  but  at  the  last  diw  in  the 


Till-'.  i-oRi;s'r  I'lo-.ACii  i-K  ON  'I'lii-:  sc  iinii  akii. 


49 


Vr.scncc  uf  the  Judge-  of  ilu-  quick  and 
the  dead  T  will  remember  that  (Kivcriior 
ITturter  took  my  children  a\va_\-  from  mc." 

Tlu'  men  paid  the  strictest  attention 
■  Mr.  Weiser's  discourse.  In  the  twink- 
ling of  an  eye  they  lizrd  oi'cr  Oi^iciin  the 
vears  of  want  and  ]:)rivation.  As  the 
5.^">eaker  uttered  the  last  words  thcr. 
arose  such  a  scen^'  as  1  considered  im- 
f'ossi'ble    among    mankind. 

The  long  repressed  i!;ricf  in  the  hearts 
:  .  these  farmers  burst  forth  with  elemen- 
tary force.  Many  jumped  upon  tlu- 
benches,  clenched  their  fists,  and  uttereil 
maledictions ;  others  speechless,  shook 
with  emotion,  man}-  covered  their  faces 
with  their  hands  and  sobbed  with  pair, 
and    anger:   again   otlurs   bit    their   lips, 


their  eyes  gleamed  strangel)  liki  ;■> 
tiger's  when  it  defends  its  young.  I  .sa'. 
as  if  turned  to  stone.  More  than  once 
1  pressed  my  hand  to  my  heart.  1  fell 
as  if  my  blood  was  curdling  in  my  veins. 
'idle  outburst  of  their  long  repressetl 
feelings  continued  to  rage.  At  last  i. 
seemed  to  have  expended  itself,  but  onl\ 
for  a  moment  when  it  1)roke  forth  agaii 
with  renewed  energy.  Jt  was  a  long 
time  before  ]Mr.  Weiser  could  obtain  a 
hearing,  lie  continuetl  mingling  witi. 
his  speech  a  mild  forni  of  irony:  ""They 
desired  us  to  mingle  with  the  Indian 
tribes  and  thus  as  a  mongrel  race  to 
form  a  bulwark  against  the  i)ressure  oi 
the  French  from  Canada.  Such  a  low 
oi>inion  has  England  of  the  German  peo- 
])le." 


This  is  the  tirst  installment  of  a  very  interesting  story,  the  eirig- 
inal  of  which  appeared  in  the  Sclni.'a'bisclics  ]Vochcnbiatt,  of  New 
^'(  rl<.  permission  to  translate  and  publish  which  has  been  given  l)y  the 

])ul)lisher  of  the  U'cclicnhlaft. — Editor. 


50 


HE 


'ENN    Glik.MAMA. 


Their  sehcols  established  under  differeui; 
acts  of  assembly,  on  the  Lancasterian  sys- 
tem of  education  are,  at  this  time  preparing 
for  future  usefulness  five  thousand  thren 
hundred  and  sixty  nine,  many  of  whom 
would  otherwise  be  permitted  to  grow  up  in 
ignorance  and  become  a  prey  to  those  vices 
of  which  it  is  unfortunately  so  fruitful  a 
source.  This_  plan  of  education  in  Philadel- 
phia is  a  valuable  addition  to  the  num- 
ber of  those  useful  literary  and  benevolent 
institutions,  which  adorn  our  meitropolis, 
and  distinguish  it  as  the  seat  of  science  and 
nursery  of  the  arts.  The  philanthropy  and 
zeal  manifested  by  the  individuals  who  pre- 
side over  and  superintend  the  numerous  in- 
stitutions established  in  that  city  for  the 
l)romotion  of  instruction  and  al  eviation  of 
distress,  without  any  inducement  but  the 
public  good,  and  for  no  other  reward  than 
the  smiles  of  an  approving  conscience,  en- 
title them  to  the  warmest  feeling  of  public 
gratitude. 

From  the  great  success  attending  the  in- 
troduction O'f  the  Lancasterian  system  of 
education  in  the  first  school  d:s.trict  em- 
bracing the  city  and  county  of  Philadelphia, 
and  tho  representations  made  to  me  of  its 
being  equally  successful  in  some  our  sister 
states,  I  think  it  worth  the  experiment  be- 
ing attempted  in.  other  sections  cf  the  state, 
as  far  as  it  could  be  adapted  to  the  peculiar- 
ities of  their  respective  situations  and  cir- 
cumstances. 

By  a  well  timed  arrangement  lately  con- 
summated by  the  trustees  of  Dickinson 
OoUege,  in  pursuance  of  an  act  cf  assembly 
authorizing  the  measure,  that  institution  i- 
about  being  resu.scitated  under  auspices  in- 
dicating a  bright  prospect  of  future  use- 
fulness. 

The  information  from  the  university  in 
Philadelphia,  from  the  colleges  in  the  west- 
ern section  of  (he  state,  and  from  several 
acad:  mies  endowed  by  legislative  grants, 
presents  a  favorable  view  of  education  in 
these  institutions  as  far  as  respects  the 
qualification  of  teachers  and  the  taste  of 
yonth  for  improvement  in  science;  but 
those  who  are  intrusted  with  their  direc- 
tion, unite  in  deploring  the  inadequacy  6r 
til  fir  funds  to  make  a  suitable  provision  for 
a   competent  number  of  professors." 

John  Andrew  Shulze,  governor  frojii 
1823  to  1820.  said  in  his  inc':u^s:ural  ad- 
dress : 

"Former  lesja&latures  turned  their  atten. 
tiou.  with  a  liberality  which  d'd  them  srea^ 
honor,  to  tbe  subject  of  educafon.  It  mu-:t 
be  acknowledged,  however,  that  much  re- 
raa'ns  to  be  acfominlislied  in  this  reso^ct. 
and  that  the  requisitions  of  the  crnst't^utiou 
af-    still    in    a    criM^at    me.apu'0    una'iswered. 


The  object  of  the  convenf.iou  rfteuis  10  hav»* 
been,  to  diffuse  the  nieans  01  ruaiiucutal 
education  so  extensively,  that  itihey  shoUiU 
be  completely  within  the  reach  of  all— th" 
poor  who  could  not  pay  for  them,  as  weal 
as  the  rich  who  could.  Convinced,  that  even 
liberty  without  knowledge.'  is  but  a  jpre- 
carious  blesing,  I  cannt^t  therefore,  too 
strongly  recommend  this  subject  to  your 
consideration." 

"Although  the  importance  of  education 
has  bsen  frequently  pressed  upon  your  at- 
tention, j-ou  will  excuse  me,  gentlemen,  It 
I  again  present  it  for  your  consideration. 
As  the  stability  of  our  republican  institu- 
tions depends  upon  the  intelligence  of  our 
citizens  the  instruction  of  our  youth  should 
never  be  lost  sight  of  by  the  government 
of  a  free  people.  It  has  been  said,  on  an- 
other occasion,  ,that  liberty  itself,  without 
education  is  but  a  precar'ous  blessing.  To 
carry  into  effect  the  constitutional  injunc- 
.  tion,  much  has  been  already  done.  It  must, 
however,  be  conceded,  much  remains  yet  to 
do.  Primary  schools  have  been  establoshed. 
and  colleges  endowed,  yet  in  a  manner  here- 
tofore, unfortunately,  not  equal  to  their 
wants  or  necessities.  I  would  i^spectfully 
suggest,  whether  an  annual  sum,  epecially 
appropriated  for  that  purpose,  would  not  in 
a  few  years  raise  a  fund  equal  to  the  uni- 
versal diffusion  of  the  elements  cl  educa- 
tion among  the  children  of  the  republic. 

Connected  with  education,  permit  me  to 
call  your  attention  to  the  Americaji  Bio 
graphical  Dictionary,  compiled  by  one  of 
our  citizens  and  intended  for  the  use  of 
schools.  This  work,  which  is  well  executed, 
illustrates  the  principles  of  our  government, 
and  iholds  up  for  imitation  to  the  rising  gen 
eration,  some  of  the  highest  examples  in 
the  page  of  history,  of  heroism  and  devo- 
tion to  country.  As  an  incentive  to  virtue, 
and  love  of  country,  it  may  be  well  worthy 
of  legislative   patronage." 

George  Wolf,  governor  from  1820  {'> 
1835,  said  in  his  inaugural  address: 

"It  will  not  be  expected,  that,  on  an  oc- 
ca.  iion  such  ac->  the  present,  any  thing  should 
he  said  in  reference  to  the  state  of  the  com- 
monwealth, or  the  measures  to  be  submitted 
to  the  deliberations  of  the  legislature  dur- 
ing the  present  session;  the  message  of  my 
respected  predecessor  has  presented  both  in 
detail.  But  1  would  call  the  attention  of 
that  portion  of  my  fellow  citizens,  who  com- 
pose the  legislative  branch  of  the  govern- 
ment, to  one  or  two  topics,  the  first  of 
whicli.  it-  si-em.';  to  me,  no  executive  raag- 
istratt'  can  abstain  from  pressing  on  the 
attentiou  of  the  legislature  without  being 
justly  chargeable  with  a  culpable  neglect 
of  duty:    I   mean   that   clause  of  the   con^iM- 


PUIiLir  SCHOOL  SVSTKM    IN'  I'KN  NSV  r.VA  N  lA 


:^i 


tutiun  which  enjoins  that  'the  lfi;islaturo 
shall  as  soon  as  conveniently  may  be,  pro- 
vide for  the  establishment  of  .schools 
l.hFoughout  the  state,  in  such  a  manner  tha: 
the  poor  may  be  taught  gratis,"  a:i  injunc- 
tion which  I  trust  no  statesman  will  dis- 
regard or  philanthropist  treat  with  neglect. 
This  call  has  been  so  frequently  made  by 
t'he  eminent  statesmen  who  have  .precedeii 
me  in  the  executive  department  of  this  gov- 
ernnient,  t.hat  I  fear  a  repetition  of  it  nov/, 
will  be  considered  as  forming  a  subject  too 
.>^tale  and  hackneyed  to  be  productive  of 
any  beneficial  effects;  but  as  some  of  those 
calls  'have  heretofore  produced  favorabla  re- 
sults, may  I  not  be  permitted  to  indulge 
the  hope,  that  the  enlightened  body,  I  am 
now  addressing,  will  turn  their  attention  to 
the  injunction  itself  as  being  one,  which  con- 
sidering the  high  source  from  which,  it  em- 
anates, is  entitled  to  their  unqualified  de- 
ference and  respect. 

The  philanthropic  tlesign,  and  patriotic  in- 
tention of  the  framers  of  the  constitution 
cannot,  certainly,  be  passed  over  with  in- 
difference by  any  legislative  boly  "^hich 
views  the  subject  of  education,  in  all  its 
important  bearings,  as  well  with  regard  to 
the  evils  resulting  to  society  from  a  want 
of  that  moral  and  scholastic  instruction  to 
which  a  large  portion  of  our  citizens,  who 
are  now  destitute  of  the  means  of  obtaining 
them,  is  doomed;  as  in  reference  to  the  sta- 
bility and  permanency  of  our  free  institu- 
tions, themselves,  which  must  always  ma- 
terially depend  on  the  virtue  and  intelli- 
gence of  the  people.  It  is  an  incontrovertible 
truth,  that  civil  liberty  never  can  llourisJi 
in  the  same  soil  with  ignorance;  to  he  duly 
appreciated  and  rationally  enjoyed,  the 
ample  privileges  it  confers,  and  the  rich 
blessings  it  imparts,  must  be  felt  and  under- 
stood; without  the  lights  of  education,  thu 
only  true  source  of  correct  information,  this 
never  can  be  accomplished.  That  legisla- 
ture, therefore,  which  shall  have  devised 
and  brought  to  maturity  a  syetem.  of  educa- 
tion, by  means  of  primary  or  common 
schools,  to  be  established  throughout  th^ 
state,  and  supported  by  its  own  munificence 
and  liberality  on  a  scale  so  broad  and  ex- 
tensive as  to  reach  every  village  and  neigh- 
borhood, and  which  shall  ensure  to  every 
indigent  child  in  the  commonwealth  the 
i-iidinieiits  of  learning  at  leai^t,  will  not 
only  have  contributed  largely  to  the  pe?"- 
petuation  of  our  free  institutions,  but 
reared  to  it.-i'lf  a  monument  of  imperishable 
fame.' 

In   lii>   .iiimial  ni..s.~a;e,    \Kc.   8,    i.S_^(). 
f'.ovenior  Wolf  used  thc>e  vvord.s  : 
"If  to  promote  ihc  hapijines-  of  th^  v^oiue 


is  the  legitimate  end  oi  all  government, 
the  maxim  must  be  peculiarly  true  with  re- 
gard "to  our  own,  where  the  whole  iiower 
is  lodge.l  in  the  people,  and  by  them  dele- 
gated to  agents,  responsible  for  the  manner 
in  which  the  public  concerns  of  the  common  . 
wealth  are  administered,  and  solemnly 
pledged  to  promote,  by  all  means  in  their 
power,  the  welfare  and  happindsw  of  their 
constituents.  We,  as  such  agents,  have  a 
duty  of  no  ordinary  magnitude  to  perform, 
and  ought  to  feel,  very  sensibly,  the  weight 
of  obligation  imposed  upon  us,  in  selecting 
the  measures  by  which  the  end  of  our  ap- 
pointment may  be  most  effectually  attained. 
Of  the  various  projects  which  present  them- 
selves, as  tending  to  contribute  most  es- 
sentially to  the  welfare  and  happiness  of 
a  people,  and  which  come  within  the  scope 
of  legislative  action,  and  require  legislative 
aid,  there  is  none  which  gives  more  amfJle 
promise  of  success,  than  that  of  a  liberal 
and  enlightened  system  of  education,  by- 
means  of  which,  the  light  of  knowledge  will 
be  diffused  throughout  the  whole  community 
and  imparted  to  every  individual  suscep- 
tible of  partaking  of  its  hlesisiags;  to  the 
poor  as  well  as  to  the  rich,  so  that  all  may 
be  fitted  to  participate  in,  and  to  fulfill  all 
the  duties  which  each  one  owes  to  himself, 
to  his  God,  and  his  country.  The  constitu- 
tion of  Pennsylvania,  imperatively  enjoins 
the  establishment  of  such  a  system.  Public 
opinion  demands  it.  The  state  of  public 
morals  calls  foi-  it;  and  the  security  and 
stability  of  the  invaluable  privileges  which 
we  have  inherited  from  our  ancestors,  re- 
quire our  immediate  attention  to  it.  In 
bringing  this  subject  to  your  notice  on  the 
present  occasion,  I  am  aware  that  I  am  re- 
peating that  which  has  been  the  theme  of 
every  inaugural  address,  and  of  every  an- 
nual executive  message  at  the  opening  of 
each  successive  session  of  the  legislature, 
since  the  adoption  of  the  constitution.  I 
know,  too,  that  the  necessity  which  has 
existed,  and  which  has  given  o<}casion  Por 
the  repeated,  anxious,  and  pressing  execu- 
tive recommendations,  in  reference  to  this 
interesting  subject,  arose  from  the  extreme 
difficulty  wliicji  presented  itself  at  every  at- 
tempt to  strike  out  a  sys.tom  adapted  to 
the  existing  circumstances  of  the  common- 
wealth, and  which  might  be  calculated  to 
accomplish  the  end  contemijlated  by  th-:? 
framers  of  the  ccnstitution.  But  dithcult 
-as  the  task  may  be,  it  is  not  insurmountable, 
and  I  am  thoroughly  persuadeil  that  ther*» 
is  not  a  single  measure  of  all  those  which 
will  engage  your  deliberations  in  the  course; 
of  the  ses.?i(>n,  of  such  intrinstic  importance 
to  the  general  prosperity  and  happiness  of 
the  peoi)le  of  the  commonwealth,  to  the 
cause  of  p;i!.lic  virtue,  and  of  public  nt  irals; 


52 


TIIK    rKXN    GKRMAXIA. 


to  the  hopes  and  exi)eetations  of  the  risinpr 
generation,  to  whom  the  future  political 
destinies  of  the  republic  are  to  be  commit- 
ted; or  which  will  add  so  much  to  the  sum 
of  individual  and  social  improvement  and 
comfort,  as  a  general  diffusion  of  the  mean.^ 
of  moral  and  intellectual  cultivation  among 
all  tiasses  of  our  citizen^*.  Nor  can  there 
be  a  measui-e  presented  to  you.  as  legisla- 
tors, and  as  the  guardians  of  the  integrity 
and  safety  of  our  invaluable  institutions. 
more  worthy  of  a  virtuous  and  determined 
effort  to  overcome  every  obstacle  that  shall 
pre,?ent  itself  in  opposition  to  the  accom- 
pli-;hment  of  an  achievement  so  -truly  laud- 
able. It  is  not  to  be  expected  that  a  system 
can  be  devised  and  matured,  which  shall 
exhibit  at  once,  all  the  qualities  of  a  perfect 
whole.  Like  the  im])roveraent  of  the  mini 
itself,  the  building  up  of  a  system  intended 
to' advance,  to  enlarge,  and  to  extend  that 
improvement,  must  be  a  in-ogressive  work 
Among  the  principal  adversaries  of  this 
measure  are  prejudic?,  avarice,  ignorance 
and  error;  the  fruits  of  a  successful  conflict 
with  these,  and  a  victory  ovar  thsm,  will 
be  a  consciO'iisn'fss  of  having  been  instru- 
m?ntal.  by  furrish'ng  th''  means  of  a  gen_ 
eral  diffuslo  a  of  know]€dg\  in  secur  ng  the 
s:ability  and  perman'ncy  of  o-r  republican 
Institutiors,  in  a:!ding  to  the  sum  of  human 
intelligence,  and  in  o''e"'ating  the  sentiments 
and  confirming  the  virtue  of  'the  present  and 
future  generations. 

If  'Knowledge  is  p  nver,'  and  I  brlieve  the 
tiuth  of  the  maxim  is  no  lon-'e-  doubted, 
it  nnut  be  con-^eded,  that  a  ^vell  educate! 
people  will  always  poss'ss  a  mo  al  and 
]diysical  energy,  for  exceeding  that  to  which 
811  ignorant,  illiterate  people  can  attain.  It 
is  asserted  in  a  document  recently  pub'ish^u 
at  the  instance  of  the  Pennsyb'ania  Society 
for  the  Promotion  of  Pubrc  Sclwls,  that 
out  of  ifour  hundred  thousa.nd  children  in 
fa's  State,  between  the  ages  of  five  and 
fi.teen,  more  than  two  hundred  and  fifty 
thousand,  capab'.e  of  receiving  inst'^uction- 
Avere  not  within  a  school  during  the  last 
vfar.'  And  is  it  not  more  than  probable 
that,  if  it  were  possible  to  as'jer'ain  tho 
fact,  every  year  that  has  elapsed  s'nca  the 
adoption  of  the  constltufon,  Avuld,  upon 
examination,  have  b'^en  found  to  pr  ssnl 
the  same  deplorable  r  suit  .in  a  great  r  or 
less  degree.  If  so.  what  ati  inc  leu  able 
loss  has  not  this  commonwealth  sustained, 
in  the  talents  that  would  have  been  elift'ed; 
in  the  ingenuity  and  s  ill  that  wo  -Id  have 
been  imparted  to  labour  and  s:i  nee;  aid 
in  the  mo: al  and  intellectu-'l  en'o  vments 
that  w  uld  h»ve  been  eng  afted  and  ma- 
tured, had  a  judicious  wel  arranged  sy  tern 
cf  universal  eJucUion  been  ea  ly  alopted 
and    rightly    cnfjrced,    m    (•o-U:n:...M  ■,!    an  I 


enjoined  by  the  framers  of  the  constitution. 
To  you,  fellow-citizens,  the  representatives 
of  the  peoi)le,  possessing,  as  you  necessarily 
must,  an  intimate  knowletlge  of  the  wants, 
as  well  as  the  views  and  wishes  of  your 
constituents,  i;i  reference  to  this  measur*", 
and  bringing  with  you,  from  every  section  of 
the  state,  a  fund  of  intelligence  which  is 
l)eculiar]y  useful  in  directing  you  to  favor- 
able results,  is  committed  the  arduous,  but 
I  trust,  not  ungrateful  task,  of  collecting, 
dige.sting.  and  aiTauging  the  details  of  a 
system  of  primary  or  common  school  educa- 
tion, which  will  shed  an  additional  luslr" 
over  the  existing  elevated  e.haraeter  of  ths 
commonwealth;  furnish  the  assurance  that 
a  recurrence  of  the  evils  complained  of  will 
be  effectually  guarded  against,  and  that^ 
Pennsylvania  will  hereafter  possess  the  en- 
ergy and  i)ower,  moral  and  'physical,  eman- 
ating from  the  virtue  and  intelligence  of 
her  people,  enlightened  and  improved  by  a 
general  diffusdon  of  knowledgt>  among 
all  classes  and  conditions  of  her  citizens, 
to  which  she  ought  long  since  to  have  en- 
titled  herself." 

("iDVcnior   Wolf  ,   in    his   anntial   mes- 
?a.ie   l>t.c.  7.   183 1,   said: 

"The  improvement  of  the  mind  should  b'> 
the  firet  care  of  the  American  statesman, 
and  the  dissemination  of  learning  and 
knowledge  ought  to  form  one  of  the  prin- 
cipail  cbjects  cf  ihis  amb'tion.  Virtue  and 
intelligence  are  the  only  appropriate  pillars 
u]>on  which  a  Republican  Government  caa 
securely  rest;  without  these,  liberty  itself 
would  soon  degenerate  into  licentiousness, 
and  our  free  and  admired  institutions,  so 
highly  cherished  by  ourselves,  and  so  much 
admired  and  respec^ted  by  the  wise  and  the 
patriotic  of  other  nations,  would  be  in- 
guluhed  in  anarchy,  and  become  the  re- 
proach of  their  friendis  and  the  derision  of 
the  enemies  of  the  equal  rights  of  man  in 
every  quarter  of  the  globe.  Under  these 
impressions,  no  opi)ortunity  has  been  omit- 
ted earnestly  to  press  upon  the  attention  of 
the  legislature,  the  indispensable  necessity 
common  school  education  by  means  nf 
whx-ii  in  the  lang-uage  oif  the  costitution  the 
lx>or  may  be  taught  gratis,"  and  that  the 
benefits  and  the  bles-sings  resulting  ther^a- 
from  'may  be  exteded  to  the  rising  'genera- 
tion, indiscriminately  and  universal. 

It  is  cause  for  no  ordinary  measure  of 
gratifit'ation,  that  the  legislature,  at  its  last 
session,  considered  this  subject  worthy  of 
its  deliberations,  and  advanced  one  step  to- 
wards the  intellectual  regeneration  of  the 
State,  by  laying  a  foundation  for  raising 
a  fund  to  be  employed  thereafter  in  the 
ri.iihceous  cause  of  a  practical  general  edu- 
catimi;   and  it   is  no  le-s  gratifying;'  to  know. 


ITHLIC  SCHOOL  SYSTKNI  IX   PENNSYLVANIA 


that  i)ublic  opinion  is  sivini;'  strong  indica- 
tions of  having;  nnderj^ono  a  tavoral)]e 
ohango.  in  refei-ente  to  t.liis  momentous 
niea.sufe,  and  by  its  gradual  but  powerful 
vvorl<ings,  is  fast  dispelling  the  grovelling 
ralla<ties,  but  too  long  prevalent,  that  golO 
is  preferable  to  knowle-dge,  and  that  dollar.- 
and  cents  are  of  higher  estimation  than 
Ic^arning.  This  ixjwerful  lever,  l)y  which  the 
actions  of  men  are  principally  regulated, 
is  fa<t  approaching  a  crisis  in  relation  to 
this  much  agitated  Question,  an<l  there  i- 
reason  to  believe,  will  speedily  iinlucf^  leg- 
islative action  in  reference  to  it;  not.  it  /^ 
hojwd,  however,  too  speedily  for  maturing 
a  well  digested  system,  i>ossessing  that  de. 
gro-^e  of  perfection  by  which  it  will  be  ren- 
dered generally  acceptable  to  the  peoi>le. 
and  have  a  tendency  to  realize  the  ardent 
hopes  and  fond  anticipations  of  its  many 
warm  and  zealous  friends.  A  system  that 
would  not  have  such  a  tendency,  but  would 
be  received  with  dissatisfaction  by  the  peo- 
|ile,  would  have  the  unhappy  effect  of  blast  - 
ing  for  a  time  the  anxiotts  exi)ectations  of 
the  advocates  of  general  education:  of  re- 
viving frrmer  i)erjudices,  and  of  retarding 
for  many  years  the  pro.gress  of  intellectual 
impi'ovement.  Tn  order  therefore  that  a  sys- 
tem, the  most  perfect  that  can  be  devised, 
and  one  that  will  be  best  adapted  to  the 
views  and  wishes  of  our  constituents,  may 
be  i)rojected  in  the  first  instance,  should  any 
difHculties  occur,  in  the  course  of  your  de- 
liberations in  relation  to  tlie  subject  or  in 
rpgard  to  the  most  eligible  plan  to  be  adiopt- 
cd.  I  would  suggest  for  !K)ur  considera- 
tion tlie  propriety  of  appointing  a  conimis- 
s'on,  to  consist  of  three  or  more  talentei! 
and  intelligent  individuals,  known  friends 
of  a  liberal  and  enlightened  system  of  edu- 
cation, whose  duty  it  should  be  to  collect 
all  the  informaticn,  and  possess  themselves 
of  all  the  facts  and  knowledge,  that  can 
be  obtained  from  any  quarter,  having  a 
braring  ui)on,  or  connection  with,  the  sub- 
.iect  of  education,  and  to  arrange  and  em- 
Ix^dy  the  same  in  a  report,  to  be  trans- 
mitted to  their  legislature  at  their  next 
sessi(jn,  for  examination  and  final  action 
thereon.  Such  course,  there  is  reason  to  be- 
lieve, would  tend  more  than  any  other  to 
elicit  much  valuable  informatitm  that  could 
not  otherwise  l>e  (jbtained.  would  facilitate 
the  progress  and  final  cc'inpletion  of  thi< 
much  desired  work;  and  would  not  fail  to 
secure  for  it  greater  measure  of  p<>rf€ction 
than  could  under  other  circumstances  b;> 
attained." 

In  liis  aiimial  nie.s.sa,:.it'  December  6. 
i<S:_>.  (iovcnvn-  Wolf  cxjirtssed  hiin- 
sclf  tints  : 

"Having    disposed    of    a    subject    which    at 


every  session  of  the  Legislature  engrosses 
much  of  the  time  of  the  General  Assembly-  - 
the  artificial  improvement  of  the  physical 
c;)ndition  of  the  commonwealth;  permit  ni" 
to  call  your  attention  to  an  improvemeni 
of  a  more  dillicult,  but  of  higlier  and  mor^ 
deeply  interesting  character  as  regards  tin* 
dissemination  of  knowledge  and  the  security 
and  stability  of  our  highly  cherished  re- 
l)ublican  institution — the  improvement  of 
the  moral  and  intellectual  conditicn  of  its 
citizens.  And  with  a  view  to  accomplish 
an  achievement  at  once  so  laudable  and  so 
desirable,  permit  me  to  recommend,  for  the 
consideratio  ol  an  enligbteued  and  patriot- 
ic Legislature,  the  importance  of  maturin.^, 
in  the  course  of  the  i)retient  session,  a  plan 
of  education  that  will  reach  every  child  in 
the  commonwealth  and  leave  none  unin- 
structed.  This  subject  has  bden  so  .re_ 
pentedly  urged  upon  the  attention  O'f  the 
Legislattire,  that  nothing  short  of  its  in- 
trinsic importance  to  the  rising  generation, 
to  the  welfare  of  the  state,  and  to  the  ra- 
tional use  and  enjoyment  of  liberty  itself, 
would  justify  such  ineesHant  importunity 
in  relation  to  it.  The  uocessity  of 
such  a  measure  has  been  long  sinca 
seen  and  felt.  Reports  favorable  to  a 
general  system  of  education  have  hereto- 
fore been  spread  upon  the  legislative  journ- 
als, by  committees  having  that  subject  under 
consideration,  pregnant  with  valuable  in- 
formation. Bills  drawn  with  much  care, 
containing  the  elements  of  a  plan  of  cominou 
sch.'jol  instruction,  have  been  reported  an  i 
partially  discussed  without,  however,  pro- 
ducing any  valuable  results.  There  is  no 
subject,  perhaps,  upon  which  a  concentration 
of  public  opinion  might  not  be  more  easily 
effected.  One  great  hinderance  to  the  en- 
actment of  any  general  law  having  for  its 
object  this  desirable  measure  of  state  policy, 
strange  and  incredible  as  it  may  seem,  is  to 
ho  ascribed  to  the  humiliating  fact,  that 
there  is  still  a  considerable  portion  of  oui " 
population  decidedly  averse  to  any  scheme 
that  would  tend  to  add  to  the  general  stoclc 
of  intelligence.  Much  *-he  greater  prop;jr- 
tion.  however,  is  favorable,  it  is  believed, 
to  some  general  plan  that  would  contribute 
to  dispel  the  clouds  of  ignorance  and  cause 
the  lights  of  education  to  irradiate  every 
intellect.  Satisfied  as  I  am,  that  the  present 
lilan  for  the  instruction  of  the  children  of 
the  indigent,  besides  the  odious  distinctio  i 
between  rich  and  poor  which  it  engenders, 
is  a  system  of  prodigality  and  wasteful  ex- 
travagance, a  real  l)urden  upon  the  people 
without  accomplishing  in  any  reasonable 
measure  the  end  intended,  it  would  give  me 
great  i)leasurc  to  concur  in  any  enactment 
that  wJuld  tend  to  a  favorable  change,  aa 
well  in  the  organization,  as  in  the  economy 
of  our   present   school   system." 


54 


Tllli    rENN    GERM  A  MA. 


Governor  Wolf  said  in  his  annual 
message  Dec.  1833 : 

"Whilst  we  lament  the  depravity,  and 
deplore  ithe  frailty  of  human  nature,  which 
give  occasion  to  the  necessity  for  supporting 
such  institutions  amongst  us;  it  requires  no 
extraordinary  stretch  of  sagacity  to  trace 
their  causes,  in  a  great  measure,  'to  an  en- 
tire neglect  of  mental  culture  and  of  moral 
and  religious  instruction,  which  is  so 
alarmingly  conspicuous  in  some  iparts  of 
our  (in  other  respects)  flourishing  Com- 
monwealth; and  to  discover  a  remedy  which 
if  not  sovereign,  will  at  least  contribute  to 
a  more  healthy  state  of  the  public  virtue 
and  morals;  in  a  suitable  attention  to  an 
enlightened  cultivation  of  'the  minds  of  our 
youth;  to  a  more  general  d'ffusion  of 
knowledge,  and  to  an  enlarged,  liberal  and 
extensive  intellectual  improvement;  capable 
of  elevating  the  understanding  above  the 
die'sn-ad'lng  influence  oif  the  passions;  the 
Keductive  blandishments  of  vice;  or  the  de- 
centive  delujsions  that  mask  th^  infamy  of 
crime. 

UNIVERSAL  EDUCATION,  if  it  were 
practicable  to  enforce  it  every  where,  would 
operate  as  a  powerful  check  upon  vice,  and 
would  do  more  to  diminish  the  black  cata- 
logue of  crimes,  &o  generally  prevalent  than 
any  other  measure,  whether  for  prevention 
or  punishment,  that  has  hitherto  been  de- 
vised; in  this  State,  it  is  not  only  considered 
as  being  entirely  practicable,  but  is  enjoined 
"by  the  constitution  as  a  solemn  duty,  the 
-non  compliance  with  which,  has  already 
stamped  the  stain  of  inexcusable  negligence, 
upon  the  character  of  the  Commonwealth, 
w'hich  nothing  short  of  prompt  and  efficient 
measures  in  compliance  with  the  constitu- 
tional requisition  can  remove.  The  Legisla. 
ture  has  the  authority  of  the  constitution 
to  act  efficiently  and  without  control  in  this 
matter.  And  'to  provide  hy  law,  for  the 
establishment  of  schools  throughout  the 
State,  in  such  a  manner  that  the  poor  may 
\)e  taught  gratis.'  is  one  of  the  public  meas- 
ures to  which  I  feel  it  to  be  my  duty  now 
to  call  your  attention,  and  most  solemnly 
to  press  upon  your  consideration.  Ou>' 
apathy  and  indifference,  in  reference  to  this 
subject,  become  the  more  conspicuous,  when 
we  reflect,  that  whilst  we  are  expending 
mill'ons  for  the  improvement  of  the.  iihysical 
condition  of  the  State,  we  have  not  hitherto 
appropriated  a  single  dollar,  that  is  available 
for  the  intellectual  improvement  of  its 
youth;  which  in  a  moral  and  political  point 
of  view,  is  of  ten  fold  more  consequence, 
<>lther  as  respects  the  moral  influence  of  the 
Staite,  or  its  political  nower  and  safety.  Let 
me  not  be  understood,  however,  as  object- 
ing to  the  expenditure  of  money  in  prose- 
cuting the    public    works — far   from   it;    but. 


I  would  respectfully  urge  that  whilst  the 
one  is  being  successfully  done,  the  other 
should  not  be  left  undone;  indeed,  judging 
from  the  flattering  indications  already  given 
by  the  former,  there  is  reason  to  believe 
that,  Irom  the  redundant  and  progressively 
increasing  revenue  which  may  with  great 
certainty  be  expected  to  flow  into  the  treas- 
ury from  that  source,  much  aid  may,  at  no 
distant  day,  he  derived  to  the  latter,  should 
it  be  found  expedient  to  resort  to  that  branch 
of  the  public  revenue  for  such  a  purpose. 

According  to  the  returns  of  the  last  cen- 
sus, we  have,  in  Pennsylvania,  five  hundred 
and  eighty-one  thousand  one  hundred  and 
eighty  children,  under  the  age  of  fifteen 
years  and  one  hundred  and  forty  nine 
thouisiand  and  eighty-nine,  hetwe-en  the  ages 
of  fifteen  and  itwenty  years,  forming  an  ag- 
gregate of  seven  hundred  and  thirty  thous- 
and two  hundred  and  sixty-nine  juvenile 
l>ersons  of  both  's^xes,  under  age  of  twenty  . 
years,  most  of  them  requiring  more  or  less 
instruction.  And  yet,  with  all  this  numer- 
ous youthful  population,  growing  up  around 
us,  who  in  a  few  years  are  to  be  our  rulers 
and  our  lawgivers  the  defenders  of  our 
country  and  the  pillars  of  the  State,  and 
upon  whose  education  will  depend,  in  a  great 
measure,  the  preservation  of  our  liberties 
and  the  safety  of  the  republic,  we  have 
neither  schools  establislied  for  their  in- 
struction, nor  provision  made  'by  law  for 
establishing  them  as  enjoined  by  the  con- 
stitution. How  many  of  the  number  last 
mentioned,  would  be  entitled,  within  the 
meaning  of  the  constitution,  to  be  'taught 
gratis,'  I  have  no  means  of  ascertaining, 
hut  am  inclined  to  the  opinion,  that  four 
hundred  thouisand  would  'fall  short  of  the  true 
number;  about  twenty  thousand,  of  these, 
as  appears  from  the  returns  made  to  the 
S.^cretary  of  the  Commonweolth,  under  a 
resolution  of  the  House  of  Representatives 
of  the  ninth  of  January  last,  are  returned 
as  charity  scholars,  whose  tuition  is  to  be 
paid  for  out  of  the  county  funds,  leaving, 
according  to  this  assumption,  three  hundred 
and  eighty   thousand  entirely  uninstructed. 

T  have  said  that  there  has  not  hitherto 
been  an  appropriation  made  that  is  avail- 
able for  the  purposes  of  education;  this 
is  literally  true,  but  the  Legislature,  by  the 
act  of  second  April,  eighteen  hundred  and 
thirty-one,  having  made  provision  for  ere. 
ating  a  fund,  in  prospect,  for  that  object,  by 
petting  apart  for  common  school  purposes, 
the  proceeds  arising  from  unpatented  lands, 
fees  in  the  land  office,  and  all  moneys  re- 
ceived in  'Pursuance  of  the  provisions  con- 
tained in  the  fourth  section  of  the  act  to 
increase  the  county  rates  and  levies,  passed 
the  twenty-fti'th  day  of  March,  eighteen 
hundred  and  thirty-one,  which  it  is  estimat- 
ed, will,  on  the  fourth  day  of  April  next,  a- 


PUHLIC  SCHOOr.   SYSTEM  IN  PENNSYLVANfA 


Of> 


mmint  to  a  sum  not  less  than  five  hundrod 
aud    forty-six    thousand    five    hundred    and 
sixty-fLree    dollars    and    twenty-two    cents. 
This  sum,  wi'th  the  amount  annually  accru- 
ing   from^  the    increased    county    rates    and 
levies    for    the    use    of    the    Cominouwealth 
whilst  the  act  continues  in  force,  and  that 
arising  -from  a  coutinuance  of  the  avails  ot 
the  land  office  thereafter,  is  chargeable  upon 
ihe   internal   improvement  fund,   at  a  com- 
pound interest  of  five  per  cent,  per  annum, 
until  it  shall  produce  one  hundred  thousand 
dollars  annually,   after    which,   the   interest 
is  to  be  distributed  at  the  end  of  each  year, 
and    applied     to     the    support    of    coanmoii 
schools   throughout    the   State.      Estimating 
this    fund    in    its    most    unfavorable   aspect, 
the  interest    will   amount  ito   the   sum   con- 
templated  for  distribution  on  or  about  the 
first  of   April   eighteen   hundred  and   forty- 
three;  in  th.9  mean  time,  however,  there  are 
no   available   means    for "  commencing    this 
much  desired  measure  of  State  policy,  this 
true  system  of  republican  equality  that  will 
level  all  distinction  between  rich  and  poor; 
that  will  place  the  child  of  the  most  indigent 
citizens  of  the  Ck)'mmon wealth  upon  a  level 
with  that  of   his  richer  neighbour,  both   in 
the  school  room  and  upon  the  Campus;  will 
instruct  the  rising  generation  in  their  duties 
as  citizens;   enable  them  to   appreciate  the 
sentiment  of  acquired   freedom;    and  secure 
the  perpetuation  of  civil  and  religious  lib 
-erty  to  our  country,  by  teaching  them  what 
civil  and  religious  liberty  really  import  and 
mean.     It  is  to  this  all-important  measure, 
both  as  regards  our  happiness  as  the   peo_ 
pLe  and  tl'.e  isecurity  of  our  invaluable  polit- 
ical institutions,  to  which  I  would  earnestly 
invite    your   immediate   attention    and    upon 
which    I    would   solicit   your  prompt   action. 
It  is   time,  fellow-citizens,   that   the   char- 
acter of  our  State,  should  be  I'edeemed  from 
thp,    state    of    supineness       and    indifference 
under    which    its    most    important    interests, 
the   education  of   its   citizens,   have   so   long 
been  languishing,  and  that  a  system  should 
Tie    arranged    that    wouM    ensure,    not    only 
an    adequate   number   of    schools    to    be    es- 
tablished  throughout   the    State,   but    would 
extend    its   provisions  so    as    to   secure   the 
fMlucation    and    instruction   of   a   ooaipetent 
number  of   active,   intelligent  teachers,   who 
will  not  <!nly  be  prepared,  but  well  qualified, 
to  take  upon  themselves  the  government  of 
the    schools,    and    to    communicate    instruc- 
tion to  the  scholars.     Some  of  our  collcgps 
that   had   been   abandoned  either  [.■om   mis- 
management, or   the    want  of  sufficient   en- 
couragement   are    about    to    be    resuscitated 
under    encouraging   circumstances;    most    of 
the«e    have    partaken   largely   of    the    liber- 
ality   and   bounty  of   the   State,   and    would 
doubtless   willingly   extend   their   aid    to    ac- 
complish   an    object    so    desirable       Others 


have  but  recently  been  established  and  gone 
into  operation,  and  have  as  yet,  r^  elved  no 
share  of  the  Commonwealth's  mun'.ficence; 
some,  if  not  all  of  these  last  mentioned, 
have  adopted  the  popular  and  aoprcved 
Flenberg  system  of  uniting  labour  with 
study;  these,  it  is  believad,  would  make 
admirable  nurseries  for  bringing  up  and 
qualifying  young  men  for  the  business  of 
teaching.  Moderate  appropriations  in  aid 
of  those  literary  institutions  that  have  not 
participated  of  the  Commonwealth's  bounty, 
might  place  them  in  a  condition  to  furnish 
the  State  with  a  respectable  number  of  -veil 
educated  young  men,  instructed,  a.^  some  of 
those  institutions  propose  to  do,  in  the  buti- 
ness  of  teaching  as  a  profession,  in  a  shon 
time  and  at  a  comparatively  trifling  ex- 
pense. These  suggestions  are  thrown  out 
for  your  consideration,  should  they  elict  a 
more  eligible  or  better  plan  for  attaining 
the  end  desired,  it  will  afford  me  much 
gratification  to  unite  with  the  general  As- 
sembly in  carrying  it  into  effect." 

Governor  Wolf     said     in    his  annml 
message  December  3.  1834: 

"At  the  last  session  of  the  Legislature, 
an  act  was  passed  for  establishing  a  gen- 
eral system  of  education  by  common  schools, 
throughout  the  Commonwealth,  in  compli- 
ance with  a  constitutional  provision  which, 
until  then,  although  not  entirely  disregard- 
ed, had  never  been  carried  into  effect  in 
the  manner  intended  by  the  members  of  the 
convent'on.  to  whos'S  sagacity  and  profound 
political  wisdom  we  are  indebted  for  the 
present  excellent  constitution  of  our  State. 
The  act  referred  to  was  prepared,  by  those 
to  whom  the  arrangement  of  its  details  was 
committed,  under  many  embarrassing  and 
discouraging  circumstances,  and  there  would 
be  no  great  cause  for  astonishment  if  it 
should  be  found  to  be  not  entirely  perfect. 
The  subject  was  new  in  Pennsylvania:  the 
path  to  be  trodden  had  never  been  explored; 
a  former  attempt  to  introduce  the  system 
had  failed:  and  the  question  how  far  public 
opinion  would  go  in  sustaining  such  pro . 
ject.  could  not  then  be  distinctly  ascer- 
tained. Petitions  containing  the  names  of 
many  respectable  individuals  in  different 
parts  of  the  State,  in  favor  of  siuh  a  mea- 
sure, had.  however,  been  presented  during 
the  Ini-t  and  proceeding  s-essions  of  tlie  Leg- 
islature, and  there  was  no  reason  to  believe 
that  a  strong  desire  was  manifesting  itself 
in  favor  of  the  adoption  of  some  s.vstem  that 
would  have  a  tendency  to  give  life  and- 
vigour  to  the  cause  of  education  throughout 
the  State.  By  great  indu'sitry.  ass^luity  and 
perseverance,  a  mass  of  valuable  information 
was  obtained,  which  unfolded  a  fund  of 
knowledge    in    relation    to    the    advantages. 


56 


TUT-    PliXN    G1::U.MA.\J.\. 


the  utility,  the  cheapness — in  short  the  de- 
cided preference  which  a  system  of  com- 
mon schools,  of  general  interest,  and  sus- 
tained and  encouraged  by  ihe  public  bounty, 
maintained  over  every  other  plan  of  educa- 
tion of  a  private  or  partial  character.  From 
a  careful  examination  of  the  information 
thus  collected,  from  every  part  of  the  Union 
in  which  the  experiment  of  general  educa- 
tion had  been  made,  the  principles  of  the 
bill  alhuled  to  were  extracted  and  framed 
/  into  a  law,  having  passed  both  branches  oi' 
the  Legislature  with  a  unanimity  rarely 
equalled,  perhaps  never  surpassed  in  the  an- 
nals  of  legislation. 

The  provisions  of  this  act  have,  it  is  un- 
derstood, been  adopted  by  all  the  school 
districts  in  .some  counties,  partially  :u 
others,  and  in  a  rew  they  have  been  rejected 
altogether.  This,  it  is  understood,  was  the 
case  in  some  of  our  sister  States,  in  the 
commencement  of  the  system  there;  and  it 
was  to  be  expected  in  the  inception  of  the 
system  here.  Every  new  measure,  although 
it  may  have  for  its  object  to  confer  the 
most  solid  advantages  upon  the  community 
in  which  it  is  to  operate,  is  destined,  for 
the  most  part,  to  encounter  long  cherished, 
inveterate  prejudices,  which  it  will  be  diffi- 
cult to  conquer,  unless  the  most  incontest- 
ible  demonstrations  can  be  given  of  its  title 
to  pi-eference,  on  the  score  of  unquestionable 
public  utility,  over  that  which  it  is  intended 
to  supplant.  This  act  is  said  to  be  defective 
in  its  details;  it  probably  is  so;  some  of  its 
provisions  might  possibly  l)e  improved  by 
introducing  salutary  amendments.  But  as 
it  will  go  partially  into  operation  in  the 
course  of  the  coming  j-ear,  its  objectionable 
features  will  be  developed  by  the  practical 
experiments  under  it,  and  tlie  remedies  pro- 
per to  be  applied  will  present  less  difiiculty 
after  the  defects  will  have  been  more  dis. 
tinctly  ascertained.  Such  amendments  as 
are  obviously  necessary  to  a  more  equal  dis- 
tribution of  the  public  bounty  or  ai)propria- 
tion  for  the  benefit  of  all  the  citizens  of 
the  State;  to  prevent  the  imposing  of  un- 
equal burdens  upon  those  who  accept  the 
jirovisions  of  the  act.  and  such  as  do  not: 
or  that  will  be  discovered  to  be  in  any  re- 
spect necessary  for  giving  effect  to  the  sys- 
tem, the  General  Assembly  will  not  fail,  it 
is  i)resumed  to  ifecover  and  to  intro- 
duce. Coming  as  you  do  from  all  parts  of 
the  State,  you  will  naturally  have  brought 
with  you  a  fund  of  information  in  relation 
t)  this  important  measure,  which  the  Ex- 
ecutive, whose  opportunities  for  ascertain- 
ing i)ublic  sentiment  are  most  circumscribed, 
cannot  be  supposed  to  possess.  It  is  ex- 
ceedingly desirable  that  a  system  which  is 
to  exert  an  influence  so  universal  and  so 
all  im!)ortant,  over  the  moral  and  intel- 
lectual   character  and  condition    of  the  pen- 


]jle  of  this  State,  should  nut  only  be  mau-? 
as  perfect  as  iwssible,  but  as  acceptable  and' 
as  agreeable  as  possible  to  those  who  are 
to  be  affected  by  it.  That  the  system  of 
education  for  which  the  act  in  question  pro- 
vides, is  decidedly  preferable  in  every  con- 
ceivable point  of  view,  to  that  now  in 
operation,  no  man  who  will  give  himself 
the  trouble  to  draw  a  faithful  comparison 
between  the  two,  can  for  a  moment  hesi- 
tate about  or  doubt.  If  the  act  now  under 
consideration  gees  into  operation,  the  odi_ 
ous  distinction  between  the  rich  and  poor, 
wealth  and  indigence,  which  has  heretof'^n-e 
l)rccluded  the  children  of  many  indigent, 
though  honest  and  respectable  parents,  from 
a  partici])ation  in  the  advantages  of  educa- 
tion under  the  present  system,  will  be  ex- 
idcded;  and  the  poor  man's  child  will  be 
placed  upon  an  equality  with  that  of  his. 
wealthier  neighbour  both  in  the  school 
room  and  when  indulging  in  their  necessary 
recreations;. 

Another  decided  advantage  will  be  derived 
to  fathers  of  families  and  others  interested 
in  educating  children,  from  the  provisions 
of  I'his  law.  in  the  gT?at  diminution  in  the 
expense  of  tuition;  whilst  those  who  have 
no  children  to  educate  will  be  exposed  to 
no  increase  of  their;  taxes  for  ediu'ai" 
purposes,  but  in  all  ])robability  will  have 
them  materially  diminished  as  soon  as  the 
system  shall  have  gone  fully  into  effect; 
but  a  further  and  still  more  important  ad- 
vantage than  either  of  the  other  two,  will 
result  to  the  rising  generation,  upon  which 
this  law  is  more  immediately  to  operate, 
from  th^  more  efficient  manner  of  instruc- 
tion, and  the  great  disparity  in  the  learning, 
the  character  and  competency  of  many  of 
the  present  teachers,  and  those  to  be  em- 
ployed hereafter.  The  want  of  these  ad- 
vantages constitutes  the  great  defect  in  the 
system   now   in   operation   in   Pennsylvania 

This  may  be  emphatically  pronounced  to 
be  a  measure  belonging  to  the  era  of  seven- 
teen hundred  and  ninety,  and  not  to  that 
of  eighteen  hundred  and  thirty-four.  To 
in.-ist  that  it  emanated  from  Ihe  Erecutive 
or  the  Legislatui*e,  however  desirable  it 
might  be  to  apiiropriate  to  proud  distinction 
of  being  its  projector,  is  an  entire  fallacy. 
Such  a  numument  of  imperishable  fame 
was  not  reserved  fjr  the  men  of  modern 
times— it  belongs  to  the  statesmen  of  by- 
gone days.— To  the  patriots  who  frnmcd  the 
constitution  under  which  we  live  and  under 
which  We  have  been  pre-eminently  pros- 
perous and  happy,  belongis  the  proud  trojjhy 
—it  is  to  them  we  are  indebted  for  this 
wholesome  measure— they  inscribed  it  upon 
the  sacred  tablet  of  the  constitution  as  a 
lasting  memorial  of  their  determination, 
that  universal  education  should  form  one  of 
tlie    pillars    of   the   government;    and    as   an 


Pl:i}Mc  SciKMn.  Svstf.ni  j.\  Pioxxsvlvaxia 


Oi 


abiiliuf;-  tebtinionial  of  ihc  hi,^h  value  they 
attaolu'd  to  the  disseiuination  oi'  knjwlcdAc 
as  a  protection  and  sai'eRuard  to  our  free 
iiistitntions;  and  we  are  adinonished  by  the 
laiiguaso  of  the  niatc-hloss  in.struuieiit  wliicli 
proceeded  from  their  hands,  as  l)y  a  voiC'- 
from  the  srave,  that  the  solrnin  injiinctioi 
which  they  engrafted  uixin  it,  in  ijehalf  o;' 
education,    must   not    bo   disiegardtnl. 

Having,  on  several  occasions,  taken  tho 
oath  prescribed  by  law,  for  the  Executive 
of  the  State,  making  it  oijligafcry  upon 
him,  among  other  things,  to  support  the 
constitution  of  the  Commonwealth  of  Penn- 
sylvania. I  should  have  considered  myself 
.iustly  chargeable  with  inexcu.sable  official 
delinquency,  if,  upon  any  proper  occasion, 
I  had  omitted  to  urge  upon  the  attention  oi" 
the  Genei-al  Assembly,  the  i)ro])riely  of 
carrying  into  efTect  a  constitutional  provi- 
sion of  no  ordinary  interest,  which,  after 
the  ia'j)se  of  more  t.han  forty  yeai-s,  remain- 
ed, as  it  was  on  the  day  of  .the  adoption  of 
that  instrument,  to  all  practical  purposes — 
a  dead  letter." 

Ill    his   aniuial   iiicssai;\'    Dec.    2,    1835, 
(lovenior  WOlf  said  : 

"T  have  the  satisfaction  to  state,  for  the 
information  of  the  friends  of  education 
.generally,  that  the  provisions  of  the  act  ro 
establish  a  .general  system  of  education  by 
common  schools,  passed  the  first  day  of 
April  eighteen  hundred  and  thirty_fou", 
and  its  sujiplement  of  the  fifteenth  of  Ai)ri], 
last,  have  been  accepted  by  a  large  majority 
of  tho  school  districts  within  the  Common- 
wealth, as  reported  to  the  super'ntendeni 
of  public  schools.  The  stat<',  exclusive  of 
the  city  and  connty  of  Philadelphia,  whic'i 
are  not  embraced  within  the  provisions  of 
the  law,  and  the  counties  of  Columbia. 
Montgomery,  Greene  and  Clearfield,  from 
which  no  repoi-ts  have  been  received,  has 
been  divided  into  nine  hundred  and  seven 
school    districts:    of    this   nnnil)er,    five    bun- 


dled and  thirty-six  have  accepted,  and' 
three  hundred  and  .seventy-one  have  rejei'tcd 
the  provisions  of  the  law. 

The  directors  of  the  several  districts  a- 
dopting  the  system,  have  been  somewhat  re- 
miss in  transmitting  their  reports;  they 
are,  however,  daily  arrivin.g  at  the  secre- 
tary's ollice,  who,  as  the  sui)crintendent  of 
common  schools,  will  be  enabled,  at  an 
early  day,  to  lay  before  you  a  <l('tailed  re- 
l>ort  of  the  progress  of  the  system,  the  effects 
it  iiroduces  where  it  has  gone  into  o])eration. 
and  tJie  futui'c  prospects  of  its  fri  mds  in 
relation  to  it. 

i<"roni  the  reports  received,  it  appears  that 
in  sixly-six  districts  in  which  the  system 
is  adoi)ted.  there  are  two  hundred  and 
thirty  (dght  schools  in  successful  operation, 
in  which  are  instructed  nine  thousand  s'x 
hnndred  and  e'ghty  children;  and  in  ten 
other  districts  active  ])reparations  are  mak- 
in.g  to   carry   it   into   effect. 

The  directors  of  the  several  districts  i:"- 
which  the  schools  are  in  operation,  spea'-: 
well  in  their  rep'orts  of  the  characters  and 
gentral  conduct  of  the  teachers;  the  schol- 
ars, ihey  say,  are  improving  in  their  studies: 
they  express  much  satisfaction  with  tii"' 
system  itself,  its  advantages  to  such  as  will 
avail  themselves  of  it.  and  its  ultimate  gen- 
eral utility. 

There  can  be  no  doubt  that  as  the  sys- 
tem advances  into  mor<'  general  use,  an>' 
will  increase  in  favour  with  the  people 
generally,  but  especially  with'the  more  liber- 
al minded  and  intelligent;  that  the  friends 
of  a  virtuous  and  moral  education,  10  be 
extended  to  all  the  children  within  our 
extensive  commonwealth,  will  eventually 
Triumi)h;  and,  with  the  adoot'on  of  a  few 
modifications,  some  of  which  I  understand 
will  be  suggested  in  the  report  of  the  Super- 
intendent of  Common  Schools,  there  is  every 
reason  for  confident  as^surance  that  the  sys. 
tcm  will  work-  its  way  into  public  favor, 
and  will  eventually  lie  universally  accepted' 
and    apiiroved." 


I  hc'se  articles  will  lie  coiichideil  in  llie  iie.xl  issue  l)\-  a  vivid  and  in- 
teresting- stnd)  of  the  adoption  of  the  selmol  sxsieni  nnder  (iuvenior 
Wolf  in    1S34. — Rditor. 


IE  MUTTERSPROCH 

"  O,  Muttersproch,  du  bist  uns  lieb.  " — A.  S, 


In    De    Goota    Olta    Tzita 

En  huiinert  yoar  is  gore  uet  long, 
Es  gi-ottled  week  os  we  an  shlung, 
Und  won  mer  olas  soga  wet, 
Os  'geva  hut  unde  geva  set, 
Bo  gwis  ich  lape  des  kent  mer  net, 
Fun  waigo's  war  ken  ent  tzoo  soma  song. 
Heit  tzoo  doaks  is  nix  tzoo  gloaga. 
Otter  gaigem  lont  tzoo  sawga. 
Is  ken  hungers  note  tzoo  lito, 
Duch  doots  aim  a  bissel  rito, 
Waich  de  goota  olto  tzita. 
Woo  mer  ols  uouse  in  her  bush  sin  ibosseai 
yawga. 

Doe  huts  nuch  rockoona  la>t, 
Und  p'hasanta  oily  sot, 
Sin  de  horsh  im  ibush  rum  gshprunga, 
Han  de  ibotterreeslin  gsungo, 
Han  de  aichei-  keshta  gshwunga. 
Now   won     mer     an     fensamisel     fongt  don 
maint  mer's  is  an  lot. 

Yusht  an  hunnert  yoar  tzrick. 

Is  der  cider  gluffo  wie  an  grick. 

Ol'fert  drum  drouse  uf  em  felt, 

Ols  om  mayo  huts  aim  gshnelled, 

Oh,  es  woar  so  an  gutey  welt,  .  ,  ^    , 

Now  Tvon  nuoh     tziway     druppo     gricht  don 

mainst  du  is  es  glick. 
Do  hen  sie  ols  moles  gwiltins  kot, 
Do  stin  de  wipeslite  hie  gatrot. 
De  nuchbersh.aft  is  uf  gadrait, 
Do  -waisht  wie's  on  so  gwiltins  gait, 
Wiart  mainer  eshwetz  os  wie  ga  nait, 
Ga  'bloutered  han  sie  drum  a  gonsey  Jot. 

Sundoaks  is  mer  nuch  de  karrioh, 

TTnd  hut  gsunga  wie  an  larich, 

Note  hut  der  parra   bivel   g^aiso, 

T'ud  gaVyrettiched  fun  dem  baiso, 

Was  sile  now  der  Satan  haiso, 

Sy  rechter  nawmo  is  a  bissel  ivertzwarich. 

Snmshdoaks  is  mer  tzoo  de  mait,^ 

Vn  wons  graigert  hut  und  gshnait, 

Tm  a  eak  so  hinna  dninno, 

Hu$ht  sie  ols  om  shnin  mat  gfunno, 

Flox  und  honif  hen  sie  gshpunno, 

En  foata  wos  nuch  Deitschland  longa  dait. 

8el  tzite  'woar  nuch  ken  oatmeal  gwest, 
Ken  force  und  power  und  ken  zest, 
De  kusht  woar  shpeck  und  sour  graut, 
Es  taist  so  gute  und  shmocketl  so  lout. 


58 


Es  gfallt  em  moga  yusht  about, 

Und  doot  aim  aw  nix  won  mers  fresst. 

Sell  tzite  husht  nix  fun  cigars  gwist, 
Ken  bluck  duwock  und  aw  ken  tiwist, 
Do  woar  yoe  nuch  de  shnup  box  sihtile, 
Do  hut  mer  gshnupped  os  wie  de  gile, 
Note  onna  ghucked  und  gneesed  a  while, 
Oh,  we  mer  now  de  olta  socha  missed. 

Ols    fer  olters  is  mer  gritto 
Otter  gfora  im  a  shlitta, 
Doe  huts  net  feel  buggies  kot, 
Doe  hen  trollies  nix  ga  bot. 
Fun   waigo  es  gwitter  "woar  tzoo  mott 
Otter  wora  yusht  tzoo  dum  fer's  draw  tzoo 
fitto. 

So  harripshts  sin  de  eppel  gfolla, 
Oh.  wos  shainy  rundy  holla, 
Note  but  mer  als  an  shnitziing  gmacht, 
De  eppel  gshnitzt  os  hut  gagi'ocht, 
TTnd  blumsock  gshpielt  bis  mitternacht. 
Dotwarick  fuftzich  golla. 

TTnd  won  der  summer  iver  woar, 
So  haripshts  gagem  end  fum  yore, 
Doe  sin  de  huskingmatcho  kummo, 
De  kulvo  hut  mer  mocha  ibrooma, 
Fer  oily  roater  en  buss  ganummo, 
De  shaino  mait  se  woara  aw  net  roar. 

Over  'is  goar  nimmy  so, 

Olla  while  gookts  oartlich  bio, 

Do^  is  ollas  letchter  shtile, 

Se  kaufo  sito  by  der  mile. 

Over  's  holt  yusht  may  an  while, 

Wos  duno  don  de  shtulso  mencho  noe? 

Fs  is  nimmy  we's  ols  woar 
Fer  about  an  hunner  yoar. 
Olley  epner  wart  tzoo  gshite, 
.\im  sv  gelt  longt  nimmy  wite, 
v-^r's  hut  oily  sotta  lite. 
Os  es  goar  net  kotta  hut  dafore. 

AVon  rie  airt  nuch  so  fart  gait. 
T^nd  do  welt  nuch  shlenhter  drait, 
T<i=;  ken  mench  maim  onnera  drout, 
T^Tifl  de  glaino  kinner  flucho  lout. 
Wart  an  shtif'k  nn  vier  hai<5  blots  gabout, 
Fer  ich  gloab     c.=;     e^?     nmch  so  an  shtickly 
nemma  dait. 

In  an  hunnert  yoar  fun  now. 

Gc'oi<t  do  luft  gons  brinsel  brow. 

Won  fie  eile  mul  nimmv  tzeega, 

T'r.'d  de  lite  machina  greega, 

Os  we  turkeybuzzards  fleega,  >■ 


niK    MUTTEKSl'UtXJH 


59 


Nolt 


niaohis    dnivo    on    de    wulka    oartlioh 
row . 


Vn  d-er  dawtk  is  nimmy  wite. 
Bis  ken  mench  bicycle  hite, 
lliul  de  automobile, 
Yusht  may  sin  fer  'n  kinner  sh-piel, 
T^nd  se  kushto  nimmy  feal 
Note  denkt   mer  witter  tzurick  on  de  p:ooti' 
olta  tzite. 

Oh  de  W'Unterbora  socha 
Wos  se  by  de  tzite  nuch  mocha, 
Und  won  de  welt  uuoh  so  fort  shlept 
Wos  es  drum  net  socha  gept. 
Shnoakalin  mit  folshy  tzay, 
Hinkel  lice  mit  hilsney  bay. 

Flettermice  mit  blechney  fligel, 
Porcupines  so  glot  os  shpigel. 
Hoyshreck  wos  gear  nimmy  jumpo, 
Kotsa  gmocbt  fun  olty  lumpo, 
rJile  OS  mit  lectricity  gain, 
l^ite  OS  '&unnersteversht  shtain. 

Note  wait  aw  ken  kars  may  gfora, 

r>e  mencha  fleega  mit  de  ora, 

Warra  kola  gmacht  ous  shiwartzer  shnay. 

Vu'A  elephant  gepts  we  karsha  shtay, 

Huller  bi"o  os  nimmy  grocha, 

TTud  duwock  warem  os  sigar  mocha. 

IMachino  gepts  for  hawso  yawgo. 

Und  ingine  fer  de  bupplin  drawgo, 

Hilsney   lite   fer   hiser  Tjowa, 

T'nd  folshy  ghfress  fer  moshy  kowa, 

liniment  fers  raigera  mocha 

Ria  de  sunno  fishlin  locha. 

Pilla  gepts  OS  shlosa  shtuppo, 
Karin  os  selvert  karsha  ruppo. 
De  shtarno  doona  nonner  retzo, 
TTnd  der  mon  im  mooud  lernt  shwetzo. 
To  henka  shtricha  on  de  wolka 
Hnd  der  roam  wart  runner  gmulka, 
De  welt  wart  gshtupto  full  mit  lite 
Ou<;  sake  meal  gmacht  und  bossem  bite, 
Note  denkt  mer  witter  tzurick  on  de  goof^ 
olt  tzite. 

—J.  B.  Sheetz. 
These  lines  represent  the  dialect  spoken 
in  the  extreme  northeastern  part  of  Liancas- 
ter  county,  Brecknock  township,  Ked  Run, 
ni'pk-named  in  Pennsvlvania-Oerman  "Rodo 
Kuh,"  where  the  author  was  raised.  He  is 
a  graduate  of  Franklin  and  Tvlarshall  Col- 
'-•i?e  and  princfrnal  of  the  German  Township 
High  School.  Fayette  county.  Pa.— Editor. 

Es   Nei    Blad 

Ich  hail)  en  bJ.-i'wd  tir-igadrad  awifunigs  fu'ui 
Neia  Yor,  I>er  arsht  fu'm  Yonar  hov  Ich  931 
shun  uft  gado  dollar,  Ov'r  deis  Yor  hov  Ich 
>-UKhd  giid€nkt  Ich   start's  hlawd   des  mol 


reiihit,  Und  moch  bi-he'nk  aniol  en  rool  dos 
awiich  no.t  farbrec'hit.  So  hov  Ich  tsiaya  ini3i;i 
resolutions  g'luiiociht,  De  weil  de  Polly 
g'shbet'ld  hiut  und  noch  giadicht  galo^dht,  Und 
KE'l  ufkors  hut  m-Lch  fartzarnid,  Und  i»^'s  en 
iv'le  sign,  Far  g'lei  woir  Icih  gor  we<Miicli 
base,  nob  wora's  yuis'hd  ma  nein. 

Well,  ml'it  nein  resiohitionis,  -wira  ise  sin, 
gad's  net  schlecht.  So  hov  Ich  wid'r  fort 
gamocht  und  ales  wor  oil  recht;  De  Polly 
hut'd  ia(W  igsana — Ich  bin  hes'r  dos  Inh  wor. 
So  Iiov  Ich's  al-l  fargeva  'weiil  ise  g'sh(l)et'ld 
huit  dia(for;  Ov'r  Somshdiawg's  we  Ich  idrous 
wor  un  dia  shier  bei  da  geil.  Um  rishta  Car 
in's  shtet'l,  eo  in  g'wianlich  "boweoTa  shtyle. 
Don  kikt  em  Jeek  sei  as^l  mdch  tsn'm  doofe 
noun  dos  es  groobt,  U&d  Ich  hcib  pawr  mol 
deiv'l  g'sawt  noh  wora's  ymshd  ma  oCht. 

Well,  mit  ooht  resolutions,  wun  en  mioii  se 
holdia  kooi,  Gaid  ar  gawis  net  weid  fun  recht, 
so  wor's  mer  nuch  net  bang.  Und  Ich  hm 
frailich  uf  die  foor  und  noch  eni  shtetl'd  ts^u, 
Detea-mis-sd  dos  Ich  nochdem  obsaloot  nix 
niia  lets  du;  Ov'r  dont  um  shte'tJar  wart's- 
hous  iheu  po'wr  freind  mich  so  garetzt,  Dos 
endHich  hin  Ich  miit  und  hob  ipawr  hld'rs  ob- 
gapetzt,  Und  mo  en  glawsiful  hupabree,  und 
glei  wor's  iv'rdriva,  Und  nuch  en  resolution 
g'shlukd,  no  woi-a's  yuislhd  ma  sivva. 

Well,  siwa  resokitioss  sin  ganunk  hov  Ich 
gadenkt,  Und  tuolt  loh  uf  de  hawr,  becbudes, 
wiun  Ich  henk,  Ov'r  Ich  bin  sheer  ifarhungrd 
und  hob  ousngaimocht  Iclh  shdreks  Unid  nem 
en  igiud'ar  jaw-duwoick,  no  wora's  yushd  ma 
sex.  Sex  resolutions,  gute  und  sound  de  <hov 
Ich  nou  nuch  g'hot.  Und  so  feel  hid'rs  Ich 
•wor  yushd  about  fens-eckich  mot,  :So  we  en 
shpioi  t  don  kawif  loh  nuch  so  sihdinkers  sex 
for  finif,  Und  «hmoke  ws'n  oldar  shonshta, 
und  no  wora's  yuslhd  mia  finf. . 

Well  unit  fiM  rr:s!)lutions,  oil  gamocht  uf 
gute  und  r:<eht,  Denk  holt's  em  hlendi  bizzy 
dos  mer  kens  derfun  farbrecht,  far  ich  hob 
shun  arfaiwrunig  g'hot  mit  shwindlerei  bo- 
beer.  Duch  hov  Ich  Humbuk  guld  shtock 
kawift.  no  wora's  yu&hd  nua  fe'Sr.  Und  we 
Ich  ei-igsh'bo'nd  hob  far  hame,  und  jump  tsu'm 
werg-H  n  i,  Wor's  una  g'feed'rd  und  gadrenkd, 
so  wora'.s  yushd  mo  drei.  Drei  re^oliiitions,  - 
wos  en  shond,  und  ordlich  hart  im  "tay."  No 
hav  Ich  nuch  de  geil  geglupt,  so  wora's  yushd 
ma  t«wa. 

Well,  mit  tiwsa  resolutions  gad  en  mon 
gawiig  net  lets,  Yushd  Ich  denk  ar  mas 
awhenka  we  tzookbloshd'r  ud'r  gr  tz;  So 
wor's  mer  nuch  net  .gons  ferlade  ov'r  duch 
hut's  nix  gahod,  Par  Ich  hob  de  Poll  baloda 
und  no  yushd  ma  nne  'g'hot.  No  we  dP  Polly 
g'shulda  hut  bin  Ich  nous  un  der  shdol,  Und 
hob  Se  iiP't  sa-buss'd  ifo  sin  mei  resolutions 
oil.  Eis  N3i  Yor  tolawd  gookt  iv'l  ov'r  loh, 
shro'b  des  nou  do  he  — War  resolutions 
mo^ha  wnM  set's  du  uf  seina  gnee. 

—SOLLY  HOLSBUCK  in  his  new- 
book,  "Peimsylvania-GeTrnmn  Stories  prose 
find  P*oetry." 


©ur  IBooh  Xlable 

By  Prof.  E.  S.  Gerhard,  Trenton,  N.  J. 


HISTORY  OF  GER.UAX  CIVILIZATIOX. 
By  EriK'st  Richard,  Pd.  D.  Lccturfr  on  tli'' 
History  of  German  Civilization,  Cohuiil)ia 
University.  Clotli;  531  i>i>.  Price  $2.01) 
net.  Tlie  MacniCllaii  Company,  New  York. 
1911. 

This  is  a  general  .-^urvey  i'  the  sfour-es  -iM'I 
currents  from  which  have  sprumg  German 
arts  and  in&Iiituticms  of  today.  The  f.ict  that 
it  is  a  general  survey  may  account  for  a 
slight  lack  of  a  .^ouiid,  logical  constructiicu 
and  for  a  chronoolglcal  ai-rangament  that  '.s 
rather  loose.  There  also  seems  to  be  a  laclv 
of  proportion  as  the  writer  takes  up  four- 
fifths  of  the  volume  to  bring  his  discourse 
to  the  end  of  the  eiighitecmth  century.  Great 
changes  have  taken  place  during  the  la.it 
ono  hundred  j'E'ars. 

But  all  this  is  rorgotten  in  tlie  umtorni  in- 
terest th.3  book  arouses.  If  there  are  any 
books  that  are  in'te'resting  because  of  the 
infectious  interest  oif  th<>  writ'sr  in  his  suo- 
jeet,  them  this  must  be  one  of  them.  Us 
styile  and  subject  matter  are  no  less  inter- 
esting, even  though  it  is  crammed  full  of 
facts.  It  would  be  virtually  impossible  to 
crowd  more  information  on  the  sam^  sub- 
ject into  the  same  number  of  pages.  A  frainc 
personality  seeni's  to  prevade  the  whole  dis- 
course-. Probably  this  feature  may  he  at- 
tributed to  the  likelihood  that  the  contents 
of  the  hook  were  originally  presented  n\ 
the  form  of  lecturing. 

With  the  true  German  instinct  to  get  'it 
tlie  bottom  of  things,  to  begin  at  the  heginn- 
mg,  the  writer  ))€gins  his  work  long  before 
the  dawn  of  history,  with  the  first  comcep- 
tions  oif  things  Gorman.  Miany  incide.nts 
(lif  inteirest  are  picked  up  wliils  enrouts 
through  the  centuries.  His  objective  point 
seems  to  be  tlie  foriuation  of  German  ideal- 
ism. wliCi'e  essentials  he  finds  to  be  "veia- 
city.  honesty,  duty  and  industry."  He  also 
finds  that  the  ts-aclilngs  of  Kant  are  the 
foundation  <:i  his  idealism,  and  that  his 
"categorical  imi)erative"  has  made  it  possil)!.; 
to  change  the  most  undisciplined  nation  in 
Europe  into  the  l>est  dis<-iplined   one. 

True  to  his  nationality,  the  writer  tak  ;s 
himself  and  his  work  seriou.?ly.  His  inter- 
pretation of  what  might  be  called  the  spirit 
of  Germany  is  admirably  fair,  candid  and 
frequently  acute;  and  whatever  else  it  may 
or  may  not  be,  it  is  alw.-iys  .sincere. 

The  bcolv  is  a  usE'ful  one  lor  the  immen;e 
amount  of  informaticn  it  conveys.  It  is  ex- 
tremely useful  and  interesting  for  general 
reading.   It   might   be  dilUcu'.t  to   find   some- 


thing on  the  same  sulijcct  that  would  affr;  i 
more    interesting    an<l    inform.-it'ive    readin.L;-. 

JENNIE  GERHARDT.  A  novel  by  Theo- 
dore Dreiser,  Author  ot  "Sister  Carrier" 
Cloth;  435  pp.  Price  $1.35  net.  Harp  m- 
and  Brothen's.  New  York.  1911. 
Here  is  something  new  and  torceful;  oU'' 
baldly  knows  where  to  find  its  like  in  the 
annals  of  American  fiction,  nor  is  its  pio- 
totype  easily  found  elscwhero.  It  calls  to 
mind  a  long  list  of  writeTs  amd  their  work:>. 
It  makes  one  thing  of  Thomas  Hardy,  buf 
the  book  does  not  possess  Hardy's  philosoph- 
ical realism  nor  his  fine  literary  work- 
manship. It  makes  one  think  of  Zola,  but 
then  ".Jennie"  is  not  wiitten  out  of  the  gut- 
ter, it  migiit  suggest  Suderm-ann.  but  vvith- 
out  his  stirring  and  stjimulating  qnalitie.^. 
Bait  the  book  does  have  a  thing  or  two  in 
common  with  the  works  of  these  write r.s; 
it  is  a  story  from  from  life,  it  is  a  piece  of 
realistic  fiction,  and  probably  a  little  sordid 
at  that. 

The  theme  is  rather  a  sJrd'd  one.  .Jemii.-, 
the  chief  character,  is  betrayed  by  a  senator 
who  is  .stopping  at  the  hotel  where  she  is  a 
scrub-woman;  she  was  di"iven  to  such  humb> 
work  because  of  the  poverty  in  a  famil.\- 
consiiting  of  father,  mother  and  six  child- 
pen,  and  .she  being  the  oldest.  Mr.  Brand?r, 
the  senator,  loves  the  girl  and  dei-ides  n  -i 
to  cast  her  aside.  But  his  good  iTitent:o:!s 
ai-e  cut  shortly  by  death  and  .lenn'ie  is  left, 
.alone  and  also  a  mother.  Life  becomes  moio 
grim  and  cruel  fcr  her,  until  she  meets  Les- 
ter Kai.ie,  a  typical  lust  and  pleasure-loving 
youag  American.  She  lives  several  years 
with  him.  Kane's  father  took  a  sitrong  dis- 
like to  the  girl  and  on  his  death-bed  lie  h'?L 
a  goodly  fortune  to  Les'ter  on  cjndition  he 
l)ut  .Jennie  aside.  And,  of  cour.se,  she  is  agam 
left  alone,  but  he  still  provides  for  her.  FiV(^ 
years  afterwards  Kane  dies  and  Jennie  is 
more  alone  than  ever.  She  seems  to  be  simp- 
ly left  to  round  out  a  senseless  existen<'e. 
spending  days  and  days  in  useless  reitera- 
tion." 

It  is  a  book  that  hold;d  the  attention  witli 
unflagging  interest.  There  is  no  note  of  uu- 
i-eality  about  it  as  a  naked  ipictaire  o-f  life, 
but  a  life  that  is  more  naked  than  the  story. 
The  writer  succeeds  in  picturing  the  un- 
pleasant and  nasty  side  of  life,  but  whether 
he  has  done  sio  artistically  seems  questioii- 
aible.  The  book  is  written  in  simple  and 
clear  cut  English  and  compels  an  instant 
and  lasting  interest. 


60 


CM-li  1K)<)K  'I'AHLK 


61 


ME  AMAZING  Al) VF-:XTrRKS  OF  LETI- 
TIA  CARBP:rRY.  By  M;uy  Kobv.ts  Ri:i '- 
liart.  Anther  or  "Tire  Wmlow  at  itlie  Whit.- 
Cat"  etc.  llluHtratetl  by  Hownrd  Clia"'!- 
l?i-  Clirfety.  Cloth;  845  pp.  Price  $l."r, 
net.  Th.?  Bal)b.s-.\TeiTill  Coni.p.uiy.  ImVan- 
a  polls.      1911. 

The  adventures  of  L«'t.it:i,  or  Tish,  a.s  she 
'  t'amil)a;ly  called  tlironghont  t:lie  story. 
■  i-e  rigluly  termed  anuizJii;^.  The  book  ha-^ 
about  it  a  gcod  deal  of  the  niy£t(4-y  o'i  t'.i' 
f.tithor's  "At  the  Window  of  the  White  Cat." 
The  inysl€r"ous  part  begins  in  a  hospital 
where  Tish  is  a  i>ati€iit.  She  loves  luystcy 
.'rtid  advanture.  "Sh<3  made  uip  her  mind  *o 
finxl  out  who  or  what  had  'hung  Johiii'on  b\' 
the  n&ck  to  the  chandelier."  Johin&om  is  said 
to  have  'died  pea<-ea;bly  and  in  oi-der,  and 
his  body  had  been  cairied  to  the  mortuary 
1'.'>  await  iireparatioai  fJr  burial  Snoai  aift:"r 
1.?rs  he  was  banging  by  the  neck  to  a  clian- 
uelier  iu  a  room  fifty  feet  aw^ay  and  down 
■.rh':  steps. 

T'sh  is  a  charming  »piiKster  fifty  years 
.>ning;  she  is  humorous  and  clever,  and 
).as  many  ])ecul!arities  characterist'c  to  her 
•Jass.  And  above  all  .-he  h:is  a  mad  p.Hssioii 
^or  excitsme'nft.  gesoliine,  mystery,  romanci- 
^-.nd  the  detecting  cl  crime. 

The  book  affords  good.  Interesting  and  in- 
>  <'nt  leading  for  levers  f  mystery  and  ad- 


HE  DESECRATION  AND  PROFANITY  OF 
THE     PENNSYLVANIA     CAPITOL.       J5.v 
Ex-G'Overnor      Samuel      W.      P:nuy:;>ack(v.-. 
Cloth;  illustrated:  102  pp.  (Not  sold)  Will- 
iam J.   Campbell.   Philadelphia.     1911. 
This  booklet  of  Peinnsjivan-a's  Ex-Govera- 
<n-  caused  somei  surnrite.     It  is  really  a  de- 
fecHe    of    the    officials.    <-ontractoirs    and    ar- 
(^Tiitscts  who  had  charge   of  the  erecting  ol' 
fi  building.  Some  of  these  men  having  been 
found  guilty  of  fraud   by  the  higher  courts 
liave  gone  in-^ane.  some  in  piisoii,  and  others 
I'O  their  graves. 

Mr.  Pennypacker  lias  called  to  his  use  his 
•  X tensive  reading  O'f  Biblical  and  i)roi'au? 
iiistcry;  it  is  to  be  in^gretted,  but  'it  seems 
-rue,  nevertheless,  that  occasionally  it  ap- 
pears somewhat  presumptuous  to  put  tlves? 
men  in  a  class  with  Wlilliaim  Penu  and  Rob- 
(  rt  Morris,  and  ethers;  and  the  prosecutors 
<.longf;ide  of  the  judges  who  condemned  John 
Hu.=e  and  Joan  of  Arc, 

The  writer  laments  the  baneful  effect  this 
C.iapitol  scandal  has  on  tiie  perforraanice  of 
future  tasliis  for  the  State;  he  cites  as  an 
jDiStancc  the  abandonment  of  the  once  pro- 
posfid  highway  from  Philad'£Ji*ia  to  Pitts- 
))urgh.  Gov.  Stuart,  it  is  said,  vetoed  the 
bill  ifor  this  very  reason.  If  this  is  all  the 
harm  the  .scandal  has  brought  about,  it  is 
it  'Uegligihle  quantity.  Why  should  thei-^ 
i!e  a  sprawling  h'ghwav  acm.ss   the  extreme 


leiiulJi  (f  ilu'  State  frr  "hio-li  officials"  to 
siKiid  the  ifc'venue  of  the  State  and  to  sp-ed 
thciir  automobiles,  while  the  burdened  'tax- 
liayfi-  ]i:is  t.)  slop  around  in  muddv  couiitrv 
ro.-d.'--. 

Tile  whole  seems  to  be  a  sim-ere  and  clo.'-'e- 
ly  reasoned  argument;  the  validity,  however, 
of  some  rf  the  statements  might  be  ques- 
tionod.  'Mr.  Pennypacker's  strongest  i>oint 
is  piobably  his  assciirtion  that  the  build- 
inu;  i.s  itself  a  beautiful  work  of  art.  And 
this  point  no  one  disputes.  It  is  a  beauti- 
ful building,  but  'what  of  the  men  who  had 
charge  of  its  erection?  The  writsr  makes 
strenuous  efforts  to  show  that  there  was 
no  conspiracy  to  deifraud;  but  this  d<ies  not 
luove  them  inno<'ent,  and  not;  much  more  the 
fact  taat  they  settled  for  a  little  less  than 
two  millionis  of  dollars.  That  some  of  the 
men  coniiiected  with  the  trection  of  the  build- 
ing did  not  procure  ill-gotten  g^iins  from  it 
has  not  been  definitely  settknl,  and  pro!)- 
ably  it  never  will  be.  The  despicable  news- 
l):i4)er  and  political  c-ampaign  connected  with 
it  is  deplorable. 

THE     GIRL     THAT     GOES     WRONG.       By 
Reginald     Wa-iglit    Kaaffm.an,     Author    of 
■'The    House    of    Bondage,"    etc.      Cloth; 
226  pp.     Price  $1.25  net.     Moffat,  Yard  and 
Company,  New  York.     1911. 
The  facts  eom'prising  this  book  were  col- 
lected and  veiiified  'by  the  author  when    he 
gathered  material  for  "The  Hou.-:e  of  Bond- 
age."  his   famous   novel   on    White   Slavery. 
Sjn:.3    of  these  articles   appeared   originally 
in    Leslie's    Weekly;    as    serial    publication.'^ 
they  attracted  a  great  deal  of  attention. 

.Ml-.  Kauffman  has  entered  upon  a  fearless 
and  uncompromising  warfare  against  the  in- 
describable and  incomprehensible  conditions 
of  white  slavery  among  girls  and  women  ui 
tile  larger  cities.  What  he  iha.s  written  he 
has  seen  with  is  own  eyea.  This  is  not  fic- 
tion, fair  frcan  it;  but  it  is  a  collection  of 
iiresistible  facts.  It  is  the  truth,  and  no- 
thing but  the  truth;  but  not  the  whol3 
truth,  and  why  not.  the  author  tells  you 
in  the  Introductory  Chapter.  Aside  from 
the  Introductory  Chapter  there  are  S'ixteen 
separate  (diapters.  each  one  being  a  sordid 
hi.^tory  hy  itself.  Here  is  food  for  your 
thougiht.  romance  for  your  imagination,  and 
fuel  for  your  ind'lgnaticn.  And  what  is  the 
solution  of  the  whole  problem?  Read  the 
last  two  chapters. 

The  book  is  wiiitt'Kn  in  the  same  fearless 
and  flank  manner  of  it?  :predecessois.  He 
speaks  in  no  uncertain  terms  in  his  arraign- 
ment of  fake  modesty  and  a  false  social 
system  that  causes  so  many  girls  to  bo  what 
they  are.  It  is  moral,  frank,  delicate,  but 
uns&n'sational.  It  contains  nothing  to  pleaaa 
the  evil-minded,  and  nothing  to  contaminate 
or  dsfile  the  pure-mindecl. 


Ibistoiical  IHotcs  anb  IRcvps 

Reports  of  Society   Meetings   are  Solicited 


Historical     Pageant 

A  liiji'torical  Pagejist  will  be  lield  in  Fair- 
ttuount  Park,  Ph'lad'Cilphia,  Pa.,  on  the  field 
in  front  of  Belmont  mansion  overlooking  the 
Schuylkill,  during  the  w-eek  of  Qctoljer  7th 
to  October  12th.  1912,  inclusive;  with  a  greet i 
pi"Oce«Niion  of  the  perfonmetrs  on  Bread  Street 

Prologue.. — ^s^how'^sg  the  Indians,  Du'tch, 
Siweedes  and  English  in  confliet  up'on  the 
nelaw'ar.e  before  the  arrival  of  William  Penn. 

Episcde  I. — The  coming  of  Penu  in  the 
"Welcome  and  the  founding  of  Philadelphia. 

Episode  II. — The  arrival  in  the  river  of  the 
tea  ship  "Polly,"  ■whicih,  is  sent  back  to 
England. 

Episode  III. — Reception  of  the  delegates 
to  the  Comtinental  Oomgress,  and  the  Decla- 
ration of  Independence. 

Eipisode  IV. — Battle  of  Gea-mantown.  fol- 
lowed by  a  reproduction  of  the  Mesehianza, 
tJhe  picturesque  fete  enacted  diurimg  the  oc- 
ouipation  of  the  city  by  the  Bnitisih. 

Elpiscde  V. — Franklin  at  the  Court  of 
Franco.  A  beautiful  scene  is  the  garden  at 
Versailles,  with  a  minuet  in  brillianit  Bour- 
bon coui't  coistumies. 

Etpisodo  VI. — The  Federal  Convention.  Tho 
foundJng  of  the  natios. 

Epfscde  VII.— The  Wiar  of  1812.  The  Star- 
Spatnglcd  Banner.  Receipt  of  the  news  df  the 
repulse  of  the  Brifsh   troops   at  Baltimo'e. 

Eivisode  VIII.— Lafayette's  visit  to  Phila- 
(leiLphia  in  1824. 

Epilogue. — The  Consolidation  of  the  City 
The  coming  of  the  twenty-eigh  distr'ct.s, 
personified  by  28  young  woimen  ohos'Sn  from 
the  old  districts  of  Kensington,  Spring 
Garden,  Northers  Liberties,  Penin.  German - 
town,    Frankford,   West   Philadeliphiiia,    etc. 

The  Pageant  will  end  with  the  March 
Past,  a  feature  of  the  popular  English  pa.ge- 
ants.  All  the  performers  will  snter  the  field 
and  fix  before  the  .'-tands  in  tlie  form  of  a 
precession,  which  wl'l  lie  the  coiichulin^ 
scene. 

Presbyterian    Historical    Society 

Tliu  iSisue  ')f  the  .fouriial  tor  De<'ember, 
1911,  Vol.  vr.,  No.  4.  publisiifd  by  this  3o- 
cfiety  is  a  MoOook  Memorial  Number,  "in 
view  of  Dr.  McCook's  losg,  variied.  efficien't 
and  distinguished  services  in  ibeiha;!!^  of  ti\c 
society."'  The  mimber  contains  the  aiddres- 
8€is  delivered  at  the  funeral  services  of  th-i 
doctor  who  died  October  31,  1911,  and  ad- 
d'itiona  matter  illustratiive  of  the  work  and 
character  of  the  deceased.  "At  tli-?  Annu.ii 
Miertisg    of    the    Society,    .laniiaiy    !'"•.     l!>ni. 


Dr.  MeCook  delivered  a  Charaoteristio  presi- 
dential address  eoitiitled.  "The  Debt  of  the 
P-rei?ent  to  the  Past;  its  Payment."  On  ac- 
count of  the  general  application  cf  the  re- 
marks we  quote  the  tollowiing  liU'Ce  from 
the  address: 

"The  Pre^Eibyterian  Histoiical  Society  is 
worthy  to  be  maintained  and  enlarged  to  its 
utmost  ability  and  heneficence,  hecause  it 
gives  Inspiration  to  the  Present  Generation 
and  maist  instruct  and  elevate  the  future. 
A  paisting,  a  statue,  a  history,  a  biography, 
a  story  told,  an  oration  pronounced,  a  his- 
torical sermon  d'Silivered,  make  deep  and  lasit- 
ing  impressiionis,  particularly  upon  young 
people.  To  set  worthy  e'xamples  before  the 
rising  generatios,  highly  serves  to  miake  the 
rising  generation  worthy,  .  Our  ecclesi- 
astical history  abounds  in  groat  men  and 
noble  deeds.  We  are  too  careless  to  con- 
sider and  to  declare  it.  In  th  records  of 
the  past  ifour  centuries  especially,  and  'jn 
every  part  of  the  world,  among  the  names 
inscribed  by  fame  as  great  and  worthy,  a 
large  proportion  has  bees  gathered  from  the 
annals  of  the  Reformed  and  Presibyterian 
Churchea  If  you  turn  to  the  history  of 
sunny  Franco,  tlhe  live  cf  the  Harguenots 
are  there  with  nameig  like  Admiral  Col'ig'ny, 
Calvin  and  Fare).  If  you  turn  to  Switzer- 
land, the  little  Repuhlic  among  the  Alps, 
auid  religions  liberty  in  the  dark  days  of 
the  human  race,  the  r€icor  of  the  Reformed 
Church  mieets  you  with  sue;h  names  as  Zwing 
li  and  Calvin.  In  Bdheimia,  is  H'unigary, 
in  sea-girt  iHolland,  with  such  names  as 
William  the  Silent;  in  Scotland,  in  England, 
in  Ulster,  and  here  in  our  own  Continent, 
the  part  which  our  Churches  have  taken 
in  the  struggle  for  human  rights,  for  national 
liberty  asd  indHpendenco^  for  the  cvangeli- 
/.ation  of  tlie  people,  for  liigher  education, 
for  purer  miorals,  for  the  saving  of  the  roce 
from  supeirstition  and  pagamiiism,  for  all  that 
has  been  good  and  noible  and  wise,  like 
Churches  represented  in  this  Society  have 
taken  a  part  unexcelled  by  that  of  any  other 
and 'I  miglht  truly  say  of  all  others  com- 
bined. It  cannot  hut  fo'lllow  that  the  study 
of  such  a  Mstory  musJt  insipire  the  rising 
generaitios  with  new  love  for  their  Churdh 
loyalty  to  its  principles  and  fidelity  to  its 
name,    its   oi'ganization   and   its    work." 

Wlh.at  is  here  atfimied  wiith  regard  to  the 
Presibyterian  and  Reformed  Clmrchrs  might 
with  slight  changes  of  phraseology  he.  ap- 
plied to  the  Gi'rmas  eleinont  and  this  .fourn- 
al  as  a  miedium  for  dias'Oniina'tin,?  correct 
Unowk'dg.?  re&))f-:'ti'ri?  t  '  derds'  c  ll'c  T'lthers. 
in  tlu-  rlH-h  j.<  in   th;    I'aitli. 


{)'2 


(Benealotjical  Botes  anb  iSlueiies 

Requests   for^Genealo^ical    Information  by  Subscribers 
*     "   ^  Particulars  for  Registering  as   In- 

Furnished  on    Applicaiicn. 


Inserted  Free, 
vestigators 


Heinecke   Genealogy 

Rt?v.  Sairiiel  He'ii'X'kp,  EMer  pnliTshed  a 
buck  in  ISSl  with  this  fi  1  pace:  "Genealo?-/ 
from  Aflam  to  Christ  with  the  g?noalosy 
(i.r  Adam  HeinecOve  and  and  Henry  Vander- 
saal  from  1747  to  18S1.  To  which  is  added 
a  brief  account  of  the  author's  travels  in 
about  sixteen  years  as  an  evangelist,  and 
twelve  sermons  comi>osed  by  himself.'  By 
Rev.  Samuel  Heinecke,  Elder.  Second  Edi- 
tion. Lancaster,  Pa.:  John  A.  Hiestand, 
Printer.  ISSl."  The  book  was  copvright- 
er  1869. 

The  author  gives  first  the  genealogy  from 
Adam  to  Christ  and  follows  with  an  index 
of  the  names  occurring  in  the  Heinecke- 
Vandersaal  genealogy:  Allan,  Buch,  Brown- 
ell,  Beegley,  Biggerstaff,  Blacklidge,  Burk- 
holder,  Nenington,  Barker,  Cannon,  Clipp- 
inger,  Cremer.  Cressler,  Cole.  Cutchall,  Diehl_ 
Donovan,  Davis,  Daveler,  Dibler,  Echtern- 
ach,  Eagy,  Eby,  Evans,  Eberly,  Enck,  Free- 
man, Fording,  Fry,  Forney,  Growe,  Griffith, 
man.  Fording,  Fry,  Forney,  Growe,  Griffetb, 
Greenfield,  Goudy,  Gipple,  Gish,  Grube, 
Grosh,  Grange,  Grabill,  Gougler,  Gracely, 
Good,  Grimes,  Green,  Heinecke,  Hines,  Hem- 
perly,  Hays,  Hoover,  Hull.  Harris,  Harley, 
Hissong.  Hutchinson.  Hamilton,  Hiukle, 
Hollinger,  Heiges,  Henderson,  Hain,  Hughes, 
.lury,  Kenegy,  Kipler,  Kauble,  Kendig,  Kel- 
ser,  Lebo,  Landis,  Lackey,  Long,  Lehman, 
Martin,  Mohler,  Martin,  Miley,  Myers,  Noll, 
Plantz.  Philips,  Palmer,  Peuery,  Rogers, 
Rudolph.  Shober,  Shiftier,  Schroth,  Swartz, 
Sharp,  Schmooker.  Shetron,  Shupe,  Ternald, 
Tbrush,  Umholtz,  Vandersaal,  VVorkheiser, 
Wingerd.  Wise,  Weitzel.  Wyatt,  Waters, 
Watson,  Young,  Yessler,  Zion. 

Th's  Hcinecke-Vandersaal  geueah  gy  cov- 
ers pages  17  to  80  and  gives  records  ol 
birth,  death  and  residence.  The  de.scendants 
are  traced  to  Dauphin,  Philadelphia,  Lancas- 
ter, Lebanon,  Perry,  Cumberland,  Chester, 
Bradford,  Franklin,  Columbia,  York  coun- 
ties in  Pennsylvania  and  the  followin.g 
states:  Kansas,  Illinois.  District  of  Colum- 
l)ia,  Olilo,  West  Virginia,  Iowa,  Indiana, 
Mdssouri,    Minnesota,   and    Oregon. 

In  the  journal  th^  author  gives  names  of 
ijJaces  visited,  people  met,  sermons  delivered 
by  him,  observations  en  persons  and  places 
seen,  bl^^od  reIaton"hip  of  ipersors  met.  etc. 
The  book  has  special  value  to  students  of 
genealogy,  to  those  inteiested  in  the  history 
of  thp  United  Brethren  Chuicli.  We  can 
i^uTiply  a  liniitrd  numb  r  '^''  r-onios  at  ■"" 
cents    •'•.cli. 


A    Genealogical    Club 

Many  of  our  subscribers  are  decidedly 
averse  to  genealogical  study;  others  are 
equally  enthusiastic  in  this  department  of 
history.  How  to  best  accomodate  the  lat- 
ter wilh)ut  repelling  the  former  has  been 
a  study  for  years.  The  suggestion  has  been 
made  that  a  "Genealcg.'cal  Club '  be  organ- 
ized among  subscriters,  thus  bringing  into 
clcser  relationship  those  interested  in  gene- 
alogical matters.  Many  arguments  in  favor 
of  such  an  organizaticn  present  theniselve.< 
but  whether  the  idea  commenfs  itse.f  suffi- 
ciently to  our  readers  to  render  it  worth 
while  to  malce  an  effort  in  this?  direction  is 
a  question. 

To  test  the  matter  we  invite  post  card  re- 
plies to  the   following  questions: — 

1.  Would  you  be  willing  to  pay  lTj  cent- 
as  membership  fee  in  a  P-G  G-enealogical 
Club  for  the  year  1912? 

2.  What  would  be  the  avowed  aim  an  i 
purpose  of  such  a  club? 

.3.  How  many  favorable  replies  is  it  des- 
irable to  secure  befoi"e  organization  is  ef- 
fected ? 


Interesting    Document 

The  following  interesting  docunit-nt  wa^ 
brought  to  America  by  Hans  Scheirer,  ;i 
Swiss  who  emigrated  from  his  iral've  coun- 
try to  America  in  172.}  and  .settled  nea; 
Mosersville,  Lehigh  County,  Pa.  It  is  wel; 
prep&rved  in  the  original  at  the  old  Seheirer 
homestead.  We  should  be  pleased  to  hav- 
for  publication  copies  of  similar  or  other  in- 
teresting original  documents.  Look  through 
the  old  chests,  and  trunks.  If  you  can  n::r 
lead  the  German  give  the  editor  a  chance  ar 
it.  He  enjovs  puzzling  over  old  trtrma-i 
script. — The  Editor. 

"Den-aneh,  Hans  Scheirer,  von  Bar.gen. 
niich  bittlich  ersucht  ihm  ehnen  Heimat- 
schein  abfolgon  zu  lasseu,  weilen  er  .gesinner 
istsich  aus  seinem  Vaterland  zu  bege'  en  uni 
sein  Glueclv  weiter  zu  suchen,  so  hafb  icii 
ihm  d'et'es  nicht  abschlagen  kcenn^n  nocli 
wolleu,  thue  also  dnrch  dieses  beseheinigen. 
dass  er,  Hans  Scheirer,  von  Bargen.  in  der 
Grafschaft  Arberg,  geouertig  von  fhlichen 
Eltern  gezeugt,  von  einer  Christlichen  ge- 
meinde  allhier  getauft,  sich  auch  Heissig  b^  i 
(!em  Gebrauch  des  hochwuerdigen  Sakr- 
menis  des  Heiligen  Abendmahls  eiugefunden, 
und  so  viel  mir  bekannt,  enen  Christ- 
geziemenden  Wandel  gefuehrt.  Dies  zu  be- 
seheinigen habe  ich  mich  eigenhat'u  lis:  nn 
rerschreiben. 

(Signf^n   Gabriel  StHf^hT 

PfatT'  r  zu    Ha;    '  u." 


Zbc  jFoium 

The   Penn  Gei mania  Open  Parliament,   Question-Box  and 
Clipping  Bureau — Communications  Invited 


From    our    Mailbag 

Ciiiite  a  nuuiber  of  letters  have  reached 
Us  to  which  we  ought  to  reply.  Frieiula 
urge  the  editor  to  come  and  visit  them.  He 
is  being  blamed  for  not  turning  up  at  certain 
jilaces;  he  'is  flattered:  he  is  taken  over  the 
coals.  Some  even  say,  Please  discontinue 
my  subscription. 

Of  these  "we  can  give  but  two.  An  Allen- 
town  subscriber  writes:  — 

"I  am  sorry  'but  I  have  to  write  again 
about  the  Penua.  German  tor  Dec,  having 
failed  to  reach  me.  You  remember  I  failed 
to  get  last  month's,  until  I  wrote.  This 
month  I  thought  I  would  not  write  till  the 
end  of  month  as  it  miglit  turn  up  after  all. 
There  evidently  is  something  wrong  some- 
where. Kindly  investigate  and  let  me  have 
the  missing  copy   (Dec.)  and  oblige." 

To  this  we  can  only  plead  guilty,  promise 
to  do  better  and  hope  for  the  best.  At  the 
time  The  Express  Printing  Company  became 
cur  printers  it  was  understood  that  the  mag- 
azine was  to  be  issued  on  the  first  of  the 
month.  Our  subscribers  know  the  result. 
Thi.s  number  was  printed  by  the  Holzapfel 
Publishing  Comipany,  Cleona,  Pa.  Hereafter 
the  magazine  is  to  be  issued  on  the  fifteenth 
of  the  month.  If  after  a  reasonable  time 
after  the  fifteenth  you  fail  to  receive  your 
copy  get  after  Gottlieb  Holzapfel,  Cleona, 
Pa  ,  with  post  card,  stick,  hot  coals,  pitch- 
forks, or  any  other  persuasive  appliance. 
He  is  bound  to  be  on  time.  I  do  not  be- 
lieve he  will  fail  us,  brother.  If  he  does 
a  change  may  be  looked  for. 

Letters  have  been  ipassing  ibetween  tho 
editor  and  a  noted  literary  worker  of  the 
Northwest  that  have  called  forth  the  follow- 
ing:— 

"I  am  sure  you  are  on  the  right  road  and 
I  want  to  be  with  you.  Providentially  I 
learned  German  and  Scandinavian  in  the 
two  trips  I  -made  through  Europe  and  am 
located  in  the  Twin  City— Fritz  and  Ole — 
One  German  and  the  other  Scandinavian. 
AVe  are  i  -  the  midst  of  a  great  and  victori- 
ous battle  to  get  these  languages  in  the 
graded  schools.  I  am  sure  I  can  help  you 
TO  good  articles,  for  I  have  made  this  a 
study  all  my  ministerial  life  and  since  I 
eut<>red  literary  work.  With  a  hearty,  warm 
German  "Neu  Johrs  Grusz,"  I  am, 
Yours  very  sincerely," 

Letters  like  this — ^and  others  have  been 
received — are  very  encoura.ging  to  a  toiling 


editor.  The  plans  for  this  year  open  the 
way  for  a  hundred  readers  scattered  from 
Maine  to  Oregon  from  California  to  Florida 
from  Alaska  to  the  Canal  Zone  to  add  to 
our  monthly  bill  of  fare.  Biothfrs  and  sis- 
ters,  let   us   heai-   from   von. 


The    Penna. -German     Mother 

A  Penn.syivania-German  mother  writes:  — 
"I  wi§h  that  your  historian  while  recount- 
mg  the  illiteracy  of  the  P-G  women  of  an 
earlier  generation  had  also  explained  the 
reason  of  it  all— wonder  if  I  am  getting  hot 
under  the  collar?  How  could  they  be  other- 
wise when  every  act,  every  moment  of  their 
lives  spelled  self-effacement?  By  the  time 
they  were  through  amusing  themselves  in 
the  kitchen,  at  the  washtub  (those  were 
not  the  days  of  self-playing  things)  in  th*^ 
dairy,  nursery,  stable,  garden,  yard,  (chick- 
en and  other  kinds)  and  other  protracted 
things  they  were  too  tired  in  body  and  min  ! 
to  care  if  school  kept  or  not.  Then  too  tue 
majority  of  men  (women  also  no  doulu) 
were  ever  deluded  by  that  old  idea  that 
■because  Adam  was  made  first,  woman  needs 
must  be  an  afterthought  ever  after.  Am 
slyly  opinioned  that  nothing  'but  the  reign 
of  the  Suffragette  will  ever  \\l=\)e\  the  delu- 
sion. 

An  old  Pennsylvania  German,  living  in  tne 
mountains,  had  a  hard  three  hours'  dusty 
walk  to  accomplish  one  morning  and  he 
arose  very  early  to  make  his  start.  He  had 
gone  but  a  little  way  when  he  was  over- 
taken by  an  automoibile,  wihich  was  prob- 
ably the  first  that  had  ever  passed  that  way. 
The  driver  picked  up  the  old  man  and  they 
were  at  his  destination  in  about  twenty 
minutes. 

"Danks  so  much  awfully  mit  der  ride.  If 
T  had  know  myself  to  ibe  here  already  two 
hours  in  front  of  de  clock  yet.  I  vud  'be  at 
liome  fast  asleep  already  to  start  unless  1 
knew  you  vud  not  have  picked  me  up  since." 
— Housekeeper. 

The  aliove  iparagraph  is  inaking  the 
rounds  at  present.  The  psmiy-a-liner  who 
faked  "Housekeejier"  with  this  imipossiblc 
rubbish  is  entitled  to  the  blue  ribbon  in  the 
An   anias  club. 

— Reader. 


G4 


TLbc  pcnn  (3crmania 


Vol.  I 


■OLD  SERIES 


FEBRUARY,  1912 

Continuing  THE  PENNSYLVANIA-GERMAN 


No.  2 


VOL.  XIII,  No.  2 


TEablc  of  Contents 


CURRENT  LIFE  AND  THOUGHT    66 


Death  of  Otto  Ringling 
Philadelphia  a  Musical  Center 
Hon.  S.  E.    Ancona    Honored 
Schiff  Gives  Cornell  $100,000 
The  German   in    Africa 
New  Use  of  Our  Schools 
Forestry    at    Cornell  .     . 

Germany  and  France     .      .     .      , 
Peace  Riot,  Carnegie  Fall,  N.  Y 


66 
66 
67 
67 
68 
68 
69 
70 
71 


Signiflcance  of  H.  C.  Frick 73 

The    Corpus    Schwenkfeldianorum     .     .  74 

No  Primrose  Path  to    Wealth     ....  75 

York     County    Advancement     ....  75 

Germans    in  Kansas 76 

Good    Farm  Products 76 

Penna.  Germans  in    Virginia     ....  77 

Kansas  Girl  Farmers 77 


OUR  HTSTORIC  HERITAGE 


78 


Heivert  Papeii  and  the  Papen   House 78 

Genesis,  Evolution  and  Adoption  of  the  Public  School 

System    of   Pennsylvania     81 

The  Pioneer  Rothermel  Family  of  Berks  County,   Pa 94 

Tie  Forest  Preacher  on    the  Schoharie   102 

'^he  Germans    in  Maine   106 

i  German  Boy,  the  First  Martyr  of  our  Revolution 113 

The  German  as  Politician  115 

Modern  Languages  in    Public    Schools 117 

Rudolph  Blankenburg    120 

The    National  German-American  Alliance 123 

MUTTERSPROCH 131 

OUR  BOOK  TABLE 133 

HISTORICAL  NOTES  AND  NEWS 136 

GENEALOGICAL  NOTES    AND   QUERIES   139 

FORUM    141 


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Subscribers  are  invited  to  make  susrKestions 
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MANIA. 

Articles  for  "Our  Historic  Heritage"  must 
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URRENT  LIFE  AND  THOUGHT 

Illustrative  of  German-American  Activities 
Contributions  by  Readers  Cordially  Invited 


These  notes,  as  indicated  by  the  name,  reflect  what  the  Na- 
tions  citizens  of  German  ancestry  are  thinking  and  doing.  The 
items  must  of  necessity  be  brief,  representative  and  selective.  Sub- 
scribers who  can  serve  as  regular  or  occasional  contributors  to  the 
department  are  invited  to  write  us,  stating  what  special  field  they 
are  willing  to  cover.  Different  sections  of  our  country,  different 
aspects  of  human  endeavor,  must  be  represented  and  narrow,  sec- 
tional, clannish  viewpoints  avoided. 


Death   of  (  )u,,    Ringling,  one   of 

Otto  Ringling  'fhe  recent  death  of 

the  founders  of  Ring- 
ling Bro's.  Circus,  calls  attention  to  an- 
other remarkable  achievement  in  Ameri- 
ca of  representatives  of  the  German  ele- 
ment. Thirty  years  ago  five  sons  of  a 
German  harness  maker  of  Baraboo,  Wis., 
organized  a  little  wagon  show,  giving  ex- 
hibitions in  the  .small  towns  of  the  Mid- 
dle West;  but  by  showing  the  people 
what  they  advertised  and  by  not  tolerat- 
ing fakers  and  camp-followers,  they  won 
the  confidence  of  the  public,  thereby  lay- 
ing the  foundations  of  the  "Biggest  Show 
On  Earth."  The  German  American 
Ringling  Brothers  are  to-day  the  greatest 
circus  men  of  history,  for  beside  their 
own  stupendous  attraction  they  own  a 
controlling  interest  in  three  great  rival 
shows. 

The  German  American  stock  of  VVis- 
c(jnsin  has  also  furnished  some  great 
railroad  men.  A.  J.  Earling,  president, 
and  II.  B.  Karling,  general  superinten- 
denl.  of  the  Chicago,  iMilwaukee  and  St. 
Paul  (and  Puget  Sound)  Railway,  are 
sons  of  a  German  farmer  of  Washington 
County,  and  they  began  at  the  very  bot- 
tom in  the  service  of  that  great  road. 
Thev  are  proud  of  their  ancestry. 

J.  H.  A.  E. 


Philadelphia  Philadelphia,  I^a., 

a  Musical  Center  j^^g  become  one  of  the 
world's  greatest  musi- 
cal centers.  The  city  and  vicinity  claim 
2,000  music  teachers  who  held  a  mass 
lueeting  in  Estey  Hall  in  the  interest  of 
oploiting  the  city  as  a  place  to  study 
music.  We  quote  from  a  circular  ex- 
tensively circulated.  It  would  be  inter- 
esting to  know  what  percentage  of  the 
teachers  are  of  German  ancestiy. 

It  is  estimated  that  there  are  over 
2,000  teachers  in  the  city  and  neighbor- 
ing towns,  many  with  international 
reputations.  Philadelphia  possesses  a 
fine  symphony  orchestra,  a  magnificent 
opera  house  and  a  famous  opera  com- 
pany, a  large  Academy  of  Music,  a  great 
university,  Avith  a  musical  department,  a 
number  of  flourishing  conservatories, 
excellent  church  and  organ  attractions, 
an  enormous  festival  hall  has  been 
planned,  the  Philadelphia  Operatic  So- 
ciety giving  grand  ojjera  on  a  large  scale, 
numerous  choral  and  singing  societies, 
many  ])rominent  musical  clubs,  excellent 
free  musical  library  facilities,  nuisical  in- 
dustries representing  an  investment  of 
many  millions  of  dollars.  The  cost  of 
living  is  reasonable,  and  the  home  sur- 
roundings make  Philadelphia  particularty 
desirable    for   visiting  lady   pupils. 


C6 


(Ui;kl]st  life  am)tika<.ht 


67 


Hon.  S.  E.  Ancona    Congress      pause. 1      in 
Ho"o''ed  its    dignified    deliber- 

ations on  Dec.  14. 
\i}\\,  to  pay  Iribule  to  one  of  the  oldest 
e.N-meuibers  of  the  House  of  Represen- 
tatives, v^uydenhani  Iv  .\ncona.  of 
Reading.  Pa.,  who  was  elected  to  the 
_:^7th.  38tli  and  39th  Congresses,  entered 
the  Chamber  of  the  House  at  a  time 
when  that  body  was  busy.  The  follow- 
ing is  taken  from  the  i'(>)i(/rcssi(Uial 
Kccorcf,  of  Dec.  14 : 

The  SPEAKER.  GciUlonicn  uf  the  ITou.so 
nf  Representatives,  there  is  no  provision  in 
tlic  rules  for  what  the  Speaker  is  about  to 
s,'iy  or  do,  but  1  am  certain  that  every  memlicr 
of  the  House  will  indorse  it.  There  is  pres- 
ent on  the  Hoor  of  the  House  the  Hon.  S.  E. 
.\ncona,  who  served  in  the  Thirty-seventh,  the 
Tliirty-eighth,  and  (he  Thirty-nintli  Con 
stresses,  and  was  present  at  the  celebrated  ex 
iraordinary  session  of  Contj;ress  that  was 
called  on  the  4th  of  July.  1861,  and,  as  I  un 
dcrsland,  he  is  the  only  man  living  who  was 
in  that  House.  He  came  from  the  celel)rate<l 
Berks  district  of  Pennsylvania  (applause),  one 
i)f  the  most  famous  districts  in  .America,  now 
represented  by  the  Hon.  John  H.  Rothermeh 
and  I  am  certain  that  the  Members  of  the 
1  louse  will  be  glad  to  welcome  him.  ( .\p- 
))Iause.) 

Mr.  ROTHERMEL.  Mr.  Speaker,  T  move 
that  the  House  do  now  take  a  recess  of  5 
minutes,  in  order  to  meet  my  distinguished 
,ind  honored  predecessor. 

The  SPEAKER.   Make  it   10  minutes. 

•Mr.    ROTHERMEL.  Yes;    10   minutes. 

The  SPEAKER.  The  gentleman  from  Penn- 
sylvania (Mr.  Rothermel)  moves  that  the 
House  do  now  take  a  recess  for  10  minutes  to 
meet  the  distinguished  gentleman  referred  to. 

The  motion  was  agreed  to. 

Thereupon  (at  4  o'clock  and  26  minutes  p. 
m. )  the  House  stood  in  recess  until  4  o'clock 
and   36  minutes   p.   m. 

-Mr.  .\ncona  was  born  near  Lititz. 
Tvancaster  county.  Pa.,  Xov.  20,  1824. 
llis  parents  moved  to  P)erks  Co..  and  in 
his  young  manhood  he  taught  school. 
receiving  at  first  a  compensation  of  ten 
dollars  a  month  and  board.  Ivater  he 
served  the  Reading  Railroad  Comi'iany  in 
a  clerical  capacity.  Tn  i860  he  was 
elected  to  Congress  on  the  Democratic 
lickel.  He  has  always  been  a  Democrat. 
P)erks  county  has  been  called  the  "Gib- 
raltar of  Democracy  ;"  it  has  never  been 
in  the  Reptiblican  column. 

.\t  one  time  Mr.  .\ncona  served  tm  the 


^.'i.miuiltee  <in  .Military  .\rfair>  and  be- 
came intimately  accjuainted  with  Blaine„ 
Stanton.  Cen.  Hancock.  Stevens,  and 
others. 

After  leaving  Congress,  he  engaged 'in 
ilu-  fire  in.MU-ance  business  in  Reading 
and  was  also  active  in  ])hilanthr(j})ic  and 
charitable  affairs.  .Mthough  he  is  now 
in  his  eighty-eighth  year,  he  is  in  full 
possession  of  his  mental  faculties  and 
discusses  very  interestingly  the  men  and 
ihe  events  of  the  stirring  times  of  the 
Civil  War. 


^ 


Schiff   Gives  Qne  hundred  thous- 

Cornell  ^nd  dollars,  the  gift  of 

$10C,CC0  j^^ob    H.    Schifif,    the 

noted  .\ew  York  tinancier,  was  ilie  New 
Y'ear's  present  of  the  University.  The 
sum  is  to  be  used  for  the  promotion  of 
studies  in  German  culture. 

.Mr.  SchifT  explains  that  the  gift,  which 
was  made  on  his  own  initiative,  is  ex- 
tended as  a  tribute  to  the  good  work 
done  by  Cornell  and  to  the  broad  and 
liberal  spirit  which  animates  it.  This 
feature  of  the  donation  is  particularly 
gratifying  to  the  authorities  and  friends 
of  the  University  as  Mr.  Schiiif  has  never 
had  any  kind  of  connection  with  Cornell. 

"The  Jacob  H.  Schiff  Endowment 
for  the  Promotion  of  Studies  in  Ger- 
man Culture,"  will  be  the  official  des- 
ignation of  the  fund.  Except  for  its 
assignment  to  the  object  named,  the 
gift  is  without  restriction,  the  Trus- 
tees being  free  to  use  the  income  for 
salaries  or  for  any  other  purpose  com- 
ing within  the  scope  of  the  endowment. 

r>orn  in  1847  at  Krankfort-on-the 
Main.  Mr.  Schiff  has  always  taken  an 
interest  in  the  study  of  the  German 
language  in  the  United  States.  He 
emigrated  here  in  1865  and  settled  in 
New  Y'ork.  Since  that  time  he  has 
risen  high  in  the  banking  world  until 
he  is  now  one  of  the  most  important 
members  of  the  firm  of  Kuhn,  Loeb  & 
Co.  and  a  director  in  numerous  banks 
and  railroads,  including  the  National 
Citv    Hank,    the     Union     Pacific.     I'alti- 


16^ 


Tin:    i'HNN    GERMANIA. 


more  and  Ohio,  ami  Chicagi).  Burling- 
ton and  Quincy  Railroads.  He  is  pres- 
ident of  the  Montefiore  Home  for 
Chronic  Invalids,  vice-president  and 
trustee  of  the  Haron  De  Hirsch  fund, 
and  founder  of  the  Jewish  Theologi- 
cal Seminary,  the  Semitic  Museum  of 
Harvard,  and  the  Nurses  Settlement 
of  New  York.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
American  ]\Iuseum  of  Natural  History, 
the  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art,  the 
American  Geographical  Society,  and 
the  American  Fine  Arts  Society.  Cor- 
neU  Collcqc  Paper.     Per  A.  B.  P. 


The   German  The  German  has  the 

in  Africa  clearest  title     and     the 

cleanest  hands  of  all 
the  over-lonl-  of  .\frica.  His  invasion 
has  been  marked  by  the  most  astute  di- 
plomacy, but  his  bitterest  foe  can  hardly 
claim  that  he  has  not  played  the  game 
farily. 

His  power  lies  not  in  his  colonies  as 
much  as  in  the  German  cargo-boat 
along  the  African  coast.  The  Hamburg 
captain  makes  friends,  "jollying"  them 
in  the  jovial  German  fashion,  and  pick- 
ing up  trade  which  was  once  English. 

Again  and  again  I  have  seen  a  Ham- 
burger  creeping  slowly  homeward   with 
his  vessel  so  weighted  down  with  palm- 
oil   that   it   looked   in   the   distance     al- 
most    like     a     submarine,     while    ahead 
had  gone  a  Liverpool  steamer  almost  in 
ballast.      The  ca])tains     of     these    boats 
get    a     commission    on    the    homeward 
cargo  and  the  German's  sociability  wins 
for   him    the   lion's    share   of    the    spoil. 
Many    a    British    "factory"  will    let    an 
Elder-Dempster  boat  go  by  and  hold  his 
liogshead    of    palm-oil    for    the    German 
Service    and   sociability — this   is    the   se- 
cret   of    the  German    conquest    of    the 
West    .African    seas.      Once    the    Liver- 
])Ool      tlag     nionoi)olized     the     carrying 
trade.     N^nv,  on  the  high  seas,  you  will 
see  one   flag  (|uite   as    freriuently  as  the 
other;   but    if    you    go    into    some    inde- 
pendent   ])ort    like    Monrovia,    you    will 
be    almost    certain    to    sec    two    German 
flags  to  one  I'nion  jack. 


Of  German  influence  on  the  native 
the  writer  says : 

Without  the  blowing  of  horns  and 
the  noise  of  the  press  agent,  the  Ger- 
man is  training  the  young  African  in 
his  own  way — and  making  a  pretty 
good  job  of  it.  The  writer  has  watched 
llie  German  closely  in  his  relations  to 
these  half- wild  proteges  on  the  West 
Coast.  The  administration  of  govern- 
ment there  is  largely  a  matter  of  tem- 
perament, and  the  men  from  the  Rhine 
country  are  probably  less  easily  driven 
into  irritability  than  any  other  white 
men. 

The  conclusion  is : 

.\fter  observing  the  white  men  of 
many  nations  at  the  task  of  regenerat- 
ing Africa,  one  cannot  escape  a  convic- 
tion that  the  German  native  will  rise 
as  high  in  the  scale,  if  not  higher,  than 
any  other  within  the  same  belt..  Revierv 
of  Rcviczvs. 


^ 


New   Use  In    his    School    Bul- 

of  Our  Schools  letin  recently  issued  by 
County  Superintend- 
ent E.  M.  Rapp  for  the  teachers  of  Berks 
county,  Pennsylvania,  Mr.  Rapp  thus  dis- 
cusses the  open  school : 

"The  notable  display  made  by  the 
Home  and  School  Association  ought  to 
awaken  the  entire  public  school  system  to 
tlio  new  use  of  the  public  school. 

The  day  has  gone  when  the  public 
school  can  be  held  to  be  discharging  its 
duty  to  the  community  by  being  used 
merely  during  school  hours  and  in  term 
time.  The  playgrotmd  has  carried  school 
activities  into  the  summer.  The  Home 
and  School  Associations  have  carried 
school  activities  into  the  home  and  the 
evening  meeting. 

These  associations  are  onl\'  a  part, 
though  a  very  large  part,  of  the  schools 
of  the  country.  'J'hey  should  be  in  all  of 
them.  Their  work  centers  on  a  monthly 
meeting  and  weekly  gathering,  bringing 
teachers,  parents   and   children   together. 

This  opens  the  neighborhood  use  of 
the  school-house  in  the  evening,  but  it  is 
onl\-  a  beginning.     Lectures  have  added 


CIJKKKN'I"    \AFK    AX  I )    TlH  )l  "< ;  H'l' 


6n 


other  evenings.  .Many  school  houses  arr 
lit  often  and  gather  small  andieiicos  and 
large  through  the  week. 

This  work,  begun  by  fragnicni^.  jjartly 
by  school  management  and  the  initativc 
of  teachers  and  citizens,  though  limited 
from  lack  of  means  as  yet  needs  to  be 
extended,  .systematized  and  has  given 
more  social  activities. 

Schoolhouse  yards  should  be  perma- 
nently open  for  play.  It  already  seems 
incredible  that  a  few  short  years  ago  each 
summer  saw  school-yards  locked  and  the 
children  who  should  have  been  there 
were  plaving  in  the  streets  instead.  Even 
today  the  playgrounds  could  not  on  many 
afternoons  accommodate  one  child  in  five 
if  all  sought  play. 

In  summer  and  winter  the  school- 
houses  are  as  vet  but  little  used,  -^.ach 
school  house  should  have  its  social  cen- 
ter, worked  with  the  home  and  school  as- 
sociation, giving  children  and  youth  even- 
ing games,  clubs,  dramatic  associations, 
amusements  and  friendly  gatherings. 
Young  men  and  women  of  the  vicinity 
ought  to  find  the  evenings  at  the  school- 
houses  more  attractive  and  safer  oppor- 
tunities to  meet  than  are  now  open  in 
dance  halls.  Every  school  in  time  will 
have  its  mechanical  music  and  educate 
taste  as  well  as  amuse. 

Piecemeal  this  has  already  begun.  The 
outpouring  of  childhood  and  youth  in 
songs,  debates,  athletics  and  a  world  of 
innocent  and  happy  activities,  is  an  ex- 
ample, and  only  a  small  example  of 
what  is  going  on  in  our  schools.  As  the 
playground  problem  overspread  the  coun- 
try in  five  years  past,  so  in  five  years  to 
come  all  school  houses  are  to  come  into 
use  at  night  for  all  sorts  of  social  activity, 
instruction  and  amusement.  It  is  true 
that  it  will  call  to  new  activities  the 
teachers  who  are  already  hard-worked ; 
but  as  the  playground  has  created  a  new 
type  of  instructor,  so  the  use  of  schools 
as  social  centers  will  create  a  new  and 
most  valuable  type  of  school  worker. 

Birdsboro.  Hamburg,  Kutztown  and 
Mohnton  have  efficient  associations. 
There  is  no  reason  why  such  an  associa- 
tion should  not  be  organized  in  every 
school  district  in  the  country." 


rhi>  c(ime>  from  " .\\t  iiarrickb,"  the 
(libraltar  of  Democracy,  a  strong-hold 
of  Pennsyler-tjermany,  the  fabled  coun- 
ty for  raising  fat  oxen  and  uneducated 
peojjle  and  voting  for  Jackson.  Berks 
ccnmty,  Pennsylvania,  is  a  giant  not 
"sleeping"  but  wide  awake. 


^ 


Forestry  That      [)r(jspcct.-i      are 

at  Cornell  exceptionally       good 

for  Cornell  to  regain 
her  ft)rmer  position  as  the  premier  insti- 
tution for  teaching  forestry  in  the  United 
States  was  the  import  of  the  news  given 
out  at  the  College  of  Agriculture  yester- 
day afternoon  when  the  appointment 
of  Professor  Filibert  Roth,  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Michigan,  as  head  of  the  De- 
partment of  Forestry,  was  announced. 
The  letter  of  acceptance  was  received  by 
Professor  Mulford  yesterday.  Professor 
Roth  will  enter  upon  his  duties  next 
September. 

By  this  addition  to  its  stall,  the  faculty 
of  the  forestry  department  now  includes 
three  professors.  One  year  ago  Walter 
Mulford  was  appointed  Professor  of 
Forestry  and  began  work  in  the  spring. 
During  the  six  years  previous.  Professor 
Mulford  had  been  Junior  Professor  of 
Forestry  at  the  University  of  Michigan, 
ranking  next  to  Professor  Roth.  It  has 
been  due  in  great  part  to  the  work  of 
Professor  Mulford  that  Professor  Roth 
has  been  induced  to  come  to  Cornell  and 
resume  the  old  relationship.  The  third 
member  of  the  forestry  faculty  is  As- 
sistant Professor  John  Bentley,  Jr.,  who 
recently,  left  the  national  Forest  Service 
for  the  University. 

This  increase  in  the  faculty  means  that 
beginning  next  year  a  course,  designed  to 
train  men  thoroughly  for  the  profession 
of  forestry  as  a  life  work,  will  be  re-es- 
tablished. During  the  present  year  the 
function  of  the  Department  has  been 
merely  to  furnish  elective  courses  in 
forestry,  which  do  not  lead  up  to  a 
degree. 

It  is  especially  fortunate  that  Professor 
Roth  should  come  to  Cornell  as  he  was 
Assistant  Professor  of  Forestry  here  in 


«u 


'11II-:    IMINN    (W:!<  MANIA. 


the  original  scliool    I'roni  il>  iiicci)li<»n   in 
iH*)ii  to  i(;oi. 

Horn  in  W'urleniburg.  (.ermany.  in 
1S58,  Professdr  Roth  came  to  the  United 
v'^tates  in  1871.  The  period  between  1874 
and  1882  he  spent  on  the  western  fron- 
tier. Fnjm  1885  to  1893  he  stucHed  at 
-Michigan.  Then  for  five  years  he  was  a 
.-])ecial  timber  expert  in  the  Department 
of  .AgricnUure.  After  leaving  Cornell  he 
again  went  into  the  Forest  Service,  hav- 
ing charge  of  all  the  forest  reserves. 
Since  UJ03  he  has  been  at  the  head  of  the 
School  of  Forestry  at  Michigan,  the 
third  oldest  of  any  importance  in  the 
i-ountry  and  the  second  largest. 

CorucU  College  Palmer. 

In  this  connection  a  (|Uotation  from 
I'anst's  (K'rman  Element  will  be  in  jjlace  ; 
'■Cornell  has  the  distinction  also  of 
having  the  first  school  of  forestry  in  the 
I'nited  States.  1898-1903.  The  chief  of 
the  Division  of  Forestry  in  the  United 
v^tates  Department  of  Agriculture.  Bern- 
hard  Ivlward  Fernow.  was  called  to  be 
llic  director  of  this  new  foundation.  A 
full  course  <•>{  ionv  years  was  inaugu- 
rated, and  the  college  grew  rapidly  in 
numbers  during  the  following  years,  the 
total  number  of  students  registered  in 
J 903,  the  last  year,  being  "/ti,.  Two  as- 
sistants were  appointed,  one  of  whom. 
I'rofessor  Filibert  Roth,  of  (ierman 
binh,  i>  at  present  hearl  of  the  Depart- 
menl  of  I'orestry  at  the  Cniversitv  of 
Michigan.     -      ■•'■  The    item    in'  the 

ap])ropriation  bill  providing  for  the  sup- 
l)ort  of  the  college  was  vetoed  by  C.over- 
nor  (  )dell.  The  result  was  the  closing  (»f 
the  l-'orrstry  school,  and  the  abandon- 
ment by  the  iMupire  State  of  its  splendid 
pioneer  undertakinu. '■  (X'ol.    m;  226) 


<^e'""i3ny  The  Outlook  of   [anu- 

and    France  .,,,       _.„      ^-,,„  tains      a 

\aluable  semi-ofificial 
article  by  the  (jerman  .Xmbassador  to  the 
United  States.  Count  Hernstorrf,  on 
(icrmany  and  FVance  with  special  refer- 
rnce  to  the  Moroccan  {|uestion.  From 
the  editorial  remarks  we  (piotc  the  fol- 
lowing 


■"There  is  an  essential  tlistinctiou  be- 
tween the  national  ideals  which  we,  as  an 
iMiglish-speaking  people,  have  inherited, 
and  the  national  ideals  of  the  German 
peo])le.  As  a  writer  in  the  "Round 
Table'  has  pointed  out,  the  English  ideal, 
which  Americans  have  inherited,  con- 
ceives of  the  State  as  existing  for  the 
protection  and  the  development  of  the 
individual;  while  the  I'russian  ideal, 
which  the  peojjle  of  the  German  Empire 
have  inherited,  conceives  of  the  indi- 
vidual as  existing  for  the  defense  and 
the  service  of  the  State. 

""The  contrast  between  the  English  and 
the  'Teutonic  national  ideals  may  be 
roughly  stated  thus:  The  English  view 
is  that  the  State  is  a  means  and  the  man 
is  an  end  ;  while  the  'J'eutonic  view  is  that 
the  man  is  a  means  and  the  State  is  an 

■"What  Germany  has  done  in  this  case 
we  must  expect  Germany  to  do  generally 
— namely,  to  base  her  international 
action,  not  primarily  u|)on  the  welfare  of 
a  neighboring  nation  or  of  a  weaker 
l)eople.  but  on  the  welfare  of  the  Father- 
land :  and  in  such  national  action  to  con- 
sult, not  abstract  ideas  of  right  and  jus- 
tice, but  that  regard  for  reality  which  the 
German  Ambassador  expresses  in  this 
sentence:  "The  course  of  events  will 
always  prove  to  lie  more  powerful  than 
the  niosl  perfectl}'  wnrded  treat\-  jiro- 
x'isions.' 

I'rom  the  article  itself  we  glean  these 
])aragra])hs  : 

"It  is  well  known  thai  from  the  begin- 
ning this  compensation  of  colonial  terri- 
tory was  desired  in  the  French  Congo,  in 
iM'der  to  unite  as  much  as  possible  the 
adjoining  (lerman  colonies  on  the  west- 
ern coa>t  of  .\frica,  were  it  only  for 
forming  an  economic  unity  through  the 
establishment  of  appropriate  trade  routes. 
This  goal  ^\■as  reached  by  the  recent 
Morocco  agreement  between  France  and 
Germany,  which  gave  the  latter  Power 
access  to  the  Congo  and  the  Ubanghi. 

""Although.  0I  Course,  opinions  may 
diti'er  ;d)ont  the  \alne  of  the  territory 
C(.'t\vi\  to  Germany,  it  is  evident  that 
German  ccjuunerce  and  industry.  German 
niiner>  and  farmers,  have  obtained  Valu- 


(JUKRKNT  lAFK  AND  THOUGHT 


71 


able  giiaraiUees  for  their  interests  in 
Morctcco.  The  agreement  furnishes  a 
])owerful  instrument  in  the  hands  of  the 
Ck'rman  ("iovernment,  enabhng  it  per- 
manently to  protect  German  interests  in 
^pite  of  all  contrary  efforts. 

■"I'^or  any  one  who  had  followed  the 
course  of  the  Moroccan  ciuestion  it  was 
inconceivable  that  Germany  should  sud- 
<lenly  wish  to  conquer  Moroccan  terri- 
tory. Kven  during  the  most  critical 
momeiUs  of.,  the  whole  afifair  Germany 
had  always  emphatically  declared  that 
she  pursued  only  economic  interests  in 
Morocco,  and  this  with  gootl  reason. 
\un-  (icrmany  the  occupation  of  some 
part  of  Morocco — apart  from  the  war 
which  no  doubt  would  have  ensued — 
could  mean  nothing  else  than  a  long  and 
continual  display  of  military  forces  per- 
fectly out  of  proportion  to  the  possible 
gain.  The  friendship  of  the  Moroccans 
for  Germany  naturally  would  have  turn- 
ed intc>  enmity  as  soon  as  she  followed 
the  e.xample  of  France  and  took  up  the 
rule  of  an  aggressor. 

"( )n  the  whole,  it  can  therefore  be  said 
iliat  the  negotiations  conducted  under 
die  moral  pressure  of  the  sending  of  the 
1 'anther  to  Agadir  led  to  a  satisfactory 
result  for  Germany,  because  she  avoided 
chasing  phantoms,  and  tried  only  to 
reach  a  goal  which  it  was  possible  for  her 
1(»  attain." 

To  "inheril"  is  to  receive  1)\-  nature, 
transmission  or  descent  and  without 
etifort  or  pay  on  part  of  recipient.  Our 
Xation  has  been  a  huge  melting  ])ot  to 
which  various  nationalities  and  peoples 
liave  contributed  indisj^ensable  ingredi- 
ent>.  Why  cannot  The  Outlook  recog- 
nize this  fact?  "'Inherit"  docs  not  e.\- 
])ress  tb.c  thought  that  should  be  con- 
veved. 


"Peace"   Riot  at       The    row    at    Carnegie 
Carnegie   Hail.  Jfall,     N.    Y.,    in    De- 

cember over  the  arbi- 
tration treaties  between  our  country  and 
Kngland  and  France  has  caused  con- 
siderable newspaper  discussion.  As  the 
whole  subject  is  of  direct  interest  to  our 


readers  we  give  extracts  from  a  few 
papers.  The  Gaelic  American  .said  in 
its  issue  of  December  i6: 

Novtr  i)(.'tiirc  ill  tin-  liistory  of  tlit-  City  of 
.\ew  NDrk  has  a  superficial  niovcincnt  so 
deeply  affecled  the  jjcople  as  the  attempt  hy 
the  few  with  sordid  money  to  lord  it  over  the 
many.  The  "Peace"  meeting?  at  C.'irncgie  Hall 
r.n  Tuesday  nislit  last  was  turned  into  an  in- 
dignant protest  due  to  certain  remarks  made 
\y  the  speakers  which  finally  broke  loose 
when  .\lphonse  G.  Koelhle,  President  of  the 
German-.'Xmerican  Citizens'  League,  moved 
that  the  resolutions  be  amended  so  as  to  en- 
dorse the  majority  report  of  the  Committee 
on  Foreign  Relations  of  the  United  States 
Senate,  and  said  that  the  treaties  arc  uncon- 
stitutional and  "a  menace  to  i)eace  and  breed- 
ers  of   war." 

Mr.  Koell)le  pointed  to  tiie  l)ack  of  the  plat- 
form wdiere  three  flags,  the  English,  French 
and  American  were  entwined  on  the  wall  and 
said  :  "I  am  a  German-American  citizen.  See 
tho.se  flags :  they  mean  that  England,  France 
and  the  Ignited  States  are  conspiring  against 
the  land  of  my  f(U-efathers  and  as  a  man  of 
German  blood  and  German  descent  and  a 
good    American    citizen,    I    solemnly    protest." 

Andrew  Carnegie  was  advertised  to  speak, 
hut  his  turn  never  came  and  instead  he  ))aced 
up  and  down  the  platform,  swinging  his  arms, 
muttering:  "The  meeting  is  ruined;  the  meet- 
ing is  ruined.  .-Vdjourn  it!  Adjourn  it!"  and 
"Who  are  these  peotile  :  these  scondrels;  th.^'^e 
blackguards."  He  shook  his  fist  several  times 
threateningly  in  Mr.  Koelble's  face,  calling 
iiim  strong  names,  to  all  of  which  Mr.  Knelble 
replied  with  a  calmness,  stoicism  and  gentle 
manly  l)earing  that  Anally  made  those  who 
stormed  and  threatened  him  ashamed,  and  he 
was  finally  promised  an  opportunity  to  be 
iieard  if  he  would  only  go  out  to  the  front  of 
the  platform  and  stop  the  cheering  that  was 
tiien  drowning  and  defying  all  attempts  on  the 
part   of  tlie  cooler  ones   to  continue  the   meet- 

His  appeal  to  the  audience  was  instantly  ef- 
fective, the  ])romise  to  let  him  sjieak  was  not 
fulfdled.  for  the  meeting  was  suddenly  ad- 
join^ned. 

h'uiidscliait    cwcicr    Wclfcit  for    Janii- 

ar\-     contains     a     number     of"  conmnini- 

cations  on  tlie  (|uestion  from  wliicli  the 
following  is  (|Uotcd  : 

liy  Hon.   Richard  Iiariholdt ; 

Who  atHrms  that  the  German  element  in 
the  United  States  is  opposed  to  Taft's  arbitra- 
tion treaties?  Tt  is  true  that  since  the  recent 
ilisturbance  in  Carnegie  Hall  such  statements 
have  been  made  in  the  .\.nglo-.\merican  presj;. 
liut   in  truth  these  insinuations  are  notliing  less 


THK    I'KNN    C.KKMANI  A. 


than  an  insult  to  our  citizens  of  German  de- 
scent. What  are  the  facts r  fmmediately 
after  the  plan  for  an  arbitration  treaty  be- 
tween the  United  States  and  Great  Britain 
became  known,  certain  factions  among  the 
Irish  raised  a  hue  and  cry.  They  claimed  that 
an  ''entangling  alliance"  was  proposed  con- 
trary to  Washington's  famous  advice,  and  in 
order  to  make  the  German  rebellious,  tb.ey 
cunningly  added  that  the  point  of  this  Anglo- 
American  fraternization  was  aimed  against 
Germany.  This  class  of  Irishmen,  led  by  the 
Gaelic-American  and  similar  publications, 
filled  with  unquenchable  hatred  of  England, 
would  prefer  to. see  the  United  States  declare 
war  against  England,  instead  of  laying  the 
foundations  for  permanent  peace.  But  liecause 
of  the  very  fact  that  their  attitude  is  dictated 
by  the  old-world  legacy  of  Irish-English  en- 
mity, an  enmity  which  from  the  standpoint  of 
law  and  right  must  have  no  influence  on  Amer- 
ican politics,  the  clamor  of  the  Irish  agita.tors 
failed  to  impress  official  Washington.  Shall 
German-Americans  applaud  this  exercise  of  a 
racial  prejudice,  the  lowest,  of  all  human  qual- 
ities, and  make  themselves  the  train-bearers  of 
agitators  whose  complaints  do  not  concern 
them  at  all?  I  do  not  deny  that  some  Ger- 
mans walked  into  the  trap;  that,  after  all,  is 
not  difficult  to  explain.  The  relations  between 
England  and  Germany  leave  much  to  be 
wished  for,  and  it  was  an  alluring  argument 
to  German  ears  when  the  Irish  referred  to 
above,  disseminating  the  venom  of  suspicion, 
declared  that  England  really  desired  to  pro- 
tect its  back  against  Germany  when  it  took 
Taft's  proffered  hand.  The  entire  arbitra- 
tion policy,  they  declared,  was  in  fact  merely 
an  intrigue  against  the  Fatherland. 

This  is  not  a  question  of  race  or  tribe;  it 
concerns  neither  the  English  nor  the  Ger- 
mans, nor  the  Irish  nor  the  Anicricans  alone, 
but  the  entire  world.  Any  merely  national 
conception  seems  puny  and  small-hearted  with 
the  happiness  and  blessings  which  the  decrease 
of  the  danger  of  war  and  the  actual  prevention 
of  war  will  bring  to  the  entire  world.  Our 
only  emotion  should  be  a  feeling  of  pride  and 
gratification  that  it  was  an  American  Presi- 
dent who  had  the  wise  insight  and  the  courage 
to  give  a  good  example  to  the  world  and  to 
propose  the  introduction  of  arbitration  courts 
for  all  questions  amenable  to  judicial  decision. 

By  Dr.  C.  J.  He.xamer; 

Since  years  it  has  been  the  endeavor  of 
English  diplomacy  and  its  subservient  Ameri- 
can press  to  make  Germany  appear  as  the 
great   disturber  of   the  world's  peace. 

The  Germans  are  the  most  peaceful  of  all 
l)eoples,  and  no  government  more  sincerely 
desires  peace  for  its  rightful  untrammeled  ad- 
vancement than  does  the  German  Empire.  I 
have,  therefore,  done  everything  in  my  power 
that  an  abritration  treaty  between  my  beloved 
native  country  and  the  land  of  my  forefathers 
should  be  effected. 


I  have  uppuSLil  any  narrow  ettoris  of  form- 
ing such  treaties  exclusively  with  Englancf- 
and  its  ally  France.  I  have  insisted,  wherever 
I  have  signed  petitions  for  peace  and  arbitra- 
tion treaties,  that  Germany  and  all  other  na- 
tions should  be  included  and  should  have  an 
equal  chance.  The  millions  of  German  and 
Irish-.\merican  citizens  and  their  descendants 
would  never  allow  our  country  to  enter  into 
any  entangling  alliances  with  other  nations. 
Any  such  attempt  of  Anglomaniacs-  would 
arouse  them  to  a  furious,  opposition. 

I  deeply  deplore  the  action  taken  by  some 
ill-advised  individuals  at  a  recent  meeting  at 
New  York.  This  republic,  in  order  to  thrive, 
must  permit  everyone  absolute  freedom  of 
speech.  Anyone  who  will  break  up  a  meeting 
because  what  is  said  does  not  agree  with  his- 
views  is  an  enemy  of  our  free  institution^, 
and  is  not  a  desirable  citizen  of  our  republic. 

By   Theodore  Sutro; 

When  the  President  of  the  United  State.-,,  iit 
pftrsuance  of  his  plan  to  negotiate  arbitration 
treaties  of  the  widest  possible  scope  with 
other  nations,  commenced  tirst  of  all  with 
England  and  then  with  France,  and  only  after 
quite  an  interval  with  Germany,  I  took  the 
position,  which  I  have  ever  since  maintained, 
that  this  method  of  procedure  was  a  diplomatic 
faux  pas.  Owing  to  the  strained  relations 
which  have  for  quite  some  time  existed  be- 
tween Germany  and  England,  and  the  ever 
prevailing  suspicion  with  which  Germany  and 
France  have  regarded  each  other,  it  would 
seem  to  have  been  the  oart  of  wise  statesman- 
ship to  have  submitted  such  a  treaty  tenta- 
tively, at  the  same  time,  to  all  of  these  three 
leading  nations  and  to  have  avoided  closing 
with  any  one  of  them  until  all  three  treaties 
should  have  agreed  to  substantially  similar 
terms.  Expediency,  a  word  which  can  never 
be  eliminated  from  the  lexicon  of  diplomacy. 
— would  alone  have  prompted  this  course.  But 
it  would  also  seem  that  this  course  should  have 
been  pursued  out  of  regard  for  the  quite 
natural  sentiment  of  so  large  a  number  of  our 
citizens  of  German-American  extraction  of  the 
first  and  second  generations,  who  constitute 
the  greatest  percentage  of  our  population  of 
other  than  Anglo-Saxon  origin. 

Instead  of  adopting  this  prudent,  just  and 
rational  method,  our  peace  apostles,  both  lay 
and  ecclesiastical,  egged  on  by  that  portion  of 
the  American  press  of  strong  pro-English 
leanings,  have  for  the  past  year  been  loudly 
beating  their  tom-toms  in  laudation  of  the 
wonderful  blessings  which  would  flow  to  us 
through  the  conclusion  of  the  Anglo-American 
and  Franco-American  general  arbitration 
treaties,  with  total  disregard  of  the  much 
more  important  factor  for  the  preservation 
of  the  peace  of  the  world,  that  a  similar 
treaty  should  be  effectuated  with  Germany. 
In  consequence  of  this  wc,  of  German  extrac- 
tion, were  wondering  whether  our  government 
was  purposely  thus  coquetting  principally  with' 


Cl'inCKNT  LIFK  AND  THOUCIH'l" 


73: 


Kiiglaiui,  so  as  to  intensify  the  ovcr-Krowing 
friction  between  the  latter  country  and  Ger- 
many, and  was  next  turning  its  attention  to 
France  because  of  tJie  Morocco  iiubro,tj;lio,  the 
peaceful  settlement  of  which  Enjj;land  was 
trying  its  best  to  defeat. 

In  conclusion,  I  desire  to  say  that  the  im- 
portance of  the  incident  at  the  so-called  Peace 
meeting  at  Carnegie  Hall  on  December  I2lii 
last  has  been  very  much  exaggerated.  The 
persons  invited  to  that  meeting,  esi)ecially 
those  w-ho  had  platform  tickets,  had  been 
especially  invited  "for  a  mass  meeting  in  sup 
port  of  the  general  arbitration  treaties  with 
Great  P»rilain  and  France."  The  gentleman 
who  acted  at  cross  purposes  to  the  oI)ject  of 
the  invitation  extended  to  him,  by  making  a 
motion  to  do  exactly  the  opposite,  was  acting 
simply  for  himself  and  on  his  own  responsi- 
bility. If  he  acted  in  connection  with  others, 
those  others  had  no  authority  to  represent  the 
German-American  sentiment  in  this  country, 
either  in  the  time  or  place  of  method  which 
they  chose  to  ventilate  their  views.  At  the 
same  time,  it  is  small  wonder  that  the  disturb- 
ance which  has  caused  so  mucii  comment 
should  have  occurred  in  view  of  the  unwise 
policy  pursued  by  our  government  with  refer- 
ence to  bringing  about  the  general  adnj)lion  of 
these  proposed  arbitration  treaties.  In  so  far 
as  any  German-Americans  had  anything  to  do 
with  the  discordant  note  which  was  sounded 
at  that  meeting,  I  presume  that  they  could  not 
resist  the  impulse  to  protest  against  the  promi- 
nence which  our  Anglo-American  population 
had  taken  in  constantly  dinning  into  our  ears 
what  a  splendid  object  lesson  an  arbitration 
treaty  of  such  wide  scope  with  England  would 
be  to  all  the  other  nations  of  the  world.  France 
evidently  submitted  to  this  form  of  interna- 
tional pedagogy,  but  so  far  Germany  does  not 
seem  to  have  been  so  docile  a  scholar  and  is 
evidently  calmly  and  warily  considering 
whether  it  shall  also  follow  the  lead  of  the 
British  decoy.  For  this,  under  the  circum- 
stances, it  cannot  be  greatly  blamed,  nor  can 
German-.Americans,  in  this  country,  for  sup- 
porting the  United  States  Senate  in  its  hesi- 
tation to  ratify  the  only  treaties  which  have 
so  far  been  submitted  to  it,  namely  those  with 
England  and  with  France. 

l?v  Jiu:()l)  Ihisslarher  ; 

As  a  matter  of  principle,  I  am  in  full  sym- 
pathy with  arbitration  treaties.  I,  however, 
am  of  the  opinion  that  it  would  be  a  detri- 
ment to  the  general  peace  if  only  the  treaties 
with  Great  P>ritain  and  France  would  be  con- 
cluded. If  it  is  not  possible  to  make  similar 
arbitration  treaties  with  the  other  principal 
countries,  particularly  with  Germany,  the 
treaties  with  Great  Britain  and  France  alone 
would  do  more  harm  than  good,  and  would 
only  encourage  Great  Britain  in  its  endeavors 
to  undo  by  brutal  force  what  Germany  i.s  gain- 
ing in  industry  and  commerce  by  its  diligence 
and   intelligence.     Past   experience  has   shown 


that  Great  Britain  is  not  sincere  in  its  love 
for  peace,  that  it  neglects  all  considerations 
as  soon  as  it  believes  its  own  interests  are 
impaired. 


Significance  The    January     Mct- 

of   H.   C.   Frick       ropolitan  has  an  inter- 
esting article  on  "The 
Significance  of  Henry  Clay  PVick.     .Ac- 
cording to  this  sketch 

"Near  Basle,  Switzerland,  there  is  a  little 
village  Frick  and  from  there  in  the  eighteenth 
century  came,  to  western  Pennsylvania,  the 
parental  ancestors  of  the  steel  king.  His  fa- 
ther w'as  a  farmer,  none  too  successful,  but 
his  mother's  father,  a  German  distiller,  by 
name  Abraham  Oberholt,  had  a  good  business 
and  was  a  large  land  owner.  Henry  was  born 
on  December  19,  1849,  almost  exactly  sixty 
two  years  ago.  He  had  a  public  school  edu 
cation,  a  short  term  in  a  military  academy,  and 
a  few  months  in  a  small  Ohio  college,  but  his 
real  education  began  at  the  age  of  fourteen 
when  he  found  a  "job"  as  a  clerk  in  a  village 
store  in  Mount  Pleasant,  forty  miles  from 
Pittsburg.  His  first  salary  was  $3.50  a  week 
and  he  lived  in  one  room  in  a  miner's  hut. 
But  the  young  man  had  luck  on  his  side  as 
well  as  pluck.  At  that  time  ccke  making  was 
new  and  Mount  Pleasant  was  surrounded  by 
coal  fields,  the  product  of  which  was  burned 
into  coke.  In  four  or  five  years  Frick  had 
saved  enough  money  to  buy  a  small  piece  of 
coking  land  at  a  figure  which  would  be  ab 
snrdly  small  nowadays.  Then  his  grandfather 
Oberholt  gave  him  a  position  as  a  bookkeeper 
in  the  distillery  and  a  salary  of  $900  a  year, 
out  of  which  enough  was  saved  to  buy  more 
coking  fields  in  partnership  with  several  other 
young  men." 

During  the  panic  of  1873  Frick  bought 
out  his  partners  in  the  coke  fields.  Coke 
soon  rose  from  seventy-five  cents  to  three 
dollars  then  to  four  dollars  and  five  dol- 
lars and  Frick  soon  became  one  of  Pitts- 
burg's leading  citizens.  In  1882  he  sold 
i)Ut  to  Carnegie  and  was  retained  as  man- 
ager. In  1889  he  was  made  the  head  of 
ail  of  Carnegie's  interests.  Frick  was 
put  down  for  five  per  cent  of  the  stock 
which  he  soon  paid  out  of  the  profits. 
By  1900  he  had  received  a  large  salary  as 
manager,  paid  his  stock,  received  a  mil- 
lion in  addition  and  the  stock  became 
eventuallv  worth  many  scores  of  rnil- 
lions.  He  and  Carnegie  both  did  their 
part  to  make  the  Carnegie  Steel  Com- 
pany one  of  the  most  profitable  enter- 
prises which  ever  existed.     In  1899  the)- 


n 


THE    PENN    GERMANIA. 


i|iiarrele(l.  Krick  was  torccd  out.  He 
liel])e(l  t(i  form  the  Steel  Corporation, 
l)ecame  a  member  of  its  ruling  body  and 
today  he  and  K.  IT.  Gary  are  the  two  men 
to  whom  Morgan  delegates  the  real  res- 
])onsibility  of  directing  the  policies  of 
the  vast  concern.  He  has  always  been 
known  a>  a  good  hand  in  making  bar- 
gains. 

While  l'"nck'>  nionc)  was  niaile  in  ihc 
iron  industr}-  it  is  invested  in  real  estate 
in  Pittsburg,  New  York,  in  railroads,  in 
hanks  and  trust  companies,  lie  is  the 
l>erfected  type  of  the  modern  business 
man,  supports  many  charities,  loves 
flowers  and  music  and  has  given  large 
sums  in  encouragement  of  musical  acti- 
vities. 

"Frick  c<>ncci\o<l  tlic  idea  of  tlie  largest  of 
all  trusts  and  did  most  to  forct-  it  into  beint>. 
Ill  the  trials  of  this  and  other  great  corpora- 
tions, the  ideas  and  work  of  Frick  arc  bcint> 
tested.  And  it  is  onl\-  fair  to  him  to  say  that 
he  honestly  believes  the  workman  and  the 
consumer  as  well  as  the  capithlist  have  profited 
trnin  the  present   system." 


The   Corpus  l<c\  .        Dv.       C.        D. 

Schwenk-  I  I  art  rant  I        and       his 

feldianorum  pj,pji     |>^,^.     q^-.    E.    E. 

S.  Johnson,  both  scion>  of  the  Schwenk- 
felder  migration  of  1734  and  both  reared 
in  renna-Cierman  families  of  eastern 
Pennsylvania,  by  their  editorial  labors 
on  the  Corf-'us  Schicciilcfcldiaiioniiii  have 
honorefl  American  scholarshi]),  attracted 
international  attention  and  won  the  a])- 
])lause  of  the  scholars  of  Cicnnanx.  The 
sailing  of  the  two  editors  i>  not  williont 
significance,   therefore. 

Kev.  b'lnier  b",  .^.  [ohnson,  the  manag- 
ing editor  of  the  C'())'piis  Schwcitkfcld- 
iaiioniiii.  accompanied  by  Miss  Selina 
(icrhard.  an  assistant  editor,  sailed  from 
New  York  on  January  6,  on  the  steam- 
ship Cecilia  bound  for  Wolfenbiittel.  Ger- 
man\-  to  begin  work  on  Volume  TIT  of 
the  Corpus.  Dr.  Chester  D.  Ilartranft. 
the  editor-in-chief,  returned  to  (kMMuany 
frir  the  same  ])nrposc  in  November. 

The  Corpus  Staff  rettirned  to  America 
last  May  for  the  pm-pose  of  consultatioii 
with  the  P>oard  of  Pulilication  of  tiie 
Schwenk  fcMer    Chin-ch    and    also    with 


Hartford  Theological  Seminary  which  is 
associated  with  the  former  in  the  pub- 
lication of  the  works  of  Caspar  Schwenk- 
feld. 

During  his  sia)-  in  this  country  Dv. 
Johnson  spoke  before  many  meetings  and 
gatherings  in  the  interest  of  the  work, 
and  secured  a  numlier  of  new  subscrip- 
tions to  the  Corpus  sets.  An  effort  is 
being  made  to  enlist  the  aid  of  the 
h'riends  in  pul)lishing  the  works  of  this 
great  co-laborer  of  Luther,  for  it  was 
also  from  the  writings  of  Caspar  Schwenk 
feld  that  George  Fox.  the  founder 
of  the  Quakers,  obtained  the  ideas  which 
led  to  the  tounding  of  the  sect  called 
Quakers.  Some  of  the  Friends  have  al- 
ready given  assistance  l)v  contributions 
and   subscriptions. 

Two  volumes  of  the  Corpus  have  al- 
read}-  Iteen  published  and  arrangements 
are  being  perfected  by  which  it  is  ex- 
])ected  to  issue  succeeding  volumes  at 
the  rate  of  one  each  year.  Dr.  Hart- 
ran  ft  is  also  to  prepare  a  volume  to  be 
devoted  to  the  critical  biography  of 
Schwenkfeld. 

T")Oth  Dr.  Johnson  and  Dr.  Hartranft 
have  been  made  fellows  in  the  Depart- 
ment of  Research  connected  with  the 
Hartford  Theological  Seminary,  Hart- 
ford. Coiniecticut.  S.  K.  B. 

Resj)ecting  Dr.  Hartranft  the  follow- 
ing interesting  item  a])peared  recently  in 
Old  Pciui,  a  University  of  IVnnsvlva- 
11  ia  i^ublication  : 

just  abfnit  the  time  of  the  fiftieth  an- 
ni\ersary  of  the  organization  of  a  battal- 
ion of  students  of  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  for  services  in  the  Civil 
War.  the  man  who  was  the  ca])tain  of 
those  student  soldiers,  and  who  subse- 
(|nently  became  an  eminent  theologian 
and  histt)rian,  returned  from  Germany, 
where  he  has  been  for  many  years  en- 
gaged in  historical  research  for  The  little 
sect  of  Schwenkfelders.  He  is  Rev.  Dr. 
Chester  D.  Hartranft.  formerly  ])resi- 
dent  of  Hartford  Theological  Seminary. 
A  native  of  Frederick  Township,  Mont- 
gomery County,  and  relative  of  former 
Governor  John  F.  Hartranft.  Tie  attend- 
ed the  I'niversity  of  Pennsylvania,  com- 
])leling  his  course  there  in   1861.     When 


CCKUENT    LIKE    ANI)TH()r<!HT 


iiiaii)  <»i'  ilic  sliulciii>  rc>i)oiulcil  lo  Lin- 
coln's call  ior  troops  I  lartranft  was  made 
captain  of  a  company,  which  was  subsc- 
(|uently  attached  to  the  Eighteenth  Penn- 
sylvania Regiment.  As  the  com])any  was 
ahont  to  leave  for  the  front  a  large  silk 
flag  was  presented  t(t  the  yonng  soldiers 
as  a  gift  of  Mrs.  (ieorge  11.  lloker.  The 
])resentation  exercises  took  jjlace  in  Kair- 
monnt  I'ark,  and  the  Hag  was  tnrned 
-over  to  the  company  on  behalf  of  Mrs. 
Roker  Ijy  I'rofcssor  Coppee,  who  had 
drilled  the  stndents.  Captain  liartranfi 
made  the  address  of  acceptance  for  the 
stndents.  He.  however,  was  not  equipp- 
ed by  nature  for  military  service,  and  by 
1864  he  had  entered  the  ministry.  Sub- 
sequently he  served  for  twenty-five  years 
as  president  of  Hartford  Theological 
Seminar\-. 


V? 


No 

Primrose    Path 
to  Wealth 


The  ])revailing  dan- 
gerous tendency  in- 
cited largelv  bv  speci- 
ous legislation — as  improvident  as  it  is 
])opular — is  to  minimize  the  value  of 
work.  The  rising  generation  is  tickled 
with  the  idea  that  there  is  a  prinu'ose 
])ath  to  honor  and  to  fortune  and  that  the 
thorny  and  rocky  way  an  earlier  gener- 
ation trod  is  an  abandoned  road.  A 
million  men  a  day  quit  work  to  see  base- 
ball matches  and  a  million  more  who  can- 
not afford  the  entrance  money  surround 
the  bidletin  boards  t(^  hear  the  returns. 
The  best  business  fronts  in  every  city  are 
taken  u])  with  ])eep  shows  and  moving 
])ictnres.  Immodest  men  of  very  modest 
means  ])le(lge  it  all  and  mortgage  the 
future  to  exchange  a  i<;i  1  motor  car  for 
a  .U)\ 2  model. 

\  acation  and  recreation  are — at  least 
thev  ought  to  be — means  and  not  an  vu(.\. 
It  is  doubtful  whether  much  have  been 
accom])lished  lor  tiic  real  interests  of 
what  is  popularly  called  the  cause  of 
labor  by  the  rapid  and  artificial  shorten- 
ing of  the  hours  of  toil  and  the  establish- 
ment (^f  too  fre(|uent  periods  of  cessation 
from  work.  No  nation  has  grown  rich 
or  ])owerful  by  ceasing  to  work  ;  and  in- 
dividual;^ show  better  results   from  con- 


limied  apjjlicaiion  than  troni  loo  tre- 
•  |uent  recreation.  I'ndue  relaxation  from 
work  tends  rather  to  dissipation  than  to 
improvement. 

A  vast  quaiUil)  of  seiUimental  energ\ 
expended  in  >u])pressing  child  labor 
ought  to  be  more  profitabl}-  em])loyed  in 
leaching  children  how  l(.>  work.  There  is 
more  promise  and  fruitful  manhood  in  a 
youth  accust(jmed  to  honest  loil  than 
from  one  thai  rests  in  idleness  and  rots 
in  vice. 

There  is  more  hope  for  ihe  mother- 
hood in  teaching  a  few  million  new 
women  how  tc)  tlarn  stockings,  broil  beef- 
steak and  mend  fabrics  than  in  the  mili- 
laiU  demonstrations  of  suffragettes  at 
the  doors  of  the  legislative  chambers  or 
smashing  winclows  of  the  Parliament 
1  louse. 

There  is  no  greater  delusion  than  the 
pojndar  belief  that  men  are  d}-ing  from 
overwork.  Millions  are  living  by  it,  and 
"laugh  and  grow^  fat."  while  the  lux- 
urious and  licentious  loafers  fall  by  the 
wa\'side. 

//()//.  W.   U.  IlnisrI. 


York    County  .\ccording    to   Stati.s- 

Advancement  jj^.^  recently  issued  by 

I  he  Census  P>ureau  at 
Washington.  \'ork  county  has  a  popula- 
tion of  130,405  an  increase  of  nearly  20,- 
ooo  over  the  previous  census  of  1900. 
Some  of  the  larger  towns  have  materiallv 
increased  in  ])oi)ulation,  while  some  of 
the  townships  and  interitir  towns  have 
decreased.  The  cry  of  "back  lo  the 
farm."  has  not  vet  taken  firm  hold  of  the 
masses,  yet  there  are  signs  in  that  direc- 
tion. \'ork  count)'  has  about  800  schools 
of  which  one-fourth  are  in  the  cit)-  of 
"S'ork,  which  also  contains  one-fourth  of 
the  whole  ])o])u.lation.  ^'ork  county  has 
a  curit)us  distribution  of  poi)ulation.  The 
nothern  portion  is  in  the  Sandstone  belt 
which  was  settled  by  the  English  Friends 
of  whom  there  were  over  2,000  a  century 
c'Lgo.  Removals  and  deaths  have  de- 
creased the  mmibers  very  largely.  The 
southern  part  of  the  county  in  the  older 
geological   formations  was  settled  by  the 


76 


Tin:  riiNN  t;i:K.\iAM.\. 


Scotch  Irish  who  have  maintained  their 
relative  numbers.  The  central  or  Hme- 
stone  bch  was  settled  chiefly  by  the  Ger- 
mans who  have  also  retained  their  num- 
bers, and  have  held  tenaciously  to  the 
I'ennsylvania-German  dialect.  Religi- 
ously the  denominations  of  the  German 
population  are  in  the  majority.  York  is 
a  city  of  great  resources  and  has  nearly 
OOD  factories,  diversified  in  character. 
The  county  is  rapidly  advancing.  York 
has  three  flourishing  daily  newspapers. 

If  the  Pennsylvania  German  popula- 
tion could  be  more  fully  interested  in  its 
glorious  past  history,  it  would  be  a  de- 
sideratum to  be  welcomed.  They  are  in- 
terested in  the  present  and  the  future 
which  is  all  very  well  but  the  past  is  en- 
titled to  our  consideration. 

That  time,  is  however  in  prospect 
and  will  surely  arrive.  The  New  Eng- 
landers,  the  descendants  of  the  Dutch 
and  other  peoples  have  thus  far  beaten 
us  in  the  race,  but  we  believe  we  will 
eventually  overtake  them.  There  are 
signs  of  the  times  that  the  English  will  be 
the  common  language  of  America,  but 
Germany  history  and  traditions  will  be 
even  then  more  valued  than  they  are  now. 

/.  H.  B. 


^ 


Germans  Three      representative 

in  Kansas  rural        counties        of 

Kansas  show  final 
naturalizations  of  Germans  from  organi- 
zation of  tfie  counties  (about  i860,  1868 
and  i8qo)  to  end  of  1911  as  follows: 
Marshall  County,  406;  Ellis,  115;  Wal- 
lace, 20;  Logan,  21;  out  of  total  aliens 
naturalized  of  1051,  704,  144  and  108 
respectively.  There  were  also  Russians 
naturalized  (who  are  of  German  race 
temporarily  in  Russia),  Marshall,  3; 
Ellis,  391 ;  Wallace,  i ;  Logan,  2. 

Prof.  W.  H.  Carruth,  head  of  the  de- 
partment of  Germanic  languages  and 
literature  of  the  State  University  of 
Kansas,  published  a  few  years  ago  a  map 
of  Kansas,  showing  in  colors  the  location 
of  the  various  foreign  elements,  where 
more  than  a  half  dozen  persons  of  that 
nativity   are    found    in    any   community. 


Tlie  work  should  be  brought  down  to- 
date.  The  State  Historical  Society  has 
almost  complete  files  of  all  German  news- 
papers in  the  State. 

The  high  school  statistics  of  Kansas 
just  issued  for  school  years  1909-10  and 
1910-11,  shows  4620  students  of  German 
the  first  year  and  4855  the  second — 
against  20  and  24  in  Greek,  and  105  and 
119  in  French.  But  in  Latin  there  were 
13,713  and  15,065.  Is  the  value  to  the 
public  three  times  as  much  by  the  study 
of  Latin  as  of  German? 

Of  the  866  cities  in  the  U.  S.  over 
7,000  population  in  1910,  only  six  appear 
to  have  German  names :  Berlin,  N.  H.,. 
Frederic,  Mr.,  Herkimer,  N.  Y.,  Hacken- 
sack,  N.  ].,  Newbern,  N.  C.  and  Bruns- 
wick, Ga.  Of  these  new  Beiii  is  prob- 
ably Swiss,  while  Frederic  and  Bruns- 
wick likely  came  through  the  English, 
the  latter  being  Braunschweig  in  Ger- 
man. Thus  the  people  who  have  con- 
tributed immensely  to  every  great  city,, 
leave  no  names  to  them. 

[.  C.  R. 


Good  Worcester,        well-lo- 

"Farm  Products'  cated  in  a  Pennsyl- 
vania-German farm- 
ing community,  is  agriculturally,  socially, 
financially,  educationally  and  morally  a 
banner  township  of  Afontgomery  County, 
Pennsylvania.  From  a  paper  read  at  a 
recent  banquet  of  its  Alumni  Association 
and  published  in  the  Transcript,  (Skip- 
pack,  Pa.)  the  following  figures  have 
been  gathered. 

In  25  years  108  boys  and  109  girls 
have  graduated  from  its  graded  course 
of  study  in  the  public  schools.  Thirty- 
eight  boys  and  45  girls  are  married  and 
13  have  died.  One  is  a  daughter  of  a 
graduate  and  in  one  family  five  daugh- 
ters graduated.  One  hundred  and  three 
have  attended  higher  schools  of  learning; 
16  boys  and  3  girls  have  graduated  from 
various  colleges  and  universities ;  19  boys 
and  II  girls  have  graduated  from  busi- 
ness colleges ;  32  have  been  teachers  and 
4  are  preparing  to  teach,  and  6  have 
taken  courses  in  agriculture. 


CUKKENT  l.IFE  AND  THOUGHT 


77 


There  are  among  the  graduates:  Two 
ministers,  2  missionaries ;  4  doctors ;  8 
professors;  18  farmers;  3  trained  nurses; 
7  dressmakers ;  3  machinists ;  2  electrical 
engineers  and  i  each,  telephone  operator, 
music  teacher,  electrician  and  manufac- 
turer. Of  the  whole  number  54  reside 
in  the  home  township;  154  in  Pennsyl- 
vania; 15  in  Philadelphia;  12  in  New 
Jersey;  4  in  New  York;  2  each  in  China 
and  iMassachusetts;  and  i  each  in 
Indiana,  Michigan,  Canada  and  Cali- 
fornia. 

The  figures  suggest  interesting  deduc- 
tions on  which  lack  of  space  does  not 
hIIow  comment.  The  township  is  an  ex- 
porter of  brains  and  seemingly  is  educat- 
ing its  children  away  from  the  farm. 
Does  the  export  business  affect  the  mar- 
ket ])rice  of  farms?  Can  the  township 
equal  its  sister  agricultural  township, 
L3'nn  of  Lehigh  County,  in  the  number  of 
professional  men  it  has  to  its  credit — 
over  seventy?  (See  The  Pcnnsylvmna- 
Cemmn,  April,  1908). 


^ 


Penna.   Germans       Much     interest     is     at 
in  Virginia  i:)resent     being    mani- 

fested in  the  history 
of  education  in  \'irginia.  '  In  1873  Alcide 
Reichenbach,  a  native  of  Switzerland, 
now  a  resident  of  Collegeville,  Pa.,  and 
Jesse  D.  Bucher,  a  native  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, opened  the  Valley  Normal  School 
at  Bridgewater,  Rockingham  County, 
Va.,  which  is  likely  to  prove  the  first  real 
normal  school  the  State  of  Virginia  had. 

The  Ruebush-Kieffer  Company. 
Dayton,  Rockingham  County,  Va.,  is  one 
of  the  oldest  and  best  known  music  pub- 
lishing houses  in  the  Southern  States. 
The  members  of  the  firm  are  of  Penn- 
sylvania-German stock.  The  Ruebush- 
Klkins  Company,  an  associated  house  at 
the  same  place,  is  now  engaged  in  bring- 
ing out  a  history  of  Rockingham  County. 
Va.,  and  several  other  works  that  will 
contain  much  concerning  the  Pennsyl- 
vania-Germans in  the  Valley  of  \'irginia 
and  adjacent  sections. 

At    Dalton,    Ga.,    reconllv    the    A.    J. 


Showalter  Company  suffered  a  great  loss 
by  fire,  but  the  equipment  and  buildings 
of  the  firm  are  being  restored  upon  an 
enlarged  and  improved  scale.  This  com- 
pany is  perhaps  the  leading  music  pub- 
lishing house  in  the  farther  South,  and  is 
made  up  chiefly  of  men  of  Pennsylvania- 
German   stock    from  the  ^^allev  of  \'ir- 


nnia. 


T.  ^^■.  w 


^^ 


Kansas 

Girl    Farmers 


In  the  Soulhwcst  part 
of  Kingman  County 
there  lives  a  German 
farmer.  Rcimic  Griem,  who  has  been  in 
ill  health  the  past  year.  The  family  con- 
sists mostly  of  girls.  One  of  these  girls 
is  a  school  teacher  and  two  arc  students 
is  the  Kingman  High  School. 

Hired  help  has  been  hard  to  get  the 
past  season,  and  the  father  not  being 
able  to  attend  the  farm  work,  the  girls 
concluded  to  take  matters  into  their  own 
hands,  and  last  Spring  as  soon  as  the 
oldest  daughter's  term  of  school  had 
j:losed  she  went  home,  hooked  up  to  the 
lister  and  working  early  and  late  put  in 
seventy  acres  of  corn. 

As  soon  as  the  two  other  girls  were 
home  from  high  school  they  turned  in 
and  assisted  in  cultivating  the  corn  crop, 
assisted  in  the  milking  and  care  of  the 
stock,  sold  and  delivered  the  milk  to  the 
creamery,  put  in  the  hay  from  27  acres 
of  alfalfa,  put  up  quite  an  amount  of 
prairie  hay  and  other  feed  crops  and  at- 
tended to  the  multifarious  duties  on  the 
farm  all  by  themselves,  receiving  no  as- 
sistance from  a  man  during  the  entire 
season. 

The  result  is  a  field  of  corn  which  com- 
])etent  judges  say  will  yield  an  average  of 
fifty  bushels  to  the  acre  and  all  the  rest 
of  the  farm  worked  up  in  ship  shape. 
The  girls  having  attended  to  the  pressing 
duties  of  the  farm  and  their  father  being 
in  better  health,  they  will  resume  their 
DJaces  in  school  for  the  coming  term. 

— Exchanqc. 


OUR  HISTORIC  HERITAGE 


Articles  giving  information  about  the  history  of  the  Germans 
in  the  United  States  from  the  arrival  of  the  first  immigrant  to  the 
present,  of  whatever  section  of  our  country,  of  whatever  vocation  of 
life,  of  whatever  class  or  association,  of  whatever  period  in  a  man's 
life,  as  well  as  discussions  of  questions  cf  the  day  so  far  as  Ger- 
man ideals  have  bearing  on  these,  are  to  appear  under  this  general 
head. 


Heivert    Papen  and  the    Papen   House 
of    Germantown,     Pa. 


O  (jcrniantown  hcloiij^s  the 
distinction  of  being  the 
first  permanent  (k-rnian 
'settlement  in  America. 
Thitlier  came  in  tlie  tall  of 
J  683,  Abraham  ( )p  den 
GraetT,  Herman  ( )p  den 
(jraeff,  Lenait  Arets,  Jan  Seimens,  Wil- 
leni  Streypers,  Jan  Lensen.  Dirck  Op- 
dcn  Graeflf.  Thones  Kimder.s.  Reynier 
Tyson.  Jan  Lucken,  Joliannes  P)leikers. 
I*eter  Kenrlis.  .Abraham  Tunes,  with 
their  families  from  CVefeldl  on  the 
Rhine.  'J'hey  reached  Philadelphia  Oc- 
tober 6.  1683,  their  leader.  Francis 
Daniel  J'a^toriiis,  havinj^^  preceded  them 
by  alx)ut  six  weeks,  as  the  ag^ent  of  the 
Frankfort  Land  Company  which  was  the 
orii.j;inal  purchaser  of  the  Germantown 
tract  from  IVmi.  (  hi  October  2-|th  these 
(icrman  b'mit^rants  met  in  the  cave  of 
Pastorius  and  drew  lots  for  their  sepa- 
rate iX)rtions  to  avoid  any  ill  feelinju:  in 
the  distribution. 

The  lots  were  rather  nanow  but 
stretched  back  for  a  lonj^;  distance  from 
what  eventually  became  the  main  street 
of  the  villa.uje,  followinj.^  what  was  orit;- 
inally  an  Indian  trail.  During;  the  years 
following  other  Germans  came,  attracted 
by  the  favorable  accounts  of  the  new  set- 
tlement where  every  individual  could 
carry   out   nnm.)lested   his   own    ideas  of 


religious  worshij).  Among  these  came 
Heivert  Papen  in  i()85  (from  Miilheim 
in  the  Palatinate),  who  in  i6c)8  accord- 
ing to  the  stone  in  the  gable,  erected 
what  is  claimed  to  have  been  the  first 
stone  house  in  Philadelphia,  but  without 
doubt  the  lirst  stone  house  in  German- 
town.  It  was  built  on  the  .side  lot  ap- 
purtenant to  town  lot  toward  Schuylkill 
No.  8,  in  the  first  drawing  of  the  lots. 
The  lot  and  side  lot  were  conveyed  by 
Abraham  Op  iVen  Graeft  to  Jacob  Shu- 
macher  on  March  4,  1085,  who  in  1693 
conveyed  both  lots  to  Heivert  l^apen. 
In  1705  Heivert  Papen  conveyed  the  side 
lot  to  Samuel  Richardson,  Richard 
Townsend,  Thomas  Lotts  and  Samuel 
Cost  who  were  trustees  for  the  Quaker 
meeting. 

In  1714  Heivert  Papen  still  owned  lot 
Xo.  10.  In  1766  Lot  No.  10  was  owned 
by  Dr.  llensell,  Alsentz,  Jacob  Coleman, 
John  Johnson.  Richard  John.son,  Hesser 
Kast.  etc.,  .showing  that  between  1714 
and  ij()()  the  original  Papen  lot  had  been 
divided. 

The  Pajx'u  Ihnise  is  known  as  one 
of  the  best  examj^les  of  our  early  Colo- 
nial Dutch  architecture  and  stcKxl  on 
the  corner  of  what  is  now  known  as 
Johnson  Street,  nearly  opposite  an  old 
well  on  the  Chew  property  which  was 
filled   up   when   Johnson    Street   wa>:   cut 


HIEVKHT  PAI'KX   AM)  THK  I'APEN  HOVSK 


79' 


lliroiiiili.  A  iiulcd  arfhilc'Cl  oiicc  said 
ilial  iIk'  masonry  in  Gciniantown  was 
llic  hi'st  in  the  United  States,  a  state- 
nient  which  was  confirmed  when  the  oUl 
lionse  was  torn  down  in  1883;  so  sohd 
was  the  masonry  that  it  had  to  he  hh^wn 
down  witli  dynamite. 

In    the    early    pari    ni    thv'    eii^hteenlh 


century  the  house  came  into  tlie  possch- 
sion  of  the  Johnson  family  who  had 
changed  their  name  from  Janscn,  and 
henceforth  it  was  known  as  the  J(jhnson 
House.  During-  the  hattle  of  (jcrman- 
town,  C'olonel  Thomas  I'roctor  planted 
two  cannon  (hrectly  in  fiont  of  this 
house   in   order   to   silence    the    nnisketr\ 


THE  PAPEN  HOUSE 


of  the  British  who  had  taken  refuge  in 
the  Chew  House.  A  picture  of  the  Papen 
House  was  drawn  and  engraved  for  the 
"Sunday  Disjiatch"  expressly  to  illus- 
trate Westcott's  History  of  Philadelphia, 
\'ol.  I,  page  III.,  This  history  is  in  the 
l'hiladel])hia  TJhrary. 

Heivert  Papen,  with  64  others,  was 
naturalized  in  i6qi  under  Thomas  Lloyd. 
Deputy  Governor.  He  was  one  of  the 
signers  of  the  application  for  a  charter 
to  have  Germantown  organized  as  a  hor- 
ough.  which  charter  was  granted  ]\Iay 
31.  1 691,  when  Francis  Daniel  Pastor- 
ius   was  chosen    P>ailirf  or   ISurgess,  and 


Heivert  Papen  as  one  of  the  Connnittee- 
men  or  Council.  The  corporation  was 
maintained  until  January  11,  1707.  hut 
always  with  considerahle  difficulty  in 
getting  offices  filled.  Says  I^oper : 
"'I'hev  would  do  nothing  hut  work  and 
praw  and  their  mild  consciences  made 
them  opposed  to  the  swearing  of  oaths, 
and  would  not  suffer  them  to  use  harsJi 
weapons  against  trespassers,  and  Heivert 
Pai)en,  in  1701,  declined  to  be  l^.urgess 
through  conscientious   scruples." 

In  Pennypacker's  Germantown  we 
read:  "Another  arrival  of  importance 
was  that  of  William  Ruttinghuysen  (  Rit- 


-so 


TlIK    rii-NiX    GEKMAMA. 


lenhouse),  a  Mennoiiitc  minister,  who 
with  his  sons  Gerhard,  Klaus  (Nicholas) 
and  a  daughter  Elizabeth,  who  later  mar- 
ried Heivert  (Howard)  Papen,  came 
from  Braich,  in  Holland." 

As  Heivert  Papen  married  Elizabeth 
Kittenhouse  soon  after  her  arrival  with 
lier  father,  he  no  doubt  became  com- 
])lctely  absorbed  in  the  Mennonite 
church  and  his  recoril  was  lost  to  pos- 
terity with  that  of  all  the  other  Menno- 
nites.  "The  records  of  the  Mennonite 
church  at  Gerniantown  were  loaned  to 
a  man  for  taking  historical  sketches  and 
he  moved  away  forgetting  to  return 
ihem  ;  in  that  manner  they  lost  their  rec- 
ords for  the  period  from  1708  to  1770." 

Heivert  Papen's  will  was  dated  Janu- 
ary 30,  1707-8,  and  was  witnessed  Feb- 
ruary 19.  1707-8.  He  was  survived  by 
his  wife  l^lizabeth  Rittenhousc  Papen 
and  five  daughters:  Styntia,  Mar}-,  Ger- 
trude, Margaret  and  Elizabeth,  who  was 
not  of  age.  Styiitic,  or  Christina,  re- 
ceived seventy-five  pounds  over  and 
above  her  etjual  share  with  her  sisters 
and  died  unmarried  about  1728. 

Mary,  born  about  1695,  married  Ger- 
hard Brumbaugh,  who,  according  to  of- 
ficial records,  lived  in  Philadelphia 
county  as  late  as  1721,  but  in  1724  paid 
taxes  in  Vincent  township,  Chester 
County,  Pa.  He  took  up  over  one  thou- 
sand acres  of  land,  a  part   of  which   he 


gave  for  Brovvnback's  church,  and  over 
300  acres  of  which  have  never  passed 
out  of  the  family,  but  are  still  held  under 
the  first  deed  signed  by  Penn.  Gerhard 
Ijrumbaugh  and  Mary  Papen,  his  wife, 
left  children:  Benjamin,  married  Eliza- 
beth Paul ;  Henry,  married  Mary  Mag- 
dalene Paul;  Elizabeth,  married  Richard 
Custer ;  Anna,  married  Paul  Benner ; 
Catherine,  married  Jacob  Maushower ; 
Mary,  married  Frederick  Bingamon. 

Gertrude,  third  daughter  of  Heivert 
Papen  and  Elizabeth  Rittenhouse,  mar- 
ried Benjamin  Howell,  of  Germantown, 
July  19,'  1 72 1,  and  according  to  will  re- 
corded in  Book  O,  page  43,  Philadel- 
phia, had  no  children. 

Margaret,  married  Jacob  Shimer  (bom 
1679;  died  Sept.  17,  1757)  and  left  six 
children:  i,  Abraham;  2,  Anthony;  3. 
Elizabeth  (married  Dickerson)  ;  4,  Mary 
(m.  Shoemaker)  ;  5,  Catherine  (m. 
Young)  ;  6,  Sarah.  Jacob  Shiner  mar- 
ried a  second  wife,  Elizabeth and 

left  7  sons.  In  the  year  1736  Jacob 
Scheimer  moved  from  Skippack  to  a 
plantation  situated  on  the  southern  slope 
of  the  South  Mountain  below  Bethlehem. 

UlizahctJi,  fifth  daughter  of  Heivert 
Papen  and  Elizabeth  Rittenhouse,  mar- 
ried Jan  Jansen  Dec.  29,  1719,  in  the 
First  Presbyterian  Church  in  Philadel- 
phia.    She  died  prior  to  1728. 

<!    K.  1irnirnhach\    Lliific/d,      /'a. 


Unique    Protest  I  hal    i^^   an    inlcresl- 

Against  Sermon  ing  stor}'  which  comes 
from  Germany.  Jt  is 
lo  the  elTcci  that  a  company  of  imperial 
troops  marched  out  of  a  religious  service 
as  a  protest  against  the  unevangclical  and 
doubt-breeding  sermon  that  wa^  being 
preached.  In  one  of  the  garrison  towns 
the  officers  marched  their  troops  to  the 
church  as  usual  for  the  Sunday  service, 
The  preacher  for  the  morning  happened 
to  be  a  certain  Pastor  Kraatz,  a  vcrv  lil)- 


cral  geiulcniaii.  When  this  I'astor 
Kraatz  began  to  criticise  the  authorities 
for  removing  an  atheist  jircacher  from 
his  pulpit  in  Cologne,  the  sturdy  soldiers 
began  to  show  signs  of  uneasiness.  And 
when  the  preacher  continued  his  apology 
for  unbelief  and  finally  declared  that 
"No  one  longer  beheves  in  the  old  way 
that  the  Bible  is  the  Word  of  God,"  the 
officers  gave  a  signal  and  the  whole  body 
of  troops  rose  to  their  feet  and  marched 
fiut  of  the  building. 


Genesis,  Evolution  and  Adoption  of  the  Public 
School  System  of  Pennsylvania 

By  Christopher  Heydrick,   LL,  D.,  Franklin,   Pa. 

(Concluded  from  January  Issue) 


IIILE  llic  Sclnvcnkfelder 
ScIuhjI  System  was  the 
first  practical  step  to- 
ward free  non-sectarian 
education  in  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  as  an  object 
lesson,  covered  the  whole 
.ground  of  subsequent  advocacy  of  a 
State  supported  system,  it  may  be 
<loubted  whether  it  exercised  any  con- 
siderable influence  upon  the  popular 
mind  outside  of  the  limited  sphere  of 
Its  activities — the  districts  of  Skippack 
-and  Goshenhoppen.  Its  founders  and 
supporters  were  (ierman  immigrants, 
who  for  many  years  abstained  from  ac- 
tive participation  in  political  affairs. 
I'hese  facts  sufficed  to  turn  the  faces 
if  Enti^lish-speaking  people  awa}-  from 
iliem.  On  the  other  hand,  however, 
the  birth-place  of  George  Wolf,  son  of 
(ierman  immigrants,  and  the  site  of  a 
classical  school  in  which  he  was  edu- 
cated, and  in  which  he  taught  for  some 
time,  were  less  than  twenty  miles  dis- 
tant from  one  of  the  Schwenkfelder 
>-chools,  the  curriculum  of  which  in- 
cluded, not  only  primary  studies,  but 
was  adapted  to  training  up  young  men 
■of  genius  to  become  ushers  or  assist- 
ants in  this  the  Schwenkfelder  "or 
any  other  school  in  this  county;"  and 
while  rigidly  excluding  sectarian 
teaching,  required  the  master  to  incul- 
cate divine  veneration.  ])hilanthroi)y 
and  patriotism  in  the  minds  of  the  pu- 
)>ils.  '['he  conjunction  of  these  fea- 
tures in  an  educati^Mial  system,  if  not 
1  heretofore  unknown,  was  so  unusual 
at  that  time,  that  it  is  hardly  conceiv- 
able that  Wolf  had  not  become  fa- 
miliar with  the  systeiu  of  which  llie\- 
-vcre    characteristic,    and    had    not    vc- 


ceived  inspiration  from  it  for  the  work 
to  which  he  devoted  the  best  years  of 
his  life. 

Although  there  were  no  legislative 
responses  to  the  urgent  recommenda- 
tions of  the  first  six  governors  under 
the  constitution  of  1790,  in  the  broad 
and  liberal  sense  for  which  Wolf  sub- 
sequently pleaded  earnestly,  the  neg- 
lect is  not  attributable,  as  some  have 
supposed,  to  stated  indifference  or 
other  unworthy  motives.  There  were 
numerous  chtn-ch  or  parochial  and 
other  private  schools  founded  and  sup- 
])orted  by  private  munificence,  oi- 
maintained  by  tuition  fees  paid  by  the 
well-to-do  and  the  rich,  sup])lemente<i 
])}•  a  State  system  supported  by  gener- 
al taxation  for  the  education  of  the 
children  of  the  indigent  as  a  class,  as 
ordained  b}'  the  constittition  of  1790. 
Phis  system,  as  improved  during  the 
administration  of  (lOvernor  Schulze. 
exhibited  a  tender  regard  for  its  bene- 
ficiaries. It  required  its  administratix  c 
officers,  called  schoolmen,  to  superin- 
tend the  education  of  all  poor  children 
in  their  respective  townships;  to  di- 
rect the  parents  to  send  such  children 
to  the  most  convenient  private 
schools,  to  furnish  such  children  with 
all  necessary  books  and  stationer),  to 
visit  the  schools  and  cause  the  chil- 
dren to  be  properly  taught  and  treated 
;is  all  other  children  were  treated  in 
the  schools  to  which  they  should  be 
sent.  There  remained,  however,  the 
odious  distinction  between  rich  and 
poor  to  be  eliminated  from  the  law. 
and  from  the  records  in  which  the 
names  of  the  beneficiaries  were  re- 
(piired  to  appear. 

h    was   not    unnatural    that    the    foun- 


81 


82 


Tin:    PENN    GERMANIA. 


<lers  and  supporters  of  the  private 
scHools  should  be  reluctant  to  see 
them  supported  by  a  State  system  of 
education  from  which  religious  in- 
struction should  be  excluded. 

Nor  were  these  the  only  obstacles 
in  the  way  of  the  friends  of  free 
schools.  To  put  the  new  g^overnment 
established  by  the  constitution  of 
1790  in  working  order,  required  ma- 
terial revision  of  the  statute  law  of  the 
Commonwealth;  and  that  demanded 
the  attention  of  the  ablest  lawyers  and 
profoundest  thinkers  of  the  time. 
Then  came  the  era  of  internal  improve- 
ment, embracing  the  construction  of 
turn])ike  roads  over  mountain  ranges 
and  through  sparsely  settled  regions 
and  unbroken  forests,  and  bridges 
across  numerous  rivers,  withotit  which 
there  could  be  little  or  no  communica- 
tion between  different  parts  of  the 
State.  These  works  of  prime  impor- 
tance and  the  construction  of  a  system 
of  canals  and  slackwater  navigation 
designed  to  connect  the  rivers,  flow- 
ing into  the  Delaware  and  Chesapeake 
bays  with  the  Ohio  river  and  the  great 
lakes,  taxing  the  financial  resources  of 
the  State,  including  its  credit,  to  the 
utmost  limit,  absorbed  the  attention 
of  a  large  proportion  of  the  most  in- 
telligent and  influential  people  of  the 
( "ommonwealth. 

Xcvertlieless,  the  labors  of  Gover- 
nors Mifllin,  McKean  and  Findlay  and 
the  three  German  governors,  Snyder, 
liiester  and  Schulze,  in  behalf  of  the 
rising  generations  were  educational 
■.in(\  tended  to  prepare  the  ground  for 
tile  seed  afterward  sown  by  Wolf. 

All  measures  requiring  legislative 
acti  .n  during  the  session  of  1829-30, 
having  been  presented  by  Governor 
Schulze  in  his  message  of  December 
19,  1829,  fiovernor  Wolf's  inaugural 
address  ijne  week  later  might,  accord- 
ing to  cust(mi,  ha\'e  been  confined  to 
foreshadowing  in  general  terms,  the 
policy  of  his  administration,  without 
any  specific  recommendations;  but  ho 
seems  to  have  been  unable  to  restrain 
liimself    fn^m    (Outlining     iti     language 


that  cannot  well  be  paraphrased;  that 
system  of  education,  the  establishment 
of  which  was  to  evoke  the  nobles.t  ef- 
forts of  which  he  was  capable  during 
six  years.  One  year  later  he  had  a 
free  hand,  and  how  he  used  it  we  have 
seen  in  his  message  of  December  8, 
1830.  It  is  noteworthy,  that,  while 
portraying  conditions  which  may 
seem  at  this  day  to  have  demanded 
immediate  establishment  of  the  sys- 
tem which  he  had  outlined  in  his  in- 
augural address  and  now  impressed 
upon  the  consideration  of  the  legisla- 
ture as  a  measure  enjoined  by  the  con- 
stitution and  demanded  by  the  people 
he  did  not  urge  immediate  action  to 
the  full  extent  of  the  apparent  need ; 
on  the  contrary,  he  warned  the  legis- 
lature against  hasty  action.  This  mes- 
sage bore  early  fruit  in  a  report 
brought  into  the  House  of  Represen- 
tatives by  N.  P.  Fetterman,  chairman 
of  the  committee  on  education,  whose 
patronymic  reveals  his  lineage,  strong- 
ly recommending  a  forward  movement 
and  with  it  submitting  a  bill  which  it 
was  said  "might  serve  as  a  ground- 
work, to  be  improved  upon  from  time 
to  time  as  experience  might  suggest." 
Following  this  report,  as  quickly  as 
was  consistent  with  orderly  legisla- 
tive procedure,  the  law  entitled,  "An 
act  providing  for  the  establishment  of 
a  system  of  education"  was  enacted. 
This  law  established  a  fund  to  be  de- 
nominated a  "Common  School  Fund,"" 
by  assigning  thereto  certain  revenues 
and  the  interest  accruing  thereon  un- 
til the  interest  thereof  should  amount 
to  the  sum  of  one  hundred  thousand 
dollars  annually,  after  which  the  in- 
terest was  to  ])e  applied  to  the  support 
of  common  schools  throughout  the 
Commonwealth. 

While  this  mea.sure  may  be  said  to 
Iiave  been  literally  responsive  to  the 
governor's  message,  it  fell  far  short  of 
harmony  w'nh  its  spirit  and  that  of  his 
inaugural  address,  in  that,  owing  to  a 
prior  pledge  of  part  of  the  public  rev- 
enues..the  actual  establishment  of  free 
schools     would     necessarilv    be     post- 


PUBLIC  SCHOOL  SYSTEM  OF    PENNSYLVANIA 


8S 


l>oned  for  more  than  a  decade.  Never- 
theless, the  governor  approved  the 
act,  pro  forma,  April  2,  1831,  only  to 
renew  his  advocacy  of  an  actual  estab- 
lishment of  free  schools  with  increas- 
ing earnestness  from  year  to  year  until 
the  final  triumph  in  1834.  An  execu- 
tive more  determined  to  have  his  own 
way  or  nothing,  than  was  Wolf,  might 
have  withheld  approval  of  the  disap- 
l^ointing  measure  with  no  resultant  ad- 
vantage to  the  cause  which  he  had  ad- 
vocated, but  with  an  embitterment  of 
the  strife  which  had  been  interrupted 
by  an  apparent  truce.  On  the  other 
hand,  the  gradual  accumulation  of  a 
fund  which  could  not  be  applied  to  its 
ultimate  object  for  many  years  would 
leave  the  private  schools  in  enjoyment 
of  State  patronage  for  education  of 
jjoor  children,  and  at  the  same  time 
encourage  the  friends  of  free  schools 
in  further  persistence.  It  seems  to 
have  had  that  efifect  upon  Wolf  him- 
self. When  in  his  message  of  Decem- 
ber, 1831,  he  spoke  of  the  establish- 
ment of  the  fund  as  cause  for  no  or- 
dinary measure  of  gratification,  and  as 
one  step  toward  the  intellectual  re- 
generation of  the  State.  It  proved, 
liowever,  to  have  been  a  halting  step, 
in  actual  legislation,  although  the 
House  of  Representatives  appeared  to 
have  been  in  hearty  sympathy  with 
the  views  of  the  governor,  and  in  re- 
sponse to  his  message  passed  a  reso- 
lution for  the  appointment  of  a  com- 
mission to  "collect  information,  facts 
and  knowledge  relating  to  the  subject 
of  education  and  report  to  the  next 
session  of  the  legislature  for  examina- 
tion and  final  action  thereon."  The 
-Senate  refusing  to  concur  in  this  reso- 
lution, nothing  came  of  it,  although  we 
may  infer  from  the  message  of  De- 
cember 6,  1832,  that  the  House  com- 
mittee on  education  made  an  independ- 
ent report  in  harmony  with  the  gov- 
ernor's repeated  recommendations.  The 
laws  of  1831-2  are  silent  upon  the  sub- 
ject of  education  ;  the  same  i'^  true  of 
the  laws  i  i  1832-3. 


With  IV 


111-  fi  ,!•(■    n~    lli.'in    l!lr    (.'^ 


tablishment  of  an  unavailable   fund,  the 
refusal  of  the  Senate  to  concur  in  the 
House  resolution  for  the  appointment  of 
a  commission  to  collect  something — any- 
thing  to   illuminate   the  senatorial   mind 
and  the  negative  evidence  of  legislative 
inaction,  during  two  years,  furnished  by 
the    annual     volumes     called     Pamphlet 
Laws,  we  might  well  inquire :  What  en- 
couragement   had    the   parents    of    three 
hundred  and  eighty  thousand  entirely  un- 
educated  children    for   whose    educatiorr 
no  provision  had  been  made,  to  hope  that 
their  children  would  ever  be  enabled  to 
compete    in    the    activities    of   life    upon 
equal   terms   with   the   children   of   their 
more  fortunate  neighbors.       What     en- 
couragement   had    the    unofficial    patriot 
and  philanthropist  to  hope   for  an  intel- 
lectual  and   moral   improvement    in   the 
constantly    increasing   accessions    to    the 
ranks  of  citizenship.     What   encourage- 
ment had  Wolf  to  sound  his  bugle-call  to 
action   when   he   sat   down   to   write   his 
ever  memorable  message  of  December  4, 
1833,  and  declared  to  the  recalcitrant  Se- 
nate as  well  as  to  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives :     "It   is   time    fellow   citizens 
that  the  character  of  our  state  should  be 
redeemed   from   the   state   of   supineness 
and    indifference."      It   is   true   that   the 
House  of  Representatives   was  and   for 
sometime  had  been  in  sympathy  with  his 
views,  but  without  tlie  concurrence  of  the 
Senate  it  was  powerless.     It  is  also  true 
that  there  were  here  and  there,  now  and 
then  patriotic,   public  spirited  and  phil- 
anthropic   individuals,    and    associations 
of   limited   membership   who   recognized 
the  need  and  advocated  the  establishment 
of  some  improved  system  of  education, 
else  there  would  have  been  neither  pri- 
vate schools,  nor  the  .system  ordained  by 
the  Constitution  of  i/QO,  for  the  educa- 
tion of  the  poor,  but  there  was  no  state- 
wide   movement    for    concentration    of 
public  sentiment  in  favor  of  such  system 
as  Wolf  advocated.     The  recommenda- 
tion of  each  of  his  six  predecessors  un- 
der the  Constitution  of  1790  did,  indeed, 
point  strongly  in  that  direction.  btU.  none 
of  them   boldly   and   plainly   declared   irr 
favor  of  the  elimination  of  the  distinc- 
tion between  rich  and  poor. 

U'o  are  n-^t.  however,  without  evidence 


bl 


THi::  I'KNN  (.;i:r MANIA. 


of  at  lfa>t  an  iiicii)icnl  growth  of  \n\h\k 
opinion  against  the  perpetuation  of  that 
distinction  early  in  Wolf's  administration. 
He  asserts  emphatically  in  his  message  of 
Decem])er  8.  1830.  that  i)ublic  opinion  de- 
mands the  cstahlisliment  of  a  liberal  and 
enlightened  system  of  echication. 
Whence  ami  how  di  1  he  ascertain  the 
fact  so  asserted,  and  substantially  re- 
peated in  two  later  messages.  In  the 
absence  of  evidence  of  any  other  niotle  of 
ascertaimnent  we  must  presume  that  he 
a.scertained  it  in  his  intercourse  with  the 
public,  anrl  his  repeated  assertions  lend 
probability  to  a  statement,  otherwise  un- 
vouched.  of  a  writer  in  "•Pennsylvania 
Colonial  and  I'\-(lcra].'"  that  u])on  his  in- 
duction to  office  "lie  opened  an  office 
for  the  transaction  of  lousiness  in  one  of 
the  nv^ms  of  the  Capitol,  threw  aside  all 
forms  of  cNclusiveness  which  might  hin- 
der the  approach  rif  the  peoi)le.  and  by 
dailv  contact  with  legislators  and  other 
public  men  enforced  the  duty  of  action 
to  remove. this  stain  (want  of  a  common 
school  .system)  from  the  common- 
wealth." It  is  probable  that  in  such  free 
jjarliaments  he  talked  quite  as  earnestly 
as  he  wrote,  with  little  or  no  disputation 
on  the  part  of  his  hearers,  from  which 
we  would  naturally  infer  a  favorable 
grrAVth  of  juiblic  opinion. 

r.ul  Wolf  had  better  encouragement 
than  public  opinion  rm  December  4,  1833. 
to  uvdki.  bi-^  final  a])i)eal  for  innnediate 
action  ;  he  had  his  ftwn  strong  convictions 
of  dm\-.  an  encouragement  that  has  ever 
moved  men  to  the  noblest  deeds  i<\  their 
lives.  --ppUniented  by  enthusiasm  in- 
spired by  conlem])lation  of  the  beneficenl 
results  which  seemed  to  him  certain  to 
flow  from  "an  enlarged,  liberal  and  ex- 
tensive intellectual  and  moral  improve- 
ment capable  of  elevating  the  under- 
standing above  the  (Upgrading  intluences 
of  the  ]Xissions  and  the  ilece])tive  delu- 
'-ious  that  mask  the  infamy  i.f  crime." 

The  se(|uel  jjroves  that  Wolf  did  ndt 
overestimate  the  favorahle  .growth  of 
public  opinion  or  the  persuasive  intluence 
of  the  facts  and  conditions  which  he  had, 
during  fom-  previous  years.  contiiUKUisly 
pressed  ui)i'n  public  as  well  as  le.gislative 
attention,      when   cm      nccember  4.    1833 


he  declared  to  the  recalcitrant  Senate  as 
well  as  to  the  House  of  Representatives: 
"It  is  time,  fellow  citizens,  that  the  char- 
acter of  our  state  should  be  redeemed 
from  the  state  of  .supineness  and  indiffer- 
ence to  its  most  important  interest,  the 
education  of  its  citizens."  That  growth 
had  a  rcllex  in  the  election  of  members  of 
the  legislature  then  assembled.  In  each 
branch  there  were  some  earnest  advo- 
cates of  education,  and  perhaps  on  the 
whole,  the  body  was  ready  10  respond  to 
the  governor's  invitation  and  solicitation. 

On  the  first  day  of  the  session,  Samuel 
r.uck.  a  Senator  from  Philadelphia,  mov- 
ed the  appointment  of  a  "joint  commit- 
tee oi  the  two  houses  for  the  purpose  of 
di.gesting  a  general  system  of  education 
for  the  Commonwealth,"  whereby  he 
practicallv  made  himself  chairman  of  the 
conunittee.  The  House  promptly  con- 
curred adding:  "who  arc  instructed  to 
re]i(n-t  as  early  as  possible  by  bill  or  other- 
wise."  The  cf)mmittee  so  authorized,  con- 
sisting of  five  Senators  and  seven  mem- 
bers of  the  House,  among  whom  was 
lames  Thompson  of  Venango  County, 
afterwards  chief  justice  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  Penn.sylvania.  The  committee* 
went  to  work  immediately,  and  by  the 
lirst  (la\  of  Feljruary,  1834,  had  collected 
the  "mass  of  valuable  information"  re- 
fi'rretl  to  in  the  C.overnor's  message  of 
December  2.  1834,  and  submitted  there- 
with a  bill  entitled  "An  Act  to  l^stablish 
a  Ceneral  v'sx  stem  of  Education  by  Com- 
mon Schools."  Authorship  of  that  bill 
is  ascribed  to  Senator  Breck  in  Wicker- 
sluim's  histor\-  and  in  Peim'a  Colonial  and 
I'ederal  without  citation  of  authority 
therefor.  Xi")  record  of  the  deliberations 
of  the  committee  appears  to  have  been 
kei)t;  there  is.  however,  satisfactory  evi- 
dence of  industry  and  zeal  on  Mr.  Rreck's 
]:arl  in  the  collection  of  information  for 
the  enlightenment  of  the  committee  and 
that  the  report  and  bill  submitted  there- 
with were  the  work  of  his  hand,  but  who- 
ever. rememlK'ring  that  the  powers  an<l 
duties  of  the  several  members  of  sucii 
committees  are  ecjual,  shall  read  a  me- 
morial of  Chief  Justice  Thompson,  and 
the  supporting  address  by  several  of 
the  most  eminent  jud.ges  and  la\\\ers  of 


PII5L1C  S('fIOt)L    SYSTEM    OF  I'K.X  XS  VLVAXJA 


I'cnns)  Ivania  printed  in  \  olunu-  'ji  of 
I'cnna.  Supreme  Court  Reports,  pp. 
XlI-XXVIl,  and  glance  at  his  judicial 
opinions  contained  in  forty  volumes  of 
the  same  scries  of  reports,  may  conclude 
that  Thompson  probably  carefully  read 
and  considered  all  the  information  before 
the  committee  and  patiently  and  respect- 
fully listened  to  all  that  his  colleagues 
had  to  say  and  then  courteously  ex- 
pressed his  own  views  and  carefully  and 
with  some  minuteness  of  detail  outlined 
the  form  and  substance  of  the  bill  which 
he  thou;-;ht  ought  to  be  recommended  to 
the  legislature  for  enactment,  and  that 
his  views  so  expressed  were  accepted  as 
the  consensus  of  the  committee,  and  em- 
bodied in  the  bill  reported.  That  bill  was 
promptly  acted  upon  by  the  House  and 
passed  by  an  almost  unanimous  vote, 
there  being  but  one  dissent  in  that  body ; 
three  weeks  later  the  Senate  concurred — 
only  three  of  its  members  voting  in  the 
negative.  The  governor's  approval  fol- 
lowed as  quickly  as  the  bill  could  be 
transcribed  and  presented  to  him. 

That  the  work  thus  concluded  was 
wisel}  tnd  well  done  is  attested  by  the 
fact  that  while  the  statute  law  of  the 
Commonwealth,  generally,  has  been 
marked  or  marred  by  frequent  changes, 
the  essential  features  of  this  law  and  of 
facts  accomplished  pursuant  to  its  direc- 
tions abide  after  sixty  years'  trial  of  their 
utility,  as  the  substratum  of  the  common 
school  system  of  Pennsylvania.  Some  of 
its  provisions,  especially  those  in  the  na- 
ture of  a  referendum  and  incident  there- 
to, are  no  longer  printed  in  the  digests 
and  other  legal  publications,  not  because 
they  have  been  repealed  but  because  their 
purjjose  has  been  accomplished  in  the 
establishment  of  a  system  the  overthrow 
of  which  does  not  appear  to  be  either  de- 
sired or  feared.  It  is  thought,  however, 
that  a  synopsis  of  such  i)rovisions  may 
not  be  inapi)ropriate  here. 

The  act  begins  with  a  reference  to  the 
constitutional  injimction  relative  to  its 
subject,  and  a  recital  that 

"Tlie  common  school  fund  cslahlislied  by  tlic 
act  of  April  2,  1831,  will  on  tlic  fourth  day 
of  April  (then)  next  amount  to  $546,563.72, 
and   will   soon   reach   two   millions   of   dollars, 


wluu  it  will  produce  at  live  per  cent,  an  in- 
terest of  one  hundred  thousand  dollars  annu- 
ally, and  that  provision  should  be  made  by 
law  for  the  distribution  of  the  benefits  of  the 
fund  to  the  people  of  the  respective  counties 
of   the   commonwealth." 

It  i>  then  enacted  : 

That  the  city  and  county  of  Philadelphia  and 
every  other  county  in  this  commonwealth 
shall  each  form  a  school  division  and  that 
every  township,  ward  and  borough  in  the 
same  school  division  should  each  form  a 
school  district  and  have  a  competent  number 
of  cnnmon  schools  for  the  education  of  every 
chdd  within  the  limits  thereof  who  should 
apply  either  in  person  or  by  his  or  hei"  parent. 
Suardian  or  next  friend  for  admission  and 
instruction. 

That  the  sheriff  of  each  county  shoiUd  give 
thirty  days'  notice  by  proclamation  to  the 
citizens  of  each  school  district  to  hold  an 
electi(jn  on  the  third  Friday  in  September, 
1834,  at  the  place  and  in  the  manner  of  hold- 
ing elections  of  supervisors,  constables  and 
town  councils,  to  ciioose  three  citizens  of  the 
respective  school  district  to  serve  as  school 
directors;  and  that  on  the  Oay  of  the  next 
annual  election  of  supervisors,  constables  and 
town  councils,  and  annually  thereafter  two 
school  directors  to  serve  three  years  should 
be  elected  in  each  school  district  at  the  places 
and  in  the  manner  aforesaid,  the  respective 
sheriffs  giving  notice  as  in  the  first  instance. 
,That  school  directors  elected  should  meet  in 
their  respective  districts  within  ten  days  after 
their  election,  choose  out  of  their  own  body  a 
president,  a  secretary,  a  treasurer,  and  a  dele- 
gate to  a  joint  meeting  of  one  delegate  from 
each  board  of  directors  in  the  respective  di- 
vision, and  divide  themselves  into  three  classes, 
one  thereof  to  serve  one  year,  another  to  serve 
two  years  and  the  third  to  serve  three  years, 
so  that  one-third  of  each  hoard  should  be 
elected    annually. 

That  on  the  first  Tuesday  in  Xovember. 
1834,  and  on  the  first  Monday  in  May  annu- 
ally thereafter,  there  should  be  held  at  the 
court  house  in  each  school  division  a  joint 
meeting  of  the  county  commissioners  and  one 
delegate  from  eacli  board  of  school  directors 
in  the  respective  school  division  in  which  it 
should  be  decided  b"  a  yea  and  nay  vote,  of 
which  a  record  should  be  kept  by  the  com- 
missioners, whether  a  tax  for  the  expenditure 
of  each  district  should  be  levieu,  not  less  in 
amount  than  double  the  funds  which  might 
be  furnished  to  the  division  out  of  the  state 
appropriation  in  aid  of  common  schools  ac- 
cepting this  act:  and  that,  if  so  determined, 
the  tax  should  should  be  apportioned  among 
the  several  districts,  and  levied  and  collected 
as  county  rates  were  apportioned,  levied  and 
collected :  Provided,  that  if  a  majority  of 
any  joint  delegate  meeting  should  decide 
against  such  tax  levy,  then  the  district  whose 


-86 


THI£    ['t:XN    GERMANIA. 


delegates  voted  in  the  iieKalive  slumld,  for 
that  yeafi  be  entitled  to  no  part  of  the  money 
appropriated  by  the  act,  but  the  whole  amount 
of  the  money  to  which  tlie  division  would 
have  been  entitled  had  a  majority  of  the  dele- 
gate meeting  voted  in  favor  of  a  tax  levy 
should  Ro  to  the  district  or  districts  whose 
<lelcgatc  or  delegates  voted  in  favor  of  the 
tax  levy,  in  the  ratio  of  their  taxable  inhabi- 
tants, and  that  the  amount  of  tax  which 
should  be  raised  in  such  district  or  districts 
voting  in  the  affirmative  should  be  fixed  by 
the  majority  of  their  delegates.  If  in  any 
«livision  no  district  should  vote  in  favor  of  a 
lax,  then  the  money  to  wliich  such  division 
or  some  one  or  more  districts  therein  might 
have  entitled  itself  or  themselves,  should  re- 
main in  the  state  treasury  for  tne  use  of  such 
division  or  divisions  for  the  term  of  two 
years  from  the  passage  of  this  act,  after 
whiL-h  time,  if  such  division  or  divisions  or 
-my  part  thereof  should  not  vote  in  favor  of 
:.\  tax  levy,  the  money  should  go  to  such  other 
<:li vision  as  should  in  whole  or  in  part,  have 
voted  in  favor  of  a  tax  levy. 

That  during  the  period  of  transition  from 
the  old  system  of  the  education  of  the  poor 
to  the  system  established  by  this  act  the  laws 
relating  to  the  former  should  remain  in  force 
in  counties  whose  delegate  meetings  might 
<Iecide  against  a  tax  levy  under  this  act,  but 
tax  levied  upon  districts  in  such  counties 
Avhose  delegates  should  have  voted  in  the  af- 
tinnative  in  such  meeting,  should  be  refunded 
to  them  and  treated  as  so  much  of  the  amount 
to  be  raised  by  them  to  entitle  them  to  the 
benefits  of  this  act. 

That  it  should  be  the  duty  of  boards  of  di- 
rectors to  determine  the  number  of  schools 
to  be  opened,  to  provide  suitable  buildings,  to 
appoint  c.-ipable  leacherc  at  liberal  salaries,  to 
have  the  general  supervision  of  the  schools,  to 
visit  by  two  or  more  of  their  number  every 
school  in  their  respective  districts  at  least  once 
in  every  month,  and  cause  the  result  of  their 
visits  to  be  entered  in  the  minutes  of  the 
lioard ;  and  they  might  join  manual  labor 
with   intellectual  and  moral   instruction. 

That  the  several  courts  of  Quarter  Sessions 
should  appoint  two  competent  citizens  of  each 
district  in  their  respective  counties  whose  du- 
ties were  to  examine  teachers  as  to  their  qual- 
afications,  make  incmiry  as  to  their  moral 
K'haracter  and  conduct,  visit  the  schools,  in- 
A-estigate  the  conduct  thereof  and  the  progress 
of  the  pupils  in  their  studies,  and  make  full 
reports  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Common- 
wealth whose  duty  was  to  exercise  general 
superintendence  of  all  the  schools,  and  make 
reports  of  their  condition  to  tlic  IcLnslature, 
with  estimates  and  accounts  of  expenditure  of 
money  and  plans  for  improvement  of  the 
system.  $75,000  were  thereby  appropriated 
out  of  the  School  Fund  for  the  year  1835 
which  amount  should  lie  annually  appropriatecl 
until  the  fund  should  yield  an  interest  of 
$100,000  annually  when  that  sum  should  be 
distributed    each    year    among    the    school    di- 


visions created  by  the  adoption  of  this  act. 
Authorization  by  a  majority  of  any  joint 
delegate  meeting  of  a  local  tax  not  less  in 
amount  than  double  the  funds  which  the 
county  might  receive  out  of  the  state  appro- 
priation was  deemed  an  adoption  or  accep- 
tance of  the  law  by  the  entire  county;  and  the 
aflirmative  votes  of  the  minority  in  such  meet- 
ing when  the  majority  decided  against  such 
authorization  was  deemed  an  acceptance  of 
the  law  by  the  minority  districts  and  secured 
to  them  the  benefits  of  the  law. 

The  principle  of  this  law  having  so 
won  ils  way  to  poptilar  favor  as  to  coin- 
mand  an  almost  unanimous  vote  in  each 
branch  of  the  legislature,  the  required 
sanction,  by  the  people,  of  its  embodiment 
in  legislative  expression  was  assured. 
Nevertheless  the  first  two  elections  of 
school  directors  to  whom  the  important 
duty  of  accepting  or  rejecting  the  law, 
and,  in  case  of  acceptance,  installing  the 
new  system,  were  assigned,  fell  upon 
evil  times. 

Dr.  Wickersham  devoted  several  ]5ages 
of  his  history,  largely,  to  a  depiction  of 
what,  if  he  was  not  unaccountably  de- 
ceived, must  have  been  a  deplorable  con- 
dition of  the  public  mind  and  conscience. 
According  to  his  account  the  exciting 
cause  of  controversies  said  to  have  re- 
sulted in  the  disniption  of  family,  church 
and  social  ties  and  business  connections 
and  the  creation  of  eiunities  between 
individuals  and  families  that  outlasted 
tile  lifetime  of  the  parties  concerned  was 
the  law  itself,  upon  the  acceptance  or  re- 
jection of  which  the  people  were  to  vote, 
indirectly  in  the  election  of  school  direc- 
tors to  whom  was  assigned  the  important 
duty  of  accepting  or  rejecting  the  law; 
"The  obscurity  of  its  provisions,  the  im- 
practicable character  of  others,  and  the 
clumsy  method  provided  for  its  accep- 
tance, which  no  amount  of  zeal  could 
make  popular."  As  opposed  to  the  law 
on  these  grounds  he  enumerates  the 
cIuutIios.  the  people  of  German  descent, 
"llic  rich  arrayed  against  the  poor,  and 
the  conservative  element  generally." 

The  physical  phenomena  revealed  in 
this  picture  are  significant  of  a  partizan 
frenzy  aroused  by  a  skillful  and  aggres- 
sive leader  for  his  own  aggrandizement, 
or  for  that  of  a  party  or  cult,  temporarily 
dethroning  reason,  rather  than  a  deliber- 


PUHLIC  SCHOOL  SYSTEM  OF  PENNSYLVANIA 


ate  reversal  of  the  concurrent  judgment 
of  a  large  majority  of  the  people.  Con- 
sidering, therefore,  that  according  to  a 
biographical  sketch  contained  in  his  book, 
the  historian  was  not  more  than  ten  years 
old  in  1835,  and  could  not  have  had  sufti- 
cient  personal  knowledge  of  the  events  of 
1834  and  1835  to  warrant  his  statements 
concerning  them,  and  that  he  refers  to 
no  cotemporaneous  writings,  we  must 
have  recourse  to  public  archives  and  other 
authentic  contemp  >riineous  wriiings  to 
test  his  accuracy.  It  is  true  that  he  had 
the  law  which  he  condemns  in  his  hands 
when  he  wrote,  and  the  readers  may  find 
it  in  almost  any  large  law  library,  or  the 
libraries  of  many  of  the  older  Pennsyl- 
vania lawyers,  a  volume  labeled  "Laws  of 
Pennsylvania,  1833-4,"  if  he  shall,  very 
properly,  prefer  his  own  examination  of 
the  full  text  of  the  law  as  published  in  an 
authorized  volume,  to  any  synopsis  of  its 
provisions,  or  the  opinion  of  another  per- 
son as  to  its  merits.  But  the  best  answer 
tb  the  historian's  criticism  of  the  law  as 
productive  of  the  deplorable  conditions 
which  he  described  is  the  action  of  the 
people  pursuant  to  its  provisions. 

In  Governor  Wolf's  message  of  De- 
cember 3,  1834,  presumably  written  be- 
fore many  reports  of  the  action  of  the 
November  delegate  meetings  could  have 
reached  the  Capitol,  there  is  evidence  of 
alacrity  on  the  part  of  the  people  in  taking 
the  first  step  toward  inauguration  of  the 
school  system  and  on  the  same  page  on 
which  the  historian  declares  "No  amount 
of  zeal  could  make  popular  the  clumsy 
method  by  which  districts  were  to  decide 
whether  they  would  accept  the  system  or 
otherwise,"  is  printed  a  table',  without 
date  or  reference  to  the  source  whence  it 
was  compiled,  but  which,  from  its  con- 
text may  be  presumed  to  have  been  made 
up  from  reports  of  the  November,  1834. 
delegate  meetings,  showing  that  of  q66 
school  districts  voting  502  had  accepted 
the  law,  and  264  has  rejected  it ;  while  in 
the  governor's  message  of  December  2, 
1835.  it  appears  that  of  907  districts  from 
which  reports  had  then  been  received,  536 
had  accepted  and  371  had  rejected  the 
law,"  and  that  reports  were  daily  arriv- 
ing   at    the    secretary's    office.        In    the 


presence  of  this  evidence  that  sixty  per 
cent,  of  the  districts  reporting  within  two 
years  after  the  passage  of  the  law,  ap- 
parently, found  not  only  that  it  was  free 
"from  obscurity,  impracticability  and 
clumsiness,"  but  that  the  system  w^as  de- 
sirable, and  that  the  remaining  forty  per 
cent,  had,  without  known  difficulty  or 
blundering,  been  able  to  act,  if  not  wisely, 
at  least  in  strict  conformity  with  its  pro- 
visions, the  reader  may  inquire,  what  in- 
fluence diverted  the  minority  districts 
from  attainment  of  that  which  had  so 
recently  been  the  desire  of  the  whole 
people  as  represented  by  their  legislature. 
The  answer  is  not  far  to  seek. 

The  gubernatorial  term  was  to  expire 
eighteen  months  after  the  enactment  of 
the  free  school  law.  A  feud  in  the 
Democratic  party  resulted  in  the  nomi- 
nation of  George  Wolf  and  Henry  A. 
Muhlenberg  as  rival  candidates  of  the 
respective  factions  of  that  party  to  suc- 
ceed the  former  in  the  executive  office ; 
and  the  anti-masons  under  the  leadership 
of  Thaddeus  Stevens,  with  Joseph  Ritner, 
an  amiable  gentleman  without  known 
opinions  on  the  free  school  question,  as 
their  candidate,  were  preparing  to  dis- 
pute the  succession  with  the  other  two 
candidates.  A  free  school  system,  such 
as  was  established  by  the  act  of  .April  i, 
1834,  had  been  an  "administration  meas- 
ure" during  six  years,  as  is  evinced  by 
every  inaugural  address,  and  every 
annual  message  during  that  period.  Con- 
sequently, as  practical  politics  goes,  what- 
ever might  discredit  the  author  and  pro- 
moter of  that  measure  would  to  the  like 
extent  prejudice  undiscriminating  minds 
against  the  measure  itself,  and  the  party 
in  power.  Conversely  a  defeat  of  the 
bill  for  the  law  or  the  overthrow  of  the 
.system  established  by  it,  before  it  should 
go  into  full  and  successful  operation 
would  deprive  the  promoter  and  his 
party  of  any  prestige  that  might  other- 
wise accrue  to  them.  Herein  was  the 
practical  politician's  opjiortunity  to  direct 
iiis  fire  from  two  different  coigns  of  van- 
tage; selecting  for  his  own  public  activi- 
ties the  one  which  might  seem  to  him 
most  auspicious,  while  making  his  fire 
from    the    other    by    means  .  that    might 


88 


THE   PENN    GERMAXIA. 


promise  to  ward  off  the  odium  likely  to 
accrue  from  opposition  to  a  meritorious 
and  popular  measure. 

Following  the  governor's  ever  memor- 
able plea  for  prompt  action  upon  the  sub- 
ject then  engaging  all  minds;  and  almost 
immediately  after  the  report  and  bill 
upon  that  subject,  responsive  to  the 
governor's  plea,  had  been  printed,  and 
while  copies  thereof  were,  presumably 
lying  upon  the  members'  desks  Stevens 
gingerly  opened  the  anti-mason  campaign 
on  the  floor  of  the  House  of  Represen- 
tatives (February  lO,  1834),  by  moving 
the  appointment  of  a  committee  to  in- 
(juire  into  the  expediency  of  providing 
by  law  for  the  investigation  of  the  sub- 
ject of  Free  Masonry.  Following  this 
motion  at  short  intervals  during  that  ses- 
sion and  the  next  more  than  one  hundred 
M\d  fifty  petitions,  motions  and  com- 
mittee reports  bitterly  assailing  Free 
masonry  were  presented  by  different 
members  of  the  House — more  than  one- 
third  thereof  by  Stevens,  who,  ten  days 
later,  viz:  March  20,  just  one  week  be- 
fore the  free  school  bill  was  to  be,  and 
was  put  on  its  passage,  as  chairman  of  a 
committee  to  whom  all  these  petitions 
had  been  reported,  read  upon  the  floor  of 
the  House,  a  lengthy  report  in  wdiich  the 
])etitions  are  referred  to  as  charging  that 
"the  masonic  fraternity  is  associated  for 
])uri)oses  inconsistent  with  the  rights  and 
privileges  which  are  the  birthright  of 
every  freeman ;  that  they  are  bound  to- 
gether by  secret  obligations  and  oaths, 
illegal,  immoral  and  blasphemous,"  and 
after  referring  to  the  committee's  failure 
to  obtain  subpoenas  for  witnesses,  it  is 
stated  that  "it  was  particularly  desired 
and  intended  that  the  governor  should 
become  a  witness,"  and  then  it  is  adroitly 
insinuated  that  the  governor,  members 
of  his  cabinet  and  some  of  the  judges 
had  been  and  were  continuously  guilty  of 
the  most  heintuis,  malfeasances  and  mis- 
feasances in  the  exercise  of  their  official 
functions. 

The  industry  of  Stevens'  eulogists  has 
not  discovered  that  he.  at  any  time 
bef(jre  the  free  school  law  was  under 
consideration  by  the  legislature,  mani- 
fested the  slightest  interest  in  its  subject. 


When,  however,  thai  law  was  on  tinaS 
passage  in  the  House,  after  sixty  of  the 
one  hundred  constituting  the  active  mem- 
l)crship  of  that  body  had  voted  "Aye," 
and  but  one  "Nay,"  and  when  his  vote 
could  not  affect  its  result,  he  joined  the 
chorus  of  "Yeas;"  the  remaining  thirty- 
one.  The  full  anti-masonic  strength, 
excepting  Stevens  not  voting, — whether 
present  or  absent  the  journal  docs  not 
indicate. 

.\pparenil}-  decisive  as  the  vote  in  the 
House  was — and  that  in  the  Senate  was 
little  less  so — it  remained,  as  provided  by 
the  law,  for  the  people  to  determine,  in 
thc  election  of  six  school  directors  in 
each  of  the  nine  hundred  and  eighty- 
seven  districts  outside  of  Philadelphia 
and  by  their  action  through  delegates  to 
be  appointed  by  the  respective  boards,, 
whether  they  would  accept  the  law  or 
reject  it.  So  astute  a  politician  as 
Stevens  was,  could  not  fail  to  contem- 
plate the  probable  influence  in  the  coming 
gubernatorial  campaign  of  nearly  six 
thousand  men  selected  with  reference  to- 
their  fitness  for  the  office  of  school  di- 
rectors, and  therefore,  naturally  inclined, 
to  magnify  the  office  and  think  favorably 
of  the  man  whose  service  had  contributed 
largely  to  its  creation.  The  vote  upon 
the  enactment  of  the  law  furnished  no- 
evidence  that  the  Democratic  party  had 
suffered  materially  from  the  anti-masonic- 
attack  upon  Wolf;  counting  all  of  the 
members  of  the  House  who  sat  sullenly 
in  their  seats  or  had  absented  themselves 
when  the  roll  was  called,  as  anti-masons, 
and  as  fairly  representative  of  the  people 
who  elected  them,  it  must  have  been  ap- 
parent that  Ritner  could  not  be  elected 
luiless  some  new  element  should  be  in- 
jected into  the  campaign.  Nothing  au- 
thentic that  has  come  down  to  us  respect- 
ing his  conduct  in  this  campaign  indicates 
that  he  was  other  than  a  quiescent  and 
rece])tive  candidate.  The  managers  of 
his  campaign  were,  however,  apparently 
equal  to  the  emergency.  The  House 
Journal  of  1834-5  shows  that  petitions 
for  repeal  of  the  school  law  began  to  be 
showered  upon  the  legislature  on  the 
second  day  of  the  session,  when  Mr. 
Middleswarth  presented  a     petition     for 


PriiLR"  SCHOOL  SYSTKM  OF  PENNSYLVANIA 


89^ 


such  rc[)cal  ioUuwcd  the  iicxl  clay  by  Mr. 
Reigart  presenting  three  hke  petitions. 
These  gentlemen  were  among  the  most 
prominent  and  able  members  of  the  anti- 
masonic  party ;  the  former  becoming- 
Speaker  of  the  House  in  1836  when  the 
anti-masons  luul  acquired  ascendency; 
and  the  latter  ai)pcaring  as  leader  of  the 
anti-free  school  men  in  the  struggle  tt)  be 
presently  noticed.  Open  hostility  to  the 
law  having  been  thus  inaugurated  peti- 
tions for  its  repeal  continued  to  be  pre- 
cipitated upon  the  legislature  almost  daily 
concurrently  with  a  continuation  of  the 
attacks  upon  free-masonry  inaugurated 
by  vStevens  early  in  the  preceding  ses- 
sion until  the  number  had  become  so 
great  that  it  seems  to  have  occurred  to 
the  managers  that  it  might  be  useful  to 
have  them  counted  and  report  thereof 
made  to  the  House  by  its  Committee  on 
iCducation,  to  whom  they  had  been  re- 
ferred as  presented.  The  count  was 
accordingly  ordered  on  Feby.  26,  '35,  on 
motion  of  Mr.  Uhlrich,  ncni.  con.  That 
committee  was  not  in  sympathy  with  the 
l)etitions ;  and  numerous  propositions 
looking  to  repeal  or  emasculation  of  the 
law  were  then  pending  in  the  Senate. 
These  facts  seem  to  have  been  over- 
looked at  the  moment  but  on  the  next 
day  Feb}'.  27,  Mr.  Krause  moved  a  reso- 
lution for  appointment  of  a  special  com- 
mittee with  specific  instructions,  enlarged 
on  motion  of  Mr.  Stevens,  which  reso- 
lution was  adopted,  jiciii.  con.  and  it  was 
ordered  that  "Krause,  •  .Stevens,  Reed, 
Hereington  and  Kerr  be  the  committee." 
The  committee  reported  promptly, 
March  17,  1835,  that  there  were  558 
petitions  for  re]K*al  of  tlie  law  with  an 
aggregate  of  31,998  names  subscribed; 
50  petitions  for  modification  only,  with 
2,684  names  subscribed ;  and  66  names 
"subscribed  by  making  a  mark ;"  among 
the  counties  from  which  the  greater  num- 
ber of  petitions  was  sent  were  Berks 
County,  63  ])etitions  with  3,674  names 
subscribed ;  Lancaster  County  following 
with  82  petitions  with  3,322  names  ;  from 
Adams  County  there  were  16  petitions  for 
repeal  with  550  names,  and  from  the 
larger  and  more  populous  county  of 
Washington    there   were   but    three   i)eti- 


lions  with  484  names;  from  ten  other 
counties  139  petitions  with  an  aggregate 
of  874  names  subscribed  was  received. 
'J'he  number  of  petitions  and  petitioners 
from  the  remaining  counties  do  not 
materially  change  the  proportion  of 
either  to  the  entire  citizenshij)  of  the 
Commonwealth,  from  that  inferable 
from  the  details  already  given.  Conclud- 
int:  their  rcixtrl   the  commiltcc  sav  : 


■"Althi'Uyli  the  lunnbor  wIid  lia\e  pcliliuucd. 
for  (lie  repeal  is  deplorably  larRC  yet  it  is  but 
a  small  minority  of  tin-  whole  mimher  of 
voters  in  the  Commonwealth  *  *  '''  Those 
who  ask  for  a  modification  only  are  2,084. 
Those  who  have  deemed  it  necessary  to  re- 
monstrate against  the  rcncal  2,575.  The  com- 
mittee were  pained  to  fnid  among  those  who 
deem  a  general  system  of  education  unneces- 
sary, and  ask  for  the  repeal,  there  arc  66  who 
are  unable  to  write  their  own  names,  and  who 
attached  their  signatures  by  making  their 
marks,  and  according  to  the  l)est  conclusion 
to  which  the  committee  could  arrive  mure  than 
ten  out  of  every  hundred  of  the  petitioners' 
names  appear  to  have  been  written  by  other 
bands  than  their  own.  Whether  thi.s  arose 
ir  ni  inability  to  write  their  own  names  the 
CI  mmitlee  do  not  feel  called  on  to  determine 
*  *  *  and  tlie  great  mass  or  them  are  so 
illegibly  written  as  to  afford  the  strongest 
evidence  of  the  deplorable  disregard  so  long 
paid  by  the  legislature  to  the  constitutional  in- 
junction to  eslabli'^li  .1  general  system  of  edu- 
cation." 

iCvidently  the  free-school  men  were 
not  caught  napping  when  they  acquiesced 
in  Krause's  resolution  for  substitution 
of  a  special  committee  in  place  of  the 
Committee  on  Fducation  to  which  the 
count  and  re])ort  of  the  number  of  pe- 
titions, for  repeal  had  been  referred. 
Whether  under  the  resolution  the  special 
committee  was  to  be  appointed  by  the 
Speaker  or  electeil  by  the  House  does  not 
appear  unless  by  inference  from  legis- 
lative practice ;  but  that  was  immaterial 
since  it  was  reasonably  certain  that 
neither  would  so  constitute  the  committee 
that  its  report  would  be  colored  by  the 
bitter  hostility  to  the  free-school  law 
manifested  since  the  o])ening  of  the 
political  campaign.  The  first  and  second 
])laces  in  the  committee  were  conceded  to 
Krause.  mover  of  the  resolution  and 
Stevens,  mover  of  the  amendment,  but 
the  majoritv  were  tried  and  true  friends 


1)0 


•]iii-:  1'i:nx  cku. mania. 


uf  the  law,  and  their  report  was  written 
Ijy  the  last  named  member — Kerr,  of 
Allegheny — Krausc  submitting  a  minori- 
ty report  in  which,  without  disputing  any 
fact  stated  by  the  majority,  it  is  argued 
that  the  weight  of  the  petitions  is  in  the 
number  of  names  subscribed,  and  that 
they  iniglit  have  been  signed  by  au- 
thorized persons,  and  in  a  hurry. 

While  the  attention  of  the  House  was 
kept  on  the  number  of  petitions  for  repeal 
of  the  law  the  Senate  was  perturbed  by 
the  introduction  and  discussion  of  a 
number  of  discordant  propositions,  one 
of  which  passed  that  body  March  19, 
under  the  title  "An  Act  making  provision 
for  the  education  of  the  poor  gratis,  and 
to  repeal  the  Act  of  the  ist  day  of  April, 
1834,  entitled,"  etc. ;  and  presented  to  the 
House  the  same  day  for  concurrence, 
where  it  was  immediately  read  and  com- 
mitted to  the  Committee  on  Education, 
who  five  days  later  reported  it  as  com- 
mitted. The  next  step  is  recorded  in 
the  Journal  p.  866  in  these  words: 

■'Now,  April  10,  1S35,  agreeably  to  order 
the  House  resnlvecl  itself  into  a  Committee  of 
tlie  Whole,  Mr.  Reed  of  Bedford,  in  the  chair, 
on  the  bill  from  the  Senate  No.  375,  entided 
\n  act  making  provision  for  the  education 
of  the  poor  gratis,  and  to  repeal  the  act  of 
hrst  of  April,  18,34,  entitled  An  act  to  estab- 
lish a  general  system  of  education  by  connnon 
schools  ;  and  after  some  time  the  Speaker  re- 
sumed the  cliair  and  the  chairman  repru'ted 
the  bill  with  amendments." 

A  diligent  search  has  failed  to  dis- 
cover any  amendments  of  the  Senate  bill 
reported  by  the  conmiittee  of  the  whole ; 
but  it  is  inferable  from  the  proceedings 
recorded  under  date  April  11,  1835.  that 
the  bill  had  been  amended  in  committee 
of  the  whole  by  striking  therefrom  all 
that  followed  the  enacting  clause,  and 
inserting  in  lieu  thereof  substantially  the 
provisions  contained  in  the  first  four  sec- 
tions of  the  bill  passed  by  the  House  the 
next  day,  to  be  found  in  the  act  of  April 
15,  P.  L.  1834-5.  P-  365- 

The  Senate  bill  having  been  thus 
amended  Mr.  Reigart  on  the  next  day 
offered  successively  these  several  amend- 
ments to  the  first  section;  in  the  first  in- 
stance by  striking  therefrom  all   follow- 


ing the  enacting  clause  and  inserting  in 
lieu  of  the  words  to  be  stricken  out  words 
intended  to  establish  a  system  of  edu- 
cation of  the  poor  as  a  class,  with  a  pro- 
viso in  respect  to  districts  which  had  ac- 
cepted the  law  of  1834,  which  was  re- 
jected by  56  Nays  to  35  Yeas;  in  the 
second  instance  by  striking  out  as  before 
and  inserting  words  intended  to  repeal 
the  act  of  1834;  whereupon  Mr.  Bidlack 
moved  to  amend  the  motion  by  striking 
therefrom  the  word  "repeal,"  and  insert- 
ing in  lieu  thereof  "suspended  for  three 
years,"  which  was  disagreed  to ;  and  on 
the  question :  will  the  House  agree  to  the 
amendment?  the  Nays  were  54  and  the 
Yeas  2,7 ',  iii  the  third  instance  by  striking 
out  as  before  and  inserting  in  lieu  of  the 
words  to  be  stricken  out,  the  words : 
"The  operation  of  the  act  entitled  An 
Act  to  establish  a  general  system  of  edu- 
cation by  common  schools,"  passed  ist 
April,  1834,  be  and  the  same  is  hereby 
suspended  until  the  third  Friday  of  Sep- 
tember, A.  D.  1838.  Which  was  re- 
jected by  50  Nays  to  38  Yeas. 

The  House  having,  by  safe  majorities 
of  its  entire  membership  present  and 
voting,  steadfastly  refused  to  make  any 
concessions  to  the  opponents  of  the  prin- 
ciple of  the  law  of  1834,  subsequent  to  its 
enactment,  Mr.  Reigart  apparently  con- 
vinced that  farther  controversy  would  be 
fruitless-,  abandoned  the  contest,  and  the 
House  now^  proceeded  with  little  inter- 
ruption, to  the  further  consideration  of 
the  amended  Senate  bill.  The  only  hitch 
worthy  of  notice  occurring  when  an 
amendment  of  the  first  section  proposed 
by  ]\Ir.  Lawrence,  adding  to  the  enumer- 
ation of  subjects  of  taxation  for  support 
of  the  school  system  the  words  "and  on 
all  posts  of  profits,  professions,  trades, 
speculations  or  callings  not  exceeding 
three  times  the  amount  assessed  on  the 
same  for  county  purposes,"  which  having 
been  adopted,  and  after  the  evening 
recess  re-considered,  Mr.  Stevens  moved 
to  amend  the  same  by  striking  therefrom 
"three  times"  and  inserting  in  lieu  there- 
of "one  and  one-half  times."  which  was 
ado])ted  by  45  Yeas  to  40  Nays.  There- 
after a  number  of  less  important  amend- 
ments were  proposed  and  rejected.     The 


PUBLIC  SCHOOL  SYSTEM  OK  PENNSYLVANIA 


91 


tirst  section  as  amended  was  agreed  to 
by  55  Yeas  to  34  Nays ;  the  second, 
third  and  fourth  sections  were  considered 
and  agreed  to ;  and  three  new  sections 
numbered  respectively  5,  6  and  7  were 
added,  (see  P.  L.  1834-5  p.  365)  ;  the 
title  was  amended  to  read :  "A  Supple- 
ment to  the  act  to  establish  a  general 
system  of  education  by  common  schools 
passed  the  first  day  of  April,  1834.  The 
rule  which  prohibited  the  reading  of  bills 
twice  on  the  same  day  was  dispensed 
with  by  65  Yeas  to  21  Nays,  and  the 
bill  was  read  the  third  time,  and  on  the 
question  "Shall  the  same  pass?"  the 
Yeas  were  57,  and  the  Nays  30,  and  it 
was  "ordered  that  the  clerk  return  the 
same  to  the  Senate  and  request  their  con- 
currence in  the  amendments  thereto  by 
the  House." 

The  amended  bill  was  returned  to  the 
Senate,  Monday  April  13.  The  Senate 
spent  that  day  and  the  next  considering 
amendments  of  the  House  amendments 
to  be  proposed  to  the  House.  Therefore 
the  most  part  involved  restoration  of 
])rovisions  of  the  original  Senate  bill  for 
education  of  the  poor  gratis,  and  were 
''non-concurred  in"  by  the  House  and 
subsecjuently  "receded  from"  by  the 
Senate ;  one  of  no  importance  was  "con- 
curred in"  by  tlie  PTouse ;  and  so  ended 
the  controversy.  The  governor's  ap- 
])roval  followed  the  next  day. 

A  speech  attributed  to  Thaddeus 
Stevens  as  having  been  delivered  in  the 
House  of  Representatives  in  April,  1835. 
has  been  much  advertised  by  his  political 
friends  and  admirers  during  the  last 
"twenty-five  years  by  insertion  of  excerpts 
therefrom  in  historical  books  and 
biographies,  and  printing  it  in  extenso  in 
leaflet  form  for  circulation  throughout 
the  Commonwealth,  with  added  commen- 
dation of  such  character  as  to  lead  care- 
less readers  to  believe  that  to  its  author 
alone.  Pennsylvania  is  indebted  for  its 
common  school  system.  No  reference 
to  the  speech  is  contained  in  the  House 
Journal ;  and  those  who  have  written 
about  it  in  the  most  laudatory  terms  have 
usually  said  that  it  was  delivered  "at  a 
critical  period  ;"  but  Stevens'  biographer, 
Samuel    W.    McCall.    after   referring   to 


the  speech,  adds  "The  House  immedi- 
ately voted  when  Stevens  sat  down." 
This  fits  in  so  well  after  the  record  of  the 
third  reading  of  the  bill  and  the  Speakers' 
question,  "Shall  the  same  pass?"  and  be- 
fore the  record  of  the  responsive  vote, 
that  it  may  be  accepted  as  the  statement 
of  a  historic  fact.  Nevertheless  that  fact 
does  not  answer  the  question,  which 
must  arise  in  the  mind  of  every  one  who 
reads  the  record  of  the  day's  proceedings  ; 
What  remained  for  discussion  when 
Stevens  interrupted  the  roll  call  to  make 
his  speech  ?  Every  section  of  the  bill  had 
been  considered  and  adopted  separately 
in  the  form  in  which  it  was  when  the 
House  w^as  asked  to  vote  upon  it  and  did 
vote.  Neither  Stevens  nor  any  other 
member  then  proposing  any  further 
amendment  thereof  or  objection  thereto, 
"the  pernicious  influence  of  secret  oath 
bound  murderous  institutions,"  a  re- 
minder of  his  bitter  arraignment  of  free- 
masonry ;  and  insinuations  that  the 
governor,  members  of  his  cabinet  and 
some  of  the  judges  were  guilty  of  abuses 
of  their  power  in  the  interest  of  free- 
masons, made  in  the  preceding  session  ; 
the  natural  and  probable  effect  of  which 
was  to  inflame  the  minds  of  his  followers 
against  the  "projector  and  father  of  the 
law,"  and  against  the  law  itself,  and, 
therefore,  is  presumed  to  have  been  so 
intended.  Introductory  to  his  extracts 
from  the  speech,  and  his  claim  that  it 
saved  the  school  system  from  igno- 
minious defeat  Wickersham  says  of 
Stevens :  "he  was  not  popular  among  his 
fellowmembers,  -indeed  he  was  cordially 
hated  by  some  of  them,  but  for  bold  un- 
comi)romising  advocacy  of  free  schools, 
for  the  spirit  and  courage  he  infused  into 
the  minds  of  his  friends,  and-  the  bitter 
denunciation  and  withering  scorn  he 
dealt  out  to  their  enemies  he  had  no 
equal."  H'  the  reader  will  now  eliminate 
from  the  printed  speech  all  that  the 
speaker  said  about  himself,  about  the 
governor,  secret  societies,  heathen  myth- 
ology, some  political  contests  and  all 
other  matter  not  germane  to  the  question 
at  issue,  and  ask  himself:  how  much  of 
the  residue  was  not  contained  in  someone 
or  more  of  Wolf's  messages,  and  recall 


92 


TlIK    rKNX    C.I:K MANIA. 


the  fact  that  auiuiig  the  chief  upponeiits 
t)f  the  new  system  had  been  founders 
and  supporters  of  church  and  other 
l)rivate  schools  who  had  been  won  over 
by  dignified  and  respectful  argumen- 
tation, but  might  nevertheless  have  had 
lingering  doubts  whether  they  had  acted 
why,  then,  did  he  make  the  speech?  His 
activity  during  the  two  legislative  terms 
alx)ut  to  close  had  been  that  of  a  practi- 
cal politician  seeking  to  defeat  Wolf's 
re-election,  and  thus  incidentally  en- 
ilangering  the  system  itself,  although  he 
might  point  to  his  monosyllabic  responses 
to  "the  roll  call  when  the  law  was  on  its 
passage,  and  later  when  Reigart's  pro- 
posed amendments  threatened  its  in- 
tegrity— to  these  and  nothing  else ;  but 
these  votes  not  needed  at  the  time,  could 
not  efface  the  record  of  his  acts  in  ap- 
l)arent  concurrence  with  the  opposition 
to  free  schools.  In  the  meantime  the 
system  had  been  working  its  way  to 
popular  favor;  and  it  is  not  doubtful  that 
Stevens  had  observed  the  drift  of  public 
sentiment  reflected  later  by  the  supple- 
mental report  of  the  Secretary  of  the 
Commonwealth,  presented  to  the  House 
of  Representatives  February  20,  1836, 
showing  that  prior  to  that  date  760  or 
'JT%  of  all  the  districts  in  the  State  had 
accei)ted  the  free  school  law.  It  is, 
therefore,  not  remarkable  that  the 
thouglits  of  the  politician  should  be  turned 
to  works  meet  for  reiKMitance  in  the  hope 
that  feelings  of  distrust  and  resentment 
among  advocates  of  free  schools  might 
be  turned  to  joy  over  one  repentant  more 
than  over  all  who  had  borne  the  burden 
of  a  six  years'  struggle  for  the  establish- 
ment of  the  school  system.  Neverthe- 
less he  could  not  forget  or  abandon  the 
ways  of  tlie  politician.  In  the  middle  of 
his  speech  he  went  out  of  his  way  to 
cm])hasize  the  fact  that  Governor  Wolf 
was  charged  with  being  the  projector 
and  father  of  the  law,  and  in  the  same 
connection  to  refer  to  what  he  called 
wisely  in  abandoning  the  views  of  their 
own  plaiUing,  he  may  be  able  to  deter- 
mine whether  the  withering  scorn  and 
bitter  denunciation  of  the  speech  pro- 
bably had  any,  and  if  any,  what  influence 
on  the  result? 


Not  content  with  having  ascribed  to 
Stevens  precedence  among  the  advocates 
of  free  schools,  Wickersham,  apparently 
sought  in  other  ways  to  disparage  Wolf. 
One  notable  instance  of  the  kind  may  be 
found  on  i)age  309  of  his  book  where  he 
printed  what  purports  to  be  an  extract 
from  Senator  Breck's  diary,  in  which 
the  diarist  is  made  to  say  that  he  was 
suri)rised  to  learn  from  Governor  Wolf 
that  he  had  never  thought  of  any  S}^stem 
of  general  education.  While  it  cannot  be 
ai^rmed  that  no  such  statement  is  con- 
tained in  such  or  any  other  diary,  its  in- 
sertion in  the  historian's  book  was  in- 
excusable, since  the  author  was  ap- 
parently furnished  with  Wolf's  messages, 
in  the  first  of  which  and  subsequent  one^ 
such  system  was  broadly  and  compre- 
hensively outlined.  Other  writers  who 
have  taken  their  cue  from  ^\^ickersham 
have  not  fallen  behind  their  leader  in 
efforts  to  give  Stevens  the  foremost  place 
among  the  advocates  of  free  schools.  A 
writer  in  Pennsylvania  Colonial  and 
Federal,  Vol.  2,  p.  257,  says :  "W'hen  the 
school  bill  with  its  amendments  came  up 
in  the  House,  Stevens  moved  to  strike 
out  all  of  the  bill  after  the  enacting- 
clause  and  substituting  for  it  a  bill 
strengthening  the  law.  On  this  motion 
he  delivered  the  memorable  speech,  etc. : 
Xo  such  motion  appears  in  the  House 
journal  or  other  legislative  archives;  and 
in  \'ol.  3,  p.  30,  after  quoting  a  few 
words  from  a  tribute  paid  by  -Major 
Ammon  to  Wolf  the  writer  adds:  "It 
was  claimed  by  ex-Superintendent 
Hickok  that  portions  of  Wolf's  message 
were  framed  by  Robert  Vaux,"  and  on 
])age  36,  that,  "after  conclusion  of 
vSteven's  great  speech,  the  governor  sent 
for  Stevens  and,  as  the  latter  entered  the 
I^xecutive  Chamber,  embraced  him  and 
with  tearful  eyes  and  broken  voice 
thanked  him  for  the  great  service  he  had 
rendered   om-  common  community." 

When  Governor  Wolf's  character, 
attainments  and  experience  in  public  life 
as  reflected  by  his  messages,  and  Stevens' 
insinuations  that  he  had  been  guilty  of 
di.sgraceful  conduct  in  the  exercise  of  his 
official  functions  are  considered  each 
statement  contained  in  the  above  extracts 


ITI'.IJC  SCHOOL  SYSTEM    OF    I'KXXSY  FA'AN  lA 


93 


t"i<im  iV'unsx i\-.\.»-.;i  Culimial  ami  Federal 
appear  {nn  prei)i>stcroiis  to  rc(juire  furtii- 
cr  luitiee  llian  callini;'  attention  to  the 
ilisence  <>f  ex'ideiice  in  support  thereof. 
Stihsetpu'nt  (le\elo|)nients  leave  no 
'louht.  if  any  ever  existed,  that  the  o])- 
pdsition  to  the  law  of  1834  was  mainh' 
;niti-inaMinic.  Wdlf  was  defeateil  and 
kitner  and  a  "wnrking  majority"'  of  the 
niemhers  ni  the  IfMiise  of  Representa- 
tives elected  1)\"  the  anti-masons  in  the 
fall  of  i«'^,^5.  Kitner's  voice  had  not  been 
heard  dji  the  school  cpicstion  during  the 
campaign,  and  his  inaugural  address. 
Dec.  (),  1835,  was  equally  non-committal 
Oil  that  <|uestion  disposing"  of  it  in  these 
-words:  "A  system  of  common  school 
education  has  been  recently  commenced 
—  ii  will  afford  me  real  pleasure  to  co- 
operate with  the  legislature  in  the  at- 
tem])t  to  give  it  real  usefulness  b}-  adapt- 
ing it   til   the   waniv  and    feelinirs  of  the 


])eople."  (  )n  the  subject  of  secret 
societies  he  wa>  outspoken — saying: 
"'^riie  people  have  willed  the  destruction 
I  if  all  secret  societies,  and  that  will  can- 
not be  disregarded."''' 

The  legislature  of  1836  S(xjn  got  busy 
.'It  the  free  school  law.  and  b\-  June  13, 
'if  that  year  had  passed  an  act  entitled 
"An  Act  to  consolidate  and  amend  the 
several  acts,  etc."  relative  to  common 
schools,  by  one  fell  stroke  repealing  the 
law  of  1834  and  supplement  of  1835, 
with  proviso,  however,  saving  all  ac- 
com|)lished  facts  thereunder,  and  sub- 
stantially re-enacting  the  essential  fea- 
tm-es  of  the  repealed  acts;  and  so  after 
all  the  denunciation  the  common  school 
system  of  1834  remained  substantiallv  es- 
tablished.! 

(See   Fa.   Arcliivcs,    \\i\.    XT,   jip.    256-7.) 
t  (Compare    the     Act    of    June     13,     1836,    Laws    of 
18.15-6,  on  page  3J5   with   tliat   of   April    i,    1835,  above 
referred  to.) 


THE  PIONEER  ROTIIERMEL  FAMILY  OF  BERKS  COUNTY, 
PENNSYLVANIA,  AND  THEIR  ANCESTRAL   HOME.   OF. 
WACHBACH,  WURTEMBERG. 

Paper   read   before   tlie    Berks   County   Historical   Society,    December    12,    191 1,   by   Abra- 
ham   H.    Rothermel,    meml)er   of    the    Reading   bar. 


HAT  John  Rothermel  and 
his  wife,  Sybilla  Zim- 
merman Rothermel,  of 
Wachbach,  were  the  an- 
cestors of  all  the  Roth- 
ermels  of  Berks  county, 
Pennsylvania,  has  al- 
ways been  known  by  nearly  every 
member  of  the  family  in  America. 
Family  traditions,  printed  pamphlets 
relating  to  the  family  history,  and  the 
records  contained  in  the  original  fam- 
ily Bible,  owned  by  the  late  Samuel 
F-I.  Rothermel,  of  Philadelphia,  until 
it  was  destroyed  by  fire,  about  1880, 
all  agree  upon  Wachbach  as  the  home 
of  John  and  Sybilla  Rothermel  before 
taking  voyage  for  America.  It  is  also 
equally  well  established  that  John 
Rothermel  was  born  in  1688;  that  he 
married  his  wife,  Sybilla  Zimmerman, 
in  1708;  that,  after  the  birth  of  six 
children  in  Wachbach,  the  entire  fam- 
ily set  sail  on  the  ship  Thistle,  from 
Rotterdam,  for  America;  that  the  fath- 
er died  and  was  buried  at  sea,  and  that 
the  remaining  members  of  the  emi- 
grant party  landed  in  the  city  of  Piiil- 
adelphia  on  August  29,  1730.  The 
children  of  John  and  Sybilla  Rother- 
mel included  one  daughter  and  five 
sons,  Lawrence,  Paul,  Peter,  John  and 
Christian.  The  daughter,  Anna  Ma- 
ria, was  the  oldest,  having  been  born 
in  February,  1712.  In  1729,  prior  to 
the  embarkation  for  America,  Anna 
Maria  married  Peter  Feterholf,  who 
was  born  in  Wachbach,  March  20. 
1699,  and  who  was  the  son  of  John 
Jacob  Feterholf.  Peter  Feterholf  came 
with  the  family  to  America  and.  with 
his  wife,  settled  in  Macungic  Town- 
ship, Lehigh  County.  where  tliev 
bought  150  acres  of  land.  Peter  Feter- 
holf died  August   15.   T784.  and  his  wife 


several  years  thereafter.  Both  were 
buried  in  a  private  cemetery  upon 
their  farm,  which,  until  very  recent 
years  was,  and  may  still  be,  owned  by 
their  descendants. 

Settled  in  Berks 

Lawrence  Rothermel,  the  oldest  son, 
settled  in  Windsor  Township,  Berks 
County,  where  in  1738,  he  purchased 
150  acres  of  land.  In  1746  he  married 
a  daughter  of  David  Kuhns,  of  Albur- 
tis,  Lehigh  County.  He  had  two  chil- 
dren, a  son,  Leonard,  and  a  daughter, 
Maria. 

Paul  Rothermel  bought  250  acres  of 
land  in  Maidencreek  Township,  Berks 
County,  in  1738,  and  lived  there  until 
the  time  of  his  death.  He  married 
Catharine  Maurer  in  1747,  and  had  six 
children,  Peter,  Leonard,  Paul.  John, 
Jacob  and  Barbara. 

Peter  Rothermel  settled  in  Rich- 
mond Township,  Berks  County,  where 
lie  purchased  the  following  tracts  of 
land:  One  hundred  acres  in  1737,  250 
acres  in  1738  and  100  acres  in  1743.  He 
married  Magdalena  Dreibelbis,  a 
daughter  of  Jacob  Dreibelbis,  and  be- 
came the  father  of  four  children,  Dan- 
iel, Peter,  Margaret  and  Abraham. 

The  writer  is  a  great-grandson  of 
Peter  Rothermel,  through  his  son, 
Peter  Rothermel,  and  grandson.  Abra- 
ham Rothermel,  the  laUer  having  been 
the  writer's  father. 

John  Rothermel  (1722-1785)  Ijought 
25  acres  of  land  in  Windsor  "Township 
adjoining  the  tract  of  his  brother 
Lawrence,  and  settled  thereon.  His 
wife  was  Mary  Siegfried,  the  first 
white  child  to  be  born  in  Maxatawny 
Townsliip.  Their  children  were  .Abra- 
ham. Jacob.  Daniel  and  John. 

(In-istian    Rothermel.    the    v(iuni>est 


!I4 


THE  PIONKKR  ROTHERMEL  FAMJLV 


95 


child,  settled  in  Maidencreek  Town- 
ship, Berks  County,  where,  in  1742,  he 
l)urchased  250  acres  of"  land,  adjoining 
the  farm  of  his  brother  Paul.  He  mar- 
ried and  became  the  father  of  six  chil- 
dren, namely,  Margaret,  Sybilla,  Mag- 
dalena,  Amanda,   Peter  and  John. 

Birthplace  Forgotten 

Notwithstanding  the  fact  that  much 
of  the  history  of  the  pioneer  family 
has  been  preserved,  the  location  of 
Wachbach,  their  home  in  their  mother 


counlr}-,  \vas  forgotten  by  their  de- 
scendants in  America.  The  writer's 
father  and  other  members  of  the  fam- 
ily were  long  of  the  opinion  that 
Wachbach  was  a  village  or  province 
of  Ibjlland.  This  impression  arose, 
doubtless,  from  the  fact  that  the  place 
of  embarkation  for  America  was  a 
Dutch  port,  the  family  having  sailed 
from  Rotterdam,  as  previously  stated. 
'Jlic  error  thus  begun  was  given  wider 
circulation  by  the  monograph  of  a 
cliarlatan,  who,  about  the  middle  part 


Abraham  H.  Rothermel 


(;f  the  preceding  century,  pretended 
knowledge  of  a  fortune  a\vaiting  the 
call  of  the  family  in  Holland.     , 

Visits  Wachbach 

When,  in  1910,  the  writer  deter- 
mined upon  a  European  journey,  in- 
cidentally, a  visit  to  the  home  of  his 
ancestors,  the  location  of  Wachbach 
upon  the  map  of  Europe  was  not  an 
easy  matter.  A  letter  of  inquiry  sent 
to  Holland  brought  no  information, 
l-'ortunately.  on  a  previous  tri])  abroad 


in  ihc  summer  of  1908,  the  writer  had 
met  Paul  Rothermel,  of  London,  Eng- 
land. Air.  Kothermel  was  found  to  be 
a  gentleman  of  education  and  culture, 
and  although  he  had  lived  in  London 
25  years,  was  a  native  of  Luxemburg. 
Through  the  courtesy  of  Mr.  Rother- 
mel. Wachbach  was  defi.nitely  located 
as  a  \illage  in  the  extreme  northeast 
part  of  the  Kingdom  of  Wurtembcrg. 
in  ("icrmany.  It  lies  in  the  division  of 
Wurtemberg  which  is  known  as  the 
•rircle  of  tiie  Tagst."  and  is  found  lie- 


'96 


Tin:    I'EN'.X    G1:K -MANIA. 


I  ween  the  491)1  and  50tli  degrees  of 
north  latitude.  Jt  is,  therefore,  in  the 
same  latitude  as  central,  or  northern 
Newfoundland. 

Finds  Much  to  Interest 

A  traveler  entering  the  place  whence 
his  ancestors  had  come  to  America  180 
years  before,  during-  which  time,  as  far 
as  is  known,  no  communication  has 
been  maintained  between  his  kin  in 
the  old  and  in  the  new  world,  finds 
much  to  interest  him  and  much  to  re- 
flect upon.  The  Tauber  Valley  Rail- 
way carries  the  tourist  to  Mergentheim 
a  town  of  5,000  inhabitants,  the  rail- 
way station  nearest  to  W'achbach.  The 
village  lies  three  miles  to  the  south. 

The  Tauber  Valley  is  one  of  the 
most  beautiful  and  picturesque  parts 
of  Germany.  Every  foot  here  is  his- 
toric ground.  It  suffered  severely  in 
the  Thirty  Years"  War  (1618-1648). 
In  1688.  1692,  1703  and  1707  the  French 
entered  AVurtemberg  "with  fire  and 
sword,  annihilating  whole  village>  in 
their  brutality,  and  leaving  deserts  in 
their  track."  When  not  beset  by  foes 
from  without,  the  inhabitants,  spurred 
on  by  princes  who  were  ever  on  the 
watch  for  territorial  aggrandizement, 
<;ngaged  in  religious  wars  among 
themselves.  The  moated  castle  at 
Mergentheim  was  the  seat  of  the  an- 
cient Teutonic  Order,  affiliated  with 
the  Roman  Church.  The  castle  at 
Wachbach  was  the  home  of  the  Frei- 
herren  \()n  .\delsheini,  wiio  allied 
themselves  with  the  Protestant 
Church.  The  very  name  of  \A^ich- 
bach  was  first  ai)plied  to  the  little 
stream  of  water  which  runs  by  both 
l)laccs.  because  along  its  banks  pick- 
ets or  soldiers  were  constantly  on  the 
watch;  or.  as  expressed  in  Cerman. 
"wacht."  There  are  many  present- 
day  reminders  of  the  religious  fervor 
which  glowed  and  throbbed  and 
burned  (Uit  in  this  cfimmunity.  In 
Mergentheim  the  public  fountains 
and  nu)numents  are  surmounted  b\ 
crucilixes  and  other  sacred  emblems, 
and  nianv  h(iuses  are  adorned,  on  tluii- 


exterior,  by  figures  of  the  Virgin  and 
ehild.  and  other  like  tokens.  The 
liighwa}^  from  Mergentheim  to  Wach- 
bach follows,  in  the  greater  part,  the 
sinuous  course  of  the  \Vachbach  Creek. 
On  this  road  still  stand  three  crucifix- 
es, life-sized,  and  carved  in  marble.  The 
time  of  their  erection  appears  to  be 
unknown,  but  every  man  in  the  com- 
munity raises  his  hat  in  reverence 
Avhen  jiassing  these  sacred  memorials. 

The  Mergentheim  of  to-day  is  a 
summer  resort,  famous  for  the  waters 
of  a  medicinal  spring,  which  are  taken 
by  persons  suffering  from  stomach 
and  liver  troubles.  There  is  a  large 
"Kurhaus,"  with  baths,  and  the  repu- 
tation of  "Bad  Mergentheim"  in  Ger- 
many is  eclipsed  only  by  Carlsbad  and 
AA'iesbaden. 

The  postman  makes  two  trips  daily 
between  Mergentheim  and  Wachbach 
and  when  one  rides  with  him  in  the 
diligence  which  the  rural  mail  carrier 
])rovides  in  Germany,  one  is  carried  to 
the  Lamm  Hotel  in  Wachbach.  The 
l.amm  is  chosen  for  two  reasons:  It  is 
the  largest  and  presumably  the  best 
hotel  in  the  village,  and  Alouse  Dietz- 
el,  the  postman,  is  a  brother  of  Michael 
Dietzel.  its  proprietor. 

A  Farming  Village 

Wachbach  is  distinctively  a  farming 
\  illage.  It  has  860  inhabitants,  whose 
])rincipal  occupation  is  the  tilling  of 
tlie  outlving  lands.  There  are  a  half 
dozen  small  stores,  three  hotels,  three 
bakeries,  two  tailors,  two  blacksmith's 
shops,  several  shoemakers  and  a  grist 
mill.  The  buildings  are  all  of  stone 
and  i)laster,  and  are  covered  with  an 
earthen  tile,  which  was  originally  red 
in  color.  Many  of  the  buildings  show 
the  framework  of  the  heavier  timbers, 
l)roducing  a  pleasing  effect  in  archi- 
tecture. s(Miiewhat  similar  to  the  Old 
I'jiglish  style,  as  instanced  in  the 
.Shakes])eare  house,  at  Stratford.  As 
is  the  case  in  many  other  parts  of  rural 
'  ierniany.  man  and  beast  are  housed 
under  the  same  roof.  This  mod-e  of 
lixing  is  less  objectionable  than  it  mav 


THE  PIOXKKK  li()THKl{MKL  KAMI  I, V 


97 


seem  lu  be-  In  \V  achhacli,  at  least. 
the  liviiii;'  a{)artments  are  clean  and 
tidy,  and  the  quarters  reserved  for  the 
cattle  are  better  kept  than  the  stalls 
for  cattle  in  the  barns  of  the  average 
farmer  in  Berks  County.  There  are  ni> 
buildings  o{  \^•llatcvcr  kind  on  the  farm 
lands.  As  crops  ripen  they  are 
brought  to  the  village  and  stored  there. 
h^arm  machinery  is  likewise  kept  in 
the  farm  buildings,  which  arc  all  in 
the  villag-e.  There  are  few  horses  in 
Wachbach.  cows  being  empK)yed  as 
the  beasts  of  burden.  It  is  a  novel 
sight.  in  the  hai\cst  time.  to 
see  these  faithful  animals  bringing 
home  to  the  village  load  upon 
load  of  unthreshcd  grain.  The 
cows,  notwithstanding  the  double 
•service  to  their  ow'ners,  are  fat 
and  sleek  and  show  evidence  of  kind 
treatment.  Corn  is  seldom  grown,  the 
summers  being  too  cool  to  permit  it 
to  attain  jjerfection.  WHien  grown  at 
all,  it  is  sown  broa<lcasl  for  fodder 
purpt^ses. 

Interesting  History 

Wachbach  is  interesting'  from  a 
])urely  historical  point  of  view.  Ev- 
ery house  has  the  stamp  of  antiquity 
and  seems  to  fit  into  the  landscape  like 
the  surrounding  hills.  New  buildings 
are  rarely  erected  in  it  and  the  sur- 
rounding towns.  Within  driving  dis- 
tance from  Wachbach  is  Rothenberg, 
a  town  much  visited  by  tourists,  par- 
ticularly architects,  and  famous  for  its 
ancient  style  of  architecture ;  no  new 
l)uildings  having  been  erected  therein, 
it  is  said,  for  300  years. 

The  hereditary  lords  of  Wachbach 
are  the  Freiherren  von  Adelsheim. 
They  still  maintain  and  occupy  an  an- 
cient castle,  which  stands  in  the  heart 
of  the  village,  and  was  built  in  1525. 
The  castle  was  originally  surrounded 
by  a  moat,  fed  by  the  waters  of  the 
Wachbach  Creek.  The  foundation 
walls  of  a  still  more  ancient  castle  are 
lo  be  seen  on  the  hillside  overlooking 
the  village;  but  the  date  of  the  erection 
of  this  f(5rtress  is  lost  in  anticpiity.  The 


])resent  holder  of  the  Freiherren  von 
.\delsheim  title  is  an  aged  maiden  lady, 
deaf  and  nearly  blind.  She  lives  almost 
alone  in  the  great  pile  of  stones  and  is 
seldom  seen  in  public. 

A  \  ery  ancient  building  in  Wach- 
bach is  the  grist  mill  of  Christian 
Pfeili'er.  According  to  Mr.  Pfeiffer's 
siejison,  Hugo  Barnichel,  who  is  the 
miller,  the  mill  was  erected  by  the 
h'rciherren  von  Adelsheim  in  1267.  It 
is  ojjcrated  by  the  waters  of  the  Wach- 
bach Creek,  which,  though  not  large 
in  volume,  have  a  fall  of  about  twenty 
feet  at  this  point. 

A  more  modern  institution,  held  in 
high  esteem  by  the  j^eople,  is  the  "Bib- 
liothek,"  or  public  library.  The  li- 
brary was  founded  only  a  few  years 
ago,  largely  through  the  efforts  of  Jo- 
sef Heuberger,  the  leading  tailor  of 
the  village,  who  serves  as  librarian. 
The  library  contains  more  than  600 
volumes  to  which  the  w'riter  has  added 
"ITarbaugh's  Harfe,"  Daniel  Miller's 
publications  and  several  other  books 
touching  upon  Pennsylvania  German 
life. 

All  Graves  Have  Crosses 

The  cemetery  in  Wachbach  is  an 
enclosure  of  about  four  acres,  well 
hlled  with  graves.  All  are  marked  by 
large,  white,  wooden  crosses,  except- 
ing the  graves  of  several  of  the  Frei- 
herren von  Adelsheim,  which  have 
monuments  of  stone.  The  cemetery 
has  been  buried  over  several  times,  it 
being"  the  custom  to  fill  up  and  regrade 
the  entire  plot  when  it  becomes  fillefl 
with  graves.  Bodies  are  laid  side  by 
side,  in  the  order  of  death,  without  re- 
gard to  church  or  creed. 

There  are  two  churches  in  Wach- 
bach, one  Catholic,  the  other  Protest- 
ant. The  village  maintained  a  Hebrew 
synagogue  until  a  few  years  ago,  when 
several  hundred  persons  of  that  faith, 
"whose  forefathers  had  lived  in  Wach- 
bach for  centuries,  made  an  exodus 
from  it.  Three  or  four  Hebrew  fami- 
lies remain. 

The  Catholic  Church  is  a  handsome 


98 


THE   PENN    GEUMANIA. 


new  building  erected  a  few  years  ago.  thirty-six  years  of  age  and  is  a  man  of 

It  replaced  an  older  church,  which  was  pleasing  personality  and  kindly  nature, 

then     taken     down.       Father     August  The    writer    dined    with    him    at    the 

Weber,  the  priest  in  charge,  is  about  Lamm.       TTe    asked    many    questions 


Church  at  Wachbach,  Where  Johannes  Rothermel  and  His  Wife  Worshipped 


which  showed  an  intelligent  interest 
in  things  American,  lie  stood  in  pray- 
er l)ef(jre  and  after  the  meal. 

An  Ancient  Church 

The  Protestant  Church  is  of  interest 
because  of  the  age  of  the  building, 
which  according  to  the  pastor,  Rev. 
Carl  Weiss,  is  700  to  900  years.  The 
building  is  rectangular  in  shape  and 
has  a  bell  tower  and  steeple  upon  the 
cnfl  fronting  upon  the  street.  The 
tower  also  shelters  the  town  clock, 
the  striking  of  which  can  be  heard 
over  the  entire  village.  The  walls  of 
the  church  are  about  six  feet  thick, 
built  of  stone  and  plastered  with  a 
grayish  colored  mortar.  An  enclosed 
gallery,  or  passageway,  connects  the 
church  tower  with  the  third  floor  of 
iht.'    adjoining   house.   gi\'ing   a    quaint 


Init  pleasing  appearance  to  the 
whole  of  the  church  property.  The 
passageway  was  erected  many  years 
ago  and  is  still  used  for  the  con- 
venience of  the  sexton  when  ring- 
ing the  church  bell.  The  interior 
of  the  church  is  equally  interest- 
ing. The  pews  in  the  nave  and 
upon  the  gallery,  which  runs  about 
three  sides,  are  constructed  of  plain 
boards,  unpainted,  but  polished  to  a 
lustre  by  the  comings  and  goings  of 
the  worshippers  for  hundreds  of  years. 
The  pulpit  is  of  the  "wine  goblet""  va- 
riety, stich  as  was  formerly  contained 
in  the  old  Spies'  Church,  in  .Msace 
Township,  and  in  the  old  St.  John's 
Church,  at  Gibraltar.  Robeson  Town- 
ship, this  county.  The  choir  com- 
prises the  room,  or  recess,  under  the 
tower,  and  i<  far  more  ornate  than  the 


TH1-:  PIONKICK  KOTHKUMIOL  FAMILY 


remainder  of  the  interior.  It  contains 
a  life-size  imag^e,  in  stone  or  plaster, 
of  the  Savior  upon  the  cross ;  also  sev- 
eral   smaller   crucifixes   and   numerous 


tablets  and  monuments  to  the  dead. 
The  most  striking  memorial  is  a  bas- 
relief,  carved  in  stone,  ot  one  of  the 
earlv  Freiherren  von  Adelsheim.     The 


Interior  of  the  Edifice 


Freiherr  ul  ilic  bas-iciiei  liad  iwd 
wives,  who  pre-deceased  him.  To 
their  memory  he  erected  a  tablet,  in 
which  they  are  both  made  to  kneel  be- 
fore him  in  suppliant  attitude. 

The  pew  of  the  Freiherren  von 
Adelsheim  is  a  large,  enclosed  box, 
containing  chairs  instead  of  benclies. 

Inspects  the  Edifice 

Rev.  Carl  Weiss,  the  Protestant 
clergyman,  is  a  man  of  high  talents 
and  great  charm  of  manner.  He  and 
Rev.  Father  Weber  are  warm  personal 
friends.  After  Rev.  Weiss  had  shown 
the  writer  the  property  of  the  Protest- 
ant Church,  he  proposed  showing  him 
the  Catholic  Church  also,  which  he 
(lid  with  perfect  freedom  and  unstinted 
])raise  of  the  priest  and  ]ieoplc. 


Records  Destroyed 
The  records  of  the  births,  baptism* 
and  marriages  of  the  Protestant 
Church  were  searched  with  great  care 
by  the  pastor  for  entries  relating  to 
the  Rothermel  family.  The  search 
how^ever,  shed  no  additional  light  upon 
the  history  of  the  family.  According 
to  Rev.  Weiss,  the  records  of  this 
church  were  all  destroyed  in  the  Thir- 
ty Years'  W^ar.  which  extended  from 
1618  to  164S.  After  that  troublesome 
period,  the  keeping  of  records  was  not 
resumed  for  nearly  100  years.  The  ear- 
liest records  in  the  possession  of  Rev. 
Weiss,  were  made  in  the  year  1733, 
which  was  three  years  after  John 
Rothermel  and  his  family  sailed  for 
America.  It  is  remarkable,  however, 
that  the  name  of  Rothermel  nowhere 
..ccurs   in   these   records   from    1733   to 


ICKJ 


THM    I'KNN    (iKKMAM A. 


the  prcsein  time.  This  fact  ,'irt,aies 
conclusively  that  the  family  of  John 
Rothermel.  was  the  only  Rothcrmel 
family  in  W'achbach.  in  17.iO,  when  he 
and  hi:,  family  removed  from  the  vil- 
laj^e,  never  to  return. 

Inquiry  from  Fjithcr  Weber  was 
equally  fruitless,  his  church  records 
datin.i,'^  from  1806,  prior  to  said  time 
the  Catholic  L'hurch  of  W'achbach 
haviiii^  been  successively  a  part  of  the 
conj^rcj^ation  of  the  neighborinij^  vil- 
lages of  Apfelbach  and  v^tuppach. 
Again,  upon  visiting  the  "rathhaus," 
or  town  liall.  and  inquiring  of  Herr 
Pflucger  the  "schultheiss."  whose  of- 
fice conforms  largely  to  that  of  bur- 
gess in  the  State  of  Pennsyhania,  it 
was  learned  tiiat  the  civil  authorities 
in  (iermany  have  kept  family  records 
only  since  the  year  1876.  prior  to  which 
time  such  records  were  kept  exclus- 
ively by  the  ecclesiastical  autlioritics. 

The  names  of  the  present  inhalii- 
tants  of  VVachbach  and  ■\Iergentheim 
do  not  seem  strange  to  a  Pennsylvania 
Cierman.  Besides  those  elsewhere 
mentioned  in  this  article,  the  following 
were  also  noted :  Ohlingcr.  Schell. 
W'iessner.  Stahl,  Kurz,  lIotTman. 
Merz.  Werner.  Rie^el.  Rrunncr,  Moll. 
.Schoener.  Strohackcr.  Roesscr,  Krcuz. 
Rusch,  Schuettler.  Kaiser  and  Kant- 
ner.  The  courteous  postmaster  at 
Wachbach  is  the  ubiquitous  b^hn 
Smith,  who  writes  his  name,  as  is  to 
be  expected.  Johann  Schmidt. 

The  name  of  Rnthermcl  i.^  iimi  un- 
known in  ^\  achl)acli  and  representa- 
tives of  the  famil}-  are  now  living  in  a 
number  oi  nearby  places.  (  )ne  of  the 
residents  of  the  village  has  a  smi-in- 
law  by  the  name  (»f  Rothermel.  wIk^ 
lives  in  a  neighboring  town.  It  is  al.so 
interesting  to  note  that  the  names  of 
Zimmerman  anrl  l-"cterholf  are  still 
foun'l  among  the  residents  ><\  the  vil- 
lage. 

Visits   Other  Places 

At  the  suggestion  of  Rev.  \\  ei->.  the 
writer  d  led  upon  Rev.  .Schnizcr.  pas- 
tor   of    the    1'rotestant    Church    in    the 


nearby  town  oi  Alergentheini.  Rev. 
Schnizer  had  no  records  of  the  Roth- 
ermel family,  but  referred  the  writer 
to  W'allhausen.  a  village  somewhat 
larger  than  W'achbach,  and  situated 
about  twenty  American  miles  to  the 
southeast,  ilere  was  found  Gotthilf 
Rothermel.  a  "schlosser,"  or  black- 
smith and  wheelwright.  He  was  an 
intelligent  man  of  forty,  of  good 
appearance  and  presence.  He  received 
the  writer  with  candor  and  hospitality 
and  altogether  impressed  him  very  fav- 
orably. He  owns  his  home  and  black- 
smith shop,  both  of  which  have  been 
newly  rebuilt  within  a  few  years.  His 
ancestors  have  been  of  the  same  occu- 
pation for  several  generations  and  have 
lived  in  W'allhausen  continuously 
since  the  time  of  Gotthilf  Rothermel's 
great-grandfather,  and  perhaps  longer. 
The  Wallhausen  Rothermels  are  Prot- 
estants in  religion. 

Mr.  Rothermel  is  the  inventor  of  a 
system  of  springs  for  use  on  automo- 
biles intended  to  supply  the  resiliency 
and  take  the  place  of  rubber  tires.  His 
invention  is  patented  by  the  German 
government  and  he  is  desirous  of  hav- 
ing it  introduced  in  America.  He  has 
a  wife  and  two  daughters. 

Meets    Several    Rothermels 

.\t  Frankfort-on-the-Main,  about 
seventy-five  miles  distant  from  W^ach- 
bach.  the  writer  met  b}'  a  mere  chance, 
two  nien  of  his  owai  name,  with  both 
of  whom  he  was  greatly  pleased.  The 
one  was  Jacob  Rothermel,  who  has  a 
large  "moebelgeschaeft,"  or  furniture 
factory,  at  No.  30  Meisengasse,  and  a 
furniture  store  at  No.  4  Bethmann 
strasse.  The  other  was  Claus  Rother- 
mel, who  resides  at  No.  IS  Hamburger 
strasse,  and  is  bookkeeper  and  buyer 
fin-  a  mercantile  house.  They  are  both 
members  of  the  Protestant  church. 
Glaus  Rothermel's  ancestors  lived  in 
a  place  near  W^achl)ach,  and,  although 
he  had  never  heard  of  any  American 
Rothermel's  before,  he  thought  the 
probability  of  kinship  with  them  was 
St  mug.     Tlif  writer  was  in  the  home  of 


'VH\£.  rioNKKK  KOTHKliMKL   KA.MILV 


101 


llaus  Rulherniel  aiul  met  his  wife  and 
daughters,  two  l(j\ely  ohihh-cn.  named 
Lulu  and  Helma. 

Expect  Fortune  frcm  America. 

The  only  other  European  Rother- 
mels  met  by  the  writer  were  a  "land- 
wirth,"  farmer,  and  a  "meisterschuh- 
macher,"  in  Heidelberg.  They  were 
cordial  and  showed  much  interest  upon 
learning  that  there  were  Rothermels  in 
America.  A  chance  remark  made  by 
the  "landwirth"  Rothermel  was  a  bit 
surprising  and  is  worthy  of  mention- 
ing. Said  he,  'T  never  knew  that  any 
of  the  Rothermels  had  gone  to  Amer- 
ica, but  I  have  often  heard  that  we 
have  a  fortune  to  get  from  there."  The 
Rothermels  of  Heidelberg  are  members 
of  the  Catholic  church. 

It  is  probable  that  the  Rothermels 
of  ^^'allhausen  and  Frankfort  are  re- 
mote kinspeople  of  the  Rothermels  of 
Rerks  County.  This  theory  is  support- 
ed by  the  proximity  of  their  places  of 
residence  to  the  home  of  the  pioneer 
family,  and  is  further  strengthened  by 
the  fact  of  their  religion,  they  having 
adhered  to  the  Protestant  faith  from 
time  immemorial. 

The  Rothermels  of  Europe,  wherever 
met  with,  were  found  to  be  law-abid- 
ing, respectable  citizens.  They  were 
all  engaged  in  honorable  occupations, 
and  appeared  to  enjoy  the  respect  of 
the  communities  in  which  they  live. 
They  all  spell  their  names  as  the  ]\oth- 
ermels  of  Rerks  Count)-  spell  it. 

Few  Changes 

The  \\^achl)ach  of  to-day  is  n(^  doul)t 


but  little  changed  from  the  W'achbach 
which  John  Rothermel  left  in  1730. 
Man}'  of  tlie  houses  then  standing,  are 
standing  itow.  It  has  all  the  evidence 
of  antiquity  now,  but  it  was  an  an- 
cient village  then.  The  old  castle, 
which  v.'as  two  centuries  old  in  his 
day,  is  still  intact  and  occupied,  al- 
though its  moats  are  sunken  gardens 
and  the  necessity  for  a  stronghold  no  • 
longer  remains.  The  old  mill,  with  its 
eaves  almost  touching  the  ground,  was 
more  than  400  years  old  when  John 
Rothermel  was  born,  but  it  is  still 
grinding  grain  for  man  and  beast.  The 
old  clmrcli,  which  doubtless  was  the 
shrine  in  which  the  pioneer  family 
sat  and  worshipped,  is  still  the  cen- 
ter of  a  zealous  religious  life.  The 
changes  that  have  come  are  the  re- 
sistless changes  of  the  centuries.  Elec- 
tric lights  are  now  in  the  village.  The 
McCormick  reaper  has  supplanted  the 
sickle.  .Sectarian  bitterness  has  died 
out  and  the  descendants  of  those  who 
once  waged  bloody  wars  in  the  name 
of  religion  live  side  by  side  in  peace 
and  good  will,  each  apparently  realiz- 
ing that  all  have  been  journeying  upon 
the  same  road,  which  ,  like  all  human 
liighwa}'S,  leads  now  through  the  wil- 
derness and  now  through  the  open 
fields  and  sunshine. 

While  the  descendants  of  John  and 
Sybilla  Rothermel  may  not  regret  that 
their  ancestors  sought  a  new  home  in 
a  new  country,  none  who  may  visit 
Wachbach  will  fail  to  appreciate  the 
open-hearted  hospitality  of  its  people 
and  their  apparent  freedom  from  all 
insincerity,  falsehood,  pride  and  guile. 


Cuts  by  courtesy  of  READING   EAGLE 


The  Forest  Preacher  on  the  Schoharie 


A  HistoricalTale  of  the  Life  and  Customs  of  the  German 
Americans  of  the  Eighteenth    Century 
By    Frederick  Meyer. 

Translated  from  the  German  by  Professor  E.  A.  Jacoby,  Philadelphia,  Fa. 
(Continued  from  January  Issue) 


'"Although  we  fought  under  the  Eng- 
lish flag  against  tlie  French  at  the  Hud- 
son, although  the  blood  of  our  brethren 
was  spilletl  in  their  service,  still  Gov. 
Hunter  showed  us  the  door  when  we 
presented  our  petition.  Yes,  he  sent 
his  soldiers  to  compel  us  to  work.  Then 
we  resolved  to  flee.  We  bought  from 
the  Indians  in  England  these  lands 
-along  the  Schoharie.  We  wished  to  be- 
4:ome  free  and  independent  farmers.  For 
ihat  reason  we  moved  here.  In  the 
midst  of  winter  we  toiled  throtigh  the 
^now  which  was  three  feet  deep.  The 
forest  trails  had  been  carefully  covered 
Ijy  the  Indians  whom  Livingstone  had 
incited  to  do  this.  Then  it  fortunately 
occurred  that  my  Conrad  who  had  lived 
among  them  and  knew  their  ways  be- 
came our  guide.  So,  we,  trembling  from 
hunger  and  cold,  pressed  forward 
through  the  forest  and  the  deep  snow, 
and  at  last  tired  to  death  we  descended 
the  valley  of  the  Schoharie.  How  poor 
we  were.  All  our  possessions  we  car- 
ried on  our  backs.  We  were  not  al- 
lowed to  take  anything  with  us  or  else 
<",ov.  Himter  would  have  charged  us 
with  theft,  and  would  have  brought  us 
l)ack  by  force  of  arms.  During  the  first 
week,  four  children  were  born.  The 
Indians  took  jiily  upon  the  mothers  and 
presented  them  with  skins  to  protect 
ihem  from  the  cold.  We  lived  on  grass 
and  roots.  What  God  intended  as  a 
punishment  to  mankind  became  a  bless- 
ing to  us.  How  often  did  wc  pray,  'May 
we  be  in  thy  bands,  O  God.  but  let  us 
not  fall  into  the  hands  of  men.' 

"At  last  spring  came.  We  had  no 
farm  implements,  no  cattle,  no  horses. 
Here,  where  the  Indians  had  earlier  had 


a  camp,  was  a  clearing.  Around  us  was 
the  primeval  forest.  Our  good  neigh- 
bur  Lambert  Sternberg  bought  in  Schen- 
ectady, twenty  miles  from  here,  the  first 
bushel  of  seed  wheat  and  carried  it  on  his 
back  the  entire  distance.  We  had  no 
plow.  We  cultivated  the  soil  with  sickles, 
then  we  sowed  the  seed  and  it  grew. 
Each  stalk  bore  a  wellfiUed  head.  When 
we  harvested  the  wheat  in  autumn  we  ob- 
tained 38  bushels.  Since  then  God 
blessed  our  fields  and  our  labors  so  that 
last   year   we   sold   25,003   bushels." 

"Then  be  satisfied,"  a  voice  replied.   ■ 

■'Sh,  do  not  interrupt,  listen  to 
Weiser,"  was  heard  from  several  direc- 
tions. " 

"The  Governor  and  our  rich  Dutch 
neighbors  would  not  leave  us  in  peace. 
As  soon  as  Gov.  Hunter  noticed  that 
wc  were  prospering,  he  sold  our  land 
to  seven  Hollanders  the  so-called  seven 
partners.  This  was  a  piece  of  knavery, 
a  violation  of  Colonial  law,  an  illegal 
seizure  of  our  possessions.  What 
availed  our  protests?  Gov.  Hunter 
sent  the  sheriff  from  Albany  with  sol- 
diers. An  insurrection  arose.  We  de- 
fended our  homes.  Men  and  w-omcn  op- 
posed the  soldiers  in  the  field.  The 
sherifl:'  with  his  men  received  German 
blows  which  will  not  soon  be  forgotten. 
Rut  we  could  not  leave  the  colony  be- 
cause we  wei-e  spied  upon.  When  at 
last  a  year  later  iny  son  Conrad  with 
several  men  went  to  Albany  to  buy  salt 
for  the  settlers,  they  were  ovei"powered, 
Ix^aten  and  cast  into  prison. 

"In  order  to  end  this  insecurity,  you 
sent  a  deputation  to  London  to  the  King. 
Although  we  started  this  matter  se- 
cretly, the  'seven  partners'  still  heard  of 
102 


TIIK    FORILST    PRIIACIIER   ON   THE   SCIIOHAUII 


103 


it.  We  were  captured  by  the  pirate, 
Captain  Kidd,  the  friend  of  Livingstone. 
For  three  months  we  were  chained  to 
the  mast  of  his  ship.  Our  friend,  Wol- 
Tot,  succumbed  to  these  injuries.  Wm. 
Schiff  and  1  at  last  reached  London 
without  money.  Because  we  had  to  bor- 
row money  in  this  city  I  was  cast  into  a 
debtor's  prison.  If  two  German  pas- 
tors, the  honored  pastors  Boehm  and 
Robert,  had  not  immediately  taken  pity 
on  us,  we  would  be  in  prison  to-day.  We 
owe  it  to  pastor  and  teacher  that  we 
are  still  German.  O,  would  that  Ger- 
many had  princes,  as  noble  and  philan- 
thropic as  her  ministers  and  teachers, 
America  would  become  a  German  col- 
ony ! 

"In  London  the  king  received  me,  but 
Oov.  Hunter  had  been  there  before  I 
was,  and  therefore  the  king  would  not 
believe  my  report.  The  English  king 
has  no  justice  for  us  Germans.  If  we 
remain  here,  we  must  continue  to  fight. 
I  am  tired  of  quarreling.  There  is  jus- 
tice and  freedom  for  Germans  in  Penn- 
sylvania. Thither  the  stream  of  immi- 
gration from  Germany  has  been  flowing 
for  several  years.  Our  struggles  have 
heen  heard  of  in  our  native  land.  I  will 
make  one  journey  more,  then  die." 

His  voice  trembled,  his  whole  frame 
shook.      He   became   silent. 

The  presiding  officer,  Kreiskorn,  then 
spoke:  "We  have  worked  and  suffered, 
let  us  retain  our  possessions.  No  one 
can  deprive  us'  of  our  hard-earned  prop- 
crtv.  We  f.re  stronger  than  Hunter,  yes 
even  than  the  government." 

"But  I  want  to  be  free,"  interrupted 
Weiser,  "from  the  yoke  of  the  driver 
before  I  die.  I  will  go  to  a  land  where 
one  law  rules  the  high  and  the  low, 
over  the  Englishman  and  the  German, 
where  no  one  has  the  power  to  come 
into  my  family  and  take  my  children 
from  me.  On  the  same  ship  with  me 
there  was  a  man  from  Echterdingen 
with  a  beautiful  daughter  scarcely  17 
years  of  age.  He  fled,  becaui^e  the 
duke  was  trying  to  entrap  his  daughter. 
The  old  man  died  on  the  journev.  and  in 
New  York,  they  sold  the  girl.  No.  I  go. 
Not  with  a  light  heart  do  I  go  from  here. 


Here  I  have  spent  my  best  years.  On 
this  hill  of  Schoharie  several  of  my 
children  lie  buried.  It  is  hard  to  trans- 
plant an  old  tree.  Do  not  detain  me.  I 
have  done  my  duty  here.  In  some  far 
away  country  I  will  think  of  the  brave 
Germans  at  the  Mohawk  and  the  Scho- 
harie." He  spoke  slowly.  There  were 
tears  in  his  voice. 

The  men  crowded  forward.  Many 
hands  were  stretched  toward  him,  others 
tried  to  speak.  The  teacher,  Heim.  him- 
self clapped  his  hands  and  cried  with  a 
loud  voice,  but  all  order  had  ceased. 

Gerlach  took  me  by  the  arm.  and  led 
me  into  Weiser's  house. 

"Ah,  you  are  the  minister  from  Ech- 
terdingen. God  bless  you.  I  have  heard 
good  reports  about  you."  These  words 
from  the  lips  of  this  man  who  had  en- 
dured blows  in  prison  pleased  me  mor-e 
than  if  they  had  been  uttered  by  a  church 
bishop. 

"Katherine  Weisenberg?  She  has  been 
sold  to  Albany  for  a  period  of  seven 
years.  My  son,  Conrad,  will  first  of  all 
remain  here.  Here,  Carl  Herkimer,  I 
introduce  you  to  the  minister.  He  is  a 
good  man,  honor  him." 

The  old  man  was  quite  exhausted. 
Visitors  pressed  forward,  so  that  I  did 
not  continue  the  conversation.  It  was 
past  midnight  when  I  ascended  the  hill. 
I  was  excited.  Men,  upon  whose  coun- 
tenances were  written  industry  and 
faithfulnes.s  must  leave  this  place.  Why? 
because  there  is  not  enough  land  ?  No. 
because  in  this  primitive  forest  men  were 
living  who.  through  greed,  became  in- 
human. The  Germans  at  the  Schoharie, 
the  poor  girl  sold  into  slavery — may  God 
protect  them. ! 

Chapter  III 

Spring  was  coming.  Fearful  storms 
preceded  it.  A  tornado  passed  over  the 
hills  and  forests  into  the  valley  of  the 
Schoharie  and  raged  with  fearful  vio- 
lence. My  log  hut  shook  as  if  it  would 
be  torn  asunder.  Trees,  a  centurv'  old. 
went  crashing  down  in  the  forest.  Bears 
and    wolves    crept    close    to    my    house. 


104 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA. 


They  feared  the  i>in.->i  nan'c  (luring'  this 
storm  than  man. 

How  comfortahle  it  is  to  sit  in  my 
room  and  hsten  to  the  storm.  How  the 
wind  howled.  It  .sounds  hke  a  battle- 
cry,  like  the  sighing  of  a  despairing- 
heart,  like  an  accompaniment  by  the  ele- 
ments to  the  ponderous  steps  of  the  far- 
mers 'assembly. 

There  it  is  again.  Indeed,  the  distant 
thunders  roll,  vivid  flashes  light  up 
clouds  of  inky  blackness.  The  peals  of 
thunder  grow  louder,  the  lightning 
flashes  from  cloud  to  cloud,  the  whole 
firmament  has  turned  into  a  hissing  sea 
of  fire.  A  terrifying  flash  passed  earth- 
ward. Did  it  set  anything  on  fire? 
What  can  burn  in  a  wilderness? 

Even  the  aged  Urschel  began  to  notice 
the  coming  of  spring.  A  mighty  thun- 
derclap shook  the  loghouse.  She  glanced 
at  the  clouds.  A  vivid  flash  da/.zled  the 
eyes. 

"That  will  make  llie  "rass  grow." 
She  spoke  as  quietly  as  if  she  had  said, 
"Dinner  is  ready." 

The  rain  poured  in  torrents  on  the 
roof,  roaring  louder  than  the  thunder. 
The  rain  fell  the  whole  night  long.  At 
last  it  cca.sed  like  a  wrestler  pausing  for 
breath.  I  step  out  to  look  down  into  the 
valley.  Here  I  stand  in  the  midst  of  the 
clouds,  the  lightning  flashes  about  me. 
electric  sparks  pass  from  the  earth  to 
the  heavy  clouds. 

The  warm  spring  breezes  play  about 
i«y  face.  Snow  and  ice  have  disap- 
peared. The  little  Schoharie  floods  the 
valley  and  has  become  a  raging  torrent. 

"Urschel,  come  out,  look  at  the  dam 
and  the  sawmill."  The  stream  has 
swept  both  away.  How  the  waters  rage 
and  roar  through  the  forc54. 

"What  have  you.  Urschel?" 

With  a  |)ail  she  had  caught  two  large 
fish  in  the  Schoharie. 

"Fish,  such  large  fish  in  this  stream?" 

"Yes,  in  spring  when  the  fish  arc  mov- 
ing they  go  astray  to  us." 

Oh,  my  restlessness,  whence  is  it  ?  1 
ran  not  remain  in  the  house,  can  not 
preach,  can  not  attend  to  my  other  du- 
ties. Restlessness  has  seized  me.  The 
sweet  odors  of  spring  arising  from  the 


earth  drive  me  into  the  forest.  I  has- 
tened through  the  settlement.  The  farm- 
ers are  turning  over  the  fresh  furrows,, 
and  are  compelling  the  hidden  force  of 
nature  to  yield  them  sustenance.  The 
seed  is  sprouting,  and  the  wheat  fields 
are  fanned  by  the  gentle  breezes.  In  the 
spring  sunshine  the  log  houses  even  lose 
their  grey  weatherbeaten  color.  The 
people  stand  still  in  the  fields  and  gape  at 
the  strange  character  who  was  hurrying 
toward  the  forest. 

Primeval  forest !  Scarcely  a  thousand 
steps  have  I  taken  from  the  last  hedge 
with  which  a  German  settler  protected 
his  field  from  the  wild  animals,  and  yet 
it  seemed  as  if  a  thousand  years  lay  be- 
tween us.  There  fields  and  gardens, 
here  all  the  terrors  of  the  wilderness. 
No  path  leads  through  the  forest  gloom. 
With  the  ax  I  hew  a  path  through  bushes 
and  thickets'.  I  come  to  an  opening  in 
the  forest.  The  .storm  had  uprooted  the- 
old  trees,  the  sun's  rays  reach  the  earth 
Before  I  atii  aware  of  it  I  stand  in  the 
midst  of  a  wonderfully  beautiful  stretch 
of  wild  flowers.  Shall  I  pluck  a  hand- 
full?  For  whom?  For  the  aged  Ur- 
schel ?  Ha,  I  sank  deep  into  the  ground. 
I  stepped  upon  the  decayed  stump  of  a 
giant  oak,  and  I  extricated  myself  with 
difiiculty. 

The  woods  grow  darker,  the  flowery 
splendor  disappeared.  Here  the  stoniT 
had  not  raged,  a  thicker  growth  of  trees 
covered  the  ground.  I  forced  my  way 
through  aromatic  bushes,  through  mint 
and  thyme.  The  forest  grows  continu- 
ally darker.  Through  the  interlaced 
branches  of  the  trees  the  sun's  rays  glim- 
mered faintly.  Dew  and  rain  dropped 
upon  the  loamy  soil.  It  becomes  sultry. 
(Overhead  insects  drone  their  monoton- 
ous song.  Here  and  there  a  single  blade 
of  grass  is  seen.  Did  the  foot  of  man 
ever  tread  this  spot  or  did  any  man  plan 
mighty  deeds  in  this  forest,  or  any  hu- 
man heart  unburden  its  grief  to  these 
trees  ? 

Slowly  I  make  my  way.  It  is  not  pos- 
si!)le  to  keep  a  straight  course.  I  might 
be  a  thousand  miles  awav  from  the  near- 
est humati  beings  as  well  as  a  thousand 
steps..     .Above  me  on  the  hil]  it  is  grow- 


THE   I'OKKST   PKliACHKK   0\   THIi   SCHOHAKll 


10; 


ing  lighter.  A  lake  lies  between  two 
riages.  Who  made  the  bottom  of  the 
lake  impervious  to  water?  How  high 
might  this  lake  be  above  the  Schoharie? 
The  bushes  part  and  a  herd  of  deer  rush 
by  me,  closely  pursued  by  a  pack  of  dogs, 
'i'hc  hunter  can  not  be  far  away.  I  hchl 
my  breath,  but  no  lutman  form  ai)pcars. 
Tliere  hes  a  doe  whose  iiind  legs  are 
missing.  Now  I  comprehend.  It  is  the 
struggle  of  the  wilderness  that  I  behold. 
Hungry  wolves  lurked  at  the  watering 
places  of  the  deer.  Forest  peace,  forest 
warfare  !  The  animals  are  not  afraid  of 
man.  The  doe  eyed  me  in  amazement, 
as  if  she  had  never  seen  a  friendly  creat- 
ure. AFeanwhile  squirrels  are  playing 
fearlessly  about  me. 

Forest  calm,  forest  solitude,  how  kind 
you  are !  Man's  struggles  cease.  What 
before  seemed  serious  here  becomes  in- 
significant. Here  I  would  wish  to  live, 
here  I  would  wish  my  grave  to  be  with 
a  heap  of  stones  upon  it.  It  would  be  a 
monument  undisturbed,  unmolested  after 
a  thousand  years ! 

"Buscho  !" 

I  am  frightened,  that  was  a  human 
voice. 

A  man  in  a  careless  attitude  was 
standing  by  a  tree.  One  glance  at  his 
copper  colored  face  showed  that  he  was 
an  Indian.  His  body  was  almost  naked. 
His  smooth  shaven  head  on  which  no 
hair  grew  except  the  well-known  and 
chivalrous  scalp  lock  graced  with  an 
eagle  feather  that  reached  to  his 
shoulder.  His  vigorous  actions  showed 
that  a  young  man  stood  before  me. 

'AVhat  does  the  white  medicine  -man 
seek  in  the  forest?"  He  glanced  rest- 
les.sly  hither  and  thither,  as  he  spoke 
like  a  hunter  watching  for  game. 

"How  does  the  noble  Mohawk  know 
me." 

■"You  were  in  Weiser's  barn." 

"Yes,  still  I  did  not  see  the  great  prince 
there." 

"Indian's  eyes  never  sleep.  Sees 
everything.  Can  find  the  ashes  of  his 
fathers." 

He  was  silent.  To  induce  him  to  talk 
I  said,  'T  wish  to  see  the  forest  and  its 
inhabitants." 


"Paleface  is  wise,  knows  imuch.  More 
than  Indian.  But  palefaces  at  Schoharie 
are  stupid." 

"Why  does  the  great  prince  insult  my 
cmmtrymen  ?" 

"Inclian  insults  nobody.  (July  speaks 
the  truth.  Your  people  came  across  the 
great  brook  toward  the  East,  because  no 
fields  and  pastures  there — here  much 
land.  Indian  gives  land,  sells  land. 
Your  people  do  not  like  Indian.  Vour 
young  men  will  not  marry  our  squaws, 
your  squaws  will  not  marry  brave  Indian. 
Therefore  much  strife.  The  great  father 
(King  of  England)  across  the  water 
wants  your  squaws  for  red  man,  m\ 
squaws  for  white  man — create  a  strong 
folk — then. the  French  at  Champlain  bury 
the  hatchet.  But  Germans  no  want 
squaw.  French  marry  Indian  squaw. 
Smoke  pipe  of  peace.  Therefore  the 
great  father  becomes  angry  and  frowns." 

Am  I  dealing  with  a  prophet  or  with 
a  historian?  The  elder  Weiser  has 
therefore  judged  the  situation  correctly. 

"Weiser  wanted  to  stay  here.  But  the 
great  father  (King  of  England)  was 
angry.     Therefore  he  went  away." 

"He  will  reconsider  it." 

"Reconsider,  no !  Is  gone,  I  his 
guide."  I  cast  a  questioning  glance  ai 
him,  and  he  continued  : 

"Three  hundred  pale  faces,  men  and 
squaws,  horses,  cattle  and  wagons  left. 
Aluch  crying — twelve  horses  roamed  in 
the  forest,  did  not  find  them — on  the  fifth 
day  they  pitched  a  tent  at  the  Susque- 
hanna, built  canoes,  then  go  to  Tulpe- 
hocken  Creek — there  wilderness  like  this 
— must  start  new  again.  Stupid  people, 
marry  Indian  squaws ,  then  get  much 
land.  'J'hen  great  father  (King  of  Eng- 
land )  have  friendly  face." 

■'.\nd  when  did  the  Weisers  leave?" 

"Snow  in  the  face  (the  elder  Weiser) 
has  gone;  Fire  in  the  face  (the  blond, 
the  younger  W^eiser)  remains.  I  their 
guide.  I  left  them  ten  \sunriscs  ago. 
My  father,  the  great  chief  wanted  to 
give  Fire  in  the  Face  (Conrad  Weiser) 
a  squaw — would  not,  took  white  squaw 
— now  must  work.  Medicine  man  told 
him  not  to  be  stupid.    Squaw  married." 

(TO  RKTONTINUED) 


The  Germans   in   Maine 

The  Settlement  at  Frankfort. 
By    Ciurret  \V.  Thompson,  Orono,  Maine 

Note.— In  the  issues  of  THE  PENNSYLVANIA  GERMAN  for  Oct.,  Nov.,  Dec,  1911,  and  Janu- 
ary 1912,  Professor  Thompson  related  the  interesting  story  of  the  settlement  of  Broad  Bay,  introduc- 
tory to  this  study  of  the  religious  life  ot  the  community.  Copies  of  these  issues  can  be  supplied. 
The  settlement  anJ  internal  development  of  Frankfort,  iVIaine,  is  discussed  in  the  same  way  in 
this  issue.  We  have  taken  the  liberty  of  changing  the  order  of  tne  parts  of  these  papers  as  sub- 
mitted by  the  author  which  accounts  for  the  seeming  disorder  in  the  numbering  of  the  footnotes. 
—EDITOR. 


T.  1 1'',  migration  of  Germans 
which  rc'suhcd  in  the  set- 
tlement of  Frankfort  on  the 
Kennebec  is  associated  with 
the  name  of  Joseph  Crel- 
lin-^.'""  Tlic  doctnnentary 
evidence  which  bears  on  his 
case  is  handled  by  Rattermann  in  great 
detail;  we  shall  deal  with  him  here  only 
in  so  far  as  he  was  instrumental  in 
fostering  the  Kennebec  enterprise.  Cer- 
tain references  from  Christopher 
Sailer's"^  newspaper  make  it  clear  that 
Crellius  visited  Germany  several  times 
and  brought  l)ack  settlers  on  his  return 
trips  from  Europe.  From  Dr.  Kurtz, 
who,  as  we  have  seen,  was  formerly  at 
Broad  Day,  he  learned  that  Waldo  and 
in  fact  the  government  of  Massachusetts 
were  anxious  to  divert  some  of  the  im- 
migration to  New  England  which  poured 
in  such  large  ninnbcrs  into  Pennsylvania 
and  the  .south.  When  therefore  he  ar- 
rivcfl  in  riiiladelphia  in  August  of  '48 
with  a  shipful  of  emigrants  he  arranged 
with  Waldo  to  bring  them  to  lirnad 
l*ay;'^-  this  is  the  consignment  to  which 


(170)  Joscpli  Crellius  (who  wrote  his  iiaiiic  Cicll 
while  in  IViin.n.)  was  a  native  of  Francoiiia  and 
came  to  I'tnnsylvania  in  the  year  40.  In  L'hilatlel- 
|)hia  he  h.ad  a  "Kramladcn"  on  .Arch  street  and  was 
interested  in  the  tnisiress  of  iniiniijration.  In  4?  he 
jitiblishcfl  the  second  (k-rman  newsnaper  of  AinerieT, 
'Das  hochileutsche  Pennsylvania  Tournal."  of  which 
^^'i  ^\^i  *^^"^'  •'l'I"'''>r<^<l  i"  May  of  that  year  fRitt. 
vol.  \  I,  ntS).  It  was  printed  at  first  with  Knp. 
letters,  and  afterwards  probably  with  Cerinin  type 
from  the  nnntinR  hou.se  of  Ileinrich  Khrcnfried 
Luther  of  Frankfort,  as  Crellius  was  liter  intimately 
associated  with  him  in  emiKration  matters.  He  also 
transLatcd  Franklin's  "Plain  Truth,"  which  appeared 
in   47  as    'Die   lautere   wahrheit." 


(t7')   Issue   of   September    12,    1746. 
(17J)    Her    deutsche    Pionier,    v<d.    .XI\', 


WO  liavc  already  referred,  and  which 
Waldo  himself  mentions  in  a  letter.  It 
was  in  this  way  that  Crellius  became  ac- 
(|uainted  with  the  possibilities  of  eastern 
immigration  and  embarked  on  a  series  of 
enterprises  which  identified  him  promi- 
nently, even  if  notoriously,  with  future 
attempts  at  settlement  in  these  regions. 

The  authorities  of  Massachusetts  had 
long  seen  the  advantages  of  German  im- 
migration as  they  unfolded  in  Pennsyl- 
vania and  were  thus  inclined  to  encour- 
age a  similar  movement  in  Maine.  As 
early  as  '42  Governor  Shirley  had  favor- 
ed the  introduction  of  German  settlers 
into  the  eastern  part  of  the  Province  and 
his  interest  was  even  more  warmly  dupli- 
cated by  Lieutenant  Governor  Phips. 
At  this  point  Crellius.  who  had  larger 
ambitions  than  to  remain  the  mere  agent 
of  Waldo,  saw  the  opportunity  of  be- 
coming the  representative  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts Province.  He  accordingly  pro- 
posed to  the  government  to  bring  to 
America  German  Protestants  if  proper 
inducements  were  made  to  them  for 
their  support  and  permanent  abode.  On 
tne  /th  of  Januar}',  '49,  a  committee  was 
appointed  to  make  suitable  assignments 
and  arrangements.^'^  In  the  same  year 
the  General  Court  appropriated  four 
townships  for  foreign  protestants,  two  in 
the  eastern  and  two  in  the  western  part 
of  the  Province.  Two  of  them  were 
located  in  the  extreme  northwest  near 
F'ort  Massachusetts,  west  of  the  Con- 
necticut river,  in  Franklin  county,  and 
extending  int(-»  Wrmont ;  the  other  two 


!>■     "4.3- 


106 


(171)    Jour.    ,.t    Mass.    H.    of    Reps, 


THE  GERMANS  IN   MAINK 


107 


were  in  the  far  east,  in  the  extreme 
western  part  of  Maine  (the  present 
CumbeiTcincl  Co.),  from  "Sebagc  pond 
to  the  head  of  Benirck."  CreHius  was 
to  receive  a  reserve  of  200  acres  in  each 
township  if  he  imported  and  settled  120 
protestants  in  each  township  within  three 
years. ^"*  On  February  5th,  '50,  through 
the  recommendation  of  CrelHus  a  law'^° 
(the  first  of  its  kind)  was  passed  by  the 
House  "Regulating  the  importing  of 
Germans  and  other  passengers,  prevent- 
ing the  crowding  of  ships."  In  these 
measures  Crellius  was  greatly  assisted 
by  the  co-operation  of  Phips,  who  had 
<leclared  that  these  "Protestant  Germans 
would  introduce  many  useful  manufac- 
tures and  arts."!''"  Amid  most  favor- 
able circumstances,  therefore,  Crellius 
jilanned  a  trip  abroad  for  the  further- 
ance of  his  immigration  projects.  Armed 
with  the  confidence  of  the  government, 
a  strong  testimonial  from  Phips  and  the 
belief  that  the  new  law  regulating  trans- 
portation would  impress  the  Germans  he 
fancied  he  could  now  proceed  to  Ger- 
many and  gain  settlers  for  his  colony  by 
assuring  and  insuring  them  against  the 
abuses  which  their  friends,  and  doubtless 
relatives,  had  sufifered. 

From  January,  '49  to  August,  '50, 
there  is  no  record  of  his  movements ;  at 
the  latter  date,  however,  we  find  him  in 
Germany,  where  by  virtue  of  his  cre- 
dentials he  gained  the  confidence  and 
support  of  Hofrat  Heinrich  Ehren fried 
Luther  of  Frankfort  (to  whom  reference 
has  already  been  made),  and  bore  the 
])retentious  title  of  "Commissioner  of 
New  England."  This  title  proved,  how- 
over,  no  great  addition  to  his  power ;  its 
genuineness  was  disputed  and  Crellius 
believed  by  many  to  be  only  a  private 
speculator.  Moreover,  he  found  the  ship 
owners  of  Rotterdam  in  no  friendly 
mind  toward  New  England.  Her  strin- 
gent laws  regarding  immigration  meant 
•^mailer  contracts  and  a  less  profitable 
business  as  compared  with  the  districts 
of  Pennsylvania  and  Carolina ;  the  ship 


companies  were  therefore  not  eager  to 
let  their  ships  to  Massachusetts  agents. 
Nor  were  the  personal  enemies  of  Crel- 
lius few  in  number.  His  assumption  of 
unusual  titles,  his  claims  to  the  support 
of  the  British  government  aroused  the 
jealousy  of  rival  promoters;  the  expo- 
sure of  the  crooked  and  heartless 
methods  of  ship  companies  and  "New- 
lands,"^'^  being  ascribed  indirectly  to  his 
instigation,  called  forth  not  merely  a 
spirit  of  retaliation  but  the  determination 
to  embarrass  him  at  every  possible  point. 
Although  Crellius  reached  Germany  in 
the  fall  of  '50  it  was  not  until  the  spring 
of  the  following  year,  and  that  too,  with 
the  influential  aid  of  Luther,  that  he  col- 
lected 20  or  30  families,  brought  them  on 
two  transports  down  the  Rhine  to  Rot- 
terdam arid  thence  to  Amsterdam,  where 
after  delays  and  opposition  he  finally 
secured  the  Priscilla,  on  which  his  colony 
set  out  for  Cowes.  On  the  12th  of  No- 
vember they  landed  at  Marblehead,  spent 
two  weeks  in  Boston,  and  on  the  5th  of 
December  some  of  them  with  an  inter- 
preter named  Etter^'^^  were  conveyed  by 
the  frigate  of  the  Province  to  their 
homes  on  the  Kennebec,  which  lay  on  the 
left  bank  20  miles  from  its  mouth.  Their 
land  was  12  to  15  miles  directly  west  of 
Broad  Bay,  its  eastern  border  being 
Sheepscott  River  and  part  of  the  territory 
held  by  the  Plymouth  Company.  During 
the  voyage  an  ambitious  scheme  had  been 
frustrated.^'"  The  Pemaquid  Company, 
whose  lands  were  close  to  those  which 
the  government  had  assigned  to  the  colo- 
nists, conceived  the  idea  of  getting  pos- 
session of  these  settlers  after  the  govern- 
ment had  borne  the  expense  of  transport- 
ing them  across  the  ocean.  It  was  secretly 
planned  that  one  Peter  Wild  should  be 
on  the  emigrant  ship  as  Crellius'  aid  (this 
was  efl^ected  through  a  German  merchant 
of  Boston  who  was  an  interpreter  for  the 
government),  should  gain  the  confidence 
of  the  passengers  and  persuade  them  to 
settle  on  the  Pemaquid  lands.  It  was 
hoped  thereby  to  divert  at  least  a  few  of 


(174)  Mass.    Recs.    (niss.)    vol.     i5.\.    1)11.4951,    Jan. 
25,   1749- 

(175)  Ibid.,   p.    52,   seq. 

(176)  Williamson,    p.    285. 


(177)    The    land    promoters    were    known    as    "Neu- 
lacnder." 

^178)    Eaton,    p.    85. 

(179)    Per    dcutsche    Ttonier,    vol.    XI\',    p.    218   seq. 


I  Ok 


,I"KMAN1  A. 


tiiciii  I  roll!  liieir  migiiKii  purimse.  L>n 
ihcir  arrival  at  Marl)lchcad,  however, 
Crclliiis  learned  of  the  matter,  informed 
I 'hips,  and  Wild  closed  the  incident  by  a 

ndden  disa])pearance. 

The  initial  experience  of  these  settlers 
was  one  of  intense  suffering,  as  was  in- 
evitable from  the  time  and  circumstances 

■f  their  coming.'**" 

"Sic  langtcii  gcgcn  MiUc  des  Dezember  da- 
^clbst  an,  uiul  bcgonncn  sofort  aufs  Eifrigslc 
<lcn  Hau  dcr  Block Inittcn,  um  Schutz  und 
Olidadi  gcgcn  die  KiiUc  zu  crlangcn.  In 
vicrzchn  Tagcn  Iiattc  man  ctwa  cin  Dutzcnd 
Hiittcn  under  Dacli,  in  dcncn  sich  nothdiirftig 
wcliiicn  licss.  Kin  paar  Tagc  ver  WcinaclUcn 
abcr  trat  cin  so  gcwaltigcr  Schnccsturm  cin 
(lass  ilircn  Arl)eitcrn  cin  Zicl  gcsetzt  wurdc. 
Auch  iiainn  die  Kalte  dermassen  iiberhand, 
dass  Kttcr — niit  dcm  Schiff  nach  Boston 
zuruckkclirtc,  lun  vor  dcr  Regicrung  fiir  die 
armen  Leute  Deckcn  und  Bettcn  zu  crlangcn. 
Die  Assembly  nach  einigen  Zogern  ver- 
willigtc  am  I  Januar  1752  fiir  dicsen  Zwcck 
zchn  Deckcn  und  zclni  Bettcn — Auch  wurden 
dicsc  Leute  iibcr  Winter  mit  den  Nothigen 
Lcbcnsmittcln    untcrhaltcn." 

The  plantation  name  of  this  settlement 
was   Frankfurt.     Rattermann,   says:'**' 

"Dcm  so  im  Mittwintcr  in  den  Waldern 
Maine's  enstandenen  Ortc,  welchcr  nunmehr 
das  lleim  der  Ncueingcwandtcrtcn  Deutscheii 
wurdc,  gabcn  sic  den  Namen  Frankfurt,  zu 
Khren  dcr  Stadt  am  Main  in  Deutschland 
and,  von  wo  aus  ihre  UljcrsicdUmg  nach. 
.\merika  angcor(hiet  worden  war." 

I>ut  Goold  in  his  article  "Fort  Hali- 
fax""*- states  that  the  Kennebec  Com- 
l)any  voted  to  adopt  this  name  as  an  at- 
tractive appeal  to  the  i)atriotic  sentiments 
of  the  ("ierm.'uis.  The  colony  was  not 
purely  Ccrman.  After  the  revocation  of 
the  Ivlict  of  Xanles  many  French  had 
gone  to  Germany  and  established  them- 
selves in  the  Rhine  district.  A  large 
part  of  the  .settlers  were  thus  from  the 
border  lands  of  France  and  (lermany,  the 
I'Vench  Huguenots  being  innuerous 
among  them. 

"Wer  diese  crsten   deutschcn    l-'aniilicn   war- 

(180)  Dcr   (Jculsclic    rioiiicr.    vol.    XI \',   p.    2^0. 

(181)  Ibid.,  p.   221. 

(182)  Coll.  Maine  Hist.  Soc.,  vol.  NIII,  p.  214, 
(Series    I). 

(183)  Dcr    (Icut.sche    Tionicr,    vol.    XIV,    p.    221. 


en,  die  ckn  Grund  zu  einer  spiiter  bedcuienden 
deutschcn  Kolonie  in  der  ostlichstcn  der  eng- 
lisch-amerikanischcn  Previnzen  damals  legten, 
ist  ganzlich  unbekannt.  Kein  Name  von 
ihncn  alien  ist  aufbewahrt,  den  man  mit 
Sicherhcit  als  zu  dicsen  Pilgervatern  gehorig 
iiennen  konnte.  Ihrc  Spuren  abcr  sind  nicht 
verwcht.  Noch  bis  auf  den  heutigcn  Tag  is 
jene  Gegend  mit  einer  Bevolkerung  gefiUlt. 
welchc  sowohl  ihren  germanischen  Typus  als 
auch  ihrc  dcutschklingenden  Gcschlechts- 
namen  gewarht  hat." 

Sewall'***  says  in  this  connection:  "Ait 
influx  of  Germans  to  the  shores  of  Mass. 
Bay  had  suggested  to  the  Plymouth  Com- 
pany the  possibility  of  bringing  that  race 
to  Maine  and  their  eastern  lands.  Won 
by  the  advances  of  these  proprietors  to 
their  interests  a  settlement  was  made  on 
the  waters  of  the  Kennebec,  opposite 
Fort  Richmond,  near  and  upon  Swan 
Island,  called  Frankfort." 

In  the  winter  of  '51-2  a  dispute  arose 
over  the  right  of  settlement  on  the  Ken- 
nebec. When  the  Province  of  Massa- 
chusetts gave  certain  lands  to  Crellius  the 
grant  was  made  without  consideration  of 
prior  claims.  In  1620  King  James  I  had 
transferred  all  territory  between  the  40th 
and  48th  degrees  of  northern  latitude 
(between  New  Jersey  and  the  St.  Law- 
rence, extending  from  ocean  to  ocean)  to 
the  Council  of  New  England,  an  organi- 
zation which  had  been  formed  in  Devon, 
luigland.  In  1629  the  Puritan  Pilgrims 
received  a  patent  for  the  New  Plymouth 
Colony,  as  it  was  then  known.  At  the 
same  time  the  Council  of  England 
granted  to  William  Bradford  and  asso- 
ciates, all  of  the  New  Plymouth  Colony, 
a  section  of  land  lying  in  and  between  the 
outermost  limits  of  the  Cobessee 
Contee"^''  on  the  Kennebec  as  far  as  the 
ocean  on  the  west  and  a  spot  called  the 
Falls  of  Nequamkike,'^^"  and  including  an 
area  of  15  miles  on  both  sides  of  the 
Kennebec.  The  Plymouth  Colony  thus 
claimed  the  mouth  of  the  latter  river.  In 
1640  Bradford  and  his  partners  trans- 
ferred this  section  to  "all  the  freemen  of 
the  colony  of  New  Plymouth."  Eight 
years  later  the  colony  also  received  from 


(184)  Sewall,  p.  283. 

(185)  Also    "Cobiseconteagtie. 

(186)  -Mso    "Nequamkee." 


TlIK     GliKMANS     IN      M  \IN1-: 


10'.) 


ihc  Indians  ;i  charier  fur  the  land  which 
extends  from  Cushnec  (Augusta)  to  the 
Wesserunsett,  the  northern  limit  of  the 
patent.  In  1661  the  Colony  sold  all  its 
rights  in  this  region  to  Antispas  Boies, 
Edward  Tyng,  Thomas  Brattle  and  John 
Winslow ;  irMm  this  time  until  1749 
when  the  General  Court  gave  Crellius  his 
patent  there  was  no  question  or  dispute 
either  about  the  lands  themselves  or  legal 
claims  respecting  them. 

The  dispute  to  which  we  have  referred 
was  not  so  much  an  inquiry  by  the  heirs 
(jf  Boise  and  his  associates  as  it  was  an 
attempt  on  the  part  of  speculatoi^s  to 
bring  about  their  own  ends.  "THis  fact  is 
evident  from  the  testimony  of  William 
ivithgow^*'^  (June  6th,  '6y  in  a  lawsuit 
over  certain  lands),  who  said  inte7'  alia 
that  he  had  heard  nothing  concerning 
this  Plymouth  patent  inquiry  until  the 
close  of  '49.  Goold^^^  asserts  that  this 
inquiry  into  the  title  was  made  because 
the  land  was  likely  to  be  occupied  and 
permanently  possessed  by  "squatters" 
(the  Germans  of  Crellius).  On  the  7th 
of  June,  '53.  the  General  Court  revoked 
Ihe  grant  which  it  had  given  to  Crellius. 

These  dealings  have  an  inner  history 
which  is  pervaded  by  the  atmosphere  of 
sharp  politics.  In  1749^^"  the  represen- 
tatives of  the  original  proprietors  of  the 
Kennebec  purchase,  with  others  who  had 
joined  them,  held  a  meeting  to  take  mea- 
sures for  the  improvement  of  their  prop- 
erty. Four  years  after  a  corporation  was 
formed  under  the  name  of  the  "Proprie- 
tors of  the  Kennebec  Purchase  from  the 
late  Colony  of  Plymouth,"  though  this 
corporation  is  generally  known  as  the 
"Plymouth  Company."  In  September 
of  '51  the  Company  met  and  decided  to 
lay  out  two  townships  for  settlement  b}- 
protestants.  At  tITis  time,  according  to 
the  Company's  records,  the  ship  "Pris- 
sillah"  and  others  arrived  in  Boston  from 
Germany  with  emigrants,  some  of  whom 
had  not  paid  their  fare.  As  there  was 
already  a  colony  at  Broad  Bay  the  idea 
was  thus  suggested  to  the  Company  to 


develop  the  Kennebec  region  in  the  same 
way.  They  voted  to  give  100  acres,  pro-' 
visions  for  the  ensuing  winter  and  spring" 
on  a  year's  credit,  to  call  the  town  Frank- 
fort as  an  attraction  to  the  Germans,  and 
to  construct  a  fort  400  feet  square  for 
the  protection  of  the  protestants  (it  was 
not  completed  until  the  following  sum- 
mer). R.  II.  Gardiner,^""'  in  his  "History 
of  the  Kennebec  Purchase,"  states:  "In 
the  year  51,  a  number  of  Germans  having 
arrived  in  Boston,  the  Plymouth  Com- 
pany as  an  inducement  to  them  to  settle 
in  their  patent  offered  immediately  to 
give  each  family  one  hundred  acres  of 
land  in  what  is  now  called  Dresden,  to 
pay  their  passage  from  Boston,  to  ad- 
vance them  6  months'  provisions,  and  to 
build  them  a  "house  of  defence"  against 
the  Indians.  The  only  conditions  im- 
posed upon  the  settlers  were  that  each 
should  clear  5  acres  of  land  and  build  a 
house  20  by  18  within  three  years.  These 
(ifters  were  accepted  and  the  descendants 
of  these  Germans  are  yet  to  be  distin- 
guished in  that  neighborhood  by  their 
patronymic  names."     Goold'^'   writes: 

On  the  I3tli  of  December,  "51,  the  inenibcr.-^ 
I  if  the  new  ccmpany  decided  that  the  first  two 
places  on  the  east  bank  of  ilic  Kennebec 
should  be  laid  out  (this  was  the  land  which 
had  been  given  to  Crellius  by  the  govern- 
ment). It  was  further  decided  that  since  a 
number  of  German  Protestants  came  here 
recently  from  Germany  100  acres  shall  be 
yiven  to  those  of  them  who  wish  to  settle  in 
these  places." 

The  mention  of  the  ship  Priscilla 
makes  it  certain  that  these  Germans  were 
those  whom  Crellius  brought. 

The  Plymouth  Company  had  by  this 
lime  grown  to  be  a  powerful  corpora- 
tion. It  numbered  about  thh-ty  members, 
among  wdiom  were  the  most  wealthy  and 
influential  men  of  the  Province. ^'*'-  vSome 
were  judges,  merchants  and  baronets ; 
some  were  also  officially  comiected  with 
the  government.  It  was  well  known  at 
the  time  that  Governor  Shirley  main- 
tained  a    verv    fricndh-   altitude   towar<l 


(187)  Der   dcutschc    I'ionier,   vol.    XIV',   p.    4^6. 

(188)  Coll.    Maine    Hist.    Soc.    \.>1.    \l\L    p.    ; 
(series    I). 

(189)  Front.    Miss.,    p.    54. 


:o6. 


(100)   Coll. 
(series   I). 


Maine     Hist.     Soc,     vol.     II,     p 


(igi)    Ibid.,   vol.    \"lll.   p 
(lOJ)    Ibid.,   vol.    N'll.    p. 


ji.i.    (series    1). 
;i8.    (series    1). 


no 


THF.    PENN    GERMANIA. 


this  organization,  a  fad  which  renders  it 
significant  that  the  claim  of  Crelhus  was 
not  revoked  until  after  the  Governor's 
return  from  England  in  '53.  The  Kenne- 
bec (Plymouth)  Company  further  in- 
creased its  power  and  intluence  by  unit- 
ing in  '53  its  claims  and  interests  with 
those  of  the  Pemaquid  Company,  or  the 
Thirty  Proprietors,  represented  by 
Thomas  Drowne ;  this  consolidation 
seems  without  doubt  to  have  taken  place, 
since  the  same  names  are  found  in  both 
companies.  "Vielleicht'"^  sind  die 
"Dreissig  Eigenthiimer"  and  die  etwa 
dreissig  Mitglieder  der  Kennebec  Gesell- 
-chaft  identisch,  obwohl  beide  organi- 
-ationen  nebeneinander  fortbestanden." 
The  claims  of  the  Kennebec  Company 
were  referred  to  a  court  of  arbitration, 
which  in  '57  gave  them  all  the  land  on  the 
cast  bank  of  the  Kennebec  to  the 
northern  boundary  of  Woolwich  (this  in- 
iluded  the  land  granted  to  and  occupied 
l)y  the  Germans )  ;  the  same  court  in  '59 
decided  for  Drowne  against  Waldo  in  the 
land  claims  on  the  west  side  of  the 
Medomak.  We  find  herein  also  ad- 
ditional evidence  for  the  coalition  of  the 
Kennebec  and  Pemaquid  companies. 

•  It  was  in  these  transactions  that  Crel- 
lius  displayed  his  duplicity,  and  that  the 
(jcrmans  were  made  the  tool  of  selfish 
speculators.  Crellius'  original  agree- 
ments were  made  with  the  government, 
but  after  arrival  in  America  the  Germans 
came  into  the  hands  of  the  Kennebec 
Company ;  the  latter  did  not  transport 
these  settlers  from  Germany  and  their 
l)romises  were  not  made  until  after  those 
I  if  the  government  had  been  given.  In 
fact,  the  Germans  were  already  on  the 
ground  when  the  Company  offered  its 
inducements.'"*  It  seems  impossible  that 
.1  private  company  could  thus  have  cor- 
ralled a  body  of  emigrants  without  arous- 
ing the  opposition  of  the  government  or 
.it  least  of  Crellius,  througli  whom  the 
"riginal  compact  had  been  made,  unless 
indeed  there  was  a  political  understand- 
ing by  virtue  of  which  mutual  conces- 
sions   were   made    to   niulual    advantage. 


(193;    iJcr    rlciH'rlii      rinincr. 
(1Q4)    Ibid. 


Moreover,  the  offers  of  the  Kennebec 
Company  were  made  at  the  close  of  the 
year  '51,  whereas  the  grant  issued  to 
Crellius  was  not  revoked  by  the  General 
Court  until  June  of  '53,  in  other  words 
not  until  the  return  of  Governor  Shirley 
from  England.  Crellius'  passivity  leaves 
no  doubt  that  he  gave  up  or  sold  his 
claims  to  the  Kennebec  Company  in  '51. 
The  Germans  were  very  desirable  set- 
tlers, and  no  one  knew  this  better  than 
the  shrewd  members  of  the  Company; 
they  negotiated  with  Crellius  to  keep  the 
foreigners  on  the  ground  until  the  trans- 
fer was  effected,  for  which  service  he 
was  doubtless  well  rewarded.  The  set- 
tlers were  to  get  free  deeds  to  their  lots, 
and  did  get  them,  but  not  until  after  the 
General  Court  had  annulled  its  agree- 
ment with  Crellius  in  '53.  Had  the  latter 
lost  by  these  manipulations  he  would 
without  doubt  have  been  conspicuous  in 
trying  to  frustrate  them ;  as  it  was,  his 
very  silence  seems  to  be  the  clearest 
proof  of  his  connivance.  But  the  loss  in- 
curred by  the  Germans  in  being  thus 
transferred  from  the  protection  of  an 
honest  government  into  the  hands  of  an 
ambitious  and  irresponsible  company  was 
no  small  one,  and  when  their  deeds  were 
finally  issued  to  them  by  the  Kennebec 
Company  the  act  sealed  a  transaction 
which  reflected  no  credit  on  its  authors. 

Cut  if  the  settlement  of  Frankfort  was 
ofTccted  by  questionable  methods  the 
policy  of  the  Company  toward  the  set- 
tlers themselves  was  more  generous  and 
progressive  than  that  of  Waldo  at  Broad 
Hay.  Dr.  Sylvester  Gardiner'""  was  a 
most  active  spirit  in  the  beginning  of  the 
new  colony.  In  '54  lie  cleared  a  400  acre 
farm  at  Eastern  River  (a  name  for 
Dresden  village)  ;  he  also  started  the 
construction  of  houses  and  mills;  the 
following  year  at  Gardiner  not  only 
houses  and  mills  but  stores  and  wharves 
were  built  under  his  supervision  ;  it  was 
he,  too,  who  had  first  come  to  the  settle- 
ment with  an  eye  to  the  future  needs  of 
the  German  emigrants.  In  '61  the  com- 
l)any  at  its  own  expense  erected  public 
buildings    for  Lincoln   Cn.    and   in   other 


■I.     .\I\.     1'.     4jS. 


I  195)    Coll.    M.-ijne    Hist.    Soc. 


.1.    \' 


1.x,    (series 


Tllli    GERMANS    IN     MAINE 


111 


iiit-asures  abetted  the  dcvelupnient  of  the 
lovvn.  In  Gardiner's  bills  for  charges  for 
money  paid  out  etc.  the  Germans  arc 
frequently  mentioned,  and  many  of  the 
items  show  that  he  was  zealous  in  in- 
ducing settlers  to  come  to  Frankfort. 
Among  these  are:  "I'aid  Peter  boat  hire 
and  2  men  3  days  to  bring  them  from 
Germantown,  (Mass.)";  "Paid  Peter 
Wills  (a  German  interpreter  in  the  em- 
V)loy  of  the  Kennebec  Company)  for  his 
;ittendance  on  them,"  etc.  These  Ger- 
mans, who  went  first  to  Germantown, 
were  doubtless  visited  by  Wills  in  the 
interest  of  the  Company  or  at  the  per- 
sonal instigation  of  Gardiner  and  per- 
suaded to  move  to  Frankfort.  There 
is  also  an  item  of  "flax  for  the  French 
shoemaker"  and  one  of  "an  iron  pot  for 
the  stocking  weaver  at  Germantown." 

We  have  seen  how  Crellius'  second  at- 
tempt to  secure  emigrants  in  Germany 
failed,  and  through  what  chain  of  cir- 
cumstantes  he  finally  disappeared  from 
our  notice.  We  have  noted  also  that 
young  Waldo  encountered  serious  dififi- 
culty  in  coping  with  the  dishonest  agents 
who  operated  in  '53  among  the  districts 
of  Nassau.  Rattermann  says  in  this 
connection :  "Es^^'  scheint  fast,  als  ob 
der  beriichtigte  Philipp  Ulrich  (whom 
our  readers  will  recall)  ebenfalls  hier  fnr 
Neu  England,  resp.  fiir  die  Kennebec 
Eigenthiimer  seine  Werbungen  betrieb 
— ."     Again : 

"Nach  dem  Jahre  175.3  wurden  keinc 
Versuche  mchr  iinternommcn,  Emi,s;ranten  di- 
rect aus  Deutschland  fiir  jene  (^  Broad  P>ay 
and  Frankfort)  Colonicn  zu  gcwimmen. — Zwar 
zeigten  die  Kennebec  Eigenthiimer  im  Hcrl)ste 
'753  noch  eine  Geneigtlieit,  im  niichsten  Jahre 
ihre  Werbungen  zu  erneuern,  indem  die  Rot- 
terdamer  Rhederfirma  Harvard  und  Komp. 
ein  paar  anregende  Notizen  in  den  Frank- 
furter Zeitungen  veroffentlichtc ;  da  die 
Firma  aber  zu  gleicher  Zeit  fiir  Siid  Carolina 
warb,  so  war  es  mit  der  Sache  der  Kennebec 
Leute  nicht  besonders  Ernst.  Die  folgende 
Mitthcilung  in  der  Frankfurter  Obers- 
Postamts — Zeitung  ist  die  Ictzte  P.ckannt- 
machung  in  Bezug  auf  deutschcn  .\nsicd- 
liungen  in  Maine :  'Die  Zwcy  Stadte,  PVank- 
furt  am  Mayn  und  der  Oder,  sind  bekannt ;  Es 
(xistirt  aber  bereits  ein  drittes,  welches  in 
Deutschland  ncch  gar  wenigc  kennen  wcrden  : 


est  isl  dieses  I'raukfurt  am  Kenn.bec.  Voirr 
Mittiigigen  Carolina  ist  wircklich  einberichtet 
worden,  dass  an  mer  gemeldtetem  Flusse 
ostwarls  eine  neuc  Pflantz-Stadt  unter  diesem 
Nahmen  abgezeichnet  ist,  dass  sich  schon  40 
Famiiien  allda  betinden,  deren  jede  100  Ju- 
chart  Landes  zugetheilt  bekommen,  womit 
man  fortfaliren  will,  bis  sich  die  Anzahl  der 
Famiiien   auf   hundret  ersteckt. 

When  the  spring  of  '52  replaced  the 
long  winter  of  gloom  and  suffering  the 
Germans  .set  about,  in  conjunction  with 
American  workmen,  to  build  the  fort 
which  had  been  promised  by  the  Kenne- 
bec Company.  The  construction  of  this 
defence,  called  "Fort  Frankfort"  but 
changed  in  '57  to  "Fort  Shirley"  in 
honor  of  the  Governor,  was  the  first 
regular  occupation  of  the  new  settlers, 
and  proceeded  under  the  supervision  of 
Dr.  Gardiner,  Nath.  Thwing  and  William 
Bowdoin.^"**  At  the  same  time  Captain 
John  North  was  surveying  their  land  ap- 
portionments. In  the  fall  the  coasting 
vessel  of  Captain  Wilson  brought  an  ac- 
cession of  46  German  and  French 
(Alsatian)  families  to  Frankfort. 
Among  Dr.  Gardiner's  items^"  of  ex- 
pense we  find :  "Sept.  29,  paid  horse  hire 
for  Goodwin  to  go  to  Germantown." 
"Nov.  10,  paid  Wilson  (a  coasting  cap- 
tain) freight  of  46  French  and  Ger- 
mans." "Nov.  10.  paid  Peter  Wills 
(Wild)  for  his  attendance  on  them  as 
interpreter."  It  thus  becomes  addition- 
ally clear  that  Goodwin,  an  agent  of  the 
Kennebec  Company,  and  Wild,  his  in- ' 
tcrpreter,  persuaded  these  emigrants  to 
leave  New  Germantown.  whither  they 
had  gone  after  their  arrival  in  Boston. 
a!id  join  the  Kennebec  colony.  Accord- 
ing to  the  items  cited  above  they  reached 
Frankfort  about  the  first  of  November. 
Adam  Koch  and  Florenz  Wessel  (Flor- 
entius  \"assal)  belonged  to  this  consign- 
ment. The  former  became  an  established 
citizen  of  Frankfort ;  the  other  was  a 
roving  spirit,  who  at  first  served  the 
Kennebec  Company  and  in  '53  |)roposed 
to  the  Assembly  of  Massachusetts  to 
])eople  the  region  between  the  Penobscot 
and   St.  Croix  rivers  with  Germans  and' 


<ir6)    Der   deutsche    Hionitr.   vol    .W'l.    p 
<  11)7 1    Ihiil..    \>.    00.    sc"|. 


(198)  Coll.   Main  Hist.   Soc,  vol.   VIll.  i'. 

(199)  Coll.   Maine  Hist.   Soc.,  vol.   VI 11.  p. 


ni-j 


THU:    I'liNN    GliKMAMA. 


Alsatian.-;  as  a  barrier  against  tlic  French 
and  Indians.  The  Assembly-**"  enter- 
tained his  proposition,  but  nothing  came 
of  it.  X'assal  later  ai)i)eared  as  agent  in 
l^ngland  and  Holland,  perhaps  in  the 
interests  of  the  Kennebec  proprietors. 
His  name  is  [)erpctuatetl  in  Vassalboro, 
.Maine. 

Dr.  Gartlincr  was  e.specially  interested 
in  procuring  Germans  and  Alsatians  for 
the  Frankfort  settlement.  lie  was  a 
physician  of  repute  in  Boston  and  spoke 
German  as  well  as  French.  He  owned  a 
large  .sloop,  which  sailed  regularly  from 
I'.oston  to  the  Kennebec  in  summer,  and 
to  the  Sheepscott  in  winter.  Directly 
south  of  Frankfort  in  '54  he  founded  a 
new  German  settlement,  which  he  called 
"Dresden."  It  was  here  that  the  houses 
and  the  mills  of  which  mention  has 
already  been  made  were  erected ;  through 
his  efforts  also  the  Germans  found  em- 
ployment in  the  clearing  of  forests,  etc. 

In  the  spring  of  '54  the  Germans,  in  a 
])etition  signed  by  Johan  Guth  and 
others,  entered  a  plea  before  the  Gover- 
nor for  admission  to  citizenship.  Gover- 
nor Shirley  not  only  granted  the  plea, 
but  sent  instructions  to  the  military  and 
civil  authorities  of  the  Province  that  the 
Germans  should  receive  treatment  due 
to  their  newly  acquired  rights. 

.Almost  nothing  is  known  concerning 
the  hVankfort  colony  during  the  Indian 
war.  The  information  we  possess  is 
either  >o  meagre  or  so  general  that  the 
fortunes  of  the  Germans  collectively  and 
individually  are  difficult  to  trace.  Ihit 
there  is  ample  reason  to  believe  that  thev 
•suffered  far  less  than  their  kinsmen  at 
[Broad  P.ay.  Not  only  was  Fort  vShirle)- 
well  efjuipped  for  defence,  but  had  an 
important  peer  in  Fort  Halifax  which, 
situated  above  on  the  Kennebec,  afforded 
additionrd  protection  for  the  settlements 
of   I'Vankfort   and   Dresden.     The  latter 


stronghold  had  a  garrison  of  200  men  ; 
the  former  about  half  that  number. 
There  were  Germans  stationed  in  both 
forts,  and  in  his  diary  Captain  Romele 
reports  that  on  the  third  of  June,  1757, 
he  fell  in  with  a  body  of  them  doing 
scout  duty,  a  circumstance  which  makes 
it  certain  that  they  had  at  least  one  mili- 
■  tary  company.  It  is  impossible,  then, 
that  in  a  region  so  well  guarded  the 
Indians  could  have  established  a  reign  of 
terror  or  made  any  successful  concerted 
demonstration  against  the  white  settlers. 
In  a  letter  of  May  23,  1757,  as  Goold-"' 
in  his  "History  of  Fort  Halifax"  reports, 
Captain  Lithgrow  writes  that  the  Indians 
sent  rafts  down  the  river  past  Fort  Hali- 
fax in  order  to  harass  the  settlements*, 
situated  at  lower  points  (Frankfort  and 
Dresden  inter  alia).  He  sent  a  boat  with 
ten  men  to  warn  the  whites,  which  was 
attacked  on  the  return  voyage  and 
brought  home  two  of  the  crew  wound- 
ed-"-. Besides  this  casualty  two  others 
were  killed  by  the  Indians,  whose  names 
and  nationality  arc  unknown.  It  is  more 
than  likely  that  in  the  expedition  up  the 
Penobscot  Frankfort  and  Dresdeti  fur- 
nished a  com])any.  of  Germans. 

"Ubcr^"  (lie  doutchcn  Niederlas.sungLii  am 
Kennebec,  Frankfurt  und  Dresden  vcr.sttim 
men  .seit  Schlu.s.s  des  Indiancrkriege.s  die 
Xactrichtcn  ganz  und  gar.  Als  Dresden  ini 
Jahrc  1794  zur  stadt  erhoben  wurde,  ward 
das  altere  Frankfurt  mit  in  den  Stadtbczirk 
gezogcn,  so  dass  der  Name  Frankfurt  nicht 
einnial  crhalten  blieb.  Es  war  indcssen  ein 
neues  I'Vankfurt  am  Penobscot  Flusse,  in  dcr 
.\:Uie  des  heutigen  Bangor,  cntstandcn,  das 
bereits  1789  inkorporirt  wurde. — Deutsche 
Xamen  baben  sicb  nocli  einige  unverandcrt, 
andtre  in  Versliinmielungen  erhalten,  wie 
Wylbn.ann,  Mayer,  Rottele,  Messervey,  Hamm. 
Stilling.  Sperwein,  Hinkle  u.  s.  w.,  von  dencn 
wir  niebrerc  bercits  unter  den  ersten  Grund 
besitzcrn  in  dem  eliemaligen  Frankfurt  ange- 
troffen   baben." 


(-•ool    Vf.is,.    House    .Tour.,    vol.    A'lIT.    pil 


(joi)    Coll.    Maine    Hist.    Soc,    vol.    N'llI,    p.    270. 
(202)    Williamson,    vol.    II,    p.    325. 

(-•0<)       1),1-      ll.-lltSCllO       I'i.Ml    ,      vn)         XVI,      p.       ;iO. 


A  German  603- 

The   First    Vlartyr  of  Our    Revolution 
By    Emil  Baenscb,     Manitowoc,   Wisconsin 


^)HX  ADAMv^.  rclurnir,--  to 
]^)Oston,  notes  in  liis  (liar} 
February  26,  1770:  "When 
1  came  into  town,  I  saw  a 
vast  collection  of  people  near 
Liberty  Tree;  inquired,  and 
found  the  funeral  of  the 
child  lalel}'  killed  by  Richardson  was  to 
l)e  attended.  Went  into  Mr.  Rowe's  and 
warmed  me  and  then  went  out  with  him 
to  the  funeral.  My  eyes  never  beheld 
such  a  funeral ;  the  procession  extended 
farther  than  can  be  well  imagined.  This 
shows  there  are  many  more  lives  to 
spend,  if  wanted,  in  the  service  of  this 
country.  It  shows,  too,  that  the  advance- 
nient  of.  the  people  is  not  to  be  quelled 
by  the  slaughter  of  one  child  and  the 
wounding  of  another." 

Indeed,  that  procession  was  the  largest 
of  its  kind  until  then  seen  in  Boston.  A 
great  multitude  of  people  assembled  in 
the  houses  and  along  the  streets  to  see 
it  pass.  The  boys  from  the  several 
schools,  some  five  hundred  in  number, 
])receded  the  bier.  The  pall  was  carried 
by  six  of  the  dead  boy's  schoolmates. 
Then  came  the  relatives  and  particular 
friends.  These  were  followed  by  a  long 
liiarching  column  of  "the  principal  gen- 
tlemen and  respectable  inhabitants  of  the 
town,"  exceeding  thirteen  hundred,  by 
actual  count.  About  thirt)-  chariots  and 
chaises  closed  the  procession.  The  fu- 
neral procession  started  from  Liberty 
Tree,  near  wdiich  was  the  dwelling  of  the 
jjarcnts  of  the  deceased ;  thence  it  pro- 
ceeded to  the  town  house,  and  from 
there  to  the  burying  ground.  In  the 
l)ublished  notice  of  the  funeral  "it  is 
lioped  none  will  be  in  the  procession  but 
the  Friends  of  Liberty,"  and  this  popu- 
lar demonstration  in  answer  thereto 
showed  England  one  of  the  plainest 
danger  signs  presaging  the  Revolution. 
The  bov  whose  death  occa'^ioncd  this 


funeral  was  Christopher  Schneider.  Ik- 
was  killed  by  one  Ebenezer  Richardson 
i»n  February  22,  1770.  It  will  be  remem- 
bered that  the  merchants  of  Boston  had 
entered  into  an  agreement  to  neither  buy 
nor  sell  imported  goods  and  that  four  of 
them  had  violated  this  agreement.  One 
of  the.se  was  Theophilus  Lillie,  who.se 
shop  w^as  at  the  north  end  of  the  town. 
On  the  date  mentioned,  now  better 
known  as  Washington's  Birthday,  some 
boys  had  set  up  a  post  in  front  of  Lillie's 
shop,  with  a  board  whereon  they  had 
displayed  their  cartoonistic  abilities. 
They  had  just  finished  when  Richard- 
son happened  along  and  attempted  to 
remove  the  post,  but  without  success. 

Angrily  he  turned  toward  his  house 
nearby  and  on  the  way  met  Thomas 
Knox  and  several  other  citizens  with 
whom  he  became  involved  in  an  alter- 
cation. This  quarrel  naturally  attracted 
the  boys  who  now  began  crving  "in- 
former, informer,"  for  Richardson  wa.s 
notorious  as  such.  The  wordy  combat 
grew  into  one  more  serious,  each  side 
throwing  light  rubbish  at  the  other. 
Thereupon  Richardson  entered  his  house 
and  in  a  few  minutes  reappeared  in  the 
door  and  pointed  and  snapped  a  gun  at 
the  crowd.  This  angered  the  bovs. 
stones  were  thrown,  some  windows  were 
broken.  Suddenly,  and  without  warn- 
ing, Richardson  appeared  at  a  window 
with  his  gun  and  fired  point-blank  at  the 
crowd;  two  fell,  Sammy  Gore,  twentv 
years,  and,  Christopher  Schneider,  four- 
teen years  old.  The  injured  were  taken 
into  neighboring  houses  where  surgeons 
were  soon  at  hand  to  attend  them. 

Some  one  rang  the  bell  in  the  new 
brick  meeting  house.  Quickly  a  large 
crowd  assembled  and  surrounded  the 
house.  Richardson  and  one  George  Wil- 
mot,  w^ho  was  with  him,  were  seized  and 
taken    before    Tu«;tice    Ruddock.      Great 


11:; 


IM 


THIL    I'liN'N    GliRMANJA. 


excitement  prevailed  in  the  streets.  A 
halter  was  made  ready  and  it  required 
the  utmost  efforts  of  the  most  influential 
men  in  the  city  to  prevent  a  lynching. 
'I'he  hearing  was  adjourned  to  Faneuil 
Hall,  and  here,  in  the  presence  of  a  thou- 
sand people,  the  examination  took  its 
regular  course  and  the  two  prisoners 
were  committed  to  jail. 

At  the  inquest  the  jury  brought  in  a 
verdict  <'f  wilful  murder  against  both 
Richardson  and  Wilmot,  but  at  the  trial, 
in  April,  the  latter  was  acquitted  and 
Richardson  found  guilty  of  murder.  He 
had  been  a  petty  custom  house  officer, 
and  before  that,  an  informer  against  the 
merchant'^.  Even  the  loyalist  Hutchin- 
son admits  that  he  was  "peculiarly  ob- 
noxious to  the  people,"  while  John 
Adams  asserts,  "His  life  is  an  atrocious 
volume.  His  name  is  sufficient  to  rouse 
a  mob.  and  that  to  the  honor  of  the 
mob." 

Young  Gore  had  been  shot  in  the  hand 
and  through  both  thighs,  but  neither  of 
the  wounds  was  of  a  dangerous  char- 
acter. He  was  the  son  of  Captain  John 
Gc)re.  the  painter.  Schneider,  however, 
had  been  shot  in  the  chest  and  through 
the  hmgs.  Dr.  Warren  reported  finding 
eleven  slugs  or  shot.  Despite  the  efforts 
of  several  surgeons  the  boy  died  on  the 
evening  of  the  day  he  was  wounded.  He 
was  the  son  of  a  German  emigrant  re- 
siding in  Frog  Lane. 

This  sounds  odd,  for  German  emigra- 
tion to  New  F.n'::^land  in  colonial  times 
is  not  mentioned  in  our  history  books. 
Yet  the  Waldos  had  been  agents  at  Bos- 
ton for  a  Hamburg  house  since  the  close 
of  the  seventeenth  century.  Samuel 
Waldo  established  colonies  of  Germans 
in  th?.t  part  of  Massachusetts  which  later 
became  Maine.  Senatftrs  Fcsscnden  and 
Frye  tmcc  their  lineage  to  German  set- 
tlers. The  ancestral  name  of  John  G. 
Saxe.  the  Vermont  poet,  is  li'-e  un'o  thnt 
of  Hans  Sachs,,  the  Nuernberg  bard. 
And   Boston  even  had  its  own  German- 


town,  located  about  ten  miles  to  the 
south,  wdiere  a  colony  of  German  glass- 
blowers  had  been  located,  and  which 
seemed  so  promising  that  shrewd  Ben 
Franklin  invested  in  some  of  its  town 
lots. 

In  the  public  notice  of  the  funeral 
young  Schneider  is  referred  to  as  "this 
little  hero  and  first  martyr  to  the  noble 
cause,  whose  manly  spirit  appeared  in  his 
discreet  answers  to  his  Doctor,  his  thanks 
to  the  Clergymen  who  prayed  with  him. 
and  the  firmness  of  mind  which  he 
shewed  wdien  he  first  saw  his  parents, 
and  while  he  imderwent  the  great  dis- 
tress of  bodily  pain,  and  with  which  he 
met  the  king  of  terrors.  These  things, 
together  with  several  heroic  pieces 
found  in  his  pocket,  particularly  Wolfe's 
Summit  of  human  Glory,  give  reason  to 
think  he  had  a  martial  Genius,  and  would 
have  made  a  clever  man." 

Whether  due  to  the  schools,  or  to  his 
surroundings,  at  any  rate,  this  German 
emigrant's  son  had  (levclcjped  into  a  gen- 
uine Boston  boy.  The  Boston  boy  of 
those  days  made  the  most  of  his  oppor- 
tunities by  dedicating  the  lively  spirit  of 
boyhood  to  the  service  of  his  country. 
As  in  the  Schneider  case,  so  a  little  later, 
his  goading  of  an  officer  brought  the 
blow  from  the  sentinel,  the  calling  of  the 
guard,  the  death  of  Attucks  and  his  com- 
rades. The  Boston  boy  was  the  "proxi- 
mate cause"  of  the  most  of  the  impelling 
riots  and  affrays,  sure  omens  of  open  re- 
bellion. He  was  the  scout  of  the  skir- 
mish line,  who  got  himself  into  trouble 
that  the  skirmishers  might  have  an  ex- 
cuse to  get  into  action. 

Otis'  speech  against  the  writs  of  as- 
sistance sounded  the  reveille  of  the  rev- 
olution ;  Patrick  Hcnrv's  impas^^ioned 
oratory  rang  the  loud  "alarum  bell ;"  and 
the  shot  that  killed  Christopher 
Schneider  gave  the  sisfnal  to  "cotnmence 
firing."  answered  within  a  mo!ith  by  the 
Boston  massacre. 


The  German  as  Politician 

By  Rev.   Georg   von  Bosse,      Philadelphia,  Pa 


HE  German  was  not  able  to 
play  the  same  conspicuous 
part  in  the  New  World  as 
an  Englishman,  Spaniard, 
Frenchman  or  Dutchman 
perhaps.  In  the  150  years 
after  ihe  discovery  of  North 
America  "Germany"  was  a  mere  geo- 
i^raphical  term.  National  pride  and  con- 
sciousness of  such,  like  that  found  in 
England,  France,  Spain  and  Holland, 
was  lacking  entirely  in  Germany,  es- 
pecially that  strong,  national  bond  of 
unity,  which  other  nations  boasted  of. 
In  the  course  of  those  150  years  after 
the  termination  of  the  "Thirty  Years' 
War,"  various  German  countries  and 
provinces  sent  thousands  of  their  men  to 
North  America.  The  tril)ute,  which 
must  be  accorded  these  people  for  their 
share  in  the  pioneer-work  of  the  new 
world  is  an  incalculable  one,  their  influ- 
ence in  politics,  however,  was  relatively 
unimportant  and  limited. 

That  sharp  talent  and  gift  for  politics 
which  has  been  placed  into  the  cradles  of 
English-speaking  peoples,  so  to  say,  was 
denied  the  German.  He  is  not  roused 
in  a  political  atmosphere,  a  probable  and 
sudden  employment  of  his  faculties  in 
this  direction  was  always  suppressed  by 
despotic  rulers  and  the  political  wretch- 
edness and  misery  of  petty  German  pro- 
vincial rulers;  a  diversity  of  small  duke- 
doms obstructed  the  view  into  fields  of 
magnitude  and  extension  into  bright 
prospects  for  the  future. 

In  the  following  words  Schiller  sharply 
characterized  the'  age  at  the  close  of  the 
sixteenth  century  : 

"[n  des  flpTZPns  beili"-  still*'  Rtieuine. 
Musst  '""u  fiielienaus  do'!  Fferz^'iis  Dranii-. 
Freiheit  ist  nar  in  d^m  Reich  dt^rTraeumo 
Uod  das  Sciioene  blueht,  nur  ira  Gesang." 

The  German  has  faithfuUv  conformed 
with  Sch-ller's  view  on  this  subiect.  He 
is  obnoxiously  petty  in  trivial  matters, 
having  often  been  reared  in  narrow  cir- 


cumstances; he  is  perfectly  at  case  and 
content  if  others  refrain  from  entering 
into  his  quiet,  uneventful  life.  He  prizes 
highly  a  safely  protected  property,  es- 
pecially a  piece  of  land ;  his  endeavor  is 
steadily  diiected  towards  the  ownership 
of  a  homestead  and  his  aim  lays  firm 
hold  upon  all  his  activity  and  his  entire 
tliought  making  him  indifferent  to  poli- 
tics. He  readily  leaves  all  this  work  to 
the  leaders,  being  filled  with  the  hatred 
of  rigid  and  tense  party  organizations 
and  tyrannical  "bossism;"  he  allows 
others  to  speak  and  point  out  the  neces- 
sity of  mutual  participation ;  he  goes  to 
the  polls  (whenever  he  goes  at  all)  to 
vote  as  he  wishes  and  according  to  the 
firm  plan  he  has  long  before  decided 
upon.  Therefore  the  German  is  rarely 
a  party  "chatterer  or  clapper."'  but  in 
most  cases  an  independent  voter,  whence 
the  organization  cannot  depend  upon 
him. 

Should  there  be  a  political  commotion, 
however,  among  Germans,  should  a  man 
come  to  the  front,  who  is  well  able  to 
represent  the  German  element,  then 
jealousy  is  often  the  cause  of  opposition, 
nipping  many  promising  enterprises  in 
the  bud.  It  is  annoying  to  note  what 
small  and  trifling  grievances  suffice  to 
withdraw^  votes  from  a  really  competent 
man.  They  are  proud  of  those  who  have 
been  successful  in  attaining  honors  in 
America,  but  nevertheless  they  continu- 
ally criticize  and  find  fault,  one  nagging 
at  this,  another  at  that  deed,  and  usually 
in  real  insignificant  affairs.  As  a  matter 
of  fact  it  must  be  stated,  however,  that 
great  improvements  have  made  them- 
selves felt  in  this  respect,  due  to  the 
goofl  influence  of  the  Americans,  born 
politicians  and  almost  the  exact  oppo- 
site of  the  German  in  public  life. 

But  even  if  the  German  has  not  played 
that  role  in  American  politics,  which  we 
mi^ht  expect  .from  his  numerical 
strength,  it  nnist  still  be  recoTtii^^ed  and 
acknowledged  that  he  has  decided  the 
15 


116 


■\  11  K    I'KNN    GKKMANIA. 


i>Mic  ill  a  minibcr  of  especially  iiupoit- 
ant  controversies,  which  stirred  the  po- 
litical atmosphere. 

It  remains  as  an  iiiulisputable  fact  that 
the  Germans  championed  the  i)rinciples 
of  American  self-government  before  the 
l{nj;lish  ever  had  a  thonght  of  its  possi- 
bility. The  latter  were  brought  up  in 
<lcpendence  of  ]",ngland  and  its  form  of 
gr>vernment.  still  more  in  fidelity  to  the 
king,  but  what  was  England  to  the  Ger- 
mans? The}'  had  not  abandoned  the 
Fatherland  to  remain  under  its  super- 
vision, but  had  gone  to  seek  freedom. 
It  was  impossible  to  wedge  these  people, 
who  had  groaned  under  the  pressure  im- 
poseil  upon  them  by  small  regents  and 
from  which  they  had  escaped  by  emigra- 
tion, into  European  serviture  again.  One 
and  a  half  centuries,  filled  with  vigorous 
activity  had  been  spent  in  a  country  far 
away  from  luirope ;  the  time  had  made 
tile  people  quite  able  for  self-govern- 
ment, all  that  was  lacking  was  one  im- 
portant (juestion,  which  could  cause  a 
rupture.  That  this  question  was  one  of 
money  and  trade  is  notable  and  a  pe- 
culiar trait  of  real  American  character. 
That  others,  not  they  themselves,  should 
tax  their  jiropcrty  was  ton  much  for  the 
Yankee. 

The  long-ilrawn-oul  and  tedious  con- 
trover.sy  brought  about  a  coalition  of 
citizens  and  states,  having  one  aim  in 
view  and  one  just  claim,  both  of  which 
ihey  clung  to  with  indomitable  stead- 
fastness. The  circumstances  forced  the 
Americans  tc.nvards  independence,  even 
again.st  their  contrary  wishes  and  hopes, 
since  most  of  the  Anglo-Americans  held 
Tio  thought  of  a  total  indei)cndence,  to 
which  the  Germans  urged  them,  mainly 
in  Pennsylvania.  As  numerous  as  the 
♦"jcrmans  were  here,  so  insignificant  was 
iheir  iniluence  in  pul)lic  matters.  All 
officiaN  of  the  crown  and  colony,  as  also 
I  he  (tverwhelming  majority  of  members 
in  the  assembly  were  either  born  llritish 
or  oi  l'*nglish  descent.  The  right  to 
vote  for  assembly  or  to  l;e  el'.'cted  wa> 
restricted  to  those  subjects  born  in  Great 
Tiritain  or  naturalized  colonists  only. 
They  had  to  be  over  21  years  of  age. 
nave  ^o  acres  of  land,  of  whicli   \2  were 


tilled  and  cultivated,  had  to  be  without 
debt  and  have  lived  two  years  in  the 
colony.  To  gain  the  privilege  of  citizen- 
ship much  loss  of  time  and  labor  was 
necessary  and  relatively  few  Germans 
took  the  trouble  to  gain  it. 

The  delegates  of  Pennsylvania  to  the 
congress  of  the  thirteen  colonies  in  Phil- 
adelphia had  been  elected  in  the  pro- 
vincial assembly.  They  had  pledged 
themselves  in  November,  1775  to  vote 
against  separation  from  Great  Britain. 
The  majority  of  the  assembly  were  strict 
adherents  to  the  English  throne  or 
Quakers  w'hose  religious  views  were 
aver.se  to  all  measures  of  force,  they  were 
all  disinclined  towards  separation.  Ah 
attempt  to  change  the  naturalization 
law  was  thwarted  as  also  one  to  alter  the 
oath  of  fidelity  to  the  king. 

Independence  and  a  union  of  the  col- 
onies without  Pennsylvania  would  have 
been  an  impossible  undertaking.  Penn- 
sylvania was  situated  in  the  midst  of  the 
other  colonies,  having  the  mbst  prosper- 
ous '  and  richest  peoples  as  its  inhabi- 
tants, but  its  legislature  and  govern- 
ment was  in  the  hands  of  enemies  to  in- 
dependence. 

.\t  that  time  the  friends  of  freedom  in 
the  province  assembled  to  an  action 
which  changed  the  aspect  of  the  whole 
situation  in  several  months.  A  com- 
mittee of  those  wishing  independence,  se- 
lected in  Philadelphia,  called  a  confer- 
ence of  representatives  of  counties.  'Onb 
hundred  and  four  delegates  appeared  oil 
June. 1 8,  1776.  .'\niong  the  counties  rep- 
resented were  many  German  ones  as: 
Philadelphia,  Lanca.ster,  York,  North- 
am])ton,  Bucks  and  Berks.  A  provisional 
convention  was  formed  from  the  confer- 
ence, which  made  a  new  proposition  to 
rennsylvania.  According  to  this  every 
immigrant  over  21  years,  posses.sor  of 
an  own  home  and  of  one  year's  settle- 
ment in  the  province.  M-as  to  receive  citi- 
zenship. 

Jmie  19,  1776.  gave  the  Germans  in 
Pennsylvania  the  right  to  vote  and  con- 
sequently the  majority  in  the  assembly 
of  those  wishing  independence  was  main- 
tained. The  delegates  in  the  colonial 
congress  received  notice  to  vote  for  sep- 


■I'llK  (iKliMAX   AS  COLrriCIAN 


117 


araiiou  troni  C^rcat  liriiain,  thoiebv  o-jv- 
ing  the  final  decision  in  congress  and 
bringing  about  the  proclamation  of  lib- 
erty. It  rcmams  a  fact,  to  which  wc 
cannot  point  too  emphatically,  that  alone 
by  the  votes  of  the  Germans  in  Penn- 
sylvania zi'as  a  d'eclsion  for  acceptance 
of  the  proclamation  of  independence 
effected! 

A  German-American  newspaper  was 
the  first  to  tell  of  the  manner  in  which 
this  feat  had  been  achieved,  the  "Staats- 
bote"  of  Philadelphia,  bearing  the  article 
in  large  letters.  Before  the  words  of  the 
declaration  of  independence  were  made 
public  by  the  Continental  Congress,  the 
"Staatsbote"    proclaimed :    "The    vener- 


able congress  dt  this  jje.sl  country  has 
declared  the  united  colonies  to  be  free 
and  independent  states."  And  the  ver- 
bal reading  of  this  noteworthy  and  re- 
markable manuscript  appeared  at  first  in 
a  German  paper,  the  "Hochdeutsche- 
lYMinsylvania  Geschichtschreiber"  edited 
and  published  by  Christopher  Saner  in 
Germantown. 

German  votes  brought  about  the  turn 
of  affairs  in  favor  of  independence,  Ger- 
man letters  brought  the  news  of  the  birth 
of  our  republic  into  print  first,  German 
hearts  beat  faithfully  and  joyfully  for 
the   land   of  liberty. 

These  arc  historical,  well-warranted 
facts. 


Modern  Languages  in  Graded  Schools 

By  Prof.   J.    N.  Leaker,  D.  D.,    Minneapolis,  Minn. 


INCE  a  committee  of  twenty 
of  the  sixty-four  principals 
of  the  Minneapolis  graded 
schools  is  at  present  revis- 
ing the  course  of  study  for 
the  schools,  it  may  be  help- 
ful and  in  place  to  consider 
what  work  and  success  other  cities  have 
in  teaching  modern  languages  with  the 
new,  direct  methods  now  being  intro- 
duced in  Europe  and  America.  Our 
Minneapolis  schools  are  up  to  the  Ameri- 
can standard,  it  seems,  in  every  line  ex- 
cept in  modern  languages.  Philology 
and  pedagogy,  language  and  education 
are  most  intimately  related  and  serve 
each  other  perhaps  more  than  any  two 
other  sciences.  Modern  languages  should 
be  studied  for  three  reasons,  for  the  dis- 
cipline, utility  and  culture,  writing  and 
spelling  in  another  language  adds  to  the 
pupil's  knowledge  of  the  same  branches 
in  English.  So  the  study  of  graminar, 
language,  composition  and  music  in  a 
second  or  third  tongue  advances  the  pu- 
pil's progress  in  those  branches  of  his 
native  tongue. 


Let  us  now  make  brief  notes  from  the 
latest  school  reports  of  a  few  typical 
cities. 

Indianapolis — The  1909  report  of  the 
graded  schools  in  Indianapolis,  Ind., 
gives  the  following  information :  Ger- 
man is  offered  as  a  branch  of  study  in 
the  public  high  schools  and  in  the  pub- 
lic elementary  schools  of  all  districts  in 
which  a  demand  for  such  instruction  was 
made  conformably  to  the  following  law : 
"Whenever  the  parents  or  guardians  of 
twenty-five  or  more  children  in  attend- 
ance at  any  school  of  a  township,  towre 
or  city  shall  so  demand,  it  shall  be  the 
duty  of  the  school  trustee  or  trustees  of 
said  township,  town  or  city  to  procure 
efficient  teachers  and  introduce  the  Ger- 
man language,  as  a  branch  of  study,  in 
such  schools ;  and  the  tuition  in  said 
schools  shall  be  without  charge:  Pro- 
vided, Such  demand  is  made  before  the 
teacher  for  said  district  is  employed." 
(R.  S.  1901,  Sec.  5984.)  This  is  one  of 
the  best  laws  relating  to  this  subject  on 
record  and  resembles  the  law  of  Minne- 
sota. 


lis 


Till-.   I'ICNxV   (jI:km  \xi a. 


I ;)  I    I.  uis^i's  III   u  ti  iiian. 
iJuriiif^  tile  year  1908-09  Gcnnaii  wa.s 
taught   in  ,^8  district  schools  and  in  all 
the   high   schools  of   Indianapolis.     The 
!04  German  classes  in  the  grade  schools 
vvere  taught  by  42  German  teachers  and 
the  47  classes  in  the  high  schools  by  8 
'eachers.      More  than   two-thirds  of  the 
-:ra(le    pupils    were   not  of   German   pa- 
rents, 4.70S  of  a  total  of  6,501  ;  and  649 
of  the  high  school  German  pupils  were 
'f  other  than  German  parentage.     This 
proves    that     Americans    are    becoming 
more    interested    in    modern    languages, 
which   are  taught   for  no  class,  but  are 
optional  for  all  citizens.     In  Indianapo- 
lis German  is  an  optional  study  in  grades 
jM    to   8A.      One   hundred   and   twenty 
minutes  per  week  are  assigned,  the  time 
being  deducted   from  other  school  time. 
The  enrollment  Feb.  19,  1909,  was:  sec- 
Mid  grade.  1.449  pupils;  third  grade,  ],- 
^,^3;    fourth   grade,    1,070;   total   in   pri- 
mary   departments,    3,852;    fifth    grade, 
882;   sixth   grade,   780;   seventh   grade, 
564  ;  eighth  grade,  423  ;  total  in  grammar 
departments,    2,649;   total    in    the    seven 
grades.  6,501  ;  in  high  s'chools',  995  ;  all 
])upils     taking    (^lerman,     7,496.       Total 
-^rade  pupils  in  the  city,  28.342.  of  whom 
-',470  are  colored.     The  total  cost  of  in- 
4ruction     in     (^icrman     in     the     graded 
-chools  for  the  year  was  only  $28,142.58. 
)r  an  expenditure  per  pupil  for  the  year 
)f  only  $4.33.     Each  year  a  number  of 
I  hose  who  coiupleted  the  advanced  four- 
.ear  course  in  the  high  sclux^ls,  pass  the 
xamination  for  the  license  to  teach  Ger- 
iian  in  the  Indianapolis  graded  schools, 
so  there  is  no  lack  of  teachers. 
Pin'ct  Method  Used. 
Profess(^r  Robert  Nix.  director  ov  su- 
pervisor of  German,  in  his  report  oilers 
ome  excellent  remarks  on  the  new,  or 
lirecl  method,  of  teaching  imodcrn  lan- 
guages which  are  graduallv  superseding 
the   Latin,   translation   method   in   iCnro- 
|)ean  and.  to  a  certain  extent,  in  .\meri- 
can    schools.      The    feature    common    to 
these   recent   niethod.s   consists    in    using 
the  foreign  language  exclusively,  as  the 
medium      of      communication      between 
teacher    and    pui)il.      The    teacher    thus 
equips  the  pupil  with  a  practical  vacabu- 


ku)  and  tle\'elups  what  the  Germans  call 
"sprachgefuehl."  And  introduces  the 
pupil  as  early  as  possible  to  the  life  and 
literature  of  the  people  whose  language 
is  taught. 

We  have  thus  considered  the  work  of 
Indianapolis  in  detail,  because  it  is  a 
typical  American  city  of  the  central  west, 
with  a  very  small  foreign  element,  there 
being  in  all  its  schools  only  sixty  pupils 
who  were  born  in  Germany.  Other 
reasons  are  that  the  standard  of  its 
schools  ranks  very  high  and  because  of 
its  central  location  more  expert  teachers 
of  other  states  visit  Indianapolis  schools 
as  models  for  hints  and  suggestions  than 
perhaps  visit  any  other  city.  Indianapo- 
lis has  thus  in  many  respects  become  a 
teacher  of  teachers. 
Taught  Scz'cnty   Years  in   Cinciiinali. 

Cincinnati,  Ohio,  schools  in  1910  re- 
ported 15,022  of  its  32,242  grade  pupils 
and  1,289  ot  its  high  school  pupils  who 
took  German,  total  16,311.  In  the  high 
schools  336  studied  French  and  167 
Spanish.  German  and  French  are  op- 
tional in  the  musical  and  commercial  de- 
partments. Number  of  German  teachers, 
male  41,  female  139,  total  180. 

Instruction  has  been  given  in  the  Cin- 
cinnati public  schools  since  the  year 
1840.  Joseph  A.  Hermann  had  the 
honcK-  of  being  the  fii'^t  teacher.  The  en- 
rollment of  the  first  year  was  427.  The 
work  is  thoroughly  organized,  consisting 
of  a  supervisor  of  Genman,  who  sets  a 
tine  literary  example  in  German  a'nd 
iMiglish,  German  Supervisors'  association 
;md  the  Harmonic  (C^icrman  Teachers' 
club).  A  German  sujiervising  assistant 
ct)mmoidy  teaches  the  higher  grades,  be- 
sides supervising  the  work  in  general. 
In  the  intermediate  grades  the  time  allot- 
ed  to  German  varies  from  forty  minutes 
to  one  hour  dailv.  Throughout  all  the 
grades  considerable  attention  is  paid  to 
learning  and  rendering  (^.erman  songs. 
Reiiefits  of  Foreign  Languages. 

From  the  re])ort  arc  the  following 
thoughts :  The  need  in  education  of  a 
living  language  besides  the  vernacular  is 
being  emphasized  more  and  more.  Great 
as  are  the  material  advantages  of  a  com- 
mand   of    several    languages,    there    are 


MODKKN   LAN(;UA(;K,S  in    (iK'ADKI)  schools 


]iy 


higher  aiul  nobler  reasons  than  mere 
utihtarianisni.  The  study  of  a  foreign 
modern  language  yields  the  means  of  an 
indirect  as  well  as  of  a  direct  mental  dis- 
cipline. Some  few  persons  will  argue 
against  a  two-language  education,  assert- 
ing the  brain  is  thereby  overtaxed,  that 
time  and  energy  may  be  better  employed 
and  that  superficiality  must  result.  To 
this  an  authority  replies:  "In  an  experi- 
ence of  more  than  twenty-one  years  in 
schools  where  German  was  studied  by  a 
large  number  of  pupils,  and  where  I 
have,  in  many  instances,  taught  classes 
taking,  exclusively  English  and  others 
taking  both  English  and  German,  I  have 
found  that  on  the  whole,  the  classes  tak- 
ing both  languages  did  the  best  work. 
The  study  of  German,  instead  of  retard- 
ing the  progress  of  the  pupils,  seemed  to 
aid  it.  In  observing  the  success  of  for- 
mer pupils  in  after  years,  whether  in 
higher  institutions  of  learning  or  in  life, 
]  have  noticed  most  notable  success  on 
the  part  of  those  who  studied  both  lan- 
guages when  with  me."  As  in  other 
cities  many  teachers  of  German  received 
their  education  in  the  schools  where  they 
now  teach. 

Cleveland,  Ohio,  seems  to  be  making 
the  greatest  progress  in  teaching  German 
in  the  graded  schools  during  recent 
years.  In  1907-08  the  graded  schools 
reported  7,537  taking  German  and  in 
1908-9  the  number  increased  to  11,628 
of  a  total  enrollment  of  59,285  pupils. 

Milwaukee,  Wis.,  employs  112  teach- 
ers of  German  and  27,673  of  its  44.715, 
grade  pupils  take  German,  which  is  car- 
ried in  all  eight  grades. 

Different  in  Minneapolis. 

Minneapolis  is  about  as  Scandinavian 
as  Milwaukee  is  German,  and  yet  neither 
Scandinavian  nor  German  is  taught  in 
a  single  one  of  its  graded  schools.  Miii- 
neapolis  with  its  splendid  university,  li- 
braries and  ])ublic  school  system  may  be- 
come the  Scandinavian  culture  center  of 
America  as  Milwaukee  is  of  German  cul- 
ture, if  the  Scandinavian  languages  l)e 
maintained  by  our  schools. 

The  law  of  Minnesota  on  this  sub- 
ject  read'i   thus-       [n<;truction   in    Public 


Schools — The  books  used  and  the  in- 
struction given  in  public  schools  shall  be 
in  the  English  language,  but  any  other 
language  may  be  used  by  teachers  in  ex- 
plaining to  pupils  who  understand  such 
language  the  meaning  of  English  words : 
and  in  high  and  graded  schools  other  lan- 
guages may  be  taught,  when  made  a  part 
of  a  regular  or  optional  course  of  study. 
Instruction  may  also  be  given  in  such 
languages  in  common  schools  not  to  ex- 
ceed one  hour  in  each  day  by  unanimous 
vote  of  the  trustees."  This  law  is  just 
clear,  comprehensive  and  meets  .Ameri- 
can conditions. 

The  Chicago  school  report  for  191 1 
says  that  an  increased  number  of  ele- 
mentary schools  (fifty-five  at  present) 
now  offer  instruction  in  German.  Chil- 
dren studying  German  are  excused  from 
drawing  and  nature  study.  The  children 
are  requested  to  state  in  German  their 
experiences  at  home,  on  the  way  to  school 
and  at  play.  The  consensus  of  opinion 
of  the  teachers  is  that  the  elimination  of 
the  high  school  manual  of  grammar  from 
the  grades,  and  the  continuation  of  Ger- 
man conversation,  reading  and  writing, 
would  result  in  more  power  and  greater 
readiness  in  the  use  of  the  language. 
"German  deserves  a  dignified  treatment. 
Children  studying  German  in  the  grades 
should  enter  the  high  school  able  to  take 
advanced  standing  by  reason  of  their 
ability  to  converse  in,  to  read  and  write 
their  language.  In  every  school  having 
as  many  as  four  classes  in  German  a 
teacher  should  be  employed  to  teach  this 
subject  without  having  the  care  of  a 
division.  .\  teacher  could  teach  in  two 
schools  each  day,  if  neither  school  had  a 
sufficient  number  of  German  classes  to 
employ  all  her  time.  With  these  changes 
German  may  have  a  chance  to  develop 
into  a  more  useful  branch  of  instruction." 

As  early  as  1877  St.  Louis  reported 
18,161  pupils  taking  German,  or  74  per 
cent  of  the  white  school  poi)ulation  and 
in  the  same  year  German  was  taught  in 
fifty- six  .schools  of  New  York  city.  The 
graded  schools  of  smaller  cities  and 
towns  are  also  making  progress  in  teach- 
ing modern  languages. 


Rudolph   Blankenburg 

By   Alfred  Henry  Lewis 


U  D  u  L  i'  H  UL AX KKX - 
UURG  is  mayor  of  Phila- 
delphia. He  was  elected  in 
the  evil  teeth  of  all  that 
Boss  Penrose  and  the  ma- 
chine could  do  to  stop  it. 
When  a  man  can  be  elected 
mayor  of  Philadelphia,  denouncing  the 
bosses,  defying  the  machine,  he  is  worth 
writing  about.  Also,  to  steal  a  phrase 
from  the  police,  he  is  worth  looking  over. 
Go  to  West  Logan  Square ;  any  one  can 
show  you  the  house.  There  should  be 
no  vast  trouble  in  meeting  him,  like  all 
big  men,  he  has  but  one  manner  and  one 
door. 

There  is  a  rough  and  ready  atmos- 
phere to  Mr.  Blankenburg.  And  yet 
the  roughness  has  polish,  and  nothing  of 
vulgarity.  Essentially,  he  is  of  the  open 
air.  The  feeling  that  he  gives  you  is  one 
of  stir  and  power  and  enterprise.  He 
will  see  more  than  he  will  think,  do  more 
than  he  will  say.  Nor  will  he  be  all  day 
doing  it. 

The  great  impression  that  Mr.  Blank- 
enburg gives  is  one  of  self-confidence. 
He  has  the  heart  of  a  victor.  None  the 
less,  he  has  shown  that  he  can  lose  with 
grace.  That  is,  lose  a  battle;  he  would 
never  lose  a  war.  This  has  been  for 
thirty  years  his  story.  The  bosses  have 
beat  him  off  in  an  engagement.  But  he 
was  back  at.  the  attack  as  soon  as  he 
could  reform  his  lines  or  call  up  his  re- 
serves. 

While  calling  himself  a  Republican, 
Mr.  Blankenburg  is  essentially  a  re- 
former. There  arc  reformers  and  re- 
formers. You  have  met  the  thin  card- 
board kind,  of  whom  it  might  be  said  that 
you  had  but  to  open  their  front  door  to 
be  in  their  back  yard.  Differing  from 
these,  Mr.  I^ilankenburg  as  a  reformer 
possesses  length,  breafltli,  and  thickness. 
Considcrerl  personally,  Mr.  Blanken- 
burg is  big.  wise,  faithful,  obstinate  for 
right.  lie  is  not  at  all  in  love  with  him- 
self, and  lacks  egotism  and  an  intriguing 
talent  for  design.  Mentally,  morally. 
physically,  he  wants  in  every  clement  oi 


the  niullycuddk-.  Lie  has  a  sense  of 
humor,  and  can  tell  a  joke,  and  see  a 
joke,  and  laugh  like  a  storm.  His  niir.d 
is  as  clean  as  a  woman's. 

Aside  from  certain  iron  qualities  of 
decision  and  practical  wit,  Mr.  Blanken- 
burg has  the  gift  of  handling  men.  He 
is  a  brilliant  orator,  of  stump  and  plat- 
form kind,  thinking  like  a  bullet,  talking 
like  a  spear.  He  is  one  of  those  un- 
common ones  who  think  best  and  talk- 
best  standing  on  their  feet. 

Above  I  have  given  you  a  free-hand 
sketch  of  Mr.  Blankenburg  as,  address- 
ing the  eye,  he  graves  himself  upon  the 
imagination.  Coming  a  stranger  to  meet 
him,  it  is  what  you  will  see,  what  you 
will  think.  But  the  Blankenburg  career? 
There  should  be  a  lesson  in  that.  The 
upgrowing  boys  should  read  it.  He  has 
won  victory.  His  life  has  had  success. 
Beginning  poor — he  has  made  himself 
rich.  Obscure — he  has  drawn  to  himself 
celebrity.  A  stranger  in  a  strange  land — 
he  has  surrounded  himself  with  friends. 
W'here  others  have  failed,  he  has  tri- 
umphed. Where  others  fell  back,  he 
stepped  forward.  How  did  he  do  this? 
Plainly,  he  understood  the  art  of  living. 

Searching  for  the  sermon  that  should 
lie  in  the  life-triumph  of  Mr.  Blanken- 
burg, I  put  (he  (|uestion  to  one  of  his 
friends. 

"This,"  said  the  friend,  "is  the 
Blankenburg  theology.  'Be  honest — do 
right — the  rest  follows.  Wrongdoing 
may  endure  for  a  season;  but  right 
must  in  the  long  run  come  to  the  top. 
Human  nature  is  not  built  so  that 
roguery  can  prevail.  Honest  men  must 
come  to  their  own,  no  matter  the 
odds  against  them.  There  is  nothing 
surer  than  that.  Calumny  and  thieving 
may  have  their  run,  but  they  will  pass. 
Nothing  can  last  but  truth.  It  is  the  law 
of  the  universe.  Kvil  by  its  nature  can- 
not last.  Never  mind  the  odds  against 
you,  if  you  are  right.  Being  in  the  right 
is  more  than  odds.'  There,"  concluded 
the  friend,  "you  have  the  Blankenburg 
thcologv.  It  is  what  he  has  taught;  it  i& 
T20' 


Kl  DOI.l'H    HLANKENBUIiG 


12L 


whai  be  belies  c.^  ;  il  is  wluil  has  l^rought 
him  honor,  riches,  place." 

Mr.  Blankenburg  was  born  sixty-eight 
years  ago  in  the  town  of  Hillentrup,  near 
Hanover,  in  the  German  principality  of 
Lippe-DetmolcL  He  was  baptized  "Ru- 
dolph," and  is  said  to  have  howled  like  a 
heathen  throughout  the  serious  cere- 
mony. His  father  was  the  Reverend 
Louis  Blankenl)urg.  The  Blankenburgs 
were  neither  poor  nor  rich,  and  the  child- 
hood of  "Rudy" — as  his  family  called 
him — while  not  lapped  in  luxury,  passed 
unvexed  by  the  bowlings  of  any  wolves 
of  want. 

TKAINKU   l-'UK   TlUv   I'UWIT 

There  were  ten  in  the  Blankenburg 
family  as  they  assembled  about  the 
Blankenburg  dinner — over  which  Blank- 
enburg pcre,  be  sure,  failed  not  to  say  a 
German  grace — and  "Rudy,"  with  seven 
brothers  and  sisters,  could  not  complain 
of  loneliness.  The  eight  young  Blanken- 
burgs, "Rudy"  with  the  rest,  gained  their 
book-knowledge  under  private  tutors  and 
at  the  public  gymnasium.  The  Reverend 
Louis,  from  the  beginning,  designed 
"Rudy"  for  the  pulpit.  He  was  fated  to 
disappointment ;  for  as  the  young  Blank- 
enburg neared  the  pulpit  age,  his  instinct 
pronounced  in  favor  of  the  commercial 
instead  of  the  religious. 

Mr.  lUankenburg  came  to  America  in 
1865.  He  had  just  edged  his  way  into 
his  twenty-second  year.  He  headed  for 
Philadelphia,  as  had  Franklin  a  century 
and  a  third  before.  Like  Franklin,  too, 
he  stayed  and  prospered. 

15t:GAN    AT    $5    A    WHKK 

Young  "Rudy"  couldn't  have  been 
handicapped  by  any  overgrown  notions, 
for  he  took  his  first  step  toward  fortune 
as  a  clerk  at  five  dollars  a  week.  He  who 
would  get  more  than  he  gives,  must  give 
more  than  he  gets.  That  sounds  like  a 
paradox;  but  it  works.  Young  "Rudy" 
acted  upon  this  axiom,  and  all  with  the 
excellent  result  that  within  one  year,  his 
firm  made  him  a  traveling  salesman,  and 
in  five,  sent  him  to  Europe  as  a  buyer. 

What  saith  the  scriptures  ?  Whoso 
findeth    a    wife,    findeth    a    good    thing. 


Young  "Tludy"  took  unto  himself  a  wife. 
This  last  was  supremely  sagacious. 
Orange  blooms  are  ever  flowers  of  wis- 
dom, and  only  married  men  succeed. 
The  Napoleons  and  Cromwells  and 
Washingtons  and  Lincolns  and  Grants 
were  all  married.  Boys  hungering  for 
highest  advancement,  socially,  com- 
mercially, politically,  must  start  at  the 
altar.  Davy  Crockett  was  won't  to  say, 
"Be  sure  you're  right,  then  go  ahead." 
What  he  should  have  said  is,  "Be  sure 
you're  married,  then  go  ahead." 

Mr.  Blankenburg  has  often  spoken  of 
1875  ^s  the  "proudest  year  of  his  life." 
It  was  the  year  in  which  he  became  a 
full-blown  American  citizen. 

In  1876,  he  left  the  importing  outfit, 
with  which  he  began  his  commercial  life, 
and  opened  a  business  of  his  own.  It 
grew  and  broadened.  The  company  still 
exists  as  "R.  Blankenburg  &  Co.,"  al- 
though Mr.  Blankenburg  retired  from 
active  relations  therewith  about  two 
years  ago. 

In  what  time  he  could  spare  from  his 
business,  Air.  Blankenburg  took  up 
politics.  Like  another  great  publicist,  he 
felt  it  to  be  the  duty  of  every  citizen  to 
pull  at  least  his  weight  upon  the  public 
rope,  and  began  feeling  about  for  the 
rope. 

As  he  went  pushing  his  guileless 
young  way  into  politics.  Mr.  Blanken- 
burg in  the  beginning  didn't  consider  the 
bosses,  but  looked  only  at  the  platform. 
It  didn't  require  any  too  many  elections 
to  cure  him  of  that.  Platforms,  as  ex- 
perience shows,  are  not  of  the  first  im- 
portance. Doubtless,  they  have  their 
value  as  candidiates  go  climbing  into 
office.  They  are,  however,  so  much  like 
the  platforms  of  a  street  car  that  no  one 
seems  to  have  any  use  for  them  once  he's 
aboard.  Indeed,  commonly  the  parties 
themselves,  like  the  traction  companies, 
object  to  any  one's  occupying  the  plat- 
form after  the  car  is  in  motion.  The 
order  then  is  to  go  inside  and  sit  down. 

Till-:    BARKliR   .\ND    HIS    PROMISES 

Over  at  Coney  Island,  at  the  mouths 
of  tent  and  booth  and  hurdy-gurdy, 
stand  "barkers"  reciting  the  marvels  to 


m 


THK    PENN    CEKMANIA. 


l>e  witnessed  wiiluii.  Should 'you  pay 
your  money  and  attend  the  show,  you 
will  be  greatly  struck  by  the  yawning  dif- 
ference that  subsists  between  the  pro- 
mises of  the  "barker"  and  the  perform- 
ance of  what  mountebanks  he  serves. 
Wherein  lieth  the  application?  Marry! 
In  this:  the  "barker,"  he  of  leathern  lung 
and  throat  of  brass,  but  gave  you  the 
program,  the  platform;  to  which  later, 
the  bold  tree  mountebanks  within  paid 
no  more  of  performing  heed  than  to  the 
winds  that  idly  blow.  Mountebanks  and 
politicians  have  much  in  common.  Mr. 
Rlankenburg  was  early  in  making  this 
liiscovery.  After  that — locally,  at  least 
— he  never  looked  at  the  platforiti,  but 
only  at  the  boss. 

Ever  since  he  could  vote,  Mr.  Blank- 
cnburg  has  fought  the  bosses.  More  than 
thirty  years  ago.  he  nailed  his  glove  to 
the  gates  of  the  machine.  That  glove  is 
there  to-day.  He  fought  McManes,  and 
Quay,  and  Durham,  and  McNichol,  and 
Penrose — each  as  he  appeared.  They 
used  to  bowl  him  over,  but  he  wouldn't 
stay  bowled.  He  was  up  and  at  their 
throats  again. 

Mr.  Blankenburg  had  an  idea.  An 
idea  is  ever  a  good  thing.  The  Blanken- 
burg idea  was  that  government  should  be 
honest. 

The  honest  activities  of  Mr.  Blanken- 
burg were  in  their  way  so  unusual  that 
even  honest  folk  could  not  believe  but 
what  they  cloaked  some  design.  Some 
said  that  he  had  an  axe  to  grind;  but  a 
thorough  ransack  of  his  surroundings 
failed  to  develop  such  hardware.  Others 
said  that  he  hungered  for  office ;  but  since 
he  never  asked  for  office,  and  refused 
every  offer  of  office,  tiiat  tlieory,  like  the 
axe-grinding  theory,  had  in  the  cm\  to 
be  abandoned.  Friend  and  foe,  with  a 
last  word,  were  constrained  to  concede 
that  Mr.  lilankenburg  possessed  no  pur- 
j)Ose  of  politics  beyond  a  purpose  of  good 
government.  .After  that  they  gave  him 
up  as  a  simple  harebrain,  honest,  but 
hopeless.  For  his  part.  Mr.  Blanken- 
burg, all  undismayed,  kept  boring  ahead 
for  good  government. 

It  has  been  stated  that  Mr.  Blanken- 
burg made  a  specialty  of  refusing  offers 


of  office.  He  has  been  a  candidate  for 
two.  He  was  elected  city  commissioner 
and  he  holds  his  present  post  of  mayor. 
That,  as  an  office-seeker,  is  the  whole  of 
the  Blankenburg  offence. 

There  occurred  that  which  was 
iniique  in  connection  with  that  Blanken- 
burg city  commissionership.  The  salary 
was  $5,000  a  year,  and  Mr.  Blankenburg 
wouldn't  receive  it.  At  the  close  of  his 
three-year  term,  he  placed  the  total  $I5»- 
000  in  the  hands  of  the  City  Trust,  with 
instructions  to  apportion  the  income  for- 
ever equally  between  the  pension  funds 
of  the  school  teachers,  the  firemen,  and 
the  police. 

"Better  serve  the  people  than  exploit 
them,"  said  Mr.  Blankenburg;  and  it 
must  be  confessed,  as  a  truth  of  practical 
politics,  that  in  so  saying  and  doing  he 
stood  as  lone  as  Lot's  wife. 

But  thus  was  it  ever  with  Mr.  Blank- 
enburg. When  he  stumped  Iowa  for  Mr. 
Harrison,  he  paid  his  own  expenses. 
When  he  fought  Boss  Quay  in  every 
corner  of  Keystone  control,  he  paid  his 
own  expenses.  When,  as  super-cargo, 
he  went  with  two  relief  ships  to  famine- 
bitten  Russia,  he  paid  his  own  expenses. 
There  was  never  a  dollar  spent  by  Mr. 
Blankenburg  for  Mr.  Blankenburg  that 
wasn't  a  Blankenburg  dollar.  The  man 
who  has  heli)ed  thousands  never  accepted 
help  himself. 

WILL  HK  MAKi;  GOOD? 

Well,  we  shall  see  what  wc  shall  see. 
In  his  canvass  for  the  mayoralty,  Mr. 
P)lankcnburg  had  but  one  plank  to  his 
platform,  but  one  promise  in  his  mouth. 
The  jilank  was  Good  Government;  the 
promise  w^as  Good  Government.  The 
world  is  yet  to  know  how  that  ])latform 
will  be  livod  up  to,  that  ])romise  re- 
deemed. 

P.  S.  Mayor  Blankenburg  is  pi'oud  of 
.America  and  Americans.  The  one  fault 
that  he  finds  with  the  latter  is  that  it  is 
so  difficult  to  get  them  to  work  at  their 
politics  in  ])crson.  You  can — he  says — 
no  more  get  the  everyday  American  to 
take  a  working  interest  in  politics  than 
>ou  can  get  a  rich  man  into  heaven  with- 
'>ut  a  suspension  of  the  rules. — The 
World  Today.  — By  Permission. 


The  National  German-American 

Alliance,   and  the  Washington 

Convention 

By  Albert  Godsho,  Assistant   Secretary  of  the  Alliance. 

(Continued  tronn  January   Number) 

I'cmisylvania. 

Very  successful  State  Conventions:  1906  at  Pittsburg-,  1907  at  Scran- 
ton.  Ten  new  City,  respectively  County  Branches.  Surplus  of  Ger- 
man Day  Celebration  (1905)  donated  largly  to  Pastorius  Monument 
fund.  Agitation  for  better  Civil  Service  Laws.  Employment  of  more 
teachers.  For  development  of  Normal  Schools.  Pensions  for  male 
and  female  teachers.  Compulsory  instruction  in  physical  culture,  in 
third  class  cities.  Protest  against  restriction  of  immigration.  Closing 
of  army  canteen ;  Hcpburn-Dolliver  Bill ;  Littlefield  Bill ;  German 
Theatre  built  at  Philadelphia.  Prizes  for  best  German  scholars  in 
l-'ublic  Schools.  Successful  fight  against  Local  Option,  and  aganist 
bills  with  Prohibition  tendencies. 

West  Virginia. 

Excellent  progress  and  results.  Convention  Work.  Among  the 
many  proposals,  resolutions,  etc.,  with  which  Convention  was  occupied, 
were:  Historical  Research.  Personal  Liberty,  Seminary  at  Milwau- 
kee— $100,000  fund  to  be  raised.  Instruction  in  physical  culture : 
Teachers'  certificates  to  those  who  .shall  give  instruction :  in  larger 
cities  supervision  by  experts ;  provision  in  contracts  for  new  schools, 
so  as  to  provide  space  for  children's  playgrounds  and  gymnasiums. 
Questions  of  immigration  referred  to  Special  Committee  to  carefully 
study  the  question  and  to  prepare  a  detailed  report.  Agitation  for  bet- 
ter postal  service;  Introduction  of  parcel  post.  Conservation  of  the 
natural  resources  of  the  country.  To  begin  and  fo.'^ter  friendly  rela- 
tions with  other  National  Organizations.  Appeal  to  German  Women 
and  their  associations  to  maintain  and  introduce  the  German  language. 
For  regulation  of  women's  and  children's  working  hours.  Against 
antiquated  and  obsolete  restrictive  and  illiberal  laws.  Exchange  of 
cordial  telegrams,  between  delegates  of  convention  visiting  Germanic 
Museum  at  Cambridge  and  the  German  Emperor.  Further  reports 
and  contents  of  the  printed  Minutes  of  Fourth  Convention.  Commit- 
tees on :  Cordial  relations  to  other  National  Organizations,  Resolu- 
tions. Affairs  of  Alliance,  German  Theatre,  German  Press,  German 
Language  and  Schools,  Lhiiform  writing.  Immigration. .  Educational, 
Normal  and  Manual  Training  Schools.  Women  of  the  Alliance.  Cor- 
dial relations  between  Germany  and  America.  Universal  peace  move- 
ment. Legislation,  Germanic  Museum,  Historical  Research.  Teachers' 
Seminary.  Wavs  and  Means.  Personal  Liberty,  Propaganda,  Revision, 
Physicaf  Culture  (Turnen),  National  German-American  Monument 
Fund  (  Pastorius j.  Finance  (Treasurer's  report),  German- American 
literature  articles,  letters,  contributions  of  poetry  and  prose,  reviews, 
etc.,  telegrams,  etc.,  letters,  etc.  i^oems  and  Songs.  Miscellaneous. 
Staats-Zeitung     Banquet,     Address     (in     GermanL     "'How     German 

12:5 


124  IHK    I'KN.N    r.KK.MANlA. 

Americans  Can  Best  Serve  the  United  States,"  Jusepli  Keller,  of  In- 
dianapolis, "German  Influence  tipon  Our  National  Ideals  a  Theme  of 
the  Scholar."  I'rof.  Dr.  J.  Goebel,  Harvard,  "The  National  German- 
American  Alliance  and  the  German  Language,"  Prof  Dr.  Leo  Stern. 
Milwaukee.  "The  National  German-American  Alliance,  H.  C.  Bloedel. 
of  I'ittsburg.  Pa.,  "The  German-American  population  of  the  U.  S.  and 
American  History,"  Prof.  Dr.  Albert  J-  W.  Kern,  Columbia. 

Resolutions. 
Resolution^;  on  Personal  Liberty,  (in  English).  Public  Li- 
brary and  German-American  Literature,  etc.,  (Richard  E.  Helbig), 
Election  of  Officers:  President,  Dr.  C.  J.  Hexamer;  First  Vice- 
President,  [oseph  Keller;  Second  Vice-President,  John  Tjarks;  Third 
Vice-President,  E.  C.  Stahl ;  Fourth  Vice-President,  G.  D.  Cappel- 
mann  ;  Secretary,  Adolph  Timm  ;  Treasurer,  Hans  Weniger ;  Finan- 
cial Secretary,  John  Yenny.  Fifth  Convention  to  be  held  in  Cincin- 
nati, O. 

1909,  Oct.  2. 

Fifth  Convention  in  Cincinnati.  At  the  ".North  Cincinnati  Turn- 
halle."  Report  of  the  National  President.  Acquisition  of  citizenship, 
first  condition.  Political  activity  for  the  elevation  of  American  citizen- 
ship but  not  party-politics.  Agreement  with  Hibernians  has  made 
good  impression.  Universal  confidence  in  the  work  of  the  National 
German-American  Alliance,  in  its  protest  against  Overman  amend- 
ment; all  other  National  Organizations  joined.  Increased  respect 
and  consideration  for  the  German-American  Element.  German  im- 
migration has  almost  ceased.     German  language. 

Report  of  the  National  Secretary  (Timm).  Declining  the  Hearst 
proposal.  P'ounding  of  Scholarships  for  the  Seminary  at  Milwaukee 
by:  Pennsylvania:  Philadelphia  and  Pittsburg.  Maryland:  Balti- 
more. Illinois:  Chicago.  Fichte  Celebration.  General  fight  against 
the  Prohibition  movement.  General  and  great  protest  against  Bill 
H.  R.  9086;  Bill  unconstitutional.  Prohibition  fight  in  South.  Pro- 
test against  laws,  having  the  restriction  of  immigration  as  their  object. 
1908  fight  against  Proiiibition.     Pastorious  Monument. 

Important  participation  of  German-American  Element,  during 
"Founders  Week."  at  225th  Anniversary  of  the  Founding  of  Phila- 
delphia, also  225th  Anniversary  of  the  settlement  of  Germantown  :  Cor- 
nerstone of  Pastorius  Monument  laid ;  in  the  German  Parade  20,000' 
members  participated.  Large  and  enthusiastic  crowds.  October  6th, 
1908. 

Founding  of  the  Junior  Order  of  the  National  American  Alliance. 
October  6tli,  i(jo8. 

Statement  and  Appeal  issued  with  an  indorsement  of  "The  North- 
American  Turner  lUmd." 

"Mitteilungen"  (lUilletin)  foinided  as  an  organ  of  the  National 
German-.American  Alliance,  Jamiary  ist,  1909.  Foreign  Societies 
(German  Societies  of  Canada,  etc.)  excluded  from  membership.  Only 
citizens  of  the  United  States  eligil)le  as  members ;  National  German- 
American  Alliance  declines  to  become  a  member  of  "Deutcher  Flotten- 
verein";  Delegates  to  the  National  German-American  Alliance  sent 
to  the  International  Convention  of  the  Verein,  Fuer  Das  Deutschtum 
Im  Auslande,  at  Berlin   (Learned,  Stern,  Viereck  &  Soergel). 

Success   in  the  introduction   of  German   in  PubUc   Scliools   at  Los 


Till-:     XA'I  lOXAI.    I.KKMA.X-AMIIKK  AN     A1.I.1AXC1-: 


.125 


Angeles,   Cal.,  l'",lizabetli,   X.  J.,  and  Troy,   X.   Y.,  good  prospects   in 
other  States. 

Delegate  sent  to  (kn-many  to  represent  Alliance  at  the  Celebration 
of  the  completion  of  the  "Herniainischlacht"  Monntnent,  (Prcs.  of 
Brooklyn  Branch,  R.  F.  Schmidt)  to  tlie  International  l^'eace  Congress, 
(Miss  B.  Hckstein). 

The  Women  Societies  and  the  Alliance. 

Thirty-seventh  Anniversary  of  the  CV^rman  Teachers'  Association, 
at  New  York.  June  29,  1909. 

Successful  Propaganda  and  organization  at  Houston,  Tex.,  and  San 
Antonio;   other  places  are  rapidly  following. 

Honoring  the  parents  of  Dr.  Hcxamer  on  the  occasion  of  their 
Golden  Wedding. 

Agitation  for  celebration  of  the  150th  Birthday  Anniversary  of 
Schiller  on  X^obember  10,  1909. 

Agita'tinn  and  close  alliance  of  the  German  Element  in  Alabama; 
also  in  Alinnesota  and  Texas  (Moersch). 

Appeal  for  the  Teachers'  Seminary. 

Success'  everywhere  and  the  German-American  Element  and  its 
ideals  are  being  better  appreciated  and  respected. 

Statistics:  Old  State  Branches'  flourishing.  California,  District  of 
•Columbia,  Idaho.  Indiana,  ^Maryland,  Alinnesota,  New  Jersey,  Ohio, 
Pennsylvania,  W.  ^^irginia,  Connecticut,  Delaware,  Florida,  Georgia, 
Illinois,  Iowa,  Kansas,  Kentucky,  Massachusetts,  Missouri,  New  York, 
Oklahoma,  South  Carolina,  Virginia,  Wisconsin. 

Four  new  State  Branches  formed  or  now  in  excellent  condition : 
Michigan,  Rhode  Island,  North  Dakota,  Oregon. 

Alabama,  Texas  and  Washington  arc  being  formed  into  strong  State 
Branches. 

No  branch  in  the  State  of  Maine. 

Utah  branch  will  shortly  be  formed. 

The  consolidation  of  single  societies  into  State  Branches  in  all 
States  proceeds  steadily. 

The  National  German-American  Alliance  keenly  feels  the  loss  of  the 
following  prominent  and  patriotic  German-American  workers:  Arno 
Leonhardt.  Philadelphia;  Herman  Licber,  Indianapolis;  Carl  Lieb- 
nitz,  St.  Louis;  Prof.  Herman  Mueller.  I'rovidence ;  Prof.  Hanno 
Deiler,  New  Orleans ;  Christopher  Bauer,  Wilmington  ;  Joseph  Nus- 
ser,  St.  Joseph,  Mo. 

Report  of  the  State  Presidents : 

California  (Herman) 

Everything  harmonious.     No  dissenting  voices:  very  successful. 

Many  clubs  and  societies  are  joining. 

German  Day  Celebration — surplus  about  $1,500. 

Under  the  direction  of  the  German-American  Alliance,  instruction 
in  German  in  16  schools;   many  German  Schools  festivals. 

Los  Angeles  introduces  study  of  German. 

German  House  (Deutsches  Ilaus)  Society  reports  progress  :  I^rof. 
I'utzkcr  elected  to  Honorary  membership  of  the  Society. 

Celebration  of  Hermanns-Schlacht. 

Appreciation  of  the  good  work  of  the  German-American  press. 

Political  but  non-partisan  activity. 

Delaware  (Ruhl) 

German-American  Alliance  of  Delaware  is  being  strengthened. 


126  Till-;    I'l-NN    C.KHMANIA. 

Ill  bpilf  of  its  internal  troubles  successes  for  study  of  German  iii' 
schools  and  against  prohibition  at  the  municipal  elections  in  Wilming- 
ton. 

District  of  Columbia   (Voelckner^ 
Kxcellcnt  and  harmonious  work  as  well  as  loyalty  to  the  National 
Alliance  proved  on  every  occasion. 

German-Americans  of  District  took  prominent  part  four  times  in 
public  questions,  with  regard  to:  Study  of  German,  Simms  Bill,  Hear- 
ing in  regard  to  Sunday-Laws,  Inauguration .  Parade  in  honor  of 
President  Taft. 

For  the  first  time,  imposing  participation  of  German-American  Ele- 
ment. 

Very  good  and  lasting  impression  on  the  public  of  the  Capital  of  the 
Nation. 

Indiana  (Keller). 
1907,  68  Societies,  3,510  members;  1908,  68  Societies,  4,467  mem- 
bers.   Now  5  City  Branches,  106  Societies  with  nearly  7,000  members. 
Considerable  political  activity  against  fanatical  Governor.     Prospects 
of  hard  fights  ahead.     German  Theater.     German-Day  Celebrations. 
Fichte  Anniversary  Celebration.     Compulsory  study  of  German  suc- 
cessful.     Introduction    of    Physical    Culture    in    large    cities.      City 
Branch  Evansville,  has  its  own  German  School  and  Vacation  School. 
Kentucky   (Haubig). 
In  good  financial  condition  and  has  now  4,900  against  4,300  mem- 
bers in  1908.     German  vote  decides  in  the  Louisville  election  against 
Prohibition.     Founding  of  Civic  Liberty  League.     Political  activity — 
non-partisan    and    principally    cHrected    against    prohibition    laws,    etc. 
Introduction  of  the  study  of  German  in  schools  progressing. 

Maryland  (Tjarks). 
Growth  of  State  Branch.  Successful  as  follows:  Against  Prohibi- 
tion; advocating  commission  to  stop  wasteful  extravagance  on  the 
part  of  le':2:i?lative  bodies;  representation  of  German-American  ele- 
ment in  school  boards ;  not  yet  successful  in  fight  for  revision  of  blue 
laws,  but  making  progress  ;  Fichte  Anniversary  Celebration  ;  German- 
Day  Celebration ;  Festival  for  the  benefit  of  Pastorius  Monument, 
achieves  surplus  of  $500 ;  political  protest  against  restriction  of  suf- 
frage ;  funds  are  still  insufficient,  but  agitation  is  finding  good  field 
and  prospects  are  very  good. 

^lassachusctts  (Ebcrhardt). 
Warm    interest    for    cause.      Membership    has    increased    to    8,000. 
Many    (jerman-American    fc-tivals.      Propaganda.      Membership    no 
doubt  will  reach  10,000  mark  soon. 

Minnesota  (Moersch). 
First  year  of  State  Branch,  works  excellently.  Rapid  progress. 
Americans,  citizens  from  other  German  speaking  countries  than  Ger- 
many, arc  also  joining  the  Alliance.  Political,  non-partisan,  activity. 
First  impulse  is  given  by  State  Branch  for  laws  for  the  protection  of 
the  woikingmcn.  Agitation  for  German  study  in  schools;  for  emplov- 
ment  of  German  teachers,  etc.     German  Day  Celebrations. 

Missouri   (Lenz). 

Great  progress  made  and  many  successes.     Two  new  City  Branches. 

Gernnn-American   vote   decides   in   municipal   election.      Most   of  the 

candidates  supported  by  German-American  voters  elected,  who  stood 

for  the  side  advocating  personal  liberty,  against  restriction  and  pro- 


rilK    NATIONAL    (  .I-:K  M  AN-AM  EUICA  N     ALLIANCK 


127 


hibition.      Governor    Hadley    elected.      Membership   of    State    Branch 
increases  (juickl)-. 

City  Branch  JopHn  (Gaengerich)  reports:  Success  against  prohibi- 
tion. Successful  German-American  participation  at  the  Celebration 
of  Lincoln's  Birthday.  Successful  paiticipation  of  German-American 
population  at  the  encampment  of  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic  : 
veterans  appreciate  hospitality  shown  by  German-American  citizens. 
City  Branch  of  St.  Louis  (Tolkacz)  reports:  Membership — 82  So- 
cieties and  600  individual  members.  Making  strong  protest  against : 
Closing  of  Army  Post  Canteens  and  against  Prohibition  Movement  in 
general.  Fichte  Anniversary  Celebration.  German  Day.  German 
Theatre  well  supported.  German-American  Committee  of  State 
Branch,  on  Election  of  Public  Officers,  etc.  Advocating  State  Com- 
mission on  Immigration.  Festival  to  commemorate  Hermannsschlacht. 
Participation  in  St.  Louis  Centennial  Celebration.  Celebration  of  1501)1 
Birthday  Anniversary  of  Schiller. 

New  York  (Sutro). 
Great  success  of  German- American  cause.  1907,  j 6,000  members, 
now  over  400  societies  allied,  representing  40,000  members.  Pros- 
pects to  reach  100,000  membership  figure.  (The  German  population 
of  the  State  is  estimated  at  over  i^  millions.)  State  Convention  very 
successful.  German-American  political  activity  in  New  York  Stati.- 
very  important.  Against  restrictive  laws.  Incorporated  as  State 
Branch.  March  19,  1910.  Activity  for  commission  to  revise  Sunday 
laws-^.  Against  Prohibition.  Successful  fight  against  the  movement. 
Maintenance  and  spreading  principles  of  study  of  German  in  public 
schools.  Conservation  of  Forests.  Purchase  of  State  of  Hercheimer 
Homestead  recommended.  Good  and  lasting  impression  upon  public 
opinion,  of  all  activities  of  the  German-American  Alliance.  Lccture> 
on  German-American  history,  the  German  drama,  etc.  Participation 
at  German-American  Teachers'  Convention.  Participation  on  Ger- 
man-American Saengerfest.  Participation  in  the  Hudson- Fulton  Cel- 
ebration. 

New  Jersey  (Lankering). 

Successful  political  activitv  for  the  principles  of  the  Alliance.  Very 
favorable  reports  from  all  countries.  Hope  for  important  results  and 
successes.  Bills  before  State  Legislature  are  sharply  scrutuuzed. 
Though  not  very  apparent,  the  inherent  power  of  the  German-Ameri- 
can Element  of  New  Jersey  cannot  be  denied,  and  will  show  itself  ^tlll 
more  strongly  at  the  first  suitable  occasion. 

Ohio   (Schwaab). 

Everywhere  in  the  State  excellent  spirit  among  German-American 
population.  Celebration  in  manv  cities  of  Fichte  anniversaries.  Lec- 
tures on  German-American  subjects.  Collection  of  material  of  his- 
torical value  of  the  German  settlers,  pioneers  and  German-Americans 
of  Chio  State  1 '.ranch  has  increased  and  now  counts  j8  Branches 
with  over  50.000  members.  Succeeded  in  swinging  the  elections 
towards  liberal  men.  advocating  personal  liberty.  Governor  Harnlon 
elected. 

Pennsylvania    (Bloedel). 

Very  succcs^^ful  at  two  State  Conventions.  Establishment  of  many 
new  County  Branches.  Successful  fi-hts  against  Prohibition;  on  two 
occaM-on";  victorious  against  Local  Option.     German  study  in  .schools 


\2>^  THE    I'ENN    GliKMANIA. 

makes  excellent  progress.     ]/  City  and  County  Branches  (increase  of 
-).     500  societies  with  over  60,000  members. 

West  \'irginia  (Schramm). 

]*romising  even  if  results  are  not  yet  very  great. 

Wisconsin. 

Flourishing.  Further  reports  contained  in  the  jirinted  minutes  of 
the  Fifth  National  Convention  (see  Dornick,  1909).  Reports,  etc.,  of 
Committees  on :  Resolutions,  Establishing  Cordial  Relations  Between 
America  and  Germany,  German-American  History  and  Historical  Re- 
search, Lranigration,  Afifairs  of  National  German-American  Alliance, 
German  Language  and  Schools,  Uniform  German  Writing  (Antiqua), 
Manual — Noriual,  etc.,  Schools,  Teachers'  Seminary  in  Milwaukee ; 
Physical  Culture  (Turnen),  Germanic  Museum,  German-American 
I'ress,  German- American  Theater,  German- American  Women's  So- 
cieties and  ditto  activities.  Personal  Liberty,  Legislation  and  Laws, 
Conservation  of  Natural  Resources  of  Forests,  Revision,  Ways  and 
.Means,  Propaganda,  National  German- American  (Pastorius)  Monu- 
ment in  Germantown,  German-American  Literature,  articles',  letters, 
contributions  of  poetry  and  prose.  Reviews,  etc.:  Poems;  Germans  in 
Charlestown  (dedicated  to  State  Branch  of  Ohio)  ;Three  Centuries  of 
German  Life  in  America,  by  Rudolf  Cronau ;  Articles  and  Declaration 
on  Prohibition  Question  (Nat  G.  A.  A.)  ;  What  is  Sunday,  by  Peter 
A.  Wildermuth,  Esq.  Next  Convention  to  be  held  in  Milwaukee. 
Wis.  (later  changed  to  Washington,  D.  C).  Election  of  Officers  of 
the  Alliance:  All  present  officers  re-elected  except  John  Yenny,  in 
whose  phu-c  TTennan  \Wdcr.  of  Philadelphia,  is  elected  Financial  Sec- 
retary. 

1911,  Oct.  6. 

Sixth  Convemion  in  Washington,  D.  C,  at  New  Hotel  Willard. 
(Very  successful  and  emimently  important  in  every  direction.") 

Report  of   National    President    (Hexamer)  : 

Excellent  progress  towards  the  aims  of  the  Alliance.  Excellent 
work  being  done  by  German-American  Element  everywhere.  Re- 
p(jrts  and  proposals  are  impressive,  anticipating  success  and  upholding 
of  German- American  ideals;  many  important  achievements  are  com- 
municated from  all  the  States  of  the  Union.  Public  opinion  takes  ap- 
jjroving  interest  in  Alliance.  The  broad  masses  begin  to  understand 
the  value  of  the  German  Element  in  general  and  the  aims  and  prin- 
ciples of  the  National  German-American  Alliance  in  particular.  Mon- 
uments erected  to  commemorate  memorv  of  Steuben  and  Muehlen- 
l)erg.  I'astorius  Monument  Fund  of  $25,000  collected  with  a  sub- 
stantial surplus.  Recommending  prize  competition.  Much  work  has 
yet  to  be  done  by  National  German-American  Alliance  in  the  direction 
.of  rescuing  the  memory  of  illustrious  German-Americans  from  ob- 
livion. Establishment  of  Press-Bureau  suggested.  Exchange  of  Pro- 
fessors, of  teachers  and  .scholars,  visits  by  financial  and  industrial  com- 
missions, etc.,  bring  excellent  results.  Repeated  urgent  appeal  to 
parents  to  help  their  offspring  retain  the  German  language;  Prof. 
H.  M.  Ferren's  excellent  arlicle  "Monolingualism"  the  curse  of  our 
country."  Literature  and  the  German  Book  World;  German  Depart- 
ment ni  Public  Libraries  a  necessity.  Visits  to  Germany  by  Teachers 
of  German  at  American  Schools,  Universities,  etc.  "'Greater  inde- 
pendence, brnader  views  and  less  pedantrv"  should  be  the  watchword 


THE    NATIONAL    ( iKH.M  Ai\-A  MliKICA.N     Al.lTAN'CE  ^2^.) 

Institute  of  Historical  Research  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania 
-iind  the  German  House.  Dr.  Albert  J.  W.  Kern's  excellent  pamphlet 
'"The  Germans  in  the  Political  Life  of  the  United  States."  German- 
American  History  must  be  investigated  by  professional  historians, 
not  by  amateurs.  Definition  of  a  "German-American."  Junior 
(~)rder  of  German-American  Alliance  is  supplemented  by  founding"  of 
"Daughters  of  German  Pioneers."  WorK  of  v^omen  very  valuable 
to  Alliance.  Aim :  To  strive  for  and  maintain  the  highest  culture  and 
ideals  for  the  common  good  of  our  Nation. 

Report  of   National    Secretary    (Trimm)  : 

Three  new  consolidated  State  Branches  were  founded :  lyoy,  Oct. 
18,  Alabama;  Nov.  14,  Texas;  Nov.  16,  Louisiana.  National  Presi- 
dent and  Secretary  were  present  in  San  Antonio  and  New  Orleans. 
American  Historical  Society;  Prof.  Goebel's  paper  (The  Place  of 
'the  German  Element  in  American  History).  Badges:  Acorn  and 
'Oak  leaves  or  oak  stem ;  the  present  emblem  is  retained  for  badges ; 
for  programs  and  large  prints  the  emblem  of  State  Branch  of  Chi- 
■cago — tree — may  be  used  to  advantage.  Founding  of  State  Branch 
■of  Iowa,  Feb.  3,  1910.  Antiqua  would  simplify  the  teaching  of  Ger- 
man writing.  Many  German-Americans  arc  occupying  public  offices 
•or  places  of  honor.  Anglo-American  Press ;  correction  of  false  or 
■distorted  reports.  Central  City  Alliance  of  Elizabeth,  N.  J.,  is  suc- 
'cessful  in  introducing  the  study  of  German  in  the  sixth  grade,  of 
seven  schools.  Settlement  of  the  Palatine  immigrants  celebrated  by 
anniversaries ;  200th  anniversary  of  settlements  of  German-Swiss  in 
New  Bern,  N.  C.  very  successfully  celebrated.  Prof.  Goebel  orator 
•of  the  occasion.  Vice  President  Cappelman  represents  Executive  of 
.-Vlliance.  State  Branch  of  North  Carolina  founded  on  this  occasion. 
Members  of  Committee  on  World's  Peace  movement.  Miss  Anna  B. 
Eckstein  represents  National  German-American  Alliance  at  the  In- 
ternational Peace  Conferences.  Hawaii  is  assisted  by  Alliance  in 
fighting  Prohibition  Bill.  Committee  on  Historical  research  asks  for 
material  from  all  States  to  be  sent  to  committee  for  compilation  and 
publication. 

Dr.  Hexamer.  on  March  10th,  1910,  pleads  before  Congressional 
Committee  for  an  appropriation  towards  erecting  a  National  Monu- 
ment for  Pastorius  and  the  first  German  Settlement  at  Germantown. 
He  is  ably  seconded  by  Dr.  Marion  D.  Learned  and  President  Sutro 
oi  the  New  York  State  Branch,  Congressman  Moore  of  Pennsylva- 
nia,  and  Bartholdt  of   Missouri. 

Mr.  Chas.  Schulz,  of  San  Francisco,  donates  $100  for  printing  and 
distributing  free  of  charge  Prof.  Jul.  Goebel's  pamphlet,  "Thoughts 
on  the  Future  of  the  German  Element  in  America." 

June  15,  Gcrman-Trish  agreement  strengthened  by  supplementary 
figreement;  mutual  unfurling  of  flags  on  historical  occasions,  on  anni- 
versaries and  laying  of  wreaths  on  the  tombs  of  the  heroes  of  both 
jiationalities,  etc. 

July  20,  founding  of  State  Dranoli  Nebraska  in  the  German 
,<  >pcra  House  at  Oiuaha. 

Funds  for  the  Teachers'  Seminary. 

Tune    15,   founding  of  "Daughters  of   German    Pioneers." 

"German  and  English  Night  Schools ;  Charity  Work :  Sewing  School 
Work  and  manual   training. 

Prize  of  Mr.  Fcldnian  for  uniform  laws. 


130  THE   PENN    GERMANIA. 

Agitation   fur  German-American   Press. 

Distribution  of  prizes  amon.^-  pupils  of  elementary,  week  and  ^^ll^- 
(Jay-Schools  for  best  work  in  German,  etc. 

Letter  to  German  authorities  recommending  granting  amnesty  tor 
slight  violations  of  German  Military  Code. 

October  6,  German  Day  and  unveiling  of  Muehlenberg  Statue  in 
I'hiladelphia. 

Pamphlet  of  Alliance  demonstrating  the  services  of  the  Alliance  in 
regard  to  educational,  cultural   and  political   directions. 

December  7,  unveiling  of  Steuben  Monument,  an  exceedingly  strong 
and  imposing  celebration.  Large  participation  and  enthusiasm  in 
-pite  of  verv  stormy  winter  weather,  in  Washington,  in  the  presence 
of  President  Taft. 

Alliance  remains  neutral  in  question  of  electing  City  for  Panama 
Exhibition;  New  Orleans  as  well  as  San  Francisco  are  equally  val- 
uable members'  of  Alliance. 

German  American  Theater,   Plans  an   appeal,  etc. 

Pastorius  National  Monument  Bill  signed  by  President  Taft,  March. 
1911.  The  excellent  assistance  of  Atigust  Bender,  of  Washington, 
D.  C,  and  Member  of  Congress  J.  Hampton  Moore. 

Italo-Americans  are  uniting  into  a  national  body,  using  as  a  model 
for  organizing  the  act  of  incorporation  of  the  National  German- 
.•\merican  Alliance. 

Grand  Army  of  Republic  also  takes  our  act  of  incorporation  as  a 
model. 

Invitation  to  attend  Celebration  of  "Voelkerschlacht"  at  Leipzig" 
(Oct.  18,  1913). 

Appeal  advocating,  arbitration  and  peace  treaty  with  Germany. 

Sulzer  hearings  before  Congress;  Alliance  represented  by  Col.  E- 
C.  Stahl,  of  New  Jersey,  Rev.  Dr.  Hofman,  of  Baltimore,  and  Presi- 
dent Theo.  Sutro,  of  New  York. 

The  Alliance  and  the  Irish-American  protest  against  an  arbitration 
and  peace  treaty  between  L^nitcd  States  and  England  unless  other 
nations  are  included. 

General  organization  recommended  for  the  benefit  and  the  care  of 
immigrants. 

Report  of  National  Convention  of  (^icrman-American  Alliance, 
their  costs,  etc. 

The  "Mitteilungen,"  the  bulletins  of  the  National  German-Ameri- 
can Alliance,  are  constantly  becoming  more  valuable  and  voluminous. 

The  immense  correspondence  of  the  National  President  and  the 
])iling  up  of  material  necessitates  larger  and  better  office  facilities. 

Statistics :  ]  i  new  State  Branches.  Consolidated  State  Branches  in 
n/>>,  29;  in  191 1,  40.  Of  the  States  not  counted  above,  Arkansas. 
.Arizona.  Montana  and  Vermont  have  branches,  but  are  not  yet  con- 
solidated. The  alliance  is  well  represented  in  New  Mexico  and  Mis- 
sissippi, and  agitation  goes  on  there.  The  State  Branch  of  Massa- 
chu.sctts  has  taken  hold  of  the  agitation  in  Maine.  Even  in  Alaska  a 
branch  is  being  formed.  The  State  liranch  of  l*ennsylvania  still  ap- 
pears to  be  tile  strongest  numerically,  although  most  others  equal 
Pcimsylvania  in  value  of  work  and  activity.  The  Treasurer's  re]")ort 
proves  very  ^satisfactory. 

(To  |{K  CONTTNUKD) 


IE  MUTTERSPROCH 

"  O,  Muttersproch,  du  bist  uns  lieb.  "—A.  S. 


The   Suspicious   Neighbors 

I'M.    Pcniia.    Gerinan  : 

In  Perry  County,  Ohio,  wIktc  I  was  horn 
and  raised  there  Hved  two  Pennsylvania-Ger- 
mans who  held  the  balance  of  power  in  the 
township,  one  a  Lutheran  and  a  Democrat, 
and  the  other  a  Reformed  and  a  Republican. 
They  watched  each  other  with  a  very  sus- 
picious eye.  Both  being  very  fond  of  the  gun, 
they  met  one  day  on  a  very  rocky  piece  of 
ground,  the  one  on  top  of  tlie  rock,  the  other 
at  the  bottom.  About  half  way  between 
them  on  another  ledge  of  rock  stood  a  bush 
which  after  the  first  frosts  has  bright  red 
leaves  on  top  and  very  dark  ones  at  the  bot- 
tom. I  will  relate  their  conversation  in  our 
kind  of  Pennsylvania  German,  spelling  the 
words  in  straight  English.  You  who  use  our 
dialect  will  have  no  trouble  to  follow  me,  but 
you  who  do  not.  will  be  up  against  the  same 
thing  I  experience  in  reading  some  of  your 
articles.  B,  the  one  at  the  foot  of  the  rock 
had  red  hair.  Hence  he  thought  tlie  one  at 
the   top   was   making   fun   of   him. 

A.  Gudda    Alira,    dot    drunna. 

B.  Gudda   Alira,  dot  drovva. 

A.  Ve  sin  all  de  leidt? 

B.  O,  yust  so  tzimlich,  de  alt  is  viller  mui 
grexcr.  Se  hut  nuch  may  colt  gafanga  uiid 
sc   iss    garbarmlich   gritelich?    . 

LJnd  ve  sin  di  liet? 

A.  Net  irk  gute.  De  Ket  iss  aleiidicii  und 
ich  hop  des  fafiums  rumatics  dnch  ich  Iiarla 
grattlc  kon. 

B.  Vas    far   glick    inist   do   cot   liunda? 

A.  Reclit  gute.  Ich  hop  drimol  chusso  und 
hop  dri  schawd  gadrick.  Sell  is  net  so  schlect 
faw   an   alter   mon. 

Ve  var  di  glick? 

B.  Ail  do  yemmer,  gar  ui.K  hop  drimol 
chusse  und  hop  yader  niol  gar  ken  gute 
gadue.  Vel  ich  hay  aver  ance  gegrippelt.  Es 
iss  de  baum  runner  gejumped,  liud  iss  dare 
bush  naus  geyachted,  und  ep  der  alt  stife 
bund  fum  mine  uchgavackert  i.-s  var  des 
schawl  in  sime  loch. 

A.  A'ell  vas  denkst  du  fum  unser  ticket  das 
niir  nonn'nate  hen  de  letched  voch? 

B.  Icii  date  net  votte  faw  seller  kail  os  ir 
hen  uch  ira  ticket  faw  Kunstawer  von  ar  dor 
letched  mon  in  de  veld  var. 

Ve  gleichst  unser  ticket  ? 

A.  Ach    du    himinel  ;    ich    \<vu    iici    >aiu  ii    \  >• 

1 


anicher  mon  kend  voter  faw  so  en  ticket. 
Yust  guck  nnill  was  schanne  rodda  bletter 
seller   baum   hut   da   drunner. 

Du  bist  an  alter  liginer;  von  du  an  halver 
auch  in  dime  kup  hetched,  kenst  do  sane  dos 
sellc   bletter    schwatz    sin. 

A.  Veil  du  bist  ah  an  liginer,  und  von  du 
net  so  blind  vah  ve  de  alt  soforna  Grandstaff, 
kenched  du  sane  das  sclle  bletter  sin  so  rode 
ve  blute. 

B.  Sagh ;  Ich  vill  dere  eppcs  sagger.  \'on 
ich  dot  drovva  vaw  vo  du  bisth,  Ich  date  der 
mol  ance  uch  de  kolpbash  schloge  das  ess 
glingle  date  faw  an  mile. 

A.  Yaw ;  und  von  ich  dat  drunne  vaw,  ich 
date  der  ance  uch  di  grosse  maul  schlauger 
dos  di  ckist  so  farwexeled  var  dos  die  alte 
fraw  dich  net  kenna  date. 

Subscriber,    Columbus,   Ohio. 

NoTK. — The  foregoing  by  a  Columbus,  Ohio, 
subscriber,  introduces  us  to  the  dialect  used  in 
Perry  County,  Ohio.  Our  dialect  re.ulers  will 
notice  differences  in  words  and  sounds  com- 
l)ared  with  usage  in  eastern  Pennsylvania 
We  invite  contributions  from  other  dialect 
communities.  Who  will  respond  from  Iowa, 
Kansas,    California  '" — Eihtor. 


31 


Brief  fum    Hawsa   Barrick 

Liever    Kenul    1  larder  ; 

Ich  hob  g'hared  de  Demagrawda  hetta  en 
"leckshon  g'hot  in  Centre  county  un  hen  da 
Republicans  nix  derfun  g'sawd.  Anyhow  Ich 
con  nix  ous  Inma  fun  ansicha  Republicans  os 
elect   sin  worra. 

Wos  huts  gadoo,  Kernel?  Men  dere  Dema- 
grawda ivver's  wasscr  gadrawga?  Sin  dere 
ei-g'schlofa  uff  der  picket-line,  odder  hen  .se 
eich  um  der  shtumba  room  g'feared  we  se 
uns  hen  om  Ilawsa  Barrick  «  pawr  yohr 
tsurick?  Ich  mind  nuch  good  we  sell  gonga 
is.  Der  Billy  Bixler  wore  en  kondadawt  far 
koonshtabler  un  won  ae  mensh  in  der  weldt  i^ 
OS  Ich  liever  saena  ilate  in  office  os  mich  selver. 
don  is  es  der  Hilly  Bixler — net  uslit  arlae  wile 
are  en  gooter  freind  is  fun  niina,  awer  wile 
are  olsfart  geld  hut  tar's  up  sctza  ous  <ler 
schwartza  bu<ldle  won  are  in  office  is. 

Ich  luib  net  niae  gadenked  far  ebbcr  soonslit 
-litimma  os  Ich  gamaned  Ik!)  far  my  hols  ob 
schneida  :    awer    dor  rich    dv    campaign    is    der 


I'll' 


Till 


I'llXX    C.MKMANIA. 


Mike  BloUicr  cofnua  mich  sacna.  iJcr  Mike 
wore  dcr  DcmaRrawdisIi  kondachiwt  os  gacga 
<Ier  Billy  galuffa  is  ufF  dcr  Republican  ticket. 
un  won  ac  men  om  barrick  is  os  in  sinie  lacva 
net  si  ticket  p'schnitta  hut  don  is  cs  dcr  Mike 
Hlotner.  C)lla  yohr  scluvct^cd  arc  dcrfun  wcc 
feel  Republicans  arc  shunt  defor  gavot.c  hut 
un  wc  froh  os  are  ware  won  dale  fun  ena 
fleet  kcnta  warra  tsu  olTicc ;  awer  won's  tzeit 
roomed  far  rle  'k-ckshon  don  nenibst  cnc  usht 
about  dri  scchunda  far  si .  grcit;:  niaucha. 
Sell  wciscd  far  wee  feel  Republicans  os  arc 
<^>ls  shtimmed. 

Awer  are  is  en  gloddy  ole.  \Vc  are  cooma 
is  far  mit  mere  'lectionccra  hut  arc  niohls 
arsht  um  dc  Polly  room  g'schmunscled  wc  en 
fildcr  kawdcr  uff  dcr  gorda  fcnse.  Dos  arc  sc 
net  ga-bussed  hut  wore  en  wooner,  awer  se  is 
on  ufT-richtiche  olte  sale  un  wile  se  shunt 
feel  nicnncr  sacd  os  farlcicht  usht  so  good- 
ROokich  sin  os  era  Gottlieb,  cluch  hut  sc  ken 
hlotz  far  de  farhommelcd  divorce  hoodleri 
woo  de  Goulds  un  Vanderbilts  olsfart  uff- 
shtarra.  Anyhow  dcr  Mike  hut  sc  glawva 
inaucha  os  cs  ware  ken  pardy  mac,  os  dc 
Dcmagrawda  daida  now  oil  far  de  Republi- 
cans shtimma,  un  wile  dcs  so  ware  set  se 
now  on  mich  gae  un  insista  os  Ich  far  cue 
shtimma  date  far  koonshtablccr.  So  shalloo 
wore  dcr  ketzcr  os  are  se  bakared  hut,  un  es 
naixt  OS  Ich  gawist  hob  wora  sc  olla  tswac 
<^)n  mere ;  im  hole  mich  dcr  sliinner.  sc  hen 
mich  aw  bakared,  un  we  en  rarflompts  oldt 
kolb,  bin  gonga  un  hob  dcr  Blotncr  g'shtim 
med !  Un  wos  huts  gevva?  Du  broucht  net 
woonera.  Dcr  Blotncr  hut  scx-un-ochticb 
votes  greeked  un  der  Billy  i*^  salicli  rouse 
cooma   mit   dri-un-drisich. 

Demo  hut  bletslich  awer  annonncr  windly 
gablosa.  Dc  I^cmagrawda  sin  uff  hoacha  gilc 
cooma.  Sc  hen  ga-chccred,  un  gahoot,  un  ga- 
blackgard  os  de  Republicans  sich  boll  shemma 
hen  missa  far  up  de  shtrosc  gac.  Oil  dc  Re- 
publicans wood  usht  so  goot  wora  os  de  Dcma- 
grawda far  dcr  'Icckshon  sin  ous  office  ga 
kicked  worra  wile  de  Dcmagrawda  hinnich  da 
deera  g'shtonna  hen  un  era  feisht  full  ga- 
locht.  Des  huts  pinklich  foreg'setzed  dos  far 
<ler  'Icckshon  sin  dc  Republicans  sliofe — un 
noach   der  'Icckshon   gasc. 

Un  dcs  g'mawned  mich  on  en  cx|)cricMcc  ns 
Ich  g'hot  Iiob  im  greek.  Du  waislit  Ich  wore 
<:n  soldawt — awer  usht  far  tswac  wocha  ;  far 
usht  so  g'schwint  os  Ich  dc  rebels  hara  hob 
sheesa  don  hov  Ich  de  follcnt  gronket  greeked 
un  bin  discharged  worra.  .\wer  dorrich  selly 
tswae  wocha  hov  Ich  feel  dorrich  ga-maucht. 

Moll  ac  dawg  uff  em  march  sin  mer  on  en 
braid  wasscr  cooma.  ]is  wore  de  Sucker 
greek.  Dcr  Sam  Sccsliuls  hut  de  rumidix 
g'hot  in  sina  bac,  un  wile  are  net  ins  wasscr 
ga-darrefcd  hut,  hut  arc  der  Jecky  Shcnkcl- 
moyer  tsu  sich  garoofa  un  hut  g'sawd  : 

"Jecky,  won  du  mich  ivvcr  des  wasscr 
drawgsht,   don    gcv    Ich   dere   en   dawlcr." 

"All  right,"  hut  dcr  Jecky  g'sawd,  "won  de 
boova  my  bi\  un  <^chnopsock  ncnnna  dou  is 
<'c  en  go" 


Awer  de  boova  hen  g'sawd:  "No,  sirree. 
Won  du's  geld  grecksht  don  mawksht  du 
aw  de  load  drawga." 

Now.  der  Jecky  wore  so  geitzich  os  are  ols 
schnoka  ob  ga-tzoga  hut  far  era  fet.  Arc  hut 
der  dawlcr  hovva  wella  un  duch  wore  der 
Sam,  un  de  bix,  un  dcr  schnopsock  shier  tsu 
feel :  awer  endlich  hut  are  ene  uff-g'should 
ered  un  is  ni  ga-bawda.  We  are  ene  uff  der . 
onner  side  mmner  g'shtelt  Init  don  hut  are 
g'sawd  : 

■'Now  woo  is  my  dawlcr?" 

"Ich  hob.  by  gosh,  ken  geld,"  hut  der  Sam 
g'sawd. 

"So,"  hut  der  Jecky  g'sawed,  "won't  Ich  dcs 
g'wist  he  don  bet  Ich  dich  fardomptsi  far- 
sutTa!" 

Saisbt  tin  der  point.  Kernel? 
Ols  widder, 
GOTTLIEB  T'.OOX'ASTIRL. 


Fasnacht 

Mi'stcr  Drucker  : 

De  20  ishta  den  monel,  February,  is  Fast- 
nacht— sel  is,  im  KoUenncr.  Weiter  wie'n 
l)oddicher  dawg  im  Kollenner — un  yusht  ina 
olt-fashioneda  Karriche  Kollenner  on  sellem — 
doot  Fas^^nacht  nimniy  tzu  fiel  amounta. 
Jalire  lurick  war  Fastnacht  alscn  oryer  dawg. 
Im  loud  war'n  shuttle-match  in  yadera  noch- 
I)crschaft;  now  hchrt  bol  nix  meh  foon 
so  ebbes ;  un  der  ferlusht  as  die  shuttle- 
matcha  ausgonge  sin  is  net  gross,  indem  as  es 
uftmohls  tzimlich  ran  bar  is  gonge  on  so 
blcts.  In  de  shoola  hen  die  Kinner  dcr  shool 
mashtcr  naus-g'shperred  uf  dc  Fastnacht. 
gewehtilich  middawgs  odder  dorrich  recess 
nommydawgs  won  dcr  shoolmeshter  naus  ge- 
niist  liut  fcr'n  armful  hids  fer  der  uffa  am 
gehe  Iiolta ;  die  Kinner  hen  sel  rechtc  ge- 
clainicd  Fastnaht  dawg,  im  dcr  shoolmashter 
hut  die  mcnsht  tzeit  nix  g'sawt  un  is  fot  haim 
es  war  orrick  gshpass  fer  die  Kinner — un  ow 
fer  der  shoolmeshter,  ovver  er  hut's  net 
auslussa  darefa. 

Noll  war  noch  ebbes,  un  sel  war's  besht 
foon  oil,  as  immer  mit  Fastnacht  gonge  is — 
Isistnacht  Kuclie!  Doh  war  ken  Pennsylva- 
nia Deutsche  famillya  as  net  blandy  Fast- 
nacht Kuclie  kotte  hut;  die  Kinner  hen  sic 
even  mit  noch  de  sholl,  in  blots  foon  dc  geweh- 
liclic  Kolte  buchwaitze  Kuche.  Bauers'  weibs- 
leit  hen  Kuche  g'shickt  tzu  dc  nochbera  un  die 
nochbera  hen  foon  ihrc  tzurick  g'shickt. 
Sellawag  hut  mer  in  ainra  ramillya  Kuche 
liiina  kenna  foon  en  holb-dutzend  un  noch 
nieh  nochbera.  Of  course,  sclly  Kuche  warren 
all  <>oot.  fer  yader  frau  hut  noddeerlich  ge- 
browcerred  die  beslita  Knclie  tzu  bocka  in  de 
nochberschaft. 

Now  doh  is  woes  dcr  droovel  nei  kumt.  In 
tzeit  hen  die  Fastnacht  Kuche  en  onnerer 
nalime  grickt — fet  Kuche ;  sel  is,  onncr  leit. 
Icit  die  net  Pennsylvania  Deutsch  warren,  hen 
sic    owfonge    tzu    bocka.      "Fet-kucha"    is    so 


1)IK    MLl'l  KUSlMi'HH 


Wi 


dinger  au  f'leiclit  goot  bckiinuiia,  I'er  ^ic 
warren's  mensht  fct  wn  slinioolz.  Endlicli 
hen  die  shtadleit  sic  owfoiiga  bocka,  un  sheer 
ainichy  tzcit  kon  nicr  sie  now  grebe  in  res- 
taurants, ovvcr  mcr  mus  froge  fer  "sinkers." 
Es  is  en  shont,  won  mcr  droh  donkt,  wic  en 
kuche,  mohl  so  goot,  dick  tzort,  banchfellich, 
mit  en  gla  loch  drin,  sich  tzomma-g'shnorred 
hut  tzu  en  glancr,  tzeer,  shniootzicher  ring 
um  en  gross  locii  runim.  Die  Pennsylvania 
Deutsche  weibslcit  hctta  en  patcnt-recht  raus- 
grche   siilla    uf   ihs    Faslnacht   Kucha. 

Oily  Hess. 
P.  S. — Oil  sawg,  Mister  Drucker,  won's  dir 
nix  ausmacht,  will  icli  en  gruiidsow  shtory 
doh  unna  droh  hcnga  fer  der  Solly  Hulsbuck. 
Mir  hen  in  unsera  gegend  en  mon  der  hut  fiel 
hoond  und  fiel  Kinner.  Mei  Mommy  hut 
immer  g'sawt  won  en  mon  fiel  hoond  het,  don 
ware's  en  sign  as  es  oren  ware ;  sic  hut  ow 
ols  g'sawt  em'ma  orma  mon  sei  Kinner 
daiten  meh  flaisch  essa  wie  onnero  Kinner. 
Now  der  oren  mon  in  unsera  nochberschaft, 
der  mon  mit  de  fiels  hoond  un  Kinner,  hut'n 
glancr  boo  beim  nauma  Reuvy.  Doh  in  dem 
rhana  wedder  yusht  fer  Grishdawn  is  ains 
foon  de  nochbera,  en  bauer,  ivver  die  ridge 
nivver  moryets  nah'm  Kesht.i-nuls  fer  fence- 
pushta  hocka.  Wie  er  holbwegs  de  barrick 
nuf   is   kunnna    Imt    er   den    glaiia    Karl    sriima 


hucka   hinniclira    fence,   ab    wic   won    i.r    ebbcs 
watcha  dait. 

"\Vy  hello,  Kcuvy,"  frog't  der  bauer,  "was 
bringt    dich    so    free    doh    ruf    de    morya?" 

"Oh,  ich  will  en  grundsow  fongc  ;  dat  is  ilir 
loch  on  sellcm  oover,  un  weil  die  sun  so  sha 
warm  sheint  de  morya  wert  sic  gly  raus 
kumma,"    hut    der    Reuvy    ge-antwort. 

Der  bauer  is  noh  fot  de  hivvcl  nuf.  mit 
scim  middawg  in  ainra  bond  un  en  ox  in  de 
onnera.  Er  is  bei-tzeit  aus'm  bush  overs,  so 
OS  er  noch's  feedera  duh  kent  dehaim  el> 
doonkel.  Wie  er  holbwegs  de  barrick 
nooncr  is  kumma  doh  fint  cr  den  glana  karl 
als  noch  nm  grundsow-loch. 

"Well,  Reuvy,  bisht  du  don  als  nocli  doh?" 
secht  der  bauer.  "Denkshl  du  kduslit  sie 
fonge?'' 

"Fongc!"  bhijoutzed  der  Reuvy,  so  holver 
cryerlich.  "By  greibs,  ich  mus  sic  fongc;  mir 
sin  aus  tlaisch  !" 

O.    H. 


"Oily  Hess"  Makes  People  "Crazy." 
A  Wisconsin  subscriber  writes :  I  have  a 
number  of  friends  who  are  just  crazy  about 
"Oily  Hess"  contribution  in  December  num- 
ber  of  magazine,  "Why  Our  Penna-German 
Women   .\rc  Not   Suffragists." 


®ur  Bool?  tiable 

By  Prof.  E.  S.  Gerhard,  Trenton,  N,  J. 


Theodore   Dreisser,   author   of   "Jennie   Ger 
hardt,"  has  reached  the  Continent  after  spend 
ing   a   month    in    London.      He   is   going   over 
the   route  of  the  man   who  is  to  be  the   hero 
in  the  novel  he  is   writing  to  succeed  "Jeimiv 
Gerhardt." 

Benjamin  .A.  Hcydrick,  A.  M.,  Chairman  of 
the  English  Department,  High  School  of  Com- 
merce, New  York  City,  is  conducting  A  Read- 
ing Journey  through  South  .-\merica  in  the 
Chautauquan    Magazine. 

Harper's  for  January,  191-',  contains  one  of 
Miss  Singmaster's  short  stories,  "Gunner 
Criswcll."  The  scene  is  in  Gettysburg  where 
in  September,  1910,  a  monument  was  dedi- 
cated, on  which  were  to  be  the  names  of  the 
soldiers  from  Pennsylvania  who  fought  in  the 
Rebellion.  Criswcll  lost  his  sight  in  an  ex- 
plosion on  that  memorable  second  of  July, 
1863,  as  a  gunner  in  Battery  B.  He  comes 
back  to  attend  the  dedication  only  to  find  out 
that  his  name  has  been  omittea.  It  is  an  in- 
spiring and   pathetic  little  story. 


i5ARBORA:     UUR     LITTLE     BOHEiMIAN 
COUSIN.      By    Clara    Vostrovsky   Winlow. 
The    Little    Cousin    Series.      Cloth,    12    niu., 
decorative     cover.        Illustrated     with     full- 
page  plates  in  tint.     95  pp.     Price,  60  cents. 
L.  C.  Page  &  Company,  Boston,   191 1. 
This  is  one  of  a  series  of  books  for  young 
people ;  it  is  written  in  a  simple  style  so  that 
a   child   of   ordinary   reading   ability   can   read 
and  understand  it.     The  Introductory  Chapter 
(or    Letter)    states    a    few    historical    facts   in 
such    a    way   that    they   may   be    a    source    of 
illumination    even    to    children     of    a    larger 
growth. 

The  remaining  four  chapters  are  devoted  to 
the  four  seasons  of  the  year,  each  one  of 
which  has  its  duties  and  amusements  for  the 
children.  The  book  tells  how  the  young 
people  live,  what  they  do  and  how  they  amuse 
themselves.  Interwoven  into  all  this  are 
man''  innocent  superstitions  and  legends.  On 
the  whole,  the  book  affords  a  very  pleasing 
view  of  life  in  this  once  powerful  little  coun- 
try, but  whose  individuality  and  greatness 
have  been   swallowed   up,  like  those  of   some 


]:u 


Till-:    PENN    GERM  AN  I  A. 


more    countries,    in    the    .ureal     unild    niDve- 
ments. 

THE     PEXXSYLVAXIA     ACADIC.MV     OF 
FIXE    ARTS.    And    other    Collections    in 
I'hiladelpliia.      IndudiiiR     the     Pennsylvania 
.Musctmi.    tlic    Wilstach    Colleclii)n.    anil    the 
Collections    dl    Independence    liall,    and    the 
llisti.rical     Society     of     Pcnnsyh  ania.       l!y 
Helen  \V.  Henderson.     The  Art  Galleries  of 
\mcrica    Series.      Cloth    decorative,    octavo, 
illustrated    with     full    page    plates    in    duo- 
«ravure.     ,1<S3  pp.  boxed;  $3.00.     L.  C.   TaRC 
&   Company,   Boston,   igil. 
In  this  VDlnnie  the  writer  aims  to  j.;ive  some 
idea  of  the  tine  art  productions  that  were  exe- 
cuted by  resident  artists,  work  that  in  earlier 
limes    caused    Philadelphia    to    be    known    in 
matters  of  art  as  the  Athens  of  America. 

Philadcl|)hia  has  no  longer  the  distinction 
'  i  Ijcing  tin-  metro])olit;in  or  the  cosmopoli- 
lan  city  of  this  country,  but  it  is  entitled  to 
the  distinction  of  being  the  typical  American 
city  and  of  having  been  the  birthi)lace  of  a 
«reat  many  industries,  enterprises,  and  insti- 
tutions. One  of  these  "lirsts"  is  the  distinc- 
tion of  having  been  the  birthplace  of  art  in 
this  country;  for  here  were  born  Claypole,  the 
first  native  .\merican  painter,  and  William 
Rush,  the  lirst  native  born  American  ^sculptor. 
The  Academy  itself  was  founded  in  1805 
.and  chartered  in  1806.  It  is  tiie  oldest  insti- 
tution devoted  to  I'mc  arts  in  the  United  States. 
The  first  chapter  is  devoted  to  an  historical 
sketch  of  the  Academy.  I'rief  biograi)hical 
sketches  arc  given  of  the  various  artists  in 
connection  with  an  account  of  their  work. 

The  style  is  simple  and  non-leclmical.  The 
l)ook  contains  an  immense  amount  of  infor- 
mation; a  great  deal  of  the  mformation  is 
little  known  and  not  easily  accessible  else- 
where. The  bock  should  do  much  to  foster  a 
love  and  appreciation  for  the  works  of  lIio>> 
who  made  these  noble  collections  ])ossible.  It 
should  api)eal  to  all  lovers  of  art. 

The  book  itself  is  a  fine  specimen  of  artistic 
Ixiok-makiiiL:. 

THE  STORY  CIKL.  Hv  L.  .M.  Montgomery. 
Author  of  ",\nne  of  Green  Gables,"  "Anne 
of  Avonlea,"  "Kilmeny  of  the  Orchard." 
etc.  Cloth,  decorative,  i2mo.  illustrated  in 
full  color  by  George  Gibbs.  365  pp.  Price 
ijJi.SO  net.  Iv.  C.  l^agc  &  Company,  Boston, 
iQi  r. 
MISS  lUM.Y.  By  Eleanor  H.  Porter.  Dec- 
orative cloth,  with  a  frontispiece  in  color 
from  a  painting  by  Griswold  Tyng.  i2mo. 
336  i)p.  I'ricc  $1.50  net.  L.  C.  Page  & 
Comp.any,    I'oston,    iqii. 

These  two  books  are  alioul  of  the  same 
type.  They  afford  light,  entertaining  and 
harmless  rea<ling.  The  former  is  probably 
the  stronger,  and  the  stranger,  of  the  two,  it 
is  the  same  as  countless  other  stftry  books, 
only  it  is— tlifferent ;  and  this  difference  seems 
to  lie  in  its  originality  and  individuality.  It 
is,  in  a  way,  iieculiar  and  not  like  other  books. 


The  scene  of  the  story  is  laid  in  Prince  Ed- 
ward Island,  a  country  whicn  the  authoress 
knows  and  loves.  It  seems  rather  strange, 
however,  that  there  is  hardly  any  feature  in 
the  story  that  is  characteristic  of  this  coun- 
try and  that  might  not  fit  a  hundred  other 
localities.  But  this  is  a  minor  matter  and  is 
soon  forgotten.  Aside  from  this  the  book 
shows  the  finished  artist.  The  style  is  smooth 
and  polished,  ciiarming  and  simple. 

The  Story  Girl  herself,  who  is  Sara  Stan- 
ley, is  a  delightful  young  girl,  natural  and 
plain — just  a  girl.  She  is,  of  course,  a  great 
story  teller,  and  entertains  and  thrills  the 
reader  with  her  tales  of  ghosts  and  things 
uncanny.  In  her  remarkable  voice  she  tells 
of  "The  Golden  Milestone,"  "How  Kissing 
was  discovered,"  etc.  This  plan  seems  to  af- 
ford the  w'riter  an  opportunity  to  tell  some 
clever  little  stories.  All  these  incidents  center 
around  her  and  several  of  her  companions 
who  romp  and  stroll  over  the  old  homestead. 
They  arc  wrapped  up  in  themselves  and  for- 
get the  weary,  noisy  world  outside  and  here 
lies  the  charm  of  the  book.  There  is  always 
something  fresh   to  enjoy. 

Billy  is  the  name  of  a  pretty,  charming  and 
impulsive  girl  of  eighteen.  She  was  named 
Billy  after  her  father's  boyhood  chum,  Wil- 
liam. Her  father  "had  made  up  his  mind  to 
naine   his   boy   'William'   after   his   chum ;   and 

when    I    came he    was   quite   heartbroken 

until  somebody  hit  upon  the  idea  of  naining 
me  Billy."  Her  life  as  shown  in  thes?  pages 
is  a  refreshing  romance,  and  the  reading  of 
it  cannot  fail  to  call  forth  fond  recollections 
I  f  tlie  glamour,  the  joys,  and  the  long,  long 
thoughts   of  youth. 

THE  QUAKERS  TX  THE  AMERICAN 
COLOXIES.  By  Rufus  M.  Jones,  M.  A. 
IX  Litt.  Professor  of  Philosophy,  Haver- 
ford  College ;  assisted  by  Isaac  Sharpless, 
I).  Sc,  President  of  Haverford  College,  and 
Xmelia  M.  Gummere,  .Author  of  "The 
Quaker— A  Study  in  Costume."  Cloth; 
603.  Price  $3.50  net.  I\Iacmillan  Company, 
London,    1911. 

No  publication  on  the  Quakers  in  America 
has  appeared  since  John  Fiskc's  "The  Dutch 
and  Quaker  Colonies,"  tliat  is  as  entertaining 
and  vah-able  as  this  volume  is.  Fiskf's  work 
though  stamped  with  the  author's  critical  and 
judicial  insight  and  written  in  his  usual  clear 
and  forcible  style,  is  yet  only  fragmentary  and 
too  brief. 

It  was  the  intention  of  the  wriier  t(->  make 
an  adequate  study  of  the  entire  Quaker  move- 
ment in  the  colonies,  and  to  make  it  from  or- 
iginal sources,  free  from  all  partisanship  and 
prejudice,  and  seemingly  he  has  done  it  ad- 
mirably well.  Several  rather  extensive  works 
on  this  period  have  appeared  from  time  to 
time,  but  as  they  are  written  either  from  the 
Quaker  or  anti-Quaker  point  of  view  they 
do  not  furnish  a  critical  investigation  of 
Quakerism    and    its    work    in    America.      The 


OUliBOOK  TAULE 


135 


writer  has  also  endeavored  to  produce  a  criti- 
cal and  historical  study  of  the  religious  move- 
ment inaugurated  in  the  New^  World  by  the 
Quakers.  The  work  has  been  written  as  a 
ciintrii)Ution  toward  the  completion  of  a  plan 
to  write  a  full  history  of  the  Quaker  move- 
ment on  the  two  Continents,  as  conceived  by 
John  Wilhelm  Rowntree,  and  interrupted  by 
his  death.  The  author  was  assisted  in  this 
wiirk  by  President  Sharpless  of  Haverford, 
who  wrote  the  section  on  Pennsylvania,  and 
by  Amelia  M.  Gummcre,  who  wrote  the  one 
oil  New  Jersey. 

The  book  is  full  of  consequence  and  mean- 
ing for  the  student  of  history  and  the  student 
of  religion  alike ;  but  it  is  more  than  likely 
that  it  is  of  the  most  importance  to  the  stu- 
dent of  religion,  because  the  author  has  stud- 
ied the  movement  in  the  light  of  its  inner 
meaning  as  well  as  in  its  outward  form ;  and 
this  outward  form  is  in  substance  but  a  mani- 
festation of  this  inner  meaning,  this  "inner 
light."  On  the  whole,  one  is  inclined  to  be- 
lieve that  we  have  in  this  work  for  the  first 
time  a  comprehensive  and  unprejudiced  ac- 
count of  Quakerism  in  America,  and  a  clear 
[ind  critical  exposition  of  its  tenets,  both 
civil  and  religious. 

THE  GERMANS.  By  I.  A.  R.  Wylie,  Au- 
thor of  "Dividing  Waters,"  "The  Native 
Born,"  etc.  Cloth,  illustrated ;  361  pp. 
Price  $2.00  net.  The  Bobbs-Merrill  Com- 
pany, Indianapolis,   191 1. 

Because  of  recent  events  and  activities  in 
present  day  Germany  numerous  publications 
:oncerning  the  country  and  its  people  have 
jcen  issued,  and  among  the  best  of  them  is 
his   particular   one. 

Tin's  volume  contains  the  impressions  of  an 
ICnglish  lady  who  lived  and  traveled  six  years 
n  Germany.  Consequently  they  are  not  the 
lasty  generalities  of  the  globe-trotter  who 
gathers  his  "impressions"  from  an  itemized 
tinerary.  .A.nd  as  the  book  is  written  by  an 
English  woman  one  does  not  see  Germany 
uul  its  people  through  German  eyes.  Nor 
Joes  the  book  disclose  any  race  prejudice 
hat  usually  exists  between  these  two  peoples, 
uid  which  is  frequently  very  forcibly  ex- 
pressed in  books  of  this  kind.  The  writer  is 
1  close  observer;  she  has  seen  what  she  has 
iecn.  Her  impressions,  therefore,  arc  not 
iuperlicial.  She  managed  to  get  to  the  hot- 
om  of  things,  and  has  therefore  succeeded  in 
lisclosing  the  fundamental  trails  and  charac- 
eristics  which  differentiate  these  people  from 
Jther    nations    and    alien    tribes. 

While  in  Germany  she  spent  most  of  her 
ime  in  Karlsruhe,  a  small  but  charming  town 
if  liaden.  She  describes  this  town,  or  city. 
)ecause  she  takes  it  to  be  a  good  type  of 
nost  German  towns.  In  places  like  these  the 
)riginal  German  is  found  in  his  native  haunts, 
msophisticated    and    uncontatninated    by    alien 

iorces.      "It    is    in   these    lesser   towns    

hat  one  finds  the  German  in  his  native  state, 


working  and  living  undisturbed  and  unin- 
tluenced  by  the  foreign  stream  which  flows 
past  to  the  great  cities."  In  this  little  repre^ 
scntative  German  town  she  lived  the  simple 
life  of  the  community,  mingled  in  its  society, 
and  shared  in  its  cares,  occupations  antl 
amusements. 

The  book  is  a  praiseworthy  undertaking : 
one  knows  of  nothing  that  discloses  the  spirit 
of  the  German  people  more  minutely,  subtly, 
and  fundamentally.  The  three  quali;ies  which 
attract  the  reader's  attention  and  which  arc  at 
the  source  of  this  national  spirit  are  industry, 
good-will,  and  loyalty.  In  no  modern  nation 
are  found  such  indomitable  workers  who 
calmly  take  work  as  the  unavoidable  and  hon- 
orable condition  of  existence.  She  has  also 
found  that  below  the  seemingly  gruff  out- 
ward nature,  and  behind  the  barrier  of  rigid 
custom  and  etiquette  there  is  a  kindly  feeling 
of  warmth  and  good-will,  a  spirit  of  service, 
which  is  summed  up  in  the  motto  of  their  be- 
loved Kaiser:  "Ich  diene"  (I  serve).  No 
less  characteristic  is  their  loyalty,  shown  to 
one  another,  to  the  individual  State  and  to 
the  Empire. 

The  book  may  be  a  little  carelessly  written. 
It  may  be  well  enough  for  one  like  the  writer 
who  has  lived  in  Germany  to  speak  of 
Miinchen  but  the  term  is  hardly  a  happy  one 
in  a  literary  work  in  English.  It  is  a  sympa- 
thetic and  vivacious  account  written  in  a  plain 
and  spontaneous  style.  There  is  no  doubt 
that  the  book  will  promote  a  better  under- 
standing and  appreciation  of  the  national 
spirit  of  Germany.  No  one  after  reading  the 
book  can  fail  to  be  better  informed  about 
German  education,  and  German  music  and 
the  theater,  about  German  heme  life  and  mar- 
riage, and  concerning  German  social  customs 
and    distinctions. 

MARTIN   LUTHER— THE    MAN    AND    HIS 
WORK.      By   Art'hm-    Cusbman    MeGlffett. 
Professcvr    cf    Obuivh    History    in    Union 
Theological    S-eminary.  Cloth;    8vo.;    illus- 
trated;   gilt  top;   397   pp.     Price  $3.00  net. 
The  Cemtui-y  Comji)any,  Ney  York.     1911. 
Here   is   one   of  the   inos.t   notable    piogra- 
phies  of  the  year.  Tlie  biographies  of  Luther 
may  be  numbenless!,  hut  this  one  i.s  neith.^ 
unwelcome  nor  superfluous.     It  is  made   .ip 
of  the  articles  which  aippenred  in   Th3  Cen- 
tury Magazine  during  t:he  year  1911.     They 
were  rewritten  and  much  new  mat:r:al  w.-is 
added.     Eh'.   McGiffert  sipent  many  years  of 
enthui~iastic  labor  iiipon  this  work.     He  made 
use  cif  'Lvery  po.ssllble  source  of  authentic  in- 
formation in  order  to  give  a  faithful  portray- 
al of  Luther,  and  of  his  time  and  influence. 
The  charm  and  value  of  the  boolj  consists 
in  the  fact  that  it  is  Luther,  the  pla:n,  com- 
mon man.  that  is  portraj-'Sd  and  i.s  made  to 
live  in  these  pages,   and   not  a  theologian, 
a,  polemic  or  a   reI"omier  in  a  great   world 
movemenit.     The  vividness   with    which   the 
man    is    presented   causes    it   to    differ   from 


130 


THF.   PENN    GERMANIA. 


oiher  biographical  .setting.  It  is  likewise  a 
irlatn  "narrative  of  schools  and  s<"^liolasticism, 
monks  and  monasteries,  priest?  and  iKxpes. 
Rut  in  spite  of  all  these  varied  topics  of 
interest  tlie  author  has  the  good  senile  never 
tit  los-e  Lutiier  the  man.  It  is  first  the  man, 
his  personality  and  the  great  human  interest 
in  his  life  and  career;  all  the  rest  is  inci- 
«lental  or  else  background. 

The  work  shows  the  ripeness  of  scliolar- 
ship;  and  it  is  the  most  sc-holarly  bioigi-aphy 
of  Ijutlier  tliat  has  yet  appeared.  It  is  a 
bold  and  vigorous  work  of  a  man  whoso 
(lefiiance  and  rebellion  against  Roman  Ca- 
fhoIici':m  helped  to  bring  about  a  change  in 
the    ^^-orld's    religiouii    history. 


The  treatm-iiit  is  perfeelly  sympathetic-; 
the  wTiter  i-eco-gnizes  'the  foibleis.  faults  and? 
s-hortcomiin gs  ol  his  subject  jui-t  as  well  as- 
he  appreciates  the  qualities  that  have  made 
him  the  renowned  historicail  clharaciter  for- 
nearly  four  hundred  years.  It  is  sicholarly. 
but  it  doeis  n'Ot  evince  the  scholarship  that 
vaunts  itselif  lin  investigaition  and  eorap:la- 
tion.s.  The  style  is  simple  and  interesting, 
intei'^esting  very  likely  becau.se  it  is  simple. 
The  bcok  reads   like  an  historical  romance. 

The  book  is  tprofuseily  and  finely  illustrat- 
ed 'With  forty-five  full-page  illustrations  of 
h's'torical  ptr.tons  and  places.  The  mechani- 
cal make  up  is  attractive;  it  is  a  fine  spec^- 
m^en  of  ",)OOl{  makimg. 


Ibistorical  Hotes  anb  IRews 

Reports  of  Society  Meetings   are  Solicited 


Local    History 

Local  history,  whether  as  a  study  or  as  a 
pastime,  deserves  more  encouragement  than 
it  usually  receives.  As  a  rule  people  do  not 
go  about  preserving  family  traditions  in  the 
correct  manner,  assuming,  for  the  most  part 
wrongly,  that  no  one  cares  about  them  or 
their  concerns.  Every  day  of  our  lives  we 
are  making  material  for  the  historian.  It 
may  seem  insignificant  to  us,  hut  may  at  some 
future  day  have  an  important  bearing  on  the 
research  of  the  period,  and  may  supply  a 
missing  link  that  never  could  be  found  other- 
wise than  possibly  by  the  merest  accident. 
The  sources  from  which  the  happenings  of 
other  (lays  are  drawn  will  not  always  be  avail- 
able, for  the  old  people  are  passing  away  one 
after  the  other,  and,  unless  they  leave  diaries 
or  memoranda,  their  knowledge  passes  with 
them.  Some  of  our  young  people  might  en- 
gage in  this  fascinating  pursuit  instead  of 
frittering  away  precious  moments  in  evanes- 
cent enjoyment,  thus  improving  themselves 
and  doing  a  service  of  inestimable  value  to 
the  community. 


The   American    Catholic   Historical    Society 

A  CoinniittiH-  an  Finance  has  been  organ- 
ized by  this  Society,  under  the  chairmanship 
of  Dr.  Lawrence  V.  Flick,  to  raise  an  Endow- 
ment I'und  of  $100,000.  The  following  ap- 
peal  has  been  sent  out : 

"The  American  Catholic  Historical  Society, 
organized  in  1884,  needs  an  endowment  fund 
of  one  hundrcfl  thousand  dollars  for  research 
work  and  publication.  It  can  not  fulfill  its 
obligation    without    that    amount.      With    15,- 


000,000  Catholics  in  the  United  States,  the  So- 
ciety is,  perhaps,  the  only  organization  de- 
voted exclusively  to  Catholic  history  of  suf- 
ficient strength  to  own  its  home.  It  has  a 
Catholic  research  Library  containing  about 
10,000  volumes,  and  it  has  published  twenty- 
one  volumes  of  records.  What  it  has  done  in> 
twcnty-si.x  years  emphasizes  the  importance- 
of  what  remains  to  be  done.  The  history  of 
the  Catholic  Church  in  the  United  States  can- 
not be  written  without  documents ;  and  these- 
must  be  gathered  together  and  placed  at  the- 
command  of  writers." — Free  Press  ( Quaker - 
town,   Pa.). 


Kittochtinny    Historical    Society 

.V  problem  lias  been  proposed  by  a  news- 
paper correspondent  in  a  recent  "story."  He- 
says  : 

A  farmers'  institute  lecturer,  who  recently 
talked  to  gatherings  of  farmers  in  Cumber- 
land and  Franklin  counties,  unconsciously 
started  a  race  war.  He  was  Pennsylvania 
Dutch  himself  and  in  complimenting  the  farm- 
ers down  this  way  for  their  excellent  results 
he  remarked  that  nothing  but  success  should' 
l)e  expected  from  the  Pennsylvania  Dutch  in 
agricultural  lines.  Of  course,  this  pleased  the 
Cermans.  but  the  Scotch-Irish  took  issue  right 
away.  Now^  there  is  a  question  to  be  answered 
by  farmers  generally,  whether  the  rural  resi- 
dents of  the  Cumberland  Valley  should  be 
called    either    Scotch-Irish   or    German. 

The  fact  in  the  case  is  that  there  has  been 
an  amalgamation  of  these  two  most  excellent 
races  that  is  accountable  for  the  conservative 
and  carcfid  handling  of  aiTairs  that  has  made- 


lUSTOlx'U^Ar.  NOTES  AND  NKWS 


\)\r 


this  valiej-  famous.  A  rural  ccusus  slunvs 
a  preponderance  of  German  names  on  llu- 
valley  farms,  but  tliis  really  proves  little,  for 
where  a  family's  name  is  Wingert,  it  is  alto- 
gether likely  that  the  mother's  name  was 
Stewart,  or  some  such  Scotch- Irish  name  be- 
fore she  was  married.  15ut,  nevertheless,  tiie 
directory  shows  more  Wingerts  and  Smiths 
and  Brickers  in  the  rural  districts  than  it 
shows  Stewarts  and  Gillans  and  Pomeroys, 
the  latter  names  being  mostly  found  in  the 
towns.  These  facts  open  an  interesting  study, 
which  the  Kittochtinny  Historical  Society 
might  well  take  up. 

The  Kittochtinny  is  notable  as  an  histori- 
cal society  and  dotes  on  Scotch-Irish  lore. 
However,  among  its  energetic  and  prominent 
member  may  be  found  such  names  as  Foltz, 
Harbaugh,  Zarger  and  the  like.  Linn  llar- 
bangh  is  a  son  of  the  late  Dr.  Henry  Har- 
baugh, the  noted  Reformed  theologian,  whose 
Pennsylvania  German  writings  achieved  for 
the  Pennsylvania  language  the  distinction  of 
a  German  dialect,  this  being  conferred  by  the 
University  at  Heidelberg.  Linii  Harbaugh  is 
naturally  a  German  partisan,  and  the  staid 
and  tradition-loving  Scotch-Irish  have  hardly 
forgiven  him  yet  for  a  joke  he  sprung  at 
their  expense  some  years  ago.  A  local  paper 
came  out  one  morning  with  a  startling  story 
that  records  had  been  discovered  that  proved 
beyond  question  that  the  earliest  settlers  in 
this  valley  were  Germans,  and  not  Scotch- 
Irish,  as  the  school  children  had  long  been 
taught.  Diederich  vos  Spoogle,  said  the 
story,  settled  at  the  continence  of  the  Falling 
spring  and  the  Conococheague  nearly  a  half 
century  before  the  Chambers  family  pene- 
trated the  wilderness,  but  the  Chamberses 
dickered  successfully  with  the  Germans  and 
acquired  the  land.  A  nart  of  the  ancient  Ger- 
man's diary  was  printed,  and  the  astonished 
historians  were  thrown  at  sixes  and  sevens 
b"  the  announcement,  which  they  received 
with  the  utmost  credulity.  It  was  a  long 
while  before  some  one  fell  for  the  facts  in 
the  case  and  discovered  that  the  paper  was 
dated  April   i. 

Pennsylvania   Federation   of  Historical 
Societies 

At  the  Severn  ii  .Vnnual  Mecinig  of  the 
Pennsylvania  Federation  of  Historical  So- 
cieties held  in  the  Senate  Caucus  Room,  Cap- 
itol Building,  Harrisburg,  Thursday,  Janu- 
ary 4,  1912,  and  attended  by  many  delegates 
from  the  32  societies  in  the  Federation,  there 
was  heard  an  excellent  address  on  "The 
Philosophy  of  History,"  by  the  President, 
Mr.  Gilbert  Cope,  of  West  Chester,  together 
with  a  report  each  from  the  Secretary,  the 
Treasurer,  the  Executive  Committee,  the 
Committee  on  Bibliography,  the  Crmmittee  on 
Historical  Activity,  and  the  Committee  on  the 
Preservation   of   Manuscript   Records. 

In   the    Secretary's   report   was   a   condensed 


sunnnary    of    the    Feikration's    doings    during 
the  yi'ar  191  r.     .Mlusion  was  made  to  the  very- 
large  area  of  the  State  yet  without  historical 
organizations,  consisting  of  about  47  counties 
in  which  there  are  no  historical  societies  and 
de])loring    the    fact    of    there    bemg    so    mmiy 
yet  without  organized  historical  activity  to  the 
great  loss  of  opportunity  in  that  way.    On  the 
other  hand  reference   was   made  to   the  grati 
fying  work  done  by  existing  organizations  a^ 
evidenced  by  the  tine  showing  coming  in  yeai 
by  year  as  gleaned  from  their  annual   reports, 
to   the    Federation.      From    reports   already    in 
hand  it  would  appear  that  the  year   IQII   was 
richer    than    ever   in   the   production    of    high 
grade  historical  papers  and  addresses,  the  en 
richment  of  historical   libraries  and   museums, 
.'ind  the  celebration  of  historical  events,  citing 
in  connection  with  the  latter  the  great  demon 
stration   made   by   the   Lancaster   County   His 
torical  Society  on  September  9,  on  account  ot 
its  Christiana  affair  of   185 1  ;  by  the  Western 
Pennsylvania    Historical    Society,   October   30 
Nov.   I,  in  commemoration  of  the  Centennial 
of    Steam    Navigation   begun    in   the   Western^ 
Rivers   in   1812;   by  the  Chester  County   His 
torical    Society,    October    7,    incident    to    the 
marking  of   the   sites   of   .some   of   its    famous 
early    schools ;    and   the    Pennsylvania    Society 
(New  York),  July  13,  in  placing  in  a  church 
in    London   a    tablet    to   mark    the    site   where 
William   Penn  was  baptized  October  23,   1644. 
Suggestive   ideas   were   set    forth    whereby   to 
induce  greater  interest  in  local  work,  as  prac- 
ticed  by   numerous    societies   in   the    State   by 
means    of    these    tablaturing    demonstrations ; 
by  so-called  "Home-week"  affairs;  by  offering, 
of  awards  for  historical  productions  by  school 
children ;  and  by  the  teaching  of  local  history 
in  the  public  schools. 

.\n  exceedingly  interesting  report,  anil 
withal  of  great  importance,  was  that  submit 
ted  by  the  Committee  on  Historical  Activity. 
This  committee  has  gone  into  a  systematic 
and  determined  effort  to  induce  the  organiza- 
tion of  historical  societies  in  all  counties  in 
the  State  not  yet  having  such  organizations. 
Prominent  persons  in  all  such  counties  were 
.iddressed  by  letter  or  seen  personally,  toward 
securing  them  as  starting  points,  or  as  mov- 
ers, for  local  organizations.  Whilst  the  com- 
mittee could  not  report  any  yet  very  evident 
results,  having  started  work  somewhat  late 
in  the  year,  yet  enough  came  to  it  to  encour- 
age it  to  believe  that  its  effort  has  not  been 
in  vain,  that  some  of  the  seed  sown  has  fallen 
in  good  soil  and  that  further  pursuit  of  its 
work  will  bring  about  a  historic  consciousness 
in  many  parts  of  our  great  Commonwealth  if 
not  all  of  them,  where  it  yet  seems  dormant, 
that  will  ripen  to  fruitage  and  to  continuity  of 
endeavor. 

To  its  comprehensive  report  of  last  year  the 
Committee  on  the  Preservation  of  Manu- 
script, or  Public  Records,  added  that  it  had 
been  in  active  pursuit  during  the  year  in  fur- 
thering the   work   it   had   enjoined   upon   it   to.. 


13- 


THE    PENK    GERMANIA. 


<li>.  \\  iiilst  it.s  cffcrts  will  in  tht-  nature  of 
tilings  have  to  be  somewhat  meager  in  prompt 
resplts  yet  the  fact  that  negligent  county  cus- 
todians are  being  prodded  to  mend  their 
ways  and  that  they  are  made  to  know  that 
expert  help  can  be  gratuitously  had  fer  reno- 
vating their  damaged  archives,  or  expert  in- 
formation against  injurious  method  of  cus- 
tody on  the  one  hand  and  proper  courses  to 
their  tiling  on  the  other,  is  already  effecting 
a  sense  of  responsil)ility  that  is  bound  to  work 
imi)rovement  in  the  caring  for  and  safe- 
keeping of  this  highly  valuable  documentary 
material.  The  committee  pointed  out  in  its 
report  what  remedial  legislation  as  to  super- 
vising the  public  records  of  the  counties 
had  been  enacted  in  some  states,  and  how 
it  is  attempting  to  secure  such  legislation  in 
our  state,  and  of  what  kind.  The  reading  of 
the  committee's  report  will  show  its  deter- 
mined purpose  to  work  out  some  solution  as 
to  this  matter  of  preserving  of  our  county 
records,  and  it  is  to  the  credit  of  the  Federa- 
tion that  it  is  firmly  agitating  for  improve- 
iTient  in  the  compiling  and  safe-keeping  of 
these  records,  a  work  that  alone,  aside  of 
other  objects  it  has  in  view,  entitles  it  to  firm 
support. 

The  Committee  on  r)il)liography  could  not 
report  any  decided  forward  work  during  the 
year.  It  had  to  content  itself  with  cncourag- 
ine  work  along  this  line  throughout  the  State. 
With  the  bibliographies  of  the  counties  of 
Tioga,  Washington  and  Lebanon  already  in 
print,  with  those  of  Lancaster  and  Chester  in 
manuscript  for  review  and  publication,  and 
those  of  Franklin  and  Schuylkill  counties 
known  to  be  near  completion,  all  this  known 
in  a  general  way  will  lead  to  other  counties 
taking  up  this  desirable  work — that  of  pro 
ducing  a  descriptive  index  of  their  publica 
tif)ns,  comprising  their  books,  newspapers, 
pamphlets,  or  whatever  bears  their  local  im 
print,  past  and  present. 

The  officers  elected  for  1012  arc:  Prof.  IT. 
Y.  -Xmcs,  Philadelphia,  President ;  Hon.  Geo. 
Moscrip,  T(nvanda,  Geo.  Steinman,  and  Rev. 
M.  D.  Lichliter,  llarrisburg.  Vice  Presidents; 
S.  P.  Ilfilman,  M.  D..  l-Iclmandale,  Secretary; 
Hon.  Thos.  L.  Montgomery,  Harrisburt;, 
Treasurer;  and  R.  F.  Owen,  Reading,  and  H. 
J' rank  Kshleman,  Esq.,  Lancaster,  members  of 
the  Executive  Committee,  for  the  IQII  ex- 
pired terms  of  two  members.  The  President 
makes  the  appointments  of  members  fif  llie 
six   standing  committees  of  the  Federation. 

Owing  to  the  crowdefl  condition  of  the  first 
January  week  interfering  with  the  attendance 
at  the  I'Vderation  meetings  in  that  week  on 
the  part  of  many,  it  was  held  desirable  to  take 
a  Thursday  later  in  J.inuary  for  the  amuial 
meetings   hereafter. 

The  sense  of  the  meeting  was  that  the  Fed- 
eration is  meeting  with  success  in  its  work, 
and  that  it  is  occupying  a  field  of  great  use- 
fulness, and  of  most  valuable  endeavor. 

S.   P.  HEILM.\N,  Secretary. 


York    County    Historical    Society 

Members  of  the  York  County  Historical 
Society  held  their  annual  business  meeting 
January  4,  1912,  in  the  rooms  in  the  court- 
house, at  which  officers  were  elected  for  the 
ensuing  year  and  arrangements  made  to  have 
John  W.  Jordan,  president  of  the  Pennsylva- 
nia Historical  Society,  make  an  address  on 
Tuesday  evening,  January  30,  under  the  au- 
spices of  the  local  society.  The  report  of  A. 
Wanner,  treasurer,  which  was  audited  and 
approved,   is  as   follows : 

Receipts — Dues  collected,  ^227 ;  county  ap- 
propriation, $200;  balance  from  1910,  $38.65; 
total,  $465.68.  Expenditures — For  Miller  coJ- 
lection,  $160;  other  purposes,  $270.50;  bal- 
ance on  hand,  $35.18;  total,  $465.68. 

The  officers  elected  were :  Captain  Lanius, 
president ;  E.  T.  Jeffers,  D.  D.,  vice  president : 
Prof.  .\.  Wanner,  treasurer ;  Robert  C.  Bair, 
Esq.,  recording  secretary;  Miss  Lena  T.  Root, 
corresoonding  secretary;  E.  T.  Jeffers,  D.  D., 
George  P.  Smyser  and  J.  A.  Dempwolf,  trus- 
tees for  two  years ;  J.  W.  Staccy,  T.  T.  Ever- 
ett, D.  D.,  and  William  F.  Weiscr,  trustees 
for  one  year. 


American    Academy    of    History 

In  1894  the  Rev.  Drs.  J.  G.  Morris,  J.  A. 
Seiss,  and  others,  met  and  organized  the 
American  .Xcademy  of  Lutheran  Church  His- 
tory, and  the  movement  was  supported  at  its 
launching  by  representative  men  of  all 
l)ranches  of  the  Lutheran  Churcli  in  America. 
Unfortunately,  after  the  death,  in  1895,  of  its 
moving  spirit,  the  Rev.  Dr.  J.  G.  Morris,  the 
organization  lapsed;  not  because  it  was  su- 
perfluous among  the  many  organizations  for 
tlie  gathering  and  conserving  of  the  historical 
data  of  the  Church  in  its  development  in 
America,  for  it  has  as  its  chief  aim  more 
tlian  the  mere  gathering  and  conserving  of 
such  historical  data.  Its  aims  are  to  make 
use  of  the  data  gathered  or  to  be  gathered, 
and  to  trace  the  history  of  the  influence  of 
Lutlieranism  in  its  development  upon  tlie  pres- 
ent iustory  of  the  country. 

Tiie  Rev.  F.  P.  Manhart.  D.  D.,  lately 
elected  j)resident  of  the  Historical  Society  of 
tlie  Lutheran  Churcli  of  the  United  States, 
determined  to  call  a  meeting  for  the  possible 
revival  of  said  Academy,  which  was  Iield  in 
Zion  Lullieran  Church,  Harrisburg,  Pa.,  on 
Thursday  and  Friday,  December  28  and  29, 
1911.  Prof.  J.  Howard  Wert,  of  Harrisburg, 
presented  a  paper  on  "Lutheranism  in  Harris- 
burg and  Vicinity,"  and  the  Rev.  IT.  H. 
Walker,  of  York,  Pa.,  a  paper  on  "Dr.  C.  F. 
W.  Walther.  the  Luther  of  America."  Dis- 
cussion of  these  papers  was  undertaken  by  a 
number  of  pastors  and  laymen. 

At  the  Session  on  Friday  morning  Dr. 
Manhart  made  a  statement  of  the  rise  ?.nd 
history  of  the  .\merican  Academy  of  History, 


HISTORICAL  NOTES  ANH  NKWS 


189 


and  it  was  resolved,  on  motion  of  the  Rev. 
Dr;  J.  A.  Singmaster,  to  revive  said  Ameri- 
can Academy  of  Lutheran  Church  History. 
The  following  officers  were  elected:  President, 
F.  P.  Manhart,  D.  D. ;  vice  presidents,  T.  E. 
Schmauk,  D.  D.,  LL.  D. ;  J.  B.  Remensnydcr. 
D.  D.,  LL.  D.;  W.  H.  Greever,  D.  D.,  and 
C.  M.  Klaus;  secretary.  Rev.  Prof.  Lutlier  D. 
Reed ;  treasurer,  Rev.  S.  W.  Herman.  For 
members  of  the  council  additional  to  the  of- 
licers  elected,  the  Academy  elected  the  Revs. 
L.  H.  Schuh,  Ph.  D.,  F.  G.  Gotwald,  D.  D., 
Prof.  B.  F.  Prince,  and  Prof.  C.  M.  Weswig. 
At  the  Friday  meeting  interesting  papers 
were  read  as  follows:  By  the  Rev.  F.  G.  Got- 
wald, D.  D.,  on  "Early  American  Lutheran 
Journalism ;"  by  Prof.  A.  R.  Wentz,  on  "An 
important  Task  for  the  American  Lutheran 
Historian;"  by  Rev.  H.  A.  Wellcr,  on  "Pio- 
neer Lutheranism  Beyond  the  Mountain 
Frontier  of  Early  Civilization  in  Pennsylva- 
nia ;"   by   the  Rev.   Dr.   Granville,   on   "Educa- 


tional Development  .\mong  the  Swedes  and 
Norwegians  in  the  Xorthwest ;"  and  the  Rev. 
A.  Stump,  D.  D.,  presented  interesting  relics 
of  Lutheran  documents  from  the  early  history 
of  the  Church   West  of  the   Susquehanna. 

It  was  decided,  on  motion,  that  provision 
shall  be  made  for  the  printing  and  preserva- 
tion of  papers  read  before  the  .\cadcmy,  and 
that  hereafter  at  its  meetings  the  Academy 
will  ask  that  a  duplicate  copy  of  papers  read 
be  furnished  to  the  secretary. 

The  Harrisburg  meeting  augurs  well  for 
the  work  which  is  to  be  imdertaken  by  Lu- 
therans who  have  too  long  been  busy  with 
other  lines  of  work  to  set  down  the  facts  of 
the  Lutheran  history  in  America,  and  its  in- 
fluences, and  the  time  has  come  when  the 
great  Lutheran  Chnrch  must  no  longer  wait 
for  others  than  her  own  sons  to  make  known 
her  work  in  tliis  conntry. — The  Lutheran 
(C(Midcnsed). 


Genealogical  IHotes  anb  (Slueiies 

Requests   for  Genealogical    Information  by  Subscribers 
Inserted  Free.     Particulars  for  Registering  as  In- 
vestigators Furnished  on   Application. 


Virginia's   Revolutionary    Soldiers 

Genealogical  students  will  welcome  the  fol- 
lowing statement  appearing  in  the  January. 
igi2,  issue  of  the  "Virginia  Historical  Maga- 
zine" in  connection  with  the  "Bibliography  of 
,  Muster  and  Pay  Rolls,  Regimental  Histories, 
etc.,"  of  Virginia's  soldiers  in  the  Revolution  : 
"The  Virginia  State  Library  at  Richmond 
has  in  preparation  a  complete  alphabetical  in- 
dex of  Virginia  soldiers  in  the  Revolutionary 
war.  The  State  archives  and  printed  author- 
ities will  be  used.  It  is  hopc(l  to  have  this 
index  in  print  at  an  early  date." 


are  making  a  sentiment  for  this  sort  of  thing, 
and  1  know  it  would  be  easier  for  me  were  all 
niv  connections  readers  of  it. 


Silent  Antagonism   to  "Buck  Against" 

William  D.  Sell,  Civil  Engineer,  Charles- 
ton, W.  Va.,  writes : 

Knowing  you  are  interested  in  genealogy  of 
your  section,  I  am  enclosing  you  herein  a  blue 
print  which  yon  can  put  away  with  your  other 
data,  and  which  you  may  sometime  find  of 
use. 

To  be  sure,  it  covers  but  a  short  period, 
but  I  have  dug  it  out  mostly  by  my  own  ef- 
forts, and  I  am  proud  of  it  so  far,  and  I 
have  not  quit  yet.  I  tind  considerable  silent 
antagonism  to  buck  against,  and  I  wish  your 
circulation  of  the  Pennsylvania  German  num- 
bered   up    in    the    tens   of    thousands,    for   you 


King-Howland    Reunion:    Names    of 
Officers  Wanted. 

W.  L.  King,  443  Goepp  Street,  Bethlehem, 
Pa.,  Secretary  and  Historian  for  the  King 
Reunion,  writes  thus :  "In  October  number, 
under  Family  Reunions,  page  614,  I  note 
'King-Howland,  8 — 24 — Westfield.'  I  am 
very  anxious  to  have  name  and  address  of 
one  of  the  officers  of  this  reunion  or  of  some 
one  who  attended  or  can  give  nic  any  infor- 
mation about  it."  Readers  who  can  give  in- 
formation will  please  write  to  Mr.  King. 

Montelius    Family   of    Reamstown,    Pa. 

The  will  of  Marcus  Montelius,  of  "Co- 
callico"  township  (Register's  Office,  Lancas- 
ter, Book  J,  page  385)  bears  date  Feb.  17, 
1804.  He  was  a  storekeeper  in  Reamstown. 
He  mentions  his  wife,  Christiana,  and  his 
children  Elizabeth,  Charles,  William,  John, 
Maria,  Sally,  Peter  and  Marcus.  A  codocil 
dated  May  15,  1805,  is  witnessed  by  Adam 
Montelius  (Recorder's  Office,  Book  B.6.  page 
179).  Release  to  William  ^lontelius,  execu- 
tor,   Nov.    20,    1833,    by    Charles    Montelius, 


140 


THK    I'liNN    GKK.MANIA. 


Krcdk.  Ream  and  Maria  his  wife,  George 
Musser  for  liis  wife  Elizabeth,  deceased, 
daughters  of   Marcus   Moiitelius. 

Dec.  J.  1S33.  Release  from  Jolin  Montelius 
of  Mifflinburg  township,  Peter  Montelius  of 
Upper  Mackanny  township,  Xorthuml)erland 
county,  Marcus  Montelius  of  Philadelphia, 
Samuel  Yerick  and  Maria  Montelius  his  wife, 
to  William  Montelius. 
to    William    Montelius.— M.    X.    R. 

Can  our  Nortlnimberland  readers  give  us 
any  information  about  Peter  Montelius  who 
seems  to  have  lived  in  Northumberland 
county  in  1H33?  Was  he  the  teacher  of  whom 
mention  was  made  in  our  l^ecember  issue,  p. 
735  ? — Editor. 


niiihl  bei  Obermuhlern,  parish  ZinnncrwakC: 
(formerly  Belp).  The  name  Bronnimann  is- 
now  found  in  the  parishes  Koniz-Oberbalm,. 
Innerbirrmoos,  Miinsingen,  Belp,  Gurzelen,. 
Xiedcrmuhlern,   Obermuhlern." 


Haldeman    and    Brenneman    Names    in 
Switzerland 

The  following  information  was  recently  fur 
nished  to  Mr.  Horace  L.  Ilaldeman,  of  Ma 
rietta,  Pa.,  by  Professor  Dr.  H.  Turler,  Staats 
archivar,  of   Bern,  Switzerland  : 

"I  find  the  name  of  Ilaldiman  about  1400. 
in  the  person  of  a  Hensli  Haldimann  who 
possessed  a  house  at  the  Brunngasse  in  Berne. 
He  did  probably  not  live  in  the  town,  but  in 
the  country.  Besides  this  Haldimann  the 
name  of  Haldi  existed  in  town.  In  the  year 
1447  lived  an  Uelli  Haldimann  in  the  parish 
Langnau.  he  was  ''Ausburger  der  Stadt 
Bern"  which  means  a  man  who  owns  town 
right,  but  lives  in  the  country;  1453  an  Os- 
wald Haldimann,  from  Langnau,  lived  in  this 
same  parish.  The  name  has,  since  then,  al- 
ways existed  in  the  Emmenthal  and  been 
spread  in  the  surroundings.  To-day  it  is 
found  in  .\eschau,  Bowyl,  Walkringen,  Laup- 
erswil,  Signau,  Unterlangenegg.  The  Halde- 
maiui  in  .America  are  probably  like  many  other 
"Meimonitische"  immigrants  from  the  Em- 
menthal. I  can  say  nothing  precise  as  how 
the  name  was  created  but  it  probably  meant  a 
person    living   on   a    Halde    (hill). 

"The  formation  of  the  name  Bronnimann 
(Breiieman)  however  is  quite  clear.  1479  I 
find  as  "Ausburger  of  Bern"  Bcndicht  Brendi- 
man  from  Belp  c.  a.  d.  from  the  oarish  of 
Belp,  as  well  as  Uly,  Lienhart,  Clewi  (Nik 
laus).  Then  about  1500:  Uly  Brendiman 
from  Brend  (near  Belp),  afterwards  Gilg 
his  son  (in  original  German  "sin  sun  an  sin 
sfaat")  ;  Hans,  Peter,  Heinrich  Brendiman. 
In  the  year  1539  Bendicht  I'rendiman  from 
Oberlaken,  Gilian  Pironyman,  Niclaus  Brendi- 
man fnni  Xiderblaken.  Boumishus=Bonis- 
haus,  Hans  Bronyman,  Andreas  Bronyman 
in  1551.  Peter  Bronyman  from  Brandy.  The 
name  of  the  ])lace  Breiidy  which  means  a 
place  cleared  from  forest  by  fire  has  also 
given  its  inhabitants  the  name  of  Brendimann, 
which  by  and  by  has  been  changed  into 
Bronnimann  as  well  as  the  place  Brendi 
is  now  called  Brunni.  This  name  is  to  be 
found   on   the   topographical   map   near   Bach- 


George  Sell    Family   Chart 

.\Jr.  W.  D.  Sell,  of  Charleston,  W.  Va.,  has 
prepared  a  chart  of  some  of  the  descendants 
of  George  Sell,  born  1771,  m.  to  Elizabeth 
Dickenschied,  which  gives  the  following  fam- 
ily names,  among  others:  Engle,  Harpel, 
Drunim,  Renner,  Bollin,  Kulp,  Saylor,  Trial. 
Desher,  Osborne,  Leisey,  Trexler,  Sherer, 
15uisl)us.  He  has  not  determined  of  which  of 
the  immigrant — Peter,  Jacob,  Hans,  Georg 
and  Andreas — George  is  a  descendant.  The 
author  says,  "A  copy  of  this  chart  will  be 
given  to  any  party  who  should  properly  have- 
one   and   who   writes   me    for   it." 


Kram-Bruner-Barron-Roth     Inscriptions 
Wanted 

Sui)scribcrs  willing  to  examine  the  grave- 
yard records  noted  will  be  placed  in  communi- 
cation with  the  proper  party  on  sending  us 
their  names  and  addresses. 

There  is  an  old  Mennonitc  church  east  side 
of  pike  between  Centre  Valley  and  Coopers- 
burg,  Lehigh  county,  Pa.,  in  graveyard,  also 
in  old  graveyard  back  of  the  old  school  house.- 
lietween  Hellertown  and  Bethlehem.  I  un- 
derstand that  members  of  one  or  two  branches 
of  my  family  are  buried  in  those  graveyards, 
ihe  names  of  my  ancestors  were: 

Kram  or  Kramm. 

Bruner  or  Brunner. 

Barron. 

Roth. 

What  I  desire  is  tombstone  inscriptions  ot 
any  of  the  above,  perhaps  some  of  your  sub- 
scribers to  your  valuable  and  interesting  mag- 
azine may  be  able  to  <nvc  me  the  information. 

SUBSCRIBER. 


Alderfer-Altaffer  Family 

Prof.  L.  B.  .-Vltaffer,  of  Cleveland,  Ohio, 
kindly  gives  us  permission  to  prnit  part  of  a 
letter  he  wrote  us.  He  said :  "You  are  right 
about  the  derivation  of  my  name,  though  I 
do  not  belong  to  the  Montgomery  county  fam- 
ily so  far  as  we  can  find.  Two  Friederich 
Altdorfers  came  over  from  Germany,  one 
25  years  old,  who  came  in  the  ship  Samuel 
and  landed  at  Philadelphia,  Aug.  11,  1732,  and 
the  other  18  years  old  who  landed  from  the 
same  ship  from  the  same  place  about  a  year 
later— Aug.  17,  1733.  They  may  have  been 
cousins  or  one  uncle  to  the  other,  of  this  I 
do  not  know.  The  former  is  my  ancestor 
and  the  latter  that  of  the  Montgomery  county 


CKNEALOGICAL  NOTH^S  AND  QUERIES 


141 


taniily  ol  Aldcrfcrs.  1  have  seen  the  original 
ship  lists  at  Marrishurj;  and  also  have  Rupp's 
30,000   Names. 

"My  ancestor  settled  at  Quittopahilla,  Leh- 
aiion  township,  Lancaster  county,  on  what  is 
now  the  John  Shirk  place,  ahout  three  miles 
north     of     Annville,     Ixbanon     county,    about 

1740,  according  to  his  Land  Warrant  at  Har- 
risburg.  Here  he  died  about  1744  and  his 
widow  Margaret  was  made  Administrator, 
early  1745.  I  forgot  to  say  tliat  he  and  his 
wife  were  baptized  at  the  Conestoga  congre- 
gation   of    the    German    Baptist    Bretliren    in 

1 741,  and  my  great-grandfather  Frederick  Alt- 
doerffer  was  born  at  Quittopahilla  in  1742 
and  died  in  Virginia  in  1818.  My  grandfa- 
ther John  Altdoerffer  was  born  in  Maurcr- 
lown.  Shenandoah  comity.  Va.,  1770,  and  died 
near    Columbiana.    Columbiana    county,    Ohio, 


18,19,  on  the  place  where  my  father  was  born 
and  died.  Here  all  my  brothers  and  sisters 
and  T  were  born,  and  from  here  wc  scattered 
to   different   parts   of   the   country. 

"We  have  found  forty  different  spellings  of 
the  name  in  Pennsylvania,  Virginia,  Ohio, 
(lermany  and  Switzerland.  My  brothers  still 
s  ell  the  name  the  proper  way — .Mtdoerffer 
and  I  attempted  to  go  back  to  the  spelling 
but  could  not  make  it  go.  This  spelling. 
.\ltaffer,  was  made  independently  bv  three 
I)ranches  of  the  family,  one  back  in  Virginia 
over  100  years  ago,  by  an  elder  brother  about 
50  years  ago,  and  by  a  second  cousin  at  about 
the  latter  time.  I  am  sorry  that  I  adopted 
this  spelling  as  it  does  not  mean  anything 
and  is  more  difficult  for  strangers  to  get  than 
the  old  name.  But  1  must  stop  for  fear  of 
wearing  you   out." 


Zbc  jforum 

The   Penn  Gei mania  Open  Parliament,   Question-Box  and 
Clipping  Bureau — Communications  Invited 


This  is  a  subscribers'  exchange  for  comparing  views,  a  what- 
not for  preserving  bits  of  historic  information,  an  after  dinner  loung- 
ing place  for  swapping  jokes,  a  general  question  box  free  and  open 
to  every  subscriber. 


Meaning  of   Names 
Edited  by  Leonhard  Felix  Fuld,  LL.AL,  Ph.D. 

Editorial  Note. — Dr.  Fuld  has  kindly  con- 
■sented  to  give  a  brief  account  of  the  deriva- 
tion and  meaning  of  the  surname  of  any 
reader  who  sends  twenty-five  cents  to  the  Edi- 
tor  for   that   purpose. 

ROEDEK. 

ROEDER  is  derived  from  Rodcr  and 
REUTER.  meaning  one  who  clears  land  for 
agricultural  purposes  by  felling  trees  and 
pulling  out  stumps.  The  same  root  appears 
in  the  German  words  AUSROTTEN,  AUS- 
REUTEN  and  AUSRODEN  and  the  English 
word  UPROOT.  The  surname  was  generally 
applied  to  a  farmer  who  worked  on  a  small 
scale  and  had  some  difficulty  in  making  a 
living. 

LEONHARD  FELIX  FCLD. 


Local    History 


Wjth   the   issue   of   The   Gazette,   York,   Pa., 

-on    Saturday   morning,    January   6th,    1912,    a 

new  and  interesting  scries  by  Dr.  L  H.  Betz, 

embracing    twenty    papers    relating    to    "Old 

llistoric  Houses  in  York  County,"  was  begun, 


to   be   conlimied   as   many    Saturday   issues   of 
the  paper. 

The  first  paper  was  on  "The  Seven  Friends 
Meeting  Houses  in  York  County  Erected  in 
the  i8th  Century."  This  paper  was  illus- 
trated by  cuts  of  all  the  meeting  houses  de- 
scribed. 

The  remaining  nineteen  papers  have  been 
written  from  a  novel  standpoint  and  will  be 
interesting  from  first  to  last  as  historic  re- 
minders, reaching  back  to  the  early  history  of 
the  county.  This  will  include  the  customs, 
the  habits  and  the  peculiarities  of  the  time. 
coming  as  it  did  before  the  modern  era  of 
machinery   and    transportation. 

Much  old  and  forgotten  history  is  revived 
and  reverted  to.  The  eastern  and  central 
parts  of  the  country  are  drawn  upon  as  well 
as  the  river  bank,  leading  almost  to  Harris 
burg.  Fishing  Creek  valley  and  Redland  val- 
ley, in  which  some  of  the  earliest  settlements 
of  the  county  were  made,  is  largely  drawn 
upon,  as  this  interesting  locality  has  been  but 
Ijrielfy  dwelt  upon  heretofore.  Other  parts  of 
the  county  would  afford  additional  topics  for 
description  and  consideration,  which  they 
doul)tlcss  will  receive  later,  as  it  is  to  be  re- 
gretted that  so  many  local  historical  associa- 
tions and  reminders  of  the  past  should  be  al- 
lowed to  fade  away  without  effort  to  recall 
them. 


142 


THE    PENX    GERMANIA. 


Allentonian   Nonagenarian 

Mrs.  Susan  Ettiiiger,  motlier  of  Prof.  G.  T. 
Ettinger  of  Muhlcnbcrtj  College,  .Mlcntown, 
Pa.,  and  the  Secretary  of  the  Pcnn.sylvaiiia 
German  Society,  in  December  celebrated  her 
93d  birthday,  in  the  enjoyment  of  good  health 
and  memory.  She  has  been  a  resident  of  Al- 
lentown  for  eighty  years  and  recalls  the  time 
when  there  were  but  two  houses  west  of 
Tenth  street.  Our  readers  would  be  pleased 
to  have  the  genial  Doctor  send  a  paper  on 
"Reminiscences  of  a  Nonagenarian  Allcn- 
townian"  for  publication  in  The  Penn  Gcr- 
mania.     Will   they   hear   from   you.   Doctor? 


J       Value  of  a  Word   of  Thanks 

There  was  recently  unveiled  in  Lancaster, 
Pa.,  a  portrait  of  A.  H.  Rothermel,  attorney, 
of  Reading.  It  is  the  gift  of  Rev.  S.  R.  Bri- 
denbaugh,  formerly  of  Readint;:,  in  recognition 
of  the  services  of  Mr.  Rothermel  in  obtaining 
the  Library  Building  for  the  college.  It  is 
interesting  to  note  that  the  gift  of  this  hand- 
some Library  Building  was  made  by  General 
J.  Watts  de  Peyster  out  of  personal  regard 
for  Mr.  Rothermel,  for  whom  he  had  a  very 
deep  friendship.  Their  acquaintance  began 
when  Mr.  Rothermel  was  a  student  at  Frank- 
lin and  Marshall  College,  through  correspond- 
ence by  Mr.  Rothermel,  thanking  the  General 
for  a  gift  of  books  which  lie  sent  to  the 
Diagnothian  Literary  Society.  The  friendship 
which  sprang  up  between  the  two  men  led 
General  de  Peyster  a  few  years  later  to  erect 
the  Library  Building,  as  he  himself  wrote, 
"For   my   friend's   sake." 

A   "Story"   of  Canadian    Life 
Being   Written 

Mr.  A.  I'..  Koll),  of  i-"ikliar[,  Ind.,  writes 
imder  date  of  1-11-12:  "Am  writing  a  'story' 
i)f  the  early  pioneer  days  of  \V;iterloo  County. 
Canada."  We  hope  the  author  may  soon  be 
able  to  go  to  press  with  his  "child  of  the 
brain"  that  will  be  sure  to  receive  a  very 
favorable    reception    from   the   reading    public. 

Pulpit    ExperiencPS 

On  the  Sixteenth  Sunday  after  Trinity, 
October  i.  irjii,  Rt-v.  A.  1).  Thaeler  cele- 
l)rate<l  the  tenth  anniversary  of  the  beginning 
of  his  pastorale  in  Bethlehem,  Pa.  He  gave 
;ni  interesting  review  of  the  ten  years  past, 
commented  on  it  very  edifyingly  and  appro- 
priately and  closed  with  an  eminently  proper 
praj-er.  Then  the  organ  began  to  ])lay.  The 
l»astor  had  selected  .1  certain  hynui.  For  some 
reason  the  janitor  had  selected  another,  and  it 
was  the  janitor's  hynm  that  was  on  the  tablet, 
not  the  pastor's.  He  was  powerless  to  do 
anything,  the  congregation  was  already  sing- 
ing   the    lirst    stanza    when    what    was    oomin-j 


was  discovered.  Remember,  that  il  was  to 
the  close  of  tiie  tenth  anniversary  sermon. 
And  this  was  what  th.c  dcliglited  congregation 
found   itself    singing: 

"Oh  yes,   nor   would   I   change   my   lot 

For  an  archangel's  throne ; 

By  grace  I'll  keep  the  place  I've  got." 
On  another  occasion  a  man  entered  the 
ciiurch  after  having  been  in  another  institu- 
tion, which  is  generally  supposed  to  be  the 
ojjposite  of  the  Church  in  every  way.  He 
i)owed  his  head,  apparently  in  prayer,  but  if 
so,  he  continued  very  long  in  prayer.  Finally 
iiis  devotions  came  to  an  end,  or  at  all  events, 
the  effect  of  his  potations  began  to  wear  away. 
He  awoke,  confused,  only  dimly  aware  that 
some  one  was  monopolizing  the  conversation 
or  was  making  a  speech.  He  arose  in  the  pew, 
stretched  himself,  fixed  his  eye  on  the  speaker 
in  the  pulpit  and  cheerfully  called  out  across 
the  church :  "Oh,  cut  it  short  and  give  us  a 
song!"  And  just  then  one  of  the  ushers  got 
in  some  rapid  football  team  work.  It  was 
a  clear  case  of  interference. — The  Moravian. 


Kutztown  Centennial,  1915 

The  Kutztown,  Pa.,  Patri>-\t  says  editorially, 
among   other    New    Year's    thoughts : 

"And  in  this  year,  1912,  let  us  certainly  be- 
gin to  get  active  and  to  prepare  for  the  cele- 
liration  of  the  centennial  of  Kutztown,  which 
takes  place  in  191 5.  We  want  to  make  that 
one  of  the  greatest  celebrations  that  has  ever 
taken  place  in  the  county..  The  achievements 
of  the  town,  the  men  that  it  has  produced, 
the  high  place  it  has  attained  among  the  com 
nuniities  of  Pennsylvania  warrant  a  great  eel- 
el)ration.  The  earlier  we  begin  the  work  the 
better  it  will  be  performed  and  the  more  suc- 
cessful will  be  the  occasion.  Let  us  begin  the 
work  at  once  and  work  so  etTectually  that 
when  the  time  comes  the  celebration  shall  at- 
tract   national    attention." 


Cincinnati    Lady    Honored 

One  .\merican  duchess  was  selected  hy 
Queen  Mary  to  accompany  iter  to  India  for 
the  durbar.  The  recipient  of  this  high  honor 
was  the  duchess  of  Manchester,  who  was  Miss 
llelvn  Zimmerman  of  Cinciimati.  She  gave 
several  gorgeous  entertainments  at  Delhi  and 
before  returning  to  England  will  visit  Japan 
an<l   iier   .\merican   home. — Exchange. 


Strength  of   Family   Heritage 

The  l.engel  family  at  Reading  Is  so  alliktic 
in  both  sexes  that  Isabella,  granddaughter 
of  the  Bishop,  can  lift  both  her  father  and 
grandfather  from  the  floor  at  one  time,  a 
weight  of  355  pounds,  while  her  father  can 
lift   700  pounrls  ribove  his  Iiead. 


THE  FOKUM 


143 


An  Old  School   Agreement 

I'Utitor   Pcnnsylvani;!   Gcrnian  : 

[  am  sending  you  herewith  a  copy  of  con- 
tract matle  by  a  teaclier  and  tlie  patrons  of  a 
school  district  near  Uniontovvn,  Pa.,  in  1808. 
The  original  is  in  fair  condition,  no  doubt 
written  with  a  goose  quill  and  looking  as 
though  it  were  engraved.  It  is  framed  and 
hanging  in  the  museum  of  tlie  Ohio  University 
at  Athens.  I  hope  tiiat  you  will  find  this 
interesting  and  unique  enough  to  print  it  in 
.1  forthcoming  number  of  the  Pennsylvania- 
German. 

C.  L.  MARTZOLFF, 
Ohio    University, 

Athens,   O. 

Articles  of  Agreement  between  Mordccai 
Jackway,  School-Master  of  the  one  part  and 
us  the  underwritten  Subscribers  of  the  other 
And— 1st — The  said  Master  do  Obligate  on 
mv  part  to  Keep  A  School  for  the  said  After- 
named  Subscribers  Nine  Months  at  the  Rate 
of  one  Dollar  and  thirty-three  sents  per  Quar- 
ter for  Each  Scholar  And  I  do  further  Obli- 
gate on  my  Part  to  Attend  at  Common  School 
hours ;  And  teach  those  under  my  tuition  as 
Circumstances  may  Require  the  following 
branches  Viz — Spelling,  Reading  Writing  and 
Common  Arithmetic ;  And  I  am  to  be  al- 
lowed the  priveledge  of  Every  2nd  Satturday 
for  my  own  use  And  I  do  furtlier  agree  that 
I  will  take  one-half  of  the  Price  of  the  School- 
ing in  good  Merchantable  Wheat  Rye  or  Corn 
if  it  is  Delivered  at  mv  House  at  Cash  Price 
for  the  said  Schooling  And  I  do  further 
Agree  that  My  time  shall  Commence  And  go 
on   the   second   Day   of   August   next. 

And  2nd  We  whose  names  are  hereto  Sub- 
scribed do  agree  to  all  the  Afore-mentioned 
Proposiels  of  the  said  Mordecai — And  furthur 
.\gree  and  obligate  our  Parts  to  that  we  will 
put  the  Schoolhouse  in  good  order  for  Keep- 
ing in ;  And  we  do  Agree  to  Find  one  Cord 
of  Wood  for  each  Scholar  against  the  time 
it  is  Called  for  for  the  use  of  the  said  school 
liy  the  said  Mordecai — at  the  risque  of  our 
own  loss  of  the  time :  Tn  witness  hereof  we 
have  put  our  liands  tlii^  Sixteenth  day  of 
Tune.    1808. 


$ 

1  Cent? 

William  Linn  two  iv 

hall 

2'/. 

'.     10 

Samuel  Creable 

I 

I       .1 

William    Burgan 

1 

2 

1       8 

Hugh    Murfec 

2 

1       8 

Sanuicl  Hook 

I 

2 

1       8 

Jas.  W.   Gee 

1 

I 

'       4 

George   Clerk 

1 

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1       4 

James    Longhead 

1 

4 

Thomas     Wheatky, 

I      ihwv 

months 

1-3 

I 

Thomas    MaulKy    to 

I     three     ' 

1 

months 

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'      ■^- 

Morris   Marrer 

.Abner   Springer 

.\bner  Springer 

.\bner   Springer 

Abner   Springer 

i 

An  Interesting  Hessian  Story . 

One  of  our  Eastern  Pennsylvania  citizens 
f)f  Revolutionary  times  gave  this  story  iu' 
writing  to  his  friends  just  before  his  death.  I 
have  the  source  as  reliable  and  give  it  for 
your  use  as  it  seems  to  be  information  of  an 
interesting  nature  that  has  not  found  its  way 
into   historical   records : 

After  the  capture  of  the  Hessians  by  Wash- 
ington one  of  their  worthy  number  related 
the  story  that  the  British  authorities  had 
warned  the  Hessians  never  to  surrender  alive 
to  the  Americans  as  they  were  cannibals  and 
would  be  sure  to  kill  and  eat  the  prisoners  of 
war.  The  Hessians  in  a  goodly  measure 
must  have  accepted  the  scare  as  he  related' 
that  one  day  while  in  the  service  it  was  his 
privilege  10  accompany  an  officer  into  an 
.American  home  and  he  considered  it  a  great 
privilege  to  see  a  cannibal  baby  in  this  Amer- 
ican home  while  under  secure  military  pro- 
tection. It  was  only  after  their  capture  that 
they  learned  something  about  the  real  cause 
of  the  Americans  and  a  number  of  these  sol- 
diers enlisted  in  the  American  cause.  Had 
they  known  the  truth  many  would  likely  have 
deserted  at  an  earlier  date.  It  was  tlien  wis- 
dom on  tlie  part  of  the  British  to  take  the 
cannibal    precaution. — W.    F.    H.    Wentzel. 


Death    of   a    Noted    Physician 

Wilson  Peter  Kistler  was  born  October  IJ. 
184.3,  in  Kistler's  Valley,  Lynn  tow-nship,  Le- 
high county,  Pa.  As  a  youth  he  learned  the 
harness  making  trade;  at  15  he  was  teaching 
school.  He  rapidly  advanced  in  educational 
lines  and  at  the  same  time  took  up  the  read- 
ing of  medicine.  In  1863  he  entered  a  depart- 
ment store  in  Mahanoy  City  from  which  he 
went  to  the  Civil  War  as  a  volunteer.  He 
later  graduated  from  Bellevue  Medical  Col- 
lege in  New  York.  He  practiced  medicine  in 
Lehigh  county  and  Allentown  to  tlie  time  of 
his  fatal   illness. 

He  had  a  great  career  ;is  a  doctir.  He  was 
,u  persistent  student  all  his  life,  and  was  won- 
derfully energetic.  While  a  high  class,  all- 
round  practitioner,  he  w^as  a  specialist  on  skin 
diseases,  and  as  an  obstetrician  had  th?  repu- 
tation of  being  the  most  expert  in  this  sec- 
tion. 

His  teaching,  his  service  as  a  >ol(lier,  his 
having  been  located  at  so  many  places,  gave 
him  a  tremendous  acquaintance,  not  only  in 
Lehigh,  but  in  neighboring  counties.  .\fter 
the  graduation  of  his  son,  the  talented  and 
])opular  Dr.  Eugene  M.  Kistler,  also  from 
I'ellevue,  the  practice,  already  widely  estab- 
lished by  the  father,  was  greatly  extemled  by 
f.itlier  and  son.  To  its  extent,  the  introduc- 
tion of  the  automobile  greatly  added.  Tliey 
practiced  surgery  with  skill  and  success,  and 
established   the   tlrst   private   hospital   in    .Mien- 


in 


THK    I'KNN    C.I:R.\»AN1.\. 


lowii.     So  large  became  the  praclice,  thai   Dr. 
Kistler   ordered   medicines   by   the   carload. 

During  the  course  of  his  practice  here,  about 
;i  dozen  years  ago.  Dr.  Kistler  wrote  a  valu- 
able treatise,  entitled  "Medicine  and  vSurgical 
Family  Guide." 

As  a  liusiness  man  Dr.  Kistler  was  also  very 
enterprising,  turning  his  attention  chictly  to 
real  estate  tr.msactions  and  the  building  of 
liouses.  As  a  house  builder  he  was  one  of  the 
foremost  in  this  section,  having  erected  more 
than  lOO  dwellings  in  Ailentown.  Cntasauqua. 
llokendauqua  and   Xortiiamptnn. 

It  is  said  Dr.  Kistler  had  more  students 
than  any  other  physician  in  this  section,  many 
of  whom  achieved  high  success. 

Me  died  January  7,  \()12,  leaving  his  wife 
and  one  son  to  mourn  his  loss. 

Dr.  Kistler  took  great  interest  in  agricul 
lure  and  owned  many  farms.  He  also  had  a 
fancy  for  fruit  growing,  owning  peach  and 
apple  orchards  in  Lehigh  county  and  Mary- 
land. He  was  a  great  lover  of  children,  and 
;is  a  companion  was  instructive  and  ontort.Tin 
ing.  — Democrat    ( AUentownl. 


Philadelphia's  English 

"Hnglish  .IS  she  is  spoke"  in  the  Peiuisyl 
vania  German  country  is  a  source  of  amuse- 
ment to  outsiders — particularly  to  those  who 
do  not  realize  that  most  of  the  peculiar 
phrases  heard  arc  the  result  of  an  attempt  to 
translate  German  idioms  literally  into  Rug 
lish. 

Rut   the  amusement   is  not   to   remain  alto- 
gether one-sided.     Startling  as  it  may  seem  to 
Philadelphians,    there    iias    arisen    a    writer    in 
a    Pennsylvania    German    strongJKtld    who    dc 
liberately    pokes    fun    at    Philadelphia's    Eng 
lish,   and   even    intimates   tliat   Gcrmantown   is 
not   free    from   the    fault   of   slovenly   enuncia- 
tion.    This  writer  dwells  in  Alleiitown,  where 
even    the    negrt)es    talk    Pennsylvania    German 
;ind    Gilbert    and    Sulliv.in    comic    o])eras    rui 
given    in    that    dialect.      Signing    himself    ".\I 
Icntonian,"  he  writes  thus  to  the   Philadelphi.i 
Press  : 

Some  days  ago  a  Press  editori.il  said  thai 
the  best  Knglish  spoken  was  the  Philadelphia 
Knirlish.  Now  this  sounds  funny  to  the 
writer,  and  he  would  like  to  know  where  in 
IMiiladelphia  the  editor  hears  it.  To  an  out- 
sider the  Phil.idelphia  twang  sounds  about  the 
worst  on  e.irth.  It  is  heard  on  the  streets,  in 
the  business  houses,  Imtels  and  in  the  places 
that  a  countryman  naturally  strikes  when  in 
town. 

The    peculiarly    babyish    twang    is    very    un 
pleasant^  even   to  a    Pennsylvania    Dutchman's 
'•nr:    "Trnley    cnrs."^  "twnnty"    for    "twenty." 


"skunne<r"  for  "skinned,"  "me"  for^  "my," 
"give  me  me  hat ;"  "down"  and  "town"  are  in 
Philadelphia  "doune"  and  "tonne,"  with  a  pe 
culiar  inHection  impossible  to  give  in  writing 
and  mighty  hard  for  an  outsider  to  imitate  in 
speech.  Out  in  Gcrmantown  V  is  W  and  W 
is  V— weal,  vine  and  winegar.  In  all  cases 
t!ie  rising  and  falling  inflection  are  reversed. 
Philadelphia  is  a  very  good  town,  and  all 
Pennsylvanians  are  proud  of  her,  but  her 
people  can  abuse  the  King's  English  as  bad. 
if   not   worse,   than   any  others. 


Words    of    Commendation 

'J'lic  change  in  name  I  tiiink  a  wise  one,  a-s 
tile  latter  (The  Penn  Germania)  seems  to 
convey  a  broader  idea  of  the  object  in  view 
without    lessening  the   purpose    for   which    the 

magazine  was  originally  founded.  I  wish  that 
I  could  do  more  toward  advancing  its  suc- 
cess which  it  so  richly  merits,  and  which,  in 
its  new  field  of  endeavor,  I  hope  to  see  real- 
ized beyond  your  fondest  hopes. 

SUBSCRIBER, 
Washington,    D.    C. 
Jan.  21,  1912. 

T  want  to  express  my  appreciation  of  the 
i'enna. -German.  I  only  wish  I  were  an  'old 
subscriber' — for  I  know  I  should  have  en- 
joyed it  every  month  in  the  past, — as  I  have 
the   few   months    I    have  taken   it. 

SUBSCRIBER, 


Jan.  20,  191. 


West    Virginia. 


The  Penn  Germania  Magazine 

I'"or  me  is  food  and  meat ; 

-An  intellectual  treat  it  is. 

Its  pages  white  and  neat; — 

The  contents  of  this   Magazine 

I   eagerly  devour, 

I"'njoying  all  that  is  therein 

And  take   no  heed  of  hour. 

I   love  to  read  of  those  who've  made 

Our   country   great,   renowned, 

l'*or  in  the   front  were   found  t>ur   race. 

The  German  heroes  crowned. 

M.iv  wc  all  strive  to  imitate 

The  virtues  of  our  kin, 

Wlio   rugged   were,   in   speech,    and    form, 

'I'hcy  fought  only  to  win. 

Long  life  to   this   our   Magazine 

which  monthly  brings  to  light 

Long  buried  facts  about  our  race 

Who  conr|uerod   in  their  might. 

MARK  HENRY. 
Philadelphia. 


^bc  pcnn  (3crmania 


Vol.  1 


OLD  SERIES 


MARCH,  1912 

Continuing  THE  PENNSYLVANIA-GERMAN 


No.  3 


VOL.  XIII,  No.  3 


^able  of  Contents 

CURRENT  LIFE  AND  THOUGHT 146 


The    German  Elections 
The  Kaiser  in  American  Politics 
Muensterberg   on    Patriotism     . 
The  Germanic    in  Americanism 
Dress  in    Mennonite    Church     . 
Lutheran    Church    Organ     .     . 
La  Follette    on    Germans 
Divergence    of  Lutheran   Views 
Berger    the    Socialist       .     .     . 
Wisconsin    Items       .... 


146  Growth  of    Lutheran  Churches     ...  153 

147  Kaiser's    Philosophy 153 

147  How    Germans   Watch    Trade       ...  154 

14  8  Germans  in  Kentucky 154 

149  Kaiser  a  Business  Man 154 

150  Albert  Ballin 155 

150  Penna    German    Stinginess     ....  156 

150  A  Kansas    Utopia 156 

151  Stories    of    John    Frit/. 157 

151  Kansas  Judges  of  German    Stock       .     .  157 


Anglo-Saxonism 152 

OUR  HISTORIC  HERITAGE 

AUentown,   Pa,,    in  the  Revolution    158 

The  Germans  in  Maine  161 

A  Bibliography  of  Church  Music  Books 170 

Moses     Dissinger-Reminiscenses      178 

German    Activities    185 

Forest  Preacher  on  the    Schoharie 19^ 

Ghosts  of  Abbott's  Creek,   North  Carolina   198 

The  Fetterolf  Family 204 

The     National  German-American   Alliance 208 

MUTTERSPROCH 214 

OUR  BOOK  TABLE 217 

HISTORICAL   NOTES  AND  NEWS 218 

GENEALOGICAL   NOTES    AND   QUERIES   220 

FORUM    221 


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Subscribers  are  invited  to  make  suErsestions 
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.S;jj.nJ-Class  .Mill  Matter. 


URRENT  LIFE  AND  THOUGHT 

Illustrative  of  German-American  Activities 
Contributions  by  Readers  Cordially  Invited 


These  notes,  as  indicated  by  the  name,  reflect  what  the  Na- 
tion's citizens  of  German  ancestry  are  thinking  and  doing.  The 
items  must  of  necessity  be  brief,  representative  and  selective.  Sub- 
scribers who  can  serve  as  regular  or  occasional  contributors  to  the 
department  are  invited  to  write  us,  stating  what  special  field  they 
are  willing  to  cover.  Different  sections  of  our  country,  different 
aspects  of  human  endeavor,  must  be  represented  and  narrow,  sec- 
tional, clannish  viewpoints  avoided. 


The  German  It  was  said  before  the 

Elections  late    German   elections, 

and  has  been  said  since, 
that  they  were  the  most  important  that 
had  taken  place  since  the  empire  was 
founded,  more  than  forty  years  ago ;  nev- 
ertheless, no  one  has  been  bold  enough  to 
predict  the  consequences  with  any  defi- 
nitencss. 

The  German  government  is  wholly  un- 
like other  governments,  the  Reichstag  is 
unlike  (jthcr  parliaments,  and  German 
parties  arc  unlike  parties  in  other  coun- 
tries. Tile  Kaiser  and  the  Rundesrat,  or 
federal  council,  have  most  of  the  power. 
The  Reichstag  has  httlc  authority  except 
to  a[)prove  or  reject  measures  that  the 
Rundesrat  sends  down  to  it.  It  cannot 
ovcrtiirow  a  minister,  for  the  ministers 
are  appointed  by  the  Kaiser,  and  are  re- 
sponsible to  him  alone.  Nevertheless,  the 
chancellor  must  get  the  approval  of  the 
Reichstag  to  imperial  measures,  and  to  do 
that  he  is  forced  to  form  coalitions  among 
the  parties. 

Not  to  mention  the  several  minorgroups 
there  are  five  principal  parties — each  of 
which  is  hostile  to  all  the  others.  First. 
at   one   extreme,   are   the   Conservatives, 


who  resist  all  constitutional  changes  and 
every  measure  that  aims  to  weaken  the 
power  of  the  aristocracy  and  the  land- 
owners. Next  is  the  Center,  or  Roman 
Catholic  party,  also  essentially  conserva- 
tive, and  particularly  devoted  to  uphold- 
ing the  rights  of  the  church.  The  three 
other  parties  are  the  National  Liberals, 
the  Radicals  and  the  Socialists.  No  one 
of  these  is  conservative.  The  chief  tenet 
of  the  National  Liberals  is  opposition  to 
the  Roman  Catholics. 

The  number  of  members  in  each  of  the 
different  parties  in  the  new  Reichstag  is 
Socialists,  one  hiuidred  and  ten ;  Radicals, 
forty-two;  National  Liberals,  forty-six; 
Center,  ninety-three ;  Conservatives, 
seventy ;  minor  parties,  made  up  of  mem- 
bers who  act  with  the  Center  or  Conser- 
vatives, thirty-six.  It  will  be  seen  that 
the  only  combination  of  two  parties  that 
would  make  a  majority  is  that  of  the 
Center  and  the  Socialists,  and  they  are 
violently  hostile  to  each  other.  Notwith- 
standing this  situation,  it  is  expected  that 
the  government  will  soon  be  able  to  get 
a  majority  for  its  chief  measure — which 
is  a  bill  for  the  increase  of  the  army  and 
navv. 


146 


CURRENT  LIFE  AND  THOUGHT 


147 


The  late  elections  have  not  made  Ger- 
many a  government  under  the  rule  of  a 
parliament,  hut  they  have  taken  a  long 
step  in  that  direction. — Youth's  Com- 
panion. 


nocently,  misrepresents  the  attitude  of 
Germans  in  the  United  States  when  it 
tries  to  show  that  they  are  opposed  to  an 
arhitration  treaty  with  Great  Britain. 
See  our  February  issue,  pages  71  and  72. 


The  Kaiser  in  The  Metro p  olit an 

American  Magazine     for     March 

Politics  1  ^-1 

has       an       article       on 

"The  Kaiser  in  American  Politics"  by  E. 
CunliiTe-Owen  opening  with  this  sugges- 
tive question. 

"Is  the  policy  of  the  United  States 
Government  to  be  dictated  from  Berlin? 
Is  Emperor  William,  and,  after  his  death, 
his  son  and  successor,  to  have  the  means 
of  controlling  the  national  administration 
at  Washington,  to  the  advantage  of  Ger- 
many?" 

The  article  discusses  various  activities 
of  the  Germans  and  the  Kaiser,  calling 
attention  among  other  things  to  the  fact 
that  "Everything  that  could  tend  to  pro- 
mote affectionate  memories  of  the 
Fatherland  in  the  breasts  of  German- 
American  citizens,  has  been  and  is  being 
done  in  the  most  systematic  manner, 
under  direction  from  Berlin." 

The  organization  of  representatives  of 
the  German  element  in  the  United  States 
is  dwelt  upon  at  some  length  and  the 
article  is  drawn  to  a  close  with  the 
words ; — "It  must  be  remembered  that 
this  German-American  movement  is  still 
young.  It  has  passed  beyond  its  infancy 
and  childhood,  however.  If  it  can 
already  afiford  publicly  to  threaten  the 
downfall  of  a  President,  and  of  an  Ad- 
ministration, when  they  do  not  defer  to 
its  demands,  influenced  or  dictated  from 
Berlin,  what  will  the  situation  be  when 
the  Federation  of  German  Societies 
'under  one  political  hat'  has  attained  its 
majority,  a  few  years  hence?  Is  it  an 
exaggeration,  under  the  circumstances, 
to  assert  that,  unless  measures  are  taken 
to  prevent  it,  the  day  may  yet  come  when 
the  international  relations  of  this  great 
Republic  may  receive,  through  its  Ger- 
man-American citizens,  its  guidance 
from  Potsdam?" 

The  article,  whether  purposely  or  in- 


Munsterberg  on  The  Saturday  Bven- 
Patriotism  i)ig    Post    of    Feb.    17, 

contains  an  interesting 
article  by  Hugo  Miinsterberg  on  Ameri- 
can Patriotism  and  Europe  from  which 
we  quote  the  closing  paragraphs. 

"Those  seventeen  million  German- 
Americans  know  that  the  blood  of  their 
ancestors  was  offered  for  the  unity  of 
this  nation ;  that  tlie  brawn  and  the  brain 
of  their  fathers  helped  to  build  its  pros- 
perity; that  their  education  and  their 
character  have  given  tremendous  mo- 
mentum to  the  glorious  work  of  the 
nation,  and  that  they  themselves  are  just 
as  good  American  citizens  as  the  Anglo- 
Americans.  Those  Germans  who  sought 
their  homes  in  Pennsylvania  in  the  seven- 
teenth century  are  to  the  millions  of 
modern  German-Americans  what  the 
Pilgrim  Fathers  are  to  those  descended 
from  English  stock.  The  time  has 
passed  when  the  children  felt  ashamed 
that  their  parents  were  not  of  English 
but  of  Teuton  origin.  Exactly  the  same 
change  has  come  to  all  the  other  peoples. 
The  one  man  who  is  the  idol  of  the  nation 
has  never  lost  a  chance  to  tell  how  Dutch 
and  Scotch  and  Irish  and  French  bloods 
are  mixed  in  his  veins. 

This  new  feeling  and  attitude  of  the 
majority  necessarily  demands  a  funda- 
mental revision  of  the  antiquated 
national  theory.  The  American  people 
are  not  an  English  people,  nor  a  Dutch, 
nor  a  French,  nor  a  German,  nor  an 
Irish.  The  American  nation  is  an  en- 
tirely new  people  which,  like  all  the  other 
great  nations  of  the  world,  has  arisen 
from  a  mixture  of  races  and  from  a 
blending  of  nationalities.  The  ties  of 
kinship  do  not  connect  it  with  England 
more  than  with  Ireland  or  Holland  or 
Germany  or  Sweden.  All  these  races 
are  united  and  assimilated  here — not  by 


us 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


a  oi'inmon  racial  .n-igin.  hut  In  a  coinnioii 
national  task. 

"They  niiisl  work  out  in  unity  the 
doiinv  iif  a  nation  to  which  all  the  lead- 
inji  countries  of  Europe  have  contri- 
buted their  most  enteri)rising  elenicnls  as 
bearers  of  their  particular  trails  and 
ideals.  A  new  partiotisni  has  sprung  up 
that  does  not  aim  toward  the  conser- 
vation of  an  I'jiglish  people,  hut  Iiojjcs 
for  the  highest  develoi)ment  of  a  unicjue 
nation  in  which  the  finest  (jnalitics  of  all 
Kurope  will  he  blended. 

"This  new  patriotism  alone  can  he  a 
true  stimulus  for  all  the  heallhy  elements 
in  this  great  country.  The  old  kind  of 
])atrioti<m  has  been  really  holding  hack 
the  non-l{ngli>h  elements,  as  it  forced  on 
them  the  artificial  task  of  imitating  some- 
thing which  was  not  in  harmony  with 
their  inmo>t  nature.  The  new  i)atri- 
otisiii  inspires  every  one  to  his  duly  i)f 
contributing  the  very  best  of  the  ideals  of 
bis  home  coinitry  to  the  happiness  of  the 
wliole.  'ilie  new  jiatriotism  of  to-mor- 
row will  not  know  liosts  or  guests  among 
the  citizens  of  this  country.  The  na- 
tion is  one  solid  whole;  and  whatever 
European  country  has  contributed  to  its 
inheritance  must  have  its  share  in  the 
gratitude  of  every  inhabitant. 

"'J'he  Irish  or  Dutch  or  v^wedish  or 
German  or  I'Vench-American  would  in- 
»lecd  be  utterly  luigrateful  if  he  were  to 
forget  how  endlessly  much  b'ngland  has 
given  to  this  nation  which  is  now  his 
own.  .\n(\  the  .\ngli»-.\merican  would 
be  no  less  ungrateful  if  he  were  to  forget 
what  the  b'.uropean  continent  has  ])oured 
out  for  the  strength  and  the  beauty  and 
the  blessing  of  his  beloved  land.  Since 
the  peoi)le  with  all  the  manifoldness  of 
elements  feel  themselves  one,  the  nation 
cannot  have  a  diversity  of  ancestors — all 
]Mn-i»pe  is  the  mother  country,  'i'o  see 
this  mother  country's  achievements  will 
be  every  .Xmerican's  pride,  to  visit  its 
soil  will  be  his  inspiration— the  inter-, 
course  will  never  be  without  resjiect  and 
even  the  rivalry  never  without  sympathy. 
'J'he  .\nglo-.\merican  resentment  of  yes- 
terday and  the  condescension  of  to-day 
toward  continental  h'tn'ope  will  yield  to 
friendship.     'J'rne  patriotism   cannot   de- 


mand thai  the  American  people  crumble 
and  fall  asunder  when  they  begin  to  think 
lovinglv  of  their  ancestral  homes! 
'J"here  ought  not  to  be  civil  war  on  the 
battlefields  of  European  memories." 


The  Germanic  in  'i'he  emigration  from 
Americanism  ( ".erman}-      into      the 

L'nited  States  continues 
to  decrease.  In  1911  there  were  only 
22(). =^00  from  (jerman  ])orts,  as  com- 
pareil  willi  300,585  in  i(;io.  These 
figin-es  cover  inmiigration  through  Ger- 
nian\  as  well  as  from  Germany,  so  that 
even  ihev  must  l)e  cut  down  to  reach  the 
real  Germanic  intlux  of  the  x'ear. 

It  is  not  a  ])henomenon  that  the 
ihonglitful  American  welcomes,  though 
it  was  inevitable  with  the  splendid  growth 
of  modern  Germany.  There  has  been 
more  to  do  at  home;  so  much,  in  i'ACt. 
lliat  e\en  that  profound  instinct  of  the 
Teuton  race  of  all  branches  which  has 
dri\en  them  al)roa(l  to  the  utmost  ends 
of  the  world  was  in  some  degree  checked. 

I  hit  the  loss  to  the  American  republic 
has  been  heavy.  And  it  is  selfishly  to 
he  hoped  the  ra])id  growth  of  the  popu- 
lation of  the  fatherland  will  increase  the 
t1ow  into  the  Tnitcd  States,  though  the 
German  colonies  will  al)Sorh  much  of  it. 
while  the  great  opportunities  of  other 
new  countries  as  hos])itahle  as  our  own 
will  attact  more. 

The  German  immigration  has  been  of 
incalcul.-ihle  value  to  American  progress 
not  only  because  of  the  Germanic  virtues 
hut  also  because  the  German  was  by  race, 
character,  and  history  in  sympathy  with 
the  ideals  of  civil  freedom  upon  which 
American  institutions  were  founded. 
There  were  ne\er  an\'  truer  Americans  in 
the  deeper,  ideal  sense  of  the  word  than 
the  Gicrman  revolutionists  of  "48.  And 
when  the\-  failed  and  had  to  flee  their 
own  land  they  came,  naturally,  to  the 
.\merican  republic,  bringing  a  priceless 
gilt  of  courage  and  high  ideals  of  citizen- 
ship. 

,  The  Germanic  strain  in  the  future 
.\nierican  will  be  one  of  its  greatest 
sources   of   strength.        In   his   brief  but 


CURRKNT  LIFE  AND  THOUGHT 


T49 


\vell  considered  survey.  "A  Ilistory  <>f 
(icrnian  Civilizalit)ii."  Dr.  Im'iisI  Ivichard 
of  Columbia  I'niversit)-  well  states  the 
{.jreat  (leniiau  (jualities:  untiring  indus- 
tr\-,  scientitic  tlioroughness.  sense  of 
duty,  ])atienl  persistence,  intelligent, 
voluntary  submission  to  organization. 
'J'hese  are  (jualities  which  the  American 
scheme  needs  to  succeed,  these  and  the 
splendid  idealism  which,  as  Dr.  Richard 
reminds  us,  underlies  and  inspires  all  the 
tremcndou>  activities  of  llu'  (a'rman 
peo])le.  In  the  Cicrman  the  Teutonic 
love  of  lil)ert\-  isbalanced  by  a  construc- 
tive sense  for  order,  and  great  as  his 
individualism  i>.  it  is  balanced  by  the  con- 
sciousness of  his  responsible  relation  to 
the  ci^mmunity.  The  importance  of 
such  a  combination  it  is  hard  to  over- 
estimate when  one  considers  the  con- 
ditions necessary  to  the  success  of  the 
democratic  ex])eriment." — Chica(jo  Tri- 
h  It  lie. 


Dress  in 

Mennonite 

Church 


At  tile  Mennonite 
Ceneral  Conf  e  r  e  n  c  e 
'u.woisuqof  .\v.3\.i  ppn 
Pa.,  ( )ctol)er  2^  and  2(),  HM  '.  the  follow- 
ing was  among  the  questions  considered: 

"As  the  tendency  towards  fashionable 
attire  continues  to  be  a  growing  evil  in 
many  i)ortions  of  the  brotherhood,  should 
not  this  body  a])poinl  a  committee  whose 
duty  it  shall  be  to  investigate  conditions, 
make  a  thorough  >ludy  of  the  subject, 
formulate  a  remedy,  and  rejxirt  at  the 
next  meeting  n\  the  (icncral  Confer- 
ence?" 

After  a  careful  consideration  of  the 
question,  the  following  resolution  was 
unanimously  adopted : 

'A\'e  reaffirm  the  position  heretofore 
taken  by  both  the  Ccneral  Conference 
and  all  our  district  conferences  in  sup- 
port of  separation  from  the  world  and 
modesty  in  apparel.  \\'e  I)elieve  that 
the  body  of  our  people  are  willing  to  co- 
operate in  the  work  of  bringing  ail  our 
people  to  the  Gospel  standard  of  sim- 
jilicity  and  spirituality.  We  recommend 
that  a  committee  of  seven  brethren  be  ap- 
pointed  to  study  the  question  in  all  its 


phases  and  bring  to  the  next  General 
Conference  a  rejxjrt  of  what  they  con- 
sider the  be>t  \va\-  to  maintain  proper 
disci])linc'  on  the  (|uestion." 

A  commillee  of  seven  was  apjxiinteil 
who  in  an  address  published  in  (iosl^ci 
JlcraUl  suggest  tlie  following: 

■■|.  That  each  individual  member  of 
ihr  Chm-ch  take  a  look  inward  to  see  that 
hi>  or  JKT  will  is  fully  surrendered  to 
Goil  :  and  if  not.  then  wrestle  with  God 
in  prayer  uiuil  llu-  full  surrender  has 
bren  made. 

"2.  That  we  de\i)le  more  lime  to  a 
careful,  prayerful  study  of  the  liible. 

'\^.  That  we  put  I'ible  teachings  into 
practice  as   fast  as  we  learn  them. 

'■4.  That  our  ministers  make  an  effort 
to  gel  into  closer  touch  with  their  mem- 
bers. 

"5.  That  our  entire  membership  give 
the  ministry  hearty  support  in  ihe  work 
of  building  u])  the  Church  and  extending 
her  ])orders. 

"().  That  the  great  liible  doctrine  of 
separation  from  the  wtjrld.  with  all  that 
it  implies.  l)e  more  definitely  taught  from 
the  ])ul])il  and  more  generally  discussed 
in  the  home  and  wherever  opportunity 
affords. 

"S.  That  in  our  teaching  and  personal 
work  we  use  both  diligence  and  for- 
bearance, according  to  Gal.  6:1. 

"<).  That  we  make  sure  that  there  is 
nothing  about  our  own  lives  which  staufls 
as  a  stuml)ling  block  to  others. 

"10.  That  we  strive,  by  all  means  in 
our  possession,  to  cultivate  a  spirit  of 
loyalty  to  God  and  the  Church;  that  a 
readiness  Ije  shown  by  each  member  to 
recognize  and  to  conform  U.)  what  is  the 
generally  established  order  of  the  Church 
in  tlress,  rather  than  a  disposition  to 
ignore  or  oppo.se  it. 

■"11.  That  in  obedience  to  such  scrip- 
tures as  1  Tim.  2:9.  10  antl  1  Pet.  ^.^,  4. 
all  members  wearing  things  named  and 
testified  against  Hierein.  discard  the  same 
at  once.  l'nc|ualitied,  willing  obedience 
always  brings  blessings  with  it. 

"12.  That  we.  as  a  united  brotherhood, 
keep  on  working  and  praying  until  the 
work  which  we  have  started  to  accom- 


i^o 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


plish  is  completed."— Go^/x?/  Herald  (ex- 
tracts). 


Lutheran  The     Lutheran     Ob- 

"Church  Orean"  ^-^rver  of   Feb.   2   con- 
tains   a    communication 
under  Wie  caption;  "Has  War  Been  De- 
clared?" from  which  we  quote: 

"It  is  with  deep  regret  that  we  learn 
through  the  announcement  of  the  com- 
mittee that  the  official  church  organ  is  to 
be  launched  in  the  near  future.  Unless 
we  are  very  much  in  error  in  our  judg- 
ment, it  is  nothing  short  of  a  declaration 
of  war.  and  the  discussion  which  has 
been  carried  on  must  give  place  to  a  con- 
test, ll  is  not  a  new  contest,  but  it  does 
bear  a  new  aspect.  Years  ago  it  was  at- 
tempted and  proved  a  disastrous  failure, 
but  the  thousands  upon  thousands  of  dol- 
lars lost  were  private  funds;  now  the 
assault  is  to  be  made  under  an  "official" 
banner,  and  no  matter  how  much  of  the 
Church's  money  is  wasted,  the  perpetra- 
tors will  be  not  one  whit  poorer — that  is, 
in  money.  And  so.  hostilities  are  begun. 
We  believe  the  evidence  is  clear  and  con- 
clusive that  the  committee  proceeded 
without  sufficient  justification;  that  it 
proceeded  because  it  wanted  to  do  so, 
and  because  it  represented  a  faction  that 
wanted  it  to  do  so.  Its  prospectus  is  its 
declaration  of  war.  The  movement  has 
its  ])arallcls.  One  is  found  in  the  stock 
market,  where  the  effort  is  made  to  beat 
down  the  value  of  the  stock  that  the 
broker  wants  to  buy.  Another  is  the 
movement  of  Ahab  to  obtain  the  vine- 
yard of  Naboth." 


LaFollette  on  1    had    then,    1894-6- 

Germans  "^    ''^'I'l    '^''^ve    had    ever 

since,  absolute  confi- 
dence in  the  people.  The  question  was 
often  asked,  "How  do  you  expect  to 
make  Wisconsin  a  pioneer  progressive 
State,  with  its  foreign-born,  foreign- 
bred,  slow-moving  population?"  True, 
a  majority  of  tlie  people  of  Wisconsin 
are  of  foreign  birth  and  foreign  parent- 


age. But  it  is  a  rare  and  exceptional 
people.  The  spirit  of  liberty  stirring 
throughout  Europe  in  the  late  forties  and 
early  fifties  gave  us  the  best  of  Germany, 
Scandanavian,  Poland,  Ireland.  It  gave 
us  Carl  Schurz  and  his  followers;  gave 
us  political  refugees,  who  were  patriots 
and  hardy  peasants,  seeking  free  govern- 
ment as  well  as  homes. 

An  organization  known  as  the  German 
Idealists  even  flooded  Germany  with 
literature,  urging  the  founding  of  a  free 
German  state  in  Wisconsin.  In  every 
city  and  hamlet  in  the  Commonwealth 
are  still  living  the  last  of  these  pioneers. 
And  as  a  heritage  to  their  children  they 
are  leaving  the  stor}^  of  the  oppression 
which  forced  them  to  abandon  their 
native  lands  and  intensified  their  de- 
votion to  self-government.  Combined 
with  the  Puritan  Yankee  of  New  Eng- 
land, these  sturdy  emigrants  have  pro- 
duced a  courageous,  progressive  race  of 
men,  in  whom  the  spirit  of  democracy 
dominates. 

American   Magazine,    19 12,   p.   ^55. 

J.  C.  R. 


Divergence  of  The  Lutheran   Quar- 

Lutheran  Views  f^rly  for  January  1912, 
contains  a  review  by 
Rev.  Dr.  J.  A.  Singmaster  of  "The  Con- 
fessional Principle  and  the  Confessions 
of  the  Lutheran  Church,  by  Theodore  E. 
Schmauk  and  C.  Theodore  Benze."  Re- 
specting the  book  itself  the  preface  says: 
"The  practical  aim  is  an  effort  to  make 
clear  to  the  judgment  and  conscience  of 
English  Lutherans  that  the  chief  matter 
before  the  Lutheran  Church  to-day,  as  a 
church  of  the  living  faith,  is  not  its  re- 
lation to  an  outside  Christianity,  how- 
ever timely  or  pressing — or  even  em- 
barassing — that  may  seem  to  be ;  but  that 
the  great  and  immediate  duty  of  the 
Church  is  to  learn  to,  and  to  more  fully 
develop  her  own  highest  principle  and 
character,  as  the  bearer  of  Word  and 
Sacrament."  The  reviewer  summarizes 
the  book  in  six  propositions,  the  last  of 
which  reads ;  "6.  The  Confessional  Prin- 
ciple enunciated  throughout  the  volume 


CURRENT  LIFE  AND  THOUGHT 


I';! 


will  not  permit  the  Lutheran  Church  to 
unite  in  so-called  Church  federation  as  it 
exists  in  this  country  to-day.  Such  a 
union  would  be  a  compromise  with  error. 
Nor  can  the  Lutheran  Church  join  in 
moral  reformatory  movements,  which  arc 
of  a  purely  civil  character.  Its  mission 
is  the  regeneration  of  the  world  through 
appeal  to  the  individual."  Respecting 
this  proposition  the  reviewer  says :  "The 
sixth  and  last  point  of  the  summary  will 
surely  not  meet  with  common  acceptance 
on  the  part  of  many  thousand  American 
Lutherans.  There  is,  no  doubt,  much 
'unionism'  in  which  no  Lutherans  should 
share.  But  co-operation  on  the  part  of 
religious  bodies  for  the  conservation  of 
good  order  and  the  suppression  of  vice 
ought  not  to  be  interpreted  as  an  evidence 
of  confessional  laxity  or  the  sacrifice  of 
our  Lutheran  views.  A  man  of  God 
ought  not  to  forget  that  he  is  a  Christian 
citizen  and  that  it  is  his  right  and  duty 
to  unite  with  all  other  Christians  for  the 
furtherance  of  good  morals  and  humane 
institutions." 

The  divergence  of  view  indicated  by 
these  words  parallels  the  historic  re- 
marks passed  years  ago  between  two 
prominent  Lutheran  divines.  Rev.  Dr. 
H.  said,  "I  can  take  any  Christian  by  the 
hand  and  call  him  brother,"  to  which 
Rev.  Dr.  S.  replied,  "I  do  not  believe  in 
such  freelove." 


Berber  the  The      one      Socialist 

Socialist  member    of     Congress, 

Victor  Berger,  of  Mil- 
waukee, since  he  first  came  to  Washing- 
ton a  year  ago,  has  grown  continuously 
in  the  favorable  opinion  of  those  who 
have  observed  his  official  career.  Mem- 
bers who  apprehended  that  because  he 
was  a  Socialist  he  would  be  unreasonable, 
and  impossibly  radical,  have  been  disap- 
pointed. Mr.  Berger  rarely  takes  ex- 
treme ground.  During  the  consideration 
of  the  tariff  on  steel  he  said : 

"We  have  built  entire  industries  upon 
the  tariff.  They  cannot  stand  a  quick  and 
total  reduction.  That  would  unsettle 
conditions,  close  workshops  and  deprive 


thousands  of  wage  earners  of  their  jobs." 
But   Mr.    Berger   permitted   no   doubt 
that  he  would  vote  for  present  Demo- 
cratic reduction  : 

"I  am  going  to  vote  with  the  Demo- 
crats, because  they  are  taking  off  some  of 
the  duty  on  iron  and  steel,  and  because 
the  working  class  does  not  get  any  bene- 
fit from  the  tariff  as  it  is." 

There  is  not  a  Democrat  or  a  Re- 
jniblican  in  either  the  House  or  Senate 
who  considers  himself  sufficiently  free 
from  his  party  ties  to  take  a  stand  on  the 
tariff  as  fair  and  reasonable  as  Mr. 
Berger's. — Collier's. 


Wisconsin  Ferdinand  A.  Geiger, 

Items  whom  the  President  re- 

cently nominated  judge 
of  the  eastern  district  of  Wisconsin,  is 
the  first  man  of  German  ancestry  who 
has  been  so  honored  in  this  German- 
American  state.  For  that  matter,  there 
has  been  only  one  German-American  on 
the  supreme  bench  of  this  state,  Judge 
Siebecker,  a  brother  of  La  Follette,  being 
one  of  the  present  incumbents.  Mr. 
Geiger,  is  a  native  of  Wisconsin,  but 
both  his  parents  were  born  in  Germany. 
He  did  not  seek  the  office ;  indeed,  con- 
siderable urging  was  required  to  induce 
him  to  accept  the  appointment.  The 
Germans  don't  seem  to  be  eager  for  office, 
as  was  already  observed  by  Pastorius  at 
Germantown  more  than  two  centuries 
ago. 

Charles  Barwig,  who  was  a  member  of 
the  51st.  52nd  and  53rd  Congress,  died 
at  Mayville,  Wis.,  the  forepart  of  Febru- 
ary. Long  a  resident  of  this  state,  he 
was  a  credit  to  the  German-American 
stock.  Although  the  district  is  almost 
solidly  German,  it  is  now  represented  by 
a  man  named  Burke. 

Funk  Brothers  of  Bloomington,  111., 
sturdy  representatives  of  Pennsylvania- 
German  stock,  are  reputed  to  be  the 
greatest  corn-breeders  in  the  world. 
They  have  improved  their  seed  corn 
along  the  latest  scientific  lines;  hence 
their  reputation. 


1^2 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


I'.crnian  thrift,  so  often  derided  by  the 
American  saying.  "A  Dutchman  will 
make  a  living'  whore  a  white  man  will 
starve."  sometimes  makes  its  appearance 
in  unexpected  places.  .Miss  Lyla  Imi,^. 
teaciiing  in  one  of  the  v^ocial-Democratic 
wards  of  Milwaukee,  declares  that  out  of 
a  total  of  43  i>u])iN.  the  parents  of  4^ 
own  their  own  homes,  while  those  of  the 
other  tw(»  are  j^aying  for  theirs,  and  all 
working  people  at  that.  What  a  record 
in  thi>  periocl  of  high  prices! 

f.  Tl.  A.  L. 


Anelo-  The   .\merican   'I'rnth 

Saxonism  Society    was    organizetl 

January  i8.  1912,  in  the 
citv  of  New  York  (George  F.  Ewald, 
secretary.  38  Tark  Row,  New  York  city), 
l^'rom  a  circular  issued  by  the  Society 
tlk-   following  excerpts  have  been  made: 

-Xext  to  tile  Declaration  of  Independ- 
ence. Washington's  I'arewell  Address  is 
the  most  important  national  document. 
It  has  been  the  guide  to  our  nation  in  its 
foreign  affairs,  it  has  been  followed  by 
every  statesman  and  political  party  down 
to  recent  limes.  'The  effect  of  Washing- 
ton's policy  has  been  to  keep  the  nation 
free  from  foreign  wars  and  entangle- 
ments. This  policy  of  national  concen- 
tration has  kept  the  minds  of  the  jicoplc 
riveted  <in  internal  alVairs.  It  lias  been 
our  constant  guarantee  of  peace;  ibc  se- 
cret of  our  unparalleled  prosperity.  It  has 
attracted  to  our  shores  the  best  brains. 
brawn  ami  energy  of  the  nations  of  the 
world. 

The  immigration  up  to  k^io  beginning 
1820  is  as  follows:  (lermany.  5.400.000; 
Ireland,  4,8(X),o<J(j  ;  b'ngland,  Scotland 
and  Wales.  2,8oo.(kx);  Austro-llunga- 
rian,  ^.joo.cxjo;  Italian,  3.100.000;  Rus- 
sian, 2,400,000;  Swedish,  1,100,000- 
Krench,  48o,oo(j;  (jthcr  countries  about 
5,000,000,  making  a  grand  total  of  28,- 
000,000.  Previous  to  1820,  the  immi- 
gration was  largely  Irish  but  no  accin-ate 
figures  have  been  compiled.  'Phc  poi)uIa- 
tion  of  the  I'nited  .States  in  1820  was  ap- 
j)roxiniately  9,000,000.  .\u  analysis  of 
tlu'se  figuri's  shows  tlie  -^niall  percentage 


ot  the  Anglo-Saxon  race  in  this  country. 

••Although  the  above  facts  are  incon 
trovertible  a  determined  effort  to  ignore 
them  is  now  under  way.  A  small  but 
powerful  element  aided  by  a  certain  por- 
tion of  the  pul)lic  i)ress  and  Hnanced  by  a 
fabulou->lv  wealthy  man  is  bending  every 
energy  lo  disestablish  our  republican 
government.  They  ])rr)pose  to  do  this- 
upon  the  assumption  that  Americans  and 
iCnglish  arc  Anglo-Saxons,  and  therefore 
should  unite  fur  common  purposes.  This- 
doctrine  has  been  insidiou.sly  injected  in- 
to our  educational  institutions,  literature^ 
journalism,  economic  conditions,  internal, 
governmental  and  foreign  affairs.  The 
truth  is  that  the  Anglo-Saxon  comprises 
not  more  llian  onc-clcventh  of  the  Ameri- 
can i)eople. 

Jt  isciuitc  evident  therefore  that  Anglo- 
Saxonisni  has  r)ecome  deep  rooted  in 
American  affairs.  American  citizens  of 
Anglo-Saxon  descent  do  not  aggregate 
over  lo.ooo.ooo  of  our  [iresent  popula- 
tion. I'hc  attempt  at  Anglo-Saxonizing, 
the  Tnitcd  Stales  is  distasteful  to  true 
Americans  and  particularly  to  every 
American  citizen  not  of  that  extraction. 
Its  ultimate  result  is  "The  British  Amer- 
ican I'nion.'"  vSucli  a  ccnnbination  means 
free  trade  with  I  British  domination.  It 
can  have  no  other  result.  .Such  a  destiiu' 
for  the  Tnitcd  .States  nuist  precipitate 
the  nation  into  revolution.  It  mu.st  pro- 
duce (lis>ali'- faction  amongst  American, 
citizens,  the  descendants  of  races  not 
.\nglo-vSa.\on.  It  is  bound  to  inject  into 
the  country  tlie  ])rejudices  and  wars  of 
the  fatherlands.  There  should  be  peace 
and  harmony  between  the  cosmopolitan 
people  of  the  I'nited  States.  It  can  never 
exist  amongst  us  if  Ang-lo-Saxonism  is  to 
prevail.  The  .\mcrican  of  (^.erman  de- 
scent, Irish  descent,  Italian  descent. 
Russian  descent.  Austrian  descent,  Hun- 
garian descent.  Swedish  descent,  Norwe- 
gfan  descent,  in  fact  Americans  descended" 
ivom  all  races  not  Anglo-Saxon  shall  re- 
sist such  domination  with  all  their  power 
and  influence. 

The  American  Truth  Society  proposes 
to  propagate  a  spirit  of  pure  American- 
ism which  recognizes  truth  to  combat  and' 
destroy  tlic  domination  of  Anglo-Saxon- 


CURRENT  J.IFE  AND  THOUGHT 


ism  in  even-  place  and  in  whatever  form 
il  exists,  as  a  menace  to  American  tradi- 
ti(in->,  American  citi/ensliii),  American 
indixidnality.  •  American  distinctiveness, 
American  ideal>  and  American  free  ,t;ii\- 
(.■rnment.  To  dn  this  il  i>  ])r(i|)(»sed  I)\' 
(h>seminalini;  the^e  facts  to  establisli 
l)ranc!ie>  of  the  societx-  in  every  city  in 
the  I  nited  State>  and  w  here\'er  there 
e.\ist>  sufficient  American  |)atri()tism  to 
_i;ive  it  h'fe.  it  is  also  ])r(i])osed  to  eslah- 
hsh  an  Amt'rican  periodical  dcN'nted  tn 
the  can>e  of  truth  in  placinj^-  he  fore  the 
Aniei'icau  people  true  ])rinci])les  of  Amer- 
icanism in  the  interests  of  all  the  AmeiM- 
can  people  and  not  a  small  portion  of 
them  or  of  the  cnmitry  from  whence  lhe\' 
came.  1 1  is  also  j)roi)osed  to  designate 
competent  speakers  and  lecturers  to  deal 
with  all  ])hases  of  the  (|ueslion  and.  in 
addition  competent  literary  men  to  con- 
1ril)ute  literature  and  discussions  on  all 
Mihiects. 


a  zeal  world-outlook  and  which  eciually 
tells  of  a  tine  Scriptural  insight.  This  is 
what  ho  says  : 

'The  various  Lutheran  bodies  are  gain- 
ing in  organization,  in  ecjuipnicnt  and  in- 
numhers.  l-'or  I)ene\olences  they  raised 
in  i(;ii  ^^,832,800.  and  paid  something:, 
like  $12,500,()00  in  local  exjjenses.  Thc 
value  of  -their  church  properly  reaches- 
nearly  $84,000,000.  The  number  of  in- 
^litutions  of  various  kinds  which  they 
maintain  i>  \er\  remarkable.  They 
ha\e  2~  theological  >eminaries  with 
nearly  1.300  students,  42  colleges  (of 
which  all  but  18  are  co-educational  J  ^ 
with  ])ropcrt}-  worth  85,8(^0,000;  52- 
academies  with  over  (^),ooo  students,  8 
colleges  and  seminaries  for  wc^men,  O4 
homes  for  or])hans.  35  homes  for  the 
aged.  5  home>  for  defectives.  9  deacon- 
ess motherhouses,  44  hcjspitals,  9  hos- 
pices, 11  immigrants'  antl  seamen's  mis- 
sions, and  14  other  institutions  for  chil- 
dren and  the  wa\'\vard.'  '' 


Growth  of  'I'hc   l.iillicrnii   World 

Lutheran  recentlv     ])ublished     an 

Churches  article 'by    Dr.   IVessler 

on    "'J'he    Churches   as    Dr.    Carroll   sees 
them."'     Among  other  things  he  says: 

"Dr.  Carroll  notes  the  advance  among 
Lutherans  with  a  critical  interest.  He 
is  not  astonished  at  this  increase  of  mem- 
bers, lie  has  gotten  used  to  that.  It  is 
just  a  re])etilion  of  what  he  has  often 
iu'retofore  had  to  report.  I  hit  this  time 
he  has  been  struck  with  the  meaning  of 
these  figures.  He  sees  that  it  is  not 
merely  an  adding  u])  of  figures.  He  finds 
an  effectiveness  about  these  Lutheran 
bodies  which  really  is  all  the  more  sur- 
])rising  to  him.  considering  the  wide  di- 
vcrsit}-  of  their  organizations.  1  cannot 
imagine  Dr.  Carroll  looking  at  all  these 
several  Lutheran  .synods  each  indepen- 
dent of  the  other,  and  then  at  the  list  of 
the  things  which  in  spite  of  their  di- 
visions tliey  have  done  and  are  doing, 
without  feeling  of  a  certainty  that  an 
imier  ]:>ower  is  at  work  in  the  Lutheran 
Church  of  North  America.  He  is  quite 
struck  with  this  inner  activity,  this  or- 
ganizing and  equipping,  which  bespeaks 


Kaiser's  In    the    workroom   ot 

Philosophy  Kaiser    Wilhelm    hangs 

a  scroll  on  which  is  set 
forth  the  philosophy  of  the  !£mperor.  .V 
translation  of  the  scroll  from  German 
into  luiglish  reccnil\-  appeared  in  the 
Chica(/o      Trihinu-.  The      translation 

reads : 

"To  be  strong  in  sorrow;  not  wishing 
for  that  which  is  unattainable  or  worth- 
less; content  with  each  day  as  it  comes: 
seeking  for  the  good  in  everything  and 
enjoying  nature  and  mankind  as  it  is; 
finding  solace  in  one  happy  hour  for  a 
thousand  bitter  ones,  and  always  giving; 
the  best  that  is  in  one  even  though  no 
thanks  are  received.  Who  learneth  this 
lesson  is  happy,  free  and  proud,  and  his 
life  will  be  a  beautiful  one.  But  he  who 
mistrusts  only  wrongs  others  and  harms 
him.self.  It  is  our  duty  to  consider 
everyone  good  until  the  contrary  is 
proved.  The  world  is  so  large  and  we 
are  so  small — everything  cannot  possibly 
revolve  around  ourselves.  If  something- 
injures  us  or  causes  us  pain,  who  knows 
but  what  it  is  necessary  for  the  good  of 


154 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


the  whole  creation?  The  great,  wise  will 
of  the  Almighty  and  Omnipotent  Crea- 
tor manifests  itself  in  everything,  ani- 
mate or  inanimate,  in  this  world;  we 
petty  human  beings  lack  only  the  wisdom 
to  comprehend  it.  As  everything  is,  so 
should  it  be,  in  this  world ;  and  no  matter 
how  it  is,  it  is  always  good  in  the  eyes  of 
the  Creator/' 


How  Germans  The  industrial  rise  of 

Watch  Trade  Germany  is  the  most 
remarkable  bu  s  i  n  e  s  s 
story  of  modern  times — much  more  re- 
markable, in  fact,  than  the  coincidental 
rise  of  the  United  States.  Rather  less 
than  two  generations  ago,  Germany  was 
in  the  rear  of  the  procession  industrially. 
From  a  business  point  of  view  she  re- 
sembled the  Middle  Ages  rather  than 
modern  Europe.  She  was  an  old  coun- 
try, of  course,  and  had  no  such  vast 
stores  of  untapped  natural  resources  as 
the  United  States.  At  present  her  for- 
eign trade  about  equals  our  own.  The 
chief  cause  of  this  rise,  no  doubt,  is 
found  in  comprehensive  and  efficient 
organization  with  the  Government  lead- 
ing. 
******* 

The  empire  now  is  divided  into  about 
one  hundred  and  forty  chamber-of-com- 
merce  districts,  and  the  chambers  of  com- 
merce are  so  intimately  linked  with  the 
Government  that  they  may  be  considered 
fairly  a  part  of  it.  By  undisputed  prac- 
tice the  Minister  of  Commerce  exercises 
a  large  measure  of  control  over  them, 
directing  the  establishment  of  a  new 
chamber  wherever  one  seems  needed,  and 
ordering  the  consolidation  or  even  dis- 
solution of  old  ones  when  that  seems  ex- 
pedient. The  secretary  of  each  cham- 
ber of  commerce  is  virtually  a  Govern- 
ment official,  and  other  members  are 
given  the  courtesies  due  Government  of- 
ficials. The  chambers  are  required  to 
make  annual  reports  to  the  Government, 
dealing  exhaustively  with  trade,  labor 
and  industrial  conditions  in  their  dis- 
tricts. The  Government  calls  upon  them 
at  other  times  for  reports  and  opinions. 


The  chambers  in  certain   cases  appoint 
e.xpcrt  investigators. 

*  ^t  :;;  *  ;;:  *  * 

These  semi-official  chambers  of  com- 
merce are  the  primary  means  of  com- 
munication between  the  Government  and 
business  of  all  sorts  all  over  the  empire. 
For  example,  any  disadvantage  that  a 
German  exporter  encounters  or  any  in- 
fluence that  works  anywhere  against  him 
in  foreign  trade  is  at  once  brought  to  the 
notice  of  his  chamber  of  commerce, 
which  looks  over  the  case  and  quickly 
gets  the  ear  of  the  Government  if  the 
obstacle  is  of  a  sort  that  governmental 
action  of  any  kind  might  remove.  All 
sorts  of  trade  questions  go  to  the 
Government  through  the  chamber  of 
commerce  in  the  district  where  they 
arise.  On  the  other  hand  the  Govern- 
ment works  through  the  chambers  of 
commerce  in  distributing  information, 
and  so  on.  The  chambers  of  commerce 
also  take  a  hand  in  promoting  and  sup- 
porting commercial  schools,  lectures  on 
foreign  trade,  and  the  like.  The  cham- 
bers of  commerce,  in  fact,  supply  the 
groundwork  of  a  comprehensive  organi- 
zation that  keeps  the  Government  im- 
mediately in  touch  with  trade.  All  this, 
you  will  say,  sounds  very  "paternalistic." 
Probably  it  does ;  but  it  brings  results,  as 
any  one  can  see  by  glancing  at  the  im- 
posing figures  of  German  commerce. — 
Saturday  Evening  Post. 


Germans  in  The    Louisville    An- 

Kentucky  ceigcr     recently     called 

attention  to  the  mes- 
sage of  the  governor  of  Kentucky  to  the 
Legislature,  particularly  to  his  remarks 
about  the  pressing  necessity  of  raising 
agricultural  affairs  in  the  state  and  en- 
couraging migration  to  the  state.  He 
continues : 

"Man  ist  sich  im  Laufe  der  Zeit  klar 
dariiber  geworden,  dasz  der  deutsche 
lunwandcrer  schlieszhch  doch  Eigen- 
schaften  besitzt  welche  dem  Staate  zum 
nutzen  gcreichen,  falls  man  ihnen  freien 
v^pielraum  gonnt.  Ein  sonderbares 
Schauspiel  dasz  nicht  verfehlen  wird,  un- 


CURRENT  LIFE  AND  THOUGHT 


155 


serealteingesessenen  Deutsclien  zu  in- 
teressiren:  Friiher  vcrtrieb  man  den 
deutschen  Einwanderer  aiis  Kentucky, 
und  infolge  der  Gewaltszenen,  welche 
Unduldsamkeit  und  Vorurtheil  zeigten, 
bewog  man  andere,  den  Staat  iingstlich 
zu  meiden. 

"Aber  heute  ist  das  andcrs.  Heute 
bemithen  sich  die  Staatsrcgierung  und 
zahlreiche  Privatgesellschaften,  den 
Einwanderer  insbesondere  den  deutschen, 
zu  bewegen,  sich  in  Kentucky  nieder- 
zulassen,  auf  dasz  er  die  Fclder  urbar 
mache  und  dergestalt  zum  Gesamtreich- 
tum  des  Staates  sein  erhebUch  Teil 
beitrage.  Durch  Schaden  ist  man  khig 
geworden.  Wohl  weniger  eine  gesteig- 
erte  zuneigung  fiir  ihn,  als  die  Er- 
kenntnis,  seines  Fleiszes  und  seiner 
Tiichtigkeit  zu  bediirfen,  haben  unsere 
Bchorden  nicht  nur,  sondern  die  ganze 
Bevolkerung  veranlaszt,  formlich  um  die 
Gunst  des  deutschen  Rauern  zu  werben. 
Uns  Deutsche,  die  wir  den  Wert  der 
Arbeit,  der  Ausdauer,  der  Geniigsamkeit 
des  deutschen  Ackerbauers — um  nurvon 
diesem  zu  reden — kennen,  erfiillt  es  mit 
einem  Gefiihle  inniger  Genugtuung,  dasz 
endhch  das  eingetreten  ist,  was  folge- 
richtig  unausbleibHch  war :  die  richtige 
Einschatzung  seiner  Eigenschaften 
seitens  der  maszgebenden  Behorden." 


Kaiser  a  If   all    the    rulers    of 

Business  Man  Europe  should  make  a 
bid  for  the  title  of 
"business"  monarch,  it  would  undoubted- 
ly go  to  the  emperor  of  Germany.  He  is 
an  untiring  worker,  and  loves  work  better 
than  all  else  except  his  army.  Nobody 
can  be  in  Wilhelm's  employ,  whether  he 
occupies  an  important  position  in  the 
army  or  is  servant  in  the  royal  house- 
hold, and  be  an  idler. 

His  rational  mode  of  living  is  one  of 
the  main  reasons  for  his  ability  to  do  so 
much  work.  Though  he  has  a  beautiful 
palace  in  Berlin  the  royal  family  live 
most  of  the  time  at  Potsdam,  a  suburb, 
so  that  the  emperor  can  work  quietly. 
He  goes  into  the  city  every  day  by  means 
of  a  fast-fiying  auto  car. 


He  meets  the  empress  at  eight  o'clock 
and  they  breakfast  together.  The  meal 
usually  consists  of  coffee,  rolls,  butter 
and  cold  meat. 

By  8.30  he  is  seated  at  his  desk  in  his 
study,  which  belongs  to  his  royal  suite, 
where  he  has  absolute  quiet.  Here  he  is 
awaited  by  his  adjutants.  A  glance  at 
the  room  shows  that  this  is  a  "business 
office,"  not  a  lounging  room  for  a  king. 
On  the  wall  are  hung  a  few  interesting 
but  simple  pictures.  The  polished  floors 
are  covered  with  a  few  handsome  rugs, 
and  there  are  several  tables  used  for 
documents  and  typewriters.  The  secre- 
tary is  always  ready  for  work  when  the 
emperor  reaches  his  desk  at  8.30. 

He  is  a  hustler  in  the  fullest  sense  of 
the  word,  and  has  such  an  appreciation 
for  American  energy  that  when  he  wishes 
to  compliment  Americans  he  says,  "I  can 
use  only  Americans  for  my  work."  He 
is  a  thorough  business  man,  and  has 
studied  all  the  important  industries  of 
Europe  and  America. — Exchange. 


Albert  Ballin  There  is  probably  no 

more  interesting  de- 
velopment in  the  ap- 
plication of  engineering  to  industry  than 
the  growth  of  the  German  merchant 
marine,  and  hence  we  believe  that  the 
portrait  of  Herr  Albert  Ballin,  under 
whose  active  management  much  of  this 
progress  has  been  made,  will  be  of  in- 
terest to  our  readers. 

Albert  Ballin  was  born  at  Hamburg, 
on  August  15,  1857,  and,  after  his  gradu- 
ation from  the  Gymnasium  at  Hamburg, 
he  entered  his  father's  shipping  company, 
in  connection  with  which  he  spent  con- 
siderable time  in  England,  thus  acquiring 
at  first  hand  a  thorough  knowledge  of 
British  methods.  In  his  twenty-ninth 
year  he  became  general  passenger  agent 
of  the  Carr  line,  a  powerful  rival  of  the 
Hamburg-American  Line,  and  in  1886  he 
entered  the  service  of  the  Hamburg, 
American  Line  as  manager  of  the  pas- 
senger business.  Here  his  ability  made 
itself  apparent,  and  he  was  soon  ad- 
vanced  to  membership   in   the   board  of 


1 50 


THE    PEXN    GERMAXIA 


•  lircctors.  and  he  lias  been  cliairman  of 
the  board  of  (hrectors  at  llaml)urg  for  a 
number  of  years. 

'I'he  result  of  his  able  and  vigorous 
nianagenienl  is  apparent  in  the  dominat- 
ing position  which  the  Hamburg-. \meri- 
ean  Line  has  taken  in  ocean  transport 
during  the  period  of  his  incumbency. 
The  deet  has  been  increased  from  twenty- 
six  small  steamshii)s  to  more  than  four 
hundred  vessels,  the  largest  Heel  sailing 
under  a  single  hou.se  flag,  'i'he  capitali- 
zation of  tile  company  has  been  raised 
from  fifteen  million  marks  t(»  one  hun- 
dred and  twenty-five  million  marks,  and 
the  tonnage  now  reaches  the  hgures  oi 
ouf  milliMii.  i\\(i  hundred  and  ten  thous- 
auil     ion>.  The      1  lambin-g-Amcrican 

Line  now  includes  si.xty-eight  different 
services,  with  more  than  three  hundred 
l)orts  of  call. 

Much  of  this  tremendous  growth  has 
bfc-n  due  to  the  energy  and  aljility  of  the 
lieafl  of  the  line,  and  the  development, 
not  only  of  comfort  and  luxm\v  on  regu- 
lar lines  of  travel,  but  also  in  the  in- 
auguration of  pleasure  cruises,  lias  re- 
sulted from  his  initiative  and  activity. 
'I'he  recognition  of  merit  in  invenlioiis 
and  the  appreciation  of  the  fact  thai  the 
modern  steamship  is  essentiall\'  a  hotel 
of  the  highest  class,  in  addition  to  its 
function  as  a  means  of  safe  and  certain 
transjHjrt.  have  had  much  to  do  with  the 
ijcvclopment  of  the  Hamburg-American 
Line,  and  it  is  to  the  wise  administration 
of  llerr  liallin  along  these  lines  that 
much  of  the  eminence  of  (lermanv  on  the 
seas  is  due. — (.'ussier' s  Maya.zinc. 


Penna-German 
Stinginess 


To  the  charge  that 
I  'I'imsylvania  -( Germans 
are  stingy  a  writer  in 
ihe  l\\-/i>niii-(l  (  liitnli  Record  makes  this 
rei)l\  : 

"A  people  that  will  build  and  prijmplly 
pay  for  fine  large  churches,  furnished 
with  the  very  best  organs  and  artistic 
furniture  and  decorations,  even  in  the 
very  hills  of  eastern  Pennsylvania,  arc 
not   to  be   accused    with   having,   consti- 


tiitioitally.   a   mean   spirit   when  they   do- 
not  measure  up  respectably  with  others 
in  pastoral   supi)ort  and  general  benevo- 
lence. 

••(  )bservation  and  experience  teach 
that  there  are  no  hands  to  move  more 
promptlv  and  liberally,  too.  to  the  nob- 
lest iminilses  of  the  heart  than  those  so 
often  accused  of  stinginess;  and  there 
are  no  hearts  that  are  more  sympathetic 
and  resixinsive  to  any  just  aiipeal  than 
the  (k'rnian  heart ,  by  whatever  language 
is  used.  It  the  permanent  heart  im- 
pulses are  wanting  and,  therefore,  the 
liands  are  closed,  where  lies  the  radical 
cause  of  the  state  of  things  so  often 
lamented?  The  answer  is  clear  and 
simple.  ///  ///(■  lack  of  proper  cultivation, 
and  b\-  this  is  not  meant  a  specious  effort 
now  and  then,  but  an  effort,  as  all  edu- 
cational ])rocesses  must  be  wise,  constant, 
l)ri)i>ressi\-e. 


^^ 


A  Kansas 
Utopia 


A  certain  country 
town  has  2,500  poi)ula- 
tion.  is  not  the  count}' 
seat,  is  more  than  forty  miles  from  the 
nearest  cil\  and  depends  almost  entireh' 
u])on  the  neighboring  farms  for  its  pros- 
l)eril\.  In  ajjpearance  this  t(jwn  differs 
little  from  a  thousand  others  of  its  class, 
excej)!  that  the  three  garages  are  a  sur- 
])rise,  and  the  lawns  and  houses  might  be 
remembered  as  neater  and  more  trim  than 
ordinary. 

.\sk  a  {(uestion  and  it  leads  you  far. 
\'ou  notice  perhaps  that  the  press  of  the 
cnnnlry  newspaper  is  nm  by  an  electric 
motor.  The  power  and  light  plant  is  the 
property  of  the  town  and  pays  a  revenue 
of  S500  a  month  into  the  public  treasury. 
The  heating  plant  for  down  town  stores 
also  is  owned  by  the  people.  It  utilizes 
the  waste  stream  from  the  power  plant 
and  cuts  the  merchants'  fuel  bills  in  half. 

A  country  physician's  son,  who  in  this 
little  town  now  is  completing  a  $50,000 
hospital  for  general  practice,  has  credit 
for  the  suggestion  that  the  steam  be  con- 
nected with  the  water  system,  so  that  if 
the  water  pipes  ever  become  infected  they 


CURRENT  \AFE  AND  THOUGHT 


157 


3nay  be  sterilized  with  live  slcaivi.  To 
tills  municipal  liglu,  water  and  lieating 
j)lant  is  attached  a  i)rivate  ice  factory 
wliich  sells  pure  ice  made  from  sterilized 
water  at  45  cents  a  hundred  pounds.  A 
wholesale  ice  cream  factory — buying  real 
ciiuntry  cream  to  sell  again  for  80  cents 
a  gallon — uses  the  cold  salt  water  from 
the  ice  ])Iant. 

Ilelpful  co-operation  i>  found  in  other 
helds.  L'ncle  John  .Mowdor,  a  farmer. 
n>;iw  comfortably  rich  and  with  spare 
time  to  improve  his  "form""  in  horseshoe 
c)uoits.  uses  his  little  fortune  as  a  ])rivate 
remedial  loan  fund  for  townspeople  who 
lung  to  own  a  home,  and  the  woman  who 
makes  (jnills  for  the  countryside,  the  boy 
who  runs  the  peanut  stand,  a  clerk  in  a 
general  store  and  a  tinner's  hel])er  are 
respected  property  owners.  The  town 
Ijoasts  that  every  laborer  who  has  lived 
in  the  ])lace  five  }ears  owns  a  home,  and 
that  L'ncle  John  never  has  lost  a  dollar 
on  man}-  risky  securities. 

In  the  neighborhood  there  are  a  num- 
ber of  the  Amish  sect  whose  daughters, 
a-  a  matter  of  religious  principles,  will 
<Li  the  housework  and  mind  the  baby  for 
ten  cents  an  hour  or  ,"^3  a  week  or  less — 
never  more,  thtnigh  their  parents  ma}' 
'.vn  a  $50,000  farm.  At  one  end  of  the 
1'  wn  is  a  jmblic  ]^layground  which  in 
winter  is  Hooded  for  a  skating  rink. 
Tlie  place,  by  the  way,  is  Sabetha,  Kan- 
■sas. — Collier's  JJ'cckly. 

S-iories  It  is  said  of  ]\Ir.  Fritz 

Of  John  Fritz  1)\-     those    who     know 

him  and  his  career 
v.ell  that  if  he  ever  made  a  mistake  it 
was  through  doing  a  thing  too  well.  But 
he  seems  never  to  have  been  afraid  of 
•  that,  as  is  illustrated  by  the  following 
anecdote,  which  is  told  by  one  of  his 
friends:  ^\r.  Fritz  had  just  finished 
putting  up  and  setting  in  operation  a 
]iiece  of  machinery,  and  he  invited  a 
friend  to  come  and  criticise  it.  The 
friend  had  only  one  adverse  comment  to 
make  and  he  n'lade  that  rather  tentatively 


— "iJon't  you  think  }-ou  have  made  it  un- 
necessarily strong?"  he  said.  "Well,  if 
I  have,'"  said  Mr.  Fritz,  "it  will  never 
be  found  out."  It  is  said  that  no  one 
ever  minded  w(jrking  hard  for  Mr.  hVitz, 
because  it  was  known  that  he  loved  hard 
work  himself.  One  time  there  was  a 
breakdown  at  the  liethlehem  mill,  the 
machinery  came  to  a  stop,  and  many 
wearisome  hours  were  spent  in  trying  to 
cure  the  trouble.  Mr.  Fritz  himself  took 
charge  of  the  job.  In  the  early  evening 
Mr.  h'ritz.  who  had  been  watching  im- 
])atienlly  the  ettorts  of  the  men  to  drive 
a  broken  shafting  out  of  a  cast,  suddenly 
seized  a  big  sledge  from  out  of  the  hands 
of  one  of  them  and  began  with  all  the 
force  of  powerful  arms  and  shoulders  to 
rain  blows  on  the  refractory  metal. 
When,  about  9  o'clock  in  the  evening,  he 
dislodged  the  shaft  and  threw  down  the 
haiumer  an  old  employee,  an  Irishman, 
ste])i)ed  up  to  him  and  said  : 

"Xow,  please,  Mr.  Fritz,  go  home;  the 
bovs  will  do  the  rest.  You've  been  here- 
sincc  6  o'clock  this  morning.  Though  I 
don't  know  what's  the  use  of  my  asking 
you,  because,  all  these  years  you've  been 
doing  time  and  half  time  regularly." — 
Philmh-lphia  Public  Ledger. 

Kansas  Judees  of  (  )f  the  38  judges  of 
German  Stock  district  courts  in  Kan- 
sas, three  are  of  Ger- 
man parentage  and  understand,  speak, 
read  and  write  German.  They  are  lion.  J. 
IT.  W'endorf,  ist  district,  Leavenworth. 
Kansas.  Hon.  Edward  L.  Fischer,  29th 
district,  ist  Division.  Kansas  City,  Kan- 
sas and  the  Hon.  J.  C.  Ruppenthal,  of  the 
23rd  district,  Russel.  Kansas.  Others  of 
more  remote  extraction  are  Hon.  C.  L. 
v^wartz.  of  Winfield,  iQth  district :  Hon. 
R.  C.  Heizer.  of  Osago  City,  35th  dis- 
trict, and  Hon.  Oscar  Foust.  of  lola.  37th 
district.  Hon.  J.  W.  llrinckerhoff,  of 
v^terling.  lately  retired  from  the  bench  in 
the  20th  district.     P.ut  enufi 

T.  C.  R. 


OUR  HISTORIC  HERITAGE 


Articles  giving  information  about  the  history  of  the  Germans 
in  the  United  States  from  the  arrival  of  the  first  immigrant  to  the 
present,  of  whatever  section  of  our  country,  of  whatever  vocation  of 
life,  of  whatever  class  or  association,  of  whatever  period  in  a  man's 
life,  as  well  as  discussions  of  questions  of  the  day  so  far  as  Ger- 
man ideals  have  bearing  on  these,  are  to  appear  under  this  general 
head. 


Allentown,  Pa.,  in  the  Revolution 
By  C.  R.  Roberts,  Allentown,  Pa, 

The  following  paper  was  read  before  a  recent  meeting  of  the  Lehigh  County  Historical 
Society,  Allentown,  Pa.  Mr.  R.  is  the  efficient  Secretary  of  the  historical  society,  a  pains- 
taking historian  and   one  of   the  compilers   of  the  new  History  of  Lehigh  Count"    Pa. 

Editor. 


A 


T  the  commencement  of  the 
Rcvcjlution,  Allentown  was 
a  town  of  fifty-four  houses, 
the  population  numbering 
about  three  hundred  and 
thirty.  James  Allen,  pro- 
])rietor  of  the  town,  re- 
ceived ground  rent  of  seventy-one  lots  at 
nine  shillings  sterling  for  each.  In  this 
year  a  company  of  the  Flying  Camp, 
recruited  for  the  purpose  of  re-enforcing 
Washington  at  Long  Island  and  which 
also  saw  service  in  New  Jersey  was 
raised  in  Allentown  and  vicinity.  In  the 
early  part  of  1777,  a  number  of  Hessian 
prisoners,  capture!  at  Trenton,  were 
brought  here  and  kept  in  tents.  In  Sep- 
tember of  1777,  the  Liberty  Bell  and  the 
bells  of  Christ  Church  were  secreted  in 
the  old  stone  building  which  Zion  Re- 
formed congregation  had  erected  in  1774. 
It  was  also  in  vScptembcr  of  1777,  that 
the  Continental  Congress  ordered  the  re- 
moval of  the  laboratory,  established  a 
short  time  before  in  one  of  the  Moravian 
workshops  at   lU-thk-hcm   for  the  manu- 


facture of  cartridges,  to  Allentown.  A 
depot  for  military  supplies  was  then  es- 
tablished here.  Arms  in  quantities  were 
sent  here  to  be  employed  in  that  work 
and  in  the  manufacture  of  saddles  and 
scabbards  for  bayonets. 

Frederick  Hagener,  sub-Lieutenant 
for  the  county,  writes  May  11,  1778,  to 
Thomas  Wharton,  Jun,  Esq.,  President 
of  the  Executive  Council  of  Pennsyl- 
vania at  Lancaster,  as  follows:  "May  it 
Please  your  Excellency:  According  ta 
your  Excellency  and  Council's  last  Re- 
quest, dated  the  28th  April,  I  have  dili- 
gently examined  and  inquired  into,  but 
have  not  been  able  until  this  day  to  give 
a  true  and  exact  account  of  what  Arms,, 
etc.,  are  now  in  my  possession  and  how 
many  shall  and  can  be  properly  repaired 
by  the  20th  of  this  month,  which  is  as 
follows:  In  my  possession  in  store, 
800  Muskets  and  Bayonets,  with  Scab- 
bards. 

550  Bayonet  Belts. 
750  Cartouch  Boxes. 
45  Shot  Pouches  and  118  Powder  Horns 
58 


ALLENTOWN  IN  THE  REVOLUTION 


159 


400  Knap  and  Havre  Sacks,  New. 
75  Blankets. 
25  Tent  Cloths. 
140  Camp  Kettles. 

In  John  Tyler's  possession,  in  good  re- 
pair, 31  Rifles. 

Will  be  read  the  20th  May,  150  Muskets 
and  Bayonets,  from  J-  Tyler  150  Mus- 
kets and  Bayonets  from  E.  Cowell. 

This  number  of  arms,  etc.,  may  be  de- 
pend upon,  all  in  good  repair,  and  shall 
endeavor,  if  possible,  to  exceed  the  above 
number,  as  both  Mr.  Taylor  and  Mr. 
Cowell  have  promised  to  deliver  more 
muskets  than  I  have  mentioned  because  it 
is  difficult  to  get  the  scabbards  for  the 
Bayonets  finished.  I  have  three  saddlers 
now  employed  and  will  not  leave  a  stone 
unturned,  to  serve  my  Country  and  your 
Excellency  and  Council.  I  am,  with  the 
utmost  esteem,  Your  Excellency's  Most 
Obedient  and  Most  Humble  Servant, 
Frederick  Hagner,  Sub.  Lieut." 

Mr.  Cowell's  letter  to  Mr.  Wharton 
is  as  follows : 

Allentown,  May  9,  1778.  Sir:  In 
answer  to  your  Favor  of  the  28th  ult.  I 
have  to  inform  you  that  since  the  return 
of  Arms  I  made  the  21st  Jan.  last,  I  have 
delivered  to  Col.  Fredk.  Hagner  two  hun- 
dred and  seventy-two  stands  of  arms  in 
repair,  and  have  now  on  hand  three  hun- 
dred and  fifty  stand  compleat,  except 
about  half  the  number  of  bayonets  are 
yet  to  be  ground,  but  expect  to  have  them 
all  ground  by  the  20th  inst.  The  above 
250  stand  of  Arms  are  all  I  have  upon 
hand  worth  repairing,  except  a  few  that 
want  new  stocks,  some  of  which  I  expect 
will  be  done  before  that  time.  I  am.  Sir, 
Yr.  Most  Obednt,  Humble  Servt.,  Ebe- 
nezer  Cowell. 

John  Moll  the  gimsmith  who  had  his 
shop  on  North  Seventh  street,  was  one  of 
the  men  employed  in  this  work.  In 
1772,  his  name  appears  in  the  list  of 
single  men,  and  on  April  28,  1772,  he 
married  IMiss  Lydia  Rinker.  He  died  in 
the  month  of  November,  1794,  leaving  a 
widow  and  two  sons,  John  and  Peters. 
His  father,  William  Moll,  had  been  a 
gunsmith,  but  never  lived  in  Allentown, 
to  my  knowledge.  His  eldest  son.  John 
jMoII.  was  born  May   13,   1773.  and  also 


followed  the  trade.  He  married  Eliza- 
beth Newhard.  Ilis  eldest  son,  John 
Moll,  was  born  in  1796  and  died  in  1883. 
He  was  likewise  a  gunsmith  and  is  re- 
membered by  many  of  our  citizens.  His 
son,  William  H.,  also  pursued  the  same 
vocation,  making  five  generations  of  one 
family  in  the  same  occupation,  four  gene- 
rations of  which  occupied  the  small  story 
and  a  half  log  house,  demolished  about 
1885,  which  stood  on  the  east  side  of 
North  Seventh  street,  on  the  corner  of 
the  driveway  leading  into  the  Lafayette 
Hotel  courtyard,  now  occupied  by  a 
photograph  gallery.  There  were  three 
rooms  on  the  first  floor,  one  of  them  the 
workshop,  the  floor  of  which,  in  later 
years,  was  lower  than  the  street,  compell- 
ing one  to  step  down  on  entering.  A 
sign,  consisting  of  a  large  gun,  formerly 
decorated  the  entrance. 

Peter  Lynn,  a  saddler,  lived  in  Allen- 
town at  this  time  and  may  also  have  been 
one  of  the  men  employed. 

Another  most  interesting  and  import- 
ant fact  is  that  there  were  sick  and 
wounded  Continental  soldiers  quartered 
in  Allentown  during  the  War  of  the 
Revolution.  In  a  letter  dated  March  6, 
1778,  written  by  John  Arndt  and  David 
Deschler,  who  were  Commissioners  of 
Purchases  for  Northampton  county  to 
President  Wharton,  they  stated  that  they 
had  little  hope  of  procuring  a  large  num- 
ber of  cattle  or  swine  at  this  time  of  the 
year,  "there  being  large  hospitals  in  the 
towns  of  Easton,  Bethlehem  and  North- 
ampton, where  considerable  quantity  of 
provision  is  consumed."  On  October  22, 
1778,  there  were  four  hundred  sick  and 
wounded  soldiers  in  the  Brethren  house 
at  Bethlehem  and  fifty  in  tents  in  the 
garden.  In  this  same  month  those  who 
could  not  be  cared  for  at  Bethlehem  were 
sent  to  Allentown  and  elsewhere. 

James  Allen  wrote  on  October  i,  1777; 
"All  the  baggage  of  our  army  is  at  Beth- 
lehem and  here ;  and  what  with  hospitals 
and  artificers  these  little  towns  are  filled,'^ 
and  on  November  21.  1777:  "The  Gen- 
eral Hospital  is  still  here."  There  is  no 
mention  made  of  the  location  of  the  hos- 
pital. Tradition  gives  Zion  Reformed 
Church    as    the    largest   building    in    the 


rJK) 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


town  and.  tlK-rtfon.-,  iIk-  only  available 
one  for  such  a  ])ur|)osc. 

Another  interesting  fact  is  that  in  the 
siinimer  of  1777  a  movement  was  started 
leading  to  the  formation  of  a  wagon  bri- 
igade.  of  whicli  Coilrad  Kreider.  of  Allen 
towMshi|).  was  elected  Wagonmaster,  and 
on  July  5.  he  reported  that  there  were  in 
the  CKimty  hve  hundred  and  fifty  wagons. 
'J'he  head(|narters  for  this  wagon  brigade 
was  on  the  south  >ide  of  the  Little 
Lehigh,  and  the  site  is  now  included  in 
tlic  city  limits.  'J'he  following  petition, 
])resente(i  to  the  Northampton  county 
Court  in  September.  I77«S.  jiroves  this 
fact.     'I'he  petition  reads: 

"To  the  w(jr^hipful  the  Justices  of  the 
Coiu't  of  General  Ouarter  Sessions  of  the 
Peace  in  and  for  the  County  of  Xorth- 
anipton.  v^ej)tember  Term.  177S. 

"The  Petition  of  Andreas  Reel),  of 
Salisbury  townshii).  in  the  said  county. 
Jlinubley  Showcth.  That  having  lately 
petitioned  the  said  \\'orshi])ful  Court  for 
a  Recommendation  to  the  Supreme  Exe- 
cutive Council  for  this  State  for  a  license 
to  Ueep  a  house  of  entertainment  in  said 
township,  your  worshi])s  were  pleased  to 
disallow  the  same;  Piut  \our  Petitioner 
begs  leave  to  represent,  that  by  a  dis- 
location of  one  of  his  shoulders  some 
time  past,  he  is  thereby  greatly  enfeebled 
and  rendered  in  some  measure  incai)al)le 
of  using  those  necessary  exertions  for  the 
support  of  his  family  to  which  his  incli- 
nations and  will  promjjts  him  :  and  more- 
over, being  situated  near  Jitlle  Lehigh 
and  Col.  Dcshler's  Mill,  and  where  the 
P)rigade  of  wagons  which  ])ass  con- 
tinually through  Xorthampton  on  I'ublic 
Service  do  cver\-  day  resort  t(j  and  feed. 
he  finds  himself  obliged  to  accommodate 
them  with  many  little  conveniences, 
which  are  not  contrary  to  law.  and  for 
which  the  Wagoners  cannot  allow  him  a 
compensation  equal  to  his  trouble  unless 
he  may  be  permitted  to  entertain  them  as 
a  Public  House  Keeper;  Pesidcs.  voiu- 
Petitioner,  not  doubting  your  Worships 
would  indulge  him  with  your  Rectnnmen- 
dation.  in  common  with  his  h'ellow  Citi- 
zens, has  put  himself  t(^  a  considerable 
-expense  in  erecting  a  r)uilding  for  the 
Accommodation  of  Travellers,  your  Pe- 


titioner therefore  prays,  as  he  is  provided 
with  every  necessary  for  a  Public  house 
keeper.  Your  ^^'orships  will  please  to 
grant  him  a  Recommendation  and  your 
J'etitioner  will  ever  Pray,  etc."' 

Andreas  Reeb. 

"The  r.rigadc  of  'i'eams  in  the  Service 
of  the  Lnited  States  have  a  yard  near 
the  Petitioner's  House  and  1  think  a 
])ublic  J  bjuse  of  Entertainment  near  the 
said  \a\-(\  is  necessary. 

Robert  L.  Hooper,  ]r., 
Dept.  Guar.  Mast.  Gen." 

'AVe  .  the  Subscribers,  beg  leave  to 
recommend  to  the  Worshipful  Bench  the 
Prayer  of  the  Petitioner. 

David  Deschler.  George  Good.  Thos. 
M'Whorter.  Peter  P.irkey." 

(Endorsed)  Petition.  Andreas  Reib 
for  a  Tavern  TJcensc  Allowed. 

'J'h.is  tavern  stood  along  the  road  on 
the  south  side  of  the  Little  Lehigh,  in 
South  Allcnlown,  now  the  Twelfth 
Ward. 

Colonel  Robert  Lettis  Hooper,  who 
endorsed  this  petition,  was  a  man  who 
luid  tlie  C(^nfidence  of  General  Washing- 
ton, and  occupied  an  important  post.  As 
Deputy  Ouarter  ^vlaster  General,  his  de- 
partment carried  Northampton.  Bucks, 
Berks  and  Philadelphia  counties  in  Penn- 
sylvania, and  Sussex  county  in  New 
Jersey.  He  lived  during  this  period  in 
Saucon  townshi]).  about  five  miles  south 
of  Bethlehem.  He  was  Fire  President 
of  New  jersey  from  1785  to  1788. 
George  Taylor  be(|ueathcd  to  him  a  silver 
mounted  small  sword  and  named  him  as 
an  executor  of  his  will.  .He  died  near 
Trenton  in  17<;7. 

I'  will  be  gathered  from  these  papers 
and  letters  of  Patriots  long  since  gone  to 
their  reward,  lliat  Allcntown  i)laye(l  no 
inconsiderable  i)art  in  the  War  of  the 
Revolution,  in  liaving  here  a  hospital,  a 
military  sup])ly  depot,  a  wagon  brigade 
hea(l((uarters.  and  as  is  well  known,  was 
the  hiding  ])lace  of  the  famous  Liberty 
Bell,  that  ])recious  relic  of  American 
freedom.  What  would  be  more  fitting 
in  this  year  of  1912.  the  one  hundred  and 
fiftieth  aiinixersar}-  of  the  founding  of 
our  city,  than  a  celebration  fitlv  com- 
memorating historic  events? 


The  Germans   in  Maine 

The  Religious  Development  of  the  Frankfort  Community 
By   Garret  W.  Thompson,  Orono,  Maine 

Note.— In  the  issues  of  THE  PENNSYLVANIA  GERMAN  for  Oct.,  Nov.,  Dec,  1911,  and  Janu- 
ary 1912,  Professor  Thompson  related  the  interesting  story  of  the  settlement  of  Broad  Bay,  introduc- 
tory to  this  study  of  the  religious  life  of  the  community.  Copies  of  these  issues  can  be  supplied. 
The  settlement  and  internal  development  of  Frankfort,  Maine,  is  discussed  in  the  same  way  in 
this  issue.  We  have  taken  the  liberty  of  changing  the  order  of  the  parts  of  these  papers  as  sub- 
mitted by  the  author  which  accounts  for  the  seeming  disorder  in  the  numbering  of  the  footnotes. 
—EDITOR. 


HE-'*''  Germans  at  Frank- 
fort did  not  establish  a 
distinctive  church.  As  a 
matter  of  fact  their  cir- 
cumstances were  extreme- 
ly strained.  They  had 
been  transported  to  a  re- 
gion whose  winters  arc  long  and  gener- 
ally rigorous,  and  they  were  obliged  to 
fell  the  enormous  growth  which  covered 
the  ground  before  anything  could  be 
raised  for  the  support  of  themselves  and 
their  families.  Unused  to  this  kind  of 
labor  in  their  native  country  they  en- 
countered much  toil  and  fatigue  in  their 
initial  and  of  course  awkward  attempts 
to  cut  down  the  forest.  As  it  must  be 
long  before  they  could  raise  their  own 
food,  and  as  they  had  no  means  in  their 
new  home  of  -replenishing  their  cloth- 
ing, they  were  doomed  to  a  protracted 
struggle  for  the  necessities  of  life.  It  is 
evident,  then,  that  a  provision  for  re- 
ligious instruction  was  entirely  beyond 
their  power.  In  fact  the  whole  of  the 
present  state  of  Maine  east  of  Bruns- 
wick was  at  that  time,  and  for  several 
years  after,  wholly  destitute,  of  the  ser- 
vices of  a  minister  of  any  denomina- 
tion. 

But  the  Catholic  emissaries  had  not 
been  idle.  In  1605  the  followers  of  De 
Monts  took  possession  of  the  Kennebec 
country     in     the     name     of     the     King 


of  France;  in  16 12  De  Biancourt 
and  Biart  visited  the  same  river  and 
brought  the  natives  the  message  of  the 
Romish  religion.'"^  i  n  i  r  t  y  -  i  o  ti  r 
years'""-  after  Dreuillettes  lived  in  this 
region  and  officiated  in  a  chapel  erected 
by  the  Indian  converts,  lie  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Rallc  as  priest  until  the  latter 
was  killed  25  years  later  by  the  English. 
On  the  fourth  of  January,  1754,  Peter 
Audron,  a  Jesuit  and  missionary  to  the 
Norridgewock  tribe,  came  to  Frankfort. 

"Mr.  B'unyon,-G3  one  of  the  G-erman  (or 
French)  settlers,  accompanied  the  Jesuit  to 
his  habitation,  which  was  three  or  four  miles 
above   Cushnec    (Augusta)    and   a  ihalf   mile 

from  the  eastern  shore The  Jesuit  was 

busy  among  the  French  people  at  Frankfort 
in  lan  effort  to  engage  some  of  them  to  re- 
move  and    promised    each    family    200 

acres  of  land  and  certain  other  advantages." 

These  acts  attracted  the  attention  of  the 
General  Court  of  Massachusetts  and  led 
to  the  erection  or  renewal  of  forts,  one 
of  which  was  placed  in  the  present  town 
of  Winslow. 

On  the  other  hand,  no  Protestant  min- 
ister had  ever  been  in  the  Kennebec 
valley  except  at  Georgetown,  a  settle- 
ment at  the  mouth  of  that  river ;  the  last 
clergyman  who  officiated  there  had  left 
two  years  previously,  and  there  was  no 
prospect  that  the  vacancy  would  soon  be 
filled.     In   view  of  these  circumstances 


(260)    The    Frontier    Missionary,    by     W.     S. 
Bartlett    p.   75. 


161 


(261)  Bancroft's   Hist,  of  U.   S..  vol.  I.  p.   21 

(262)  Ibid.,    vol.  III.   p.    135. 

(263)  Jacob   Bailey's   MSS. 


l62 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


the  people  of  Frankfort  joined  with  those 
at  Georgetown  and  petitioned  the  "So- 
ciety-"* for  Propagating  the  Gospel  in 
Foreign  Parts"  to  send  them  a  minister. 
This  petition,  dated  1754,  states  that 
those  who  signed  it 

"ar-  a  co]lr<-tnon  of  Protestants  from  Great 
Britain,  Ireland,  France  and  Germany,  com- 
pelled by  i>overty  to  accept  gladly  a  settle- 
ment on  the  frontier  of  New  England,  who 
feel  sensibly  the  vvant  of  the  administration 
of  God's  word  and  sacraments,  and  their 
chiildren  must  be  in  eviident  danger  of  fall- 
Ine  Into  the  grossest  ignorance  and  irrelig- 
ion  so  as  to  become  an  easy  prey  to  the 
Papish  mi&sionaiMes,  unless  the  Socaety 
shall  send  a  missionary  to  officiate  to  and 
instruct  them." 

In  the  Abstract  of  the  Society  for 
1755  we  find  that 

♦Governor  Shirlev  and  otlier  very  worthy 
persons  recummendinK  Mr.  Macclenaj^han, 
that  he  had  been  a  dissentio}^  teacher  for 
manv  years  hut  v/as  become  a  convert  to 
the  Church  of  England, — having  received 
Holy  Orders,  hath  appointed  him  their 
missionary  to  George  Town  and  Frankfort, 
and  to  the  neighboring  places  on  the  east- 
ern frontier  of  the  Province  of  Mass.  Bay.' 

The  yearly  sti])cnd  accruing  to  this  post 
was  about  $250.  In  May,  1756,  Mr. 
Macclenaghan  arrived  at  the  Kennebec 
and  took  residence  at  Richmond  Fort ; 
his  •  family  r.ppointed  him  later  at  that 
place.  In  a  letter  to  the  Society  dated  Ati- 
gust  5th,  1757,  he  speaks  of  his  "dili- 
gence in  preaching"  and  states  that  "the 
number  increases."  Fie  complains,  how- 
ever, that  "there  is  no  church  either  at 
Georgetown  or  at  Frankfort,  nor  house, 
as  was  promised  to  the  Society  on  his 
appointment ;"  that  "he  had  to  that  time 
resided  in  an  old,  dismantled  fort,  won- 
derfully through  God's  mercy  preserved 
from  a  merciless  enemy,  to  whom  he 
was  often  e.xposed."  'He  removep  from 
the  mission  in  December  of   1758. 

A  large  territory  was  thus  again  left 
without  a  minister  of  any  denomination. 
This  frontier  country  was  indeterminate 


in  length  and  breadth,  extending  from 
the  ocean  indetinitely  toward  Canada, 
and  from  Brunswick  as  far  east  as  any 
white  people  could  be  found.  Few  roads 
had  been  made;  in  summer  canoes  held 
the  place  of  the  wheeled  carriage,  and 
in  winter  the  frozen  rivers  offered  a 
highway  for  the  sleigh  and  heavy  ox- 
sled.  As  the  church  in  Portsmouth  was 
the  last  to  be  seen  as  one  came  from 
Boston  this  mission  field  embraced  all 
that  was  then  settled  of  the  present  state 
of  Maine. 

At  this  point  the  frontier  career  of 
the  brave  and  faithful  Jacob  Bailey  be- 
gins. He  arrived  at  Pov^nalboro  on  the 
first  of  July,  1760,  as  the  newly  appoint- 
ed minister.  He  represents  the  people  as 
in  general  extremely  poor  and  very  ig- 
norant, without  the  means  of  either 
religious  or  .  secular  instruction.  In  a 
letter  to  Florentine  Vallal  of  London  he 
says : 

"I  have  been  about  two  months  upon  the 
spot,  have  traveilled  through  most  of  the 
settlements  upon  your  patent  and  been  siixty 
miles  up  the  Kenne'bec.  Frankfort  is  now 
called  Powiialboro,  and  has  in  it  115  fami- 
lies." 

At  first  the  services  were  held  in  the 
chapel  at  Fort  Richmond  and  in  private 
houses ;  after  the  court  h^use  was  built 
in  1761  it  was  used  for  many  years  on 
Sundays  for  the  religious  functions  of 
the  church. 

There  are  ample  evidences  of  Bailey's 
fidelity  and  success  in  his  work.  In  1762 
Rev.  Henry  Caner-'^^  of  Boston  wrote  to 
the  Society : 

"Mr.  Bailey  is  haghly  sucocssiful  there- 


H.^d  they  two  more  such  mi'ssionaries  the 
whole  country  would  unite  in  one  profes- 
sion  ."  , 

And  in  Bailey's  own  report  to  the  Soci- 
ety for  1762  we  read: 

"It  grives  me  satisfaction  to  find  Industry, 
Morality  and  Religion  flourishing  among 
a  people  till  of  late  abandoned  to  Disorder, 
Vice  and  Prolanemess ." 


(261)  For  the  hl.story  of  this  society  cf. 
"Hl.st  of  Eastern  Diocese  by  C.  R.  Batchelder, 
V.   I,   p.   98,  seq. 


(26'.)  Grig,  letter  quoted  in  Hawkins'  Hist. 
Notices  of  the  Mis=^ions  of  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land,  p.   231. 


THE    GERMANS     IX     MAINE 


163-. 


The  growth  of  the  EngUsh  church  was 
thus  steady  and  rapid. 

The  original  Presbyterian  or  Congre 
gational  Society  in  Georgetown  was 
destitute  of  a  minister  for  13  years  be- 
ginning with  1752.  During  that  time 
'  it  had  been  indebted  to  the  missionaries 
of  the  Church  of  England  for  all  the 
regular  religious  services  which  it  en- 
joyed. The  place  was  especially  marked 
for  mission  purposes  on  the  eastern 
frontier  of  Massachusetts  Bay  and  was 
visited  as  often  as  practicable  by  Bailey, 
who  states  that  he  frequently  preached 
there  and  administered  the  sacraments, 

"finding  the  Dissenters  so  much  inclined 
to  the  Church  that  had  they  a  missionary- 
resident  they  would  probably  come  over 
to  it." 

Under  date  of  October  30,  1767,  Bailey 
in  his  report  to  the  Society  expresses  his 
satisfaction  to  find  that 

"the  poor  people  who  petitioned  the  So'ciety 
for  a  mi-lister  conbinue  steady  to  the  Church, 
as  do  also  the  poor  Lutherans  and  CaJvin- 
ists,  and  most  of  the  young  people  among 
the  various  o'tther  denominations." 

In  the  petition^^^  of  the  west  precinct  of 
Pownalboro,  April  28,  1777,  we  find : 

"Your  (the  General  Court's)  petitioners  are 
miembers  of  the  Episcopal  church;  a  great 
part  of  them  are  French,  and  Dutch  G-er- 
man  Pr-ctestants  who  came  to  America  in 
50  and  51.  They  have  constantly  main- 
tained the  ministry  of  the  Episcopal 
oh-uroh ." 

It  is  clear,  then,  that  the  Germans  of 
Frankfort,  having  no  religious  organiza- 
tion of  their  own,  affiliated  with  the 
Episcopal  membership.  In  the  same 
connection  we  read  in  Faust: 

"The  Episcopal  Church  in  the  the  United 
States  exerci&ed  a  sti'ong  attractive  power 
upon  the  children  of  Lutheran  parents,  who 
themselves  recognized  the  doctrinal  kin_ 
sQiiip.  Even  graduates  of  Lutheran  semii- 
ardes  and  sons  of  Lutheran  miniisters  some- 
times took  holy  orders  etc." 

In  1769  the  question  of  erecting  a 
church  building  was  agitated  and  seems 
to  have  aroused  an  opposition    on    the 

(266)  Coll.  Maine  Hist.  Soc.  vol.  XV..  d.  S2 
(series  II). 


part  of  a  few  citizens  which  fcjrmented 
the  bitterest  animosities.  Among  the 
Germans  were  many  at  this  time  to  whom 
faith  and  reHgious  principles  became  a 
paramount  issue.  In  a  letter  to  Rev. 
Mr.  Walter  of  Boston,  March  21,  1769, 
Bailey  writes : 

"The  bearer  of  this  letter,  Mr.  Randall,  was 
educated  a  Lutheran,  but  has  for  some 
years  past  been  a  communicant  in  the 
Church  of  England.  He  appe.ared  well  af- 
fected to  our  worship  till  the  Dissenters 
lately  insimiated  that  the  constitution,  dis- 
cipline and  worship  of  the  Lutheran  church 
agree  almost  exactly  with  the  Independents 
of  this  country,  and  are  in  no  :'OS|)-:ct  ll^:e 
th©  Church  of  England.  He  cannot  read 
EngQish,  but  by  perusing  some  authors  in 
German  declares  himself  satisfied  with  the 
Church,  hut  entreats  that  you  wO'Uld  by  a 
line  signify  which  is  nearer  to  the  Luther- 
ans the  Independents  or  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land, that  he  may  show  it  to  his  country- 
men here,  who  are  willing  to  abide  by  your 
determination." 

This  growing  sentiment  of  Congrega- 
tionalism led,  as  we  shall  see,  to  some 
defection  of  the  Germans  from  the 
Church  of  England,  as  was  altogether 
natural  from  their  racial  inclination  to- 
ward democratic  forms  of  worship. 
Afeanwhile  the  work  of  building  pro- 
gressed, and  on  the  fifth  of  November 
Bailey  wrote :  "We  performed  service  in 
our  new  church  yesterday."  The  struc- 
ture, however,  was  not  completed  until 
later. 

The  following  extracts  from  Bailey's 
MSS..  written  in  1771,  permit  us  to  gain 
important  insight  into  the  inner  life  of 
the  Frankfort  Germans  at  this  period : 

"The  people  (when  he  first  came  among 
them)  were,  thinly  settled  along  the  banks 
of  rivers,  in  a  country  which  afforded  a 
rugged  and  disagreeable  prospect;  were  in 
general  so  poor  that  their  families  almost 
suffered  for  necessary  foor  and  clothing,  and 
suffered  for  necessary  food  and  cloth- 
ing, and  they  lived  in  miserable  huts, 
which  scarce  affordded  them  shelter 
from  the  inclemency  of  the  weather 
in  a  rigorous  climate.  And  their  lodg- 
ings were  worse  than  food,  clothing 
or  habitation.  I  might  add  here  many 
affecting  instances  of  their  extreme^  poverty, 
that  multjitudes  of  children  were  obliged  to 
go  through  the  whole  winter,  with  hardly 
c!othes   to  cover  their  nakedness,  that   half 


I^'4 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


tbe  houses  wei-e  without  and  cliimn^ys,  that 
man}  people  had  :io  other  beds  than  a  h'cap 
of  straw,  and  whole  families  had  scarce  any- 
tbing  to  subsist   ui)on   for  months   together 

except  ixjtatoes  roasted  in  the  aShes. 1 

found  Christians  of  eight  different  persna. 
sloos;    multitudes   could    neither     read     nor 

wri'te tihe    church    cannot    be    removed 

•wiithout  prejuvlilce  to  the  foreigners — ■ 'who 

have  been  constantly  used  to  our  service. 
and  as  many  of  them  cannot  read  English 
they   are  ancajjablp  of  understanding   so   as 

to  profit  by  anv  other As  to  the  Dutch 

T  have  found  them  in  general  a  s)ober,  hon- 
est and  industrious  set  of  'people;  and  not- 
withstanding some  have  b>en  induced  to 
sign  for  a  meeting  (we  notr*  here  evidences 
of  the  growing  inclination  toward  congrega- 
tional influences)  yet  they  all  declare  ex- 
cept one  or  two  Calviiniists  that  thi?y  had 
rather  adhere  to  the  Chn-ch,  and  besides 
they  acknowledge  that  th'^ir  ministers,  when 
fhey  left  Germany,  stronglv  reoommended 
their  joining,  if  possible,  with  tbe  Church 
of  England.  It  appears  on  the  whole  very 
hard 'tihat  in  a  land  of  i"eligious  lib- 
erty  anv  should  be  persecuted  on  ac- 
count ';f  their  particular  TPodos  of  worship. 
Ye*  tl^is  is  really  the  case  at  Pownalhoro; 
for  can  a  poor,  ignorant  man  be  at  liberty 
to  act  his  sentim  nts  when  he  as  contin- 
ually persuaded,  entreated,  reasoned  with. 
and  per.hapri  threatened  by  gentlemen  of 
learning,  wealth  and  influence  (a  reference 
to  influences  which  we  shall  discuss  pre- 
sently)? While  I  resided  at  Frankfort 
I  observed  with  concern  and  compas- 
sion t>ai  thp  French  and  Dutch  children 
■were  likely  to  be  brought  up  in  ignorance 
for  want  of  a  school.  This  linduced  me  to 
offer  to  'instruct  them  gratis,  but  traveMng 
was  thein  so  very  dangerous  and  many  were 
In  such  necessitous  circumstances  that  I  had 
but  very  few  scholars,  and  when  winter 
came  on  nothing  of  thiis  kind  was  pos- 
sible  ." 


The  establi.shmcnt  of  the  courts  at 
PoNvnallK)r<)  in  1761  brouo^ht  a  new  ele- 
ment int. I  the  society  of  the  place.  The 
shire  town  hccanie  the  tenij^orary  or 
settled  residence  of  the  coiuity  officers 
as  well  as  gentlemen  of  the  legal  pro- 
fessir)n.  In  education,  property  and 
power  these  men  had  immense  advant- 
ages over  the  poor  inhabitants,  and  thus 
an  aristocracy  arose,  small  in  numbers 
but  of  controlling  influence.  The  re- 
moteness of  this  settlement  also  from 
comiuunities  of  greater  advancement, 
whicli  .-I'liMmUed  almost  to  isolntion,  per- 


mitted an  abuse  of  power  on  the  part 
of  these  "leaders,"  who  in  many  cases 
were  dangerous  and  vengeful  when  op- 
posed. It  was  Bailey's  misfortune  to 
incur  the  enmity  of  some  of  these  offi- 
cials and  they  endeavored  to  compass 
his  ruin  as  well  as  that  of  his  church. 
The  history  of  this  painful  persecution, 
and  also  Bailey's  sufferings  for  lack  of 
sympathy  with  the  Revolution,  we  fol- 
low only  in  so  far  as  they  concern  the 
fortunes  of  'the  Germans. 

The  Church  was  incorporated  in  1773 
by  the  General  Court,  and  Bailey  at  that 
time  wrote  to  a  friend : 

"The  sattleniient  of  our  parsonage  has  given 
us  high  spirits,  but  a  mortal  chagrin  to  our 
en'emies." 

A  parish  meeting,  called  for  the  spring 
of  that  year,  was  held  and  dominated 
by  Bailey's  enemies.  All  freeholders  and 
other  inhabitants  legally  qualified  to  vote 
in  the  town  meetings  were  required  to 
attend ;  but  the  aft'air  was  so  manipulated 
by  these  men  through  the  omission  of 
eligible  names,  etc.,  that  it  was  not  a 
representative  meeting.  Bailey's  chief 
enemy,  self-ap])ointed  moderator,  ruled 
that  no  Churchman  had  a  right  to  vote, 
whereupon  the  latter  offered  to  withdraw 
on  agreement  that  the  Episcopalians 
would  not  be  taxed  for  congregational 
worship.  This  proposition  was  rejected. 
The  departure  of  the  Churchmen  left 
the  meeting  in  the  hands  of  eight  men, 
who  quarreled  among  themselves  and 
could  reach  no  agreement  regarding  the 
site  of  their  projected  meeting  house; 
nor  was  there  a  word  an  the  warrant 
nbout  a  minister  or  a  place  of  worship. 
Thus  ended  an  attempt  to  embarrass 
Bailey's  membership  and  to  establish  a 
con-^r-gational  church.  Another  attempt 
to  effect  such  an  establishment  was  made 
in  1777.  ao-ain  in  the  hands  of  Bailey's 
enemies.  On  this  occasion  he  sought 
lecral  advice  from  lawyers  and  eminent 
'^^en  in  dift'crcnt  parts  of  the  country. 
Tie  writes  : 

"The  mal-ccaitents  were  only  seven  in  num- 
ber; th°v  deoided  to  exclude  all  Churchmen 
from    voiMiig    and    now    agreed     in     March, 


THE    GERMANS    IN     MAINE 


165 


177G,  to  raise  a  "tax  on  the  iahabitants  for 
the  support  of  the  CSospel.  This  is  the  de. 
clai"ed  purpose  hoth  in  the  tax  bill  and  in 
the  warrant  for  distraining.  Our  people  are 
by  no  means  in  affluent  oircumstances,  and 
after  having  generoaisly  contributed  to  my 
supptcrt  are  ccmpelLed  to  pay  the  -above  tax 
with  the  utmost  rigor.  The  collectors  are 
seizing  their  cattle  by  violence  and  selling 
them  at  publdck  vendiie  for  a  mere  trifle. 
Thes?  men  have  no  meeting  house,  no  em- 
bodied church,  no  communicants,  no  minis- 
ter, and  no  preaching  except  three  months 
in  1775." 

The  petition-'^'^  of  the  west  precinct  of 
Pownalboro,  April  28,  1777,  reads: 

"Your  petitiioners  are  members  of  the  Epis- 
copal Church;  a  great  part  of  them  are 
French  and  Dutch  German  Protestants  who 
came  to  America  in  the  years  50  and  51. 
They  have  constantly  maiutaii^ed  the  min- 
istry of  the  Epiiscopal  Church  wiith  the  as- 
sisitanice  of  the  Society.  They  have  built 
them&elves  a  church  and  have  a  church 
glebe  in  the  west  precinct  of  Pownalboro. 
In  the  year  75  the  town  of  Pownalboro 
was  divided  into  two  parts  by  itihe  name  of 
♦^he  eastern  and  w^estern  precincts.  In  the 
same  year  the  western  precinct  called  a 
meeting  dn  which  the  votes  of  some  of  the 
petitioners  and  others,  above  20,  were  re- 
fused to  be  accepted  because  they  were 
Episcopalians.  The  petitioners  dmmediately 
wiithdrew  and  never  attended  their  meetings 
afterwards.  On  the  28th  of  March,  1776,  the 
Congregationalists  in  the  western  precinct 
(not  being  more  than  8  or  9  in  numher) 
met  end  voted  ito  raise  tihe  sum  of  30  po-unds 
to  hire  a  preacher  for  the  year  76,  which 
they  never  did  except  a  transient  parson 
now  and  then  a  day ." 

The  petition  was  against  the  assessment 
of  this  new  tax.  The  General  Court 
voted  to  give  them  a  hearing  "to  show 
cause  etc." 

The  answer-*^^  of  the  inhabitants  of 
the  western  precinct  to  the  Germans  is 
dated  June  27  of  the  same  year: 

"They  Cthe  petitioners)  say  that  they  cama 
to  America  to  enjoy  religious  privileges, 
and  that  for  20  years  have  done  so  barring 
this  past  year.  In  answer  we  say  that  a 
great  part  of  them  are  French  and  Dutch 
German  Protestants,  whosie  principles  of 
religion  were  according  to  Calvin  and  Lu- 
ther. The  Calvinists  ever  since  they  resided 


(267)  Coll.   Maine  Hist.    Soc.   vol.   XV.   p. 
(series  II). 

(268)  Ibid,   p.    140. 


in  this  town  have  universally  protest&d 
against  the  Church  of  England  and  in  oppo- 
sition thereto  have  been  zealous  in  pro- 
moting the  cause  of  the  (3ongregationalisits. 
It  is  not  long  since  that  several  Lutherans 
•subscribed  to  the  erection  of  a  meeting  house 
to  the  utmost  of  their  abiliitics  and  appeared 
very  desirous  of  'having  a  "gospel."  If  (as 
they  say)  any  advantage  was  taken  of  the 
ignorance  of  tlh?  Germans,  wlho  did  not 
understand  the  English  language,  it  was  of 
thciir  own  party.  They  said  everything  al- 
most to  make  them  believe  that  we  taxed 
them  without  law.  Nay,  dt  ds  said  there 
is  a  letter  from  a  church  minister  here  in 
April  last  somewhat  in  these  w'ords:  'It 
is  agreed  on  all  sides  that  they  :have  not 
nhe  least  colour  of  law  to  countenance  their 
proceedings.'  This  was  spoken  in  regard 
to  the  taxing  of  church  property  people.  In 
the  course  of  things  it  was  saiid  this  was 
the  opdnion  of  all  the  lawj'^rs  in  Boston. 
Thi.s  shows  what  pious  i>ains  have  been 
taken  to  deceive  the  Germans  by  their  own 
party." 

In  this  answer  Bailey  is  accused  of  using 
dishonest  means  in  acquiring  land  for 
the  Church  and  seeking  to  evade  just  * 
taxation.  He  is  also  charged  with  being 
out  of  sympathy  with  the  American 
Revolution.  The  Answer  also  denies 
that  these  foreign  petitioners  "have  con- 
stantly attended  public  wiorship  accord- 
ing to  the  right  of  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land." It  asserts  that  the  English  church 
desires  to  prevent 

"our  enjoying  congr>-''gat;ional  worship  an>1 
can  gain  through  this  petition  more  prose- 
lites  by  being  exempt  from  taxation  than 
we  can  by  the  arguments  deduced  from  re- 
ligion and  virtue."  "The  granting  of  the  pe- 
tition" (the  Answer  maintains)  "will  mean 
that  people  will  be  encouraged  to  go  over 
to  the  Epdscopal  Church  in  order  to  save 
taxes,  or  at  least  to  procure  a  certaficate 
from  the  "pious  Mr.  Bailey"  and  his  ward- 
ens to  screein  them  therefore,  which  w« 
think  any  one  m'?:ht  procure  even  tho  he 
never  saw  the  dnsade  of  a  chureh.  The 
granting  of  the  T)etition  will  also  prevent 
the  settling  of  a  gospel  mdnistry." 

On  the  2 1  St  of  October,  1777,  the  pe- 
tition of  the  Germans  appeared  again, 
and  again  a  date  was  set  for  a  hearing 
"to  show  cause  etc." 

The  struggle  between  the  Episcopalian 
and  Congregational  denominations  and 
and  the  continued  failure  of  the  latter 
to  effect  an  establishment  in.  Frankfort 


166 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


wc  do  not  follow  beyond  the  present 
point,  as  the  subsequent  career  of  the 
Germans  is  one  of  gradual  assimilation 
with  the  former  church  and  to  a  less 
(le:,^ree  with  the  democratic  opinions  of 
the  latter,  wiiich  of  course  did  not  take 
the  form  of  visible  institution.  The 
Germans  also  did  not  form  an  independ- 
ent organization.  From  the  foregoing 
evidence  it  is  clear  that  the  latter  in 
socking  to  adjust  their  beliefs  to  exist- 
ing religious  conditions  proceeded  with 
some  uncertaintv  and  as  a  matter  of  fact 


were  the  victims  of  a  bitter  theological 
controversy  in  which  they  were  not  the 
aggressors,  a  circumstance  due  in  no 
small  measure  to  their  inability  to  use 
and  understand  the  English  language. 
But  their  assimilation  with  the  English 
civilization  w^as  rapid  and  extensive;  and 
as  the  growth  of  the  community  brought 
new  and  more  pacific  problems,  religious 
differences  ceased  to  be  the  paramount 
issue  and  the  whole  region  entered  upon 
an  uneventful  but  no  less  important  era 
of  general  economic  development. 


The  Settlements  at  Other  Places 


When  the  Indian  war  had  ceased  the 
government  of  Massachusetts  saw  at 
once  that  for  its  eastern  frontier  thickly 
planted  settlements  were  a  better  guard 
than  forts  and  soldiers.  It  therefore 
adopted  a  liberal  policy  not  only  in 
Massachusetts  but  in  the  district  of 
Maine  toward  all  (particularly  Germans) 
who  would  interest  themselves  in  such 
enterprises,  gave  them  free  grants  of 
land  and  soon  saw  its  efforts  rewarded 
by  the  establishment  of  numerous  colo- 
nies. "Als-"*  der  Indianerkrieg  kaum 
beendigt  war,  trat  eine  formliche  Manie 
cin.  fiir   Begruenden  von  Kolonien." 

One  of  these  colonies  was  the  foun- 
dation of  the  modern  town  of  Fryeburg, 
Maine.  Its  original  name  was  Pequaw- 
kott  (also  spelt  Piggwacket)-**'^  which  in 
the  old  Delaware  language  signified 
"Sandy-*"  land,"  according  to  some  au- 
thorities, but  according  to  others  "Swan" 
or  'Tclican."  from  the  fact  that  the 
White  Swan-"',  a  beautiful  and  rarely 
caught  bird,  was  seen  in  Lovell's  Pond 
and  the  adjacent  waters  by  the  early  set- 
tlers (two  were  caught  there  in  1785). 
Fryeburg  was  also  called  "Freystown," 
and  commonly  known  as  "The  Seven 
Lots,"-""  from    the    seven    owners    who 


(204)  Dcr  dcutschc  Pion.,  vol.  XVI,  p.  309. 

(20s)  Coll.   Maine  Hist.    Soc,  vol.   IV,   p.   275. 

(306)  Ibid.,   p.    loQ. 

(207)  Ibid.,   p.    275. 

(208)  Ibid.,   p.    278. 


came  from  Concord,  N.  H.,  in  the  fall 
of  1763.  In  April,  1725,  Captain  John 
Lovewell,-"^  the  son  of  an  ensign  who 
had  served  in  Cromwell's  army,  led  a 
force  of  48  men  from  the  frontiers  of 
Massachusetts  into  the  heart  of  this 
Indian  country,  met  the  chiefs  Paugus 
and  Wahwa  in  battle,  and  broke  the 
power  of  the  Pequawket  tribe,  which  re- 
moved to  Canada.  Inis  successful  cam- 
paign opened  the  region  to  white  civi- 
lization, and  subsequently  a  strong 
colony  was  sent  out  under  the  leadership 
of  Joseph  Frye.  Frye  was  present  at  the 
siege  of  Louisburg  and  commanded  a 
regiment  at  Fort  William  Henry  on  Lake 
George  in  1757.  He  was  strongly-^"  op- 
posed to  its  surrender  and  suffered  much 
while  effecting  his  escape,  being  stripped 
by  the  Indians  and  reaching  Fort 
Edwardson  on  the  Hudson  only  after  a 
three  days'  run  amid  great  peril.  His 
bravery  was  recognized  and  the  General 
Court-^^  gave  him  the  privilege  of  select- 
ing a  township  six  miles  square  on  either 
side  of  the  Saco  river  between  Great 
Ossipee  and  the  White  Mountains,  any- 
where within  these  limits  where  he 
should  not  interfere  with  previous 
grants.  This  gift  of  land  bore  the 
official  date  of  March  3,  1762.     Ratter- 

(209)  Gazetteer  of   Maine,  p.   246. 

(210)  Address    of    Rev.    Sam.    Souther    at    Centen. 
Celeb,   of  Settlement   of  Fryeburg. 

'■211)  Ibid. 


THE  GERMANS  IN  MAJNE 


167 


mann,-^-  in  speaking  of  Fryeburg  as 
among  the  numerous  colonies  i)lanle(l  ai 
this  time,  says : 

''Zu  diesen  gehorte  anch  einc  Schweitzer 
Kolonie,  an  den  ostlichen  Auslaufcn  der 
weissen  Berge,  dicht  an  der  Grenze  von  New 
Hampshire.  Es  waren  Prolestantcn  (Wald- 
onser)  aus  dem  Berner  Oberland,  die  unter 
Fiihrung  von  Joseph  Frey  im  Jahre  1756  nach 
Boston  gekonimcn  waren,  und  die  nun  nacli 
Schluss  des  Krieges  hicrhergezogen.  Die 
Landschcnkung,  die  an  Frey  personlich  ging, 
umfasste  cine  Flache  von  beilaufig  25,000 
Acker  und  ist  vom  3.  Marz  datirt.  Frey 
theilte  das  Land  in  64  (the  English  sources 
say  66)  Parzellen  ein,  von  ungleicher  Grosse 
zwar,  wovon  die  einzehien  Familien,  deren 
Zahl  nicht  genannt  wird,  je  enie  Parzelle  cr- 
hielt  in  den  n^chsten  Jahren  an  andere 
Ausiedlungslustige  verkauft." 

Bittinger-^"  also,  though  without  doubt 
resting  on  Rattermann  as  authority, 
refers  to  the  German  colonization  ot 
Fryeburg : 

"About  this  same  time,  a  little  later  than  the 
foundation  of  this  metropolis  of  many  hopes 
(Frankfort),  was  that  of  Fryeburg,  in  the 
eastern  foot-hills  of  the  White  Mountains  on 
the  New  Hampshire  border.  To  this  romantic 
spot,  reminiscent  of  their  Swiss  mountains. 
Joseph  Frey  led  a  colony  from  the  Bernese 
Oberland.  They  tarried  for  some  years  after 
their  landing,  in  Boston,  on  account  of  the 
disturbed  condition  of  this  frontier,  and  here 
was  born  the  subsequent  pastor  of  their  vil- 
lage church,  William  Fessenden." 

It  was  Colonel  William  Stark,  brother 
of  the  famous  General,  who  led  Colonel 
Frye  to  Stark's  Hill  and  showed  him  the 
town  which  was  to  bear  his  name.  21^ 

In  the  same  year  a  grant  was  made 
also  to  fifteen  families  in  Concord,  N. 
H.,  who  came  with  their  cattle  and  began 
at  once  the  work  of  clearing;  the  follow- 
ing year  they  brought  their  families. 
These  were  English ;  indeed,  it  is  note- 
worthy that  in  the  address  delivered  by 
Charles  S.  Daveis,  May  19,  1825,  at  the 
commemoration  of  Fryeburg,  in  that  of 
Rev.  Samuel  Souther  at  the  centennial 
celebration  of  the  settlement  of  Frye- 
burg,   and    in    the    Webster    IMemorial 


oration  at  Fryeburg,  1882,  no  mention  is 
made  of  the  German  beginning  of  the 
town.  There  came  also  to  this  settle- 
ment many  Scotch,  religious  "Dissen- 
ters," who  united  incir  spiritual  interests 
with  those  of  the  Swiss  in  a  Congre- 
gational church,  which  was  established  in 
1775.  '-t'he  first  pastor  was  William 
l^'cssenden,  who  graduated  at  Harvard  in 
1768  and  was  ordained  October  11,  1775. 
He  was  voted  a  salary  of  45  pounds  the 
first  year,  50  the  second,  and  5  each  ad- 
ditional year  until  70  were  reached.  He 
was  to  be  paid  in  Indian  corn  at  3  shil- 
lings per  bushel  and  rye  at  4  shillings 
for  the  first  six  years  of  his  ministry. 
Having  been  pastor  of  several  English 
communities  in  Massachusetts  he  brought 
to  liis  new  field  an  ample  experience,  and 
was  also  in  fluent  command  of  both 
French  and  German.  He  was  instru- 
mental in  establishing  Fryeburg 
Academy,  which  was  incorporated  by  the 
Assembly  in  1792.  Rattermann-^^  states 
that  Fessenden  was  born  in  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  of  Swiss  parents.  According  to 
the  testimony  of  a  descendant-^"  of  the 
Fessenden  family  the  latter  originated  in 
Westphalia;  being  exiled  from  that  coun- 
try in  the  14th  or  15th  century  they  es- 
tablished themselves  in  the  south  of  Eng- 
land (Canterbury,  County  Kent)  and  in- 
termarried with  the  Huguenots,  from 
whom  they  learned  the  art  and  trade  of 
glove-making.  John  and  Jane  Fessenden 
settled  in  Cambridge,  Mass.,  about  1626; 
being  without  children  they  induced 
Nicholas  and  Hannah,  their  nephew  and 
niece,  to  come  from  England  and  join 
them.  Nicholas     married     Margaret 

Cheney  and  became  the  progenitor  of  the 
American  Fessendens.  Teutonic  in- 
fluence in  this  settlement  was  soon  sup- 
planted by  that  of  the  English;  in  fact, 
the  German  language  disappeared  with 
the  first  generation,  and  when  in  1777 
Fryeburg  was  incorporated  the  anglicized 
form  "Frye"  instead  of  "Frey"  prevail- 
ed. Among  the  distinguished  descen- 
dants-^^ of  the  Frey  family  are  Simon 
Frey,  first  representative  of  the  town  in 


(212)  Der  deutsche  Pion.,  vol.  XVI,  p.  310. 

(213)  "The    Germans   in    Colon.    Times,"    by    L.    F- 
Bittinger,  p.    138. 

(J14)   Address  of  Soullicr. 


(21s)  Der  deut.   Pion.,  vol.   XVI,  p.   310. 

^216)   Mr.    E.   J.   Fessenden,   of   Arlington,   Mass. 

(217)   Deut.   Pion.,  vol.   XVI,  p.   311. 


ii,S 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


the  Massachusetts  Assembly  (1781),  and 
United  States  Senator  Frye.  Senator 
Wilham  Pitt  Fessenden,  whose  father 
was  General  Samuel  Fessenden,  was  the 
grandson  of  the  Fryeburg  Pastor.  The 
name  of  Frye  and  Fessenden  have 
figured  prominently  in  the  affairs  of  the 
town  ever  since  its  inception. 

We  have  already  seen  that  the  plan- 
tation of  Broad  Bay  perpetuated  itself  in 
the  incorporated  town  of  Waldoboro. 
The  original  settlement  of  Dresden,  made 
directly  south  of  Frankfort  by  Dr. 
Gardiner,  was  destined  to  have  a  wider 
application.  "Dicht=^»  siidlich  neben 
Frankfurt  begriindete  er  im  Jahre  1754 
eine  neue  deutsche  Ansiedlung,  weUhe 
er  Dresden  nannte,  baute  daselbst 
Hauser  und  Miihlen  und  liess  durch  die 
Deutschen  die  Walder  ausroden  und  zu 
Bauereien  herrichten."  The  plantation 
name  of  the  German  colony  on  the 
Kennebec  was  Frankfort,  which  lost  its 
identity  as  a  name  in  1760  when  Pownal- 
boro  was  incorporated.  Pownalboro,  so 
named  in  honor  of  Governor  Pownal,  the 
incorporation  of  which  was  the  last  legal 
charter  of  a  township  approved  by  the 
Governor  while  in  the  executive  chair, 
included  the  present  towns  of  Dresden, 
Wiscassett,  Alna  and  Perkins  (Swan 
Island)  and  was  the  shire  town  of 
Lincoln  county  from  1760  to  1794- 
Dresden,  including  the  villages  of  Dres- 
den Mills  and  West  Dresden,  also 
known  as  Eastern  River,  was  incorpo- 
rated June  25.  1794,  so  that  the  original 
settlements  of  Germans,  inaugurated  as 
Frankfort,  acquired  the  permanent  and 
official  designation  of  Dresden,  which 
was  the  most  westerly  town  of  Lincoln 
County  and  situated  in  the  Kennebec  op- 
posite Richmond. 

When  after  a  few  years  Dr.  Gardiner 
founded  Gardincrstown  Cthc  present 
Gardiner),  north  of  Frankfort,  it  is  al- 
together probable  that  Germans  were 
rcprcscnterl  among  the  settlers. 

The  establishment  of  Bremen  was  af- 
fected, as  has  been  pointed  out,  through 
the  movement  toward  the  north  and  west 
which  was  necessitated  by  the  natural 
expansion  of  the  Broad  Bay  settlement 


(318)   Ibid.,   310. 


and  made  possible  by  the  willingness  of 
the  Pemaquid  owners  to  sell  their  lands 
to  the  outreaching  Germans.  Bremen 
was  divided  from  Bristol  and  incorpo- 
rated February  19,  1828.  It  lies  slightly 
south  of  the  centre  of  Lincoln  County,  on 
the  west  side  of  the  Muscongus ;  Broad 
Bay  on  the  northeast  and  Greenland 
Cove  on  the  southeast  are  its  harbors. 
It  was  originally  considered  to  belong  to 
the  Waldo  patent,  though  as  a  matter  of 
fact  it  lay  within  the  jurisdiction  of  the 
Pemaquid  grant. 

The  original  name  of  Frankfort  was 
not  wholly  lost  amid  the  changes  that 
swept  away  so  many  of  the  old  German 
landmarks.  "Es  "^  war  indessen  ein 
neues  Frankfurt  am  Penobscot  Flusse, 
in  der  Niihe  des  heutigen  Banger, 
entstanden,  das  bereits  1789  inkorporirt 
wairde."  Frankfort  lies  on  the  west  bank 
of  the  river  in  the  northeastern  part  of 
Waldo  County.  Marsh  River,  which 
empties  into  the  Penobscot  at  Marsh 
Bay,  is  the  principal  stream,  and  promi- 
nent are  Mts.  Mosquito  and  W  ildo,  the 
latter  1,000  feet  high  and  formerly  called 
Mt.  Misery  from  the  sufferings  of  two 
boys  who  perished  there  in  a  snow  storm. 
As  originally  incorporated  in  1789  the 
town  embodied  the  whole  territory  along 
the  Penobscot  from  Belfast  to  Wheeler's 
!Mills  on  Soadabscook  Stream;  in  1793 
there  was  a  further  division  into  the 
three  towns  Hampden,  Prospect  and 
Frankfort;  and  in  i860  Winterport  was 
set  off  from  Frankfort.  The  erection  of 
Fort  Pownal  in  1759  made  conditions 
along  the  eastern  frontier  more  favorable 
for  the  establishment  of  colonies,  and  as 
early  as  1770  there  were  settlements  in 
Frankfort.  This  tract  since  it  fell  within 
the  disputed  territory,  was  involved  in 
the  conflict  which  took  place  over  the 
limits  of  the  Waldo  patent.  Thorn- 
dike-''  &  Company  were  finally  proved 
to  be  the  owners  and  sold  land  to  the 
settlers  for  two  dollars  per  acre.  In 
1773  there  were  twelve  families  at  Marsh 
Bay,  one  at  Oak  Point,  and  one  where 
the  present  village  is.  According  to  a 
ms.  letter  of  Joshua  Treat,  Esq.,  one  of 

(219)  Der  deutsche  Pion.,  vol.   XVI,  p.   310. 

(220)  Gazetteer  of  Maine,  p.  521. 


THE  (4ERMANS  IX  MAINE 


1 6^ 


llic  original  pioneers,  "The  first  settlers- 
got  their  living  by  hunting  moose,  beaver, 
muskrat,   and   by   fishing   in   the   Penob- 
scot."    Among  these  first  families  were 
Germans. 

We  do  not  trace  the  subsequent  politi- 
cal career  of  the  German  settlements  in 


-Maine,  as  their  history  records  only  a 
process  of  general  assimilation  with  the 
Anglo-Saxon  elements  which  have  de- 
veloped so  strong  a  civilization  in  New 
England.  The  survival  of  German  cus- 
toms, characteristics,  etc.,  will  be  dis- 
cussed in  a  later  section  of  this  paper. 


German  'j'l^c    superiority    of 

Standards  Germany,     in    matters 

of  public  health,  has 
just  been  shown  in  the  startling  success 
of  the  hygienic  exhibition  at  Berlin.  In 
front  of  the  building  called  "Der 
Mensch,"  or  "Man,"  the  crowds  were  so 
great  that  they  had  to  be  kept  in  check 
and  groups  of  fifty  admitted  at  a  time. 
The  United  States  was  the  only  leading 
country  whose  Government  did  not  take 
enough  interest  to  be  represented.  The 
Japanese  Government  sent  fifty  men,  and 
intends  in  their  exhibition  in  1917  to  sur- 
pass the  Germans.  San  Francisco  in  her 
exposition  in  191 5  really  ought  to  have  a 
model  hygienic  exhibition.  The  people 
of  California  are  extremely  interested 
and  will  co-operate  enthusiastically.  We 
do  not  think  there  will  be  any  serious 
drawback  in  the  opposition  of  certain  or- 
ganizations, like  the  League  for  Medical 
Freedom,  which  are  founded  on  lack  of 
information  in  the  rank  and  file,  combin- 
ed with  personal  interest  in  a  few  leaders. 
Another  concrete  opportunity  for  the 
United  States  to  go  ahead  will  be  taken 
if  our  citizens  see  that  the  National  Leg- 
islature at  Washington  this  coming  win- 
ter founds  a  National  Health  Department 
ivhich  was  promised  to  the  country  both 
by  the  Republicans  and  by  the  Democrats 
in  their  platfornis  before  the  last  Presi- 
dential campaign.  Of  course,  some  great 
administrator  must  have  planned  this 
German  exhibition,  in  order  that  it  should 
go  through  without  a  single  error,  and 
be  the  actual  pecuniary  success  that  it 
was,  but  behind  such  an  administrator 
stood  the  active  interest  of  every  pro- 
fessor in  Germanv.     On  the  other  hand, 


although  the  Germans  are  more  intelli- 
gent at  the  top,  our  people  in  general 
have  a  more  active  interest  than  the  Ger- 
man populace.  Heretofore  crude  organi- 
zations of  patent  medicine  men,  and  other 
collections  of  either  cranks  or  grafters, 
have  fed  upon  the  popular  interest; 
whereas  the  governments  of  State  and 
nation,  while  they  have  done  something, 
have  certainly  not  done  everything  that 
highly  progressive  governments  could  do, 
to  make  use  of  the  genuine  and  wide- 
spread public  attention.  The  reason  that 
the  German  exhibition  so  fascinated  the 
people  was  that  it  presented  to  the  e)'e, 
with  singular  vividness,  every  important 
principle  in  physiology.  The  wax  models 
were  so  good  they  could  scarcely  be  dis- 
tinguished from  the  living  body.  A 
mother  visiting  the  exhibition  carried 
away  with  her,  stamped  sharply  upon 
her  brain,  impressions  that  would  make 
a  disease,  when  it  really  arrived,  a  visual 
reality.  The  throat  in  diphtheria,  for  in- 
stance, is  hardly  to  be  mistaken,  once 
seen,  and  the  fact  that  a  woman  had 
visited  this  exhibition  would  make  her 
much  more  likely  in  the  future  to  be 
able  to  call  a  physician  at  the  right  time. 
In  another  room  was  a  woman  in  bed 
suffering  with  the  plague,  the  face, 
tongue,  etc.,  showing  the  symptoms,  and 
around  the  room  a  series  of  microscopes 
giving  the  details,  so  that  when  the  spec- 
tator left  that  room  the  plague  would  not 
be  a  mere  word  to  him,  but  something 
not  to  be  forgotten.  About  four  million 
people  saw  the  exhibition,  and  carried 
its  lessons  into  perhaps  two  million  Ger- 
man homes.     Editorial  in  Collier's. 


A  Bibliocrraphy  of  Church  Music  Books  Issued 
in  Pennsylvania,  with  Annotations 

By  James  Warrington,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

In  accordance  with  our  promise  we  present  our  readers  this  month  with  the  first  instalment 
of  Mr.  Wirrin^ron's  Bibliography.  Some  of  our  readers  know  of  Mr.  Warrington's  work,  but  to 
those  who  do  not.  we  may  say  he  has  spent  the  leisure  hours  of  more  than  fifty  years  in  investi- 
gating the  history  of  psalmody. 

During  that  time  he  has  not  only  accumulated  a  library  of  about  seven  thousand  volumes  on 
the  subject,  but  has  an  index  of  psalm  and  hymn  tunes  numbering  303.000  slips  and  a  catalog  of 
musical  books  numbering  150.000  titles.  55 

Our  readers  will  therefore  see  that  his  work  is  not  that  of  a  tyro,  and  as  such  a  work  has 
not  hitherto  been  attempted  it  will  be  a  real  addition  to  our  knowledge  of  early  Pennsylvania 
history,— Editor. 


Introductory  Note 

T  is  much  to  be  regretted 
that  the  early  musical  and 
htcrary  history  of  the  col- 
onies has  in  the  main  been 
written  by  those  who  have 
used  for  comparison  condi- 
tions of  today;  and  as  a 
result,  a  fair  and  proper  statement  re- 
mains to  be  made.  Nearly  all  the  earlier 
colonists  were  intensely  religious.  They 
had,  it  is  true,  fads  and  foibles  (if  I  may 
use  the  terms)  somewhat  different  from 
those  in  vogue,  but  take  them  as  a  whole 
they  were  men ;  as  is  shown  so  many 
times  by  their  pluck  and  endurance. 
They  may  have  been  in  some  cases  vio- 
lent and  fanatical,  but  the  present  day  is 
not  free  from  similar  faults.  They  act- 
ed fully  up  to  their  convictions;  and 
whether  English,  German,  Swedish,  or 
Dutch,  one  fact  stands  out  above  all 
others.  One  of  the  first  things  they  did 
•was  to  build  a  church.  Having  erected 
the  building,  they  then  (so  far  as  the 
English  and  Swedes  were  concerned) felt 
the  need  of  an  organ ;  and  even  bells, 
not  a  bell,  but  a  peal. 

Of  all  the  writers  who  have  dealt  witli 
the  musical  history  of  the  Colonies  only 
two  have  written  with  any  sympathy  or 
really  tried  to  get  at  bottom  facts.  Rev. 
G.  Hood  in   1846,  wrote  a  "History  of 


JMusic  in  New  England."  Being  a  pio- 
neer, his  book  is  necessarily  faulty,  but 
there  is  no  sneer  such  as  we  find  in  later 
writers.  Outside  of  that  book  there  is 
really  nothing  worth  reading  until  we 
come  to  the  work  of  Mr.  Sonneck  of  the 
Congressional  Library.  With  a  thor- 
oughness and  a  sympathy  which  is  de- 
lightful, he  places  before  us  a  picture 
truthful  to  the  last  degree.  He  has 
shown  that  the  Colonies  were  fully 
abreast  of  Europe  in  the  matter  of  con- 
certs and  secular  music,  and  not  only 
that  the  land  was  no  arid  waste  as  far 
as  the  arts  are  concerned ;  but  that  Penn- 
sylvania contributed  no  small  share  to 
the  movement  for  the  cultivation  of  art 
and  science.  In  these  articles  I  hope  to 
show  it  was  equally  aggressive  and  pro-, 
gressive  in  sacred  music. 

Mr.  Sonneck  limits  himself  pretty 
closely  to  secular  music,  but  he  gives 
some  interesting  side  lights  on  the  churcli 
music  of  the  early  period;  and  in  these 
articles  I  shall  fully  avail  myself  of  such 
lights. 

Preferring  always  to  be  inclusive  rath- 
er than  exclusive,  I  shall  not  consider 
my  subject  as  limited  by  the  geograph- 
ical boundaries  of  the  State;  but  give 
Southern  and  Western  books  and  even 
some  from  New  York  and  New  Jersey. 
T  shall  not  however  touch  upon  New 
England.     That  part  must  be  taken  by* 


170 


BIBLIOGKAPEY  OF  CHURCH  MUSJC  HOOKS  JN  PENNSYLVANIA 


171 


itself,  as  I  shall  hope  to  do  before  long. 

While  my  investigations  have  been 
both  wide  and  deep  I  cannot  hope  to 
liave  discovered  everything;  and  shall 
welcome  heartily  any  information  abou'. 
Pennsylvania  books  and  musical  matters 
which  readers  of  the  magazine  care  to 
send  me  under  cover  to  the  Editor. 

The  secular  history  of  Pennsylvania 
and  the  neighboring  States  has  been 
fully  explored  and  illustrated ;  and  the 
results  are  in  such  shape  that  a  student 
has  no  difficulty  in  attaining  a  fair  know- 
ledge. The  politics,  commerce  and  even 
the  public  life  have  been  laid  open  to 
the  view  of  every  one,  but  the  history 
of  the  religious  life  and  the  functions 
attending  it,  where  illustrated  are  scat- 
tered over  many  little  known  books-  or 
written  about  with  more  pretentiousness 
than  accuracy. 

Besides  this,  no  one  can  write  intelli- 
gently on  this  subject  without  a  very 
thorough  knowledge  of  that  great  up- 
heaval of  the  sixteenth  century  called  the 
"Reformation."  This  movement  was 
not  solely  religious,  but  its  influence  was 
potent  on  political  and  educational  ques- 
tions of  the  day,  and  the  changes  result- 
ing from  it  were  momentous. 

Then  again,  the  common  mode  of 
treating  hymns  as  literary  productions 
only,  and  overlooking  the  fact  that  they 
never  would  have  been  written  but  for 
the  music  linked  to  them,  has  caused 
many  blunders.  The  writers  on  hymns 
used  by  the  various  German  and  Swedish 
immigrants  to  Pennsylvania  do  not  ap- 
pear to  have  taken  the  trouble  to  inform 
themselves  fully  on  the  subject.  To  ap- 
peal to  Wackernagel  and  overlook  Zahn : 
to  speak  of  Lobwasser's  "rugged  chorals" 
when  Lobwasser  never  wrote  one,  but 
merely  translated  the  French  Psalter  into 
German  and  used  to  the  psalms  the 
French  tunes :  to  speak  of  Beissel's  music 
as  having  "none  of  the  swing  of  either 
the  religious  or  secular  folk  song  of  the 
Reformation :"  all  these  assertions  are 
mere  confessions  of  (to  say  the  least)  a 
lack  of  knowledge  and  a  failure  to  ap- 
preciate  in   a   proper  manner   the   facts 


which  lay  before  the  writers.  To  go  ful- 
ly into  'either  the  Ephrata  or  the 
Schwenkfelder  hymns  and  music  would 
take  up  more  space  than  can  be  afforded 
in  these  articles,  but  one,  after  perusing 
the  books  which  have  been  written  on 
these  subjects,  does  not  have  a  very  ex- 
alted idea  of  the  scholarship  possessed 
and  shewn  by  the  authors. 

The  very  fact  that  Beissel  used  har- 
miony  would  in  itself  go  far  to  prove  that 
the  Lutheran  chorals  were  the  basis  of 
his  music.  But  when  their  construction 
is  examined  the  source  is  evident. 

One  remarkable  fact  in  the  Reforma- 
tion psalmody  is  this.  The  Lutherans 
cultivated  harmony,  which  Calvin  would 
not  allow.  I  shall  of  course  be  reminded 
that  Bourgeois,  Goudimel  and  Lejeune, 
each  harmonized  the  French  Psalter.  Of 
that  fact  I  am  fully  aware,  as  copies  are 
in  my  library,  but  the  copies  of  the 
French  psalter  used  in  worship  are  al- 
ways in  unison ;  that  is,  only  the  melody 
is  printed.  This  applies  not  only  to  the 
Genevan  Psalter  in  French,  but  also  to 
the  German  translation  by  Lobwasser, 
and  the  Dutch  translation  by  Dathenus. 
The  English  follow^ed  the  Lutherans  in 
using  harmony. 

It  is  rather  singular  that  one  writer 
states,  regarding  the  three  earliest  hymn 
books  of  Ephrata, 

Gottlichc  Lieder    1730 

Vorspiel  der  neuen  Welt  . .  1732 

Jacobs  Kampfif 1736 

that  in  these  books  "the  old  German 
choral  melodies  predominate,  there  be- 
ing but  few  of  Lobwasser's  psalm  tunes." 
The  copies  of  these  books  which  I  have 
been  able  to  examine  contain  no  musiC; 
only  the  words  of  the  hymns. 

In  addition,  I  can  find  no  music  either 
by  Lobwasser  or  any  other  composer  in 
the  Zionitischer  Weyrauchs  Hiigel  of 
1730;  at  least  so  far  as  concerns  the 
copies  I  have  examined. 

Of  course  it  is  quite  natural  that  state- 
ments made  by  Doctors  of  Literature  and 
Doctors  of  Philosophy  should  be  received 
without  question  and  the  work  of  mere 
students  tacitly  if  not  openly  objected  to 
and  refused;  but  the  result  is  lamentable 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


wiicn  ihe  number  of  books  on  historical 
subjects  written  by  persons  of  slender 
acquirements,  literary  and  historical,  i> 
considered.  The  slight  equipment  ne- 
cessary to  compik  a  good  "seller"  is  one 
of  the  most  alarming  portents  of  the  day, 
and  is  distinctly  lowering  the  standards 
of  both  literary  and  historical  work. 
There  is  no  doubt  this  is  partly  owing 
to  the  so-called  "specialism"  of  the  day. 
It  lias  spread  over  the  medical  and  legal 
profession  and  has  invaded  the  domain 
of  historical  research.  We  now  have 
"specialists"  who  have  barely  emerged 
from  the  cradle,  and  who  regard  their 
pet  subject  as  one  which  no  environment 
touches  or  influences.  The  difficulty  is 
increased  by  the  custom  of  colleges  and 
universities  publishing  the  theses  written 
for  degrees.  That  such  should  be  writ- 
ten is  no  doubt  proper,  but  to  palm  upon 
the  public  the  jejune  and  second  hand 
work  of  youngsters  who  cannot  have  had 
time  or  opportunity  to  make  such  a 
search  as  is  necessary  in  every  historical 
question  seems  hardly  fair,  as  real  stu- 
dents must  perforce  waste  time  in  read- 
ing them. 

These  strictures  are  not  so  irrelevanl 
as  they  may  appear.  IMuch  has  been 
written  about  the  immigrants  to  Penn- 
sylvania and  their  customs  which  is  not 
warranted  by  the  facts,  and  has  frequent- 
ly been  misleading.  It  is  of  course  diffi- 
cult to  put  one's-self  back  a  couple  of 
centuries,  and  consider  conditions  as 
they  then  zvcre,  so  as  to  give  a  true  pic- 
ture of  tiic  times,  and  I  have  found  the 
only  way  to  accomplish  this  is  to  saturate 
myself  with  the  diaries  and  contempor- 
ary records  first  and  read  history  after- 
wards, with  a  considerable  grain  of  salt. 

While  comparisons  are  frequently  odi- 
ous, yet  a  true  historical  perspective  can- 
not be  obtained  without  them.  I  will 
however  give  only  a  few.  It  must  be 
reinembercd  that  the  Pilgrims  landed  at 
Plymouth  in  1620.  That  they  published 
the  Bay  Psalms  Book  in  1640.  That  the 
first  music  printed  in  the  colonies  con- 
sisted of  a  few  tunes  in  an  edition  of 
the  Bay  Psalm  Book  in  1640.    That  the 


the  next  being  two  books  issued  in  Bos- 
ton in  1 72 1.  It  must  also  be  remember- 
ed that  the  Puritans  in  Boston  in  17 13. 
refused  the  gift  of  an  organ.  With  these 
figures  and  facts  borne  in  mind  a  much 
more  intelligent  appreciation  of  the  work 
done  in  Pennsylvania  will  be  possible 
and  it  is  for  that  reason  I  give  them. 

Now  the  similar  facts  regarding  Penn- 
sylvania and  the  adjoining  States  may  be 
stated  as  succinctly  and  are  as  necessary 
for  a  proper  understanding  of  the  sub- 
ject. It  will  not  be  expected  that  much 
was  done  for  some  years  in  the  making 
of  books,  and  one  can  only  find  stray 
indications  of  the  hold  religion  and  its 
services  had  on  the  immigrants. 

1608.  In  the  accounts  of  the  re- 
doubtable Captain  John  Smith  we  are 
told  that  during  the  voyage  from  Eng- 
land and  after  he  and  his  companions 
landed  at  Jamestown,  each  day  morning 
and  evening  prayer  was  read  with  a 
psalm.  Being  Church  of  England  men 
the  psalm  was  of  course  taken  from  the 
version  of  Sternhold  and  Hopkins  which 
was  published  in  1562. 

In  1634,  the  immigrants  who  accom- 
panied the  brother  of  Lord  Baltimore 
landed  at  a  place  they  called  St.  Mary's, 
which  was  the  beginning  of  Maryland. 
The  narrative  of  their  voyage  and  land- 
ing states 

March  25.  After  the  mass  was  ended  th© 
pilgrims  formed  in  procession,  led  on  by  the 
Governor,  Leonard  Calvert.  .  .  carrying  a 
huge  cro-ss.  .  .  humbly  bending  the  knee  dur- 
ing the  devout  recitation  of  the  Litany  of 
the  holy  Cross. 

This  litany  was  no  doubt  sung,  as  was 
usual  when  litanies  -were  used  in  proces- 
sion. 

In  1638  the  Swedes  appeared  on  the 
Delaware  and  later  notes  will  show  their 
devotion  to  religious  worship  according 
to  the  uses  of  their  Fatherland. 

Although  not  directly  connected  with 
church  music  or  worship  I  do  not  like  to 
omit  the  following  title  taken  from  a 
little  book  in  the  library  of  the  Historical 
Society  of  Pennsylvania.  It  is  dated 
from  Virginia,  although  evidently  pub- 
lished in  London.     It  is  mostly  in  blank 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  CHURCH  MUSIC  BOOKS  IN  IMJxVNSYLVANlA 


173 


verse  but  contains  sonic  lines  in  the  metre 
■of  the  psahns 

A  song  of  Sion,  written  by  a  citizen  there- 
of whose  outward  habitation  is  in  Virginia; 
and  being  sent  over  to  some  of  his  friends  in 
"England  the  same  is  found  fitting  to  be  pub- 
lished for  to  warn  the  seed  of  evil  doers. 
Printed  in  the  year  1GG2. 

1669.  Among-  the  effects  ibequcathecl 
by  a  resident  of  York  county,  Va.,  were 
( accordiup- to  Mr.  Bruce)  Small's  Psalm 
l)Ooks.  This  is  probably  an  error  for 
Sjnall's  psalm  books,  as  I  do  not  recall 
such  an  editor  or  author. 

In  1676  the  Proprietary  of  Maryland 
in  a  communication  to  the  Privy  Council 
states 

In  every  county  of  the  Province  of  Mary- 
land there  are  a  suflScient  numlber  of  churches 
and  howses  called  meeting  howses  for  th.^ 
people  thei'e. 

In  1679-80  two  Dutchmen  made  a  tour 
in  several  of  the  American  Colonies  and 
among-  the  entries  in  their  diary  I  find 
the  following:' 

17G9,  November  2G.  Newcastle,  Del.  We 
■went  to  eh^nrch  ...  a  poor  limping  clerk.  . . 
read  fro«i  a  book  a  sermon  or  short  explana- 
tion and  sung  and  made  a  prayer. 

Their  remarks  on  New  England  wor- 
ship are  equally  unflattering;. 

In  1682  iPenn  landed  but  I  find  noth- 
ing of  interest  in  this  affair ;  in  fact 
the  worship  of  the  Quakers  was  never 
made  a  prominent  topic. 

On  i\Iay  31,  1693  the  Swedes  wrote 
home  their  need  of  books  of  worship  and 
instruction. 

It  is  our  humble  desire  that  you  would  be 
pleased  to  send  us.  .  .  forty  two  psalm 
books. 

To  this  request  Charles  XI  of  Sweden 
replied  by  naming  a  Committee  and  in- 
structing them 

You  "Will  also  procure.  .  common  prayer 
and  hymn  books.  .  which  we  will  present 
free  of  expense. 

and  in  July  1696  the  order  of  the  same 
king  commands 

The  three  clergymen  shall  take  with  them 


the  religioiLs  books  mentioned  in  the  annexej 
catalogue 

among  -which  1  find 
100  hooks  of  common  prayer  and  hymns. 

In  169S  it  api^cars  the  Swedes  were 
divided  as  to  the  location  of  a  new  churcii 
and  uhimately  agreed  to  decide  the  mat- 
ter by  lot.  At  a  meeti  ig  held  May  17 
of  that  year 

Having  by  prayer  and  singing  invoked  the 
blessing  of  God  mi  the  undertaking,  two 
pieces  of  paper  were  prepared,  on  one  of 
which  w^as  written  Wicaco  and  on  the  other 
Passyunk:  these  were  shaken  in  a  hat  and 
thrown  upon  the  ground:  when  upon  taking 
one  uio  and  opening  it  the  name  Wicaco  ap- 
peared. Dissensions  at  once  ceased  and  all 
joined  in  a  cheerful  hymi  of  praise. 

In  1700  one  of  the  Swedish  pastors 
in  a  letter  to  Sweden  t?lls  of  the  needs 
of  the  immigrants  with  regard  to  their 
church  at  Wicaco  diow  Gloria  Dei 
Ch'irch,   PMhdel-hia), 

Room  has  heen  made  for  a  belfry  or 
steeple.  .  but  must  remain  for  some  time 
unfinished,  in  order  to  see  whether  Gcd  will 
bless  us  so  far  as  that  we  may  have  a  bel! 
.  .  .  we  have  also  room  for  a  small  organ. 

T  have  seen  too  few  of  the  Scan^linavi- 
an  Hymn  books  to  enable  me  to  decide 
the  exact  book  the  Swedish  irnmigrants 
desired.  It  may  have  been  a  later  edi- 
tion of  the 
Swenske  songor  eller  wisor  nw  pa  prenbade 

published  in  1536  by  the  two  Petersens, 
or  it  may  have  been  Bishop  Kingo's 
Aandel'ige  sjunge  chor 

of  1674.  I  can  only  say  that  if  copie.> 
of  the  books  used  are  still  in  existence 
I  shall  be  exceedingly  glad  to  hear  from 
the  possessors.  With  regard  to  the 
chorals  used  by  the  Swedes,  the  few 
1>ooks  of  such  I  have  been  fortunate 
enough  to  secure  shew  a  peculiarly  rich 
and  beautiful  harmonization. 

The  Historical  Societv  of  Pennsylva- 
nia possesses  a  nianuscript  which  must 
next  be  noticed.  It  is  a  small  octavo, 
well  i)reserved  and  clearly  written :  al- 
lliDUgh   not  so  ornate    as    the    Ephrata 


174 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


bojks  which  will  be  noted  later.  The 
paq'cs  are  alternately  German  and  Eng- 
lish. The  German  being  on  the  left  han  1 
page  and  the  translation  into  English  on 
the  right  hand  page.  A  note  inserted 
in  the  beginning  states  it  to  contain  cop- 
ies of  hymns  by  John  Kclpius.  The 
English  title  runs  thus 

I.N.I.  The  lamenting  voiw  of  the  hidden 
lore  at  the  time  when  she  lay  in  misery 
and  forsaken  and  oprest  by  the  multitude 
of  her  enemies.  Composed  by  one  Jn. 
Kum'ber 

after  a  long  quotation  from  Micali,  there 
are  the  words  "Pennsylvania  in  America, 
•705-"  '  .-[i 

The  hymns  are  very  long  and  several 
of  th?m  are  stated  to  be  "Parodies"  from 
Knorr  von  Rosenroth.  The  hymns  of 
this  author  were  published  in  1684  in  a 
book  entitled  "Neuer  Helicon  mit  seien 
neun  musen"  some  of  the  hymns  and 
tunes  being  his  own  composition.  The 
MS.  book  under  consideration  contains 
not  only  the  words  of  the  hymns  but  also 
.some  tunes.  The  tunes  do  not  appear  to 
be  original  but  I  have  not  been  able  at 
present  to  examine  them  so  thoroughly 
on  this  point  as  to  give  a  positive  opin- 
ion. They  do  not  appear  among  ths 
tunes  which  Zahn  attributes  to  him  in 
his  account  of  Rosenroth  and  his  book ; 
and  to  endeavor  to  trace  them  among  the 
thousands  of  German  chorals  in  my  li- 
brary would  take  more  time  than  I  can 
at  present  spare.  The  book  however  is 
interesting  as  being  the  first  music  book 
so  far  found  to  have  ha  1  its  origin  in 
Penn.sylvania. 

In  170S  the  vestry  of  Clirist  Church, 
Phi'adelphia.  began  prcpirations  for  a 
belfry,  and  in  1712  it  appears  a  great 
bell  and  a  little  bell  were  in  position. 

In  1716.  according  to  Madeira  (Music 
in  Philaclelphia),  at  the  Yearly  Meeting 
of  the  I'Viends,  members  were  advised 
against  going  to  or  being  in  any  way 
concerned  in  plays,  games,  lotteries, 
music  and  dancing.  This  indirect  evi- 
dence of  the  love  of  the  i)cople  of  Phila- 
delphia for  what  the  Friends  consider- 
ed   worldly   enjoyments,   is   as   indirectly 


confirmed  by  Gabriel  Thomas,  who 
speaks  of  the  city  in  1698  as  containing 
several  good  schools  for  the  attainment 
of  arts  and  sciences  and  does  not  omit 
to  mention  that  cakes,  tarts  and  pies  may 
be  had  any  day  in  the  week  and  especial- 
ly praises  the  cookshops  as  equal  to  those 
in  London.  This  is  not  musical  but  it 
aflfords  evidence  that  New  England  even 
then  had  no  monopoly  as  far  as  the  "pie" 
question  is  concernecl. 

As  Christ  Church,  Philadelphia  was 
founded  in  1695  there  is  no  doubt  the 
congregation  used  Sternhold  and  Hop- 
kins' Psalter  as  the  New  Version  was 
not  published  until  1696.  Although  I 
have  secured  several  seventeenth  century 
copies  of  Sternhold  and  Hopkins-  in  thij 
country  I  have  not  been  able  to  deter- 
mine positively  whether  they  were  actu- 
ally used  at  such  early  date.  Hood  states 
that  Sternhold  and  Hopkins  was  pub- 
lished in  the  colonies,  but  I  much  doubt 
it,  as  the  Stationers  Company  was  hard- 
ly likely  to  allow  it  to  be  done.  There 
is  one  marked  difference  between  the  old 
version  by  Sternhold  and  Hopkins  and 
the  versions  by  Brady  and  Tate,  Watts 
and  others.  Most  of  the  old  versions  con- 
tained the  tunes  at  the  head  of  the  psalm 
to  which  it  was  to  be  sung.  Music  was 
frequently  bound  up  with,  but  never  in- 
corporated in  Brady  and  Tate  and  oth- 
ers. As  the  new  versions  rapidly  dis- 
placed the  old,  there  arose  a  necessity  for 
tune  books  and  from  1700  onwards  many 
were  issued.    ' 

In  1 7 19  there  was  published  in  Lon- 
don one  of  the  earliest  tune  books  to  be 
used  with  the  psalms.  Its  title  runs 
thus  1 

A  collection  of  tunes  suited  to  the  various 
metres  in  Mr.  Watt's  imitation  of  the  psalms 
of  David  or  Dr.  Patricia's  version  fit  to  be 
iHHind  up  with  either.  To  which  is  added 
an  introduction  to  psalmody  in  a  new  meth- 
od with  several  tunes  never  .before  -published. 

The  preface  was  signed  W.  L.,  but  au- 
thorities differ  as  to  the  name  of  the 
compiler.  I  do  not  find  that  it  was  re- 
printed in  the  colonies  but  the  American 
Philosophical  Society  has  a  copy  of  the 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  CHURCH  MUSIC  BOOKS  IN  I'ENXSYLVAXIA 


175 


second  edition  of  this  book  published  in 
1722.  which  appears  to  be  evidence, 
(shght,  it  is  true)  that  the  book  was 
known  in  Philadelphia.  My  copy  of  the 
first  edition  was  purchased  in  England. 

In  the  same  year,  (1719)  Clay's  An- 
nals states  that  Mr.  Sandel,  (one  of  the 
Swedish  pastors)  says  the  Swedes  sang 
"O  Lord  we  praise  Thee,"  which  was 
probably  the  Te  Deum. 

In  1720  the  records  of  Christ  Churcii, 
Philadelphia  state 

It  is  expedient  to  enlarge  the  church, 
build  a  tower,  and  purchase  a  set  of  bells. 

In  1728  the  same  records  shew  that 

A  committee  having  been  appointed  by 
the  Vestry  to  treat  with  Mr.  Lod.  C.  Sprogel 
about  an  organ  lately  arrived  here,  report 
that  they  had  done  the  same,  and  that  he 
insisted  on  £200  for  said  organ:  and  thai 
they  had  procured  men  O'f  the  best  skill  the 
place  could  afford  to  erect  the  said  organ 
in  a  convenient  house  in  town  to  make  trial 
thereof:  which  being  done  it  is  said  the  or- 
gan prov'es  good  in  its  kind  and  large  enough 
for  our  church.  It  was  thereupon  resolved 
That  the  said  organ  be  purchased  for  the 
use  of  Christ  Church  in  Philadelphia  and 
that  Peter  Baynton  and  others  be  a  com- 
mittee to  procure  subscriptions  for  that  pur- 
pose and  to  appoint  a  suitable  iplace  to  erect 
it  in  and  that  they  order  the  moving  it  into 
the  church   worthwith. 

In  1729  the  psalms  of  David  by  Dr. 
Watts,  first  printed  in  London  in  1719, 
was  printed  in  Philadelphia  by  Franklin 
and  Meredith.  It  was  a  reprint  of  the 
seventh  edition  issued  in  England  the 
same  year,  and  appears  to  have  been  the 
first  of  Watts'  psalms  printed  in  the  col- 
onies. It  was  frequently  issued  after- 
wards, so  frequently  that  I  shall  only 
notice  those  issues  which  appear  to  call 
for  special  attention. 

In  the  same  year  a  local  poet  singing 
the  praise  of  Philadelphia  thus  hands 
down  to  posterity  the  proposed  belfry  of 
Christ  Church 

One  in  a  grander  style 
But  yet  unfinished  is  the  lofty  pile. 
A  lofty  tower  is  founded  on  this  ground 
For  future  ibells  to  make  a  distant  sound. 

In  1719  there  was  published  in  Lon- 
don a  tune  book  with  the  following  title : 


The  Singing  Master's  Guide  to  his  schol- 
ars. With  the  psalms  according  to  the  old 
and  new  translations:  the  o<ld  on  one  side 
and  the  new  en  the  other.  By  several  hands 
viz.,  Stern  hold  and  Hopkins,  Barton,  Pat- 
rick, Tate  and  Brady,  iliibourne  and  Sandys. 
Contrived  for  common  use.     With  the  tunes 

in  two  parts.  By  Daniel  Warner. 
According  to  an  advertisement  in  the 
Pennsylvania  Gazette,  Benjamin  Frank- 
lin reprinted  this  in  1730.  I  have  not 
been  able  to  secure  a  copy  of  either  or- 
iginal or  reprint  of  this  book.  I  have 
a  copy  of  a  tune  book  by  the  same  au- 
thor printed  in  London,  in  1711,  but  with 
a  different  title.  It  is  of  course  possible 
that  the  two  books  are  in  reality  the 
same  but  it  'S  never  safe  to  dogmatise 
on  probability. 

This  leads  to  a  question  upon  which 
there  has  bem  considerable  dispute  and 
even  dogmal;;irg  and  as  the  chief  dog- 
matiser  has  chosen  to  attack  me  for  my 
supposed  ignorance  regarding  the  music 
of  Ephrata,  I  may  in  fairness  endeavor 
to  put  myself  right  on  the  matter. 

Mr.  Julius  F.  Sachse  came  to  me  when 
he  was  about  10  publish  his  book  on  the 
German  Sectarians  of  Pennsylvania, 
and  requested  my  assistance  on  the  music 
question.  This  I  gave,  and  he  used  my 
work  without  the  slightest  acknowledge- 
ment. Indeed  lie  went  further.  After 
sending  mc  lwo  proofs,  both  of  which 
contained  a  proper  acknowledgement, 
the  book  when  it  appeared  was  without 
it.  I\'C)t  content  with  this,  he  demanded 
that  I  be  refused  the  use  of  books  in 
a  library  of  which  I  was  a  member  as 
well  as  h?.  In  his  recent  book  on  the 
Ephrata  music,  without  mentioning  my 
name,  he  says  musical  judges  have  con- 
demned my  work  on  the  matter;  and 
implies  I  am  quite  ignorant  of  music. 

It  is  more  than  probable  that  if  Mr. 
Sachse  did  consult  any  musical  judges 
wlhose  opinions  are  worth  having",  they 
were  led  to  charge  me  with  errors  into 
which  I\rr,  Sachse  himself  had  fallen ; 
and  I  do  not  feel  inclined  to  quietly  sub- 
mit. As  a  matter  of  fact,  Mr.  Sachse 
sent  me  the  MS.  of  his  translation  of 
BcisscTs    treatise.       A    very    superficial 


176 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


glance  was  sufficient  to  show  that  cither 
Beissel  or  Sachse  had  written  an  aston- 
ishing amount  of  nonsense,  and  without 
attempting  any  correction  I  immediately 
returned  it  with  the  message  that  if  Mr. 
Sachse  had  really  translated  Beissel 
literally,  he  had  better  say  so.  I  of 
course  was  aware  Mr.  Sachse  had  no 
knowledge  of  even  the  rudniments  of 
music,  but  I  supposed  he  did  know 
something  of  German.  If  any  compe- 
tent person  will  compare  the  translation 
of  Beissel  in  the  German  Sectarians 
f  which  bear  in  mind  is  Sachse's,  not 
mine)  with  the  translation  in  his  work 
on  the  Ephrata  music  he  will,  I  think, 
not  feel  inclined  to  place  much  confi- 
dence in  Mr  Sachse's  work.  Mr.  Sachse 
was  very  fortunate  in  getting  Dr.  Ohl 
to  translate  for  him  in  the  latter  book 
as  Dr.  Ohl  is  competent  whether  regard- 
ed from  the  German,  English,  or  musical 
standi^oint ;  and  I  take  pleasure  in  saying 
that  his  translation  compares  favorably 
with  one  which  was  made  for  me  by  one 
of  the  most  prominent  German  and 
musical  scholars  in  this  country.  I  am 
equally  sure  that  if  Dr.  Ohl  is  one  of 
the  musical  judges  whose  opinion  Mr. 
Sachse  sought,  he  was  misled,  not  by  my 
work,  but  by  what  Mr.  Sachse  said. 

Dr.  Ohl  must  not  be  considered  re- 
5ponsible  for  more  than  the  translation 
of  Bcissel's  nature.  This  I  say,  because 
T  am  sure  he  knows  too  much  of  musical 
history  and  theory  to  be  guilty  of  the  ab- 
surdities in  the  other  part  of  the  book. 

As  to  the  sup])osed  errors  in  the  nota- 
tion I  made,  I  have  not  had  time  to  ex- 
pmine  very  closely,  and  as  I  had  to  work 
from  snuidgy  photographs  furnished  by 
Mr.  Sachse,  and  did  no':  sec  a  proof  of 
the  music  I  must  disclaim  responsibility. 
'JMiere  is  certainly  a  difference  in  the 
disposition  of  the  voices  in  the  seven  part 
choral  between  Dr.  Ohl's  setting  and 
mine.  Dr.  Ohl  evidently  had  nothing  to 
go  by  except  what  information  Mr. 
Sachse  gave  him.  I  did  not  depend  upon 
that,  and  not  only  consulted  original 
sources  but  compared  it  carefully  with 
music  of  the  same  period,  as  it  was  evi- 


dent to  me  that  Beissel  knew  more  than 
!s  generally  admitted.  The  difficulty 
about  the  Ephrata  music  is  that  much  of 
what  has  been  written  about  it  is  the 
work  of  persons  who  were  not  competent 
I  )  tor-n  a  proper  opinion. 

Ephrata  was  apparently  a  show  place, 
to  which  travellers  flocked;  and  with 
the  proneness  of  travellers  even  of  the 
present  day  to  superficiality,  no  wonder 
should  be  expressed  at  the  random  state- 
ments which,  are  unfortunately  accepted 
as  literally  true.  The  music  is  said  to 
be  derived  from  the  Aeloian  harp,  and 
that  expression  we  constantly  hear.  As 
a  matter  of  fact  it  bears  no  resemblance 
or  relation  to  that  incoherent  music.  The 
female  choir  which  (if  I  recollect  aright) 
was  seated  in  a  gallery,  sang  with  their 
lips  closed,  a  method  which  was  not  un- 
usual, but  had  the  effect  of  a  murmuring 
sound  and  some-  traveller  applied  to  it 
the  term  Aeolian,  which  has  Deen  repeat 
ed  by  many  who  never  heard  an  Aeolian 
harp. 

Even  Snowberger  whu  gives  a  most 
careful  acount  of  the  music  must  not 
altogether  be  depended  upon,  as  mixed 
with  truth,  there  is  much  that  is  errone- 
ous. Unless  Beissel  is  studied  in  coi": 
nec'iion  with  the  music  of  the  period  tiO 
cannot  be  understood  and  mistakes  are 
sure  to  be  made.  Snowberger  shows  he 
had  not  enough  knowledge  of  music  to 
understand  Beissel,  but  his  information 
as  to  the  disposition  of  the  voices  is  in- 
teresting and  I  based  my  disposition  of 
them  on  that,  with  a  very  careful  com- 
parison of  other  music  of  the  period.  In 
the  information  I  gave  Mr.  Sachse  I 
omitted  all  explanations  as  I  was  then 
engaged  on  an  exhaustive  work  on 
lioissel  and  his  music,  and  as  Mr. 
Sachse  denied  all  acknowledgment  it  is 
fortunate  for  myself  I  did  so. 

As  my  next  article  will  treat  of  the 
E.phrata  books  I  have  been  thus  full  in 
order  to  clear  the  subject  of  much  con- 
fusion which  writers  like  Mr.  Sachse 
have  caused ;  and  I  need  do  no  mor? 
than  briefly  draw  attention  to  the  princi- 
])al    errors   of   that   writer;   which   arise 


HIKLKMIKAF'm"   OKCmKCH    MISIC  HOOKS  IN    1 'EX  ^■S^■  T.VA  NI  A 


1/7 


-.  .ivllv  I'ruin  lack  of  knowlcdj^'e  -.wA  )i!il} 
ironi  his  habit  of  considcrin;;-  each  fact 
he  finds  an  orit,Mnal  discovery  by  himself 
and  a  new  contribution  to  knowledge. 

The  writins;"  of  four  ])arts  on  one  stall 
A\  ith  a  chang"e  of  clef  was  fjuit.;  common 
when  Beissel  wrote,  and  I  coidd  !.,dve 
scores  of  instances  from  1j  njk>  of  that 
period  in  my  library.  It  however  seems 
to  intimate  that  Beissel  knew  more  of 
music  of  'the  period  that  he  is  credited 
vith. 

Jdicre  are  no  anthems  in  lleissel's 
books,  so  far  as  I  have  been  able  to  see. 
Tlie  nuisic  so  called  1)\-  Sachsc  and  others 
are  merely  what  were  at  that  period 
called  ''Dialogue  hymns"  ami  (|uite  com- 
mon. 

Mr.  Sachsc's  use  of  the  term  "female 
tenor"  and  similar  ones  is  copied  from 
Snowberger,  but  the  latter  did  not  know 
.  -.  nic;'!!  of  nmsic  to   sec  the  absurity  of 


such  terms  and  .Mr.  .Sachse  folkjws  suit- 
As  to  Air.  Sachsc  being  misled  by  me 
in  the  use  of  I'.eissel's  terms  "F'arrir" 
and  "Tocner"  1  have  only  to  repeat  that  I 
sent  the  manuscript  back  without  a  sin- 
gle alteration  or  remark  except  as  I  have 
before  stated,  and  T  must  respectfully 
beg  all  students  of  Ephrata  or  other 
music  not  to  charge  me  with  mistakes  I 
did  not  make,  especially  when  such 
charges  are  made  by  Mr.  Saohse. 

1  have  thus  far  been  rather  discursive, 
but  I  thought  it  would  interest  readers 
of  the  article  if  I  endeavored  to  show 
not  only  music  and  music  books  but  how 
the  music  comm'enced  and  grew.  My 
future  articles  will  be  more  bibliographi- 
cal, but  I  shall  not  hesitate  to  introduce 
any  side  light  which  may  prove  interest- 
ing-. In  other  words,  I  will  be  as  little 
of  a  dry-as-dust  as  possible. 

(TO  BECONTINl'ED) 


Punishment  \t  a  meeting  of  ihc 

c*  Crime  Law       Academy       ot 

Philadelphia,  hekl  in 
tlie  Supreme  Court  Chamber  on  Wednes- 
<lay  evening,  December  20,  former  Gov- 
ernor Samuel  W.  Pennypacker,  made  an 
address  on  the  subject  of  capital  crimes. 
He  cited  numerous  cases  in  which  he  was 
interested  as  Judge  and  Governor,  dwell- 
ing upon  the  close  technical  questions 
which  must  frequently  be  solved  in  order 
tc  determine  the  guilt  or  innocence  of 
cne  accused  of  crime. 

ile  reiterated  his  opi)osiiion  to  cajntal 
yninishment,  declaring  his  inability  to  ac- 
cept the  right  of  a  collection  of  individ- 
uals in  the  State  to  take  a  human  life 
when  the  right  is  withheld  fn^ii  any  one 
in  lividual  by  the  same  law. 

Mr.  I'ennypacker  attacked  the  tendency 
which  he  declared  inherent  in  civiliza- 
tion, to  take  life,  referring  to  the  recent 
lynching  in  this  State  as  the  "most  hor- 
rible crime  i>f  modern  times."  as  charac- 


terizing the  shooting  expedition  of  form- 
er President  Roosevelt  in  Africa  a.-- 
merely  another  form  of  the  desire  to  kill. 
He  described  this  as  a  state  of  the  mind. 
He  added  that  a  traged\-.  such  as  the 
burning  of  a  wounded  ])risoner  by  an 
avenging  mob.  would  be  impossible  in  a 
Community  were  the  masses  to  regard 
it  with  the  horror.  contemi)t  and  indigna- 
tion one  might  exi)ect.     He  >aid  : 

Hamburg   Boy  Harry     O.     Mine,     a 

Pennsylvania  Ger- 
man, of  Hamburg. 
I'a.,  is  now  Secretary  t>f  the  Board  of 
lulucation  of  the  District  of  Columbia. 
Mr.  Hine  formerly  taught  the  High 
School  at  Hamburg,  and  then  he  was 
appointed  to  a  position  in  the  Bureau  of 
I^abor,  Washington,  under  Commissioner 
Xeill,  which  position  he  held  until  he  re- 
ceived his  present  appointment. 

/'.  J.  D. 


Moses  Dissinger-Reminiscenses 

By  Rev.  Wm.  Yost. 

Note.— The  following  sketch,  published  in  The  Evangelical  Messenger  of  April  and 
May,  1911,  and  forming  part  of  the  author's  book,  "Reminiscences"  is  reproduced  by  per- 
mission. What  is  here  related  by  Reverend  Yost  may  call  up  in  the  minds  of  some  readers 
incidents  of  the  life  of  Rev.  Dissinger  which  have  not  been  referred  to  by  the  writer.  We 
shall  be  glad  to  make  room  for  the  publication  of  such  additional  items. — Editor. 

INTRODUCTION 
By  Bishop  S.  P.  Spreng 


EW  men  have  been  more  inti- 
mately as§ociated  with  the 
history  of  the  EvangeHcal 
Association  during  the  last 
fifty  years  than  the  beloved 
and  venerated  author  of 
this  intensely  interesting 
and  valuable  book.  The  name  of  Rev, 
William  Yost  is  a  household  word  in 
thousands  of  Evangelical  homes  in  this 
and  other  lands.  Wherever  the  Church 
lias  engaged  in  missionary  effort,  he  has 
been  an  inspiring  leader.  As  Corres- 
ponding Secretary  and  Treasurer  of  the 
Alis'-ionary  Society  and  Treasurer  of  the 
r'vbenezer  Orphan  Home,  and  one  of  the 
Publishers,  his  voice  has  become  familiar 
tliroughout  the  Church.  Faithful  to 
every  solemn  trust  committed  to  his 
hands,  cheerful  in  spirit,  practical  in 
methods  and  aggressive  in  leadership,  his 
work  has  become  a  permanent  part  of  the 
hisiory  of  the  Church  during  a  most  stir- 
ling  portion  of  her  history. 

T^  is  therefore  highly  gratifying  to  me 
to  introduce  this  book  of  personal  "Remi- 
nii-cences"  to  the  public.  Its  publication 
will  be  hailed  with  great  delight  by  minis- 
try and  laity.  Under  the  modest  title  of 
"Reminiscences"  Bro.  Yost  gives  us  not 
only  the  story  of  his  own  long,  eventful 
and  active  life,  but  the  book  is  enriched 
with  many  incidents  and  occurrences  in 
\\hich  others  prominent  in  the  Church 
figure.     It   sparkles   with   wit,   is   spiced 


w-'Lh  humor,  and  throbs  with  pathos. 
I\Jjny  facts  of  our  history  are  here  res- 
cued from  oblivion,  which  greatly  en- 
hances the  historical  value  of  the  book, 
especially  since  these  are  given  with  a 
personal  flavor,  at  once  piquant  and  vital. 

Among  other  chapters  of  rare  interest 
and  value  there  is  one  of  peculiar  pertin- 
ence on  the  original  characteristics  and 
unique  eccentricities  of  that  remarkable 
Pennsylvania-German  preacher,  Moses 
Dissinger.  No  other  man  is  so  well 
qualified  for  this  work  as  Rev.  William 
Yost,  who  was  Dissinger's  warm  friend 
through  many  years  of  conference  re- 
lationship, and  no  man  could  more  keenly 
appreciate  or  more  truly  interpret  the 
witticisms  and  inimitable  drolleries  of 
that  marvelous  man  than  Bro.  Yost, 
whose  own  genius  for  wit  and  humor  is 
one  of  his  delightful  qualities.  This 
chapter  alone  is  worth  the  price  of  the 
book,  not  only  because  of  its  spice,  but 
because  it  rescues  from  comparative  ob- 
scurity one  who  deserves  to  be  better 
known  and  remembered  than  has  been 
the  case. 

Bro.  Yost  kept  no  diary  or  journal;  he 
was  therefore  obliged  to  draw  largely 
upon  memory.  His  success  is  remark- 
able for  an  octogenarian.  His  memory 
is  accurate  and  vivid.  His  mind  has  lost 
none  of  its  clearness  but  is  unusually 
alert  for  a  man  of  his  advanced  age,  and 
after  a  career  of  such  strenuous  activity 


178 


MOSES  DISSINGER 


179 


and  vast  responsibilities.  Even  a  yeai 
ago  he  had  no  thought  of  undertaking 
such  a  task,  but  yielded  to  the  urgent 
solicitation  of  friends,  and  here  is  the  re- 


sult. May  these  "Reminiscences"  find 
thousands  of  readers,  and  may  the  vener- 
able author  live  long  to  enjoy  the  rich 
rewards  of  a  life  spent  in  generous  and 
faithful  service. 


REV.  MOSES   DISSINGER 


On  the  25th  of  January,  1883,  the  com- 
panion of  my  youth,  intimate  friend, 
quarterly  and  annual  conference  asso- 
ciate, the  widely  known  and  eccentric 
preacher,  Moses  Dissinger,  was  called 
from  labor  to  his  reward. 

I  consider  it  proper  to  remember  this 
remarkable  man  in  my  Reminiscences. 
He  was  a  very  unique  character,  an 
extraordinary  man  both  in  body  and 
mind,  gifted  with  tireless  energy,  an 
original,  peculiar  personage,  the  like  of 
which  our  chutch  had  never  had  and 
never  will  again  have  in  its  ministry. 
Before  his  conversion  he  loved  to  be 
where  there  was  dancing,  fighting  and 
where  whiskey  flowed  freely.  He  had 
acquired  the  fame  among  the  ruffians,  as 
the  fighting  "bully"  of  the  neighborhood. 
But  "where  sin  abounds  the  grace  of  God 
does  the  more  abound."  Attending  ser- 
vices in  the  Evangelical  church  at  Schaef- 
ferstown,  his  home,  he  felt  himself  hit 
from  all  sides  and  the  light  and  power  of 
the  Divine  Word  pierced  his  soul.  Fol- 
lowing the  light  of  God's  Word,  acknow- 
ledging himself  a  sinner  worthy  of  con- 
demnation, he  began  in  all  earnestness  to 
pray  to  God  for  grace  and  forgiveness 
and  did  not  cease  until  he  had  passed 
from  death  into  life  and  received  the 
testimony  of  having  become  a  child  of 
God.  While  he  was  an  earnest  seeker 
for  salvation  he  was  employed  in  digging 
a  foundation  for  a  dwelling  to  be  erected  ; 
with  every  shovelful  of  soil  he  threw  up, 
he  loudly  ejaculated:  "O  God,  grant  me 
grace.  O  God,  be  merciful  to  me  a 
sinner!"  Ring  fights,  card  playing,  curs- 
ing and  swearing,  dancing,  whiskey 
drinking  and  all  ungodliness  had  forever 
come  to  an  end  with  him  in  his  conver- 
sion. The  lion  was  changed  into  a  lamb, 
the  great   sinner  into  a   happy  child   of 


God.  It  was  a  marvelous  transfor- 
mation and  a  great  surprise  to  all  who 
knew  his  former  life  and  conduct. 

I  knew  him  well.  Our  cradles  stood 
only  a  few  miles  apart  and  we  were  inti- 
mately acquainted  and  close  friends  es- 
pecially from  the  time  of  our  conversion. 
At  quarterly  meeting  and  revival  meet- 
ings in  my  home  church,  he  would 
always  make  my  father's  house  his  stop- 
ping place.  His  education  having  been 
greatly  neglected,  he  could  neither  read 
nor  write.  After  his  conversion,  he 
recognized  the  necessity  of  learning  to 
read  the  Word  of  God.  He  at  once  re- 
solved to  use  all  the  time  he  could  spare 
from  his  daily  work,  in  learning  to  read. 
When  stopping  at  my  father's  house  I 
would  instruct  him  for  hours  in  the  art 
of  reading  the  German  Bible,  he  being 
very  eager  to  be  able  to  read  the  blessed 
Word  of  God.  In  a  short  time  he  could 
read  tolerably  well.  At  writing,  he 
never  made  much  progress.  I  doubt  that 
he  ever  wrote  a  letter. 

His  enthusiasm  at  revival  meetings  and 
camp-meetings  knew  no  bounds.  With- 
out any  intermission,  he  kept  on  singing, 
praying,  shouting  and  working  with  peni- 
tents at  camp-meetings  and  quarterly 
meetings,  from  morning  till  night,  and 
during  the  night  till  the  sun  arose,  being 
gifted  with  unusual  physical  endurance. 
At  that  time  at  camp-meetings  and 
quarterly  meetings  the  work  went  on  till 
the  break  of  the  morning.  Those  won- 
derful manifestations  of  divine  power 
cannot  be  forgotten.  After  serving  sev- 
eral years  as  class-leader  and  local 
preacher,  he  was  admitted  into  the  itin- 
erancy of  the  East  Pennsylvania  con- 
ference in  the  Spnng  of  1854,  one  year 
after  my  admittance.  At  the  previous 
session  he  was  refused  admittance.     On 


i8o 


THl-:    PENN    GERMANIA 


aconiiit  r>t  liis  peculiar  ccceiitricitio. 
overzcalousncss.  unboiiiKlcd  enthusiasni 
and  want  of  ])roper  literary  cnltiu-c  and 
Lecansc  of  his  rough  demeanor,  confer- 
ence seriously  questioned  the  propriet\- 
of  receiving  him  into  the  itinerancy.  \\ 
was  soon  manifest,  however,  that  he  was 
a  chosen  instrument  in  the  hands  of  (jod 
for  the  accomplishment  of  a  great  work 
and  his  success,  to  the  suri)rise  of  all,  was 
almost  with(tut  a  i)arallel  in  the  confer- 
ence, lie  ])reachcd  tlic  Word  of  God  in 
simplicit}-  and  godly  sincerity,  not  with 
enticing  words  of  man'>  wisdom,  hut  in 
the  demonstration  of  the  Spirit  and  of 
])ower.  I  le      soon      l)ecame      known 

throughout  the  church  as  a  very  singular 
man.  and  e\erywhere  ])eople  came  in 
crowds  til  see  and  hear  this  marvelous 
])reacher.  lie  hurled  di\-ine  truth  with 
the  force  of  a  Titan,  lie  was  as  bold  as 
a  lion  and  knew  no  fear,  lie  was  gifted 
with  a  marvelous  memory;  what  he  read 
and  heard  his  memory  retained  and  he 
could  use  the  knowledge  acquired  in  his 
own  peculiar  manner.  He  did  not  merely 
produce  the  thoughts  of  others.  \Vhat 
he  learned  from  others  was  so  mingled 
np  with  the  product  of  his  own  mind  that 
it  seemed  to  come  from  its  native  mint. 
Though  scarcely  able  in  the  first  years  of 
his  ministry  to  read  his  text  correctly  yet 
he  would  ]-)rcach  with  such  fluency,  origi- 
nality. ])athos  and  power  that  it  was  a 
marvel  to  all  who  heard  him.  The  effect 
■  of  his  ])reaching  was  often  indescribable. 
ITis  homespun  phrases  and  apt  illustra- 
tions, taken  from  the  life  and  peculiari- 
ties of  the  I'enn.sylvania-Germans,  took 
remarkabl}-  well  among  the  people.  Ilis 
j)reaching  was  very  ])lain,  intensely  prac- 
tical and  at  times  very  rough,  adapted  to 
the  conduct  and  comprehension  of  the 
pco]ile  among  whom  he  labored. 

I  fe  was  given  much  to  prayer,  sj)end- 
ing  hours  on  his  knees  reading  the  Bible 
and  studying  his  sermons.  Wherever  he 
was  staying  when  the  time  for  going  to 
the  service  had  arrived,  he  would  with- 
<lraw  for  secret  prayer,  saying,  "I  must 
talk  with  the  I'alher  before  .goin.g  to 
meeting." 

,\t  family  worship,  where  he  had 
lodged    for  the  night,  he  woidd  ])ra\-  till 


every  converted  member  of  the  family 
was  either  leaping  for  jc\v  or  shouting 
aloud  the  praises  of  God.  and  such  as 
were  ni>l  converted  were  crying  for 
merc\ .  1  le  frec|uentl\'  made  the  remark, 
"The  devil  nnist  be  whipped  before 
breakfast.  lie  will  then  easily  stay 
wlii])ped  all  day."  In  company  with  him 
at  camp-meetings,  when  the  time  ap- 
|)roached  that  he  was  to  preach  he  would 
say  to  me,  "Let  us  go  out  in  the  woods, 
we  must  talk  with  the  Father.  I  am  to 
))reach  and  you  know,  1  am  only  one  of 
the  Lord's  sprinkling  cans,  if  He  don't 
fill  it  with  living  water  fresh  from  under 
the  Throne  I  am  walking  around  the 
garden  endeavoring  to  water  the  Lord's 
])lants  with  an  empty  can  and  the  devil 
w(jidd  just  laugh  at  me.  I  can  only  give 
t(j  the  i)Cople  what  the  Lord  gives  me." 

I  brother  Dissinger's  sermons  on  re- 
generation and  on  the  necessity  of  man 
making  preparations  f(n'  his  eternal  sal- 
vation were  always  of  a  solemn  nature, 
more  free  from  his  humorous  and  rude 
expressions.  They  were  clear,  plain, 
])ointed  and  attended  by  the  blessing  of 
the  S])irit  in  such  a  measure  that  the 
whole  assemblage  was  carried  away  by 
them  and  scarcely  a  dry  eye  could  be 
found.  Powerful  outpourings  from 
hea\"en  would  accompany  such  sermons, 
causing  mighty  shouting  and  a  general 
chorus  of  praise  among  (^.od's  people,  as 
well  as  earnest  crying  and  bitter  weeping 
among  the  penitents  seeking  salvation. 
I  saw  a  number  of  such  scenes  under  his 
l)reaching  which  camiot  be  described.  I 
heard  him  preach  on  these  subjects  in 
which  he  would  (|uotc  from  ninety  to 
one  lumdred  and  thirty  passages  of 
.Scripture,  to  substantiate  his  assertions, 
mentioning  book,  chapter  and  verse,  and 
reciting  them  word  for  word,  without  us- 
ing any  notes.  His  talent  in  this  direc- 
tion was  extraordinary.  I  never  heard 
the  like  of  it  from  any  other  man. 

]  will  here  give  a  few  specimens  of  his 
eccentric  sayings  in  his  ])reaching,  but  as 
they  were  delivered  in  the  Pennsylvania 
German  dialect  it  is  not  possible  to  ren- 
der them  perfectly  in  Knglish  in  their 
native  peculiarities. 

At   one  of  the  ])r;ncipal   appointments 


MOSES  DISSINGKK 


]8i 


on  W.  circuit  when  al  ihc  close  n\  tlir 
3ciU'  his  salary  was  coiLsiiicrahh  sIidtI. 
he  preached  from  the  words:  "nut  who- 
soever liarkeneth  luito  nic  shall  dwell  in 
safety,  and  shall  be  sutficiently  supplied," 
according  to  the  (lernian  version,  "and 
fear  no  evil,"  I'row  i.  ,^^:;.  When  he  came 
to  speak  of  his  cnvn  experience,  lnjw  well 
the  Lord  had  supplied  all  his  wants,  he 
said,  "The  conference  year  is  now  at  an 
end  and  there  is  considerable  of  a  short- 
a.u'e  in   ni\    ■^alarw  but   that   don'i   iroiibU- 


me.  1  don't  lose  any  slee[)  over  that;  the 
1 'at her  has  always  cared  for  his  Mose, 
and  will  do  so  als(j  at  this  time.  Some- 
limes  the  pasture  has  been  rather  scant, 
but  at  other  times  I  have  been  in  clover 
up  to  my  knees.  .\ow  when  I  am  done 
preachinj;-  it  is  an  easy  thinjj;  for  father 
l\.  to  step  up  like  a  man  and  la}'  i^io  on 
the  table,  his  .son  John  will  put  S5  on  toji 
<if  that,  and  his  son  Jake,  who  never  was 
afraid  of  a  dead  snake,  will  fork  out  $5 
also    ami    other^    will     follow    suit."      At 


gwofcfi'  :r^ih'i«rtct» 


the  close  when  $77  was  deposited  on  the 
table,  rollini;'  up  the  money  and  pocket- 
inj:;;  it.  he  exclaimed.  "1 'raise  the  Lord, 
brethren,  the  Father  always  cares  for  his 
Mo.se." 

Preaching"  at  a  cami)-meeting  where,  as 
he  well  knew,  the  friends  were  very  much 
down  on  pride  and  fashion,  but  very  close 
fisted,  he  took  for  his  text  the  words: 
"Deliver  us  from  evil."  He  said  the  fol- 
lowing: "Vou  will  observe  that  these 
words  do  not  apply  to  the  ungodl\-  who 
are  as  full  of  evils  as  a  dog  is  full  of  lleas. 


but  to  the  Christian  and  teach  conclu- 
sively that  they  have  yet  evils  from  which 
they  are  to  be  delivered.  Here  is  pride 
by  which  some,  especially  women,  so 
transform  themselves  that  they  look  like 
anything  else  than  human  beings  and 
frighten  horses  on  the  road.  He  ham- 
mered unmercifully  on  pride  antl  aroused 
enthusiasm  among  the  friends,  who 
shouted  lustily.  ".Vmen  !  C^iod  bless  the 
truth!"  When  through  with  this  point 
he  said:  "Here  is  another  evil.  Tiic 
greatest  of  all  and  the  root  of  all  evil. 


182 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


It  is  stinginess."  When  going  after  this 
evil  rough  shod  all  calmed  down.  No 
shouts  of  Amen.  Down  went  the  heads 
lower  and  lower  when  all  at  once  he  ex- 
claimed, "Brethren,  what's  the  matter? 
Why  don't  you  shout,  Amen?  When  I 
preached  about  pride  you  shouted  Amen 
as  if  your  throats  would  split,  but  now 
when  I  preach  about  stinginess,  the  ugli- 
est of  all  evils,  you  hang  your  heads  and 
pinch  your  lips  so  closely  together  that  a 
man  could  not  drive  a  hog  bristle  through 
with  a  sledge  hammer.  Are  you  stingy? 
If  so,  pray  to  get  delivered  from  it !" 

At  another  place  a  set  of  rowdies  came 
to  disturb  the  meeting  and  commenced  to 
talk  aloud  while  he  was  preaching ;  ht 
gave  them  a  severe  "lecture,"  as  he  called 
it,  and  said,  "Listen  now  you  fellows 
back  there;  you  are  all  dogs,  every  part 
of  you  except  the  skin,  you  must  keep 
quiet,  or  I  will  come  down  and  throw  you 
out  of  doors,  that  you  break  your  necks. 
I  can  lick  a  half  dozen  such  Gadarenes 
and  stuck  up  chaps  as  you  are  before 
breakfast.  Do  you  hear?  Dissinger  is 
my  name.  There  are  some  orderly  people 
here  who  have  come  to  hear  the  word  of 
God.  Such  I  would  advise  to  secure 
their  hog  stables ;  for  if  the  devils  ever 
should  leave  those  Gadarenes  and  enter 
their  hogs  it  would  be  certain  death  to 
every  one  of  them." 

At  one  time  Bro.  Dissinger  listened  to 
a  funeral  sermon  preached  by  a  graceless 
minister,  on  the  text:  "Because  I  live  ye 
shall  live  also,"  but  the  preacher  spent 
most  of  the  time  in  making  a  bitter  and 
venomous  attack  on  the  Evangelical  As- 
sociation and  its  method  of  working, 
charging  its  members  with  all  manner  of 
excesses,  warning  his  people  against  se- 
duction and  fanaticism.  Our  Mose  was 
very  much  incensed  and  announced  that 
next  Sunday  he  would  preach  from  that 
text  so  that  justice  might  be  done  to  it. 
This  became  known  and  before  the  ap- 
pointed time  came  many  more  people  had 
assembled  than  the  church  could  hold. 
He  preached  an  incomparable  sermon  of 
one  hour  and  fifteen  minutes  in  his  own 
peculiar  manner  and  style  and  cited  more 
than  eighty  passages  of  scripture  to  prove 
his  assertions.    At  the  opening  of  this  re- 


markable sermon  he  said:  "Now  I  am 
going  to  preach  on  the  text  which  that 
priest  of  Baal  has  chewed  up  so  badly. 
God  in  heaven  knows  how  much  pity  I 
had  felt  for  this  text.  It  has  seemed  to 
me  exactly  as  if  you  had  thrown  a  bag 
full  of  oats  before  a  hog  and  left  the  bag- 
tied  up.  The  hog  will  sniff  about  it  and 
smell  there  is  something  in  it,  but  it  can- 
not get  at  it.  Just  so  that  godless  priest 
went  around  this  text,  smelling  that  there 
is  something  in  it.  He  sniffed  it  over 
and  chewed  it  all  up  and  yet  failed  to  find 
the  grain.  But  this  day  justice  shall  be 
done  to  this  text.  God's  eternal  truth 
contained  in  this  important  text  shall  now 
be  preached." 

Our  Mose  holding  a  protracted  meet- 
ing at  Emaus,  Lehigh  circuit,  a  young 
man  came  to  the  altar  to  pray  for  the 
grace  of  God  and  forgiveness  of  sins. 
He  encountered  strong  opposition  and 
persecution,  especially  from  his  ungodly 
friends.  One  evening  Mose  spoke  on 
this  circumstance  as  follows : 

"Here  in  Emaus  is  a  particular  kind  of 
devils ;  such  devils  as  are  found  here  I 
have  not  met  in  all  ray  life.  Here,  if  a 
man  seeks  to  be  converted,  the  Devil  cer- 
tainly will  set  a  half  dozen  dogs  on  him, 
to  drive  him  off.  Up  there  in  yonder 
rumhole  they  can  lounge  about  and  go  on 
drinking  day  and  night,  and  he  don't 
care ;  but  if  any  one  wishes  to  be  con- 
verted, you  can  see  him  run  about  town, 
carrying  a  cane  and  wearing  gloves,  and 
almost  wearing  off  his  legs  to  the  knees, 
trying  to  lead  that  soul  away.  It  comes 
to  pass  as  Luther  says:  When  a  herd  of 
swine  is  eating  in  the  stable,  and  you  take 
one  out  and  cut  its  throat,  the  rest  will 
eat  on  and  not  even  look  around  to  see 
the  fate  of  the  one  that  is  being  killed.  So 
it  is  here ;  they  drink  on  and  don't  look 
around  until  they  are  down  in  hell.  This 
is  the  truth,  and  I  am  not  afraid  to  tell 
the  truth,  though  the  Devil  should  come 
walking  on  stilts  as  high  as  a  three  story 
house." 

In  preaching  of  the  marvelous  power 
of  God's  grace  to  save  even  the  most  de- 
graded sinners  and  restore  thein  to  honor 
and  respectability  I  will  here  recite  one 


MOSES  DISSINGEH 


l'-^3 


example  of  many  on  the  vice  of  drunken- 
ness : 

"Just  look  at  ihe  drunkards.  These 
the  Devil  has  ruined  so  fearfully  that  one 
might  think  they  could  not  be  restored. 
Many  of  them  have  not  only  drunken 
away  all  human  sense  of  honor,  but  have 
also  guzzled  away  their  understanding. 
There  is  scarcely  anything  of  a  real  man 
left  of  them.  The  devil  has  made  them 
his  shoe-cleaning  rags  and  made  them 
crazy  and  mad.  Many  of  them  have  al- 
most drunken  away  soul  and  body  and 
will  drink  on  until  Satan  drags  them 
down  to  the  bottomless  pit  whither  all 
drunkards  go.  Now  just  take  a  good 
look  at  them  as  they  come  out  of  the 
saloons.  They  have  noses  like  red  pep- 
pers, ears  like  doughnuts,  bellies  like 
barrels,  and  make  faces  like  foxes  eat- 
mg  \vasps  or  like  cats  when  it  thunders, 
but  in  spite  of  it  all  they  go  on  drinking, 
and  jump  for  the  rum  bottle  like  bull- 
frogs at  red  rags.|  If  we  did  not  know 
that  Jesus  Christ  has  received  such  de- 
graded subjects  and  made  honorable  men 
of  them  we  could  not  hope  that  such 
drunken  rumrats  could  ever  be  delivered 
from  the  demon  of  drink.  But  Jesus 
Christ  has  obtained  grace  for  all  sinners 
and  even  those  who  are  most  deeply 
sunken  in  the  mire  are  not  excluded.  By 
the  power  of  God's  grace  the  most 
wretched  drunkard  can  be  saved  and 
embued  with  power  that  he  could  swim  in 
a  stream  of  rum  reaching  to  his  mouth 
without  any  desire  to  drink  of  it." 

In  one  of  his  sermons  he  compared  the 
Gospel  to  a  battery  as  follows:  "'When 
the  Gospel  is  proclaimed  by  converted 
and  Spirit-filled  ministers  it  is  just  like  a 
battery  by  which  fortifications  are  shot 
down.  With  this  battery  we  can  batter  in 
the  gable  end  of  hell  so  that  all  the  dark 
spirits  of  the  lower  regions  tremble  for 
fear  and  terror,  and  the  hairs'  of  old 
Lucifer  himself  stand  on  end.  But  it 
must  be  preached  by  men  whom  God  has 
called  and  equipped  with  the  power  and 
unction  of  the  Holy  Spirit ;  men  who  are 
not  afraid  to  preach  the  pure  truth,  that 
sinners  may  be  converted  to  God  and 
God's  kingdom  be  extended ;  that  devils 
mav  be   driven  cut  and   their   kingdom 


destroyed.  Men  of  this  sort  are  our  good 
Lord's  sharpshooters. 

"But  there  are  such  bandbox  boys  with 
honey  tongues,  and  kid  gloves  on  their 
hands  and  silken  stove-pipe  hats  on  their 
swelled  heads,  and  whose  lips  are  basted 
with  silk  velvet,  who  know  nothing  of 
conversion,  who  come  with  paper  guns 
j:nd  paper  bullets  brought  out  of  school, 
who  think  they  too  could  fire  on  the  de- 
\  il  and  do  great  deeds.  When  they  have 
fired  off  their  paper  battery  a  few  times 
ihey  imagine  they  have  shot  the  devil 
dead,  when  they  have  not  even  touched  a 
hair  on  his  back,  or  on  his  tail.  Shooting 
like  this  is  fun  for  the  devil  and  where 
such  shooting  is  done,  he  will  lay  him- 
."^elf  down  at  the  foot  of  the  pulpit  and  go 
to  sleep  and  snore,  but  as  soon  as  the 
rifle  guns  thunder  the  eternal  truth  of 
God  like  fiery  balls  into  the  filthy,  sinful 
camp  of  Satan,  his  sleep  is  at  an  end,  and 
like  an  insane  one  almost  runs  his  legs  ofif 
to  save  his  tattered  reign." 

Once,  as  he  w^as  sharply  denouncing 
the  lifeless  formalities  of  the  churches, 
two  men  arose  and  went  out.  Moses 
called  after  them:  "I  have  seen  dogs  be- 
fore this,  who  were  lying  around  the 
stove,  jump  up  and  run  out,  when  boil- 
ing water  was  squirted  on  them." 

We  do  not  hold  these  things  up  for 
imitation,  nor  can  they  be  imitated. 
They  are  more  or  less  of  questionable 
propriety.  We  would  be  far  from  saying 
to  any  other,  "Go  thou  and  do  likew^isc." 
But  it  must  be  remembered  that  Brother 
Dissinger  was  a  peculiar  man,  endowed 
with  singular  powers  and  he  felt  at 
liberty  to  use  them.  He  was  himself  al- 
ways and  everywhere,  and  he  never  lost 
his  individuality — as  one  of  the  most  hu- 
morous, witty,  earnest  and  successful 
preachers  of  his  day.  I  frequently  heard 
him  say.  "I  cannot  preach  like  my  breth- 
ren. When  a  carpenter  I  used  to  hew 
close  to  the  line  and  so  I  must  do  in  my 
preaching  whatever  knots  there  are  in 
the  way.  I  once  tried  to  preach  like  my 
brethren,  but  my  experience  was  that  of 
little  David  when  he  thought  he  would 
have  to  fight  the  big-mouthed  blasphemer 
in  Saul's  armor.  He  soon  found  out  if 
he  were  to  fight  in  Saul's  armor,  instead 


i84 


THE    PENX    GERMAXIA 


of  slaying'  the  giant,  he  would  cut  oti'  his 
own  head.  But  with  the  weapon  to 
which  he  was  adapted  he  knocked  in  the 
gable-end  of  the  big  sinner.  Only  with 
the  weapons  the  T.ord  has  given  me  can 
I  whip  the  devil,  oven  if  he  does  come 
upon  me  on  stilts  as  high  as  a  three-story 
house." 

['rother  Dissingci-.  after  having  served 
Dn  circuits  and  '^talir)nv  in  tlu'  I^'ast  iV-nn- 


sylvania  Conference  for  twenty-five 
years,  where  he  had  extensive  and  far- 
reaching  revivals,  and  turned  many  un- 
to righteousness,  moved  with  his  family 
to  Kansas  in  the  spring  of  1879.  After 
three  years  of  very  successful  service  in 
the  Kansas  Conference  the  Father  called 
him  from  labor  to  reward  at  Eudora.. 
Kansas.  Ivcst  in  peace,  my  dear  brother^ 
WT  ^liall  nu'c't  in  heaven. 


Lutheran  \,     ^i,^.     i^^^^     meeting 

"Church   Organ"      ,,,-  ^],^.  General  Synod 
of        the        Lutheran 
Clunxh   at    \\  ashington,   D.   C,   the    fol- 
lowing resolution  was  pas.sod : 

"That  a  committee  of  seven  be  ap- 
pointed *  '■'  to  establish  a  weekly 
official  General  Synod  organ  to  take  the 
place  of  others  '•'  '•'  said  commitee  to 
confer  first  with  the  authorities  publish- 
ing 'Lutheran  Church  World,'  the 
'Lutheran  Observer'  and  'The  Lutheran 
World'  if  possible  to  amalgamate  them 
into  said  weekly."     '■'     "     ■'' 

In  view  of  communications  and  as- 
surances of  devotion  and  loyalt}-  received 
the  directors  of  the  "Lutheran  Observer 
Association"  at  a  meeting  held  on  Janu- 
ary 2,  1912,  took  the  following  action;   '■■■ 

"Resolved,  That  the  Committee  on  an 
'Official  Organ'  be  notified  that  we  de- 
cline to  .sell  the  'Lutheran  ()bserver' 
and  that  all  negotiations  looking  to  that 
ond  are  hereby  terminated. 

"Resolved,  Also  that  in  view  of  the 
manifest  anxiety  of  the  constituency  of 
the  Lutheran  Observer  regarding  the 
matter,  this  action  be  i)romptly  pub- 
lished to  the  Church." 

The  membership  of  this  branch  of  the 
Lutheran  Church  in  the  United  States 
are  not  ready  to  welcome  an  "official 
organ,"  judging  by  this  action,  which 
will  have  far-reaching  influences. 

''Civilization  has  not  outgrown  its  ten- 
dency toward  the  taking  of  human  life. 


Traged}  in  ever}'  form  appeals  to  hu- 
man-kind. I'unishment  of  like  treatment 
will  not  eradicate  this  condition  when  it 
exists  in  society.  Murder  will  disappear 
wlien  the  race  is  ready  for  it.  We  are. 
gradually  growing  better  along  all  lines. 
I  f  there  is  sufficient  horror  for  tragedy 
it  will  l)e  obliterated  from  the  pages  of 
i^ur  history." 

lie  graphically  tlescribed  a  numl)er  of 
trials  for  murder,  w'here  either  the  ex- 
tenuating circumstances  leading  up  {l> 
the  crime,  or  the  nature  of  the  commi>- 
>ion  made  it  exceedingly  hard  to  deter- 
ntiuf  the  kind  of  punishment  to  be  meted 
out.  Ik-  explained  his  failure  to  issue  a 
warrant  for  the  execution  of  Kate  Ivl- 
wards.  convicted  with  a  negro  (^f  the 
uuu'der  of  her  luisband  in  Uerks  Countv. 
The  ap])eal  on  behalf  of  the  negro  going 
to  the  Supreme  Court  and  the  final  re- 
turn to  the  original  jurisdiction,  willi  a 
reversal  of  decision  and  freedom  for  the 
man.  ]e(l  liim,  lie  said,  to  refrain  from 
signing  a  death  warrant  for  the  other 
prisoner,  when  Ixilh.  in  his  o])inion.  were 
eiiually  gin"lt\'. 

Some  refusals  of  comnunalion  of  sen- 
tences as  Governor  were  revived  and  ex- 
])laine(l.  The  method  of  securing  con- 
fessions !))•  one  detective,  with  promises- 
of  imnnniity,  which  information  is  hand- 
ed over  to  another  individual  who  makes 
no  promises  and'  presents  the  confession 
to  coiu't,  said  Mr.  Penny  packer,  made 
his  "blood  run  cold."  Old  Pcnn  Weekly: 
Rcviczv. 


German  Actnities 


ll  is  cusli>inar\  hi  >i)(.';il<  nl'  llic  (uTiiian^  a-^  ^luw.  While-  tluTr  may  he  g(jodi 
ground  for  this  it  must  nut  \k'  ovcrlDokcd  that  they  arc  fort^ing  ahead  and  have  a 
knack  of  "getting  there".  'Phis  is  iUustrated  h_\  what  (icrmany  is  doing  in  com- 
mercial lines  at  present.  It  has  of  late  he  en  receiving  an  untisual  amount  of  atten- 
tion at  the  hands  of  ne\\si)a])ers  and  magazines.  Of  the  articles  recently  ])iil)hshed 
extracts  are  gixcn  herewith  from  the  following  which  appeared  in   I'ehruar}-. 

■■(lermany  >     Industrial    Transformation"  In-  Pilgrim,  in  Tlw  f.iitlicran. 

"The  Parsing  of  die  I'nskilled  in  (lermau)'."  In    Rimer  Roherts  in  Scribncr's. 

'■(■erman   Foreign   Trade,"  h\   James    Davenport    Whelj^ley   in    the   Ci'ittitry. 

"The  Ciermany  of  To-day,"  In-  ITugo  .Miinsterherg  in  "The  A'or//;  .htirrican 
h'i-rii':^'." 

America  b  son.^  and  daughters  of  (',erman  lineage  (whether  oi  recent  or  early 
migration)  must  feel  proud  of  the  record  here  given  and  may  well  ])oint  to  the- 
l-'atherland  as  the  world's  schoolmaster — even  in  commercial  activities. 

GERMANY  S  INDUSTRIAL  TRANSFORMATION 


Germany  ha>  a  territory  much  smaller 
than  that  of  the  state  of  Texas,  and  yet 
notn-ishes  a  population  of  over  sixty 
millions.  It  already  has  ahoul  twenty 
cities  with  a  population  of  more  than 
200,000  each.  All  of  them  are  veritahle 
industrial  beehives  and  make  Germany 
the  greatest  workshop  in  the  worhl. 
Right  after  the  Franco-Trussian  war.  the 
great  problem  that  confronted  its  states- 
nieit  was  how  to  prevent  its  jjeople  from 
emigrating  to  other  cotintries  ;  for  nearly 
a  (luarler  of  a  million  had  llockcd  to 
K(jrth  America  in  one  year,  "llecome  a 
nation  of  first-class  proflucers  and  cap- 
tiu'c  the  trade  of  the  world."  was  its 
answer.  "TvCt  the  I'^.nglish  be  a  race  of 
sho]i-kee|)crs ;  we  (icrmans  will  prcnddc 
the  goods."  That  explains  why  the 
I'rench  ;uid  the  English  woke  up  one 
morning  and  saw  vessels  laden  with 
goods  bearing  the  ominous  label.  "Made 
in  (lermany."  That  is  why  France, 
which  twelve  years  ago  made  more  loco- 
motives than  Germany,  now  sees  a  single 
German  tirm  tiuMi  out  more  than  all  the 
firms  of  France  put  together.  That  is 
why  the  English  have  cea.scd  to  sell  their 
chemicals  in  Germany  and  now  find  the 
German    chemicals    evcrvwhere    at    their 


doois.  That  is  win  Giermanys  foreign 
trade  within  the  past  thirty  years  has 
grown  from  81,430,000,000,  to  $3,960.- 
000,000,  while  that  of  the  United  States 
has  advanced  from  $1,600,000,000,  to 
only  $3,300,000,000,  and  that  of  Great 
Ibdtain  from  83.500,000.000,  to  only  $5.- 
550,000,000.  That  is  why  the  Knglisli 
people  fear  German  territorial  expansion 
outside  of  the  bcuuids  of  the  Fatherland. 
German}-  needs  more  territory  badly;  but 
•ihe  cares  more  for  an  open  market  for 
her  goods  than  she  does  for  colonies  that 
are  less  easily  governed  than  traded  with. 

The  reason  why  work  is  honored  in 
Germany  is  because  the  royal  household 
honors  it.  It  is  the  law  in  the  Ilohen- 
/ollcru  family  that  each  member  must 
learn  a  handicraft.  The  Emj)eror  is  ai^ 
expert  bookbinder  and  a  skilled  engineer, 
lie  is  perfectly  at  home  on  a  man-of-war 
and  knows  its  machinery  in  all  its  details. 
The  Crown  Prince  i.s  a  turner ;  another 
son  is  a  blacksmith  ;  a  thirrl  is  a  worker 
in  brass.  The  Empress  and  her  daughter 
could  give  most  women  lessons  in  sewing 
and  cooking,  ami  make  them  feel 
ashamed  of  their  ignorance  of  these  arts. 

What  characterizes  the  Emperor's  ac- 
tivity in  the  industrial  field  is  his  devotion- 

So 


i86 


THE   PENN   GEKMANIA 


to  the  laboring  man.  lie  is  doing  all  he 
can  to  prevent  the  workingman  from 
being  "squeezed  like  an  orange"  by  the 
corporations,  as  he  puts  it,  "and  then 
thrown  away."  Whatever  we  Americans 
may  think  of  government  control  of  the 
public  utilities,  in  Ger-many  it  is  working 
wonders.  Old  age  pensions  and  indus- 
trial insurance,  and  other  benevolent  pro- 
visions for  the  workingman  have  demon- 
strated the  far-sighted  wisdom  of  Ger- 
man statesmanship  as  fully  as  Bis- 
marck's activities  in  the  field  of  diplo- 
macy. It  may  be  true  as  the  Outlook 
says,  that  the  American  ideal  conceives 
of  the  State  as  existing  for  the  individual 
while  the  German  ideal  conceives  of  the 
individual  as  existing  for  the  State ;  but 
it  is  in  reality  only  a  half  truth.  The 
other  half  that  belongs  to  it  is,  that  the 
individual  s:ives  his  devotion  to  the  State 


in  order  that  the  State  may  be  in  a 
stronger  position  to  protect  the  indi- 
vidual. There  is  no  great  country  on 
earth  where  the  good  of  the  whole  is 
made  so  serviceable  to  the  good  of  all  its 
parts  as  in  Germany,  and  alongside  of 
German  patriotism  toward  the  State 
must  be  placed  the  State's  devotion  to  her 
people.  Whatever  may  be  said  against 
State  paternalism,  it  can  not  be  denied 
that  Germany  is  a  real  Fatherland  to  its 
people,  and  that  is  why  the  Government 
looks  to  the  interest  of  its  laboring  classes 
so  well.  Nowhere  has  technical  edu- 
cation been  placed  within  the  reach  of 
the  poor  as  in  Germany,  nor  has  it  any- 
where else  attained  to  such  perfection. 
These  technical  schools  work  hand  in 
hand  with  the  industrial  concerns,  and 
nearly  all  graduates  from  the  schools  find 
employment  so  soon  as  they  have  finished 
their  course. 


THE  PASSING  OF  THE   UNSKILLED  IN  GERMANY 


The  industrial  spirit  of  the  German 
people  seeks  to  prepare  the  growing 
generation  for  achievements  in  produc- 
tion as  imposing  in  contrast  with  the 
present  as  the  work  of  to-day  compares 
with  that  of  the  eighties.  Faith  in  work, 
the  resultant  of  things  done,  drives  for- 
ward in  a  many-sided  preparation  for 
greater  things  to  be  done.  The  German, 
with  a  past  of  extraordinary  hardship 
and  suffering,  in  a  land  poor  rather  than 
rich  in  natural  resources,  has  by  thought 
and  contrivance,  by  sea  transport  and  ex- 
change, availed  himself  of  the  resources 
of  other  people.  Compulsory  sanitary 
living  and  other  legislation  requiring  a 
minimum  of  social  well-being  have 
lengthened  the  average  life  and  increased 
the  height  and  bodily  frame  of  both 
sexes.  The  German  mind  has  now  a 
stronger  physical  instrument  with  which 
to  work  than  the  generation  that  fought 
with  France.  The  training  of  that  in- 
strument is  expressed  intensely  in  re- 
lation to  skilled  production  by  the  work 
of  the  continuation  and  trade-schools. 

The  explanation  the  German  generally 
gives  of  the  sudden  and  immense  indus- 


trial expansion  beginning  in  the  seventies 
is  the  compulsory  elementary  education 
of  the  whole  people. 

The  endeavor  of  this  writing  is  only  to 
indicate  one  .  of  the  figures  running 
through  the  loom — the  making  of  the 
labor  unit  more  efficient  by  special  train- 
ing in  his  youth. 

The  son  of  a  day-laborer,  who,  within 
the  view  of  the  national  policy,  should  be 
more  useful  to  himself  and  the  common- 
wealth than  his  father,  is  the  subject  of 
careful  expert  observation.  His  teachers, 
the  school  physician,  and  the  parents  en- 
deavor to  determine  the  handicraft  to 
which  the  boy  is  adapted. 

Within  the  view  of  the  school  medical 
counselor,  the  boy  must  be  saved  from 
entering  upon  a  trade  in  which  he  will 
always  be  at  a  disadvantage  physically, 
and  his  whole  life  be  a  struggle  on  un- 
equal terms  with  those  better  qualified  to 
deal  with  the  peculiar  conditions  of  that 
trade. 

The  teachers  undertake  to  measure  the 
mental  capacities  of  the  boy.  If  he  is 
generally  a  dull  pupil,  he  will  be  indexed 
as  being  better  adapted  to  a  trade  not  far 


GERMAN  ACTIVITIES 


187 


removed  from  unskilled  labor.  The 
brigiit  pupil,  especially  if  he  should  show 
manual  dclicac  y  in  the  systematic  tests 
to  which  he  is  subjected  toward  the  end 
of  his  school  period,  would  have  a  choice 
of  some  fine  handicraft,  such  as  that  of 
instrument-making,  engraving,  or  jewel- 
setting. 

Painstaking  effort  is  made  to  deter- 
mine the  boy's  inclination,  so  that  the 
great  misfortune  may  not  happen  to  him 
of  being  deprived  of  the  joy  of  work,  of 
the  satisfaction  in  the  thing  done. 

The  teacher  tries  to  impress  on  the 
youthful  mind  the  worth  of  labor,  how 
labor  will  win  all  things,  the  pleasure  in 
making,  producing,  creating  may  be  one 
of  the  truest  joys  of  life,  that  in  it  may 
be  found  for  most  persons  the  service  of 
Heaven,  the  country,  the  community,  and 
one's  self. 

It  has  long  been  a  house  law  of  the 
Ilohenzollerns  that  each  should  learn  a 
handicraft.  The  prince,  it  is  considered, 
is  only  in  this  way  able  to  understand  the 
qualities  in  a  subject  that  make  him  a 
good  artisan.  The  prince  also  gains  that 
feeling  of  confidence  in  his  own  powers 
that  comes  from  skilled  handwork.  The 
Emperor  ie  a  bookbinder.  Among  the 
Emperor's  fine  collection  of  bindings  are 
specimens  of  American  Work,  chiefly 
from  Philadelphia.  He  probably  ap- 
preciates no  product  of  American  indus- 
trial art  so  highly  as  that  of  the  book- 
binder. The  Crown  Prince  is  a  turner, 
another  of  the  Emperor's  sons  is  a  black- 
smith, the  third  a  brass-worker.  The 
teacher  who  seeks  an  illustration  for 
competence  in  any  trade  can  usually  find 
a  royal  example,  either  present  or  past. 
The  Empress  and  her  daughter  Victoria 
are  excellent  sewing  women,  and  have 
gone  through  courses  in  cooking. 

By  co-operation  among  the  German 
states  it  is  expected  that  the  supply  and 
demand    in    individual    callings    will    be 


understood  so  completely  that  a  con- 
tinuous process  of  adjustment  will  main- 
tain the  equilibrium  between  supply  and 
demand  in  all  trades.  The  design  is  to 
replace  the  haphazard  distribution  of 
workers  by  a  balanced  system.  The  boy, 
who  can  know  nothing  accurately  about 
the  position  of  the  labor  market,  owing 
perhaps  to  the  operation  of  international 
causes,  will  be  spared  the  tragedy  of 
going  into  a  dying  trade.  The  effort  will 
be  to  place  him  in  a  trade  in  which  he 
will  have  an  equal  chance  with  others  to 
obtain  employment  and  keep  it. 

The  German  governmental  theory  of 
the  collective  responsibility  of  society  to 
the  individual,  and  of  exacting  from  the 
individual  proportionate  service  to  the 
whole  works  out  in  industrial  education, 
as  we  have  indicated,  in  two  principles  of 
action,  intelligent  persuasion  and  com- 
pulsion. One  is  intended  to  be  the  com- 
plement of  the  other.  Compulsion  is 
congenial  to  the  German.  The  discipline 
of  the  home  and  the  elementary  school  is 
naturally  extended  to  the  workshop. 

While  the  ministries  of  education  and 
of  commerce  and  industry  seek  to  stimu- 
late the  children  of  those  on  the  lowest 
levels  to  become  skilled  workers,  the 
effort  is  also  made  to  prevent  too  many 
from  going  into  the  higher  technical 
fields,  because  Germany  cannot  give  op- 
portunities to  the  thousands  graduating 
yearly  from  the  technical  universities. 
The  surplus  scientific  proletariat  is 
obliged  to  find  employment  in  other  coun- 
tries, England,  France,  the  United  States, 
in  competition  with  Germany. 

The  processes  at  work  tend  to  convert 
the  whole  population  into  the  uses  of 
tools  and  machinery.  The  theory  of 
those  directing  the  artisan  training  is  that 
the  time  is  not  far  removed  when  all 
common  labor  will  be  done  by  the  ma- 
chine user  who  will  bring  to  his  work 
knowledge  and  zest. 


GERMANY'S  FOREIGN  TRADE 


In  one  of  the  rooms  of  that  apparently 
endless  suite  occupied  by  the  German 
Foreign  Office  in  the  Wilhelm-Strasse  in 


Berlin,  there  sits  for  long  hours  of  the 
day,  and  ofttimes  far  into  the  night,  a 
man  who  is  known  as  the  head  of  the 


i88 


THE    PENN    GERMANIA 


commercial  section.  He  may  be  wise,  oUl, 
and  tried  in  affairs  of  state,  and  smilingly 
cynical  as  to  the  satisfactory  outcome  of 
pour[>arlcrs,  or  he  may  be  the  acting 
chief,  a  younger  man,  full  of  enthusiasm, 
optimism,  and  aggression  in  the  cause  of 
(jcrman's  foreign  trade.  One  or  the 
other  is  always  there,  however,  and  at  his 
call  arc  scores  of  men  in  other  rooms, 
experts  in  this  or  that  branch  of  trade, 
tariffs,  ()\-  commercial  and  industrial  af- 
fairs of  other  nations.  To  him  come  all 
the  reports,  and  from  his  comprehensive 
and  intelligent  mind  emanate  the  plans  of 
campaigns,  the  ultimatums,  the  mini- 
mums,  and  niaxinuuus  of  the  givc-and- 
lake  game  of  comiucrcial  diplomac}'. 

He  in  turn  is  the  right  hand  of  the 
i-'oreigii  Minister,  who,  while  he  talks 
world  politics  and  deals  in  general  prin- 
ciples, is  guided  by  the  knowledge  of 
]iractical  olfects  to  be  found  in  the  com- 
mercial section  of  his  department.  It  is 
to-day  the  most  important  division  of  the 
derman  Foreign  Office,  and  while  the 
young  aristocrat  billeted  lo  an  embassy 
secretaryship  may  )awn  in  ]>rivate  over 
the  dullness  thereof,  lie  treats  its  wishes 
and  commands  with  respectful  attention. 
Now  and  again  the  Kmpcror  chooses 
some  man  for  an  im])ortant  di[)lomatic 
post  l)ecause  of  his  knowledge  of  the 
workings  of  the  Foreign  Office. 

'Po  this  division  come  reports  from  all 
'Ver  the  world  made  ])y  ambassadors, 
inini>lers,  consuls,  and  comiuercial 
agent>.  Here  also  are  considered  the 
many  recommendations  from  chambers 
of  commerce,  re(iucsting  this  or  that 
action,  or  making  protest  against  this  or 
that  alleged  discriiuination  against  Cicr- 
man  trade  in  foreign  lands,  or  ])erhaps 
even  tendering  much  valued  advice  to  the 
lM>reign  Office  in  matters  of  diplomacy 
In  return,  the  Foreign  Office  sends  to 
every  chamber  of  commerce  such  in- 
formation of  value  that  it  may  recei\e,  or 
to  every  manufacturer  that  which  mav 
help  or  warn. 

I'.usiness  interests  predominate  in  Ger- 
man life  and  politics,  and  the  concep- 
tion of  (k-rmany  as  the  "mailed  fist" 
seeking  tn  wrest  territory  b\-  armed  force 
is   far   from  the  truth.      Xeither  the  der- 


nian  Emperor  nor  his  advisers  desirt 
war,  for  the  ver\'  good  reason  that  the 
German  ])eople  abhor  it. 

There  is  no  fear  of  Germany  seeking 
territor\-  for  her  liag  by  force  of  arms 
even  with  the  consuming  ambitions  of  a 
majority  of  her  people  for  new  cont- 
mercial  business.  She  may  attempt  to- 
get  it  by  treaty-trading,  as  in  the  case 
of  West  Africa,  but  her  people  have  been., 
and  arc,  content  to  do  business  under  any 
llag  that  gives  them  protection  and  profit. 

As  a  rule.  Germans  are  not  successful 
colonists.  They  seem  to  lack  that  talent 
for  administering  the  affairs  i_)f  other 
pet)i)les  possessed  in  s(j  marked  a  degree 
l)y  the  English,  and  they  are  readily  ab- 
sorbed into  the  life  of  any  other  national- 
it)  with  which  they  are  thrown.  While 
the  insidarity  of  the  Englishman  defies 
envinjument,  the  adajitability  of  the 
German  renders  him  a  tractable,  law- 
abiding,  and  tem[)erate  citizen  anywhere, 
lie  has  an  inherent  respect  iov  law,  order, 
and  authority. 

The  entire  German  nation  is  disci- 
plined to  a  degree  seen  nowhere  else,  and 
the  additional  touch  of  military  training 
adds  to  the  result  amazingly.  The  cap- 
tain of  industry  counts  upon  the  obedi- 
ence of  his  men  as  would  the  general  of 
an  army.  I  f  that  army  revolts'  it  is  in 
tile  belief  that  the  command  of  the  revo- 
lutionary leader  is  superior,  and  the 
o])edience  is  as  complete. 

■"What  they  want" — that  ex|)resscs 
llie  secret  of  German  trade  exacllv.  The 
German  fort'ign  trader  gives  his  custo- 
mers what  they  want,  and  he  gets  the 
trade,  if  he  can  make  the  price  and  if  he 
can't,  there  is  not  nuich  use  of  anv  other 
trader  Irving.  The  German  trader  will 
not  lose  if  he  can  help  it  ;  he  ])refcrs  to  do 
no  business  at  all;  but  he  will  rest  con- 
tent with  a  margin  of  pr(Mit  which  the 
.\merican  and  even  the  Englishman 
wotdd  sa\-  was  "nol  worth  while." 

■"Trading  made  easy,"  is  the  motto  of 
the  German  Goverimient,  and  it  is  being 
liveil  up  to  wherever  possible.  It  might 
a'.so  read,  "Goiiipctition  made  easv,"  for 
that  is  what  i(  means  in  the  trade  of  the 
world. 

Wailing    in    the    harbors    of    the    west 


GERMAN  ACTIVITIES 


l80 


^'.  a>l  lie  ik'cis  of  (icniian  steamers  sail- 
ing- to  almost  every  known  i)art  of  the 
Avorld,  and  read)  to  co-operate  with  the 
forces  on  land  in  order  that  German 
tratific  may  be  successful.  ]\'o  govcrn- 
i7KMit  subsidies  arc  paid  to  them:  their 
<idvaiitage  lies  in  the  friendly  purpose  of 
ihe  Government  that  all  rules,  regula- 
tions, and  laws  shall  work  to  the  end  that 
all  money  i)aid  for  production  and  trans- 
p<irtation  shall  go  to  German  enterprise, 
and  that  the  foreigner  shall  retiuMi  this 
t"  the  shipper,  plus  his  margin  of  profit. 

.\  thousand  instances  could  be  given  of 
tlie  growth  of  individual  German  indus- 
tr_\-.  Many  of  them  are  used  daily  in  the 
})re>>  and  on  the  r(^strum  to  illustrate 
German  prosperit\-,  that  other  jieoples 
irax'  take  note  and  warning.  Twelve 
years  ago  France  ])n)duced  more  loco- 
njotives  than  Germany;  to-day  a  single 
(»erman  firm  produces  more  locomotives 
than  the  whole  of  France.  Men  who  for- 
merly traveled  in  Germany  selling  Eng- 
lish chemicals  now  travel  in  England 
selling  the  (icrman  products.  The  part 
that  science  has  played  in  all  these  mat- 
ters is  well  known.  Technical  schools 
and  industrial  concerns  work  in  co-opera- 
tion. 

The  sales  made  to  the  I'nitcd  States  I))- 
C>ermany  are  far  more  valuable  to  her 
people  than  the  Ainerican  sales  to  Ger- 
many are  to  Americans.  The  German 
exports  represent  a  great  proportion  of 
labor,  while  a  lamentable  proportion  of 
American  exports  represent  raw  material 
already  high-priced  enough  at  home. 

(July  one  country.  Great  Britain,  is  a 
greater  factor  in  international  trade  than 
Germany,  and  by  perceptible  percentages 
Germany  is  gaining  on  her  rival,  having 
already  reached  a  point  where  statisti- 
cians can  estimate  with  reasonable  accu- 
racy, barring  disaster,  the  year  soon  to 
come  when  Germany  will  outstrip  her 
neighbor  not  only  in  catering  to  the 
wants  of  peoples  foreign  to  iier  own,  but 
also  in  her  absorption  of  the  products  of 
other  lands. 

When  the  German  Emperor  said  he 
was  going  to  do  all  he  could  to  prevent 
the  German  workman  from  being 
■squeezed  like  an  orange  for  the  benefit  of 


employer.-,  and  then  thrown  away,  he  e.\- 
])ressed  the  policy  of  the  German  people 
toward  themselves  as  .shown  in  public 
(^)])ini(jn  and  legislation.  Theorists  may 
argue  ])ro  and  con,  great  arrays  of  figures 
can  be  produced  to  i)rovc  the  alleged  fal- 
lacies of  the  German  fiscal  policy,  old-age 
]')ensions,  industrial  insurance,  state  con- 
trol of  public  utilities,  the  danger  of 
banks  participating  in  industrial  enter- 
prises, the  evils  of  conscription  and  a  vast 
standing  army,  and  the  alleged  futility  of 
agricultural  co-operation,  but  the  fact  re- 
mains that  the  exploitation  of  these  jxDli- 
cies  has  ])roduced  results  viewed  by  the 
])eoplc  of  all  nations  with  interest  and 
wonder,  and  in  some  cases  with  serious 
alarm  for  their  own  prestige. 

Germany  is  a  nation  of  pure  blood  ;  the 
])ercentage  of  foreign-born  citizens  is 
negligible,  and  racial  characteristics  of 
mind  and  body  are  i)ronounccd  and  un- 
mistakal)lc.  The  southern  German  may 
speak  with  contempt  of  the  Rerliner,  but 
they  are  of  the  same  race,  and  when  they 
venture  abroad  there  is  little  difference  in 
their  make-up  to  the  eye  of  the  foreigner 
or  in  his  impressions  of  their  character. 
They  are  as  isolated  from  the  rest  of 
mankind  as  their  nation  is  isolated  from 
other  nations  in  purpose,  method,  and 
accomplishment.  There  is  nothing  "com- 
fortable"' to  other  peoples  in  the  way  the 
German  does  business  politically  or  com- 
mercially, and  in  Germany  nowadays  the 
terms  are  .synonymous.  He  takes  things 
hard,  and  with  the  best  of  intentions  does 
them  almost  rudely.  His  diplomacy  and 
his  commerce  are  aggressive,  jealous, 
tenacious,  and  disturbing. 

So  far  the  growth  of  German  industry 
has  prevented  no  other  country,  with  the 
possible  exception  of  France,  from  mak- 
ing a  .satisfactory  progress  all  her  own. 
The  absorptive  power  of  mankind  in  gen- 
eral for  the  products  of  the  earth  and  of 
handiwork  has  increased  enormously  with 
each  passing  decade.  Germany  has 
secured  for  herself  each  year  an  increas- 
ing share  of  this  new  business,  and  this  in 
itself  is  sufficient  to  account  for  her  pros- 
l)eritv.  In  the  end.  however,  each  nation 
will  have  to  struggle  with  the  others  to 
even  a  fiercer  degree  than  now  to  main- 


190 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


tain  her  home  industries  through  foreign 
trade,  for  the  consuming  power  will  not 
keep  pace  with  the  industrial  and  com- 
mercial ambition  and  efifort. 

Then  will  come  the  strain  upon  the 
foundation  of  things.  The  effect  of  this 
strain  is  already  apparent  in  England, 
financially  the  strongest  and  economically 
the  weakest  in  this  battle  of  the  giants. 
France  has  already  dropped  out  of  the 
race,  hopelessly  distanced.  The  United 
States  is  smilingly  confident  as  she 
glances  proudly  across  her  thousands  of 
miles  of  productive  territory,  as'  might  a 
general  expecting  siege  who  rests  com- 
placent in  the  knowledge  of  well-filled 
stores  and  a  self-contained  garrison.  To 
the  east  the  Russian  bear  stirs  uneasily 
in  his  quarters,  dimly  aware  of  the  tre- 


mendous part  he  is  to  play  in  the  eco- 
nomic future  of  the  world.  And  what  in 
conclusion  shall  we  say  of  Germany? 
Surrounded  by  her  enemies — her  frontier 
guarded  by  half  a  million  men  under 
arms  ;  her  navy  in  constant  fighting  trim  ; 
her  Emperor  and  his  counselors  scanning 
the  far  horizon  for  new  openings  for 
German  trade  and  influence ;  her  trav- 
elers touring  the  world  for  new  custom- 
ers and  for  old  customers  of  others 
made  into  new  for  them ;  every  man, 
woman,  and  child,  every  governmental, 
financial,  industrial,  and  commercial 
power  at  home  aiding  and  abetting  those 
who  stand  on  the  frontier  and  beyond — 
with  Germany  lies  the  advantage  of  the 
moment  in  the  struggle  for  the  trade  of 
the  world. 


THE  GERMANY  OF  TODAY 


The  difference  between  the  true  pic- 
ture and  the  caricature  by  the  popular 
fancy  seems  in  no  case  more  astonishing 
than  in  that  of  Germany.  The  millions 
of  German-Americans  and  the  number- 
less family  ties  between  America  and 
the  fatherland  have  not  corrected  the 
distorted  views.  Much  of  this  preju- 
dice against  the  Germans  has  come  over 
from  European  sources ;  the  continental 
cablegrams  have  usually  gone  through 
London,  and  there  have  been  retouched 
by  the  professional  spirit  of  anti-Ger- 
manism. Hence  the  Germans  have  too 
often  been  drawn  as  boisterous  ruffians 
who  were  seeking  to  disturb  the  peace 
of  the  world.  Some  still  imagine  Ger- 
many as  a  kind  of  softened  Siberia  with 
no  popular  government,  no  freedom,  and 
no  hinnan  dignity;  others  have  heard 
that  the  Germans  arc  dreamers,  useless 
for  the  practical  tasks  of  life;  still  others 
associate  the  picture  of  a  German  with 
a  foaming  mug  and,  possibly,  the  long 
pipe ;  others  with  military  drill  and  mal- 
treatment of  the  poor  soldier:  yes,  even 
when  the  better-informed  circles  are  con- 
sulted vague  prejudices  are  brought  to 
light.  German  art  is  said  to  be  formless 
and  its  litcratiue  shapeless ;  German 
scholarshii)   is   accused   of  being   narrow 


and  dry;  German  social  life  lacks 
beauty  and  elegance;  and  German  state 
life  is  controlled  by  the  lasting  desire  to 
resist  the  movements  toward  peace. 

Nationalism  and  internationalism, 
hard  work  and  esthetic  enjoyment,  indi- 
vidualism and  anti-individualism,  aris- 
tocracy and  democracy,  materialism  and 
idealism,  seem  to  fill  all  modern  Ger- 
many with  an  inner  struggle  difficult  to 
understand.  Hence,  even  among  those 
who  are  willing  seriously  to  enter  into 
the  spirit  of  the  land,  not  a  few  feel  con- 
fused and  puzzled.  They  cannot  find 
out  what  modern  Germany  is  aiming  at. 
They  almost  regret  the  passing  of  the 
old  Germany  which  could  so  easily  be 
brought  to  a  simple  formula,  the  school- 
master Germany  before  the  days  of  Ger- 
man empire  and  German  industrialism. 
But  all  these  energies,  apparently  so  con- 
tradictory, may  ultimately  make  up  a 
well-organized  and  unified  national  char- 
acter. These  seeming  contradictions 
may  fundamentally  be  two  aspects  of  a 
deeper  unity,  and  he  who  examines  earn- 
estly these  great  contrasting  forces  in 
German  life  must  finally  discover  that, 
in  different  forms  and  under  somewhat 
diiferent    cultural    conditions,    after    all. 


GERMAN  ACTIVITIES 


191 


the  same  energies  are  shaping  modern 
America  too. 

To  begin  at  the  beginning,  the  modern 
German  is  thoroughly  nationahstic.  This 
has  not  always  been  so,  and  to  those  who 
know  Germany  only  through  its  classical 
literature  and  its  cosmopolitan  atmos- 
phere, the  change  often  seems  striking. 

The  German  nationalism  is  the  loyal 
belief  in  the  mission  of  the  German  spirit 
in  the  world.  As  such  it  is,  indeed,  a 
vehement  protest  against  the  cosmopoli- 
tanism which  Germany's  poets  and  think- 
ers upheld  at  a  time  of  political  weak- 
ness. 

Not  a  German  race  is  to  be  perpetu- 
ated ;  but  a  nation  of  men  who  are  filled 
with  German  ideals  and  who  believe  in 
the  German  task  is  to  be  strengthened 
and  served  by  the  patriot.  This  new 
emotional  attitude  brings  a  new  life  to 
everything  in  which  German  historical 
tradition  is  living  and  a  new  joy  in  every 
advance  which  shows  a  characteristically 
German  stamp.  It  has  given  strength 
to  the  German  political  striving,  and,  al- 
though far  from  any  imperialistic  vain- 
gloriousness,  it  demands  a  strong  army 

and  navy. 

German  scholarship  seeks  the  closest 
contact  with  the  research  of  all  nations ; 
German  commerce  is  helped  by  nothing 
more  than  by  the  readiness  of  the  Ger- 
mans to  settle  for  a  while  in  foreign 
lands,  and  just  the  newest  Germany  fur- 
nishes more  globe-trotters  than  any  other 
country. 

All  this  finds  its  background  in  a  most 
serious  love  for  international  peace  on 
the  part  of  the  German  nation.  The  out- 
siders forget  that  Germany  has  now  had 
unbroken  peace  for  over  forty  years,  and 
that  the  Emperor  who  was  denounced  as 
a  war-lord  has  been  on  the  throne  for 
more  than  two  decades  without  drawing 
the  sword.  Certainly  the  German  na- 
tion loves  its  army  and  considers  the 
years  of  military  service  as  a  fine  school- 
ing for  manhood  and  as  a  splendid  train- 
ing in  that  discipline  which  gives  back- 
bone to  the  whole  public  life.  Above  all. 
living  in  the  center  of  Europe,  east  and 
west  tightly  pressed  by  excitable  neigh- 
bors, it  knows  that  a  strong  army  is  the 


only  safe  insurance  against  national 
dangers  and  destruction.  But  the  same 
German  populace  which  is  proud  of  its 
army  has  the  strongest  desire  that  there 
be  no  need  of  its  being  led  to  the  battle- 
field. 

The  conditions,  however,  which  really 
work  toward  the  conservation  of  Euro- 
pean peace  become  more  stable  and  firm 
in  Germany  from  year  to  year.  The 
strong  new  nationalism  and  patriotism 
with  all  its  pride  in  the  German  army 
and  its  contempt  for  a  weak  cosmopoli- 
tanism is  not  at  all  in  contrast  but  ulti- 
mately in  deepest  harmony  With  this 
peace-loving  internationalism  which  ac- 
knowledges and  respects  the  character- 
istics of  every  other  nation. 

The  most  striking  change,  however, 
which  has  come  to  the  new  Germany  is 
the  unprecedented  development  of  its 
material  life,  which  seems  in  direct  con- 
trast with  Germany's  claim  for  pre- 
eminence in  idealistic  endeavors. 

In  Germany,  as  in  the  United  States, 
the  new  income  is  at  once  put  into  new 
undertakings  with  all  their  risks,  and 
hence  in  both  lands  the  population  gains 
the  highest  dividends.  The  representa- 
tives of  industry  and  commerce  have 
gained  a  social  importance  in  new  Ger- 
many which  the  preceding  generation 
would  not  have  understood.  The  rapid 
spread  of  sport  and  sport  interests,  which 
presupposes  abundant  means,  has  be- 
come one  of  the  most  effective  vehicles 
of  the  social  changes.  Even  the  modest 
householder  who  in  previous  times  hardly 
thought  of  a  little  vacation  now  knows 
that  the  whole  family  must  go  to  a  sum- 
mer resort  for  long  weeks,  and  he  who  is 
better  ofif  and  who  in  earlier  times  trav- 
eled to  the  Rhine  must  now  visit  Nor- 
way and  Egypt  and  take  a  trip  to  St. 
Moritz  or  the  Riviera  in  the  middle  of 
the  winter. 

Such  a  change  is  not  to  everybody's 
liking.  Many  do  not  want  to  forget  the 
life  of  the  time  when  Gcrmanv  was  poor 
but  when  its  philosophy  and  literature 
were  flourishing  and  the  world  looked 
on  the  Germans  as  dreamers  and  think- 
ers. They  liked  the  queer  streets  of 
Weimar  better  than  the  avenues  of  Ber- 


1*J2 


THE    PENN   GERMANIA 


liii  A\  est.  lUit  it  would  l)e  utterly  wronc;- 
lo  claim  that  (icrniany  in  the  j^arments 
•of  wealth  has  become  disloyal  to  its  his- 
toric tradition. 

On   the   surface,    to   be    sure,    it   looks 
more  as  if  plea.siire-seekinj^  were  the  cen- 
tral aim.     The  .'^tranj^er  who  comes  to  a 
(kMinaii    city   is   amused   and   sometimes 
even  inorally  shocked  by  the  abundance 
of   dinin--piaces    and    restaurants,    cafes 
and  beer  j^ardens.   which   seem  crowded 
from    the   morninj;-    hours    to    the    early 
hours  of  the  next  morning".     These  Ger- 
man people  seem  to  have  nothing  to  do, 
they  do  not  keep  meal  hours,  but  seem 
to  dally  away  their  days  in  light  talk  and 
light   beverages.     The   same  gayety  fills 
the    amusement    places    of    a    thousand 
types,   the   variety   shows   and   the   sport 
palaces,    the    circuses    and    the    dancing 
halls. ^    This  artificial  pleasure-seeking  oi 
the  city  dwellers  is  even  outdone  bv'thc 
natural  enjoyments  of  the  ])cople  in  every 
town  and  every  hamlet.      \Miatever  the 
source  of  their  merriment  may  be.  they 
seem  to  live  in  joy  and  in  fun,  taking  life 
easily.    Yes :  there  is  no  nation  which  has 
learned    so   well    the   one    lesson    which 
Anierica  has  not  yet  learned,  to  gain  true 
satisfaction  from  pleasure. 

The  story  of  German's  assiduous   ef- 
forts in  the  fields  of  education  and  .sci- 
•ence,  of  art  and  thought  has  always  been 
familiar  to  the  world'.     But  the  outsiders 
know  too  little  of  the  dogged  earnestness 
with  which  the  producers  of  wealth  have 
g-one  to  work  and  carried  out  their  task. 
Whatever   change    has    come    through 
■German    energy,    and    without    fear    the 
German  nation  looks  forward  to  the  days 
\yhen   eighty  or  a   hundred  million   will 
live    within    the    narrow    boundaries    on 
its  xingrateful  soil.     It  is  true  that  Ger- 
many ha.s  U)  import  much  of  its  food  and 
has  to  bring  from  far  distances  its  cotton 
and  silk  and  much  of  its  iron  and  cop- 
per, of  its  wool  and  its  oil,  of  its  wood 
and  its  fur,  of  its  coffee  and  its  tobacco. 
But  it  has  ample  means  to  pay  with  the 
products  of  labor  by  mind  and  body,  as 
the  agrarian  state  has  changed   into  an 
niflustrial    country,    which    mav    import 
much    raw   material,   but    which"  can   ex- 
-port   tile   fini>hed   products  of  organized 


activity.  During  the  }ear  1909  Ger- 
many's total  foreign  commerce  amounted 
to  16,297,000,000  marks,  while  that  of 
the  United  States,  expressed  in  marks, 
was  only  12,494,000,000,  that  of  France 
9,187,000,000,  of  Russia  4,654,000,000, 
and  only  Great  Britain  overtowered  by 
the  figure  of  22,322,000,000. 

The  German  shares  with  his  Ameri- 
can rival  the  spirit  of  enterprise  w'hich 
has  contributed  so  much  to  the  often  fe- 
verish industrialization  and  which  has 
draw^n  the  German  business  man  out  intc» 
the  world  and  has  built  up  the  German 
foreign  trade.  But  at  the  same  time  the 
(ierman  believes  in  and  loves  an  economy 
which  does  not  allow  the  least  waste  and 
which  tries  to  make  use  of  the  smallest 
by-product,  a  trait  wdiich  appears  to  the 
typical  Amercan  as  contrary  to  the  spirit 
of  enterprise.  The  American  would  feel 
tliat  such  consideration  of  the  small 
meant  smallness,  and  that  such  petty 
carefulness  would  paralyze  the  great  un- 
dertakings. In  the  German  tempera- 
ment economy  and  enterprise  are  inter- 
twined. 

But  the  economy  and  enterprise  would 
not  have  secured  the  actual  results  if  the 
German  had  not  an  inborn  delight  in 
industrious  activity.  He  loves  his  amuse- 
ments in  his  leisure  hours  and  can  be 
happy  with  most  naive  pleasures.  But 
he  knows  that  work  is  work  and  that  it 
should  be  done  with  the  best  efforts  of 
the  wdiole  personality.  This  instinct  is 
not  a  matter  of  chance  :  it  is  a  product 
of  systematic  education.  It  is  a  favorite 
and  natural  dogma  of  democracy  that 
man  as  far  as  possible  ought  to  be  free 
and  that  discipline  ought,  therefore,  to 
be  reduced.  This,  no  doubt,  has  its  ad- 
vantageous sides  for  the  development  of 
the  future  citizen  whose  spirit  of  inde- 
jjendence  will  be  stimulated  early  through 
an  education  which  does  not  believe  in 
anything  which  does  not  suit  the  taste 
and  liking.  But  it  also  has  its  grave 
dangers.  It  brings  superficiality  into  the 
human  life ;  and  America  is  beginning  to 
discover  that  a  youth  who  never  has 
learned  to  be  obedient  will  not  be  obedi- 
ent to  his  own  demands.  America  substi- 
tutes for  this  early  educational  discipline 


GERMAN  ACTIVITIES 


193 


at  first  sport  with  its  rigid  demands,  and 
later  an  overvaluation  of  money,  which 
stimulates  the  working  energies  to  their 
maximum.  In  Germany  a  systematic 
education  with  sharp  training  and  hard 
discipline  early  inculcates  into  every 
mind  a  habit  of  hard  work.  ■  This  en- 
ergy for  doing  one's  duty  in  spite  of  all 
selfish  temptations  is,  moreover,  greatly 
strengthened  by  the  years  of  military 
service,  the  great  national  high  school  of 
labor  and  disciplined  effort.  Just  as  the 
social  and  hygienic  value  of  a  free  Sun- 
day can  be  considered  without  any  refer- 
ence to  religion,  the  economic  value  of 
the  obligatory  military  service  can  be 
considered  without  any  reference  to 
peace  and  war.  As  a  training  time  for 
energetic  regulated  activity  the  German 
army  life  is  of  unsurpassed  value  to  the 
nation. 

One  other  feature  which  has  contrib- 
uted not  the  smallest  part  to  the  success 
of  German  economic  life  is  the  product 
of  school  training,  too — namely,  the  be- 
lief in  expert  knowledge.  American  de- 
velopment for  a  long  period  pointed  in 
another  direction.  The  democratic  con- 
viction is  always  at  first  that  everybody 
is  fit  for  every  position  and  that  an  en- 
ergetic, clever  fellow  can  handle  any 
proposition  which  the  day  may  bring. 

In  Germany  exactly  the  opposite  prin- 
ciple was  the  starting  point.  The  entire 
lX)litical  organization  demanded  firm  and 
fixed  careers  controlled  by  examinations 
for  the  governmental  service  on  every 
level. 

This  belief,  deeply  ingrained  in  the 
German  mind,  has  shaped  the  whole  Ger- 
man commercial  world  too.  A  man 
sticks  to  his  specialty,  and  no  one  but  a 
specialist  is  welcome  for  a  responsible 
position.  This  idea  that  everything  de- 
pends upon  a  thorough  preparation  has 


often,  even  against  heavy  odds,  secured 
advantages  for  Germany  in  the  market- 
places of  the  world. 

The  State  and  the  individuals,  the  laws 
and  the  longings,  the  institutions  and  the 
emotions  of  the  millions  work  together  to 
make  the  Germany  of  to-day  a  tremend- 
ous working  machine  destined  to  success 
by  hard  labor — the  same  Germany  which 
seems  so  "freely  given  over  to  pleasure- 
seeking  and  esthetic  enjoyment. 

For  the  Cjcrman  the  final  aim  is  never 
the  individual;  his  aim  is  the  life  and 
progi  ess  of  the  community,  not  as  a  mere 
summation  of  millions  of  individuals, 
but  as  an  independent  unity.  The  Amer- 
ican would  call  it  a  mere  abstraction,  or 
perhaps  even  mysticism,  but  the  whole 
German  life  is  controlled  by  this  belief  in 
the  real  existence  of  the  general  mind  as 
against  the  individual  mind.  To  the 
German,  science  and  art  and  religion  and 
state  are  realities  which  everybody  has 
to  serve  without  any  reference  to  per- 
sonal men.  He  is  loyal  to  them  as  ideals 
and  not  as  a  means  to  serve  any  individ- 
uals in  the  world.  This  abstract  com- 
munity is  the  real  goal  of  interests  and 
the  claims  of  any  individuals  must  be 
subordinated  to  it. 

On  the  other  hand,  this  service  to  the 
rights  of  the  community,  this  living  for 
state  and  art  and  science  and  religion  and 
progress  is  to  be  achieved  by  every  one 
in  his  particular  way. 

The  old  Gemian  desire  for  individual 
diversity  and  the  new  belief  in  organi- 
zation with  its  resulting  unformity  of 
mind  are  two  tendencies  which  cannot  be 
completely  harmonized.  This  antagon- 
ism of  inner  forces  is  the  real  problem 
which  is  at  the  bottom  of  all  unrest 
among  the  Germans  of  to-day. 

Hugo  Munsterberg. 


The  Forest  Preacher  on  the  Schoharie 


A  HistoricalTale  of  the  Life  and  Customs  of  the  German 
Americans  of  the  Eighteenth    Century 
By   Frederick  Meyer. 

Translated  from  the  German  by  Professor  E.  A.  Jacoby,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
(Continued  from  February  Issue) 


CHAPTER  IV. 

He  ceased  talking,  and  I  could  not 
get  another  word  from  him.  In  this 
liour  my  respect  for  my  countrymen  in- 
creased greatly.  Where  is  a  race  which 
in  our  day  had  to  endure  heavier  bur- 
dens to  maintain  their  German  nation- 
ality than  the  farmers  in  the  wilderness 
of  America? 

I  wandered  for  hours  with  my  Indian 
guide.  Easily  he  found  paths  every- 
where, my  ax  was  useless.  He  did  not 
reply  to  my  question,  how  it  was  pos- 
sible to  find  one's  way  in  the  wilder- 
ness. All  at  once  he  stopped,  gave  a 
grunt  of  astonishment  and  pointed  with 
his  finger  to  the  ground.  The  marks  of 
horses'  hoofs  could  be  distinctly  seen. 

"Weiser's  horse." 

"Possibly  he  belongs  to  some  one  else," 
I   interrupted. 

"Weiser's  old  white  iiorse."  the  Indian 
replied,  "he  is  lame  in  his  forefront, 
blind  in  his  left  eye,  and  has  lost  one 
front   tooth." 

"These  hoofprints  could  easil\-  have 
been  made  by  another  horse." 

"Mcflicine  man  has  poor  eyes,"  he 
said.  "Look  here.  The  one  hoofprint 
is  deeper  than  the  other  because  the  lior.^e 
is  lame,  and  spares  his  lame  foot.  He 
is  blind  in  the  left  eye,  and  therefore  only 
cats  grass  on  the  right  side.  He  can 
not  sec  grass  on  the  other  side.  The  ani- 
mal has  lost  a  front  tooth,  because 
wherever  he  has  eaten,  a  tuft  of  grass 
remains  standing.  It  is  Weiser's  old 
white  horse." 


It  must  be  evening ;  I  am  foot-sore ; 
the  forest  grew  darker.  Immediately  we 
came  to  a  small  mountain  lake.  "Spin- 
nensee"  said  the  JMohawk,  and  uttering  a 
gentle  "Ugh"'  that  w^as  answered  at  once, 
he  disappeared  between  the  wigwams 
and  huts  which  constituted  the  Indian 
village. 

A  hand  touched  my  shoulder.  A  man 
motioned  to  me.  I  followed  him  and 
sat  myself  upon  a  seat  of  grass  before 
his  wigwam.  A  woman,  his  squaw, 
places  a  piece  of  bear  meat  before  me. 
I  am  hungry  and  the  greasy,  repulsive 
woman's  .'ppearance  does  not  diminish 
my  appetite.  This  Indian  seems  more 
friendly  and  talkative  than  the  one  who 
had  been>  my  forest  guide  to-day.  In 
answer  to  my  question  he  says  it  is  not 
difficult  to  find  one's  way  through  the 
pathless  forest.  One  must  examine  the 
trees  closely.  On  the  north  side  of  the 
tree  the  bark  is  thicker  and  rougher  than 
on  the  other  sides.  Besides,  the  tree  tops 
lean  toward  the  south.  Out  of  gratitude 
to  my  host  I  related  the  manner  of  life 
the  wood  cutters  and  pitchmakers  led 
in  the  Black  Forest.  Then  I  recount  the 
student's  duels.  To  my  surprise  he  be- 
gins to  talk  French  more  perfectly  than 
I  ever  heard  before.  Suddenly  he  rises 
and  speaks  German.  "I,  too,  speak  Ger- 
man. I  studied  medicine  and  poetry  in 
Leipsic : 

Menschliches  Wesen 

Was  ist's  gcwcscn  ? 

In   cincr    Stundc 

Geht  es  zngrunde. 

Sobald  die  Lulte  dcs  TudcS  drein  welien" 

He  holds  his  breath.  Hi'^  breast 
L94 


Tiiii;  FORKST  i'Ri:acii!-:k  ox  Tin-:  .sciioiiakik 


195 


heaved.  Then  he  hurries  louard  the  for- 
est. Here  1  liad  an  example  of  the 
French  of  which  the  ^ilohawk  Indian 
spoke :  "The  Frenchman  marries  sf|ua\v 
and  smokes  the  pipe." 

I  lie  awake  on  the  seat  of  grass  for  a 
long  time.  Yes.  the  Cjcrman  wants  to 
own  his  house,  his  home.  He  wishes  to 
raise  a  family  and  would  not  be  satisfied 
between  the  four  walls  of  a  house  in  the 
arms  of  these  re])ulsive  Indian  women. 

What  a  beautiful  summer  night  in  the 
])rimeval  forest !  The  starry  heavens 
above  us,  the  thousands  of  brilliant  fire- 
llies  around  us  light  up  the  night.  The 
Indian  children  amtise  themselves  by 
catching  the  fireflies  and  feeding  them  to 
the  frogs.  The  frogs  swallow  them 
greedily.  The  fireflies  are  so  numerous 
that  the  air  seemed  filled  with  floating- 
stars. 

I  sat  on  the  bank  of  the  Mohawk  river, 
and  looked  toward  the  falls.  Then  I 
heard  a  loud  crackling,  as  if  some  one 
was  breaking  branches  from  a  fir  tree. 
It  was  a  she-bear  with  her  three  cub.^ 
in  search  of  honey.  One  can  not  see 
how  these  large,  fat  animals  can  climb  a 
tree  so  quickly  and  safel}-.  Cautiously 
they  drew  near  the  bee  hive,  a  sharo 
l)low,  and  it  falls  to  the  ground.  The 
l)ears  about  whom  the  swarm  of  bees  are 
buzzing  furiously  run  toward  the  river, 
dive  into  the  stream,  and  dripping  with 
water,  scarcely  (Hsturbed  by  the  bees, 
they  take  possession  of  their  booty. 

I  looked  on  for  a  long  time.  As  I  arose 
to  go,  the  bear  heard  me,  and  spying  the 
interloper,  fled  into  the  nearest  bushes. 
In  the  neighborh(X)d  men  must  live  with 
whom  the  wild  animals  have  had  bitter 
struggles.  A  short  mile  up  the  river. 
and  I  am  in  the  midst  of  the  iiitcli  and 
tar  workers. 

They  are  Ijig.  liiick-boned  fellows  who 
can  brcak  a  thick  plank  in  two  with  their 
tarred  fists.  Their  work  is  hard.  They 
divide  the  big  trees  into  four  part>  ac- 
cording to  the  points  of  the  compass. 
As  soon  as  the  sap  rises  in  the  spring, 
they  peel  ofi"  the  bark  to  the  length  of 
two  feet  on  the  northern  quarter  where 
th  sun  has  the  least  power,  to  draw  out 
the    tar.      In    aiUumn    they    '^trip   off    its 


Ijark  that  fourth  jjart  of  the  tree  lowaid 
the  south.  The  next  vear  they  strip  the 
other  two  sides.  Afterwards  the  part 
saturated  with  turpentine  is  cut  up  into 
pieces  and  prepared  in  a  kiln.  One  can 
smell  the  pitchmaker  and  his  abode  for 
miles.  Xo  wonder  that  the  aged  Weiser 
and  liis  Germans  had  no  love  for  this 
compulsory  labor.  Close  l.)y  the  coopers 
are  working,  putting  pitch  on  the  tar- 
barrels.  A  short  distance  away  is  the 
saw-mill  and  "Lumber  Camp.''  The 
saw  screams,  and  under  the  heavy  blows 
of  the  axe  the  trees  came  crashing"  down. 

These  are  rough  men.  They  do  not 
talk  to  each  other,  they  simply  yell. 
When  they  swear,  their  voices  sound  still 
louder  through  the  forest.  None  of  them 
is  without  scars.  Gambling  in  the  even- 
mg,  beer  and  whiskey  which  the  women 
in  the  camp  brew  in  large  kettles  are  the 
cause  of  this.  Women,  yes,  they  have 
women  in  the  camps.  God  only  knows 
where  their  cradles  were  rocked.  Red- 
haired  Irish  women,  black-eyed  French 
women  and  Creoles  froin  Louisiana  who 
end  their  lives  here,  besides  these  there 
are  also  quite  young  women. 

I  ask  a  girl  who  had  not  yet  reached 
the  age  of  fourteen  and  who  has  an  in- 
fant on  her  lap,  "Where  is  the  mother 
of  this  child  ?"  vShc  laughs  knowingly. 
"This  is  m\-  child.  I  am  the  wife  of 
Big   liill." 

A  crowd  of  wild  looking,  dirty  child- 
ren press  around  me,  while  1  show  them 
the  picture.  "Joseph  sold  by  his  breth- 
ren." vScarcely  have  they  started  to  lis- 
ten to  my  story,  when  a  rattling  is  heard 
near  tis  like  that  of  a  grasshopper. 
"Rattlesnake,"  the\-  }ell  and  start  up. 
With  slicks  and  .^tones  they  attack  the 
four- foot  reptile.  The  snake  makes  a 
spring  for  the  bru>h.  Wig  John  follows 
and  kills  it.  He  springs  back  quickly 
as  he  discovers  another  rattlesnake 
nearby,  coiled  reatly  to  spring  upon  him. 
(Juickly  he  recovers  from  his  fright.  He 
lurn>  and  kills  the  second.  W^e  examine 
the  poison  fangs,  rmd  cut  oft  the  rattles. 
The  one  had  nine  and  the  other  seven 
rattles.  While  the  girls  were  ailmiring- 
lolm's  heroic  deed,  a  (|uanel  ari>-e.     The 


196 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


Other  boys  also  laid  claim  to  recognition 
for  their  assistance.  Before  I  am  aware 
of  it,  a  great  fight  is  in  progress. 

"Will  you  stop  your  fighting,  you 
-quarrelsome  boys,"  Red  Peter  thunders 
at  them  as  he  sei)arates  tiiem. 

In  the  evening  they  gathered  about 
me.  "Are  you  a  good  pastor?"  asked 
the  raven  haired  Barbara. 

"One  can  readily  see  that,"  her  hus- 
band, Red  Peter,  replies.  "Why  do  you 
ask  such  a  stupid  question  ?" 

"Mr.  Weiser  is  reported  to  have 
moved  away,"  he  turned  to  me  and  said, 
"One  can  surely  buy  enough  land  here 
at  the  Schoharie!" 

"Why   do  they  not  stay   here?" 

"Preparing  tar  is  no  suitable  work; 
one  does  not  know  for  whom  he  works. 
The  barrels  are  filled,  then  shipped  down 
the  Mohawk  and  Hudson  to  New  York, 
and  who  knows  where  else." 

"Doesn't  the  governor  pay  you?" 

"Yes,  but  I  want  to  acquire  land,  and 
send  my  children  to  school  and  raise  them 
like  Christians.  Here  is  the  devil's 
breed." 

"Land  costs  money." 

"I  have  a  banking  account  at  Albany." 

Boisterous  laughter  greeted  Red  Pe- 
ter's remarks. 

"A  banking  account  is  better  than 
land,"  cried  the  Frenchman,  "land  must 
be  cultivated,  but  one  can  draw  on  a 
bank  account  and  buy  women  and  wine." 

Their  sarcastic  remarks  about  the 
simple-minded  German  were  continued  a 
long  time. 

"Those  are  easy  going  Frenchmen  ;  we 
Germans  want  our  own  land.  Next  year 
I  will  try  to  buy  a  farm." 

"My  God,  how  happy  T  will  be  with 
you  and  the  children  on  our  own  land," 
answered  joyfully  his  black  Barbara. 

This  is  the  nature  of  the  Germans. 
They  want  their  own  house,  without 
which  none  of  them  is  happv.  On 
the  other  hand  the  Roman  lives  a 
merry  life,  like  the  bird  in  the  air.  There 
is  nothing  sulistantial  in  these  people.  T 
begin  to  be  proud  of  my  countrymen.  A 
rough  exterior,  but  a  warm,  unsullied 
heart. 


CHAPTER  V. 

Fruitful  are  the  valleys  in  which  the 
farmers  live.  Each  grain  of  wheat 
sprouts,  and  each  stalk  is  weighed  down 
with  a  heavily  laden  head.  The  resi- 
dents understand  farming.  They  sow 
the  seed  in  the  very  forest  itself,  and  as 
far  as  the  sun's  rays  strike  the  earth,  the 
ripe  wheat  stands  ready  for  the  harvest. 

Now  the  harvest  begins.  From  early 
morning  until  evening  the  people  are  out 
in  the  fields.  Busily  the  scythe,  is  swung 
through  the  ripe  wheat.  Women  and 
girls  bind  it  into  bundles  and  throw  it 
on  heaps.  The  Julv  sun  glows  fiercely, 
and  many  a  reaper  flees  to  the  neighbor- 
ing shade  trees  to  avoid  sunstroke. 
Finally  the  last  wheat  field  is  harvested. 
The  grain  is  lying  in  large  heaps  ready 
for  the  threshers. 

"Look  at  these  grains.  They  are  as 
large  as  beans,"  says  Gerlach,  holding  a 
handful  before  his  wife's  face. 

They  have  only  a  short  time  left  for 
holidays.  However  they  celebrate  a  har- 
vest home.  On  this  occasion  the  people 
gather  from  the  farms  and  villages.  Even 
the  tarmakers  and  wood  choppers  do  not 
fail  to  attend.  They  come  from  the  for- 
est with  their  wives  and  numerous  child- 
ren. The  regular  mounds  of  freshly 
baked  wheat  bread,  hams  and  sausages 
are  eaten.  Besides  the  tricky  whisky 
vendor  and  landlord  contrary  to  instruc- 
tions has  smuggled  whisky  to  the  gath- 
ering place  in  his  baskets. 

A  fir  tree,  made  smooth,  serves  as  a 
May-pole.  On  top  are  the  prizes  for 
the  victors :  Pistols,  Jews-harps,  knives, 
and  pockctbooks.  With  agility  the  back- 
woods boys  climb  the  pole  and  seize  the 
prizes.  Then  began  the  sack  race  for 
young  girls,  the  e^g  race  and  foot  race. 

The  holiday  pleasures  become  loud 
and  boisterous,  when  suddenly  from  the 
forest  came  a  long  procession  of  In- 
dians in  single  file,  picturesquely  clad, 
moving  silently  onward. 

The  contests  for  the  adults  began. 
They  pitched  quoits  and  played  ball.  The 
final  event  was  a  foot  race  between  the 
difiFerent  nationalities  represented  here. 

The   Frenchman   stepped  politely   into 


THE   FORKST   PREACHER   ON   THE   SCHOHARIE 


197 


the  race  course  as  well  as  the  Irishman. 
The  applause  with  which  the  crowd 
greets  him  he  answers  by  a  sweeping 
bow  and  a  frequent  tipping  of  his  tat- 
tered hat.  The  German  follows  him.  He 
answers  the  greetings  of  the  spectators 
with  a  faint  smile.  At  last  with  stately 
step  the  Indian  enters  the  course.  The 
crowd  greets'  him  boisterously.  He 
seems  deaf  to  their  applause.  The  In- 
dian is  the  Stoic  of  America. 

The  judge  gives  the  signal.  With 
deer-like  swiftness  the  Celt  and  the  Ro- 
man start,  but  at  the  end  of  a  quarter 
mile  both  limp.  The  German  with  long 
strides  starts  more  slowly,  and  so  does 
the  Indian.  A  quarter  mile — the  Irish- 
man and  Frenchman  still  lead,  a  half 
mile, — the  Celt  and  Roman  are  slowing 
up  and  falling  behind,  three  quarters  of 
a  mile, — the  German  and  Indian  are 
alone  in  the  race. 

Intently  every  one  awaits  the  out- 
come. Even  among  the  Indians  one  no- 
tices a  certain  restlessness.  They  are  at 
the  goal.  Who  won  ?  A  loud  murmur 
of  voices, — each  one  sides  with  the  rep- 
resentative of  his  own  race. 

"The  German  and  the  Indian  reached 
the  goal  at  the  same  time,"  was  the  de- 
cision of  the  judge.  "Both  must  run 
the  race  a  second  time.  The  prize  is  a 
bearskin." 

Now  for  the  first  time  I  caught  a 
glimpse  of  the  young  German's  face.  It 
is  Conrad  Weiser,  the  same  whom  the 
Indians  had  one  time  bought.  He  not 
only  learned  the  Indian  language  but  also 
their  tenacity  and  endurance.  With 
great  interest  each  one  follows  the  begin- 
ning of  the  race.     Germans  and  Indians 


regard  it  as  an  affair  upon  which  the 
honor  of  their  nation  depends. 

The  judge  gives  the  signal,  and  both 
runners  rush  away.  How  they  raise  the 
dust !  A  half  mile,  now  the  one,  then  the 
other  has  the  lead  by  a  head.  The  ex- 
citement grows  every  minute.  Men  hold 
their  breath,  no  one  utters  a  word.  Al- 
ready they  are  nearing  the  goal,  and  still 
the  victory  is  uncertain.  Then  young 
Weiser  runs  against  the  Indian  (whether 
by  accident  or  intention  I  can  not  say) 
who  falls  to  the  ground,  another  stride 
and  the  German  is  the  victor. 

A  wild  exultation  burst  from  the  Ger- 
mans. They  throw  hats  and  coats  in  the 
air  and  the  boys  climb  up  the  trees.  But 
the  Indians  are  incensed,  many  utter 
threats,  and  clench  their  fists  toward  the 
German  settlers. 

Conrad  Weiser  did  not  live  in  vain 
among  them.  He  knows  Indian  ways 
and  Indian  vengeance.  "I  prefer  my  fur 
to  the  bearskin,"  he  said  to  me,  and  with 
a  truly  solemn  expression  he  extended 
his  hand  to  each  one  in  turn  and  la- 
mented the  accident  that  befell  him.  The 
bearskin  which  the  judge  awarded  him, 
he  forced  upon  the  Indian,  because  his 
red  brother  was  the  swiftest  runner.  This 
had  the  desired  effect !  The  Indian  would 
not  be  excelled  in  generosity  by  the  Ger- 
man, and  insisted  that  Weiser  keep  the 
bearskin.  O,  young  Weiser  is  a  young 
diplomat ! 

As  a  testimony  that  all  enmity  had  dis- 
appeared, the  whisky  flask  began  to  cir- 
culate among  them,  and  as  the  sun  set, 
Celts  and  Romans,  Germans  and  In- 
dians were  lying  peacefully  among  each 
other.     The  fire  water  was  the  victor. 


The  Ghosts  of  Abbott's  Creek,  North  CaroHna 


By  Rev.  J.    C.  Leonard,  D.   D..  Lexington,   N.    C. 


illi  5^rcal  majorit}'  of  people 
in  this  generation  disavow 
belief  in  apparitions,  super- 
natural appearances,  ghosts. 
There  is,  however,  in  most 
people  an  underlying  strat- 
um of  superstition,  and  with  supersti- 
tion goes  some  kind  of  a  faith  in  the 
existence  of  these  inexplicable  phenom- 
ena. This  author  has  never  seen  a  ghost, 
:ior  anything  which  could  not  be  dul>' 
explained  when  proper  elTort  was  made 
to  find  out  the  cause  of  the  thing  that 
was  the  occasion  of  the  creepy  sensation 
along  the  backbone  and  at  the  roots  of 
the  hair.  And  yet  he  has  heard  some 
g-ood  people,  whose  truthfulness  he  could 
not  doubt,  whose  veracity  he  would  not 
hesitate  to  vouch  for,  say  that  they  had 
seen  and  heard  things  at  least  bordering 
on  the  line  of  the  supernatural.  In  all 
such  cases  credit  must  be  given  for  sin- 
cerity and  honesty  of  belief.  If  they 
were  frightened,  or  if  they  were  under 
halhicination,  the  things  described  cer- 
tainly did  take  on  the  clear  semblance  of 
reality. 

The  existence  of  superstition  is  far 
more  widcs]jrcad  than  most  people  sup- 
pose. To  verify  this  assertion  you  need 
only  make  a  little  investigation.  When 
you  once  get  into  the  confidence  of  the 
people  they  will  reveal  their  peculiar  su- 
perstitions. Take  for  instance  the  popu- 
lar notion  of  multitudes  concerning  the 
number  13.  How  few  are  entirely  clear 
of  some  misgivings  on  this  subject.  In 
at  least  one  sovereign  state  the  officials 
have  had  to  leave  out  13  from  all  auto- 
mobile numbers,  so  firjnly  fixed  in  the 
minds  of  automobilists  is  fear  of  the  said 
number.  The  average  man  or  woman 
would  not  dare  to  sit  down  to  a  table  at 
which  there  were  13  people.  Safe  de- 
posit boxes  in  bank  vaults  and  post  office 
boxes  with  the  number  13  go  begging. 
Most  people  den}'  real   fear  of  number 


13,  but  they  go  on  leaving  it  out.  Many 
a  man  carries  a  rabbit's  foot  or  a  buck- 
e}'e  in  his  trousers  pocket  as  a  talisman 
against  evil.  Thousands  believe  that 
stepping  over  fishing  poles  will  bring 
the  worst  of  ill  luck  to  the  fisherman. 
Other  thousands  do  not  dare  to  begin  a 
piece  of  work  on  Friday.  There  is  also 
wide  prejudice  against  Friday  as  a  day 
of  matriiiiony.  C)ne  of  the  most  com- 
mon superstitions  forbids  the  carrying  of 
ashes  from  the  house  between  Christmas 
and  New  Year.  The  horseshoe  is  the 
universally  accepted  symbol  of  good  luck. 
The  same  bent  of  mind  is  prejudiced 
against  seeing  the  new  moon  through 
the  branches  of  a  tree,  killing  a  cat  or 
a  toad,  stepping  over  a  child  or  return- 
ing for  a  forgotten  article. 

Closely  coupled  with  superstition  is 
belief  in  ghosts.  Very  many  people  can 
be  found  who  will  stake  everything  they 
have  upon  belief  in  supernatural  mani- 
festations. They  are  sure  that  things  can 
be  seen  and  heard  under  certain  circum- 
stances that  have  no  natural  cause  to 
])roduce  them. 

The  German  settlers  who  came  to 
North  Carolina  a  hundred  and  seventy- 
five  years  ago  brought  some  of  these  su- 
perstitions with  them  from  Pennsylva- 
nia and  from  the  Fatherland.  Many  of 
these  newcomers  settled  on  the  fertile 
lands  of  the  valleys  of  Abbott's  Creek 
and  the  Yadkin  River  in  what  is  now 
called  the  Piedmont  section  of  North 
Carolina.  These  settlers  were  good  peo- 
ple. They  were  Christians.  They 
brought  their  Bibles,  catechisms  and 
hymn  books  with  them.  They  erected 
churches  and  school  houses  in  every  set- 
tlement. P>ut  they  were  honest  in  their 
conviction  that  there  were  such  things 
as  supernatural  manifestations. 

]\Tan_v  strange  stories  have  been  told 
of  things  seen  and  heard  in  the  vicinity 
of   Crotts    (Kratz)    Bridge   on   Abbott's 


108 


GHOSTS  OF  ABBOT'S  CREEK 


199 


CicL-k  in  what  is  now  Davidson  County. 
Descendants  of  the  original  German  set- 
tlers still  own  all  the  land  in  this  entire 
section.  Ghosts  have  not  made  their  ap- 
pearance on  Abbott's  Creek  in  many 
years,  but  a  generation  ago  and  further 
back  they  were  said  to  have  been  verv 
common.  All  the  supernatural  phenom- 
ena which  have  been  reported  as  occur- 
ring at  or  near  the  Crotts  Bridge  arc, 
strange  to  say,  connected  with  a  great 
historical  fact  (or  perhaps  better,  ro- 
jiiance).  Lord  Cornwallis,  the  head  of 
the  great  English  army  in  the  Revolution- 
ary War,  crossed  Abbott's  Creek  a  few 
huntlred  yards  above  the  present  site  of 
the  bridge  at  a  sharp  bend  of  the  stream. 
Thi.s  is  a  well  established  fact  in  history. 
Cornwallis  made  his  famous  march 
through  North  Carolina  in  the  last 
months  of  1780  and  the  first  months  of 
178 1.  He  was  in  pursuit  of  General 
Greene,  and  he  was  making  a  desperate 
t'ft'ort  to  capture  all  his  forces.  General 
Greene  crossed  the  Catawba  River  at 
v^herrill's  Ford,  and  Cornwallis  came  up 
just  in  time  to  see  the  Americans  en- 
camping on  the  other  side.  His  men 
went  into  camp  for  the  night.  But  the 
next  morning,  when  the  British  awoke, 
General  Green  already  had  his  men  on 
the  march.  Greene  crossed  the  Yadkin 
River  at  what  is  now  known  as  Trading 
Ford  late  in  the  evening,  and  Cornwallis 
and  his  men  reached  the  same  spot  at 
night,  and  went  into  camp  west  of  the 
river.  During  the  night  it  rained  very 
hard,  and  the  stream  was  so  greatly 
swollen  that  Cornwallis  had  to  delay  his 
march  more  than  twenty-four  hours.  In 
the  meantime  General  Greene  had 
marched  ahead  across  the  state  towards 
the  Virginia  line.  As  soon  as  the  Brit- 
ish army  could  cross  the  Yadkin  they 
continued  their  pursiuit,  reaching  Ab- 
Ijott's  Creek  one  day  in  February  at  the 
point  already  named  above  the  site  of  the 
Crotts  bridge,  at  the  sharp  bend  in  the 
stream.  This  stream  is  much  larger 
than  manv  streams  bearing  the  name  of 
river. 

But  what  has  all  this  to  do  with 
ghosts?  When  the  British  arrived  at 
this  point  they  still  had  in  their  possession 


very  much  money  in  gold.  Money  was 
a  commodity  very  difficult  to  carry  along 
under  the  circumstances  of  continuous 
forced  marches.  Cornwallis  is  quoted  as 
saying  that  it  was  much  easier  to  get 
food  than  to  carry  money.  For  the  pres- 
ent he  must  get  rid  of  that  sordid,  heavy 
load  of  coin.  Accordingly  he  commanded 
certain  of  his  men  to  lower  the  barrel 
full  of  gold  into  the  waters  of  Abbott's 
Creek.  The  order  was  carried  out  ac- 
cording to  instructions;  and  from  that 
day  to  this  the  stream  has  been  the  proud 
possessor  of  more  wealth  than  any  warm- 
blooded citizen  of  the  county.  Think  of 
that  barrel  of  rich  coins  lying  to  this  day 
in  the  bottom  of  Abbott's  Creek.  It  is 
enough  to  cause  the  midnight  ghosts  to 
come  out  from  their  resting  places  and 
prowl  about  the  entire  neighborhood. 
And  this  very  thing  they  are  said  to  have 
done  over  and  over.  Reputable  citizens, 
in  the  years  gone  b}',  are  said  to  have 
heard  that  barrel,  at  all  hours  of  the  day 
and  night,  go  rolling  down  the  hills 
and  finally  splash  into  the  waters  of 
the  creek.  No  less  a  character  than  a 
well  known  justice  of  the  peace,  who 
lived  to  be  a  very  old  man,  dying  several 
years  ago  past  four  score,  gave  it  upon 
his  word  of  honor  that  he  heard  the  bar- 
rel in  one  of  its  excursions  go  booming 
over  rocks  and  roots  down  the  hill  through 
the  forest,  and  at  length  plunge  with  a 
mighty  splash  into  the  stream.  He  could 
discern  the  starting  point,  the  course  the 
barrel  took  on  its  way  down  the  hillside, 
the  point  on  the  bank  where  it  jumped 
into  the  water;  and  he  looked  to  see 
the  waves  on  the  surface  caused  by  the 
impact  of  the  barrel.  But  not  a  wave 
did  he  see.  No  wonder  the  old  gentle- 
man's hair  stood  on  end  in  its  snowy 
whiteness ;  for  was  he  not  standing  in 
the  presence  of  the  ghosts  of  Abbott's 
Creek — ghosts'  who  were  standing  guard 
over  the  great  treasure  of  gold  deposited 
.there  by  the  renowned  general  of  the 
British  army?  Might  it  not  be  the  spirit 
of  Cornwallis  himself  come  back  from 
the  realms  of  the  dead  ?  Who  could  feci 
perfectly  at  home  in  the  presence  of  such 
unseen  visitors?  Who  would  not  leave 
such  a  spot  with  accelerated  pace? 


200 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


It  is  said  that  some  men  who  were  not 
acquainted  with  the  fact  that  this  por- 
tion of  the  peaceful  Abbott's  Creek  was 
the  rendezvous  of  ghosts  went  to  this  se- 
chided  spot  to  indulge  in  the  delightful 
sport  of  swimming  to  their  heart's  con- 
tent, clad  only  in  the  bathing  suits  pro- 
vided by  the  mother  of  us  all ;  it  is  fur- 
ther said  that  the  ghosts  of  Abbott's 
Creek  thought  this  an  opportune  time  to 
begin  their  favorite  sport  of  rolling 
barrels  of  gold  down  the  hillside  into 
the  stream — invisible  barrels  of  gold, 
and  yet  real  barrels  of  gold  placed 
there  in  the  keeping  of  the  ghosts  by 
Lord  Cornvvallis — a  sport  enjoyed  as 
much  evidently  by  the  ghosts  as  the  bath 
was  enjoyed  by  the  swimmers.  The  bar- 
rels came  one  after  another  from  way 
up  the  hill  with  a  rumbling  like  thunder 
and  plunged  .over  into  the  stream.  But 
not  a  barrel  did  the  swimmers  see ;  not  a 
wave  did  the  barrels  make  on  the  sur- 
face of  the  water.  Each  barrel  took  its 
place  at  the  bottom  in  the  silent  sands 
which  had  accumulated  there  through 
the  ages  of  geological  time.  So  fright- 
ened were  the  bathers  that  they  went  in 
great  haste,  nor  did  they  tarry  on  the 
bank  long  enough  to  even  tie  their  neck- 
ties. And  from  that  day  to  this  they  have 
never  returned  to  that  spot  to  delight 
themselves  in  the  refreshing  waters  of 
Abbott's  Creek,  all  because  the  guardians 
of  the  British  gold  left  there  by  Lord 
Cornwallis  came  out  to  play  at  the  very 
time  these  gentlemen  came  in  to  play. 
Who  had  the  better  right  to  the  spot? 
Evidently  the  men  thought  the  ghosts 
had. 

The  ghosts  of  Abbott's  Creek,  in  the 
years  gone  by,  were  wont  to  play  all 
manner  of  pranks  in  the  neighborhood. 
Sometimes  at  night  they  would  show 
themselves  as  lights  moving  along  over 
the  waters  of  the  creek,  up  its  steep 
banks,  through  the  forests  on  either  side. 
They  would  never  allow  a  man  to  come 
close  enough  to  make  an  investigation. 
Indeed  no  man  was  ever  found  brave 
enough  to  try  to  form  the  acquaintance 
of  the  ghosts  when  they  were  prowling 
around  with  their  lanterns  in  the  night- 
time.    Many  citizens  claimed  to  be  eve 


witnesses  to  the  reality  of  these  strange 
appearances  of  fire.  And  it  is  said  that 
the  supernatural  appearances  of  fire  al- 
ways disappeared  in  Abbott's  Creek  at 
the  point,  where  the  English  army 
crossed. 

The  ghosts  had  a  habit  of  making  fre- 
quent excursions  through  the  entire  coun- 
try in  the  neighborhood  of  this  point  on 
the  creek.  Many  a  strange  phenomenon 
was  witnessed  by  reputable  citizens. 
Opossum  hunters  have  perhaps  had 
richer  experiences  in  ghost  lore  in  that 
section  than  any  other  class  of  citizens. 
This  is  perhaps  due  to  the  fact  that  night 
is  the  time  to  hunt  this  marsupial  animal 
most  successfully,  and  that  night  is  also 
the  favorite  time  with  ghosts  to  disport 
themselves.  There  was  a  piece  of  timber 
in  that  section  in  the  years  of  long  ago 
in  whose  depths  every  hunter  ignomini- 
ously  and  irretrievably  lost  his  way.  Try 
as  he  would,  he  could  not  find  his  way 
out ;  the  only  thing  to  do  was  to  wait 
a  second  time  into  this  forest,  and  never 
a  third  time,  because  the  ghosts  were  al- 
ways there.  In  that  same  piece  of  timber 
it  is  said  the  best  trained  'possum  dogs 
would  tree  the  object  of  search  fair  and 
square,  but  the  most  diligent  quest  failed 
to  reveal  any  sort  of  'possum.  Time 
and  again  men  would  climb  trees  up 
which  the  dogs  had  chased  the  game,  but 
the  most  careful  scrutiny  failed  to  dis- 
close the  game.  He  was  not  there.  It 
was  only  the  phantom  ghost  that  had 
deceived  the  dogs.  How  these  playful 
spirits  must  have  laughed  at  the  chagrin 
of  men  and  dogs.  On  various  occasions 
trees  were  cut  down,  after  the  usual  man- 
ner of  capturing  the  'possum  treed  by 
faithful  hunting  dogs ;  but  when  the  ex- 
pected capture  was  not  made  the  dogs 
would  trail  off  again  and  stop  at  a  more 
accessible  tree  where  the  hunters'  would 
be  sure  the  game  could  be  secured.  But 
not  a  'possum  could  be  taken.  Of  course 
not  when  the  ghosts  of  Cornwallis  were 
deceiving  the  dogs  and  men  for  their 
own  sport  and  delight. 

A  reputable  citizen  of  that  township 
said  that  he  was  one  evening  going  on 
horseback  to  his  father's  house  a  few 
miles  away.    He  had  with  him  his  faith- 


GHOSTS  OF  ABBOT'S  CREEK 


20 1 


ful  'possum  dogs  answering  to  the  name 
Cash  and  Mean.  True  to  their  keen  in- 
stincts these  faithful  dogs  were  on  the 
job.  In  a  ridiculously  short  time  they 
had  treed  a  big  fat  "possum  on  a  me- 
her  rosy  fingers.  Hunter?  rarelv  went 
until  Aurora  began  to  paint  the  east  with 
dium  sized  persimmon  tree.  The  man 
from  his  perch  on  the  horse  could  see  his 
outline  in  tlie  moonlight.  Tying  his 
horse  to  a  tree,  he  climbed  up  the  other 
tree  on  which  the  'possum  sat  grimly 
grinning,  and  shook  him  down.  No 
sooner  did  the  'possum  leave  the  limb 
than  Cash  and  Mean  tucked  their  tails 
between  their  legs  and  cowered  in  ab- 
ject fear.  Nor  would  they  leave  their 
master  any  more  that  night.  Why  ?  Be- 
cause it  was  not  an  opossum  at  all  that 
they  had  treed,  but  one  of  the  ghosts  of 
Abbott's  Creek  which  chose  that  night  to 
deceive  both  hunter  and  dogs. 

This  writer  does  not  think  that  there  is 
any  peculiar  relation  between  ghosts  and 
opossums ;  nor  does  he  think  that  ghosts 
in  their  nocturnal  migrations  more  fre- 
quently assume  the  form  of  this  animal 
than  any  other  form.  He  thinks  the 
phenomena  rather  due  to  the  fact  that 
'possum  hunters  are  more  frequently  out 
at  night  than  any  other  class  or  profes- 
sion of  men.  Opossum  hunters  are  as 
a  rule  optimists ;  they  always  look  on 
the  bright  side  of  things — except  when 
there  are  ghosts  about;  then  they  are 
extreme  pessimists.  Ev-Governor  Glenn 
of  North  Carolina  tells  a  story  about  an 
old  colored  man  who  on  one  occasion 
was  asked  whether  he  was  an  optimist 
or  a  pessimist.  The  old  man  scratched 
the  fringe  of  gray  wool  around  the  base 
of  his  head  and  gave  this  answer :  "I  de- 
clar,  Kunnel.  I  dunno  whut  am  a  optimist 
or  whut  am  a  pessimist.  But  las'  Sun- 
day dis  ole  nigger  sot  down  to  his  bode 
befo'  a  big  fat  roas'  'possum,  I  shore 
den  was  a  possumist." 

Terrible  as  phantom  ghosts  are,  there 
are  some  real  apparitions  that  are  far 
more  terrible,  and  far  more  to  be  dreaded. 
There  were  two  farm  hands  \\ho,  while 
crossing  a  field,  were  set  upon  by  a  huge 
infuriated  bull.  One  of  them  managed 
to  climb  a  tree.     The  other  took  refuge 


in  a  hrile  in  the  same  tree.  The  hole 
proved  to  have  an  exit  at  the  other  side. 
The  man  who  had  chosen  the  hole  as  a 
place  of  refuge  was  no  sooner  in  at  one 
side  than  he  was  out  at  the  other.  With 
a  roaring  bellow  the  bull  made  straight 
for  him.  Pie  turned  and  again  shot  like 
lightning  through  the  hole.  The  mad 
bull  again  bore  down  upon  him  with  the 
grim  determination  to  gore  him  through 
and  crush  him  as  a  paper  bag.  But  once 
more  the  man  was  in  and  out  of  the  hole 
like  a  shuttle.  This  strange  pursuit  kept 
up  some  minutes.  At  first  it  mystified 
the  man  up  the  tree;  but  when  it  con- 
tinued for  some  time  it  angered  him.  He 
shouted  to  his  companion :  "Hey,  vou 
idiot,  why  don't  you  stay  in  the  hole  ?" 
The  bull  was  dashing  from  one  side  of 
the  tree  to  the  other  at  great  speed,  while 
the  man  was  bobbing  in  and  out  in  sheer 
desperation.  He  heard  his  companion's- 
question,  and  he  found  time  before  the 
next  brief  diappearance  to  shout  back: 
"Idiot  yourself;  there  is  a  bear  in  the 
hole."  My  theory  is  that  from  this  in- 
cident came  the  original  of  bulls  and 
bears  on  the  stock  exchange. 

Sometimes  it  is  quite  dil^cult  to  dif- 
ferentiate between  real  and  imaginary 
ghosts.  A  tramp  was  found  dead  in  an 
old  house,  and  ever  since  people  have  af- 
firmed that  the  house  was  haunted,  and 
have  given  it  a  wide  berth  after  dark.  A 
real  estate  dealer,  in  trying  to  put  it  on 
the  market,  hired  a  man,  who  did  not 
believe  in  ghosts  and  scoffed  at  them, 
to  stay  ten  nights  in  the  deserted  man- 
sion to  show  the  people  that  their  belief 
was  based  upon  foolish  superstition.  The 
man  was  to  have  a  handsome  wage  for 
camping  in  the  den  of  the  ghosts.  He 
sauntered  nonchalantly  into  the  build- 
ing one  night,  accompanied  by  his  black 
Newfoundland  dog,  answering  to  the 
name  "Nigger."  Along  towards  mid- 
night he  became  bored  by  the  stillness, 
and  walked  outside  to  breathe  fresh  air. 
Hardly  had  he  reached  the  yard  when 
the  clock  struck  twelve — the  very  hour 
of  ghosts ;  and  hardly  had  the  clock 
ceased  striking  when  "Nigger"  let  out 
a  series  of  the  most  terrifying  yells  mor- 
tal dog  ever  uttered,  followed  by  a  series 


Tin-:    I'LINX    GERMAXIA. 


of  Staccato  barks  of  terror,  and  finally  a 
series  of  whines.  The  man,  in  spite  of 
his  boasted  disdain  of  ghosts,  stood  pet- 
rified in  his  tracks  with  fear.  He  hesi- 
tated on  the  porch ;  but  only  for  a  mo- 
ment, for  soon  came  a  great  object  all 
dazzling  in  white  with  blazing  eyes.  The 
man  gave  one  look,  let  out  a  yell  even 
more  dismal  than  the  yells  of  "Nigger,'' 
and  then  started  away  like  the  wind  for 
his  home,  three-fourths  of  a  mile  distant, 
yelling  at  every  jump.  Snow  covered 
the  ground,  and  the  white  monster  that 
followed  him  could  not  be  seen  by  the 
people  as  they  gazed  in  astonishment  at 
the  figure  of  a  bareheaded  man  who  fled 
like  a  race  horse  with  no  apparent  reason. 
He  reached  home  in  an  incredibly  short 
time,  literally  burst  down  the  front  door 
of  his  house,  and  fell  prostrate  in  a  faint. 

Who  would  not  fly  from  a  ghost  like 
that?  When  the  man's  wife  a  little  later 
found  him  lying  on  the  threshhold  of  his 
house,  a  big  white  dog  was  leaning  over 
him  licking  his  face.  Nigger  dog  wan- 
dering around,  making  explorations  of 
discovery  about  the  haimted  house,  had 
fallen  into  a  tub  of  whitewash  left  by 
workmen ;  the  lime  got  into  his  eyes  and 
hurt  him ;  then  he  howled.  His  master 
saw  a  white  shape  coming  towards  him. 
which  he  took  for  a  real  ghost.  Followed 
by  his  own  faithful  black  dog  Nigger, 
now  made  white  by  the  whitewash,  he 
broke  all  speed  records,  and  at  the  same 
time  lost  his  reputation  as  a  scoffer  at 
ghosts  and  spirits. 

There  was  a  well  known  old  negro  of 
the  old  school,  old  uncle  Ben,  a  privi- 
leged character,  a  servant  for  many  gen- 
erations. He  had  been  accustomed  when- 
ever reprimanded  by  his  master  to  pray 
to  be  removed  from  the  earth  at  once. 
On  one  occasion  when  uncle  P.cn  had  re- 
tired to  his  cabin  and  was  loudly  impor- 
tuning for  such  relief  because  of  some 
imag'ined  grievance,  his  master  hap- 
pened to  be  passing  by ;  hearing  his 
prayer  he  knocked  at  the  door.  "Who 
dat?"  asked  uncle  Ben  in  rather  an 
alarmed  tone.  "It  is  the  good  Lord." 
replied  his  master,  "who  has  come  in 
answer  to  your  prayer  to  remove  you 
from  the  troubles  of  this  world."    A  si- 


lence followed  for  several  moments,  and 
then  uncle  Ben  replied:  "Look  here,  good 
Lord,  can't  you  never  take  a  joke?" 

Mr.  Polk  Miller  relates  the  story  of  a 
haunted  hotise  in  which  no  one  would 
dare  to  spend  the  night,  so  perniciously 
active  were  the  mythical  inhabitants  of 
the  premises.  But  a  colored  man,  who 
was  lx»rn  with  an  immunity  from  sttch 
superstitions,  readily  consented  to  do  and 
to  dare  for  the  paltry  sum  of  five  dollars 
that  was  to  be  paid  after  the  event. 
When  he  went  to  the  place  at  the  going 
down  of  the  sun,  he  found  a  room  in 
which  there  was  only  a  table  with  a  coal 
oil  lamp  burning  agreeably  upon  it,  and 
a  rocking  chair  in  which  he  seated  him- 
self comfortably.  Attracted  by  the  com- 
fort of  his  surroundings,  he  soliloquized 
as  follows :  "'Well,  dis  shore  am  de  easies 
money  dis  here  nigger  eber  is  made." 
But  happening  to  turn  at  that  minute 
he  saw  a  great  black  cat  with  its  tail 
wrapped  around  the  lamp  chimney, 
winking  at  him  and  showing  its  teeth. 
The  unlucky  colored  man  at  once  sought 
safety  in  flight.  Making  his  exit  from 
the  house  and  slamming  the  door  behind 
him,  he  hastened  up  the  road  running 
for  his  life  until  completely  exhausted 
by  his  efforts.  He  lay  distracted  in  the 
ditch  by  the  side  of  the  road.  While  in 
a  state  of  utter  collapse  he  heard  some  * 
one  coming.  It  was  a  man,  but  a  man 
carrying  luider  his  arm  the  head  of  an- 
other man  and  the  head  spoke  to  him  as 
follows:  "It  appears  like  you  can  run." 
To  this  the  thoroughly  frightened  Afri- 
can remarked :  "Law,  INlister,  yo'  ain't 
seed  me  run  yit." 

During  the  progress  of  the  Civil  War 
a  colored  man  was  one  night  walking 
along  the  road  some  distance  beyond  the 
Crotts  bridge  when  suddenly  he  came 
face  to  face  with  another  negro.  The 
second  man  blocked  the  way  of  the  first 
and  would  not  let  him  pass.  He  walked 
back  and  forth  from  side  to  side  in  the 
road,  and  the  stranger  did  the  same 
thing,  ever  keeping  himself  right  in  front 
of  the  traveler.  At  last  the  first  man 
said  to  the  other:  "See  here,  yo  brack 
nigger,  ef  yo  do'n  git  outen  my  way  and 
lemme  pass  I'se  gwine  to  knock  yo  down 


GHOSTS  OF  ABBOT'S  CREEK 


203 


wid  dis  liauiiuer."  No  move  was  made 
by  the  other  indicating  compHance  with 
his  wishes,  and  so  he  let  drive  with  his 
hammer.  The  hammer  went  with  a 
mighty  dash  right  straight  through  him, 
and  immediately  the  stranger  disai)pcarcd 
from  the  spot.  And  so  also  did  the  otlier 
colored  man.  literally  outstripping  the 
wind  in  his  tremendous  haste.  And  that 
was  one  time  when  it  was  true  to  say 
that  a  colored  man's  hair  was  straight. 
And  for  years  and  years  many  citizens 
believed  that  the  strange  colored  man  was 
the  form  which  it  pleased  one  of  the 
ghosts  of  A1>l)ott's  Creek  to  assume  in 
order  to  frighten  the  native  darkey. 

It  was  said  that  at  another  time  a  man 
was  riding  horseback  along  by  the  same 
spot,  when  suddenly  something  jumped 
upon  his  horse  behind  him.  The  appari- 
tion scared  the  gentleman  half  to  death, 
and  he  made  the  horse  run  every  step  of 
the  way  home  at  the  height  of  his  speed. 
In  the  mean  time  the  thing  left  him  as 
mysteriously  as  it  came.  And  he  was 
>ure  that  here  was  another  one  of  the 
ghosts  which  had. come  up  from  the  bot- 
tom of  Abbott's  Creek  to  take  respite 
from  his  vigils  as  watcher  over  the  gold 
deposited  there  years  ago  by  .the  great 
English  general,  Lord  Cornwallis. 

It  is  said  that  at  another  place  the  key 
to  the  front  door  generally  hung  on  a  nail 
above  the  mantle.  A  cat  was  observed 
many  times  to  be  looking  straight  at  the 
key.  Often  the  key  was  found  l.y'ing  in 
the  front  yard,  without  the  knowledge 
that  it  had  been  touched  by  any  human 
hand.  Sometimes  the  door  would  open 
and  sometimes'  it  would  refuse  to  open. 
(Dne  day  the  old  lady  who  lived  in  the 
house  said  to  some  one  else:    "Bring  me 


the  axe,  and  1  will  break  it  open;"  and  at 
that  threat  the  door  tlew  open  of  its  own 
accord.  The  explanation  was  that  one  of 
the  ghosts  of  Abbott's  Creek  had  posses- 
sion of  the  cat  and  made  it  do  the  strange 
things  with  the  door  and  key. 

(Jne  such  ghost  story  after  another 
could  be  related  consuming  hours  in  the 
telling.  In  those  days  superstition  held 
sway  in  many  minds ;  and  of  course 
those  so  governed  could  easily  imagine  a 
great  many  things.  The  most  insignifi- 
cant thing  would  assume  mammoth  pro- 
portions. One  evening  about  dark  a  gen- 
tleman came  to  one  end  of  the  Crotts 
Bridge.  His  vision  took  in  the  outline  of 
a  strange,  white  object  at  the  other  end. 
He  stopped  and  gazed  in  frightened  won- 
der. He  had  never  seen  anything  so 
strange  in  his  li+"e.  The  longer  he  looked 
at  it  the  larger  it  became,  until  it  assimied 
the  size  of  a  full-grown  bear.  It  seemed 
to  the  man  that  the  thing  stayed  right 
there  at  least  an  hour.  The  fact  is  that 
at  the  end  of  the  first  minute  it  hopped 
quietly  away.  Afterwards  the  man  found 
out  that  this  ghost  was  the  first  white 
rabbit  that  was  ever  brought  to  that 
commtmity.  It  is  likely  that  all  ghost 
stories  in  all  time  can  be  explained  in  a 
similar  way.  There  are  reasonable  and 
sensible  grounds  of  explanation  for  every 
strange  and  uncanny  appearance. 

These  early  settlers  were  after  all  the 
very  best  of  people.  Their  ghosts  were 
all  harmless.  The  stories  w^ere  always 
interesting  in  the  telling.  Most  of  the 
original  tales  have  been  forgotten  by  all 
save  a  very  limited  number  of  old  people 
who  recall  having  heard  grand-parents 
relate  thicm. 


The  Fetterolf  Family 
By  W.  J,  Dietrich,  Allentown,  Pa. 

The  following  paper  was  read  before  a  recent  meeting  of  the  Lehigh  County  Historical 
Society,  Allentown,  Pa.  Mr.  Dietrich  has  for  some  years  been  devoting  considerable  time  to 
the  study  of  family  histories  and  is  one  of  the  compilers  of  a  new  history  of  Lehigh  County, 
Pa.,  work  on  which  is  progressing  finely.  Mr.  Dietrich  was  the  author  also  of  the  sketch  of 
the   Handwerk   family   which   appeared   in    our  December  issue.  — Editor. 


HE  ship  Thistle,  which  ar- 
rived at  Philadelphia,  Au- 
gust 20th,  1730,  had  aboard 
among  its  passengers,  Pe- 
ter Fetterolf,  son  of  John 
Jacob  Fetterolf.  He  was 
a  native  of  Wachbach, 
Germany,  and  was  born  March  20,  1699. 
He  was  married  to  Anna  Margretha 
Rothermel  in  1729.  She  was  born  in 
February,  1712,  and  was  the  only  daugh- 
ter in  the  family  of  six  children  of  Jo- 
hannes and  Sabilla  (Zimmerman)  Roth- 
ermel, also  natives  of  Wachbach,  Ger- 
many; Peter  Fetterolf  and  family,  and 
his  brother-in-law,  Leonard  Rothermel, 
before  the  organization  of  Berks  county 
m  1752,  had  settled  in  Hereford  town- 
ship. In  the  year  1759,  Peter  Fetterolf 
was  the  largest  taxpayer  in  Hereford 
township.  He  was  the  tax  collector  for 
the  district  and  collected  the  sum  of  74 
pounds  15  shillings  and  6  pence;  of  this 
amount  he  paid  18  pounds  as  his  share. 
His  son  Peter,  Jr.,  in  the  aforesaid  year, 
1759,  was  assessed  among  the  sing'le 
men  of  the  same  township. 

The  name  Fetterolf  has  been  cor- 
rupted into  various  spellings.  The  an- 
cestor in  his  last  will  and  testament} 
plainly  wrote  his  name  Peter  Federolf. 
In  the  list  of  immigrants  in  the  Penn- 
sylvania Archives  the  clerk  spelled  it 
F-e-d-e-r-o-l-p-h.  The  tax  lists  have  it 
F-e-t-t-c-r-o-l-f.  The  old  Lehigh  Church 
records  record  the  ancestors  Johann  Pe- 
ter Fetherolf.  The  descendants  in  Berks 
and  Lehigh  counties  spell  it  F-e-t-h-e-r- 
o-l-f;  and  the   Northumberland  coimty. 


Pa.,  descendants,  as  well  as  the  Phila- 
delphia contingent  and  Prof.  Adam  H. 
Fetterolf,  Ph.  D.,  LL.  D.,  the  distin- 
guished former  president  of  Girard  Col- 
lege, Philadelphia,  spell  their  name 
F-e-t-t-e-r-o-l-f. 

Peter  Fetterolf,  the  pioneer,  was  a 
farmer.  He  owned  a  large  acreage  of 
land,  located  on  the  line  of  Berks  and 
Lehigh  counties,  and  in  three  townships, 
namely,  Plereford,  and  Longswamp  in 
Berks  county ;  and  in  Lower  Macungie 
in  Lehigh  county.  The  Fetterolf  home- 
stead on  which  the  pioneer  settled,  and 
erected  the  first  log  building,  cleared 
the  land,  lived  a  useful,  industrious  and 
prosperous  life,  reared  his  family,  a'^nd 
died,  is  situated  near  the  village  of  Seas- 
holtzville,  in  Hereford  township,  Berks 
county.  Pa.  The  pioneer  died  August 
15,  1784,  in  his  86th  year  of  age.  He 
and  his  wife  and  several  children,  also 
later  descendants,  are  buried  in  a  pri- 
vate graveyard  on  this  farm. 

His  large  estate,  he  divides  by  will, 
which  was  made  July  19,  1784,  and 
probated  September  15,  of  the  same  year. 
It  is  recorded  in  the  Court  House  at 
Reading,  Pa.  The  witnesses  to  it  were 
Henry  Bortz  and  Christ  Schultz.  It 
appointed  as  executors  Paul  Grosscup, 
of  Rockland  township,  who  was  the  an- 
cestor of  the  Honorable  Peter  S.  Gross- 
cup,  the  distinguished  jurist,  of  Chicago; 
Jacob  Fetterolf  and  Christopher  Bitten- 
bender.  The  following  six  children  are 
mentioned  in  the  will :  Jacob,  Philip, 
(John)  Peter,  Maria  Magdalena  inter- 
married  with  Christopher  Bittenbender, 


204 


FETTEROLF   FAMILY 


205 


Catherine,  married  first  to  John  Sieg- 
fried and  second  to  Abraham  Zimmer- 
man, and  Anna  Barbara,  the  wife  of 
Philip  Hain  (Hehn).  Items'  of  the  will 
were  :  300  acres  of  land  to  my  son,  Jacob  ; 
100  acres  of  land  to  my  son-in-law, 
Christopher  Bittcnbcnder,  blacksmith; 
300  pounds  to  each  of  the  six  children 
of  my  deceased  son,  Peter.  The  three 
daughters  were  well  provided  by  the 
will  which  equitably  distributed  the  vast 
estate  amongst  all  his  children.  That 
this  pioneer  was  a  leader  among  the  set- 
tlers of  his  section  cannot  be  doubted, 
The  wisdom  in  the  selection  of  his 
land,  is  proven  by  the  fact  that  it 
remained  in  the  Bittenbcndcr  fam- 
ily from  the  year  1784  until  1908, 
a  period  of  124  years.  Valuable 
iron  ore,  in  later  years,  was  discovered 
and  profitably  mined  on  this  long  settled 
homestead.  "At  the  Bittenbendcr  mine 
the  ore  raised  from  January  to  August, 
1880,  was  3,892  tons.  Until  the  year 
1880  118,000  tons  of  ore  was  mined  with 
big  profit."  (Montgomery  History, 
Berks  county,  1886,  p.  998.) 

Jacob  Fetterolf.  son  of  Peter,  was 
born  February  16,  1742;  died  April  6, 
1823,  aged  eighty-one  years,  one  month 
and  twenty-one  days.  He  w^as  married 
to  Catharine  Brobst,  who  was  one  of  the 
six  children  of  Pioneer  Philip  Brobst 
CPropst),  an  immigrant,  who  settled  in 
Allemangel,  (meaning  desolation  or  land 
of  all  wants),  Lynn  township,  about 
1739.  She  was  born  T^Iay  12,  1760,  and 
departed  this  life  January  10,  1849,  at 
the  advanced  age  of  eighty-eight  years, 
seven  months  and  twenty-eight  days. 
Both  Peter  Fctherolf  and  wife  were  de- 
vout Lutherans  and  actively  identified 
with  New  Jerusalem  Church,  of  which 
in  1814  he  was  an  elder  and  where  they 
are  buried;  large,  valuable  tombstones 
mark  their  graves.  The  inscriptions 
upon  them  are  plain  and  legible. 

Peter  Fetherolf  had  settled  originally 
in  that  section  of  Allemangel  now  em- 
braced in  Albany  township,  in  Berks 
county,  at  a  place  which  is  still  locally 
known  as  Fctherolf svillc.  The  latter 
village,  if  it  may  now  be  called  such, 
was  an  important  center  to  the  colonial 


settlers.  A  block  house  or  place  of  ref- 
uge stood  there,  in  which  settlers  gath- 
ered to  spend  the  nights  when  Indian  in- 
vasions and  attacks  were  feared.  Inhabi- 
tants came  to  this  block  house  as  far 
north  as  Lynnport.  Among  those  was 
Mathias  Shuts  and  family.  (Details  in 
history,  Lehigh  county,   1913.) 

The  exact  time  that  Jacob  Fetherolf 
located  in  Allemangel  is  uncertain,  but 
from  documents  still  extant  we  learn  that 
it  was  about  1770.  He  was  an  extensive 
farmer.  His  descendants  are  very  nu- 
merous among  whom  are  a  number  of 
ministers,  doctors  and  successful  busi- 
ness men,  as  well  as  prosperous  farmers. 
Their  eight  children  were,  namely:  Ja- 
cob, Philip,  Peter,  John,  Daniel,  Salome, 
who  w^as  married  three  times;  each  hus- 
band was  a  Bieber ;  Catharine  was  twice 
married,  her  second  husband  being  Abra- 
ham Long,  and  Molly  was  intermarried 
with  Peter  Siegfried. 

Jacob  Fetherolf,  son  of  Jacob,  was 
born  February  7,  1782.  He  was  a 
farmer  in  Lvnn  and  lived  near  Jackson- 
ville. He  built  the  east  end  of  the  stone 
house  and  the  barn  in  1818  on  the  farm 
now  owned  and  cultivated  by  Harrison 
A.  Henry.  He  was  an  able  and  leading 
horseman  and  always  had  sood  rtock. 
Pie  and  family  were  Lutherans  and 
members  of  the  Jacksonville  Church, 
which  he  served  as  deacon  and  elder.  He 
died  March  31,  1849.  in  liis  eighty-eighth 
year.  He  was  married  twice,  first  to 
Anna  Nonnamaker.  and  second  to  Maria 
C.  Kistler.  His  first  wife  was  born 
August  I,  1780,  and  died  September  15, 
182 1.  The  second  wife  was  born  Octo- 
ber 4,  1784,  and  died  October  23,  1841. 
Thev  were  married  nineteen  vears,  six 
months  and  twenty-two  davs.  His  child- 
ren were,  namelv:  John;  Maria,  married 
to  Ilenrv  Rbert,  of  New  Tripoli :  Cather- 
ine, married  to  Samuel  Oswald,  of  Lynn- 
ix)rt ;  Reuben  ;  David  ;  Diana,  married  to 
Joel   Gross,  and  Daniel  W. 

John  Fetherolf,  son  of  Jacob,  died  in 
Lynn  of  tvphoid  fever,  aged  thirty-five 
years.  His  widow  Catherine,  nee  Kist- 
ier,  married  second  a  Christ,  and  third 
Reuben  P.uck.  She  was  a  tall,  stout, 
o-ood-naturcd  woman.     By  her  first  hus- 


2o6 


Till;    PENN    GERMANIA. 


band  she  had  these  children:  ^lary,  Ja- 
cob, Catharine,  Rebecca,  John,  Ehza- 
beth  and  Lieut.  David. 

Reuben  Fctherolf,  son  of  Jacob,  was 
a  farmer  along  the  Ontelaunee,  in  Lynn. 
He  owned  the  farm  now  owned  by  Har- 
rison A.  Henry.  He  built  the  west  end 
of  the  present  large  stone  house.  His  wife 
was  Susan  Wanamaker.  Their  child- 
ren were :  James,  Sabina,  married  to 
Samuel  Lutz ;  Elias,  and  John. 

David  Fetherolf,  son  of  Jacob,  son  of 
Jacob,  was  an  extensive  farmer  along 
the  Ontelaunee,  in  Lynn.  He  was  a 
prominent  man  in  his  community.  His 
homestead  is  now  owned  by  his  son, 
David  H.  David  Fetherolf  erected  the 
present  set  of  buildings  on  the  farm. 
The  barn  he  built  in  1850  and  the  house 
in  1856.  He  was  school  director  and 
auditor  of  his  township.  He  and  family 
were  Lutheran  members  of  Jacksonville 
Church.  He  served  as  deacon,  elder, 
trustee  and  treasurer.  His  wife,  Sarah, 
was  a  daughter  of  Hcinrich  Billig. 
Their  two  children  were  Madina,  the 
wife  of  jManasses'  Behler,  and  David  H. 

Daniel  W.  Fetherolf,  son  of  Jacob,  son 
of  Jacob,  was  born  September  15,  1821, 
and  died  January  16,  i8go.  His  home- 
stead was  the  Rev.  Johan  Zulich,  1796- 
1875,  farm.  It  is  now  owned  by  his 
son,  John  K.  Fetherolf.  He  operated  a 
tannery  on  this  farm  until  about  1867, 
when  he  abandoned  it..  He  had  partners 
until  1857,  but  from  the  latter  date  until 
he  abandoned  it  he  had  it  alone.  On  that 
farm  he  built  the  present  barn  in  1872. 
He  was  school  director  and  assistant  as- 
sessor. In  the  church  at  Jacksonville 
he  was  deacon,  elder  and  treasurer.  His 
wife  was  Maria  (Polly)  Kistler.  She 
was  born  October  20th,  1824,  and  died 
October  12,  1910,  aged  86  years,  less  8 
days.  Their  children  were :  Mary,  anar- 
ried  to  Jacob  N.  Hartman  ;  William  K., 
Lucetta,  married  to  .Amos  I).  Trcxler, 
and  John  K. 

James  Fetherolf.  son  of  Reuben,  was 
wedded  to  Angelina  Kistler.  They  were 
farming  i)eople  in  Lynn  and  Albany 
townships.  The>-  had  the  following 
children :  Sallie.  the  wife  of  Dennis 
Hoppcs ;  J.   I'rank,   the  popular  host  of 


the  hotel  at  A\'anamaker's,  on  the  Berks- 
and  Lehigh  Railroad,  a  potato  center 
and  great  shipping  place  in  Lynn;  Dr. 
James,  who  in  the  fall  of  1911  was  re- 
elected coroner  of  Northampton  county. 
He  resides  at  Stockertown;  Milton,  a 
painter  in  Allentown,  and  Dr.  George, 
the  meat  inspector  for  the  city  of  Read- 
ing. 

Philip  Fctherolf,  one  of  the  younger 
sons  of  Jacob,  was  born  April  10,  1802. 
He  had  a  large  farm  in  Kistler's  Valley 
that  is  now  owned  and  successfully  cul- 
tivated by  his  grandson,  Alvin  D.  Feth- 
erolf. He  audi  family  w^ere  Lutherans,, 
members  of  New  Jerusalem  Church, 
which  he  served  in  different  offices  many 
years.  He  departed  this  life  May  5, 
1868,  aged  66  years  and  twenty-five 
days.  He  is  buried  on  the  graveyard 
at  the  above  church,  as  is  his  wife,  Maria 
Kistler,  who  was  born  November  7,  1806, 
and  died  March  27th,  1890,  in  her  84th 
year.  They  had  the  following  eleven 
children:  William,  mentioned  later; 
Daniel  K.,  mentioned  later;  Dr.  Abra- 
ham P.,  of  Allentown;  James  K.,  de- 
ceased; Jacob,  w^io  died  in  infancy;  an 
infant  son;  Maria,  who  was  the  wife  of 
David  J.  Kistler;  Judith,  who  was  in- 
termarried with  William  M.  Kistler; 
Lucy,  who  was  the  wife  of  John  Kistler; 
Elizabeth,  who  was  married  to  David 
Miller,  and  Caroline,  the  wife  of  Stephew 
Bachman. 

William  Fetherolf  was  wedded  to 
Eliza  Reagan.  They  lived  at  Ringtown, 
Schuylkill  county.  Pa.,  wdiere  he  died, 
aged  73  years.  Their  five  children  were 
Dr.  Allen,  Lewistown,  Pa. ;  James  and 
William,  both  farmers  at  Ringtown ; 
Mrs.  Emily  Hood,  who  lives  at  Sioux 
City,  Iowa,  and  Mrs.  Mary  Brandon. 

Daniel  K,  Fetherolf  was  born  May  18, 
1829,  upon  the  homestead  of  his  father, 
in  the  Kistler  Valley.  This  farm  he 
later  accjuired  and  farmed  it  until  the 
year  1875,  then  purchased  the  lienjamin 
Brobst  farm  in  the  same  valley  and  culti- 
vated it  until  1879.  He  moved  to  Allen- 
town in  the  latter  year,  and  for  many 
years  was  the  tax  collector  of  this  city, 
living,  however,  retired  a  number  of 
years    before    his    death,    Xovcmber    17,- 


FETTEROLF  FAMILY 


207 


^[)0<).  in  his  8ist  year  of  age.  Up  to 
the  lime  of  his  removal  to  Allentown, 
he  was  identified  with  the  Lutheran  con- 
gregation of  New  Jerusalem  Church, 
scrying  it  ofificially  many  years.  His 
wife,  Mary,  daughter  of  Christian  Kist- 
k'r,  died  July  10,  1874,  aged  41  years,  5 
months  and  25  days.  Both  arc  buried 
at  the  New  Jerusalem  Church.  They 
had  seven  children  of  whom  five  died 
small,  the  surviving  ones  being  Alice  M., 
the  wife  of  Phaon  Sittler,  Allentown, 
and  Alvin  D.,  an  extensive  agriculturist 
in  Lynn. 

James  K.  Fetherolf  was  a  prosperous 
fanner  in  iVlbany  township,  near  Kemp- 
ton.  He  was  born  in  Lynn,  May  15, 
1845,  ^^^^^  tlied  March  13,  1904,  in  his 
59th  year  of  age.  His  wife,  Lydia  Kist- 
ler,  was  a  daughter  of  Nathan  and  Cath- 
arine (Dietrich)  Kistler.  She  now  re- 
sides at  Kempton.  They  reared  four 
sons  and  three  daughters.  The  sons  were 
Rev.  William,  who  is  the  professor  of 
a  college  in  California;  Rev.  Elmer,  of 


Pillow  (  L'nionviJle),  Pa.;  Janus  and 
Nathan,  both  in  the  forestry  service  of 
the  government. 

Jacob  Fetherolf  (son  of  Jacob,  .son  of 
Jacob,  son  of  the  pioneer),  resided  in 
Lehigh  County  until  1876,  then  moved 
with  his  family  to  Lawrence.  Kansas.  He 
was  a  merchant  and  farmer.  He  died  in 
1887,  aged  52  years,  and  was  buried  in 
Lawrence,  Kansas.  }:lis  widow,  Mary, 
nee  Seidel,  after  his  death  removed  to 
Lehigh  county.  Pa.,  and  now  resides  in 
Allentown.  Their  children  were:  Ella, 
m.  John  Krum.  They  live  at  Lawrence, 
Kansas.  Alice  S.  is  the  wife  of  Francis 
Reading,  of  Allentown ;  Jennie  m. 
George  P.rune.  They  live  at  Lawrence, 
Kansas,  and  George  and  Frank,  both  de- 
ceased. 

John  Fetherolf,  a  brother  of  Jacob, 
above  named,  was  married  to  Malinda 
Kistler.  They  located  in  IJinghamton, 
New  York.  Their  children  are:  Alvena,. 
Mary.  Clara,  Katie,  Oliver  and  Samuel. 


A  Sauerkraut  Knockout 

Hill    Ciimidt    he    didn't    iiko    sauerkraut, 

But   Katcrinc,   his    frau, 
Could  stand  beside  dcr  bar'l  all  day 

And  eat  shoost  like  a  cnw. 

They  fought  about-  dat  kraut  all  day, 
They  fought  about  him  night, 

And  Katerine's  niudder  like  kraut,  too, 
And  she  join  in  der  light. 

Den  Bill  gits  quiet  all   to  once 
About  dat  sauerkraut  smell ; 

])en   Katerincr   an'   her   mam 

Thought   they   had   licked   liill   well. 

One  day — will  you  believe  (lis  true? — 
Bill  bought  a  bar'l  of  kraut, 

.■\:id  when  them  winimcns  saw  it  come 
Tluv  shiinst  dance  r^und  anrl  shout. 


But  when  dcr  kraut  begins  \n  hiss 

Bill  cut  der  middle  hoop. 
Them  winnnens  den  went  down  below 

To  see  how  dat  kraut  look. 

Der  hull   shebang  shoost  up  and  bust! 

Dem  wimmens — where  were  they? 
All  covered  up  mit  sauerkraut 

Shoost  like  a  load  of  hay. 

Der   mouth   was    full;   der   ears   was    full; 

Der  nose  it  was  stuffed  tight. 
Bill  busted,  too,  mit  laffin  fits 

When  he  gits  out   of  sight. 

Don't   you   say   sauerkraut   down    there! 

They  don't  eat  kraut  some  more, 
And  Katcrinc  has  got  a  club 

Behind   der   kitchen    d<jor. 

C.    M.    r.ARXlTZ. 


The  National  German-American 

Alliance,  and  the  Washington 

Convention 

By  Albert  Godsho,  Assistant   Secretary  of  the  Alliance. 

(Continued  from  February  Number) 

California   (Hermann). 

Desires  Convention  in  191 5,  co-incident  with  the  San  Francisco 
World's  Fair.  State  Branch  increased,  seven  societies  joining.  San 
Francisco  has  many  promises  of  participation  for  the  World's  Fair 
and  the  opening  Festival  of  Panama  Canal.  Imposing  German  Day 
Celebration.  Fritz  Renter  Memorial  Celebration.  Arranges  many 
successful  lectures,  etc.  Successes  in  the  school  question,  manual 
training,  night  schools,  etc.  18  private  schools  are  operating  under 
the  auspices  of  the  California  Alliance.  Every  German  Society  of 
any  account  now  belongs  to  California  Alliance. 

Connecticut. 

President  Lang;  Secretary  Hentschel.     State  Convention  in   New 
Haven.     Officers  elected.     Consists  of  12  City  Branches. 
Successes:  German  Day,  Aug.  7,  1911. 

District  of  Columbia  (Voelckner). 

In  perfect  condition  as  regards  membership,  all  the  German  So- 
cieties of  District  belonging  to  it.  German  Day  Celebrations.  Schil- 
ler's 150th  Birthday  Anniversary.  Kuno  H.  Rudolph,  a  German- 
American,  becomes  Mayor  (President  of  the  Commissioners  of  the 
District  of  Columbia).  Very  cordial  and  close  relations  with  Hiber- 
nians.    Success  of  Steuben's  Monument  Unveiling  known  everywhere. 

Indiana  (Keller). 

Proud  of  activities  and  successes.  Membership  increased  consid- 
erably. Influence  strengthened.  German  element  in  several  cities 
makes  its  position  clear  and  exerts  great  influence.  Important  progress 
of  study  of  German  in  schools.  Many  German  Day  Celebrations, 
which  rouse  patriotic  enthusiasm.  Anglo-American  Press  pays  great 
attention  ;  and  is  supplied  with  full  English  translations  of  all  that  is 
done.  Great  political  power  developed  by  the  State  Branch.  Vic- 
tory still  greater  than  expected.  County  Prohibition  Law  defeated. 
New  License  Law,  the  best  ever  passed  in  the  State.  Catholic  and 
Protestant  clergy  work  hand  in  hand  with  German  Element  and  State 
Branch.  Branch  advocated  a  law  for  the  insurance  of  workingmen; 
also  for  the  protection  of  children. 

Minnesota   (IMoersch). 

Excellent  assistance  by  the  German-American  Press  of  the  State, 
especially    "\'olkszeitimg,    St.    Paul."      Encouraging    progress;    very 

208 


THE    NATIONAL    GERMAN-AMERICAN    ALLIANCE  209 

large  increase  of  membership.  Ten  new  branches;  enthusiastic  for 
close  and  faithful  Alliance  for  the  Germans.  Recommended  to  Legis- 
lature much  needed  bill  for  protection  of  workingmcn.  The  State 
Branch  has  been  increased  by  46  additional  societies. 

Nebraska  (Peter). 

State  Branch  founded  in  the  "Deutschem  Haus"  at  Omaha,  July 
20,  1910.  Saengerfest.  President  Hexamer  invited.  54  Societies  are 
represented  by  1 14  delegates.  Officers  elected.  Strong  and  important 
influence  and  success.  Convention  in  Lincoln,  Neb.,  is  held  on  October 
5-6,  1910,  in  the  Assembly  Room  of  House  of  Representatives  in  the 
State  Capitol.  Excellent  impression  created  and  augmented  by  an 
enthusiastic  German  Day  Celebration  on  the  6th.  Victory:  prohibi- 
tion and  local  or  county  option  are  annihilated.  The  attack  upon  Ger- 
man in  public  schools  repelled.  Attacks  on  personal  liberty  all  fall 
flat  by  reason  of  our  steady  and  self-conscious  resistance.  State 
Branch  successfully  advocated  a  law  which  makes  all  attacks  on  the 
study  of  German,  etc.,  in  schools  and  restrictions  of  personal  liberty 
rights'  more  difficult.  The  German-Americans  are  represented  in 
still  greater  numbers  as  before  in  legislature  of  State.  City  Branch 
Lincoln  succeeds  in  establishing  the  introduction  of  the  study  of  Ger- 
man into  the  public  schools.  Improvements  in  the  teaching  of  Ger- 
man at  the  High  Schools  also  begun  ;  as  well  as  employment  of  genu- 
inely well  equipped  teachers  of  German.  Inducements  for  the  study  of 
German  at  the  State  LIniversity  by  donating  prizes.  Contributions  to 
the  German- American  National  ]\Tonument  (Pastorius).  Second  State 
Convention  held  on  Aug.  19,  1911,  ai  Grand  Island,. in  connection  with 
Singer  festival  of  Nebraska  Saengerbund  extraordinarily  successful. 
239  Delegates  take  part.  Permanent  Committee  of  State  Branch  elected 
for  the  use  and  propaganda  of  the  State  Branch's  methods  which  were 
so  successfully  applied — to  introduce  German  study  and  physical  cul- 
ture in  public  schools.  Strong  representation  and  activities  for  prin- 
ciples of  State  Branch  for  the  future  are  vouched  for.  Great  and  sin- 
cere interest  on  all  sides  for  German-American  Element,  i.  e.,  Alli- 
ance's State  Branch  work  and  aims. 

New  Jersey  (Lankering). 

Successes  by  all  branches  of  the  State  Branch.  Representatives  of 
the  German-American  Press  have  been  attached  to  Alliance  by  the 
creation  of  a  special  membership  for  them.  It  is  important  that  the 
motives  for  any  political  activity  are  put  in  the  right  light.  Successes 
in  the  school  question ;  study  of  German  introduced  in  Elizabeth  suc- 
cessful. Encouragement  for  study  of  German  by  prizes  of  class-pins 
for  best  work.  etc. ;  liberal  financial  assistance  for  German  schools 
rendered.  Children's  choirs  under  capable  conductors  and  children's 
festivals  with  singing  of  German  "Liecler"  and  melodies ;  very  success- 
ful in  impressing  on  children's  minds  the  beauty  and  value  of  German 
be  their  parents  German  or  non-German.  Department  for  free  legal 
advice  and  Employment  Bureaus  are  working  well  and  benefit  many 
German-Americans  and  newly  arrived  immigrants.  Yearly  celebra- 
tions, of  German  Day  are  well  introduced  and  liked  in  the  State ;  the 
celebrations  have  become  universally  popular.  A  National  Festival 
and  Contest  of  Rifle  Clubs,  etc.,  to  the  success  of  which  the  Hudson 
Countv  Branch  donated  funds,  brought  many  German-Americans  to- 


210  THE    PEXX    GER.MAXIA. 

o-ether.  Finances  are  in  good  order  and  favorable ;  amicable  and  cor- 
dial relations  witb  Hibernians  under  tbe  agreement  of  Jan.  29,  1907, 
are  strengthened  and  progressing  with  happy  results.  Governor  Wil- 
son's activity  and  actions  since  in  office,  justify  fully  his  choice,  and 
the  non-partisan  assistance  given  him  by  the  German-American  Ele- 
ment. 

New  York  (Sutro). 

Important  progress  towards  many  of  the  aims  of  the  State  Branch. 
The  whole  German  American  population  of  New  York  participated  in 
and  made  brilliant  impression  at  Hudson-Fulton  Celebration.  In  1910 
almost  all  of  the  18  branches  of  State  Branch,  N.  Y.,  celebrated  the  an- 
niversary of  the  arrival  of  immigrants  from  the  Palatinate  and  South- 
ern Germany  in  America.  "Pfaelzer"  (natives  from  Palatinate)  an- 
niversary, June  27,  1910,  and  State  Convention  at  Albany  of  New  York 
Branch;  very  brilliant  and  successful.  Great  festival  by  all  German 
Societies  and  "Pfaelzer  \"olks  festverein"  July  31,  of  the  City  of  New^ 
York.  Carl  Schurz  Park  is  inaugurated  with  impressive  ceremonies 
October  2,  and  large  enthusiastic  crowds  attending.  Dr.  Hexamer 
speaks.  Unveiling  of  General  Von  Steuben's  monument  at  Washing- 
ton, D.  C.  December  7,  participated  in  by  very  large  delegations  from 
New  York  City  and  State  Branches.  Jacob  Leisler  Alemorial  cele- 
brated. April  2;^,  191 1,  with  extraordinary  participation  by  German 
Element  and  Public,  honoring  this  famous  German  American,  the  first 
of  New  York's  celebrated  Governors  in  Colonial  time.  Great  German 
Day  Festival,  October  i.  City  Branches  erect*  monuments,  Bufifalo, 
Goethe-Schiller,  and  Syracuse  Schiller  monument.  Many  other  me- 
morial festivals,  etc.,  held.  General  harmony  and  mutual  assistance 
given  and  consequently  important  successes;  the  teaching  of  German  in 
schools,  instead  of  being  discontinued,  as  opponents  desired,  has  been  ■ 
improved  and  become  more  efficient.  State  Branch  donated  silver 
medals  for  best  German  scholars  in  the  schools.  Zealous  and  successful 
collection  of  funds  for  Pastorius  monument.  German  day  celebratioii 
successful  financially,  as  well  as  in  ideal  directions,  all  over  the  State. 
The  highest  State  officials  usually  attending  at  German  American  Cele- 
brations,  newspapers  issuing  special  numbers,  and  standing  room  is  at 
a  premium  in  the  auditoriums,  etc.  German  Element  brought  more 
closely  together  in  promoting  patriotic  ideas  and  working  for  the 
good  of  the  common  weal.  Protesting  against  special  peace  treaty  with 
England ;  unless  treaties  can  also  be  concluded  with  other  Nations. 
Protest  against  "restrictive  laws,"  attended  by  success,  (^icrman  Ele- 
ment has  great  political  influence  without  considering  political  party 
lines.  Treatment  of  immigrants — Sulzer  Bill — hearings.  State  Branch 
proposes  to  the  National  German  American  .\lliance  to  take  a  decided 
position  in  this  question  (has  been  doneV  Proposals  to  beautify  Gen. 
Von  Steuben's  grave  in  Oneida  County,  N.  ^^  The  ])urchase  of  the 
homestead  of  Gen.  Hercheimcr  is  recommended;  as  worthy  of  being 
the  property  of  the  Nation. 

North   Dakota    (:\lann). 

Membership  has  doubled.  German  Press  ever  ready  for  help  and 
sacrifices.  State  Branch  officials  deserve  praise  for  work.  Privileges 
for  communal  and  parochial  schools  obtained.  Agitation  for  introduc- 
ing the  study  of  German  as  a  language  next  to  English  in  the  3rd  or 


THE    NATIONAL    GERMAN-AMERICAN     ALLIANCE  211 

4II1  grades.  Prohibition  in  full  sway  in  State;  however,  cinisumption 
of  alcoholic  beverages,  etc.,  increases,  also  the  number  of  inebriates, 
feeble-minded,  insane,  etc..  very  probable  on  account  of  secret  sale  of 
bad  beverages  and  unwholesome  indulgences.  At  the  same  time  vState'< 
progress  and  growth  dwarfed,  good  soil  devalued  as  freemen  who  would 
make  good  colonists,  etc..  do  not  care  to  settle  in  a  State  restricting 
"Personal  Liberty."'   Agitation   for  Ccrman   Manual  Training  Schools. 

Ohio   (Schwaab). 

State  Branch  may  possibly  be  excelled  in  the  number  of  members  bv 
some  State  Branches  but  no  branch  excels  it  in  loyalty  to  the  aims  and 
principles  of  the  Alliance,  it  is  aggressive,  .shows  excellent  results  and 
many  successes  as  for  instance  the  introduction  or  rather  re-introduc- 
tion of  the  study  of  German  and  physical  culture  into  Public  Schools. 
Women's  societies  have  taken  strong  root.  Statistics  are  kept.  Agita- 
tion for  funds  for  the  ^Milwaukee  Teachers'  Seminary  going  on;  also 
for  the  union  with  all  church  societies,  'i'he  (jcrman  Press  is  assisted 
as  much  as  possible.  Political  activity  is  kept  in  sight  for  the  principles 
of  the  Alliance  ;  a  great  battle  will  have  to  be  fought  liy  the  State  Branch 
for  liberal-minded  members  of  the  Legislation  which  will  give  State 
new  Constitution.  JMuch  has  been  successfully  done  for  the  honor 
of  the  German  Element  by  State  Branch  as  well  as  by  the  City  and 
County  Branches,  State  Convention  held  in  Akron  and  at  the  same 
time  unveiling  of  the  John  Brown  ]\Ionument.  Memorial  tablet  unveil- 
ed for  the  German  American  soldiers  of  "6i  (Germans  of  ]\Iontgomer\' 
Countv,  Ohio).  Recommends:  Erection  of  large  assembly  halls  and 
for  holding  mutual  festivals  and  as  means  for  consolidating  German 
Element. 

Youngstown,  Ohio, 

Will  build  "A  German  House."  A  German  -American  Club  has 
been  formed  of  members  of  the  Legislature  of  Ohio.  Cincinnati  City 
Branch  is  trying  to  obtain  public  parks  for  the  people  and  play-grounds 
for  the  children,  in  center  of  city  (congested  districts).  German  Day 
Celebration,  every  year  in  many  places  and  cities. 

Pennsylvania    (Bloedel). 

(?ilembers  of  Executive  Council,  for  Pennsylvania  reports  at  the 
request  of  the  Pennsylvania  State  President,  Dr.  Hexamer.)  Two 
very  successful  State  Conventions.  Xumber  of  Branches  increased  by 
19.  Membership  greatly  increased.  Newspapers  grateful  for  inter- 
vention by  State  Branch  in  behalf  of  official  advertising.  Through  the 
efforts  of  the  State  Branch,  compulsory  physical  education  was  also  in- 
troduced in  the  Xew  School  Code  for  cities  of  the  first  and  second  class. 
Agitation  also  for  the  introduction  of  physical  culture  in  the  cities  and 
towns  of  all  other  classes. 

State  Branch  donated  ten  scholarships  for  the  summer  lecture  courses 
on  German  literature  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  one  scholar- 
ship each  also  donated  by  Reading  Branch  and  by  the  Philadelphia 
Womens'  P.ranch.  Competition  for  the  scholarshi])  was  very  keen  antl 
the  lecture  courses  verv  successful.  Penn.sylvania  is  the  banner  state 
in  amounts  collected  for  the  Xational  German  .Xmerican  .Monument 
(Pastorius  Fund). 

(TO  HKCONTIXUKD  FIIOM  I'AIJKl'IS) 


212  THE   PENX   GERMANIA 

Tennessee    (Fritz). 

Consolidated  State  Branch  of  Tennessee  was  recently  fonnded.  May 
7,  igii,  time  for  extensive  report  is,  therefore,  too  'short.  X'ational 
President  and  v^ecretary  were  present  at  the  founding  in  Memphis. 
Eight  societies  were  represented  and  since  then  three  other  branches 
have  joined,  v'^everal  additions  are  expected.  Great  enthusiasm  for 
the  movement  throughout  the  State. 

Texas. 

Moeller,  Chairman  of  Committee  for  'German-American  History 
for  the  State  of  Texas:  Very  interesting  report,  (For  full  report  see 
page  87  of  the  printed  191 1  minutes  of  the  Texas  State  Convention). 
Von  Rosenberg,  Fordtrans.  Riegels,  Frels.  Amslers,  vcn  Roeders,  etc., 
prominent  families;  strong  German  population  in  West  Texas;  Immi- 
gration has  ceased  since  the  Seventies.  German-Ame  ican  population 
of  Texas  counts  up  to  hundreds  of  thousands.  \\'hole  counties, 
cities  and  settlements  still  retain  their  German  character  in  fourth 
generation.  Order  of  the  "Hermannsoehne,"  Saengerbund  (Singer 
Alliance),  numerous  German  Societies,  churches  and  schools,  and 
twenty  German  newspapers.  The  State  Branch  is  in  a  flourishing  con- 
dition. 

Wisconsin  (Dr.  Stern). 

We  began  five  years  ago  with  a  membership  of  several  hundred ;  to- 
day the  State  Branch  Wisconsin  consists  of  twelve  city  and  four  coun- 
ty branches,  ten  single  societies  and  400  individual  members ;  a  total 
membership  of  25,000;  27  German-American  women  societies  have  also 
joined  the  State  Branch.  Celebration  of  German  Day  has  become  a 
fixed  institution ;  always  largely  attended.  State  Branch  has  collected 
large  sum  and  turned  it  over  to  the  State  University  for  an  exchange 
professorship.  Great  National  Saengerfest  at  Milwaukee  gained  im-. 
pressive  triumphs  for  German  song.  State  Branch  ever  ready  to  help 
€very  German-American  activity  in  every  field  of  German-American 
endeavor. 

Milwaukee  will  erect  a  Steuben  ^Monument.  Carl  Schurz  "exchange 
professorship."  National  German-American  Teachers'  Seminary. 
Considerable  funds  were  collected  for  Pastorius  Monument.  State 
Branch  requests  the  printing  of  more  propaganda  pamphlets.  Although 
15,000  copies  of  the  "principles  and  aims  declaration"  of  the  State 
Branch,  and  5,000  of  Dr.  Wm.  A.  Fritsch's  "The  National  German- 
American  Alliance"  have  been  distributed,  this  is  not  sufificient.  The 
State  Branch  therefore  is  planning  a  State  Branch  organ.  Political 
non-partisan  activity.  At  the  request  of  the  German-American  wo- 
mens'  societies,  the  State  Branch  took  position  against  Womens'  Suf- 
frage. Agitation  for  the  amending  of  the  "Blue  Laws"  to  suit  modern 
conditions.  Position  taken  against  Prohibition  as  before.  Excellent 
work  of  German  Church  Societies  for  maintenance  of  German  lan- 
guage, etc. 

State  Branch  will  assist  as  much  as  possible  the  plans  of  ^lilwaukee 
for  the  erection  of  a  Steuben  Monument.  Arrangements  made  for 
social  evening  gatherings  and  with  it,  visits  by  the  members  of  the 
State  Branch's  executive  officers,  proved  valuable.  Gratitude  and  ap- 
preciation is  due  for  the  assistance  given  by  the  German  Press  of  Wis- 


THE    NATIONAL    GERMAN-AMERICAN    ALLIANCE  21^ 

cousin  and  thanks  arc  due  al.-o  to  the  Executive  Board  of  the  State 
Branch  for  the  excellent  services  render«'d  General  success,  increased 
membership,  and  favorable  finances. 

Work  of   the  Convention. 

An  exceptionally  great  number  of  proposals,  resolutions  and  topics 
occupied  this  convention.  The  amount  of  work  accomplished  was 
enormous.  At  the  time  of  this  writing  the  official  minutes  have  not 
yet  been  issued ;  they  will  require  a  large  volume  of  several  hundred 
pages  in  fine  print.  In  short  they  cover :  Proposal  to  create  office  of  a_ 
paid  Historian  of  Alliance — defeated.  Prizes  for  best  German  work 
of  scholars  to  be  open  for  all  schools — accepted.  Beautifying  vSteuben's 
grave — accepted.  Recommendation  to  purchase  by  ation  the  Herch- 
heimer  Homestead — accepted.  Steuben  and  IMuhlenberg  scholarships 
in  the  Washington  and  Lee  University — accepted  with  conditions. 

Publicalions,  prizes,  etc.,  etc.,  determined  upon.  Washington  Branch 
commissioned  to  put  wreath  on  the  Tombs  of  Washington,  Schley,  and 
the  monument  of  Steuben  on  every  Decoration  Day.  Strong  resolution 
on  immigration  caused  by  alleged  conditions  on  Ellis  Island — accepted,, 
after  stormy  debates.  Physical  culture,  playgrounds  and  swimming; 
pools  for  all  Public  Schools.  Number  of  Vice  Presidents  increased  to 
eight.  Executive  Board  to  correspond  directly  with  State  Presidents 
only.  Uniform  care  for  immigrants;  consolidation  of  all  societies  tak- 
ing care  of  immigrants  (see  Grisebach's  letter. in  printed  minutes). 
Federal  museums,  public  galleries,  etc.,  to  be  open  on  Sunday  after- 
noons. Parcel  Post  recommended.  Expression  of  thanks  and  ap- 
preciation acclaimed  for  the  munificence  of  Hon.  Adolphus  Busch,  to- 
Germanic  Museum.  Peace  treaties  (for  universal  peace  movement) 
in  the  form  adopted  previously  by  the  Alliance.  Young  peoples  col- 
umns in  German  Press  recommended.  Resolutions  in  regard  to  names 
on  tablet  and  payment  of  German  architects  of  the  Congre'^'^ional  Li- 
brary— referred  to  committee  on  the  Judiciary  for  further  investiga- 
tion and  later  report. 

Recommendations  of  North  Dakota  Branch  for  a  National  German- 
American  Celebration  on  October  i8th  1913 — defeated ;  invitation  to- 
attend  "Celebration  of  Volkerschlacht"  at  Leibzig,  Germany — accepted. 
Better  arrangements  recommended  to  supply  Press  with  reports  of 
Conventions.  Staunch  support  and  assistance  to  German  Press  in  every 
direction ;  translations  of  good  articles,  etc.,  to  English  Press,  (see 
Press  Committee).  Press  Committee  to  be  established  by  all  State. 
Branches.  Resolution  and  declaration  as  to  the  stand  of  the  Alliance 
on  personal  liberty — accepted.  Church  corporations,  church  communi- 
ties and  societies,  etc.,  to  be  asked  to  join  the  Alliance  or  to  co-operate 
on  all  mutual  grounds  recommended — unanimously  accepted.  Letter 
of  protest  to  be  written  to  President  Taft  against  insinuations  regard- 
ing Secretary  Wilson's  acceptance  of  honorary  presidency  at  the 
American  Brewers'  Convention,  by  Women's  Temperance  Associa- 
tion— accepted. 

Financial  Committee  of  five  members  appointed  for  the  purpose  of 
putting  the  finances  of  the  Alliance  upon  a  stable  and  perpetual  basis. 
State  Presidents  to  meet  in  oflf-years  between  biennial  conventions. 
Names  of  official  delegates  to  be  communicated  by  the  State  Branches 
one  month  before  the  Convention  meets.  Resolutions,  etc.,  must  ii\ 
future  be  presented  to  Convention  in  advance  in  print  by  the  officially 


IE  MUTTERSPROCH 

**  O,  Muttersproch,  du  bist  uns  lieb.  " — \.  S. 


A  Public  Sale.  Photo  by  Prof.  W.  A.  Dietrich! 


En  Berks  County  Vendu 

Damei-    Miller,   Rkading,    Pa. 

Dcs  is  die  Zeit  fnr  die  jahrliche  Berks 
County  Baucie  Vendue.  Die  mehrste  kumme 
in  de  Alonate  l*"cl)ruar  un  Miirz.  Es  is  erslaun- 
licli  wic  viel  so  Vendue  es  in  clnii  County  gcbt. 
Die  Zahl  in  Berks  is  des  Johr  schier  300.  Viel 
altc  Bauere  hen  Geld  genug  geniacht  un  wclle 
stoppe;  Annere  fangc  erst  ah,  un  wicdcr  An- 
ncre  sin  g'storwc  un  ilire  Sache  niiissc  uf- 
g'scttelt   wcrre. 

Warst  due  schun  an  so  ere  Bauere  Vendu 
gewcsst?  Wann  net,  dann  will  ich  dir  sage  wie 
cs  dort  hcrgeht.  Es  is  scliaad,  dass  die  Vendue 
in  dcr  kalteste  un  schlappigiste  Zeit  im  Johr 
vorkumme,  awer  mer  kann's  net  annerstcr 
mache.  Die  Zeit  for  zu  wechsele  uf  dcr 
Bauerei  is  am  erste  April. 

Es  kumme  gewohnlich  von  300  bis  800  Men 
sche  odcr  noch  mehner  an  so  en  Vendue. 
Friiher  sin  die  Lent  am  Mittag  kumme,  awer 
nau  kumme  sie  schun  um  ncun  Uhr.    For  was? 


For  zu  esse.  Friiher  hen  die  Hucksters  en  gute 
Bisness  an  de  Vendue  geduh.  Sic  hen  Oysters, 
Lebkuche  un  so  Sacli  verkahf  t ;  alscmol  ah  en 
wenig  Schnapps  hinneruni.  Awer  ihr  Hand- 
werk  is  scliier  ganz  vcrdorwe  worrc,  weil  die 
niehnstc  Bauere,  \vu  Vendu  niaclie.  frcie  Din- 
njcrs  gewe.  Dcs  ziegt  die  Lent  wunnerbar  ah. 
Es  is  en  rcchter  Sclioh  die  Sach  zu  sehne.  Die 
Weibsleut  miisse  Dagelang  vor  der  Vendu 
koche  un  backc,  un  es  miisse  en  Lot  Lent  ge- 
dingt  wcrre  for  de  Disch  abzuwarte. 

Es  kumme  hunnertc  vun  Lent  bei  just  for's 
Esse.  Oftmols  fangc  die  Lent  schun  um  neun 
Uhr  Vormittags  ah  JMittag  zu  esse.  Do  sin 
en  paar  lange  Disch  un  jeder  Disch  is  im 
Gang  l)is  lang  noch  Mittag.  Manchmol  hort's 
esse  eher  uf — wann  AUes  ufgessc  is.  Es  esse 
oft  drei  bis  fiinf  hunnert  Mcnsche  an  so  ere 
Vendu.  Hen  die  Lent  nix  dahcem  zu  esse? 
Ofkohrs,  die  mehnste  lewe  forstreht,  awer  es 
is  nau  so  Fiischon,  un  die  Faschon  muss  ufge- 
halte  werre.  Un  wie  die  Mensche  esse !  Mer 
muss  schier  mehne  sie  ware  halwer  verlumgert 
undahte   nix   wciter   zu   esse   exspekte    for   en 


214 


DIE  MUTTERSPROCH 


215 


Wocli.  Jedcr  Sitz  an  de  Discli  is  besctzt  un 
"hinner  jedem  Stuhl  steht  en  Mann,  dcr  liot 
Halt  am  Stuhl  ti>r  ihni  die  niichst  Cli;ins  sclinlir 
zu  maclic.  An  so  cre  Vendu  gcht's  lieim  Esse 
^rad  her  wie  bei  ere  Leicht,  just  vicl  schlinimer. 
Was  gebt"s  do  zu  esse?  Plenty  vun  Allem — 
Rindsrtcesch  (alsemol  ah  Hinkel),  Grumbiere, 
Krautsalad,  Prunes,  Pickcls,  Brod,  Butter  un 
]<atwerg;  paar  Sorte  Kuche  un  drei  oder  vier 
Sorte  Peis — Kaspei,  Schnitzpei,  Roseinepei, 
J'lpplcpic,  un  so  weitcr.  Dann  kuniint  noch 
plenty  KafFee  dazu.  Es  is  crstaunlich  wie 
schnell  Alles  verschwindt.  Die  Koch  konne 
die  Sache  schier  net  g'schvvind  genug  uftrage. 
Urn  12  odor  i  Uhr  geht  die  \'cndu  ah.  Der 
Croyer  grcischt  laut :  "Oh  Yes,  Oh  Yes."  Er 
sagt  nie  :  "Oh  Nee,  Oh  Nee."  Die  Lent  \vu 
nau  gosse  hen  oder  Eppcs  kahfe  welle  kumme 
nau  zamine  {ov  die  Condischens  zu  hore.  Die 
^in  knrz  un  deutlich.  Der  hochst  Bicter  is  der 
Kafer.  W'er  Geld  hot,  kann  grad  bezahle.  Wer 
ken  Geld  hoi,  gebt  en  Note  mit  gutcm  Behl. 
Xau  gcht's  an"s  Verkahfe.  Der  Croyer  is  en 
Mann  niit  starker  Stimm.  Es.  is  vvunnerbar* 
•dass  die  \'cn(!u  Croyer  net  all  die  Auszehring 
krie^c.  Sie  miissc  vier  oder  fiinf  Stund  die 
ganz  Zcit  laut  greische  in  der  kaltc  Luft,  un 
des  elm  Dag  inn  der  anner.  Sie  prowiere  wit- 
zig  zu  sci  Es  werd  geglaabt,  en  guter  Witz 
dann  un  wann  daht  die  Leut  willig  mache 
mehner  for  die  Sache  zu  gewe.  Die  Croyer 
kriegc  ah  oft  gute  Witze  ab,  awer  oft  is  es  a'ii 
just  gcwuhnlicher  Schmutz.  Awer  es  macht 
nix  aus,  die  Lcul  lache  chmol  so  gut  wie's 
anncrmol. 

An  so  ere  Bauerc  Vendu  is  vicl  zu  verkahfe 
— vuine  \''iergaulswage  bis  zume  Giinsjoch  ;  vun 
•ere  Kuhbis  zume  doerre  Hinkel.  Gewnehn- 
lich  werd  zuh  erst  des  kleh  G'frass  verkahft — 
allcrhand  Gawle,  zahlulckigc  Reche.  Schauflie 
Schubkarch  un  so  weiter.  Wart  mer  mit  dem 
Stoflft  bis  zum  Letztc,  so  holt  es  nix. 

Wann's  an  die  Giiul  un  des  Vieh  geht,  do 
werd  en  Ring  gemacht  un  die  Thicre  werre 
ehzcchtig  nei  gcbrocht  un  verkaft.  Ucberkaapt 
"hen  die  Berks  Baucre  vortrefflche  Giiul  un 
\'ieh.  Alsemol  geht's  Biete  schnell  un  alse- 
mol muss  der  Croyer  die  Leut  arg  knkse.  Er 
prowirt  die  ganz  Zcit  die  Leut  glaawe  zu 
mache,  die  Sache  dahtc  just  Halbpreis  hole. 
So  geht  es  fort  bis  Oweds,  un  dann  is  Alles 
vehkahft  un  die  Leut  gehne  hchm.  Der 
Tiachst  Dag  gehne  vicl  an  en  annere  Vendu. 

Dicweil  die  Vendu  im  Gang  is  spiele  en  Lot 
Buwe  Balle  ut'm  Misthaufc.  Sie  sin  kumme 
for  zu  esse  un  zu  spiele.  Es  sin  ah  oft 
viel  jungeMiid  an  dcr  Vendu.  Wunner  wie 
sell  kunimt?  Es  is  jo  natiirlich,  dass  die  Mad 
sci  wollc  wu  die  Buwe  sin. 

Wie  icli  en  Buh  war,  iiab  ich  emol  en  schlim- 
me  Erfahrung  katt  an  so  ere  Bauere  Vendu. 
Ich  hab  do  vor  cme  Huckster  Stiind  gestanne 
im  die  Lebkuche  ahgeguck-t.  Sell  war  en  grosse 
\'ersuchung.  Mci  Maul  hot  gcwiissert  for  die 
Kuche,  un  cndlich  hab  ich  mer  zwee  Kuche 
^ekaft  un  sie  ware  ah  glei  gessc.  Nau  war's 
Elend  gross.     Ich  hab  zwee  Cents  g'spend  katt 


un  sell  war  grad  eh  Drittel  vun  meim  ganze 
Vermoge.  Ich  hab  die  Sach  bitter  bereut  un 
gcwiinscht,  ich  hiit.t  mei  Geld  wicder  zanniick, 
awer  es  war  zu  spot.  Dehl  Mistiiks  kann  mer 
wieder  korrekte,  awer  in  dem  Fall  war  nix 
zu  mache.  Mei  Geld  war  im  Huckster  seim 
Sack  un  die  Kuche  ware  in  meim  Mage.  Noch 
sellem  hab  ich  mei  Geld  daheem  gelosst  wann 
ich  an  en  Vendu  gauge  bin. 

En  Bower's  Boo 

Icii  hob  der  onner  dawg  en  shtick  ga-lacsa 
fun  ma  mon  os  ga-winched  hut  are  ware 
widder  en  boo  un  ware  dahame  uff  der  boweri. 
Now  ich  doubts  eb  seller  mon  uff  der  boweri 
garaised  is  wara.  Won  are  wore  don  hut  are 
grosse  advantages  ghot  ivver  de  boova  wos 
uff  der  boweri  uff  ga-brucht  sin  warra  in 
minera  tzeit.  Ich  winch  mich  ken  boo  mac 
uff  dcr  boweri  un  ansich  cbber  os  doot  dare 
muss  in  fardulta  schlcchtra  circumstances  si 
now. 

En  bowers  boo.  Wos  wore  are?  Ga-bora 
inera  hamet  woo  blendy  arawet  wore — won  are 
sich  met  dote  gabrillcd  hut  dis  de  mommy  era 
nine  kee  olla  morga  un  owet  gamulka  shtiffel 
mit  rhode  ledder  uvva  ga-arebed,  un  is  in  de 
school  g'shicked  warra.  Are  is  gonga  mit 
siiTie  karrively  foil  kolde  lever-warsht,  hardt- 
gakutchte  oyer  un  lodwarrick  brote  far  si 
a  b  c's  larna.  Si  bae  wora  tsu  kartz  far  uff 
der  budda  longa,  un  dart  hut  are  g'lmcked  der 
leeb  long  dawg,  un  si  wammis-armel  ga-gless- 
oored  mit  sinera  naws.  So  g'schwint  os  are 
grose  ga-nunk  wore  far  shoffa  don  sin  si  shool- 
dawga  ols  kartzer  warra.  Es  arsht  wor's  sum- 
mer huls  hocka,  un  generally  about  "frellings 
awfong"  hut  sell  ni  g'shtart.  Dtrno  wore 
shtae  laesa,  fense  maucha,  wclshkarn  lond  in 
odder  greega,  un  usht  about  de  tzeit  is  ols  anes 
fun  da  grosse  dawg  uff  der  boweri  aw-cooma. 
Es  wore  der  shofe-shaer  dawg.  Der  g-schposs 
fum  dawg  hut  ga-consist  fun  helfa  de  shofe 
fonga,  un  derno  uff'ra  luivvcl  bonk  hucka  un  da 
shofe  de  kep  drunna  haeva,  wile  de  shofe- 
lice  ame  in  der  hols  ongle  room  ga-groddled 
sin.  Es  naixt  wore  wclshkarn  blonsa.  Fier 
karna  tzum  stuck.  A.ney  far  der  fuggel,  aney 
far  de  warrem,  un  tzwae  far  woxa."  Der 
dawdly  is  hinna  noach  cooiua  mit  dcr  hock,  un 
won  mers  net  recht  g'mauchcd  hut  don  is  are 
fore  cooma  em  shteel.  Ilust  du  in  dime  laeva 
en  gowl  garidda  far  wclshkarn  blooga? 
Waischt  nuch  we  schlacferich  or  mer  ols  wor- 
ra  is  un  we  wocker  os  mer  won  a  is  won  en 
grund-shulla  em  ins  hols-g'nick  ga-druffa  hut? 
Gli  wore  de  hovet  doh.  Finf,  sex  mon  sin 
dorrich  der  dick  glae  un  hen  g'mauda  uff  ga 
rulled  OS  we  wolla  seek,  un  der  bower's  boo 
is  en  holb  fcld  braiding  hinna  noach  cooma 
fars  graws  farsh-prapa.  Wos  mer  ols  g'hor- 
riched  hut  far  haia  fun  wos  os  de  ma  yer 
schwctza  won  sc  era  scnsa  ga-wetzed  hen.  Es 
wore  generally  wacga  de  maid.  De  arn  is  doh. 
En  dutzent  reffer  un  binncr  im  feld.  Dcr  boo 
is    widder   ous-gabissa    fum   g'shposs.      Are    is 


2l6 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


en  holb  feld  braiding  hinna  draw  mit  sime 
tzonima  drawga.  Es  tzae  uhr  shtick  is  doh^ 
Der  boo  greeked  es  glensht  shtick  karsha-boy 
un  ken  drem.  Mid-dawgs  lia  de  mon  uff  em 
graws  im  hofe  fer  en  rook  shtooned  un  der 
boo  muss  de  gile  drenka,  der  worrcff  haeva 
far  de  Deitsha  scnsa  dengla,  odder  der  shlite- 
shtae  drava  far  de  RefT-sesa  shlifa,  bis  es  wid- 
der  tzeit  is  far  ins  feldt.  Gli  coomed  de  hovver 
arn  un  en  tzae  ocker  feld  is  usht  shae  ga- 
raetzed  Somshdawg  nummy-dawgs  won  de 
Soondawg  shool  sallabrasion  is,  mer  gait  ms 
hovver  feld  base  ganunk  for  fechta— awver 
mer  gait  Es  is  aw  sella  mohls  net  feeltzunck 
gamowled  warra  won  ich  mich  rccht  arnnera 
con.  Endlich  is  es  shpote-yohr  doh.  Es  welsh- 
karn  muss  gabosht  si,  un  der  boo  wardt  ous 
sime  warma  nesht  ga-yawked  on  fier  uhr, 
shtriggled  nine  gile  un  hucked  en  shtoond  hin- 
nich  em  uffa  un  wardt  far  de  dawgs  helling. 
Won  se  doh  wore  don  is  mer  ms  feld  Ich 
het  ols  usht  so  leeb  mit  em  divel  garasseled  os 
so  en  rificher  wclshkarn  shock  aw-pocha.  Won 
de  dresher  tzeit  doh  wore  don  hut  mer  dawgs 
gadrusha  un  nochta  uff-ga-butzed.  Husht  du 
in  dime  laeva  in  ma  waetza  howfa  g  hucked 
hinna  onera  oldta  rhoda  windmeel  tzae  uhr 
der  nocht  un  der  kold  waetza  in  di  hussa  lotz 
ga-kitched?  Ich  denk  so.  So  naixt  on  da  fire- 
dawg  is  mer  ols  widder  in  de  shool  cooma.  Es 
arsht  uff  em  program  wore  en  fecht.  Won  mer 
net  ga-garrebed  is  warra  don  hut  der  teacher 
ame  ga-gorrebed,  un  derno  is  mer  nuchamohl 
dhhame  ga-garrebed  warra  wile  mer  in  der 
shool  ga-garrebed   is   warra.         „   ,      , 

Un  so  is  es  yohr  room  gonga  uft  der  bowen. 
Ich  bin  shtorrick  drivver  gonga.  Es  wore 
gawiss  net  feel  blesser  drin,  un  ich  winch  midi 
nimmy  tzurick  owner  duch  bin  ich  fro  os  ich 
amohl  en  bower's  boo  wore,  far  ich  hob  dart 
galarnt  wos  shoffa  is,  un  aw  nemond  tsu 
farochta   os  shoffa  doet 

Gottlieb  Boonastiel. 

Nursery  Rhymes 

By-o,  Bubbeli,  shlofe, 

Der  dawdy  heet  de  shofe, 

Der  mommy  heet  de  roda  kee 

Und  coomt  net  hame  bis  morya  free. 

By-o,  Bubbeli, 

Wos  robbclt  if  shtroh? 


Es  ketzel  is  gastarva  "[ 

Un's  miceli   is   froh. 

Redia,  reida  geilc, 
Olle  shtund  en  meile, 
Olle  mile  en  wart's-haus, 
Bring  en  glessel  wei  rous. 

Tross,  tross,  trill, 
Der  bower  hut  en  fill, 
Der  fill  will  net  lawfa, 
Der  bower   will's    farkawfa. 

Shlofe  Bubbeli  shlofe, 
Der  dawdy  heet  de  shofe, 
Der  mommy  heet  de  lemmer 
Now  Bubbeli  shlofe  so  feel  lenger. 

Patfy-Cake. 

Patty,  patty  kucha. 

Vole   si   moul    fcrsucha, 

Und  wun  se  recht  gude  shmocka, 

Mus  de  mommy  nuch  mae  bocka. 

Mock  Sermon. 

Doh  shtane  Ich  uf  der  Konzel 

Und  breddich  we  en  umshel, 

Mi  huhn  mi  huhn. 

Mi  breddich  iss  aun, 

Mi  ku  mi  kalb. 

Mi  breddich  iss  holb, 

Mi  kotz  mi  mouse, 

Mi  breddich  iss  ous. 

Counting-out  Rhyme. 

Ains,  tswae,  drei, 

Hicky,  hocky,  hei, 

Mawd  hole  wei, 

Gnecht  shenk  ei, 

Hehr  sowf  aus. 

Ware  mus  nos, 

Ich,  udder  du 

Udder's  Berke  olde  kee-kaw-ku, 

Und  seel  bisht  du. 

N.  B. — These  nursery  rhymes  appeared  sev- 
eral years  ago  in  the  Centre  Democrat  of  Belle- 
fonte,  Pa.  Who  can  send  us  variations  of 
these  ? 


The  Pennsylvania  Dutch  have  the  reputa- 
tion of  being  very  economical  and  very 
careful  "n  watching  the  details  of  domestic 
affairs,   no   matter   how   small. 

"Heiny?"  called  the  father. 

"Vat?"   answered  the  son. 

"Run  an'  count  dem  geeses  again,  Hoiny." 

Heiny  went;    Heiny  returned. 


"Heiny!"   said  the  father. 

"Vat?"  said  the   son, 

"Did  you  count  dem  geeses  again,  Heiny?" 

"Chess." 

"How  many  was  dey,  Heiny?" 

"Vun." 

"Dat's  right,  Heiny." 

—January  Everybody's. 


©ur  IBooh  Znhlc 

By  Prof.  E.  S.  Gerhard,  Trenton,  N.  J. 


TPIE     WAV     OF     PEACK.       By     Reginald 
Wright      Kanffman,    author   of      "What     is 
Socialism?".  "The  House  of  Bondage;"  etc. 
With   Frontispiece;   70  pp.     Price   50  cent.s. 
JNIoffat,  Yard  and  Companj^,  New  York,  191 1. 
This  is  a  volume  of  short,  terse  and  vigor- 
ous talks  that  lead  to  the  way  of  peace.     The 
thought  is  as  uplifting  as  the  style  is  trenchant 
and  penetrating.     The  little  volume  is  written 
in  the  straightforward  manner  that  character- 
izes the  author's  other  writings.     In  its  curt 
and  compressed  philosophizing  on  the  experi- 
ences  of  human  life  it  calls  to  mind  the   au- 
thor's   former    volume    entitled    "The    Bacliel- 
or's  Guide  to  Matrimony."     Tiie  treatment  of 
the  different  tlicmes  is  concise,   forceful,  sin- 
cere and  original.     It  is  a  sane  little  book  well 
worth   reading  and  pondering  over  by   right- 
minded  men  and  women. 

BRIDLE  PATHS.     By  Isaac  Rusling  Penny- 
packer.      Cloth ;   94   pp.     Christopher   Sower 
Company,  Philadelphia.     191 1. 
This  is  a  narrative  poem  based  on  a  horse- 
back journey  undertaken  by   several    Pennsyl- 
vanians  who  started  from  the  vicinity  of  Phila- 
delphia on  a  trip  through  the  Shenandoah  Val- 
ley.    At   night   lime  they   stop  at  the  various 
hostelries  by  the  way.     Scenes  of  life  along  the 
road  are-  mingled  with  historical  allusions  and 
reminiscences,  and  with  a  good  deal  of  phil- 
osopliizing  on   the   origin   and   tendencies     of 
American  life. 

This  little  volume  of  poems  is  constructed 
after  the  plan  of  Longfellow's  "Tales  of  a 
Wayside  Inn."  It  is,  however,  only  the  plan 
that  calls  those  "Tales"  to  mind,  the  treatment 
is  otherwise  quite  different.  For  poetry,  one  is 
still  inclined  to  prefer  Longfellow's  "Tales." 

When  Tennyson  wrote  "Locksley  Hall  Sixty 
Years  Later"  he  used  words  like  "revolver" 
and  "dynamite"  that  are  even  today  yet  the 
cause  of  a  jar  in  an  otherwise  noble  poem.  A 
poetic  idea  must  first  of  all  be  couched  in 
poetical  language,  in  diction  that  is  mellow  and 
ripe ;  but  words  like  those  from  Tennyson's 
poem  have  not  yet  come  to  that  stage  of 
poetical  ripeness,  nor  have  the  present  writer's 
"Socialistic  teachings,"  "motor  car,"  "tele- 
phone." and  "trolley"  as  yet  acquired  any  mel- 
lowness. 

This  is  not  meant  to  indicate  that  the  little 
volume  is  devoid  of  poetry,  far  from  it.  A 
fine   poetical    "conceit"   is   the    following: 


'•TIic  rock-bound  coast  is  definite.  The  tides. 
Returning,  find  it  ever  as  before. 

The  forest  by  its  old  law  still  abides; 
In  orderly  procession  do  the  stars 

Hold  to  their  ancient  course,  and  nightly  keep 
Their  separate  state " 

vSome  of  the  lyrical  interludes  are  fine;  they 
have,  as  the  term  demands,  a  lyrical  swing. 
Probably  one  of  the  best  is  "The  Dutch  on 
the  Delaware,"  with  its  lilting  refrain. 

There  is  poetry  to  this  little  volume;  it  also 
has  an  individuality  of  manner  that  makes  it 
distinguishable  ;  but  to  say  that  the  writer  with 
this  volume  of  poems  makes  one  reminiscence 
"probably  of  all  that  lies  behind  Tennyson" 
and  that  he  "proves  himself  a  not  unworthy 
successor  of  Bayard  Taylor  and  Lanier"  may 
be  rather  extravagant  praise. 

THE  BREAKING  POINT.     By  Fred  Lewis 
Pattee,    author    of    "The    House    with    the 
Black  Ring,"  etc.    392  pp.  Price  $1.25.  Small, 
Maynard  &   Company,   Boston.     1912. 
Here   is   a   novel  with   a   stupendous  theme 
and  serious  importance.     It  affords  a  graphic 
and  tragic  account  and  a  powerful  picture  of 
the    strength    and    weakness    of    a    great    city 
church  tliat  is  lost  in  the  numerous  organiza- 
tions and  "activities"  that  burden  it.     Its  pas- 
tor is  John  Gait,  who  may  in  the  first  place> 
not  have  known  any  too  much  about  city  life, 
and   who   innocently   and   with    simplicity   and 
single-hearted    enthusiasm    tries    *-o    save,    and 
finally  does  save,  Isobel  Carniston,  a  fallen  wo- 
man, much  to  the  displeasure  and  protest  of  the 
church. 

This  woman  supplies  the  second  plot  or  ele- 
ment in  the  story.  She  is  all  flesh,  she  is  of 
the  earth,  earthy ;  while  Gait  is  all  soul.  With 
Gait  dominated  over  by  this  woman,  infatuated 
with  Helda  Thost.  a  theosophist,  and  in  a  clash 
with  his  church,  the  plot  becomes  complicated 
enough  but  not  the  least  confusing. 

The  book  is  extremely  interesting,  it  keeps 
one  guessing  and  on  the  alert.  The  death  of 
Gait  comes  almost  like  a  shock,  and  with  re- 
gret. One  wonders  whether  the  au*^hor  can 
really  be  pardoned  for  this  tragic  eVent.  The 
manner  of  his  death  is  not  at  all  usual,  such 
things  happen  only  too  often  ;  but  the  reader 
hardly  prefers  to  have  his  hero  to  die  in  just 
that  way. 

It  is  a  powerful  novel,  and  a  vigorous  por- 
trayal of  American  life  and  more  so  of  the 

217 


2l8 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


American  cluircli — its  societies,  clubs,  circles, 
aids.  organizatioiT;  without  number,  and — fallen 
woman.  Road  KaufTman's  '"Tlic  Girl  that 
Goes  Wrc.ng,"  and  then  read  this  book,  and  you 
will  have  a  wonderful  picture  of  "sassiety" 
the  animal,  or  rather,  the  beast  and  unfortunate 
womankind.  No  two  books  supplement  each 
other  more  admirably. 

NARRATIVES  OF  EARLY  PENNSYL- 
VANIA, WEST  NEW  JERSEY  AND 
DEL/1.WARE  16.^0-1707.  E.dited  by  Albert 
Cook  Myers.  In  the  Series  of  Original  Nar- 
ratives of  Early  American  History.  Repro- 
duced under  the  auspices  of  tlic  American 
Historical  Association.  General  Editor,  J. 
Franklin  Jamison,  Ph.  D.,  LL.  D.  Director 
of  the  Department  of  Historical  Research  in 
the  Carnegie  Institution  of  Washington. 
Cloth ;  with  Maps  and  Facsimile.  Price 
.  $3.00  net.  Charles  Scribncr's  Sons,  New 
York,  1912. 

The  purpose  of  this  scries  is  to  provide 
readers  of  history,  and  school  and  college  lib- 
raries with  a  comprehensive  collection  of  such 
historical  narratives  as  form  the  basis  of  the 
early  history  of  the  United  States. 
-  Tliis  series  is  not  made  up  of  extracts  but  of 
whole  works,  of  distinct  parts  of  works;  the 
texts  are  complete.  Excellent  judgment  was 
exercised  in  selecting  them.  Many  of  the  vol- 
umes are  made  up  of  reprints  from  exceeding- 
ly rare  and  valuable  narratives.  Some  of  the 
original  documents  are  rare  and  expensive  and 
cannot  be  possessed  by  everybody ;  nor  would 
it  always  be  desirable  or  advisable  to  put  such 
valuable  originals  in  the  hands  of  students.  But 
publications  like  these  make  these  old  sources 
equally  accessible  to  all.    In  fact,  such  a  change 


has  taken  place  regarding  the  fundamental 
facts  of  history  that  such  sources  have  become 
well    nigh    indispensable. 

The  editorial  work  of  the  series  is  well  done: 
it  is  commendable  for  its  carefulness  and  brev- 
ity; it  is  scholarly  without  the  investigator's 
collection  of  seemingly  useless  facts.  Each 
document  has  a  concise  introduction  of  its  own 
by  the  editor  of  tjie  particular  volume,  and  each 
volume  has  one  by  the  general  editor. 

This  particular  volume  has  twenty  docu- 
ments. It  is  edited  by  Dr.  Albert  Cook  Myers, 
the  young  Pennsylvania  author  who  spent  con- 
siderable time  abroad  while  working  upon  a 
complete  collection  of  the  works  of  William 
Penn. 

The  interesting  narratives  contained  in  this 
book  throw  a  great  deal  of  light  upon  the  early 
conditions  of  the  colonies  of  Pennsylvania, 
West  Jersey,  and  Delaware.  It  might  be  a 
little  difficult  to  tell  which  are  the  most  im- 
portant and  interesting;  accounts  like  Pastor- 
ius's  "Positive  Information"  from  Pennsylva- 
nia, and  "Some  Account  of  Pennsylvania"  by 
William  Penn,  are  almost  in  line  with  the 
classics.  The  wealth  of  detail  crowded  into  the 
several  documents  is  remarkable.  They  are 
intimate  records  of  the  observations  made  by 
men  who  saw  and  knew  much  of  the  primitivc- 
ness  of  the  New  W^orld.  It  is  history  in  the 
making.  In  these  pages  the  reader  can  live 
over  again  the  life  of  his  country  as  it  was; 
this  is  probably  after  all  the  best  and  noblest 
that  history  can  do  for  mankind. 

One  must  not  forget  the  make-up  of  the  vol- 
umes in  this  series ;  they  are  issued  in  an  at- 
tractive, durable  and  serviceable  manner;  and 
at  a  price  reasonable  enough  to  put  them  within 
reach  of  anv  librarv. 


Ibistoiical  IRotes  an6  IHewe 

Reports  of  Society  Meetings   are  Solicited 


Bucks  County  Historical  Society 

The  annual  meeting  of  tiie  Bucks  County 
Historical  Society  was  held  January  16.  There 
were  two  sessions,  the  morning  being  given 
over  to  the  transaction  of  business  and  the  elec- 
tion of  officers.  At  the  afternoon  session 
several  papers  were  presented,  "Navigation 
on  the  Upper  Delaware,"  bv  J.  A.  Anderson, 
of  Lambertville,  N.  J.;  "The  Seckel  Pear 
Tree,"  by  A.  M.  Hance,  of  Philadelphia,  and 
"The  Last  of  the  Lenni  Lenapc  Indians  on  the 
Delaware  and  Their  Subsequent  Migration," 
by  William  J.  Heller,  of  Easton. 

Harman  Yerkes,  president  of  the  citizens' 
organization    having    in    charge    the    arrange- 


ments for  the  observance  of  the  county  seat 
centennial  and  old  home  week  of  Doylestown, 
to  l)e  celebrated  during  the  week  of  June  9  to 
15,  has  made  public  the  outline  of  the  celebra- 
tion and  the  personnel  of  the  several  commit- 
tees to  have  charge  of  the  week's  festivities. 

The  events  of  the  week  will  lie  as  follows : 

Sunday,  June  9— Religious  day. 

Monday — Educational    children's    day. 

Tuesday — Society  day. 

Wednesday — Historical  and  home-coming 
day. 

Thursday — Women's  organizations  and  so- 
cial  day. 

Friday — Industrial  day. 

Saturday — Firemen's  and  military  day. 


HISTORICAL    NOTES    AND    NEWS 


219 


Lehigh    County    Historical   Society 

At  the  annual  meeting  of  tlie  I^cliigh  Conn 
ty  Historical  Societj',  January  16  the  officers 
were  re-elected  as  follows :  President,  Dr.  G. 
T.  Ettingcr;  \ice  President,  D.  A.  Miller;  Sec- 
retary, Charles  R.  Roberts ;  Treasurer,  Edwin 
G.  Trexler ;  Executive'  Committee,  two'  years, 
\Vm.   L.  Hartnian  and  O.   P.  Knauss. 

The  society  now  receives  an  appropriation  0/ 
S200  a  year  from  the  county  as  allowed  by  law. 
This  sum  has  already  been  received  and  the 
treasurer  reported  a  balance  of  $269.99. 

The  society  now  has  160  members. 

Various  gifts  were  acknowledged. 

Morton  L.  Montgomery,  the  well-known  his- 
torian, of  Reading,  was  present  and  made  a 
brief  address.  He  urged  that  local  history  be 
studied  in  the  schools.  He  complimented  the 
Lehigh  County  Commissioners  for  granting 
$2CO  a  year  for  historical  purposes.  He  urged 
the  collecting  and  preserving  of  all  old  records. 

William  J.  Heller,  of  Easton,  the  newly  elect- 
ed President  of  the  Northampton  County  His- 
torical Society,  was  present  and  made  some 
interesting   remarks. 

Papers  were  read  on  "The  Fetherolf  Fam- 
ily," by  Wm.  J.  Dietrich;  "Allentown  in  the 
Revolution,"  by  Chas.  R.  Roberts. 

The  society  now  has  263  bound  volumes  and 
237  manuscripts. 

The  meeting  was  very  well  attended  and  full 
of  interest. 

Lancaster  County  Historical  Society 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  papers  read 
before  this  society  during  the  year  191 1.  The 
list  reflects  great  credit  on  the  society  and  the 
individual  members  who  prepared  the  papers. 

Lancaster  County's  Relation  to  Slavery ; 
The  Early  Abolitionists  of  Lancaster  County; 
The  ITnderground  Railroad ;  A  Reminiscence 
of  Langdon  Cheves ;  An  Anti-Slavery  Remini- 
scence ;  Sidelights  on  Slavery ;  The  Attitude 
of  James  Buchanan  Towards  the  Institution  of 
Slavery  in  the  United  States ;  Thaddeus  Ste- 
vens and  Slavery;  The  Qiristiana  Riot;  Its 
Causes  and  Effects ;  The  Position  of  Lancas- 
ter County  on  the  Missouri  Compromise;  Who 
was  Jacob  Hibshman,  the  Congressman  from 
Lancaster  County;  The  Christiana  Riot  and 
Treason  Trials  of  1851  (an  historical  sketch)  ; 
Slavery  Situation  During  Terms  of  Office  of 
John  Whitehill  and  Robert  Jenkins,  Lancaster 
County  Congressmen ;  The  Whitehills  and 
Robert  Jenkins,  in  Congress ;  Thaddeus  Ste- 
vens' Attitude  Towards  the  Omnibus  Bill ; 
Newspaper  Reports  of  the  Christiana  Riot. 

History  of  the  Lutheran  Church  of  the 
Somerset  Conference 

Announcement  is  made  in  the  lAttlicran 
World  of  the  proposed  issue  of  a  history  of 
this  conference — to  contain  400  pages,  275  of 
solid  reading  and   about   150  pictures.     About 


100  pages  will  be  devoted  to  an  abridged  his- 
tory of  the  church  in  general. 

The  '"Glades"  were  settled  about  150  years 
ago.  Pastors  followed  the  people.  The  ear- 
liest Lutheran  pastor,  so  far  as  known,  was 
Lizel,  who  was  at  Berlin  in  1777.  Several 
churches,  Sanners,  Samuels,  Pine  Hill,  New 
Centerville,  Friedens,  Somerset,  are  almost  as 
old.  The  stories  of  tliese  old  congregations  is 
interesting  reading  indeed. 

The  iiistory  will  contain  all  that  has  been 
learned  of  interest  concerning  the  pioneer  pas- 
tors, Lizcl,  Steck,  Lange,  Tiedman,  Mucken- 
haupt,   Rebenack,   Kriegler,   Heyer,  etc. 

Part  III,  will  contain  the  following: 

Chapter  XI.  West  Pennsylvania  Synod.  Or- 
ganization, Second  Meeting  (Berlin),  First 
Delegates  from  Somerset  County,  Earliest  Be- 
nevolence Reported. 

Cliai)ter  XII.  Allegany  Synod.  Organiza- 
tion, Early  Delegates,  Views  on  Slavery,  Re- 
vivals, Liquor  Traffic,  etc. 

Chapter  XIII.  The  Pioneer  Pastors  of  Som- 
erset   County.      17-7-1834. 

Chapter  XIV.  Somerset  County  Conference. 
vSunday  School  Convention,  Reunion,  Young 
Lutheran,  etc.  Preachers  from  Somerset  Coun- 
ty. 

Chapter  XV.  Histories  of  Congregations, 
of  Pastorates.  Addison  Pastorate,  Berlin, 
Confluence,  Cumberland  (St.  Stephen's)  ;  Pas- 
torates of  Davidsville,  Friedens,  Garrett,  Glade, 
Hooversville,  Jennerstown,  Johnstown,  First 
Trinity,  Moxham ;  Lavansville,  Meyersdale, 
Rockwood,  Salisbury,  Scalp  Level,  Siianksville, 
Somerset,  Stoyestown,  Wellersburg. 

Penn'a  Federation  of  Historical  Societies 

Standing    Committees    for   the    Year    1912. 

A.  On  Bibliography.  Object:  "The  collec- 
tion of  material  for  a  complete  bibliography 
of  the  Commonwealth."  John  W.  Jordan, 
LL.  D.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.;  Rev.  Hugh  T. 
Henry.  Ph.  D.,  Philadelphia.  Pa. ;  Gilbert  Cope, 
West  Chester,  Pa. ;  Julius  F.  Sachse,  Litt.  D., 
Pa.;  Hon.  Thomas  L.  Montgomery,  Harris- 
burg,  Pa. ;  George  R.  Prowell,  York,  Pa. ;  Ben- 
jamin F.  Owen,  Reading,  Pa. 

B.  On  Historical  Activity.  Object:  "The 
encouragement  of  historical  activity  in  each 
County  of  the  Commonwealth,  and  the  forma- 
tion of  local  historical  societies."  Miss  Elea- 
nor E.  Wright,  Philadelphia,  Pa.;  George 
Stcinman,  Lancaster,  Pa. ;  M.  R.  Allen,  Wash- 
ington, Pa. 

C.  On  Exchanging  Duplicates.  Object: 
"The  establishment  of  a  central  agency  for  the 
exchange  of  duplicate  histiorical  materuil." 
Charles  R.  Roberts,  Esq.,  Allentown,  Pa.;  T. 
Andrew  Wilt,  Esq..  Towanda.  Pa.;  Prof.  L.  S. 
Sliimmel,    Ph.   D.,    Harrisburg,    Pa. 

D.  On  Publication  of  Lists.  Object:  "The 
annual  publication  of  a  list  of  historical  papers 
relating  to  the  Commonwealth,  and  a  list  of 
the  historical  productions  of  Pennsylvanians." 
Capt.   H.   M.   M.  Richards,   Litt.  D.,   Lebanon, 


220 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


Pa.;  Boyd   Crumrine,  Esq.,  Washington,  Pa.; 
Hon.  Charles  Tubbs,  Osceola,  Pa. 

E.  On  Preserving  ^Manuscript  Records.  Ob- 
ject: "The  encouragement  of  the  preservation 
of  the  manuscript  records  of  the  Common- 
wealth, and  each  sub-division  thereof,  and  the 
publication  of  such  records,  when  possible." 
Prof.  Herman  V.  Ames,  Ph.  D.,  Philadelphia, 
Pa. ;  Prof.  Albert  E.  McKinley,  Ph.  D.,  Phila- 
delphia, Pa.;  H.  Frank  Eshleman,  Esq.,  Lancas- 
ter, Pa. 


F.  On  State  Legislation.  Object:  "Se- 
curing State  legislation  for  the  promotion  of 
the  object  of  the  Federation,"  which  is,  "The 
advancement  of  historical  research  relating  to 
the  Commonwealth  of  Pennsylvania,  local  and 
general."  Benjamin  M.  Nead,  Esq.,  Harris- 
burg,  Pa. ;  Col.  James  R.  Gilmore,  Chambers- 
burg,  Pa. ;  Hon.  W.  U.  Hensel,  Lancaster,  Pa. 

Attest:  S.  P.  Heilman,  (M.  D.),  Secretary,. 
Heilman   Dale,   Lebanon   County,   Pa. 

Bv  the  President,  (Prof.)  Herman  V.  Ames, 
(Pli.  D.),  Philadelphia,  Pa. 


(Benealogical  IRotee  anb  (Slueries 

Requests   for  Genealogical    Information  by  Subscribers 
Inserted  Free.     Particulars  for  Registering  as  In- 
vestigators Furnished  on   Application, 


Nicholas  Paul  Data  Wanted 

I  desire  to  know  if  the  death  and  burial 
places  are  known  of  one  Nicholas  Paul,  who 
was  a  Revolutionary  soldier — a  private  in  Capt. 
George  Wolf's  Company,  Second  Battahon, 
Northampton  County  Militia,  1781,  and  who 
was  also  on  the  class  roll  for  Captain  Geo. 
Wolf's  Company,  Middle  Bethlehem  township, 
June  5,  1780.  Is  it  possible  that  the  above 
Nicholas  Paul  could  have  been  the  same  who 
enlisted  at  age  of  21  for  three  years  in  the 
company  under  command  of  Capt.  John  Nich- 
olas Weatherholt,  stationed  in  Heidleburg 
township,  Northampton  County,  Pa.  April 
175&— he  having  enlisted  therein,  September  i, 
1757 — and  again  "Nicholas  Paul  was  2nd  lieu- 
tenant, 3rd  company,  by  John  Wetzel  lieutenant. 
May  21,  1777,  Fifth  battalion,  Northampton 
County   MiUtia."  —Subscriber. 

Virginia  Records 

Dear  Sir :  At  the  Land  Office  at  Richmond, 
Virginia,  are  kept  very  complete  records  of  the 
"Patents"  that  were  issued  to  the  early  settlers 
by  the  Commonwealth.  I  have  found  the  offi- 
cials in  cliarge  most  polite  and  willing  to  assist 
whether  there  were  any  fees  in  prospect  or  not. 
It  seems  to  me  that  this  place  would  prove  to 
be  of  much  assistance  to  those  looking  fpr 
clues  as  to  the  German  Settlements  in  Virginia. 
The  indices  are  very  good  and  the  records  in 
fine  shape. 

When  the  State  of  West  Virginia  was  form- 
ed, it  developed  that  considerable  annoyance 
and  trouble  was  caused  by  the  lack  of  these 
records  at  the  capital  of  the  new  state.  About 
twenty  years  ago,  a  commission  was  created  by 
the  legislature  of  West  Virginia  to  secure 
copies  or  all  the  grants  whichlay  iuiits  boun- 
daries.   This  was  done  and  with  a  few  excep- 


tions— inadvertance  of  copying  clerks — they  are 
in  bound  volumes  in  th.e  Auditor's  office  in  this 
city. 

Mr.  E.  B.  Dyer,  an  attorney,  was  connected 
with  this  commission,  and  in  1895  published 
"Dyer's  Index  to  Land  Grants  in  West  Vir- 
ginia." This  is  alphabetical,  arranged  by  coun- 
ties, and  a  search  is  quickly  made,  even  though 
the  particular  county  is  not  known. 

I  have  noticed  lots  of  German — or  what  I 
take  to  be  modified  German  names — in  it.  I 
understand  the  book  is  out  of  print,  but  al- 
most every  attorney  who  has  anything  to  do 
with  land  titles  in  West  Virginia  has  a  copy. 

I  am  calling  attention  to  this  book,  for  it 
seemed  to  me  that  it's  existence  might  not  be 
well  known.  I  have  gotten  so  many  favors, 
from  searchers  after  genealogy  myself,  and  I 
will  be  glad  to  reciprocate  in  general,  and  run 
through  my  copy  for  any  names  that  may  be 
inquired  about — gratis — of  course. 
Very  truly  yours, 

William  D.  Sell,  Civil  Engineer,  Box  222, 
Charleston,  Kanawha  County,  West  Virginia. 

Moser-Klein  Data  Wanted 

I  am  interested  in  genealogy  and  have  traced 
my  wife's  family  to  Louisa  Moser  the  daughter 
of  John  Moser,  and  have  obtained  a  translation 
from  the  old  German  script  Baptismal  Certi- 
ficate, a  copy  of  which  translation  is  as  fol- 
lows :  "Magugunschi,  Magunschi — Manunka 
Chunk— Mauch  Chunk  ? 

"Louisa  Moser  was  born  of  Christian  and 
Lutheran  Parents  in  Magugunschi  Township. 
Northampton  County  in  Pennsylvania,  the  i8th 
of  September  in  the  year  1779,  and  was  bap- 
tised by  the  Reverend  Pastor  Jacob  Postkirg 
in  the  Christian  Church  in  Magunschi  Town- 
sliip  the  i8th  of  October  in  the  year  1779  and 
her   sponsors    are   Frederick   Miller   and   Ger- 


GENEALOGICAL   NOTES   AND   QUERIES 


221 


■trude  Wagner.  The  cliild's  father  is  John 
Moser,  a  son  of  old  Christian  INIoscr.  The 
mother  is  Mary  Catharine  Klein,  a  daughter 
■of   John    Klein." 

I  would  like  to  verify  the  above  certificate 
with  the  original  record.  Then  to  find  the 
name  of  the  wife  of  Christian  Moser  and  also 
of  John  Klein.  And  whether  there  are  any 
further  records  of  any  of  these  people.  If 
they  were  emigrants,  when  they  arrived,  and 
where  they  came  from.  Also  whether  Louisa 
Moser  had  any  brothers  or  sisters,  and  their 
names,  and  the  dates  of  birth,  also  marriages, 
etc. 

Information  or  suggestions  will  be  appreciat- 
ed by  Herbert  Morris,  6400  Overbrook  Ave- 
nue,   Philadelphia,    Pa. 

Cured  of  Ancestors 

W.  Blcekcr  Forbes,  one  of  Pensacola's  fore- 
most merchants,  bears  also  the  distinction  of 
being  Florida's  best  wing-shot.  Quail  are  Mr. 
Forbes'  specialty,  and  to  indulge  himself  in  the 
sport  he  maintains  a  kennel  of  high-class  point- 
ers, a  pack  of  such  size  as  to  require  the  ser- 
vices of  a  special  attendant.  A  recent  incum- 
bent of  the  place  was  an  Old  Dominion  darky, 
wliom  for  the  purposes  of  this  narrative  we 
will  call  Piney. 

Hailing  from  V'ginny,  Piney  naturally  lord- 


ed it  over  the  resident  colored  population,  the 
members  of  which  he  addressed  usually  as 
"You  tra^h  there,"  or  "You  lowdown,"  and  so 
on.  Should  the  remark  be  resented,  Pincy's 
retort  was  invrriably  Homeric.  "G'wan !  who 
is  you,  pusson?  Why,  you  ain't  even  know 
who  owned  your  grandpa  !"  In  other  words, 
Piney  boasted  a  lineage  that  he  could  trace 
back  through  three  generations  of  slave-own- 
ers. 

Eventually  Air.  Forbes  beard  of  Piney's 
claim,  and  meeting  him  at  the  kennel,  remark- 
ed casually:  "What's  this  I  hear,  that  you 
can  trace  back  through  three  generations, 
Piney?     They  say  you  have  ancestors." 

For  a  long  moment  Piney  stared  at  him 
in  bewilderment.  "Ancestors?  Ancestors?"  he 
repeated,  when  suddenly  a  look  of  comprehen- 
sion sprang  into  his  face.  "No,  sab  !  No,  sah  ! 
Dat  ain't  me  had  ancestors,  Marse  Bleek ;  dat 
my  brother.  Only  he  worked  in  a  drug  store 
and  he  done  got  rid  of  'em !" 

— Saturday  Evening  Post. 

Wise  Family  of  Virginia 

S.  H.  W.  Byrd  of  Bridgewater,  Virginia, 
writes :  "We  are  trying  to  work  up  the  gene- 
alogy of  the  Wise  family  of  this  section  and 
would  like  to  correspond  with  persons  able  to 
give  us  information." 


XTbe  ^orum 

The  Penn  Ger mania  Open  Parliament,   Question-Box  and 
Clipping  Bureau — Communications  Invited 


This  is  a  subscribers'  exchange  for  comparing  views,  a  what- 
not for  preserving  bits  of  historic  information,  an  after  dinner  loung- 
ing place  for  swapping  jokes,  a  general  question  box — free  and  open 
to  every  subscriber. 


Meanins:  of  Names 

By  Leonhard  Felix  Fuld,  LL.  M.,  Pii.  D. 

Editorial  Note. — Dr.  Fuld  has  kindly  con- 
sented to  give  a  brief  account  of  the  deriva- 
tion and  meaning  of  the  surname  of  any  reader 
who  will  send  twenty-five  cents  to  the  Editor 
for  that  purpose. 

INSLEY. 

The  surname  Insley  is  an  English  corrup- 
tion of  the  surname  Hingeley.  The  dropping' 
of  the  initial  H  is  a  characteristic  English  cor- 
ruption, which  in  the  history  of  the  language 
was  caused  by  the  Norman  influence.  Hingeley 
is  the  diminutive  of  endearment  from  Hine 
which  is  the  English  equivalent  of  the  Dutch 
Hinse  and  the  German  Heins,  Ilcin  which  is 
one  of  the  component  elements  of  the  German 
Tiame   Ileinrich   means   Lord   and   Hingeley   or 


Insley  accordingly  means  the  dear  little  son  of 
the  lord  of  the  manor 

A  Correction 

I  have  been  greatly  interested  in  the  very  able 
and  instructive  article  on  Pastorius  by  Mr. 
Katterman  in  the  January  number.  If  allow- 
able  I   would   suggest   several   corrections. 

Note  3.  The  elder  Conrad  Wciser  came  to 
Tulpehcckcn,  1723  and  the  junior  Conrad 
Weiser  came  here  in  1729.  The  article  inti- 
mates that  both  came  here  in   1729. 

Note  4.  It  is  stated  that  a  Michael  Schlatter 
came  in  the  first  third  of  the  i8th  century, 
hence  long  before  Muhlc:iberg."  The' fact  is 
that  Muhlenberg  came  in  1742  and  Schlatter 
in   1746,  four  years  after  Muhlenberg. 

The  firht   Lutheran  Synod  was  held  in   1748, 


222 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


not  1749,  and  Muhlenberg  organized  it — George 
Michael  Weiss  was  not  the  first  Reformed 
minister  in  America.  There  were  three  before 
him:  Samuel  Guldin,  1710;  John  Philip 
Boehm,  1720;   Conrad   Tempelman,   1721. 

— Daniel   Miller. 

A  Penna.  German  Program 

The  "German  Verein"  at  Temple  University, 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  will  have  a  Pennsylvania- 
German  Program,  March  16.  Dififerent  speak- 
ers of  the  "Verein"  will  sketch  briefly  the 
early  settlements,  characteristics  of  the  dialect 
and  give  specimens  of  the  literature.  A  re- 
port of  the  meeting  by  one  of  our  subscribers 
would  be  appreciated. 

A  Dissinger  Story 

I  remember  attending  one  of  Dissinger's 
famous  revival  meetings  in  the  late  seventies 
or  early  eighties  (I  was  very  young  at  that 
time — in  fact  so  young  that  I  was — or  am  now 
— surprised  they  let  me  out  at  nights).  He 
was  a  great  old  exhorter  and  would  get  fear- 
fully and  frightfully  warmed  up.  Often  in  his 
excitement  he  would  jump  three  feet  in  the 
air  and  bring  his  tist  down  with  such  tremen- 
dous force  on  the  pulpit  that  the  congregation 
(particularly  the  backsliding  portion)  would 
tremble  as  with  an  ague.  At  the  invitation 
(or  rather  demand)  to  "come  forward"  to 
the  mourner's  bench  he  would  say — "Which 
will  you  do — come  forward  and  find  the  way  to 
Heaven  or  walk  out  of  that  door  and  go 
straight  to  ....  ?"  In  spite  of  the  glowing  de- 
scription that  followed  of  ....  that  place,  I 
noticed  that  quite  a  few  of  us  walked  straight 
out  of  the  door.  I  am  sure  it  must  have  been 
a  terrible  disappointment  to  him  for  we  walk- 
ed out  before  the  collection  was  taken  up  and 
in  those  days  the  collection  went  to  the 
"Parror"  as   part  salary. 

— A   Subscriber. 

Gov.  Johnson  on  Penna.  Germans 

On  one  occasion  when  the  late  Governor 
Johnson  of  Minnesota,  shook  hands  with  a 
Penn'a  German  he  said  :  "Do  you  know  that 
I  have  the  greatest  admiration  for  the  people 
who  speak  your  dialect.  I  have  come  in  con- 
tact with  many  Penn'a  Germans  and  I  hnd 
that  a  very  large  percentage  of  your  men  and 
women  possess  the  qualities  that  go  to  make  tiie 
world  Ijctter.  Comparatively  few  of  them  fail 
in  the  undertakings.  In  many  earlv  struggles 
the  stories  of  industry  and  frugality  that  I 
read  and  heard  in  connection  with  the  lives  of 
eminent  Penn'a  Germans  were  a  sustaining 
influence  to  me." 

Passing  of  German 

Commenting  on  the  I'rodliead'sville  churcli 
dedication  in  Monroe  County,  Pa.,  a  corre- 
spondent observes : 


The  dedicatory  exercises  were  all  in  Eng- 
lish ;  the  only  German  heard  was  the  recital  of 
a  little  lullaby  by  Dr.  Kemp  to  the  Sunday 
school  in  the  afternoon.  At  the  first  dedication 
50  years  ago  the  exercises  were  mostly  in  Ger- 
man, and  the  people  spoke  only  German.  This 
change  in  50  years  tells  a  story — the  more  sig- 
nificant because  the  change  was  hardly  noted, 
so  accustomed  have  the  people  become  to 
English. 

For  the  first  25  years  of  the  church's  history 
there  was  preaching  in  German  and  English  on 
alternate  Sundays ;  then  German  preaching 
grew  less  frequent,  and  some  years  ago  was 
done  away  with  entirely,  save  now  and  then  at 
a  funeral.  German  singing  began  to  weaken 
still  earlier.  The  young  folks  could  understand 
German  but  they  could  not  read  it;  so  the  Ger- 
man hymn  books  were  taken  out  of  the  seats, 
the  old  German  "foresinger"  or  leader  was 
bereft  of  his  dignity,  and  for  years  there  was 
the  incongruity  of  German  preaching  and  Eng- 
lish singing  at  the  same  service.  Finally  the 
end  came  to  German  preaching  also,  funerals 
or  otherwise ;  the  schools  had  done  their  work, 
perhaps  'tis  well.  New  times  must  have  a  cor- 
relative tongue ;  new  forces  need  reciprocal 
conditions — manners,  customs,  social  ethics. 
But  in  this  accommodation  to  newer  things 
the  young  and  those  who  follow  them  will  lose 
some  of  the  richest  treasures  of  service  and 
song. 

There  is  still  some  German  spoken  among 
the  elders,  and  in  some  families  little  but  Ger- 
man ;  still  old  and  3'oung  know  their  English, 
and  50  years  hence,  when  the  centennial  of  the 
church  shall  be  celebrated,  German  will  have 
passed  into  mere  memory  or  an  ancestral 
dream.  What  is  true  of  Brodheadsville  is  true 
in  the  rest  of  Western  ^Ionr(-ic ;  the  schools 
are  still  at  work. 


Thirty  years  ago  there  was  a  debating  so- 
ciety in  Quakertown  which  discussed  the 
weighty  questions  "of  the  day.  Among  those 
debated  was  one  bearing  on  the  teaching  of 
(»erman  in  the  public  schools,  the  outcome  of 
the  argumentation  being  a  decision  in  the  neg- 
ative. Already  at  that  time  a  sentiment  again-t 
tierman  instruction  was  in  process  of  forma- 
tion, and  now  it  is  pronounced,  even  though  as 
a  classic  language  there  is  none  equal  to  the 
German  for  beauty  and  facility  of  expression. 
There  is  no  serious  objection  to  include  Ger- 
man in  the  same  category  as  Latin,  because 
I)Oth  arc  necessary  to  the  student  of  literature, 
but  when  it  comes  to  universal  usage  that  is 
(juite  a  different  matter.  Once  upon  a  time  in 
the  country  districts  a  man  or  a  woman  who 
spoke  tluent  hjiglish  was  looked  upon  with 
contempt  and  with  somewhat  of  awe.  Now  it 
is  vastly  dififerent.  English  is  displacing  Ger- 
man, and  its  relative,  the  Pennsylvania-German 
dialect,  with  a  rapidity  tliat  means  a  great  deal 
for   the   purity   of   our   native   language. 

— Quakertown  (Pa.)   Free  Press. 


THE  FORUM 


225 


Study  of  Local  History 

In  a  few  weeks  tlic  graduating  pupils  of  liigli 
r.nd  public  schools,  Seminaries  and  colleges  in 
this  and  other  neighborhoods  will  be  called  on 
again  to  choose  subjects  for  graduating 
speeches,  essays  and  orations,  as  they  follow 
the  custom  of  ages,  they  will  put  their  hearers 
to  sleep  with  productions  on  such  thrilling  sub- 
jects as  "Why  Caesar  Crossed  the  Rubicon," 
or  "The  Era  of  Epictetus,"  or  "Why  Did 
Byzantium  Fail  Before  Rome,"'  or  "Is  Double 
Entendre  Allowable  with  the  Split  Infinitive." 
The  audiences  will  clap  hands,  say  "How 
lovely"  and  then  go  home  wondering  why 
somebody  does  not  call  on  the  Society  for  the 
Prevention  of  Cruelty  to  a  Long  Suffering- 
Public  to  prevent  this  yearly  slaughter  of  tlie 
innocent  admirers  of  our  educational  system. 

The  Perkiomcn  V;01ey  and  the  districts 
bordering  on  it  have  been  settled  for  practically 
three  hundred  years  and  nowhere  in  the 
United  States  is  there  a  more  fertile  field  for 
historical  writing  than  here.  Since  long  be- 
fore the  days  of  William  and  John  Penn  this 
whole  eastern  part  of  the  State  has  been  the 
scene  of  innumerable  events,  each  one  of  which 
is  of  enough  importance  and  interest  to  test 
the  descriptive  powers  of  the  greatest  writers 
of  our  time.  The  events  of  the  Revolutionary 
War  in  the  Perkioinen  region  in  themselves 
aie  o;  sufficient  variety  to  furnish  the  subjects 
of  a  thousand  of  the  finest  orations  that  can  be 
written.  George  Washington's  journeys,  his 
trials,  his  campaigns,  his  camps  and  his  work 
in  the  Perkiomcn  Valley  were  so  important  that 
dozens  of  the  youthful  descendants  of  those 
who  aided  him  in  the  great  war  ought  to  be 
(itHghted  to  write  about  them  instead  of  those 
ancient  topics  which  have  been  written  about 
fc.r  a  thousand  years. 

Tlie  Indians  of  the  Perkiomcn  region  ought 
to  inspire  the  pen  of  some  Goshenhoppen  Fen- 
imore  Cooper,  for  the  history  of  the  white 
men's  intercourse  with  the  red  men  here  is 
written  in  dozens  of  books,  pamphlets  and 
histories  that  ought  to  be  within  the  reach  of 
any  school.  The  Perkiomcn  creek  itself  fur- 
nishes a  subject  for  a  magnificent  composition  ; 
for  who  can  deny  that  it  is  one  of  the  mosl 
picturesque  as  well  as  the  most  historical  and 
romantic  waterways  in  America?  Then  there 
are  the  old  turnpikes,  the  old  taverns,  the  old 
grist,  linseed,  powder  and  Hour  mills,  the  old 
churches  and  burying  grounds,  the  old  resi- 
dences and  the  thousand  and  one  other  old 
things  in  the  Perkiomcn  Valley — each  has  its 
history  that  is  well  worth  the  preserving.  Quite 
as  important  and  interesting  as  any  subject  is 
the  history  of  the  old  families,  some  of  whom 
have  lived  on  the  same  lands  for  more  than 
two  hundred  years. 

At  tirst  sight  it  may  seem  difficult  to  write 
on  a  subjc^rt  that  is  one  hundred  years  old  but 
investigation  will  show  that  it  is  much  easier 
to  find  facts  concerning  the  days  when  Wash- 
ington camped  at   Schwenksville  and  when  al- 


most every  church  in  the  valley  was  filled  with 
soldiers  wounded  in  the  battel  of  Brandywine 
than  it  is  to  learn  all  about  the  days  of  Julius 
Caesar  and  the  Byzantine  regime.  There  are 
hundreds  of  books  from  which  can  be  gathered 
all  the  facts  concerning  events  in  this  vicinity 
a  hundred  years  ago.  There  arc  dozens  of 
aged  men  and  women  living  in  the  Perkiomcn 
Valley  who  can  give  facts  about  events  that 
iiappened  during  their  life-time.  From  their 
parents  and  grand-parents  the  pupils  of  our 
schools  ought  to  be  able  to  obtain  enough  facts 
alKiut  certain  events  to  write  a  better  and  cer- 
tainly a  more  interesting  oration  than  any  of 
the  old  dry-as-timl)cr  kind. 

— 1-15-1910. 
The  foregoing  is  an  extract  from  an  editorial 
which  appeared  two  years  ago  in  Toicn  and 
Country  of  Pennsburg,  Pa.,  is  worth  pondering 
and  ought  to  cause  the  writing  of  many  articles 
on  local  history  by  our  public  and  private 
school  pupils,  both  of  the  Perkiomcn  Valley 
and  of  the  many  historic  spots  where  this  item 
will  be  read.— EDITOR. 

A  Conscientious  Official  Honored 

■  The  board  of  trustees  of  the  Rittersville 
Hospital  for  the  Insane  paid  a  splendid  tribute 
to  the  worth  of  Colonel  Harry  C.  Trexler  of 
this  city  on  Monday  when  they  unanimously 
elected  him  president  of  the  body.  This  is  an 
honor  that  is  richly  deserved,  for  it  is  due  to 
Colonel  Trexler  more  than  to  anv  other  man 
that  the  hospilal  buildings  were  completed  in 
record-breaking  time  and  without  a  breath  of 
sr.-i)idal  after  hundreds  of  thousands  of  dol- 
iai?  had  been  spent  by  tlie  old  commission  with- 
out a  single  ward  being  completed  and  with 
srme  of  the  work  already  going  into  decay. 
Only  a  courageous  man  would  have  undertaken 
the  work  under  the  conditions  that  prevailed 
when  the  commission  was  reorganized  and 
Colonel  Trexler  put  in  charge  of  matters. 
With  characteristic  enerev  and  enthusiasm. 
Colonel  Trexler  started  out  in  the  work  and 
from  the  time  he  was  in  charge  there  was  no 
time  lost  and  no  laggards  were  tolerated  on 
ihe  job.  The  state  owes  a  debt  of  gratitude  to 
Colonel  Trexler  and  his  worth  as  a  citizen  has 
been  given  partial  recognition  by  his  elec- 
tion to  the  presidency  of  the  board  of  trustees. 
A  better  choice  could  not  have  been  made 
— Allentown   Democrat. 

Kutztown  Sleiahers 

Judged  by  the  Kutztown  Patriot,  Kutztown- 
ers  are  not  untrue  to  the  well-known  trait  of 
"Dutchmen"  to  get  enjoyment  out  of  life.  The 
paper  said  editorially  in  February: 

".Among  the  other  good  things  of  life,  which 
Kutztown  offers  to  her  people,  she  has  been 
enjoying  an  unusual  amount  of  sleighing  this 
winter.  We  Kutztowners  are  a  cheerful  people,, 
and  instead  of  grumbling  at  what  some  people 
call  the  hardships  of  winter,  we  grasp  the  good 
that  it  brings  and  proceed  to  make  merry. 


224 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


"Neither  the  cold  nor  the  awful  state  of  the 
country,  as  set  forth  by  the  politicians  can  chill 
the  capacity  of  our  people  for  innocent  enjoy- 
ment. We  will  go  sleighing,  when  the  snow 
and  smooth  roads  invite  us,  in  spite  of  the 
tariff,  the  money  trust,  the  referendum  and 
recall  and  Col.  Harvey  and  Henry  Watterson, 
il.e  battleship  program  and  other  isms  and 
endums,  and  similar  troubles.  Not  even  the 
it.cnace  of  socialism  can  repress  our  delight  in 
sociability. 

"Our  young  people  find  the  same  exhilara- 
tion in  gliding  along  on  runners,  to  "the  tin- 
tinnabulation of  the  bells,"  as  was  the  case  in 
our  fathers'  and  grandfathers'  days;  and  even 
the  older  boys  and  girls  experience  a  revival 
of  youthful  feeling  when  the  air  is  "eager  and 
nipping"    and    there's    snow   on    the   road. 

"Our  people  have  been  and  are  going  sleigh- 
ing and  are  enjoying  it  to  the  limit.  They  go 
in  every  direction,  where  the  roads  invite,  and 
their  merry  lauglitcr  is  heard  ringing  through 
the  frosty  air  all  up  and  down  the  county ; 
while,  with  appetites  sharpened  by  fun  and 
frolic,  they  descend  upon  many  a  country  hos- 
telry and  make  fearful  inroads  upon  its  good 
cheer." 

German  Ensrlisli 

While  visiting  a  small  manufacturing  town  in 
Germany  last  summer  a  New  York  woman 
bought  a  tortoise  shell  hair  ornament  which 
was  badly  injured  through  a  servant's  careless- 
ness. The  saleswoman  to  whom  it  was  re- 
turned with  a  request  to  have  it  repaired,  wish- 
ing probably  to  air  her  English,  sent  it  back  to 
the  hotel  with  this  note :  "The  hair  comb  send- 
ing to  me  is  heavy  to  repair  whilst  the  pieces 
only  through  wire  fastening  can  be.  I  would 
the  destroy  of  the  hair  comb  resolve — then 
could  the  lovely  ornamental  for  other  one  hair 
comb  be  accomplish." 

— New   York    Tribune. 

Long  Words 

Mark  Twain  is  not  the  only  person  to  find 
amusement  in  the  German  language.  A  writer 
in  the  Paris  Siccic  thus  accounts  for  the  delib- 
eration with  which  the  negotiations  over  the 
Moroccan    difficulty  were   carried   on. 

"Our  interlocutors  cannot  end  their  explana- 
tions."  he  says.  "With  the  best  will  in  the 
world  tl-.cy  cannot  pronounce  rapidlv  such 
words  as  this  :  'Artialkoholcnngressmitglicdcr- 
verzeichnissesdruckkostenvnransclilagprufungs- 
cnmmissionsversannnlungeinladungskarten.' 
This  Little  word  means  'Invitation  cards  for  tlic 
meeting  of  the  commission  for  verifying  the 
accounts  of  the  expenses  of  printing  the  list  of 
members  of  the  Anti-Alcoholic  Congress.'  " 

The  effect  of  the  German  tongue  is  thus  seen 
to  be  the  exact  opposite  of  what  it  might  be 
supposed  to  be ;  it  is  a  deterrent  to  war  instead 
of  a  provocation.  — Youth's  Companion. 


In  Lialiter  Vein 

About  tlie  year  1850  the  more  advanced  citi- 
zens of  Frederick  township,  desiring  better 
educational  facilities  for  their  boys,  had  erected 
a  building  for  a  higher  school,  and  graced  it 
with  a  cupola  in  which  was  hung  a  bell.  Many 
of  the  narrow-minded  people  vigorously  op- 
posed the  school,  and  before  it  was  completed 
duped  it  "Kuttlefleck  Hall",  and  later  some 
wag  composed  a  verse  which  could  be  heard 
sung  in  the  store  and  bar  room.  Following 
were  the  lines : 

"0  Friedrich  Stadt,  du  Arme  Stadt. 

An  Clock  im  Turm,  die  gar  nix  bat. 
An  Knibbel  'drin  von  Holz  gedreht; 

O,  Friedrich  Leut,  es  dud  mir  leed, 
Ihr  het  schon  lang  so  grosz  geact. 

Un  arck  mit  eurem  Turn  gebrackt, 
Now  het  ihr  ah  en  Clock  da  drin ; 
Wan  diese  geht,  dan  dabber  Spring." 

Overheard  in  Lebanon  County 

"Ich  wohn  drei  ^lile  von  Jammerdal, 

Elend  best  es  wegele,     • 
Es  House  steht  uf  drei  stitze, 

Wan  drei  kumma  kenne  just  zwe  sitze 
Wan  dir  kumme  wot,  dann  kumm  Morgets 
bei  zeit, 
So  das  dir  bis  Mittag  widdcr  dehem  seid." 


A  smart  young  chap  came  up  the  pike,  and 
as  he  stopped  to  pay  toll,  began  to  twit  the  old 
gate  keeper  about  'his  poverty  and  the  turnpike 
company.  The  gate  keeper  replied,  "Du 
denksht  ferleicht  ich  het  ken  geld,  aber  du  biskt 
g'fooled.  Kum  mol  rei  wan  du  nota  sehna 
wid."  The  3roung  fellow  jumped  ofif  his  buggy 
and  went  inside.  Then  the  old  gate  keeper, 
with  a  twinkle  in  his  eye,  pointed  to  the  seams 
in  his  trousers  and  said,  "Gelda  des  sin  over  aw 
nota."  The  young  fellow  left  without  saying  a 
word. 


From  the  Dutch  section  of  Pennsylvania 
comes  this  little  story  which  is  faithful  as  an 
example  of  the  fashion  of  speech  obtaining  in 
that  interesting  land : 

John  Annawalt  entered  a  restaurant  in  Allen- 
town,  took  a  seat  at  a  table  and  gave  his  order 
to  the  waiter.  Then  he  remembered  he  was 
to  telephone  a  friend  and  he  left  his  place. 
When  he  returned  he  found  the  chair  occupied 
by  another,  and  to  the  squatter  sovereign  he 
exclaimeil : 

"Sa-ay,  when  a  ma-an  goes  out  yet,  und 
comes  back  still,  he  ain't  gone  alretty." 

"Veil,"  replied  the  other,  "he  ain't  yet,  is 
he?" — A'.  Y.  Morning  Telegraph. 


XLhc  pcnn  (3ermania 

Vol.  I  APRIL,   1912  No.  4 

OLD  SERIES  Continuing  THE  PENNSYLVANIA-GERMAN  VOL.  XIII,  No.  4 


Uable  of  Contents 

OFFICE   CHAT 226 

CURRENT  LIFE  AND  THOUGHT 227 

A    Poor    Apologist 227  What    is  Moravianism? 231 

Germans  and  M.  E.  Church      ....  227  Gigantic     Coke    Plant 232 

Retain  Old  German  Names       ....  228  Penn'a  County  Superintendents     .     .     .  233 

Nachrichten    des  V.  D.  S.  A.      .     .     .  229  Germans  and  Music 233 

Kercheval   Reprinted 229  Germany  Not  Slow 234 

The    Great    Game 229  Historic  Trappe 234 

A  Muhlenberg    Painting  Being  Made  230  Mennonite  Missions  in  Virginia  .     .  259 

German  Literature  in  America     ....  230  "Das  Deutsche  Haus" 268 

OUR  HISTORIC  HERITAGE 

Forest  Preacher  on  the    Schoharie  (continued) 236 

A  German  Refugee  of  the  Revolution  of  1848 241 

The   Ordination:  a   Story  of  the   Mennonites 245 

Alexander  Mack 254 

Shall   We  Have   Weekday  Bible  Instruction? 260 

A  Bibliography  of  Church  Music  Books   (continued) 262 

The    National  German-American   Alliance    (concluded) 269 

THE  PENN  GERMANIA  GENEALOGICAL   CLUB      276 

MUTTERSPROCH     280 

OUR  BOOK  TABLE 282 

HISTORICAL  NOTES  AND  NEWS    283 

FORUM      287 

THE   GERMAN     AND     SWISS  SETTLEMENTS   OF 

COLONIAL   PENNSYLVANIA 289 


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Contributions;  our  "Bill  of  Fare"  provides  var:els\  What  can  you  add 
to  the  "table"? 

Members  for  the  P.  G.  Genealogical  Club.  Read  what  the  editor,  Miss- 
Curry,  says. 

Answers  to  the  following  questions:  —  i.  Which  article  in  this  issue  do 
you  like  l:)est?  2.  A\'hich,  least?  3.  Which  feature  of  the  magazine  should  be  em- 
phasized most?  4.  What  feature,  if  any,  should  be  added?  Frank,  brief,  spicy  re- 
plies are  invited. 


THE  PROHIBITION  QUESTION:— Vigorous  protest  has  been  made  against 
the  National  Cierinan  American  Alliance  assuming  to  speak  for  all  citizens  of  Ger- 
man ancestry  in  throwing  its  influence  against  prohibitory  legislation.  The  tem- 
perar.ce  question  is  undoubtedly  one  of  the  most  momentous  questions  of  the  day 
and  is  well  worth  our  most  serious  consideration.  We  invite  for  publication  com- 
mun'cations  on  the  question : — "What  in  view  of  German  history  and  ideals  and 
the  best  interests  of  the  country  should  be  the  attitude  of  citizens  of  German  de- 
scent on  the    'Prohibition'    ([uestion?" 

MR.  WARRINGTON'S  ARTICLES  will  be  continued  the  next  five  or  six 
months.  Instead  of  giving  us  a  dry  skeleton  of  technical  bibliography,  he  puts  be- 
fore us  a  most  interesting  picture  of  the  times  and  illustrates,  as  no  one  else  has,  the 
endeavor  of  the  colonists  toward  something  better  than  they  had,  and  he  gives  one 
a  different  view  of  them.  The  idea  has  prevailed  that  Beissel  was  simply  an  igno- 
rant mystic  and  that  he  and  the  Ephrata  community  were  without  any  knowledge  of 
music;  and  now  we  are  shown  that  those  people  actually  possessed  and  used  the  best 
choral  books  Germany   had  produced. 

Faust's  "GERMAN  ELEMENT"  is  not  for  sale,  nor  will  it  be  given  in. 
connection  with  renewals  of  subscriptions.  THE  PENN  GEP MANIA  is  well 
worth  its  subscription  price;  we  can  not  afford  to  give  a  four  dollar  book  as  a 
premium  on  a  four  dollar  subscription.  It  is  cheap  enough  as  a  premium  for  se- 
curing two  new  subscribers.  If  you  do  nothave  the  book,  get  it ;  you  will  not  be 
sorry.  The  author  spent  ten  years  in  preparing  the  book;  he  earned  $3750.00  in 
prize  D-^oney  and  national  fame  as  an  author  by  it.  Now  you  can  get  it  as  a  gift 
by  inviting  two  friends  to  become  subscribers  to  a  magazine  that  you  like  and 
want  to  thrive.      Go  out  today  and  get  the  two  subscriptions. 

RECEPTION  OF ''THE  PENN  GERMANIA."  We  have  been  very  much 
encouraged  by  many  cheering  letters  from  subscribers  approving  the  step  taken  in 
enlarging  the  scope  of  the  magazine.  With  but  very  lew  exceptions  there  has  been 
uneciuivocal  endorsement.  In  rare  cases — mainly  on  account  of  mistakes  that  crept 
into  the  magazine  or  misapprehension  of  plans  and  consequent  hasty  and  unwar- 
ranted conclusions — expressions  of  disapproval  have  been  made.  To  some  the 
new  name  has  been  a  stumblingblock.  "What  made  you  choose  such  a  name?  It 
has  no  meaning. "  That  is  the  reason  we  chose  the  name ;  we  want  to  give  it  a 
|i\eaning.^^  Men  buy  the  "Black  Cat,"  the  "Redbook,"  "Munsey,"  the  "Cynosure,  " 
"She,"  "Helen's  Babies" — in  fact  nearly  all  publications— not  on  account  of  the 
meaning  of  the  words  of  the  title  themselves  but  on  account  of  what  the  title  has 
been  made  to  stand  for.  Our  experience  convinced  us  that  the  name  "THE  PENN- 
S\LVANL\  GERM.AN"  had  too  much  meaning  to  make  it  a  suitable  name  and 
that  the  former  aim  and  scope  of  the  magazine  was  too  limited  to  form  the  basis  of 
a  widely-read,  remunerative  publication.  We  looked  before  we  leaped.  We  are 
thankful  to  know  that  in  our  leaping  we  did  not  leave  the  subcribers  ;  they  are  with  us. 
Forward  now  to  give  THE  PENN  GERMANIA  a  National  scope,  dissemination 
anil  influence  I 


URRENT  LIFE  AND  THOUGHT 

Illustrative  of  German-American  Activities 
Contributions  by  Readers  Cordially  Invited 


These  notes,  as  indicated  by  the  name,  reflect  what  the  Na- 
tion's citizens  of  German  ancestry  are  thinking  and  doing.  The 
items  must  of  necessity  be  brief,  representative  and  selective.  Sub- 
scribers who  can  serve  as  regular  or  occasional  contributors  to  the 
department  are  invited  to  write  us,  stating  what  special  field  they 
are  willing  to  cover.  Different  sections  of  our  country,  different 
aspects  of  human  endeavor,  must  be  represented  and  narrow,  sec- 
tional, clannish  viewpoints  avoided. 


A  Prof.    Hugo   Alunsterberg   Is 

Poor  a  learned  and  versatile  man. 

Apologist  His  cultural  interests  and  as- 
sets embrace  much  more  than 
his  fertile  studio  in  psychology.  For  in- 
stance, during  the  past  year  while  he 
lectured  in  Germany  as  an  "exchange" 
professor,  he  succeeded  in  establishing 
the  new  Amerika-Institute,  designed  to 
expand  the  scholarly  relations  between 
the  United  States  and  Germany.  The 
purpose  of  the  institute  is  altogether  ad- 
mirable. 

But  the  professor  returns  to  his  adopt- 
ed country  with  some  of  the  democratic 
views  he  acquired  here  erased  or  distort- 
ed by  the  renewal  of  his  acquaintance 
with  the  Fatherland.  In  view  of  the 
gratifying  fact  that  the  "great  nations" 
of  Europe  now  welcome  this  country  "as 
an  equal,"  the  professor  laments  "the 
American  ignorance  as  to  Europe  which 
prevails  today."  He  finds  it  to  be  "a 
poor  habit,  like  bad  sjielling  or  shiftless 
arithmetic"  ;  Americans  "do  not  take  any 
trouble  to  inform  themselves" ;  and  "the 
whole  misery  of  the  situation  discloses 
itself  in  the  kind  of  news  which  the 
American  papers  print  about  the  Euro- 
pean continent." 


We  submit  that  this  arraignment  is 
groundless.  Is  not  the  shoe  on  the 
other  foot?  Passing  by  the  professor's 
air  of  lofty  condescension,  and  his  curt 
evasion  of  the  treatment  of  vital  Ameri- 
can news  by  the  European  press,  we  note 
the  result  of  a  detailed  analysis  he  made, 
"comparing  so  far  as  possible  the  so- 
called  facts,  which  the  American  corres- 
pondents in  Europe  confided  to  the 
wires,  with  the  actual  events  as  they 
were  laiown  on  those  same  dates  to  the 
careful  peruser  of  European  journals." 
Result :  tho  professor  was  shocked  by 
"the  looseness  and  carelessness  with 
which  European  news  is  gathered  for  the 
customers  on  Broadway." — Philadelphia 
Press. 


Germans  The  Methodist  Episcopal 
and  M.  I  Church  discipline  (1904) 
Church  names  among  its  conferences  : 
I.  The  California  Ger- 
man which  includes  the  German  work  in 
that  state. 

2.  The  Central  German,  which  com- 
prises the  German  work  within  Ohio, 
Alichigan,  West    \'irginia    and  Indian;i, 


227 


228 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


t^xcept  those  appointments  belonging-  io 
the  Chicago  German  Conference,  also 
the  German  work  in  Western  Pennsylva- 
nia and  in  the  Southern  States  not  in- 
cluded in  the  East  German.  St.  Louis 
German  and  Southern  German  Confer- 
ence exclusive  of  Emmanuel  Church 
Williams  County.  Ohio. 

3.  Chicago  German  Conference  in- 
cludes Wisconsin  except  along^  the  Mis- 
sissippi river,  also  upper  Michigan, 
nortlieast  Illinois  and  northwest  Indi- 
ana. 

4.  East  German  Conference  all  east 
of  the  Allegheny  mountains  and  all  of 
Xcw  York. 

5.  Xorth  Germany  Conference  in- 
cludes nearly  all  of  Germany  north  of 
Bavaria. 

6.  Xnrlhern  German  Conference  in- 
cludes all  German  work  of  Minnesota 
and  Xorth  Dakota  and  western  \\'iscon- 
sin  north  of  La  Crosse. 

7.  Xorthwest  German  Conference  in- 
cludes all  of  South  Dakota,  all  of  Iowa 
north  of  Clinton  and  western  Wiscon- 
sin south  of  La  Crosse. 

8.  St.  Louis  German  Conference  in- 
cludes the  German  work  of  Alissouri  not 
in  the  West  German  Conference,  also 
Illinois  south  of  Chicag-o.  also  Iowa 
south  of  the  Xorthwest  German. 

9.  South  Germany  Conference  in- 
cludes the  empire  of  Germany  not  in  the 
North  Germany. 

10.  Southern  CiL-rman  conference  in- 
cludes the  (jerman  work  of  Texas  and 
Louisiana. 

ir.  West  German  Conference  in- 
cludes Kan.sas.  Colorado.  Xebraska. 
Oklahoma  and  part  of  Missouri. 

The  discipline  (1910)  of  the  Meth- 
odist Episco])al  Church.  South,  says : 
""German  mission  conference  shall  in- 
clude all  the  German  churches  in  the 
state  of  Texas."  This  seems  to  be  the 
only  distinct  recog'nition  of  Germans  bv 
this  church. 

The  ^lethodist  Euisconal  discijjline 
(1904)  names  one  (the  Xorth  racific") 
German  mission  conference,  which  in- 
cludes   the    German    work    for    Oregon. 


Washington,  Idaho  and  IMontana.  Au- 
thority was  also  then  given  to  organize 
this  as  the  Pacific  German  Conference. 
Bishop  J.  N.  Xuelsen  is  a  son  of  Ger- 
man parents.  German  publications  are 
issued  at  Cincinnati,  being  Der  Chrisi- 
liche  Apologete  and  Plans  und  Herd. 
Sunday  school  papers  are  also  printed 
in  German. 


Retain  Old  Reading  is  opening  new  sub- 
German  ^i^i^s  every  year,  and  the  pro- 
Names  moters  jirobably  are  kept 
busy  at  times  thinking  of  ap- 
propriate names  for  them.  As  a  rule 
thev  have  been  given  high-sounding 
titles,  but  these  are  empty  and  without 
significance.  The  only  way  to  name  a 
suburb  which  will  confer  a  lasting-  bene- 
fit on  the  community  is  to  give  it  a  his- 
toric or  local  appellation. 

Out  of  the  many  that  have  been 
"christened"  two  have  names  which  are 
appropriate  and  have  a  real  value.  One 
is  an  old  and  honored  name  continued, 
Muhlenberg;  the  other  is  a  new  name, 
Flusheim. 

As  this  section  was  so  largely  settled 
by  Germans,  it  is  only  just  that  the  ol;l 
German  names  should  be  given  to  the 
newer  settlements.  To  give  them  fancy 
sentimental  names  shows  a  direct  for- 
getfulness  of  the  obligation  we  owe 
to  the  ancestors  who  tamed  the  rugged 
wilderness  and  endured  hardships  that 
we  might  thrive  and  prosper. 

History  has  been  very  sparing  in  pre- 
serving the  deeds  of  the  German  pio- 
neers, but  we  can  create  a  new  chronicle 
by  naming  our  new  homes  after  our  in- 
domitable forefathers.  We  are  princi- 
l)ally  what  the  past  made  us  and  we  can 
not  escape  the  obligation  we  owe.  With 
such  a  condition  we  should  take  pride 
in  keeping  alive  the  visible  records  of  ths 
generations  back  of  us. 

Suburbs  and  streets  named  for  the 
great  men  of  long  ago  arouse  us  to 
higher  aims  of  citizenship,  cleaner 
ideals,  stronger  h^pes  for  the  future.    A 


CURRENT  LIFE  AND  THOUGHT 


229 


city  with  a  glorious  past  has  a  gTcater 
claim  on  a  resplendent  future.  Preserve 
the  old  German  names,  they  mean  more 
than  all  the  smooth-sounding  titles  that 
modern  tr.ste  has  invented.  We  want  to 
show  the  world  that  Reading-  has  a  hi*,- 
tory,  and  is  proud  of  it. — Reading  Times 


Nachrichten     The     A'erhand      Dcutscher 
v^^Ti    c  Schriftstellcr     in    Amerik.-i 

V.  D.  b.  A.  i,^  January  of  this  year  is- 
sued the  first  number  of  a 
Nachrichten  des  V,  D.  S.  A.,  a  copy  of 
which  was  handed  us  by  the  secretary 
of  the  association,  Mr.  Otto  Spcngler,  of 
New  York.  The  aim  of  the  publication 
is  indicated  in  these  words :  "Wir  hof- 
fen  unser  Organ  mit  dcr  Zeit  zu  einem 
<leutschamerikanischen  'Literarischen 
Echo'  gestalten  zu  konnen."  The  Ver- 
band  is  composed  of  about  70  German- 
American  authors  who  have  issued  a 
"Jahrbuch  des  Verbandes  deutscher 
Schriftstellcr  in  Amerika,"  containing 
selections  from  the  pens  of  over  60  au- 
thors. The  book  is  a  great  honor  to  the 
authors  who  contributed  to  it.  Concern- 
ing German-American  literature  the 
Springiield  Republican  has  this  to  say : 
"Die  deutschamerikanische  Literatur 
mag"  gering  am  Umfang  sein.  audi  nicht 
von  besonderer  Bedeutung,  al3er  sie  be- 
sitzt  Eigenschaften.  welche  unsere  eigenc 
Literatur  sehr  bedarf.  Sie  besitzt  zum 
wcnigsten  ehrlichen  Eifer  und  ist  noch 
nicht  flurchseucht  von  der  Jagd  nach 
dem  Mamman.  Sie  hat  keine  Literatur 
von  'best  sellers.'  noch  unterliegt  sie  der 
jeweiligen  Mode."  Success  to  the  Ver- 
1)and  and  its  new  venture  the  " Nach- 
richten." 


Kercheval  One  of  the  most  notable 
Reprinted  books  ever  published  in  this 
country  on  state  and  local 
history  is  Samuel  Kercheval's  Ilistorv 
of  the  \'alley  of  \'irginia.  This  ha=! 
come  to  be  almost  a  classic  on  colonial 


times,  dealing  as  it  does  with  the  inti- 
mate particulars  of  the  everyday  life  of 
the  peoi)le,  and  being  written  by  one 
who  participated  in  the  things  and  do- 
ings described.  Historians  of  the  pres- 
ent day.  all  over  the  United  States,  find 
this  old  book  of  great  interest  and  value. 
It  was  first  published  in  1833.  The  .sec- 
ond edition  came  out  in  1850.  The 
printing  was  done  at  the  old  German 
town  of  Woodstock,  in  the  old  German 
county  of  Shenandoah,  and  the  binding 
was  done  at  the  printing  and  binding  es"^ 
tablishment  of  the  Eunks,  I'enn.sylva- 
nia-Germans,  at  Singer's  Glen,  'then 
Mountain  Valley,  in  R(jckingham  Coun- 
ty. Now  it  will  be  a  matter  of  interest 
to  many  scholars  and  antiquarians  to 
learn  that  recently  Capt.  J.  H.  Grabill, 
another  man  of  Pennsylvania-German 
stock,  has  made  a  reprint  of  the  second 
edition  of  Kercheval's  history,  at  Wood- 
stock, Virginia,  and  has  had' it  bound  in 
convenient  and  tasteful  form.  This  re- 
print of  a  famous  took,  at  a  famous  old 
town,  by  a  gentleman  of  famous  stock, 
should  be  a  matter  of  interest  to  all  per- 
sons of  the  same  stock,  as  well  as  to 
many  others.—/.  ]V .  \Va\land. 


The  •'Tlie  Great  Game"  back  of  the 
Great  ,,ar  between  Italy  and  Turkey, 
uame  jj,  ^^^  subject  of  an  article  con- 
tributed by  William  T.  Ellis  to 
the  March  Lippincott's.  "There  is  no 
other  frontier  on  the  face  of  the  globe 
over  which  there  has  been  so  much  fight- 
ing as  over  the  strip  of  water  which"  di- 
vides Europe  from  Asia."  Here  "the 
East  menacingly  confronts  the  West." 
Turkey  "is  rent  by  this  struggle  of  the 
East  with  the  West.  .Asia  with  Europe  in 
its  own  body."  In  the  "Great  Game"  the 
nations  are  taking  part.  This  "is  more 
than  a  contending  of  the  nations  for  the 
control  of  the  Bosphorus ;  it  is  a  titanic 
struggle  of  the  two  most  vital  religion.^ 
creeds  of  earth  for  the  possession  of  the 
city  that  was  once  ancient  Byzantium  ; 
and  subsequently  for  the  dominion  of  tiie 


230 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


world."  Referring  to  Germany,  "the 
Marooned  Nation"  the  author  says: 
"Restless  William  shrewdly  saw  that 
Turkey  offered  him  the  likeliest  open 
door  for  German  expansion  and  for  ter- 
ritorical  emancipation.  So  he  playcl 
courtier  to  his  'friend,  Abdul  Hamid.' 
and  to  the  Prophet  Mohammed  (they 
still  preserve  at  Damascus  the  faded  re- 
mains of  the  wreath  he  laid  upon  Salad- 
in's  tomb,  the  day  he  made  the  speech 
which  betrayed  Europe  and  Christen- 
dom), and  in  return  had  his  vanity 
enormously  ministered  to.  His  visit  to 
Jerusalem  is  probably  the  most  notable 
incident  in  the  history  of  the  Holy  City 
since  the  Crusades." 

A  Muhlenberg  Woodstock  (originally 
Painting  Muellerstadt)        in    Shen- 

Being  Made  andoah  County,  Virginia, 
was  in  early  days  the 
heart  or  center  of  the  German  settle- 
ments in  Northern  Virginia,  though  "n 
later  times  the'  center  of  the  Teutonic 
population  has  shifted  farther  south- 
west ,toward  Harrisonburg,  in  Rocking- 
ham County.  The  most  dramatic  inci- 
dent in  the  history  of  Woodstock  and  the 
surrounding  country,  was  the  marshaling 
of  the  patriot  forces  there  by  Pastor 
Muhlenberg,  at  the  opening  of  the  Rev- 
olution. This  incident,  as  portrayed  by 
Thomas  Buchanan  Read  in  his  sitirring 
poem  "The  Rising,"  has  ^become  famous 
all  over  the  nation.  Fresh  notice  is  be- 
ing drawn  to  this  incident  at  the  present 
time  by  the  fact  that  Mr.  Stanley  M. 
Arthurs,  of  Wilmington,  Del.,  is  niaking 
a  fine  historical  painting  of  the  scene. 
He  is  making  careful  investigations  of 
the  size,  shape  and  furnishings  of  the 
old  colonial  churches  in  the  valley,  in 
order  that  he  may  depict  faithfully  the 
material  features,  as  well  as  the  .spirit, 
of  the  place  and  time.  Muhlenberg's 
regiment  was  the  8th  Virginia,  or  "Ger- 
man Regiment,"  and  won  distinction  in 
many  of  the  hard  struggles  of  that  try- 
ing period. — /.  W .  Wayland. 


Germa-a  In  the  "Oesterreiche  Rund- 
Literature  schau,"of  Vienna  appears  an 
In  America  article  by  O.  E.  Lessing  on 
"Deutsche  Literatur  in 
Amerik  ,"  which  should  be  of  interest  co 
all  readers  of  German  literature  as 
showing  the  opinion  which  is  held  the 
other  side  of  the  ocean  as  regards  the 
ta&te  for  German  literature  in  this  coun- 
trv.     Lessing  says : 

"Alillionen  Deutschen  und  keine 
deutsche  Literatur?  ....  Hebbel,  Lud- 
wig,  Keller,  Storm.  Raahe,  K.  F.  Mey- 
er, Fontane :  die  Dichter,  die  in  Deutsch- 
land  hcute  allgemein  als  die  stfirksten 
Kiinstler  der  nachgoetheschen  Zeit  gel- 
ten — sie  alle  sind  in  Amerika  absolut  un- 
bekannt.  Denn  was  will  es  besagen, 
wenn  etwa  der  Anfang  des  'Griinen 
Heinrich'  oder  Tmmensee'  oder  'Die 
Hochzeit  des  ]\I6ncher'  iibersetzt  wird, 
Keiner  von  den  Genannten  kam  zu 
seinem  Recht  neben  den  grassen  Klas- 
sikern  und  neben  den  Modeschriftstellern 
die  in  der  zweiten  Halfte  des  Jahrhund- 
erts  das  amerikanische  Publikum  bezau- 
berten ;  Miihlbach.  Miarlitt.  Polko,  Ebers, 
Dahn,  Eckstein,  usw.  Noch  kiirzlich 
hat  cine  der  grossten  A'erlagsanstalten 
von  Luise  Miihlbachs  geschwatzigen 
Produkten  eine  neue  Gesamtausgabe  auf 
den  Markt  geworfcn.  Das  Freytags 
'wSoll  und  Haben."  und  A'erlorene  Hand- 
schrift,'  S]:)ielhagens  'Hammer  und  Am- 
l)Oss'  und  'Problematische  Naturen,' 
Heyses  Tm  Paradies'  und  'Kinder  der 
\W^lt.'  Scheft'els  'Eckehardt,'  Auerbach's 
'Auf  der  Holie.'  Reuters  'Ut  meine 
Stromtid'  und  'Ut  de  Franzosentid' — 
dass  diese  tiichtigen  W'erke  auch  gelesen 
werden,  ist  ein  geringer  Trost  fiir  das 
Fehlen  der  Grosseren. — \o\\  den  guten, 
'Modernen'  hat  sick  bisher  nur  Ilaupt- 
mann  durchgesetzt.  'Einsame  Menschen.' 
'Die  Weber,'  'Die  Versuiikene  Glocke,' 
'Der  arme  Heinrich,'  'Elga,'  'Und  Pip- 
pa  tanzt'  sind  in  Englischem  ITebersetz- 
ungen  verbreitet.  Alle  anderen  wer- 
den von  Sudermann  verdunkelt.  der  mit 
seiner  'Heimat  (Magda)  Amerika  er- 
obert  hat  und  heute  dieselbe  Rolle  spielt 
vvie  Kotzebue  vor  hundert  Jahren.  Als 
Dramatikcr  wie  als  Erzahler  gilt  er  als 


CURRENT  LIFE  AND  THOUGHT 


231 


Deutsclilands  reprasentativer  Dichter. 
So  stark  ist  das  Vorurtcil  fiir  ihn,  das 
•sclbtsl  das  'Hohe  Lied'  trotz  dcr  tradi- 
tionellcn  rmderie,  als  Meisterwcrk  ge- 
priosen  wird.  Sudermann  zuiuichst 
■kommt  in  der  Wertschatzung  seitens 
der      Amerikanischen      Kritik      Gustav 

Frcnnsen Dcr   Naturalismus   is 

fin  Schreckg'cspenst.  .  .  .  Ueber  das 
I'rinzii)  dcr  Bewcgung  ist  man  sich 
cbcnsowenig  klar,  wic  iiber  die  einfluss- 
reichste  kritische  Organ,  'Tbe  Nation,' 
>teht  politisch  auf  chauvinistichangel- 
sachsischem,  literarisch  auf  klassizis- 
tischem  Boden  Allem,  was  vom  jetzigen 
Deutschland  kommt,  tritt  die  Schrift- 
stellung  mit  der  frostigen  Unvernunft 
cntgegcn,  die  sich  das  Eindringen  m 
das  Wesen  der  Sache  erspart.  Der 
Littere  Humor  dabei  ist,  dass  die  Zeit- 
schrift  einem  Deutschen  geh5rt. 

He  then  compares  the  taste  of  the 
American  people  at  the  ^beginning  of  the 
nineteenth  century  with  that  of  the  pres- 
ent generation,  and  decides  that  our  an- 
cestors were  far  in  advance  of  us,  as 
most  of  the  great  German  writers  of 
ihat  time  were  read  and  appreciated  in 
.America. — R.  R.  Dntmiiiond. 

What  On    the    first    of    March 

Is  our  Church  will  observe 

Moravianism?     ^i,^,     f.^^^j-     hundred  and, 

fifty-fifth  anniversary  of 
its  founding.  Surely  God  must  have  had 
a  purpose  for  our  Church  which  He  has 
guided  and  allowed  to  serve  Him  dur- 
ing so  long  a  period  of  time.  The  Church 
has  experienced  many  vicissitudes  and 
imdcrgone  many  changes  in  the  course 
of  the  centuries.  Hence  we  are  not  at 
all  surprised  when  occasionally  we  hear 
of  disputes  as  to  what  may  really  be  th<i 
essential  characteristics  of  our  denomi- 
nation. We  are  not  ready  just  now  to 
give  a  definition  of  Moravianism,  but 
wish  to  quote  the  following  definition, 
the  author  of  which  is  unknown  to  us. 
We  found  it  some  months  ago  in  The 
Moravian  Messenger, 


"To  define  Moravianism  is,  indeed,  a. 
difiicult  task,  because  it  is  so  vastly  com- 
prehensive that  most  definitions  are  too 
narrow  for  it.     It  is  the  living  expres- 
sion of  the  conviction  that  it  is  our  priv- 
ilege to  be  free  from  the  bondage  of  sin. 
and  to  live  and  work  together  as  Breth- 
ren in  Christ.     This  is  the  secret  of  its 
life  and  power.     This  alone  explains  its 
manifold   development.      It   disdains  the 
shackels  of  the  State  Church.    It  repudi- 
ates the  anarchy  of  separation.     It  rec- 
ognizes the  order  of  bishops,  but  it  fa- 
vors the  government  by  Synods.     It  as- 
serts the  right  of  the  individual  to  have 
a  voice  in  Church  matters  ;  but  it  com- 
mits  the   execution   of   important   meas- 
ures to  a  responsible  Board.    Almost  any 
form  of  service,  any  religious  usage  that 
is  consistent  with  the  spirit  of  our  ori- 
gin, we  may  claim  for  Moravianism.  Al- 
most any  relic  of  antiquity,  which  at  the 
present  time  is  an  obstacle  to  our  living 
out  this  principle,  may  be  cast  ofif  with- 
out    destroying     the     identity     of     our 
church.     It     is  this     universality  which 
adapts      our      Church      for      spreading 
throughout  the  earth.     It  can  flouri'^h  in 
every  climate  and  under  every  political 
combination.     It  can  exist  in  a  republic, 
and  under  a  despot.^    It  lives  in  the  Ne^v 
as  well  as  in  the  Old  World.     It  aflfords 
a  home  to  men  of  every  race  and  color — 
from  the  purest  white  to  the  darkest  hue. 
It  can  shelter  and  pasture  with  spiritual 
food  every  variety  of  intellect,  and  every 
grade  of  education.     It  can  produce  men 
of  genius,  who     would     have  gained  a 
name  in  the  world  had  they  not  dedicat- 
ed their  gifts  to  the  Brethren's  Church. 
It  can  show  on  the  roll  of  its  members 
the  names  of  poets  and  philosophers,  of 
men  of  science  and  learning,  which  un- 
der    other    circumstances     might     have 
graced  the  ampler  pages  of  the  world's 
ihistorv.    It  can  point  to  a  constitution  of 
which   a   statesman  might  envy  the   au- 
thorship,   and    to    a    system    of    finance 
worthy  of  an  empire.     It  can  look  back 
on   a  history   surpassing  in   interest   the 
most  thrilling  stories  of  fiction.     It  can 
srather   its  children  even  now   from   the 


232 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


ends  of  the  earth,  and  find  them  still 
United  brethren.  It  can  look  forward 
to  a  time  when  the  principles  it  advocates 
shall  surely  be  received  and  acknowl- 
edged by  the  whole  church  of  Christ.  All 
this  it  can  do;  but  one  thino-  is  impos- 
sible for  it.  It  cannot  prolong  its  exis- 
tence without  the  Spirit ;  it  cannot  long 
retain  the  substance  of  life  without  the 
reality;  it  cannot  hide  its  dead  bones  I'l 
a  whitcd  sepulchre." — TJic  Moravian. 


Gigantic  Fully  8oo  men,  300  of 

Coke    Plant  whom  are  bricklayers, 

are  busily  engaged  in 
the  erection  of  the  byproduct  coke  oven 
plant  that  the  Didier-March  Company  is 
building  at  Didier,  near  South  Bethle- 
liem.  Pa.  Work  was  begun  in  ]May, 
1910.  When  completed  the  plant  will  be 
the  greatest  coke-producing  industry  in 
the  world. 

Between  eight  and  ten  million  red 
brick  and  50,000  net  tons  of  fire  brick 
will  be  used  in  the  erection  of  the  bat- 
teries of  the  ovens,  building  and  stacks. 
Of  the  latter,  there  are  four  which  sur- 
mount the  batteries  and  extend  225  feet 
in  the  air.  Another  is  220  feet  high,  and 
all  can  be  seen  for  miles  around.  All 
the  stacks  are  completed. 

The  ammonia  sulphate  and  coal-tar 
storage  house,  boiler  and  power  plant 
buildings  are  completed,  and  men  are 
now  engaged  in  installing  machinery  of 
the  most  improved  type  to  be  used  in  the 
separation  of  the  byproducts  from  the 
coke.  The  coal  dumper  has  a  capacity 
of  500  tons  per  hour.  A  belt-conveyor 
nearby  will  transport  the  coal  from  a 
crusher  to  the  ovens  for  coking.  A  car 
dumper  for  the  dumping  of  coal  and  a 
condensing  plant  are  nearing  completion. 

There  will  be  300  ovens  in  the  first  bat- 
tery, with  a  daily  capacity  of  4.000  net 
tons,  or  120  or  T30  cars  of  coke.  In  ad- 
dition there  will  be  extracted  from  the 
coke  130  tons  of  tar  and  40  tons  of  sul- 
phate of  ammonia.  While  these  are  the 
principal  byproducts,  by  the  company's 
process  valuable  fertilizing  compounds 
will  be  extracted,  and  with  the  aid  of 


a  few  chemicals  from  the  coal  tar  many- 
substances  used  in  the  medical  and  com- 
mercial world,  like  anilines,  used  for 
dyeing  and  coloring;  saccharine,  quinine,, 
antipyrin  and  phenacetine,  will  be  ex- 
tracted. 

In  addition  to  this  the  ovens  will  gen- 
erate enough  surplus  gas  during  the  con- 
version of  coke  to  run  a  considerable 
portion  of  the  Bethlehem  Steel  Company- 
power  plant. 

It  was  February  4,  1910,  that  the 
Didier-March  Company  entered  into  a 
twenty-year  contract  with  the  Bethlehem. 
Steel  Company  to  furnish  2,000  tons  of 
coke  daily.  The  contract  provides  for 
an  increase  to  3,000  tons  daily,  or  a  re- 
duction in  the  amount,  at  any  time.  The 
steel  company  about  a  year  ago  awarded 
the  largest  single  coking  contract  ever 
let  in  the  east  to  the  Davis  Coal  Com- 
pany, of  Baltimore,  to  deliver  a  minimum 
of  730,000  tons  of  coal  or  a  maximum 
tonnage  of  2,000,000  a  year  for  tAventy 
years.  This  contract  value  exceeds  $60,- 
000,000.  By  agreement  the  Bethlehem 
Steel  Company  has  to  furnish  the  coal 
for  the  manufacture  of  coke,  most  of 
which  it  will  purchase,  while  the  rest  will 
be  sold  in  open  market  by  the  Lehigh- 
Coke  Company.  The  steel  company  has 
an  option  to  purchase  the  property  at  the 
end  of  twenty  years  or  to  continue  the 
contract  for  a  further  period  of  ten 
years. 

It  is  C.  ]\I.  Schwab's  idea  to  utilize  the 
surplus  gas,  and  also  that  from  the  blast 
furnaces,  for  the  company's  gas  engines, 
thus  to  operate  the  mammoth  steel  plant 
without  the  consumption  of  any  coal" 
whatever  for  direct  heating  or  for  power. 

The  contract  is  guaranteed  as  to  its 
performance  on  the  part  of  the  Didier- 
Afarch  Company  by  the  Berlin  Anholr 
tische  Machinenbau  Actien  Gesellschaft 
and  the  Stettiner  Chanrotte  Fabrik 
.\ctien  Gesellschaft  and  its  performance 
by  the  Bethlehem  Steel  Company  by  the 
Bethlehem  Steel  Corporation.  A  rail- 
road is  being  built  to  connect  the  coke 
plant  with  the  Philadelphia  and  Reading 
Railway. 

The  first  battery  of  300  ovens,  it  is  ex- 
pected, will  be  making  coke  by  the  latter 
part  of  the  year. 


CURRENT  LIFE  AND  THOUGHT 


235. 


The  new  town  of  Didier  is  growing 
rapidly  and  reminds  one  of  a  prosperous 
western  mining  town. — North  .lincricaii. 


Penn'a  Since    the     adoption     of 

County  the    county    superintend- 

Superintendents  ency  tlie  persons  who 
have  filled  that  offic; 
have  heen  upon  the  whole  our  i^-reatest 
educational  leaders  in  their  various  lo- 
calities, and  the  commonwealth  owes 
more  to  them  than  to  all  other  school  of- 
ficers combined.  They  have  rendered  a 
valuable  service  and  in  many  instances 
have  been  called  to  other  responsible  po- 
sitions. 

Samuel  A.  Baer  of  lierks,  S.  B.  Shear- 
er of  Cumberland,  James  M.  CoujT^hliri 
of  Luzerne,  J.  M.  Berkey  of  Somerset, 
Thomas  'Si.  Balliet  of  Carbon,  M.  G. 
Brumbaugh  of  Huntingdon,  Charles  R. 
Lose  of  Lycoming,  have  each  rendered 
distinguished  service  as  city  superin- 
tendents. 

The  following"  county  superintendents 
have  served  as  normal  school  principals : 
J.  P.  Wickersham  of  Lancaster,  at  Mil- 
lersville  ;  John  S.  Ermentrout,  at  Kutz- 
town  ;  F.  A.  Allen  of  Tioga,  at  Mans- 
field ;  S.  B.  Heiges  of  York,  at  Shippens- 
burg;  A.  J.  Davis  of  Clarion,  at  Clarion; 
J.  F.  Bigler  of  Venango,  at  Edinboro ; 
J.  George  Becht  of  Lycoming,  at 
Clarion  ;  and  B.  F.  Shaub  of  Lancaster, 
at  Millersville. 

From  the  ranks  of  county  su])erin- 
tendcnts  the  following  persons  have 
l)een  elected  as  Deputy  State  Superin- 
tendents :  Henry  Houck  of  Lebanon ; 
William  Lindsay  of  Cum/berland ; 
Charles  R.  Coburn  of  Bradford:  A.  D. 
Glenn  of  Armstrong,  and  R.  B.  Tcitrick 
of  Jefiferson. 

J.  P.  Wickersham  of  Lancaster  and 
Charles  R.  Coburn  of  Bradford  each 
proved  their  worth  as  county  superin- 
tendents and  were  afterwards  elevated  lo 
the  position  of  State  Superintendent. 

Among  the  county  superintendents 
who    have    attained    distinction    in    civil 


life  are  the  following:  J.  P.  Wickersham 
who  served  as  Minister  to  Denmark;  C. 
W.  Stone  of  Warren,  who  served  as- 
Lieutenant  (jovernor ;  D.  B.  Brunner  of 
Berks,  who  served  two  terms  in  Con- 
gress; M.  J.  Brecht  of  Lancaster,  who  is- 
at  present  a  member  of  the  Railroad 
Commission ;  and  Henry  Houck  of  Leb- 
anon, who  now  fills  so  acceptably  the 
office  of  Secretary  of  Internal  AiTairs. 

Time  would  fail  me  to  name  the 
county  superintendents  who  have  been 
authors  of  text-books  and  professional 
books,  who  have  served  with  distinction 
in  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State,, 
and  as  lawyers,  doctors,  ministers  and  in 
other  important  positions  throughotiu 
the  commonwealth. — Supt.  Hamilton  in 
Pcitiia.  School  Journal. 


Germans      Edna   Fern,    St.    Louis,   con- 
and  tributes     an     article     to     the 

^^^^^  March      Rundschau      ziveicr 

Wclten,  on  ''Die  Kiinsten  im 
Xeuland,"  which  she  opens  with  the 
words :  "Heimlich  sind  sie  iiber  das 
grosse  W^asser  gezogen,  die  Kiinste,  mit 
jenen  Heimatmiiden  die  in  einem  frem— 
den  Lande  ihr  Heil  suchten.  Die  Aus- 
wanderer  wussten  es  selber  nicht  dass 
sie  mit  ihren  kiimmerlichen  Habselig- 
keiten.  und  mit  ihren  Sehnsuchtcn  und 
HofTnungen,  auch  die  Kiinste  mit  sicli 
fiihrten,  ohne  sie  nun  doch  der  Mensch 
nicht  lel)en  kann.  Daran  dachten  sie 
zwar  nicht,  denn  sie  batten  jetzt  wahr- 
lich  keinc  Zeit  fiir  solche  AUotria. 

After    discussing    art    in    general    the 
writer  continues : 

Die  Musik  war  die  erste,  die  erwachte, 
und  es  war  Deutschland,  das  an  seiner 
Wiege  stand,  ihr  seine  lieben  Lieder 
sang,  sie  gehen  lehrte.  I'nd  Deutschland' 
hat  die  amerikanische  Musik  behiitet, 
bis  auf  den  heutigen  Tag.  Der  erste  Or- 
ganist in  der  \'ereinigten  Staaten  hiess 
Hans  Gram  und  war  ein  Deutschcr.  Der 
Hoboist  eines  hannoverischen  Rcgi- 
mentes,  Gottlieb  Graupner  mit  Xamen, 
grundete  in  Boston  das  erste  Orchestri. 


'  234 


THE   PENN    GERMANIA 


Es  waren  cleutsche  ^lusiker,  die  als  Leit- 
er  des  Germania  Orchesters  Anierik:i 
tnit  der  "Grossen  Musik"  bekannt  mach- 
ten.  "Giving-  Americans  the  first  true 
model  of  orchestral  work  in  the  classical 
form,"  wie  Ellson,  der  Musikhistoriker. 
sagt.  Es  gibt  auch  fernerhin  in  den  Ver- 
einigten  Staaten  kein  Symphonie-Or- 
chester  von  Bedeutung,  an  dessen  Spitze 
nicht  ein  Deutscher  gestanden  hat.  Dev 
\'ater  des  Mannergesangs  war  iiatiirlich 
ein  Deutcher.  Philip  Mathias  Wolf- 
siefifer,  griindete  in  Philadelphia  den  est- 
■en  Gesangsverein.  Und  so  konnte  man 
die  Reihe  bis  auf  unsere  Tage  fortfiihren. 
Alle  unsere  Musiker,  einerlei  welcher 
Abkunft,  schopfen  aus  dem  nie  versieg- 
enden  Born  der  deutschen  Tonkunst. 

Wir  spiiren  den  deutschen  Einfluss  'v\ 
der  amerikanischen  Kirchenmusik.  Es 
ist  bekannt,  das  die  deutschen  Volks- 
lieder  in  reichem  Masse  die  Melodien  zu 
den  frommsten  Kirchenliedern  geliefert 
liaben.  Es  war  wohl  eine  Ironie  des 
Schicksals,  dass  in  einer  Methodisten- 
kirche,  deren  Glaubige  fanatische  Prohi- 
bitionisten  waren,  die  kniftigen  Klange 
des  "Gaudeamus"  an  einem  Sonntage 
gen  Himmel  drangen,  und  dass  am 
nachsten  sogar  das  alte  Landknechts- 
lied,  "So  leben  wir,  so  leben  wir  alle 
Tage  in  der  schonsten  Saufkumpanei" 
zu  einem  feierlichem  Praludium  ver- 
wendet  wurde.  War  am  Ende  auch 
•dieser  Hcrr  Organist  ein  Deutscher  und 
sass  ihm  der  Schalk  im  Nacken? 


than  it  does  here.  Traveling  is  very 
cheap.  There  are  four  classes  of  cars 
and  three  kinds  of  speed  on  the  German 
state  railroads.  The  average  charge  for 
an  ordinary  train  is  about  one  cent  a 
mile.  The  Germans  certainly  do  travel, 
for  nine  hundred  million  passengers 
were  carried  last  year,  against  seven 
hundred  and  fifty  million  in  the  United 
States. 

Hotels  and  meals  I  found  good  and 
cheap,  fifty  cents  gives  you  an  excellent 
bed  in  a  moderate  hotel.  Talk  about 
German  cooking,  go  over  and  try  for 
yourself.  I  always  have  taken  the  Ger- 
mans for  a  stingy  people,  too  close  to 
spend  a  penny  for  amusement,  but  it  i?  * 
just  the  other  way.  Nowhere  in  this 
world  is  life  enjoyed  so  much  as  in  the 
fatherland.  Everything  is  for  pleasure 
and  comfort.  The  military  service  is  an 
excellent  training  for  a  young  man  and 
this  is  what  brought  up  Germany.  They 
have  the  best  schooling  system  of  mod- 
ern times.  I  have  talked  with  a  good 
many  socialists  in  Germany.  They  are 
not  a  menace  to  the  country,  as  some 
American  editors  make  us  believe.  They 
are  a  blessing  to  their  fatherland  and  a 
fine,  intelligent  class  of  men.  When  it 
comes  to  social  improvement  reforms, 
Germany  leads.  In  manufacturing,  the 
improvements  of  the  condition  of  the 
people,  particularly  in  the  way  of  insur- 
ance, is  striking. — H.  Ballhorn,  Phila- 
delphia Press. 


^ 


Germany       Germany  is  one  of  the  most 
Not  up-to-date    countries    in    the 

Slow  world   today.     This   the   stu- 

dents and  investigators  will 
tell  you.  1  am  of  German  descent. 
Both  my  father  and  mother  were  born  in 
the  fatherland  and  I  pitied  them  for  this. 
But  now  after  I  have  seen  the  old  coun- 
try I  am  mighty  proud  of  it  to  be  a  Ger- 
man-American. 

I  admit  there  is  more  money  in  the 
United  States,  but  on  the  other  hand 
■lonev   goes   much    further   in   Germanv 


Historic       In  the  little  town  of  Trappe, 
Trappe  on     the     trolley     line     from 

Pottstown  to  Norristown. 
Penna.,  and  not  remote  from  Valley 
Forge,  is  one  of  the  oldest,  most  antique 
looking  buildings  in  Pennsylvania.  It 
may  be  no  exaggeration  to  say  that  this 
specimen  of  rough-cast  stone  masonrv 
has  a  singularity  of  appearance  surpass- 
ed by  that  of  no  other  building  in  Amer- 
ica. As  one  approaches  it  from  ths 
street  across  the  broad,  shady,  green 
lawn,  he  is  impressed,  not  by  the  build- 
•ng's  size,  bu:  by  the  indefinable  air  of 


CURRENT  LIFE  AND  THOUGHT 


235 


mystery,  which  is  due  to  its  antique  as- 
pect and  pecuUar  form.  Viewed  from 
the  northern  end  it  appears  octagonal. 
The  southern  end  of  the  curb  roof,  slop- 
ing at  various  angles  in  order  to  fit  the 
octagonal  wall,  is  sure  to  attract  the  at- 
tention of  the  most  unobservant  perscMi. 
The  windows,  however,  various  in  size, 
are  irregularly  arranged ;  the  lower  ones 
are  covered  by  crude  board  shutters, 
while  those  above,  fitted  with  small, 
square  panes,  have  been  penetrated  by 
the  sunlight  of  many  summers.  Tho 
building  has  two  entrances,  one  in  front 
and  one  at  the  northern  end.  Each  en- 
trance is  through  a  stone  vestibule 
whose  outer  doorway  has  the  form  of  n 
Roman  arch.  Set  in  the  dull  gray  wall 
directlv  over  the  front  arch  is  a  dark- 
stone  bearing  the  inscription  "Augustus 
Lutheran  Church.  Built  by  Muhlen- 
burg,  1743." 

The  aged  sexton,  with  a  huge  iron 
key,  unlocks  the  door  and  the  visitor 
passes  the  sacred  portals.  Entering  one 
finds  himself  in  a  typical  colonial  church, 
surrounded  on  all  sides  by  antique  ar- 
rangements. In  one  quarter  of  the  room 
the  pews  of  rough,  unpainted  boards,  ex- 
tend at  right  angles  to  those  opposite. 
Huge,  hewn  beams  and  pillars  support 
g'alleries  at  one  side  and  both  ends  of 
the  room.  A  winding  stairway  of  eight 
steps  leads  up  to  the  small  semi-circular 
pulpit,  which,  being  barely  large  enough 
to  afford  standing  room  for  one  person, 
is  accordingly  provided  with  a  single 
wooden  seat  adjusted  to  be  raised  or 
lowered  on  wooden  hinges.  The  bare 
floor,  worn  by  the  tread  of  the  pioneer, 
the  crude  doors  of  the  pews,  the  rough 
gallery  seats  rising  tier  above  tier,  the 
huge  organ  case  with  its  faded  blue  cur- 
tains, the  leathern  collection  pouches  -»n 
the  ends  of  long  poles,  the  numbers 
marked  in  black  paint  on  the  pews — all 
these,  with  other  details,  present  a  rare 
scene  to  the  observer,  and  can  but  cause 
him  to  marvel  at  the  quaint,  simple  ways 
•f  our  forefathers. 


Before  leaving",  however,  the  visitor 
pauses  before  one  of  the  pews.  Why 
do  so  many  who  make  pilgrimages  to 
this  old  church  pause  before  that  par- 
ticular pew  ?  It  is  not  different  from  the 
others.  Whv  do  so  many  Americans, 
both  young  and  old,  raise  the' rusty  latch 
and  open  the  door  of  this  pew  and  walk 
into  it,  and  seat  themselves  reverently, 
as  it  were,  upon  the  bare  wooden  bench? 
To  answer  these  questions  properly  it  is 
necessary  to  go  back  to  the  days  of  1778. 
It  is  a  Sunday  in  winter ;  great  blasts  of 
wind  sift  heavy  snowdrifts  through  the 
bare  boughs  of  these  Pennsylvania  for- 
ests. The  pioneer  sets  close  to  his  fire- 
side, on  which  blazes  a  huge  log.  But  a 
few  miles  away,  on  the  bleak  hillsides  of 
Valley  Forge,  is  a  half-starved,  half- 
frozen  remnant  of  an  army.  Philadel- 
phia, the  capital  of  the  new-born  nation, 
is  occupied  by  well  cared  for  British  vet- 
erans. The  Continental  Congress,  the 
only  central  power  of  the  new  nation,  is 
either  inert  or  powerless  to  provide 
food,  clothing  or  shelter  for  the  famish- 
ing troops  at  Valley  Forge.  Most  bit- 
ter of  all,  a  few  scheming  American  of- 
ficers in  the  so-called  "Conway  Cabal,"' 
are  endeavoring  to  overthrow  the  repu- 
tation and  power  of  the  leader  of  the 
ragged  band  at  Valley  Forge.  Seeming- 
ly, American  independence  hangs  in  the 
balance  between  life  and  death.  There 
seems  to  be  but  one  who  may  be  able  to 
save,  and  toward  him  all  eyes  are  turned. 
He  it  is  whom  we  see  this  Sunday,  as 
on  many  a  Sunday  of  that  dark  winter, 
come  riding  on  his  white  charger  to  this 
humble  little  church.  He  it  is,  "The 
Father  of  His  Country."  whom  we  see 
take  his  place  in  this  same  pew,  and 
there,  on  bended  knee,  from  out  his  great 
heart,  lay  before  his  God  the  destiny  of 
this,  our  nation.  And  it  is  in  reverenti3l 
memory  of  him  that  we  come  to  this  oM 
church  and  linger  in  its  quaint  colonial 
atmosphere,  for  here  it  was  that  he  made 
those  fervent  appeals  to  the  God  whose 
lielp  was  so  necessary  in  those  dark 
hours. — The  Dickinsonian. 


OUR  HISTORIC  HERITAGE 


Articles  giving  information  about  the  history  of  the  Germans 
in  the  United  States  from  the  arrival  of  the  first  immigrant  to  the 
present,  of  whatever  section  of  our  country,  of  whatever  vocation  of 
life,  of  whatever  class  or  association,  of  whatever  period  in  a  man's 
life,  as  well  as  discussions  of  questions  of  the  day  so  far  as  Ger- 
man ideals  have  bearing  on  these,  are  to  appear  under  this  general 
head. 


The  Forest  Preacher  on  the  Schoharie 


A  Historical  Tale  of  the  Life  and  Customs  of  the  German 

Americans  of  the  Eighteenth    Century 

By   Frederick  Meyer. 

Translated  from  the  German  by  Professor  E.  A.  Jacoby,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
(Continued  from  March  Issue) 


CHAPTER  VI. 

In  the  German  settlement  the  harvest 
fiunislicd  an  inexhaustible  topic  of  con- 
versation. 

"I  wonder  whether  the  wheat  isn't 
sweating-  under  its  thick  cover  of  snow," 
was  the  beginning  of  the  conversation  in 
winter. 

"The  severe  frosts  ruin  the  seeding," 
the  farmer  complains  in  spring. 

"The  rust  has  started,"  and  the  people 
shake  their  heads  thoughtfully. 

At  last  one  hears  the  happy  saying,  "A 
good  year's  growth,  a  good  wheat  har- 
vest." The  young  men  glance  signifi- 
cantly into  the  distance,  but  the  maidens 
embarrassed  turn  their  glances  toward 
the  ground,  and  maidenly  blushes  covered 
their  fresh  young  checks. 

"A  good  wheat  harvest"  when  uttered 
by  a  young  man  in  this  section,  means, 
"I  have  saved  enough  for  two.  When 
shall  the  wedding  be? 


The  happy  bride  from  that  time  om 
is  missed  in  the  field.  Quickly  the- 
needle  flies.  There  is  tailoring  and  fit- 
ting. There  is  reckoning  and  the  linen 
chest  has  no  rest  for  an  hour.  The  prep- 
aration for  a  rural  wedding  is  hard  wofk,. 
still  the  labor  is  a  great  pleasure  for  the 
women,  each  week  working  day  seems  a. 
Sunday  to  them. 

The  wedding  day  is  fixed.  Can  any- 
thing possibly  intervene?  If  only  the 
corn  could  first  be  cut,  an  early  frost 
may  ruin  everything.  As  soon  as  the 
September  morning  dawns,  the  window 
shutters  open  and  a  pretty  girlish  face 
peers  out.  "It  is  only  dew,  I  w^as  fright- 
ened, it  looked  as  white  as  the  hoary" 
frost,"  she  murmured,  glancing  again 
toward  the  roofs.  It  is  surely  only  dew, 
which  will  not  damage  the  corn.  There 
was  a  full  moon,  and  until  this  is  past, 
no  frost  is  likely  to  occur. 

In  auttimn  the  life  of  the  backwoods 
farmers   is   a   pleasant   one.     When   the 


236 


THE   FOREST  PREACHER  OX  THE  SCHOHARIE 


237 


foliage  chang-es  color,  and  the  red 
checked  apples  peep  through  the  leaves, 
Avhcn  the  heavily  loaded  wagons  come 
from  the  fields,  when  the  sun  shines  so 
mildly  on  field  and  forest,  and  in  the 
evening  the  young  men  press  the  sweet 
cider  from  the  apples,  then  it  is  a  pleas- 
inc  to  live. 

But  winter  is  severe.  A  cold,  cutting 
Avind  blows  around  the  log  huts,  snow 
drifts,  deep  as  houses  obstruct  road  and 
path  and  prevent  intercourse  with  neigh- 
bors. On  this  account  the  young  farmer 
takes  to  himself  a  young  wife  in  autumn. 
Without  the  storm  may  rage,  the  sun  may 
hide  l)ehind  the  clouds,  in  the  little  room 
a  cheerful  fire  blazes,  and  the  beautiful 
laughing  eyes  of  his  young  wife  seem  to 
the  farmer  more  beautiful  than  the  sun- 
light. For  this  reason  there  is  no  wed- 
<ling  in  spring.  Then  man  must  work- 
strenuously  all  summer  from  early  morn 
till  eve  out  in  the  fields.  No,  autumn  is 
the  time  for  weddings.  Then  through 
the  severe  winter  he  enjoys  the  sweet 
honeymoon,  and  builds  air  castles,  ^^'hile 
he  feeds  his  cattle  and  sheep  in  the  morn- 
ing, his  heart  shouts  in  unafifected  happi- 
ness. "My  wife,  mv  home,  O,  how  beau- 
tiful is  the  world !" 

It  is  the  first  wedding  ceremony  that 
T  am  to  perform.  The  young  couple  are 
Avell  known  to  me:  Christian  Schell  is  the 
name  of  the  bridegroom,  and  his  bride  is 
Gretchen   Merkel. 

The  person  employed  to  invite  the 
guests  traveled  through  the  entire  Ger- 
man settlement  and  repeated  his  invita- 
tion :  "You  arc  kindly  invited  to  the 
wedding  at  the  home  of  the  bride's  par- 
ents on  Thursday  after  St.  ]\Iartin's 
day."  If,  perchance,  he  came  to  a  place 
where  no  one  was  at  home,  he  took  a 
piece  of  chalk  from  his  pocket  and  drew 
the  wedding  wreath  upon  the  door.  He 
l^crformed  his  duty  conscientiously, 
therefore  on  the  wedding  morning  the 
guests  come  from  all  directions.  The 
men  wear  the  wedding  bouquet  on  their 
coats,  the  women  have  adorned  them- 
selves with  gaily  colored  ribbons.  There 
is  found  not  only  a  German  population 
hving  here  in  the  forest,  but  also  Ger- 
man manners   and  customs. 


At  12  o'clock  the  wedding  is  to  take 
place.  This  was  the  wish  of  the  bride. 
If  the  clock  strikes  twelve  while  the  pas- 
tor performs  the  ceremony,  it  is  a  sign 
of  luck,  for  during  that  time  Christ  with 
his  twelve  holy  apostles  is  present.  With 
prudent  foresight  a  reliable  man  takes 
his  place  at  the  clock  in  case  the  pastor 
should  preach  too  long,  he  takes  care 
that  the  clock  strikes  at  the  right  mo- 
ment. 

The  bridal  couple  comes  forward. 
Neat  Christian  wears  a  wedding  flower 
in  his  lapel,  the  bride  wears  a  white  veil 
and  on  her  brown  hair  is  a  green  wreath 
of  the  delicate  myrtle  beneath  which  her 
face  beams  charmingly.  On  one  side 
stands  father  and  mother,  on  the  other 
a  crowd  of  youths  and  maidens  as  wit- 
nesses of  the  ceremony. 

Now  thay  stand  before  me.  It  was 
the  wish  that  I  should  select  as  a  wed- 
dinof  text  the  one  hundred  and  twenty- 
seventh  psalm,  the  most  beautiful  wed- 
ding hynm  of  God's  people.  I  have  al- 
ready opened  the  Bible,  and  am  about  to 
begin  when  the  nnisic  starts  up.  Nearly 
all  the  Palatines  play  the  violin  and  fife. 
They  had  waited,  concealed  by  the 
crowd  before  them  until  I  had  announced 
the  wedding  hynm.  As  I.  strange  and 
ignorant  of  the  custom,  omitted  this  they 
start  in  with  great  power  and  play  the 
anthem.  "In  all  my  doings  may  the  Lord 
be  my  guide.''  etc.  IMen  and  women 
sing  the  hymn  from  memory.  Beneath 
the  rough  exterior  of  the  farmers  and 
forest  dwellerj  exists  a  living  faith  in  an 
omnipotent  God.  Only  devout  Chris- 
tians can  sing  like  this.  It  roars  and 
echoes  as  if  they  wished  to  scare  away 
the  evil  spirits  of  the  air,  and  shout  their 
welcome  into  the  face  of  the  coming 
Christ.  This  singing,  this  expression  of 
their  devout  faith  quite  disconcerted  me. 

Then  I  read  the  psalm.  All  that  I 
wish  to  say  about  ain  abiding,  living  faith, 
and  the  tender  marriage  tie  was  no 
longer  needed  after  this  singing.  I  speak 
as  the  occasion  suggested.  I  speak  ot 
home-building,  of  man's  work,  and  the 
burdens  of  life.  The  discour.se  of  the 
aged  Weiser  occurred  to  me,  and  I  talk- 


238 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


€d  myself  into  a  passion  concerning 
God's  help  and  compassion.  As  soon  as 
I  noticed  that  the  old  weaver  opened  the 
door  of  the  clock,  I  included  everything 
I  still  wished  to  mention  in  the  verse : 

By  us  alone  naught  can  be  done 
Well   nigh   lost  we  mortals  are, 
There  strives  for  us  a  Holy  One 
Whom    God    Himself    has   chosen, 
It  is  our  Saviour,  Jesus  Christ, 
The    Lord    of    Sabaoth, 
There   is  no  other  God, 
He  alone  must  own  us. 

After  tho  bridegroom  and  bride  have 
answered  all  the  questions  put  to  them, 
I  say,  "Join  your  right  hands."  Quicklv 
mother  Merkel  pushes  her  Gretchen  as 
close  as  possible  to  Christian  so  that  one 
can  not  see  between  the  bridal  couple  at 
this  solemn  moment;  otherwise  it  would 
be  a  marriage  of  discord  and  dissension. 

I  ask  a  blessing  upon  them.  At  the 
right  moment  the  clock  begins  to  strike 
twelve.  Therewith  the  foundation  is 
laid  for  a  new  house  at  the  Schoharie. 

We  partook  of  the  wedding  feast.  Af- 
ter the  guests  had  finished  their  meal, 
the  old  schoolmaster  Heim  arose  and, 
according  to  his  long  established  custom, 
extended  his  congratulations  in  verse: 

Since  our  Lord  to  Cana  came, 
And   there   turned   water   into   wine, 
On  each  occasion  he  is  present, 
Where  there's  a  home  to  be  established 
Of  sighs  here  in  this  vale  of  tears 
To  the  great  King  it  has  been  given 
That    no    wedde    dpair    should    lack. 
For  sorrow  will  in  your  home  abide 
But   look  ye  heavenward   to   your  Lord, 
Then    whereso'er    the    Cross    is    raised 
There  will  be  your  loving  Christ, 
Then  raise  ye  all  aloft  your  glasses. 
For  this  young  and  valiaut  couple 
May  God  bless  their  home  and  land 
And  safely  guard  their  flocks  and  herds. 
Around    this   hearth    may   there   grow   and 

bloom, 
A   crowd   of   boys   both   strong   and   ruddy 
And  maidens  good  and  true  and  pretty 
Of  angel   purity  like  our  lovely  bride, 
That  henceforth  may  shine  clear  and  well 
The  fame  of  the  house  of  Christian  Schell. 

The  schoolmaster  spoke  this  with 
mixed  earnestness  and  humor.  The  wo- 
men listened  to  him  in  an  excited  man- 
ner, the  men  clapped  their  hands.     Then 


the  congratulations  and  presentation  of 
gifts  followed  in  quick  order.  Conrad 
Weiser  surprised  them  all.  He  gave 
them  a  thick  book  with  the  words:  "A 
valuable  book  I  present  to  you,  not  be- 
cause it  cost  a  large  sum,  but  because  1 
walked  all  the  way  to  New  York  to  buy 
it  (a  distance  of  two  hundred  miles). 
Therefore  use  the  book  industriously  and 
a  blessing  will  not  fail  you.''  Thereupon 
he  gave  them  "iVrndt's  True  Christian- 
ity." He  had  indeed  walked  to  New 
York  to  provide  the  book,  and  was  re- 
ported to  have  been  attacked  on  the  way 
by  wolves.  He  certainly  is  a  clever  fel- 
low, this  young  Weiser. 

After  this  speech  there  was  silence  for 
a  moment.  Then  of  a  sudden  the  vio- 
linists, flute  players  and  drummers  start- 
ed a  rude,  jolly  tune  and  a  young  wo- 
man dressed  as  a  gypsy  with  a  string  of 
pearls  around  her  neck  and  rings  and 
ribbons  on  her  arms  came  dancing  into 
the  room. 

"The  fortune-teller,"  resounded  on 
every  side.  She  had  already  grasped 
the  hand  of  the  shrinking  bride,  quickly 
sputtering  the  followine  words :  "Wheat 
and  corn  shall  not  fail  you,  nor  brave 
men  to  capture  bears  and  slay  wolve?. 
Soldiers  shall  not  be  absent  when  per- 
fidious savages  shall  attack  the  home. 
Ho,  ho!"  she  cried,  and  held  the  bride's 
hand  before  her  eyes,  "Ho,  white  dots  ot4 
the  fingers ;  that  signifies  children,  boys 
and  girls,  one,  two,  three,  four,  five,  then 
twins  and  triplets."  However,  Gretchen 
released  her  hand.  She  would  end  the 
talk  of  the  soothsayer  but  strong  hands 
grasped  her  foot.  Her  Christian  had 
forgotten  in  the  excitement  that,  simul- 
taneously with  the  entrance  of  the  gypsy, 
young  men  crept  under  the  table,  and 
whoever  would  first  remove  the  shoe 
from  the  bride's  foot  could  claim  her  for 
the  first  dance.  The  bridegroom  must 
also  buy  back  the  shoe  at  the  auction 
which  is  to  be  held.  Did  the  young  men 
succeed?  Not  with  Gretchen,  generally 
not  with  the  German  maidens  at  the 
Schoharie,  who  know  how  to  resist. 

The  excitement  had  now  reached  its 
height.      Only   after    several    loud    hand 


THE   FOREST   PREACHER   ON   THE  SCHOHARIE 


239- 


c]appin_2^s  could  such  a  distinijuisliecl 
man  as  the  aged  Herkimer  obtain  an 
audience.  "An  old  friend  of  my  family 
wishes  to  speak  a  few  words."  Beside 
him  appeared  a  man  somewhat  bent,  in  a 
worn  out  coat,  with  a  bristly  beard,  who 
was  in  that  period  of  life  in  which  it  is 
hard  to  fix  the  exact  ag"e. 

"I  too  am  German,"  he  began,  "but  T 
am  not  a  Christian,  onlv  an  honest  Ger- 
men  Jew  who  has  traveled  much  be- 
tween the  Hudson  and  the  Susquehanna. 
From  New  York  to  Germantown  and 
Philadelphia  each  German  knows  me.  I 
am  to  bring  greetings  from  Katharine 
\\'eisenberg,  of  Albany,  whose  deceased 
mother  was  a  sister  to  Mrs.  Merkel.  I 
am  to  extend  greetings  in  their  name  and 
best  wishes  and  blessings  to  Christian 
Schell,  and  to  his  newly  wedded  wife 
Gretchcn  Schell:  and  if  no  one  will  ridi- 
cule a  man  who  is  a  Jew,  but  an  honest 
man  and  to  whom  Mr.  Charles  Herkimer 
has  paid  the  great  honor  to  call  him  an 
old  acquaintance  of  the  family,  then 
might  T  wish  the  bridal  couple  happiness 
and  blessings." 

He  held  his  hands  as  if  asking  a  bless- 
ing and  said  in  a  solemn,  earnest  man- 
ner, "May  the  God  of  Abraham  and 
Isaac  and  Jacob  bless  you  as  he  blessed 
the  patriarchs  of  old  wdio  also  were  wan- 
derers like  me.  May  He  protect  you  as 
He  protected  father  David  when  he  fled 
from  king  Saul,  and  may  He  grant  you 
wisdom,  riches  and  long  life  like  unto 
Solomon.  May  He  bless  you  with  sons, 
God  fearing  ones  like  Joseph,  faithfid 
like  Jonathan,  and  daughters  beautiful 
like  kachel,  and  wise  as  Ruth — ^this  is 
the  heartfelt  wish  of  Jonathan  Schmul." 
Thus  he  spoke,  and  they  listened  to 
him  attentively.  I  afterwards  shook  his 
hand  and  wanted  to  praise  his  speecn. 
but  he  always  replied,  "It  is  well,  it  is 
well."  In  the  meantime  evening  had 
come  and  I  started  for  home.  Out  in  the 
open  air  the  young  for  whom  there  was 
no  room  in  the  house,  celebrated  the 
wedding  in  their  own  fashion.  They  had 
bought  beer  by  the  keg.  Each  one  who 
wished  to  drink  had  to  lift  the  keg  clear 
off  the  ground,  and  then  he  drank  auvl 


drank  and  drank.  So  they  tried  succes- 
sively to  determine  who  was  the  strong- 
est. Here  the  fortune-teller  had  an  easy 
time  of  it.  At  last  after  several  hours  one 
more  lifted  up  a  cask,  firewater  is  also 
the  most  powerful  here. 

On  this  wedding  night  I  could  not 
sleep,  the  greeting  from  Catharine  W'eis- 
enberg  would  not  allow  me  to  rest.  I 
descend  the  hill  behind  mv  house  and 
gaze  into  the  water.  The  water  chat- 
ters and  whispers  as  if  the  spirits  had 
their  rendezvous  here.  Immediately  I 
heard  close  by  the  call : 

"Listen,  people,  and  let  me  tell  yon, 
The    clock    has    just    struck    two, 
Before  each  one  two  ways  do  open, 
O  Lord,  lead  me  in  the  narrow  one." 

W'hat,  watchmen  in  the  primeval 
forest  of  America?  Still,  I  recollect. 
Usually  in  each  house  one  watches  to 
guard  as'ainst  Indian  attacks.  But  on 
account  of  the  wedding  there  is  a  strange 
man  appointed, for  this  night.  He  nnT^t 
not  meet  me  here  at  this  hour.  I  ascend 
the  hill  to  my  log-cabin. 

CHAPTER  \TI. 

As  I  paid  a  visit  the  following  day  to 
Mr.  Gerlach,  Jonathan  Schmul  came  to 
the  house,  placed  his  lx)xes  and  bundles 
on  the  floor  and  drew  a  deep  breath. 

"What  will  you  buy  today.  Madam, 
what  do  you  need?"  he  began,  "and  how 
is  your  husband  and  the  children,  all 
ruddv  wdth  cheeks  like — " 

"Call  father,  Fritz,"  interrupted  Mrs. 
Gerlach,  and  the  boy  stormed  out  of  the 
house  and  called  as  loud  as  he  could, 
"The  peddler,  father,  come  home,  the 
peddler."  Meanwhile.  Jonathan  Schmul 
opened  his  boxes  and  packs.  The  chil- 
dren looked  on  with  great  curiosity  and 
with  exclamations  of  wonder  at  the 
splendor  which  unfolded  before  their 
eyes  they  continually  pressed  closer. 
'  "Buy  me  the  knife,  mother.  I  need  a 
knife.  The  weaver's  Fritz  has  one  too," 
said  Fritz. 

"The  earrings  for  me,  mother,"  cried' 
little  Lizzie. 


240 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


"I  must  have  a  woolen  undergarment 
for  the  winter,"  said  Andreas  positively. 
He  is  fifteen  and  may  make  requests. 
■"Go  away  at  once !  Peddler,  slap  their 
"hands."  ordered  the  mother.  The  ped- 
<ller  did  not  do  it.  He  knew  well  enough 
that  children  were  his  best  customers. 
i\Iean while  Mr.  Gerlach  came  in,  washed 
his  hands  and  began  to  parley  with  the 
peddler  about  the  weather  and  the  wheat. 
'Then  the  Jew  proceeded  to  business. 

"Anything  agreeable  to  you  today  )* 
Here  is  a  medicine  for  a  fever,  only  root 
extract,  have  the  secret  from  an  old  In- 
dian." 

"Or  these  pills,  the  best  remedy  for  a 
■cough  for  children  when  they  can  not 
sleep  at  night,  have  you  any  left?" 

"Not  very  much,"  said  Mr.  Gerlach 
-curtly. 

"Didn't  I  tell  you  the  truth?  It  I. 
good  medicine  for  colic  in  calves  and 
sucking  pigs.  ]\Ian,  you  have  tried  it: 
testify  whether  I  am  telling  the  truth." 

"It  is  not  bad,"  was  the  answer.  ]\lr. 
Gerlach  feared  if  he  should  praise  his 
•goods  too  much,  that  Schmul  migln 
raise  the  price. 

Then  they  began  to  haggle  about  the 
•price  and  to  make  purchases.  Fritz  runs 
out  of  the  house  with  a  harmonica,  and 
little  Lizzie  screams  aloud  when  they 
fasten  the  silver  earrings  too  roughlv. 
The  big  boys  examined  the  wares.  They 
buy  with  the  glances  of  a  connoisseur, 
whetstones  and  knives.  They  also  buy 
a  new  stock  of  gunpowder,  and  Chris'- 
tian  examines  with  satisfaction  a  tobac- 
co pipe. 

"Now,  that     is     too     bad,  you  shouM 

•speak  to  me."  the  mother  said  and  shook 

her  fist  angrily  toward  Christian.    While 

the  mother  examines     the     spreads  and 

linens,    the     chintzes   and     threads   and 

could  not  match  the  men.  Christian  se- 

•cretly  brought  out  of  bis  best  suit  silver 

and  copper  coins  and  obtained  the  pipe 

irom  the  peddler  with  the  assurance,  "It 

is  the   most   l)eautiful  one   at   the   Scho- 

iharie." 


Thus  the  purchases  are  made.  "Win- 
ter is  at  hand,  wollen  underwear ;  thi^ 
smockfrock  (bed  gown)  costs  only 
$3.99.  I  sell  cheaper  than  the  stores  in 
Albany  and  have  brought  the  goods  to 
you.  I  am  satisfied  with  a  small  profit. 
Live  and  let  live  is  my  motto." 

J\Ir.  Gerlach  became  serious.  The 
whole  table  was  loaded  with  articles  of 
clothing,  toys  and  medicines.  He  begaa 
to  scratch  his  head.  He  barg'ained  and 
dickered  but  to  no  purpose. 

"Jonathan  Schmul  wishes  to  earn  an 
honest  living." 

Then  the  farmer  played  his  trump 
card.  "Schmul,  really  I  need  nothing,  I 
do  not  want  to  send  you  away,  but  you 
are  too  dear.  I  buy  nothing ;  next  time 
I  mav ;  no  ofifense  is.  meant !" 

All  the  same  he  purchased,  brought 
his  leather  purse  from  the  chest  and 
paid  him. 

"What  I  wish  to  say,"  Schmul  con- 
tinued, "see  this  shawl,  it  is  the  last  one." 
Thereupon  he  unfolded  a  beautiful  shawl 
with  fine  heavy  fringes.  The  farmer 
shook  his  head  in  a  forbidding  manner, 
but  the  garment  caught  the  eye  of  Mrs. 
Gerlach.  who  examined  it. 

'"Wool,  pure  Portuguese  wool,  spun 
and  woven  in  Paris,  which  is  the  capital 
of  France,  where  the  latest  styles  are 
found.  I  just  sold  one  to  Mrs.  Herki- 
mer. It  was  a  nice  one  but  not  as  pretty 
as  this  one.  It  was  made  in  Lyons  which 
is  also  situated  in  France.  This  one 
comes  from  Paris  which  is  the  center 
for  fashions." 

He  put  the  shawl  about  Mrs.  Gerlach's 
shoulders  while  the  children  looked  at  ;■. 
longingly. 

"Why  do  you  gape,  such  a  thing  at 
the  present  time,  I  have  worked  more 
than  you  will  your  lifetime.  I  have  be- 
come old  working  and  no  one  bought  ut^ 
such  a  shawl,"  and  she  cleared  her 
throat  and  gul])e(l  and  busied  herself 
about  the  room.  Mr.  Gerlach  is  a  sens- 
il)le  man.  He  knows  his  better  half.  He 
goes  again  to  the  chest,  and  this  time 
brings  bank  notes. 


(TO  BE  CONTINUKD) 


A  German  Refugee  of  the  Revolution  of  1848 

By  J.  A.  H.  Lacher,  Waukesha,  Wis. 


LTHOUGH  long-  neglectc!, 
the  part  taken  by  the  Ger- 
man element  in  the  making; 
of  our  country  during  the 
colonial  period  is  being  res- 
cued from  oblivion  by  diligent  research 
and  able  pens ;  hence  we  may  hope  that 
due  credit  will  in  time  be  accorded  this 
imi)ortant  factor  in  American  develop- 
ment. While  the  charm  of  age  and 
(juaintness  is  now  attracting-  many  stu- 
dents to  this  fertile  field  of  our  history, 
the  activities  of  a  later  addition  to  the 
German  stock  in  America  should  receive 
consideration,  else  many  sources  of  in- 
formation for  the  future  historian  may 
be  lost. 

Authorities  have  declared  that  no  con- 
tingent of  immigrants  has  ranked  higher 
in  intelligence,  enthusiasm  and  ideals, 
that  none  has  served  our  country 
■more  loyally,  than  the  hundreds  of  thou- 
sands of  Germans  who  flocked  to  our 
shores  after  the  failure  of  the  Revolution 
of  1848.  An  accession  which  wielded 
an  immediate,  powerful  influence  upon 
our  social  life,  notably  in  education, 
inusic  and  gymnastics ;  which  gave  us  an 
army  of  skilled  workers,  as  well  as 
many  musicians,  artists,  journalists, 
pharmacists,  physicians,  engineers,  sci- 
entists and  professors ;  wdiich  soon  be- 
came a  political  factor  and  in  1861  saved 
several  border  states  to  the  L'nion ; 
which  furnished  thousands  of  soldier.^, 
includino;  officers  of  every  rank,  and  su'p- 
]-)lie(l  legislators,  judges,  officials,  for- 
eign ministers,  a  U.  S.  senator  and  a 
member  of  the  President's  cabinet — 
such  a  remarkable  contribution  to  our 
population,  together  with  the  causes 
which  precipitated  it,  is  surely  deserving 
of  a  competent  historian. 

While  much  has  been  written  about 
the  leaders  of  the  "Forty-eighters,"  the 
readers   of  The  Penn   Germ.\\i.\    will 


doubtless  be  interested  in  a  fragmentary 
sketch  of  that  struggle  for  liberty  and 
representative  government  in  Germany 
by  a  minor  participant,  Mr.  Karl  Krum- 
rey,  one  of  the  pioneer  settlers  of  She- 
boygan County,  \\'is. 

The  account  is  brief,  yet  it  gives  us  a 
glimpse  of  the  stirring  events  which 
precipitated  that  great  influx  of  (ierman 
immigrants  during  the  middle  of  the 
nineteenth   century. 

From  the  Journal  of  Karl  Kntiiirey, 
born   1816,  died  t8~o. 

"After     our     marriage     we     lived     with 
my     mother-in-law,     the     widow     Dorlani. 
in    Tuhren    street    at    Neustadt.      In    Sep- 
tember,   1843,    we    bought    from  Frederick 
Karl    Exter    a    dwelling    in    Landschreib- 
erei    Street    for    the    sum    of    3000    florins, 
which    contained    five    commodious    rooms, 
together  with  a  yard,  cellar  and  barn,  and 
yielded  an  annual  revenue  of  150  florins.  In 
1844     there     was     organized     a     vintner's 
benevolent   society   to   aid    its   members   in 
case  of  sickness  or  death.     Joining  the  new 
society,  I  was  elected  on  January  4,  1844, 
to  the  office  of  secretary  and  member  of  a 
standing  committee.      In    1845    I   was  also 
treasurer  of  the  society.     Owing  to  the  fact 
that  the  society  held  several  public  meet- 
ings a  year,  I  availed  myself  of  the  oppor- 
tunity to  improve  myself  In  public  speak- 
ing by  reading  papers  and   delivering  ad- 
dresses before  the  members  on  these  occa- 
sions.     In   February,    18-*^,   the  revolution 
in    France    began,    asd    the    modern    ideas, 
proclaiming  Liberty,  Equality  and  Frater- 
nity,   swept    over    Europe    like    a    storm. 
Especially  did  the  German  people  arise  in 
every  district,  demanding  from  the  princes 
and    their   abettors   a    restoration   of   their 
violated     rights.       Rhenish     Bavaria     (die 
Pfalz),  and  notably  Neustadt,  did  not  lag 
in  this  progressive  movement.     In  a  num- 
ber of  mass-meetings  the  rights  of  the  peo- 
ple were  explained  by  many  former  liber- 
als   of     1832,     who    admonished     them     to 
appeal  to  their  rulers  by  both  petitions  and 
addresses  to  grant  them  a  constitution  pat- 
terned after  that  of  England,   to  establish 
a   'money   republic'      Thereupon   there  ap- 
peared   in    various   parts   of   Germany    men 
who,  inspired  and  enlightened  by  the  pub- 


241 


242 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


lications  of  Hecker  and  Struve,  now  strove 
for  real  liberty,  for  emancipation  not  only 
from  the  oppression  of  princes  and  officials, 
but  also  from  the  subjection  by  the  money 
power  and  privileged  classes.  In  Neustadt 
the  middle  class  especially  suffered  restric- 
tions regarding  the  use  of  the  communal 
city  forest,  and  as  they  were  absolutely 
tyrannized  by  the  ruler's  foresters  and  the 
aristocratic  city  counsellors,  I,  with  sev- 
eral other  citizens,  took  the  initiative  and 
called  a  mass-meeting,  which  demanded  our 
old  rights  and  privileges  in  the  public  for- 
est. I  had  prepared  an  address  which  pre- 
sented the  arguments  for  our  rights  and 
demands,  and  this  I  read  to  the  meeting. 
The  city  council  yielded  under  stress  and 
appointed  twelve  citizens,  including  my- 
self, to  maintain  and  safeguard  these 
rights.  After  our  first  efforts  had  proved 
so  successful,  I  deemed  it  my  duty,  in  this 
period  of  demands  in  behalf  of  the  sup- 
pressed rights  of  the  people,  to  express  my 
views  freely  and  openly.  Furthermore, 
instructed  by  Hecker's  and  Struve's  publi- 
cations, I  boldly  met  in  public  debate  the 
representatives  of  the  money  aristocrats 
and  demanded  in  the  name  of  real  liberty 
a  graduated  income  tax,  a  free-school  sys- 
tem, equality  of  labor  and  capital,  etc. 
The  people  received  my  addresses  with  joy. 
An  address  prepared  by  me  with  these 
ends  in  view  received  600  signatures. 
Shortly  afterward  I  was, elected  a  member 
of  the  city  council,  receiving  600  out  of 
700  votes.  Along  with  me  were  elected  a 
number  of  other  members  of  like  opinion. 
Many  improvements  for  the  benefit  of  the 
working  people  were  accomplished,  but  the 
hatred  of  the  money  bags  also  showed  it- 
self more  and  more.  Somewhat  earlier,  in 
April,  1848,  I  was  elected  by  a  large  major- 
ity delegate  to  the  parliament  at  Frank- 
fort. All  of  this  occasioned  the  loss  of 
much  valuable  time  and  large  expenses; 
but  with  pleasure  I  brought  this  sacrifice 
for  my  awakened  fatherland.  Many  politi- 
cal clubs  were  now  formed.  I  became  a 
member  of  the  People's  Society  and  the 
Democratic  Club.  In  December,  1848,  I 
was  again  elected  representative  to  par- 
liament for  its  session  at  Munich.  There 
was  now  organized  at  Neustadt  a  large 
workingmen's  society,  composed  of  600 
members,  and  1  was  elected  its  treasurer 
Every  week  this  society  held  three  public 
meetings,  which  proved  very  instructive 
and  enlightening  to  the  working  classes. 
On  several  occasions  I  was  a  delegate  of 
this  society  at  the  workingmen's  congress 
at  Neustadt.  When,  finally,  in  May,  1849, 
the  revolution  began  in  Rhenish  Bavaria! 
I  was  elected  by  this  society  as  a  delegate 
to  the  great  convention  at  Kaiserslautern. 
A  provisional  government  was  established 
there,   from   which   I   received   various   re- 


sponsible    appointments     in     the     city     of 
Neustadt." 

He  speaks  briefly  of  his  various  du- 
ties and  then  the  narrative  concludes  ab- 
ruptly thus : 

"When  the  revolution  had  failed  and  the 
Prussians  entered"- — 

Further  details  of  Karl  Krumrey's 
experiences  during  the  revolution  and 
his  subsequent  flight  to  France  anrl 
America  have  been  supplied  by  his 
daughters,  Elizabeth,  and  John  Zink- 
graf,  a  companion,  both  still  living  at 
Plymouth,  Wis.  The  daughter  relates 
that  her  father's  political  activity  occu- 
pied so  much  of  his  time  and  energy  to 
the  detriment  of  his  business,  that  it  did 
not  meet  with  her  mother's  approval, 
who  tearfully  pleaded  with  him  to 
abandon  it,  .but  that  he  always  insisted 
that  duty  to  his  fatherland  demanded 
these  services.  He  had,  however,  taken 
the  precaution  to  transfer  his  property 
to  a  trusted  friend,  and,  when  finally 
his  capture  became  imminent,  he  escaped 
at  night  by  coach  across  the  French 
frontier  to  Weissenburg,  thirty  miles 
distant.  There  he  was  joined  two 
weeks  later  by  his  family  and  friend,  the 
latter  loyally  turning  over  to  him  the 
proceeds  of  his  property. 

A  refugee  on  foreign  soil,  without 
home  or  country,  defeated  but  not  de- 
spondent. Karl  Krumrey  resolutely 
turned  his  face  to  that  land  of  liberty, 
America,  whither  so  many  Palatines  had 
preceded  him  since  the  first  exodus  of 
1709.  Stopping  briefly  en  route  at  Par- 
is with  a  relative,  they  sailed  from 
Havre  in  July,  1849.  reaching  New  York 
four  weeks  later  after  a  pleasant  pas- 
sage. Thence  they  journeyed  Via  Buf- 
falo and  the  lakes  to  Milwaukee,  arriv- 
ing there  on  the  9th  of  October  after  a 
stormy  voyage.  The  family  tarried  in 
Milwaukee  for  four  weeks  while  the 
father  traveled  about  looking  for  a  lo- 
cation. This  he  found  in  a  heavily  tim- 
bered country,  a  mile  northeast  of  the 
present  site  of  Plymouth.  Wis.,  where 
he  purchased  220  acres  of  land,  200  of 


A  GERMAN  REFUGEE  OF  THE  REVOLUTION  OF  1848 


243 


which  have  to  -this  day  remained  unin- 
terruptedly in  tlic  family.  Rcturnin,!.^ 
Jacob  Mantz,  a  neighbor,  moved  the 
family  and  their  effects  by  ox  team  to 
their  new  home  in  the  wilderness,  55 
miles  north  of  Milwaukee.  This  jour- 
ney over  primitive  roads,  or  throu,q-h  the 
woods  where  the  men  were  often  obligcfl 
to  hew  their  way,  lasting  five  days  and 
was  the  culmination  of  hardships  to  the 
poor  wife,  who  had  been  seasick  all  the 
way  from  Havre  to  Milwaukee.  There 
were  no  bridges  and,  coming  to  a  stream 
she  would  not  cross  until  Mr.  Mantz 
had  driven  across  and  back  and  thus  as- 
sured her  that  the  ford  was  perfectly 
safe. 

The  sudden  change  from  the  avocation, 
customs,  comforts  and  environments  of 
their  former  home  to  the  privations  of 
pioneer  life  in  a  strange  land  was  in- 
deed pronounced,  and  though  the  sturdy 
father  was  not  a  handy  man  and  had 
never  felled  a  tree,  or  performed  any 
other  heavy  labor,  his  iron  will  over- 
came these  obstacles ;  yet  it  was  easier 
for  him  to  adapt  himself  to  the  new  con- 
ditions than  the  timid  mother.  Although 
their  few  neighbors  were  neighborly, 
nearly  all  spoke  a  tongue  which  she 
could  not  understand ;  while  sometimes, 
when  her  husband  and  the  hired  man 
were  at  work  on  the  farm,  Indians 
prowled  about  the  house,  peering 
through  the  windows  at  her  and  the 
frightened  children.  This  was  the  price 
they  both  paid,  because  the  father  had 
championed  the  cause  of  the  oppressed. 

A  pronounced  advocate  of  democratic 
ideas  in  German)^,  Karl  Krumrey,  like 
so  many  of  his  compatriots,  affiliated 
with  the  Democratic  party  upon  his  es- 
tablishing himself  in  Wisconsin;  but  be- 
ing intensely  opposed  to  human  slavery, 
he  naturally  espoused  the  principles  of 
the  Republicans  when  these  appeared  in 
the  field  in  1854.  Although  he  acquired 
a  fair  command  of  English  and  was  a 
diligent  reader  of  the  tri-weekly  Mil- 
waukee Sentinel,  as  well  as  a  number  of 
German  papers,  he  never  became  a  fluent 
speaker  of  the  vernacular ;  hence  he  wa^ 


not  so  active  in  politics  as  he  had  been 
in  his  native  country.  Among  the  Ger- 
man settlers,  who  soon  became  numer- 
ous, he  wielded  considerable  influence. 
He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Ger- 
man Ethical  Society  at  Plymouth,  which, 
with  an  occasional  funeral  address,  of- 
fered him  some  opportunity  for  giving 
expression  to  his  talent  for  public  speak- 
ing. He  was  also  a  member  of  the 
German  singing  society,  which  was  or- 
ganized at  Plymouth  as  elsewhere  in  the 
North. 

Like  thousands  of  'his  companions  of 
T848,  Karl  Krumrey  was  not  a  dreamer, 
but  an  earnest,  practical  believer  in  pop- 
ular rights  and  equality  of  opportunity, 
and  in  becoming  a  citizen  of  his  adopted 
country,  he  did  so  with  a  deep  sense  of 
his  new  duties  and  responsibilities.  Of 
sterling  integrity,  commanding  the  re- 
spect of  his  community,  he  was  also  a 
fine  type  of  German  thrift  and  thorough- 
ness, for,  despite  his  lack  of  previous 
training,  he  became  a  successful  farmer. 
He  kept  a  systematic  record  of  his  busi- 
ness transactions,  including  the  yield  and 
returns  of  his  various  annual  crops,  as 
shown  by  his  Journal,  now  in  the  pos- 
session of  his  son,  Henry.  He  early 
planted  fruit  trees  on  his  farm  and  in- 
troduced grape  culture  in  his  neighbor- 
hood. 

Several  entries  in  this  book  seem  to 
indicate  one  of  the  causes  of  the  Ger- 
man revolution  —  excessive  taxes.  He 
purchased  at  various  times  several  pieces 
of  vineyard  upon  which  the  cost  for 
making  out  and  recording  the  papers  ag- 
gregated five  per  cent.  For  example, 
on  July  26,  1845,  he  bought  from  Peter 
Christian  Bokler  and  wife  130  square 
rods  of  vineyard  and  68  square  rods  of 
woodland  on  the  mountain  for  625 
florins,  with  the  following  accompanv- 
ing  fees : 

"To  Bonus  on  Sale  (Trinkgeld  an  den 
Verkaeufer)    11   florins. 

"To  Commission  Maklergeld,  3  florins, 
30  kreutzer. 

"To  making  out  deed  and  recording 
same,   31  florins,  53  kreutzer." 

Some  of  the  entries  made  in  \Mscon- 


244                                                         THE   PENN  GERMANIA 

sin    are    also   of   interest.      Thus,   under  are  complete  and  detailed  from   1843  to 

date  of  1850,  are  found  these  items:  1870,  the  year  of  his  death. 

(tnc  Aft  The  story  of  Karl  Krumrev  was  that 

'paid  ',o7a''f4o°J  ""ossibly-  noi  '"■  "f  thousands  of  the  Gern^n  Refugees  of 

new)     20.00  the     Revolution     of      1848.     Intelligent. 

Paid  for  a  plow 10.50  well-read,  earnest,  enthusiastic,  and  with 

Paid  for  two  cows. 42.00  j^-   ,     [fXe^h,   they   became    devoted    citi- 

Paid  tor  one  yoke  of  oxen 50.00  "^        r  xu   •         T    ^    1             <.            ^4-    ^ 

Paid  for  two  heifers 9.00  zens  of  their  adopted  country:  yet,  ow- 

T^Rid  for  two  kegs  nails 10.00"  ing   to   their   foreig'n   ways   and    speech, 

with   their   inability   to   acquire   a   fluent 

He  sold  his  spring  wheat  of  the  crop  command  of  the  English  language,  their 

of  1854  in  the  spring  of  1855  at  $1.50  good    qualities    were    neither    generally 

per  bushel,  the  high  price  being  due.  no  understood  nor  appreciated.     It  is  true, 

doubt,  to  the  Crimean  War.    In  Septem-  that  in  the  communities  where  they  lived 

ber,   i860,   he   sold  his  winter  wheat  at  their    neighbors    may    have    recognized 

$1.00  per  bushel,  and  in  July,   1861,   at  their  worth,  as  in  the  case  of  Krumrey ; 

76  cents.     July,  1861,  he  bought  a  reap-  but  the  beneficial  influence  of  their  pres- 

er  for  $125.  the  first  introduced  into  that  ence  here  upon  the  life  and  welfare  of 

neighborhood.      A     large     concourse  of  the  country  was  not  noted  by  the  nation 

farmers  was  in  attendance     when     this  at  large.     Nevertheless,  while  they  may 

new  implement  was  placed  in  operation,  not  have  played  such  important  roles  as 

It  was  drawn     by     oxen,     because     the  their   more   brilliant  and  versatile   asso- 

horses  were  afraid  of  the  strange  appa-  ciates,  who  deservedly  caught  the  eye  of 

ratus.     In  May,  1859,  he  paid  $2.75  for  popular   approval,    their   contribution   to 

a  pair  of  shoes  for  his  hired  man.     No-  the   moral,  material   and  intellectual   de- 

vember.    i860,    he    hired    Philip  Schon-  velopment   of   our   country   was   import- 

siegel  for  one  year  at  $108.     The  entries  ant.                                                                    j 


The  Ordination:   a  Story  of  the  Mennonites 

By  Cyrus  H.  Eshelman,  Grand  Haven,  Mich. 


T  had  been  well  understood 
by  the  conj^regation  at  the 
( )  a  k  Run  M  e  n  n  o  n  i  t  e 
Church  ever  since  the  death 
of  the  late  Preacher  Bren- 
nenian.  that  steps  must  be  taken  before 
many  months  to  install  a  successor.  It 
is  true  there  still  remained  Preacher 
Shenk,  who  had  led  most  of  the  recent 
services,  and  who  even  while  Preacher 
Brenneman  lived  had  nearly  always  been 
])resent  and  very  frequently  led  :  but  he. 
strictly  considered,  belonged  to  the  Ens- 
mingcr  church. some  5  or  6  miles  across 
the  country. 

These  two  cong'reg"ations  held  their 
services  on  alternate  Sundays  and 
it  was  customary  for  their  ministers 
to  assist  each  other  in  the  work ; 
each  minister  frequentl}'  led  the  ser- 
vices at  both  churches,  and  each  was 
frequently  present  althouijh  taking-  only 
a  subordinate  part.  This  practice  of 
liavino^  several  ministers  at  their  ser- 
vices, is  a  very  prevalent  one  amonq-  the 
Mennonites.  especially  wihere  they  have 
their  main  stronq'holds  in  southern 
Pennsylvania.  Indeed  it  is  doubtful  if 
the  average  attendant  in  this  region, 
would  think  himself  full}'  rej^aid  for  his 
Sunday  morning  drive  if  he  heard  only 
one  minister ;  often  there  are  three  or 
four,  and  it  is  by  no  means  extraordi- 
nary to  see  as  many  as  half  a  dozen  come 
solemnly  in  file  from  the  counsel  room 
while  the  audience  is  singing  one  of  thj 
opening  hymns,  and  seat  themselves  on 
the  bench  behind  their  plain,  unraised 
table,  each  ready  if  need  be  to  take  an 
active  part. 

There  are  several  very  good  reasons 
for  this.  One  is,  it  is  advisable  to  have 
an  extra  minister  at  hand  to  continue  the 
devotions  in  case  the  other  one  breaks 
down,  or  runs  out  of  material.  This  hap- 
pens  occasionally,   especially   among  the 


newer  men,  as  might  be  expected  from 
the  fact  that  they  are  selected  by  lot 
from  the  members,  and  must  begin  the 
work  in  many  instances  without  the 
least  previous  training  or  exj^erience. 
Another  reason  is,  the  services  are  quite 
lengthy,  beginning  soon  after  nine 
o'clock  and  continuing  till  nearlv  noon, 
^fost  of  this  time  is  taken  up 'by  the 
nnnister  that  handles  the  text:  after  he 
has  finished,  the  other  ministers  and  the 
deacons  are  each  expected  to  add  a  few 
words  of  testimony,  or  to  bring  out  any 
ideas  the  speaker  appears  to  have  ove-- 
l'>';ke<l.  At  the  best,  then,  it  almost  re- 
qnn-es  the  combined  efforts  of  several 
men  to  render  a  program  that  is  en- 
tirely satisfactory. 

In  view  of  all'these  things,  it  was  im- 
perative for  the  interests  of  the  Oak 
Kun  and  the  Ensminger  congregations 
especially  the  former,  tliat  im  hvvr  de- 
lay occur  m  filling  the  vacancv  :  and  so 
It  was  no  surprise  to  anv  one 'when  the 
announcement  was  made  at  the  Oak 
Knn  Ihurch  one  Sunday  morning,  that 
at  the  next  regular  meeting  two'  weeks 
trom  that  day,  '"the  Lord  willin-  ' 
votes  would  be  cast  for  candidates.    '^' 

The  unusual  character  of  the  next 
meeting  drew  out  a  large  attendance.  It 
was  not  to  be  the  big  event,  for  only  th^ 
candidates  were  to  be  chosen— a' task 
comparatively  mundane  and  human— 
but  the  whole  set  of  observances  fur- 
nished a  period  of  considerable  excite- 
ment among  the  Mennonites— that  is  if 
the  (|uiet  lives  of  these  people  ever  can 
be  said  to  rise  to  this  height. 

In  view  of  the  special  importance  of 
the  occasion.  l]ishop  Abraham  Croff. 
who  had  charge  of  all  the  congregations 
in  the  county  was  present  to  lead.  Bish- 
op Groff  stood  before  his  people  in 
every  detail  an  uncompromising  cham- 
pion of  their  formalities  and  their  ideals. 


245 


246 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


In  person  he  was  of  about  medium 
height,  and,  although  not  corpulent,  was 
IX)werfully  built.  His  age  was  about  65, 
and  may  possibly  have  been  70.  He  wa? 
cleanly  shaven,  as  was  customary  with 
the  sect.  His  hair  was  thin  on  top  and 
was  nearly  gray ;  it  was  parted  in  the 
middle  and  combed  back,  hanging  down 
in  waves  several  inches  on  his  neck  be- 
hind, where  it  was  cut  off  abruptly 
across.  His  features  were  strong  but 
not  coarse;  they  were  deeply  furrowed 
but  not  gloomy.  He  wore  a  soft  color- 
less shirt  and  collar,  and  a  black  bow- 
tie.  His  suit  was  a  dark  brown.  The 
coat,  as  th.,  regulations  require,  was 
without  cellar  or  lapel  and  had  the  front 
corners  cut  out  below.  There  were  ab- 
solutely no  ornaments ;  there  was  no 
gown,  no  emblems.  On  the  whole,  how- 
ever, his  appearance  was  very  impres- 
sive ;  there  was  dignity  and  determina- 
tion in  his  manner,  and  his  words  were 
accepted  by  his  hearers  as  the  highest 
human  authority. 

The  subject  of  his  sermon  was  the  in- 
stitution of  the  ministry  as  practiced  in 
the  Mennonite  church ;  or  rather  the  ser- 
mon was  an  attack  on  the  professional 
and  mercenary  spirit  among  the  clergy 
of  other  denominations.  The  burden  of 
his  remarks  was  that  it  is  highly  irrever- 
ent for  any  one  to  enter  the  ministry 
without  divine  summons  and  authority, 
and  that  it  is  selfish  and  sordid  for  min- 
isters to  receive  compensation. 

He  did  not  think  a  higher  education 
and  a  special  training  were  at  all  neces- 
sary. They  might  give  "excellency  of 
speech,"  said  he,  freely  paraphrasing 
some  scriptural  passages,  but  this  was 
not  desirable — was  in  fact  rather  repre- 
hensible. High-sounding  phrases,  he 
contended,  usually  mean  nothing;  thev 
are  offered  to  conceal  rather  than  express 
the  truth.  The  gospel,  he  maintained,  is 
simple,  and  can  be  understood  by  any 
one  who  so  desires. 

He  was  severest  toward  the  practice 
of  receiving  compensation.  This,  it 
seemed  to  him,  was  shockingly  sordid. 
He  related  instances  that  had  reached 
his    ears,    of   ministers    who    refused   to 


preach  unless  their  salaries  were  paid,  or 
resigned  their  places  when  offered  more 
money  elsewhere ;  of  ministers  who  re- 
ceived pay  for  weddings,  for  funerals, 
even  for  prayers  for  the  dead ;  as  if  re- 
ligion were  a  commodity  for  barter  and 
sale.  But  the  truth  is,  -he  maintained 
with  great  emphasis,  salvation  is  free 
for  all,  "wthout  money  and  without 
price." 

The  sermon  was  delivered  in  a  home- 
ly, blunt  manner,  and  according  to  the 
way  of  the  world  no  doubt  there  was 
much  to  criticise.  There  were  serious 
errors  of  syntax,  there  were  misconcep- 
tions of  current  events,  there  were  ac- 
cents and  gestures  which  many  a  polite 
congregation  would  have  ridiculed.  To 
many  minds  these  things  not  only  are 
important ;  they  are  of  supreme  import- 
ance. But  had  it  been  possible  to  over- 
look his  shortcomings  of  this  kind,  and 
consider  rather  the  spirit  of  his  efforts 
and  the  inner  nature  of  his  message, 
there  might  have  been  much  to  say  in 
his  favor.  For  one  thing  there  was  no 
doubt  of  his  intense  sincerity ;  back  of 
his  remarks  were  his  whole-souled  con- 
victions, the  very  significance  of  his  own 
life  and  work.  For  another  thing,  there 
was  no  doubt  of  the  purity  and  loftiness 
of  his  principles.  They  may  well  have 
been  extreme  and  impracticable ;  but  they 
were  decidedly  not  sordid.  On  the  con- 
trary, he  sought  to  disentangle  the  af- 
fairs of  religion  from  all  the  other  in- 
terests of  life,  and  to  keep  his  calling  an 
unselfish  work,  obedient  to  the  Divine 
will  and  inspired  by  the  infinite  wisdom. 

As  he  concluded  his  sermon,  Bishop 
Groff  requested  the  members  to  keep 
their  seats.  After  he  had  dismissed  the 
audience  he  proceeded  to  explain,  al- 
though the  trouble  was  hardly  necessary, 
that  every  member,  woman  as  well  as 
man,  was  entitled  to  a  vote,  which  must 
be  cast  for  a  male  member,  preferably  a 
married  one.  He  duly  admonished  thein 
regarding  the  seriousness  and  import- 
ance of  the  task,  and  then  at  his  com- 
mand all  knelt  in  prayer  to  ask  for 
guidance  in  the  choice. 

The  bishop,  the  ministers,     and     the 


THE   ORDINATION:      A   STORY   OF   THE   MENNONITES 


247 


deacons  then  went  into  the  counsel  room 
and  a  few  'minutes  later  one  of  them 
announced  from  the  door  that  they  were 
ready  to  begin.  There  were  a  few  min- 
ittes  of  hesitation,  after  which,  one  at  a 
time  and  very  deliberately,  the  voters 
went  in  and  recorded  their  choice  and 
returned  to  their  seats.  In  oreneral  the 
older  members  went  first.  Finally  there 
was  a  long  silence,  showing-  that  no 
more  desired  to  vote.  Probably  not 
more  than  half  had  voted,  and  only  a 
few  women ;  some  were  deterred  per- 
haps by  bashfulness,  some  by  a  desire 
to  leave  the  responsibility  to  the  older 
members.  On  the  whole,  however,  the 
vote  was  regarded  as  an  entirely  satis- 
factory one.  When  the  clergymen  re- 
turned. Bishop  Groff  read  the  names  of 
six  men  of  the  congregation,  all  of 
whom  were  present,  as  having  received 
votes  and  being  regularly  nominated. 
The  casting  of  the  lot,  it  was  announced, 
would  take  place  at  2  o'clock  on  the  fol- 
lowing Thursday  afternoon,  and  the 
candidates  were  directed  to  appear. 

Thursday  proved  to  be  a  veritable 
red-letter  day  among  the  Mennonites ; 
farm  and  household  labors  were  put 
aside,  and  young  and  old,  from  far  and 
■near,  as  many  as  could  crowd  into  the 
vehicles,  came  to  witness  the  event.  Not 
only  Mennonites  came, — there  were  men 
and  women  of  every  denomination,  and 
of  no  denomination  whatever.  From  any 
possible  viewpoint  the  occasion  was  un- 
usual and  momentous. 

The  file  that  came  from  the  counsel 
room  at  the  opening  of  the  service  that 
afternoon,  was  a  long  and  remarkable 
one.  First  came  Preacher  Shenk,  then 
Bishop  .Grofif,  followed  by  the  no  less 
dignified  and  venerable  Bishop  Hostet- 
ter,  wdio  had  been  invited  over  from 
Lancaster  County ;  then  came  several 
visiting  ministers,  then  several  deacons, 
and  last  the  six  candidates,  humble  and 
apprehensive,  showing  every  evidence  of 
terrible  suffering,  for  it  is  doubtful  if 
there  was  more  than  one  or  two  who 
really  desired  the  place.  The  clergy- 
men took  the  usual  bench  and  the  can- 
didates  were   seated   on     a     bench  that 


stretched  at  right  angles  out  along  the 
table. 

Bishop  Groff,  who  again  led,  based  his 
sermon  on  the  text,  "And  they  gave  forth 
their  lots ;  and  the  lot  fell  upon  Mat- 
thias ;  and  he  was  numbered  with  the 
twelve  apostles."  The  sermon  was  in- 
tended to  still  further  impress  every  one 
with  the  seriousness  of  the  occasion. 

"The  office  of  the  ministry,  which  we 
are  about  to  fill,"  said  he  very  impres- 
sively, "is  more  important  than  the  of- 
fices of  the  government ;  it  is  more  im- 
portant than  that  of  the  President  of  the 
United  States.  The  President  is  con- 
cerned only  with  the  things  of  this 
world ;  but  the  minister  is  concerned 
with  the  welfare  of  immortal  souls." 

He  warned  the  candidates  of  the  aw- 
ful penalty  to  be  incurred  by  any  one 
who  might  attempt  to  disobey  the  sum- 
mons. He  related  the  story  of  Jonah 
and  his  attempt  to  escape  a  similar  call. 
He  told  of  the  sad  fate  of  many  others, 
who  in  various  ways  had  opposed  the 
Divine  will.  He  closed  with  a  glowing 
picture  of  the  blessedness  in  this  world 
and  in  that  to  come,  of  all  who  remained 
steadfa.st  in  the  faith. 

When  he  had  finished  his  sermon  h'^ 
selected  six  books  exactly  alike  from  the 
table,  and  he  and  Bishop  Hostetter  went 
into  the  counsel  room.  In  one  of  the 
books  they  placed  a  paper  with  the  words 
"ordained  to  the  ministry."  The  books 
were  then  rearranged  by  each  Bishop  so 
that  neither  knew  which  book  held  the 
paper.  This  having  been  done,  the 
books  were  brought  out  and  set  in  a  row 
on  the  table  in  front  of  the  candidates. 

And  now  once  more  Bishop  Groff  led 
his  people  in  prayer,  "Thou,  Lord,  who 
knowest  the  hearts  of  all  men,"  he  im- 
plored again  and  again,  "show  us  which 
of  these  Thou  hast  chosen."  With  each 
utterance  the  Bishop's  voice  grew  more 
and  more  intense  and  impassioned,  and 
his  words  were  re-echoed  again  and 
again  in  the  hearts  of  his  thousand 
hearers. 

The  prayer  was  ended ;  the  congrega- 
tion rose  to  their  seats ;  and  Bishop 
Groff    aeain    stood   at    his   place   at    the 


248 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


table.  At  last  the  preparation  was  com- 
plete ;  the  spiritual  hour  had  struck ;  the 
men  were  commanded  to  select  their 
hooks  and  hold  them  without  openini^- 
them. 

The  selecting"  began  at  one  end  of  the 
line,  the  first  man  taking  the  first  book. 
It  proceeded  along  the  line,  each  man 
with  one  or  two  exceptions  taking  the 
book  in  front  of  him.  The  hands  of  sev- 
eral of  the  men  shook  so  violently  it 
seemed  their  books  would  fall  to  the 
floor.  Over  the  audience  was  a  spell  of 
awe  and  suspense ;  women  were  sob- 
bing", and  on  the  faces  of  many  of  the 
men  wcr?  expressions  of  intense  strain 
and  feeling. 

When  Bishop  Grofif  stepped  forward 
to  open  the  books  there  was  perfect 
stillness  throughout  the  room,  and  every 
one  was  leaning  breathlessly  forward. 
The  result  was  known  in  a  few  mo- 
ments, and  was  revealed  by  a  most 
heart-rending  cry  from  the  fourth  man. 
David  Wenger,  who  saw  the  paper  in 
his  book.  Leaning  forward  on  his  knees, 
he  wept  convulsively  .aloud  as  one  over- 
■whelmed  by  a  blast  of  fate.  It  was  a 
scene  which  none  of  those  present  would 
ever  afterward  forget.  There  may  have 
been  those  wlio  revolted  from  it  all, 
wdiose  hearts- closed  against  the  church 
forever,  but  there  could  have  been  none 
who  were  not  deeply  afifected.  Women 
wept  unrestrainedly  and  scarcelv  less 
violently  than  W'enger  ;  stern  old  warri- 
ors of  the  faith  gave  way  for  once  to 
tenderness  and  sympathy.  The  verv  shif> 
of  the  church  seemed  to  rock  in  a  gale 
of  contending  emotions. 

?>ishop  Grofif  was  still  standing  and 
had  not  moved  from  his  position.  H^s 
hand  was  on  Wengcr's  shoidfler.  He 
Avas  calm  and  resolute,  although  his  ev-'s 
were  moist  and  his  features  were  sad. 
He  may  have  reverted  in  those  few  mo- 
ments to  a  similar  event  in  his  own  life. 
and  have  realized  again  the  .severity  or 
the  blow,  but  he  was  undaunted,  for  It- 
knew  the  scene  was  by  no  means  inau- 
spicious, and  that  men  thus  afi'ected  of- 
ten became  the  best  ministers. 

When   f|uiet   was   restored,   and   Wen- 


ger, comforted  by  those  about  him.  had 
had  become  calm.  Bishop  Groff  grasi:;ed 
\\'enger's  hand,  lifted  him  to  his  feet,. 
gave  him  the  kiss  of  fellowship,  and' 
warndy  embraced  him.  It  was  a  strange,, 
uneart'hlv  passion  he  bestowed  on  W  en- 
ger ;  a  frivolous  world  would  hardly  ac- 
cept its  sincerity.  None  the  less  it  was 
in  fact,  the  w^elcome  of  a  strong  leader 
to  a  new  champion  in  a  beloved  cause. 

Bishop  Grofif  then  returning  to  lii-^^- 
place,  announced  the  result  of  the  lot 
of  the  congregation  and  briefly  admon- 
ished Wenger  regarding  the  duties  of 
his  calling.  He  then  in  conclusion  pro- 
nounced him  a  regularly  ordained  min- 
ister of  the  Mennonite  Church. 

A  few  minutes  later  the  meeting  was. 
over.  The  vast  crowd  had  poured  out 
of  the  church  and  was  dispersing,  and 
soon  long  lines  of  teams  were  going- 
homeward  over  the  country  hills.  Tit 
one  of  these  was  \\'enger,  returnin;.^ 
alone  as  he  had  come. 

~\\ts,.  A\'enger  had  remained  at  horn? 
with  the  children  on  the  farm  several 
miles  away.  "T  don't  want  to  see  it.'* 
she  had  said  all  along,  and  said  for  th^^^ 
last  time  as  he  drove  away  that  after- 
noon. "Xo  you  better  stay  here."  he 
replied  as  he  had  replied  invariably  be- 
fore, for  if  the  worst  came  he  would 
bear  the  first  and  greatest  shock  alone. 

Ths  home  of  the  \\"'engers  was  one  of 
those  wonderful  farms  to  be  seen  ad" 
through  the  German  counties  of  South- 
ern Pennsylvania.  It  had  large  build- 
ings and  orchards ;  on  every  side  were 
fertile,  well-fenced  fields  of  corn  and 
wheat  stubble,  and  pasture.  Tt  was  now- 
late  in  August;  some  of  the  crops  had 
been  harvested,  others  were  maturing  or 
still  growing.  Every  scene  bespoke  the 
peace  and  plenty  of  this  heaven-favored 
i-egion.  where,  though  blight,  or  drought 
or  frost  may  injure  this  crop,  or  that, 
there  always  remain  so  manv  others. 

The  Wengers  had  purchased  the  farni 
and  were  slowly  cancelling  a  heavv  in- 
debtedness. P.eing  thorough  Pennsyl- 
vania-Germans, in  this  direction  in  so- 
far  as  worldly  matters  went,  lav  the  re- 


THE   ORDINATION:      A   STORY  OF  THE   MENNONITES 


249. 


alizalion  of  their  aims.  To  live  peace- 
al)le,  respectable  lives,  answerable  t(^  no 
one  but  their  maker;  to  rear  their  chil- 
dren and  assist  them  toward  the  same 
advantat^es ;  to  lie  down  at  last  in  the 
imdecked  i>raveyards  with  their  ancestors 
— it  perhaps  never  occurred  to  them 
that  these  ideals  were  narrow  or  sordid. 

Now  this  cloud  was  hanging-  over 
their  future.  The  life  of  the  average 
Mennonite  is  by  no  means  a  pleasure- 
going  one.  but  it  is  a  far  cry  from  even 
this  life  to  that  of  the  ministers.  The 
\\'cngers  might  still  pay  for  their  farm, 
but  it  would  be  far  more  difficult,  and 
they  would  find  it  necessary  to  deny 
themselves  of  many  pleasures  formerly 
considered  unoi)jectionable.  lliey  kne\\' 
that  henceforth  if  the  call  came  to  him, 
there  must  be  in  their  lives  never  any 
exhibition  of  gaiety  or  tinery.  From  a 
])lane  where  these  things,  though  rare, 
;ire  still  occasi<:)nally  permitted  or 
winked  at.  they  must  rise  to  a  plane 
wliere  they  are  entirely  forbivlden.  Th^^ 
ATennonites  teach  that  worldly  pleasure 
is  evil,  and  whenever  a  thing,  however 
insignificant,  is  found  to  be  sotight  for 
this  purpose  only,  it  becomes  a  duty  to 
reject  it. 

Tn  the  management  of  the  farm  on 
the  other  hand,  W'enger  would  often  be 
ci:m])elled  to  neglect  the  work  to  read 
and  studv  in  the  preparation  of  his  ser- 
niions.  He  would  be  called  away  a", 
critical  times  to  conduct  various  kind" 
f)f  special  services.  More  and  more  as 
the  years  went  on.  the  work  of  the  min- 
istry would  take  his  time  and  energy 
awav  from  the  farm. 

I'sually  on  stich  afternoons  a  traveler 
on  the  road  nearby  might  have  heard 
the  voice  of  a  woman  singing,  for  Mrs. 
AX'enger  often  sang,  as  do  nearly  all 
these  Mennonite  women.  Rut  today  she 
did  not  sing.  That  the  hours  would  pass 
less  slowly,  she  had  kept  busv  during  the 
afternoon,  but  as  the  time  for  her  hus- 
band's return  approached,  she  put  her 
work  away,  and  began  to  w-alk  out  every 
few  minutes  to  a  knoll  tliat  commanded 
a  luile  or  two  of  the  road.  She  saw  him 
coming  at  last,  but  could  judge  nothing 


of  the  result  from  the  speed.  Tt  was  not 
until  he  drove  through  the  gate  at  th'.' 
barn,  where  she  met  him,  that  she  saw 
by  his  face  he  had  been  chosen.  "You?'*" 
she  asked,  still  ho])ing  against  fate — anT 
receiving  in  reply  an  affirmative  nod., 
and  a  Icxjk  of  unutterable  anguish. 

At  this  ]>oint  and  under  these  circum- 
stances, according  to  the  way  of  the- 
world,  one  would  expect  to  witness  a: 
very  affectionate  scene.  The  man  was  in 
great  distress ;  what  more  fitting  for  her 
than  to  have  clasped  him  in  her  arm.s. 
assuring  him  of  her  love  and  sympathy?" 
Rut  the  fact  is  that  did  not  occur.  There 
were  no  demonstrations  whatever,  at 
least  nt)t  of  the  usual  kind;  and  any  one 
familiar  with  these  people  would  have 
known  he  did  not  expect  any.  The  Men- 
nonite hu.sbands  and  wives  take  their 
love  for  granted;  to  demonstrate  it  is  i> 
question  it.  It  is  only  the  fickle  and  in- 
sincere, as  they  view  matters,  that  need 
continually  to  demonstrate  their  love  b\- 
special  acts.  Then.  too.  theirs  is  a  dif- 
ferent kind  of  love,  based  on  the  moral 
rather  than  the  esthetic  sentiments.  It 
is  therefore  less  ardent — less  tender  per- 
haps, but  wondrously  faithful  and  en- 
during. 

David  and  Anna  \\'enger  were  about 
35  and  30  years  of  age.  and  there  wa=^ 
Httle  that  was  attractive  about  them.  They 
were  not  originally  ill-favored  :  they  bad 
merely  neglected  these  matters.  She 
was  blonde,  with  a  demure,  sweet  face. 
but  had  become  stout,  unshapely,  round 
shouldered  and  ungraceful — the  result 
of  years  of  house  work  and  childrear- 
ing.  As  if  to  hide  any  remaining 
charms,  were  the  dark,  nun-like  dress 
and  thin  hood-shaped  white  caji.  He  was 
tall  and  lank  :  his  shoulders  were  stoop- 
ed, and  his  walk  cramped  irom  the  ef- 
fect of  hard  labor  on  the  farni.  11  is 
dress  too  was  very  plain.  So  that,  liow- 
ever  hard  their  lot.  there  was  no  sugges- 
tion of  an  unequal  yoke ;  they  were  true 
jiartners  in   their  struggles. 

W'ithout  hesitation  and  by  mere  force 
of  habit,  they  unhitched  and  stabled  the 
horse,  and  then  silently  side  by  side 
walked  across  the  lot  to  the  house.  They. 


.2;o 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


went  into  the  sitting  room,  there  to  be- 
gin the  struggle  with  the  changed  situ- 
ation that  confronted  them.  The  sun 
was  still  several  hours  high  but  the 
shades  of  the  windows  were  down,  and 
they  did  not  open  them,  so  that  the 
room  as  seemed  fitting  was  in  gloom. 
Seated  there,  Wonger  again  wept  bitter- 
ly. Mrs.  Wenger  wept  with  him,  al- 
though more  from  sympathy  than  sor- 
row. She  had  been  apprehensive  from 
the  first ;  had  felt  that  he  was  "the  one 
the  Almighty  wanted,"  and  so  had  part- 
Iv  discounted  the  blow.  And  yet  both 
of  them  recoiled  from  the  situation; 
they  had  never  desired  it,  and  Wenger 
"had  never  felt  himself  qualified. 

It  is  true,  as  a  member  of  the  church 
he  had  always  realized  he  was  subject  to 
the  call,  but  like  most  of  the  other  mem- 
bers, hoped  he  would  never  be  chosen. 
Even  after  he  was  nominated,  coupled 
with  the  fear  that  he  would  be  chosen, 
was  the  passionate  hope  that  he  would 
escape.  Now  that  the  blow  had  fallen, 
he  was  as  if  felled  by  a  terrible  wound, 
and  in  the  hours  that  followed  his  strug- 
gle was  to  accept  a  life  which  he  couhJ 
never  hope  to  escape,  and  which  could 
only  slowly  grow  endurable! 

To  careless  and  unfriendly  observers 
the  Mennonites  appear  to  be  a  stolid 
and  an  unaspiring  people;  to  those  who 
know  their  inner  experiences,  their  lives 
appear  rather  as  a  long  succession  of 
spiritual  struggles.  On  the  one  hand  a 
difficult  climbing  up  the  cold  heights  of 
their  ascetic  ideals ;  on  the  other  hand  a 
■ceaseless  conflict  with  the  insistent  pas- 
sions of  the  flesh  and  the  senses.  Such 
is  almost  their  normal  cxoerience,  but 
the  Wengers  were  now  passing  through 
the  severest  trial  of  their  lives. 

And  yet  as  the  hours  passed  they 
spoke  very  little,  and  what  they  said 
seemed  intended  to  interrupt  their 
thoughts  rather  than  express  them.  The 
words  were  begun  nearly  always  by  Mrs. 
Wenger  who  seemed  to  fear  for  the  ef- 
fects of  the  strain  on  her  husband'.'^ 
mind.  Did  he  feel  tired?  Could  he  eat 
something?     Did  his  head  ache? 

Once  Mrs.  Wenger  went  out.  The 
sun  had  set ;  the  hired  man  had  come  in 


from  the  fields.  She  told  the  hired  girl, 
a  relative  of  the  family,  that  they  would 
not  be  out  to  assist  with  the  evening 
chores. 

After  a  while  Mrs.  Wenger  became 
insistent  about  the  importance  of  eating 
supper.  "This  won't  do ;  you  must  try 
to  eat  something;  you  can't  go  without 
your  supper !" 

"Very  well,"  he  at  last  assented,  "but 
don't  get  much."  He  decided  to  make 
the  attempt,  even  if  only  to  observe  the 
formality.  To  the  Mennonites  the  miss- 
ing of  a  meal  is  a  phenomenon ;  with  all 
their  austerity  there  is  no  fasting.  This 
may  be  because  of  sensuality,  but  let  us 
not  judge-  hastily;  in  their  stern,  bleak 
lives,  it  may  be  their  safeguard  against 
insanity. 

The  Wengers  went  back  to  the  sit- 
ting room  and  a  little  later  two  small 
children  were  called  in  and  put  to  bed  in 
an  adjoining  room,  where  an  infant  was 
already  asleep.  With  far  more  than 
wonted  tenderness  the  parents  laid  them 
dow.n,  lingering  with  them  and  weeping- 
over  them  after  they  were  asleep.  They, 
too,  would  feel  the  rigor  of  the  coming 
years ;  would  sufifer  the  loss  of  man}' 
childish  pleasures  which  the  parents 
must  forbid  and  withhold. 

After  all  the  rest  of  the  household  had 
gone  to  bed,  the  Wengers  went  out  of 
the  house  and  sat  down  on  a  bench  in 
the  yard.  It  had  grown  dark  and  still; 
the  night  was  unusually  gloomy  and  in- 
tense. The  stars  were  shining  but 
sparsely  and  dimly  overhead,  and  there 
was  no  moon.  Beyond  the  barn  only 
vague  outlines  were  visible,  and  a  sense 
of  weirdness  and  mystery  hung  over  the 
silent  hills,  and  enveloped  the  house  and 
the  trees. 

It  was  a  scene  favorable  for  their  dif- 
ficulties; as  they  sat  there  through  the 
hours,  the  deepening  of  the  gloom,  and 
the  cooling  and  chilling  of  the  hours  of 
the  night  helped  them  to  renounce  the 
freer  and  easier  life  of  the  past. 

'T  guess  it  was  to  be  so,"  Mrs.  Wen- 
ger began  after  a  long  silence,  ventur- 
ing for  the  first  time  to  discuss  the 
changed  situation  itself. 


THE   ORDINATION:      A   STORY  OF  THE   MENNONITES 


2:;  I 


There  was  no  reply. 

A  few  minutes  later  she  ventured  fur- 
ther, "If  you'd  a  taken  another  book  it 
would  have  heen  in  there." 

"I  don't  see  how  I  can  ever  preach," 
Wenger  at  last  began  of  his  own  initia- 
tive. "I  never  was  good  at  talking 
scripture." 

"You  can,  I  know  you  can,"  she  re- 
plied bravely  ;  "Goodness  knows  I'll  help 
you  all  I  can." 

"Yes,  I  know,  I  wish  though  the  first 
time  W'as  over.  That'll  be  the  hardest 
of  all." 

"There'll  be  other  things  just  as  hard," 
]\Ixs.  W'enger  suggested  sadly,  "I'm 
afraid  we  ain't  strict  enough  for  a 
preacher's  family." 

After  this  they  again  lapsed  into  si- 
lence, again  resuming  their  meditations 
and  their  efforts  to  accept  the  burden  of 
the  future — the  burden  now  so  distaste- 
ful and  forbidding,  yet  which  they  must 
take  upon  themselves  and  somehow 
learn  to  endure. 

But  there  was  never  any  doubt  of  the 
outcome.  They  were  descended  from 
many  generations  of  unwavering  Men- 
tionites,  and  in  the  present  crisis  it  was 
as  if  a  vest  assemblage  of  these  souls 
from  the  past  had  gathered  in  the  dark- 
ness about  them,  imploring  their  loyalty 
to  the  faith.  The  Wengers  now  felt  the 
responsibility,  not  only  for  their  own 
souls,  but  for  the  souls  of  others,  and 
for  the  Church.  Realizing  the  signifi- 
cance of  their  calling,  there  was  no 
thought  of  evading  it,  however  much 
their  inclinations  might  rebel. 

They  were  aroused  from  their  mood  by 
the  clock  in  the  house,  sternly  and  sol- 
emnly striking  twelve.  To  stay  up  longer 
seemed  now  irrational  and  inexcusable ; 
but  being  deeply  conscious,  as  the  Men- 
nonites  always  are,  of  the  brevity  and 
uncertainty  of  life,  they  dared  not  go  to 
bed  without  resigning  themselves  fully 
to  the  will  of  the  higher  power.  So 
hesitating  no  longer  they  went  to  their 
room,  and  kneeling  there,  responded 
submissively  to  the  beckoning  of  the 
spirit ;  and  they  were  soon  asleep,  for 
the  peace  of  conscience   which   is   more 


to  these  people  than   everything  in   the 
world,  was  in  their  souls. 

After  that  night  there  were  no  fur- 
ther serious  inner  conflicts.  There  came 
times  no  doubt  when  they  shrank  from 
the  hardships  of  their  lot,  but  their 
struggles  were  with  actual  difficulties. 
The  burden  of  course  fell  mainly  upon 
him,  but  she  felt  bound  to  assist  and  ac- 
company him  whenever  possible — to  be 
a  faithful  helpmate  in  his  work.  His 
first  step,  however,  would  be,  not  to  ac- 
iquire  further  knowledge  of  the  Scrip- 
tures, although  his  fund  was  meagre  in- 
deed ;  he  would  not  be  called  upon  for 
some  time  to  preach  a  sermon.  It  was 
necessary  first  to  summons  courage  to 
stand  before  the  congregation  and  de- 
liver a  few  remarks.  This  was  a  criti- 
cal undertaking;  he  had  never  in  his  life 
spoken  in  public,  not  even  in  a  debating 
society. 

As  is  customary,  it  was  expected  of 
him  to  make  his  first  attempt  at  the  next 
regular  service,  on  the  following  Sunday 
a  week.  So  he  set  to  repeating  a  few 
remaiks,  such  as  he  had  heard  the  other 
ministers  use,  and  to  overcome  the  feel- 
ing of  fear.  During  this  interval  he  sel- 
dom discussed  the  matter  with  his  wife, 
nor  read  his  Bible  much,  except  to  verify 
a  few  passages.  He  went  about  his  farm 
work  much  as  before,  and  being  a  silent 
man,  spoke  little  nor  complained  to  those 
about  him.  None  therefore  could  know, 
and  only  by  his  troubled  countenance 
could  any  one  guess  how  much  dread 
and  pain  he  inwardly  suffered. 

When  the  hour  of  his  ordeal  arrived, 
the  church  was  again  crowded.  The 
whole  audience  came  early,  and  every 
one  was  inside  before  the  opening  of  the 
meeting.  Preacher  Shenk  as  usual  led 
the  file  from  the  counsel  room ;  Bishop 
Groff  was  second ;  there  may  have  been 
six  or  seven  in  all. 

Wenger's  face  was  sallow  and  thin ; 
there  was  an  added  stoop  in  his  figure; 
his  whole  aspect  was  pathetic  in  its 
marks  of  the  suffering  he  had  endured. 
Still  there  was  a  grim  determination  in 
his  manner ;  though  bowed  down  by 
care,  it  now   seemed  he   would  sink  no 


252 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


further.  It  was  reassuring-  also  as  he  sat 
for  the  first  time  with  the  clergjymen.  to 
see  his  head  bowed,  and  his  hands  over 
liis  eyes ;  the  audience  knew  he  was  ap- 
]iealing^  to  a  higher  power. 

Conspicuous  on  the  front  bench  on 
tlie  women's  side,  sat  Mrs.  Wenger  with 
lier  three  children  ;  she  would  always  b>.- 
there  in  the  future.  It  must  have  been 
an  inspiration  to  see  her  pure,  sympa- 
thetic face,  now  gazing  at  him  and  anon 
1)owed  in  prayer.  But  she  was  littli^ 
more  sympathetic  than  were  many  of 
the  others  present ;  it  seemed  there  was 
hardly  an  unfriendly  person  in  the 
church. 

When  after  a  few  api)ropriate  words 
by  Bishop  GrotTt'  and  IVeacher  Shenk. 
regarding  their  new  coworker,  the  audi- 
ence was  asked  to  kneel  and  pray  that 
the  Lord  give  W'enger  strength  to  stand 
before  them,  and  words  for  utterance, 
there  was  not  an  unresponsive  tongue  in 
the  assemblage.  Men  were  there  who 
did  not  believe  in  ])rayer :  but  they  would 
^)lace  no  possible  stone  in  W'enger's 
])at,i.  Some  no  doulit  thought  the  whole 
,])roceeding  fanatical  and  cruel,  but  they 
could  not  blame  W'enger.  Those  of  th' 
household  of  faith,  however.  ])rayed 
long  and  fervently,  with  an  intensity 
thev  rarely  on  other  occasions  equaled. 

Wenger's  hand  shook  visibly  as  he 
rose  to  s])oak  :  there  were  traces  of  an- 
guish on  his  face  which  his  attitude  of 
resignation  could  not  conceal ;  his  voice 
tremliled  with  the  first  few  words.  iUit 
his  will  trium])hed  in  a  few  moments 
and  he  was  self-possessed. 

'Tuethren  and  sisters."  he  began, 
''and  fellow  travelers  with  me  througii 
this  world  towards  a  long  eternity.  Let 
us  be  thankful  that  we  have  the  privi- 
lege this  l)eautifid  Sabbath  morning  to 
assemble  ourselves  together  and  worship 
flofl  as  we  see  fit.  unmolested  and  undis- 
turbed, and  not  persecuted  as  our  fore- 
fathers were.  W'e  ought  to  be  thankful 
that  we  have  been  spared  another  week 
on  this  side  of  the  grave,  and  can  come 
to  the  house  of  God.  Let  us  examine 
ourselves  this  morning  and  search  out' 
hearts,  and  see  if  wt-  arc  ready  to  meet 


our  God,  for  we  know  not  what  a  day  or- 
an  hour  may  bring  forth.  W'e  read  that 
'the  day  of  the  Lord  will  come  as  a^ 
thief  in  the  night' :  and  as  the  Apostle 
says,  let  us  not  weary  in  well-doing,  but 
press  onward  t<iward  'the  prize  of  the 
high  calling  of  God  in  Christ  Jesus.'  " 
He  hesitated  a  few  moments.  "And  1 
will  not  further  add  nor  multiply  words. 
Pray  for  me  that  I  may  not  grow  faint 
or  discouraged,  for  of  myself,  I  can  do- 
nothing,  but  only  by  the  help  of  the  Al- 
mighty." 

This  was  all,  but  as  he  sat  down  he 
felt  freed  of  a  great  burden,  and  a  sigh 
of  relief  went  up  from  the  audience.  He 
had  met  his  ordeal,  and  had  satisfied  the 
hopes  of  the  most  sanguine  of  his 
hearers. 

This  was  at  the  beginning  of  the  ser- 
vice. The  regular  sermon  was  delivered 
by  Preacher  Shenk.  Bishop  Groff,  now 
that  the  crisis  was  over,  kept  himself  in 
the  background,  merely  adding  a  few 
incidental  remarks  at  the  close  of  the 
sermon.  All  the  while,  however,  his 
face  was  eloquent,  radiating  a  look  of 
peace  and  satisfaction  that  w^as  joyous 
to  behold.  Such  was  the  beginning  of 
the  ministry  of  David  Wenger,  and 
there  seemed  little  uncertainty  about  the 
future.  He  might  never  become  a  pow- 
erful speaker,  but  he  w^ould  not  fail  ut- 
terl}'.  Some  of  the  other  candidates  mav 
have  been  more  capable  but  unless 
chosen  in  the  proper  wav  they  would 
have  had  no  assurance  of  Divine  assist- 
ance, and  would  have  received  less  sym- 
pathy and  respect  from  the  hearers.  As 
it  was,  every  idea  he  uttered  would  be 
accepted  as  a  message  from  on  high.  He- 
might  re])eat  the  same  stock  phrases  ever 
so  often  ;  they  would  always  be  accepted 
as  much-needed  reminders  of  im])ortant 
truths. 

But  in  time  he  would  add  other 
phrases.  Still  later  he  would  begin  to 
astonish  his  hearers  by  quoting  pas- 
sages of  Scripture,  giving  the  reference 
from  memory.  Lie  would  attain  to  com- 
plete usefulness  when  he  could  denounce 
the  worldliness  of  other  denominations  ; 
or     better      still      deplore   the   tendency 


THE   ORDINATION:      A  STORY   OF  THE   MENNONITES 


253 


anionq-  "certain  of  the  brethren  and  sis- 
ters to  break  away  from  the  ways  of  the 
forefathers,  and  follow  after  the  lust  of 
the  eyes  and  the  pride  of  life." 

The  field  of  his  labors  was  far  remov- 
ed from  the  great  centers  of  turmoil  and 
traffic,  where  the  fierce  modern  conflicts 
of  public  opinion  and  social  interests  arc 
but  vaguely  felt  and  but  faintly  heard ; 
among:  "a  peculiar  people"  as  they  are 
fond  of  characterizing-  themselves,  "sep- 
arate from  the  world."  Durino-  all  hi'; 
ministry,  his  face  and  his  sermons  woui:l 
never  appear  in  the  newsj^apers ;  he 
would  never  be  asked  to  solemnize  occa- 
sions of  State  or  society ;  the  great  world 
would  move  on,  caring"  little  for  his 
teachings,  hardly  mindful  of  his  exist - 
■ence. 


lUit  he  would  not  l)e  discouraged  ;  ho 
would  not  desire  these  things,  viewing 
them  rather  as  vain  anrl  worldly. 
Through  all  his  years,  and  with  never  a 
thought  of  worldly  comi)ensation,  he 
would  faithfully  serve  his  peojjle,  up- 
holding their  sturdy  doctrines,  minister- 
ing to  their  simple  needs. 

His  part  iu  life  was  hard  no  doubt, 
and  yet  he  too  in  time  would  find  joys 
commensurate  with  his  trials.  As  h". 
pressed  onward  year  after  year,  the 
weakness  of  the  days  of  his  ordination 
would  give  place  to  strength  and  courage 
to  meet  his  duties  willingly  and  cheer- 
fully ;  and  the  gloom  of  his  troubled 
countenance,  would  change  to  a  look  of 
peace,  that  would  grow  only  more  se- 
rene toward  the  close  of  life. 


Alexander  Mack 


An  Address  Delivered  by  M.  G.  Brumbaugh  at  the  Unveiling  of  the  Alexander  Mack  Memorial 
Tablet,  Germantown  Church,  Pa.,  Sunday,  2  P.  M.,  April  9,  1911. 


Y  Christian  friends,  we  gath- 
er in  this  historical  church 
to  pay  a  tardy  tribute  to  a 
remarkable  man.  It  is  rare 
that  one  lives  in  the  mem- 
ory of  his  kind  for  a  hundred  years,  [t 
is  even  rarer  that  he  should  be  remem- 
bered for  centuries  and  with  increasing 
reverence  and  respect ;  but  when  one  has 
so  lived  that  he  is  not  only  remembered 
for  a  century,  but  remembered  with  in- 
creasing regard  during  the  centuries  and 
has  actually  taken  a  place  among  the  few 
leaders  in  the  religious  freedom  of  the 
race,  such  a  man's  record  is  not  only  re- 
markable, it  is  really  unique;  and  such 
are  the  facts  concerning  Alexander 
Mack,  in  whose  memory  we  honor  our- 
selves by  gathering  here  this  afternoon, 
to  dedicate  this  tablet  to  the  cause  for 
which  he  lived  and  to  the  faith  in  which 
he  died. 

What  are  the  facts  in  the  life  of  this 
man — the  things  which  stood  prominent- 
ly in  his  life's  faith  and  the  influence 
which  he  exerted  in  the  history  of  the 
religion  that  makes  it  worth  our  while 
to  commemorate  him  in  this  fashion? 
The  story  of  his  life  is  an  interesting 
one.  He  was  born  of  pious  and  well-to- 
do  parents  at  the  little  village  of  Schries- 
heim,  not  far  from  Frankfort  on  the 
Main,  in  the  upper  Palatinate  of  Ger- 
many, in  the  year  1679.  When  he  was 
quite  a  young  man,  the  death  of  his  pa- 
rents placed  upon  him,  by  inheritance, 
the  control  and  ownership  of  a  large  es- 
tate. He  owned  vineyards  that  were 
both  large  in  area  and  remunerative  in 
their  products.  He  was  also  the  owner 
of  a  large  mill  which  he  operated  with 
increasing  profit. 

In  other  words,  at  an  early  age  this 
young  man  stood  out  in  his  community 
as  a  leader,  as  a  man  of  affairs,  as  one 


whom  his  neighbors  consulted  and  re- 
spected and  one  who  had  every  reason 
to  look  forward  to  a  life  of  comfort  and 
perhaps  of  wealth,  in  his  own  commun- 
ity ;  but  unfortunately  for  that  interest- 
ing outline  of  a  possible  career,  this  man 
was  born  in  an  age  of  religious  unrest. 
He  was  the  inheritor  of  a  condition  ot 
affairs  that  sprang  up  in  Germany  at 
the  close  of  the  Seventy  Years'  War 
and  which  terminated  in  the  treaty  of 
Westphalia  in  1648.  In  that  treaty  three 
prominent  religious  factions  mutually 
pledged  themselves  not  to  persecute  each 
other  but  to  join  in  the  persecution  and 
the  absolute  obliteration  of  every  other 
form  of  religion  that  might  arise  any- 
where in  Germany.  The  result  of  that 
combination  of  religious  intolerance 
caused  many  men  to  protest,  and  the 
Valley  of  the  Rhine  was  a  theatre  of 
bloody  carnage  for  over  one  hundred 
and  fifty  years. 

It  was  in  the  thick  of  this  struggle  be- 
tween the  oppressing  power  of  State-rec- 
ognized religions  and  the  religious  socie- 
ties of  a  few  people,  that  this  remarkable 
man  was  born.  He  looked  out  over  the 
valley  of  his  nativity,  looked  out  over  his 
own  community,  his  country  at  large, 
and  he  was  filled  with  great  unrest.  He 
could  not  believe  that  those  who  had 
bound  themselves  by  a  solemn  treaty  to 
persecute  others  were  fittingly  represent- 
ing the  quiet,  the  peace-loving,  the  tol- 
erant Jesus  of  Nazareth;  and  so,  without 
any  ado,  without  any  advertisement  of 
his  purpose,  he  quietly  disposed  of  all  oi 
his  assets  and  retired  with  his  wife, 
whom  he  had  married  in  the  year  1700, 
to  the  little  village  of  Schwarzenau. 
where,  under  the  friendly  protection  of 
Count  Henry,  who  was  a  tolerant 
Prince,  he  was  permitted  to  live  in 
peace. 


254 


ALEXANDER  MACK 


25s 


fust  when  he  retired  to  Schwarzenau, 
nobody  seems  to  know.  All  that  we 
know  is  that  it  occurred  some  time  be- 
fore 1 70S.  Here  he  found  g-athercd 
men  and  women  wlio,  like  himself,  were 
anxious  to  know  something  more  than 
the  thins::;-s  that  then  prevailed  in  the  re- 
ligious thought  of  his  age  and  so 
they  mutually  agreed  that  they  would 
cast  aside  all  the  creeds  of  the  time,  and 
all  the  practices  of  the  age,  and,  with 
the  open  Bible  before  them  as  their 
guide,  they  asked  God  to  lead  them  into 
the  light.  Thus  they  continued  in  the 
study  of  the  Book  of  God,  in  prayer,  in 
fasting,  and  in  conference  day  after  day, 
and  perhaps  for  years,  visiting  betimes 
others  who,  like  themselves,  had  been 
driven  from  their  homes,  and  communi- 
cating with  them  and  discussing  with 
them  the  best  step  to  take  under  the  cir- 
cumstances. 

It  was  in  this  period  of  inquiry  that 
Alexander  Mack  first  came  in  contact 
with  some  of  the  noblest  and  broadest- 
minded  men  of  his  generation.  It  was 
in  this  period,  also,  that,  by  reason  of  his 
own  training  and  of  his  own  piety,  he 
early  became  a  leader  of  those  who  were 
seeking  the  light.  He  was  acknowl- 
edged everywhere  as  one  of  the  few 
fitted  to  speak,  and  so  even  before  the 
church  was  organized  he  was  a  recog- 
nized leader  and  speaker.  Just  what 
subjects  were  discussed  by  these  men  it 
is  not  necessary  for  me,  this  afternoon, 
to  recite.  The  story  is  a  long  one,  but 
ultimately  it  resulted  in  Mack  and  a  few 
of  those  who  held  with  him  that  the 
proper  course  of  procedure  was  to  fol- 
low implicitly,  regardless  of  conse- 
quences, the  plain  teachings  of  the  New 
Testament  Scriptures. 

When  thev  had  reached  that  conclu- 
sion again,  they  found  a  question  facing 
them,  because, — although  they  all  agreed 
that,  as  the  initial  step  in  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  church,  it  would  be  necessary 
to  receive  the  rite  of  holy  baptism, — 
they  differed  among  themselves  as  to 
'how  that  rite  should  be  administered.  It 
was  finally  settled  by  Alexander  Mack  of- 
fering this  declaration  that  baptism  into 


the  church  of  God  should  be  by  trine  im- 
mersion and,  as  he  put  it,  "in  running 
water  and  with  complete  submersion." 

And  so,  in  his  way,  the  church  was  or- 
ganized and  sometime  in  the  year  1708, 
in  the  early  autumn,  a  little  group  of 
eight  of  them,  after  fasting  and  prayer, 
went  down  to  the  little  river  in  the  valley 
and  were  baptized  in  the  manner  indi- 
cated. Mack  was  not  the  first  of  that 
little  group  of  eight,  to  be  baptized.  The 
others  had  asked  him  to  administer  the 
rite  to  them.  He  protested,  saying,  that 
as  yet,  he  had"  not  received  the  rite  him- 
self and  he  did  not  wish  to  administer  it 
to  others.  In  that  dilemma  they  again 
resorted  to  prayer  and  they  were  com- 
forted in  their  prayer  with  the  thought 
that  "where  two  or  three  are  gathered' 
together  in  my  name,  there  am  I  in  the 
midst  of  them."  The  question  then  arose 
as  to  who  should  baptize  first.  After 
fasting  and  prayer  the  four  men  cast 
lots,  pledging  themselves  never  to  di- 
vulge who  had  baptized  first.  One  of 
them  then  baptized  Alexander  Mack, 
and  Alexander  Mack  baptized  the  re- 
maining seven,  and  so  these  eight  mem- 
bers established  the  doctrine  of  the 
Brethren  in  Schwarzenau,  in  1708. 
There  was  not  a  man  in  that  entire 
group  that  wanted  his  name  to  he  used 
in  connection  with  the  church.  It  was 
to  be  the  Church  of  the  Brethren  of 
Jesus  Christ,  and  not  the  church  of  Al- 
exander Mack,  or  the  church  of  any 
other  of  the  group  there  organized. 

The  church  of  Schwarzenau  grew  and 
developed.  There  was  also  a  branch  of 
great  influence  at  the  town  of  Marien- 
born,  and  from  that  there  sprang  up  an- 
other congregation  at  Creyfelt.  And 
when,  in  17 19,  Count  Henry  died,  and 
persecution  was  resumed  throughout  the 
lower  Palatinate  region  and  the  entire 
district  round  about,  the  church  was 
sore  oppressed  to  know  what  t6  do.  It 
was  finally  agreed  that  those  at  Creyfelt 
should  emigrate  to  America — that  they 
should  come  over  here,  to  this  land  of 
freedom  and  religious  toleration,  of 
which  William  Penn  *  had  told  them 
when  in  1672,  and  again  in  1678,  he  had' 


^56 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


"been  up  the  A'alley  of  the  Rhine,  and 
pointed  out  to  these  people  that  he  was 
to  open,  in  America,  a  refuge  for  all 
those  who  wished  to  worship  according" 
to  the  dictates  of  their  own  conscience. 
And  so  it  came  to  pass  that  a  large 
«;"roup  of  the  I'rethren  came  from  Crey- 
felt,  Germany,  here  to  America.  They 
came  in  the  autumn  of  17 19,  and  came 
out  here  to  this  little  German  colony, 
Avhich  was  then  known  as  Germanopo- 
lis,  where  Pastorius  and  his  follower;; 
had  settled  more  than  a  generation  be- 
fore. Here.  then,  this  little  group  found 
a  welcome  and  began  to  build  again  a 
church  of  God  and  a  place  to  worship. 

The  church,  here  in  Germantown,  was 
not  formally  organized  for  some  time 
The  reasons  were  two.  In  the  first  place, 
when  this  body  of  ])eo])le  came  they 
were  scattered  throughout  the  \  alley,  as 
far  up  as  Falckner's  Swamp,  Oley.  and 
■other  outposts  of  ,the  German  colony. 
and  they  being  in  a  new  country,  with 
very  poor  roads  and  the  means  of  travel 
very  meager,  it  was  almost  dmpossible 
for  these  immigrants  to  meet  itogether  in 
■anything  like  a  form  of  worship  in  one 
■place.  There  was  still  another  reason 
why  it  was  difficult  for  the  church  to 
organize,  here  in  Colonial  America. 
There  was  no  ordained  minister.  The 
church  at  Creyfelt  had  not  all  come  to 
America  and  retained  there,  as  its  leader. 
'that  splendid  and  eloquent  preacher  of 
God,  Christian  T.ibe.  Among  those  who 
came  to  America  was  a  man  who  had 
never  been  ordained  to  the  ministry,  but 
who  harl  led  the  singing  and  was  a  great 
leader.  That  leader  was  Peter  Becker, 
and,  because  of  his  piety  and  sincerity, 
it  was  necessary  for  him  to  take  hold  of 
the  leadership  in  the  matters  of  the 
church,  and  by  reason  of  his  extreme 
good  sense  and  piety,  the  church  was 
not  formally  organized  here  until  Christ- 
mas Day,  1723.  On  that  memorable  day 
there  were  six  members  baptized  in  the 
little  stream  to  the  west  of  us  here — the 
Wissahickon  Creek, — in  the  late  after- 
noon, and  immediately  following  tha', 
in  the  hou.se  of  John  Goniorry.  the 
twenty-three  members,  then  constituting 


the  membership  in  this  vicinity,  sat  down 
to  the  first  communion  and  love  feast  in 
America.  Here  the  men  who  had  fled 
from  Germany,  some  of  wliom  had  been 
in  prisons  and  in  dire  distress,  were  per- 
mitted to  sit  down  in  this  little  village  of 
Germantown,  after  all  those  years  of  un- 
rest, and  partake  of  the  communion  and 
worship  God  in  their  own  way. 

While  this  was  developing  here,  in 
this  branch  that  came  from  Creyfelt  un- 
der Peter  Becker,  the  splendid  old  pio- 
neer of  the  church,  its  founder  and  its 
first  bishop.  Alexander  Alack,  being 
forced  from  Schwarzenau.  determined  to 
take  temporary  refuge  in  that  land 
which  has  been,  throughout  the  centu- 
ries, memorable  for  its  open-hearted 
hospitality  to  all  those  who  have  been 
persecuted  elsewhere  and,  just  as  the 
Puritans  of  England  fled  to  Holland, 
they  came  in  their  time  of  stress  and  fled 
down  into  the  heart  of  Holland,  and  at 
^^^est  Friesland  they  continued  their 
work, — the  worship  of  God  and  the 
teaching  of  the  faith  that  was  in  their 
lives. 

One  of  the  most  interesting  and  yet 
one  of  the  mosit  difficult  chapters  lin  the 
entire  history  of  the  church  and  in  the 
life  of  Alexander  Alack  is  the  story  of 
his  efforts  in  Holland  from  1719  to  1729. 
\\'e  know  that  he  lived  there :  we  know 
that  he  spoke  German  and  wrote  Ger- 
man ;  we  do  not  know  that  he  had  any 
knowledge  of  Holland  Dutch,  that  he 
Cduld  even  speak  to  them  in  their  lan- 
guage. We  do  not  know  that  he  had 
any  means  of  communicating  with  them, 
save  by  signs  and  things  of  that  sort 
until,  gradually,  he  acquired  the  lan- 
guage of  that  people,  and  yet.  the  re- 
markable truth  remains  that  in  the  place 
book  of  his  son,  Alexander  Alack,  the 
second,  long  the  bishop  of  this  church 
in  Germantown,  there  is  recorded  a  list 
of  over  three  hundred  friends  whom  the 
voung  ATack  knew  during  the  years  of 
his  stay  in  Holland,  showing  that,  while 
Alexander  Alack  was  there,  an  exile  in  a 
country  and  among  a  people  with  whom 
he  could  not  easily  communicate,  under 
God's  blessing  and  his  own  example  of 


ALEXANDER  MACK- 


257 


Christian  piety  he  gathered  together  a 
large  number  of  people  who  believe.l 
with  him  and  worshiped  with  him. 

In  the  meantime  the  church  here  in 
America  was  rapidly  developing, — first 
the  organization  of  the  church  here  in 
Germantown  and  later  on,  in  the  autumn 
of  the  next  year,  the  organization  of  the 
church  at  Coventry  and  then  of  the 
church  in  the  Conestoga  Valley,  and  one 
after  the  other  the  remaining  churches 
here.  All  this  time  Alexander  i\Iack 
had  remained  in  that  strange  land  of 
Holland,  and  there  came  into  his  soul  a 
desire,  somehow  or  other,  to  get  with 
those  of  like  precious  faith,  and  so  he 
decided,  with  thirty,  other  families  of  the 
Church  of  the  Brethren,  to  come  to 
America.  They  sailed  from  Rotterdam 
in  the  spring  of  1729.  They  were  sixty- 
nine  davs  on  the  Atlantic  Ocean — almost 
the  entire  summer — and  late  in  the 
month  of  September,  the  29th,  the  ship 
""Allen,"  after  that  long,  stormy  passage, 
came  up  the  Delaware  and  landed  at 
Race  Street  wharf  in  Philadelphia.  That 
is  the  date  of  Alexander  Mack's  coming 
to  America. 

W'hen  he  reached  here,  what  situation 
confronted  him?  He  had  already  fled, 
first  from  his  home  country  into 
Schwarzenau,  again  he  had  fled  to  Hol- 
land, and  again  he  had  fled  to  America. 
Three  times  an  exile  for  his  religion. 
It  takes  a  sturdy  soul  to  endure  all  that 
and  never  murmur. 

When  Mack  came  to  Germantown  he 
was  rejoiced^  at  the  development  of  the 
church  here  and  at  the  work  of  the 
church  at  Oley,  at  Falckner's  Swamp,  at 
Coventiy,  and  elsewhere,  but  he  was 
greatly  disturbed  at  the  situation  in  the 
Conestoga  \^alley.  There,  in  the  church 
that  was  third  in  order  of  organization, 
the  leader,  Conrad  Beissel,  had  become 
impressed  with  certain  doctrines  which 
Mack  had  never  taught  and  which  he 
could  never  believe,  such  as  keeping  the 
seventh  day  for  the  Sabbath  and  the 
doctrine  of  celibacy.  So  that,  before 
Mack  had  come  into  the  Delaware  Val- 
ley, the  congregation  at  Conestoga  had 
divided,   and   Beissel,   with  his    Seventh 


Day  followers,  had  gone  off  to  Ephrata 
to  a  separate  organization.  That  marks 
the  beginning  of  the  Ephrata  Society  of 
the  Seventh  Day  Baptists.  It  marks 
also  the  end  of  their  official  relation  to 
the  Church  of  the  Brethren.  When  Mack 
came,  therefore,  his  first  impulse  was  to 
win  back,  if  possible,  these  men  and  wo- 
men to  the  faith  which  he  had  taught 
and  which  he  had  lived.  He  heard  that 
at  the  Falckner  church  Beissel  was  to 
speak.  He  went  up  there  and  went  into 
the  services,  and  after  they  were  over 
he  waited  for  Beissel  and  then  under- 
took in  his  Christian  piety,  to  bring 
about  a  reconciliation.  Beissel  told  him 
he  had  no  business  to  come  to  that  meet- 
ing. Of  course  that  made  reconciliation 
impossible.  Again,  not  long  after  that 
Alexander  Mack  journeyed  all  the  way 
from  here  to  Ephrata  to  call  upon  Beis- 
sel, to  try  to  bring  back  harmony  and 
restore  them  to  the  faith.  Beissel  hid 
himself  and  would  not  meet  Alexander 
Miack.  The  result,  as  you  know,  was 
that  there  never  was  a  reconciliation,  al- 
though several  years  afterwards  Beissel 
wrote  a  letter,  which  I  happen  to  have  in 
my  possession,  pleading  with  x'Mexander 
Mack,  and  with  the  Brethren  here  at 
Germantown,  to  be  reconciled  with 
them.  This  was  not  possible  because  it 
contained  no  expression  of  repentance. 
That  almost  broke  the  old  pioneer's 
heart.  He  was  much  comforted,  how- 
ever, by  the  return  from  Lancaster 
County,  of  one  of  his  friends  in  the  Fa- 
therland who  had  gone  to  the  Millbach 
and  had  commenced  to  farm.  In  173 1 
this  friend  of  his,  from  the  Fatherland, 
Christopher  Sower,  the  first,  whose  tab- 
let adorns  the  wall  of  this  church,  came 
back  from  Lancaster  County,  and  settled 
here  as  a  neighbor  to  Alexander  Mack 
in  Germantown,  and  who,  under  the 
blessing  of  God  and  under  the  encour- 
agement and  counsel  of  Alexander 
Mack,  established  here  the  largest  and 
most  important  of  all  the  German- 
American  printing  presses  in  Colonial 
America. 

Alexander  Mack  did  not  live  long  af- 
ter   this    trying    experience  of  crossing 


258 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


the  sea  and  of  nieetini^  with  this  unfor- 
tunate disturbance  at  Ephrata.  He  died 
on  the  nineteenth  day  of  February,  in 
the  year  1735,  and  was  buried  in  the  old 
upper  burying  ground,  known  as  Axe's 
burying  ground,  on  the  Avenue  here.  I 
think  it  was  in  1894  that  some  pious  fol- 
lowers of  his — members  of  this  and  of 
the  congregation  in  the  city — gathered 
his  scattered  ashes  from  that  ground  and 
reverently  placed  them  here,  in  the  ceme- 
tery of  this  church,  where  they  fittinglv 
and  properly  repose.  He  was  not  buried 
here  at  the  time  of  his  death  for  the 
very  sufficient  reason  that  there  was  no 
.church  house  here  at  that  time/ and  u) 
burying  ground.  This  cemetery  was 
opened  when  the  yellow  fever  struck  the 
City  of  Philadelphia  and  carried  off 
thousands  of  its  people,  and  the  people 
opened  this  ground  to  accommodate  the 
yellow  fever  victims  in  the  year  1793, 
long  after  Alexander  Mack  had  gone  ro 
his  rest. 

Such,  in  brief,  is  the  life  of  this  re- 
markable man.  The  key-note  of  his 
doctrine  was  this, — There  must  be  in  all 
religious  matters  no  coercion  whatever : 
no  man  must  be  compelled,  either  by 
law  or  bv  church  organization,  to  do 
that  which,  in  his  own  conscience  and 
with  his  own  open  Bible  before  him,  he 
feels  that  he  ought  not  to  do.  It  was  a 
diistinct  protest  against  the  formalism 
and  the  persecution  of  his  time.  It  was 
distinctly  an  effort  to  establish  religious 
freedom  on  the  basis  of  individual  con- 
science and  absolute  devotion  to  Al- 
mighty God,  and  in  that  respect  this 
man  was  unique  in  his  day.  He  believed 
it  was  God's  will  that  people  should 
form  a  communion  of  visible  people  in 
this  world,  and  so  'he  organized  the 
church,  trusting  to  God  to  take  care  of 
it  and  to  protect  it  from  the  mistakes 
which  had  been  made  in  the  past. 

There  is  another  thing  for  wbich  he 
stood.  I  pointed  out,  a  moment  ago, 
that  at  the  treaty  of  Westphalia  the 
bloody  wars  were  presumably  ended. 
lUit  this  treaty,  resulting  in  a  branch  mF 
ecclesiastics  banding  together  to  perse- 
cute   the   others,    brought    about    a   new 


period  of  carnage  in  Germany,  so  that 
the  people  of  the  Rhine  Valley  had  to- 
Hve  imder  the  immediate  presence  of  the 
horrors  of  war  for  more  than  two  hun- 
dred years,  and  Mack,  along  with  other 
pious  men,  could  not  understand  how 
any  follower  of  Jesus  Christ  could  him- 
self be  the  instrument  of  persecution. 
Mack  lived  the  doctrine  of  nonswearing,. 
the  doctrine  of  peace,  the  doctrine  of 
good-will  to  all  men,  and  as  he  had  read 
these  things  in  the  life  of  the  Nazarene, 
he  inau2"urated  them  into  the  doctrine 
of  the  church,  so  that  all  the  things 
which  the  Church  of  the  Brethren  hold 
most  dear,  came  out  of  the  heart  of 
Mack  and  have  been  observed  through 
more  than  two  hundred  years  as  he  him- 
self formulated  them. 

Further  than  that,  it  is  to  be  remem- 
bered that  it  was  not  given  to  many  men 
to  establish  a  form  of  religion  as  late  in 
the  centuries  as  ]Mack  established  bis,, 
which  has  grown  and  continues  to  grow, 
and  which,  here  in  America  during  the 
last  ten  years,  has  had  a  more  substan- 
tial percentage  of  increase  in  member- 
ship than  any  other  denomination  save 
one.  I  do  not  say  that  we  have  had 
more  members  to  join  the  Church  of  the 
Brethren,  but  that  the  percentage  of  in- 
crease has  been  larger  than  that  of  any 
other  save  one,  showing  the  vitality  and 
the  potency  of  these  fundamental  doc- 
trines of  the  Christian  Church  of  the 
Brethren,  as  they  came  from  God 
through  Alexander  IMack. 

It  ought  to  be  a  cause  of  gratitude  to 
us,  this  afternoon,  that  his  teachings- 
have  had  in  them  so  much  of  the  power 
of  God  that  they  have  been  a  power  in- 
creasingly to  all  people.  More  than  that,, 
as  you  all  know,  the  things  that  he  lived 
for.  the  things  that  brought  him  to- 
.America.  ,the  things  that  he  died  for,  are 
taught  not  only  here  and  in  the  immedi- 
ate environment  of  his  life,  but  they  are 
taught  today  i)ractically  around  the 
world  ;  and  in  the  history  of  the  religions 
of  the  race  no  omission  of  Mack  and  of 
liis  work  licreafter  can  ever  be  made  by 
any  fair  and  reasonable  summary  of  the 
work  of  the  Christian  church. 


ALEXANDER   MACK 


-'59 


In  conclusion  I  want  to  say,  he  livo-l 
so  close  to  his  Master  that  his  whole  life 
was  suffused  with  the  spirit  of  pure 
Cliristianity.  It  is  our  sacred  heritage 
to  follow  Jesus  Christ,  and  as  sacre<ily 
as  he  it  should  be  our  abiding  purpose. 
Let  us.  in  recounting-  our  blessings  of 
today,  feel  it  to  be  a  matter  of  profound 
thankfulness     that     the     leader,  in   the 


founding  of  this  church. — the  cliurch  we 
love, — was  a  man  so  sweet  and  so  gen- 
tle in  spirit,  so  noble  and  pious  in  char- 
acter that  we  may.  with  deep  gratitude, 
consecrate  anew  our  lives  to  the  religion 
which  he  taught,  and  hold,  with  sacred 
reverence,  the  memory  of  this  man  of 
God. — Alexander  Mack.  —  The  Gospel' 
.Ucssciigcr, 


Mennonite  L^st     November     we 

Missions   in  j^^^j    ^^^    privilege    of 

Virginia  holding     a     series     of 

meetings  for  two  weeks  at  the  Gospel 
Hill  Church,  at  the  head  of  a  small  valley 
in  the  Allegheny  range  of  mountains. 

Although  these  people  were  entire 
strangers  to  me,  yet  I  found  them  to  be 
kind,  sociable  and  hospitable.  They 
are  generally  poor,  living  in  very  hum- 
ble homes,  not  the  modern  comforts 
which  many  of  us  enjoy,  nor  conven- 
ient vehicles  to  go  to  church.  ]\Iost  of 
them,  men,  women  and  children  would 
walk,  some  of  them  as  far  as  three  or 
four  miles. 

They  also  seemed  to  enjoy  having  us 
come  to  visit  them  in  their  homes,  one 
or  more  of  the  men  finding  time  to  go 
with  me  across  the  mountains  and  ridges 
and  valleys  into  the  homes  of  tlvese 
people,  where  we  always  found  the  latch 
strings  of  their  doors  hanging  .outside, 
and  where  they  seemingly  enjoyed  to 
have  us  take  the  liberty  to  sing  a  song, 
read  a  scripture  lesson  and  have  prayer 
with  them. 

I  have  never  seen  in  our  larger  con- 
gregations where  there  is  much  wealth 
and  where  they  enjoy  all  the  modern  con- 


veniences and  comforts  of  home  life, 
with  luxuries  and  amusements  added, 
such  a  spirit  of  contentment  manifested 
as  among  these  people.  Also  their  child- 
ren and  young  people  seemed  happy  and 
contented  in  their  homes  along  the  moun- 
tain sides,  or  as  they  walked  to  and  from 
the  meetings,  over  the  rocky  road  and 
crossing  the  running  stream  of  water, 
frequently  singing  the  simple  Gospel 
songs  they  had  learned. 

I  was  made  to  realize  that  the  breth- 
ren of  Shenandoah  valley  have  been 
doing  a  noble  work  among  these  people. 
More  than  30  and  40  years  ago  the  older 
ministers  of  whom  some  have  gone  to 
their  final  reward,  have  been  carrying  the 
Gospel  to  these  mountaineers,  traveling 
mostly  on  horseback  across  the  moun- 
tains and  valleys,  spending  days,  weeks 
and  months  preaching  the  Gospel  at 
various  places  along  these  mountains. 
However,  they  did  not  have  many  visible 
results,  until  five  or  six  years  ago  when 
they  organized  Sunday  schools  among 
them,  younger  brethren  accompanying 
the  minister  to  assist  in  the  work  and 
having  regular  appointments  for  worship. 
Since  then  churches  have  been  organized 
and  houses  of  worship  erected. — C.  Z.  Y. 
in  CosprI  Herald. 


Shall  We  Have  Weekday  Bible  Instruction  ? 


By  Rev.   Charles  L.  Fry,   D,  D.,    Catasauqua,   Pa. 


F  the  nnich-needed  experi- 
ment of  supplementing  our 
American  public  school  cur- 
riculum by  systematic  week- 
day Bible  instruction,  under 
the  auspices  of  the  various  churches  to 
which  the  children  belong,  is  to  be  made 
at  all,  where  can  it  be  done  more  advan- 
tageously than  in  those  Pennsylvania- 
German  communities  which  are  pro- 
foundlv  impressed  with  the  vital  neces- 
sity of  such  a  forward  movement,  and 
wliich  have  no  Roman  Catholic  or  Jewish 
elements  sufficiently  strong  to  interpose 
serious  objections? 

Different  men  have  different  solutions 
of  the  vexed  problem,  but  I  have  yet  to 
meet  the  first  thoughtful  American  who 
will  admit  for  a  moment  that  things_  can 
go  on  indefinitely  as  they  are.  This  is 
utterly  out  of  the  question.  Conditions 
have  come  to  be  so  radically  altered  in 
our  day,  especially  in  the  dying  out  of 
the  family  ahar,  and  of  religious  instruc- 
tion in  the  home,  compared  with  a  gen- 
eration ago,  that  something  must  be 
done,  and  quickly  too,  if  our  growing 
boys  and  girls  who.  will  soon  constitute 
our  educated  classes,  are  to  be  save^i 
from  the  deadly  spiritual  blight  of  Bible 
ignorance,  and  its  consequent  religious 
indifference. 

We  can  not  ask  the  State,  and  we 
would  not  if  we  could,  to  ignore  the 
boundary  line  of  its  distinctive  province, 
and  undertake  to  do  the  specific  work  of 
the  church.  The  doctrine  of  the  ever- 
lasting separation  of  the  spheres  of 
Church  and  State  is  too  deep-rooted, 
thank  God,  in  the  thinking  of  Protestant 
America,  to  tolerate  any  such  danger^ 
ous  heresy. 

Neither  can  we  load  so  tremendous  a 
weight  of  responsibility  on  the  already 
overburdened  shoulders  of  the  Sunday 
school.  There  is  too  vastly  much  at 
stake,  both   for  the   Nation  and  for  the 


church.  That  poor  little  lone  solitary 
hour  a  week  is  altogether  too  short  a 
time,  in  proportion  to  what  we  devote  to 
other  subjects  far  less  important  for 
character  development  (which  is  the 
chief  end  of  education,  after  all,  and 
therefore  is  the  real  measure  of  the  suc- 
cess or  failure  of  any  "system")  and  the 
teaching  is  in  many  cases  too  slip-shod 
and  inadequate,  to  meet  the  crying  need. 

The  editor  of  this  journal  has  asked 
me  to  state  a  motion  which  I  felt  con- 
strained to  make  at  a  recent  convention 
where  this  question  was  discussed,  viz., 
that  a  committee  be  appointed  to  inquire 
into  the  feasibility  of  the  church's  sup- 
plementing the  State's  curriculum,  with 
the  willing  approval  of  the  public  school 
authorities,  and  free  of  all  cost  to  the 
pupils,  in  such  communities  where  the 
general  sentiment  of  the  people  is  in  fa- 
vor of  it. 

The  reason  why  these  would  likely  be 
Pennsylvania-German  communities  is 
because  their  conception  of  God's  in- 
spired Book  involves  far  more  than  a 
mere  volume  of  sacred  history  or  geog- 
raphy, to  be  put  on  a  level  with  other 
literature,  and  studied  simply  for  the 
technical  information  to  be  derived  there- 
from. That  which  is  unique  about  the 
Bible,  in  our  estimate  of  its  foremost 
place  among  the  factors  of  Christian 
education,  is  its  being  the  Divinely-ap- 
pointed source  of  soul-energy,  which  in 
turn  is  the  one  thing  needful  for  every 
American  boy  or  girl  in  fulfilling  .the 
noblest  and  most  efficient  life. 

Plere  is  the  chosen  instrument  for  con- 
veying power,  uplift,  vitality,  hope,  joy, 
comfort,  peace — all  the  fruits  of  the 
Spirit.  Nobody  receives  spiritual  vigor, 
apart  from  the  living. Word,  which  is 
quickening  and  powerful.  Whatever  in- 
ner strength  and  endurance  any  man  has, 
he  got  by  means  of  that  Book  of  Life 
which  itself  claims  to  convey  the  power 
260 


SHALL    WE    HAVE    WEEKDAY    BIBLE    INSTRUCTION? 


261 


of  God.  No  other  book  on  earth  ev:r 
made  such  a  claim,  or  ever  will.  A  dic- 
tionary is  not  a  book  of  life.  A  science 
treatise  is  not.  There  is  only  one  Book 
in  all  the  wide  world  which  generates 
that  mysterious  force  in  the  human 
breast  which  is  the  animating  soul  of 
true  religion,  and  this  is  the  one  Book  we 
exclude  from  our  educational  institu- 
tions. How  do  we  expect  to  create  an- 
other Abraham  T.incoln.  for  whatever 
crisis  may  be  coming,  but  by  the  same 
means  which  made  the  first  Lincoln  all 
'he  was,  as  attested  hy  his  every  public 
utterance?  How  is  our  average  Ameri- 
can citizenship  of  the  future  to  be  im- 
bued with  the  fear  and  love  of  God,  with 
the  spirit  of  righteousness  and  of  broth 
erhood,  which  alone  can  preserve  our 
nation   from  perishing,   except     by     the 


iniplaniing  and  the  constant  nurture  of 
the  saving  Gospel? 

Do  we  as  a  Republic  have  enough  at 
stake,  to  make  the  proposed  experiment 
of  the  churches  worth  while?  If  the  ef- 
fort is  to  be  attempted,  to  supplement 
our  present  public  school  system  by  a 
regular  mid-week  half-day  of  Bible 
training,  for  all  pupils  whose  parents  so 
desire,  ought  the  Pennsylvania-German 
communities  stand  timorously  in  the 
background,  and  wait  for  others  to  take 
the  lead  '1  The  first  question,  in  closing, 
is:  Do  we  believe  in  the  plan,  or  in  the 
instant  need  of  some  plan  like  it?  And 
the  second  question,  quite  as  important, 
is  this :  Do  we  have  the  moral  courage  to 
carry  it  out.  and  give  it  a  fair  trial,  in 
the  face  of  whatever  obstacles  stand  in 
the  way? 


The  In    an    article    on  "Lutheran 

Christian  Colleges  for  Lutheran  Young 
Colleg'e  People"  which  appeared  in 
the  Lutheran  Observer,  Pres- 
ident Granville,  of  Pennsylvania  Col- 
lege, Gettysburg,  presented  the  follow- 
ing facts  concerning  the  Christian  Col- 
lege : 

It  set  the  standard  of  American  edu- 
cation and  has  maintained  it. 

It  is  the  mother  of  college  presidents 
and  America's  most  prominent  educa- 
tors. 

It  is  thj  college  which  has  furnished 
the  Church  with  its  ministry. 

Its  form  of  government  is  truly 
American,  and  free  from  politics. 

It  is  thoroughly  Christian,  yet  free 
from  bigotry. 

Its  scientific  departments  are  manned 
by   strictly   scholarly   Christian   men. 

It  is  free  from  that  irreligious  sectari- 
anism which  denies  a  place  to  the  Bible 
in  the  curriculum. 

It  'believes  in  a  philosophy  which  holds 
to  a  personal  God,  a  divine  Christ,  an 
immortal  soul,  an  imperative  duty. 

It  is  free  from  agnosticism  and  pan- 
theism, the  greatest  foes  of  Christian 
truth. 


Fundamental  in  its  curriculum  is  love 
of  all  truth.  It  does  not  prejudice  the 
student  against  the  truth  of  revelation  by 
refusing  it  a  place  in  the  curriculum. 

It  believes  that  the  words  of  Jesus  and 
Paul  should  be  studied,  as  well  as  those 
of  Socrates  and  Plato. 

It  believes  that  the  formative  element 
in  history  is  Christianity,  and  that  any 
curriculum  is  defective  which  fails  to 
teach  it. 

Its  educational  work  has  been  done  for 
less  money  than  that  of  any  other  agen- 
cy. It  is  the  greatest  tax-saving  insti- 
tution in  the  state. 

It  gives  the  greatest  return  to  the 
country  of  any  philanthropic  investment 
known  to  Christian  men  and  women. 

It  is  the  safest  investment  of  Chris- 
tian money  known  to  the  Church. 

Its  students,  coming  from  the  best 
Christian  homes,  help  to  create  a  clean, 
strong  collegiate  life. 

Its  students  are  taught  to  live  eco""- 
nomically,  to  think  rightly,  and  to  act 
nobly. 

Its  product  is  the  well-trained,  ac- 
complished Christian  citizen. 


A  Bibliography  of  Church  Music  Books  Issued 
in  Pennsylvania,  with  Annotations 

By  James  Warrington,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

NOTE — In  my  first  article  the  usual  perversity  of  types  is  manifest.  The 
«hort  title  of  "Goettliche  Liebes"  is  on  p.  i71,  recorded  as  "Gottliche  Lieder."  The 
edition  of  the  Bay  Psalm  Book,  with  music,  is  dated  1640  instead  of  1698  (p.  172). 
The  Dutchman's  remark  regarding  Newcastle  is  dated  1769  instead  of  1679  (p. 
173);  and  on  the  same  page  "Small's  psalm  books"  should  be  "small  psalm  books." 


S  the  present  article  will  deal 
chiefly  with  the  books  of 
the  Ephrata  community  it 
will  be  well  to  clear  that 
subject  of  the  misapprehen- 
sions so  prevalent  concerning  it.  Beis- 
sel  is  spoken  of  as  a  man  entirely  igno- 
rant of  the  rules  of  music,  who  evolvcvl 
a  peculiar  and  new  system  of  harmony 
wdiich  l>ears  no  relation  to  the  usual 
rules.  Stich  statements  as  these  and 
others  regarding  Beissel  show  ignorance 
not  only  of  the  history  of  music,  but  also 
of  the  period  in  which  Beissel  lived,  and 
is  the  result  of  writing  on  subjects  with- 
out due  preparation.  It  seems  strange 
that,  outside  of  the  work  of  Air.  Son- 
neck,  there  is  not  one  solitary  book 
which  relates  with  any  degree  of  truth 
the  history  of  music  in  the  Colonies. 
The  immigrants  have  been  treated  most 
unjustly  and  untruthfully  as  entirely 
lacking  in  this  respect.  This  statement 
anplies  just  as  forcibly  to  New  England 
as  to  Pennsylvania,  and  while,  as  I  said 
before,  T  cannot  now  go  into  the  New 
England  question,  it  is  well  that  my 
readers  should  understand  that  Mr. 
Sachse  is  not  alone  in  writing  ujion  a 
•subject  he  has  not  studied. 

.\s  nearly  all  the  early  immigrants 
■were  rcligiou.sly  disposed,  it  is  natural 
to  suppose  that  they  brought  with  them 
the  singinp-  books  to  which  thev  had 
"been  accustomed  in  the  fatherland,  and 
that  they  did  so  is  a  fact  easily  estab- 
lished. One  would  think  writers  on  th'- 
subicct  would  first  of  all  make  enquiries 
in  that  direction  ;  but  tliis  has  not  been 

262 


done.  Ritter,  in  speaking  of  the  Puri- 
tans, says  they  had  not  sufficient  know- 
ledge of  music  to  use  Ravenscroft's 
]isalter,  yet  there  is  oositive  evidence 
they  had  and  used  it.  Sachse  says  of 
Beissel,  that  his  practical  knowledge  of 
music  was  limited  to  a  few  scrapings  of 
dance  music ;  yet  there  lav  before 
Sachse  (if  he  cared  about  seeing  it) 
positive  evidence  that  the  Ephrata  com- 
munity, even  in  the  earliest  stages,  pos- 
sessed copies  of  the  most  important 
chorale  books.  I  have  alreadv  shown 
that  Kelpius  knew  and  used  the  "Neuer 
Helicon"  of  Knorr  von  Rosenroth. 
Some  of  these  Ephrata  books,  while  not 
actually  containing  music,  name  the 
melodies  to  be  used  to  the  tunes,  and 
those  melodies  are  to  be  found  in  well 
known  German  books  wdiich  the  immi- 
grants brought  with  them.  It  is  certain 
that  Beissel  and  his  confreres  had  and 
used  stich  important  choral  books  as  the 
Darmstadt  Gesane  Btrch  of  1698;  the 
works  of  Storl,  Frevlinp-huvsen  and 
other  well  known  bonks  of  German 
chorals. 

It  is  true  that  Beissel's  method  of 
Harmony  is  crude,  but  it  is  not  any  crud- 
er than  many  systems  of  that  period, 
and  even  some  music  of  the  present  day 
shows  harm(  ny  as  crude.  It  is  a  ques- 
tion to  me  whether  Beissel  did  not  pur- 
]")osclv  use  that  crude  method,  owing  to 
the  fact  that  more  elaborate  methods 
would  have  been  incomprehensible  to 
those  he  desired  to  teach. 

It  must  be  remembered  that  to  a  great 
extent  a  musician  is  born,  not  made ;  and 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  CHURCH  MUSIC  BOOKS  IN  PENNSYLVANIA 


263 


Bcissel  is  no  exception  to  this  rule.  Such 
■of  his  hymns  as  I  have  had  time  to  ex- 
amine critically  show  a  kno\vle(l<;"e  and 
•command  of  rhythm  far  beyond  what 
one  would  su])|)()se,  who  is  guided  by 
]\Lr.  Sachse.  As  to  his  tunes  they  are 
-evidently  based  upon  the  German  chor- 
als of  the  best  writers.  Take  that  hymn 
""Gott  ein  Herrscher"  which  Sachse 
•gives.  There  are  phrases  which  remin  I 
one  of  some  of  the  best  chorals  then  in 
existence.  In  fact  the  opening"  phrase  is 
identical  with  several  of  the  most  popu- 
lar German  and  English  chorals. 

It  would  have  been  interesting  to  a 
musical  student  to  hear  the  "artistic" 
rendering  of  *'Gott  ein  Herrscher"  of 
which  Mr.  Sachse  speaks.  If  a  lady  ren- 
dered that  choral  properly,  she  must 
"have  had  a  phenomenal  voice.  Snow- 
berger  says  that  the  second  staff  from 
the  top  contains  the  melody,  and  that  it 
was  written  an  octave  higher  than  sung. 
Tn  other  words  it  is  a  melody  for  the 
tenor :  and  a  woman's  voice  which  could 
sound  D  in  the  bass  staff  is  certainly 
"imusual. 

The  activity  of  the  Pennsylvania  press 
really  began  about  1730,  and  a  compari- 
son of  this  date  with  that  of  the  New 
England  press  will  not  put  Pennsylvania 
to  the  blush.  Tn  1730  Benjamin  Franklin 
published 

Crottliche  Liebes  und  T^obes  gethone, 
Welche  in  den  hertzcn  der  kinder 
der  weiszheit  zusammen  ein.  L^nd 
von  da  wdeder  auszgeflossen  zum  lob 
Gottes.  und  nun  denen  schiilern  der 
liimlischen  weiszheit  zur  erweck- 
img  und  aufmunterung  in  ihrem 
Creutz  und  leiden  aus  hertzlicher 
liebe  mitgetheilet. 

This  appears  to  be  the  earliest  printed 
"book  of  the  Ephrata  community.  Tt 
contains  62  hymns  by  Beissel  and  his 
confreres,  but  no  maisic.  A  copy  is 
owned  by  the  Historical  Society  of 
Pennsylvania. 

This  was  followed  in  1732  l)y  another 
irom  the  Franklin  press. 


V'orspiel  der  Xeuen  Welt,  Welches 
sich  in  der  letzten  Abendroethe  als 
ein  paradisischer  Lichtes-glantz  un- 
ter  den  Kindern  Gottes  hervor  ge- 
than.  In  Liebes,  Lobes,  Leiden, 
Krafft  und  Erfahrungs  liedern  ab- 
gebildet  die  gedruckte  gebuckie  und 
Creutz-tragende  Kirche  auf  Erden. 
Und  wie  inzwischen  sich  die  obere 
und  Triumpherende  Kirche  als  eine 
paradiesische  vorkost  hervor  thut 
und  offenbahret.  Und  daneben  als 
Ernstliche  und  zureffende  wachter- 
stimmen  an  alle  annoch  zerstreuete 
Kinder  Gottes  das  sie  sioh  sammlen 
und  bereit  machen  auf  den  baldigen 
Ja  bald  herein  brechenden  Hoch- 
zeit-Tag  der  braut  des  Lamms. 

This  contains  only  hynms.  Copies  are 
owned  by  the  Historical  Society  of 
Pennsylvania  and  the  State  Library  at 
Harrisburg. 

In  1733  Brady  and  Tate's  "New  ver- 
sion of  the  psalms."  originally  published 
in  London  in  1696,  was  reprinted  in 
Philadelohia. 

The  Historical  Society  of  Pennsylva- 
nia possesses  a  manuscript  hymn  book 
of  the  Ephrata  comnnmity,  beautifully 
written  with  the  following  title: 

Paradiesische  nachts  tropffen  die 
sich  in  der  stille  zu  Zion  als  ein 
lieblicher  morgen  tau  fiber  die  kin- 
der Gottes  aus  gebreitet  und  in  son- 
derheit  denen  zu  den  fiissen  Je.su 
sitzenden  kindern  ihrer  inwendig- 
en  erweckung  und  wahren  hcrtzens 
andacht  als  eine  rechte  imd  gottliche 
schuliibung  um  die  wahre  und  ge- 
heime  ja  im  Geist  hier  vcrlx^rtren 
liegende  sing-kunst  zu  lernen  mit- 
eeteilet  und  ans  licht  gegeben.  Tm 
jahr  1734. 

This  book  confirms  in\-  (^pini(-)n  th;it 
Beissel  knew  the  German  chorals,  as  al- 
though it  contains  no  nnisic.  in  many 
cases  the  melody  is  named  in  accordance 
with  the  German  custom  and  thev  can 
easilv  l)o  traced  t<>  well  known  choral 
books. 


264 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


The  Historical  Society  of  Pennsyl- 
vania also  possesses  a  Broadside  which 
although  not  dated  may  be  noted  here. 
A  MS.  note  states  it  to  be  an  Ephrata 
production  and  probably  it  was  issued 
about  this  date : 

Der   friihling  ist  herbey   gekomme, 
which  is  directed  to  be  sung  to  the  mel- 
ody 

"Entfernet  euch  ihr  matten  Krafte." 

This  melody  appeared  in  the  Darm- 
stadt Gesangbuch  of  1698,  and  was  also 
used  by  Storl,  Freylinghuysen  and 
others. 

Although  not  directly  connected  with 
music  it  will  not  be  amiss  to  note  som^? 
controversial  items :  sidelights  always 
having  a  value.  The  Rev.  Jonathan 
Dickinson,  upholding  the  dissenting 
views  of  worship,  issued 

The  vanity  of  human  institutions  in 
the  worship  of  God.  A  sermon 
preached  at  Newark,  June  2,  1736. 

This  was  published  by  Zenger,  of  New 
York,  and  in  the  same  year  Bradford, 
also  of  New  York,  issued  an  answer. 

A  vindication  of  the  worship  of  God 
according  to  the  church  of  Eng- 
land.    By  John  Beach. 

In  the  same  year  Benjamin  Franklin 
issued  in  Philadelphia  another  Ephrata 
book: 

Jacobs  Kampfif  und  Ritter  platz. 
Allwo  der  nach  seinem  ursprung 
sich  sehnende  geist  der  in  Sophiam 
verliebten  seele  mit  Gott  urn  den 
neuen  namen  gerungen,  und  den 
Sieg  davon  getragen.  Entworffen 
in  Unterschidlichen  Glaubens-und 
leidens-liedern.  imd  erfahrungsvol- 
len  austruckungen  des  gemuths. 
darinnen  sich  dar  stellet  so  wol  auff 
seiten  Gottes  seine  unermuedete  ar- 
bcit  zur  reinigung  solcher  seclen, 
die  sioh  seiner  fuerung  anvertraut. 
,  Als  auch  auff  seiten  des  Menschen 
'der  ernst  des  geistes  im  aus  halten 
untcr  dem  process  der  lauterung  und 


absclimellzung  der  ^lenschcn  der 
Siinden  samt  dem  daraus  entspring- 
enden  lobesgethon.  Zur  gemiith- 
lichen  erweckung  derer  die  das  heil 
Jerusalems  lieb  haben. 

It  contains  hymns  by  Beissel  an^J 
others  but  no  music.  A  copy  is  ownedl 
by  the  Historical  Society  of  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

In  1737,  Lewis  Timothy,  of  Charles- 
town  (South  Carolina),  issued  a  small 
book  containing  eighty  psalms  and 
hymns,  entitled 

Collection  of  psalms  and  hymns. 

Although  no  name  is  given  oit. 
the  title  page,  this  is  the  earliest  of 
John  Wesley's  hymn  books.  It  appears^ 
a  copy  of  it  is  in  the  Lenox  Library,. 
New  York.  It  was  reprinted  in  fac- 
simile in  1882,  and  a  copy  of  that  is  in 
my  library. 

In  the  same  year  Benjamin  Franklin 
reprinted    the   eighth    edition   of   Watts'" 
Divine  and  moral  songs     for     children.  • 
This  was  originally  published  in   17 15. 

In  the  same  year  (1737)  there  was- 
issued  from  the  press  of  Zenger  in  New 
York, 

A  defense  of  a  sermon  preached  at 
Newark  in  1736,  by  Jonathan  Dick- 
inson, 

and  in  1738,  there  was  issued  in  Bostoiv 

The  reasonableness  of  nonconform- 
ity to  the  church  of  England  in  point 
of  worship.  A  second  defense  of  a 
sermon  preached  at  Newark.  By 
Jonathan  Dickinson. 

.The  Historical  Society  of  Pennsylva- 
nia possesses  a  Broadside  without  date, 
but  probably   issued  in    1738,  by   Chris-  - 
topher  Sauer, 

Mein-Heyland  der  bist  mir, 
which    is    directed    to    be    sung    to    the 
melody  "O  Herr  der-  herlichkeit,"  which 
is^  m    the    Darmstadt    Gesangbuch    of 
1698. 

In   1739,  Andrew  Bradford,  of  Phila- 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  CHURCH  MUSIC  ROOKS  IN  PENNSYLVANIA 


265 


delphia,  advertised  in  the  American 
■weekly  Mercury  as  shortly  to  he  puh- 
lished 

A  choice  collection  out  of  the  psalms 
of  David,  the  book  of  Job,  Hall's 
Contemplations,  etc.  P>y  Mag'juis 
Falconar. 

And  later  in  the  same  year  there 
appeared  in  the  same  paper  another  ad- 
vertisement : 

Proposals  for  printing-  by  subscrip- 
tion a  collection  of  Divinity  from 
several  famous  authors.  By  Mag- 
nus Falconar. 

I  have  not  been  able  to  trace  either 
of  these  books  (if  indeed  there  were 
two)  and  I  cannot  be  certain  that  they 
contained  hymns,  but  I  give  the  bene- 
fit of  the  doubt.  Probably  they  consist- 
ed of  prose  selections  for  devotional 
purposes.  Falconar  describes  himself 
as  of  Scotland,  Mariner ;  but  the  name 
sounds  Scandinavian.  In  the  same 
year  (1739)  Christopher  Sauer  printed 
at  Germantown   another  Ephrata  book, 

Zionitischer  Weyrauchs  Hiigel  oder  ; 
Myrrhen  Berg,  Worinnen  allerley 
liebliches  und  wohl  riechendes  nach 
A  p  o  t  h  e  k  e  r-K  u  n  s  t  zubereitetes 
Rauch-Werck  zu  finden.  Bestehend 
in  allerley  Liebes-Wiirckungen  der 
in  Gott  gebeiligten  Seelen  welche 
sich  in  vieler  und  mancherley  geist- 
lichen  und  lieblichen  Liedern  aus 
gebildet.  Als  darinnen  Der  letzte 
Ruff  zu  dem  abendmahl  des  gros- 
sen  Gottes  auf  unterschiedliche 
Weise  trefflich  aus  gedrucket  ist. 
Zum  dienst  der  in  dem  abend-Land- 
ischen  Welt-theil  als  bey  dem  unter- 
gang  der  sonnen  erweckten  Kirche 
Gottes  und  zu  ihrer  Ermunterung 
auf  die  Mitternachtige  zukunfft  des 
Brautigams  ans  Licht  gegeben. 

This  book  contains  a  larger  number 
of  hymns  than  the  previous  one;  but  still 
no  music.     Copies    are    owned    by    the 


Historical  Society  of  Pennsylvania,  and 
the  State  Library  of  Harrisburg.  When- 
seeing  this  book  through  the  press 
Sauer  took  ofifence  at  some  of  the  extra- 
ordinary expressions  in  the  hymns,  and 
he  attacked  Beissel  sharply  in 

Ein  abgen()thigter  bericht.  oder  znm 
oiiftern  liegehrte  Aiiitwort  denen 
darnach  f ragenden  dargelegt :  In 
sich  haltende :  zwey  Briefife  und 
deren  Ursach.  Den  noch  ange- 
hanget  worden  cine  historic  von 
Doctor  Schotte  und  einige  Briefife 
von  demselben  zu  unseren  zeiten 
nothig  zu  erwegen. 

The  only  known  copy  of  this  book  :'.> 
in  the  possession  of  Hon.  S.  W.  Penny- 
packer,  who,  in  the  Pennsylvania  Mag- 
azine (XII,  76),  wrote  a  most  interest- 
ing account  of  this  quarrel  between 
Beissel  and  Sauer,  and  in  his  usual  felic- 
itous manner,  translated  one  of  the 
hymns  to  which  Sauer  objected. 

In  the  same  year  (1739)  there  ap- 
peared in  the  American  Weekly  Mer- 
cury, the   following  advertisement : 

To  be  printed  by  subscription  for 
the  benefit  of  the  poor  in  Georgia. 
A  hundred  and  fifty  odd  hymns 
composed  by  John  and  Charles 
Westly,  which  are  to  be  delivered 
to  the  subscribers  at  3s  the  book. 

The  advertisement  was  repeated  in- 
July.  1740.  Although  advertised,  as  re- 
lated, the  book  appears  to  have  been  a 
reprint  entitled. 

Hymns  and  Sacred  poems  by  J.  & 
C.  Wesley, 

which  was  printed  by  Bradford  in  Phila- 
delphia— la  copy  of  which  is  owned  by 
the  Historical  Society  of  Pennsylvania. 

In  1740  Benjamin  Franklin  reprinted' 
the  fifth  edition  of  Erskine's  "Gospel 
Sonnets."  a  work  which  originally  ap- 
peared in  1726.  Also  another  edition  of 
Watts'  "Psalms  of  David."  Neither  of 
these  books  contained  music. 


266 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


In  the  same  year  Acrelius  notes  that 
a  small  new  and  fine  organ  was  put  W) 
in  the  church  at  \\'icaco. 

In  1741  there  appear  to  have  been  is- 
sued in  Philadelphia  reprints  of  Watts" 
^'Psalms  of  David,'"  Watts'  "Hymns  and 
Spiritual  Songs,""  and  Watts'  "Horae 
Lvriae."  all  without  music. 

Clay  in  his  annals  notes  that  in  the 
vear  1741  the  Rev.  John  Dylander 
died.  He  was  a  well  known  Swedish 
pastor  and  much  beloved.  He  appears 
to  have  [K)ssessed  great  vocal  powers 
and  to  have  delighted  his  hearers  with 
the  sweetness  of  his  music.  On  his  mon- 
ument there  is  inscribed  : 

While  here  he  sang  his  Maker's  praise, 
The  listening  angels  heard  his  song 

And    called    their    consort    soul    away, 
Pleased  with  a  strain  so  like  their  own. 

In  1742  Watts'  Hymns  and  Spiritual 
Songs  was  again  reprinted,  and  also  the 
fourteenth  edition  of  Mason's  Spiritual 
Songs,  'the  original  edition  of  which  was 
published  in  1683. 

In  the  same  year  Christopher  Sauer 
issued  the  first  Mennonite  hymn  book 
printed  in  the  colonies — 

Ausbund,  das  ist :  Etliche  schoene 
Christliche  Lieder,  wie  sie  in  dem 
Gefangniis  zu  Bassau  in  dem 
Schlosz  von  den  Schweitzer- Brued- 
ern,  und  von  anderen  rechtglaubig- 
en  Christen  hin  und  her  gedichtet 
worden.  Allen  und  jeden  Christen, 
welcher  religion  sie  seyen  unpar- 
theyisch  fast  niitzlich. 

There  is  no  music  but  the  melodies  are 
indicated,  as  usual  in  (ierman  hynm 
books  which  do  not  give  the  music.  The 
melodies  indicated  form  a  curious  med- 
ley of  German  religious  chorals  and 
German  songs  far  from  religious.  [ 
have  not  had  time  to  examine  it  critical- 
ly but  it  appears  to  be  a  reprint  of  a 
work  which  \Vackernagel  cites  under 
the  year  1583. 

Sauer  also  printed  in  the  same  year 
for  Count  Zinzendorf  the  following  book 


a  copy  of  which  is  owned  by  the  Histori- 
cal Society  of  Pennsylvania : 

Hirten-Lieder  von  Bethlehem,  ent- 
haltend  cine  kleine  Sammlung  evan- 
gelischer  lieder  zum  gebrauch  vor 
alles  was  arm  ist.  was  klein  und  ge- 
ring  ist. 

There  is  no  music,  but  there  is  a  reg- 
ister of  melodies  ;  and  it  is  probable  that 
the  melodies  will  be  found  in  the  MS. 
tune  book  which  was  kept  at  Herrnhut. 
Of  this  book  no  writer  on  hymnology 
appears  to  have  been  aware  although  the 
Moravians  used  it  from  1738  until  the 
publication  of  Gregor's  book  in  1784, 
and  that  book  consisted  of  a  selection 
from  those  times. 

In  1743  there  was  advertised  in  the 
American  Weekly  Mercury  as  just  pub- 
lished 

A  choice  collection  of  hymns  with 
several  new  translations  from  the 
Hymn  book  of  the  Moravian  Breth- 
ren. 

This  was  probably  a  reprint  of  the 
English  Moravian  Hymn  book  then 
lately  published  in  London  ;  and  it  is  in- 
teresting to  notice  that  the  Moravian 
church  at  Race  and  Broad  streets,  Phila- 
delphia, even  then  possessed  two  organs. 

In  the  same  year  Franklin  issued  a 
most  important  pamphlet  regarding  the 
attitude  of  the  Baptists  towards  singing : 

A  Confession  of  Faith,  Put  forth  by 
the  Elders  and  Brethren  of  Many 
Congregations  of  Christians  .  .  . 
In  London  and  the  Country.  Adopt- 
ed bv  the  luiptist  Association  met  at 
Philadelphia,  Sept.  25,  1742.  The 
Sixth  Edition.  To  which  are  added 
Two  Articles,  viz..  Of  Imposition  of 
Hands,  and  Singing  of  Psalms  in 
Publick  Worship.  Also  A  Short 
Treatise  of  Church  Discipline. 

Copies  of  this  are  in  tlie  Congression- 
al Library  at  \\'ashington  and  also  in 
the  Library  of  the  Historical  Society  of 
Pennsylvania. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  CHURCH  MUSIC  BOOKS  IN  PENNSYLVANIA 


267 


In  1744  Franklin  printed  the  follow- 
ing in  Philadelphia.  The  title  would 
lead  one  to  suppose  it  to  be  a  reprint  of 
the  Bay  I'salm  I5ook,  but  it  is  not.  It  is 
in  prose  and  I  put  it  here  simply  to  show 
that  the  inere  title  of  a  book  is  not  al- 
ways a  true  index  of  its  character. 

The  New  England  psalter  or  psalms 
of  David  with  the  Proverbs  of  Solo- 
mon and  Christ's  sermon  on  the 
mount.  Being  a  proper  introduction 
for  the  training  up  of  children  in  the 
reading  of  the  Holy  Scriptures. 

In  the  same  year  Christopher  Sauer 
published  at  Germantown  a  reprint  of 
a  popular  German  w^ork : 

Das  kleine  Davidische  Psalterspiel 
der  kinder  Zions.  Von  alten  und 
neuen  auserlesenen  geistes-gesang- 
en ;  alien  wahren  heyls-begierigen 
hngen  der  weisheit,  in  sonderheit 
aber  denen  gemeinden  des  Herrn 
zum  dienst  und  gebrauch  mit  fleisz 
zusammen  getragen,  und  in  gegen- 
wartig-beliebiger  form  und  ord- 
nung  nebst  einem  doppelten  darzu 
nutzlichen  und  der  Materien  halben 
nothigen  register  ans  licht  gegeben. 

This  is  not  as  might  be  supposed 
merely  the  psalms  of  David  but  is  a  col- 
lection of  both  psalms  and  hymns.  There 
is  no  music  but  the  names  of  the  melo- 
dies to  be  used  are  given  in  the  usual 
Gemian  fashion. 

The  records  of  Brut<^)n  parish  churcii, 
AVilliamsburgh,  Va..  contain  an  inter- 
esting note  this  year : 

1744,  Aug.  22.  Resolved  that  a  pe- 
tition be  drawn  and  preferred  to  the 
.next  General  .Assembly  .  .  .  wdieth- 
er  an  organ  be  bought  by  the  public, 
and  appropriated  for  the  use  of  the 
church  of  the  parish,  where  the 
Governor  resides. 

And  another  indirect  evidence  of  ac 
tivity  in  church  music  is  contained  in  the 
following  which  was  published  in  Phila- 
•delphia  in  the  same  year: 


A  short  and  faithful  narrative  of 
llic  late  remarkable  revival  of  relig- 
ion in  the  congregation  of  New 
Londonderry  and  other  i)arts  of 
Pennsylvania  as  the  same  was  sent 
in  a  letter  to  the  Rev.  Mr.  i'rince 
of  Boston.     By  Samuel  Blair. 

In  1745  we  find  another  reference  to 
the  bells  at  Christ  Church,  1  Philadelphia, 
wdiich  shows  the  matter  was  not  lost 
sight  of. 

Bishop  Levering,  in  his  history  of 
Bethlehem,  gives  a  most  interesting  ac- 
count of  some  singing  there  in  1745 
which  is  well  worth  copying : 

This  (cosmopolitan)  character  of  dT^ 
place  was  set  forth  in  a  novel  way,  in  a 
fanciful  diversion  that  came  into  vogue 
and  was  customary  for  a  few  years  at 
Bethlehem,  as  well  as  at  centers  of  the 
church  in  Europe,  particularly  on  spe- 
cial missionary  occasions.  This  was 
polvglot  singing,  when  companies  were 
gathered  in  which  persons  of  various 
nationalities  and  languages  or  at  least 
persons  acquainted  with  such  languages 
were  present.  One  such  occasion  was 
on  August  21.  1745,  .  .  .  the  same 
verses  as  rendered  in  English,  German, 
Swedish.  Danish  and  Jewish-German 
were  sung  simultaneously  to  the  same 
tune  ...  on  that  occasion  eighteen 
languages  were  spoken.  Another  such 
object  lesson  in  song  w'as  given  on  Sep- 
tember 4,  following.  .  .  .  Pyrlaeus, 
master  of  the  school  of  Indian  languages 
at  Bethlehem  .  .  .  had  rendered  the 
first  verses  from  the  German  hymnnl 
into  the  Mohican  language,  to  the  tune 
Tn  dulce  jubilo.  At  that  lovefcast  thir- 
teen languages  figured  in  the  polyglot 
harmony. — Levering,  History  of  Beth- 
lehem, Pennsylvania.  1903. 

T  find  in  the  Library  of  the  Historical 
Society  of  Pennsylvania  a  book  which 
althou<jh  not  actually  a  hymn  book  does 
contain  some  hymns : 

Die     Ernsthafftc     Christen     Pflicht 
darinnen     schoene     geistreiche     ge- 
better  .    .    .   Ephrata.  174S. 

an<l    a    manuscript    choral   book   without 


268 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


title  also  dated  1745  where  the  choraU 
are  in  four  parts.  It  is  impossible  for  me 
in  the  limits  of  these  articles  to  deal  in  as 
full  a  manner  as  might  be  desired  with 
the  Ephrata  books  which  are  in  manu- 
script. Sufficient  now  to  say  even  as 
far  as  I  have  examined  them  ample  ma- 
terial lies  before  me  to  show  that  the 
estimate  of  Beissel  and  the  Ephrata 
community  formed  anl  promulgated  by 
Sachse  and  others  is  entirely  erroneous. 
They  were  mystical  but  they  were  not 
ignoramuses.  <  ' 


In  these  two  articles  very  few  books- 
which  really  contained  music  have  been- 
noted,  but  I  felt  a  much  better  idea  of 
the  subject  would  be  gained  if  I  showed' 
how  the  lack  of  home-made  books  (if  I 
mav  use  the  term)  was  supplied  in  the 
early  times  when  such  were  an  impossi- 
bility. In  the  next  article  the  beginning 
of  music  printing  will  be  shown,  and  it 
will  be  seen  that  from  that  time  onward 
Pennsylvania  was  not  behind  the  other 
colonies. 


"Das  The    University    of    Pennsyl- 

Deutsche      vania,    nearly    seventy    years 
Haus"  ago,  was  the  first  of  Ameri- 

can universities  to  begin  the 
study  of  German.  In  this  city  was  print- 
ed the  first  book  in  German  type  ever 
printed  on  the  continent.  To  this  State 
the  first  great  immigration  of  Germans 
came  and  in  this  State  this  immigration 
has  retained  its  language,  its  traditions, 
its  type  of  thought  and  its  devotion  to 
the  principles  of  German  life,  as  Ger- 
man migration  has  nowhere  else  the 
world  around. 

A  Deutsches  Haus  on  the  University 
grounds,  which  should  hold  the  classes 
in  German,  be  the  home  of  a  German 
library  and  furnish  a  place  where  a'.l 
interests  and  societies  relating  both  to 
Germans  in  Pennsylvania  for  two  cen- 
turies and  the  Fatherland  should  be 
shrined,  is  not  only  wise,  but  necessary. 


German  immigration  has  given  to  this 
State  much  of  its  industry,  much  of  its 
literature,  a  large  share  of  its  eminent 
men  and  more  than  all  else  the  turn  an  J 
type  of  men,  mystic,  penetrating,  de- 
voted and  loyal,  such  as  have  been  in- 
valuable in  the  history  and  development 
of  the  State.  Traditions  like  these  should 
be  cherished  and  every  possible  precau- 
tion should  be  taken  to  retain  the  many 
links  which  unite  the  culture  of  Pennsyl- 
vania with  the  civilization  of  Germany. 

The  attempt  to  raise  the  money  to 
build  and  endow  for  the  University  and 
German  culture  such  a  house  and  to 
place  before  the  eyes  of  men  an  example 
of  the  architecture  of  which  Nuremberg, 
for  instance,  furnishes  such  artistic  an'I 
beautiful  examples  deserves  support,  not 
only  from  those  most  interested,  but 
from  a  wider  public.  —  Philadelphia 
Press. 


THE    NATIONAL    GERMAN-AMERICAN     ALLIANCE  269 

(Continued  from  pujife  213) 

Financial  Committee  of  five  members  appointed  for  the  purpose  of 
putting  the  finances  of  the  AUiance  upon  a  stable  and  perpetual  basis. 
State  Presidents  to  meet  in  off-years  between  biennial  conventions. 
Names  of  official  delegates  to  be  communicated  by  the  State  Branches 
one  month  before  the  Convention  meets.  Resolutions,  etc.,  must  in 
future  be  presented  to  Convention  in  advance  in  print  by  the  officially 
appointed  delegates  of  the  State  Branches.  New  England  Slate  Branch 
recommendations  are  accepted.  Invitations  of  California  State  Branch 
to  hold  National  Convention  in  191 5  at  San  Francisco,  (Panama  Canal 
World's  Fair  at  San  Francisco) — accepted  on  condition.  For  details 
of  reports  placed  before  the  Sixth  Convention  see  the  printed 
report  of  standing  committees,  etc.  Committees  on :  German- 
American  History  and  Historical  Research,  Women  of  the  National 
German-American  Alliance,  German  Language  in  Schools,  Cordial 
relations  and  in  the  National  Peace  Movement,  Finance  (and  treasurers 
report),  Legislation,  Conservation  of  Forests,  Personal  Liberty,  Im- 
migration, Letter  of  Pastor  Grisebach  (Societies  for  care  and  benefit 
of  immgrants.) 

Further  reports,  papers,  etc.,  will  all  be  contained  in  the  printed 
minutes  now  being  prepared  and  will  be  issued  shortly ;  also  the  work 
of  the  following  committees  on:  Revisions,  Resolutions,  Affairs  of 
National  Alliance,  Teachers'  Seminary,  German  Press,  German  Thea- 
tre, Propaganda,  Education  (Normal,  Manual,  etc.),  Germanic  Muse- 
um, Ways  and  Means,  Uniform  writing.  Cordial  relations  with  other 
Natio'nal  organizations.  Co-operation  with  the  church  element,  The  In- 
troduction of  German  culture  in  American  Universities. 

Officers  elected :  President,  Dr.  C.  J.  Hexamer,  419  Walnut  street, 
Philadelphia,  Pa. ;  First  Vice-President,  Joseph  Keller,  403  East  ]Morris 
street,  Indianapolis,  Ind. ;  Second  Vice-President,  John  Tjarks,  HoH- 
day  and  Fayette  streets,  Baltimore,  Md. ;  Third  Vice-President,  Col. 
E.  C.  Stahl,  Trenton,  N.  J.;  Fourth  Vice-President,  John  D.  Cappel- 
man,  Charleston,  S.  C. ;  Fifth  Vice-President,  John  Schwaab,  Room  10, 
Temple  Bar  Building,  Cincinnati,  O. ;  Sixth  Vice-President,  Theodore 
Sutro,  51  Chambers  street.  New  York  City;  Seventh  Vice-President, 
Leo  Stern,  996  Second  St.,  Milwaukee,  Wis. ;  Eighth  Vice-President, 
John  Hermann,  652  Second  avenue,  San  Francisco,  Cal. ;  Treasurer, 
H.  Weniger,  437  Arch  street,  Philadelphia,  Pa. ;  Financial  Secretary, 
Hermann  Weder,  3061  North  9th  street,  Philadelphia,  Pa. ;  Secretary, 
Adolph  Timm,  522  West  Lehigh  avenue,  Philadelphia,  Pa.  Next 
Convention  to  be  held  at  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  in  October,  1913. 

As  the  scope  of  the  work  of  the  Sixth  National  Convention  has  thus 
been  briefly  chronicled,  there  remains  only  to  complete  the  general  sur- 
vey to  report  the  real  live  and  conspicuous  interest  as  they  impressed 
unbiased  visitors,  as  reflected  in  the  reports  of  the  newspapers  of 
Washington  and  in  the  utterances  of  the  speakers  on  the  occasion  of 
the  Celebration  of  German  Day  on  October  6th,  the  placing  of  a  wreath 
•on  the  tomb  of  Washington  and  a  wreath  on  the  grave  of  -\dmiral 
Schlev,  of  the  Banquet  on  the  evening  of  the  8th,  and  the  final  reception 
and  Kommers  on  the  loth  of  October,  1911. 

More  than  three  hundred  of  the  most  prominent  German-American 
•citizens  of  this   country,  delegates  and  visitors  to  the  sixth  biennial 


270 


THE    PEXX    GEkMAXlA. 


convention  of  the  Xational  German-American  Alliance,  were  in  at- 
tendance at  the  various  meetings  of  the  convention  which  held  its 
opening  session  at  9  o'clock.  October  6th,  at  the  New  Willard,  to  last 
until  the  evening  of  the  loth  when  the  convention  came  to  a  close  with 
a  reception  and  a  kommers. 

The  purpose  of  the  convention,  at  which  over  2.000,000  German  citi- 
zens of  this  country  were  represented  by  delegates  from  every  State 
in  the  Union  and  the  Territories,  is  "the  conservation  of  the  principles 
of  representative  government  and  the  protection  and  maintenance  of 
all  civil  and  political  rights;  the  protection  of  German  immigrants 
against  imposition  and  deception  and  to  assist  in  their  naturalization  ;. 
the  study  of  American  institutions  and  the  publication  of  American 
history;  the  cultivation  of  the  German  language,  literature  and  drama,, 
and  the  perpetuation  of  the  memory  and  deeds  of  those  early  German: 
pioneers  whose  influence  has  been  of  incalculable  benefit  to  the  intellec- 
tual and  economic  development  of  this  country  and  whose  loyalty  in 
times  of  stress  and  strife  is  a  matter  of  history." 

German  Day. 

German  thoroughness.  German  thrift  and  love  of  independence,  as 
well  as  other  characteristics  of  that  people,  were  cited  as  being  well 
worthy  of  emulation  by  the  American  people,  those  virtues  having  plac- 
ed the  German  nation  at  the  head  of  all  civilized  nations  in  the  world. 

This  was  the  keynote  of  an  address  by  Prof.  Marion  D.  Learned,  of 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  delivered  at  the  German  Day  celebra- 
tion held  at  the  National  Rifles  Armory.  Prof.  Learned's  remarks 
were  received  with  enthusiasm. 

"If  German  farmers,  mechanics,  artisans,  musicians,  scholars,  scientists,  and 
others  are  the  best  that  ever  came  to  this  country,  which  is  an  established  fact 
brooking  no  dispute,"  said  Prof.  Learned,  "why  don't  we  study  the  history  of 
those  people,  send  our  children  to  that  land  to  learn  all  those  worthy  qualities  ; 
why  don't  we  adopt  their  principles  of  life  which  make  for  success,  integ- 
rity, thoroughness,  and  honesty  and  apply  them  here  in  our  own  country 
and  benefit  thereby. 

"It  is  upon  the  Germans  and  their  children  and  children's  children  that  the 
future  of  this   country   depends   to  a   degree   heretofore   hardly   realized." 

Prof.  Learned,  although  an  American  of  ancient  lineage,  severely 
scored  the  habits  of  the  American  people.     He  said: 

"We  Americans  can  learn  from  the  Germans  how  to  get  something  out  of  life- 
without  getting  drunk.  The  abomination  of  this  country  is  its  restaurants  and 
cheap  hotels.  If  you  want  to  get  anything  worth  eating  and  drinking  you  are 
obliged  to  go  to  a  $5  or  $10  hotel.  In  Germany  it  is  altogether  different.  There 
one  can  get.  well-cooked  and  delicious  meals  at  restaurants  at  very  moderate 
rates.  This  means  much  for  the  health  of  a  nation,  which,  after  all,  is  the  foun- 
dation of  either  its  advance  or  decline." 

'I'he  speaker  also  found  fault  with  the  American  mechanic  and  ar- 
tisan, who,  he  said,  was  not  thorough  and  a  master  in  his  work.  Prof. 
Learned  paid  high  tribute  to  Goethe,  the  German  poet,  whose  classical 
art  he  placed  at  the  head  of  all  European  poets. 


THE    NATIONAL    GERMAN-AMERICAN     ALLIANCE  27! 

Irish-German  Alliance. 

"Let  no  politician  in  the  future  come  between  the  Irish  and  Germans, 
of  this  country  as  they  have  in  the  past,"  said  P.  T.  Moran,  a  national, 
director  of  the  Ancient  Order  of  Hibernians,  who  extended  in  behalf 
of  his  organization,  a  hearty  welcome  to  the  delegates.  Mr.  Moran 
said  the  alliance  between  the  German  and  Irish  societies  had  borne 
si)lendid  fruit ;  that  the  lawmakers  and  legislatures  of  the  land  are  pay- 
ing heed  now  to  the  wishes  and  opinions  of  those  two  races,  while  not 
so  very  long  ago  they  were  almost  entirely  ignored. 

"The  alliance,"  said  Mr.  Moran,  "  is  popular  in  all  circles  of  the  Irish 
people  of  this  country,  and  we  are  enthusiastic  in  marching  side  by 
side  with  our  German  brothers  to  achieve  results  which  will  redound 
to  the  benefit  and  glory  of  our  adopted  fatherland,  the  Ignited  States,, 
the  greatest  republic  the  world  has  ever  known." 

Mr.  Moran's  address  was  received  with  great  enthusiasm. 

Infhicnce  of  Gcrnurns. 

Rev.  Dr.  Julius  Hofmann,  of  Baltimore,  in  his  address,  spoke  of  the- 
growing  influence  of  the  German  element  in  this  country,  and  requested 
that  they  be  proud  of  the  land  of  their  birth ;  that  they  cultivate  its 
language,  songs,  and  customs,  and  thereby  contribute  to  the  advance- 
ment and  progress  of  this  country. 

Others  who  spoke  were  Aliss  Anita  Schade,  Mrs.  E.  J.  Donihoefer, 
president  of  the  Ladies'  Society  of  the  Alliance;  Kurt  Voelckner,  presi- 
dent of  the  United  German  Societies,  who  welcomed  the  delegates  and 
members,  and  Miss  Charlotte  Voelckner. 

One  of  the  most  attractive  features  of  the  evening  was  the  chorus 
singing  by  the  Saengerbund  and  Arion,  under  the  direction  of  Prof. 
Heinrich  Hammer. 

Scharbau's  orchestra  played  throughout  the  evening,  and  after  the 
program  of  speechmaking  was  ended  the  delegates  repaired  to  the 
lower  hall,  where  refreshments  were  served  under  the  direction  of  F. 
W.  Bagelmann. 

The  hall  was  decorated  with  American  and  German  flags,  the  banners 
of  the  twenty-four  German  societies  of  Washington  occupying  spaces 
between  the  Stars  and  Stripes  and  the  black,  white  and  red  of  Ger- 
many. Dr.  Christian  Strack  was  the  chairman  of  the  committee  in 
charge. 

Visit  Mount  J'cnion. 

Ideal  weather  conditions  attracted  most  of  the  delegates,  visi- 
tors, members,  and  friends  of  the  organization  to  Mount  \>r- 
non,  where  they  paid  tribute  to  the  Father  of  His  Country  in  song 
and  speech.  The  trip  down  the  historic  Potomac  on  the  steamer  Maca- 
lester,  with  Capt.  Turner  at  the  wheel,  proved  a  most  pleasant  surprise 
to  the  visitors,,  most  of  whom  had  never  seen  Mount  Vernon.  On  the 
way  down  the  Statue  of  Frederick  the  Great  in  the  grounds  of  the 
A\'ar  College  was  pointed  out.  and  again  were  heard  praises  of  the 
deeds  of  that  great  monarch,  who  proved  himself  a  friend  of  this  re- 
pui)lic  when  fighting  for  independence. 

At  the  tomb  of  Washington  the  singers  of  the  Arion.  Saengerbund, 


2^2  .■       THE   PEXX    GERMANIA. 

and  Germania  again  were  heard  in  appropriate  numbers,  Prof  Karl 
Holer,  of  the  Arion  directing.  John  Wischhiisen,  of  the  Arion,  and 
chairman  of  the  Mount  Vernon  committee,  introduced  the  speakers, 
and  also  deposited  a  wreath  at  the  tomb  in  behalf  of  the  Arion. 

Simon  Wolf  was  the  first  speaker,  and  in  his  beautiful  peroration  he 
said : 

"What  Mecca  is  to  the  fajthful  IMoslem,  Mount  Vernon  should  be  to  every 
■patriotic  American,  and,  indeed,  to  all  lovers  of  human  freedom.  Let  this  mo- 
ment be  the  occasion  for  the  slogan  to  go  forth  that  no  one  can  be  a  true 
American  unless  he  makes  a  pilgrimage  to  the  tomb  of  George  Washington." 

Mr.  Wolf  eulogized  those  Germans  who  helped  Washington  to  build 
np  the  republic  and  those  who  helped  Lincoln  to  save  the  Union. 

Washington  Extolled. 

Col.  Ernest  C.  Stahl,  of  Trenton,  N.  J.,  made  an  address  in  German, 
in  which  he  extolled  the  high  character  of  Washington  and  referred  to 
those  German  patriots,  who  fought  with  and  under  him  in  order  to 
establish  and  maintain  this  republic.  Col.  Stahl  said  that  a  celebrated 
English  historian  of  the  nineteenth  century  said  of  Washington  that 
his  place  in  the  history  of  the  world  is  without  a  parallel. 

The  speaker  said  that  when  Frederick  the  Great  offered  to  Washing- 
ton a  sword  of  honor,  the  soldier-monarch  accompanied  the  high  dis- 
tinction with  the  message: 

"The  oldest  general  of  Europe  to  the  greatest  general  of  the  world." 

Col.  Stahl  said  that  Germans  had  a  profound  claim  on  this  country ; 
that  their  forefathers  had  sacrificed  their  lives  for  it,  and  that  such 
names  as  Steuben,  De  Kalb,  Muhlenberg,  Herkimer,  Hiester  and  thous- 
ands of  German  soldiers,  who  fought  by  the  side  of  Washington  should 
inspire  all  German-Americans  with  pride. 

Wreath  for  Schley. 

The  first  official  act  performed  by  the  convention  at  the  first  morn- 
ing's session  was  the  adoption  of  a  resolution  to  place  a  wreath  on  the 
grave  of  Admiral  Schley.  The  resolution  was  adopted  in  silence,  with 
bowed  head  and  standing. 

Commissioner  Cuno  Rudolph  welcomed  the  delegates  at  the  opening 
meeting  at  the  New  Willard  and  extended'  to  them  the  freedom  of  the 
city.  His  address  was  in  German,  and  he  said  the  Germans  of 
America  are  united  by  ties  stronger  than  politics  or  commerce.  He 
said  in  part : 

"Wir  sind  durch  starke  Bande  verbunden,  Bande  die  uns  fester  zusam- 
men  halten  als  alle  politischen  und  commerciellen  Verbindungen.  Maea- 
ner  einer  Sprache  und  eines  Geistes,  aufgewachsen  in  derselben  Erziehim? 
und  Bilduns  sind  nicht  getrennt  durch  Grenzen  der  Staaten  sondein  eng 
verbunden  durch  das  Streben  nach  demselben  Ziele,  durch  die  Liebe  fuc- 
religioese  und  buergerliche  Preiheit,  Vaterlands-Liebe,  Freundschaft  und 
Treue.  Der  Deutsch  Amerikanische  National  Bund  erstrebt  dieses  Ein- 
heitsgefuehl  in  unserer  Bevoelkerung  deutschen  Ursprungs  in  Anierik'i 
zu  wecken  und  zu  foerdern  und  wenn  Sie  Ihr  gesetztes  Ziel  die  Zen- 
tralisirung  der  Deutsch-Amerikaupr,  eine  Riesen-Augabe  in  sich  selbst, 
audi  nur  annaehernd  erreichen,  so  haben  Sie  ein  ebensso  grosses  Wer^c 
vollbracht,  wie  anno  71  der  eiserne  Kanzler  Bismarck." 


THE    NATIONAL    GKRMAN-AMERICAN    ALLIANCE  273 

Other  speakers. 

'Commissioner  Rudolph  was  introduced  by  Curt  X^oelckner,  presi- 
•dcnt  of  the  local  (icrman  organization,  who  delivered  an  address  of 
Avelcome.  Col.  Martin  Wiegand,  the  chairman  of  the  arrangements 
•committee,  to  whose  energy  and  perseverance  was  due  the  success  of 
4he  convention,  spoke  for  the  committee. 

'J'lie  Banquet. 

The  usual  description  of  a  banciuet  is  as  stereotyped  as  once  upon  a 
"lime  in  a  Fairy  Tale,  and  to  the  outsider  they  all  seem  alike.  I,  there- 
fore, forego  the  details  of  the  Banquet  given  by  the  Washington  Local 
Branch  to  the  delegates  and  guests,  only  mentioning  that  it  was  held 
imder  the  most  happy  auspices,  and  was  a  huge  success  in  every  detail 
•of  arraiigements,  fare,  and  service.  But  there  was  one  thing  of  note 
not  to  be  forgotten  by  anyone  attending  the  Banquet.  A  clarion  call 
felt  and  heard  by  even  those  who  did  not  understand  German.  Even  the 
reporter  of  a  Local  ]iaper  almost  caught  it,  although  he  did  not  com- 
pletely understand  it.  I  quote  the  headings  of  his  article  and  a  short 
extract  of  the  latter:  "Peace  to  all"  Keynote  wins  German  Diners. 
Banqueting  throng  echoes  Dr.  Hexamer's  sentiment.  Hoch  Purity 
Wiley.  Pure  Food  Expert  extols  Puritan  and  Teuton  Blend.  Dele- 
gates to  Convention  of  the  German-American  Alliance  hear  the  father- 
land and  the  land  of  their  adoption  praised.  Commissioner  Rudolph. 
Hon.  Simon  Wolf  and  others  speak."  "Dr.  Hexamer  received  an 
ovation  lasting  fully  five  minutes.  Everybody  rose  to  their  feet,  shout- 
■ng  approval,  waving  handkerchiefs,  napkins,  or  whatever  was  handy." 

"....continuing  the  orator,  said: —  "We  must  believe  in  ourselves 
in  order  to  succeed,  and  it  is  because  the  22  men  who  organized  the 
Alliance  lo  years  ago  believed  in  themselves  that  this  organization  to- 
day numbers  more  than  2,000,000  members,  all  of  them  good  Germans 
and  loyal  American  Citizens " 

But  the  real  message  which  the  eloquent  and  inspired  oration  of  Dr. 
Hexamer  gave  to  his  adherents  from  every  part  of  the  L^nited  States 
Avhose  esteem  and  love  he  possesses  to  a  degree  as  no  one  before  him 
■ever  has,  lay  in  the  baring  of  his  heart  and  his  motives  in  the  telling 
of  his  trials  and  temptations.  It  went  all  the  deeper  into  the  hearts  of 
his  listeners  as  many  had  met  with  like  experiences,  and  as  the  material- 
'.stic  trend  of  American  afifairs  makes  it  harder  than  ever  for  German- 
Americans  to  withstand  them.  He  stood  before  them  an  unassuming 
leader,  the  exponent  of  an  ideal,  himself  a  true  personification  of  it, 
and  when  he  called  upon  them  to  stand  for  the  maxim  "Be  true  to  thy- 
self," these  were  not  hollow  words,  but  a  message  like  the  one  of  2000 
years  ago  "Peace  to  all."  And  like  that  idea  which  wrought  so  much 
for  humanity,  his  message  to  the  German-American  "Be  true  to  your- 
selves" will  live  and  be  supplemented  by  the  practical  .American  maxim 
"Be  sure  you're  right,  then  go  aliead." 

Dr.  Hexamer's  words  carried  conviction,  made  a  ])rofound  impres- 
sion ;  they  will  resound  all  over  the  United  States  as  the  Delegates  will 
bring  home  this  message  to  their  associations  and  their  work,  to  their 
friends,  their  families  and  their  fellow  citizens.  The  German-Ameri- 
can idea  will  grow  and  blossom  into  one  of  the  tenets  of  the  American 


2/4 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


Nation  enhancing  its  ideals  and  culture  for  the  good  of  America  ancJ 
for  the  good  of  humanity  throughout  the  whole  world. 

The  walls  of  the  banquet  hall  were  festooned  with  the  American  flag, 
surrounded  with  ferns,  evergreens,  flowers  and  palms.  Prof.  Naecker's 
orchestra  discoursed  patriotic  American  airs  and  "Lieder"  of  the  Ger- 
man fatherland.  Intense  patriotism  prevailed  and  high  praise  was  be- 
stowed on  Col.  Martin  Wiegand,  the  chairman  of  the  local  arrange- 
ments committee,  for  the  successful  manner  in  which  he  and  his  fel- 
low-workers had  carried  out  their  duties.  Col.  Wiegand  made  an  ap- 
propriate response. 

The  Kommcrs. 

Geo.  W.  Spier,  the  well-known  "Kommersleiter,"  who  presided,  made 
the  address  of  welcome  and  impressed  on  the  minds  of  the  guests  that 
it  is  the  duty  of  the  German  people  of  this  country  to  teach  those  Ger- 
man ideals  which  make  for  happiness. 

Dr.  C.  J.  Hexamer,  the  National  President,  impressed  upon  his  hear- 
ers how  much  the  world  owes  the  German  in  philosophy,  pedagogy^ 
literature,  art,  music  and  song,  in  science,  physical  culture  and  last  but 
not  least  in  bodily,  mental  and  moral  discipline.  There  were  numer- 
ous other  speakers  and  the  United  Singers  of  Washington  entertained 
with  "Lieder."  Throughout  the  evening  the  German  "joy  of  life,"  as 
they  so  well  understand  to  demonstrate  and*  advocate  held  all  in  happy 
enthrallment  and  when  the  hour  came  old  friends  and  newly  made 
friends  alike  were  loath  to  part  from  each  other.  The  many  heartfelt 
wishes  "Auf  Wiedersehen"  on  many  lips  and  in  many  hearts  wilt 
surely  be  kept. 

The  scope  and  activity  of  the  National  German-American  Alliance 
is  described  in  the  following  resume. 

"The  National  German-Alliance  is  a  thoroughly  American  institution,  being 
composed  as  it  is,  of  citizens  of  the  United  States  of  America,  natives  of  Ger- 
man extraction  and  of  Germans  who  have  acquired  the  right  of  citizenship, 
as  soon  as  they  are  legally  entitled  to  it,  to  take  an  active  part  in  public  life,  and 
to  exercise  their  right  at  the  polls  fearlessly  and  according  to  their  own  judg- 
ment. In  looking  over  the  principles  of  the  alliance,  we  cannot  help  quoting 
another  passage,  which  reads :  'Always  true  to  the  adopted  country,  ever  ready 
to  risk  all  for  its  welfare,  sincere  and  unselfish  in  the  exercise  of  the  duties 
of  citizenship,  respecting  the  law,  still  remains  the  watchword.' 

"Ano  now  let  us  proceed,  having  satisfied  ourselves  that  the  alliance  'has  no 
exclusive  interests  in  view,  nor  the  founding  of  a  state  within  a  state,'  to  investi- 
gate briefly  its  scope  and  activity.  Again,  we  can  do  no  better  than  to  quote 
from  its  principles  the  following  initial  passage :  The  National  German-Ameri- 
can Alliance  aims  to  awaken  and  strengthen  the  sense  (consciousness)  of  unity 
among  the  people  of  German  origin  in  America  with  a  view  to  promote  the 
useful  and  healthy  development  of  the  power  inherent  in  them  as  a  united  body 
for  the  mutual  energetic  protection  of  such  legitimate  desires  and  interests  not 
inconsistent  with  the  common  good  of  the  country  and  the  right  and  duties  of 
good  citizens." 

In  short,  Dr.  A.  B.  Faust  in  his  excellent  book  "The  German  Element 
in  the  United  States,"  plainly  states  the  purposes  of  the  organization  as 
follows : 


THE    NATIONAL    GER^r AN-AMERICAN     ALI.IAXCF. 


■7d 


To  increase  the  feeling  of  unity  in  the  Gcrnian  Element  of  the  U.   S. ; 

To  pursue  worthy  aims  which  do  not  run  counter  to  good  citizenship ;  ! 

To  oppose  nativistic  influences ; 

To  cuhivate  a  spirit  of  cordiaHty  between  America  and  Germany; 

To  investigate  the  history  of  the  German  immigrations  and  their  influence 
in  America ; 

The  purpose  is  not  to  found  a  German  State  within  the  United  States,  or  to 
meddle  with  party  poHtics,  yet.  to  defend  principles,  even  if  they  be  in  the  po- 
litical field. 

Questions  of  religion  are  excluded. 

The  German  language  is  recommended  for  introduction  into  the  Public 
Schools ; 

For  the  cultivation  of  the  body  (a  sound  mind  must  dwell  in  a  sound  body) 
gymnastic  work ; 

Public  schools  are  to  be  divorced  from  politics ; 

Naturalization  as  soon  as  possible,  and  never  to  fail  in  or  neglect  their  duties 
as  voters ; 

Opposition  to  laws  putting  needless  difficulties  on  acquisition  of  citizenship ; 
character   and   reputation   to   stand   above   test   questions,    etc. ; 

Opposition  against  needless  restriction  of  immigration,  etc.; 

Repeals  of  restrictions  or  laws  against  modern  spirit  of  communication 
(Sunday  laws)  or  personal  liberty  of  citizens  (prohibitory  legislation): 

Further  aims :  The  cultivation  of  German  influence  and  literature ;  investi- 
gation of  the  Germans'  share  in  war  and  peace  history  of  the  U.  S.  and  all 
phases   of   German-American  worth. 

Object  of  the  whole  or  the  main  features  of  the  German-American  Al- 
liance:  Patriotic  and  progressive. 

To  preserve  and  unite  what  is  best  in  German  culture  and  character,  and 
devote  it  to  the  best  interests  of  the  U.  S." 

The  writer  of  this  chronological  report  of  the  aims  and  achieve- 
ments of  the  National  German  American  Alliance  believes 
that  the  time  has  undoubtedly  now  come  to  lay  emphasis 
on  one  aim,  and  that  is  that  which  has  been  stated  in  the  in- 
troduction ;  the  best  and  highest  ideals  of  culture  and  education,  purely 
for  the  sake  of  culture  and  knowledge  in  the  sense  in  which  Dr.  C.  J. 
Hexamer  in  his  report  to  the  National  Convention  at  Washington 
cites  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes,  "I  find  that  the  great  thing  in  the  world 
is  not  so  much  what  we  stand  for.  as  in  what  direction  we  are  moving," 
and  Dr.  Hexamer  well  expressed  the  aims  of  the  Alliance  in  the  fol- 
lowing words : 

"We  stand  and  strive  for  the  maintenance  and  assimilation  of  the  best  Ger- 
man ideals  and  culture  with  our  American  ideals  ;  because  it  is  German  culture 
vvhich  has  advanced  more  than  any  other,  and  which  being  of  a  broad  and  liberal 
nature  has  assimilated  more  easily  all  that  is  best  of  the  cultural  development  of 
other  nations.  German  culture  has  always  recognized  the  achievements  of  other 
peoples  and  has  willingly  added  what  is  best  in  their  cultural  treasures  in  the 
interest  of  pure  knowledge." 

"Wir  streben  nach,  und  verfechten  die  Erhaltung  und  stete  Bcriihrung  bester 
deutscher  Kultur  mit  der  unsrigen,  weil  es  gerade  deutsche  Kultur  ist,  die 
mehr  wie  jede  andere  fortgeschritten,  mehr  als  alle  andern  .ccross  genug 
angelegt  ist,  anderer  Nationen  und  Voelker  Kulturerrungenschaften  zu 
verstehen,  deren  bestes  davon  anzuerkennen  und  diese  in  sich  aufne'unen'J, 
sich  zu  eigen  zu  machen." 


Ube  pcnn  (Bermania  (5enealooical  Club 


HE  i^EXX  Gkr.maxia  takes  pleasure  in  announcing-  that  plans  are  be- 
ing perfected  for  effecting  in  connection  with  the  magazine  an 
organization  of  persons  interested  or  engaged  in  the  study  of  his- 
tory of  families  of  German  ancestry  to  be  known  as  "The  Penn 
Germania  Genealogical  Club." 

THE  OBJECT  will  be  to  encourage  and  facilitate  genealogical  research 
bv  affording  a  convenient  medium  for  the  exchange  of  notes  and  views,  and  for 
the  publication  of  such  data  as  will  be  of  interest  and  value  to  the  members  of 
the  club. 

Details  of  the  organization  of  the  club  will  be  taken  up  as  occasion  arises 
and  as  far  as  possible  will  be  left  to  the  members  of  the  club. 

MEMBERSHIP — Subscribers  of  the  magazine  are  eligible,  upon  payment 
of  twenty-five  cents  for  the  calendar  year.  This  will  entitle  each  member  to  the 
insertion  gratis  in  the  magazine  of  genealogical  questions  during  the  year. 

M.VGAZINE  SPACE — ^Four  pages  of  the  magazine  will  be  devoted  exclu- 
sively to  the  Club  for  the  publication  of  such  data  as  the  properly  authorized 
representative  of  the  Club  may  approve  and  submit. 

:\nSS  CORA  C.  curry,  of  Washington,  D.  C,  has  been  selected  for  the 
work  and  has  kindly  consented  to  assume  for  a  time  the  direction  of  the  Club 
and  to  edit  the  data  to  be  published. 

( )ur  reasons  for  selecting  Miss  Curry  are  her  qualifications  for  such  posi- 
tion, her  keen  interest  in  the  project  and  her  place  of  residence. 

Aliss  Curry  is  an  enthusiastic  student  of  genealogy  and  deeply  interested  in 
Pennsylvania  lineage,  all  of.  her  own  ancestors  having  been  among  the  early 
settlers  of  this  State.  It  mav  be  inferred,  therefore,  that  she  will  serve  the  Club 
well. 

The  AIM  will  be  by  earnest  and  persistent  effort  to  obtain  the  facts  desired, 
to  supplement  and  aid  not  only  our  own  work  but  that  of  all  who  are  engaged  in 
research  work  along  German  lines,  especially  among  the  descendants  of  those 
who  settled  in  Pennsylvania  prior  to  the  Revolutionary  War  and  aided  so  great- 
ly in  the  i)rcservation  of  the  cause  of  the' Patriots  of  '75. 

All  who  favor  and  are  willing  to  encourage  the  organization  of  such  a  club 
are  invited  to  write  cither  to  ]\Iiss  Curry  or  to  the  main  editorial  ofiice  at  Litit^ 
enclosing  2^  cents  for  this  year's  dues. 

With  these  introductory  words  the  department  is   placed    in    charge  of  Miss 
Curry,  who  submits  the  following  opening  statement. 

TI.  W.  Kriebkl,  Editor  and  Publisher. 
276 


]^ovcwor^. 

To  the  Readers  of  THE  PENN  GERMANIA 

With  a  hiijh  appreciation  of  the  val 
fng"ag"e,   I  ask  your  kind  aid  and  sympa 

The  vakie  of  the  family   records  o 
of  the  family  hut  also  to  those  who  foil 
is  no  longer  questioned  by  any  one.     Ev 
more  of  their  ancestry  and  parents  are 
herent  rig'ht  to  ancestral  facts  and  tradi 

The  Genealogical  Department  of  th 
the  preservation  of  our  traditions  and  hi 
])uil(ling  along"  solid  old  German  lines"  o 
fathers  and  the  mothers — back  to  the  ge 
especially  those  who  settled  in  Pennsylv: 

\\'ha't  measure  of  success  is  achievi 
Clul)  in  the  last  analysis  depends  upon  y 

W  ill  vou  send  such  items  of  news  oi 
your  researches?  Will  you  ask  questioi 
aid  you?  Will  you  assist  your  club-fellc 
when  you  can  do  so,  by  information  or  s 

Among  you  are  many  to  whom  I  am  i 
aid  to  friends-in-need  that  they  have  givf  n  to  me  so  m^civ   ..i  ,    . 

In  short,  to  each  and  all  to  whom  t  s  message  comes  we  most  respectfully 
invite  you  to  come  in  as  charter  membe  >  of  this  Club  and  help  us  to  organize 
on  a  sound  business  basis  what  we  hope  to  make  one  of  the  strongest  genea- 
logical societies  in  America. 

Editors  may  come  and  editors  may  go,  but  this  work  should  increase  year 
by  year  in  usefulness.  Let  us  use  our  best  endeavors  to  make  these  columns  of 
vital  interest,  and  enter  into  this  work  withj^eal  and  patience,  for  can  it  be  more 
truly  said  of  anything  than  of  genealogical  research  "We  mount  the  ladder  by 
which  we  rise,  round  by  round." 

C0R.\    C.    CURRV, 

I020  ^Fonroe  St.,  N.  W.,  Washington,  D.  C. 


Brief  Mention  Elgin,  Til.     By     mail.     $2.50,  $3.00  and 

$3.50   and    transportation,    according    to 

The  following  genealogies  just  issued,  binding. 

have  been  received    and    will    prove    of  This  book  of  some  1200  pages  records 

deep    interest   to   the   large    families   dc-  9189  families,  an  unusuallv  large  number 

.scended   from  these  emigrants.  of    persons    being    named    therein    with 

ITochstetter.  Jacob,  emigrant  to  Penn-  data,  together  with  an  appendi.x  of  fam- 

sylvania  in  1736.     Compiled  by  Rev.  Dr.  dies  closely  connected  bv  marriage  or  of 

TTarvey  Hostetter,  Council  P>lufTs,  Iowa  ;  similar  names, 

issued' by  the  Brethren   Publishing  Co..  Each  name     being     carefully  inde.xe  I 


-7/ 


278 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


and  nearly  all  German,  this  index  is  in 
itself  valuable  as  a  commentary  and  di- 
rectory including  representatives  of  most 
of  the' early  German  settlers  of  the  state, 
and  the  various  spellings  of     the    many 


^ 


duestion  Box 

1.  Sauer.  —  My     great-grandfathe: 
Adoni  Sauer,  was  b.  1722.     I  would  like 
to  find  out  whether  he  was   related  to 
Christopher  Sauer,  the  printer.  D.  R.  F. 

2.  Stutzman — Johann  Jacob,  emi- 
grant, took  oath  at  Philadelphia  Oct.  2, 
\'J2'j\  settled  near  Reading,  Berks  Co., 
Fa. 

( i)  Wanted,  the  names  of  his  children 
and  whom  they  married. 

(2)  Was  Christian  Stutzman  who  died 
between  Sept.  5  and  Nov.  17,  1770. 
Reading,  Pa.,  husband  of  Barbara  Hoch- 
stetler  a  son  or  grandson  of  the  emi- 
grant? 

(3)  Wa3  Jacob  Stutzman  who  settled 
in  Somerset  County,  Pa.,  1779- 1783,  a 
son  of  Christian  and  Barbara  (Hoch- 
stetler)   Stutzman?  J.  S.  L. 

3.  Wanted,  the  title  of  a  volume  giv- 
ing the  origin  of  German  surnames,  es- 
pecially : 


(i)  Bishop.  Bischoff,  Bischofsburger. 
What  is  the  earliest  date  when  the  name 
Bischoff  became  anglicised  to  Bishop? 
and  in  what  other  forms  are  these  names 
now  found? 

(2)  Sauerbier,  a  family  name  in  Lan- 
caster Co.,  Pa.,  what  was  its  origin? 

G.  A.  R. 

4.  Hawes-Burtner  Family.  Wanted, 
the  ancestors  of  Isaac  Haws  (or  Hawes) 
who  was  born  about  1782,  supposedly  \\\ 
Lancaster  Co.,  Pa.  He  moved  when  a 
young  man  (about  16  to  20)  to  the 
western  part  of  Pennsylvania,  where  he 
died  in  1850,  and  is  buried  at  Freeport. 
Who  were  his  parents,  brothers  and  sis- 
ters? He  married  (date  wanted)  Bar- 
bara Burtner,  a  daughter  of  John  Burt- 
rier,  of  Butler  Co.,  Pa.,  whose  parents 
came  from  Berks  Co.  and  were  of  Ger- 
man origin.  Wanted,  the  name  of  the 
wife  of  John  Burtner  (the  mother  of 
Barbara).  Also  the  names  of  the  par- 
ents of  both  John  Burtner  and  also  of 
his  wife.  '  H.  M. 

5.  Hinkle,  George,  settled  on  Chero- 
kee Creek,  Tehn.,  prior  to  1820. 

( 1 )  Where  was  Cherokee  Creek  ? 

(2)  Wanted,  parents  and  children  of 
George  Hinkle  or  Henkle.  A.  S. 

6.  Singer,  Michael,  emigrant,  took 
oath  in  Philadelphia,  Aug.  15,  1750.  Set- 
tled in  Lebanon  township  (now  Lebanon 
County)  Lancaster,  100  acres  patented 
Nov.  28,  1754.  \\^anted,  names  of  wife 
and  chldren.  L.  C. 

7.  Schaeffer,  Johanna  (Hannah) 
wife  of  John  Michael  Singer  (b.  1756, 
Lebanon  Twp.,  Lancaster  Co.,  Pa.) 
dau.  of  Francis  and  Elizabeth  Schaeffer. 
Wanted,  ancestry  of  Francis  and  of 
Elizabeth  Schaeffer  and  names  of  their 
children.  M.  W. 

8.  Cook,  Lydia,  wife  of  Joseph 
Hinkle,  who  was  killed  by  Indians  March 
17-  1793.  at  Covalts  Station,  Ohio,  near 
Cincinnati.  Near  the  mouth  of  the  Lit- 
tle Miami  River.  W^as  a  near  relative  of 
Abel  Cook,  soldier  of  ^  the  Revolution 
from  New  Jersey,  who  sojourned  for  a 
time  in  Pennsylvania  and  in  North  Car- 


THE    PENN    GERMANIA    GENEALOGICAL    CLUB 


279 


oliiia  before  settling-  in  Ohio,  1792-3,  an.l 
was  killed  by  the  Indians  at  or  about  the 
same  time  as  was  Joseph  Hinkle.  She 
was  a  niece  of  Robert  Fulton,  and  prob- 
ably was  closo  kin  to  Ziby  Cook  (of 
^^'ashing•ton  Co.,  Pa.,  in   1790). 

(i)  Wanted,  ancestry  and  brothers 
and  sisters  of  Lydia  Cook. 

(2)  Names  of  Children  of  Joseph  and 
Lydia  (Cook)  Hinkle. 

(3)  Ancestry  of  Robert  Fulton. 

G.  W.  B. 

9.  Haigler,  lligler,  Henry,  of  Lower 
]\It.  Bethel  Tp.,  Northampton  Co.,  Pa., 
prior  to  1790.  Wanted,  ancestry  especi- 
ally emigrant  ancestor  to  America,  from 
whence  and  where  settled.       C.  M.  H. 

10.  Kountz,  Mary,  believed  to  have 
married  Nicholas  Stutzman  (b.  about 
1770)  at  Beaver,  Pa.     Wanted,  her  an- 

•cestry  and  brothers  and  sisters.    C.  L.  T. 

11.  Gretsing-er,  Gretzinger,  Great- 
•singer,  Guthinger.  Capt.  John  Gret- 
singer,    of   Louisville,    Ky.,    well   known 


steamboatman  on  the  Ohio  and  Mississ* 
ippi  rivers  prior  to  1859.  Wanted,  his 
ancestry  and  children.  A.  D.  G. 

Acknowledged  with  Thanks 

Februarv  29,   191  2. 
Mr.  H.  W.  Kriebel, 

Editor  and  Publisher    of 

The  Penn  Germania,  Lititz,    Penna. 
Dear  Sir:  I  hav^  the    honor  to  inform 
you  that  at  the  January  meeting    of  he 
National     Genealogical     Society      your 
name   as    an  Honorary    Member    of  the 
Society  was    proposed  by  Judge    Josiah 
Quincy  Kern  of  this  society,    and  at  the 
February  meeting  you  were  elected. 
Ytry  truly  yours, 
Robert  Atwater  Smith, 

Cor.  Sec'y. 
The  foregoing  letter  may  interest  some 
of  our  readers  and  for  that  reason  has 
been  inserted.  The  address  of  the 
corresponding  secretary  is  45  Rhode 
Island  Ave.,   N.   AV.,   Washington,  D.  C. 


Take  The      Patriot     notices     that 

Tortunes  there  is  another  big  fortune 
coming  to  this  country  from 
<3ermany.  We  think  it  is  called  the 
Wertz  fortune,  and  it  is  announced  that 
it  amounts  to  the  modest  sum  of  $185,- 
-ooo.ooo.  Like  many  fortunes  of  its  kind, 
it  had  a  romantic  origin  in  the  services 
•of  a  great  general,  whose  just  dues  were 
withheld  by  the  ingratitude  of  royalty; 
and  like  all  of  them,  it  has  been  grow- 
ing for  a  century  or  more,  through  the 
accumulation  of  interest.  It  is  now  pro- 
posed, cccording  to  the  newspaper  an- 
nouncement, to  bring  suit  against  the 
German  government  and  compel  it  io 
"fork  over"  the  money  to  the  heirs,  who, 
-of  course,  live  in  the  United  States. 

The  meaning  of  this  is,  that  somebody 
is  preparing  a  scheme  to  skin  a  large 
•number  of  people  by  means  of  a  time- 
worn  but  still  successful  game. 

Nothing  could  be  more  absurd  than 
the  scheme  s,  of  which  this  is  an  ex- 
ample.    They   are  flimsy  and   unbeliev- 


able and  impossible  as  the  wildest  fairy 
tales ;  yet  so  many  people  can  be  made 
to  credit  them  that  a  large  number  or 
rogues  on  both  sides  of  the  ocean,  arc 
enabled  to  live  in  luxury  by  exploiting 
them  and  collecting  contributions,  from 
those  who  are  led  to  believe  that  they  are 
heirs  to  these  fabulous  accumulations  of 
wealth,  and  these  astonishing  claims, 
which  if  they  could  be  established  and 
collected  would  absorb  more  than  the 
entire  wealth  of  Europe. 

Persons  of  middle  age  can  recollect 
dozens  of  these  fake  fortunes  which 
were  announced  as  being  due  to  heirs 
in  Berks.  Most  of  these  amounted  to 
more  than  the  entire  wealth  of  the 
county,  and  all  of  them  were  used  to 
exact  contributions  from  credulous  peo- 
ple :  but  none  of  them  ever  returned  so 
much  as  a  single  penny  to  the  expectant 
inheritors,  and  none  of  them  ever  will. 
Avoid  them.  A  single  dollar  in  your 
pocket  is  worth  more  than  the  imagi- 
nary billions  that  the  fakirs  and  swindlers 
dangle  before  vou. — Kiifafoicn  Patriot. 


IE  MUTTERSPROCH 

**  O,  Muttersproch,  du  bist  uns  lieb.  " — A.  S. 


Der  Bauer 
By  Rev.  Adam  Stump,  D.  D. 

Des  Frueyohr  bringt  e'  neia  Welt, 
En  warma  Luft  im  Sonnaschei'; 

Der  Bauer  dann  verlosst  sei  Zelt, 

Un  driiikt  die  frischa  G'sundheit  ei. 

"Wie    diefer    im    Grund,    wie    naecher    bei 
Gott!" 

So  is  sei  Glaube,  fescht  un  Gut; 
Von  ihm  ward's  Guta  net  verschpott: 

Die  Achtung  fliesst  in  seinem  Blut. 

Der  Sommer  bringt  die  Hitz  un  Schwitz, 

Un  a'  das  reicha  Obst,  un  Ern; 
Des  Neinuhr-schtick,  die  Wasser-stitz, 
Un  Ruha-schtund — die  hut  mer  gern! 

Der  Herbst  bringt  den  Frucht-gesang, 

Er  farbt  die  gruena  Blaetter  roth; 
Der  Dag  ward  kertz,  die  Nacht  ward  lang. 
Un  Alles  schickt  sich  nogh  dem  Dodt! 

Der  Winter  g'frirht  nob  Alles  ei; 

Der   Bauer   ruht   an   seinem   Herdt; 
Dann  kommt  der  Noghbar  manchmol  noi, 
Noh  schwetza  sie  wie's  Menscha  g'hehi't. 

Der  Bauer  is  en  freier  Mann, 
Er  lebt  in  Gottes  Element; 
Niemand  sein  Schtand  verbessra  kann, 
Sein  Heim  is  ihm  die  ganza  Welt! 

Die  Frau  un  Kinner  sin  um  ihn, 
Wie  Schterna  um  die  warma  Sonn, 

Denn  oft  sagt  er,  "Ich  dien,  Ich  dien, 
Un  die  Plasier  komnt  dann  un  wann!" 

Er  sieht  den  Morga  frueh  un  frisch, 

Der  freia  Himmel  is  sei  Dach; 
Das  Besta   leid  uf  seinem  Disch, 
Un  des  is  a'  en  guta  Sach! 

Sei  Nacht  is  schtill,  sei  Schlof  is  Ruh, 
Die  Voegel  rufe  ihn  vom  Schlof; 

Es  blarrt  fer  ihn  des  Rind,  die  Kuh, 
Es  gukt  ihm  nogh  der  Gaul,  des  Schof. 

Fer  Wasser  un  fer  Luft  ke  Tax, 

Ke  Schtaub,  Geklepper,  Jacht  dabei — 

pes  Bluga,  Saeha,  Vieh,  Gewachs — 
Wer  wet'  a  nea  en  Bauer  sei! 


POST  SCRIPTUM. 

An  End,  Im  Gottes-aker  doh, 

Schloft  jetz  mei  Bauer  in  der  Ruh! 

Sie  Haus  war  alt,  sie  Kopp  war  groh,, 
Er  war  a'  mued,  wie  ich  un  du! 


Die  Drei  Klucke 

Ich  hab  mohl  Hinkel  sehne  hucke 
Uf'm  sehme  Mischthoff  Riegel;, 
Bal  ware  drei  vun  ehne  Klucke, 
Mit  Junge  unich  ihr  Fliegel. 

De  Alte,  luschtig  un  so  froh. 

Hen  mehner  g'lacht  wie  g'heilt; 
Ihr   flinke  Junge   hen,   im  Schtroh, 
Un  Sant,   sich  shee  verweilt. 

'Swar  nix  als  Lieb;   sie  ware  ehnich, 

Un  All  ah  gutes  Moot; 
Beinanner  g'sommelt,  oder  lehnich, 

'Scheint  immer  recht  un  gut. 

Dann  kummt  der  Deiwel  mohl  eh  Dag 

Un  macht  sie  Liege  weiss; 
Grad  war'n  gemummel  un  geglag, 

In  ihrem  Paeredeis. 

Die  Klucke  hen  sich  ufg'schtraubt  noh, 
For'n   ferichterlicher   Schlacht, 

Un  bletz'ich  sin  sie  druf  un  droh 
Mit  Deiwelish  Hass,  un  Macht. 

Es  hot  gedonnert  un  geblitzt, 

Er,  hot  der  Welt  erstaunt; 
Die  Pechter  ware  Blut  verschpritzt, 

Ihr  Augo  blind  mit  Sand. 

Sie  hen  ahg'halte  nanner  lett're, 
Mit  Fliegel  un  mit  Schpohre, 
Bis  Aerd  un  Luft  dick  war  mit  Fett're,. 
De  Junge  all  verlohre. 

Un  fremme  Klucke  ware  haus — 

Umhaer  des  Narre  G'schpiel; 
Sie  hen's  gegliche  eweraus — 
'Swar  "Wasser  uf  ihr   Miehl." 

Sie  hen's  uf  g'hetzt,  de  Fechterrei, 
Un  hen  gewischt,  wie'n  Dieb, 

Schnell  unich  ihre  Fliegel  nei, 
En  monichs,  klehnes  Beeb. 


280 


DIE  MUTTERSPROCH 


28  r 


■En  alter  Buzzart  uf  me  Schtarre, 

Hot  g'wart  getrei  for's  End. 
Ihr  Leit,  ich  will  eich  net  vornarre, — 
Der  Buzzart  war  der  Feind. 

Nau  was  des  mehnt,  oder  bedelt, 

Kann   Ehnichebber  denke; 
'Sis  juscht  en  Bild  vun  Keriche  Schtreit, 

For'n  "Moral"   droh  zuhenke. 

H.  Meyer,  Rebersburg,  Pa. 

"Kettenschmied" 
By  Ernst  Lausch. 

Mama,  ein  kleiner  Schmied  bin  ich, 
Komm,  in  den  Garten  fuehr  ich  dich 

Dort,  wo  die  schoenen  Bluemlein  stehn, 
Da  sollst  du  meine  Werkstaett  sehn. 

Ich  brauche  Stahl   und  Eisen  nicht, 

Auch  keinen  Hammer  von  Gewicht; 
Mein  Feuer  brennt  von  ganz  allein, 
Es  ist  der  liebe  Sonnenschein. 

Mein  Zang  und  Hammer  ist  die  Hand, 

Damit  schmied   ich   gar  Kunstgewandt 
A'iel    Ketten   schoen   und    Ketten    lang, 
Die  sind  wie  lauter  Gold  so  blank! 

Und  sitz  dabei  im  weichen  Moos 

Und  hab'  die  Bluemlein  in  dem  Schosz; 

Denn  aus  dem   Blumenstengelein 
Mach'  ich  die  langen  Ketten  fein 

Und  mein  Geselle — ja  Mama, 
Auch  ein  Geselle  ist  mit  da — ■ 

Der  pflueckt  die  gelben  Bluemelein 
Zu  meinen  gueld'nen  Kettlein  fein. 

Der  pflueckt  die  gelben  Koepfchen  ab, 

Dasz  immer  ich  zu  Schmieden  hab', 
Kennst  du  wohl  den  Gesellen  klein? 
Es  ist  mein  liebes  Schwesterlein. 

Ich   und  mein   liebes  Schwesterlein,- 

Wir  Schmieden  manches  Kettchen  fein; 
Das  schoenste  ist  fuer  dich.  Mama! 
Bekommen  wir  ein  Kueszchen,  ja? 

Nursev   Rhymes    (Variations) 

Shlofn,  Bubuli,  Shlofn; 

Der  Dawdy  heed  de  Shofn. 
De  Mommy  is  uff  der  blowder  Yocht 
Un  coomed  net  hame  bis  morja  nocht. 

(Center  County) . 

Tross,  Tross,  Trill 

Der   Bower  hut  en  Fill. 
Es    Fill    shpringt    aweck — 
Der  Bower  leid  in  dreck. 

(Center  County). 


Tross  Tross  tiill, 

Der  Bauer  hut  en  Fill, 
Es  Fill  will  net  laafe, 

Der  Bauer   wills  ferkaafe; 
Es  Fi'l  springt  aweck, 
Der  Bauer  leid  im  Dreck 

(Montgomery  County) 

Sehnsucht 

Abenddaemmerung  legt  sich 

Ueber  Feld  und  Flur 
Und  in  mir  bewegt  sich 

Leis  die  Sehnsucht  nur. 
Eilt  in  weite  Fernen 

Hin  zum  goldenen  Mond 
Wo  auf  goldenen  Thronen 

Gott  der  Vater  thront. 
Deinen   Frieden  senke 

In  mein  muedes   Herz 
All  mein  sinnen  lenke 
Vater,   sternenwaerts. 

Kriebel,  Klumsee,  Germany. 

Vaterlandsliebe 

Dich  will  ich  loben,  will  ich  preisen 

Mein  Vaterland  in  deiner  Pracht. 
Ein  heilig  Feuer  hat  im  Herzen 

Die  Liebe  zu  dir  angefacht. 
Ich  will  sie  hegen,  will  sie  pflegen 

Die  Leibe  zu  dem  Vaterland! 
Dir  will  ich  dienen  treu  und  redlich 

Bis  an  das  stillen  Grabes  Rand. 

Kriebel,  Kulmsee,  Germany. 

Dialect  Articles  in  Newspapers 

Although  the  Penna-German  dialect  has 
been   dying  ever  since   the  Germans  cama- 

to  Pennsylvania  and  is  destined  to  ultimate 
extinction,  there  are  many  evidences  that 
interest  in  it  has  not  died  out  among  the 

present  generation.  It  would  be  interesting 
to  know  how  many  papers  are  at  present 
printing  dialect  contributions  either  as  a 

regular  or  occasional  feature.  Will  read- 
ers kindly  send  us  names  and  addresses  of 
newspapers  that  use  such  articles?  The 
names  will  be  published  in  "The  Penn 
Germania"  for  the  benefit  of  all  our  read- 
ers.— Editor. 


Took  Himself  to  Jail 

Harry  Scliall,  of  Nazareth,  appeared  at  the 
county  jail,  Hasten,  Pa.,  and  asked  to  be  lock- 
ed up.  He  showed  a  conunitnient,  issued  by 
'Squire  Howard  P.  Kocli,  of  Moore  township; 
The  justice,  not  Iiaving  a  constable  to  take 
Scliall  to  jail,  took  the  man  at  his  word  when 
he  promised  he  would  present  himself  at  the 
jail   without   being  accompanied   by  an  officers 


By  Prof,  E.  S.  Gerhard,  Trenton,  N.  J. 


GERMAN    EPICS   RETOLD.      By   M.    Bine 

Holly,   University   of   Wooster,    Wooster. 

Ohio.     Edited  with  Notes,  German  Ques 

tions    and   Vocabulary.      Cloth,    336    pp. 

Price  65c.     American     Book     Company, 

New  York,  1911. 

This  volume  contains  in  very  brief  form 
the  subject  matter  of  ten  of  the  most  im- 
portant and  most  popular  epics  of  Old  and 
Middle  High  German:  Das  Hildebrandlied, 
Der  Heliand,  Das  Waltarilied,  Das  Rolands- 
lied,  Der  Arme  Heinrich,  Parzifal,  Lohen- 
grin. Tristan  und  Isolde,  Das  Nibelungen- 
lied,  Das  Gudrunlied. 

They  are  told  in  simple  modern  Ger- 
man; their  original  spirit  has  been  admir- 
ably preserved  wherever  possible  by  num- 
erous quotations  and  adaptations  from 
Modern  High  German  translations.  The 
historical  introductions,  likewise  in  Ger- 
man, are  brief  and  may  be  put  to  several 
uses.  The  vocabulary  is  complete  and  re- 
sourceful. The  book  is  adapted  to  the  use 
of  first  and  second  year  pupils  who  have 
mastered  the  principles  of  German  and 
who  are  prepared  to  read  short  stories  of 
literary  and  historical  value.  It  seems  to 
be  a  commendable  way  to  introduce  pupils 
to  the  rich  treasures  of  early  Germanic 
literature;  the  spirit  of  this  literature  can 
thus  be  much  more  easily  retained  than  in 
any   English  translation. 

THE  TRUE  DANIEL  WEBSTER.     By  Syd- 
ney  George   Fisher,    Litt.D.,   LL.D.,    Au- 
thor of  "The  True  Benjamin  Franklin," 
"The   Struggle    for    American   Independ- 
ence,"  "Men,   Women,    and    Manners    in 
Colonial  Times,"  "The  Making  of  Penn- 
sylvania,"  etc.      With    twenty-five   full- 
page  illustrations.      Crown    8vo;    cloth, 
517  pp.     Price  .$2.00  net.     J.  B.  Lippin- 
cott  Company,  Philadelphia,  1911. 
This  new  biography  of  one  of  America's 
immortals  forms  a  valuable  addition  to  the 
"True    Biography   Series,"   which    includes 
some  very  interesting  and  readable  books, 
not  the  least  of  which  are  those  written  by 
Mr.  Fisher  himself.     The  title  of  the  series 
may    be    slightly    misleading   and    absurd. 
To  set  forth  the  final,  absolute  truth  is  not 
unlikely  beyond  the  power  of  words  and  of 
color,  beyond  the  reach  of  both  writer  and 
painter,  and  made  still  more  complex  and 
difficult  by  the  eternal  personal  equation. 

282 


"What  is  truth?"  said  Pilate,  and  did  not 
stay  for  an  answer. 

One  might  wonder  why  the  Webster  of 
history  is  not  the  true  Webster.  This  rec- 
ord shows,  however,  that  some  conceptions 
held  heretofore  are  erroneous.  The  writer 
has  striven  earnestly  and  sympathetically, 
it  would  seem,  to  come  as  closely  to  the 
truth  as  it  can  be  gathered  from  the  nu- 
merous conflicting  and  confusing  records, 
and  to  present  that  truth  as  he  sees  it.  The 
book  is  written  in  Mr.  Fisher's  usual 
graphic  and  original  style,  fearless  and 
bold,  without  fear  or  favor;  probably  he 
sometimes  attacks  cherished  beliefs  with 
the  hand  of  an  iconoclast. 

Whatever  the  "true"  Daniel  Webster 
may  or  may  not  have  been,  according  to 
the  opinion  of  the  author,  the  reader  finds 
here  a  valuable  and  painstaking  picture  of 
the  political  and  social  conditions  in  th3 
midst  of  which  Webster's  lot  was  cast.  It 
was  the  great  formative  period  of  the 
Union.  It  is  a  rare  portrait  of  the  times  in 
which  he  lived.  In  this  manner  only  can 
some  of  the  numerous  pages  of  expositions 
on  various  topics  be  justified.  Numerous 
portraits  and  scenes  of  Webster's  life  are 
found  here  that  have  never  been  published 
and  which  are  virtually  inaccessible  else- 
where. 

The  analysis  of  Webster's  eloquence  and 
its  comparison  with  that  of  other  orators 
of  the  world  is  admirable  and  entirely  to 
Webster's  credit.  Some  of  the  disparag- 
ing views  concerning  his  private  life  have 
been  cleared  up.  The  author  shows  that 
in  many  ways  it  was  winsome  and  that  his 
character  was  above  all  honorable. 

It  is  an  interesting  book,  and  one  that 
presents  the  great  statesman  in  a  way  that 
he  has  not  appeared  to  the  public  for  over 
fifty  years. 

THE   FIGHTING   DOCTOR.      By    Helen    R. 

Martin,  Author  of  "Tillie,  the  Mennonite 

Maid,"    "The     Crossways,"     etc.      Cloth, 

24  2  pp.     Price  $1.00  net.     The  Century 

Company,  New  York,  1912. 

Mrs.    Martin  has  come  out  with   a   new 

book,   the  contents     of     which  were   first 

published  as  a  serial  in  Smith's  magazine. 

There    is,    however,    hardly   anything    new 

about  it.     It  is  not  different  from  her  other 

stories  that  pretend  to  be  "a  study  of  life 


OUR  BOOK  TABLE 


283 


among  the  Pennsylvania  Dutch."  There 
is  really  no  actual  difference,  only  a  d.^- 
gree  of  difference,  if  there  is  any  difference 
at  all.  It  is  probably  more  intense  in  i'ts 
slurring  and  more  massive  in  its  oppro- 
brious terms.  One  is,  however,  almost 
afraid  to  pass  judgment  on  a  work  like  this 
for  fear  of  expressing  uncritical  opinions. 
It  is  hardly  worth  while,  either,  to  analyze 
and  to  expose  the  book  the  way  it  ought 
to  be  analyzed  and  exposed. 

Her  treatment  of  the  dialect  is  ridicu- 
lous and  absurd;  it  is  neither  an  imitation 
ijor  a  translation.  Of  its  quaint  humor 
she  seems  to  know  virtually  nothing;  she 
■does  not  even  seem  to  know  that  a  jargon 
and  jumble  of  words,  bad  grammar  and 
morbid  English  caii  never  pass  for  tho 
Pennsylvania-German  dialect. 

What  she  says  about  these  people  can  be 
said  of  unnumbered  communities,  rural 
and  otherwise.  The  meanness  and  unfair- 
ness which  she  employs,  lie  in  the  fact  that 
she  pictures  only  one  side  of  the  life  of 
these  people — the  disagreeable  side,  which 
they  have  in  common  with  all  mankind.  A 
fair-minded  writer  would  obviate  such  a 
performance.  Probably  Mrs.  Martin's  work, 
too,  like  that  of  her  newspaper  reporter  in 
this  particular  book,  "serves  no  use  except 
to  feed  a  vulgar  public  curiosity." 

The  things  she  says  are  absolutely  false 
in  reference  to  what  is  left  unsaid.  She 
does  not  credit  these  people  with  a  single 
commendable  virtue,  or  trait,  without 
trailing  it  in  the  mud.  She  has  evidently 
no  sense  of  honor  and  of  appreciation  for 
the  quiet  and  beauty  of  Pennsylvania- 
German  life;  nor  for  its  old  customs  and 
traditions,  and  for  the  poetry  that  yet 
lingers  in  many  of  its  communities.  if 
they  did  walk  on  all  fours  one  might  be  in- 
clined  to   think   she   would   wish    to   class 


these  "bucolic  'Dutch'  farmers  of  the  soil" 
with  their  "cow-like  gaze"  with  the  bruto 
creation  and  not  with  the  intellectuals. 
Mrs.  Martin  must  have  little  respect  for 
her  forefathers  the  way  she  shames  them! 

From  a  technical  point  of  view  the  plot 
of  the  book  is  not  so  bad.  It  is  fairly 
complicated  but  it  is  not  confusing.  The 
conclusion,  however,  is  decidedly  weak — 
it  is  child's  play.  The  ancient  Greeks  and 
Romans  had  a  "deus  ex  machina"  (a  god 
from  the  machine)  to  help  them  to  solve 
an  otherwise  inextricable  situation  in  their 
theatrical  performances.  But  in  this  case 
there  is  a  veritable  tin  god  at  hand  in  an 
automobile  to  relieve  an  embarrassing  situ- 
ation. 

It  is  a  pity  that  it  is  such  a  distortion; 
there  is  a  snap  to  the  book;  it  is  interest- 
ing, as  all  of  her  books  are,  and  like  most 
of  them  it  is  devoid  of  ennobling  and  up- 
lifting ideas.  To  say,  as  some  reviewers 
do,  that  Mrs.  Martin  has  done  for  these 
people  what  Bayard  Taylor  did  for  the 
Friends  and  Irving  for  the  Dutch  sounds 
like  nonsense;  such  opinions  are  not  sup- 
ported for  one  moment  by  those  who  know 
anything  of  the  writings  of  Taylor  and  of 
Irving  and  who  know  the  Pennsylvania- 
Germans  and  the  way  Mrs.  Martin  has 
written  them   down." 

Ubiquitous  Elsie  Singmaster  has  a  short 
story  in  th^  April  LIPPINCOTT'S  and  re- 
ceives in  the  same  issue  the  following  in- 
trouctory  note:  "The  May  Lippincott's  A 
Great  Complete  Novelette  of  Pennsylvania- 
German  people  'Their  Great  Inheritance,' 
by  Elsie  Singmaster."  It  is  gratifying  to 
see  Miss  Singmaster  being  so  well  received, 
and  to  hear  nothing  derogatory  of  her 
writing.  There  are  bees  and  wasps  in  the 
literary  field. 


Ibistorical  Botes  anb  IFlews 

Reports  of  Society  Meetings   are  Solicited 


The  ■P-'-^svlvania-German  Society. 

The  Pennsylvania-German  Society  has  is- 
sued  V  olume  XX  of  its  valuable  series  of 
publications,  containing: 
Officers  of  the  Society. 
Minuses    of    the    meeting   at    Bethlehem 

(October  29,  1909). 
Response     to     address  of     Welcome,  by 

Col.  Thomas  C.  Zimmerman. 
President's  Address. 
-     Report  cf  Secretary,  H.  M.  M.  Richards. 


Report  of  Treasurer,  Julius  F.  Sachse. 
Biographical  Sketches  of  Deceased  Mem- 
bers. 
Pennsylvania — The  German  Influence  iu 

its  Settlement  and  Development. 
Part     XXII.     The     Lutheran  Church  in 
New    Hanover,    Montgomery    County, 
by  Rev.  J.  J.  Kline. 
Part  XXII  is  an  abridgment  of  Reverend 
Kline's  history  "published  by  the  congre- 
gation.  New  Hanover,   Penna.,   1910,"  the 
710  pages  of  the  latter  being  cut  down  to 


284 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


444.  A  number  of  valuable  illustrations 
have  been  inserted.  It  is  to  be  regretted 
that  the  indexes  were  omitted. 

It  mav  not  be  out  of  place  to  record  here 
the  various  parts  of  the  series  of  mono- 
graphs that  have  been  issued  on  "Pennsyl- 
vania— The  German  Influence  on  its  Set- 
tlement and  Development."     They  are: 

I   The  Fatherland,  1450-1700.  223  pages. 

II.  The  German  Exodus,  1709,  158  pages. 

III.  The  German  Emigration  to  America, 
1709-1740,    120    pages. 

IV.  The  Settlement  of  Germantown,  300 

pages. 

V.  The  German  Emigration  from  New 
York  Province  to  Pennsylvania,  100  pages. 

VI.  Domestic    Life    and    Characteristics, 

97  pages.  ^    .v,      u  . 

VII.  German  Immigration  and  the  ko- 
demptioners,  315  pages. 

VIII.  The  Dunkers,  148  pages. 

IX.  The  Lutheran  Church,  in  two  vol- 
umes, 1638-1800,  588  pages. 

X.  The  Reformed  Church,  357  pages. 

XI.  Music  of  the  Ephrata  Cloister,  lOS 
pages. 

XII.  The  Schwenkfelders,   232  pages. 

XIII.  American  History  from  German 
Archives,   93   pages. 

XIV.  Falckner's  Curioeuse  Nachricht, 
256  pages. 

XV.  The  Pcnna.  German  in  the  French 
and  Indian  War,  559  pages. 

XVI.  The  Wreck  of  the  Ship  New  Era, 
55  pages. 

XVII.  Governor  Joseph  Hiester,  42  pages. 

XVIII.  The  Penna. -German  in  the  Revo- 
lutionfirv  War,  542  pages. 

XIX.  Diary  of  Voyage,  17  2  8,  25  pages. 

XX.  History  of  New  Sweden,  44  pages. 

XXI.  Rush's  Account  of  the  Manners  of 
the  German  Inhabitants  of  Penna..  128 
pages. 

XXII.  The  Lutheran  Church  in  New- 
Hanover,   444   pages. 

The  society  is  thus  gradually  fulfilling 
its  avowed  mission:  "To  discover,  collect 
and  preserve  all  still  existing  documents, 
monuments,  etc.,  relating  to  the  genealogy 
and  history  of  the  Pennsylvania-Germans, 
and  from  time  to  time  publish  them,  par- 
ticularly such  as  shall  set  forth  the  part 
belonging  to  this  people  in  the  growth  and 
development  of  American  character,  insti- 
tutions and  progress."  We  hope  friends 
and  means  may  be  forthcoming  to  insure 
the  accomplishment  of  such  purpose  in  its 
fullest  sense. 


Lancaster  County  Historical  Society. 

A  paper  on  "The  Elser  Homestead  and 
Family  History"  was  read  by  Frank  E. 
Schnerer  before  the  February  meeting  of 
the  society. 


The  Lebanon  County  Historical  Society. 

This  society  has  issued  Volume  V,  No.  3^ 
of  its  publications,  containing  a  paper  reail 
by  Captain  H.  M.  M.  Richards  before  tho- 
society  on  "Lebanon  County  in  the  Foreign 
Wars  of  th3  United  States,  1898-1902.  Th& 
paper  names  "those  residing  in  Lebanon 
County  who  participated  in  the  Spanish- 
American  War  of  189  8,  and  the  Philip- 
pine insurrection,  which  followed  as  a  se- 
quence, together  with  the  China  War." 
The  writer  also  gives  an  account  of  his- 
personal  experience  in  the  United  States, 
service  at  this  period. 

Creating-  Interest  in  History 

H.  W.  Kriebel, 
Lititz,  Pa. 

My  dear  Kriebel: — I  have  your  letter  ot 
the  4th  inst.,  in  which  I  note  what  you  say, 
as  to  the  comment  in  the  North  American, 
in  relation  to  the  debate  which  was  held 
by  the  Historical  Society  of  Bradford 
county,  on  the  following:  "Resolved,  That 
in  establishing  the  settlement  of  Bradford' 
county,  the  New  England  settlers  perform- 
ed a  more  important  part  than  the  German 
and  Dutch." 

At  the  January  meeting  this  question 
was  submitted  for  debate  at  the  February- 
meeting,  and  the  president  appointed  as- 
chief  disputants,  A.  H.  Kingsbury  for  the 
affirmative,  and  C.  F.  Heverly,  for  the  neg- 
ative, they  to  select  their  assistants,  no«, 
to  exceed  four  in  number. 

The  debate  came  oiT  at  the  monthly 
meeting  on  February  24,  1912.  A.  w. 
-  ingsbury,  the  chief  debater  for  the  af- 
firmative, was  the  only  one,  who  had  most 
of  his  remarks,  in  writing,  and  all  the 
others  making  oral  arguments,  except  as 
to  names  and  dates  from  memoranda. 
Thus  you  will  see  that  it  will  be  impos- 
sible to  record  the  facts  and  arguments 
used  by  the  speakers,  only  from  memory. 
The  purpose  and  object  of  the  debate  was 
to  bring  out  the  facts  that  the  Germans 
and  the  Dutch,  were  the  first  permanent, 
settlers  in  Bradford  county  and  prior  to 
the  Revolution,  were  in  the  majority  as 
to  permanent  settlers,  and  that  these  Ger- 
mans and  Dutch,  performed  their  parts  as 
patriots  and  suffered  heroically,  during 
that  struggle.  Many  of  them  returned  af- 
ter the  Revolution,  when  the  struggles 
with  the  Indian  were  over,  and  the  great 
question  then  was  of  land  and  titles  there- 
to as  between  the  Pennsylvania  and  the- 
Connecticut  titles;  this  struggle  between 
the  Pennsylvania  and  Connecticut  claim- 
ants was  the  chief  question  and  over- 
shadowed all  others  for  many  years  until- 


HISTORICAL    NOTES    AND    NEWS 


285 


Unally  settled;  the  Germans  and  Dutch 
■were  not  so  much  involved  in  this  ques- 
tion as  the  Yankees  from  New  England, 
and  therefore  not  so  much  in  the  "lime- 
light" as  the  Yankee  ,  and  his  early 
struggles  w^ere  almost  forgotten. 

The  first  permanent  settlers  within  the 
present  limits  of  Bradford  county  were 
Rudolph  Fox  (Fuchs)  and  Peter  Scheu- 
felt,  who  came  from  the  Schoharie  Valley, 
N.  Y.,  in  1770  and  shortly  afterwards  fol- 
lowed by  Van  Valkenberg  and  Stropes. 

All  the  settlers  were  riven  out  and  cap- 
tured by  the  British  and  Indians  in  177S 
on  their  way  to,  or  from  Wyoming. 

Later  in  the  history  of  the  county,  the 
Germans  became  numerous  in  the  south- 
ern townships  —  Overton  and  Wilmot— - 
among  whom  were  the  Heverlys,  Streevys, 
Hottensteins,  Shermans,  Dieffenbachs, 
AVilts,  Bleiler,  Ruths,  Rinebolds,  Mussel- 
mans,  Earles,  Saxers,  Hunsingers,  etc. 

The  debate  created  much'  interest,  and 
at  the  close  an  expression  was  allowed, 
and  of  those  present,  each  apparently  voted 
as  he  felt,  whether  of  "Yankee"  or  of  Ger- 
man or  Dutch  descent,  without  reference 
as  to  the  historical  facts  or  arguments  pre- 
sented. 

I  regret  that  I  am  unable  to  send  you  the 
facts  as  presented. 

I  am  very  respectfully, 

J.  ANDREW  WILT,  Secretary. 

Moravian  Historical  Society 

The  Sixty-fourth  Annual  Meeting  of  this 
society  was  lield  Septemlber  28  in  the  his- 
toric Moravian  town,  Nazareth,  Pa. 

Routise  bais'iness  including  reports  of 
committees   was   transacted. 

The  Society  had,  at  the  timo.  347  mem- 
bers— 111  life.  236  active  and  associate.  This 
sp€al<s  well  for  such  a  comparatively  sm.ill 
religioiis  body.  Cam  the  large  historic 
Churches  make   'an   equally   good    showing? 

The  total  rec(4pts  of  the  y&ar  were  $1,- 
532.96.  th.9  total  cxpenditurt>9  $1,299.25.  The 
total  Trust  Fmnds  amount  to  $5,517.64. 

Tlie  "Vespers"  was  held  at  2  p.  m..  after 
■wliiclh   various   i>aper,s   were  read. 

The  election  of  officers  resulted  as  fol- 
lows: 

President.  Rev.  H.  A.  .Tacobson;  Vice- 
President.  Rev  E.  T.  Kluge,  Rt..  Rev.  M. 
W.  Deibert,  Rev.  A.  D.  Thaeler.  Rt.  Rev. 
Rev.  C.  L.  Moesch,  Aibraiham  S.  Schropp. 
Abrahiim  R.  Beck,  Rev.  W.  N.  Schwarze,  G. 
■A.  Schnoeibeli.  Albert  G.  Ran.  .Tr;hn  W.  .Tor- 
dan;  the  last  throe  taking  the  i>lac3s  of  th-? 
rtii-ee  Vice-Presidents  wlio  died  during  the 
post  year,  mamely:  R?v.  Wra.  Hemry  Rice. 
Wm  H  Jordan.  C.  Otto  Brunnor;  Secretary 
and    Treasurer:    Frask    Kunkel;    Librarian: 


S.  R.  Odenwelder.  in  palace  of  Rev.  E.  T. 
Kluge.  who  desired  to  be  relieved  of  the  du- 
ties of  this  office  by  reason  of  increasing  in- 
firmities; Board  of  Manjagers;  Grantville 
Henry,  Wm.  V.  Knaiiss.  Aug.  H.  Leiibert, 
Frank  C.  Stout,  R.  O.  Beitel;  Library  Com- 
mittee: Rev.  Paul  de  Schweisitz,  Rev.  John 
Greeimfield.  John  W.  Jordon,  .^rabam  S. 
Schropp,  Jolin  F.  BardiM.  Tlieo.  Kampmann; 
Publication  Committee::  Rev.  W.  N. 
Schwarze,  Albert  G.  Rau,  H.  J.  Meyers. 

Reformed  Church  in  Lebanon.  Pa. 

The  founder  of  the  Reformed  Church  in 
Lebanon  was  John  Conrad  Templeman,  the 
pious  tailor  and  lay  preacher  who  lived 
near  Rexmont.  He  Founded  the  Gruben 
Church  two  miles  southeast  of  Lebanon, 
proibably  in  1747.  This  Church  was  ab- 
sorbed and  perpetuated  by  The  Tabor  or 
First  Reformed  Church  of  Lebanon  to  which 
George  Steitz,  Founder  of  Lebanon,  dedded 
a  lot  in  1760.  The  first  church  building  was 
dedicated  in  1762.  The  corner-stone  oif  the 
present  building  was  laid  in  1792.  We  may 
regard  the  Gruben  Church  as  the  root,  the 
First  Church  as  the  trunk,  and  the  other 
six  Reformed  Congregations  in  and  about 
Lebanon  as   th-e   branches. 

The   following  have  been   the  pastors: 

Rev.  .John  Conrad  Templeman— 1747-1759. 

Rev.  John  Waldschmidt — 1759. 

Rev.  Frederick  Caslniir  Mueller — 1762-1766. 

Rev.   .John   Conrad   Bucheir— 1768-1780. 

Rev.   John   Wm.   Runekel— 1780-1784. 

Rev.    Andrew    Lorentz — 1785-1786. 

Rev.    Ludwig    Lupp— 1786-1 79S. 

Rev.   Wm.   Heister— 1800-1828. 

Rev.    Henry    Kroh— 1828-1815. 

Rev.    Henry   Wagner— 1835-1851. 

Rev    F.  W.  Kremer.  D.  D.— 1851-1899. 

Rev.    D.   E.   Klopp,   D.   D.— 1889-1898. 

Rev.  Edwin  S.  Bromer,  D.  D.— 1898-1905. 

Rev.    H.   E.   Bodder— 1906-1909. 

Rev.   W^   D.   Happel,   Ph.   D.— 1910. 

Rev.  J.  Ranch  Stein  and  Rev.  Frank  S. 
Bromer  iwere  for  a  time  assistants  during 
the  pastorates  of  Rev.  Dr.  Klopp  and  Rev. 
Dr.   Bromer.   respectively. 

Vandalism 

In  his  book  on  the  "Desecration  and 
Defamation  of  the  Pennsylvania  Capitol" 
ex-Governor  Pennypacker  says:  "h'ov  over 
half  a  century  the  records  of  the  govern- 
ment at  Harrisburg  had  been  gradually 
stolen  by  literary  tbieves.  Today  not  an 
autograph  sale  occurs  in  New  York  which 
does  not  contain  more  or  less  of  original 
papers  which  were  once  a  part  of  tne  arch- 
ives of  Pennsvhania.  Every  collector  of 
experience  is  familiar  with   the  fact." 


XLhc  dforum 

The  Penn  Ger mania  Open  Parliament,   Question-Box  and 
Clipping  Bureau — Communications  Invited 


This  is  a  subscribers'  exchange  for  comparing  views,  a  wha- 
not  for  preserving  bits  of  historic  information,  an  after  dinner  loung- 
ing place  for  swapping  jokes,  a  general  question  box — free  and  open^ 
to  every  subscriber. 


Dissinger  Anecdotes. 

The  Penn  Germania, 

Lititz,  Pa. 
DeDar  Sirs:  With  reference  to  your  ar- 
ticle in  the  March  Magazine  on  Rev.  Moses 
Dissinger,  I  recollect  when  I  was  a  boy  at 
home,  my  father,  who  knew  Mr.  Dissinger 
personally,  on  more  than  one  occasion  re- 
lated that  Mrs.  Dissinger  determined  to 
dispose  of  a  corner-cupboard  which  they 
possessed,  and,  having  done  so,  purchased 
a  new  bonnet  with  the  proceeds.  The  fol- 
lowing Sunday  she  was  quite  late  in  going 
to  services  conducted  by  her  husband;  so 
late  in  fact  that  the  sermon  had  already 
begun.  As  she  walked  down  the  aisle  Mr. 
Dissinger  stopped  short  and  remarked  to 
the  conp-regation:  "Dort  kommt  meine 
frau  mit  dem  eck  schank  auf  ihrem  Kopf." 
(There  comes  my  wife  with  the  corner- 
cupboard  on  her  head.) 

Very  truly  yours, 

Osman  F.   Reinhard. 

In  conection  with  the  Moses  Dissinger 
Reminiscences,  I  recall  having  heard  him 
preach,  when  I  was  but  a  mere  youth,  and 
the  imprecsion  made  on  me  was  that  ho 
had  a  voire  like  thunder  and  could  stir  up 
an  audience.  With  the  exception  that  Dis- 
singer used  fierce  and  more  uncouth  words 
at  times  than  Jacob  Gruber  is  reported  to 
have  used,  there  is  a  similarity  in  the  two 
men,  even  to  the  extent  that  in  the  pre- 
face to  the  Life  of  .Tacob  Gruber,  by  W.  P. 
Strickland,  1860,  there  is  found  "He  was 
himself  always  and  everywhere,  and  he 
never  lost  his  individuality  as  one  of  th'^ 
most  humorous,  witty  and  yet  withal  grave 
and  earnest  preachers  of  his  day";  and  in 
the  Moses  Dissinger  Reminiscences,  page 
18;i  of  the  March,  1912,  No.  of  The  P.  G., 
the  following  is  given: 

"He  was  himself  always  and  everywhere, 
and  he  never  lost  his  individuality — as  one 
of  the  most  humorous,  witty,  earnest  and 
successful  prpxchers  of  his  day." 

286 


Wonderful  similarity  of  statement  in  the 
two  cases,  is  it  not  so?  Ich  wunner  ep  der 
Parra  Yost  'm  Parra  Gruber  sei  Lebens- 
lauf  sei  i^ewa  gelesa  hot! 

M.  A.  Gruber. 

Dissinger  was  stationed  as  preacher;  the 
people  a  church  services  were  in  the  hab- 
it of  turning  around  in  their  seats  when 
persons  entered  the  building  to  see  who 
was  coming.  To  break  up  the  habit  he 
sai  one  day  before  beginning  the  sermon, 
"Nau  guckt  net  rum  wann  epper  rei 
kummt.  Wann  en  Elefont  rei  kummt  sag 
ich's  euch."  (Do  not  look  around  if  any- 
body enters.  If  an  elephant  comes  I  will 
tell  you.)  A  dog  once  entered  when  he 
said,  "Dort  is  en  Hund;  thut  en  naus."' 
(There  is  a  dog;  put  him  out.) 

A  Reader. 

The  Frenchman  and  the  Sauerkraut. 

The  Penn  Germania 

In  looking  over  your  delightful  journal 
I  came  across  Bill's  "Sauerkraut  Knock- 
out," and  was  forcibly  reminded  of  a  little 
coincidence  of  ten  or  twelve  years  ago.  My 
next  door  neighbor  was  a  French  minister. 
One  day  on  my  going  home  to  dinner  I 
met  him  at  my  door,  having  ust  rung  the 
bell.      "Oh!    monsieur,   what   can   I   do   for 

you?"      "Ah,    Monsieur    B ,    ize    de 

drain  stopped  up  in  your  house?"  "No, 
why;"  "Oh,  my,  becauzee  der  ize  re  most 
un-delicious  smell  percolating  in  our  de 
house  vat  any  pareson  could  for  one  mo- 
ment endure.  It  ize  so  bad  my  muzzer  she 
almoste  faint  down  on  ze  floor."  Just 
then  I  opened  the  door  and  got  a  delight- 
ful puff  of  the  delicious  sauerkraut  my 
good  wife  was  coking,  and  remarked: 
"There,  parson,  that  is  what  you  think 
comes  from  a  blocked  drain.  We  are  cook- 
ing sauerkraut  for  dinner.  Come  in  and 
enjoy  it  with  us."  "No,  no,  I  sankee  you; 
I  could  not-a  eat  zat  stinkin'  stuff;  an  dO' 
you  eat  zat?"  and  went  into  his  own  houses 


THE  FORUM 


287 


"When  we  went  to  dinner  I  related  the  good 
joke  to  my  wife.  She  enjoyed  it  immense- 
ly. "Now,  mother,  fix  me  up  a  nice  mess 
and  I  will  take  it  over  to  them  and  prob- 
ably the  madame  may  enjoy  some  of  it." 
I  took  the  dish  nicely  covered  with  a  nap- 
kin and  presented  it  with  our  compliments. 
In  about  five  minutes  his  "riverence"  re- 
turned with  the  rish.  "Ah,  monseiur  B — , 
villce  you  please  givve  us  a  leetle  more  of 
ze  saurkraut?  My  niozzer  she  like  it  so 
much  and  it  do  not-a  smele  so  bad  now."  I 
replenished  the  bowl  and  again  he  return- 
ed for  just  a  "leetle  more."  "It-e  iz  so 
delightful  for  me  and  muzzer."  We  had 
sauerkravit  about  once  a  week  and  invari- 
ably sent  them  a  mess.  They  never  could 
thank  us  enough.  They  left  and  the  drain 
continues  to  be  broken. 

F.  B.  Bannan 

Hans's  Vicarious  Suffering. 

The  following  story  comes  from  Penn- 
sylvania: 

A  German  schoolmaster  had  some  boys 
in  school  who  were  inclined  to  be  mis- 
chievous. Not  desiring  to  punish  them  he 
thought  to  scare  them  into  good  behavior. 

There  was  a  big  good-natured  German 
pupil  named  Hans,  whom  the  teacher  took 
into  his  confidence.  The  plan  was  that 
this  boy  should  do  some  little  act,  where- 
upon the  teacher  would  rail  out  at  him, 
order  him  to  remain  in  school,  after  hours, 
to  be  punished.  The  punishment  would  be 
some  loud  whacks  on  his  boot-tops. 

Everything  worked  well  as  arranged. 
The  boys,  like  Mary's  lamb,  waited  on  the 
outside  while  Hans  was  getting  his  pun- 
ishment (?). 

The  next  day  the  father  of  Hans  met 
the  teacher. 

"I  hears  dat  you  licked  my  boy,  Hans. 
Dat  vas  right.  Yen  my  schildrens  gits  a 
lickin'  at  school,  day  gits  anodder  von  veu 
dey  gits  home.  Ven  the  odders  told  mo 
dat  you  licked  him,  I  give  him  von  odder 
devil  of  a  vollipin'." 

C.  h.  Martzolff 

Value  of  Adversity. 

"Ich  wuerde  viel  rascher  innerlich  vor- 
waerts  kommen,"  sagte  ein  Mensch,  "wenn 
ich  nicht  so  viel  schweres  zu  tragen  haette, 
wenn  nicht  Kummer  und  Not  meino 
Kraefte  so  sehr  verzehrten." 

"Ja,  dir  geht  es  wie  mir,"  antwortete  die 
Uhr  an  der  Wand.  "Ich  habe  mir  audi 
schon  oft  ausgedacht  wie  leicht  und  flick 
ich  gehen  koennte,  haette  ich  nocht  die 
beiden  schweren  Gewichte  an  mir  haeng- 
en." — Selected  from  "Der  Tuermer"  by  E. 
S.  G. 


Praise  for  Provost  Smith. 

The  Pitsburg  "Post"  used  the  following 
complimentary  words  recently  respecting 
Provost  Edgar  F.  Smith,  of  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania: 

In  the  field  of  chemical  recearch.  Dr. 
Smith  is  best  known  as  a  scientist,  especi- 
ally in  the  department  of  electro-chemis- 
try. Ilis  book,  "Electro-Chemical  analy- 
sis," which  has  been  translated  into  Ger- 
man, French  and  Chinese,  is  accepted  the 
world  over  as  an  authoritative  work  on 
that  subject.  Not  only  in  this  branch  of 
chemistry  has  he  been  active,  but  other 
fields  of  the  science  have  been  enriched  by 
his  investigations.  His  recearches  upon 
molyledenum  and  tungsten  alone  would 
have  won  him  fame  as  one  of  the  foremost 
chemists  of  the  world.  Altogether,  over 
200  papers  have  been  published  by  him, 
dealing  with  electro,  inorganic,  organic 
and  analytical  chemistry  and  the  composi- 
tion of  minerals. 

Sport  and  the  Game. 

An  Englishman  or  an  American  finds  it 
hard  to  conceive  of  "sport"  except  as  em- 
bodied in  some  "arame."  But  the  Germans, 
says  Ida  A.  R.  Wylie  in  her  book  on  Ger- 
many, gets  his  sport  without  finding  it 
necessary  to  play  any  game  at  all.  Exer- 
cise ^nat  brings  him  into  close  relation 
with  nature  is  more  to  his  taste.  The  man 
that  sees  no  pleasure  in  tirins:  himself  out 
on  a  tennis  court  or  a  foot  ball  field  travels 
miles  on  skees  through  the  forests,  skates 
every  free  minute  of  his  day,  and  in  the 
heat  of  the  summer  goes  on  long  tours 
amonT  the   mountains. 

At  his  own  particular  sports  the  German 
is  a  first-class  man,  and  even  the  German 
woman  reveals  an  energy  that  is  simply 
astonishing.  All  German  girls  can  skate 
well,  most  of  them  are  arood  swimmers  and 
walkers,  and  proficient  in  winter  sports.  It 
is  only  when  you  ask  them  to  play  games 
that  they  fail. 

This  dislike  of  .sames  reveals  an  inter- 
esting trait  in  the  German  character, 
nam.ely,  indifference  to  a  success  the  only 
value  of  which  lies  in  the  defeat  of  some 
one  else.  In  school  a  German  boy  works 
hard,  not  for  a  prize,  not  because  he  wants 
to  do  better  than  a  comrade,  but  because 
he  sees  a  distinct  personal  value  in  knowl- 
edge. His  attitude  in  sport  is  quite  in 
keeping. 

"And  suppose  T  do  run  myself  hot  and 
tired  over  a  ridiculous  patch  of  ground 
after  a  ridiculous  ball,  and  suppose  I  do 
win  a  game,  what  good  will  it  do  me?" 

"You  will  have  had  splendid  exercise, "^" 
says  the  Englishman. 


288 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


"Yes;  but  if  I  wanted  exercise  1  would 
rather  go  for  a  walk  through  the  forest  or 
make  a  bicycling  tour.  Then  I  should 
perhaps  learn  something  at  the  same  tim.?. 
At  any  rate,  I  should  be  enjoying  nature.' 

"But  them  there  would  be  no  game!"  re- 
torts the  Englishman. 

"No  game?  What  is  the  good  of  a  game? 
Am  I  wiser  or  better  if  I  beat  you  at 
tennis?" 

"No,  but  the  fun  of  it — " 

"I  don't  see  any  fun  in  beating  some- 
body at  something  which  has  no  value. 
That  is  childish,  and  a  waste  of  time." — 
Youth's  Companion. 


Who  Can  Answer? 

There  are  two  Pennsylvania  German 
characters  concerning  whom  I  would  like 
to  see  something  published  in  your  mag- 
azine. Both  were  well  known  throughout 
the  Pennsylvania  German  rural  districts 
50  years  ago.  I  refer  to  the  old  showmen 
— Hugh  Lindsey  and  Dan  Minnich,  and  V 
have  also  been  told  that  the  great  circus 
man  Dan  Rice  was  from  Lehigh  County. 
There  are  doubtless  people  living  today 
who  could  write  something  concerning 
these  old-time  favorites. 

A  SUBSCRIBER. 


Philadelphia's  English. 

In  Germantown  they  may  say  weal, 

And  vine  and  winegar, 
When  what  they  mean  we  know  is  veal. 

And  wine  and  vinegar. 
Twunty  for  twenty,  skunned  for  swinned. 

And  also  me  for  my; 
Give  me  me  hat,  you  hear  is  said. 

This  is  the  truth,  no  lie. 
And  doune   for  down,   toune  for  town, 

In  Philadelphia's  heard. 
And  troley  cars  for  trolley  cars, 

Unpleasant,  every  word. 
In  Allentown,  both  old  and  young. 

Speak  English,  clear  and  pure. 
Accent  the  best,  words  without  twang, 

Of  this  we  are  quite  sure; 
For  we  have  mingled  with  the  crowd 

On  Allentown's  main   street. 
And  heard  the  perfect  English  used. 

As  friends  each  other  greet. 

• — Mark   Henry,   a   Philadelphian. 

(Suggested    by     article     in     Feb.     issue, 
page  144.) 

The  Penn  Germania. 

The  number  three  of  volume  one. 

The  Penn  Ger-ma-ni-a, 
Shows  great   improvement  since   the  first; 

We  know  it's  come  to  stay. 
Table  of  contents,  itemized. 

Are  Current  Life  and  Thought, 
In  it  we  find  the  latest  facts — 

Much   wisdom   there   is  taught. 
Next,  Our  Historic  Heritage, 

And  what  is  found  therein 
Intensely   interesting   is. 

It   treats  of  Kith   and   Kin. 
The  Mutersproch  amusing  is. 

And  entertaining  too. 
Reminding  us  of  langiuige  heard 

Or  used  by  me  and  you. 
Our  Rook  Table  much  news  imparts. 

Historical   Notes  and  News, 
Genealogical  Notes  and  Queries  too. 

With  The  Forum  bids  adieus. 

— Mark  Henry,  the  Rice  Man. 


"Giants  in  Those  Davs." 

My  great-grandfather  was  married  to 
one  Dreibelbis.  He  owned  a  grist  mill, 
and  it  is  said  she  would  run  the  mill  when 
the  miller  was  not  about,  and  she  was  able 
to  shoulder  a  three-bushel  bag  of  wheat. 
Jacob  A.  Haak, 
Portland,  Oregon. 

A  Vinton,  Iowa,  Pioneer. 

One  of  our  subscribers,  Joseph  S.  Bru- 
baker,  was  born  in  Lancaster  County,  Pa., 
in  1830.  In  1848  he  went  to  Freeport,  Illi- 
nois, where  he  studied  pharmacy.  In  1856 
he  opened  a  drug  store  in  Cedar  Rapids, 
Iowa.  In  1863  he  began  business  in  Vin- 
ton, Iowa,  where  he  may  be  found  today  in 
his  place  of  business,  looking  after  his 
work  without  assistance.  Our  readers 
would  be  delighted  to  read  a  good  long 
letter  of  "Reminiscences"  by  Mr.  Bru- 
baker.  Will  you  give  us  and  our  readers 
this  pleasure? 

A  Misunderstanding 

Years  as:o  I  practiced  medicine  in  Penn- 
sylvania. Dne  day  I  was  called  over  among 
the  hills  of  Snyder  County  to  see  a  young 
lady  who  was  sick,  whose  father  and 
mother  were  both  partly  deaf.  On  examin- 
ing the  daughter  I  noticed  a  slight  en- 
largement of  the  liver.  I  casually  remark- 
ed in  Penn-German  that  "ihr  levver  is  en 
bissel  tsu  grose."  The  father,  on  hearing 
this,  started  for  the  kitchen  to  report  to 
the  mother.  When  he  came  to  her  she 
asked  in  a  loud  voice,  "Well,  was  sagt 
der  doctor."  He  answered  as  he  had  un- 
derstood, "Er  sagt  ihr  levver  is  fergrodst." 
(moldy).  "Wass,"  she  asked.  "I  er  sagt 
ihr  levver  is  a  bissel  fergrodst." 

J.   C.  SHUMAN. 
258  Wooster  Ave.,  Akron,  0.  , 


The  German  and  Swiss  Settlements 

of 

Colonial  Pennsylvania: 
A  Study  of  the  So-Called  Pennsylvania 

Dutch 

BY 

OSCAR    KUHNS 

Member  of  the  Pennsylvania  Society  of  the  Sons  of  the  Revolution,  of  the  Penn- 
sylvania-German Society,  and  of  the  Lancaster  County  Historical  Society 

CHAPTER  I. 

THE    HISTORIC    BACKGROUND. 

Of  all  the  great  nations  of  Western  Europe  during  the  centuries 
immediately  following  the  discovery  of  America,  Germany  alone  took 
no  official  part  in  the  colonization  of  the  New  World.  Spain  in 
Florida  and  South  America,  France  in  Canada  and  Louisiana,  Hol- 
land in  New  York,  England  in  Massachusetts  and  Rhode  Island,^  and 
even  Sweden  in  New  Jersey,  took  formal  possession  of  the  territory 
settled  by  their  subjects.  Previous  to  the  American  Revolution  it  is 
estimated  that  over  100,000  Germans  and  Swiss  settled  in  Pennsyl- 
vania alone,  to  say  nothing  of  New  York,  Maryland,  Virginia, 
Georgia,  and  the  Carolinas.  And  yet  this,  for  the  times,  extremely 
large  immigration  was  not  officially  recognized  by  the  home  country, 
and  the  settlers  (2)  themselves,  instead  of  founding  a  German  em- 
pire in  the  West,  became  at  once  the  subjects  of  a  foreign  power. 

Nor  does  it  follow  necessarily  that  the  German  character  is  not 
adapted  to  the  work  of  colonization;  at  the  present  time  Germany  is 
at  least  trying  to  take  her  place  in  this  kind  of  expansion,  and  the 
not-distant  future  may  show  her  to  be,  in  this  as  in  other  respects, 
no  inconsiderable  rival  of  England.^ 

One  highly  important  cause  of  this  emigration  "without  a  head," 
as  it  has  been  called,  was  undoubtedly  the  demoralized  condition  of 
Germany  in  consequence  of  the  terrible  civil  and  religious  wars  that 
again  and  again  swept  over  that  country.  As  a  final  result  of  these 
wars  the  Holy  Roman  Empire  w^as  broken  into  fragments:  one-ha]f 
of  the  German-speaking  people  were  separated  from  their  fellows 
and  merged  with  Hungary  and  Bohemia  to  form  Austria ;  while  the 

1  Riehl,  the  great  German  ethnologist,  is  convinced  of  the  colonizing 
pow^er  of  his  fellow  countrymen, — the  peasant  classes  at  least:  "Seine 
Ausdauer  und  Zaehigkeit  macht  den  deutschen  Bauer  zum  geboreneu 
Kolonisten,  sie  hat  ihn  zu  dem  grossartigen  w^eltgeschichtlichen  Beruf 
geweiht,  der  Bannertraeger  deutschen  Geistes,  deuscher  Gesittung  an 
alien  Weltenden  zu  werden."  (Die  Buergerliche  Gesellschaft.  p.  63.) 
John  Fiske.  however,  gives  as  the  only  cause  of  England's  supremacy  in 
colonization  the  principle  of  self-government.  (Dutch  and  Quaker  Col- 
onies, vol.  I.  p.  131.) 

(2)    289 
Copyright,  1900,  by  Henry  Holt  &  Co. 


290    (3)  THE  PENN  GERMANIA 

(5)  Other  half  was  spHt  up  into  little  kingdoms  and  principalities, 
whose  chief  efforts  for  nearly  two  hundred  years  were  directed  to 
recovering?  from  the  blig:htin£r' effects  of  the  Thirty  Years'  War.^ 

But  while  the  above-mentioned  facts  explain  the  lack  of  official 
German  colonization,  they  also  account  for  the  enormous  and  almost 
spontaneous  movement  of  emigration  to  America,  and  especially  to 
Pennsvlvania,  at  the  beginning  of  the  last  century.  The  Pennsyl- 
vania "German  of  today,  who  seeks  to  know  why  his  ancestors  came 
to  this  country  some  two  centuries  ago.  must  cast  his  eyes  backward 
to  the  Reformation  and  the  century  and  a  half  following  thereupon. 
The  Thirty  Years'  War  was  one  of  the  most  destructive  wars  in 
history.-  Not  only  were  city,  town  and  village  devastated  in  turn 
by  the  armies  of  friends  as  well  as  of  foes ;  not  only  did  poverty, 
hardship,  murder  and  rapine  follow  in  the  wake  of  these  strange 
armies,  with  their  multitudes  of  camp-followers ;  but  the  whole  in- 
tellectual, moral,  and  religious  character  of  the  German  people  re- 
ceived a  shock  that  almost  threatened  it  with  annihilation.^ 

(4)  Of  all  the  classes  which  suffered  the  dire  consequences  of  the 
Thirtv  Years'  \\'ar.  none  suffered  more  completely  than  the  peasants. 
or  farmers.  Before  that  event  the  yeomanry  of  Germany  were  in  a 
state  of  great  prosperity.  Their  houses  were  comfortable,  their  barns 
capacious,  their  stables  w^ell  stocked  with  horses  and  cattle,  their 
crops  were  plenteous,  and  many  had  considerable  sums  of  money 
safely  stored  away  against  a  rainy  day  !■*  some  even  boasted  of  silver 
plate.^ 

The  outbreak  of  the  religious  wiars  in  Bohemia  was  like  the  first 
faint  rumble  of  the  coming  tempest,  and  before  long  the  full  furv  of 
the  storm  of  war  broke  over  Germany  itself.  The  suffering  of  the 
country  folk  during  the  thirty  years  that  followed  are  almost  incred- 
ible. Freytag  has  furnished  many  details  which  are  drawn  from 
documentary  sources,  and  yet  which  seem  too  heart-rending  to  be 
true.  Not  only  were  horses  and  cattle  carried  away  by  the  various 
annies  which  shifted  back  and  forth  over  the  length  and  (5)  breadth 
of  the  land ;  not  only  were  houses,  barns,  and  even  crops  burned  :  but 
the  master  of  the  house  was  frequently  subjected  to  fiendish  tortures 
in  order  that  he  might  thus  be  forced  to  discover  the  hiding-place  of 
his  gold;  or,  as  often  happened,  as  a  punishment  for  having  nothing 
to  give.  At  the  approach  of  a  hostile  army  the  whole  village  would 
take  to  flight,  and  would  live  for  weeks  in  the  midst  of  forests  and 
marshes,  or  in  caves.''    The  enemy  having  departed,  the  wretched  sur- 

2Cf.  Freytag:  "Dieser  dreissigjaehrige  Krieg,  seit  der  Voelkerwanderung 
die  aergste  Verwuestung  eines  menschenreichen  Volkes."  (Bilder  aus  der 
deutschen  Vergangenheit,  vol.  iv.  p.   5.) 

3  "Man  mag  fragen,  wle  bei  solchen  Verlusten  und  so  gruendlichem 
Verderb  der  Ueberlebenden  ueberhaupt  noch  ein  deutsches  Volk  geblieben 
ist."  (Freytag,  vol.  III.  p.  115.)  Freytag  says  that  three  things,  only, 
kept  alive  the  German  nationality:  the  love  of  the  people  for  their  own 
homes,  the  efforts  of  the  magistrates,  and  especially  the  zeal  of  the  clergy. 
(p.   116.) 

••See  Freytag,  III.  pp.  103  ft. 

■'  Illustrirte  Geschichte  von  Wuertemberg,  p.  473. 

«  For  a  vivid  account  of  this  life  see  W.  O.  von  Horn,  "Johannes 
Scherer,  der  Wanderpfarrer  in  der  Unterpfalz."  Of  especial  interest  are 
the  references  to  the  sufferings  of  the  times  made  by  Yillis  Cassel,  who 


THE   HISTORIC  BACKGROUND  (?)       291 

vivors  ^vt)uld  return  to  their  ruined  homes,  and  carry  on  a  painful 
existence  with  the  few  remains  of  their  former  property,  untd  they 
were  forced  to  fly  again  by  new  invasions^  Many  were  slam,  many 
of  the  young-  were  hired  away  to  swell  the  ranks  of  the  anmes,  many 
fled  to  the  cities  for  safety  and  never  returned  to  their  native  vil- 
lages. The  country  which  had  shortly  before  btH_Mi  so  prosperous  was 
now  a  wilderness  (<5)  of  uncultivated  land,  marked  here  and  there  by 
the  blackened  ruins  which  designated  the  site  of  former  fanns  and 
villages. 

Freytag  gives  some  most  astonishing  figures  of  the  losses  incurred. 
Taking  as  a  sample  the  county  of  Henneberg  (which  'he  says  was 
more  fortunate  than  the  other  parts  of  Germany),  he  states  that  in 
the  course  of  the  war  over  75  per  cent,  of  the  inhabitants  were  de- 
stroyed ;  66  per  cent,  of  the  houses.  85  per  cent,  of  the  horses,  over 
83  per  cent,  of  the  goats,  and  over  82  per  cent  of  the  cattle.  It  is  a 
bloody  story,  says  Frevtag.  Which  these  figures  tell.  More  than  three- 
quarters  of  the  inhabitants,  more  than  four-fifths  of  their  worldly 
goods  destroyed.  So  complete  was  the  desolation  that  it  took  two 
hundred  year's  to  restore  the  same  state  of  agricultural  prosperity.'' 

These  facts  are  true  to  a  still  greater  extent  of  other  parts  of  Ger- 
many, and  more  especially  of  the  Palatinate,  which  from  its  position 
was  most  exposed  to  the  ravages  of  the  contending  armies. 

(7)  The  Palatinate  has  a  'history  at  once  interesting  and  import- 
ant. Its  inhabitants  are  the  descendants  of  the  group  of  German 
tribes  called  the  Rheinfranken,  with  an  admixture  of  the  Alemanni, 
the  latter  of  whom  had  occupied  the  land  until  496  A.  D..  when 
Chlodwig,  king  of  the  Franks,  defeated  them  in  a  battle  fought  some- 
where on  the  Upper  Rhine."  They  were  and  are  still  among  the  best 
farmers  in  the  world,  in  many  districts  having  cultivated  the  soil  for 
thirty  generations. '°  Situated  as  they  are  along  the  great  water 
highway  of  Europe,  they  are  said,  by  those  Who  know,  to  combine  the 
best  qualities  of  North  and  South,  being  distinguished  for  indomitable 
industry,  keen  wit,  independence,  and  a  high  degree  of  intelligence.'^ 

was  the  ancestor  of  the  well-known  Pennsylvania  family  of  that  name. 
Extracts  are   given   in   Cassel's  Geschichte   der  Mennoniten,   p.    431    ff. 

7  Johannes  Heberle,  a  Swabian  peasant,  tells  us  in  his  diary  that  he 
was  forced  to  fly  thirty  times:  "Gott  Lob  und  Dank  wir  sind  diesmal 
noch  gern  geflohen,  well  es  die  letzte  Flucht  war,  die  29.  oder  ungefaehr 
30."     "Wuertembergische  Neujahrsblaetter,  sechstes  Blatt,   1889.) 

8  Following  are  some  official  statistics  given  by  Freytag:  In  nineteen 
villages  of  Henneberg  there  were  in  the  years 

1634      1649       1849 


Families     1T73  316  1916 

Houses    1717  627  1558 

Similar  statistics   are   given   in   regard   to   horses,   cattle,   etc.      (Vol.    III. 

p.  234.) 

'•The    Alemanni    afterwards    settled    in    Swabia     (Wuertemberg)     and 

Switzerland. 

10  "Kraft  dieser  angestammten  Lebensklugheit  hat  sich  der  Franke  in 
der  Pfalz  am  ivlittelrhein  und  Untermain  den  Bodeu  dienstbar  gemacht 
wie  kein  anderer  deutscher  Stamm."      (Riehl,  Die  Pfaelzer,  p.  111.) 

11  Cf  Riehl  Die  Pfaelzer,  and  Haeusser,  Geschichte  der  Rheinischen 
Pfalz      Fiske  says:     "In  journeying  through  ii   [what  he  calls  the  Middle 

Kingdom]    all   the  way  from  Strasburg  to  Rotterdam,  one  is  perpetually 


2^2    (7)  THE  PENN  GERMANIA 

Durincr  the  IMiddle  (8)  Ages  the  Palatinate  had  been  among  the  most 
powerful  and  influential  of  the  German  states;  it  had  rejoiced  in  great 
and  enlightened  rulers  like  Conrad  von  Hohenstauffen,  Frederick  the 
Wise  (who  organized  the  Reformation),  and  the  tolerant  and  broad- 
minded  Karl  Ludwig,  the  protector  of  the  Swiss  Mennonites.  The 
country  along  the  Rhine  and  the  Neckar  was  known  as  the  garden  of 
Germany;  the  University  of  Heidelberg  was  one  of  the  oldest  and 
most  influential  seats  of  learning  in  Europe. 

The  terrible  disorders  of  the  religious  wars  dealt  a  deadly  blow 
at  this  prosperity  and  glory.  It  was  the  Elector  Palatine  Frederick 
V.  himself  who,  by  accepting  the  crown  of  Bohemia,  precipitated  the 
Thirty  Years'  War,  and  thus  attracted  to  his  own  country  the  full 
fury  of  that  war.  The  horrors  related  above  were  repeated  here  on  a 
still  larger  scale.  Hausser  tells  how,  at  the  capture  of  Heidelberg 
by  Tilly  in  1622,  the  soldiers,  not  content  with  fire,  plunder  and  rap- 
ine, pierced  the  feet  of  the  wretched  citizens  with  nails,  burned  them 
with  hot  irons,  and  committed  other  similar  barbarities.^^ 

(p)  So  again  in  1634,  after  the  defeat  of  the  Swedes  at  Nordlingen, 
diififerent  bands  of  soldiers  swept  in  their  retreat  over  the  Palatinate, 
utterly  disregarding  all  law,  mishandling  persons  and  destroying 
property.  Hausser  says  that  the  devastation  of  the  land,  just  recov- 
ering from  its  former  destruction,  was  beyond  imagination.  The 
cavalry  of  Horn  and  Bernard  of  Weimar  left  behind  them  terrible 
traces  of  plunder,  destruction  and  death;  hunger,  violence  and  suf- 
fering were  on  all  sides.  The  years  1635  and  1636  mark  the  period 
of  the  most  terrible  misery.  In  the  years  1636-38  famine  and  pesti- 
lence came  to  add  to  the  suffering.  The  people  tried  to  satisfy  hun- 
ger with  roots,  grass  and  leaves ;  even  cannibalism  became  more  or 
less  frequent.  The  gallows  and  the  graveyards  had  to  be  guarded ; 
the  bodies  oi  children  were  not  safe  from  their  mothers.  So  great 
was  the  desolation  that  where  once  were  flourishing  farms  and  vine- 
yards, now  whole  bands  of  wolves  roamed  unmolested. 

It  might  seem  as  if  the  above  statements  were  extravagant  or  were 
mere  rhetorical  exaggerations.  Yet  these  facts  are  given  almost  in 
the  very  words  of  a  staid  and  judicious  German  historian. ^^  For 
the  North  of  Germany  this  state  of  afifairs  came  practically  to  an 
end  with  the  Peace  of  Westphalia  (10)  in  1649,  by  which  the  politi- 
cal map  of  Europe  was  finally  settled  and  a  condition  of  toleration, 
at  least,  was  agreed  upon  between  the  three  confessions — Catholics, 
Lutherans  and  Reformed.  For  the  Palatinate,  'however,  the  respite 
was  of  short  duration.  By  the  terms  of  the  peace  the  Upper  Palat- 
inate Avas  taken  away  and  given  to  the  Duke  of  Bavaria,  who  also 

struck  with  the  general  diffusion  of  intelligence  and  refinement,  strength 
of  character  and  personal  dignity;  and  there  is  reason  for  believing  that 
at  any  time  within  the  past  four  or  five  centuries  our  impression  would 
have  been  relatively  very  much  the  same."  (Dutch  and  Quaker  Colonies. 
I.  p.   10.) 

12  At  this  time  occurred  the  plunder  of  the  celebrated  library  of  Hei- 
delberg when  the  priceless  manuscripts  and  books  were  carried  off  to 
enrich  the  treasures  of  the  Vatican.  Napoleon  in  his  turn  robbed  the 
Vatican  library,  and  in  1815  part  of  the  books  and  manuscripts  stolen 
were  returned  to  Heidelberg. 

13  Ludwig  Haeusser,  Geschichte  der  rheinischen  Pfalz. 


THE  HISTORIC  BACKGROUND  (12)    293 

received  the  title  of  Elector,  while  a  new  electoral  title  was  created 
for  Karl  Ludwig. 

Under  the  wise  administration  of  the  latter  prince  the  land  began 
slowly  to  recover  from  its  desolate  condition ;  the  banks  of  the  Neckar 
and  the  Rhine  had  become  a  desert;  the  vineyards  were  gone,  the 
fields  covered  with  thorns;  instead  of  the  former  flourishing  villages 
a  few  wretched  huts  were  found  here  and  there.  Yet  so  favored  by 
Heaven  is  this  fertile  land  that  the  improvement  was  rapid.  Many 
who  had  fled  returned ;  lands  were  plenty,  taxes  were  light.  Other 
colonis-ts  came  from  Switzerland,  Holland.  France."  and  even  Eng- 
land. The  town  of  (//)  Frankenthal  w^as  almost  entirelv  inhabited 
by  these  foreigners.  Religion  was  free;  Karl  Ludwig  was  much 
more  liberal  than  his  predecessors  had  been.  He  was  one  of  the  first 
of  German  princes  to  discard  the  idea  that  in  order  to  govern  his  sub- 
jects well  they  must  all  be  of  the  same  confession  as  himself.  The 
Anabaptists,  or  Mennonites,  who  bad  lived  for  a  number  of  years  in 
the  Palatinate,  and  had  often  been  oppressed,  now  received  from  Karl 
Ludwig  freedom  of  worship.  Thus  the  country  in  a  short  time  be- 
gan to  prosper  anew.  So  great  was  the  change  that  the  French 
Field-marshal  de  Grammont,  who  in  1646  had  passed  through  the  dev- 
astated land,  twelve  years  later  was  filed  with  amazement  at  the 
change,  "as  if  no  war  had  ever  been  there." 

In  the  years  1674-75  the  war  between  France  and  Holland,  into 
which  the  Elector  of  Brandenburg  and  the  Emperor  Leopold  had 
been  drawn,  brought  destruction  once  more  to  the  Palatinate — lying 
as  it  did  between  the  two  contending  countries — and  the  oainful  ef- 
forts of  twenty  years  remained  fruitless.  It  was  the  ourpose  of 
Louis  XIV.  to  render  the  Palatinate  useless  to  his  enemies.  Turenne, 
who  had  received  definite  orders  from  Versailles  to  devastate  the  Palat- 
inate, did  his  work  thoroughly.  Once  more  the  (12)  monotonous 
tale  of  misery  must  be  told;  nobleman,  citizen,  peasant  plundered; 
fields  laid  waste ;  cattle  carried  ofif ;  even  the  clothing  torn  from  the 
backs  of  the  wretched  victims.  What  could  not  be  carried  away  was 
destroyed ;  even  the  bells  and  organs  were  taken  from  the  churches. 
At  one  time  seven  cities  and  nineteen  villages  were  burning;  starva- 
tion once  more  threatened  the  homeless  peasant.  This,  however,  was 
only  the  prelude  to  the  famous,  or  rather  infamous,  'destruction  of 
1689. 

In  1685  the  Simmern-Zweibriicken  dynasty  died  out,  and  the  Neu- 
burg  line,  represented  by  Philip  William,  inherited  the  electoral  title 
of  the  Palatinate.  It  was  at  this  juncture  that  Louis  XIV.  made  his 
utterly  unjust  and  unrighteous  claim  to  a  large  portion  of  the  Palati- 
nate in  the  name  of  the  daughter  of  the  late  Elector,  Elizabeth,  who 
had  married  the  Duke  of  Orleans,  the  dissolute  brother  of  the  French 
king.  All  this  in  spite  of  the  fact  that  Elizabeth  had  no  legal  right 
to  the  land,  and  did  not  herself  claim  it.  At  this  effrontery  on  the 
part  of  Louis,  all  the  princes  of  Northern  Europe  leagued  themselves 

14  Among  the  founders  of  Germantown  were  certain  Dutch  families 
from  Kriegsheim,  near  Worms.  (See  Pennypacker. )  So  also  a  number 
of  the  Huguenot  settlers  of  both  Pennsylvania  and  New  York  were  from 
the  Palatinate.  The  settlement  of  New  Paltz  in  the  latter  State  was 
so  called  by  the  French  in  memory  of  the  land  which  had  been  their 
home  for  many  years.     (See  Baird,  The  Huguenot  Emigration  to  America.) 


294    (l2)  THE  PENN  GERMANIA 

against  him ;  England,  Holland  and  Germany  stood  as  a  solid  mass 
against  the  intrigues  of  France.  Louis — feeling  his  inability  to  cope 
single-handed  {13)  with  this  mighty  coalition,  and  determined  that 
"if  the  soil  of  the  Palatinate  was  not  to  furnish  supplies  to  the  French 
it  should  be  so  wasted  that  it  would  at  least  furnish  no  supplies  to  the 
Germans" — approved  the  famous  order  of  his  wiar-minister,  Louvois, 
to  "bruler  le  Palatinat."  The  scene  that  followed  surpassed  even  the 
horrors  of  the  Thirty  Years'  War.  The  recapitulation  of  such  scenes 
only  becomes  monotonous  and  finally  loses  its  effect  on  the  imagina- 
tion. Macaulay's  description,  however,  is  so  vivid  that  we  give  a  few 
extracts  from  it  in  this  place.  "The  commander  announced  to  near 
half  a  million  human  beings  that  he  granted  them  three  days  of  grace, 
and  that  within  that  time  they  must  shift  for  themselves.  Soon  the 
roads  and  fields,  which  then  lay  deep  in  snow,  were  blackened  by 
innumerable  multitudes  of  men,  women  and  children  flying  from 
their  homes.  .  .  .  Meanwhile  the  work  of  destruction  went  on.  The 
flames  went  up  from  every  market-place,  every  parish-church,  every 
country-seat,  within  the  devoted  province.  The  fields  where  the  corn 
had  been  sowed  were  plowed  up.  The  orchards  were  hewn  down. 
No  promise  of  a  harvest  was  left  on  the  fertile  plains  near  what  had 
been  Frankenthal.  Not  a  vine,  not  an  almond-tree  was  to  (14)  be  seen 
on  the  slopes  of  the  sunny  hills  round  what  had  once  been  Heidel- 
berg."^^ 

During  this  trying  period,  the  Reformed  especially  suffered ;  their 
churches  were  burned,  or  turned  over  to  the  Catholics ;  on  both  sides 
of  the  Rhine  Protestantism  received  a  deadly  blow.  It  was  the  de- 
sire of  Louis  not  only  to  seize  the  countrv.  but  to  crush  out  heresy 
there.  The  Elector  Philip  William,  Catholic  thous^h  he  was.  oromised 
to  help  his  oppressed  people,  but  died  before  he  could  accomplish 
anything.  He  was  even  forced  by  the  poverty  of  the  land  to  dismiss 
many  Protestant  pastors,  teachers  and  officials,  and  to  combine  or  to 
dissolve  a  number  of  churches  and  schools. 

And  here  for  the  first  time  the  religious  condition  of  the  Palatinate 
enters  as  an  important  factor  in  preparing  the  way  for  the  movement 
of  German  emigration  to  Pennsylvania.  Hitherto  the  province  had 
enjoyed  religious  freedom.  After  the  Lutheran  Elector  Otto  Hein- 
rich  the  land  had  a  succession  of  Calvinist  rulers,  until  the  accession 
of  the  Ncuhurg  line  in  the  person  of  Philip  William  in  1685.  It  is 
true  that  Lutherans  and  Reformed  had  had  many  a  bitter  discussion 
and  the  former  had  often  suffered  injustice  at  the  hands  of  their  by 
far  more  numerous  rivals.  (15)  But  all  this  was  trifling  compared 
with  the  systematic  oppression  begun  by  John  William^*'  and  con- 
tinued by  his  successors  for  nearly  a  century. 

Philip  William,  the  first  of  the  Catholic  rulers  of  the  Palatinate, 
was  a  kind-heated,  well-meaning  man,  by  no  means  intolerant  in 
matters  of  religion.  His  son  and  successor,  however,  was  weak 
in  character,  and  easily  led  by  others.  He  had  been  educated  by  the 
Jesuits,  and  after  becoining  the  ruler  of  an  almost  completely  Prot- 
estant land  he  still  retained  the  Jesuits  as  his  political  counselors. 

At  tlie  conclusion  of  hostilities  between  France  and  Germany,  the 

15  History  of  England,  vol.   III.  p.   112. 

36  Son  of  Philip  William,  who  died  ia  1690. 


THE    HISTORIC  BACKGROUND  (17)    295 

Protestant  church  in  the  Palatinate  was  practically  crushed.  The 
French  had  everywhere  supported  the  Catholics  in  their  usurpations ; 
the  Reformed  church-council  was  reduced  to  two  men,  and  the  Jesuits 
held  full  sway.  In  one  place  the  Protestant  inhabitants  were  com- 
pelled to  share  their  church  property  with  the  Catholics  :  in  anotlvr 
they  were  deprived  of  everything;  before  the  end  of  iTx^.^  hundreds 
of  Reformed  and  a  number  of  Lutheran  churches  were  in  the  hands 
of  the  Catholic  orders,  to  say  nothing  of  the  i)arsonages  and  school- 
houses.^' 

[16)  The  Treaty  of  Ryswick  in  1697,  by  which  was  ended  the  war 
between  France  and  Germany,  was  of  little  benefit  to  the  Protestants 
of  the  Palatinate.  They  were  compelled  to  accept  the  status  quo  of 
the  Catholic  usurpations.  On  the  basis  of  the  clause  to  this  effect  in 
the  treaty,  colossal  claims  were  made  by  the  Catholics.  In  1699  the 
French  diplomatist  brought  a  list  of  1022  places,  mostly  in  the  I'alat- 
inate,  which  he  claimed  for  the  Catholics ;  if  he  had  succeeded  in 
carrying  through  his  demands.  Protestantism  in  the  Palatinate  would 
have  received  its  death-blow. 

It  is  very  probable  that  John  William  had  conspired  with  France. 
Rome,  and  the  Jesuits  against  his  Protestant  subjects,  in  introducing 
into  the  Treaty  of  Ryswick  the  clause  concerning  the  condition  of 
the  Protestants  in  his  dominions,  and  thus  became,  as  Hausser  purs 
it,  "Landesverrather"  instead  of  "Landesvater."  Henceforth  in  all 
that  pertained  to  the  Reformed  church  he  followed  the  tactics  of  his 
Jesuit  counsellors.  He  seemed  to  care  more  to  restore  Catholicism 
than  to  restore  the  prosperity  of  the  land.  In  1697  he  declared  it  as 
■''an  inconceivable  mark  of  divine  favor,  which  they  must  ever  keep 
sacred,  that  the  electorates  of  the  Palatinate  and  of  Saxony  had 
again  fallen  into  Catholic  hands." 

\\'hen  John  William  in  1698  came  back  to  his  (  //)  dominion.  thv« 
first  time  since  its  destruction,  it  was  not  to  heal  wiounds,  but  to  add 
new  ones  to  the  Reformed  Church.  The  large  majority  of  the  in- 
habitants of  the  land  were  Reformed  or  Lutherans  ;^^  there  were  but 
few  Catholics.  Yet  the  Elector,  with  a  show  of  tolerance,  issued  a 
decree  to  the  effect  that  all  churches  should  be  open  to  the  three  con- 
fessions. This  tolerance,  however,  was  only  apparent,  inasmuch  as, 
while  the  Protestants  were  obliged  to  give  up  part  of  their  churches, 
the  Catholics  remained  in  undisturbed  possession  of  their  own.  In 
this  way  alone  two  hundred  and  forty  churches  were  opened  to  the 
Catholics.  Other  oppressive  measures  were  enforced.  The  Protest- 
ants were  required  to  bend  the  knee  at  the  passing  of  the  Host,  and 
to  furnish  flowers  for  the  church  festivals  of  their  rivals ;  while  the 
work  of  proselyting  was  carried  on  publicly  by  the  Jesuits,  who  had 
been  called  in  for  that  purpose.  Tlie  Swiss  Mennonites,  the  W'al- 
loons  and  the  Huguenots,  who  for  many  years  had  found  a  refuge 
in  the  Palatinate,  were  now  driven  from  the  land :  many  went  to  Prus- 
sia, Holland  and  America. 

1'  To  add  to  their  trouble  a  contest  broke  out  at  this  time  between  the 
Reformed  and  the  Lutherans,  much  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  Catholics. 
(See  Haeusser. ) 

1*  The  Lutherans  were  not  nearly  so  numerous,  however;  hitherto  they 
had  about  forty  churches  under  the  supervision  of  the  Reformed  Church. 


296    (l7)  THE  PENN  GERMANIA 

While  no  great  oppression  was  publicly  made,  (18)  yet  there  was 
a  constant  system  of  nagging, — what  would  now  be  called  a  pin-prick- 
ing policy.  Often  they  would  be  beaten  for  refusing:  to  bend  the 
kn^e  in  the  presence  of  the  Host,  and  for  refusing:  to  share  in  Cath- 
olic ceremonies.  Their  pastors  were  driven  away  or  thrown  into 
prison.  By  one  single  decree  seventy-five  schoolmasters  were  ren- 
dered penniless.  Hundreds  of  petty  persecutions  on  person  and 
property  were  made. 

It  is  a  subject  of  legitimate  pride  on  the  part  of  the  descendants  of 
these  people  to  know  that  they  could  not  be  crushed.  The  Reformed 
Church  of  the  Palatinate  showed  itself  to  be  bold  and  self-sacrificing; 
the  various  congregations  held  firm  and  would  not  change  in  spite  of 
violence ;  the  pastors  were  unyielding — there  is  not  an  examole  of  one 
who  was  a  coward  or  proved  untrue  to  his  office.  Hausser  pays  the 
following  tribute  to  the  steadfastness  of  the  Church  in  those  days  of 
trial:  "Earnestness  and  moderation  prevailed  among  the  persecuted 
congregations;  the  terrible  sufferings  of  war,  and  the  petty  persecu- 
tions that  followed  the  peace,  were  excellent  means  for  purifying  the 
morals,  and  since  the  days  of  Frederick  IV..  the  Protestants  of  the 
Palatinate  had  not  maintained  so  good  a  moral  conduct  as  in  the 
'Leidenjahren'  of  the  Jesuit  reaction."  One  effect  of  all  this,  how- 
ever, was  (ig)  the  spread  of  pietism  and  mysticism,  which  manifested 
themselves  in  religious  emotion.  A  pastor  of  Heidelberg,  Henry 
Horch,  founded  a  sect  which  looked  for  the  end  of  the  world  as  a 
release  out  of  all  their  sorrows. ^^  The  great  body  of  the  people,  how- 
ever, although  undoubtedly  deeply  affected  bv  Dietism.  remained  true 
to  sound  religion.  These  conditions  prevailed  throughout  the  whole 
of  the  eighteenth  century.  From  time  to  time  the  Protestant  rulers 
of  Europe  interfered,  and  promises  would  be  made,  onlv  to  be  broken. 
It  would  be  a  tedious  repetition  to  give  further  instances  of  this  per- 
secution ;  what  has  already  been  given  may  stand  for  what  went  on 
for  nearly  one  hundred  years. 

To  the  above  historical  and  religious  conditions  which  prepared  the 
way  for  emigration  to  America  we  must  add  the  corruotion.  the  tyr- 
anny, the  extravagance  and  heartlessness  of  the  rulers  of  the  Palat- 
inate; all  through  the  eighteenth  century  their  chief  efforts  seemed 
to  be  directed  to  a  base  and  slavish  imitation  of  the  life  of  the  French 
court.  While  the  country  was  (20)  exhausted  and  on  the  verge  of 
ruin,  costly  palaces  were  built,  rivaling  and  even  surpassing  in  lux- 
ury those  of  France ;  enormous  retinues  were  maintained ;  while  pas- 
,  tors  and  teachers  were  starving,  hundreds  of  court  officers  lived  in 
luxury  and  idleness.  The  burden  of  feudalism  still  lay  heavy  upon 
the  peasants ;  the  chasm  between  them  and  the  upper  classes  became 
more  and  more  widened.  Down  to  the  French  Revolution  the  peasant 
and  his  children  were  forced  to  render  body-service,  to  pay  taxes  in 
case  of  sale  or  heritage,  to  suffer  the  inconveniences  of  hunting,  and, 
above  all,  to  see  themselves  deprived  of  all  justice.-" 

19  It  was  about  this  time  that  Kelpius  came  to  Pennsylvania,  there  to 
await  the  coming  of  Christ.  It  was  also  only  a  short  time  later  that 
Alexander  Mack  founded  the  sect  of  the  Dunkards.  For  other  examples 
of  the  pietistic  spirit  see  Chapter  VI. 

20  Cf.  Freytag,  vol.  III.  pp.  427  ff. 


THE   HISTORIC  BACKGROUND  (23)    297 

Such  a  state  of  things  became  intolerable.  As  Haiisser  says,  "In 
this  way  a  part  of  the  riddle  is  explained  which  seemed  so  mysteri- 
ous to  the  statisticians  of  that  time,  i.  e.,  why  precisely  in  these  years 
of  peace  the  population  of  the  Palatinate  diminished  so  surprisingly. 
Schlozer  was  astonished  at  the  fact  that  from  no  land  in  the  world 
relatively  so  many  people  emigrated  as  from  this  paradise  of  Ger- 
many, the  Palatinate.  A  glance  at  the  fatherly  Government  of  this 
paradise  will  give  us  the  key  to  the  riddle.  Many  hundreds  allowed 
themselves  to  be  lured  to  Spain  (in  1768),  where  they  were  prom- 
ised tolerance.  {21)  By  way  of  England  so  many  were  shipped  to 
America  that  for  a  long  time  the  name  of  Palatinate  was  used  as  a 
general  term  for  all  German  emigrants." 

In  the  above  pages  we  have  gone  somewhat  into  detail  in  regard 
to  the  condition  of  affairs  in  the  Palatinate,  inasmuch  as  that  prov- 
ince furnished  the  largest  contingent  of  the  German  emigration  to 
Pennsylvania.  Many  of  the  statements  made,  however,  apply  equally 
to  Wiirtemberg,  Zweibruecken,  and  other  of  the  petty  principalities  in 
the  neighborhood  of  the  Palatinate.-^  The  whole  of  South  Germany 
had  suffered  from  the  Thirty  Years'  War,  hence  the  same  conditions 
which  led  to  emigration — poverty,  tyranny,  and  religious  intolerance 
— existed  everywhere,  each  province  having  io  addition  its  local 
causes. 

There  is  one  country,  however,  which  furnished  a  very  large  con- 
tingent to  the  emigration  to  Pennsylvania,  and  which  was  free  from 
the  (22)  horrors  of  the  Thirty  Years'  War.  That  is  Switzerland. 
To  a  certain  degree  this  war  was  for  that  country  a  blessing.  Un- 
touched themselves,  the  Swiss  received  thousands  of  fugitives  from 
the  neighboring  lands.  This  influx  of  people  raised  the  price  of  land 
and  brought  about  a  veritable  "boom."  The  contrast  between  un- 
happy Germany  and  peaceful  Switzerland  is  thus  graphically  por- 
trayed by  a  German  traveler :  'T  then  came  to  a  land  \\^here  there  was 
no  fear  of  enemies  or  of  being  plundered,  no  thought  of  losing  life 
and  property ;  where  every  one  lived  in  peace  and  joy  under  his  own 
vine  and  fig-tree ;  so  that  I  looked  upon  this  land,  rough  as  it  seemed, 
as  an  earthly  paradise.""  The  devastation  of  war,  then,  did  not 
prepare  the  way  for  later  emigration  in  Switzerland  as  it  had  done  in 
South  Germany;  and  yet  real  and  sufficient  causes  for  this  emigration 
existed.  While  Switzerland  has  every  been  regarded  as  the  ideal  land 
of  freedom,  it  was,  after  all,  up  to  the  present  century,  but  little  more 
than  an  aristocracy.  The  emoluments  of  office  in  such  cities  as 
Berne  and  Ziirich  were  in  the  hands  of  a  few  patrician  families,  which, 
generation  after  generation,  held  all  offices. ^^  The  lower  classes, 
those  who  tilled  (2j)  the  soil  and  who  labored  with  their  hands,  had 

21  One  or  two  facts  will  illustrate  the  condition  of  Wuertemberg  after 
the  Thirty  Years'  War.  Before  that  event  Stuttgart  had  8200  inhabi- 
tants; in  less  than  two  years  5370  had  died;  the  total  population  of  the 
land  in  1634  was  414,536;  in  1639  there  were  not  100,000.  (Illust. 
Geschichte  von  Wuertemberg,  p.  512.)  For  a  graphic  description  of  the 
destruction  of  Zweibruecken  see  Heintz,  Pfalz-Zweibruecken  wahrend  des 
dreissigjaehrigen  Krieges. 

22  Daendliker,  Geschichte  der  Schweiz,  II.  p.  694. 

23  This  was  especially  true  of  the  eighteenth  century;  cf.  Daendliker, 
II.    pp.    632    and    710;    II.    p.    30;    "Von    freiem    Verfuegungsrecht    der 


jpS    (23)  THE  PENX  GERMAXIA 

no  share  in  the  g;overnnient  and  but  httle  real  freedom.  The  feudal 
system,  which  had  existed  for  a  thousand  years  in  Switzerland,  was 
jiot  abolished  till  the  French  Revolution  swept  it  away  with  many 
other  relics  of  the  past.  During  the  period  which  we  are  studying-, 
tithes,  land-tax.  body-service,  and  all  the  other  accomplishments  of  the 
feudal  relations  between  peasant  and  lord  flourished  apparently  as 
A'igorously  as  ever.-*  Add  to  this  the  traffic  in  soldiers  which  forms  s«") 
deep  a  blot  on  the  fair  name  of  Switzerland,  and  which  was  a  con- 
stant source  of  discontent  among  the  people,-^  and  we  may  have  some 
idea  of  the  secular  causes  of  Swiss  emigration  during  the  last  century. 

(■^4)  The  chief  cause,  however,  of  the  earliest  Swiss  emigration  to 
Pennsylvania  was  of  a  religious  nature.  We  shall  have  occasion  later 
to  speak  of  the  origin  of  the  Mennonites,  w"ho  form  so  striking  a 
feature  of  the  religious  life  of  the  Pennsylvania  of  today.  During 
the  fifteenth  and  sixteenth  centuries  the  annals  of  Berne  and  Zurich 
contain  frequent  references  to  the  measures  taken  to  root  out  this 
sect,  many  of  whose  doctrines  w'ere  distasteful  to  the  state  churches 
founded  by  Zwingli,  especially  their  refusal  to  bear  arms.-*^  From 
their  first  appearance  in  Switzerland  in  the  early  decades  of  the  six- 
teenth century,  the  Mennonites  were  the  victims  of  systematic  per- 
secution on  the  part  of  their  Reformed  brethren :  even  the  death - 
penalty  being  inflicted  on  a  number,  \yhile  others  were  thrown  into 
prison,  exiled,  or — in  the  case  of  a  few — sold  to  the  Turks  as  galley- 
slaves. 

From  time  to  time  single  families  and  individuals  had  fled  across 
the  frontier  and  sought  (^3)  refuge  in  the  Palatinate,  where  Men- 
nonite  communities  had  existed  since  1527.  In  1671  the  first  consid- 
erable emigration  took  place,  when  a  party  of  seven  hundred  persons 
left  their  native  land  and  settled  on  the  banks  of  the  Rhine.  These 
were  afterwards  the  supporters  of  their  compatriots,  who  wnllingly 
or  unwillingly  left  Switzerland  in  the  following  years.  These  I'alat- 
inate  Swiss  had  to  suffer  the  same  trals  as  their  neighbors,  but 
were  treated  with  even  more  intolerance.  Poverty,  floods,  failure 
of  crops,  the  billeting  of  foreign  soldiers,  all  contributed  to  make  their 
lot  intolerable,  and  finally  induced  large  numbers  of  them  to  join  their 

Gemeinden,  von  freier  Wahl  der  Gemeindebehoerden  war  noch  keine 
Rede";  and  again:  "Allgemein  war  ferner  jener  Zeit  eigen:  der  Zug  zur 
Aristokratie.  Allerorten  haeufte  sicli  die  Gewalt,  tatsaechlich  oder  Verfas- 
sungsgemaess,  in  den  Haenden  Weniger." 

-^  Daendliker,  III.  p.  33:  "Das  Feudal-  oder  Lebenswescn,  .  .  .  voile 
tausend  Jahre  lang  hatte  es  sich  als  Grundlage  der  Staats-  und  Gesell- 
^chaftsordnung  erhalten  koenuen.  .  .  .  Es  behauptete  noch  immer  seine 
voile  Herrschaft  in  wirthschaftlichen  und  socialen  Verbaeltnissen,  zum 
Teil   auch   in   der  Staatsorganisation." 

23  At  the  end  of  the  War  of  the  Austrian  Succession  (1740)  no  fewer 
than  seventy  to  eighty  thousand  Swiss  soldiers  were  in  foreign  service; 
and    the    same    number    took    part    in    the    Seven    Years'    War    (1756-63). 

(Daendliker,  III.  p.  19.) 

-•1  This  is  frequently  given  as  the  reason  for  Berne's  severity  against 
the  Mennonites.  Thus  the  Bernese  ambassador  or  agent  in  Holland 
excused  the  persecution  of  the  Mennonites  on  the  ground  that  the  only 
possibility  of  defending  a  state  depended  on  the  power  of  the  sovereign 
to  call  the  subjects  to  arms  in  case  of  need,  etc.  (Mueller,  Geschichte  der 
Bernischen  Taeufer,  p.  260.) 


THE  HISTORIC   BACKCJROl'ND  (28)    299 

"brethren  in  S\vitzerlan<l  in  the  movement  which  resulted  in  the  set- 
tlement on  the  Pequea  in  Lancaster  Countv. 

The  above-mentioned  causes,  lx)th  secular  and  religious,  produced 
a  widespread  discontent  and  fostered  the  prevalent  desire  for  emii^^ra- 
tion  in  Switzerland.-^  That  it  reached  important  dimensions  may  be 
inferred  from  the  fact  that  Zurich  passed  decrees  against  it  almost 
annually  (^(5)  from  1734  to  1744;  even  Berne,  which  had  previously 
sent  Michel  and  Graffenried  to  prepare  the  w^ay  for  a  Swiss  colony 
in  Ge<')ri^ia,  changed  its  policy,  and  in  1736  and  1742  published  decrees 
forbidding  emigration.-^ 

In  the  preceding  pages  we  have  endeavored  to  give  the  historical 
events  and  social  conditions  which  form  the  background  to  German 
emigration  to  Pennsylvania,  and  without  which  that  emigration  would 
never  have  taken  place.  Of  course  in  addition  to  these  there  were 
many  other  direct  and  indirect  causes,  such  as  Penn's  travels  to  Ger- 
many.-" and  the  pamphlets  descriptive  of  his  "Holy  Experiment," 
whicli  he  afterwards  caused  to  be  published  in  English,  Dutch  an<l 
German,  and  which  w^ere  scattered  broadcast  over  South  Germany. 
So,  too,  the  efforts  of  Queen  Anne  and  her  Golden  Book,  which 
brought  that  flood  of  Palatines  to  London,  in  1709,  out  of  which  were 
to  come  the  settlements  on  the  Schoharie  and  the  Mohawk,  and  later 
those  on  the  Tulpehocken,  in  Berks  County,  (\?7)  Pa.  George  IL  also 
published  proposals  aimed  directly  at  the  Mennonites  in  the  Palatinate. 

As  in  all  other  affairs  of  life,  so  in  this  matter  of  emigration,  per- 
sonal work  undoubtedly  did  much.  We  know  that  when  the  Men- 
nonites settled  in  Lancaster  County,  their  first  care  was  to  send  one 
of  their  number  back  to  the  Old  World,  in  order  to  brine  over  their 
friends  and  brethren.  We  read  in  Christopher  Sauer's  letter  to  Gov- 
ernor Denny  in  1755  :  "And  when  I  came  to  this  province,  and  found 
everything  to  the  contrary  from  where  I  came  from,  I  wrote  largely 
to  ail  my  friends  and  acquaintances  of  the  civil  and  relis^ious  liberty, 
privileges,  etc.,  and  of  goodness  I  have  heard  and  seen,  and  my  let- 
ters were  printed  and  reprinted,  and  provoked  many  thousand  peo- 
ple to  come  to  this  province,  and  many  thanked  the  Lord  for  it  an-I 
desired  their  friends  also  to  come  here."^° 

Speculation,  too,  entered  as  a  powerful  stimulant  to  emigration. 
As  soon  as  the  ship-owners  saw  the  large  sources  of  profit  in  thus 
transporting  emigrants,  they  employed  every  means  of  attracting 
them.  Thence  arose  the  vicious  class  of  "Xewlanders''  described  in 
Chapter  IIL 

Such  are  some  of  the  leading  causes  of  pre- Revolutionary  (28)  Ger- 
man emigration  to  Pennsylvania,  general  and  particular,  direct  and  in- 

-'  "Die  Armut  in  raanchen  Gegenden  und  dazu  die  ploetzlich  eintreten- 
den  Notzeiten  zwangen  jetzt  im  achtzehnten  Jahrhundert  zuerst  die 
Schweizer  zur  Auswanderung.  Vereinzelt  war  diese  zwar  schon  in  sieb- 
zehnten  Jahrhundert  vergekommen,  wurde  aber  erst  jetz  haeufiger  and 
allgemeiner."      (Daendliker,  vol.  III.  p.   186.) 

-•*  See  Good,  The  German  Reformed  Church  in  the  United  States,  p. 
172.  Speaking  of  the  party  which  left  Zurich  in  1732.  Salomon  Hess, 
one  of  the  pastors  of  that  city  says:  "There  was  no  good  reason  at  (hat 
time  for  them  to  leave  their  fatherland,  but  they  were  seized  by  an  insane 
desire  to  go  to  America."      (Dubbs,  Ger.  Ref.  Ch.  p.  253.) 

29  See  Chapter  II. 

»«  Brumbaugh,  A  History  of  the  Brethren,  p.   377.  « 


300    (28)  THE  PENN  GERMANIA 

rect.  But  even  all  these  causes  might  not  have  been  effective  were  it 
not  for  the  innate  propensity  to  emigration  of  the  German  character, 
that  "Wanderlust"  (so  strangly  combined  with  love  for  home  and 
country)  that  has  been  the  distinguishing  trait  of  German  character 
from  the  dawn  of  their  history  down  to  the  present. ^^  It  was  this 
trait  which  has  ever  led  them  to  leave  their  native  country  when 
scarcity  of  land,  social  and  religious  conditions,  famine  and  war  have 
furnished  the  immediate  occasions.  It  was  this  which  led  to  the  vast 
movement  of  the  "Volkerwanderung"  in  the  fourth  and  fifth  cen- 
turies, and  to  the  colonization  of  Prussia  and  Silesia  in  the  thirteenth 
and  fourteenth  centuries  ;^-  it  was  this  that  in  our  own  century  has 
sent  successive  waves  of  German  immigrants  to  populate  the  West- 
ern States ;  it  was  this  that  in  .the  eighteenth  century  sent  the  Pala- 
tines and  Swiss  to  Pennsylvania,  there  to  take  root,  and  to  build  new 
homes  for  themselves  and  their  (29)  children  and  their  children's 
children.  How  well  they  succeeded  in  this  we  shall  try  to  show  in 
the   following  chapters. 

(30)  CHAPTER  II. 

THE   SETTLING   OF   THE   GERMAN    COUNTIES   OF   PENNSYLVANIA. 

It  would  be  interesting  and  certainly  a  valuable  thing  to  study  in 
detail  all  the  facts  concerning  the  whole  subject  of  German  immigra- 
tion to  America,  or  even  such  immigration  in  the  eighteenth  century. 
There  were  colonies  in  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Maryland,  Virginia, 
Georgia,  Louisiana,  North  and  South  Carolina,  and  even  so  far  north 
as  Maine  and  Nova  Scotia.^  The  German  settlements  in  Pennsyl- 
vania, however,  were  more  numerous  and  more  important  than  those 
of  all  the  other  States  combined.  In  the  other  States  the  Germans 
formed  but  a  small  percentage  of  the  population,  and  have  influenced 
but  little  the  character  of  the  State  development ;  wihile  those  in  Penn- 
sylvania have  from  the  beginning  down  to  the  present  day  formed 
at  least  one-third  of  the  population,  and  have  undoubtedly  exercised 
a  profound  influence  (51)  on  the  development  of  the  Quaker  Com- 
monwealth and  of  the  neighboring  States,  especially  those  to  the 
south  and  west.  Many  of  the  facts  cited  in  this  book  apply  equally 
well,  however,  to  the  Germans  of  New  York,  Maryland,  Virginia,  etc.- 

In  the  present  chapter  an  effort  is  made  to  give  a  general  view  of 
the  streams  of  immigration  which  flowed  into  Pennsylvania  between 
the  years  1683  and  1775.  We  may  divide  this  period  into  three  parts: 
first,  from  1683  to  1710,  or  from  the  founding  of  Germantown  to  the 

31  "Die  Liebe  zur  Heimath  und  daneben  der  unerhoerte  Wandertrieb." 
(Freytag,  vol.  I.  p.  60.) 

32  "Seit  in  den  Kreuzzuegen  der  alte  Wandertrieb  der  Deutschen  wieder 
erwacht  war,  und  Hunderttausende  von  Landleuten  mit  Weib  und  Kind, 
mit  Karren  und  Hunden  nach  dem  goldenen  Osten  zogen."  (Ibid.,  vol. 
II.  p.  157.) 

1  For  books  on  this  subject  see  Bibliography. 
2  Indeed  in  common  parlance  the  expression  "Pennsylvania  Dutch"  in- 
cludes the  Germans  of  Maryland  and  Virginia.     Those  in  New  York  are 
often   confused   with   their   Holland   neighbors,   both   by   themselves   and 
others. 


THE  SETTLING  OF  THE  GERMAN  COUNTIES  (34)    3^1 

coming  of  the  Swiss  Mennonites ;  second,  from  1710  to  1727,  the  year 
when  the  immig"ration  assumed  large  proportions  and  when  official 
statistics  began  to  be  published ;  the  Ihird  period  extends  to  the  out- 
break of  the  Revolution,  which  put  an  end  to  all  immigration  for  a 
number  of  years.^  During  the  first  of  the  above  periods  the  numbers 
were  very  small ;  the  second  period  marks  a  considerable  increase  in 
(jp)  numbers,  which  during  the  third  period  swell  to  enormous  size. 
The  Pennsylvania  Germans  may  be  said  to  have  a  ^Mayflower,  as 
well  as  the  Puritans.  In  the  year  1683  the  good  ship  Concord  (surely 
an  appropriate  name  when  we  consider  the  principles  of  peace  and 
harmony  which  marked  Penn's  "Holy  Experiment"!)  landed  at 
Philadelphia, — then  a  straggling  village  of  some  four-score  houses 
and  cottages,* — ^having  on  board  a  small  number  of  German  and 
Dutch  Mennonites  from  Crefeld  and  Kriegsheim.  With  this  little 
group  the  story  of  the  Pennsylvania  Germans  begins.  In  order  to 
understand  why  they  thus  came  to  the  New  World,  we  shall  have  to 
note  some  important  religious  movements  which  characterized  the 
seventeenth  century. 

The  Reformation  in  England  gave  rise  to  as  many  sects  and  parties 
as  it  did  on  the  Continent.  We  may  find  an  analogy  between  the  Lu- 
theran Church  and  the  Church  of  England;  between  the  Reformed  (or 
Calvinists)  and  the  Puritans  (or  Presbyterians)  ;  and  between  the 
Anabaptists  or  Mennonites  and  the  Quakers  and  Baptists.  This  an- 
alogy is  no  mere  fancy;  we  (33)  know  the  influence  of  Calvin  on 
Puritanism ;  the  Hanoverian  kings  of  England  were  both  Lutherans 
and  Churchmen  (the  former  in  their  private,  the  latter  in  their  of- 
ficial capacity)  ;  and  modern  church  historians  have  declared  that  it 
was  from  the  Mennonites  that  the  General  Baptist  Church  in  Eng- 
land sprang ;  while  Barclay  says  of  George  Fox,  the  founder  of  the 
Quakers,  "We  are  compelled  to  view  him  as  the  unconscious  exponent 
of  the  doctrines,  practice  and  discipline  of  the  ancient  and  stricter 
party  of  the  Dutch  Mennonites."^  Thus,  in  the  words  of  Judge 
Pennypacker,  "to  the  spread  of  Mennonite  teachings  in  England  we 
therefore  ow^e  the  origin  of  the  Quakers  and  the  settlement  of  Penn- 
sylvania."® 

When  William  Penn  became  a  Quaker  he  was  filled  with  mission- 
ary fervor ;  among  his  other  labors  in  the  field  of  missions  he  made 
two  journeys  to  Holland  and  Germany.  The  second  journey  was  made 
in  1677  and  was  fraught  with  momentous  consequences  for  the  subject 
which  we  are  discussing.  On  July  26th  of  the  a'bove  year,  Penn  with 
several  friends — among  wdiom  were  the  well-known  George  Fox, 
Robert  Barclay,  and  George  Keith — landed  at  Briel  in  Holland,  hav- 
ing (34)  as  their  object  "to  extend  the  prmciples  and  organization  of 
the  Quakers  in  Holland  and  Germany."     It  was  not  the  first  time  that 

3  This  book  does  not  contemplate  the  discussion  of  German  immigra- 
tion after  the  Revolution;  for  this  phase  of  the  subject  see  Loeher,  Ge- 
schichte  und  Zustande  der  Deutschen  in  Amerika,  and  Eckhoff,  In  der 
neuen  Heimath. 

■*  Proud,    I.    263.      "Such    as    they    are,"    adds    Penn,    who    gives    these 
figures  in  a  letter  to  the  Free  Society  of  Traders  in  London. 
5  Religious  Societies  of  the  Commonwealth,  p.  77. 
6  The  Settlement  of  Germantown,  p.  66. 


302    (3t)  THE  PENN  GERMANIA 

such  efforts  had  been  made:  as  far  back  as  1655  WilHam  Ames  had 
established  a  small  Quaker  community  at  Krieg-sheim,  near  Worms, 
in  the  Palatinate:  and  later  William  Caton,  George  Rolf.  Benjamitt 
Furley,^  and  others  had  visited  the  Palatinate. 

Penn's  visit  to  Germany  coincided  with  the  great  pietistic  move- 
ment in  that  country.^  The  causes  of  this  movement  are  partly  to  be 
sought  in  the  wretchedness  and  sufferings  of  the  times,  and  partly 
in  tlie  stiff  formalism  into  which  the  Ghurch  had  fallen.  The  com- 
fort and  satisfaction  that  could  not  be  found  in  Church  and  State  were 
sought  for  in  personal  communion  with  the  Holy  Spirit.  Men  turned 
from  the  coldness  of  dogmatic  theology  to  the  ecstasies  of  religious 
emotion.  In  the  words  of  Spener,  the  great  apostle  of  pietism,  religion 
was  brought  "from  the  head  to  the  heart."  This  movement  spread  in 
a  great  tidal  wave  of  excitement  over  (s§)  Germany,  Switzerland, 
Denmark,  Sweden,  and  even  England.  The  "collegia  pietatis,"  or  the- 
meetings  for  the  study  of  the  Bible, — one  might  call  them  adult  Bible- 
classes, — were  held  everywhere.^  It  was  to  friends  in  the  spirit,  then,, 
that  Penn  came.  He  was  everywhere  welcomed  by  kindred  souls,, 
and  their  meetings  were  deeply  marked  by  the  outpouring  of  the 
Holy  Spirit.^" 

The  places  visited  by  Penn  which  are  of  interest  to  us  in  our  pres- 
ent discussion  are  Frankfort-on-the-Main,  Kriegsheim,  near  Worms,, 
on  the  Upper  Rhine,  and  Miilheim-on-the-Ruhr ;  I  have  not  been  able 
to  find  any  evidence  that  he  visited  Crefeld, — ^a  city  not  far  from  the 
frontiers  of  Holland, — from  which,  as  well  as  from  Miilheim.  the 
earliest  settlers  of  Germantown  came. 

Penn  reached  Frankfort  on  August  20th,  and  there  met  a  number 
of  pietists,  among  whom  were  Dr.  Wilhelm  Petersen,  his  wife  Jo- 
hanna {36)  Eleonora  von  Merlau,"  Daniel  Behagel,  Caspar  Merian, 
Johann  Lorentz,  Jacob  van  de  Wall,  and  others,  who  afterwards  be- 
came the  founders  of  the  Frankfort  Company,  and  thus  the  fautors 
of  German  emigration  to  Pennsylvania.  Their  names  certainly  de- 
serve to  l>e  remembered. 

After  leaving  Frankfort,  Penn  went  to  Kriegsheim,  where,  as  be- 
fore stated,  a  little  company  of  German  Quakers  had  held  together 
since  the  visit  of  Ames  and  Rolf,  some  twenty  years  before.     Here, 

7  Furley  afterwards  became  Penn's  agent  and  played  an  important 
part  in  inducing  German  emigration  to  Pennsylvania. 

8  Penn  himself  says:  "And  I  must  tell  you  that  there  is  a  breath- 
ing, hungering,  seeking  people,  solitarily  scattered  up  and  down  the- 
great  land  of  Germany,  where  the  Lord  hath  sent  me."  (Works,  Lon- 
don, 1726,  vol.  I.  p.  69.) 

'■'  This  was  not  a  movement  of  secession  from  the  established  churches; 
among  the  pietists  were  Lutherans,  Reformed,  and  even  Catholics.  Spener 
was  a  Lutheran  and  opposed  to  sectarianism.  For  an  interesting  sum- 
mary of  pietism  see  Freytag.  One  of  the  well-known  literary  results 
of  it  is  Jung-Stilling's  Lebensgeschichte. 

10  He  tells  how  at  Frankfort  "people  of  considerable  note,  both  of 
Calvinists  and  Lutherans,"  received  them  "with  gladness  of  heart  and 
embraced  our  testimony  with  a  broken  and  reverent  spirit."  (Works, 
vol.  L  p.  64.) 

11  For  interesting  autobiographical  extracts  from  the  Lives  of  both 
Petersen  and  his  wife  see  Freytag,  Bilder  aus  der  deutschen  Vergangen- 
heit,  vol.  IV.  pp.  2i)  ff. 


THE  SETTLING  OF  THE  GERMAN  COUNTIES  (38)    303 

as  lie  tells  iis  in  his  Journal.'-  ho  found,  to  his  i^reat  joy,  a  "meeting; 
of  tender  and  faithful  people,''  and,  after  writino-  a  letter  to  Karli 
Ludwi"^  on  the  dang-er  of  reliL,Mous  intolerance,  he  returned  to  Hol- 
land and  Eng^land. 

In  1 68 1  Penn  received  from  Charles  II.,  in  payment  of  a  debt  of" 
i  16,000  sterling  which  the  g-overnment  owed  his  father.  Admiral 
Penn,  the  grant  of  an  immense  tract  of  territory,  situated  between 
New  Jersey  and  Maryland. ^^  to  which  the  king — against  Penn's  own 
wishes,  however  (  ?/) — gave  the  name  of  Pennsylvania.  Penn  immedi- 
ately planned  what  he  called  a  "Holy  Experiment"  in  governmcnl:.  a. 
State  in  which  religious  as  well  as  political  freedom  should  be  granted 
to  all.  He  went  about  at  once  to  attract  colonists  to  his  new  colony, 
and  soon  after  the  formal  confirmation  of  the  king's  grant  there  ap- 
peared in  London  a  slender  pamphlet  entitled  "Some  Account  of  the- 
Province  of  Pennsylvania  in  America,"  in  which  the  advantages  of 
the  new  State  were  set  forth  in  a  favorable  light.  Almost  at  the  same 
time  a  German  translation  was  published  in  Amsterdam,  entitled 
"Eine  Nachricht  wegen  der  Landschaft  Pennsylvania  in  America."'* 

Francis  Daniel  Pastorius,  who  may  be  called  the  Bradford  of  the 
Germantown  settlement,  writes  in  an  autobiographical  memoir  as  fol- 
lows :  "Upon  my  return  to  Frankfort  in  1682"  ( he  had  been  traveling 
extensively  through  Europe,  chiefly  for  pleasure),  "I  was  glad  to  en- 
joy the  company  of  my  former  acquaintances  and  Christian  friends 
Dr.  Schiitz,  Eleonora  von  Alerlau,  and  others,  who  sometimes  made- 
mention  of  William  Penn  of  Pennsylvania,  and  showed  me  letters 
from  Benjamin  Furley,  also  a  printed  relation  (38)  concerning  said' 
province ;  finally  the  whole  secret  could  not  be  withholden  from  me 
that  they  had  purchased  twenty-five  thousand  acres  of  land  in  this 
remote  part  of  the  world.  Some  of  them  entirely  resolved  to  trans- 
port themselves,  families  and  all."^  This  begat  such  a  desire  in  my 
soul  to  continue  in  the  society,  and  with  them  to  lead  a  quiet,  godly,. 
and  honest  life  in  a  howling  wilderness,  that  by  several  letters  I  re- 
quested of  my  father  his  consent." 

In  the  meantimie  the  Quakers  and  Mennonites  of  Kriegsheim  had' 
heard  of  the  wonderful  possessions  of  the  quiet  and  gentle  English- 
man who  had  visited  them  a  few  years  before,  and  had  read  how  un- 
der his  laws  liberty  of  conscience  was  promised  to  all  who  should 
settle  in  the  new  colony.  Comparing  this  prospect  with  their  own- 
unhappy  condition,  they  immediately  resolved  to  seek  relief  in  Penn's 
land.^*^     By  this  time  Pastorius  had  received  the  consent  of  his  father 

12  Works,  vol.  I.  p.  72. 

IT  The  indefinite  language  in  which  this  grant  was  couched  led  after- 
wards to  long  disputes  between  Pennsylvania  and  Maryland,  and  was  the 
occasion  of  the  contest  known  as  Cresap's  War,  in  which  the  Germans 
of  the  present  county  of  York  took  a  prominent  part. 

1-4  The  same  translation  was  published  in  Frankfort  in  1683,  as  part 
of  a  larger  work,   "Diarium  Europaeum." 

^•''  None  of  them,   however,   did   this. 

i"  Their  motives  were  undoubtedly  identical  with  those  thus  expressed 
by  Pastorius:  "After  I  had  sufficiently  seen  the  European  provinces  and' 
countries  and  the  threatening  movements  of  war,  and  had  taken  to  heart 
the  dire  changes  and  disturbances  of  the  Fatherland,  I  was  impelled, 
through  a  special  guidance  from  the  Almighty,  to  go  to  Pennsylvania,"" 
etc.      (Pennypacker,  Settlement  of  Germantown,  p.   75.) 


304    (3^)  THE  PENN  GERMANIA 

(together  with  a  sum  of  money),  and  thereupon  went  to  (jp)  Kriegs- 
heim,  where  he  saw  the  leaders  of  the  intendhig  settlers,  Peter  Schu- 
macher, Gerhard  Hendricks,  and  others,  and  with  them  discussed  the 
preparations  necessary  for  the  long  journey.  He  then  descended  the 
Rhine  to  Crefeld,  where  he  conferred  with  Thones  Kunders,  Dirck 
Herman,  the  Op  den  Graeff  brothers,  and  others,  who  followed  him 
across  the  ocean  six  weeks  later. 

Pastorius  thus  became  the  agent  of  the  Frankfort  Company,  of  the 
Kriegsheimers  and  of  the  Crefelders.  He  sailed  ahead  of  the  others, 
June  6,  1683,  and  arrived  in  Philadelphia  August  16,  where  he  was 
heartily  welcomed  by  Penn.^''' 

(40)  Pastorius  was  the  advance  courier  of  the  prospective  settlers 
of  Germantown.  July  24th  thirteen  men  together  with  their  families 
sailed  for  the  New  World  on  board  the  Concord,  reaching  Philadel- 
phia October  6,  1683,  some  two  months  after  Pastorius  himself.^^  A 
short  time  thereafter  all  hands  were  busy  getting  settled  for  the  win- 
ter in  the  new  colony,then  separated  from  Philadelphia  by  a  stretch 
of  primeval  forest  broken  only  by  a  narrow  bridle-path. 

(41)  Pastorius  was  no  mere  dreamer,  but  an  active  and  able  man. 
Under  his  supervision  the  land  was  soon  cleared,  houses  built,  and  a 
prosperous  community  founded.     That  they  had  many  hardships  to 

17  Francis  Daniel  Pastorius  was  no  ordinary  man;  indeed  it  is  probable 
that  tliere  Vv-ere  few  men  in  America  at  that  time  equal  to  him  in  learn- 
ing. He  was  born  in  Sommerhausen,  Germany,  Sept.  26,  1651,  studied 
at  the  Universities  of  Strasburg,  Basel,  Erfurt,  Jena,  and  Altdorf,  tak- 
ing a  degree  in  law  at  the  latter  place  in  1675.  Soon  after  he  travelled 
in  Holland,  England,  France  and  Switzerland,  bringing  up  at  Frankfort 
in  1682,  as  noted  above.  He  was  well  acquainted  with  Greek,  Latin, 
French,  Dutch,  English,  Italian,  and  Spanish,  as  may  be  seen  from  his 
commonplace-book  written  macaronically  in  these  various  languages  and 
entitled  the  "Beehive."  Extracts  from  this  book  have  been  published  in 
the  American  Gormanica.  See  also  Pennypacker,  pp.  109-114.  Pastorius 
built  for  himself  a  small  house,  over  the  door  of  which  he  wrote:  "Parva 
domus  sed  arnica  bonis:  procul  este  profani."  Whereat,  he  says,  "Unser 
Gouverneur,  als  er  mich  besuchte,  einen  Lachen  aufschluge  und  mich 
ferner  fortzubauen  anfrischete."  (Beschreibung  von  Pennsylvanien,  ed. 
by  Kapp,  p.  23.)  Whittier  wrote  what  he  considered  his  best  poem,  "The 
Pennsylvania    Pilgrim,"   on    Pastorius: 

"Simply,  as  fits  my  theme,  in  homely  rhyme 
I  sing  the  blue-eyed  German  Spener  taught,"  etc. 

(Works,  vol.  I.  pp.  322  ff.) 
^~^One  single  American  poet  has  devoted  a  few  lines  to  the  arrival  of 
his   band   of   German    pilgrims.      In    Whittier's   "Pennsylvania   Hall"    the 
following  lines  are  found: 

"Meek-hearted  Woolman  and  that  brother-band, 
The  sorrowing  exiles  from  their  "Fatherland." 
Leaving    their    home    in    Kriesheim's    bowers    of    vine, 
And  the  blue  beauty  of  their  glorious  Rhine, 
To  seek  amidst  our  solemn  depths  of  wood 
Freedom  from  man  and  holy  peace  with  God; 
Who  first  of  all  their  testimonial  gave 
Against  the  oppressor,   for  the  outcast  slave. 
Is  it  a  dream  that  such  as  these  look  down 
And  with  their  blessings  our  rejoicings  crown?" 

(Works,   vol.   III.   p.    oS."* 
The  reference  of  the  eighth  and  ninth   lines  is  to  the  protest  against 
slavery   made   to   the   monthly   meeting   of   the   Quakers,   April    18,    1688, 
by   Pastorius,   Gerhard    Hendricks,   and   the   two  Op   den   Graeff   brothers. 
Pennypacker  (p.  19  7)  has  reprinted  this  most  interesting  document. 


THE  SETTLING  OF  THE  GERMAN  COUNTIES  (43)    305 

.suffer  at  first  goes  without  saying.  Arriving-  so  late  in  the  year,  they 
had  only  time  to  build  cellars  and  huts  in  which  "they  passed  the 
year  with  much  hardship."  l^astorius  says  people  made  a  pun  on  the 
niame  of  the  settlement  calling  it  "Armentown."  htcause  of  the  lack 
of  supplies.  "It  could  not  be  described,"  he  continues,  "nor  will  it  be 
believed  by  coming  generations,  in  what  want  and  need  and  with  what 
Christian  contentment  and  persistent  industry  the  German  township 
started." 

Yet  this  state  of  want  soon  gave  way  to  one  of  comparative  com- 
fort. On  October  22,  1684,  William  Streypers  (who  had  written  to 
b's  brother  the  year  before  for  provisions),  writes:  "I  have  been  busy 
and  made  a  brave  dwelling  house,  and  under  it  a  cellar  fit  to  live  in  ; 
and  I  have  so  much  grain,  such  as  Indian  corn  and  buckwheat,  that 
this  winter  I  shall  be  better  ofi  than  I  was  last  year."  October  12th 
■of  the  same  year  Cornelius  Bom  wrote  to  Rotterdam  :  "I  have  here  <\ 
shop  of  many  kinds  of  goods  and  edibles.  Sometimes  1  ride  out  witii 
merchandise,  and  sometimes  bring  some  back,  mostly  (  /-')  from  the 
Indians,  and  deal  with  them  in  many  ways.  ...  I  have  no  rent  or 
excise  to  pay.  I  have  a  cow  which  gives  plenty  of  milk,  a  horse  to  ride 
around:  my  pigs  increase  rapidly,  so  that  in  the  summer  I  had  seven- 
teen, where  at  first  I  had  only  two.  I  'have  many  chickens  and  geese, 
and  a  garden,  and  shall  next  year  have  an  orchard,  if  I  ranain  well, 
so  that  my  wife  and  I  are  in  good  spirits." 

We  have  dwelt  thus  in  detail  on  the  settlement  of  Germantown,  on 
account  of  its  importance  as  the  pioneer  of  all  German  settlements  in 
America.  Moreover,  we  are  fortunately  in  condition,  owing  to  the 
labors  of  Seidensticker  and  Pennypackcr.  to  follow  the  movement, 
step  by  step,  from  its  first  inception  in  the  old  Kaiserstadt  on  the 
banks  of  the  Main  to  the  infant  city  of  Brotherly  Love  in  the  Ncvv 
World.     The  rest  of  this  chapter  must  be  given  more  briefly. 

Letters  like  the  above  undoubtedly  influenced  others  to  emigrate, 
for  we  read  in  the  annals  of  the  settlement  of  new  arrivals  every 
year.  The  only  considerable  addition,  however,  which  we  find  in  the 
"last  years  of  the  century  was  in  1694,  when  an  interesting  band  of 
mystics,  forty  in  number,  settled  on  the  banks  of  the  Wissahickon,  un- 
der the  superintendence  of  Johann  Kelpius,  a  (4^)  man  of  great 
learning,   though   full  of  vagaries. ^'''     Their  object   in  coming  to  the 

19  Arnold  (Kirchen-  und  Ketzer-Historie,  vol.  II.  p.  1104),  under  the 
heading  "Mehrere  Zeugen  der  Wahrheit,"  speaks  as  follows:  "HemrivV.i 
Bernard  Coester,  Daniel  Falckner,  Joh.  Kelpius  and  M.  Peter  Schaeffer 
samt  andern  die  nach  Pensylvanien  gezogen,  Briefe  and  Schrifften  aus 
America  zu  uns  uebergesandt  samt  ihrem  tapffern  Glaubens-Kampf,  and 
wie  sie  sich  durch  alle  Secten  herdurch  geschlagen  um  die  Freyheit  in 
Christo  zu  erhalten." 

The  real  leader  of  this  c'olony,  however,  was  Joh.  Jacob  Zimmerman, — 
"ein  grundgelehrter  Astrologus,  Magus,  Cabalista  und  Prediger  aus  dem 
Wuertembergerlande,"  who  had  resolved  to  forsake  "das  undankbarn 
Europeam"  and  with  wife  and  family  and  forty  companions  to  go  to 
America,  but  who  died  at  Rotterdam  on  the  eve  of  his  departure.  (Arnold, 
vol.  II.  p.   1105.) 

Whittier    (in    his   "Pennsylvania    Pilgrim")    speaks   of 

"Painful  Kelpius  from  his  hermit  den 
By  Wissahickon,  maddest  of  good  men, 
Dreamed    o'er    the   chiliast    dreams    of    Petersen."  .' 


3o6    (43)  THE  PENN  GERMANIA 

New  World  was  to  await  the  coming  of  the  Lord,  which  they  firmly 
believed  would  occur  at  the  turn  of  the  century.  In  their  hermitage 
on  the  banks  of  the  Wissahickon  they  cultivated  physical  and  spir- 
itual perfection,  studied  and  taught ;-°  among  other  {44)  things  they 
built  an  astronomical  tower,  from  which  they  kept  constant  watch 
for  the  signs  of  the  coming  of  Christ.-^  This  community  lasted  only 
a  few  years,  its  logical  successor  being  the  Ephrata  community.'- 

The  second  period  begins  with  the  advent  of  the  Swiss  Mennonites 
in  17 10.  This  movement  without  doubt  is  closely  connected  with  the 
settlement  of  Germantown,  The  relations  between  the  Mennonites 
of  Holland  and  Switzerland  had  alw,ays  been  very  close.  Twice  had 
the  former  made  formal  protest  to  Berne  and  Ziirich  in  regard  to  the 
persecution  of  their  brethren;  they  (45)  had  subscribed  large  sums  of 
money  to  alleviate  the  sufferings  of  the  exiled  Swiss  in  the  Palatinate, 
and  a  society  had  been  formed  for  the  purpose  of  systematic  assist- 
ance to  all  their  suffering  fellow  believers.  It  was  through  them, 
undoubtedly,  that  the  stream  of  Swiss  emigration  was  first  turned  to 
Pennsylvania,  where  the  success  of  Germantown  seemed  to  assure  a 
similar  prosperity  to  all.^^ 

We  have  seen  above  how  widespread  the  Anabaptist  movement  had 
Ibeen  in  Switzerland,  especially  in  the  cantons  of  Ziirich  and  Berne. 
Of  all  their  doctrines,  that  of  refusing  to  bear  arms  was  the  most  ob- 
noxious to  the  state,  which  depended  on  its  citizens  for  defence  in 
time  of  aggression.  It  must  be  confessed  that  the  Swiss  Mennonites 
were  the  most  intractable  oi  people.  Exiled  again  and  again,  they 
persisted    every    time    in    returning  to  their  native  land.-*     In  1710 

20  We  get  a  glimpse  of  the  character  and  the  ideals  of  these  men  in 
the  following  words  written  by  one  of  them:  "What  pleases  me  here 
[Pennsylvania]  is  that  one  can  be  peasant,  scholar,  priest,  and  nobleman 
at  the  same  time."  "To  be  a  peasant  and  nothing  else  is  a  sort  of  cattle- 
life;  to  be  a  scholar  and  nothing  else,  such  as  in  Europe,  is  a  morbid  and 
self-indulgent  existence."  (Penn.  Mag.,  vol  XL)  There  is  a  singular 
resemblance  between  this  community  of  scholars  and  the  Pantisocracy 
dreamed  of  by  Coleridge  and  Southey  one  hundred  years  later,  according 
to  which  "on  the  banks  of  the  Susquehanna  was  to  be  founded  a  broth- 
erly community,  where  selfishness  was  to  be  extinguished  and  the  virtues 
were  to  reign  supreme." 

21  Kelpius  died  before  1709.  He  believed  that  he  was  to  be  taken  up 
into  heaven  alive  like  Elijah,  and  was  bitterly  disappointed  when  he  felt 
the  approach  of  death,  and  the  chariot  of  fire  did  not  appear.  At  his 
funeral,  the  body  was  buried  as  the  sun  was  setting,  and  a  snow-white 
dove  was  released  heavenward,  while  the  Brethren,  looking  upward  with 
uplifted  hands,  repeated  thrice,  "Gott  gebe  ihm  eine  selige  Auferstehung." 
(See  Sachse,  German  Pietists,  p.  248.) 

2*  It  was  Conrad  Matthai,  one  of  the  last  survivors  of  the  Hermitage  on 
iBie  Ridge,  who  advised  Conrad  Beissel  to  go  to  the  Conestoga,  there  to 
iive  a  life  of  contemplation  and  solitude. 

23  As  early  as  1684  at  least  one  of  the  inhabitants  of  Germantown  was 
a  Swiss,  Joris  Wertmuller  from  Berne;  see  letter  from  him  to  his  brother- 
in-law  Benedict  Kuntz  in  Pennypacker,  p.  152.  In  1694  George  Gott- 
schalk  came  from  Lindau  on  Lake  Constance. 

24  The  condition  and  treatment  of  the  Mennonites  in  Switzerland  were 
very  much  like  that  of  the  Quakers  in  New  England.  The  doctrines  of 
the  two  sects  were  the  same,  while  the  Calvinistic  theocracy  of  Massa- 
chusetts, in  its  union  of  Church  and  State,  closely  resembled  the  govern- 
ment of  Berne  and  Zuerich.  The  Quakers,  like  the  Mennonites,  were  fond 
of  public  discussion,  and  could   not  be  out-argued.      Both   were  at  first 


THE  SETTLING  OF  THE  GERMAN  COUNTIES  (48)    307 

(46)  the  Canton  of  Berne  itself  made  an  effort  to  sfet  rid  of  its 
troublesome  sectaries  by  sendin^^  under  escort  a  large  nuni'ber  of  them 
to.  Holland,  hoping  thence  to  deport  them  to  America.  This  effort 
failed  through  the  refusal  of  Holland  and  Entiland  to  be  a  party  to 
such  enforced  emigration. 

In  1711,  however,  the  Mennonites  of  Berne  were  offered  free  trans- 
portation down  the  Rhine,  permission  to  sell  their  property,  and  to 
take  their  families  with  them — on  condition,  however,  that  they  pledge 
themselves  never  to  return  to  Switzerland.  Their  friends  in  Holland 
urged  them  to  do  this,  and  especially  through  the  "iihtiring  efforts  of 
the  Dutch  ambassador  in  Switzerland,  Johann  Ltidwie^  Runckel,  the 
exportation  finally  occurred.'^  About  this  time  began  the  settlement 
of  Lancaster  County  by  Swiss  Mennonites,  and  undoubtedly  many  of 
the  above  were  among  them.-^.  In  the  archives  of  Amsterdam  (4^) 
we  find  a  letter  of  thanks  to  Holland  written  by  Martin  Kiindig,  Hans 
Herr,  Christian  Herr,  Martin  Oberholtzer,  Martin  Meili  and  Jacob 
Miiller.  This  letter  was  dated  June  27,  1710,  and  states  that  they 
were  about  to  start  for  the  New  World.  October  2^d  of  the  same 
year  we  find  a  patent  for  ten  thousand  acres  of  land  on  Peauea  Creek, 
Conestogoe  (later  a  part  of  Lancaster  County,  which  was  not  organ- 
ized till  1729),  made  out  in  the  names  of  Hans  Herr  and  Martin 
Kiindig,  who  acted  as  agents  of  their  countrymen,  some  of  whom  had 
already  arrived,  and  others  of  whom  were  to  come.  No  sooner  had 
these  first  settlers  become  established  than  Alartin  Kiindig  was  sent 
back  to  Germany  and  Switzerland  to  bring  over  those  who  wished 
to  share  their  fortune  in  what  was  then  an  impenetrable  forest,  but 
is  now  known  as  the  garden-spot  of  the  United  States.  Lancaster 
County.  Kiindig  and  Herr^^  seem  to  have  been  the  leaders  of  this 
(48)  emigration.  From  17 10  on,  their  names  frequently  occur  in  the 
public  land  records  of  Pennsylvania  as  taking  up  choice  bits  of  farm- 
ing land  and  having  them  turned  over  to  their  countrymen,  whose 
interests  they  represented.-*     We  have  such  records  as  late  as   1730, 

treated  mildly;  both  were  exiled  and  insisted  on  returning;  both  were 
flogged,  imprisoned,  and  finally  killed.  (See  Fiske,  Beginnings  of  New 
England,  p.  187.) 

25  Cf.  p.  24. 

26The  names  giren  by  Mueller  (pp.  307  ff.)  are  identical  with  those  of 
the  Lancaster  County  Swiss,  among  them  being  Gerber,  Gaeumann, 
Schuerch,  Galli,  Haldiman,  Buerki,  Rohrer,  Schallenberger,  Oberli,  Jeggli, 
Wisler,  Hauri,  Graf,  Wenger,  Neukomm,  Flueckiger,  Rubeli,  Ruegsegger, 
Kraehnbuehl,  Huber,  Buehler,  Kuenzi,  Staehli,  Rubi,  Zuercher,  Bucher, 
Strahm.  Among  those  exiled  in  1710  were  the  names  of  Brechbuehl, 
Baumgartner,  Rupp,  Fahrni,  Aeschlimann,  Maurer,  Ebersold,  and  others. 
All  these  names — which,  more  or  less  changed,  are  common  throughout 
the  State  and  country  today — are  of  Bernese  origin.  The  Landis,  Bru- 
bacher,  Meili,  Egli,  Ringer,  Gut,  Gochnauer,  and  Frick  families  came  from 
Zuerich. 

27  Hans  Herr,  born  in  1660,  was  the  minister  and  pastor  of  the  early 
Swiss  settlers  in  Lancaster  County;  he  had  five  sons,  all  of  whom  came 
over  with  him,  and  from  whom  is  descended  a  large  posterity. 

28  "Agreed  with  Martin  Kundigg  and  Hans  Herr  of  5000  acres  of  land, 
to  be  taken  up  in  severall  parcells  about  Conestogo  and  Pequea  Creeks  at 
£  10  p.  Cf,  to  be  paid  at  the  Returns  of  the  Surveys  and  usual  quitrents, 
it  being  for  settlements  for  severall  of  their  Countrymen  that  are  lately 
arrived  here.  The  Warr't  signed,  dat.  22d  9ber.  1717."  (Minute  Book 
"H"  of  the  Board  of  Property.     Penn.  Arch.,  2d  Ser.,  vol.  XIX.  p.  622.) 


3o8    (48)  THE  PENN  f4ERMANIA 

when  they  took  up  124  acres  of  land  for  Jacob  Brubaker  in  the  pres- 
ent township  of  East  Hempfield.-" 

In  the  next  important  colony  of  this  second  period  the  scene  shifts 
from  Lancaster  to  what  is  now  Berks  County.  In  order  to  under- 
stand the  causes  leading-  up  to  this  settlement  we  must  turn  our  at- 
tention for  a  moment  to  the  exceedingly  interesting  facts  connected 
with  the  early  German  immigration  to  New  York.  In  the  year  1700 
a  very  large  influx  of  Palatines  came  to  Engfland  with  the  expecta- 
tion of  being  aided  there  to  cross  the  Atlantic.  The  general  causes 
(4g)  of  this  emigration  are  those  discussed  in  Chapter  I;  the  imme- 
diate occasion  seems  to  have  been  the  special  efforts  made  by  certain 
agents  of  Queen  Anne  to  induce  emigration  to  her  Majesty's  colo- 
nies in  America.  The  presence  of  so  larsre  a  number  of  foreigners 
was  an  embarrassing  problc-m  for  the  government,  and  various  plans 
were  proposed  for  their  distribution ;  three  thousand  eight  hundred 
were  sent  to  Ireland,  where  many  of  their  descendants  still  live  ;'^" 
others  were  sent  to  the  Carolinas ;  and  in  1709,  at  the  suggestion  of 
Governor  Robert  Hunter,  about  three  thousand  were  shipped  to  New 
York,  for  the  purpose  of  manufacturing  ships'  stores  for  the  Eng- 
lish Government.  These  settled  at  first  on  both  banks  of  the  Hudson 
not  far  from  the  present  town  of  Sau^erties,  where  they  remained 
in  a  state  of  constant  discontent  until  the  winter  of  1712-1713,  when, 
Hunter's  scheme  having  proved  itself  to  be  visionarv.  thev  set  out  for 
the  valleys  of  the  Schoharie  and  the  ]Mohawk,  which  had  all  along 
been  the  goal  of  their  desires,  and  which  thev  reached  after  a  two 
weeks'  journey  through  the  trackless  wilderness,  after  having  (50) 
suffered  greatly  from  hunger  and  cold.  The  descendants  of  these 
people  now  form  a  large  proportion  of  the  inhabitants  of  that  dis- 
trict."' 

We  have  to  do  here,  however,  only  with  the  small  number  who,  in 
consequence  of  difficulties  in  regard  to  the  titles  of  their  land,  were 
forced  to  leave  their  homes  which  they  had  built  with  the  labor  of 
many  years,  and  who  in  1723  painfully  made  their  way  through  the 
wilderness  of  northern  New  York  to  the  head-waters  of  the  Susque- 
hanna and  thence  floated  down  that  river,  passing  the  sites  of  the 
present  cities  of  r>inghamton,  Pittston,  and  Wilkes-Barre  till  thev 
arrived  at  the  mouth  of  the  Swatara  Creek,  up  which  thev  made  their 
way  to  the  district  now  known  as  Tulpehocken.''-  In  the  Colonial 
Records  of  Pennsylvania  we  find  a  jietition   of  these  settlers,   thirty- 

2!»  Ellis  and  Evans,  Hist.  Lane.  Co.,  p.   868. 

■■'"To  this  stock  belonged  Philip  Embury  and  Barbara  Heck,  the  founders 
of  Methodism  in  America.  For  details  concerning  the  Irish  Palatines  see 
Crook,  -'Ireland  and  the  Centenary  of  American  Methodism." 

:ii  For   further  details   of   this  exceedingly   interesting  story   see   Kapp, 
O'Callaghan,  and   Cobb.      Among  the   well-known   men  of  this  stock  may 
be  mentioned   Edwin   F.   Uhl,   Ex-Ambarsador  to  Germany;    W.   C.   Bouck, 
governor  of  New  York  from  184:^-4.5;   and  Surgeon-General  Sternberg. 
^-  "And   that   bold-hearted   yeomanry,   honest  and   true. 

Who,  haters  of  fraud,  give  to  labor  its  due, 
Whose  fathers  of  old  sang  in  concert  with  thine, 
On  the  banks  of  Swetara,  the  songs  of  the  Rhine, — 
The  German-born  pilgrims  who  first  dared  to  brave 
The  scorn  of  the  proud  in  the  cause  of  the  slave." 

(Whittier,  vol.  III.  p.  47.) 


TEH  SETTLlNfi  OF  THE  GERMAN  COUNTIES  (52)    309 

three  families  in  all,  in  which  we  (31)  have,  in  their  own  words,  a 
brief  sketch  of  the  vicissitudes  through  which  thev  were  forced  to 
pass  in  seeking  a  home  in  the  New  World: 

"This  Petition  Ilumhly  Sheweth 

"That  your  petitioners  being  natives  of  Germanv.  about  fifteen 
years  agoe  were  by  the  great  goodness  and  royal  bounty  of  her  late 
Majesty  Queen  Amie,  relieved  from  the  hardships  which  they  then 
suffered  in  Europe  and  were  transported  into  the  colony  of  New 
York,  where  they  settled.  But  their  families  increasing,  and  being  in 
that  Government  confined  to  the  scant  allowance  of  ten  acres  of  land 
to  each  family,  whereon  they  could  not  well  subsist.  Your  petitioners 
being  informed  of  the  kind  reception  which  their  countrymen  usually 
met  with  hi  the  I'rovince  of  rennsylvania,  and  hoping  that  they  miglu 
with  what  substance  they  had  acquire  larger  settlements  in  that  Prov- 
ince, did  last  year  leave  their  settlements  in  Xew  York  Government  and 
came  with  their  faiuilies  into  this  Province.""  etc."" 

The  petition  adds  that  fifty  more  families  desired  to  come,  if  they 
received  favorable  conditions.""' 

During  the  whole  of  this  second  period  immiLTation  (  j2)  intc 
Pennsylvania  went  on ;  the  numbers,  however,  although  far  in  excess 
of  the  first  period,  have  been  largely  exaggerated.  Reliable  docu- 
ments are  wanting,  and  the  statements  made  are  usually  guesswork. 
It  has  been  recklessly  estimated  that  as  many  as  fifty  thousand  came 
before  1730.  On  March  16,  1731,  the  minutes  of  the  Synodical  Dep- 
uties of  Holland  state  that  the  total  baptized  membership  of  the  Re- 
formed in  Pennsylvania  was  thirty  thousand. ^^  That  this  could  not 
be  true  we  need  only  to  refer  to  the  figures  concerning  the  whole 
population  given  by  Proud. ^"''     As  there  was  no  census  at  that  time, 

33  Colonial   Records,  vol.   III.   p.   341. 

3<  Many  of  these  came   in   1728   and   1729;    among  those   who  came   in 
the  latter  year  was  the  well-known  Conrad  Weiser. 

35  Rev.  John  B.  Rieger,  however,  in  a  letter  dated  November  22,  1731, 
estimates  the  number  at  less  than  three  thousand,  which  is  nearer  the 
truth,  as  Boehm  in  his  report  of  1734  gives  the  actual  number  of  com- 
municants as  386.      (See  Dotterer,  Hist.  Notes,  p.   133.) 

36  In  1731  he  gives  the  number  of  taxables  at  9,000  or  10,000,  "at 
most,"  which,  according  to  his  method  of  multiplying  by  seven,  would 
give  not  more  than  70,000  at  the  highest  computation.  (Vol.  II.  p. 
275.)  It  is  clear  that  nearly  one-half  of  the  total  population  could  not 
have  been  German  Reformed,  and  yet  there  are  the  documents!  This  only 
shows  that  the  historian  must  use  contemporary  documents  with  as  much 
caution  as  any  other  documents.  As  further  examples  of  these  reckless 
statements  we  may  take  the  following:  Mittelberger  declares  that,  in 
1754,  22,000  Germans  and  Swiss  arrived  in  Philadelphia  alone;  yet  a 
few  pages  later  he  says  that  there  were  in  Pennsylvania  some  100,000 
Europeans  in  all.  Again,  Kalm  says  that,  in  1749,  12,000  came,  and  this 
statement,  reproduced  by  Proud,  has  been  repeated  by  all  writers  since. 
A  reference  to  the  tables  will  show  the  number  in  1749  and  1754  to  have 
been  respectively  7020  and  5141.  Still  another  example  of  how  such 
statements  come  to  be  made  is  seen  in  Gordon.  On  p.  187  he  says  that 
in  one  year  from  December,  1728,  there  were  6200  Germans  and  others 
imported:  the  natural  inference  being  that  the  Germans  formed  a  large 
majority;  on  p.  208,  however,  he  gives  the  statistics  of  this  very  year, 
and  out  of  the  6200  only  243  are  Palatine  passengers,  the  rest  being 
chiefly  Irish;  by  referring  to  the  tables  which  I  have  drawn  up  it  will 
be  seen  that  the  number  of  Germans  who  came  in  1729  is  304. 


3IO    (52)  THE  PENN  GERMANIA 

(53)  we  can  accept  none  of  these  statements  as  authoritative,  and  are 
reduced  to  making  our  own  conchisions  from  the  data  at  hand.  We 
know  that  the  increase  up  to  17 10  was  small,  a  few  scores  at  the  most 
for  every  year.  In  1708  Germantown  was  still  a  weak  and  struggling 
community.  In  17 10  came  the  Swiss  of  Lancaster  County,  some 
hundreds,  possibly  thousands,  in  number.  Between  that  date  and 
17 17  there  seem  to  have  been  no  large  arrivals  of  Germans  at  Phila- 
delphia. In  this  latter  year  a  considerable  number  of  Palatines  and 
Swiss  arrived.  It  was  of  these  that  John  Dickenson  spoke  when  he 
said:  "We  are  daily  expecting  ships  from  London,  which  bring  over 
Palatines  in  numbers  about  six  or  seven  thousand.  We  had  a  parcel 
who  came  five  years  ago  who  purchased  land  about  sixty  miles  west 
of  Philadelphia,  and  proved  quiet  and  industrious."  These  numbers 
were  so  great  as  (5^)  to  excite  some  alarm.  In  17 17  Governor  Keith 
expressed  the  opinion  that  this  immigration  might  prove  dangerous, 
and  thought  that  the  experience  of  England  in  the  time  of  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  invaders  might  be  repeated.  If  these  large  numbers  had  been 
repeated  every  year,  the  sum  total  in  1727  would  have  been  consider- 
able ;  but  I  have  been  unable  to  find  evidence  to  this  effect.^^  The 
fears  of  Dickenson  and  Keith  seem  to  find  no  repetition  till  1727, 
when  the  long-continued  stream  of  immigration  began  which  makes 
up  our  third  division.  Furthermore,  we  are  distinctly  told  by  De 
Hoop  Schefifer  that  the  desire  for  emigration  seemed  to  have  lain 
dormant  in  Germany  till  1726.^^  This  authority  based  on  documents 
in  Holland,  a  country  through  which  all  German  and  Swiss  emigrants 
had  to  pass  on  their  way  to  America,  would  seem  to  be  conclusive. 
My  own  opinion  is  that  before  1727  the  whole  number  of  (55)  Ger- 
man and  Swiss  colonists  in  Pennsylvania  amounted  to  not  more  than 
fifteen  thousand,  including  the  natural  increase  of  the  first  comers. 

The  third  period,  which  we  shall  now  discuss,  is  marked  by  the 
fact  that  we  have  an  official  record  of  all  those  who  entered  at  the 
port  of  Philadelphia.  We  have  seen  that  in  1717  the  large  influx 
of  foreigners  excited  serious  alarm.  This  alarm  was  excited  anew 
with  the  renewal  of  large  arrivals,  and  on  October  14.  I727.  the  Pro- 
vincial Council  adopted  a  resolution  to  the  effect  that  all  masters  of 
vessels  importing  Germans  and  other  foreigners  should  prepare  a  list 
of  such  persons,  their  occupations,  and  place  whence  they  came,  and 
further  that  the  said  foreigners  should  sign  a  declaration  of  allegi- 
ance and  subjection  to  the  king  of  Great  Britain,  and  of  fidelity  to 
the  Proprietary  of  Pennsylvania,  The  first  oath  was  taken  in  the 
court-house  at  Philadelphia,  September  21,  1727,  by  109  Palatines. 

The  above-mentioned  lists^^  contain  the  names  of  the  vessels  and 

3"  Indeed  there  is  evidence  to  show  that  German  emigration  was  actually 
hindered  at  this  time.  In  lr22  the  Pensionary  of  Holland  informed  the 
Assembly  that  again  a  great  number  of  families  from  Germany  had 
arrived  in  vessels  for  the  purpose  of  being  transported  via  England  to 
the  colonies  of  that  kingdom,  but  that  no  preparation  had  been  made  for 
them,  and  the  king  had  advised  his  ambassador  to  Holland  that  an  order 
had  been  issued  to  forbid  their  entrance  to  his  colonies.  (Dotterer,  Hist. 
Notes,  p.  67.) 

38  See  Penn.  Mag.,  vol.  II.  pp.  117  ft. 

30  These  lists  are  given  by  Rupp  in  his  "Thirty  Thousand  Names,"  and 
may  also  be  found  in  Penn.  Archives,  Second  Series,  vol.  XVII. 


THE  SETTLING  OF  THE  GERMAN  COUNTIES 


(57)    311 


their  captains,  the  port  from  which  they  last  sailed,  and  the  date  of 
arrival  in  (5(5)  Philadelphia.  They  also  give  in  many  cases  the  na- 
tive country  of  the  voyagers,  not,  however,  with  much  detail,  or  so 
constantly  as  we  could  wish.  From  1727  to  1734  they  are  all  classed 
as  Palatines;  on  September  12,  1734,  one  ship's  company  of  263  is 
composed  of  Schwenkfelders.  In  1735  we  find  Palatines  and  Switz- 
ers,  and  on  August  26,  Switzers  from  Berne.  After  1742  they  are 
grouped  together  as  foreigners  simply,  until  1749  (with  two  excep- 
tions only).  The  lists  for  1749  and  1754  are  especially  full  in  this 
respect,  and  under  date  of  the  arrival  of  each  ship  the  fatherland  of 
the  new  arrivals  is  given  variously  as  Wiirtemberg,  Erbach,  Alsace, 
Zweibriicken,  the  Palatinate,  Nassau,  Ilanau,  Darmstadt,  Basel, 
Mannheim,  Mentz,  Westphalia,  Hesse,  Switzerland,  and,  once  only, 
Hamburg,  Hannover,  and  Saxony.  About  this  time  we  find  the  num- 
ber of  Catholics  and  Protestants  given,  owing  undoubtedly  to  the 
fears  excited  by  the  French  and  Indian  War.  After  1754  practically 
no  informaton  of  the  above,  sort  is  given. 

I  have  thought  it  of  some  interest  and  value  to  prepare  a  tabulated 
view  of  the  annual  immigration  to  Pennsylvania  on  the  basis  of  these 
lists.*° 

40  Sometimes  tlie  total  number  of  passengers  is  given  in  the  lists,  some- 
times only  the  males  above  the  age  of  sixteen  years.  In  the  latter  case 
in  order  to  obtain  the  total  number  of  men,  women,  and  children  I  have 
multiplied  by  three.  By  making  careful  computation  of  those  cases  where 
both  data  are  given  (amounting  to  over  thirty  thousand  persons),  I  have 
found  that  the  actual  proportion  of  males  above  sixteen  is  somewhat 
more  than  one-third.  Hence  the  figures  given  above  are  if  anything 
slightly  too  large.  This  excess,  however,  may  be  allowed  to  stand  as 
counterbalancing  whatever  immigration  came  into  Pennsylvania  by  way 
of  New  York,  Maryland,  or  elsewhere. 

(57) 

Date.  Number. 

1727 1240 

1728 390 

1729.. 304 

1730 448 

1731 634 

1732 2168 

1733 1287 

1734 433 

1735 267 

1736 828 

1737 1736 

1738 3115 

1739 1663 

1740 1131 

1741 1946 

1742 1092 

1743 1794 

1744 1080 

1745 No  lists 

1746. 444 

1747 960 

1748 1944 

1749 7020 

1750 4333 

1751 3951 


Date.  Number. 

1752 6189 

1753 5262 

1754 5141 


1755 

1756 

1757, 

1758 

1759 

1760 

1761 

1762 

1763 


226 

157 

0 

0 

0 

0 

90 

0 

589 


1764 2329 

1765 

1766 

1767 

1768 

1769 

1770 

1771 

1772 

1773 

1774 

1775 


786 

589 

1077 

854 

408 

554 

951 

903 

1659 

675 

225 

68,87241 

ii  These  figures  were  at  first  computed  from  the  data  given  by  Rupp, 


312    (58)  THE  PENN  GERMANIA 

(^8)  We  see  from  the  above  fig"ures  that  there  were  periods  of  ebb- 
and  flood  m  the  tide  of  inimic^^ration.  The  most  important  years  are 
from  1749  to  1754,  when  the  numbers  became  enormous,  amounting^ 
for  these  six  years  to  31,896,  nearly  one-half  of  the  total  figures.  As 
to  the  whole  number  of  Germans  in  Pennsylvania  in  1775.  many  and 
divergent  estimates  have  been  given :  nearly  all  agree,  however,  in 
reckoning  the  proportion  as  about  one-third  of  the  total  population,. 
a  proportion  which  seems  to  have  kept  itself  unchanged  down  to  the 
present  day.  If  I  were  asked  to  give  my  estimate  in  regard  to  a 
matter  concerning  which  authoritative  data  are  wanting,  I  should 
reply,  somewhat  'hesitatingly,  as  follows:  Before  1727  let  us  assume 
the  numbers  to  be  20,000,  a  liberal  estimate ;  add  to  this  the  figures- 
(5p) above,  68,872.  making  a  total  of  88,872;  this  added  to  the  score  or 
so  of  thousands  due  to  the  natural  increase  of  the  two  generations 
since-  the  earliest  settlements  would  bring  up  the  grand  total  to  about 
110,000.*- 

One  of  the  most  interesting  points  of  view  from  which  to  regard- 
Pennsylvania  in  colonial  days,  says  IMr.  Fiske,  is  as  the  center  of  dis- 
tribution of  foreign  immigration,  which  from  ihere  as  a  starting-point 
spread  out  to  all  points  South  and  West.  The  earliest  arrivals  of  the 
people  with  whom  we  have  to  do  in  this  book  remained  in  Germantowii, 
Philadelphia,  or  the  immediate  vicinity.  Shortly  after  the  beginning 
of  the  new  century  they  began  to  penetrate  the  dense  forests  wihicli 
then  covered  the  present  counties  of  Montgomery,  Lancaster  and 
Berks.  As  the  lands  nearest  to  Philadelphia  became  gradually  taken 
up,  the  settlers  were  forced  to  make  their  way  further  and  further  ti> 
the  West.  When  no  more  lands  remained  on  this  side  of  the  Susque- 
hanna, the  Germans  crossed  the  river  and  founded  the  counties  of 
York  and  Cumberland.  Still  later  they  (do)  spread  over  Northamp- 
ton, Dauphin,  Lehigh,  Lebanon,  and  the  other  counties,  while  toward 
the  end  of  the  century  the  tide  of  colonization  swept  to  the  South  and 
the  newly  opened  West.  One  by  one  ^lonroe,  Center,  Adams,  and 
Cuml)erland  counties  were  taken  up.  As  early  as  1732  a  number  of 
Pennsylvania-Germans  under  Jost  Hite  made  their  way  along  the 
Shenandoah  valley  and  settled  Frederick,  Rockingham,  Shenandoah, 
and  other  counties  of  Virginia.  In  the  central  and  western  parts  of 
North    Carolina    there    were    many    comnumities    formed    by    settlers 

but  discovering  later  that  he  was  not  in  all  cases  reliable,  I  have  care- 
fully revised  them  from  the  lists  given  in  the  Pennsylvania  Archives. 
Proud  (vol.  II.  p.  27.S)  says  that  by  an  "exact  account'  of  ships  and  pas- 
sengers arriving  at  Philadelphia  from  nearly  the  first  settlement  of  the^ 
province  till  about  1776,  the  number  of  Germans  appear  to  be  39,000, 
and  their  natural  increase  great.  His  "account,"  however,  cannot  have 
been  very  exact,  for  two  pages  previously  he  declares  that,  during  the 
summer  of  1749,  12,000  Germans  came  to  Philadelphia,  "and  in  several 
other  years  near  the  same  number  of  these  people  arrived  annually."  The 
two  statements  do  not  harmonize  and  tend  to  destroy  our  belief  in  Prbud's- 
accuracy.  He  may,  however,  in  speaking  of  the  39,000,  have  in  mind 
only  the  males  over  sixteen  years. 

-•-  These  figures,  which  have  been  computed  independently,  agree  sub- 
stantially with  those  given  by  Proud,  who  gives  the  number  of  taxables 
in  1771  at  between  39,000  and  40,000,  which  being  multiplied  by  seven: 
gives  nearly  300,000,  "one-third  at  least"  being  composed  of  Germans.. 
(Vol.  II.  p.  275.) 


THE  SETTLING  CV  Til  K  ( JFKM  AN  COUNTIES  (63)    313 

from  lU'ii^s  and  other  counties  in  Pennsylvania.  After  the  successful' 
outcome  of  the  French  and  Indian  wars,  when  Ohio  was  thrown  open 
to  enterprising:  settlers,  Pennsylvania-Germans  were  among-  the  pio- 
neers of  that  reg-ion,  many  parts  of  which  are  still  distinctively  marked 
by  the  peculiarities  of  the  parent  colony.  Still  later  they  were  in  the 
van  of  the  movement  which  little  by  little  conquered  the  vast  terri- 
r:rry  of  the  West,  and  sulxhied  it  to  the  purposes  of  civilization  ;  such 
distinctively  Pemisylvania-CJerman  names  as  Hoover,  darver,  Landis, 
Brubaker.  Stauffer,  P)0\yman,  Funk,  Lick,  and  Yerkes,  scattered  all' 
over  the  West,  tell  the  story  of  the  part  played  by  their  bearers  in 
the  early  part  of  the  cetjtury  in  the  conquest  of  the  West. 

{61)  Looking-  out  upon  this  moving  picture  of  the  Gernian  pioneers 
as  they  spread  gradually  over  the  vast  territory  of  the  New  World, 
we  are  irresistibly  reminded  of  our  Alemannic  ancestors  in  the  far-off 
days  of  the  \'olkerwanderung.^-  In  the  eighteenth  as  in  the  fourth  cen- 
tury, the  (ierman  colonist  entered  the  unbroken  wilderness,  clearing 
first  the  lands  in  the  valleys  and  along  the  river-courses,  then,  as  the 
population  increased  and  land  became  scarcer,  advancing  further  and' 
further,  climbing  the  sides  of  the  mountains,  and  everywhere  chang- 
ing the  primeval  forest  into  fields  covered  with  erain  and  dotted' 
here  and  there  with  the  rude  buildings  of  the  farmers. 

(62)  CHAPTER  in. 

OVER    LAND   AND    SEA. 

There  is  no  more  attractive  line  of  study  than  that  which  aims  at 
revealing  the  daily  struggles  and  trials,  the  manners  and  customs,  the 
thoughts  and  feelings  of  our  forefathers.^  Where  facts  are  wanting, 
the  imagination  of  the  poet,  the  dramatist,  and  the  novelist  is  called  in 
to  round  out  the  picture.  It  is  this  desire  on  the  part  of  mankind  to 
penetrate  the  veil  of  the  past  which  makes  the  wonderful  success  of- 
the  historical  novel  possible. 

Of  course  in  a  book  like  the  ])resent,  the  purpose  of  which  is  to- 
give  nothing  but  simple  facts,  all  mere  surmise  and  fancv  must  be  ■ 
rigorously  excluded.  And  yet  it  ought  certainly  to  be  of  interest  to 
the  descendants  of  the  early  Pennsylvania-Germans  to  obtain  some 
glimpse,  however  brief,  of  the  daily  life,  the  vicissitudes,  the  (6^;) 
sufferings,  the  hopes  and  joys  of  their  ancestors.  Fortunately  we 
have  more  or  less  material  still  preserved  in  tlie  shape  of  letters, 
diaries,  narratives,  etc.,  in  which  many  valuable  details  are  given  of 
the  journey  from  the  Old  to  the  New  World.  Two  hundred  years 
ago  traveling,  whether  on  land  or  sea,  was  no  easy  matter,  nor  one 

■»"  "Gleich  dem  Hinterwaeldler  in  Amerikas  Wildnissen  musste  der  Ale- 
manne  vor  taiisend  Jahren  im  Sch-weisse  seines  Angesichtes  Arbeiten  wie- 
ein  Lasttier,  bis  die  Gegend  wohnlich  aussah."     (Daendliker,  vol.  I.  p.  92.) 

Cf.  also  Boos:  "Es  war  ein  barter  Kampf  mil  der  Natur.  Um  der 
wachsenden  Bevoelkerung  Nahrung  zii  schaffen,  musste  der  Wald  gerodet 
werden,  und  es  entstand  zahlreiche  neue  Doerfer,"  etc.  (Geschichte  der 
Rheinischen  Staedtekultur,  vol.  I.  p.  162.) 

1  "In  der  Erinnerung  an  die  alte  Zeit  und  die  grossen  Beispeile  der 
Vorfahren  liegt  eine  unwidersteblicbe  Gevv'alt."  (Ranke,  quoted  by  Daend- 
liker, II.   690.) 


314    {6 3)  THE  PENN  GERMANIA 

to  be  lightly  undertaken.  The  prospective  emigrant  must  first  trans- 
port himself,  his  family,  and  his  goods  by  wagon  to  the  nearest  river.^ 
This,  of  course,  in  the  vast  majority  of  cases  was  the  Rhine,  which 
was  even  more  important  as  a  great  water-higfhwav  then  than  now. 

We  have  a  number  of  contemporary  descriptions  of  such  a  journey 
down  the  Rhine.  That  of  the  Bernese  Mennonites  who  were  exiled 
in  171 1  is  given  in  detail  and  with  great  vividness  by  Miiller  in  his 
"Bernische  Taufer."  They  were  shipped  on  boats  at  Berne  and  at 
Neuchatel  July  13th;  meeting  at  Wangen,  they  descended  the  Aar 
to  Lauffenburg  on  the  Rhine,  and  thence  floated  down-streara  to 
Basel,  which  they  reached  on  the  i6th.  Here  the  exiles  were  rear- 
ranged on  (64)  three  ships,  in  which  they  made  the  rest  of  the  jour- 
ney to  Holland,  when  many  afterward  came  to  Pennsylvania.  The 
flotilla  was  under  the  command  of  George  Ritter  and  his  two  sub- 
ordinates, Gruner  and  Haller.  In  addition  each  boat  had  a  skilled 
helmsman,  the  necessary  crew  being  formed  from  among  the  Breth- 
ren— of  whom  twenty  declared  themselves  capable  of  steering — and 
two  general  overseers.^ 

Another  interesting  picture  of  the  Rhine  journey  is  given  in  the 
description  of  the  party  of  (65)  four  hundred  Swiss  Reformed  led 
by  Goetschi  to  Pennsylvania.  They  left  Zurich  October  4,  1734.  At 
Basel  they  had  to  wait  a  week  to  get  passes  through  to  Rotterdam. 
At  that  time  France  was  at  war  with  Austria,  and  the  armies  of  both 
countries  were   on   either   side   of  the  river.     This,   of   course,   was 

2  It  is  said  of  the  Stauffer  family  that  the  sons  dragged  their  mother 
in  a  wagon  to  the  river  and  later  from  Philadelphia  to  their  new  home 
in  Lancaster  (see  Brubacher  Genealogy,  p.  157).  This  story  or  legend 
seems  like  a  far-off  echo  of  that  told  by  Herodotus  of  Cleobis  and  Bito. 

3  I  cannot  forbear  quoting  here  the  graphic  description  given  by  Mueller 
(p.  304)  of  the  departure  of  this  fleet,  inasmuch  as  among  the  passengers 
were  the  ancestors  of  many  prominent  Pennsylvania  families.  "It  has 
been  frequently  described,"  says  Mueller,  "how  the  exiled  Salzburger  Prot- 
estants, laden  with  their  scanty  possessions,  crossed  the  mountains  of 
their  native  land,  and,  with  tears  in  their  eyes,  looked  back  to  the  valleys 
of  their  home;  it  has  been  described  how  the  bands  of  French  emigrants 
wandered  over  the  frontiers  of  their  native  land  singing  psalms.  Our 
friends  from  the  Emmenthal  and  the  Oberland  found  no  sympathy  among 
their  fellow  Swiss,  as  the  towers  of  the  Cathedral  of  Basel  and  the  wooded 
heights  of  the  Jura  faded  in  the  distance.  Sitting  on  boxes  and  bundles, 
which  were  piled  high  in  the  middle  of  the  boat,  could  be  seen  gray- 
haired  men  and  women,  old  and  feeble;  yonder  stood  the  young  gazing 
in  wonder  at  the  shores  as  they  slipped  by.  At  times  they  were  hopeful, 
at  others  sad,  and  their  glances  would  alternate,  now  to  the  north,  now 
to  the  south  toward  their  abandoned  home,  which  had  driven  them  out 
so  unfeelingly,  and  yet  whose  green  hills  and  snow-capped  mountains 
they  cannot  forget.  Despite  the  comforts  of  religion,  their  sadness  could 
not  be  overcome,  and  from  time  to  time  some  one  would  begin  to  sing: 

"  'Ein    Herzens    Weh    mir    uberkam 
Im  Scheiden  ueber  d'  Massen 
Als  ich  von  euch  mein  Abschied  nam 
Und  dessmals  muest  verlassen. 

Mein  Herz  war  bang 

Beharrlich  lang: 
Es  bleibt  noch  unvergessen 

Ob  scheid  ich  gleich, 

Bleibt's  Herz  bei  euch, 
Wie  solt  ich  euch  vergessen?'  " 


•    OVER   LAND  AND  SEA  (68)    315 

fraught  with  more  or  less  danger  to  the  travelers,  who  literally  had 
to  ^ail  between  two  fires.  They  were  constantly  hailed  and  ordered 
to  stop,  were  boarded,  searched,  forced  to  open  their  chests,  and  were 
allowed  to  proceed  only  after  being  fined,  or  rather  robbed.  Air  this 
in  addition  to  the  numerous  stoppages  caused  by  the  various  tariff- 
stations  along,  the  Rhine,  of  which  Mittelberger  counts  thirty-six  from 
Heilbronn  to  Holland.'* 

As  may  be  seen  from  the  above,  such  travel  was  extremely  slow. 
The  expedition  from  Berne,  (66)  described  above,  left  that  city  July 
131th  and  reached  Utrecht  August  2d.  A  similar  expedition  the  year 
previous  left  Berne  March  i8th,  and  reached  Nimwegen  April  9th, 
while  the  Goetschi  party  spent  a  number  of  weeks  in  reaching  Hol- 
land. 

Another  interesting  account  of  such  river- journeys  is  that  of  the 
Schwenkf elders  in  1733  from  Herrnhut,  Saxony,  down  the  Elbe  to 
Hamburg.  From  Berthelsdorf  to  Pirna,  six  German  miles,  it  took 
them  two  days  by  wagon.  Here  they  embarked  on  two  boats  and  be- 
gan the  descent  of  the  Elbe,  making  very  slow  progress :  the  first  day, 
from  Pirna  to  Dresden,  two  miles  f  the  next  four,  the  next  five,  then 
three,  and  so  on,  never  making  more  than  six  or  seven  miles  a  day. 
Leaving  Pirna  April  226.,  they  reached  Hamburg  May  8th.  Here 
they  took  passage  for  Amsterdam,  thence  to  Rotterdam,  where  they 
finally  embarked  for  the  New  World,  making:,  of  course,  the  usual 
stop  at  England  to  take  on  new  provisions. 

An  ocean  journey  in  the  eighteenth  century  meant  far  more  than 
it  does  now.  If  many  people  today  look  on  the  trip  with  repugnance, 
in  spite  of  all  the  conveniences  of  modern  steamers.  (67)  what  must 
have  been  the  feelings  of  our  forefathers?  The  whole  journey  was 
one  continual  series  of  discomforts,  suffering,  disease,  and  death. 
It  is  no  wonder  that  many  in  despair  cursed  their  folly  in  undertak- 
ing such  a  journey.*^ 

Most  of  the  vessels  that  came  to  Pennsylvania  started  from  Rotter- 
dam, where  the  emigrants  were  embarked  together  with  their  goods 
and  provisions.  What  these  latter  were  we  get  a  glimpse  of  in  the 
various  publications  made  at  that  time  for  the  information  of  intend- 
ing passengers.  Thus  in  the  document  published  by  George  I.,  the 
emigrant  is  told  to  present  himself  to  one  or  more  of  the  well-known 
merchants  of  Frankfort,  and  to  pay  £3  each  (children  under  ten.  half 
rates)  ;  i.  e.,  £2  for  transportation,^  and  £1  for  70  pounds  of  peas,  a 
measure  of  oatmeal,   (68)   and  the  necessary  beer;  they  would  then 

4  Journey  to  Pennsylvania,  p.  18. 

s  Of  course  these  are  German  miles;  the  distance  from  Pirna  to  Dres- 
den by  railroad  is  101/2    English  miles. 

c  "For  I  can  say  with  full  truth  that  on  six  or  seven  ocean  vessels  I 
have  heard  of  few  people  who  did  not  repent  their  journey."  (Letter  of 
John  Naas,  Oct.  17,  1733,  in  Brumbaugh's  History  of  the  Brethren,  p. 
120.)  Mittelberger  paints  the  picture  in  still  darker  colors,  but  he  is 
always  inclined  to  exaggeration.     See  p.   21. 

7  The  fare  over  changed  naturally  from  time  to  time;  we  may  take 
as  the  two  extremes  the  price  given  in  the  "Recueil  de  Diverses  pieces," 
that  is,  £5  per  head  for  man  and  wife  with  provisions;  for  a  child  under 
ten  the  fare  was  50  shillings;  in  1773  it  was  £8  8s.  per  head.  (See  the 
agreement  made  with  Captain  Osborne,  of  the  Pennsylvania  Packet, 
given  in  Penn.  Mag.,  vol.  XIIL  p.  485.) 


3i6    (68)  THE  PENN  GERMANIA 

■be  sent  in  ships  to  Rotterdam,  and  thence  carried  to  Mrginia.  First,. 
however,  in  Holland  one-half  of  the  fare  must  be  paid,  and  additiohai 
provisions  secured:  24  pounds  of, dried  beef,  15  pounds  of  cheese,  8V4 
pounds  of  butter.  They  were  advised  to  provide  themselves  still  more 
liberally  with  edibles,  with  garden-seeds,  agricultural  implements, 
linen,  bedding,  table-goods,  powder  and  lead,  furniture,  earthen  war:. 
stoves,  and  especiallv  monev  to  buv  ''seeds,  salt,  horses,  swine,  and 
fowls." 

We  may  take  this  as  a  type  of  what  was  a  full  outfit  for  the  intend- 
ing settler  at  that  time.  In  actual  fact,  however,  the  majority  were 
far  ifrom  being  so  well  provided ;  often  they  had  to  depend  on  the 
charity  of  others.*.  Indeed,  so  great  was  the  destitution  of  those  who- 
passed  through  Holland  that  the  IMennonites  of  that  country  (dp) 
formed  a  committee  on  "Foreign  Needs,"  the  purpose  of  which  was  to 
collect  money  for  the  assistance  of  their  destitute  brethren  and  others 
who  were  constantly  arriving  in  Holland  on  their  way  to  America. 

Even  in  the  best  of  cases,  however,  the  food  was  likely  to  give  out 
or  spoil."  especially  if  the  journey  was  unusually  long.  This  in  the 
days  of  sailing  frequently  happened.  Sometimes  the  trip  was  made 
in  a  few  weeks,  while  at  other  times  as  many  months  would  pass. 
Thus  when  Muhlenberg  came  over  they  were  102  days  on  board.  In 
a  letter  written  by  Caspar  Wistar  December  4.  1732.  he  says:  "In  the 
past  year  one  ship  among  the  others  sailed  about  the  sea  24  weeks, 
and  of  the  150  persons  who  were  thereon,  more  than  I03  miserably 
languished  and  died  of  hunger :  on  account  of  lack  of  food  they 
caught  rats  and  mice  on  the  ship,  and  a  mouse  was  sold  for  3a 
kreuzer."^'-  He  mentions  another  ship  which  was  17  weeks  on  the 
voyage,  during  which  about  60  (/O)  persons  died.  Many  more  simi- 
lar details  might  be  given.  The  discomforts  of  the  journey  were 
many ;  the  boats  were  almost  always  over-crowded.  The  Schwenk- 
felders  relate  that  their  ship  of  only  150  tons  burden  had  over  300 
persons  on  board.  Later,  in  the  days  of  speculation,  overcrowding- 
was  the  rule. 

Often  the  ship  had  to  wait  days  or  even  weeks  for  favorable  winds 
or  the  necessary  escort.  Pastor  Kunze,  in  his  "Reise  von  England' 
nach  Amerika,"  tells  how  he  came  on  board  his  vessel  July  20,  1770, 
but  it  was  the  6th  of  August  before  they  passed  Land's  End ;  and  we 
learn  from  Pastor  Handschuh  that,  although  he  embarked  on  his  ship 

8  Thus  the  Schwenckfelders  tell  us  how  a  wealthy  Dutch  family  gen- 
erously gave  them  for  ships'  stores  16  loaves,  2  casks  of  Hollands,  2  pots 
of  butter,  4  casks  of  beer,  2  roasts,  a  quantity  of  wheaten  bread  and 
biscuit,  2  cases  French  brandy.  It  is  pleasing  to  add  that  the  Schwenck- 
felders were  not  ungrateful,  and  that  this  "bread  cast  upon  the  water" 
returned  after  many  days;  for  in  1790,  hearing  that  business  reverses 
had  come  upon  the  descendants  of  those  who  had  helped  their  fathers, 
they  sent  over  a  large  sum  of  money.  (See  Heebner,  Geneal.  Rec. 
of  Schwenckfelders.) 

9  "Unser  Tractament  an  Speis  und  Tranck  war  fast  schlecht,  denn  10 
Personen  bekamen  wochendlich  3  pfund  Butter,  teglich  4  Kannten  Biers 
and  1  Kanten  Wassers.  Alle  Mittage  2  Schuesseln  voll  Erbsen  und  in 
der  Wochen  4  Mittage  Fleisch,  und  3  Mittage  gesalzene  Fische  .  .  . 
und  jedesmal  von  dem  Mittagessen  so  viel  aufsparen  muss  dass  man  za 
Nacht  zu  essen  habe."      (Pastorius,  Beschreibung,  p.   ;J6.) 

10  Dotterer,  Perkiomen  Region,  vol.  II.  p.  120. 


OVER   LAND   AND  SEA  (72)      3^7 

September  25,  1747,  they  did  not  finally  sail  till  January  14.  ^74^;  '"^c 
arrived  in  Philadelphia  April  5."  Surely  under  such  circumstances 
it  was  necessary  to  possess  their  souls  in  patience. 

The  actual  sea  voyaj^^e  was  invariably  frauo^ht  with  fear  if  not 
^vith  danijer.  although  the  latter  was  by  no  means  seldom.  Sickness 
did  not  fail  to  declare  itself ;  the  mortality  was  often  excessively  hig-h. 
On  the  vessel  in  which  Penn  came  over  thirty-six  people  died  of  the 
small-jx:)x  ;  this  wlas  only  an  earnest  of  the  terrible  harvest  of  death  in 
the  following^  years.  Of  the  three  (71)  thousand  who  came  to  New 
York  in  1709  nearly  one-sixth  had  died  on  the  voyage,  and  Sauer 
says  that  in  one  year  more  than  two  thousand  had  succumbed  to  hard- 
ship and  disease.  Indeed,  later  in  the  century  when  speculation  had 
taken  possession  of  ocean  transportation,  sickness  was  so  unfailing  a 
•concomitant  of  the  journey  that  ship-fever  was  generally  known  in 
Philadelphia  as  "Palatine  fever."  Children  especially  suffered,  those 
from  one  to  seven  years  rarely  surviving  the  voyage.^-  There  is  a 
world  of  pathos  in  such  simple  statements  as  those  which  we  find  in 
the  diary  of  Naas :  "July  25th  a  little  child  died ;  the  next  day,  about 
'8  o'clock,  it  was  buried  in  the  sea ;  August  7th  a  little  child  died,  and 
in  the  same  hour  a  little  boy  was  torn  ;  August  23d  again  a  child  died, 
and  was  buried  at  sea  that  evening:  on  the  nth  again  a  little  child 
died,  unthoiit  anybody  having  noticed  it  until  it  zms  nearly  stiff ;  the 
13th  a  young  woman  died  in  childbirth,  and  was  buried  at  sea,  with 
three  children,  tw-o  of  them  before  and  now  the  third,  the  one  just 
Tx)rn.  so  that  the  husband  has  no  one  left  now."^" 

The  danger  of  shipwreck  was  always  at  hand.  (/_')  and  the  legend 
of  Palatine  Light  still  preserves  the  memory  of  a  vessel  of  German 
immigrants  wrecked  off  Block  Island,  with  the  loss  of  almost  every 
one  on  board.'*  During  nearly  the  whole  of  the  eighteenth  century 
England  was  at  war  with  some  one  or  other  of  her  neighbors ;  this 
added,  of  course,  to  the  dangers  as  well  as  the  vexations  oi  "them  that 
went  down  to  the  sea  in  ships."  In  1702  she  joined  the  Cirand  Alli- 
-ance  against  France;  in  1740  she  was  at  war  with  Spain;  from  1743- 
1748  and  from  17 56- 1763  with  France  again  ;  while  ever  in  the  polit- 
ical horizon  hovered  the  fear  of  the  Turk,'"'  During  the  early  part 
of  the  cenUiry  the  American  coast  swarmed  with  pirates  and  added  a 
new  terror  to  ocean  travel.'*'    x^s  soon  as  a  strange  vessel  was  discov- 


iiHall.  Nachrichten,  I.  p.  155. 

--  Mittelberger,  p.  23.  He  says  he  himself  saw  no  less  than  thirty-two 
children  thus  die  and  thrown  into  the  sea. 

i"'  Brumbaugh,  pp.   112  ff. 

n  See,  for  other  e.xamples  of  shipwreck,  Mittelberger,  pp.  34-3  6.  Whit- 
tier  has  a  poem  on  the  Palatine  Light. 

I''  It  was  not  mere  rhetoric  when  the  Mennonites  of  Germantown,  in 
their  protest  to  the  Quakers  against  slavery,  wrote:  "How  fearfull  and 
fainthearted  are  many  on  sea  when  they  see  a  strange  vessel,  being  afraid 
it  should  be  a  Turck,  and  they  should  be  tacken  and  sold  for  slaves  in 
Turckey."  Watson  says  that  Pastorius  was  chased  by  Turks  in  1683. 
(Annals,  p.  61.) 

I'i  Fiske  says  that  never  in  the  world's  history  was  piracy  so  thriving 
as  in  the  seventeenth  and  the  first  part  of  the  eighteenth  century;  he 
places  its  golden  age  from  1650-1720.  (Old  Virginia  and  her  Neigh- 
Ijors,   vol.    II.    p.    338.) 


3lS    (72)  THE  PENN  GERMAXIA 

ered,  all  was  excitement  and  (/j)  fear  on  board,  until  it  could  be 
ascertained  whether  it  was  friend  or  foe.  We  have  a  vivid  glimpse  of 
this  excitement  at  such  a  moment  in,  Muhlenberg's  Journal:  Shortly 
after  leaving  Dover,  "a  two-masted  vessel  sailed  directly  toward  them. 
The  captain,  stating  that  occasionally  Spanish  privateers  had  taken 
ships  by  pretending  to  be  French  fishing-vessels,  mad^  a  display  of 
both  courage  and  strength,  by  commanding  the  drummer  to  belabor 
his  drum,  the  guns  to  be  loaded,  and  everything  to  be  made  ready  for 
defensive  action ;  then  asked  the  foe,  through  the  speaking-trumpet, ' 
what  they  wanted,  and  received  the  comforting  answer  that  they  were 
Frenchmen  engaged  in  fishing."  In  the  account  given  by  a  member 
of  Kelpius's  party  in  1694,  shots  w^ere  actually  fired  by  the  enemy,  one 
of  which  broke  a  bottle  which  the  ship's  boy  was  carrying  in  his 
hand ;  fortunately,  however,  no  further  damage  was  done.  Similar 
scenes  are  frequently  related  in  contemporary  documents. ^'^ 

In  general,  however,  the  days  passed  much  as  they  do  now,  in  al- 
ternation of  storm  and  calm,  sunshine  and  rain.  The  ordinary  events 
of  human  (/</)  life  went  on  in  this  little  floating  world,  tossed  about 
by  the  waves  of  the  sea ;  the  two  poles  of  human  existence,  birth  and 
death,  were  in  close  proximity;^®  and  even  amid  the  hardships  and 
sadness  there  was  still  room  for  courtship  and  marriage. ^^  Various 
means  were  employed  to  pass  away  the  time,  among  those  mentioned 
by  Muhlenberg  and  others  being  boxing  (by  the  sailors),  singing- 
worldly  songs,  disputations,  mock-trials,  etc.  These  were,  however, 
the  amusements  chiefly  of  the  English.  In  general  the  Germans  had 
other  means  of  passing  the  time.  In  practically  every  account  we 
have  they  are  shown  to  be  deeply  religious,  holding  divine  service 
daily,  and  particularly  fond  of  singing  the  grand  old  hymns  of  the 
Church. -°  This  piety  did  not  desert  them  in  times  of  danger,  as  many 
incidents  which  might  be  quoted  show.  Muhlenberg  (75)  tells  us 
that  during  the  above-described  excitement  at  the  sight  of  what  was 
feared  might  prove  to  be  a  Spanish  war-vessel,  he  made  inquiry  after 
a  certain  Salzburger  family  on  board,  and  was  pleased  to  find  the 
mother  with  her  children  ensfao-ed  in  singing  Luther's  battle-hymn, 
"Ein  feste  Burg  ist  unser  Gott.""^  Wesley  describes  a  similar  inci- 
dent which  occurred  during  his  vovage  to  Georgia  in  1736.  A  ter- 
rible storm  had  arisen ;  "In  the  mid-^t  of  the  Dsalm  wherewith  their 
service  began,  the  sea  broke  over,  srlit  the  mamsail  in  pieces,  covered 
the  ship,  and  poured  in  between  the  decks,  as  if  the  great  deep  had  al- 
ready swallowed  us  up.     A  terrible  screaming  began  among  the  Eng- 

17  Cf.  Handschuh's  Diarium,  in  Hall.  Nach.,  I  p.  163;  also  Narrative  of 
Journey  of  Schwenckfelders,  in  Penn.  Mag.,  vol.  X.  pp.  167  ff. 

18  On  almost  every  voyage  children  were  born  at  sea. 

19  In  the  journey  of  Goetschi's  party  down  the  Rhine,  he  had  appointed 
four  marriage  officials  for.  his  party.  At  Neuwied  four  couples  went 
ashore  to  be  married,  among  them  Wirtz,  who  married  Goetschi's  daugh- 
ter Anna.      (Good,  p.  176.) 

20  "These  poor  people  often  long  for  consolation,  and  I  often  enter- 
tained and  comforted  them  with  singing,  praying,  and  exhorting;  and 
whenever  it  was  possible,  and  the  winds  and  waves  permitted  it,  I  kept 
daily  prayer-meetings  with  them  on  deck."  (Mittelberger,  p.  21.  Of. 
also  Handschuh,  in  Hallesche  Nachrichten,  vol.  I.  pp.  156  ff. ) 

21  Mann,  Life  and  Times  of  H.   M.   Muhlenberg,   p.   45. 


OVER   LAND   AND  SEA  (78)    319 

lish.  The  Germans  calmly  sang  on.  I  asked  one  of  them  afterward, 
'Was  [sic]  you  not  afraid?'  He  answered,  'I  thank  God,  no.'  I 
asked,  'But  were  riot  your  women  and  children  afraid  ?'  He  replied 
mildly,  'No;  our  women  and  children  are  not  afraid  to  die.' "-^ 

The  earliest  groups  of  Germans  came  over  under  the  auspices  of 
special  companies  or  organizations,  mostly  religious,  such  as  the 
Frankfort  Company,  the  party  of  mystics  under  Kclpius,  (/d)  the 
Schwenkfelders  in  1733,  and  the  Moravians  in  1742;  often  a  clergy- 
man would  personally  conduct  his  flock  across  the  ocean,  as  in  the 
case  of  Goetschi.  The  Mennonites  who  came  to  Lancaster  County  in 
1710  and  the  following  years  were  helped  by  their  brethren  in  Hol- 
land, where  the  Mennonites  were  not  only  tolerated,  but  had  become 
wealthy  and  prominent.  Not  forgetful  in  ^  their  prosperity  of  the 
trials  of  their  less  fortunate  brothers,  they  had  formed  a  society  for 
the  aid  of  the  Palatines  and  Swiss  who  were  forced  to  leave  their 
native  lands;  with  the  money  thus  collected  they  furnished  the  emi- 
grants not  only  with  passage-money  to  America,  but  with  provisions, 
tools,  seeds,  etc.^^ 

iDuring  the  greater  part  of  the  eighteenth  century,  however,  espe- 
cially the  latter  half,  the  German  and  Swiss  emigrants  were  the  vic- 
tims of  fraud  and  oppression.  The  English  ship-owners,  seeing  the 
profit  of  transporting  the  emigrants  to  be  greater  than  carrying 
freight,  employed  every  means  to  induce  emigration,  chief  among 
these  means  being  German  adventurers  who  had  themselves  lived  in 
Pennsylvania.  They  would  (y/')  travel  luxuriously  throughout  Ger- 
many, inducing  their  countrymen,  by  the  most  exaggerated  statements 
concerning  the  riches  to  be  found  in  the  New  World,  to  try  their 
fortunes  beyond  the  sea.  These  agents,  known  as  "Newlanders," 
.  were  generally  men  of  the  most  unscrupulous  character. 

The  best  contemporaneous  accounts  of  these  abuses  are  given  by 
Muhlenberg,  Sauer,  and  Mittelberger.^*  According  to  the  former  the 
Newlanders  received  free  passage  and  a  certain  fee  for  every  family 
or  single  person  w'hom  they  could  persuade  to  go  to  Holland,  there 
to  make  arrangements  with  the  ship-owners  for  their  transportation. 
Muhlenberg  tells  how  they  paraded  in  fine  clothing,  pulling  out  os- 
tentatiously their  watches,  and  in  general  acting  as  rich  people  do. 
They  spoke  of  America  as  if  it  were  the  Elysian  Fields,  in  which  the 
crops  grew  without  labor,  as  if  the  mountains  were  of  gold  and  silver, 
and  as  if  the  rivers  ran  with  milk  and  honey.  The  victims  of  these 
blandishments,  (y8)  on  arriving  in  Holland,  having  often  to  wait  a 
long  time  before  leaving,  were  frequently  obliged  to  borrow  money 
from  the  contractors  themselves,  in  order  to  buy  provisions  and  pay 
their  passage.     Before  leaving  they     had  to     sign  an  agreement  in 

22  John  Wesley,  Journal,  vol.  I.  .p  17. 

23  See  the  interesting  account  of  their  services  by  De  Hoop  Scheffer, 
translated  by  Judge  Pennypacker  in  Penn.  Mag.,  vol.  II,  pp.  117  ff. 

24  Muhlenberg  is  the  most  temperate,  Sauer  the  most  indignant,  and 
Mittelberger  the  most  lurid.  The  book  of  the  latter  must  be  read  with 
a  great  deal  of  allowance.  He  was  evidently  a  disappointed  man,  and 
being  forced  to  leave  Pennsylvania  and  return  home,  he  gives  a  picture  of 
the  sufferings  and  disillusions  of  his  countrymen  in  that  province  which 
does  not  accord  with  what  we  learn  from  other  sources. 


-320    (78)  THE  PENN  GERMANIA 

English,  which  they  did  not  understand.-^  "If  the  parents  died  dur- 
ing the  passage,  the  captain  and  the  Newlanders  would  act  as  guard- 
ians of  the  children,  take  possession  of  their  property,  and,  on  ar- 
rival in  port,  sell  the  children  for  their  own  and  their  dead  parents' 
freight.  On  arriving  at  Philadelphia,  the  agreement  signed  by  the 
emigrant  in  Holland,  together  with  the  total  amount  of  money  loaned, 
passage  and  freight,  is  produced;  those  who  have  money  enough  to 
pay  tile  exorbitant  demands  are  set  free,  after  being  examined  by  the 
doctor,  and  taking  the  usual  oath  of  allegiance  at  the  court-house. 
All  others  are  sold  to  pay  the  transportation  charges."-*'  So  far  Muh- 
lenberg, who  gives  an  exceedingly  clear  and  interesting  account  of 
this  nefarious  system.  Christopher  Sauer,  at  that  time,  through  his 
newispaper  and  almanac,  perhaps  the  most  influential  Cierman  in 
Pennsylvania,  is  moved  to  indignation  (/p)  at  the  state  of  affairs. 
On  March  15  and  again  May  12,  1755,  he  writes  two  letters  to  Gov- 
ernor Dennv,  remonstrating  at  the   abuses.     He   tells  how  the  emi- 

•  grants  are  packed  like  herrings,  how  in  consequence  of  improi)er  care 
two  thousand  died  in  one  year.  This  murdering  trade  made  my  heart 
ache,  especially  when  I  heard  that  there  was  more  profit  by  their 
death  than  by  carrying  them  alive."  "They  filled  the  vessels  witii 
passengers  and  as  much  of  the  merchants'  goods  as  they  thought  fit, 
and  left  the  passengers'  chests,  etc..  behind;  and  sometimes  they 
loaded  vessels  with  Palatines'  chests.  P)Ut  the  poor  people  depended 
upon  their  chests,  wherein  was  .some  provision  such  as  they  were  used 
to,  as  dried  apples,  pears,  plums,  mustard,  medicines,  vinegar,  brandy, 
butter,  clothing,  shirts  and  other  necessary  linens,  money,  and  what- 
ever they  brought  with  them;  and  when  their  chests  were  left  behind. 
or  shipped  in  some  other  vessel,  thev  had  lack  of  nourishment." 
Not  all  the  victims  of  these  unscrupulous  shippers  were  poor  and  of 

"humble  rank.  Sauer  expresslv  savs  that  many  had  been  wealthy  peo- 
ple in  Germanv,  and  had  lost  hundreds  and  even  thousands  of  pounds' 
worth  by  leaving  their  chests  behind,  or  by  being  robbed,  "and  are 
obliged  to  live  poor  with  grief."  These  statements  (80)  are  borne 
out  by  Mittelbereer.  who  says  that  people  of  rank,  "such  as  nobles, 
learned  or  skilled  oeople."  when  theA-  cannot  nav  their  passaqfe  and 
cannot  give  security  are  treated  like  ordinarv  noor  people,  and 
obliged  to  remain  on  board  till  some  one  buys  them  -' 

2-'  One  of  these  agreements  is  published  in  Penn.  Mag.,  vol.  XIII.  p.  485, 

-<"'  Hallesche  Nachrichten,  vol.  II.   pp.   459   ff.,  note. 

27  Mittelberger,  p.  r!9.  He  gives  an  exfmiple  of  this  in  the  case  of  "a 
noble  lady"  who  in  1753  came  to  Philadelphia  with  two  half-grown 
daughters  and  a  yoving  son.  She  entrusted  all  her  fortune  to  a  New- 
lander,  who  robbed  her;  in  consequence  of  which  both  she  and  her  daugh- 
ters were  compelled  to  serve.  .John  Wesley  in  his  .Journal,  under  date 
March  6,  1736,  tells  the  story  of  John  Reinier  from  Vevay,  Switzerland, 
who  came  to  America  "well  provided  with  money,  books,  and  drugs," 
but,  being  robbed  by  the  captain,  was  forced  to  sell  himself  for  seven, 
years. 

(To  be  continued.) 


TLbc  pcnn  (3crmania 

Vol.  I  MAY,   1912  No.  5 

OLD  SERIES  Continuing  THE  PENNSYLVANIA-GERMAN  VOL.  XIII,  No.  5 


XTable  of  Contents 

SPECIAL  ANNOUNCEMENT 322 

CURRENT  LIFE  AND  THOUGHT 324 

Woman's    Sphere          324  President  James  on  Germany     ....  326 

Socialism  and  the  Church 324  The  Faith  Doctor 327 

Religious  Situation  in  Germany     .     .     .  325  The  Holiday  Season 328 

Mirage  of  the  Map 325  Lessing  at  Miami  University      ....  328 

The  Berks  County  Bay  Crop       ....  329  Kessler  and  Kansas  City 335 

OUR  HISTORIC  HERITAGE 

Forest  Preacher  on  the    Schoharie  (continued)    329 

The  German  as  Politician 333 

The   New-born 336 

Gideon  Moor:  Slave,  Freedman  and  Litigant 364 

Das  Deutsche  Haus 369 

A  Bibliography  of  Church  Music  Books    (continued) 371 

THE  PENN  GERMANIA  GENEALOGICAL  CLUB      375 

MUTTERSPROCH     379 

OURBOOKTABLE 381 

HISTORICAL  NOTES  AND  NEWS    383 

FORUM      384 

THE   GERMAN     AND     SWISS  SETTLEMENTS   OF 

COLONIAL   PENNSYLVANIA 385 

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special  Announcement 

An  Important  Publication  Proposed 

"Announcemeat  is  hereby  made  that,  providing  sufficient  advance  encouragement 
is  received  to  warrant  the  undertaking,  THE  PENN  GERMANIA  will  begin  in 
the  September  issue  the  publication  in  English  of  the  "Leben  und  Wandel"  of 
Ezekiel  Sangmeister,  the  Ephrata  Chronicler,  translated  and  edited  by  J.  Max 
Hark,  D.  D.,  of  Lebanon,  Pa.,  the  translator  of  the  Clironicon  Ephratense. 

Conrad  Beissel  with  his  strange  Seventh  Day  Baptist  Communitv  at  Ephrata, 
Pa.,  was  one  of  the  most  unique  characters  of  American  Colonial  History.  The 
most  vivid  realistic  contemporary  account  of  the  man  is  Br.  Ezekiel  Sangmeis- 
ter's  "Leben  und  Wandel."  Received  into  the  community  at  the  age  of  25  .in  1748 
and  connected  therewith  to  his  death,  himself  of  a  deeply  religious  introspective 
nature,  he  became  a  lynx-eyed,  conscientious,  fearless,  impartial,  non-partisan 
chronicler  of  what  he  saw,  heard  and  thought  there.  He  talks  familiarly  of  the 
daily  labors,  dissensions,  spiritual  struggles,  the  dreams  and  visions  of  the  inmates 
of  the  community,  of  Beissel's  domineering  spirit,  his  double-dealing,  drinking, 
immoralities,  jealousy,  teachings  and  unholy  prayers,  of  the  Indian  massacres,  of 
the  life  in  the  Shenandoah  Valley,  Virginia,  and  makes  the  reader  live  the  times 
over  with  him.  Four  parts  of  the  six  of  his  MS  chronicle  (ending  1769)  discovered 
accidentally  40  years  after  his  death  were  published  by  Joseph  Bauman  of  Ephrata 
in  1825-8,  making  an  octavo  volume  of  more  than  400  pages.  This  account,  sup- 
plementing the  partial  and  one-sided  C/iro?ii!C07i^p7<rafe;ise,  is  indispensable,  there- 
fore, to  a  correct  understanding  of  Beissel  and  his  community,  and  incidentally  be- 
comes a  valuable  contribution  to  the  history  of  Mysticism,  Communism,  the  Christ- 
ian Church,  the  French  and  Indian  War  and  Pennsylvania  homelife  prior  to  the 
Revolution.      Dr.  Hark    has  prepared  a  statement  which  we  submit. 

"The  Life  and  Labors  of  Ezekiel  Sangmeister" 

The  proposed  publication  by  THE  PENN  GERMANIA  of  "The  Life  and  Labors 
of  Ezekiel  Sangmeister,"  translated  into  English,  will  appeal  not  only  to  the  present 
subscribers  of  this  magazine,  nor  only  to  antiquarians  and  historians,  but  to  all 
who  are  in  any  degree  interested  in  the  early  history  of  Pennsylvania,  and  of  all 
those  sturdy  pioneer  settlers  who  impressed  their  character  upon  it  to  so  remarkable 
a  degree  and  made  it  the  Keystone  State  of  the  Nation.  For  Sangmeister's  work 
is  not  merely  a  biography.  It  is  an  honest  and  artless  account  of  a  phase  of  life 
in  early  Pennsylvania.  It  lays  bare,  without  any  reservation,  the  motives  and 
manner  of  life  of  that  large  proportion  of  German  settlers  to  whose  profound  re- 
ligious convictions  and  indomitable  courage,  or  say,  if  you  please,  to  whose  - 
fanaticism  and  stubborn  bigotry,  we  owe  so  much  that  is  valuable  in  our  present 
civilization.  Transmuted  and  refined,  they  are  to-day  the  very  characteristics 
that  make  the  Pennsylvania  German  the  honest,  thrifty,  prudent  and  withal 
conscientious,  reliable,  and  always  loyal  citizen   that  he    is. 

Sangmeister's  account  of  the  spiritual  restlessness  and  the  crude  manners  and 
customs  of  himself  and  his  contemporaries,  of  their  strange  inconsistencies,  deep 
piety  and  dark  sins,  mystici  m  and  sensuality,  coexisting  in  the  same  community, 
is  representative  of  his  times  and  people.  If  those  times  and  those  people, 
nation  bui'ders,  are  ever  to  be  understood,  it  is  through  just  such  accounts  that 
it   becomes  possible. 

When  some  twenty  years  ago  the  translation  of  the  Clironicon  Ephratense  ap- 
peared, it  was  hailed  as  of  immense  importance  in  throwing  light  upon  our 
State's  early  history,  and  the  edition  was  soon  exhausted  and  is  now  out  of  print. 
The  careful  reader  of  it  felt,    however,   that  the  Chronicon   was  a  decidedly  par- 

322 


SPECIAL   ANNOUNCEMENT  323; 

tisan,  altogether  one-sided  story  of  the  Ephrata  community  and  all  it  represented. 
He  could  read  between  the  lines  that  there  must  be  another  side  to  the  story. 
In  so  far  the  work  was  incomplete.  Sangmeister  gives  that  other  side.  And|,it 
may  well  be  said  that  his  story  is  absolutely  necessary  to  a  true  and  correct  his- 
tory of  those  early  days.  It  is  ecjually  important,  and  is  much  more  generally 
interesting,  than  was  the  Chronicon. 

Ezekiel  Sangmeister  was  born  of  pious  Lutheran  parents,  near  Wolfenbuettel,. 
Germany,  on  August  9th,  1723.  His  father,  a  schoolmaster,  died  when  Ezekiel 
was  nine  years  old.  Soon  after  this  the  boy  became  a  carpenter's  apprentice 
with  his  uncle,  and  entered  on  his  "wanderjahre"  when  about  sixteen.  Heearly 
manifested  an  introspective  nature,  possessed  with  a  spiritual  unrest  which  drove 
him  from  place  to  place,  and  finally  sailed  from  England  to  America,  lamJing  in 
Germantown.  After  working  at  his  trade  for  several  years,  he  met  several 
Seventh  Day  Baptists  who  induced  him  to  accompany  them  to  Ephrata,  where 
he  arrived  in  1748,  and  was  promptly  baptized  by  Conrad  Beissel,  the  "House- 
father" of  the  community.  It  was  not  long,  however,  before  he  became  dissatisfied 
with  the  life  there,  and  disgusted  with  what  he  calls  Beissel's  hypocrisy,  selfishness, 
drunkenness  and  immoral  life,  together  with  an  unbearable  arrogance  and  tyranny. 
These  he  describes  with  the  utmost  frankness.  In  1752  he  left  Ephrata  and  went  to 
the  Shenandoah  Valley  in  Virginia,  where  he  remained  twelve  years.  His  life  there, 
adventures  with  the  Indians,  etc.,  form  not  the  least  interesting  part  of  his  "Leben 
und  Wandel."  In  1764  he  returned  to  Ephrata  and  in  secret  continued  writing  his 
account,  begun  in  Virginia,  and  which  he  completed  in  six  parts,  only  four  of  which, 
however,  were  published  so  far  as  known. 

His  manuscript  was  found  forty  years  after  iiis  death,  hidden  in  a  partition  of 
the  wall  of  his  cell  in  the  Single  Brethren's  House  at  Ephrata.  ^K  was  published 
at  Ephrata  from  the  press  of  Joseph  Bauman  in  1825.  It  is  now  one  of  the  rarest, 
as  it  is  one  of  the  most  important,  of  the  Ephrata  imprints,  only  a  very  few  copies 
being  extant.  It  has  never  been  reprinted,  and  the  proposed  English  translation 
will  virtually  for  the  first  time  make  it  accessible  to  the  public.  It  will  be  invalu- 
able as  a  critique  and  corrective  of  the  Chronicon  Ephratense,  and  afford  the  first 
opportunity  for  correctly  estimating  the  real  character  of  Conrad  Beissel  and  of  the 
community  of  strange  religionists  over  which  for  so  many  years  he  ruled  with  auto- 
cratic sway  and  with  a  rod  of  iron.  Much  of  the  history  of  those  times  and  people 
will  certainly  have  to  be  rewritten  in  the  new  light  which  Sangmeister's  revelations 
throw  upon  it.  As  one  of  the  few  original  sources  of  Pennsylvania  history  the  work 
cannot  be  ignored;  and  it  is  earnestly  to  be  hoped  and  desired  that  THE  PENN 
GERMANIA  will  soon  succeed  in  giving  it  to  the  public  in '  unabridged  form. 

The  plan  of  publication  is  to  issue  it  in  monthly  installments  of  at  least  16 
extra  pages  of  THE  PENN  GERMANIA,  made  up  so  that  the  pages  can  be  easily 
detached  and  bound  separately  in  ordinary  octavo  form. 

The  type  page  will  be  approximately  4^  by  6\  inches  single  column,  10  point 
type.  Extra  editions  are  offered  as  follows:  Large  Paper  Edition,  particulars  on 
application.  Patron's  Edition,  numbered  and  limited  to  advance  subscriptions,  il- 
lustrated, printed  on  heavy  book  paper.  Paper  covers,  $4. 00;  cloth  binding,  gilt  top, 
$4.50,,  half  morocco,  gilt  top,  $5.00.  Payable  one  half  on  notice  that  the  work 
will  be  issued,  the  balance  on  its  completion. 

This  publication,  but  an  incidental  feature  and  a  gift  to  the  subscribers  ol" 
the  magazine,  will  be  a  valuable  contribution  to  American  history  and  in  all  prob- 
ability will  remain  the  only  English  edition  of  Sangmeister's  chronicles  or  auto- 
biography. 

The  interest  and  active  support  of  all  to  whom  these  lines  may  come  is 
respectfully  solicited.      Conditional  advance  subscriptions  are  invited. 


URRENT  LIFE  AND  THOUGHT 

Illustrative  of  German-American  Activities 
Contributions  by  Readers  Cordially  Invited 


These  notes,  as  indicated  by  the  name,  reflect  what  the  Na- 
tion's citizens  of  German  ancestry  are  thinking  and  doing.  The 
items  must  of  necessity  be  brief,  representative  and  selective.  Sub- 
scribers who  can  serve  as  regular  or  occasional  contributors  to  the 
department  are  invited  to  write  us,  stating  what  special  field  they 
are  willing  to  cover.  Different  sections  of  our  country,  different 
aspects  of  human  endeavor,  must  be  represented  and  narrow,  sec- 
tional, clannish  viewpoints  avoided. 


Woman's     A  J\Iennonite    writer    in    the 
Sphere         "Gospel       Herald"       defines 
woman's  sphere  in  the  church 
in  these  words : 

Some  one  will  ask,  What  then  has  the 
woman  a  right  to  do?  We  shall  let 
Scripture  answer. 

1.  She  may  speak  to  others  about 
Christ,  as  did  the  woman  of  Samaria. 

2.  She  may  teach  the  younger  wo- 
men (Tit.  2:3). 

3.  She  may  pray,  as  did  the  women 
by    the    riverside   (Acts    16:13;    I    Cor 

11:5)., 

4.  She  may  prophesy  in  the  home,  as 
Philip's  four  daughters  (Acts  21:9: 
I  Cor.  II  :3). 

5.  She  may  labor  in  the  Lord,  as  did 
Phoebe  (Rom.  16:3.  4)  ;  which  may  in- 
clude the  following:  (a)  bring  up  chil- 
dren ;  ( b )  lodge  srangers ;  (c)  wash 
the  saints'  feet;  (d)  relieve  the  afflicted; 
(e)  diligently  follow  every  good  work 
(I  Tim.  5:10). 

6.  She  may  learn  in  silence  (I  Tim 
2:11.     Read  also  I  Tim.  2:15). 

Some  things  she  shall  not  do: 

1.  She  is  forbidden  to  pray  or  proph- 
esy uncovered  (I  Cor.  11:5). 

2.  She   is  forbidden   to  speak   in  the 

324 


churches,  because  it  is  a  shame  for  her 
to  do  so  (ICor.  14:34,  35). 

3.  She  is   not  to  teach   the   man    (I 
Tim.  2:12). 

4.  She  is  not  to  usurp  authorit}'  over 
the  man  (I  Tim.  2:12). 


Socialism  According  to  the  "Lutheran 
and  the  Observer"  a  Berlin  corres- 
Church  pondent  of  a  London  paper 
uses  the  following  words  re- 
specting German  Socialism: 

"The  Lutherans  and  the  Roman  Catii- 
olics  are  agreed  that  German  Socia. 
Democracy  is  a  political  party  directly 
and  indirectly  opposed  to  Christianity 
and  that  its  success  means  that  the 
masses  of  the  people  are  rapidly  sunder- 
ing their  connection  with  the  churches, 
and  with  their  teachings  and  traditions. 
This  fact  cannot  be  blinked.  It  is  the 
universal  testimony  of  every  Christian 
worker  in  contact  with  the  masses  of  the 
German  people  in  all  parts  of  the  Em- 
pire. T  do  not  believe,'  said  one  repre- 
sentative churchman  to  me,  'that  a  sin- 
gle believing  Christian  gave  his  vote  to 
a  Socialist  at     the  election.     The     four 


CURRENT  LIFE  Ai:D  THOUGHT 


325 


and  a  quarter  million  men  who  voted 
Ked  at  the  election  were  out  of  all  sym- 
pathy with  religion,  were  in  the  vast  ma- 
jority of  cases  actually  hostile  to  the 
churches  and  their  teachers.  Not  only 
is  the  tremendous  increase  in  the  Social- 
ist vote  an  indication  of  growing  politi- 
cal dissatisfaction  and  growing  political 
unrest;  it  is  also  an  infallible  indicatioi. 
of  hostility  to  all  that  the  churches  stand 
for.  I  have  no  doubt  that  the  German 
Socialist  has  his  ideals,  but  he  has  en- 
tirely forgotten  that  it  is  the  Christian 
church  which  has  made  these  ideals  pos 
sible.  Roughly  speaking,  we  may  say 
that  the  no  Socialist  deputies^  in  the 
Reichstag  are  a  body  of  atheists  that  tht 
four  and  a  quarter  million  voters  at  their 
backs  are  practically  the  same."  This  is 
a  serious  utterance,  coming  from  a  man 
who  knows  his  compatriots  in  all  parts 
of  the  country,  and  who  is  accustomed  to 
weigh  his  words. 


and  that  the  doctrine  of  "Christenthuni 
ohne  Kirche"  (religion  without  the 
church)  should  be  everywhere  pro- 
claimed." 

But  Dr.  Sandt  sees  the  sign  of  hope  ii» 
the  attitude  of  Godly  men  who  discern 
the  deplorable  situation.  He  says  fur- 
ther: 

"They  were  like  men  who  had  been 
driven  into  the  last  ditch  by  the  Zeit- 
geist, and  who  were  reaching  out  to 
grasp  the  strong  arm  of  God  that  they 
might  gain  courage  and  move  forward 
against  the  foe.  They  were  men  who 
were  deeply  conscious  of  the  woes  of 
Zion,  and  it  is  from  among  these  that 
God  chooses  the  prophets  that  are  needed 
for  the  hour.  There  are  abundant  indi- 
cations that  the  tide  is  turning,  and  that 
the  time  has  come  when  God's  chosen 
ones  w^ill  be  heard.  They  are  being- 
heard  already.  While  the  churches  of 
the  "liberals"  are  empty,  the  churches 
of  the  faithful  preachers  are  being 
filled." — Lutheran  Church  JVork. 


Religious  We  have  followed  witii 
Situation  much  interest  the  reflec- 
In  Germany  tions  hi  the  Lutheran  by 
"Pilgrim"  — Dr.  G.  W. 
Sandt,  the  editor  —  on  European  places 
of  interest.  Especially  do  we  regard  his 
observations  in  a  recent  issue,  on  the  re- 
ligious condition  in  some  of  the  cities  of 
Germany.  He  says  what  is  both  timely 
and  suggestive  in  this : 

"What  is  threatening  the  faith  of  Ger- 
many is  the  theology  of  its  leading  uni- 
versities. The  bane  of  theology  is  the 
professor  who  has  outgrown  the  wisdom 
of  the  Bible  and  who  treats  religion  as 
an  abstraction.  He  is  acquainted  with 
books  and  with  theories  galore,  but  i» 
ignorant  of  the  spiritual  needs  of  the 
people.  And  yet  it  is  he  who  sets  the 
pace  in  religious  thinking.  Young  men 
sit  at  the  feet  of  such  teachers  (who 
make  a  great  boast  of  their  scientific  at- 
tainments )and  when  they  take  their 
place  in  the  pulpit,  they  teach  doctrines 
new  and  strange.  Germany  has  been 
suffering  frightfully  from  such  preach- 
ing, and  it  is  natural  that  the  churches 
should  be  nearly  empty  in  all  but  a  few 


Mirage  "Germany     has    not     l)cen 

Of  the  Map  cramped  or  throttled ;  on 
the  contrary,  as  we  recog- 
nize when  we  get  away  from  the  mirage, 
of  the  map,  her  expansion  has  been  the 
wonder  of  the  w^orld.  She  has  added 
20,000,000  to  her  population — one-half 
the  present  population  of  France — dur- 
ing a  period  in  which  the  French  popu- 
lation has  actually  diminished.  Of  all 
the  nations  in  Europe,  she  has  cut  the 
biggest  swath  in  the  development  of 
world  trade,  industry,  and  influence. 
Despite  the  fact  that  she  has  not  "ex- 
panded" in  the  sense  of  mere  political  do- 
minion, a  proportion  of  her  population, 
equivalent  to  the  wdiite  population  of  the 
whole  colonial  British  Empire,  make 
their  living,  or  the  best  part  of  it,  from 
the  development  and  exploitation  of  ter- 
ritory outside  her  borders.  These  facts 
are  not  new,  they  have  been  made  the 
text  of  thousands  of  political  sermons 
preached  in  England  itself  during  the 
last  few  years. 

Millions  of  Germans    in    Prussia  and 


326 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


Westphalia  derive  profit  or  make  their 
living-  out  of  countries  to  which  their 
political  dominion  in  no  way  extends. 
The  modern  German  exploits  South 
America  by  remaining  at  home.  Where, 
forsaking  this  principle,  he  attempts  to 
work  through  political  power,  he  ap- 
proaches futility.  German  colonies  are 
colonies  "pour  rire."  The  Government 
has  to  bribe  Germans  to  go  to  them 
her  trade  with  them  is  microscopic ;  and 
if  the  twenty  millions  who  have  been 
added  to  Germany's  population  since  the 
war  had  had  to  depend  on  their  country's 
political  conquest  they  would  have  had 
to  starve.  What  feeds  them  are  coun 
tries  which  Gemiany  has  never  "owned" 
and  never  hopes  to  "own" ;  Brazil,  Ar- 
gentine, the  United  States,  India,  Aus- 
tralia. Canada,  Russia,  France,  and 
England.  (Germany,  w^hich  never  spen< 
a  mark  on  its  political  conquest,  today 
draws  more  tribute  from  South  America 
than  does  Spain,  which  has  poured  oul 
mountains  of  treasure  and  oceans  of 
blood  in  its  conquest.)  These  are  Ger- 
many's real  colonies.  Yet  the  immense 
interests  which  they  represent,  of  really 
primordial  concern  to  Germany,  without 
which  so  many  of  her  people  would  be 
actually  without  food,  are  for  the  diplo- 
mats and  the  soldiers  quite  secondary 
ones ;  the  immense  trade  which  they  rep- 
resent owes  nothing  to  the  diplomat,  to 
Agadir  incidents,  to  Dreadnoughts ;  it  is 
the  unaided  work  of  the  merchant  and 
the  manufacturer." — lutcniational  Con- 
ciliation. 


The^erks    There  is  a  great  deal  of  talk 
County  everywhere    of    the    scarcity 

Boy  Crop  <if  farm  help  and  of  the  dififi- 
culties  of  farming  on  that  ac- 
count. Thi.re  is  one  way  out  of  this 
which  seems  to  have  been  little  taken 
into  account,  and  that  is  the  raising  of 
'larger  crops  of  boys  on  the  farm.  Roys 
are  the  verv  best  crop  that  the  farms  can 
produce,  and  with  plenty  of  them,  train 
■ed  to  be  good  farmers,  farming  would 
surely  boom  and  complaint  of  lack  of 
"help  cease. 


That  there  ought  to  be  no  difficulty 
about  this  is  shown  by  an  example  in 
this  county,  near  Alorgantown.  Wc 
quote  from  the  Honeybrook  Graphic: 

"Driving  along  the  pike,  from  Mor- 
gantown  to  Churchtovvn,  just  as  you 
have  left  Alorgantown,  you  notice  four 
fine,  large,  w^ell-kept  farms.  Everything 
neat  and  clean ;  fences  all  in  good  condi- 
tion ;  land  showing  the  best  of  care.  On 
these  farms  live,  respectively,  Stephen 
M.  Stoltzfus,  John  M.  Stoltzfus,  Benival 
Stoltzfus  and  Samuel  M.  Stoltzfus,  all 
of  whom  are  in  the  prime  of  life.  These 
four  farmers  have  27  sons,  and  all  of 
them  will,  no  doubt,  become  as  success- 
ful farmers  as  their  fathers  are  and 
have  been." 

Follow  the  Soltzfus  plan  of  getting 
farm  help.  Raise  boys,  and  plenty  of 
them.  The  soil  of  Berks  is  splendidly 
adapted  to  the  raising  of  boys,  and  girls, 
too.  We  have  raised  some  of  the  best 
in  the  world,  and  there  is  no  reason  what- 
ever why  we  should  not  continue  to  do 
so.  There  is  room  for  thousands  of 
them  to  grow  up  and  flourish  and  in- 
crease the  wealth  and  fame  of  the  coun- 
ty. Don't  let  this  crop  fall  ofif. — Kuts- 
toivn  Patriot. 


Piesident  "The  German  is  getting  more 
James  On  for  his  money  in  Germany 
Germany  than  the  citizens  of  any  other 
modern  covmtry,  and  Ger- 
many now  is  not  only  the  military  cen- 
ter of  Europe,  but  also  the  scientific, 
musical,  and  in  some  respects,  the  com- 
mercial and  educational  center,"  accord- 
ing to  Dr.  Edmund  Janes  James,  presi- 
dent of  the  University  of  Illinois.  He 
went  through  Chicago  on  Tuesday  on 
his  way  to  Urbana  from  a  tour  of  Eu- 
rope. 

He  stopped  at  the  Union  League  Club. 
He  said  his  trip  was  for  the  purpose  of 
inspecting  educational  institutions  of 
Europe  for  ideas  for  use  at  the  Univer- 
sitv  of  Illinois. 

"The  University  of  Berlin,"  he  said, 
"although  one  of  the  youngest  of  world 
universities,  has  become  the  greatest  of 


CURRENT  LIFE  AND  THOUGHT 


327 


all,  thus  givino-  the  He  to  the  statement 
so  often  made  that  a  j^reat  university 
cannot  be  built  in  a  short  time. 

"Nearly  every  county  in  the  state  of 
Illinois  is  represented  anions:  those  stu- 
dents. Why  cannot  we  educate  those 
students  at  home,  instead  of  sendint;- 
them  so  far  afield  ? 

"In  all  these  measures  for  hit^her  edu- 
cation in  the  fine  arts,  philosophy,  tech- 
nology, music,  and  science,  the  emperor 
has  been  a  most  important  factor.  He 
is  not  simply  an  energetic  war  lord  de- 
termined to  keep  Germany  at  the  head 
of  the  procession  in  a  military  way,  but 
also  an  enthusiastic,  liberal,  progressive 
supporter  of  whatever  is  highest  and 
best  in  the  moral,  intellectual,  and  spir- 
itual life  of  his  people.  He  is  an  enlight- 
ened advocate  of  everything  which  will 
aid  the  development  of  commerce  and 
industry. 

"Emperor  William  is  a  revised,  en- 
larged, and  permanent  edition  of  Theo- 
dore Roosevelt  and  shares  with  the  lat- 
ter a  profound  distrust  of  the  legal  fra- 
ternity as  a  class.  They  both  indorse 
heartily  Goethe's  opinion  of  the  lawyers 
and  judges  put  into  the  mouth  of  Mephis- 
topheles  in  his  advice  to  the  student  not 
to  study  law. 

"I  came  over  with  Morgan  Shuster, 
the  exiled  treasurer  general  of  Persia, 
and  was  much  impressed  with  his  views 
on  the  situation  in  Asia.  England  has 
allowed  herself  to  become  the  catspaw  of 
Russia  in  a  buccaneering  enterprise 
against  the  life  of  the  Persian  people,  an 
enterprise  in  which  it  would  appear  Ger- 
many owing  to  her  skillful  managemenr 
has  already  reaped  the  chief  advantage 
without  incurring  any  of  the  odium." — 
Chicai^o  Tribune. 


The  There  is  a  town  in  Illinois,  St. 

Faith  Elmo,  which  owes  its  prosper- 
Dcctor  ity  to  the  fact  that  it  numbers 
among"  its  citizens  a  man  who 
has  the  unpretentious  name  of  "Billv  ' 
Smith.  "Billv"  Smith,  however,  is  th- 
very  life-blood  of  the  town.  Without 
him  it  would  be  apt  to  become  deserted 


village.  "Billy"  is  the  magnet  that 
draws  thousands  of  dollars  to  the  town 
each  day,  and  all  because  there  are 
enough  people  in  this  world  who  are 
sufficiently  credulous  to  believe  that 
"Billy"  Smith  possesses  mystic  powers 
as  a  healer  of  bodily  ills.  "Billy"  is  a 
faith  healer  or  "pow-wovv  doctor,"  as 
we  would  term  him  in  Allentown.  He 
has  a  reputation  that  extends  all  over  the 
middle  West,  and  St.  Elmo  is  the  Mecca 
of  countless  incurables  who  have  an 
abiding  faith  in  the  power  of  "Billy" 
Smith  to  make  them  physically  whole. 
There  are  so  many  applicants  for  his 
healing  touch  that  the  hotels  are  always 
crowded.  There  are  said  to  be  3600  peo- 
ple waiting  their  turn  for  treatment 
That  certainly  beats  the  record  of  the 
Allentown  "pow-wow"  doctors. 

("Billy"  Smith  is  the  son  of  a  faith 
healing  German  horse  doctor  and  the 
son-in-law  of  a  pow-wowing  German 
faith  doctoress.  He  has  given  57,000 
treatments  in  4^  years.  He  is  one  of 
the  biggest  land  owners  in  Fayette 
County,   Illinois. — Editor.) 

About  twenty  years  ago  there  was  in 
a  village  along  the  Delaware  River  in 
Northampton  County,  this  state,  a 
"healer"  of  the  order  of  "Billy"  Smith. 
If  we  mistake  not  he  only  received  pa- 
tients on  certain  days  of  the  month  ac- 
cording to  the  phase  of  the  moon.  Years 
ago  we  visited  the  village  to  write  up 
this  man,  who  was  said  to  be  possessed 
of  remarkable  powers.  We  had  to  go 
there  by  team  and  it  was  probably  nine 
o'clock  when  we  arrived,  and  found  the 
village  fairly  swarming  with  strangers 
who  had  come  great  distances  to  see  this 
man  of  mystery.  When  we  reached  the 
house  we  received  a  card  bearing  a  num- 
ber indicating  our  turn  to  see  the  "doc- 
tor." The  number  was  a  high  one, 
which  meant  that  our  turn  would  not 
come  until  late  in  the  afternoon.  The 
day  was  spent  mingling  with  the  pa- 
tients. The  village  landlord  was  doing- 
a  land-office  business  and  about  half  the 
women  of  the  village  were  called  into 
ref|uisition  to  help  wait  on  the  tables, 
while  an  extra  force  of  bartenders  at- 
tended to  the  serving  of  liquid  refresh- 


32J 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


ments.  The  day  was  one  of  surprises 
for  us.  In  the  first  place,  we  expected  to 
find  the  "doctor's"  domicile  to  be  a  for- 
bidding-looking hut.  We  had  visions  of 
"hexerei."  Instead  we  found  it  to  be  the 
handsomest  and  most  modern  dwelling 
in  the  village,  standing  -high  and  with 
a  splendid  lawn  in  front.  The  character 
of  the  patients  was  equally  surprising, 
for  the  most  part  they  were  highly  intel- 
ligent and  wore  costly  apparel.  The 
stories  they  told  us  of  the  benefits  they 
had  received  from  the  "doctor"  were 
simply  marvelous. 

The  greatest  surprise,  however,  came 
when,  late  in  the  afternoon,  our  number 
was  called  out  and  we  were  admitted  to 
the  presence  of  the  healer.  In  our  mind's 
eye  we  had  pictured  the  "doctor"  to  be 
an  old  and  decrepit  man,  wrinkled  and 
mummified  with  unshaven  face  and  un- 
kempt hair.  We  even  dreaded  the  meet- 
ing and  had  not  fully  resolved  on  what 
the  complaint  from  which  we  sought  re- 
lief should  be.  The  meeting  was  an 
awakening.  For  a  moment  we  stood  as 
though  rooted  to  the  spot.  The  forbid- 
ding-looking creature  that  we  had  pic- 
tured had  vanished  and  in  its  place  stood 
a  man  possibly  slightly  below  the  medi- 
um height,  but  splendid  looking  and  giv- 
ing every  evidence  of  refinement.  And 
then  we  felt  ashamed  for  the  deception 
about  to  be  practiced  even  though  it  wae- 
in  the  line  of  professional  duty.  Wc 
forget  whether  we"  said  that  we  had  a 
corn  on  the  ear  or  an  ache  in  the  toe 
At  any  rate,  the  "doctor"  looked  us  ovei 
and  gave  us  some  .herb  medicine.  He 
w^as  not  strictly  a  "pow-wow"  doctor, 
but  depended  largely  on  herbs,  using  the 
faith  cure  as  a  side  line.  We  had  a 
pleasant  chat  with  the  man  and  found 
him  to  be  a  most  entertaining  talker.  He 
made  no  fixed  charge,  as  that  would  have 
been  a  violation  of  the  law,  but  took 
whatever  the  patients  gave  him,  and,  il 
was  said  that  some  of  his  wealthy  cus- 
tomers paid  him  most  liberally.     At  any 


rate  he  piled  up  a  ionnne.—AUentozvn 
Democrat. 


The  Holiday  Christmas     has     al- 

Season  ways    been    a    popular 

season  in  York.  The 
German  population  has  exercised  an 
enormous  influence  in  this  direction,  and 
has  served  to  popularize  the  season.  New 
England  and  the  Western  Reserve  in 
Ohio  formerly  did  not  recognize  the 
holidays  such  as  Christmas,  Go'od  Friday, 
Easter,  Whitsuntide,  Ascension  and 
other  days.  Some  of  these  days  are 
now  more  and  more  accepted  over  the 
country  not  perhaps  from  the  standpoint 
of  a  holyday,  but  a  holiday. 

We  believe  there  are   12  holidays   re- 
cognized by    the  State  of    Pennsylvania; 
W'ith    the    Sundays    and    half    Saturday 
holidays,   one-fourth   of   the  year  is   re- 
'leased  from  labor. 


Lessing  at   Am    21.    Marz    brachte    Das 
Miami  deutsche  Theater  von  Cincin- 

University  nati  Lessings  Minna  von 
Barnhelm  im  Auditorium  der 
Miami  University  zur  Auffiihrung.  Das 
Stiick  zeigte  seine  altbewahrte  Zugkraft 
und  verlief  zur  grossen  Genug'^tuung 
aller,  besonders  audi  der  anwesenden 
Studenten  der  Miami  University,  des 
Oxford  College  und  des  Western  Col- 
lege for  W^omen.  Da  Unterzeichneter 
das  finanzielle  Risiko  ubernommen  hatte, 
freute  der  gute  Verlauf  des  Unternehm- 
ens  wohl  niemanden  mehr  als  ihn. 
In  Auftrag. 
Charles  H.  Handschin. 
The  monograph  prepared  by  Profes- 
sor Handschin  on  "The  Teaching  of 
Modern  Languages  in  the  United 
States"  wlill  appear  in  June  as  a  bulletin 
of  the  U.  S.  Bureau  of  Education.  All 
German-American  interests  are  duly  set 
forth  in  the  paper. — Editor. 


OUR  HISTORIC  HERITAGE 


Articles  giving  information  about  the  history  of  the  Germans 
in  the  United  States  from  the  arrival  of  the  first  immigrant  to  the 
present,  of  whatever  section  of  our  country,  of  whatever  vocation  of 
life,  of  whatever  class  or  association,  of  whatever  period  in  a  man's 
life,  as  well  as  discussions  of  questions  of  the  day  so  far  as  Ger- 
man ideals  have  bearing  on  these,  are  to  appear  under  this  general 
head. 


The  Forest  Preacher  on  the  Schoharie 

A  Historical  Tale  of  the  Life  and  Customs  of  the  German 

Americans  of  the  Eighteenth    Century 

By   Frederick  Meyer, 

Translated  from  the  German  by  Professor  E.  A.  Jacoby,  Philadelphia,  Fa, 
(Continued  from    April  Issue) 


His  wife  exclaimed,  "Man,  have  you 
money  to  throw  away?"  Then  she 
stormed  about  the  stove,  put  wood  in, 
pushed  pans  and  kettles  about,  and  wore 
a  dreadfully  gloomy  expression  while 
the  men  were  concluding- the  bargain. 

"Stay  with  us  for  dinner.  It  will  soon 
be  ready,  tell  me  how  things  go  in  the 
settlement,  how  business  is  in  the  world." 

And  Jonathan  Schmul  stayed  and  nar- 
rated the  events.  The  peddlar  performed 
the  function  of  a  newspaper  in  this  lo- 
cality. He  knew  almost  every  one  in 
two  states.  He  could  without  thinking 
a  long  time  name  all  one's  relatives,  he 
was  also  on  sundry  occasions  the  bearer 
of  important  messages. 

After  dinner  Air.  Schmul  took  a  beau- 
tiful prayer  book  out  of  his  box  and  gave 
it  to  the  aged  grandmother. 

"It  is  a  Christian  book,  printed  by  my 
friend  Christopher  Sower  in  Philadel- 
phia.   Read  it  carefully  and  at  the  same 


time  think  of  Schmul  who  even  though 
he  is  a  Jew,  yet  makes  an  honest  living." 
Thereupon  he  departed. 


CHAPTER  VIII. 

I  followed  him  and  invited  him  to  mv 
house.  During  the  wihole  afternoon  I 
listened  to  his  conversation.  He  had 
news  of  the  friends  from  Echterdinger. 
Mr.  Weisenberg  was  overcome  with  sea- 
sickness on  the  ship.  Thereupon  the 
"sellers  of  souls"  stole  his  money  and, 
because  there  was  not  enough  money 
left  for  the  journey,  his  daughter  Kath- 
arine upon  arriving  at  New  York  was 
sold  for  a  term  of  seven  years  to  a  rich 
Dutch  family  in  Albany.  There  she  led 
an  easy  life.  Her  beauty  attracted  the 
son  of  the  family  but  the  maiden  knew 
how  to  conduct  herself  in  the  fellow's 
presence.     She  is  not  only  beautiful  but 

329 


330 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


also  sensible  and  will  stru.^.s^le  through 
life  honestly.  No  one  need  be  worried 
on  her  account.  Whether  she  spoke  ot 
me  or  not?  Mr.  Schmul  did  not  know. 
Did  I  know  Sir  Wm.  Johnson?  He 
is  a  young-  Englishman  who  is  an  ex- 
tensive landholder,  here  where  the  Scho- 
harie flows  into  the  Mohawk.  This 
young  man  frequented  the  Dutchman's 
house  a  great  deal.  Did  I  wish  to  cor- 
respond wnth  the  young  lady  he  could  in 
any  case  possibly  deliver  a  letter. 

"Does  Sir  Johnson  know  Katharine?" 
"I    saw  his   eyes   brighten   when   she 
passed  him." 

"Oh,  oh,"   I  exclaimed. 
"Be  not  concerned,  Mr.  Pastor.     He 
will  not  marry  her,  and  under  other  con- 
ditions she  will  not  live  with  him." 
I  could  learn  no  more. 
"Mir.  Pastor,     be     not     offended  at  a 
poor  Jew,  if  he  takes  the  liberty  to  say  a 
word.     Remain  at   Schoharie.     Here   a 
brave  people   live,  even   though  clad   in 
beggar's  dress.     The  itinerant  ministers 
are   a  bad  lot.     You   are  the  man   for 
these  people." 

"But  the  whisky,  Schmul." 
"True,  the  wealthy  Dutch  are  the 
cause  of  this.  They  have  won  the  friend- 
ship of  the  Indians  with  firewater.  I 
saw  with  my  own  eyes  how  they  plied 
the  Indians  with  whisky  until  they  a  sec- 
ond time  transferred  the  title  to  these 
lands  w'hich  the  Germans  had  bought 
and  built  upon.  Hunter  subsequently 
approved  of  this  deception,  and  this  act 
of  injustice  broke  the  aged  Weiser'.^ 
heart.  The  people  need  a  leader.  You 
are  the  man  fitted  for  this.  You  are  wise 
and  faithful,  as  surely  as  I  am  an  hon- 
est Jew." 

"But  the  strong  drink,"  I  again  re- 
peated. 

"It  is  necessary  that  the  Germans  also 
give  the  Indians  whisky,  like  the  Dutch 
do,  or  they  are  lost.  Conrad  Weiser 
"who  is  a  shrewd  man  has  advised  this." 
"Jonathan  Schmul,  where  do  you 
live?" 

"I  never  told  any  one,  but  because  you 
are  a  pastor  and  can  keep  a  secret,  I  will 
tell  you.  Ten  miles  to  the  west  is  a 
creek,  named  Cobles  creek  after  farmer 


Coljle.  There  I  found  a  cave  when  the 
Indians  were  pursuing  me.  I  named  it 
Howes'  Cave.  There  I  live.  Let  this 
be  a  secret.  If  war  should  break  out,  fly 
to  that  place  and  you  are  safe.  I  fear 
the  worst,  because  the  savages  covet  the 
Germans'  herds  of  cattle." 

He  arose  to  take  his  leave.  His  de- 
parture would  cause  me  sadness  as  I 
considered  him  a  faithful  man.  When 
he  was  at  the  door,  he  turned  and  said : 
"Mr.  Pastor,  I  thank  you  for  giving  a 
man  who  is  a  Jew  a  chair  in  your  house, 
and  passing  him  bread  and  salt.  If  at 
any  time  you  need  a  friend  here  in  the 
forest,  then  summon  me  and  I  will  serve 
you.  I  will  give  the  Germans  and  their 
pastor  my  money  and  also  my  life,  as 
surely  as  my  name  is  Schmul." 


CHAPTER  IX. 

I  have  been  here  now  for  two  years, 
and  as  yet  have  accomplished  nothing.  I 
have  traveled  throug'h  the  forests,  and 
explored  the  streams  as  if  great  discov- 
eries were  still  to  be  made.  I  have  vis- 
ited the  people,  encouraged  them  to  tell 
me  their  affairs  that,  perchance,  mv 
troubled  heart  might  find  peace  in  listen- 
ing to  their  troubles. 

They  were  kind  to  me,  these  people  of 
the  backwoods.  Willingly  they  opened 
their  doors  to  the  strange  recluse  and 
many  questions  about  me  and  my  future 
plans  became  embarrassing.  "Why  do 
you  not  preach  for  us,"  is  the  customary- 
greeting  when  they  meet  me.  I  must  be 
grateful  to  the  elder  Weiser  that  he 
recommended  me  so  highly,  or  else  the 
people  would  not  have  had  so  much  pa- 
tience with  me. 

In  this  country  there  are  no  idlers. 
Each  one  must  work,  even  the  rich  are 
not  ashamed  to  work.  For  this  reason 
the  people  eyed  me  in  astonishment. 
How  can  a  young  man,  well  educated, 
spend  his  life  in  idleness?  I  myself  was 
ardently  longing  for  a  change. 

Tod^^y  it  is  decided ;  Up  to  this  time 
I  fostered  the  hope  that  a  return  to  the 
established  church  might  be  possible,  t 
had,  for  this  purpose,  turned  to  several 


THE   FOREST   PREACHER  ON  THE  SCHOHARIE 


331 


influential  men.  and  friends  of  my  youth. 
At  last  the  answer  came.  Wretchedly, 
like  an  ordinary  criminal,  T  was  expelled 
from  the  state  and  church  membership. 
Tt  serves  you  ri^ht,  wrote  one  man.  I 
had  for^^otten  that  the  princes  were  the 
anointed  of  God  on  earth  and  to  def\- 
them  was  not  in  place  for  a  servant  of 
the  gospel.  There  I  had  the  solution.  I 
liad  committed  a  shameful  error  because 
T  had  permitted  a  young  girl  to  be 
ruined !  Oh,  hence  these  lickspittles ! 
God,  why  hast  thou  punished  my  dear 
old  home  with  such  men !  As  I  was 
reading  the  letter  my  mother  sent  me,  a 
fit  of  anger  seized  me.  I  struck  the 
table  with  my  fist  so  that  the  old  partly 
deaf  Urschel  heard  it.  She  glanced  out 
of  the  window.  Because  it  was  a  cloudy 
day  she  thought  it  thundered.  My  God, 
I  did  not  know  whether  I  should  rave 
and  curse  or  weep  and  langh. 

''The  darkest  cloud  has  a  silver  lin- 
ing," is  an  expression  used  in  this  local- 
ity. Even  beyond  the  sea  in  my  old 
home  there  are  some  upright  men.     To 

be  sure    Prof.    G in  Tubingen  was 

not  agreeable  to  me.  He  deserves  to  be 
remembered  to  me,  but  is  afraid  to  write 
to  me  because  a  letter  might  easily  fall 
into  the  hands  of  the  prince's  spies.  But 
the  prelate  and  court  chaplain,  Urlsper- 
ger,  he  is  an  upright  man.  To  him  pos- 
terity oug^ht  to  erect  a  monument.  Di 
rectly  in  front  of  the  court  chapel  i: 
ought  to  stand  as  a  sermon  that  manly 
dignity  and  faithfulness  have  not  yet 
died  out. 

Were  I  the  German  emperor  of  the 
Holy  Roman  Empire,  I  would  elevate  to 
hereditary  dukedoms  all  the  Urlsi)ergers 
in  the  empire  for  the  sake  of  this  one 
Urlsperger.  I  stormed  out  into  the  for- 
est with  my  letter,  and  as  I  read  the 
word  of  honor  of  the  court  chaplain 
there  was  a  rushing  sound  through  the 
trees  like  a  storm.  A  man's  honor 
arouses  a  man's  fortitude. 

I  have  decided.  Our  times  demand 
men  w'ho  can  resign  themselves  and 
make  sacrifices,  men  who  stand  up  for 
truth  and  justice,  who  are  not  afraid 
even  of  those  who  have  power,  to  cor- 
rect and  s'et  one  free.     If  vou  wish  to 


preserve  "-our  life  you  must  lose  it.  H  1 
do  not  wish  to  kill  my  time  then  I  must 
resign  myself,  suffer  and  endure.  And 
when  I  am  no  longer  living,  there  will 
be  men  who  will  thank  God  that  I  wai; 
driven  to  America.  Thus  John  Peter 
Resig.  forest  preacher  at  the  Schoharie! 
Assuming  this  name  T  will  labor,  either 
to  accomplish  something  good  or  perish. 

Now  the  resolution  is  formed.  What 
an  exhilarating  effect  this  had  on  my 
wdiole  being.  I  am  a  new  man,  since  i 
courageously  determined  upon  a  firm 
resolution.  I  will  labor,  organize  con- 
gregations, instruct  children,  punish  op- 
pressors, defend  the  oppressed. 

I  remain  here. 


CHAPTER  X. 

On  Easter  Day  I  preached  for  tho 
first  time.  The  religious  services  were 
to  be  held  in  Mr.  Gerlach's  barn,  because 
it  was  the  largest  in  the  neighborhood. 
The  news  soon  spread,  that  I  would  re- 
main and  would  begin  my  work  in  ear- 
nest on  Easter.  Because  I  was  well 
known  among  the  people,  they  expected 
a  great  interest  in  the  service  on  this 
festal  day.  As  the  holiday  possessed  a 
somewhat  religious  significance  I  held 
for  several  days  the  necessary  prepara- 
tory services.  Aly  writing  table  musi 
serv^e  as  an  altar.  The  beautiful  shawl 
which  the  Jew,  Jonathan  Schmul  sold  to 
Mrs.  Gerlach  was  tastefully  spread  up- 
on it.  I  carved  a  crucifix  myself  out  of 
firwood.  It  is  three  feet  high,  as  I  was 
afraid  that  the  faintest  gust  of  wind 
would  blow  a  smaller  one  over.  Young 
Nicholas  Herkimer  had  received  a  small 
box  of  varnish  at  Christmas,  which  was 
brought.  So  we  polished  the  crucifix, 
painted  it  black,  and  varnished  it.  The 
little  Nicholas  is  a  shrewd  youth.  He 
knows  the  tracks  of  every  wild  animal 
in  the  forest. 

As  I  was  erecting  the  crucifix  on  a 
Saturday,  Mrs.  Gerlach  clapped  her 
hands  and  shouted : 

"What  are  you  doing?  We  are  Re- 
formed." 

At  first  I  jiretcndetl  ignorance.     As  a 


33^ 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


Wiirtemberper  I  am  indeed  a  Lutheran, 
while  the  Palatines  are  Reformed,  but  in 
the  midst  of  the  ^^eneral  corrui)tion  i 
have  weightier  things  to  do  than  to 
quibble. 

The  cross  is  neither  Lutheran  nor 
Reformed.  It  shall  serve  to  foster  the 
Christian  spirit.  Therefore  I  thought 
that,  as  there  is  hay  and  straw  in  the 
barn  it  will  remind  us  of  Bethlehem  and 
Golgotha.  The  Easter  sermon  must 
treat  of  our  resurrected  Lord,  so  that  we 
will  have  also  the  entire  second  article 
of  the  Christian  faith.  Is  this  Reformed 
o'r  Lutheran?  I  say  it  is  the  holy  gos- 
pel." 

"Wife,"  said  Mr.  Gerlach,  "allow  Mr. 
Pastor  to  'have  his  own  way.  We  are 
not  educated." 

In  the  evening  with  the  assistance  of 
teacher  Heim  I  prepared  the  order  ot 
services.  He  walked  with  me  through 
the  settlement  in  the  moonlit  evening. 
Everywhere  the  women  are  in  the  gar- 
dens, hoeing  and  sowing. 

"What  are  you  doing?"  I  called  over 
the  garden  fence. 

"Keep  quiet,"  said  the  schoolmaster. 
"They  are  sowing  flower  seed  on  the 
evening  before  Easter,  for  then  flowers 
of  a  thousand  diflferent  colors  bloom  all 
summer  long  upon  one  and  the  same 
stem.  Not  a  word  must  be  said  while 
doing  this." 

"That  is  news  to  me." 

"It  comes  from  the  Palatinate." 

"In  the  Black  Forest  the  maidens  look 
into  the  water  on  Easter  eve  in  order  to 
see  the  face  of  their  future  husbands." 

"That  is  not  necessary  at  the  Scho- 
harie. Plere  in  the  primeval  forest  young 
women  are  scarce.  They  are  married 
before  they  are  full  fledged." 

The  bright  sunlight  flooded  field  and 
forest  on  Easter  morning.  The  forest 
folk  the  wood  cutters  and  tar  producers 
came  very  early  to  the  services.  Red 
Peter  had  washed  hmself  but  one  still 
saw  and  smelled  the  tar.  The  black  de- 
posit can  not  be  removed  by  washing 
only  once.  Now  be  stands  before  Mr. 
Gerlach's  barn  and  gesticulates  and  de- 
clares with  a  loud  voice,  that  with  his 
own  eyes  he  saw  the  sun,  as  it  rose  above 


the  forest  make  three  leaps  and  bounds. 

"What  then?" 

"That  signifies,"  he  said,  "that  the  sap 
from  which  tar  is  made  will  be  quite 
abundant  this  year." 

"It  means  a  good  wheat  harvest,"  said 
Kreiscorn,  because  he  was  a  farmer. 

"No,  the  French  have  been  driven  into 
Canada.  For  this  reason  the  sun  re- 
joices," said  a  third. 

"Sir  Johnson  has  visited  the  seven 
Dutch  partners,  who  plan  a  new  attack 
upon  our  farms  and  talk  'German'  with 
them  until  their  eyes  overflow." 

Thereupon  all  laughed. 

Each  one  wishes  to  force  the  Easter 
sun  into  his  own  narrow  room.  He  fears 
that  he  might  fall  short  if  it  also  shines 
into  his  neighbor's  heart  and  bouse. 

The  people  are  approaching  from  every 
direction.  The  women  for  the  most  pare 
come  on  horseback,  the  men  on  foot 
There  were  few  wagons,  because  there 
are  as  yet  few  in  the  settlement,  and  the 
roads  at  this  time  of  the  year  are  almost 
impassable. 

And  such  holiday  attire !  About  one- 
half  wore  the  skins  of  deer  and  bears 
which  they  themselves  had  killed ;  others 
more  well-to-do  kept  up  with  the  times 
and  were  familiar  with  the  fashions. 
Ruddy  faces,  strong  bodies,  not  a  sick 
person  was  among  them  today. 

As  the  exercises  were  about  to  begin, 
it  happened  that  the  barn  would  only  ac- 
commodate a  small  part  of  the  assembled 
people.  So  I  proposed  to  conduct  the 
services  upon  the  Schoharie  hill  where 
our  dead  sleep  beneath  the  trees.  I  pro- 
ceeded thither  with  the  schoolmaster, 
Heim.  "What  shall  we  sing?"  Very  few 
have  hymn  books. 

They  know  by  heart  the  hymn  "Of 
the   Strange  War,"  Heim   remarked. 

Then  we  started  to  sing  the  hymn  ac- 
companied by  the  violins  and  flutes  and 
occasionally  the  distiller's  bass  drum. 

It  was  a  wonderful  strife 
In  which  death  and  life  contended! 
The  life  which  won  the  victory 
Was  conqueror  over  death !" 

(To  be  continued) 


The  German  as  Politician 


By  Rev.   Georg  von  Bosse,  Philadelphia,  Pa 


c(l  the  fact 


X  the  article  on  the  "Saenger- 
fest"  at  Newark  in  1906, 
the  New  York  Times  tells 
us  the  following:  "Again 
and  again  we  have  maintain- 
and  reminded  our  citizens 
thereof,  that  we  owe  Germany  absolute- 
ly nothing  in  regard  to  our  politicil 
achievements.  Germany  is  unable  co 
teach  us  anything  in  this  line ;  it  must 
learn  from  us,  on  the  contrary.  But  In 
sociability,  is  the  realm  of  art,  in  most 
every  branch  of  study,  which  tends  to- 
wards giving  life  a  higher  consecration 
and  inspiration,  the  tables  are  turned. 
There  the  first  colonists,  the  pilgrim  fa- 
thers, the  Dutch  furriers  and  trappers, 
the  Quakers  of  Pennsylcania  are  the  pu- 
pils, who  must  learn  and  cannot  teach, 
who  have  nothing  to  give.  We  should 
be  entirely  free  from  envy  and  acknowl- 
edge and  appreciate  gladly,  with  all 
omission  of  'ifs  and  buts.'  our  enormous 
debt  of  gratefulness  to  the  German  ele- 
ment in  the  body  of  American  peoples.'" 
Notwithstanding  the  exaggeration,  there 
is  some  truth  in  those  words. 

However,  we  should  never  forget  that 
from  German  ranks  there  came  a  poli- 
tician whose  worth  outweighed  that  of 
hundreds  of  others  and  to  whom  all 
Americans,  without  fail,  albeit  their  de- 
scent from  different  nationalities  and 
their  variegated  political  views,  look  with 
a  feeling  of  pride.  It  was  Karl  Schurz^. 
When  Schurz  closed  his  eyes  forever 
on  May  14,  1906,  the  President,  at  that 
time  Roosevelt,  telegraphed  to  the  son 
of  the  deceased :  "This  country  has  been 
bereft  of  a  statesman  of  Abraham  Lin- 
coln's time ;  his  gallant  services  in  peace 
and  in  war  at  the  great  turning  point  in 
the  history  of  our  republic  shall  never  be 
forgotten." 

Ex-President    Cleveland    gave    utter- 
ance    to     the      following     appreciative 


words:  "I  consider  the  death  of  Karl 
Schurz  a  national  loss.  He  impersonat- 
ed a  biilliant  model  for  those,  who  es- 
teem and  approve  patriotism  regardless 
of  material  profit ;  he  was  the  constant 
instructor  of  those,  who  place  moral 
courage  above  all  things ;  he  was  an  in- 
dul)itable  guide  and  leader  for  those  who 
tended  toward  the  highest  ideals  in  civic 
life." 

An  excellent  editorial  of  the  N.  Y. 
Evening  Post,  a  paper,  to  which,  truth  to 
say,  Schurz  stood  in  very  friendly  rela- 
tion, voiced  the  popular  sentiment  in  the 
following  words : 

"When  Daniel  Webster  died,  ]\Iiotley 
wrote  his  father:  *One  can  think  of 
America  as  little  without  W'ebster,  as 
without  the  Niagara  Falls  or  the  ]\Iississ- 
ippi  river.'  Mr.  Schurz  cannot  be  looked 
upon  as  a  like  elementary  force,  or  an 
overpowering,  overtowering  national  fig- 
ure. His  death  awakens  a  feeling  of 
some  large  vacancy  in  us  however.  It 
appears,  as  if  the  sunshine  of  America 
were  overshadowed  for  a  time ;  as  if  we 
were  unable  to  see  the  moral  issues  in  a 
clear,  distinct  light ;  as  if  the  rays  of 
truth  and  courage  failed  to  fall  upon  the 
most  dubious  and  obscure  political  prob- 
lems. This  gladsome,  noble-minded 
spirit  has  gone  from  us ;  this  flaming  in- 
dio-nation  and  wrath  against  tyranny  is 
extinguished,  but  the  noble  spirit,  which 
proceeded  from  Schurz,  to  invigorate  all 
affairs  and  spur  on  his  fellowmen,  shall 
remain  with  us  as  a  true  memorial  to 
him  and  a  permanently  effective  power 
and  force." 

Karl  Schurz  was  born  near  Cologne 
on  March  2,  1829:  he  took  an  active  part 
in  the  events  of  1848  and  1849  and  came 
to  America  in  1853  by  wav  of  London. 
He  spent  three  years  in  privacy  and  se- 
clusion in  the  city  of  Philadelphia,  spend- 
ino;  his  time  in  a  studv  of  the  English 


333 


334 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


languag-e.  1855  iie  moved  to  Wisconsin, 
purcliasing  a  farm  near  the  prosperous 
and  thriving-  Watertown.  He  devoted  his 
leisure  hours  to  the  study  of  law  and 
took  a  deg-ree  of  Dr.  Juris  at  the  Univer- 
city  of  Madison.  In  1857  Schurz  entered 
the  election  campaign.  By  virtue  of  sev- 
eral political  speeches  he  became  the  ac- 
knowledged representative  of  the  Ger- 
man-Americans. He  became  a  staunch 
supporter  of  the  newly  founded  Repub- 
lican party,  to  which  fell  the  serious  duty 
of  solving  the  problems  of  union,  state- 
rights  and  slavery  permanently.  Barely 
had  Schurz  been  enrolled  as  citizen,  six 
years  after  his  arrival  in  this  country, 
than  he  was  nominated  to  the  lieutenant- 
governorship  of  Wisconsin.  Although 
defeated  by  a  majority  of  170  votes, 
there  was  victory  for  him  in  the  same. 
His  first  great  discourse :  "The  Irrepres- 
sible Conflict,"  caused  a  deep  admiration 
to  bloom  forth  for  him,  who  had  been  a 
total  stranger  and  who  had  acquired  a 
knowledge  of  English — using  it  in  a 
masterful  manner  to  show  the  coming 
crisis — in  such  short  period  of  time.  The 
lucidity  of  his  arguments,  the  patriotic 
spirit,  which  saw  a  danger,  not  only  for 
American,  but  also  universal  liberty  in 
the  threatening  disruption  of  the  union, 
the  simple,  clear  and  noble  manner  of 
his  speech  gave  this  speech  more  value, 
than  it  should  have  had  as  a  mere  cam- 
paign "document" :  it  became  the  work 
of  purest  and  best  statesmanship. 

The  leaders  of  the  Republican  party 
immediately  recognized  one  of  the  most 
competent  participants  in  the  bitter 
struggle  between  Lincoln  and  Douglas 
in  the  person  of  Carl  Schurz.  If  those 
men,  who  are  by  no  means  to  be  under- 
valued, and  who  attempted  to  avoid  a 
disruption  by  all  manner  of  compromise, 
so  as  to  maintain  a  union,  but  also  slav- 
ery, if  they  entertained  any  doubt  as  to 
the  power  of  this  new  giant,  who  op- 
posed them,  all  of  these  doubts  must 
have  been  expelled  by  two  grand  dis- 
courses, held  by  Schurz  in  i860,  "The 
Doom  of  Slavery,"  and  "The  Argument 
of  St'.phen  Douglas."  The  latter  may 
be  cal'cd  one     of     ilic     masterpieces  of 


American  oratory.  Douglas,  in  whom 
even  Lincoln  recognized  an  opponent  of 
equal  strength,  who  was  the  ideal  of  all 
those  factions,  which  refused  to  perceive 
the  moral  significance  and  importance  of 
the  slavery  question  in  their  blind  fa- 
naticism, wishing  to  heal  by  sing  oint- 
ments, where  the  knife  alone  could  cure, 
Douglas  had  never  been  criticised  so 
severely  and  been  shown  ad  ahsurdnm 
before. 

Did  the  further  routine  of  Schurz's 
the  beginning  or  was  has  appearance 
political  life  fulfill  the  promises  given  at 
similar  to  that  of  others,  who  loom  up 
on  the  political  horizon  as  a  meteor,  to 
disappear  suddenly  in  darkness  and 
gloom?  We  answer  Nay,  for  the  event- 
ful start  points  to  an  exceptionally  bril- 
liant and  glorious  coutinuation,  the  best 
proof  of  the  integrity  of  Schurz's  char- 
acter. Through  all  changes  of  opinion, 
of  time  and  of  peoples  he  has  held  firmly, 
incorruptible  and  invincible  to  the  truth 
and  to  justice.  LTnmoved  by  party  ha- 
tred or  favor  he  persevered  and  preserv- 
ed an  imperturbable  German  spirit  of 
idealism  and  carried  this  characteristic 
into  our  American  practical  politics,  add- 
ing something,  which  had  been  lacking 
almost  altogether. 

Schurz  was  a  sincere,  thoroughly  hon- 
est German,  endowed  with  high  talent, 
of  an  excellent  education,  he  was  a  real 
ly  aristocratic  nature,  notwithstanding 
his  popularity,  he  was  transfused  with  an 
enthusiasm  for  his  ideal  of  justice  and 
liberty,  a  man,  who  spent  all  resources 
he  possessed  to  further  not  only  himself 
in  the  new  world,  but  to  serve  his  new 
fatheiland  with  his  active  and  keen 
brain,  with  his  gifts  and  knowledge  and 
the  inflexible  soundness  of  his  German 
conscience.  This  is  the  Karl  Schurz, 
who  entered  the  arena  of  American  poli- 
tics and  so  he  has  remained  true  to  him- 
self, true  to  his  country,  at  all  times  re- 
serving his  independence  over  against 
all  professional  party-spirit  and  intrigue, 
always  supporting  that  side,  which  was 
complying  with  all  demands  of  justice 
according  to  his  innermost  conviction. 
Schurz  had  depicted  the  peculiarities  of 


THE  GERMAN    AS   POLITICIAN 


;?35 


those  anions;'  whom  lie  hved.  accurately 
and  precisely  and  he  was  no  stranj:;^er  to 
them.  He  aimed  solely  at  devotinj^  his 
life  to  real  American  politics  and   as   a 


politician  in  this  sense  was  Republican, 
not  as  a  party  man,  l)ut  as  a  true  believer 
in  the  form  of  government  advocated  by 
this  party. 


Kessier  and      ^,      Kansas    City     reached 
Kansas    City  In      the     early     90's 

the  stage  in  its  devel- 
opment that  many  families  pass  through 
wdien  they  begin  to  realize  that  they  have 
acquired  some  decent  rugs  and  furniture 
and  it  is  time  to  keep  the  lawn  mowed  and 
to  remodel  the  house.  The  frontier  town 
had  become  a  hustling  business  center. 
But  it  was  still  unkempt  and  ugly.  Its 
realization  of  the  fact  under  the  power- 
ful hammering  of  the  Kansas  City  Star 
led  to  the  establishing  of  a  park  com- 
mission with  legislation  making  it  pos- 
sible to  tax  land  in  a  benefit  district  for 
the  acquisition  of  parks  and  boulevards. 
This  commission,  directed  by  a  president 
of  large  vision,  the  late  A.  R.  Meyer, 
outlined  a  comprehensive  system  of 
parks  with  boulevards  connecting  them. 
To  w^ork  out  the  plan  the  commission 
picked  out  George  E.  Kessier,  a  young 
landscape  architect. 

Kessier  was  an  American  of  German 
birth,  just  turned  thirty.  When  he  was 
a  youngster,  his  family  had  moved  to  the 
United  States  and  settled  in  Texas.  The 
boy  was  always  interested  in  flowers  and 
in  gardening,  and  his  mother,  with 
a  woman's  insight,  decided  that  he 
must  be  trained  for  landscape  work.  So 
in  spite  of  the  fact  that  few  Americans 
Boston,  he  was  sent  back  to  Germanv  to 
study  in  the  grand  ducal  gardens  of  Wei- 
had  ever  heard  of  landscape  architects 
then,  except  perhaps  in  New  York  and 


mar.  From  there  he  went  to  the  royal 
gardens  in  Potsdam  and  the  polytechnic 
in  Charlottenburg,  and  later  when  the 
training  was  finished,  to  Kansas  City. 

'J'he  commission  for  the  park  board 
gave  Kessier  his  first  big  chance.  He 
grasped  the  wonderful  possiliilities  of 
the  situation.  Here  was  an  over-grown 
village  spread  over  hills  and  valleys  and 
bounded  on  two  sides  by  high  bluffs  over- 
looking the  winding  Missouri  and  its  trib- 
utary, the  Kaw.  The  high  points  had 
given  opportunities  for  good  residence 
districts,  and  the  town  was  spotted  with 
them.  Between  them  the  valleys  were 
covered  with  poorer  houses  that  fre- 
quently degenerated  into  shanties. 

Kessler's  plan  was  to  convert  the  two 
bluffs  into  parks  and  to  encircle  the  town 
with  boulevards  winding  through  the 
valleys.  The  consequence  has  been  that 
withm  fifteen  years  Kansas  City  has  ac- 
quired a  wonderful  system  of  parks  with 
fortv  miles  of  connecting  boulevards  and 
park  drives,  at  an  expense  of  ten  millions. 

He  looks  forward  to  the  confident  to- 
morrow when  what  is  crude  and  raw  in 
the  appearance  of  American  cities  shall 
be  banished.  "When  I  came  to  Kansas 
City  less  than  thirty  years  ago,"  he  said, 
"there  were  hardly  a  dozen  landscape 
arcliitects  in  the  country.  Now  it  is  a 
recognized  profession.  Doesn't  that 
show  a  revolution  in  people's  interest  in 
making  cities  attractive."  January  Tlie 
American  Maoa.cine. 


THE  NEWBORN 


Introductory  Note 

The  following-  pages  contain  information  relatinsf  to  an  obsolete  re- 
ligious sect,  known  as  Die  Neugeborne,  or  New  Born,  that  appears  to 
have  been  in  existence  in  Pennsylvania,  especially  in  Oley,  Berks 
County,  from  1718  to  1769.     The  contents  are  divided  as  follows: 

Copy  of  a  certain  tract,  or  pamphlet,  of  34  pages,  written  by  George 
Michael  Weiss,  V.D.M.  (Verbi  Divini  Minister — Minister  of  the  Di- 
vine Word,  or  Word  of  God),  and  printed  at  Philadelphia,  in  1729,  by 
Andrew  Bradfordt. 

Copy  of  a  sketch  of  the  sect  and  its  founder,  from  a  translation  by 
J.  Max  Hark,  D.D.,  published  in  1889,  at  Lancaster,  Pa.,  by  S.  H. 
Zahm  &  Co.,  of 

CHROXICON  EPHRATENSE; 

A  History  of  the  Community  of  the  Seventh-Day  Baptists  at 
Ephrata,  Lancaster  County,  Pa.,  by 
"Lamech  and  Agrippa," 
the    original    German    having   been    ''printed    Anno    MDCCLXXXVP' 
(  1786)   at  Ephrata,  it  being  to  a  great  extent  a  biographical  sketch  of 
John    Conrad    Beissel    (  1690-1768)    the    founder,    about    1728,    of    the 
Seventh-Day  Baptists  at  Ephraita. 

Copy  of  a  sketch  of  the  sect  and  its  founder,  and  matter  pertaining 
thereto,  published  on  pages  168-170  of  Annual  Volume,  1896,  Notes 
and  Queries,  edited  by  William  Henry  Egle,  M.D.,  ALA.,  and  pub- 
lished at  Harrisburg,  Pa.,  by  the  Harrisburg  Publishing  Company.  The 
sketch  is  found  as  HI.  Die  Neugeborne — New  Born — 1718-1769,  un- 
der the  article 

DEFUNCT  GERALAN    SECTS   IN   PENNSYLVANIA, 

which  was  prepared  by  the  historian  L  Daniel  Rupp  as  a  chapter  in 
his  "Fireside  History  of  the  Pennsylvania-Germans,"  but  which  work 
does  not  appear  to  have  been  published. 

With  regard  to  Weiss's  tract  printed  in  1729  by  Bradfordt,  the  mat- 
ter has  been  copied  as  found  therein  with  reference  to  spelling,  punctu- 
ation, and  kind  of  type.  It  is  in  the  German  language  but  is  printed  in 
Fnglish  (or  Latin)  type,  as  found  in  books  of  that  time,  one  of  the 
features  being  the  use  of  the  long  "s,"  no  rule  being  followed  as  to  the 
l)r()per  occasion  for  its  use.  The  word  "dass,"  for  instance,  is  found 
ending  in  double  short  "s,"  in  double  long  "s,"  in  long  and  short  "s," 
also  in  "sz"  and  in  "z." 

The  tract  is  a  small  8vo,  or  perhaps  a  i2mo,  the  first  five  pages  be- 
ing shown  in  Roman — i,  ii,  iii,  iv,  v — page  i  containing  the  title  page, 

336 


THE   NEWBORN  335? 

pages  Hi  and  iv  the  poem  of  ten  stanzas,  and  page  v  the  other  poem, 
page  ii  being  blank.  The  other  pages  are  numbered  in  Arabic  from 
(I)  to  (29),  each  page  being  ended  with  the  word  beginning  the  next 
page  and  each  page  number  being  put  in  parenthesis. 

The  title  page  is  copied  as  nearly  as  could  be  by  typewriter  to  show 
the  form  and  design  thereof,  the  lines  in  the  original,  how^ever,  being 
more  irregular  but  correspond  as  to  the  words  used  in  each  line. 

The  poems  are  printed  in  italics  or  a  form  of  script,  and  wherever 
that  kind  of  type  is  found  in  other  portions  of  the  tract,  it  is  so  shown 
in  the  copy. 

The  following  discrepancies,  irregularities,  errors,  etc.,  that  have 
been  copied  as  found  in  the  tract,  with  respect  to  spelling  and  punctu- 
ation, are  given : 

1.  The  "Umlaut"  is  omitted  in  a  number  of  instances,  especially  in 
such  words  as  "uber"  and  its  compounds,  Gute,  fruh,  Gefuhl,  Lugner, 
Muhe,  spat,  Sunden,  Stuck,  moge,  etc. 

2.  Among  the  incomplete  or  misspelled  words  are  the  following: 
Betrachung  for  Betrachtung;  ruhmwurdih  for  ruhmwuerdig;  Bey, stand 
for  Bey  stand ;  et.wass  for  etwas ;  'betriuget  for  betrueget ;  ]\Ian  for 
Manna :  Gebrechemund  for  Gebrechen  und ;  schritffich  for  schrififtich 
(schriftlioh)  ;  worst  for  Wort;  wirecket  for  wircket  (wirket)  ;  siclh 
for  sich  ;  unstrfflichen  for  unstraefhchen ;  siey  for  seye ;  frachbar  for 
fruchtbar;  "des  Apostole  5  Pauli,"  probably  for  des  Apostcls  Pauli; 
Wilt  for  wilst :  Kirch  I,  probably  for  Kirche ;  the  use  of  "k"  for  "h," 
ausserlicke,  gekeimnuss  ;  the  compounding  of  the  sign  of  the  infinitive 
"zu"  Avith  the  principal  verb,  etc. 

3.  With  regard  to  punctuation,  there  is  found  an  excessive  use  of 
the  comma ;  the  question  mark  is  used  for  the  exclamation  point  in 
several  instances ;  the  semicolon  for  the  comma,  etc. 

4.  No  fixed  rule  is  followed  as  to  capitalization. 

The  tract  from  which  the  copy  on  pages has  been  made  is  in  the 

Congressional  Library  at  Washington,  D.  C.,  and  is  regarded  as  a  rare 
book,  it  having  been  bound  in  board  covers.  It  is  reported  that  the 
copy  in  the  Congressional  Library  is  supposed  to  be  the  only  known 
copy  in  the  United  States. 

M.  A.  Gruber. 
Washington,  D.  C,  September  26,  191 1. 


Copy  of  the  original  text  is  found  on  pages;  338,  340,  342,  344,  346, 
348,  350,  352,  354,  356,  358,  360. 

(The  translation  was  made  under  the  direction  of  Professor  R.  C. 
Schiedt,  of  Franklin  and  Marshall  College,  Lancaster,  Pa.,  by  William 
Edwin  Weisgerber,  Luthersburg,  Pa.,  a  member  of  the  Senior  Class 
at  Franklin  and  Marshall  College.— H.  W.  K.) 


338  THE  PEXN   (;i:rmAx\i.\. 

DER 
IN     DER     AM  ERIC  AN  I- 

SCHENWILDNUSZ 

Unter  Menschen  von  verschiedenen 

Nationen  und  Religionen 

Hill  und  wieder  herum  Wandelte 

Und  verschiedentlich  Anj^efochtene 

•^-       ^"  PREDIGER, 

Abgeniahlet  und  vorgestellet 
In  einem   Gespraech  mit   Einem 
"         '  Politico  und  Ncugchorcnem, 

^ '      '  Verschiedene  Stuck  insonderheit 

\  \  Die  NcHgcbiirt  betrefifende, 

\^erfertiget,  und  zu  Beforderung-  der  Ehr 
J  E  S  U 
F   '  ■  Selbst  aus  eigener  Erfahrung  an  das 

*     ■ '  '  L  i  c  h  t     g  e  1)  r  a  c  h  t 


Von  Georg  Michael  Weiss  V.  D.  M. 


Zu  PHILADELPHIA : 

Gedruckt  bey  A)idvci^<  Brad  ford  t,  1729. 

CHRISTO  Jcsu  iiach  zu  Ichcn, 
uiid  sich  Ihni  gantz  zu  crgehen, 
zme  mit  Seel,  so  mit  dem  Lcibe 
Soil  ein  Christ  sich  cinvcrlcibcn. 

Chnstus  ist  ja  dantin  komuicn, 
Dasz  zuir  moechtcn  iibcrkoimnen 
Hcrrlichkcit  loid  hiinmlisch  Leben, 
Das  Er  thiit  aus  Gnadcn  gebcn. 

Er  zimr  nicdrig  iiud  scufftuiuthig, 
J  a  daueben  gantz  dcuiuthig, 
Allc  koeunen  das  crkenuen, 
So  Ihm  nur  mit  Nahmcn  ucuncn. 

Wcg  mit  alien  hohcn  Augcii, 
Pracht  und  hochmuth.  die  nichf  taugen, 
IVeg  mit  aller  eitlcn  EJirc, 
Statt  derselben  Deniuth  niclirc. 

Deine  Niedrigkcit  bctrachtc. 
Und  dich  nur  vor  Aschcii  achte, 
Einen  IVtirm,  der  z^'ird  zertreften, 
Einen  Koth,  darauf  zAr  tret  ten. 

G'muethes.  Leibes,  Gluckes  Gaben. 
Staerkc,  Krafft,  ja  zvass  zvir  habcn, 
Musscn,  zi'ir  zu  Gottes  Ehrc, 
Brauchcn  ohn  all  cii/eii  EJire. 


THE    NEWBOKX  339 

THE  MINISTER  ; 

l.\  THE  AMERICAN  WILDERNESS,  i' 

Among-  men  of  various  nationalities  and  religions,  • 

Wandering  from  place  to  place,  '. 

And  variously  temj^ted,  . 

I'ortrayed  and  introduced  ' 
By  a  conversation  with  a 

Politiciis  and  a  Nczv  Born.  ■ 

Written  with  s])ecial  reference  to  the  New  Birth  I 

And  hrought  to   light   from  personal   exjjerience  for 
the  advancement  of  the  glory  of 

lESL'S. 


By  George  ^Michael  W^eiss,  \\  D.  M. 


Printed  at  PHILADELPHIA.  1729. 
P>y  Andrew  Bradfordt. 

To  imitate  the  life  of  Christ  Jesus, 
To  dedicate  himself  wholly  unto  him, 
The  Christian  must  consecrate 
Both  his  body  and  his  soul. 

Christ  has  indeed  come. 
That  we  may  attain 
Blessedness  and  heavenly  life 
Which  he  out  of  mercy  gave. 

Pie  was  tender-hearted  and  lowly, 
And  also  showed  great  humility  ; 
All  may  perceive  this  clearly 
That  call  upon  his  name. 

Away  with  eyes  full  of  pride. 

Splendor  and  haughtiness, — worthless  things. 

Scorn  every  vain  honor 

But  rather  magnify  humility. 

Consider  your  own  lowliness 
And  as  ashes  esteem  yourself, 
A  worm  to  be  trodden  upon, 
I''ilth  uj^on  which   we  walk. 

The  gifts  of  soul,  body  and  happiness. 
Streng-th.  ])ower  and  whatever  we  ]>ossess. 
W'e  must  use  f;)r  the  gL'ry  of  (iud. 
And  n:)t  for  our  own  honor. 


340  THE   PENN    GERMANIA. 

Dann  des  AUcrhocchsten  Liehe, 
Gnad.  Barmhcrfaigkcif  mid  Giite, 
1st  es,  so  uns  jcnc  schcncket, 
Wie  auch  damit  ivol  bcdenckct. 

Kranckheit,  Elend,  jamm'r  uud  Noth, 
Ja  endlich  gar  der  schncUe  Tod, 
Koenten  uns  hold  iihcrf alien, 
Wo  es  Gotfes  JVolgefaUen. 

Dartim  lasset  uns  erheben, 
Herts,  Muth,  Sinn,  zvie  auch  danchen 
Mund  ini  Gebeth,  zu  Gottes  Tliron 
Ohn  unterlass  in  hcllcm  Than. 

Dasz  zvir  all  mogen  in  Gednlt 
Erwarten  stetig  Gottes  Huld, 
J  a  Benedeyung  in  der  Zcit, 
Und  dortcn  in  der  Ezvigkeit. 

Wer  Gottes  Vatters  Wort  verlacht, 
Verneint,  verspottet,  und  veracht, 
Derselbe  Kan  vcrsichert  seyn, 
An  jenem  tag  der  ezvig  Pein; 
Allzvo  Gott  sein  Gerechtigkeit, 
Wird  seigen  in  all  Ezvigkeit, 
Diirch  Feuer,  Qual,  Beaengstigung, 
Ja  gaentsliche  Absonderung 
Von  himmlischcn  Jerusalem  ; 
Worin  der  Koeni^  vom  Salem, 
Chris tus  unsser  Haubt  regieret, 
Und  sein's  Vatters  Scepter  fuhrct. 
Wilstu  demnach,  o  Menschen-Kind? 
Er  fahren,  dasz  der  Herr  sey  Und, 
und  nicht  komnien  zu  dcni  Urthcilf 
Das  der  Welt-Kinder  is  ihr  Theil 
Ey!  so  must  du  Gottes  Worten, 
Wol  nachfolgen  allcr  Orten. 
Dieselben  halten  hock  und  ziferth 
Vor  alien  Ding'n  auf  dieser  Erd. 

POLITIC  US. 

Zzveiffels  ohn  zvird  dieses  sogenandte  Neue  Land,  das  ist  Penn- 
sylvania ge^\en  Teutschland  meincm  Hcrrn  sehr  frcmd  vorkommen; 
Indent  darinnen  fremde  Volcker,  fremde  Sitten,  fremde  Lebens-Arten 
und  Landes  Beschaffenheit. 

Minister.  Es  ist  wahr,  mein  Herr,  sondcrlich  da  der  unterschied 
zwischen  Pennsilvania  und  Teutschland  nicht  gering  ist,  es  seye  dasz 
wir  darinnen  mit  den  wilden  Indianern  ansehen  Menschen,  von  ver- 
schiedeiifn  Nationen  und  Religionen,  oder  die  Sitten,  Lebens-Art,  wie 
auch  Landes  Beschaffenheit;  als  welche  von  Teutschland  weit  unter- 
schieden. 


THE   NEWBORN  341 

For  it  is  the  love  divine, 
Mercy,  compassion  and  kindness, 
Which  he  bestows  upon  us, 
And  also  for  us  provides. 

Sickness,  distress,  misery  and  need, 
And  even  sudden  death 
May  come  upon  us  unawares, 
Wheresoever  God  may  choose. 

Then  let  us  raise  up, 
In  exultant  strains  of  prayer 
To  the  blessed  throne  of  God, 
Our  hearts,  courage  and  mind. 

That  we  all  may  in  patience, 
Continually  look  for  the  grace  of  God. 
Help  and  support  in  this  world, 
Bliss  and  happiness  through  all  eternity. 

Whoeover  laughs  at  the  word  of  God, 

Denies,  mocks  and  scorns  it. 

He  can  assure  himself, 

Of  everlasting  torment  on  that  day. 

In  which  God  will  show, 

His  justice  in  all  eternity 

By  fire,  torture  and  damnation ; 

Even  complete  separation 

From  the  Heavenly  Jerusalem, 

When  the  king  of  Salem, 

Christ,  our  sovereign,  rules 

And  sw'ays  his  father's  scepter. 

Will  you,  O  child  of  man, 

Learn  that  the  Lord  is  merciful 

And  avoid  the  great  judgment. 

Which  awaits  the  child  of  the  world. 

Oh !  you  must  give  heed  to 

God's  words  at  all  times. 

Esteem  His  words  lofty  and  worthy, 

Excelling:  all  things  on  earth. 


Politicus.  Without  a  doubt,  this  so-called  New  Land  which  is  knowrr 
as  Pennsylvania  will  seem  to  you,  sir,  very  strange  when  compared  to 
Germany,  since  here  dwell  strange  people  characterized  by  customs  and 
manners  of  living,  and  following  industries  of  the  land  which  are  not 
familiar  to  you. 

Minister.  It  is  true,  sir,  that  the  difference  between  Pennsylvania  and 
Germany  is  very  marked.  We  see  in  this  country,  among  the  Indians, 
people  of  various  nationalities  and  religions,  and  the  customs,  habits  of 
life  and  the  industry  of  the  land  are  far  different  from  those  of  Germany. 


342 


THE    PENN    GERMANIA. 


Politictis.  Midi  wumlert.  dasz  niein  lierr.  unter  aiulcrn  der  Vet- 
schiedenheit  der  Relii^ionen  in  Pciinsylranicii  ^Nleldung;  Unit,  und  darin- 
nen  selbst  von  Teutschland  einigen  unterschied  machet,  da  doch  in 
Teutschland  auch  mancherley  Religionen  gefunden  werden. 

Minister.  Xicht  so  wie  in  Pennsylvania;  dann  wird  in  diesem  Land 
allc  ersinnliche  Freyhcit  nicht  wenig-er  in  Geistlich  als  Weltlichem 
g-estatitet ;  so  ist  ini  Teutschland  die  Freyheit  umschraenket,  und  kan 
man  darinnen  also  nicht  glauben  und  thun  was  man  will.  Was  haelt 
mein  II err  aber  von  jcner  Freyheit? 

Politicus.  Ich  dencke,  dasz  eine  solche  Freyheit  sehr  gut  seye,  wann 
Sie  nur  nicht  wird  missg-ebravicht,  insonderheit  im  Glaubens-Sachen,  die 
das  Gewissen  angehen.  als  wo  zu  niemand  solle  und  kan  gezwungen 
werden. 

Minister.  Mein  Herr  spricht  wol ;  aber  ich  sehe,  dasz  die  Freyheit 
in  Pennsxlz'ania  leyder !  von  vielen  Menschen  missg:ebraucht  werde: 
als  die  nach  ihrem  verdorbenen  Wahn  sicher  einherg-ehen,  ohne  Scheu 
bald  dieses  bald  jenes  ausstossen. 

Politicus.  Wir  hoeren  doch  darinnen  nicht  so  viel  fiuchen  und 
schweeren,  und  sehen  auch  nicht  so  viel  spielen,  wie  in  Teutschland : 
welches  gewislich  war  ruhm-wuerdig'es. 

Minister,  Viele  ^lenschen  fluchen,  schweeren  und  spielen  nicht ; 
entweder  aus  Gewohnheit  oder  dieweilen  sie  nach  ihrem  Temperament 
nicht  da  zu  geneig^t  seyn ;  oder  aus  Betrachtung  dasz  sie  dadurch  vor 
der  Welt  einen  boessen  Namen  bekommen  ;  oder  dieweilen  sie  keine 
Gelegenheit  darzu  haben  &c.  Nicht  aber  aus  reiner  Liebe  Gottes :  Ist 
also  in  diesem  Stuck  die  Unterlassung  vor  keine  Tugend  anzusehen. 

Politicus.  Furwahr  es  ist  also ;  ich  musz  hierinnen  meinem  Herrn 
Beyfall  geben :  Inzwischen  ist  es  schwer  zu  urtheilen,  aus  was  Grund 
und  Absehen  mancher  jene  Laster  unterlasse ;  und  ist  also  meines  Er- 
achtens  das  beste  in  der  Christlichen  Lieb  gemaesz  wann  man  von  sei- 
nem  nebeii  Menschen  nach  der  Liebe  jederzeit  urtheilet. 

Minister,  Zweiffels  ohn ;  dann  dazu  fuhret  uns  die  Lehre  Christi : 
Waere  nur  zu  wunschen,  dasz  ein  jeder  Mensch,  von  seinem  neben- 
Menschen  nach  der  Liebe  urtheilete  mitnichten  aber  lieblosz ;  gleichwie 
dieses  insonderheit  in  hiesigen  Lande,  was  die  Religions-und  Glaubens- 
sachen  angehet,  mehr  als  zuviel  im  Schwang  gehet. 
Politicus.     Wie  so,  mein  Herr? 

Minister.  Indeme  einer  vor  dem  andere  sich  grosse  Heiligkeit  an- 
masset  in  der  Meinung:  Er  seye  der  reineste;  Er  gefalle  Gott  wol  und 
dahero  auch  kein  r>edencken  traeget,  sehien  neben  Menschen  zuver- 
dammen  zuverspotten,  da  sie  doch  allc  keiner  ausgenommen  grosse  uu'l 
schwere  Sunder. 

Politicus.  Freylich  siehct  mancher  dcii  splitter  in  sehies  bruders  Aug 
des  Balcken  aber  in  seinem  Auge  wird  er  nicht  gewahr :  Ich  weisz 
auch  wol  dass  es  nicht  ruhmwurdih.  und  der  Lehr  Christi  zuwider 
seinen  schwachen  neben-Menschen  aus  ange  master  Heiligeit  richteti. 
verdamen ;  dan  Christus  sagt  Math.  7.  i.  Richtet  nicht,  so  werdet  ihr 
auch  nicht  gerichtct,  Inwischen  haben  wir  doch,  sonderbahre  heilige 
Menschen  hier  im  Land,  die  sonsten,  glaube  ich,  in  der  gantzen  \Velt 
nicht  gefunden  werden,  also  welche  Neugebohren,  X'oUkommeii,  ohne 
alle  Sunden  seynd. 

Minister,    Von  dergleichen  Leuthen  ha1>e  zwar  den  Namen  nach  ge- 


THE    NEWBORN  343 

roliticiis.  I  am  suri)rise(l,  sir.  that  ytni  slunild  make  mention  of  the 
•difference  of  rehgion  in  Pennsylvania  to  other  persons  and  make  any 
distinction  between  it  and  that  of  ricrmany  since  various  reHgions  arc 
-also  found  in  that  country. 

Minister.  Not  to  such  an  extent  as  in  Pennsylvania  for  in  this  coun- 
try unlimited  freedom  is  granted  no  less  in  spiritual  matters  than  in 
worldly  affairs  while  in  Germany  freedom  is  restricted  and  the  people 
can  not  believe  or  do  what  they  desire.  What  benefit  arises  from  that 
liberty  ? 

Politicits.  It  seems  to  me  that  such  freedom  is  productive  of  great 
good  if  it  is  not  misused  especially  wtth  reference  to  religious  faith 
which  has  to  do  with  the  conscience.  No  one  should  or  can  be  com- 
pelled in  these  matters. 

Minister.  Very  well,  sir,  but  I  am  aware  that  this  freedom  in  Penn- 
sylvania is  unfortunately  abused  by  many  men.  They  pass  through 
life  secure  in  their  erroneous  opinions  and  with  lx)ldness  thev  utter  now 
•one  thing  and  then  another. 

Politicus.  We,  however,  do  not  hear  so  much  cursing  and  swearing, 
and  do  not  see  so  much  card-playing  'here  as  in  Germany  which  cer- 
tainly is  worthy  of  commendation. 

Minister.  Many  men  avoid  swearing,  cursing  and  card-playing  either 
because  of  custom  or,  on  account  of  their  temperament,  they  have  no 
inclination  to  indulge  in  them;  they  may  refrain  from  the  consideration 
that  by  indulging  in  them,  they  would  obtain  an  evil  reputation  in  the 
eyes  of  the  community  or  they  may  not  have  an  opportunity  to  indulge 
in  them.  They,  however,  do  not  refrain  out  of  pure  love  to  God.  Is  not 
the  lack  of  true  virtue  perceived  in  such  action? 

Politicus.  Indeed,  sir,  I  must  give  you  my  approval  in  this  but  it  is 
difficult  to  judge  from  what  motive  or  purpose  many  a  one  refrains 
from  that  vice.  In  my  opinion,  the  best  measure  of  Christian  love  is 
manifested  when  man  always  judges  his  fellow-man  in  a  spirit  of  love. 

Minister.  Without  a  doubt  for  the  Gospel  of  Christ  teaches  us  this. 
If  we  could  only  hope  that  every  one  would  judge  his  fellow  man — in 
the  spirit  of  love  and  not  in  that  critical  manner  which,  in  particular, 
seems  to  be  in  vogue  in  this  country  when  judging  in  matters  of  religion 
:and  faith. 

Politicus.  In  what  respect,  sir,  is  this  true? 

Minister.  This  is  true  in  the  case  where  an  individual  assumes  great 
holiness  when  in  the  presence  of  another.  In  his  own  opinion,  he  is  the 
purest  and  pleases  God  well  and  hence  he  has  no  hesitation  in  condemn- 
ing and  censuring  his  fellowmen,  even  though  they  may  not  all  be  wick- 
•ed  and  grievous  sinners. 

Politicus.  Indeed,  many  a  man  sees  the  beam  in  his  brother's  eye  and 
does  not  become  aware  of  the  moat  in  his  own  eye.  I  also  know  that  it 
is  an  unworthy  act  and  against  the  Gospel  of  Christ  to  judge  and  con- 
demn one's  weak  fellowman  from  self-assumed  and  falsely  based  holi- 
ness. Christ  says  in  Matthew  7.  i, — Jndge  not  and  you  shall  not  be 
judged.  However,  we  have  in  this  country  unusually  righteous  people 
such  as,  I  believe,  can  not  be  found  anywhere  else  in  the  whole  world. 
These  people  are  New  Born,  perfect  and  free  from  all  sin. 

Minister.  I  have  merely  iieard    the   name  which    is    applied   to    those 


344 


THE   PENN    GERMANIA. 


hoeret ;  aber  noch  nicht  selbst  mit  ihnen  gesprochen ;  ich  Kan  es  fast 
nicht  glauben,  dasz  es  war,  was  man  von  ihnen  aussaget ;  trage  dahero 
Verlangen,  sie  zu  sehen,  und  mit  ihnen  zu  sprechen,  zumahlen  da  icii 
nicht  begreiffen  kan  wie  ein  eiteler,  schwacher  Mensch  so  vieles  von 
sich  machen  koenne? 

PoUticns,  Mein  Herr  kann  Gelegenheit  genug  haben  mit  ihnen  zu- 
sprechcn,  sie  seynd  zwar  etwass  ausgelassen  mit  ihrem  Mund ;  doch 
lassen  sie  auch  mit  sich  reden ;  Ich  versichere  den  Herrn  daz  sie  ihm 
vieles  werden  zu  schaffen  machen,  massen  sie  verschlagen  genug  synd, 
und  fehlet  ihnen  auch  mit  nichtem  an  Worten  zu  sprechen. 

Minister.  Glaube  es  wol  doch  bin  ich  nicht  so  empfindHoh,  wann  sie 
auch  gleich  die  Schrancken  der  naturlichen  Ehrbarkeit  ubergehen : 
Viel  reden  niacht  es  nicht  aus,  sondern  reden  mit  vernunfft,  seinen 
Worten  Krafft  und  Nachtruck  geben.  Wolan  lErlaube  dann  mir,  mein 
Herr,  daz  ich  mich  zu  einem  Neugebohrenen  wende,  und  mit  ihm 
spreche,  um  zu  erfahren,  ob  Wort  und  Werck,  Namen  und  That  an 
demselben  miteinander  uebereinstimme? 

Politicus.  Gantz  wol  mein  Herr  thue  nur  nach  seinem  belieben  ohne 
einige  umstaenden  als  wozu  ihm  eben  eine  Gelegenheit  sich  ereignet 
in  eines  Neugebohrenen  Hausse ;  Welche  er  denn,  so  es  ihm  gefaellet, 
kan  ergreiffen. 

Minister.  Es  ist  mir  sehr  lieb;  ich  will  selbige  nicht  aus  der  Acht 
schlagen  in  Erwartung  von  meinen  Herren  einige  Gedult. 

Minister.  Guten  Tag  Landsman ;  wie  gehet  es  ?  Ihr  habt  eine  feine 
Plantation  dem  ansehen  nach,  und  arbeitet  fleissig  darauff;  Der  Seegen 
Gottes  ist  sonderbahr  uber  euch ;  und  habt  auch  deswegen  grosse  Ur- 
sach  dem  Allerhoechsten  darvor  zu  danken. 

Nengeborner.  Es  stehet  um  mich  gantz  wol;  wann  es  um  dich  auch 
so  wol  stehet,  ist  es  gut :  Meine  Plantation  ist  wol  genug ;  doch  wann 
ich  nicht  arbeite,  habe  ich  nichts ;  es  will  einmal  nur  gearbeitet  seyn : 
Und  warum  solte  ich  um  das  gute  so  ich  besitze  dancken?  Ich  musz 
ja  hart  und  lang  genug  darum  arbeiten :  Was  helfft  das  beten?  bete 
nur  allczeit,  du  wirst  sehen,  was  du  dadurch  gewinnest. 

Minister^  Landsmann  ich  weis  nicht,  was  ich  von  euch  urtheilen 
solle !  Ihr  kommet  mir  mit  euren  Reden  gantz  wunderbar  vor :  Es 
scheinet,  ihr  gehoeret  zu  denen,  so  sich  Neugeboren  schreiben ;  Freylich 
musz  man  nach  seinem  Beruff  arbeiten ;  aber  dabey  des  Gebetts  mit 
nichten  vergessen ;  dann  wie  man  alle  Augenblick  von  Gott  abhenget, 
und  vieler  Guter  beydes  nach  Seel  und  Leib  theilhafftig  wird ;  so  muss 
man  auch  alle  Augenblick  seine  Abhangenheit  erkennen  und  den  Aller- 
hoechsten deswieg-en  verherrlichen  und  preissen ;  dami  wann  der  him- 
lische  Vatter  seinen  Seegen  Hulff,  und  Bey,stand  uns  entziehet ;  so 
vermoegen  wir  nichts  mit  unsserer  arbeit,  ja  wir  seynd  nicht  einmal  im 
Stand  zu  arbeiten :  Gott  ist  es,  der  unssere  arbeit  seegnet,  und  da  zu  uns 
Kraefifte  und  Staercke  giebet ;  Gott  ist  es,  der  nach  seiner  unendlichen 
Gute  die  Erde  f  ruchtbar  machet,  und  giebt  f  ruh-und  spat-Regen :  Kan 
nicht  der  Allerhoechste  unsseren  leib  schwaechen,  ja  uns  mit  mancher- 
leij  Creutz  und  Elend  heimsuchen?  Kan  nicht  Gott  der  Herr,  so  es 
Ihm  gefaellet,  selbst  zu  der  Zeit,  da  die  Fruchten  des  Lands  am  besten 
stehen,  die  selben  auf  einmal  verderben?  Kan  der  Allmaechtige  nicht 
wider  vermuthen  einen  reichen  in  die  ausserste  Armuth  sturtzen?  Da- 
rum  hat  man  ja  grosse  Ursach  ohne  Unterlasz  zu  beten. 


THE   NEWBORN  345 

people  but  have  not  'had  an  opportunity  to  engage  in  conversation  with, 
them.  I  can  scarcely  believe,  what  is  rumored  concerning  them,  to  be 
true.  Consequently,  I  have  a  great  desire  to  see  them  and  converse  with 
them  and  particularly  so  since  I  am  not  able  to  comprehend  how  a  vain 
and  wretched  man  can  esteem  himself  so  highly. 

Politicus.  You  may  have  an  opportunity  to  speak  with  them.  They 
are  somewhat  outspoken  yet  they  will  permit  one  to  converse  with  them. 
I  assure  you,  sir,  that  they  will  tell  you  much  for  they  are  sufficiently 
crafty  and  by  no  means  do  they  lack  words. 

Minister.  I  believe  it  yet  I  am  not  so  sensitive  even  though  they  may 
exceed  the  botmds  of  natural  propriety.  There  is  little  virtue  in  much 
talking  but  a  great  advantage  in  speaking  with  reason  and  in  g'iving 
power  and  weight  to  one's  words.  Well !  Permit  me  to  make  my  way 
to  one  of  the  New  Born  and  to  engage  in  conversation  with  him  in  or- 
der to  learn  whether  word  and  work,  name  and  deed  are  in  full  accord 
with  each  other. 

Politicus.  Very  well,  sir,  act  according  to  your  inclination  and  with- 
out any  formalities  enter  the  home  of  a  New  Born  whenever  an  op- 
portunity presents  itself  to  you.  This  opportunity,  since  you  desire  it, 
will  certainly  come  to  you. 

Minister.  It  gives  me  great  pleasure.  I  do  not  desire  to  exceed  the 
limit  of  due  respect  by  expecting  from  you,  sir,  any  further  patience. 

Minister.  Good  morning,  fellow  countryman.  How  are  you?  You 
possess  an  excellent  farm  judging  by  all  appearances  and  you  labor  very 
diligently.  The  blessing  of  God  is  upon  you  wonderfully  and  hence  you 
have  a  great  reason  to  return  thanks  to  God. 

Nezv  Born.  I  am  very  well,  thank  you.  My  farm  is  in  a  flourishing 
condition  yet  if  I  could  not  labor  I  would  ihave  nothing.  I  am  com- 
pelled to  labor.  Why  should  I  return  thanks  for  the  g'ood  which  I 
possess?  I  am  required  to  labor  long  and  hard  for  them.  What  avails 
prayer  ?  You  may  pray  continually  but  in  the  end  you  will  see  what  you 
will  secure  through  prayer. 

Minister.  ]\Iy  countryman,  I  do  not  know  what  I  shall  think  of  you. 
You  seem  strange  to  me  in  your  manner  of  speech.  It  appears  that  you 
belong  to  those  who  call  themselves  New  Born.  To  be  sure,  man  must 
labor  in  his  vocation  but  in  his  work  he  should  not  forget  to  pray.  We 
are  dependent  on  God  at  all  times  and  share  in  many  blessings  which 
are  bestowed  upon  us  for  the  maintenance  of  soul  and  body,  and  because 
of  this  goodness  we  must  continually  acknowledge,  our  dependence 
glorify  and  praise  the  Most  High.  If  the  heavenly  Father  would  with- 
hold his  blessings,  help  and  support,  our  labor  would  be  in  vian.  We 
can  accomplish  nothing  through  our  own  labor  but  it  is  God  that  blesses 
our  efforts  and  gives  us  power  and  strength.  It  is  God  who  through  his 
infinite  mercy  makes  the  earth  fruitful  and  sends  the  rain  in  due  season. 
Can  not  the  Almighty  God  weaken  our  bodies  and  inflict  us  with  many 
a  cross  and  misery  ?  Does  not  the  Lord  God  have  power  to  destroy  the 
fruits  of  the  land  at  a  time  when  they  are  in  their  perfection  ?  Can  not 
the  almighty  God  thrust  him  who  is  rich  into  the  most  abject  poverty? 
In  view  of  this,  man  has  the  greatest  reason  to  pray  without  ceasing. 


346  THE    PENN    GERM  AM  A. 

Xcugcborucr.  ^^lich  beduncket  aus  deinen  Reden  und  X'orstellungen, 
du  seyest  ein  Prediger ;  dann  du  spricht  wol-genug:  Aber  ich  habe  das 
alles  nicht  noethig ;  dann  ich  bin  Neugeboren,  vollkommen,  rein  ohne 
Sunden :  Was  habe  ich  dann  noethig  zu  beten,  Gott  ist  in  mir,  und  ich 
in  Gott ;  der  offenthche  Gottes-dienst  ist  .nichts.  die  Prediger  seynd 
nichts.  was  koennen  doch  diese  helffen  zur  Seeligkeit?  Indem  sie  einem 
<loch  nicht  geben  koennen  was  man  haben  soil,  ja  selbst  ausser  Gott 
seynd:  Wie  willst  du  mir  geben,  wass  du  selbst  nicht  hast? 

Minister,  W'ol  ein  grosses  so  ihr  euch  an  masset  und  was  seltsames, 
so  ihr  glaubet :  welches  von  keinem  vernunfftigen  Menschen  verhoffet : 
-wahr  ist  es  ich  bin  ein  Prediger:  Doch  ehe  ich  mich  weiter  in  ein  ge- 
spraech  mit  euch  einlasse :  so  will  ich  zwey  Stuck  von  euch  aufgebetten 
liaben.  nehmlich  dass  ihr  1.  mich  wollet  anhoeren  mit  einiger  attention, 
2  im  reden  einige  modestiam  oder  Bescheidenheit  gebrauchen,  und 
nicht  die  Zung  zu  weit  spatzieren  gehen  lasseii :  Wann  ihr  zu  beyden 
Stucken  euch  verstehet ;  will  ich  ohne  Passion  aus  Liebe  zur  wahrheit 
Lescheidentlich  mit  euch  reden;  anderst  aber  schweigen. 

N^eiigcbonicr,  Du  kanst  sprechen  ;  warum  solte  ich  nicht  anhoeren? 
Ich  habe  schon  mit  manchem  ]\Ienschen  gesprochen :  du  must  aber 
nich  meinen,  dasz  du  einige  Ehr  von  mir  erwarten  darffest :  Dann  du 
bist  nicht  besser,  als  ich ;  wir  seynd  einander  gleich. 

Minister.  Das,  was  ich  von  euch  praetendire,  Landsmann  ist  nicht 
die  eitele  Ehr ;  dann  auf  dergleichen  ausserliche  umstaenden  sehe  ich 
im  geringsten  nicht ;  sondern  ich  verlange  von  euch  nichts  anderst,  als 
einige  modestiam  im  reden.  Wiewohlen  nach  dem  Gesaetz  der  Natur 
alle  Menschen  einander  gleich ;  so  ist  doch  ein  unterschied  der  Staenden 
nach  der  relation,  so  ein  Mensch  gegen  der  andern  hat ;  Wovon  aber 
zur  andern  Gelegenheit ;  um  aber  wiederum  auf  unser  angefangenes 
Gespraech  zu  kommen  so  sagt  mir  i.  Wass  ihr  (lurch  die  Neugeburt 
verstehet?  2.  Wohero  und  aus  was  fuer  Kennzeichen  ihr  erkennet  dass 
ihr  neugebohren?  3.  Welches  die  Fruchten  der  Neugeburt  seyen?  ob 
insonderheit  die  Neugeburt  das  beten  aufhebe.  den  aeusserlichen  Gottcs 
dienst  verwerffe,  &c.  Es  ist  in  der  That  nicht  zulaugnen,  das  es  was 
herrliches  seye  vor  einen  menschen.  der  in  seinem  hertzen  ein  rechtes 
Gefuhl  und  Empfindung  von  der  Neugeburt  hat,  und  diese  audi  durch 
ein  gottsee-liges  Leben,  und  unstrfHichen  Wandel  von  aussen  zeiget ; 
dann  ein  solcher  kan  mit  einem  froelichem  Gemuth  die  durch  Christum 
erworbene  Seeligkeit  erwarten:  Darum  ist  es  auch  billig  ja  hocchst 
noetig  dasz  alle  wahre  Christen  darnach  mit  allem  I'leiss  trachten.  und 
•desswegen  in  staendig  Gott  bitten. 

Nengeborner,  Es  ist  leicht  von  mir  zusagen,  worinnen  die  N^eugc- 
biirt  bestehe ;  dann  ich  kann  aus  der  Erfahrung,  und  einem  recbtem  in- 
nerlichen  Gefuhl  davon  sprechen :  die  Neugeburt  bestehe  in  der  Ge- 
meinschafift  und  \\'reinigung  mit  Gott,  dasz  nemlich  Gott  in  mir,  unri 
ich  in  Gott. 

Minister,  Diese  beschreibung  der  Neugeburt  ist  etwas  allgemein. 
und  schr  dunc-kel :  Erklaeret  euch  deswegen  ein  wenig  naeher  und  um- 
staendlicher?  Sintemahl  dasz  Gott  in  den  Menschen.  und  die  Afenschen 
in  Gott  seyen,  kan  auf  verschiedene  weiss  verstanden  werden  :  dann  da 
ist  Gott  der  Herr  auf  eine  besondere  in  weiss  in  Jesu  Christo :  auf  eine 
besondere  in  den  Propheten ;  auf  eine  besondere  in  den  wahren  Kindern 
'Gottes;  auf  eine  besondere  in  alien  Menschen:  In  Jesu  Christo  ist  Got', 


THE    NEWHORN  347 

Nciv  Born.  It  seems  to  nic  that  you  are  a  minister  judtji'ino-  by  your 
speech  and  manner.  You  speak  well  enough  but  I  have  no  need  of  all 
this,  for  I  am  New  Born,  perfect  and  pure  without  sin.  What  need 
"have  I  to  pray  for  God  is  in  me  and  I  in  Him.  The  formal  acts  of 
worship  are  of  no  avail ;  the  ministers  are  worthless.  How  can  they  help 
•one  to  obtain  salvation?  How  can  they,  who  are  ungodly,  give  to  man 
what  they  themselves  do  not  possess  ?  How  can  you  give  me  what  you 
yourself  do  not  'have? 

Minister.  Indeed  you  elevate  yourself  to  a  lofty  plane  and  your  belief 
is  very  unusual  to  which  no  reasonable  man  can  hope  to  attain.  It  is 
<true,  I  am  a  minister  of  the  Gospel.  Before  we  proceed  any  further  in 
the  conversation,  let  me  request  two  things:  i.  that  you  listen  with  at- 
tention, 2.  that  you  will  observe  moderation  in  your  speech  and  will 
not  permit  your  tongue  to  deviate  too  much.  If  you  agree  to  both 
conditions,  I  will  speak  to  you  modestly  out  of  love  for  truth  and  with- 
out passion  ;  otherwise  I  will  be  silent. 

Nczv  Born.  You  may  speak.  Why  should  I  not  listen  to  you?  I  have 
spoken  with  many  men.  You,  however,  must  not  imagine  that  you  can 
secure  any  praise  from  me  for  you  are  no  better  than  I.  W^e  are  all 
-equal.- 

Minister.  What  I  expect  from  you  is  not  vain  praise  for  I  do  not 
look  upon  exterior  conditions  as  such  but  all  I  expect  from  you  is  due 
moderation  in  your  speech.  Although  all  men  are  equal  according  to 
the  law  of  nature,  yet  there  exists  a  difference  based  on  the  relation 
Avhich  a  man  bears  to  his  fellow-men.  We  may  speak  of  these  matters 
.  at  another  time,  but  to  revert  to  our  original  conversation,  tell  me, 
what  you  understand  by  the  term  New  Born  ?  How  and  from  what  source 
■do  you  know  that  you  are  New  Born?  W'hat  are  the  fruits  of  the  New 
Birth?  Whether  the  New  Birth  destroys  the  force  of  prayer  and  con- 
demns the  outward  worship  of  God,  etc.  ?  In  fact  it  cannot  be  denied 
that  it  is  something  glorious  for  a  man  who  bears  in  his  heart  a  true 
feeling  and  conception  of  the  New  Birth,  and  to  give  evidence  of  this 
outwardly  by  a  godly  life  and  by  an  unquestionable  conduct.  Such  a 
one  can  hope  for  eternal  ibliss  secured  through  Christ.  Consequently 
it  is  but  reasonable  and  indeed  hig^hly  necessary  that  all  true  Christians 
■strive  to  that  end  with  all  diligence  and  make  constant  supplication  to 
God. 

Nezv  Born.  It  is  easy  for  me  to  explain  upon  what  the  New  Birth  is 
Taased  for  I  can  speak  from  experience  and  a  true  feeling  in  my  heart. 
The  New  Birth  proceeds  from  a  communion  and  union  with  God. 
l^Iamely,  that  Gocl  is  in  me  and  I  in  God. 

Minister.  This  explanation  of  the  New  Birth  is  somewhat  general 
and  very  obscure.  Express  yourself  more  definitely  and  to  the  point. 
The  statement  that  God  is  in  man  and  man  in  God  may  be  variously 
interpreted  for  the  Lord  God  is  in  Christ  in  a  peculiar  manner;  peculiar- 
ly in  the  prophets;  somewhat  differently  in  the  true  child  of  God.  In 
a  peculiar  manner  in  all  men.  God  is  in  Christ  and  Christ  in  God  by  a 
personal  union  ;  in  the  prophets  through  a  peculiar  enlightenment,  im- 
pulse and  power  of  the  spirit  so  that  they  are  able  to  reveal  the  will  of 
■God;  in  the  true  child  of  God  through  the  regeneration  of  the  whole 


348  THE    PENN    GERMANIA. 

unci  Gott  in  Jcsu  Christo  durch  eine  persoenliche  Vereinigung;  in  den 
Propheten  durch  eine  sonderbare  Erleuchtung,  Trieb  und  Zug  des 
Geistes  Gottes  den  willen  Gottes  zu  verkundigen ;  in  den  wahren  Kind- 
ern  Gottes  durch  eine  Erneuerung  des  gantzen  Menschen  durch  gebung, 
statt  des  fleischHchen  hertzens,  und  fleisches  sinnes  ein  geisthches  hertz 
und  geisthchen  Sinn ;  in  alien  menschen  nach  seiner  Vorsehung,  allent- 
halben  Gegenwart  Allwussenheit  Allmacht ;  saget  mir  demnach ;  Wie 
ist  Gott  in  euch  und  ihr  in  Gott? 

Neugchorner.  Gott  ist  in  mir,  und  ich  in  Gott  auf  die  voUkommeste 
Weiss  dergestalten,  das  ich  nicht  mehr  sundige ;  gantz  vollkommen  bin. 

Minister,  Landsmann,  ihr  verstosset  euch  inder  That  weit ;  Wann 
ihr  meinet,  dass  -ihr  ohne  Sunden  gantz  vollkommen ;  indeme  so  lang 
der  mensch  in  dem  irrdischen  Leben  sich  'befindet,  und  den  irrdischen 
Leib  mit  sioh  herum  traeget,  allezeit  noch  viele  Gebrechemund  Schwach- 
heiten  an  sich  hat ;  da  bleibet  alle  zeit  ein  Streit  zwischen  Geist  und 
Fleisch  uberig,  GaL  5.  um  dieser  Ursach  willen  sprach  auch  Paulus : 
Nicht  dasz  ich  es  schon  ergriffen  habe  &c.  Phil.  3.  12.  Rom.  7.  10,  16, 
ly  da  wird  die  gaentzliche  Vollkommenheit,  angesehen  in  dem  Wort 
Gottes  als  eine  Gluckseeligkeit,  die  man  in  jenem  Leben  zugewarten 
I  Cor.  13.  9,  10.  So  Avir  demnach  nach  Aussag  des  Apostels  Johannis 
sagen :  Wir  haben  keine  sunden ;  so  machen  vvir  uns  zum  Lugner,  I  Joh 
I.  10.  &c.  und  was  wolt  ihr  doch  so  aufgeblassen  seyn  dasz  ihr  saget, 
dass  Gott  in  euch,  und  ihr  in  Gott,  nicht  wissende  worinnen  die  Neuge- 
burt  bestehe,  und  wie  ihr  in  Gott  und  Gott  in  euch ;  moechtet  ihr  etwa 
gedencken,  dasz  Gott  seinem  Wesen  nach  in  euch  euch :  O !  so  be- 
triuget  ihr  euch  weit ;  Dann  es  bleibet  allezeit  ein  unendlicher  Unter- 
sohied  zwischen  einer  endHchen  Creatur,  und  dem  unendlichen  Gott: 
kan  wol  ein  endliche  creatur  Gottes  wesen  in  sich  fassen?  Mit  nichten ; 
dann  es  ist  solches  selbst  der  Natur  einer  eitelen  vergaenglichen  Creatur 
zu  wider:  Wolt  ihr  etwa  sagen,  dasz  Gott  in  euch  wie  in  Christo?  So 
fehlet  ihr  weit:  Dann  so  zeiget  sich  an  euch  die  AEhnlichkeit  mit 
Christo?  als  von  dem  ihr  selbst  nicht  viel  Werck  machet,  und  sonsten 
nicht  ohne  Austoss  sicher  dahin  lebet ;  Koennet  ihr  Wunder  thun  wie 
Christus  gethan?  Zeiget  ihr  in  eueren  Reden  Gottlich-durchdringende 
Krafft ;  Bildet  ihr  euch  ein,  dasz  Gott  in  euch  seye,  wie  unter  dem  alten 
Testament  in  seinen  Propheten  ?  Was  habt  ihr  vor  eine  Uberzeugung 
hie  von?  Wo  zeiget  sich  der  Prophetische  Geist?  Zumahlen  da  uns 
Gott  in  den  Tagen  des  Neuen  Testaments  beydes  von  aussen  durch  sein 
Wort,  und  von  innen  durch  seinen  heiligen  Geist  lehren,  und  regieren 
will :  Wolt  ihr  von  euch  ausgeben  ?  Gott  seye  in  euch,  nach  seiner  all- 
gemeinen  Vorsehung,  Allenthalben-gegen-wart,  Allwissenheit,  &c.  So 
habt  ihr  ja  kein  Vorrecht  vor  andern  Menschen  ja  den  gottlosen  selbst; 
dann  jcderman,  ohne  Unterschied,  beydes  gottloss  und  frommc 
Menschen,  kaennen  sich  der  Vorsehung  Allenthalbengegenwart  Gottes 
ruhmen :  Warum  wollet  ihr  dann  so  viel  Werck  von  euch  machen  ? 
Ruhmet  ihr  euch  aber  der  wahren  Neugeburt?  welcher  alle  recht- 
schaffene  Kinder  Gottes  theilhaftig:  So  musset  ihr  auch  erstlich  recht 
verstehen,  worinnen  jene  Neugeburt  bestehe;  darnach  erkennen  und 
fuhlen  aus  einem  innerlichen  Gefuhl,  dasz  ihr  in  der  that  Neugeboren; 
die  Neugeburt  nach  ihrer  rechten  Gestalt  und  Beschaffenheit  leget  uns 
Klar  und  deutlich  vor  die  Augen  die  heilige  Schrifft,  als  nach  welcher 
jene  ist  eine  Veraenderung  des  gantzen  Menschen,  da  Gott  der  Herr 


THE   NEWBORN  349 

body  by  bestowing  upon  man  a  spiritual  heart  and  mind  in  place  of  a 
carnal  mind  and  worldly  heart ;  in  all  men  according  to  his  divine  provi- 
dence, omnipresence,  omniscience  and  omnipotence.  In  what  manner 
is  God  in  you  and  you  in  God? 

Neiv  Born.  God  is  in  me  and  T  in  God  in  the  most  nearly  perfect 
manner  conceivable  so  that  I  can  sin  no  longer  and  am  jierfect. 

Mmister.  My  countryman,  you,  indeed,  err  greatly  if  you  maintain 
that  you  arc  wholly  perfect  without  any  sin,  while  you,  possess  this 
earthly  life  and  are  encumbered  with  this  earthly  hody  which,  at  all 
times,  is  subject  to  many  frailties  and  weaknesses.  There  exists  a  con- 
tinual strife  between  the  spirit  and  the  flesh  as  it  is  written  in  Gal.  S, 
where  St.  Paul  speaks  to  the  same  effect.  Not  that  I  have  already  at- 
tained to  that  state,  etc.  Phil,  3.  12;  Rom.  7.  10;  16,  17  for  that  per- 
fection as  considered  in  the  light  of  God's  word  is  a  state  of  happiness 
which  is  hoped  for  in  the  future  life.  I  Cor.  13.  9,  10.  If  we  say  that 
we  have  no  sin,  then  according  to  the  words  of  the  Apostle  St.  John,  wc 
make  ourselves  liars.  I  John  i.  10.  Why  should  you  be  so  arrogant  as 
to  say  that  God  is  in  you  and  you  in  God  and  yet  at  the  same  time 
ignorant  of  the  true  significance  of  the  New  Birth  and  ignorant  of  the 
rnanner  in  which  God  is  in  you  and  you  in  God.  Do  you  assume  that 
God  is  in  you  in  his  true  being?  Do  not  deceive  yourself  to  such  an 
extent  for  there  exists,  at  all  times,  an  infinite  difference  between  a  finite 
being  and  an  infinite  God.  Can  a  finite  creature  comprehend  in  himself 
the  true  nature  of  God?  Not  so,  for  it  is  the  very  nature  of  a  vain  and 
fleeting  creature  to  foe  in  opposition  to  God.  If  you  should  say  that 
God  is  in  you  as  he  is  in  Christ,  then  you  err  greatly.  Do  you  bear  any 
similarity  to  Christ  for  whom  you  have  little  regard?  At  the  same  time 
you  may  live  secure  but  not  without  giving  offence.  Can  you  perforni 
miracles  as  Christ  did?  Do  you  give  evidence  in  your  conversation  of 
a  power  controlled  by  a  divine  spirit?  Do  you  imagine  that  God  is  in 
you  as  he  was  in  the  prophets  of  the  Old  Testament?  What  assurance 
have  you  of  this?  How  does  the  spirit  of  the  prophets  reveal  itself?" 
God  in  the  days  of  the  New  Testament  wished  to  instruct  and  control 
us  especially  by  his  word  from  without  and  by  his  spirit  lodged  in  our 
hearts.  If  you  maintain  that  God  is  in  you  according  to  His  divine 
providence,  omnipotence,  omniscience,  etc.,  then  you  have  no  advan- 
tage above  other  men,  not  even  the  ungodly.  All  men  without  distinc- 
tion— both  the  ungodly  and  the  pious — can  praise  the  divine  providence 
and  omnipresence  of  God.  Why  then  should  you  esteem  yourself  so 
highly?  If  you  speak  of  praise  concerning  the  real  New  Birth  in  which 
every  righteous  child  of  God  shares,  then  by  necessity  you  must  first  of 
all  possess  a  clear  conception  upon  what  the  New  Birth  is  based.  From 
this  clear  conception  you  can  recognize  and  be  convinced  from  the  feel- 
ing in  your  heart  that  you  are  indeed  New  Born.  The  New  Birth  in  its 
true  form  and  essence'  placed  before  us  clearly  and  very  definitely  the 
Holy  Gospel  by  virtue  of  which  a  regeneration  of  the  whole  man  is 
effected.  God  not  only  through  His  word  from  without  but  also  by  the 
promptings  of  the  Holy  Spirit  within  has  raised  Christ  from  the  death 
of  sin ;  has  cleansed  his  heart ;  has  shared  in  common  with  him  the 
knowledge  of  the  Holy  Spirit ;  has  illuminated  his  imperfect  understand- 
ing ;  has'allaved  his  passion  and  has  granted  him  strength  and  power  so 


350  THE    PENN    GERMANIA. 

denselben  wie  von  aussen  durch  sein  \\'ort,  so  von  innen  durch  seim 
heiligen  Geist  von  dem  tod  der  Sunden  aufferwecket,  sein  Hertz  rein- 
iget,  anstatt  des  Sinnes  des  Fleisches,  den  Sinn  des  Geistes  mittheilet,. 
seinen  vertinsterten  Verstand  erluchtet  seinen  verkehrten  Willen  heil- 
iget,  seine  Affecten  maessiget,  ihm  Staercke  und  vermoegen  verleihet, 
dasz  er  beydes  ausserlich  und  innerlich  Gott  den  Allerhoechsten  ver- 
herrliche,  selbst  seine  Glieder  darstelle  Gott  zu  Waffen  der  gerechtig- 
keit :  Dieses  alles  nennet  Paulus  eine  Ablegung,  des  alten  Menschen, 
und  eine  Anziehung  des  neuen  Eph.  4.  22,  23,  24.  und  der  Prophet 
Ezcchiel  ein  Hertz  und  einen  neuen  Geist  geben  Esech.  36.  26,  27. 

NcHgeborncr.  Wer  solte  w^l  so  einfaeltig  seyn,  dasz  er  der  heiligen 
Schrifft  giaube,  und  selbige  vor  Gottes  Wort  halte?  Man  kan  vieles 
zu  Papier  bringen :  Sie  ist  nichts  anderst,  als  ein  toder  Buchstab,  Es 
seynd  ja  viele  Wider-sprechungen  darinnen. 

Minister,  O  grosse  Gottes  Laesterung!  O  unverant-wortliche  \^er- 
spottung  seines  Worts!  Werden  wir  nicht  aus  unwidersprechhchen 
Grunden  uberzeuget,  dasz  die  heilige  Schrifft  Gottes  wort  seye?  Es 
seye,  dasz  wir  ansehen  die  Materiani  und  Inhalt  derselben  mit  ihrer 
Verknupfung,  oder  die  Art  und  Weiss,  wie  selbiges  Ist  geoffenbaret 
worden. 

Naigcbonicr.  Wie  werden  wir  aus  den  Innhalt  der  heiligen  Schrift't 
uberzeugt  dasz  sie  Gottes  Wort  seye? 

Minister.  Indem.  die  heilige  Schrifft  in  sich  begreiffet,  Lehrsaetzc,. 
Befehle,  Vermahnungen,  Verheissungen,  Historien,  &c.  welche  in  sicli: 
wahrhaftig  und  heilig  seynd,  unsseren  nichtigen  Verstand  zuni  theil 
zwaren  ubersteigen,  aber  nichts  desto  weniger  sich  unsserem  GewisseU' 
anpreissen,  zumahlen  da  alle  Wahrheiten  darinnen  miteinander  uberein- 
stimmen,  und  sehr  genau  verknupfet  seynd. 

Neugeborner.  Wie  werden  wir  von  der  Goettlichkeit  der  heiligen 
Schrifftt  uberzeuget,  aus  der  Art  und  W^eiss  der  oft'enbarung. 

Minister.  Darauss :  Dasz  Gott  der  Herr  beydes  durch  die  Propheten- 
seinen  Willen  bekant  gemacht,  und  durch  mancherley  Zeichen  und 
Wunder  bekraefftiget. 

Neugeborner.  Wie  \vlillst  du  mir  erweisen  aus  den  Weissagungen 
der  Propheten,  dasz  die  heilige  Schrifft  Ck>ttes  Wort  seye? 

Minister.  Damit :  Dasz  alle  Weissagungen  der  Propheten,  die  viel- 
hundert  jahr  vor  Christi  Geburt,  zu  verschiedenen  Zeiten,  Orten  und 
Gelegenheiten  geweissaget,  nach  alien  Uimstaenden  zuni  theil  schon 
wurcklich  ihre  Erfullung  erreichet ;  dann  ist  es  nicht  schon  loengsten,. 
erfuUet  was  von  Ghriati  Person.  Staenden  AEmtern,  Leiden  Sterben 
Tode,  wie  auch  Aufferstehung.  Himmelfahrt  &c.  geweissaget  worden? 
Man  darf  zu  dem  Ende  nur  einsehen  und  miteinander  vergleichen  die 
Weissagungen  der  Propheten  alter  Testaments,  und  die  P^rzehlungeui 
der  Evangelisten  und  Apostelen  Neuen  Testaments. 

Neugeborner.     Weissest  du  mir  auch  einige  Wunder  zu  erzehlen. 

Minister.  Ja  sehr  viele;  ich  will  kurtze  halben  nur  einige  anfuhren. 
als :  Dasz  Gott  der  Herr  das  Volck  Israel  mit  trockenem  Fuss  uber  den 
Jordan  gefuhret ;  dasz  auf  den  Befehl  Gottes  die  Sonne  still  gestanden 
Jos.  10.  12.  dasz  der  himmli.sche  A'atter  das  \'olck  Israel  in  der  Wusten 
mit  Man  gespeisset,  und  mit  wasser  aus  dem  l^'clsen  getraencket  Exod. 
16  und  17,  dasz  Christus  der  Herr  durch  ein  Wort  nv\  blosses  anruhren. 
verschiedene  Krancken  gesund  gemacht,  &:c. 


THE   NEWBORN 


35r 


that  he  mioiit  o'lorify  the  Ahnicrhty  God  l)oth  in  s])irit  and  deeds  and 
consecrate  his  body  as  an  instrument  of  rig-hteousness  unto  God.  St. 
Paul  in  Eph.  4.  22,  23,  24.  designates  this  as  the  putting-  ofif  the  old 
man  and  putting  on  the  new.  The  i)r()phet  Kzekiel  in  Ezek.  36.  26,  27 
presents  it  as  God  g:iving-  to  man  a  new  heart  and  a  new  spirit. 

Nezv  Born.  Who  indeed  is  so  weak-minded  that  he  believes  the  Holy 
Gospel  and  considers  it  as  the  word  of  God.  Much  can  be  set  forth  on 
paper  which  possesses  no  significance  for  the  printed  letter  is  but  a  life- 
less character,  devoid  of  any  real  force.  Many  contra(Hctions  may  be 
foiuid  in  the  TToly  Gospel. 

Minister.  What  blasphemy  against  the  Almig;hty  God!  What  inex- 
cusable mockery  of  his  Holy  word!  Are  we  not  convinced  by  argu- 
ments that  can  not  be  refuted  that  the  Holy  Gospel  is  the  word  of  God  ? 
Granted  that  we  are  able  to  recogfnize  the  matter  and  essence  of  the 
Holy  Gospel  in  all  its  relations  or  the  other  words  the  manner  and 
nature  of  the  Holy  Crospel  as  it  has  been  revealed  to  us. 

A^cw  Born.  How  are  we  convinced  by  the  content  of  the  Holy  vScrip- 
tures  that  it  is  the  true  word  of  God? 

Mi)iistcr.  We  are  convinced  of  this  fact  because, the  Holy  Scriptures 
in  themselves  contain  precepts,  commands,  admonitions,  promises,  nar- 
ratives, etc..  which  are  in  themselves  g'enuine  and  sacred.  They  pass 
beyond  our  imperfect  understanding-  but  nevertheless  they  recommend 
themselves  to  our  conscience  and  particularly  so  since  all  the  truths 
contained  therein  correspond  with  each  other  and  are  very  closely  re- 
lated. 

Nezi>  Born.  How  are  we  convinced  from  the  manner  and  method  of 
their  revelation  that  the  Holy  Scriptures  are  divine? 

Minister.  We, are  led  to  believe  this  since  God  has  revealed  to  us  his 
Holy  will  through  the  prophets  as  instrunients  and  has  confirmed  it  by 
many  signs  and  wonders. 

New  Born.  How.  do  you  hope  to  prove  to  me  from  the  prophecies  of 
the  Old  Testament  that  the  Holy  Scripture  is  God's  word? 

Minister.  This  can  be  proven  from  the  fact  that  all  the  prophecies 
which  were  prophesied  inany  hundreds  of  years  before  the  birth  of 
Christ,  at  various  times,  places  and  occasions  have  in  reality  been  ful- 
filled in  all  their  details.  Has  not  all  been  fulfilled  what  was  prophesied 
of  the  person  of  Christ,  his  station  in  life,  his  duties,  his  suffering  and 
agonizing  death  as  well  as  his  resurrection,  his  ascension,  etc.?  ^The 
I)rophecies  of  the  Old  Testament  and  the  narratives  of  the  New  Testa- 
ment as  given  by  the  Evangelists  and  Apostles  can  be  examined 
throughout  and,  when  compared,  they  are  found  to  agree  with,  great 
accuracy. 

Nezi.'  Bor)i.  Do  you  recall  an\-  miracle  that  you  can  relate  to  me? 

Minister.  I  know  man}-  and  1  will  briefiy  cite  you  several  miracles. 
God  performed  a  miracle  when  he  led  the  children  of  Israel  over  the 
Jordan  on  dry  ground  ;  in  Joshua  10.  12,  we  read  that  the  sun  stood  still 
at  the  con-imand  of  God;  in  Exod.  16-17  that  the  heavenly  father  pro- 
vided the  children  of  Israel  with  manna  and  to  give  them  drink  he 
caused  the  water  to  flow  from  the  rocks;  that  Christ  by  his  word  and 
mere  touch  healed  various  sick  persons,  etc. 


352 


THE    TEMN    CER.MAXIA. 


NcHgebonicr.  Kanst  du  mir  welter  die  wahrheit  des  g-oettlichen 
Worts  beweisen. 

Minister.  Freylich  aus  vielen  Umstaenden,  als:  Dasz  kein  aelterers, 
kein  hoeherers,  kein  durchdringender,  kein  vollkommener  Wort  ge- 
funden  wird,  als  die  heilige  Schrifft,  urn  zegeschweigen,  dasz  diejenige 
durch  den  Geist  Gottes  erleuchtete  Maenner  2  Pctr.  i.  21.  2  Tim.  3.  16. 
17.  So  uns  dieses  Wort  schritffich  Linderlassen.  keines  weges  seven 
betrogen  worden,  viel  weniger  selbsten  gekaennt,  oder  gesuchet  anderc 
zutrugen. 

Neiigebomer.  Wieso,  .hat  dieses  alles  in  Ansehung  der  erleuchteten 
Maenner  nicht  Platz  gehabt,  noch  haben  koennen  ? 

Minister.  Die  weilen  sie  fromme,  aufrichtige  Leuithe  waren  von 
allem  Betriig  f rey ;  dieweilen  sie  alles  Ungemach,  ja  den  Tod  selbst  urn 
des  Evangelii  willen  erlitten,  und  austunden ;  die  weilen  sie  zwareii 
bin  vmd  wider  von  einander  zerstreithet,  und  zu  verschiedenen  Zeiten 
gelebt,  danno'ch  einmuthiglich  alle  miteinander  ubereinstimmeten ;  die 
weilen  sie  lehren.  was  sie  selbst  gesehen,  und  erfahren  ;  die  weilen  sie 
nicht  leicht  ohne  genaue  Untersuchung  etwass  zuglauben  annahmen.  &c. 

Neiigebomer.  Es  scheinen  doch  viele  Contradictionen  oder  Wider- 
spraechungen  in  dem  Wort  Gottes  vor  zu  kommen. 

Minister.  Einem  unerfahrenen,  und  durch  den  Geist  Gottes  nicht 
geruhrten,  und  erleuchtetem  jMenschen ;  Wohero  kein  Wunder,  dasz  ein 
solcher  die  heilige  Schrifft  nach  ihrer  verknuffung  nicht  in  alien  Stuck- 
en  verstehet,  ob  sie  gleich  in  sich,  wass  zu  glauben  und  thun  noethig, 
klahr  und  deutlich  ist ;  dann  da  verstehet  mancher  die  noethigen 
Sprachen  nicht  noch  die  Sitten,  Rechten  und  Gewohnheiten  der  alten 
Voe-lcker,  so  da  zu  erfordert  wie  von  der  Geographia,  das  ist  Lands- 
beschreibung,  so  Chronologia,  das  ist  Zeitrechnung  &c.  ja  es  mag  in 
diesem  Stuck  bey  Vielen  heissen.  wass  Paulus  sagt :  Ist  unsser  Evangc- 
lium  verdeckt,  so  ist  es  denen,  die  verlohren  werden  verdecket  2  Cor. 
4.  3.  damit  wir  aber  widerum  auf  unsser  vorhaben  kommen.  so  moechte 
gern  wissen,  Landsman,  aus  was  fur  Kenn  zeichen  ihr  uberzeuget,  dasz 
ihr  n?ugehoren? 

Neugcborncr,  Ich  fuhle  es  genug  in  mir  selbst  durch  eine  sonder- 
bare  Erleuchtung  des  Geistes  Gottes ;  Es  hat  mich  viel  Muhe  gekostet. 
bis  ich  da  zu  gekommen  bin. 

Minister.  Sehet  aber  wol  zu,  dasz  ihr  euch  hierinnen  nicht  betruget, 
in  der  Me'nung:  Ihr  besitzet  wahrhafftig  die  Neugeburt.  da  es  doch 
nichts  ivenigers  ist:  Zu  dem  Ende  pruffet  euch  wol?  Ob  ihr  darinnen 
ttwa  nicht  all  zu  sicher?  Alassen  die  eigen-Lieb,  die  verkehrte  Vor- 
urtheil  und  die  verdorbene  Affecten  koennen  einen  manchmal  dergestalt- 
enein  einnemmen,  dasz  man  sich  mehr  als  zu  viel  zu  schreibet ;  der 
Sathan  setzet  den  Menschen  auch  ohne  Unterlasz  zu,  um  sie  zuverblend- 
en,  sicher  zu  machen,  und  also  in  sein  Garn  zubringen :  Zudem  ist  es 
eine  sonderbahre  Gnad  Gottes  klaerlich  an  sich  erkennen,  dasz  man 
neugeboren,  welche  Gnade  gar  wenig  hier  in  diesem  Leben  haben,  ent- 
weder  aus  ermanglung  der  naturlichen  Gaben  des  \>rstands  oder  ge- 
nugsamer  Erleuchtung  des  Geistes  Gottes  &c. 

Neiigebomer.  Es  braucht  nicht  viel  sprechen  von  pruffen ;  ich  bin 
einmal  Xeugeboren :  dann  da  von  bin  ich  gaentzlich  uberzeuget. 

Minister.  Wcllte  Gott  Ihr  und  Wir  alle  waeren  es?  Aber  ich  foerchte 


THE    NEWBORN  353 

Nczi.'  Born.  Can  you  further  prove  to  me  the  truth  of  the  divine  word? 
Minister.  Indeed,  it  can  be  proven  by  many  arguments  for  there  is 
no  older,  no  loftier,  no  more  penetrating^,  no  more  perfect  word  than 
the  Holy  Scriptures,  not  to  mention  the  fact  that  they  have  been  written 
"by  men  enlightened  by  God's  spirit.  2  Petr.  i.  21.  2  Tim.  3.  16,  17.  They 
"have  left  us  their  words  in  writing  and  they  were  by  no  means  deceived. 
They  were  neither  widely  known  nor  did  they  seek  to  deceive  others. 
Nezif  Born.  How  can  it  be  that  this  did  not  and  can  not  have  any 
place  in  considering  the  lives  of  these  inspired  men? 

Mi)iistcr.  Because  they  were  pious  and  ui)right  men  free  from  all  de- 
ceit, because  they  have  suffered  and  endured  all  hardships,  even  death 
itself,  for  the  sake  of  the  Gospel ;  because  they  were  scattered,  were 
separated  from  one  another  and  lived  at  different  times,  yet  all  agree 
imanimously  with  one  another  in  their  writings ;  because  they  did  not 
accept  anything  as  true  without  exact  investigation,  etc. 

New  Born.  It  seems  that  many  contradictions  appear  in  the  word 
of  God. 

Minister.  It  is  not  to  be  wondered  that  a  man  inexperienced,  un- 
touched and  uninspired  by  the  spirit  of  God,  can  not  understand  the 
Holy  Scriptures  fully  in  all  their  relations  although  what  is  necessary 
to  believe  and  do  is  expressed  clearly  and  definitely.  In  a  similar  man- 
ner, many  a  one  does  not  fully  understand  the  language  with  regard  to 
the  customs,  rights  and  habits  of  the  ancient  people  which  is  absolutely 
necessary  for  an  intelligent  understanding.  As  an  example  many  people 
do  not  possess  a  clear  conception  as  to  the  significance  of  the  word 
geography,  which  is  the  description  of  the  land,  chronology  which 
deals  with  the  reckoning  of  time,  etc.  The  words  of  St.  Paul  may  be 
true  when  applied  to  many  with  reference  to  this  point.  He  says  in 
2  Cor.  4.  3  that  if  the  Gospel  be  hid,  it  is  hid  to  those  who  are  lost.  In 
order  that  we  may  return  to  our  original  conversation,  let  me  ask  you 
upon  what  you  base  your  evidence  that  you  are  truly  New  Born. 

Neiv  Born.  I  am  made  aware  of  it  and  fully  feel  it  in  my  heart 
through  a  wonderful  inspiration  of  the  spirit  of  God.  It  has  cost  me 
many  pains  to  attain  that  stage  of  the  New  Birth. 

Minister.  In  your  own  opinion,  you  possess  the  New  Birth  in  reality 
"l)ut  have  a  care  that  you  do  not  deceive  yourself  in  this  matter  and  that 
it  is  nothing  less  than  the  real  New  I'irth.  In  order  that  you  may  ex- 
amine yourself  fully  as  to  whether  you  do  not  pretend  to  be  somewhat 
too  secure  in  this,  take  in  consideration  that  self-love,  wrongly  based 
prejudices  and  corrupting  affections,  presenting  themselves  to  the 
mind  may  be  wrongly  inter])reted  and  cousequently  too  much 
may  be  ascribed  to  one's  own  self.  Satan  persistently  seeks 
to  make  man  feel  secure  in  order  that  he  may  blind  bim  and 
thereby  accomplish  his  end  by  his  snares.  It  is  a  wonderful  grace  be- 
stowed bv  God  himself  for  man  to  feel  confident  that  he  is  truly  New 
Born.  \'erv  few  possess  that  grace  in  this  life  either  because  of  the 
lack  of  the  natural  gift  of  understanding  or  the  want  of  the  proper  in- 
spiration of  the  spirit  of  God,  etc. 

New  Born.  Not  nuich  need  to  he  said  to  prove  tliat  I  am  New  Born, 
for  I  am  perfectly  convinced  of  it. 

Minister.  I  pray  to  God  that  you  and  we  all  might  have  that  convic- 


354 


THE    PENN    GERMANIA. 


das  gegentheil ;  Zuinahlen  wann  ich  die  fruchten  und  das  gefolg  der 
Neugeburt  ansehe,  und  euer  thun  und  lassen  damit  vcrgdeiche,  und 
dagegen  stelle. 

Neugebomer.  Was  seynd  dann  die  fruchten  der  Neugeburt?  Kanst 
du  mir  es  sagen  ? 

Minister.  Die  fruchten  der  Neugeburt  seynd  alle  geisthche  gaben, 
alle  fruchten  des  geistes  Gottes,  ein  Christliches  leben,  und  heihger 
wandel ;  Paulus  gedencket  verschiedener,  als  liebe,  freude,  friede,  &c. 
Gal.  5.  22,  betten,  luste  und  Hebe  haben  zu  deni  wort  Gottes  ;  Gott  Aller- 
hochsten  beydes  ofifentlich,  und  heimlich  verherrlichen ;  den  treuen 
lehrern,  so  Christus  der  Herr  berufifen,  und  eingesetzt  folgen ;  sein 
hertz  von  der  eitelen  und  verfuhrischen  welt  abziehen  sich  nicht  der 
welt  gleich  stellen ;  sein  creutz  auf  sich  nemmen,  siclh  selbst  verlaugnen 
und  Christo  nachfolgen  Math.  16.  &c. 

Neugebomer,  Alle  dergleichen  stuck,  die  du  so  eben  erzehlet,  und 
den  inneren  menschen  betreffen,  befinden  sich  in  vollem  mass  bey  mir; 
ich  fuhre  ein  Christliches  leben,  und  guten  wandel ;  die  freude  der  fride. 
&c.  nimt  mein  hertz  ein ;  Was  helffet  aber,  sage  mir  doch,  das  ausser- 
liche !  Was  helffet  das  kirchengehen?  Was  helffen  Lehrer  und  Predi- 
ger,  als  die  Gott  der  Herr  mit  nichten  eingesetzet,  und  einem  ohne  dem 
nicht  geben  kannen,  was  man  nothig  Zur  seligkeit? 

Minister.  O  des  geistlichen  hochmuths,  und  der  Pharisaeischen  heil- 
igkeit?  Gleichwie  man  einen  baum  an  seinen  fruchten  kan  erkennet; 
also  gebet  ihr  so  eben  mit  eueren  aufgeblassenen  worten,  ja  euerem 
gantzen  betrag  zu  erkennen,  dass  ihr  mit  nichten  diejenige,  vor  Welche 
ihr  euch  aufgebet;  dann  es  manglen  euch  gewuss  noch  viele  stuck;  Und 
wass  wolt  ihr  doch  den  ausserlichen  Gottes  dienst,  und  das  Predigamt 
verwerffen,  unter  dem  schein,  dass  das  inerliche  genug  siey;  da  doch 
Gott,  so  von  inen  wirecket  und  regieret,  von  aussen  audi  sein  wort  Vor- 
gelegt,  als  wornach  wir  leben  sollen ;  Es  ist  in  beyden  fallen  ein  und 
eben  derselbe  wille. 

Neugebomer,  Kom,  erweise  mir  die  einsetzung  des  lehr-und~ 
Predig-amts? 

Minister.     Diesses  ist  Klar  zeuweisen  i.  aus  dem  ursprung,  dieweilea 
es   nemmlich    Christus    der    Herr   selbsten    verordnet    und    eingesetzet. 
Math.  28.  27.  28,  29.    Eph.  4.  ii,  13.    2.  aus  den  pflichten,  so  den  Lehr- 
ern und  Predigern  in  dem  worst  Gottes  zu  beobachten  vorgestell&t  und 
einge  schurffet  werden  Tit.   i.   13  I  Tim.  3.  21.     3.  aus  den  vermahn- 
ungen,  die  den  glaubigen    gegeben,  dass    sie    nemlich    ihrern  Lehrern 
folgen  sollen  nach  Tlebr.  13  7.  und  17.  selbige  ehrenwerth  halten  I  Tim. 
=;.  17-    4.  aus  betrachtung  wie  auf  der  einen  seiten  des  grossen  urtheils, 
seiches  untreue  lehrer  zu  seiner  zeit  werden  zugewarten  haben ;  so  auf 
ler  andern    seiten    der    herrlichen    freude    und    gluckseligkeit.    die    in 
reude  erwarten  kcnnen,  so  ihrem  amt,  wie  sichs  geziemt,  nachkomen 
yan.   12.  3.     5.  aus  betrachtung,  das  die  weilen  das  wort,  Gottes  be- 
standig  bleibet,  nothwendig  audi  die  Lehrer  bestandig  bleiben  niussen  ; 
dann  diese  ja  diener  Christ;   und  haushalter  uber   Gottes  gehcimnuss 
seyd  I  Cor.  4.  i.    Zumalen  da  Christu's  der  Herr  Mat.  28.  27  verheisset 
mit  ihnen  Zuseyn  bis  an  der  weltende. 

Neugebomer,  Kanst  du  mir  auch  beweisen  die  nothvvendigkeit,  und 
den  nutzen  des  offentlichen  Gottes  dienstes? 


THE   NEWBORN  355 

tion  but  I  fear  that  the.  opposite  is  true  especially 'when  I  see  the  fruits 
and  results  of  the  New  Birth  and  compare  with  them  your  actions  and 
conduct. 

New  Born.  What  are  the  fruits  of  the  New  Birth?  Can  you  tell  me? 

Minister.  The  fruits  of  the  New  Birth  are  spiritual  gifts — fruits  of 
God's  spirit — such  as  a  Christ-like  life  and  a  righteous  way  of  living. 
In  Gal.  5.  22  St.  Paul  mentions  various  gifts  such  as  love,  joy,  peace, 
etc.  He  admonishes  us  to  pray  arid  to  have  a  desire  and  love  for  God's 
word;  to  glorify  the  Almighty  God  both  in  public  and  secret  worship; 
to  follow  the  true  teaching  as  Christ  has  ordained  and  instituted  it ;  to 
withdraw  the  heart  from  the  vain  and  seducing  world ;  to  take  up  his 
cross,  to  deny  himself  and  follow  Christ.    Math.  16.  etc. 

Neiu  Born.  All  these  attributes,  which  you  have  mentioned  and  which 
concern  the  inner  man,  are  found  in  full  measure  in  me.  I  lead  a 
Christ-like  life  and  conduct  myself  in  a  righteous  manner.  The  joy 
of  peace,  etc.,  encompasses  my  heart.  Tell  me  what  benefit  this  public 
worship  may  have?  What  good  comes  from  church-going?  Of  what 
help  are  teachers  and  preachers  who  in  no  way  give  evidence  that  God 
is  in  them  and  can  not  give  to  man  what  is  necessarv  for  salvation? 

Minister.  O,  what  pride  of  the  spirit  and  what  righteousness  of  the 
Pharisees!  As  a  tree  is  recognized  by  its  fruits,  so  you  give  evidence 
with  your  boastful  words  and  by  your  actions  that  vou  bv  no  means 
give  heed  to  those  things  which  I  say  to  you.  It  is  evident  that  you 
lack  many  qualities.  Why  should  you  condemn  the  public  worship  and 
the  office  of  the  ministry  by  the  presumption  the  inner  worship  is  ade- 
quate? God  himself  who  works  in  our  hearts  and  controls  us  by  the 
inner  promptings  has  also  submitted  his  word  in  an  external  form  as  a 
guidance  of  our  life.    God's  end  is  the  same  in  both  cases. 

New  Born.  Be  so  kind  as  to  show  me  the  ordination  of  the  office  oi 
teacher  and  minister? 

Minister.  This  can  be  clearly  shown:  I.  Christ  himself  has  ordained 
and  instituted  it  as  it  is  written  in  Alath.  28.  27,  28,  29.  and  Eph.  4.  ii- 
13.  II  In  Tit.  I.  13  and  I  Tim.  3.  21,  we  find  enumerated  the  dutie> 
presented  and  enjoined  in  the  word  of  God  upon  the  teachers  and 
preachers  for  their  consideration.  III.  It  can  be  shown  from  the  ad- 
monitions which  have  been  given  to  all  believers  in  which  they  are 
commanded  to  follow  their  teachers  devoutly — Hebr.  13.  7  and  17 — and 
to  count  them  worthy  of  honor.  I  Tim.  5.  17.  IV.  This  is  also  shown 
by  the  contemplation  that,  on  the  one  hand,  there  exists  the  great  judg- 
ment which  false  ministers  must  meet  face  to  face  in  the  due  course  of 
time,  and,  on  the  other  hand,  there  is  that  glorious  joy  and  blessedness 
which  those  who  grace  their  office  with  truth  and  dignity  can  hope  to 
attain.  Dan.  12.  3.  V.  From  the  consideration  that  the  divine  word, 
which  is  unchangeable  in  the  sight  of  God,  must  necessarily  be  binding 
upon  the  ministers  for  they  are  the  servants  of  Christ  and  the  stewards 
of  the  mysteries  of  God.  I  Cor.  4.  i.  In  Math.  28.  27,  Christ  has  prom- 
ised to  be  with  them  to  the  end  of  the  world. 

Nezv  Born.  Can  you  also  show  me  the  necessity  and  advantage  of 
public  worship? 


^^6  THE   PENN    GERMANIA. 

Mi)iistcr,  ja  gar  wol.  Landsman,  und  Zvvaren  aus  unwider  sprech- 
liclien  grunden. 

NcHi!:cbonicr,  Wass  hast  du  fur  g-runden?     Lass  horen? 

Minister.  Den  offentlichen  Gottes  dienst  erfordert  i.  der  befehl  des 
Apostole  5  Faiili  Hcbr.  lo.  28.  2.  die  praxis  der  glaiibigen  zu  alien 
zeiten,  als :  der  verheissting,  da  Abel  und  Kain  dem  'herren  geopffert 
Gen.  4.  3.  4.  da  zu  Enos  zeiten  die  menschen  angefangen  den  namen 
Gottes  anzuruifen.  Gen.  4.  26.  des  Alten  Testaments,  da  die  ausserlicke 
Kirch  I  ausmachte  das  Volk  Israel;  als  welches  gebunden  war  an  ver- 
schiedene  ausserliche  satzungen.  die  Gott  der  Herr  gegeben  an  den  berg 
sinai ;  des  Neuen  Testaments;  wie  dieses  exhellet  unter  andern  aus  Acts 
X.  12,  13,  14.  2.  I.  3.  2.  die  naturliche  billichkeit ;  dann  gleichwie  Gott 
der  Herr  eine  gantze  gemeind,  viele  menschen  zusamen  mit  vielen 
gutern  uberschuttet ;  also  ist  es  billig,  dass  dieselbe  einmuthiglick  den 
Aller  hoechsten  verherrlichen,  und  ihm  darvor  dancken.  3.  Wie  die  be- 
forderung  der  ehr  Gottes,  so  dass  besten  der  glaubigen  untereinander ; 
sintemal  es  gereichet  Zur  grosseren  ehr  Gottes,  Wann  ein  mensch  nicht 
nur  allein,  sondern  mit  einer  grossen  meng  volcks  den  himmlischen 
vatter  verherrlichet  die  glaubigen  Werden  auch  dadurch  in  ihrem  glaub- 
en  an  Christum  erbauet,  und  zur  gottseligkeit  entzundet,  wann,  wo  nicht 
alle.  doch  Wenigstens  einige  an  tag  legen  die  aufrichtigkeit  ihres  hertz- 
ens  mit  einem  gottseligen  Wandel.  4.  die  gemeinschafift  der  guter, 
daran,  die  glaubigen  zusamen  theil  haben,  nemlich  das  Wort  Gottes 
horen,  der  heiligen  Sacramenten  sich  bedienen ;  dann  da  zu  Kannen  sie 
anderst  nicht  gelangen,  als  durch  die  ausserliche  offentliche  versam- 
lungen,  durch  eine  ausserliche  gemeinschafft  unter  sich  selbst  zugc 
schweicen  dass  seinen  glauben  offentlich  bekennen.  andere  unter  weisen 
eine  ofifentliche  versamlung  unterstelle ;  dann  wie  kante  man  einen  un- 
terweisen  ohne  gesell-und  gemeinschafft  mit  ihm  ?  Wie  Kante  man 
seinen  glauben  offentlich  bekennen?  Wo  man  nicht  offentlich  zusamen 
Kame?     Keines  Weges. 

Ncxigeborner.  Du  magst  sprechen,  und  vorstellen,  wass  du  imer 
Wilt?  Die  Lehrer  seynd  doch  nichts  anderst,  als  Baals  pfaffen  sie 
seynd  mit  mancherley  sunden  befleckt.  Wie  will  ein  sunder  dem  andern 
den  weg  weisen,  der  selbst  in  finsternuss  wandelt,  und  keinen  begriff 
und  gefuhl  von  dem  w^eg  hat?  Ich  sehe  auch,  dass  die  menschen,  so  zu 
einer  offentlichen  versamlung  sich  begeben.  nicht  fromer  werden,  ja 
manchmal  zum  anstoss  andern  in  grosse  sunden  fallen :  Wass  nutzet 
damnach  die  ausserliche  versamlung? 

Minister.  Landsman,  ihr  sprecht  wass  frey  mit  euerem  mund,  und 
redet  harl  ?  Ihr  antwortet  nicht  aus  die  gethane  vorstellungen.  sondern 
ohne  bedcncken  recht  ausgalassen  in  den  Wind  hienein  ?  Doch  ich 
halte  es  euch  zu  gut:  Manclimal  die  jenegen,  so  vor  andern  sich  from 
und  heilig  machen  Wollcn.  seynd  die  schlimsten,  und  lieget  in  ihnen 
sonderbarer  Pharisaeischer  hochmuth  verborgen :  E's  ist  frevlich  die 
verdorbenheit  allgemein  in  alien  standcn  ;  doch  hebet  der  missbrauch 
den  rechten  gebrauch  mit  nichten  auf ;  die  verordnung  und  der  befehl 
Gottes  bleihet  alle  zeit.  Ist  es  schon,  dass  der  saamen  des  worts  Gottes 
in  vieler  hertzen  der,  menschen  aus  einen  steinigt-und  unfruchtbaren 
grund  faellet  und  also  wenige  oder  wol  gar  keine  fruchten  hervor 
bringct,  so  faellet  doch  jener  auch  auf  einen  guten  grund:  Worauf  er 


THE    NEWBORN  357 

Minister.  Very  easily,  my  countryman,  by  arguments  that  can  not  be 
refuted. 

Nezv  Bom.  What  are  your  arguments?     Let  me  hear  them. 

Minister.  The  pubHc  worship  is  required:  I.  By  the  command  of  the 
Apostle  St.  Paul  in  Hebr.  10.  28;  II.  by  the  practice  of  believers 
of  all  ages  as  for  example,  the  promise  given  when  Cain  and  Abel  sac- 
rificed unto  the  Lord.  Gen.  4.  3,  4 ;  by  the  fact  that  during  the  days  of 
Enos  men  began  to  call  upon  the  name  of  the  Lord,  Gen.  4.  26.  In 
the  Old  Testament,  the  visible  church  on  earth  was  composed  of  the 
children  of  Israel  which  were  held  together  by  many  externally  imposed 
laws  given  by  God  on  Mount  Sinai.  We  also  find  arguments  in  the 
New  Testament  which  presents  to  us  the  reasonableness  of  public  wor- 
ship, Acts  X,  12,  13.  14.  2.  I.  3.  2.  Since  God  protects  and  bestows 
many  blessings  upon  a  congregation,  it  is  but  reasonable  that  they 
should  devoutly  praise  the  Almighty  God  and  render  thanks  to  him. 
III.  As  the  glory  of  God  advances,  so  there  is  a  corresponding  increase 
of  righteousness  among  Christians.  It  leads  to  a  greater  honor  of  God 
when  people  unite  in  glorifying  the  heavenly  Father  in  common  wor- 
ship, and  the  believers  are  strengthened  by  such  worship  through  their 
faith  in  Christ  and  prompts  them  to  seek  salvation,  even  though  there 
may  be  only  a  few  who  openly  show  the  righteousness  of  their  heart  in 
a  godly  life.  IV.  By  the  communion  of  the  gbod  in  which  the  believers 
share  in  common,  hear  the  preaching  of  God's  word  and  avail  them- 
selves of  the  Holy  Sacraments  in  which  they  can  not  share  except 
through  a  public  meeting.  It  is  through  this  outward  union  that 
he  can  confess  his  faith  in  public  and  thus  be  an  example  to  others, 
so  that  they  may  seek  to  join  a  congregation.  How  can  a  man  instruct 
another  without  companionship  and  communion  with  him  ?  In  no  way 
are  we  able  to  confess  our  faith  openly  except  in  such  a  public  meeting. 

Neiv  Born.  You  may  say  and  present  what  you  choose.  The  mis- 
isters  are  but  priests  of  Baal  defiled  by  many  grievous  sins.  How  can 
a  sinner,  who  wanders  in  darkness  and  has  no  conception  and  under- 
standing of  the  true  way,  point  out  the  way  to  another  ?  I  also  see  that 
those  people  who  belong  to  a  congregation  do  not  become  more  pious 
but  frequently  they  fall  into  great  and  grievous  sins  by  committing  of- 
fences against  other.     What  is  the  benefit  of  these  public  meetings  ? 

Minister.  You  speak  very  freely  and  your  words  are  rather  severe. 
You  do  not  speak  with  due  consideration  but  very  freely  without  proper 
reflection.  I  grant  you  that  in  many  cases  those  who  desire  to  be  pious 
and  holy  among  others  are  often  the  most  wicked  and  shield  themselves 
by  that  pride  which  characterized  the  Pharisees.  This  is  the  depravity 
common  to  all  ranks  of  life,  yet  taking  the  name  of  the  Lord  in  vain 
does,  by  no  means,  destroy  the  force  of  its  proper  use.  The  mandates 
and  commands  of  God  remain  for  all  time.  It  may  happen  that  the  seed 
of  God's  word  in  the  hearts  of  many  people  is  like  falling  upon  stony 
and  barren  ground,  which  yields  very  little  or  no  fruit  at  all.  However, 
it  also  falls  upon  fertile  soil  and  yields  spiritual  fruits  many  fold  and 
consequently  the  office  of  teaching  and  ministry  has  its  benefits.  If 
those,  who  hear  the  word,  sin,  they  are  held  responsible.  If  the  minis- 
ters of  the  Gospel  make  a  false  step,  they  must  await  the  great  judg- 


358.  THE   PENN   GERMANIA. 

herrliche  fruchte  hervorbringet ;  nnd  hat  dahero  das  lehren  und  predi- 
gen  alle  zeit,  seiner  nutzen :  Versundigen  sich  Zuhorer,  so  haben  sie  es ' 
vor  sich  zu  verantworten  ;  Strauchlen  lehrer,  so  haben  sie  ein  grosser 
urtheil  zugewarten :  Haben  also  beyde  nur  daraufzusehen  wie  sie  vor 
Gott  mogen  rein  und  und  unstraefflich  erfunden  Werden. 

Neiigeborner.  Alle  deine  reden,  und  vorstellungen  seynd  vergebens ; 
E's  ist  eben  so  viel,  ob  du  redest,  oder  nicht  redest?  Dann  du  Kanst 
als  ein  fleischlicker  mensch  der  von  dem  geistlichen  leben  kein  gefuhl 
weder  mir  noch  einem  andern  menschen  geben,  wass  er  haben  soil,  das 
ist,  die  Neugeburt;  wass  brauchet  es  darum  viel  sprechens?  Ich  meines 
theils  habe  schon,  Wass  ich  baben  Solle,  und  bin  neugeboren;  einem 
andern,  der  ohne  die  Neugeburt  lebet,  kanst  du  sie  nicht  geben;  dann 
wie  kan  einer  einem  andern  et,wass  geben,  das  er  selbsten  nicht  hat? 

A'Ii)iistcr.  Ich  empfinde  leyder !  nur  zu  viel  dass  ich  mit  alien  men- 
schen ein  grosser  und  schwerer  sunder,  und  mag  desswegen  Wol  mit 
Paulo  ausruffen :  Ach  ich  elender  mensch  ?  Muss  daneben  auch  ge- 
stehen,  dass  ich  nicht  das  vermogen  habe  eines  unWidergeborenen  hertz 
zuerneueren  dann  da  zu  Wird  gottliche  Krafft  erfordert :  Dieses  ist  das 
werck  des  heiligen  geistes  JoJi.  3.  5  Rom.  14.  In  zwischen  seynd  meiner 
und  aller  treuen  diener  Gottes  lehren  und  vermahnungen  aus  dem  wort 
Gottes  genomen  nicht  ohne  nutzen  die  weilen  in  und  das  gepredigte 
wort  der  heilige  geist  in  den  hertzen  der  menschen  wurcket  und  daselbe 
gleich  einem  guten  saamen  fruchtbar  machet  Jerm.  51  ^^.  Stellet  dem- 
nach  von  aussen  ein  treuer  Lehrer  den  reinen,  und  unverfalschten  wil- 
len  Gottes  vor  durch  das  wort  des  Evangelij ;  so  macht  selbigen  inner- 
lich  der  heilige  geist  in  den  hertzen  frachbar ;  darum  heisset  es  I  Cor. 
3.  5.  6.  7.  Wer  ist  Paulus?  Wer  ist  Apollo?  Diener  seynd  sie,  durch 
Welche  ihr  glaubig  worden  &c.  Ich  habe  gepflantzet,  Apollo  hat  be- 
gossen ;  aber  Gott  hat  das  gedeyen  gegeben  ?  Vergleiche  hiemit  Rom. 
10.  17.  Warum  machet  ihr  aber  so  viel  ruhmen  von  euch  selbst?  Komet 
dass  mit  der  Neugeburt  uberein? 

Neiigeborner.  Siehe !  solte  ich  nicht  ruhmen  an  mir,  wass  an  mir 
zu  ruhmen?  Ich  bin  ja  doch  gluckselig,  und  in  einem  herrlichen  zu- 
stand ;  Ich  helffe  Gott,  und  Gott  belffet  mir. 

Minister.  Wass  seynd  dass  fur  ungereimte  und  Gott-lasterige  reden? 
Solle  eine  eitele  nichtige  creatur  in  den  mund  fuhren,  dass  sie  sage: 
Sie  helffe  Gott?  Die  doch  nichts  anderst  als  erd  und  staub  ist?  Meinet 
ihr  elender  erden  wurm,  dass  ihr  zu  der  vollkommenheit  Gottes  das 
geringste  beytragen  Kannet?  Imgegentheil  wann  der  unendliche  Gott 
mit  seiner  hulff  and  beystand  nicht  allezeit  um  euch  ware,  ja  seinen 
arm  einen  Kleinen  augenblick  entziehete ;  ihr  mustet  zerbasten,  und  wie 
kot  und  aschen  dahin  fallen :  Allen  ansehen  nach  hat  die  Neugeburt 
nicht  bey  euch  platz,  sondern  Statt  derer  der  eigene  wahn,  die  verdor- 
bcnc  affecten,  die  narrische  phantasia:  Dann  heisset  das  neugeboren 
seyn,  und  die  welt  lieb  im  hertzen  haben?  Heisset  das  Neugeboren 
seyn,  und  Keine  fruchten  der  Neugeburt  von  sich  sehen  lessen?  Hebet 
die  Neugeburt  das  betten  auf  Welches  Christus  der  Herr  befohlen,  ja 
davon  selbst  ein  muster  gegeben  und  binderlassen  ?  Hat  nicht  Paulus 
selbst  zum  betten  sehr  sorgfaltig  vermahnet  I  The^s.  5.  17?  Machet 
die    Neugeburt   aufgeblassen,   hochmuthig?     Mit   nichten:    Fuhret    sie 


THE    NEWBORN  359 

ment.    It  remains  a  personal  question  for  each  how  ihey  may  be  found 
pure  and  innocent  in  the  sight  of  God. 

Nezv  Born.  All  your  words  and  arguments  are  in  vain,-  for  it  is  im- 
material whether  or  not  you  speak  wdth  me.  You  are  unable  as  a  carnal 
man  who  has  no  knowledge  of  the  spiritual  life  to  bestow  upon  me  or 
another  what  he  should  possess — that  is  the  New  Birth.  Why,  then, 
need  you  speak  at  length  ?  For  my  part,  I  already  possess  what  I  should 
possess  and  am  New  Born.  You  are  not  able  to  give  the  New  Birth  to 
him  who  lacks  it  for  how  can  that  be  given  which  is  not  in  one's  pos- 
session. 

Minister.  I  perceive  unfortunately  that  I  along  with  others  am  a  great 
and  wicked  sinner  and  may  rightly  cry  out  with  St.  Paul,  Alas!  I  am 
a  miserable  man.  I  must  confess  that  I  do  not  have  the  power  to  quick- 
en an  unregenerated  heart,  for  in  order  to  accomplish  this  end  the 
power  of  God  is  required.  This  is  the  work  of  the  Holy  Ghost  as  it  is 
written  in  John  3.  5,  Rom.  14.  However,  the  instructions  and  admoni- 
tions, taken  from  the  word  of  God  and  preached  by  me  and  all  true 
servants  of-jGad-.are^beneficial.  Sometimes  the  word  of  the  Holy  Ghost 
works  in  the  heart  of  men  and  causes  the  good  seeds  to  yield  fruit. 
Jerm.  31.  33.  If  a  faithful  minister  preaches  the  true  and  pure  will  of 
God  as  presented  by  the  words  of  the  Gospel,  then  the  Holy  Ghost  will 
make  the  heart  fruitful  of  good  work.  In  I  Cor  3.  5,  6,  7  w^e  read: 
Who  then  is  Paul?  Who  is  Apollo?  They  are  but  ministers  by  whom 
ye  believed.  I  have  planted,  Apollos  watered ;  but  God  gave  the  in- 
crease. Compare  with  these  words  Rom.  10.  17.  Why  do  you  esteem 
yourself  so  highly?  Does  this  correspond  with  your  conception  of  the 
New  Birth? 

Nezv  Born.  Shall  I  not  highly  esteem  that  in  me  which  is  worthy  of 
esteem?  I  am,  indeed,  highly  blessed  and  in  a  glorious  state  for  I  help 
God  and  God  helps  me. 

Minister.  What  false  and  blasphemous  words?  Should  a  vain  and 
perishable  creature,  who  is  but  earth  and  dust,  give  utterance  to  such 
words  as  "He  is  helping  God."  Do  you,  a  miserable  earthly  worm, 
think  that  you  can  contribute  the  least  to  the  perfection  and  complete- 
ness of  God?  On  the  other  hand,  if  the  infinite  God  did  not  encompass 
you  continually  by  his  help  and  support,  if  he  would  withdraw  his  pro- 
tecting arm  for  a  single  moment,  you  would  wither  and  fall  to  the 
ground  as  filth  and  ashes.  Judging  by  appearances,  the  New  Birth  has 
not  found  a  place  in  your  life  but  you  have  been  dominated  in  your  life 
by  your  own  delusions,  corrupted  affections  and  your  wild  and  foolish 
imaginations.  Is  the  lust  for  the  pleasures  of  the  world  the  real  New 
Birth?  Is  a  man  who  shows  no  fruit  of  the  New  Birth  really  New 
Born?  Does  the  New  Birth  destroy  the  value  of  prayer,  which  the 
Lord  himself  commanded  and  of  which  he  has  given  us  a  model?  HaG 
not  St.  Paul,  in  I  Thess.  5.  17,  admonished  us  to  pray  very  conscien- 
tiously? Does  the  New  Birth  fill  men  with  boastings  and  pride?  By 
no  means.  Does  it  not  rather  lead  to  lowliness,  to  humility,  to  repent- 
ance, to  the  denying  of  one's  self  and  to  follow  God  in  a  righteous 
manner  as  it  is  written  in  Matth.  16?  Does  the  New  Birth  give  rise 
to  the  mocking  and  scorning  of  God's  word?     By  no  meaus.     On  the 


360  THE    PENN    GERMAN  lA. 

nicht  vielmehr  zur  demuth,  ziir  niedrigkeit,  Zur  zerschlagenheit,  zur 
verlaugnungf  seiner  selbst.  zur  einer  rechten  nachfolge  Christi  Matth. 
16?  \'erursachet  die  Neugeburt  verspottung  verachtuno-  Gottes  Worts? 
Mit  nichten  ;  Sondern  vielmehro  hochachtung.  und  fleissige  betrachtung; 
des  selben  Coll.  3.  16.  Psalm  i.  2.  Petr.  i.  19.  Machet  die  Neugeburt 
den  ausserlichen  gottes  dienst,  und  das  lehr-und  predig-amt  zu  nicht? 
keines  wages ;  massen  sie  unterstellet,  und  bekrafftiget  vielmehr  beydes : 
dann  ein  neugeborener  mensch  suchet  auf  alle  weiss  und  weg  Gott  den 
Allerhochsten  zu  verherdichen,  und  sich  in  Ghristo  als  eine  neue  creatui* 
zu  erziegen,  nach  seinem  verstand,  nach  seinem  Willen,  nach  seineni 
aflfecten,  nach  den  glidern  seines  leibes  beydes  mit  Worten  und 
wercken  &c. 

Gott  der  bimUche  vatter  Wolle  nach  der  fille  seiner  genaden  euererr 
verstand  erleuchten,  dass  ihr  erkennen  und  recht  einsehen  maget  die 
gekeimnuss  der  seHgkeit  des  sunders  vor  Gott,  damit  ihr  Wie  von  aus- 
sen  durch  das  gepredigte  Wort  Gottes  so  zur  Wahre  bekehrung  ge- 
bracht  Werden  in  seinem  eingeliebten  sohn  Jesus  Christo.     Amen. 

S  D  G. 


On  pages  16,  17  and  18  of  Chronicon  EpJiratcnsc :  A  History  of  the 
Seventh  Day  Baptists  at  5phrata,  Lancaster  County,  Pennsylvania ;  a.> 
translated  from  the  original  German  (printed  Anno  MDCCLXXXVI, 
at  Ephrata)  by  J.  Max  Hark,  D.D.,  and  published,  1889,  by  S.  H.  Zahm 
&  Co.,  Lancaster,  Pa. ;  there  is  found  the  following  sketch  of  the  seer 
known  as  "Neugeborene,"  or  "New  Born,"  and  the  founder  thereof: 

There  arose  about  that  time  (1720)  a  people  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Oley  in  Berks  County,  who  called  themselves  the  Newborn,  and  had  one 
]\Iatthias  Bauman  as  their  founder.  Their  profession  was  that  they" 
could  not  sin  anymore.  In  a  pamphlet  of  35  pages,  Svo,  printed  in  Ger- 
many, and  entitled  "A  Call  to  the  Unregenerate  World,"  it  sounds  won- 
flerful  to  hear  IJauman  say,  on  page  13:  "Men  say  that  Christ  hath 
taken  away  sin ;  it  is  true  in  my  case,  and  of  those  who  are  in  the  same 
condition  in  which  Adam  was  before  the  fall,  as  I  am," — where  he 
places  himself  by  the  side  of  Adam  before  the  fall.  And  on  page  16  he 
makes  a  still  bolder  leap  when  he  says  r  "As  Adam  was  before  the  fall,, 
so  have  I  become,  and  even  firmer."  But  what  provoked  people  most 
was  what  he  says  on  page  12:  "With  the  body  one  cannot  sin  before 
God  but  only  before  men  and  other  creatures,  and  these  the  Judge  can 
settle,"  from  which  they  drew  dangerous  conclusions.  They  boasted 
that  they  had  only  been  sent  by  God  to  confound  men,  a  work  which, 
they  also  diligently  carried  on  during  ten  years,  so  that  their  disputa- 
tions at  market  times  in  Philadelphia  were  often  heard  with  astonish- 
ment, where  also  liauman  once  ofYered,  in  order  to  prove  that  his  doc- 
trine was  from  God,  to  walk  across  the  Delaware  river. 

In  their  journeys  through  Conestoga  (Lancaster  County),  where 
they  here  and  there  found  acceptance,  they  finally  also  came  to  the  Su- 
perintendent (John  Conrad  Beissel,  founder  of  the  Ephrata  Commun- 
ihy),  when  Baimian  commenced  about  the  new  birth.  The  Superin- 
tendent gave  him  little  satisfaction,  telling  him  to  smell  of  his  own- 
filth  ;  whereupon   they  Ccdleu   niin  a   crafty  spirit   fulT  of  subtflitv,  anc? 


THE   NEWBORN  361 

Other  hand,  it  leads  and  arouses  us  to  esteem  God's  word  more  highly 
and  to  study  it  more  diligently.  Col.  3.  16.  Psalm  i.  2.  Petr.  i.  19.  Does 
the  New  Birth  destroy  the  force  of  public  worship  and  the  office  of  teach 
ing  and  ministry?  In  no  way  whatever.  It  supports  and  strengthens  both 
the  office  of  teaching  and  ministry.  A  really  New  Born  man  seeks  in 
every  manner  and  way  to  glorify  the  Almighty  God,  and  prove  himself 
to  be  a  new  creature  through  Christ,  according  to  his  understanding,  his 
will,  his  affections,  his  members  of  the  body  both  in  words  and 
deeds,  etc. 

May  the  heavenly  Father  according  to  the  fullness  of  his  mercy  en- 
lighten your  understanding,  so  that  you  may  understand  and  rightly 
comprehend  the  secret  of  salvation  for  the  sinner  before  God,  and  may 
be  brought  to  the  full  realization  of  the  truth  through  the  preached 
word  of  God  in  his  own  beloved  son  Jesus  Christ.    Amen. 

S.  D.  G. 


departed.  It  was  observed  that  from  this  time  on  they  lost  all  power 
to  spread  their  seductions  any  further,  which  finally  died  out  with  their 
originators.  The  Baumann  spoken  of  died  aboout  1727.  He  is  said 
(otherwise  to  have  been  an  upright  man,  and  not  to  have  loved  the  world 
inordinately ;  but  Kuehlenwein,  Jotter  and  other  followers  of  his  were 
insatiable  in  their  love  of  the  world. 

This  Matthias  Baumann  had  been  a  poor  day-laborer  in  the  city  of 
Lamsheim  in  the  Palatinate.  In  the  year  1701  he  was  visited  with  a- 
severe  illness  in  which  he  was  caught  up  into  heaven  and  was  given 
revelations  for  mankind.  W'hen  he  came  to  himself  again,  he  cried  ou*" 
for  hours  at  a  time:  "O  men,  be  converted!  The  judgment-day  is  ai 
hand !"  He  w"as  caught  up  again,  and  then  it  was  told  him :  Men  imag- 
ine that  they  are  living  in  the  light  of  day,  but  they  are  all  gone  wrong 
and  in  the  darkness  of  night.  These  trances  occurred  for  fourteen  days, 
the  last  one  continuing  for  24  hours,  so  that  it  was  thought  he  had 
died,  and  preparations  were  made  for  his  funeral.  When  he  recovered 
he  went  to  the  minister  and  told  him  that  God  had  sent  him  back  into 
this  world  to  tell  men  that  they  should  be  converted,  but  the  minister, 
who  thought  he  was  out  of  his  mind,  sought  by  means  of  a  worldly  book: 
to  drive  these  notions  out  of  his  head. 

Under  the  heading  Defunct  German  Sects  in  Pennsyk'ania,  there  is 
published  in  "Notes  and  Queries,"  Annual  Volume  1896,  edited  by  Dr. 
William  Henry  Egle  (pages  168-170),  the  following  sketch  relating  to- 
"Die  Xeugeborne — New  P.orn — 17 18- 1769,"  which"  sketch  had  been 
prepared  by  the  historian.  I.  Daniel  Rupp.  as  a  chapter  in  his  "Fireside 
History  of  the  Pennsylvania-Germans." 

As  early  as  171 1  a  settlement  was  begun  by  some  persons  from 
Duchess  county,  New  York,  in  Oley,  Berks  county.  Penna.  Some  of 
them  were  so-called  pietists,  who  had  accompanied  Rev.  Joshua  Koch- 
erthal,  a  Lutheran  minister,  w^ho  located,  in  1708.  at  the  present  site  of 
Newburg  (French's  N.  Y.  Gazatteer.  509).  The  Pietists,  by  reason  of 
some  dispute  under  the  pastoral  care  of  Kocherthal,  removed  to  Penn- 
sylvania, some  to  Oley.  others  to  Pequea  \'allev  ( Broadhead's  Doc.  His, 
N.  Y.,  pp.  52,  53;  Rupp's  His.  Berks  Co..  83',  etc.). 


362  THE   PENN    GERMANIA. 

In  Oley,  the  New  Born  sprung  up  in  1718.  Their  religious  tenets  are 
set  forth  in  a  book  written  by  one  Matthias  Bauman,  which  is  entitled 
"Ruf  an  die  nicht  Widergebornen,"  call  to  the  Unregenerated,  and  from 
casual  notices,  as  found  in  journals,  biographies  and  letters  written 
when  this  sect  flourished. 

Miatthias  Bauman  was  a  poor  day  laborer,  of  the  town  of  Lamsheim. 
Lower  Palatinate.  In  1701  he  was  taken  sick,  was  entranced,  saw 
wonderful  visions,  received  revelations  in  heaven,  so  he  said,  which  he 
was  to  communicate  to  his  fellowmen.  Consciousness  being  restored, 
he  exclaimed  aloud,  unceasingly  for  one  hour :  "O  men,  convert  your- 
selves, the  day  of  judgment  is  drawing  nigh!"  (Ohronicon  Epra.  13, 
14)- 

He  lay  in  a  trance  a  second  time,  in  a  convulsed  state  for  two  weeks. 
Preparations  were  made  for  his  burial — having  become  conscious,  he 
called  at  the  house  of  the  minister  of  the  village,  admonishing  him,  as 
was  revealed  to  him  in  heaven,  to  warn  him  against  the  wrath  to  come. 
In  heaven  it  was  told  Bauman :  "That  men  believed  they  live  by  day, 
but  the  perverse  by  night." 

Some  years  after  this  last  revelation,  he  emigrated  and  settled  in 
Oley  where  he  became  the  founder  of  the  New  Born  Sect.  In  his  book 
he  has  written :  "Men  say  that  Christ  has  abolished  sin.  It  is  true  with 
me,  for  he,  that  is  I,  am  is  as  Adam  was  before  the  fall.  As  Adam  was 
before  the  fall,  so  I  have  become.  Only  with  the  body  can  one  sin  be- 
fore God." 

Holding  this  faith,  one  naturally  forms  a  favorable  opinion  of  him- 
self. The  New  Born  avowed  that  a  leading  object  of  their  mission  wa? 
"to  confound  others."  They  were  earnest,  perhaps  sincere,  in  what  they 
undertook.  In  their  zeal  to  propagate  their  religious  tenets,  their  dis- 
putations were  not  unfrequently  heard  in  the  market  house  of  Phila- 
delphia. To  show,  by  ocular  demonstration,  that  his  teachings  were 
from  heaven,  Bauman  proposed  to  wade  the  Delaware  at  Philadelphia. 
They  occasionally  visited  the  anchorite  Sabbatarians  at  Ephrata,  to  dis- 
pute with  Conrad  Beissel,  the  founder  of  the  Siebentager.  The  last 
visit  was  shortly  before  Bauman  died.  He  departed  this  life  in  1727. 
Of  Bauman,  tradition  has  it,  he  was  honest  and  sincere ;  not  anxious 
to  amass  wealth.  The  same  testimony  was  not  given  in  favor  of  some 
of  his  disciples,  especally  Kuehlenwein  and  Joder,  and  others,  who  soon 
became  inordinate  lovers  of  the  good  things  of  the  world — some  \vere 
guilty  of  gross  sins. 

Count  Zinzendorf  bears  this  testimony:  "The  New  Born  (1742) 
maintain  that  if  a  man  is  regenerated,  every  thing  that  he  does  is  right 
and  good;  for  he  can  sin  no  more.  Holding  these  views,  they  justify 
gross  sins  of  the  flesh"  (Spangenberg's  Life  of  Zinzendorf,  p.  1382). 

Rev.  Dr.  Muhlenberg,  father  of  American  Lutheranism,  came  occa- 
sionally in  contact  with  some  of  Bauman's  followers.  In  his  journal, 
June  10,  1743,  this  fact  is  recorded:  "I  was,  says  Muhlenberg,  accom- 
panied by  the  schoolmaster,  Mr.  T.  L.,  of  Hanover.  I  called  to  see  one 
of  these  so-called  New  Born,  driving  eight  miles  from  New  Hanover 
(Montgomery  County).  This  man  had  married  a  widow  some  twenty 
years  ago.  She  bore  him  five  children,  whom  the  mother,  without  the 
consent  of  the  father,  sent  to  be  instructed  and  baptized.    The  old  man 


THE    NEWBORN  363 

professes  that  he  had  been  born  anew  in' the  Palatinate.  The  evidences 
of  his  regeneration  are,  according-  to  his  own  oft-repeated  assertions,  that 
he  had  withdrawn  from  the  Reformed  Church,  refused  to  take  the  Holy 
Sacrament  and  would  not  take  the  oath  of  fealty  to  the  new  prince, 
on  which  account  he  and  some  others  were  cited  to  appear  before  the 
consistory,  which  he  refused  to  do,  and  consequently  was  imprisoned, 
and  as  he  imagines  he  has  suffered  for  Christ's  sake.  He  will  not  listen 
to  any  reasonable  evidence  or  receive  the  Scripture  in  all  its  parts  as 
proof.  Nor  will  he  receive  any  instructions,  being  self-willed,  turbu- 
lent, passionate,  abusing  the  liberty  he  enjoys.  After  arriving  in  this 
country  he  united  with  the  New  Born,  a  sect  so-called.  These  profess  a 
new  birth,  which  they  have  received  immediately  and  instantaneously 
by  inspiration,  in  visions  and  dreams  from  Heaven.  Having  thus  re- 
ceived this  new  birth,  they  imagine  they  are  like  God  and  Christ.  They 
say:  'They  can  neither  sin  nor  err — they  have  attained  perfection — 
hence  they  need  no  longer  to  use  the  means  of  grace.  The  Word  of 
God  they  consult  only  to  support  their  false  principles.  They  ridicule 
the  sacraments,  speaking  scandalously  of  them.'  " 

Bauman,  the  founder  of  this  sect,  was  noted  as  a  polemic.  This  dis- 
turbing propensity  seems  to  have  moved  some  of  his  followers  "to 
tread  in  his  steps."  While  Rev.  Muhlenberg  preached  at  New  Hanover, 
one  of  the  New  Born  was  there  too.  "I  preached,"  said  Muhlenberg,  "a. 
German  and  English  funeral  sermon  in  a  spacious  church,  because  many 
German  and  English  people  were  present.  I  was  somewhat  disturbed 
by  an  old,  self-willed  man,  calling  himself  a  New  Born,  who  was  on 
the  outside  of  the  house,  preaching  boisterously,  as  he  was  wont  to 
some  folks,  with  the  design  of  interrupting  me.  He  became  quite  en- 
raged because  few  stayed  to  listen  to  him.  After  having  retailed  his 
slang,  he  went  home  angry.  I  would  fain  have  listened  to  him,  had  I 
believed  that  his  call  to  the  ministry  and  his  doctrine  were  of  God.  His 
fundamental  doctrines  are :  'Many  years  ago,  he  had  'by  night  seen  in 
his  bed  chamber  a  light  which'  revealed  to  him  that  he  was  a  child  of 
God — that  the  magistracy,  the  ministry,  the  Bible,  the  sacraments, 
churches  and  schools  were  all  from  the  devil — that  all  must  become 
such  as  he  was,  etc'  However,  were  all  to  become  as  he  was,  a  New  Born, 
the  best  interests  of  society  would  by  no  means  be  promoted,  because 
he  becomes  occasionally  beastly  drunk,  beats  his  poor  wife  unmerci- 
fully." 

Frail,  human  nature !  By  their  fruits  shall  they  be  known.  Men  and 
their  principles  are  often  alike.  By  way  of  episode,  I  append  a  letter, 
which  was  in  the  possession  of  Daniel  Bartolette.  of  Oley,  for  upwards 
of  fifty  years.     The  author  writes  to  friends  in  Germany. 

Oley,  May  14,  1718. 
Brothers,  sisters,  relatives  and  friends : 

I  greet  you  all  cordially.  I  have  received  your  letter,  from  which  f 
learn  what  you  wish  ;  but  to  answer  which  is  a  small  matter.  I  will 
make  my  situation  known  to  you — ^tell  you  how  it  is  with  me.  I  am 
now  in  a  better  state  than  I  had  been  in  Germany.  Here  God  made  mc 
free  from  sin.  I  cannot  sin  any  more,  for  which  I  now,  and  shall  ever, 
praise  God.     I  clave  unto  Him,  and  thus  He  drew  nigh  me  and  has 


364  THE    PENN    GERMANIA. 

takeen  His  abode  in  me.  If  you  desire  to  enjoy  the  new  birth  with  me, 
withdraw  your  mind  and  thoughts  from  all  worldly  things — seek  God 
only — contnue  to  pray,  sigh  day  and  night,  that  God  would  regenerate 
you.  If  you  prove  sincere,  you  will  experience  wonders.  Alen  boast 
of  being  Christians  who  know  not  what  the  new  birth  is.  The  new 
birth  is  the  new  stone,  which  no  one  knows,  only  he  that  receives  it. 

To  emigrate  to  Pennsylvania  is  vain,  if  you  are  sinners.  Who  know? 
whether  you  will  arrive  safely?  MIost  persons  have  to  endure  sickness 
— many  die.  In  Pennsylvania  there  is  unrest,  too,  as  well  as  in  Ger- 
many. If  it  is  not  by  reason  of  war,  there  is  something  else,  which  is 
disagreeable. 

Men  will  never  find  rest  in  this  world,  go  whither  they  will.  With 
God  only  is  there  rest.  If  you  see  rest  elsewhere,  you  will  still  be  rest- 
less— thus  it  is  in  America.  But  if  one  is  free  from  sin,  he  may  go 
abroad,  or  remain  in  Germany,  then  he  has  the  most  precious  treasure 
with  him  ;  he  is  contented  where  he  is — is  delighted  with  his  treasure 
anywhere  in  the  world. 

Preachers  and  their  hearers,  all  of  them,  are  no  Christians,  they  are 
sinners.  Christ  has  come  to  abolish  sin.  He,  then,  that  is  not  free  from 
sin,  for  him  Christ  has  not  yet  come  into  the  world.  All  the  preachers 
in  the  world  that  have  not  been  made  free  from  sin,  and  yet  can 
sin — "sundigen  konnen" — 'are  false  teachers,  be  they  pious  or  impious. 
Naught  but  Christ  is  of  any  avail  in  His  kingdom.  He  that  hath  not 
Christ  is  none  of  his ;  for  where  Christ  is  there  is  freedom  from  sin. 

I  again  greet  you  all  cordially.  Think  of  what  I  have  written,  lay  it 
'to  heart ;  it  will  be  more  precious  to  you  than  all  else  in  the  world. 

Maria  DeTurk, 
Whose  maiden  name  was  Maria  DeHeroken. 


Gideon  Moor:  Slave,   Freedman  and  Litigant 

George  Michael  Weiss  was  a  native  of  ville,  Pa.,  where  a  suitable  memorial  marks 
the  Palatinate,  baptized  Jan.  23,  1700;  his  grave.  David  Shultze  was  a  prominent 
educated  at  Heidelberg;  ordained  and  com-  citizen,  conveyancer,  surveyor  and  "bush 
missioned  to  serve  the  church  in  America.  lawyer,"  residing  near  the  New  Goshen- 
He  arrived  in  America,  1727,  with  a  com-  hoppen  Church.  Should  the  follownig  let- 
pany  of  four  hundred  immigrants.  He  ters  call  for  explanations  we  shall  be  glad 
was  pastor,  Philadelphia  and  Skippack,  to  supply  same  if  possible. 
Pa.,  1727-1729;  went  on  mission  to  Europe  This  story  of  Gideon  Moor,  the  slave,  the 
1729,  and  returned  to  America  1731.  He  freedman,  and  the  litigant  of  Upper  Han- 
labored  in  New  York  1731-1746,  and  in  over  Township,  Montgomery  County,  Pa., 
New  and  Old  Goshenhoppen  and  Great  A.  D.  1776,  will,  no  doubt,  prove  interest- 
Swamp,  Pa.,  1746-1761.  He  is  buried  at  ing  and  instructive  reading. 
New    Goshenhoppen    Church,    East    Green-  Editor. 


No.  I.  who  was  a   slave  to  their  mimister,  the 

«T     Af      T^     •  ,  I,        ,,  late  Geo.  M.  Weiss.    So  that  they  are  en- 

To  Mr.  DaniL'l  kenulle.  ^^^^^   in  ^   tedious   law  suit   with  him. 

Sir: — Whereas   the   reformed    Calvin-  and  though  I  never  inclined  to  be  very 

ist  congregation  in  these  parts  have  al-  much  troublesome  to  you  about  this  af- 

ready  had  a  considerable  deal  of  trouble  fair.     Yet  as  it  is  seems  that  that  con- 

with  that  negroman  called  Gideon  Moor,  gregation     might     possible     loose    their 


GIDEON   MOOR 


365 


cause ;  if  not  probably  assisted.  So  I 
find  myself  under  the  necessity  to  .s^ivts 
you  some  information  of  the  matter,  as 
short  as  possible,  as  the  said  con.s^regfa- 
tion  also  most  humbly  request  your  as- 
sistance therein,  as  far  as  thou£T;"ht  neces- 
sary. The  more  especially,  since  you  had 
a  hand  in  the  land  aflfairs  from  the  be- 
o^inning',  and  for  the  present  time  are 
looked  upon  by  the  parties  as  the  chief 
of  those  parties  concerned  therein.  \W 
also  hope  you  will  remember  that  about 
five  or  six  years  a.^o,  some  members  of 
the  said  conf^re.o^ation  applied  to  you, 
about  the  same  cause,  when  you  isfave 
them  vour  promise,  that  they  should 
have  that  land  as  soon  as  the  affair  with 
your  partners  was  settled. 

But  the  better  to  explain  their  cause, 
I  shall  be  obli,e:ed  to  repeat  the  affaiv 
from  its  beo-innin^8^. 

After  all  the  land  had  been  surveyed 
to  the  settlers  thereof,  agreeable  the  gen- 
eral agreement  this  tract  was  left  vacant 

Some  time  before  the  general  agree 
ment  was  made,  Edward  Scull  was  or 
dered  to  survey  the  greatest  part  of  his 
13,000  acres,  but  after  the  general  agree- 
ment was  made  and  the  remaining-  sur 
veys  were  to  be  completed,  he  not  having 
time  to  do  it  himself,  ordered  me  to  fin- 
ish  the   remainder,   under   his   examina 
tion ;    which    was    done,    and    employed 
with     by     the     Mr.  Parsons,  Ross     and 
Greenway.     I   accordingly  surveyed  thr 
tract  now  in  question,  on  the  19th  No- 
vember, 1750,  for  the  said  cong-regation. 
in  the  presence  of  the  elders  or  church 
wardens    thereof,    containing:    42    acres, 
with   allowance,   per.  .at   their   re- 
quest, with  an  intention  to  build  a  house 
thereon  for  their  minister  to  live  in  ;  and 
continually   to  keep  this   same   for   such 
use  forever. 

Also  with  intention,  when  it  should 
suit  them,  to  agree  and  pay  for  the  land, 
with  the  above  named  three  g-entlemen 

They  immediately  built  a  dwelling: 
house  and  stable  on  it,  dug  a  well  and 
beg-an  to  clear  some  land  in  the  sprint'". 
1 75 1.  Their  minister  came  to  live  there 
with  his  negro  family ;  at  his  recjuest  the 
congregation  allowed  him  for  his  bettei 
support,  to  clear  some  more  land,  though 


who  continued  from  time  to  time  with 
cleaning.  Though  sometimes  forbid  by 
the  congregation ;  till  almost  all  was 
cleared,  a  few  acres  only  excepted.  The 
timber  required  for  building,  and  mostly 
for  rails,  was  carried  there  by  said  peo- 
ple from  their  own  lands.  Since  there 
was  scarce  any  on  the  premises.  The 
greatest  part  thereof  was  but  a  barren 
plain.  They  applied  to  Mr.  Greenway 
about  the  land  about  1767  or  1768,  he 
returned  for  answer  that  they  should 
have  the  land,  but  since  some  of  the 
heirs  were  under  age,  he  could  not  un- 
dertake to  make  a  deed  for  it.  We  ap- 
plied to  you  about  it,  and  received  nearlv 
the  same  answer. 

Anno  1761  in  August,  their  said  min- 
ister. Geo.  Michael  Weiss  died,  and 
though  the  said  congregation  got  an- 
other in  his  stead,  yet  out  of  compassion 
to  the  deceased's  widow,  allowed  her  to 
live  on  the  land  with  her  negro  familv, 
and  left  her  the  full  use  thereof,  without 
demanding  a  penny  rent  of  her  for  it. 
They  rented  another  house  for  their  new 
accepted  minister  to  live  in,  until  the 
year  1765,  June  2nd,  the  said  relict, 
widow  Anna  Weiss  died  also,  having  no 
children,  only  her  said  negro  family,  he 
died  without  a  will,  but  she  made  a  will, 
whereupon  she  gave  all  her  estate  to  the 
said  negro  family,  and  also  her  right  to 
the  improvements,  if  any  she  had. 

But  in  my  opinion  she  could  claim  no 
further  right  thereon.  She  only  had  the 
use  and  produce  there  during  her  stay 
on  the  premises,  and  that  only  by  per- 
mission of  the  said  congregation.  Then 
in  about  three  months  afterwards,  the 
said  negro  family  were  all  sold  for 
slaves  by  Christian  Schneider  and  Leon- 
ard Melshive,  who  had  administered  for 
the  estate.  The  said  negro  man,  with 
his  wife  and  two  children  were  sold  to 
Leonard  Thomas,  an  inhabitant  of  this 
township.  Some  time  afterwards  the 
congregation  got  an  inmate  to  live  in  the 
house  on  the  premises. 

The  said  Leonard  Thomas,  weary  of 
his  negroes,  allowed  tlie  man  liberty  and 
time  to  try  for  to  obtain  his  freedom, 
ciuring  which  interview  the  said  Gideon, 
bv  some  lawver's  contrivances  came  and 


366 


THE;PENN    GERMANIA. 


took  possession  a^ain  of  the  said  prem- 
ises, about  the  latter  end  of  1767,  or  the  . 
beginninjy  of  1768.    This  occasioned  new 
trouble  to  the  cong-ref^ation. 

They  soon  after  applied  for  the  land 
to  you  and  to  John  Margotroyd,  and  re- 
ceived yours  and  his  promise  in  their  fa^ 
vor,  to  get  it  done  as  soon  as  those  af- 
fairs were  settled,  but  they  could  have  a 
deed  for  mortgage,  on  the  i6th  of  Feb- 
ruary, 1768.  Sent  with  order  to  thav 
negro  man  to  go  off  from  the  premises 
with  his  family  and  effects  within  one 
week,  otherwise  he  would  sue  him  foi 
trespass.  Until,  as  I  suppose,  in  April, 
1769  (some  think  1770),  the  congrega 
tion  being  tired  with  the  like  vexations. 
went  there  and  carried  his  family  and 
goods  to  his  said  master's  house,  repair- 
ed and  fitted  up  the  dwelling  house  for 
their  new  minister  to  live  in,  wiho  resides 
thereon  since.  He  put  the  fences  in 
good  condition  to  save  the  winter  grain 
for  the  benefit  of  the  said  negrpes,  who 
got  the  grain  next  harvest.  But  in  re- 
turn, said  Gideon  sued  them  for  trespass, 
which  ocasioned  the  trial  in  Septembei 
court,  1770.  When  those  of  the  congre- 
gation who  done  that  act,  were  obliged 
to  pay  a  small  fine,  with  a  considerable 
deal  of  costs.  Since  this  time  the  said 
Gideon  hath  sued  them  again  for  dam- 
ages, that  he  says  he  suffered  merely  by 
some  small  trivials  on  rags,  which  he 
left  lying  before  in  the  weather  and 
muddled  before  ihis  said  master's  bouse. 
His  loss  can  be  but  very  small,  l^ui 
though  it  be  ever  so  little,  yet  it  may 
prove  probably  possible,  that  the  congre 
gation  might  be  cast  again,  and  also 
obliged  to  pay  a  considerable  deal  of 
costs  too,  and  thereby  be  obliged  to  sub 
mit  to  this  hero  Lord  South,  if  not  time 
ly  supported.  I  have  further  to  add. 
that  several  witnesses  were  also  sued  to 
give  evidence  in  favor  of  the  said  negro, 
but  they  refused  to  appear.  Then  be- 
fore March  court  last,  I  also  had  a  sub- 
poena sent  mc  to  attend  in  favor  of  the 
negroes,  but  by  reason  of  my  weak  state 
and  condition  of  'health,  I  did  not  attend, 
nor  any  other  witness,  nor  did  I  incline 
to  meddle  with  it  till  in  August  last,  a 
writ  of  attachment  was  served  on  me  and 


also  on  the  other  witnesses,  for  disobe- 
dience or  contempt  of  court,  by  the  high 
Sheriff  himself.  So  that  we  have  to 
thank  the  high  Sheriff's  generosity  and 
benevolence  for  it,  for  not  putting  us  to 
Goal,  for  it,  for  near  a  whole  month  till 
September  court  about  this  aft'air.  A 
strange  instance,  indeed,  to  observe,  that 
this  great  Lord  South,  who  was  but  late- 
ly a  slave,  and  to  whom  almost  every 
one -of  us,  at  one  time  or  other,  out  of 
compassion  to  him  proved  to  be  a  bene- 
factor, on  his  being  supported  by  others, 
should  have  obtained  so  much  power,  as 
to  send  six  freeholders  to  goal  at  his 
pleasure.  God  beware,  that  the  mighty 
Lord  South  doth  not  obtain  power  to 
treat  the  members  of  our  honorable  Con- 
gress in  the  same  manner. 

This  affair  disturbed  my  mind  terribly 
at  that  time,  but  we  appeared  in  town  on 
the  6th  of  September  last,  as  the  dav 
appointed  by  the  high  Sheriff.  Wm. 
Lewis  and  Fisher  are  the  two  lawyers 
on  the  negroes  case.  Mr.  Lewis  exam- 
ined us,  but  found  my  testimony  not  to 
be  that  told  him ;  but  told  us  the  case 
could  not  be  tried  now,  but  was  put  off. 

Andrew  Mourer,  who  had  been  sued 
for  said  damages,  and  thereby  obliged  to 
stand  foremost  on  the  congregation's 
part,  did  not  take  a  lawyer  till  Septem- 
ber court  last,  when  he  employed  An- 
drew Allen  to  act  on  their  behalf.  The 
trial  was  to  be  had  on  the  8th  of  January, 
mow  past,  when  I  was  obliged  to  go  to 
town  again,  at  the  request  of  Mr.  Allen, 
for  Mr.  Lewis  had  acquitted  me  in  Sept. 
court  since  Lcould  not  give  my  evidence 
in  favor  of  t)he  said  negroman's  cause  be 
fore  September  last,  I  had  not  been  in 
town  for  the  space  of  five  years  together, 
chiefly  by  reason  of  my  weak  condition 
of  health.  When  on  calling  at  Mt.  Al- 
len's he  informed  us  that  we  should  have 
some  deed  or  agreement  or  writings  to 
show.  That  the  owners  of  that  land  had 
either  sold  or  at  least  promised  the  same 
to  the  congregation  in  order  to  show  it 
as  their  title  to  the  land  at  Court,  with- 
out which  he  could  not  consent  to  let  the 
trial  go  on.  This  was  the  reason  that 
we  called  at  your  house,  three  times  on 
the  same  morning,  the  8  January  past,  in 


GIDEON    MOQli 


367 


order,  if  possible  to  obtain  such  writinijs. 
But  by  reason  of  your  indisposition,  wo 
were  prevented  to  speak  to  you  about  it, 
so  that  Mr.  Allen  thoug-ht  it  suitable  to 
remove  the  cause  to  the  Supreme  Court, 
but  we  find  that  Mr.  Lewis  bound  over 
his  witness  to  appear  again  on  the  Q 
March  next,  as  at  the  next  close  of  the 
Common  Pleas  Court.  So  I  have  now 
thought  necessary  to  inform  you  of  the 
circumstances  of  this  afifair,  in  order  that , 
you  may  observe  how  troublesome  thv- 
negroman  hath  already  been  to  the  said 
congregation,  who  always  have  been  and 
are  yet  ready  to  agree  with  you  about 
the  land  and  pay  for  it  and  have  been 
long  ago  soliciting  for  it.  For  I  conclude 
from  the  examination  made  on  me  by 
Mr.  Lewis,  that  they  intend  yet  to  lay 
claim  on  the  improvement,  to  which  I 
think,  by  no  means  that  the  negro  can 
have  a  right,  since  whatever  'he  did  there- 
on, while  a  slave,  they  had  the  full  use 
thereof,  during  their  stay  thereon ;  and  I 
don't  doubt,  if  you  can  spare  time  as  to 
consider  the  matter  all  over  again  you 
will  be  of  the  same  opinion. 

I  am  sorry  to  trouble  you  with  this 
long  detail,  but  I  should  think  it  a  de- 
fect, if  I  should  not  do,  what  is  possible 
in  behalf  of  the  congregation. 

Well  what  we  now  most  humbly  de- 
sire of  you,  sir,  to  be  done,  is  this :  That 
you  would  be  pleased  to  make  an  agree- 
ment with  some  of  the  members  of  the 
said  congregation  ,and  put  the  same  in 
writing,  for  the  said  tract  of  42  acres, 

and  allowance,  wth  per  of  land.     I 

have  made  a  new  draught  for  the  same 
to  them,  or  if  a  deed  could  be  made  ouc 
now  to  the  congregaton,  it  will  be  found 
the  better,  before  the  time  of  the  trial 
comes.  Then  we  suppose  all  the  vexa- 
tions of  this  negro  fellow  and  his  sup- 
porters against  the  said  congregation 
would  terminate,  and  be  at  an  end.  We 
think  in  these  turbulent  times  we  have 
and  yet  may  expect  trouble  and  calamity 
enough  already. 

We  shall  ever  remain,  dear  sir,  your 
most  affectionate  and  humb'e  servant, 

D.    SliULTZE. 

By  some  boastings  dropt  by  said  Gid 
eon,  it  seems  that  his  lawyers  intend  to 


scruple  the  validity  of  our  title  in  o:en- 
eral  to  the  lands  at  Court. 

All  to  Daniel  Remdle  the  3rd  Febru- 
ary, 1776,  sent  Feb.  6th  pr.  Andrew 
Mourer. 

No.  IL 

"To  Andrew  Allen,  Esquire!  Sir! 
1776,  February  3rd.  About  the  affair  of 
bearer  hereof,  Andrew  Mourer,  have 
to  inform  you  at  first,  since  we 
could  not  speak  to  Mr.  Daniel  Remdle, 
when  in  tow'U,  by  reason  of  his  indispo- 
sition, who  is  one  of  the  three  parties  or 
owners  to  the  land  in  question,  so  I  have 
now  wrote  a  letter  to  him  of  the  affair 
very  circumstantially,  and  alleged  the  ne- 
cessity to  get  either  a  deed  for  the 
premises  if  possible  or  at  least  an  agree- 
ment signed  him  under  their  own  hands. 

I  also  wrote  another  letter  to  Thomas 
Pugh,  who  is  executor  for  the  last  de- 
ceased Thos.  Tresse,  Junior,  another  of 
the  said  partners  to  the  land.  I  spoke  to 
him  about  it  when  in  town,  who  prom- 
ised to  do  all  in  his  power  in  favor  of 
the  congregation,  as  to  John  Margotroyd 
as  the  third  partner.  We  could  not  learn 
where  he  lives  now.  What  ]Mr.  Rem- 
dle's  answer  will  be  I  cannot  know.  One 
difficulty  may  perhaps  obstruct  the  af- 
fair, for  those  three  parties  have  been  at 
variance  with  each  other,  for  many  years 
past,  and  not  yet  settled  which  hath  been 
the  chief  reason,  that  no  deed  could  be 
got  out  ever  since  the  dec'd  of  old  James 
Margotroyd — otherwise  this  land  would 
liave  been  long  ago  paid  for.  If  our  pro- 
posal for  a  particular  agreement  should 
iiot  succeed,  we  have  yet  in  reserve  the 
general  agreement,  made  with  Parsons, 
koss  and  Greenway,  in  April  1749, 
which  on  certain  conditions  includes  the 
whole  tract  of  13,000  acres,  signed  by 
their  own  and  many  of  our  hands. 
Though  it  may  not  suit  so  well  now, 
then  if  a  new  particular  one  can  be  ob- 
tained. 

We  have  furher  to  mention,  when  on 
our  return  from  town,  we  met  the  other 
three  witnesses,  that  they  then  informed 
us.  that  on  that  afternoon  Mr.  Lewis  had 
bound  them  over  by  recognizance  in  Mr. 
Biddle's  offices,    to     apoear  and     attend 


368 


THE   PENN    GERMANIA. 


again  on  if  he '9th  of  March  next,  as  at  the 
close  of  the  next  Court  of  Common 
Pleas,  as  if  the  cause  was  their  to  be 
tried.  Though  as  we  understand  from 
you,  that  the  cause  was  removed  to  the 
Supreme  Court,  which  we  should  like 
much  better,  in  order  to  gain  more  time. 
for  we  cannot  know  what  difficulty  we 
may  find,  or  what  time  will  be  required, 
to  obtain  what  is  required. 

Now  if  you  could  prevail  on  Mf. 
l^ewis,  to  send  a  written  order  to  his 
three  witnesses,  Jacob  Miller,  Jacob 
Wissler,  and  Ulrich  Graber,  not  to  at- 
tend on  the  said  9th  of  March,  next. 
Then  they  will  stay  at  home,  otherwise 
they  will  certainly  attend  for  fear  of  fall- 
ing into  the  same  unwelcome  disgrace, 
as  in  August  last. 

For  what  reasons  Mr.  Lewis  has,  that 
he  then  acted  in  this  manner,  we  cannoi 
know,  if  to  increase  the  costs,  or  for 
some  other  advantage? 

So  we  humbly  desire  that  you  would 
be  pleased  to  rectify  this  affair. 

By  some  boasting  words  dropt  by  that 
negroman,  as  I  was  told  off  when  in 
town,  I  suspect  that  his  lawyers  intend 
to  disnute  the  validity  of  our  title  in  gen- 
eral to  these  lands,  which  1  think  is  a 
matter  of  no  concern  at  all  to  them,  1 
had  trouble  enough  about  it  in  former 
times  already,  until  the  cause  was  de- 
cided in  the  Supreme  Court.  Anno  17.S4 
in  favor  of  Parsons,  Ross  and  Greenway, 
I  could  make  out  a  large  description  of 
-the  whole,  but  I  should  now  think  it  un- 
necessary.    See  paper  No.  2. 

It  is  strange  to  observe  that  these  gen- 
tlemen, Fisher  and  Lewis  and  their  sup- 
porters, of  whom  Mr.  Israel  Pembertoii 
is  looked  upon  as  their  chief,  under  the 
applauded  pretext  by  assisting  the  needy 
>or  oppressed,  by  their  endeavors  are  do- 
ng  a  considerable  injury  to  a  large  num- 
ber of  people,  especially  at  a  time,  when 
the  utmost  necessity  requires  it,  for 
•every  one  to  be  as  precautious  as  pos- 
sible to  avoid  contentions,  nor  to  uivc 
•offence  to  any. 

I  observed  to  you  fornierlv,  that  1  sus- 


pect those  lawyers  will  perhaps  lay  claim 
again  to  that  improvement,  which  if  they 
do,  it  will  seem  so  much  the  more 
strange,  if  they  take  for  their  founda- 
tion the  foolish  fancy  of  that  old  Irish 
low  Dutch  woman. 

I  look  upon  them  as  gentlemen  who 
would  proceed  on  good  reasonings.  They 
forget  themselves  so  far,  while  under  a 
laudable  pretext,  they  are  putting  mem- 
bers to  loss  and  unnecessary  charges. 
This  small  tract  of  land  will  cost  the 
people  dear  enough  besides. 

The  whole  affair  about  the  estate  of 
that  deceased  minister  hath  to  my  opin- 
ion not  been  transacted  according  to 
law,  nor  agreeable  to  his  will,  nor  eveu 
(if  I  dare  say)  to  equity,  for  agreeable 
to  the  law,  will  and  equity,  the  half  of 
his  relict  estate,  should  have  been  trans- 
mitted to  Germany  to  his  relations,  to  his 
brother  eldest  son,  which  hath  not  been 
done. 

There  is  a  strong  suspicion  that  the 
Minister  had  a  good  purse  in  ready  cash, 
which  was  concealed  at  that  appraise- 
ment by  his  widow,  and  afterwards  by 
the  negroes,  for  she  paid  almost  no  debts 
contracted  by  his  negroes  during  the 
four  years  she  oulived  her  husband. 
Christian  Schneider  was  after  his  death 
obliged  to  pay  above  a  hundred  pounds 
debts  and  costs,  if  he  has  been  repaid,  i 
did  not  inquire,  it  must  be  true,  since 
that  can  be  proved  by  living  witnesses, 
thus  rumiing  the  estate  so  much  in  debt 
in  so  short  a  time,  by  his  negroes,  while 
all  the  produce  of  the  premises  were  also 
left  him,  it  will  appear,  that  he  was  none 
of  the  best  accononiists,  by  the  congre- 
<^ation  gratis  benevolence.  Did  any  of 
his  suporters  consider  the  matter  with 
more  deliberation,  or  think  if  any  of 
their  deceased  tenants  negroes  should 
re-enter  their  premises  and  claim  a  right 
to  their  works  done  for  their  master, 
while  slaves,  how  they  would  behave.  I 
hope  they  would  desist  from  what  they 
are  doing.  Their  own  consciences  (if 
any  they  have )  would  probably  give 
them  better  instructions. 


Das  Deutsche  Haus 

Preliminary  Exhibit  of  the  Institution  of  German 
American  Research  at  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania 


PRELIMINARY  >  exhibit  of 
the  collection  recently  made 
was  given  to  the  general 
public  on  Friday,  March 
8th.  in  Houston  Hall.  A 
large  and  representative  audience  was 
assembled  to  hear  brief  addresses  on  th.^ 
subject  of  German  American  relations. 
The  following  program  had  been  pre- 
pared : 

Hon.  Charlemagne  Tower,  Chairman 
of  the  Committee  on  the  "Deutsche? 
Haus"  ;  President  Geo.  F.  Baer,  Honor- 
ary Chairman ;  Provost  Eds:ar  F.  Smith, 
University  of  Pennsylvania;  Hon.  S.  W. 
Perm-packer,  President  of  the  Historical 
Society  of  Pennsylvania  ;  President  Hen- 
ry H.  Apple,  Franklin  and  Marshall 
College;  President  John  A.  W.  Flaas, 
Muhlenbers:  College ;  Dr.  C.  J.  Hexamer. 
President  of  the  National  German  x\mer- 
ican  Alliance ;  M.  D.  Learn°d,  Professor 
of  Germa*^,  University  of  Pennsylvania. 
The  object  of  the  exhibit  was  in  the 
first  place  to  illustrate  the  purpo<^e  and 
scope  of  research  in  the  field  of  German 
American  relations  at  the  University,  and 
secondly,  by  showing  specimens  of  rare 
and  valuable  documents  and  prints,  to 
demonstrate  the  urgent  need  of  a  build- 
ing to  house  these  collections  and  at  the 
same  time  to  serve  as  a  center  for  the 
German  activities  at  the  University  and 
for  the  general  public,  who  wish  to  hear 
German  lectures,  to  study  questions  re- 
lating to  Germany  and  America  and  to 
keep  in  close  touch  with  the  culture  and 
development  of  the  two  countries. 

The  exhibit  was  shown     in     different 


groups  or  cases : 

In  tlie  first  case  were  shown  original 
manuscripts  such  as  Pastorius'  Beehive, 

369 


Sproegel's  German  translation  of  Jacob 
de  Vries'  tract  on  the  Five  Kiiii^doms  of 
fhc  Philistines  (1703),  Henry  Mdchior 
Muehlenberg's  Note  Book,  containing 
notes  of  lectures  which  he  heard  at  the 
University  (circa  1740),  Frederick 
Muehlenberg's  Note  Book,  containing 
the  lectures  which  he  heard  in  Halle 
(1769)  and  other  manuscripts  of  Pas- 
torius. 

The  second  case  consisted  of  an  ex- 
hibit of  rotographs  of  documents  from 
South  Germany  relating  to  the  German 
emigration  to  America.  Among  these 
were  the  German  translation  of  Penn's 
Letter  to  the  Free  Traders  of  London 
(1681),  a  rescript  of  Louis  XIV,  bear- 
ing the  date  1660  and  authorizing  the 
extension  of  French  power  and  the 
CathO'ic  religion  in  Canada;  also  a  num- 
ber of  documents  relating  to  individual 
German  emigrants. 

The  third  case  contained  reproductions 
of  rare  and  valuable  documents  relating 
to  the  Pirunswick  Troops  in  the  Ameri- 
can Revolution,  such  as  the  contract  of 
King  George  with  the  Duke  of  Bruns- 
wick-Lueneburg  for  auxiliary  troops, 
bearing  the  great  seal  of  England.  A 
number  of  interesting  groups  of  officers 
and  soldiers  of  that  time  was  also  ex- 
hibited as  well  as  letters,  countersigns 
and  the  like  relating  to  the  Revolution. 

The  fourth  case  contained  documents 
relating  to  the  Mennonites  and  Quakers 
along  the  Rhine  and  included  a  number 
of  lists  of  Mennonites  with  the  amount 
of  taxes,  which  they  were  required  lo 
pay.  In  this  group  also  was  an  impor- 
tant letter  of  an  English  Quaker  to  the 
P)urggraf  of  Alzei. 

The  fifth  case  contained  a  specimen  of 


370 


THE  PENN  GERMANIA 


documents  from  the  Cabinet  of  Frederick 
the  Great,  relating  to  the  American 
Revolution  and  included  communications 
of  the  American  agents  directed  to  the 
king  throueh  his  Minister  Schulenburg 
witii  the  King's  replies  in  his  own  hand 
on  the  margin.  These  documents  illus- 
trate the  attitude  of  the  king  toward  Eng- 
land on  the  one  hand  and  toward  the 
American  colonies  on  the  other.  In  this 
group  were  letters  of  Carmichael,  Ar- 
thur Lee,  Franklin  and  the  American 
representatives  of  the  later  period  of  the 
Revolution. 

The  seventh  case  contained  miscellane- 
ous decuments  relating  to  the  Germans 
in  Pennsylvania,  referring  especially  .o 
the  Palatines  from  1709  on. 

In  this  case  it  was  possible  only  lo 
show  a  very  few  documents  of  the  large 
mass,  which  has  been  collected. 

The  eighth  case  contained  documents 
relating  to  Lincoln  such  as  specimen 
pages  of  the  Lincoln  Family  Record.  A 
number  of  these  documents  have  already 
been  published  in  half-tone  in  Abraham 
Lincoln  and  American  Migration,  by  M. 
D.  Learned. 

The  ninth  case  contained  Telliana,  in- 
cluding earlv  manuscripts  and  prints  of 
the  old  William  Tell  Ballads.  These 
specimens  were  taken  from  a  large  and 
exhaustive  collection  of  ballad  texts  re- 
lating to  William  Tell,  which  are  soon  to 
appear  in  book  form.  Collections  in  this 
field  have  been  going  on  for  10  or  15 
years  and  it  is  thought  that  this  is  the 
most  complete  collection  of  the  Tell  Bal- 
lads ever  brought  together. 

In  the  tenth  case  were  old  prints  rc- 
Intiivj;  to  the  Germgns  of  America.  In 
recent  years  the  University  of  Pennsvl- 
vania  has  been  making  extensive  col- 
lections of  printed  books  dealing  with 
German  American  relations.  The  speci- 
mens exhibited  in  this  case,  were  Ulpcr- 
gcr's  Nachrichtcn,  earlv  German  Hymn 
Books   and   the   first   German   Grammar 


printed  in  America,  some  collected  poems 
of  Kunze  and  of  Helmuth. 

In  addition  to  the  collections  already 
mentioned  above,  the  Institution  of  Ger- 
man American  Research  has  an  exhaus- 
tive collection  of  Stage  Texts  of  Ger- 
man plays  and  Librettos  of  German 
Operas  and  Play  Bills  and  announce- 
ments of  German  performances  on  the 
Philadelphia  stage  from  1840-1900.  The 
material  includes  monographs,  occasional 
addresses,  memorials,  newspapers  and 
other  clippings  relating  to  the  Germans 
in  America.  These  materials  are  now 
being  catalogued  and  with  the  rest  will 
be  made  accessible  as  soon  as  the 
"Deutches  Haus"  can  be  edected. 

It  must  be  clear  from  the  above  ac- 
count that  the  time  has  come  for  the 
Germans,  interested  in  German  things  in 
America,  as  well  as  in-  Germany,  to  turn 
their  eyes  toward  the  activities  at  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania  and  to  co- 
operate in  providing  a  "Deutsches 
Haus,"  wdiich  shall  be  a  great  center  of 
information  and  stimulating  recearch  in 
all  the  fields  of  German  culture.  With 
this  material  as  a  source  and  with  other 
local  materials,  two  treatises  on  the  Ger- 
man Drama  of  Philadelphia  have  been 
written  and  are  just  about  to  go  to  press. 
The  earlier  treatise  by  Dr.  Lewis  deals 
with  the  German  Stage  in  Philadelphia 
from  1850-1900,  and  includes  an  exhaus- 
tive list  of  all  the  German  performances 
in  Philadelphia  during  that  period.  The 
other  work  is  by  C.  F.  Brede  and  deah 
with  iheGerman  Plays  and  Performances 
given  in  English  in  Philadelphia,  (  1750- 
1840).  These  two  treatises  constitute 
the  most  thorough  treatment  of  the 
drama  on  any  stage  in  America. 

In  addition  to  these  materials  the  In- 
stitution of  German  American  Research 
includes  a  large  collection  of  materials 
partly  its  own  and  partly  loaned  by  the 
director  of  the  Institution  for  the  pur- 
poses of  research. 


A  Bibliography  of  Church  Music  Books  Issued 
in  Pennsylvania,  with  Annotations 

By  James  Warrington,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Continued  from  THE  PENN  GERMANIA  for  April,  1912 


In  1746  Christ()i)her  Saur  printed  at 
Germantown 

Der  psalter    des    Konigs  und    Pro- 

pheten  Davids.    X'erteutscht  von  D. 

Martin  Luther. 
This  is  a  prose  translation,  and  is  men- 
tioned here  simply  on  account  of  the 
title,  which  might  lead  some  to  suppose 
it  to  be  a  metrical  translation.  It  was 
very  frequently  reprinted,  not  only  in 
Philadelphia  but  at  Baltimore,  Carlisle, 
Lancaster  and  other  places.  The  Histor- 
ical Society  of  Pennsylvania  has  about  a 
dozen  dififerent  editions. 

In  this  year  (  1746)  Gustavus  Hesseli- 
us.  a  Swedish  resident  of  Philadelphia, 
built  for  the  ^Moravian  congregation  an 
organ  costing  about  ^40. 

The  Historical  Society  of  Pennsylva- 
nia possesses  one  of  the  Ephrata  manu- 
scripts of  this  year  entitled 

Ein     sehr     deutliche     beschreibung 

wie  sich  dieses  hoche  und  wichtige 

werck  dieses. 

It  is  beautifully  written,  as  are  all 
their  manuscripts.  The  music  is  in  four 
parts.  The  book  contains  a  nianuscripi 
note  by  Snowberger  to  the  effect  that  the 
hymns  to  which  the  music  is  set  arc 
chiefly  found  in  the  \\'eyrauchs  Hugel. 

In  1747  Christo])her  Saur  published 
in  Germantown 

Geistliches  I'lumen-Gartlein  inniger 
seelen.  Oder  kurze  Schluss-Reim- 
en  betrachtungen  und  lieder  ueber 
allerhand  wahrheiten  des  inwend- 
igen  Christenthums ;  zur  erweckung, 
starkung  und  erquickung  in  dem 
verborgenen    leben    mit    Christo    in 


Gott.     Nebst  der  Erommen  Lotteri. 

In  Teutschland  zum  4ten  mahl  ge- 

druckt,    und    nun    in    America  das 

crste  mahl. 
This  was  first  published  at  Erankfort,  in 
1729;  and  was  a  very  popular  book 
aniong  the  Germans.  It  contains  no 
music,  but  the  melodies  are  denoted  in 
the  usual  manner.  The  Historical  So- 
ciety of  Pennsylvania  possesses  a  copy  of 
the  Saur  reprint,  and  also  the 
curious  lottery  tickets,  each  of  which 
has  a  verse  attached  for  the  peo- 
ple to  learn.  It  was  several  times  print- 
ed by  Saur.  The  sixth  edition  printel 
by  Saner  in  1773  is  in  my  library. 

In  the  same  year  the  Ephrata  com- 
munity issued  that  curious  book  by 
Beissel. 

Das  gesang  der  einsamen  und  ver- 
lassen     Turtel-Taube     nemlich     der 
Christlichen    Kirche.      Oder    geist- 
liche    und     erfahrungsvolle     leidens 
und    liebes-gethone.      Als    darinnen 
beydes  die  vorkost  der  neuen  welt, 
als    auch   die    darzwischen    vorkom- 
mende   Creutzes-und   Leidens-Wege 
nach    ihrer    wurde    dargestellt,    und 
in    geistliche    reimen    gebracht    von 
eincm  Eriedsamen  und  nach  der  &til- 
len      Ewigkeit      wallenden      Pilger. 
l^nd  nun  zum  gebrauch  der  einsam- 
en   und    verlassenen     zu     Zion     ge- 
sammlet  und  ans  licht  gegeben. 
This   is   that  book  of  Beissel's   which 
has  been  so  much  written  about,  and  has 
led    to    so   much    controversy.     It    is    so 
overloaded  with  mysticism  that  its  trans 
lation     is     difficult,     but     Dr.     Ohl,     in 
Sachse's  book  on  the  subject,  has  giveii 


371 


372 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


yone  \yhi.chis  very  good.  Of  the  remain- 
der of  that  book  I  have  already  said 
sufficient  to  put  students  on  their  guard, 
but  I  must  repeat  that  to  treat  Beissel  as 
ahnost  totally  ignorant  of  music  is  to  do 
an  injustice  to  both  him  and  the  Ephrata 
community.  The  book  was  reprinted  sev- 
eral times  and  copies  are  .owned  by  the 
Historical  Society  of  Pennsylvania  and 
the  State  Library  at  Harrisburg.  As  to 
the  terms  "Barrir"  and  "Toener"  used 
by  Beissel,  about  which  Sachse  charges 
I  misled  him,  I  have  only  to  repeat  thai 
I  did  not  read  more  of  his  translation 
than  to  satisfy  myself  it  was  nonsense, 
and  can  only  add  that  if  he  had  carefully 
read  Beissel  s  book  he  would  have  found 
that  Beissel  in  a  footnote,  himself  ex- 
plains both  terms  in  ah  unequivocal  man- 
ner. When  Beissel's  book  was  in  my 
hands  it  took  but  a  few  moments  to  see 
his  explanation. 

In  the  same  year  the  Rev.  Jobn  San- 
din  brought  for  the  Swedish  colonists 
sixty  copies  of  Psalm  books,  which 
Acrelius  says  were  the  Upsala  Psalm 
Books,  and  to  which  I  have  referred  iti 
my  first  article. 

In  the  same  year  there  appeared  in  the 
Pennsylvahia  Gazette  an  advertisement 
which  was  repeaited  in  subsequent  issue.- 

Just  published,  and  to  be  sold  by  B. 

Franklin,  The  Scotch  Psalms,  in  a 

small  neat  pocket  volume. 
As  I  have  not  been  able  to  trace  a  copy 
it  is  impossible  to  say  whether  this  was 
a  reprint  of  the  Scotch  psaliter  of  1650 
or  of  the  paraphrases  of  1745.  but  it  was 
probably  the  former. 

In  1749  there  resided  at  Lancaster, 
Pa.,  an  organ  builder  named  Robert 
Harttafel,  but  no  organs  made  by  him 
have  been  located.  For  this  information 
I  am  indebted  to  Dr.  Jordan's  article  in 
the  Pennsylvania  Aliagaizne,  July.    1893. 

Tn  T750  the  twelfth  edition  of  Watts' 
Divine  and  moral  songs  was  reprintecr 
in  Philadelphia. 

About  the  same  year,  Kent  County. 
Virginia,    had    an    eccentric    clergyman 


named  IMossom,  who  appears  to  have 
been  rather  quarrelsome.  Having  a  dif- 
ference with  the  clerk,  he  assailed  tht 
latter  in  his  sermon,  and  that  being  over, 
the  clerk  retorted  by  giving  out  the  sec 
ond  psalm  Z 

With  restless  and  ungoverned  rage 
Why  do  the  heathen  storm? 

Why  in  such  rash  attempts  engage 
As  they  can  ne'er  perform. 

In  1 75 1  the  records  of  Christ  Church, 
Philadelphia,  show  that  the  bell  question 
had  not  entirely  been  lost  sight  of. 

The  Historical  Society  of  Pennsylva- 
nia possesses  a  copy  of  the  following 
book  printed  at  Ephrata  this  year 

Xachklang  zum  gesang  der  einsam- 
en     Turte     Taubel     enthaltend     eine 
neue  sammlung  geistlicher  licder. 
This  has  no  music. 

In  a  copy  of  the  "Ausbund"  printed 
by  Saur  in  1751  there  is  bound  up  the 
following : 

FunfT  schone  geistliche  Lieder.  Das 

erste,     Tobias     war     ein     frommen 

Mann.      Das    andere,  Kurtzlich  vor 

wenig    Tagen.     Das    dritte,    Es    ist 

ein  wunder  schone  Gab.    Das  vierte, 

Mein  frohlich  hertz  das  treibt  mich 

an.     Das  funfTte,  Es  war  ein  Gottes 

furchteges    und    Ghristliches    Jung- 

fraulein.     Gedruckt  im  Jahr  1752. 

When    issuing   my    "Short    Titles,"    I 

had  not  seen  this  pamphlet,  but  thought 

it  might  be  a  reprint  of  one  having  the 

same  title  published  at  Dresden  in  i.ss6. 

A  comparison  of  both,   shows  they   are 

entirely    different.      Copies   of    this    are 

owned    by     the    Historical     Society    of 

Pennsylvania  and   the   State   Library  at 

Harrisburg. 

The  Historical  Society  of  Pennsylva- 
nia owns  a  folio  manuscript  dated  1752 
with  the  following  title : 

Der   andere  theil  discs  Christlichen 

Gesang-Buch,  von  pfingsten  biss  zu 
■    cnde  des  Jahres. 

There   is   no   music,  but  the  melodies 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  CHURCH  MUSIC  BOOKS  IN  PENNSYLVANIA 


373 


are  denoted  in  the  usual  manner.  Thia, 
according  to  Seipt,  is  a  Schwenkf elder 
hymn  book,  and  it  would  be  interesting 
to  trace  the  melodies  named.  This  would, 
I  think,  show  that  the  Schwenkfelders 
as  well  as  other  sectarians  of  that  period 
used  the  Lutheran  choral  books  of  the 
time  and  possibly  (as  I  have  shown  in 
my  notes  on  the  "Ausbund")  they  san!>- 
some  of  their  hymns  to  the  melodies  of 
songs  not  always  religious. 

This  singing  of  loose  and  even  obscene 
songs  was  exceedingly  common  all  over 
Europe  at  the  time  of  the  Reformation, 
and  the  avowed  purpose  of  all  the 
psalm  books  was  to  induce  the  abandon- 
ment of  that  practice.  Coverdale.  and 
Sternhold  and  Hopkins,  in  England : 
Marot  in  France,  and  the  Council  of 
Trent,  speak  of,  and,  deploring  this  prac- 
tice, endeavored  to  counteract  it.  As  the 
populace  knew  only  these  songs  there- 
was  no  other  method  of  getting  them  to 
sing  the  new  psalms,  and  the  rapidity 
with  which  psalm  sing'ing  spread  over 
Europe  is  an  evidence  that  the  Reform- 
ers did  not  miscalculate  or  err  in  their 
intention.  It  was  another  way  of  dem- 
onstrating the  saying  attributed  to 
Rev.  John  Wesley,  that  the  devil  should 
not  have  a  monopoiy  of  the  tunes. 

In  connection  with  the  Schwenkfelder 
hymn  books  I  should  like  to  make  one 
criticism  of  Mr.  Seipt's  book  on  them. 
He  complains  that  Julian  in  his  Diction- 
ary of  Hymnology  quotes  but  few  of  the 
Schwenkfelder  hymns.  Mr.  Seipt  has 
failed  to  notice  that  Julian  only  deals 
with  hymns  in  common  use  among  the 
English ;  and  very  few  Schwenkfelder 
hynms  are  to  be  found  in  English  hymn 
books,  so  many  of  them  being  far  too 
mystical  to  be  of  practical  use. 

It  occurs  to  me,  also,  to  sugest  to 
Schwenkfelder  historians  that  theit 
work  is  incomplete  if  they  simply  deal 
with  the  words  of  hymns.  Hymns  were 
written  to  be  sung,  not  read ;  and  but  for 
the  tunes  would  scarcely  have  had  an  ex- 
istence. This  is  a  fault  of  all  hym- 
nologists.  They  do  not  take  into  consi^i 
eration  or  understand  music,  and  hence 


half  or  more  of  the  history  of  the  hymns 
is  lost. 

In  the  same  year  (1752)  Saur  print' 
ed  at  Germantown 

Kern  alter  und  neuer  in  700  besteh- 
enden  geistreicher  lieder  welche  so- 
wohl    bey    den    offcntlichen  Gottes- 
dienste       in       denen       Reformirten 
Kirchen     der     Hessisch-Hanauisch- 
Pfaltzisch  -  Pennsylvanischen     und 
mehreren      andern      angranitzenden 
landen  als  auch  zur  Privat-andacht 
und    erbauung    nutzlich  sonnen    ge- 
ibraucht    werden :     Nebst    Joachimi 
Neandri    Bundes-Liedern    mit    bey- 
gefugten     morgen-abend-und     com- 
munion   gebatern    wie    auch    cate- 
chismo  und  symbolis. 
This  appears  to  be  really  a  reprint  of 
a  hymn  book  published  at  Marburg  in 
1742.       Neander's     Bundes-Lieder     was 
first  printed  in  1680.    The  Historical  So- 
ciety of  Pennsylvania     has     a     copy  of 
Saur's  edition.     It  was  reissued  several 
times,  and  a  copy  of  the  third  edition 
printed  by  Saur  in  1772  is  in  my  library. 
In  some  few  cases  the  tunes  are  printed 
with  the  hymns  but  in  others  the  melody 
is  denoted  in  the  usual  manner. 

From  the  Germantown  press  of  Chris- 
topher Saur  in  the  same  year  (1752) 
was  issued 

Yollstandiges  Marburger  Gesang- 
Buch  zur  uebung  der  Gott-seligkeit 
in  649  Christlichen  Trostreichen 
psalmen  im  gesangen  Hrn  D. 
Martin  Luther  und  anderer  Gott- 
seliger  lehrer  ordentlich  in  XII 
theile  verfasset  und  mit  nothigen 
registern  auch  eines  verzeichniss 
versehen  uyter  welche  titel  die  im 
anhang  befindlich  lieder  geborig 
auch  zur  beforderung  des  so  kirch- 
en als  Privat-Gottes  dienstes  mit 
erbaulicher  morgen-abend-  buss  be- 
richt  und  communion  gebatlein  ver- 
mehrt. 

Whether  this  is  an  exact  reprint  of 
the  German  original  I  am  unable  to  say 
at  present;  as  I  have  not  come  across  a 


374 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


copy.  This  title  is  taken  from  the  copy 
in  the  library  of  the  Historical  Society 
of  Pennsylvania.  It  contains  no  music 
but  the  melodies  are  denoted  in  the  usual 
manner. 

The    Historical    Society    of    Pennsyl- 
vania     possesses      another      manuscript 
which    Seipt    says    is    a    Schwenkfelder 
hymn  book,  but  the  Historical  Society's 
catalo.c:ue  marks  it  as  an  Ephrata  book. 
Christliches    und    dabey    auch    tag- 
liches  Gesans:^    r>uch    darinnen    ent- 
•iialten  geistliche  gesang  und  Lider, 
in    welchen    di    haupt    punctc    und 
artikel     der     christlichen    lehr    und 
glaubens  kurtz  verfasset  und  ausge- 
leget  sind.     An  itzt  von  neuem  zu- 
sammen  getragen,  und  vom  authore 
fur    sich    und   di   seinigen    zu   einer 
answeisung    regel    eingetheilet,    auf 
alle       Sonn-Hohefest-und       Feyer- 
Tage.  durchs    gantze    jahr,  bey    er- 
mangelung    des    ofifentlichen   reinen 
apostolischen     Gottes-dinst,     solches 
in   der   Stille,   und   im    hause   zuge- 
brauchen ;    Gotte    damit    zu    loben, 
sich  selbst  zu  ermahnen  und  zu  un- 
tervveisen,    zu    seiner    selbst    Erbau- 
tmg  im  Christenthum,  und  in  reiner 
freyer  libe,  zu  iiben  bisz  Gott  was 
bessers  und  mehr  Gnad  und  Frey- 
heit  gibet,  ihm  im  geist  und  wahr- 
heit  "zudincn.       Anno     AIDXXIX. 
I'nd    an    izt    nochmahlen    aufs    neu 
mit     mehr     geistreichen     gesangen 
vermahret    und    vergrossert    wi    in 
der    worrede     im     fiinfiften     artikel 
imd   folgends  zuschen  und  in  Vier- 
Abtheilungen       zu        Sonntaglicher 
uebung    geordnet    und    eingetheilet 
abgeschriben  und  vollcndct  im  jahr 
Christi  MIDCCLHI. 
As  in  the  ])rcvious  manuscript  there  is 
no  music  but  the  melodies  are  named  in 
the  usual  manner.     My  remarks  on  the 
other    Schwenkfelder     manuscript,    will 
apply  to  this  one. 

Seidensticker   notes   that    in    this   year 
Saur  printed   at   Cicrmantown 

Die  Kleine  Geistliche  Harfe 


which  he  calls  a  ]\Iennonite  hymn  book. 
I  have  not  seen  a  copy. 

The  Historical  Society  of  Pennsyl- 
vania possesses  a  copy  of  the  following 
printed  in  this  year  by  Saur  at  German- 
town 

Neu-vermehrt  und  vollstandiges 
Gesang-buch,  worinnen  sowohl  die 
psalmen  Davids  nach  D.  Ambrosii 
Lobwassers  uebersetzung  bin  und 
wieder  verbessert  als  auch  700  aus- 
elesener  alter  und  neuer  geistreich- 
en  lieder  begriiTen  sind.  Welche 
anjetzo  samtlich  indenen  Reformir- 
ten  Kirchen  der  Hessisch-Hanau- 
isch-Pfaltzischen  und  vielen  andern 
antgrantzenden  Landen  zu  singen 
gebrauchlich  in  nutzliche  ordnung 
eingetheilt.  Mit  dem  Heydelberg- 
ischen  Catechismo  und  erbaulichen 
gebatern  versehen. 

This  title  is  the  first  one  of  two  books 
which  were  usually  bound  together 
That  which  is  really  a  sub-title  is  giveii 
under  "Kern  alter  und  neuer  .  .  .  Geist - 
reiches  Lieder,"  this  one  being  a  reprint 
of  Lobwasser's  translation  of  the  French 
Psalter  which  was  first  published  in 
1573.  As  I  have  said  previously,  Lob- 
wasser  wrote  no  music.  He  used  the 
French  tunes,  and  was  the  first  to  intro 
duce  them  in  Germany.  His  book  be- 
came popular  in  Germany.  The  two 
books  together  seem  to  be  a  reprint  of 
one  which  Zahn  dates  1752.  In  my  cop> 
of  the  German  lx>ok,  the  title  of  Lobwas- 
cer's  work  is  missing,  but  the  title  of  the 
"Kern  alter  und  neuer  .  .  .  geistliches 
lieder"  is  dated  Marburg,  1753.  Lob- 
wasser's book  has  the  tunes  as  in  the 
French  Psalter. 

The  sixteenth  edition  of  Watts' 
Psalms  was  reprinted  in  Philadelphia  iti 
this  year.  Seidensticker  notes  an  adver- 
tisement in  the  Lancastersche  Zeitung, 
also  of  this  year,  of  Habermann's  Ge- 
betbuch.  Apparently  no  copy  bas  sur- 
vived. It  was,  however,  frequently  re- 
printed   and    contained    a    few    hymns. 

(  To  be  continued.  ) 


XTbe  Ipenn  (Bermania  (5enealooical  Club 


Jottings 

Genealogical  and  1  listorical  Societicj 
are  requested  to  communicate  with  this 
Department  as  to  their  wants,  woric, 
plans,  and  meetings. 

Information  regarding  Family  Re- 
unions should  be  sent  at  least  two 
months  in  advance  of  the  meetings  in 
order  to  have  proper  notices  given 
herein. 

Genealogical  books,  magazines,  clip- 
pings and  conumunications  for  the  Edi- 
tor of  this  Department  should  be  sent 
direct  to  Washington,  D.  C.  It  is  de- 
sired particularly  to  announce  the  pub- 
lications of  genealogies  promptly. 

Traditions  and  family  stories,  experi- 
ences in  "Good  old  Colonial  days,"  Penn- 
sylvania during  the  French  and  Indian 
wars,  in  Revolutionary  times,  manners 
and  customs  of  the  Indians,  massacres, 
hunting  exploits,  privations  of  the  early 
settlers,  romances  of  the  pioneers,  mi- 
grations, all  are  of  special  interest  to  this 
section  of  the  magazine.  Correspond- 
ents will  please  include  as  many  as  pos- 
sible of  the  family  and  neighborhood 
names  of  persons  and  places  and  dates  of 
the  events  recounted,  approximately  at 
least. 

The  Editor  wants  clippings  from  your 
local  papers  concerning  genealogical  or 
historical  matters. 

Stamp  must  be  enclosed  when  per- 
sonal answer  is  desired. 

Correction 

Hochstetter,  p.  277,  should  be  Hoch- 
stetler. 

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A  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  subscriber  makes 
a  valuable   suggestion    in   the   following 


woords.  The  Pom  Gcrmania  Genealogi- 
cal Club  has  been  organized  expressly  to 
make  it  possible  for  like  minded  persons 
to  co-operate  for  objects  like  the  one 
suggested.  More  space  will  be  set  aside 
for  the  use  of  the  Club  as  interest  grows. 
Genealogy  is  at  best  an  expensive  luxury 
and  a  great  deal  of  duplication  of  labor 
and  expense  is  taking  place.  Why  not 
through  the  P.  G.  G.  Club  conserve  this 
outlay  ? 

May  I  suggest  that  possibly  many 
general  articles  about  the  Germans  of 
America,  such  articles  as  may  be  found 
in  the  general  history  and  literature  of 
the  country  are  not  as  interesting  as  spe- 
cific ancestral  data.  At  least  to  me  the 
articles  w'hich  attract  attention  and  in- 
terest are  old  records  found  in  the  old 
churches,  grave  yards.  Court  files  and 
records,  and  I  should  expect  to  find  that 
the  passport,  immigration,  ship  rosters, 
and  statutory  naturalization  records 
would  give  more  interesting  data  about 
the  early  Germans,  and  one's  ancestors 
than  those  to  be  found  in  any  other 
source.  If  these  records  in  each  county 
were  to  be  taken,  especially  those  prior 
to  1800,  systematized  and  classified  by 
names,  localities,  etc.,  would  be  most 
useful  in  ancestral  study  and  early  Ger- 
man information. 

Mission  of  the  Patriotic  Societies 

In  a  recent  issue  of  the  Magazine  of 
History,  New  York,  Mr.  Clarkson  N. 
Guyer,  of  Denver,  says : 

The  Patriotic  Societies,  the  Daughters 
of  the  American  Revolution,  the  Sons 
and  Daughters  of  the  Revolution,  the 
Society  of  the  Colonial  Wars,  the  Co- 
lonial Dames,  the  Children  of  the  Amer- 
ican Revolution,  the  Sons  and  Daughters 
of  181 2  and  all  the  many  other  societies 
including  the  Society  of  the  Ciiicinnati, 


Z7 


376 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


have  all  been  most  loyal  to  one  lofty 
ideal — the  cultivation  of  the  National 
spirit.  In  these  days  of  commercialism 
when  graft  and  greed  are  seeking  to  in- 
stil their  deadly  poison  into  the  heart  of 
the  Republic,  when  the  dollar  is  wor- 
shiped above  the  man  :  when  the  purity 
of  the  ballotbox  is  assailed,  it  is  the  glo- 
rious mission  of  the  patriotic  societies  to 
keep  alive  the  National  spirit  and  to 
emphasize  it  really  and  truly  as  a  wise 
schoolmaster  to  lead  the  American  na- 
tion into  paths  of  civic  righteousness. 
The  patriotic  societies  of  x\merica — they 
are  supplying  the  unwritten  history  of 
this  country. 

The  Wilderness  Trail 

The  Ohio  Archaeological  and  Histori- 
cal Quarterly.  Columbus.  Ohio,  calls  spe- 
cial attention  to :  One  of  the  most  valu- 
able contributions  to  the  historical  litera- 
ture of  the  West  in  recent  years,  one  en- 
titled. The  Wilderness  Trail  or  the  Ven- 
tures and  Adventures  of  the  Pennsyl- 
vania Traders  on  the  Allegheny  Path, 
with  some  Annals  of  the  Old  West  and 
the  Records  of  Some  Strong  Men  and 
Some  Bad  Ones. 

The  work  published  by  G.  P.  Put- 
nam's Sons,  New  York,  is  in  two  vol- 
umes of  four  hundred  pages  each,  with 
numerous  pictures,  some  portraits  from 
rare  originals  never  before  reproduced ; 
with  many  maps,  reduced  replicas  from 
originals  in  the  Government  Archives,  by 
Mr.  Charles  A.  Hanna,  author  of  The 
Scotch  Irish,  etc. 

Frohi  original  documents  and  archives 
inaccessible  to  the  ordinary  reader,  and 
rare  authorities  much  historical  informa- 
ation  is  gathered  together.  The  paths 
of  Indian  tribes  ranging  from  Eastern 
Pennsylvania  to  the  Illinois  River ;  the 
great  wilderness  trails  that  formed  the 
highvyays  east  and  west,  north  and  south ; 
the  many  forest  paths  of  the  aborigines 
and  traders  are  plainly  indicated ;  the  In 
dian  villages  and  trading  posts ;  the  riv- 
ers, streams  and  waterways  of  the  period 
and  English  names  of  some  three  hun- 
dred rivers  and  creeks  and  of  five  hun- 
dred Indian  towns  are  mentioned. 


Mr.  Hanna  gives  specific  data  of  the 
personages  of  the  early  days.  Indian 
Chiefs  and  Sachems  are  noted  and  all  of 
the  leading  traders  and  scouts. 

The  publishers  say  that  only  one 
thousand  copies  of  the  work  have  beea 
printed  and  that  the  plates  have  been 
destroyed. 

Historic  Claim  Advanced 

A  forceful  reminder  of  the  vastness  ot 
the  estate  once  owned  by  Virginia  under 
the  name  of  Augusta  County  was  the  re- 
cent introduction  in  Congress  by  the 
Senators  of  Virginia  and  West  Virginia 
of  a  bill — To  give  to  the  Court  of  Claims 
jurisdiction  to  settle  a  claim  against  the 
federal  government  for  an  accounting  of 
every  cent  received  for  the  sale  of  the 
great  Northwest  Territory  which  was 
given  to  the  government  over  a  century 
ago. 

The  sum  involved  .will  probably 
amount  to  more  than  one  hundred  mil- 
lions of  dollars. 

Senator  Chilton,  of  West  Virginia, 
stated  that  the  title  was  not  given  out- 
right but  was  transferred  to  the  federal 
government  as  a  trustee  for  the  benefit 
of  all  of  the  Thirteen  Original  States. 
He  claimed  that  as  West  Virginia  and 
Kentucky  were  then  a  part  of  Virginia 
that  they  are  entitled  to  a  share  of  Vir- 
ginia's portion,  while  the  States  of  Ohio, 
Indiana,  Illinois,  Michigan  and  Wiscon- 
sin were  carved  out  of  the  terriory. 

The  deed  of  cession  was  quoted  as 
showing  that  the  ceded  land  was  to  be 
considered  as  a  "common  fund  for  the 
use  and  benefit  of  such  of  the  United 
States  as  have  become  or  shall  become 
members  of  the  confederation  or  federal 
alliance  of  the  States,  Virginia  inclu- 
sive." 

Senator  Clinton  explained  that  the 
reference  to  future  members  was  made 
so  as  to  permit  Maryland  then  outside 
of  the  federation  to  participate  in  the 
benefits. 

Litigation  is  now  pending  as  to  wheth- 
er West  Virginia  shall  share  in  Vir- 
ginia's old  State  debt  and  in  closing  the 
Senator  declared  that  "it   is   opportune 


THE  PENN  GERMANIA  GENEALOGICAL  CLUB 


377 


for  the  federal  government  to  make  an 
accounting  with  the  thirteen  original 
states,  if  ever  in  their  history  Virginia 
and  West  X'irginia  needed  their  part  of 
this  trust  it  is  now.  By  this  section  Vir- 
ginia made  the  federal  compact  possible. 
It  is  nothing  but  right  and  justice  that 
the  states  of  Virginia  and  West  Virginia 
should  now  ask  the  federal  government 
for  a  settlement  of  the  trust  property  in 
its  hands  for  the  benefit  of  said  states." 
It  is  generally  understood  that  the 
phrases  "benefit  of  said  states"  and  as 
"shall  become  members  of  the  confeder- 
ate or  federal  alliance  of  the  States"  in- 
cludes the  entire  number  of  States  in  the 
Union  which  practically  is  the  United 
States  Government  itself. 

Braddock  Memorial  Park 

The  National  Genealogical  Society 
Quarterly,  a  handsome  little  magazine 
just  issued  by  the  National  Genealogical 
Society,  of  Washington,  D.  C.,  Vol.  i, 
Number  i,  it  is  announced  will  take  the 
place  of  the  pamphlet  heretofore  pub- 
lished "every  once  in  a  while"  by  the 
Society. 

The  following  article  therefrom,  bv 
Mrs.  Moorris  L.  Croxall.  relates  to  the 
work  being  undertaken  under  the  au- 
spices of  the  Daughters  of  the  American 
Revolution  for  the  preservation  and 
marking  of  The  Braddock  Trail  will  be 
of  interest  to  Pennsylvanians : 

After  a  lapse  of  one  hundred  and  fifty 
years  there  is  a  plan  on  foot  to  recognize 
the  services  of  Major  General  Braddock 
of  the  British  forces  in  this  country  in 
^755-  While  the  immediate  results  of 
his  campaign  was  failure,  General 
Forbes  was  able,  soon  after,  to  push  to 
a  successful  issue  the  expedition  initiated 
by  Braddock. 

Never,  perhaps,  in  the  history  of  our 
land,  has  such  a  crushing  defeat,  at  the 
time,  resulted  in  effects  so  far-reaching 
For,  over  that  twelve-foot  pathway,  cut 
by  Braddock ;  over  the  trail  of  the  In- 
dian Chief  Nemacolin,  expanded  one  of 
the  9"reat  movements  of  our  civilization 
to  the  West.  Decisive,  and  apparentU- 
hopeless,  as  was  the  defeat  at  the  Battle 


of  the  Monongahela,  it  did  not  stay  for 
one  moment  the  progress  of  our  history. 

On  January  23d  of  this  year  (1912), 
Mr.  Crago,  of  Pennsylvania,  introduced 
a  bill  before  Congress  (H.  R.  18587)  for 
the  improvement  of  the — 

"Braddock  Memorial  i'ark,  along  the 
Old  National  Road"  in  Fayette  County, 
Pa.  This  bill  was  referred  to  the  Com- 
mittee on  the  Library,  consisting  of 
James  L.  Slayden,  Texas,  chairman , 
Edward  W.  Townsend,  New  Jersey; 
Lyndcn  Evans,  Illinois ;  Augustus  P. 
Gardner,  Massachusetts ;  Charles  E. 
Pickett,  Iowa. 

Chester  Harrison,  clerk  of  the  Sixty- 
second  Congress. 

The  bill  on  its  hearing  before  this 
committee  was  attended  by  a  delegation 
of  gentlemen  from  Uniontown,  Pa.,  to 
urge  its  consideration,  Mr.  James  Had- 
den  being  the  spokesman  for  the  delega- 
tion. The  bill  provides  for  the  improve- 
ment by  the  government  of  the  twenty- 
four  acre  site  in  which  lies  the  grave  of 
General  Braddock.  This  tract  has  al- 
ready been  secured  by  the  "Braddock 
Memorial  Park  Assocation"  of  Pennsyl 
vania.  It  developed  at  the  hearing  that 
the  Coldstream  Guards  of  England,  of 
which  General  Braddock  was  a  member, 
propose,  with  the  permission  of  this  gov- 
ernment, to  place  a  monument  over  his 
grave.  The  Coldstream  Guards  are  the 
crack  military  regiment  of  England,  hav- 
ing for  generations  acted  as  the  body- 
guard of  the  Kings  of  England.  Both 
(leneral  Braddock  and  his  father  be- 
longed. Counting  the  two  men,  there 
was  a  General  Braddock  for  seventy-two 
years  on  the  roll  of  these  Guards,  and  it 
seems  an  eminently  fitting  and  proper 
thing  that  they  should  oft'er  to  place  this 
monument  over  the  long-neglected  gravi 
of  their  comrade.  Some  authorities  say. 
and  notably  James  Hadden.  Esq.,  of 
Uniontown,  the  gentleman  who  spoke 
for  the  previously  mentioned  delegation, 
and  who  has  written  a  monograph  on  the 
subject,  that  Braddock  was  shot  by  one 
of  his  own  command,  Thomas  Fausett,  a 
Pennsylvanian,  who  thought  to  stop 
what  he  deemed,  the  senseless  slaughter 
of  the  men  under  Braddock.    Braddock's 


378 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


great  error  in  this  campaign  was  in  not 
following  the  advice  of  Washington  and 
Franklin,  w*ho  had  a  knowledge  of  the 
Indian  methods  of  warfare.  Braddock 
forced  his  men  to  stand  in  the  open  and 
fight  the  onslaught  of  an  unseen  foe.  He 
tried  to  'have  his  men  use  the  militarv 
tactics  to  which  they  had  been  accustom- 
ed in  Europe.  This  did  not  serve  against 
the  wily  Indian  warriors  skulking  behind 
rock,  tree  and  bush,  and  from  the  ravines 
that  bordered  on  each  side,  this  death 
trap  in  which  the  British  soldiers  and 
their  allies  found  themselves,  so  unex- 
pectedly. In  Europe,  even  in  retreat 
from  battle  the  Coldstream  Guards  won 
as  much  admiration  in  their  orderly  for- 
mation, as  in  victory.  "Looking  back 
>and  growling  like  an  angry  and  defeated 
lion"  as  Sargent  puts  it  in  his  "Introduc- 
tion to  Orme's  Journal,"  alas,  their  re- 
treat was  anything  but  orderly  on  thi^ 
tragic  ninth  day  of  July,  1755.  Rout 
and  confusion  marked  the  order  in  which 
Braddock's  Jtrmy  fled,  panic-stricken,  be- 
fore the  allied  French  and  Indians,  and 
were  found  months  later  sitting  on  logs, 
starved  to  death.  To  prevent  the  dis- 
covery and  desecration  of  the  body  of 
General  Braddock.  by  the  Indians,  he 
was  buried  in  the  roadway  and  the  wag- 
ons and  artillery  were  run  over  the  soil 
several  times  so  that  the  spot  could  not 
be  distinguished. 

It  is  hoped  that  this  country  will  ac- 
cept the  fine  offer  of  the  "Coldstreams" 
and  make  an  appropriation  to  improve 
the  property  already  acquired  by  the 
Braddock  Memorial  Association  as  a 
park  and  as  an  appropriate  setting  for 
the  monument  proposed  by  the  Guards." 

Mrs.  Croxall  as  Chairman  of  the 
jMaryland  Committee  on  the  "Old  Trails 
Bill"  for  the  Daughters  of  the  Ameri- 
can Revolution  was  invited  by  Mr.  Cra- 
go  to  be  present  and  address  the  Con- 
gressional Committee  January  15,  last, 
having  -been  introduced  by  Mr.  Borland, 
of  Missouri.  Mrs.  Croxall  directed  her 
remarks  especially  to  the  historical  im- 
portance of  the  measure,  and  was  listen- 
ed to  with  marked  attention  and  appre- 
ciation. 


ftueries 

12.  (a)  Test.  In  the  census  of  1790, 
there  is  a  Henry  Test  with  two  malei 
over  16,  one  under,  and  three  females 
Can  anyone  tell  me  the  name  of  the 
wife  and  the  names  of  the  children? 
They  were  in  Philadelphia  County,  Pa. 

(b)  Test.  Can  anyone  tell  me  the 
names  of  the  parents  of  the  following : 
John  died  in  Belfast,  Ireland,  about  i8ig. 
He  was  a  mariner.  Elizabeth  or  Eliza 
married  ^an.  30,  1798,  Henry  Andrew 
Heins  in  Philadelphia.  There  were 
three  other  children,  names  not  known 
to  me,  one  of  them  a  daughter  married 
about  1809,  a  wealthy  man.  The  mother 
died,  the  father  left  them  in  Pennsylva- 
nia and  went  to  Kentucky  and  married 
a  second  time.  Any  information  about 
the  Test  family  will  be  greatly  appre- 
ciated. "  R.  N. 

13.  M'.ercer-Mott.  James  Mercer  was 
of  Philadelphia,  then  of  New  York,  then 
again  in  1782  of  Philadelphia.  In  1787 
he  was  back  to  New  York  getting  mar 
ried  to  Elizabeth  Mott.  His  son  Benja- 
min was  baptized  the  last  of  the  same 
year  in  New  York.  That  is  the  last  I 
know  of  'him.  I  would  like  to  know  the 
parents,  birth  dates  and  death  dates  of 
both.  N.  R.  F. 

14.  Parkinson,  (a)  Wanted  name  of 
wife  of  Joseph  Parkinson,  an  early  set- 
tler of  Cumberland  County,  Pa.  She  is 
mentioned  in  Cumrine's  History  of 
Washington  County,  Pa.,  as  Pennsylva- 
nia Dutch. 

(b)  Also  want  the  names  of  their  ten 
children.  M.  F. 

15.  Bvasclton-Grecn.  (a)  Wanted 
the  ancestry  of  Hannah  Green  and  Jac- 
ob Braselton.  married  in  1773.  She  was 
born  in  Virginia  April  18,  1757.  They 
moved  to  South  Carolina,  and  in  1812 
removed  to  Georgia. 

(b)  W'hat  relation  if  any  was  she  to 
Robert  Green,  one  of  the  earliest  set- 
tlers of  the  name  in  Virginia,  as  referred 
to  in  Raleigh  T.  Green's  history  of  Ctd- 
peppcr  County,  Va.  ?  W.  C. 


IE  MUTTERSPROCH 

**0,  Muttersproch,  du  bist  uns  lieb.  " — A.  S. 


Die  Kalmustown  G'meh. 
By  Rev.  A.  C.  Wuchter,  Paulding,  Ohio. 

Die  Kalmustown  G'meh  is  alt, 

Wie  alt  wehs  nimmond  recht; 
Sie  geht  tz'rick  wie  'n  hawsa-schpur 

Bis  wuh  der  schnae  em  drecht. 
Doh  is  g'predicht  wara  schun 

'S  hut  Inscha  als  noch  g'hot, 
Sie  hen  die  flinta  Sundawgs  mit, 

So  hen  die  alta  g'sawt. 

So  sex,  acht  wocha  war  die  rule 

Fer'n    predich,    sellie    tzeit, 
'S  hut  evva  net  fiel  porra  g'hot, 

Die   wega   schlecht   un   weit. 
Die  leit  die  wara  g'satisfied 

Won's  yuscht'n  predich  war, 
Sie  sin  aw  gonga,  plain  a-weck, 

Der  hochmut  der  war  rar. 

Sie   hen   die   aermel   druvva   g'hot, 

Die  hussa  nuff  g'rollt, 
Halblein'na    frocka,    heemg'mocht, 

Noh  sin  sie  hie  g'drollt. 
So   sin    sie    gonga,    sellie    tzeit, 

Scheh  wetter  udder  wiescht; 
'S  war  karrich!  un  's  war  glahwa  doh, 

'S  war  yehders  noch'n  Krischt. 

So  dann  un  wann,  so  tzwischa  nei, 

War'n  schutt'lmetsch  am  geh, 
Sie  hen  meh  schnaps  os  pulver  g'hot. 

Drum   oft'n   gnockrich   beh. 
Beim    hausuffschloga,    udder   schtall, 

War  grohsie  g'schposs  g'west; 
War'n  "fall  out"  hen  sie  nonner  yuscht 

Gedichtich  obg'dresst. 

Die  alta  tzeita  sin   ferbei. 

Die  moda,  wie's  als  war, 
'S  alt  kar'ich-hoef'l  is  noch  dert — 

Paar  schtae  mit  dorna  drah. 
'S  is  alles  fert  un  doch  wer  wehs 
Wan  die  Posaun  mohl  schallt 
Eb's  net  im  alta  wahsem-eck 

D'  engel  s'beschta  g'fallt. 

'S  is  nimmie  wies  als  frieher  war, 

'S  is  evva  naryets  so; 
Die  welt  is  mehner  g'civilized. 


Sie  wert  yoh  alt  un  groh; 
Wer   doh    net    mit'm    haufa    geht 

Un   donnst   d'   hornpipe   mit, 
Doh    hut    die    welt    ken    use    d'fohr, 

Wie    alter    fenschter    kitt. 

Kie  Kalmustowner  hen  sich  aw 

So   biss'l    raus   g'macht, 
Fiel    hucka   gute   un   wennich   huts 

Wuh    net    der    "Mammon"    lacht. 
Die    heiser   sin    uff    "modern    style" — 

M'r  sawgt  yuscht  so  d'fun. 
Die  weibsleit — well,  die  hieta  sich 

Un   bleimwa   aus   der  sun. 

Sie    hen    aw'n    schehnie    karrich    dert, 

Dehl    yohra    schun    g'baut. 
Die  alta  hen  die  schuld  b'tzahlt 

Wie's  noch  der  yohrtzahl  laut. 
F'r  alters  wars  als  Deitsch  g'west, 

Deitsch  blut,  g'miet  un  sinn. 
Die  menschta  griega  genshaut  now 

Wert  Deitsch  g'predicht  drin. 

Wie  g'sawt,  sie  hen  die  karrich  dert, 

Paar  acker  grund  d'bel; 
Der  karrich-hof  is  uehwa  drah, 

Un  alles  schulda  frei. 
'S  is  daich  die  dritt  os  derta  schteht, 

Sie  sin   aw  schtols  d'mit, 
Doch    mith    der    froag:     "Un's  Krischt'n- 
duhm?" 

Kanscht  macha  was  d'wit. 

Un  doch,  guck  mohl  die  monuments 

Dert   uff    'm   kar'ch-hof  draus! 
Weist'sel  net  hoffuing — was?  yuscht  bang 

Die  dohta  kaemta  raus! 
Wie'n  grohsie  laschter  geld  schteckt  drin. 

Oft  deckts  yuscht  hochmut  tzu; 
Fiel  hen  ihr  lebdawg  net  die  helft 

Fer's   Krischt'nduhm    g'duh. 

Die  Kalmustown  G'meh  die  sucht 

Fer'n    porra    allaweil, 
Sie  sin  schun  sivva  muhnet  drah, 

Un  mehna  's  waer  ken  eil. 
"Sie  waera  yoh  die  bescht  g'meh 

Dert  rum  off  weit  un  breht; 
Sie   wutta   ebber  os   sie   suit — 

En    man    os    bossa    deht." 


379 


38o 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


So    'n    altie    Karrich    un    G'meh!  — 

'S  debt  ebbes  mebna,   sel, 
Net  alles   was   im   feld   rumlawft 

Debt  bossa  fer  so  'n  schtell. 
M'r  wolla  'n  porra  os  aw  tziegt, 

Die    glieder   tzomma   halt, 
Os  ebbes   fun   appearance   macht, 

Die  gaisch'l  net  yuscht  knallt. 

"D'  letschta  os  m'r  doh  hen  g'hot 

War  ken  so  'n  schlechter  man, 
M'r  findt  se  evva  net  so  leicht 

Os  alles  suita  kan. 
Er  hut  die  Sundawgschul  g'drillt 

Un's   choir   in    ordning   grickt, 
Waer's  net  fer  ihn,  sel  muss  m'r  g'schteh, 

Waer's  Kar'  chadach  net  g'flickt." 

Dehl   hen   g'mehnt,   so   he   un   bar; 

Er   predicht  biss'l   scharf; 
Wan   ebns   mohl   im'a   freia   land 

Ken   g'schposs   meh   bovva   derf! 
Sei  frah  war  aw  net  g'sund  g'west, 

Un   hen  finf  kinner  g'hot, 
Sie  hut  nob  aw  die  schul  un  kar'ch 

Net  bordich  fiel  g'bot. 

Er  hut  sei  sivva  hunnert  grickt. 

So  wie's  als  g'falla  is, 
Uff  Kriscbtdawg  oft'n  present  noch 

Fun    schnitz    un    bickerniss. 
Er  hut  am  end  doch  obg'dankt 

Un  aryets  uvva  naus, 
Dert  hut'r'n  klebnie  Land-g'meh 

Un  aw  sei  porres  baus. 

Sie   hen   schun   ivvern   dutzend   man 

Dert  uff   der  kans'l   g'bot, 
Un  doch   but  alles  predicha 

Bis  dobar  nix  g'bot. 
Sie  gehn,  of  course,  net  hie  fer  sel, 

'S  kumt  ebbes  scbunscht  d'tzu, 
Sie  messa  yob  den  kandidat 

Fum  kopp  bis  uff  die  schuh. 

Wuh's  mohl  ans  "kandidata"   geht 

Kummt's  net  uff  predich  aw, 
Eh   chance   aus  tzeha,   sel   is   all, 

Wie  'n  armer  bei  der  law. 
Yah!  kaemt  der  Heiland  selwer  noch 

So  unferbofft  d'tzu, 
'S  waer'n  froag  ebs  "  'lection"  gevva  debt, 

Nix  schwetza  noch  fun  "luh." 

W^uh  is  die  schtell  die'n  porra  sucht 

Os  ebrlicb  sawga  kan: 
"M'r  sucha  'n  porra,  belf  uns  Gott! 

Ken    'Nickelodeon'? 
En  man  os  uns  die  wohret  secht, 

Eb's    web    duht    udder    net; 
En  man  os  uff  'm  alta  'Klotz' 

Mit   fiebs   un   obsetz   schtebt." 

Bis  dohar  but  noch  kenner  g'suit, 

'S  is  immer  ebbes  letz; 
Sie  kratza  hie  un  kratza  bar 

Wie    ebner    mit'm    gretz. 
Der  ehnt   der  war  tzu   ait  g'west, 

Er  hut  yob  groba  bohr! 


Der  onner  but   tzu'n  leichtie  schtimm, 
Der    naigscht    war    dawb    im    obr. 

Schlogt  ebner  dert  uff's  kans'lducb 

Yuscht  eh  minut  tzu  lang, 
Der  wert  so  nehwa  naus  g'puscht 

Wie'n  brotworscbt  uff  der  schtang. 
Wan   ovver'n   party   aryets   is 

F'r   "euchre"   schpiela,    mei! 
"Was  geht  die  tzeit  so  borticb  rum 

Wan  lengscht  balb-nacht  ferbei. 

Eh  yunger  kerl  war  dert  g'west, 

Der   hut   tzu'n    langie    naas! 
En  on'rer,  ach!  der  doppt  dert  rum 

Wie'n   fetter  ochs  im  graas! 
Der  ehnt  der  hut  tzu'n  wieschtie  frah, 

Der  letscbt  so'n  g'schpossich  maul, 
So  werra  sie  b'guckt,  b'tracbt, 

Wie    on'ra    fendu'n    gaul. 

Der  Barnum  but  , wie's  haest  mohl  g'sawt; 

Die  welt  will  g'bumbugg'd  sei. 
Er  but  sei  show  nob  uffg'rickt, 

Sie  sin  aw  werklich  nei. 
Er  hut'n  lot  so  monkey  g'hot. 

In  eisna  kev'ich  g'scbperrt, 
No  ben  sie  noch  sei  peanuts  kawft. 

Die    monkey    mit    g'tzerrt. 

So  hen   die   Kalmustowner  aw 

Schun  sivva  muhnet  lang 
Ihr   g'schposs   mit   kandiaata   g'hot — 

'S  muss  ebbes  sei  wie  tzwang! 
Die  chance  is  wan  's  mohl  ausg'dohbt 

Hut  's  alles  nix  g'bot; 
Sie  griega  grawd,  wie's  happ'na  sut, 

D'  schlechtcbta  in  der  lot. 

Mei  Katz. 
By  Louise  A.  Weitzel,  Lititz,  Pa. 

Mei  Kaetzle  uf  em  Fenshter  sitzt 

Un  wart  als  hiss  ich  kum. 
Sie  iss  en  guter  Preund  zu  mir, 

Un  iss  gewiss  net  dum. 

Im  Winter  sie  am  Feuer  sitzt 
Un  waesht  sich  frueb  un  spaet. 

Exempel  sie  fun  Reinlicbkeit 
Zu  Buve  un  zu  Maed. 

Sie  spinnt  wann  sie  zufridde  iss 

Gemuetlich  fer  sich  hie. 
Wo  findt  mer  Mensche  heutzudags 

So  frob  gestimmt  wie  sie? 

Un   unaussprechlicb   fiel   Geduld 

Mei  Kaetzle  oft  beweist 
Eb  sie  die  Maues  un  Ratte  greigt 

Die  sie  so  gern  ferspeist. 

Der  Salomo  der  sagt  em  Mensch 

Zur   Ameis   soil    er   geh 
Un  lerne  wie  er  schaffe  soil. 

Fun   Katze   lernt   mer   meh. 

Die  Katz  iss  stoltz  un  stebt  zurueck, 
Sie  macht  net  bal  en  Freund, 


DIE  MUTTERSPROCH 


381 


Doch  wann  sie  dut  bleibt  sie  getreu, 
Un  sie   fergesst   ka  Feind. 


Sie  liasst  die  Hund,  doch  iss  en  Mensch 
Die  menscht  Zeit  Schuld  dort  droh, 

Dann  ungestoerd  lebt  Katz  un  Hund 
In  Eintracht  un  in  Ruh. 


Wass   weiter    kann    ich    sage   dann 
Im  Lob  fum  schoene  Dier? 

Sie   iss   en    guter   Komerad, 
Exempel  un  all  Zier. 


"Kennt  Sei"  un  "War  Schon" 

Ich  waer  doch  liever  en  "Kennt  sei" 

Wann  ich  kee  "Bin"  sei  kann; 
En  "Kenntsei"  is  doch  en  "Kann  noch  sei," 

Un    kann    noch    en    "Is"    werre    dann: 
So  waer  ich  ah  liever  en  "War  schon" 

As    we'n    "Het    kenne    sei"    so   gar; 
Dann  so'n  "Kennt  sei"  is  gewiss 

Ah  en  "Kann  noch  sei," 
Wo  en  "Het  kenne  sei"  net  war  un  net  is, 

Un  en  "War  schon"  doch  en  "Is"  emol 
war.  C.  C.  M. 


®ur  'Booh  Znblc 

By  Prof.  E.  S.  Gerhard,  Trenton,  N.  J. 


RAYTON:       A    BACKWOODS    MYSTERY. 
By  Theodore  Goodridge  Roberts,  Author 
of  "A  Captain  of  Raleigh's,"  "Comrades 
of    the    Trails,"     "Red     Feathers,"     etc. 
Cloth,    decorative;     illustrated    by    John 
Goss.      314   pp.      Price  $1.25   net.     L.  C. 
Page    &    Company,    Boston,    1912. 
The   scene    of    this   story    is   laid    in    the 
backwoods    of    New    Brunswick.      The    set- 
ting  is    appropriate    and    admirable.      The 
story    is   full    of   the    breath    of    the    forest 
and   fields. 

One  evening  while  the  usual  crowd  of 
fellows  in  the  Lumbermen's  Settlement 
was  playing  cards,  one  of  them  found  two 
crosses  marked  on  the  six  of  clubs.  How 
the  mystery  was  solved  we  will  let  the 
reader  find  out.  The  technical  part  of 
the  story  is  good. 

It  is  big  and  bold,  vigorous  and  whole- 
some; there  is  lots  of  action,  and  also  a 
freshness  that  invigorates.  It  is  difficult 
to  put  the  book  aside  before  the  end  is 
reached. 

THE  DOMINANT  CHORD.  By  Edward 
Kimball  (pseudonym)  Frontispiece  in 
full  color  from  a  painting  by  William 
Bunting.  Cloth,  decorative,  319  pp. 
Price  $1.25  net.  L.  C.  Page  &  Company, 
Boston,    1912. 

This  story,  we  believe,  at  first  I'an  as 
a  serial  in  one  of  the  Munsey  Magazines. 
This  story  is  surely  novel  and  original 
in  conception,  and  clever  in  development. 
The  characters  are  about  as  few  as  they 
could  be — only  two,  a  man  and  a  woman. 
The  plot,  too,  is  as  simple  as  it  could  well 
be.  In  fact,  all  there  is  to  it  is  really 
found  in  the  first  chapter.  The  author 
surely  invents  a  novel  method  to  show  that 
love  is  the  "dominant  chord." 

The  scene  is  laid  in  New  York  City 
among  the   better  class   to   which   belongs 


Alice  Huntingdon  who  is  engaged  to  a 
Duke,  one  of  those  international  match- 
makers. Shortly  before  her  wedding  day 
she  is  kidnapped  by  a  man  who  is  infatu- 
ated with  her  and  who  carries  her  on 
board  his  yacht.  He  keeps  her  on  the 
water  for  ten  weeks,  sailing  no  one  knows 
whither;  at  the  end  of  this  time  she  is 
subdued — love  wins. 

At  no  time  does  the  woman  make  a  des- 
perate effort  to  get  released,  nor  does  she 
Leem  much  distressed  at  her  misfortune; 
she  seems  to  be  a  willing  victim.  But  in 
order  to  keep  the  reader  in  suspense  as  to 
whether  she  will  be  able  to  escape,  sev- 
eral ships  are  sighted  and  she  is  given  the 
opportunity  to  signal  to  them  on  the  sly, 
but  the  yacht  always  outdictances  her  pur- 
suers. 

The  story  does  not  in  any  way  seem 
plausible:  and  the  propriety  of  having  this 
man  and  woman  living  thus  for  ten  weeks 
seems  questionable.  The  story  affords  some 
pleasant  reading  to  pass  away  a  little 
time,  but  there  is  not  very  much  to  it.  It 
has  several  pages  of  excellent  description. 

NAOMI  OF  THE  ISLAND.  By  i^ucy  Thurs- 
ton Abbott.  Frontispiece  in  full  Color 
from,  a  Painting  by  William  Bunting. 
Cloth,  decorative,  368  pp.  Price  $1.25 
net.  L.  C.  Page  &  Company,  Boston, 
1912. 

If  one  glances  at  the  list  of  the  world's 
most  powerful  works  of  fiction,  one  will 
find  at  the  top  stories  of  a  comparatively 
simple  but  deep  human  interest,  stories 
that  deal  with  the  facts  and  difficulties  of 
every  day  human  life.  After  all,  the  most 
interesting  thing  to  mankind  is  man.  It 
is  usually  the  real  story  of  real  people 
that  appeals  to  the  reader. 

It  is  this  human  .  element  that  makes 
"Naomi  of  the  Island"  such   an  appealing 


382 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


and  wholesome  story.  It  relates  the  life 
of  two  orphan  girls  on  a  bleak  island  off 
the  New  England  coast,  inhabited  by  fish- 
ermen and  quarrymen.  Only  those  who 
know  of  the  bleak  and  meager  existence 
of  such  people  can  understand  the  fresh- 
ness, pathos,  and  bitterness  with  which 
the  writer  has  invested  her  realistic  nar- 
rative. 

The  parents  of  the  two  girls  are  drown- 
ed at  sea.  This  is  the  bitter  part  of 
the  story.  Beulah  is  adopted  by  one  of 
the  better  class  of  neighbors,  and  Naomi 
is  employed  in  the  services  of  the  same 
household.  The  pathetic  part  of  the  story 
is  seen  in  the  contrast  between  the  treat- 
ment of  the  two  girls.  Beulah  receives  the 
finest  dresses  and  tenderest  care,  but  re- 
mains only  an  ordinary,  stupid  girl;  while 
Naomi  is  compelled  to  wear  the  castoff 
clothing  of  the  family  and  receives  all 
the  rebuffs  and  rebukes  of  her  mistress. 
The  ground  plot  of  the  story  is  furnished 
by  these  conditions  under  which  the  girls 
grow  up.  The  freshness  of  the  story  is 
found  in  the  lovableness  and  unselfishness 
of  Naomi,  who,  though  she  at  times  seems 
slightly  abnormal,  is  after  all  decidedly 
human   and   lovable. 

A  .love  story,  of  course,  is  woven  into 
the  narrative.  A  hero  is  made  to  enter 
the  life  of  each  one  of  the  girls.  If  ever 
love  did  not  run  smooth,  it  surely  does  not 
for  Naomi,  whose  love  romance  is  at  once 
charming  and  pathetic.  The  conclusion  of 
the  whole  matter  is  fully  satisfying  to 
the  reader.  The  story  is  original  and 
compelling.  It  is  not  likely  that  the  potent 
power  of  love  and  the  denial  of  self  have 
ever  been  described  in  a  manner  more 
pathetic  and  sympathetic. 

THE  SENTENCE  OF  SILENCE.     By  Regi- 
nald Wright  Kaviffman,  Author  of  "The 
House    of    Bondage,"    ;'What    is    Social- 
ism?" "The  Girl  that  goes  Wrong,"  etc. 
Cloth,  411  pp.     Price  $1.35  net.     Moffat, 
Yard    &    Company,    New    York,    1912. 
This  volume  might  be  termed  the  third 
in   Mr.    Kauffman's   series   written   in   pro- 
test against  the  white  slave  evil.     It  is  a 
novel    that    rises    in    protest    against    the 
reticence  which  rests,  like  a  ban,  upon  the 
subject    of    sex.      It    shows    the    foolhardi- 
ness,   the   injustice,   and   the   miserableness 
of    keeping   silent    concerning    that    which 
has  to  do  with  the  promulgation  and  con- 
tinuance of  the  human  race.     The  story  is 
helpful,  elevating,  and  encouraging.     It  is 
not    depressing,    nor   is   there   anything   in 
it    that    is    immoral,    indelicate,    or    sensa- 
tional.     It   cannot    please    the   evil-minded 
nor    defile    the    pure-minded.      It    is    alto- 
gether a  very   human   story. 

Whether  such  an  evil  can  be  vigorously 
and  effectively   attacked  oy  the   means  of 


fiction  is  a  difficult  and  doubtful  question. 
The  very  reticence  and  assumed  modesty 
that  have  put  the  ban  of  silence  on  this- 
subject  are  inclined  to  push  aside  a  book 
like  this,  by  barring  it  from  many  libraries 
and    from    many    book    stalls. 

The  author  is  just  as  frank  in  this  book 
as  he  is  in  the  other  books  on  the  same 
subject.  Its  philosophy  is  mjellow  and 
wholesome.  Even  though  it  abounds  in 
tragedy  and  climax,  in  pathos  and  indigna- 
tion, it  is  filled  with  a  flow  of  humor;  and 
it  has  a  delineation  of  character  done  ia 
a  literary  technique  that  makes  it  a  wholly 
human   story. 

BEGINNERS'     GERMAN.        The     Walter- 
Krause    German    Series.      By    Max    Wal- 
tel,  Ph.D.,  Director  of  the  Musterschule 
(Real-gymnasium)    Frankfurt  am  Main, 
Visiting     Professor,     Teachers'     College, 
Columbia    University,    1911.      And    Carl 
Krause,   Ph.D.,  Head  of  the  Department 
of    Modern     Languages,     Jamaica     High 
School,    N.    Y.,    Lecturer   on    Methods   of 
Teaching  Modern  Languages,  New  York 
University.       Cloth,     231     pp.       Charles 
Scribner's    Sons,    New    York,    1912. 
The  number  of  text-books  in  beginning 
German    is    legion,    as    it    is    in    too    many 
other    subjects.       Some    of    them    seem    to 
have  no  reasonable  excuse  for  existing  be- 
cause frequently  they  do  not  show  a  defi- 
nite plan  or  pvirpose,  nor  a  new  method  of 
presenting  the  subject. 

Once  in  a  great  while,  however,  one  finds 
a  book  that  is  commendable,  one  that  is 
different  from  the  rest.  This  particular 
text  has  several  admirable  features.  The 
study  of  Grammar  is  informal;  it  is  pre- 
sented inductively.  It  talks  and  teaches 
Grammar;  the  pupil  is  to  formulate  his 
own  laws  and  rules.  The  work  is  crea- 
tive. There  is  no  abstract  "pedantry" 
about  the  book.  It  introduces  the  pupil 
into  the  language  of  his  every-day  life;  by 
beginning  with  his  surroundings  and  with 
things  that  interest  him,  his  success  with 
the  language  is  more  readily  insured. 
There  seems  to  be  another  feature  to  the 
book.  It  means  to  study  German  for  its 
own  sake.  While  every  recitation  in  all 
subjects  should  be  a  recitation  in  Eng- 
lish, yet,  if  a  language  like  German  is  to 
be  made  an  effective  means  for  appreciat- 
ing the  noble  literature  that  stands  back 
of  it  and  for  interpreting  all  things  Ger- 
man, then  it  must  be  studied  for  its  own 
sake  and  not  for  the  English  that  can  be 
extracted  from  it.  In  view  of  this  the 
book  is  virtually  all  German. 

The  book  is  probably  the  best  presenta- 
tion of  the  modern  view  of  teaching  Mod- 
ern Languages;  and  teachers  of  German 
will  await  the  remaining  numbers  of  the 
series  with  interest. 


Ibistorical  IRotes  anb  IRcvps 

Reports  of  Society  Meetings   are  Solicited 


Lancaster  County  Historical  Society. 

Hon.  W.  U.  Hensel  made  an  address  be- 
fore this  society  Friday,  March  12,  on 
"An  Italian  Artist  in  Old  Lancaster"  in 
which  he  used  the  following  introductory 
words:  — 

"With  all  of  its  many  distinctions  Lan- 
caster has  never  been  notable  for  lavish 
patronage  of  the  fine  arts.  It  has  neither 
a  public  gallery  nor  private  collection  of 
famous  and  meritorious  paintings  or  at- 
tractive sculpture.  It  would  be  difficult 
to  find  even  a  single  great  work  in  any 
one  of  the  thousands  of  homes  in  this  city 
and  county  which  have  the  characteristics 
of  culture,  taste  and  refinement.  This  is 
somewhat  due  to  the  fact  that  wealth  has 
never  centered  here;  and  no  pre-eminent 
artist  has  ever  sprung  from  or  been  nur- 
tured in  this  community — albeit  names 
like  Grosh,  Eichholtz,  Armstrong,  Steele, 
delineator  of  Shakespearean  characters, 
and  Brown,  the  incomparable  miniaturist, 
Landis,  Beck,  Rengruber,  Floyd,  Nevin  and 
others  have  had  far  more  than  merely  local 
appreciation  and  popularity;  not  to  recall 
Benjamin  West's  earlier  sojourn;  Sully's 
relations  with  Lancaster  through  his  dis- 
tinguished pupil,  and  the  prolific  work  of 
Isaac  L.  Williams,  who  had  Lancaster 
kinsfolk  as  well  as  patrons. 

"Nevertheless,  there  has  always  been 
a  very  general  appreciation  of  the  aesthetic 
here;  a  popular  knowledge,  too,  of  what 
is  meritorious  in  the  various  phases  of  the 
fine  arts,  and  a  prevailing  liberal  culture 
of  taste  for  the  beautiful.  While  there  has 
been  a  steady  development  in  architecture 
and  landscape  gardening,  the  interiors  of 
the  houses  and  homes  in  this  locality  show 
a  progressive  and  very  definite  advance  in 
decoration,  the  collection  and  display  of 
engravings,  etchings,  paintings  and  the 
plastic  arts. 

"Every  generaton  of  Lancaster  people,  I 
think,  has  manifested  liberal  patronage 
of  portraiture;  and,  while  the  modern  arts 
of  the  daguerreotype  and  photograph  large- 
ly superseded  or  rather  supplemented  the 
painter's  method  of  transmitting  through 
time  the  lineaments  of  the  loved  and  lost 
and  of  the  honored  dead,  miniature  and 
portrait  painting  and  the  silhouette, 
through  nearly  two  centuries  of  this  town's 
history,  have  always  had  exemplars  here. 

"I  am  disposed  to  think  no  form  of  his- 
torical   activity    and    art    culture    could    be 


more  profitably  exercised  at  some  early 
period  than  a  practical  study  of  the  evolu- 
ton  of  portraiture  in  Lancaster,  accom- 
panied by  a  popular  collection  and  exhi- 
bition of  the  numberless  miniatures  and 
portraits  which  adorn  the  households  of 
this  city  and  county,  and  whose  study  and 
history  would  make  such  an  admirable 
entertainment  and  valuable  contribution 
to   local   art   and   Iterature." 

The   New   England  Historic   Genealoaical 
Society. 

The  supplement  to  the  April  number  of 
the  "Register"  published  by  this  Society 
contains  a  report  of  the  proceedings  of 
the  society's  annual  meeting,  January  31, 
1912.  From  it  we  glean  the  following 
data.  The  membership  December  31,  1911, 
was  as  follows:  Resident  Members,  776; 
Life  Members,  290;  Corresponding  Mem- 
bers, 61;  Honorary  Members,  6 — Total 
1133.  The  receipts  and  expenditures  for 
the  year  1911  were  respectively  $10,900 
and  $10,800.  The  special  funds  of  the 
Society  amount  to  $190,000.  Over  3000 
pages  of  genealogical  matter  were  publish- 
ed during  the  year.  The  Committee  on 
English  Research  spent  over  $700  in  the 
same  time. 

The  Librarian  closes  his  report  with 
these  words: — "The  year  1911  has  been 
an  eventful  one  for  the  Library.  The 
completion  of  the  Consolidated  Index  to 
the  Register,  furnishing  one  more  guide 
for  genealogical  searchers,  the  beginning 
of  the  index  to  genealogical  data  relating 
to  American  families,  the  successful  at- 
tempt to  secure  adequate  and  safe  quar- 
ters for  the  Library  in  the  future,  the 
disposal  of  the  old  building  to  an  institu- 
tion which  will  be  a  highly  desirable 
neighbor,  are  events  of  sufficient  import- 
ance to  make  the  year  one  to  be  remem- 
bered in  the  history  of  the  Society."  Is  it 
not  time  to  undertake  a  similar  work 
for   the    German    immigrants. 

Kittochtinny  Historical  Society. 

M.  A.  Foltz  read  an  interesting  paper 
before  this  society  on  "Franklin  County 
Newspapers  and  the  Men  Who  Made 
Them."  As  a  member  of  the  Bibliography 
Committee  of  the  Society  he  compiled  a 
history  of  the  newspapers  of  the  county. 


383 


tibe  jfoium 

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Meaning:  of  Names. 
By  Leonard  Felix  Fuld,  LL.M.,   Ph.D. 

EDITORIAL  NOTE. — Dr.  Fuld  has  kind- 
ly consented  to  give  a  brief  account  ol  the 
derivation  and  meanings  of  the  surname  of 
any  reader  who  sends  twenty-five  cents  to 
the  editor  for  that  purpose. 

FRICKER — The  surname  Fricker  is  de- 
rived from  the  Latin  Praeco  through  the 
Anglo-Saxon  Fricca,  meaning  a  herald  or 
crier.  The  surname  in  the  Middle  Ages 
was  given  to  heralds  and  in  modern  times 
and  during  the  name-forming  period  it 
was  generally  given  to  a  preacher. 

Leonard  Felix  Fvild. 

^^^hat  does  "Zwack"  Mean? 

Last  summer  I  supplied  the  pulpit  of  a 
country  church  35  miles  west  of  this  city, 
I  spent  the  Sabbath  with  a  family  by  the 
name  of  Swackhammer.  Mr.  Swackham- 
mer  is  of  Pennsylvania  origin.  His  grand- 
father came  from  Pennsylvania  at  the 
close  of  tne  Revolutionary  War  as  a  U. 
E.  Loyalist.  He  settled  at  Beamsville. 
Lincoln  County,  25  miles  from  the  Falls, 
on  the  shores  of  Lake  Ontario.  Mr.  S.  is 
now  past  89  years,  lives  on  the  farm  on 
which  he  was  born,  which  was  taken  as  a 
homestead  by  his  father,  Jacob  S.  His 
wife's  maiden  name  was  Zimmerman,  also 
of  Pennsylvania  German  descent.  They  no 
longer  speak  or  even  understand  the  Ger- 
man and  have  substituted  S  for  Z  in  tho 
spelling  of  the  family  name.  My  auery  is, 
What  is  the  meaning  of  Zwack?  Who  will 
tell  us? 

(Rev.)    A.   B.   SHERK. 
Toronto,   Ontario,   Canada,   March   30,   '12. 

The  Englishman's  Bath 


Wc    hrtnst    ourselves    a    cleanly    people    and 
arc  apt   to   scorn   the   foreigner  who  does   not 


daily  perform  the  ritual  of  the  tub.  Yet, 
the  British  Medical  Journal  points  out,  it  is 
not  so  long  ago  since  we  had  the  reputation 
of  being  an  exceptionally  dirty  people.  In 
the  year  i8oo  there  was  not  a  single  private 
house  in  London  provided  with  a  bath-room. 

A  witness  stated  before  the  health  commis- 
sion about  the  middle  of  the  last  century  that 
the  only  two  occasions  on  which  one  of  the 
laboring  classes  was  washed  all  over  was  im- 
mediately after  birth  and  after  death. 

Even  at  the  present  day  our  contemporary 
doubts  if  any  dirtier  people  could  be  found 
anywhere  in  the  world  than  among  our  lower 
classes.  "A  French  workman  would  be 
ashamed  to  wear  clothes  in  which  the  British 
laborer  goes  to  his  daily  work.  There  is 
nothing  that  tramps  who  apply  at  workhouses 
think  a  more  brutal  tyranny  than  the  en- 
forced  bath." 

In  the  middle  ages,  we  are  reminded,  our 
dirt  and  squalor  were  the  theme  of  comment 
by  foreign  visitors.  Three  centuries  ago  what 
most  struck  a  Portuguese  traveler  in  England 
was  the  fact  that  the  English  gentry  never 
washed.  Erasmus  has  left  a  picture  of  the 
dirt  that  prevailed  in  the  houses  of  noblemen. 

It  is  not  difficult  from  this  to  imagine  what 
the  state  of  things  must  have  been  among 
the  poorer  classes.  At  one  time  both  men  and 
women  who  were  careful  of  their  complex- 
ions cleaned  their  faces  with  a  dry  white 
linen  cloth,  because  it  was  believed  that  wash- 
ing the  face  with  water  made  it  more  sus- 
ceptible to  cold  in  winter  and  to  tan  in  sum- 
mer. The  story  of  Lady  Mary  Wortley 
Montagu's  hands  is  too  well  known  to  be  re- 
peated. Johnson  said  he  had  no  passion  for 
clean  linen,  and  even  the  fine  gentlemen  of 
his  day  were  far  from  scrupulously  clean  in 
their  persons. — Westminster  Gazette. 

The  above  reminds  one  of  the  Philadelphia 
lady  sixty  years  ago  who  said  of  another 
lady  expecting  to  be  married  shortly:  "Die 
Sau  hut  sich  all  ivver  gewasche." 


384 


MANNERS  AND  CUSTOMS  (lo6)    395 

■edge  of  the  times  and  seasons.  The  different  phases  of  the  moon  had 
to  be  carefully  observed  from  the  almanac,  for  all  cereals  planted  in 
the  waxing-  of  the  moon  grew  more  rapidly  than  in  the  waning. 
Things  planted  when  the  {104)  moon  was  in  the  sign  of  the  Twins 
would  be  abundant.  When  the  horns  of  the  moon  were  down  onions 
must  be  planted ;  beans,  and  early  potatoes,  however,  when  the  horns 
were  up.  Apples  should  be  picked  in  the  dark  of  the  moon,  else  they 
would  rot.  Hogs  should  be  slaughtered  during  the  waxing  of  the 
moon,  otherwise  the  meat  would  shrink  and  be  poor.  Even  the 
thatching  of  houses  should  be  done  when  the  horns  of  the  moon  were 
down,  or  the  shingles  would  curl ;  and  when  fences  were  built,  the 
first  or  linver  rail  should  be  laid  when  the  horns  were  up, while  the 
stakes  should  be  put  in  and  the  fence  finished  when  the  horns  were 
down.  Such  are  a  few  of  the  affairs  of  life  which  were  supposed 
to  be  done  literally  "by  the  book."^° 

Omens  were  frequent.  It  was  a  sign  of  death  if  a  bird  entered 
the  room,  if  a  horse  neighed  or  dog  barked  at  night,  or  if  a  looking- 
glass  were  broken ;  the  same  thing  was  supposed  to  be  true  of  dream- 
ing of  having  teeth  pulled,  or  of  seeing  one  dressed  in  black. 

As  water  was  one  of  the  most  important  things  for  every  house, 
it  is  not  surprising  that  supernatural  (lo^)  means  were  employed  to 
discover  it.  The  following  device  of  "smelling"  for  water  was  once 
common :  "Hold  a  forked  willow  or  peach  limb  with  the  prongs  down, 
and  move  over  the  spot  where  water  is  desired.  H  water  is  present, 
the  stick  will  turn  down  in  spite  of  all  \T)U  can  do ;  it  has  been  known 
to  twist  off  the  bark.  The  depth  of  water  may  be  known  by  the  num- 
"ber  and  strength  of  the  dips  made.  Ore  can  be  found  in  the  same 
way." 

Also  curious  in  their  way  were  the  weather  signs.  If  the  ears  of 
corn  burst,  a  mild  winter  will  follow ;  but  it  will  be  cold  if  they  are 
plump.  If  the  spleen  of  a  hog  be  short  and  thick,  the  winter  will  be 
short,  and  vice  versa.  If  on  February  2d  the  ground-hog  comes  out 
and  sees  his  shadow,  he  will  retire  to  his  hole  and  six  weeks  of  co!d 
weather  will  follow.  So,  when  the  snow  is  on  the  ground,  if  turkeys 
g-o  to  the  field  or  the  guinea-hens  halloo,  there  will  be  a  thaw.  If 
cocks  crow  at  10  p.  m.,  it  will  rain  before  morning. 

Witches  were  believed  in  to  a  more  or  less  extent,  and  not  only 
human  beings,  but  cattle,  inanimate  objects,  and  even  o])erations  sucli 
as  1)utter-making,  were  more  or  less  subject  to  their  malign  influence. 
Horseshoes  or  broomsticks  laid  across  the  door  were  supposed  to  keep 
them  out.  Silver  bullets  shot  at  a  picture  (to6)  of  a  supposed  witch 
Avould  bring  about  his  or  her  death.''' 

was  still  in  full  sway  in  Pennsylvania  a  hundred  years  ago.  In  the  Jour- 
nal of  Christopher  Marshall,  under  the  date  May  13,  1780  (at  Lancas- 
ter) we  find  this  entry:  "This  was  a  remarkable  day  for  the  German 
men  and  women,  bleeding  at  (Dr.)  Chrisley  Noff's.  So  many  came  that 
I  presume  he  must  work  hard  to  bleed  the  whole.  Strange  infatuation." 
(Paper  of  Lane.  Co.  Hist.  Soc,  vol.  IIL  p.  156.) 

■•"■>  This  view  of  the  influence  of  the  moon's  phases  is  as  old  as  German 
history  itself:  "Aus  demsolben  Grund,  aus  welchem  weise  Frauen  zu 
Ariovist's  Zeit  den  Germanen  geboten,  dass  sic  nicht  vor  Neumond  die 
Schlacht  beginnen  sollten,"  etc.      (Riehl,  Kulturstudien,  p.   47.) 

37  There  was,  however,  none  of  the  fanatic  cnioUy  once  so  prevalont  ia 


396    (lo6)  THE  PENN  GERMANIA 

The  use  of  amulets  and  incantations  was  more  or  less  common.  By 
means  of  the  former  it  was  believed  that  one  could  make  himself 
"kugel-fest,"  i.  s.,  proof  against  bullets.^^  As  was  natural  when  doc- 
tors'^were  few  and  far  between,  superstition  was  largely  predominant 
in  medicine.  Especially  were  old  women  endowed  with  curative  pow- 
ers. Those  who  were  born  on  Sunday  were  supposed  to  have  power 
to  cure  headache.  Among  the  strange  methoods  of  healing  may  be 
mentioned  the  following:  To  remove  warts  cut  an  apple,  a  turnip, 
or  an  onion  into  halves  and  rub  the  wart  with  the  pieces  and  then  bury 
them  under  the  eaves  of  the  house.  A  buckwheat  cake  placed  on  the 
head  will  remove  pain;  and  the  breath  of  a  fish  will  cure  whooping 
cough.  To  cure  "falling  away"  in  a  child  make  a  bag  of  new  muslin, 
fill  with  new  things  of  any  {107)  kind,  and  place  it  on  the  breast  of 
the  child,  letting  it  remain  there  nine  days.  In  the  meanwhile  feed 
the  child  only  with  the  milk  of  a  young  heifer.  After  nine  days  carry 
the  bag  by  the  little  finger  to  a  brook  that  flows  towards  the  west  and 
throw  it  over  the  shoulder.  As  the  contents  of  the  bag  waste  away 
the  child  will  recover.  Perhaps  one  of  the  strangest  and  yet  most  in- 
teresting of  all  these  quaint  customs  was  that  of  pow-wowing,  or 
the  use  of  magic  formulas  for  the  cure  of  certain  diseases.  It  is  very 
interesting  to  see  this  survival  down  to  a  short  time  ago  in  our  own 
country,  and  still  flourishing  in  certain  parts  of  Germany,  of  a  cus- 
tom which  is  as  old  as  the  German  language  itself.  Some  of  the- 
earliest  remains  of  Old  High  German  and  Old  Saxon  poetry  are  the 
so-called  "Segensformen,"  not  very  different  from  pow-wowing. •"*• 
The  latter  was  once  believed  in  by  many  of  the  Pennsylvania-Ger- 
mans. It  was  supposed  to  be  especially  efiicacious  in  nose-bleed  or 
blood-flow  ;  in  removing  pain  from  cuts,  bruises,  burns ;  and  also  in 
skin  diseases.  Thus  the  goitre  was  cured  by  looking  at  the  waxing 
moon,  passing  the  hand  over  the  diseased  part,  and  saying,  "What  I 
see  must  increase,  what  I  feel  must  decrease. "■*°  Still  more  curious  is 
the  cure  for  snake-bite,  described  by  Dr.  W.  J.  Hoffman  as  formerly 
existing  in  Lehigh  County.     The  following  words  were  recited : 

"Got    hot    alles    arschaffen    und    alles    war    gut; 
Als  du  alle  [alter]  Schlang,  bisht  ferflucht, 
Ferflucht  solsht  du  sei'  und  dei'  Gift." 

The  speaker  then  with  the  index-finger  made  the  sign  of  the  cross 
three  times  over  the  wound,  each  time  pronouncing  the  onomatops 
tsing.*^ 

Germany  and  which  has  given  to  Salem,  Mass.,  such  a  baleful  notoriety  in 
American  history. 

38  This  superstition  was  once  wide-spread  in  Germany;  Luther  believed 
in  it  firmly.  See  Freytag,  vol.  III.  p.  73:  "Der  Glaube,  dass  man  den 
Leib  gegen  das  Geschoss  der  Feinde  verfesten  .  .  .  koenne,  ist  aelter 
als  das  geschichtliche  Leben  der  germanischen  Voelker."  It  was  said  of 
Captain  Wetterholt,  in  the  French  and  Indian  War,  that  he  was  "kugel- 
fest." 

39  Cf.    Braune,   Althochdeutsches  Lesebuch,   p.    81. 

<o  Cf.  Meyer,  Deutsche  Volkskunde,  p.  116:  "Hat  es  [a  child]  ein 
Muttermal,  so  blickt  die  Mutter,  das  Kind  im  Arm.  auf  einem  Kreuzweg 
in  den  zunehmenden  Mond  und  spricht,  indem  sie  das  Mai  mit  der  Hand 
bestreicht:  Alles,  was  ich  sehe,  nimmt  zu,  Alles,  was  ich  streiche,.  nimmt 
ab." 

<i  Proceedings  of  Penn.  Ger.  Society,  vol.  V.  p.  7&. 


MANNERS  AND  CUSTOMS  (no)    397 

Even  in  religion  these  superstitions  had  their  place,  and  the  opening 
-of  the  Bible  at  random  and  taking  the  verse  which  fell  under  the 
finger  as  the  direct  word  of  God — a  custom  which,  more  or  less 
changed,  has  lasted  for  nearly  fifteen  hundred  years^^ — was  once  em- 
ployed 'by  the  INIoravians  in  all  the  affairs  of  life,  including  marriage, 
(lop)  and  is  actually  used  today  by  the  Mennonites  in  choosing  their 
bishops. 

The  life  of  the  Pennsylvania  farmer  was  one  of  unremitting  toil: 
few  recreations  came  to  break  the  monotony.  Up  before  sunrise  and 
to  bed  soon  after  sunset,  such  was  the  ordinary  routine,  day  after  day. 
year  after  year.  Later  in  the  century  came  more  and  more  the  usual 
rural  festivities,  quilting  and  husking  parties,  country  fairs,  markets, 
and  vcndus.  Very  common  were  the  butcherings — when  the  friends 
•of  the  family  would  help  in  the  killing  of  hogs  and  the  preparation  of 
the  many  kinds  of  sausages;  and  especially  common  were  the  "frolics" 
in  which  the  various  kinds  of  fruit-butters,  of  which  the  Pennsylvania 
Germans  were  so  fond,  were  boiled  in  huge  kettles,  tended  to  and 
stirred  by  friends  and  neighbors  invited  for  the  purpose. *•'' 

In  general,  however,  life  was  uneventful,  "one  common  round  of 
daily  task."  The  three  great  events  in  all  lives — ^^birth,  marriage,  and 
death — were  the  occasion  of  more  or  less  celebration,  the  weddings 
and  funerals  being  attended  by  large  concourses  of  people,  who  came 
in  wagons  from  far  and  near.  The  custom  of  providing  food  for 
(no)  visitors,  due  at  first  to  the  long  distance  many  had  to  come, 
soon  grew  to  be  conventional  and  too  often  excessive.  Muhlenberg 
frequently  complains  of  this  excess  at  both  weddings  and  funerals. 

An  interesting  description  of  one  of  these  funerals  is  given  by  Mit- 
telberger :  "In  this  manner  such  an  invitation  to  a  funeral  is  made 
known  more  than  fifty  English  miles  around  in  twenty-four  hours.  If 
it  is  possible,  one  or  more  persons  from  each  house  appear  on  horse- 
back at  the  appointed  time  to  attend  the  funeral.  While  the  people 
■are  coming  in,  good  cake  cut  into  pieces  is  handed  around  on  a  large 
tin  platter  to  those  present ;  each  person  receives  then,  in  a  goblet,  a 
hot  West  India  rum  punch,  into  which  lemon,  sugar,  and  juniper- 
berries  are  put,  which  give  it  a  delicious  taste.  After  this,  hot  and 
sweetened  cider  is  served.  .  .  .  When  the  people  have  nearly  all  as- 
sembled and  the  time  for  the  burial  is  come,  the  dead  body  is  carrietl 
to  the  general  burial-place,  or,  where  that  is  too  far  away,  the  de- 
ceased is  buried  in  his  own  field.**     The  assembled  people  ride  all  in 

*-  "Der  uralte  Aberglaube,  welcher  schon  im  Jahre  506  auf  dem  Con- 
cilium von  Agde  den  Cliristen  verboten  wurde,  kam  wieder  in  Aufnahrae; 
man  schlug  die  Bibel  oder  das  Gesangbuch  auf,  urn  aus  zufaelligem  Wort- 
laut  die  Entscheidung  bei  innerer  Unsicherheit  zu  finden, — der  Spruch, 
auf  welchen  der  recht  Daumen  traf,  war  der  bedeutsame;  ein  Branch,  der 
noch  heute  fest  in  unserm  Volke  haftet,  und  von  den  Gegnern  [he  is 
speaking  of  the  "Stillen  im  Lande"]  schon  um  1700  als  'Daeumeln'  ver- 
hoehnt  wurde."     (Freytag,  Vol.  IV.  p.  18.) 

<3  Cf.  Riehl  (Pfaelzer,  p.  267)  for  a  description  of  a  similar  combination 
of  business  and  pleasure  in  the  preparation  of  obstlatwerge  in  the 
Palatinate. 

**  Many  of  these  old  private  graveyards  are  now  utterly  neglected  and 
overgrown  with  weeds;  Riehl's  description  of  the  neglected  graveyards  in 
the  Palatinate  is  almost  word  for  word  true  of  many  in  Pennsylvania: 
"Eine  verwilderte  Hecke  umzaeunt  sie.     Rcgellose  mit  Gras  und  Gestruepp 


398  (hi)  the  penn  germania 

silence  (m)  and  sometimes  one  can  connt  from  one  hundred  to  five 
hundred  persons  on  horseback.  The  coffins  are  all  made  of  fine  wal- 
nut wood  and  stained  brown  with  a  shining  varnish."*^ 

It  must  not  be  inferred  from  the  above  references  to  rum  and  cider 
that  the  Pennsylvania  Germans  as  a  people  were  especially  addicted 
to  strong  drink.  One  hundred  years  ago  every  one  drank ;  in  New 
England  the  settlers  "were  a  beer-drinking  and  ale-drinking  race — as 
Shakespeare  said,  they  were  'potent  in  potting'  \"*^  and  no  public  cere- 
mony, civil  or  religious,  occurred  in  which  great  quantities  of  liquor 
were  not  dftmk.'*^  The  custom  of  drinking  at  funerals,  (ii^^)  which 
]\Inhlenberg  reprehends  so  stoutly,  was  equally  observed  by  the 
Scotch-Irish  and  the  Puritans  of  New  England.^®  Indeed  we  have- 
the  authority  of  Benjamin  Rush,  who  has  been  (113)  called  the- 
father  of  the  Temperance  movement  in  the  United  States,  that  the 
Pemisylvania  Germans  were  not  addicted  to  drunkenness.'**' 

In  this  chapter  we  have  endeavored  to  give  a  brief  sketch  of  the- 
Pennsylvania  farmer  a  hundred  years  ago.  It  would  be  of  some  value 
to  go  more  into  detail  concerning  the  routine  of  daily  life.    The  limits- 

verwachsene  Erhoehungen  zeigen  die  Graeber  an."  (Pfaelzer,  p.  407.)- 
He  attributes  this  neglect  to  the  traditional  dislike  of  the  Reformed- 
people  to  all  pomp  and  ceremony  even  in  death;  it  is  still  more  true 
of  the  Mennonites,  who  seek  the  utmost  simplicity  in  all  things  temporal" 
or  spiritual, — in  life  and  death.  "Ein  Mitglied  der  Gemeinschaft  in- 
Berner  Jura  aeusserte  mir  gelegentlich  die  Ansicht,  man  sollte  nicht 
genoetigt  sein,  die  Toten  auf  den  Friedhoefen  zu  beerdigen;  ein  jeder 
sollte  dies  auf  seinem  Grundbesitz  thun  duerfen."      (Mueller,  p.   62.) 

45  In  making  these  coffins  the  carpenter  was  careful  to  gather  up  all 
the  shavings  and  sawdust  and  place  them  in  the  coffin,  for  if  any  portion 
thereof  should  be  brought  into  a  house,  death  was  sure  to  follow. 

4G  Alice  Morse  Earle,  Customs  and  Fashions  in  Old  New  England,  p.  163. 

47  In  the  record  of  the  ordination  of  Rev.  Joseph  McKean,  in  Beverly, 
Mass.,  in  1785,  these  items  are  found  in  the  tavernkeeper's  bill: 

30  Bowles  of  Punch  before  the  people  went  to  meeting £  3 

80  people  eating  in  the  morning  at  16d 6 

10   bottles  of  wine   before   they   went   to  meeting 1    10 

68   dinners  at   3s 10      4 

44  bowles  of  punch  while  at  dinner 4      8 

18   bottles  of   wine 2    14 

8  bowles  of  brandy 1      2 

cherry   Rum 1    10 

6  people  drank  tea —  —  9d. 

'•*'  Mrs.  Earle  gives  the  following  bill  for  the  mortuary  expenses  of  David 
Porter  of  Hartford,  who  was  drowned  in  1678: 

By  a  pint  of  liquor  for  those  who  dived  for  him £  0      Is.. 

By  a  quart  of  liquor  for  those  who  brought  him  home 2 

By  two  quarts  of  wine  and  1  gallon  of  cyder  to  jury  of  Inquest.  .  .  5 

By  8  gallons  and  3  quarts  wine  for  funeral £  1    15 

By  barrel  cyder  for  funeral 16 

1    coffin    12 

Windeing    sheet    18 

With  this  we  may  compare  the  bill  for  the  double  funeral-feast  of 
Johannes  Gumre  and  his  wife  of  Germantown,  in  1738: 

Bread    &    Cakes   at    sd    Burialls £1      10 

Gamons  Cheese  &  Butter 15      2 

Molasses    &    Sugar 1    14    3 

4t'  This  notwithstanding  the  fact  that  hard  drinking  has  ever  been  and 
is  to-day  a  national  failing  of  the  Germans.  The  deep  religious  move- 
ment in  Pennsylvania  one  hundred  years  ago  tended  to  keep  the  people: 
moderate  in  drinking. 


MANNERS  AND  CUSTOMS  (ll6)    399- 

of  this  b(X)k,  however,  will  not  permit  this,  nor  perhaps  would  these 
details  offer  the  same  interest  as  those  which  tell  of  elei^^ant  man- 
sionSj  stately  equipages,  and  all  the  pomp  and  circumstance  of  colonial 
Virginia  and  New  England.  The  houses  of  the  simple  folk  whom  we 
are  discussing,  their  furniture,  clothing.^"  food,-^^  and  all  the  acces- 
sories of  life  were  marked  by  plainness  and  comfort  rather  than  by 
elegance.  Hard  work,  good  health,  an  easy  conscience,  independence 
begotten  of  possession  of  a  comfortable  home,  and  land  enough  to 
provide  ( ir.f)  for  all  their  wants — this  was  the  life  of  our  ancestors,  a 
life  not  altogether  to  be  looked  at  with  depreciation  even  from  the 
present  vantage-ground  of  modern  comforts  and  conveniences. 


(7/5)  CHAPTER  \\ 

LAXGUAGK,     I.ITKRATURE,     AND    EDUCATION. 

Among  the  manv  interesting  phenomena  connected  with  the  Penn- 
sylvania Germans  none  is  more  striking  than  their  persistence  m 
climging  to  their  dialect.  Here  we  have  a  group  of  people  living  in 
the  very  heart  of  the  United  States,  surrounded  on  all  sides  by  Eng- 
lish-speaking people,  almost  every  family  having  some  of  its  (branches 
thoroughly  mixed  by  intermarriage  with  these  people,  yet  still  after 
the  lapse  of  nearly  two  hundred  years  retaining  to  a  considerable  de- 
gree the  language  of  their  ancestors.  Even  in  large  and  flourishing 
cities  like  Allentown,  Reading,  and  Bethlehem  much  of  the  inter- 
course in  business  and  home-life  is  carried  on  in  this  patois.  This 
persistence  of  language  is  one  of  the  strongest  evidences  of  the  con- 
servative spirit  so  charactristic  of  the  Pennsylvania-German   farmer. 

This  love  for  their  language,  which  today  may  be  regarded  as  a 
really  striking  phenomenon,  was  only  natural  one  hundred  and  fifty 
years  ago.  (116)  The  country  was  then  new,  the  Germans  formed  a 
compact  mass  by  themselves,  the  means  of  comnnmication  with  their 
Eng'lish  neighbors  were  rare;  it  would  have  been  surprising  if  they 
had  not  clung  to  the  language  of  their  fathers.  It  was  precisely  this 
same  love  for  the  mother  tongue  which  led  the  Puritans  to  leave  PIol- 
land,  where  they  were  in  many  respects  comfortable  enough.^ 

And  yet  this  very  natural  desire  was  regarded  by  some  at  least  as 

50  This  was  at  first  homespun  and  very  simple.  The  Moravians,  Men- 
nonites,  Amish,  and  Ephrata  Brethren  had  a  special  garb. 

51  Typical  Pennsylvania-German  dishes  are  Sauerkraut.  Nudels,  Schnilz. 
und  Knep,  many  kinds  of  sausages,  "fruit-butters,"  "Fasnachts"  (a  kind 
of  cruller),  coldslaw,  Schmierkaes,  etc. 

1  "They  wished  to  preserve  their  English  speech  and  English  tradi- 
tions "  etc  (Fiske,  Beginnings  of  New  England,  p.  74.)  Winslow  (in  his 
Brief' Narrative,  quoted  by  Palfrey,  Hist,  of  N.  Eng.  1.  p.  147)  says  the 
Puritans  did  not  like  to  think  of  losing  their  language  and  their  name  of 
English  "  and  longed  that  God  might  be  pleased,  "to  discover  some  place- 
unto  them,  though  in  America,  .  .  .  where  they  might  live  and  com- 
fortably subsist."  and  at  the  same  time  "keep  their  names  and  nation. 
"Jede  Provinz,"  says  Goethe,  "liebt  ihren  Dialekt.  denn  er  1st  doc  1 
eigentlich  das  Element,  in  welchem  die  Seele  ihren  Atem  schoepft. 
(Meyer,  Volkskunde,  p.   27  9.) 


.•400    (i  i6)  THE  PENN  GERMANIA 

evidence  of  a  stubborn  and  ignorant  nature.-  The  very  efforts  made 
by  the  Enghsh — the  motives  of  many  of  whom  were  more  or  less 
■mixed — to  do  away  with  the  use  of  (n/)  German  only  tended  to 
■strengthen  the  stubborn  love  for  their  language  in  which  their  Bible 
and  hymn-books  were  written  and  in  which  their  services  were  held. 
Indeed,  the  following  prayer,  which  was  introduced  into  the  litany  of 
the  Lutheran  Church,  in  1786,  smacks  of  what  many  would  now  call 
real  fanaticism  :  "And  since  it  has  pleased  Thee  chiefly,  by  means  of 
the  Germans,  to  transform  this  State  into  a  blooming  garden,  and  the 
desert  into  a  pleasant  pasturage,  help  us  not  to  deny  our  nation  but 
to  endeavor  that  our  youth  may  be  so  educated  that  German  schools 
and  churches  may  not  only  be  sustained  but  may  attain  a  still  more 
flourishing  condition." 

The  vernacular  thus  religiously  preserved  was  not  the  literary  lan- 
guage of  Germany,  but  a  distinct  dialect.  We  have  seen  that  the  vast 
majority  of  emigrants  to  Pennsylvania  during  the  last  century  came 
from  the  various  States  of  South  Germany;  the  three  principal  ones 
which  furnished  settlers  being  the  Palatinate,  Wiirtemberg,  and 
Switzerland.  The  inhabitants  of  these  three  form  two  ethnical  entities 
which  are  more  or  less  closely  allied,  Wiirtemberg  and  Switzerland 
being  practically  pure  Alemannic,  while  the  Palatinate  as  Prankish 
with  a  strong  infusion  of  (118)  Alemannic  blood  in  certain  parts 
thereof.^  Hence  it  follows  that  the  Pennsylvania-German  dialect  is  a 
•mixture  of  Prankish  and  Alemannic.  Of  course  there  are  subdivisions 
in  these  dialects,  the  Swabian  of  Wiirtemberg  being  different  from 
that  of  Switzerland,  and  the  mixed  speech  of  the  Palatinate  different 
from  both.*  The  Pennsylvania  German,  then,  has  as  a  basis  certain 
' characteristics  derived  from  all  these  dialects  modified  and  harmon- 
ized, many  of  the  original  differences  having  in  course  of  time  been 
so  transformed  that  today  the  dialect  is  in  general  homogeneous. 

The  accurate  study  of  any  dialect  is  one  of  great  difficulty,  and 
should  only  be  undertaken  by  a  specialist  who  has  been  thoroug'hly 
trained  in  the  subject  of  phonetics  and  who  has  made  a  long  and  care- 
ful personal  study  of  the  facts  on  the  spot.  This  is  not  the  place,  nor 
is  the  writer  competent,  to  give  a  full  treatment  of  this  interesting 
dialect.  There  are  some  facts,  however,  which  are  easily  understood 
and  wbich  at  the  same  time  form  the  most  striking  characteristics. 

(j/p)  Such  are  the  following:  o  (more  or  less  open)  takes  the 
.place  of  the  German  a  and  aa,  as  in  schlof  (schlaf),  froge  (fragen). 
zvoge  (zi-aagen),  jor  (jahr),  wor  (zvahr)  ;  e  is  used  for  German  ci 
and  au,  as  del  (theil),  hem  {helm),  hem  (bdiime).^    As  in  all  German 

2  In  1755  Samuel  Wharton  proposed,  "in  order  to  incline  them  to 
become  English  in  education  and  feeling  quicker,"  that  the  English  lan- 
guage should  be  used  in  all  bonds  and  legal  instruments,  and  that  no 
newspaper  should  be  circulated  among  them  unless  accompanied  by  an 
English  translation. 

■i  See  Riehl;  p.  105  ff. 

*  See  Paul's  Grundriss  der  Germanischen  Philologie,  Vol.  I.  pp.  538-540; 
also  Riehl,  Pfaelzer,  p.  273  ff.  The  variations  in  the  dialect  of  the 
Palatinate  may  be  studied  in  the  four  " Volksdichter"  Kobell,  Nadler, 
Schandein,  and  Lennig. 

3  In  many  words  there  is  a  wavering  in  this  use  of  e;  thus  we  find  both 
-Kled  and  Kleid;  and  especially  are  the  suffixes  heit  and  keit  heard  more 


LANGUAGE,  LITERATURE  AND  EDUCATION  (121)    401 

•dialects,  the  mixed  vowels  are  simplified,  o  becoming-  e  (here — horen, 
he — hohe,  bes — bose),  and  ii  becoming-  i  {bichcr — buecher,  brick — 
bri'icke,  ivver — ueber,  etc.).  The  above  vowel  changes  are  exten- 
sively used;  less 'frequent  are  the  changes  of  eu  in  a  few  words  to  ci 
(feicr — feuer,  scheicr — schcuer),  and  of  ei  and  ai  to  oy  {moy — tnai, 
oy — ei,  zcoy — weihe).  A  very  interesting  phenomenon  is  the  influ- 
ence of  r  on  the  preceding  /  or  e  (arve — erbe,  zzvarch — aiverg,  ::ar}cel 
— sirkcl,  karch — kirche).  Even  the  vowel  u  in  some  words  under- 
goes a  similar  change  (dawrsch — durst,  fawrch — furcht,  kazcrc — 
knra).  In  some  cases  an  inorganic  vowel  is  developed  between  a 
liquid  and  the  following  consonant  {iiiilich — milch,  marikt — markt, 
starick — stark,  barik — berg). 

In  regard  to  the  consonant-system  the  following  peculiarities  may 
be  noted:  g  between  two  (i-^o)  vowels  and  after  r  becomes  y  (morye 
— morgen,  reyc — re  gen)  ;  b  between  vowels  becomes  v  {geve — gebeu, 
sck'cr — sclbcr)  ;  b  and  p,  t  and  d,  g  and  k  are  often  interchanged 
(babier — papier,  del — ihcil,  klick — gliick)  ;  pf  is  simplified  to  p  ipnnd 
— pfund,  plnk—pfiug,  schcppe — schopfen)  ;  nn — nd  (fitme — finden, 
gfimne — gefuiiden,  nnnncr — hinunter)  ;  final  n  of  inflections  is  lack- 
ing (gucke — gucken,  rechue — rechnen). 

Syntax  is  freer  than  in  German :  as  in  the  dialect  of  the  Palatinate, 
the  perfect  tense  is  regularly  used  for  the  imperfect ;  nominative  and 
accusative  are  generally  confused ;  the  genitive  is  used  only  in  com- 
pounds and  adverbs,  its  place  being  taken  in  other  constructions  by 
von  or  by  the  article  with  the  possessive  pronoun. 

Such  are  some  of  the  most  striking  characteristics  of  the  Pennsyl- 
vania-German dialect,  in  regard  to  those  features  which  it  inherits 
from  Germany  and  Switzerland.  But  that  which  stamps  it  with 
especial  peculiarity  are  the  changes  it  has  undergone  under  the  influ- 
■  ence  of  English.  It  was  only  natural  that,  coming  to  a  strange  land, 
surrounded  by  people  speaking  another  language,  the  Germans  should 
•borrow  new  words,  especially  such  as  expressed  things  and  ideas  which 
were  new  to  them.  These  words  were  either  very  familiar  or  tech- 
nical, things  they  had  to  {121)  buy  and  sell,  objects  of  the  experiences 
of  daily  life,  such  as  stohr,  boggy,  fens,  endorse,  etc.  The  newspapers 
abound  in  curious  compounds  like  eisenstove,  kiichenranges,  parlor- 
oefcn,  carving-messcr,  sattler-hartzmaren,  gduls-bld}ikcis  (horse- 
blankets),  frdhni-soinnierhaiis,  ilaucr-bdrrcl,^  etc.  Many  of  these  im- 
portations are  taken  without  much  change,  as  office,  operate,  scJiquicr, 
etc.  Many,  however,  are  hybrid  words,  some  with  German  prefix  and 
English  root  (abstarte — start  ofif,  abseine — sign  away,  auspicke — pick 
out,  austcire — tire  out,  ferbodderc — bother)  ;  others  with  English  root 
.and  German  suffix  (hickerniss — hickory-nuts,  krickli — little  creek)  ; 
still  more  curious  is  the  expression  of  the  English  idea  in  German 
(gutgucklicli — good-looking,  hcmgeniaclit — home-made).'' 

often  than  het  or  ket.  (Learned.)  So  also  we  find  the  umlaut  of  Maus — 
Meis,  Haus — Heiser,  etc.      (Haldeman,  p.   14.) 

6  The  last  four  words  are  taken  from  the  Reading  Adler,  Feb.  2  7, 
1900.  This  paper  has  been  in  existence  104  years,  and  is  still  read  by  the 
Berks  County  farmer  with  something  of  the  same  feeling  with  which 
the  London   merchant  reads  his  Times. 

"  Further  examples  may  be  found  in  Haldeman  and  Learned.     Interest- 


402    (i2i)  THa  PENN  GERMANIA 

The  interest — that  is.  the  Hterary  and  philological  (122)  interest — 
in  dialects  is  something  modern,  showing  itself  not  only  in  the  inves- 
tigations of  philology,  but  also  in  the  field  of  literature,  and  today  any 
cleverly  written  piece  of  fiction  is  sure  of  at  least  temporary  popularity 
if  written  in  dialect.  It  is  doubtless  due  to  this  impulse  that  there  has 
arisen  in  the  last  thirty  or  forty  years  a  small  body  of  literature  in  the 
Pennsylvania-German  dialect. 

Dr.  Philip  Schafif  is  said  to  have  been  the  first  to  encourage  the  pub- 
lication of  such  dialect  literature ;  it  was  he  who,  among  others,  urged 
Harbaugh  to  publish  his  poems,  and  the  first  poem  printed  in  the 
Pennsylvania-German  dialect  appeared  in  the  Kirchenfrcnnd,  1849,  at 
that  time  edited  by  Dr.  Schaff  .^  Since  that  time  a  considerable  num- 
ber of  persons  have  tried  their  hands  at  this  modest  kind  of  compo- 
sition. The  Nestor  of  such  persons  today  is  ]\Ir.  E.  H.  Ranch,  who, 
under  the  iwni  dc  plume  of  Pit  Schweffelbrenner,  for  many  years  has 
written  articles,  mostly  humorous,  for  the  Carbon  Democrat  and  other 
papers;  and  who  in  1879  published  his  Pennsylvania  Dutch  Hand- 
book, containing  a  (i^j)  vocabulary  with  practical  exercises  and 
samples  of  dialect  literature. 

In  poetry  much  more  of  a  higher  sort  has  been  written,  generally,, 
however,  in  the  form  of  translations  from  English,  and  of  "occasional' 
poetry,  appearing  for  the  most  part  in  newspapers  or  recited  on  festive 
occasions.  In  general  we  notice  that  this  poetry  lacks  something  of" 
the  spontaneity  that  marks  true  "Volkspoesie,"  such  as  we  find  in  the 
works  of  Hebel,  Nadler,  and  Kobel.  The  life  of  the  Palatine  or  Swiss- 
farmer  is  more  individual  than  that  of  the  Pennsylvania  German  of 
today,  and  the  poets  of  the  Fatherland  give  full  expression  to  this  life 
in  all  its  varied  aspects,  humorous  as  well  as  pathetic.  J\Iost  of  the 
poetry  written  in  Pennsylvania  German  has  been  written  by  men  who 
have  been  educated  in  English  schools  and  colleges, — who  are  largely 
professional  men,  lawyers,  teachers,  ministers,  and  journalists, — and 
who  are  thoroughly  identified  with  American  ideals.  Naturally,  then, 
such  poetry  cannot  be  simple  and  naive  as  that  written  by  the  German 
"Volksdichter." 

The  two  most  voluminous  writers  of  verse  are  Henry  Harbaugh  and 
H.  L.  Fisher.  The  latter,  a  lawyer  of  York,  has  published  two 
volumes.  " 'S  Alt  Marik-Haus  mittes  in  d'r  Schtadt"  (124)  and 
"Kurzweil  und  Zeitvertrieb,"  in  which  he  gives  a  picture  of  the  life  of 
the  Pennsylvania  German  farmer  fifty  years  ago,  describing  among 
other  things  old  customs,  superstitions,  work  in  field  and  house,  plant- 
ing, harvesting,  threshing,  beating  hemp  and  spinning  flax;  the  joys, 
toils,  and  pleasures- of  the  farmer's  life, — ^butcherings,  butter-boilings, 
huskings,  and  quilting-parties.  Much  of  the  contents  of  the  volumes, 
■however,  consists  of  imitations  of  German  originals,  or  translations 
from  English  and  especially  American  poetry. 

ing  parallels  to  this  curious  mingling  of  English  and  German  are  pre- 
sented in  the  law  French  of  England  of  the  sixteenth  century,  where 
we  find  such  expressions  as  "walke  in  le  lane,"  "il  dig  up  un  clod  del 
terre,"  "I'owner  del  Park  vient  al  gate  del  Park  pur  hunter,"  etc.  See- 
article  in  North  Amer.  Review,  Vol.  LI.    (written  by  Longfellow). 

8  This   was   an    "Abendlied,"    beginning    "Morgets    scheent    die    Sun    so- 
schoe,"  by  the  Reverend  Rondthaler,  a  Moravian  missionary.      (See  Life 
of  Schaff,  by  his  son,  p.  142. j 


LANGUAGE,  LITKHATUUE  AND  EDUCATION  (126)    403 

The  most  ori.c^inal  of  these  writers,  and  one  who  possessed  f^^enuine 
poetic  g^ift,  was  the  Rev.  TTenry  Tlarbau.s^h,  a  prominent  clcrg"yman  in 
the  Reformed  Church,  wlio  was  born  October  28,  1817,  near  Waynes- 
boro', Frankhn  County,  Pa.,  and  died  December  28,  1867.^  He  was 
an  industrious  writer  in  Ens^lish,  especially  in  the  field  of  local  church 
history.  His  Life  of  Michael  Sclilatter,  and  the  series  of  Fathers  of 
the  Reformed  Church  projected  by  him,  are  standard  works  on  those 
subjects.  He  also  com])<)se(l  a  number  of  hymns,  .some  of  which  are 
sung  by  all  Christian  denominations.^"  For  several  years  he  had  pub- 
lished (125)  a  number  of  dialect  poems  in  the  Guardian;  he  had  often 
been  uri^ed  to  £2:ather  them  in  a  volume,  but  died  before  this  was  done. 
In  1870  a  collection  of  his  Pennsylvania  German  poetry,  including 
English  translations  of  several  of  the  i)oems,  was  published  by  Rev. 
P).  Bausman,  under  the  title  of  "Harbaugh's  Harfe."  The  best  known 
of  these  poems  is  "Das  Alt  Schulhaus  an  der  Krick,"  the  first  stanza 
of  which  is  as  follows : 

"Heit  is  's  'exaectly  zwansig  Johr, 

Bass  ich  bin  owwe  naus; 
Nau  bin  ich  widder  lewig  z'rick 
Un  schteh  am  Schulhaus  an  d'r  Krick, 

Juscht  neekscht  an's  Dady's  Haus. 

In  "Der  Alte    Feierheerd''   the    charms    of    a    wood-fire  are  thus  ex- 
pressed : 

"Nau  wammer  Owets  sitzt  un  gukt 
Wie's  doch  dort  in  de  Kohle  schpukt! 
Es  glieht  un  schtrahlt — weiss,  schwarz  un  roth — 
Nau  gans  lewendig,  un  nau  dodt; 
M'r  gukt  un  denkt — m'r  werd  gans  schtill, 
Un  kann  juscht  sehne  was  m'r  will." 

The  following  titles  will  indicate  the  character  of  Harbaugh's  poetry 
in  general:  "Das  Krishkindel,"  "Die  Alt  Miehl,"  "Busch  un  Schtecl^l" 
(Town  and  Country),  "Der  Kerchegang  in  Alter  Zeit."  "Will  Widder 
Buwele  Sei',"  etc.  The  poem  entitled  "Heemweh"  expresses  the 
feeling  of  sadness  that  comes  over  the  man  of  (-f^(5)  middle  life  on 
returning  after  a  long  absence  to  the  scenes  of  his  youth.  There  is 
genuine  poetic  sentiment  in  such  lines  as  the  following: 

"Ich   wees   net,   soil   ich    nei'   in's   Haus, 

Ich  zitter  an  d'r  Dheer! 
Es  is  wol  alles  voll  inseid 

Un  doch  is  alles  leer!  | 

's  net  meh  heem,  wie's  eemol  war, 

Un  kann's  ah  nimme  sei'; 
Was  naus  mit  unsere  Eltere  geht 

Kummt  ewig  nimme  nei'! 
Die  Freide  hot  der  Dodt  geaernt, 

Das  Trauerdheel  is  mei'!" 

Most  recent    of    the    published  volumes    of    Pennsylvania-German 

9  His  life,  written  by  his  son,  has  recently  been  published. 

10  The  best  known  is  that  beginning, 

".lesus,  I  live  to  Thee, 
The    loveliest    and    best." 


4o4    (126)  THE  PENN  GERMANIA 

verse  is  a  little  book,  attractively  printed,  entitled  "Draus  un  Deheem," 
by  Mr.  Charles  C.-Zieg^ler,  a  Harvard  graduate  of  1883.  Here  the 
homely  and  quaint  dialect  serves  as  a  medium  for  college  poetry  in 
the  forni  of  rondeaus,  sonnets,  etc.  Especially  interesting  is  a  poem, 
"Zum  Dcnkmal,"  an  imitation  in  sentiment  and  metrical  form  of  Ten- 
nyson's "In  Memoriam."^^  Those  who  wish  to  see  bow  a  {127)  quaint 
dialect  can  adapt  itself  to  modern  poetic  themes  should  read  this  little 
book. 

This  dialect  literature,  however,  is  of  very  recent  origin ;  and  as  the 
present  book  aims  chiefly  at  describing  the  Pennsylvania  Germans  as 
they  were  in  the  eighteenth  century,  the  literary  activity  of  our  an- 
cestors has  more  real  connection  with  our  theme.  This  activity,  in- 
deed, is  more  extensive  than  some  would  suppose.  Of  course  it  goes 
without  saying  that  whatever  was  published  then  was  not  in  dialect, 
but  in  literary  German. 

At  that  time  the  intellectual  interests  of  the  Germans  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, as  well  as  those  in  the  Fatherland,  were  almost  entirely  of  a 
theological  nature ;  hence  it  happens  that  some  of  the  earliest  products 
of  the  Pennsylvania-German  press  were  devotional  and  religious  books 
or  pamphlets,  largely  of  a  polemical  character.  Thus  the  first  German 
book  published  in  Pennsylvania  was  Conrad  Beissel's  "Biichlein  vom 
Sabbath,"^-  {128)  which,  in  the  words  of  the  Chronicon  Ephratense, 
"led  to  the  public  adoption  of  the  seventh  day  for  divine  service." 
The  next  year  George  Michael  Weiss  published  through  Bradford  .1 
polemic  against  the  New-Born,  a  sect  of  sanctificationists  which,  under 
the  leadership  of  Matthias  Bauman,  deeply  stirred  the  Germans  of 
Montgomery  County.  These  books  began  the  long  series  of  theologi- 
cal literature  in  Pennsylvania  which,  receiving  a  new  and  strong  im- 
pulse through  the  coming  of  Zinzendorf,  has  in  one  form  or  another, 
by  Dunkard,  Mennonite,  Lutheran,  or  Reformed,  come  down  to  our 
own  day. 

Original  composition  in  verse  at  that  time  was  chiefly  in  the  form 

11  The  following  lines  will  illustrate  what  is  said  above: 

"Dar  Sud  Wind  bringt  de  Mensche  Muth 
Un  weckt  die  Aerd  vum  Winter-Schlof, 
Ar  haucht  uf  Barrick  un  Feld  un  Grofe 
'N  warmer  Duft,  'n  sissi  Gluth. 

"Die  ganz  Nadur  fihlt  sei  Gewalt, 

Juscht  net  die  Dodte:   schtumm  un  daab 
Un  reglos  bleiwe  sie  im  Graab, 
Sie  bleiwe  u'bewegt  un  kalt. 

"Los   vun    de    Eis-Kett   laaft    die    Grick, 
Es  blihe  weiss  die  Eppelbeem, 

Die  Veggel  kumme  widder  heem- — 
Alles  geliebtes  kummt  zerick. 

"Juscht  net  die  Dodte — un  ich  guck 

Iwwer  dar  Himmel  'naus, — die  Draene 
Beweise  wen  ich  winsch  ze  sehne 
Weit  liewer  a's  daer  Frihlingsschmuck." 

12  Published    by   Andrew    Bradford    in    1728.      See    Seidensticker,    "The 
First  Century  of  German   Printing  in  America." 


LANGUAGE,  LITEUATUKE  AND  EDUCATION  (130)    405 

of  hymns,"  of  which  a  considerable  number  were  written.  Must  of 
the  brethren  of  the  Ephrata  Community  turned  their  hand  to  this  kind 
of  poetry,  the  most  vohiminous  being  Lieissel  himself.  As  early  as 
1730,  Benjamin  Franklin  published  a  book  entitled  "Gottlidie  Liebes- 
und  Lobesgethone,"  containing  62  hymns,  31  by  Beissel  and  the  rest 
by  his  associates;  while  in  1739  Christopher  Sauer  published  a  large 
hymn-book  entitled  "Zionitischer  (1^9)  Weyrauchshiigel,"  containing 
654  hymns  in  33  divisions,  "Each  inscribed  with  a  heading  as  tan- 
tastical  as  the  general  title. "^* 

The  poetical  talent  of  Beissel,  as  shown  in  these  hymns,  was  of  a 
low  order,  and  probably  not  nearly  so  great  as  his  musical  talent ;  they 
are  filled  with  fantastic  ideas,  and  couched  in  mystical  and  often  ob- 
scure language  in  which  sensuous  love  is  used  to  express  spiritual 
experience.  They  are  quite  in  harmony,  however,  with  the  literary 
taste  of  the  day  in  (jermany  and  Switzerland.'"' 

The  most  important  of  all  the  earliest  literary  men  was  Erancis 
Daniel  Pastorius,  the  founder  of  Germantown.  We  have  already  seen 
that  he  was  a  man  of  learning,  writing  fluently  in  a  number  of  lan- 
guages. He  was  an  industrious  writer  on  a  number  of  subjects  both 
in  prose  and  poetry.  Only  a  few,  however,  of  his  writings  have  ap- 
peared (130)  in  print,  and  the  couple  of  Gtrman  books  which  he  wrote 
■were  published  abroad.  Ele  left  a  number  of  manuscripts,  most  of 
which  are  lost,  but  a  list  of  whose  titles  is  found  in  the  "Beehive,"  a 
strange  conglomeration  compiled  for  his  children,  being  a  sort  of 
cyclopedia  of  history,  'biography,  ethics,  religion,  and  language.  Tt 
also  contains  a  collection  of  inscriptions,  epitaphs,  proverbs,  poetry 
(original  and  selected),  pithy  sayings,  acrostics,  etc.^® 

This  native  literary  product,  however,  did  not  sulifice  to  supply  the 
demand  for  literature  on  the  part  of  the  early  German  settlers.  What- 
ever else  may  be  said  about  their  education,  they  must  have  been  great 
readers.  This  is  seen  in  the  number  of  books  imported  as  well  as 
printed  in  the  commonwealth  itself.  The  hymn-books  prepared  by 
Beissel  and  others  were  used  by  the  Dunkards,  while  the  Mfcnnonites 
•had  the   venerable   Ausbund.   which   was  printed  a  number  of    (131) 

13  This  is  likewise  true  of  Germany  at  this  time.  What  Scherer  says  of 
the  hymns  in  that  country  applies  equally  well  to  early  German-American 
hymnology.  (See  Scherer,  Geschichte  der  deutschen  Litteratur,  p.  340  ff.) 
i^This  includes  all  the  hymns  written  by  Beissel  and  others  and  pub- 
lished by  Franklin  in  1730.  1732,  1736,  together  with  a  large  amount  of 
material  obtained  elsewhere,  especially  from  the  "Kleine  Davidische 
Psalterspiel,"  the  hymn-book  of  the  Inspirationists  in  Germany  and  pub- 
lished by  Sauer  in  1744. 

15  Among  other  writers  ot  hymns  in  Pennsylvania  were  Peter  Boehler, 
Zinzendorf,  Spangenberg,  Nitschman  (all  Moravians,)  Helmuth,  Muhlen- 
berg, Kunze,  Weiser  (Lutherans).  See,  for  a  discussion  of  this  subject, 
Haussmann,    German-American    Hymnology,    1683-1800. 

i''The  full  title  is  "Alvearum  Apiculae  Germanopolitanum  Anglicanum." 
The  poetry  of  Pastorius  was  mostly  doggerel,  as  the  following  sample 
"Will  show: 

"This    book    seems    tall    and    small, 
Of  no  esteem  at  all; 
Yet  I  would  very  fain 
That  any  who  doth  find 
The  same  would  be  so  kind 
To  send  it  me  again." 


4o6    (131)  THE  PENN    GERMANIA 

times  by  Saner  and  is  still  in  use  by  tbe  Aniish  :^~  the  Schwenkfelders 
likewise  had  their  own  book,  containing-  a  number  of  original  hymns. 
For  a  long  time  the  Lutherans  and  Reformed  imported  the  Marburger 
hymn-book,  which  was  later  reprinted  many  times  by  Sauer.  These 
books  were  not  merely  used  in  church,  but  were  read  and  pored  over 
and  committed  to  memory  almost  as  much  as  the  Bible. 

We  shall  see  later  how  eager  the  Germans  were  to  obtain  copies  of 
the  Bible;  in  the  correspondence  with  Holland  this  subject  constantly 
occurs,  and  it  was  only  natural  that  as  soon  as  Sauer  had  established 
his  printing-press  on  a  firm  basis  he  should  think  of  printing  a  Ger- 
man Bible, — not  for  gain,  he  says  himself,  but  "to  the  honor  of  the 
German  people."  The  glory  of  the  German  press  in  America  is  the 
quarto  Bible  of  Sauer,  the  first  one  printed  in  the  New  World  in  any 
European  language,  and  of  which  three  editions  were  published  before 
the  (13^)  first  English  Bible  appeared  in  Philadelphia  in  1782.^^ 

Of  the  many  books  of  devotional  literature  published  in  Pennsyl- 
vania,^^ the  most  interesting  is  the  translation  of  Van  Bragt's  "Blutige 
Schauplatz  oder  Martyrer  Spiegel"  into  German  by  members  of  the 
Ephrata  Community  and  published  by  them  in  1748.-°  It  was  really 
a  remarkable  (133)  achievement  for  a  small  religious  community  in 
the  heart  of  a  new  colony  to  translate,  print,  and  bind  the  largest  book 
published  in  America.  It  took  fifteen  men  three  years  to  complete  the 
task,  the  first  part  being  published  in  1748,  the  second  in  1749.  The 
price  was  20  shillings.-^ 

1'  Ausbund,  das  ist:  Etliche  schoene  christliche  Lieder  wie  sie  in  dem 
Gefaengnuess  zu  Bassau  in  dem  Schloss  von  den  Schweitzer  Bruedern 
und  von  andern  rechtglaubigen  Christen  hin  und  her  gedichtet  worden." 
Wackernagel  dates  this  boolt  from  1583;  Bgli  in  his  Zuericher  Wieder- 
taeufer  is  inclined  to  give  it  an  earlier  origin.  In  the  edition  of  Sauer 
valuable  biographical  details  are  given  of  the  ancestors  of  many  Lan- 
caster County  families. 

IS  Sauer's  third  edition  came  out  in  1776.  For  a  detailed  account  of 
Sauer's  Bible  see  John  Wright,  Early  Bibles  of  America,  p.  31.  The 
activity  of  the  German  press  is  a  striking  proof  of  the  intelligence  of 
the  people  and  their  interest  in  theological  literature.  Franklin  says 
that  in  1753  there  were  two  German  presses  in  Pennsylvania,  two  half- 
German,  while  only  two  were  entirely  English.      (Works,  II.  p.  297.) 

1"  Each  denomination  had  its  own  especial  books  of  devotion, — the 
Mennonites  having  Menno  Simon's  Fundament  and  Dirck  Philip's  Enchi- 
ridion in  addition  to  the  Martyr-book  described  above;  the  Reformed 
had  Stark's  Gebet-Buch,  while  tlie  Lutherans  had  Arndt's  Wahres  Chris- 
tenthum  and  Paradies-Gaertlein.  The  latter  was  believed  to  be  proof 
against  fire,  and  Sachse  gives  an  instance  in  proof  thereof,  which  occur- 
red near  Womelsdorf,  Berks  Co.  A  similar  superstition  is  alluded  to  in 
a  letter  by  Swedenborg's  father,  whose  house  burned  down  in  1712:  "The 
fire  broke  out  in  my  study,  which  was  all  ablaze  when  we  got  to  it,  with 
my  library  and  MSS.,  but,  strange  to  say,  the  Garden  of  Paradise  by  J. 
Arndt,  and  my  own  catechism,  were  found  in  the  ashes  with  only  their 
covers  singed."     (White's  Life  of  Swedenborg,  Vol.  I.  p.  33.) 

20  This  book  gives  the  persecutions  and  sufferings  of  those  Christians 
who  were  opposed  to  war,  from  the  time  of  the  apostles  down  to  the  Swiss 
Mennonites  in  the  seventeenth  century. 

21  The  cause  of  the  translation  at  this  time  was  the  approach  of  the 
French  and  Indian  War;  the  Mennonites  believed  that  their  principles 
against  the  bearing  of  arms  would  subject  them  once  more  to  persecu- 
tion, and  desired  to  fortify  themselves  by  reading  of  the  heroic  deeds  of 
their  ancestors.  For  description  of  this  remarkable  book  see  Penn.  Mag., 
Vol.  V. 


LANGUAGE,  LITERATURE  AND  EDUCATION  (136)    407 

The  inhabitants  of  the  city  in  modern  times  can  have  no  conception 
•of  the  importance  of  tlie  ahnanac  for  the  farmer  of  a  hundred  years 
.ago.     In  Germany  it  occupied  a  place  beside  the  Bible  and  the  hymn- 
book,  and  was  constantly  consulted  liefore  any  of  the  important  affairs 
of  life  were  undertaken.    These  old  German  almanacs  were  the  repos- 
itories of  all  the  superstitions  which  still  flourished  in  the  country  and 
Avhich,  banished  from  regular  literature,  found  a  rcfug'e  here.--  Here 
were  given  the    proper    times    for    sowing,  reaping,    building  fences, 
shingling  the  roof,  and  even  hair-cutting  and  bleeding,  together  witli 
the  materia  mcdica  of  the  Bauer, — the  medicinal  plants  which,  in  the 
.absence  of   (i^f)    regular  physicians,  played  so  large   a  part  in   the 
treatment  of  ailments.     These  almanacs  were  very  popular  lin  Penn- 
sylvania, especially  those  of  Christoi)hcr  Saucr,  which,  beginning  in 
August,  1738  (the  first  book  he  pubHshcd),  lasted  for  forty  years,  and 
.1:hen  were  continued  by  other  firms.     For  many  years  Sauer's  almanacs 
were  the  only  ones  printed  in  German,  and  were  used  in  South  Caro- 
lina, Georgia,  and  other  Southern  States  where  German  farmers  then 
lived.     Franklin  published  a  German  almanac  for  a  short  time,  but  it 
soon  died  a  natural  death;  Armbriistcr,  Miller,  and  others  were  more 
fortunate,  but  Sauer's  was  the  most  popular  as  long  as  it  lasted. 

Newspapers  were  not  so  plentiful  one  hundred  years  ago  as  they 
are  today;  in  1775  there  were  only  37  in  the  American  colonies.  Of 
these  14  were  in  New  England,  4  in  New  York,  and  9  in  Pennsylvania. 
If  we  take  the  number  of  newspapers  as  an  indication  of  the  intelli- 
gence of  the  people,  the  Pennsylvania  Germans  do  not  suffer  much  ii? 
•comparison  with  their  English  neighbors.  According  to  McCrady-' 
the  average  number  of  inhabitants  to  support  a  newspaper  in  the  above 
year  was  64,000;  now  of  the  nine  in  Pennsylvania  in  1775  two  were 
Germian,  which  (135)  should  give  the  German  population  at  128,000. 
which  is  not  far  from  the  real  figures.  Indeed  the  assumption  that 
the  Germans  were  great  readers  can  alone  account  for  the  instant  suc- 
cess of  Sauer's  newspaper,  "Der  Hoch-Deutsch  Pennsylvanische  Ge- 
schicht-Schreiber  oder  Sammlung  wichtiger  Nachrichtcn  aus  dem 
Natur-  und  Kirchenreich,"  the  first  number  of  which  appeared  Au- 
gust 20,  1739.  This  paper  became  very  popular,  having  in  its  flour- 
ishing period  four  thousand  subscribers.-*  Towards  the  end  of  the 
century  the  number  of  German  newspapers  rapidly  increased,  being 
published  not  only  in  Philadelphia,  but  in  Lancaster,  Reading,  Allen- 
town,  and  other  cities.     Alany  of  them,  still  in  German,  exist  today.-' 

(136)  It  is  a  difficult  thing  for  people  of  any  age  or  country  to  give 
a  just  estimate  of  another  nation,  with  whose  language  and  customs 
they  are  unacquainted.  What  always  happens  took  place  in  Pennsyl- 
vania one  hundred  and  fifty  years  ago.     The  Germans  were  misunder- 

22  See  Rielil,  Kulturstudien,  p.  4  3  ff. 

23  History  of  South  Carolina;  see  Literature,  Sept.  8,  1899. 
-*  Wright  says  ten  thousand. 

2-'  In  this  connection,  a  word  or  two,  perhaps,  ought  to  be  said  of  that 
kind  of  literature  which,  like  the  common  law  of  England,  exists  unwrit- 
ten. Proverbs  were  very  popular  among  the  Pennsylvania  Germans,  and 
in  certain  districts  are  so  still.  Many  of  them  are  the  same  as  we  find 
in  English,  such  as.  "Out  of  the  frying-pan  into  the  fire,"  "The  burnt 
child  dreads  the  fire,"  etc.  Some  are,  however,  peculiar  to  themselves. 
.Such   are   the   following:      "En   blindti   Sau,   findt   a   alsamol   'n   Echel"; 


4o8    (136)  THE  PENN  GERMANIA 

stcx>d  in  many  ways  by  their  English-speaking  neighbors.  Owing  to- 
the  fear  on  the  part  of  the  latter  of  being  swamped  by  foreigners,  10 • 
the  suspicions  aroused  by  Jesuit  machinations,  and  to  political  pre- 
judice and  passiion,  they  were  accused,  among  other  things,  of  stu- 
pidity, obstinacy,  and  ignorance.  In  regard  to  the  latter  accusation 
some  light  is  afforded  by  a  letter  w^'ritten  to  Peter  Collinson  by  Ben- 
jamin Franklin  in  1753.  From  this  letter  lit  appears  that  in  the  mind 
of  Franklin,  at  least,  "ignorance"  and  "ignorance  of  the  English  lan- 
guage" are  identical  terms ;  for  he  goes  on  to  say :  "Few  o^  their 
children  in  the  country  know  English.  They  import  many  books  from 
Germany,  and  oi  the  six  printing-houses  in  the  province  two  are 
entirely  German,  two  half  German,  half  English,  and  but  two  are  en- 
tirely English.  They  have  one  German  newspaper  and  one  half  Ger- 
man." Surely  a  people  which  had  so  many  printing  presses  and 
newspapers  (157)  as  the  English,  who  outnumbered  them  two  to  one, 
were  not  ignorant  in  the  proper  sense  of  that  term.-° 

Careful  study  of  the  facts  will  show  the  true  state  of  affairs  to  have 
been  something  as  follows.  The  mass  of  the  early  German  settlers  of 
Pennsylvania,  while  not  highly  educated,  were  not  ignorant  or  illit- 
erate. The  proportion  of  those  who  could  read  and  write  was  prob- 
ably as  large  as  that  in  rural  New  England  and  New  York,  at  least  in 
the  pioneer  days  of  those  colonies.-^  All  had  received  at  least  the  ele- 
ments of  education  in  the  Fatherland,  in  accordance  with  the  universal' 
custom  in  Protestant  Germany  of  uniting  (138)  education  and  re- 
ligion.-^ In  the  early  days  of  pioneer  life  in  the  wlderness  of  interior 
Pennsylvania,  they  lacked  both  schools  and  books,  a  condition  of 
affairs,  however,  more  and  more  remedied  after  the  third  decade  of 
the  eighteenth  century.  The  early  Philadelphia  press  was  busy  print- 
ing Bibles,  hymn-books,  the  standard  books  of  devotion,  and  even 
school-books.'^     The  reading  of  these  books,  the  committing  to  mem- 

"En  fauler  Esel  shaft  sich  gschwinter  dodt  as  'n  shmaerder";  "Der 
Appel  folt  net  weit  fom  Bom";  "Sauerkraut  und  Speck  dreebt  alle  Sorge- 
week." 

"Wer  sich  nehra  will  mit  Fisha  und  Yawga, 
Muss  ferissene  Husse  drawga." 
For   further   examples  see   Mathews  and   Hungerford's   Hist.    Lehigh   Co., 
p.  25,  and  Dr.  W.  J.  Hoftman  in  Journal  of  Amer.  Folk-Lore,  Vol.  II.  p.  198. 

26  Franklin,  Works  (ed.  Ford),  Vol.  II.  The  political  bias  is  seen  in 
the  following  words  from  the  same  letter:  "For  I  remember  when  they 
modestly  declined  intermeddling  with  our  elections;  but  now  they  come- 
in  droves  and  carry  all  before  them,  except  in  one  or  two  counties." 

'■^'  "The  people  of  Colonial  New  England  were  not  all  well-educated,  nor 
were  all  their  country  schools  better  than  old  field  schools.  The  farm- 
er's boy,  who  was  taught  for  two  winter  months  by  a  man  and  two  sum- 
mer months  by  a  woman,  seldom  learned  more  in  the  district  school  than' 
how  to  read,  write,  and  cipher."  (Fiske,  Old  Virginia  and  her  Neighbors, 
Vol.  II.  p.  251.) 

"There  was  often  a  disposition  on  the  part  of  the  town  meetings  tO' 
shirk  the  appropriation  of  a  sum  of  money  for  school  purposes.  ...  In 
those  dark  days  of  New  Enlgand,  there  might,  now  and  then  be  found 
in  rural  communities  men  of  substance  who  signed  deeds  and  contracts 
with  their  mark."      (Ibid.) 

^8  "Seit  der  Reformation  waren  wenigstens  in  alien  Kirchdoerfern 
Schulen,  die  Lehrer  oft  Theologen."      (Freytag,  Vol.  III.  p.  106.) 

20  The  first  book  on  pedagogy  published  in  America  was  by  Christopher 
Dock,  written  in  1750,  but  printed  by  Sauer  in  1770  after  the  death  of 


LANGUAGE,  LITERATURE  AND  EDUCATION  (141 )    409 

ory  of  extended    passages    of    Scripture    and  of    the  hymn-book,  the 
rapid  spread  of  the  newspaper,  whicli  we  shall  notice  elsewhere,  must 
presuppose  a  certain  degree  of  education — an  education  which,  while 
not  broad  nor  deep,  was  practical  both  in  religious  and  secular  affairs. 
There  was,  however,  a  comparatively  large  number  of  the  German 
pioneers  who  seemed  to  possess  what  might  be  called  learning.     Even 
among  unprofessional  people  we  find  (139)  traces  of  classical  learn- 
ing; thus  Johannes  Kolb,  a  weaver  of  Germantown,  had  a  copy  of 
Erasmus  in  Latin,^**  which  he  had  bought   from  his  brother ;  and  a 
Schwenkfelder.  named  Schultz,  had  a  well-thumbed  copy  of  a  Latin 
grammar.^^     The  earliest   settlers  were  under  the  direction  of  some 
of  the  most  learned  men  of  the  time.     We  have  seen  that  the  Frank- 
fort Company  consisted  of  a  number  of  well-educated  and  high-born 
people;  their  agent,  Pastorius,  we  have  already  spoken  of.     Of  the 
Company  of  mystics  who  came  over  in   1694  most   were  university 
men.     Zimmerman,  who  had  planned  the  colony,  was  called  by  Ar- 
tnold    "Ein    grundgelehrter    Astrologus,"  etc.      Johann    Kelpius,    his . 
successor  as  leader  of  the  colony,  was  the  son  of  a  clergyman,  and  a 
Doctor    of    Philosophy    of    Tiibingen;    Henry    Bernard    Koster    had 
studied  at  the  gymnasium  of  Bremen  and  at  Frankfort ;  Daniel  Falck- 
ner  was  the  son  and  grandson  of  clergymen  and  was  himself  educated 
for  the  ministry ;  his  brother  had  been  a  student  in  Halle  and  had  left 
home    in    order   to    "escape   the   'burden  of  the  pastorate."     Finally. 
Peter  Miller,  at  one  time  prior  (140)  of  Ephrata,  was  a  very  learned' 
■man  and  often  came  to  Philadelphia  to  attend  the  meetings  of  the 
Philosophical  Society ;  he  is  said  to  have  translated  the  Declaration  of 
Independence  into  seven  different  languages.^-     Of  course  the  regu- 
larly ordained  m.inisters  of   the   Lutheran    and  Reformed   churches-" 
were  men  of  education,  ,as  that  was  a  necessary  qualification  in  Ger- 
many for  those  who  entered  the  ministry. 

The  subject  of  education  among  the  Germans  was  the  cause  of  a 
a  great  deal  of  acrimonious  discussion  towards  the  middle  of  the  last 
century,  and,  as  usual  in  such  cases,  many  false  and  inaccurate  state- 
ments were  made.  Politics  both  of  State  and  Church,  had  much  to 
do  with  this  agitation.  There  seems  to  have  been  a  genuine  fear, 
•however,  on  the  part  of  the  English  inhabitants  that  the  French  were 
endeavoring  to  enlist  the  sympathies  of  the  Germans  in  their  efforts 
at  supremacy  over  the  whole  of  western  America,     (z^/)  Indeed,  we 

the  writer.  Dock  was  an  interesting  character;  he  advocated  corres- 
pondence between  the  pupils  of  different  schools  as  a  means  of  education, 
thus  anticipating  the  modern  system  of  correspondence  between  the  school- 
youth  of  France,  Germany,  England,  and  America.  (See  Pennypacker, 
Historical  and  Biographical  Sketches.) 

30  Pennypacker,  Germantown,  picture  opp.   p.   194. 

31  Now  in  charge  of  Dr.  C.  D.  Hartranft,  president  of  Hartford  Theo- 
logical Seminary,  who  has  been  engaged  for  many  years  on  a  complete 
edition  of  the  works  of  Schwenckfeld. 

32Miller  applied  to  the  Scotch  Synod  for  ordination.  "We  gave  him," 
says  Andrews,  "a  question  to  discuss  about  justification,  and  he  answered 
it  in  a  whole  sheet  in  a  very  notable  manner.  He  speaks  Latin  as  readily 
as  we  do  our  vernacular  tongue." 

33  The  Synods  of  Holland  sent  Schlatter  to  Germany  and  Switzerland 
to  seek  ministers  for  Pennsylvania  who  should  be  "orthodox,  learned, 
pious."     (Harbaugh,  Life  of  Schlatter,  p.  232.) 


4IO    (141)  TBE  PENN  GEKMANIA 

have  documentary  evidence  that  such  attempts  were  made.  In  the  ex- 
amination of  WilHam  Johnson  in  1756  testimony  was  given  to  the 
effect  that  a  certain  priest,  Neal,  insinuated  that  it  would  be  better  to 
hve  under  French  g-overnment,  as  reHgion  would  be  free,  and  told 
them  to  get  arms  and  be  ready  to  join  the  French  and  Indians.^*  So, 
too,  we  read  in  an  intercepted  letter  written  from  Canada  in  1756 
that  the  Moravians  were  true  Roman  Catholics  [sic]  and  that  the 
writer  was  persuaded  that  "they  would  rather  serve  his  royal 
Majesty. "2^ 

That  there  was  no  need  for  anxiety  goes  without  saying ;  the  Ger- 
mans were,  as  they  afterwards  proved,  too  loyal  to  listen  to  any  ap- 
peals on  the  part  of  the  French.  They  could  not  have  forgotten  that 
France  was  chiefly  responsible  for  the  desolation  of  their  own  home.? 
in  Germany.  Besides,  the  Lutherans  and  Reformed  who  had  come 
to  America  to  escape  the  persecution  of  a  Catholic  government,  were 
not  likely  to  put  themselves  in  the  same  predicament  by  espousing 
the  cause  of  a  country  whose  revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes  had 
driven  all  Protestants  (14^)  from  France  and  even  from  Canada. 
Such  insinuations  roused  the  indignation  of  all  classes  of  Germans. 
The  German  Protestants  of  Philadelphia  County  made  a  vio-orous 
protest  against  all  attacks  on  their  loyalty.^" 

These  suspicions  are  now  seen  by  us  to  have  been  utterly  unfounded, 
and  yet  it  was  perhaps  not  unnatural  that  the  English  should  enter- 
tain such  fear  in  regard  to  foreigners,  of  whose  customs  and  religion 
they  were  so  little  instructed.  French  rule  in  America  meant  not  only 
political  supremacy,  but  the  extension  of  Catholicism  wherever  that 
rule  extended.  It  had  not  been  many  years  before  that  England  had 
driven  out  the  popish  dynasty  of  the  Stuarts ;  the  Scarlet  Woman" 
had  not  lost  her  terrors,  and  the  cry  of  "no  popery"  had  not  yet  died 
out  in  the  land.^^ 

Owing  to  such  fears  utterly  exaggerated  statements  were  made 
regarding  the  number  of  Catholics  among  the  Germans ;  the  Mora- 
vians were  accused  of  collusion  with  the  French,  and  the  monastery 
at  Ephrata  was  declared  to  be  (143)  ruled,  if  not  directly  by  the  pope, 
yet  according  to  popish  rules. ^^  William  Smith  in  his  "Brief  State 
of  the  Province  of  Pennsylvania"  declared  that  one-fourth  of  the 
Germans  were  Catholics,  while  the  rest  were  liable  to  he  seduced  by 
every  enterprising  Jesuit.     As  a  matter  of  actual  fact,  out  of  the  total 

34  Penn.  Arch.,   1st  Ser.,  Vol.  III.   p.    16. 

•"'5  Amer.  Hist.  Assoc.  Reports,  Vol.  I.  p.  663.  The  mysterious  journeys 
of  the  Moravians  to  the  wilderness,  the  strange  practices  of  the  Ephrata 
Community,  all  helped  to  spread  this  suspicion. 

30  Penn.  Arch.,  1st  Ser.,  Vol.  II.  p.  201:  "How,  therefore,  can  any 
man  of  due  Reason  think,  much  less  say,  that  this  same  people  were  any- 
ways inclined  to  submit  themselves  again  under  a  Romish  slavery  upheld 
by  a  French  king?" 

37  "The  clamors  against  popery  are  as  loud  as  ever."  (Letter  by  Dan. 
Dulaney,  Dec.  9,  1755,  in  Penn.  Mag.,  Vol.  III.  p.  11.) 

38  These  suspicions  finally  induced  the  government  to  send  a  committee 
to  Ephrata,  but  Beissel  and  Miller  easily  showed  how  unfounded  they 
were. 


LANGUAGE,   LITEKATUUE  AND  EDUCATION  (145)    41 1 

-population  in  1757  only  1365  were  Catholics,  of  whom  923  were 
'Germans."''' 

These  were  the  facts,  or  rather  the  fears,  that  underlay  the  forma- 
tion of  the  "Society  for  the  Promotion  of  the  Knowledge  O'f  God 
among'  the  Germans."  A  pamphlet  written  by  Dr.  Smith  set  forth  the 
-object  of  the  society,  and  a  large  sum  of  money  was  subscribed  for 
the  purpose  of  founding  English  schools  in  the  various  German  set- 
tlements. The  statements  as  to  the  ignorance  of  the  Germans  made 
in  the  above  pamphlet  were  so  false  as  to  draw  out  indignant  protests 
both  from  the  Reformed  and  the  Lutherans.*"  From  the  very  begin- 
ning both  these  denominations  had  schools  (144)  connected  with  the 
■various  churches,  and  no  community  held  religious  services  without 
at  the  same  time  taking  thought  for  the  religious  and  secular  instruc- 
tions of  their  children.''^  In  some  places  there  were  schoolmasters 
•even  before  regular  pastors,  and  one  of  their  duties  was  to  read  the 
services  on  Sunday. ''- 

While  of  course  in  the  early  decades  of  the  century  schools  were 
few  and  scattered,  and  while  even  in  Muhlenberg's  time  he  could  still 

•complain  of  the  want  of  good  schools,  yet  the  consideration  of  a  few- 
facts  will  show  that  in  general  the  Germans  were  at  least  no  worse 
off  than  their  Quaker  fellows,  or  than  was  natural  in  a  new  and  wdld 

■country.     As  early  as  1748  Jacob  Loeser  was  teacher  of  the  Lutheran 

•church  in  Lancaster,  in  summer  teaching  fifty  or  sixty  pupils,  in 
winter  eighty  or  ninety.     In  fact  we  are  told  that  the  school  grew  so 

"large  that  sixteen  English  children  had  to  be  dismissed.'*^  As  (145) 
to  the  curriculum  of  these  schools,  we  get  a  glimpse  thereof  in  the 
records  of  the  time.  The  teacher  of  the  Reformed  church  in  Phila- 
delphia was  to  teach  the  children  reading,  writing,   singing,   and   to 

"lead  a  godly  life ;  he  was  to  instruct  them  in  the  articles  of  the 
Reformed  faith,  in  the  Ten  Commandments,  and  to  make  them  com- 
mit to  memory  passages  of  Scripture.** 

That  the  Germans  were  not  unprovided  with  schools  for  proper 
instruction  in  their  own  language  the  following  unprejudiced  witness 
may  serve  as  proof :  "The  country  for  miles  around  this  town  is  thick 
■peopled,  but  few  else  than  Germans  and  Quakers,  the  former  being 
•computed  at  twelve  to  one  of  all  other  nations  together,  and  seem  to 
be  abundantly  well  provided  in  teachers  of  one  denomination  or  an- 
•other.   .    .    .   They  might  be  at  no  loss  for  English  schoolmasters,  yet 

33  Penn.  Arch.,  1st  Ser.,  Vol.  III.  p.  144. 

<o  There  is  no  reason  to  suppose  that  these  statements  were  deliberate 
falsehoods;  as  usually  happens  in  such  cases,  the  English  had  but  little 
■accurate  knowledge  concerning  their  German  neighbors.  Moreover,  the 
-desire  to  make  a  successful  appeal  for  funds  almost  necessarily  led  to 
■exaggeration. 

<■'  Thus,  in  1730,  the  settlers  in  Tulpehocken  built  log  school-houses 
near  the  present  Reed  Church,  with  Caspar  Leutbecker  as  schoolmaster. 

■*-  See  the  agreement  between  Hoffman  and  the  Reformed  Church  in 
Lancaster  in  1747,  in  which  he  agrees  to  "serve  as  chorister,  read  ser- 
mons on  Sunday,  and  to  keep  school  every  day  in  the  year  as  is  the 
■usual  custom." 

*^  Handschuh,  in  Hall.  Nach. 

■44  Wickersham,  Hist,  of  Education  in  Penn. 


412    (i45)  THE  PENN  GERMANIA 

they  choose  to  send  their  children  rather  to  German  schools,  wliich- 
they  have  everywhere  in  great  plenty."" 

Although  Muhlenberg  and  Schlatter  were  nienibers  of  the  com- 
mittee, and  although  schools  were  established  in  Lancaster.  Readings 
(/^(5)York,  etc.,  the  movement  soon  failed  ignominiously.  Christopher 
Sauer  threw  the  whole  weight  of  his  personality  against  it,  and  his 
paper  vigorously  assailed  the  motives  which  he  declared  underlay  the 
movement.  According  to  him  the  motives  were  two :  first,  to  draw  the 
German  vote  away  from  the  Quakers;*"  second,  to  attract  the  Lu- 
therans to  the  Church  of  England.*'  After  a  few  years  the  schools 
were  {147)  given  up.  Schlatter  lost  his  influence  among  'his  country- 
men largely  through  his  connection  with  the  matter. 

The  gist  of  the  much-mooted  school  question  at  that  time  was  a. 
question  of  language.  The  English  not  unnaturally  looked  upon  th-'s 
as  an  obstacle  to  the  speedy  and  complete  assimilation  of  the  Germans- 
to_  the  English  community,  which  in  those  days  of  suspicion  of  all 
things  foreign  was  looked  upon  as  a  consummation  devoutly  to  be 
wished.  The  Germans  have  been  much  blamed  in  this  afifair,  and 
doubtless  it  would  have  been  better  for  them  if  by  means  of  these 
schools  they  had  become  Anglicized  a  generation  or  two  earlier.  Yet 
their  feeling  was  a  natural  one:  they  did  not  want  to  give  up  their 
language ;  they  had  schools  of  their  own  which  satisfied  them.  They 
saw  no  reason  for  the  change,  and  hence  were  easily  led  to  see  wron^^ 
motives  in  what  purported  to  be,  and  in  the  case  of  inany  people  really 
was,  philanthropy.  They  were,  moveover,  {148)  indignant  at  bein^- 
treated  as  ignorant  boors,  and  were  proud  and  independent  enouo-h  to 
repudiate  the  idea  that  they  should  become  the  recipients  of  charity.*^ 

45  Letter  of  Rev.  Alexander  Murray,  Secretary  of  the  Society  for  Prop- 
agation of  the  Gospel  in  Foreign  Parts,  dated  at  Reading,  April  9,  1763. 

46  See  Gordon,  Hist,  of  Pennsylvania,  pp.  328,  9.  Sauer  seems  to  have 
been  right  to  a  certain  extent.  Only  political  prejudice  could  make 
Smith  utter  such  evident  falsehoods  as  the  following:  "One-half  the 
people  are  an  uncultivated  race  of  Germans  liable  to  be  seduced  by  every 
enterprising  Jesuit,  having  almost  no  Protestant  clergy  among  them  to  put 
them  on  their  guard  and  warn  them  against  popery."  (A  Brief  State  of 
the  Province  of  Penn.  (Sabin  Reprint,  p.  19.)  And  again:  "The  Ger- 
mans, instead  of  being  a  peaceful  and  industrious  people  as  before,  now 
finding  themselves  of  such  consequence,  are  grown  self-willed  and  tur- 
bulent, .  .  .  will  soon  be  able  to  give  us  law  and  language  or  else,  by 
joining  with  the  French,  to  eject  all  English  inhabitants."  (p.  31.) 

47  This  actually  happened  with  many  churches  in  New  York,  Mary- 
land, and  Virginia,  as  well  as  with  the  Swedish  Lutherans  in  Pennsyl- 
vania. At  that  time  both  churches  were  closely  connected.  George  L 
was  still  in  private  a  Lutheran,  not  being  willing  to  renounce  his  religion 
for  a  crown.  In  Pennsylvania  and  New  York  they  worked  in  harmony, 
and  in  1797  a  resolution  was  passed  under  Dr.  Kunze  "that,  on  account 
of  an  intimate  relation  subsisting  between  the  English  Episcopalian  and 
Lutheran  churches,  .  .  .  this  consistory  will  never  acknowledge  a  newly 
erected  Lutheran  church  in  places  where  the  members  may  partake  of 
the  services  of  the  said  English  Episcopal  church."  (Jacobs,  Hist,  of 
Lutherans,  p.  318.)  Muhlenberg  was  strongly  attached  to  the  Episco- 
palians and  at  one  time  disposed  to  unite  with  them.  Cf.  also  letter  of 
Thos.  Barton  in  1764:  "The  Germans  in  general  are  well  affected  to 
the  Church  of  England,  and  might  easily  be  brought  over  to  it.  A  law 
obliging  them  to  give  their  children  an  English  education  .  .  .  would 
soon  have  this  effect." 

48  See   Harbaugh,   Life  of   Schlatter,   p.    294.      "One  says:      '1   am  con- 


LANGUAGE,   LITERATURE  AND  EDUCATION  (150)    413 

Nearly  seventy-five  years  later  a  similar  contest  arose  in  Pennsyl- 
:sylvania  over  the  introduction  of  the  common-school  system-  and 
here  agam  the  Germans  largely  opposed  the  movement  and  received 
their  full  share  of  obloquy  as  being  opposed  to  education.  But  the 
mipartial  student  of  the  facts  will  find,  not  justification,  yet  at  least 
some  excuse  for  their  taking  such  a  stand.  Their  opposition  to  the 
>common  school  law  was  due  to  the  fact  that  it  tended  to  withdraw 
education  from  the  control  of  the  parents  and  clergy.  As  the  Hon 
H.  A.  Muhlenberg  (r^p)  -wrote  in  a  letter  to  the  workingmen  of 
Philadelphia,  January  26,  1836:  "The  Germans  of  our  State  are  not 
opposed  to  education  as  such,  but  only  to  any  system  that  to  them 
seems  to  trench  on  their  parental  and  natural  rights."  They  still  re- 
tained the  German  theory  of  education,  that  the  child  belongs  first  to 
God,  then  to  the  parents,  then  to  the  State,  the  chief  responsibility 
for  their  education  resting  on  Church  and  parents.  Their  educational 
system  was  pre-eminently  a  religious  one,  which  looked  not  only  at  the 
intellect  but  the  soul,  and  had  in  mind  not  only  the  preparation  for 
the  life  that  now  is,  but  for  the  life  to  come.  An  additional  reason, 
■of  course,  was  their  attachment  to  their  own  dialect,  a  subject  which 
at  this  time  was  playing  so  important  a  role  in  church  afifairs.*^ 

From  the  vantage-ground  of  the  present  day  we  believe  them  to 
have  been  wrong  in  opposing  the  common-school  system,  and  they 
recognize  it  now.  but  it  was  not  ignorance  nor  any  unworthy  motive 
which  led  to  their  opposition.  Nor  must  it  be  forgotten  that  it  was 
a  German  governor,  George  Wolf,  who  finally  succeeded  in  effecting 
the_  adoption  of  the  new  system.  In  regard  to  the  whole  question  o^f 
their  attitude  tow^ards  education,  the  testimony  of  an  expert  (150)  in 
■education  in  Pennsylvania,  and  one  not  of  German  descent,  may  fitly 
close  this  part  of  our  discussion.  Wickersham  in  his  History  of  Edu- 
cation in  Pennsylvania  says:  "The  above  facts  will  be  sufficient  to 
make  known  the  deep  interest  in  education  felt  by  a  people  whose 
history  in  this  respect  ha-s  either  been  badly  learned  or  greatly  mis- 
understood."^" 

Hitherto  we  have  been  speaking  of  elementary  education,  in  regard 
to  which  we  have  seen  that  the  Germans  were  from  the  beginning 
anxious  to  provide  for  their  children.  When  we  come  to  higher  edu- 
<:ation  the  case  is  different.  During  the  eighteenth  century  there  was 
little  interest  in  colleges  or  universities  among  them.  Many  of  the 
sects,  especially  the  Dunkards  and  Mennonites,  were  opposed  to  it  on 
the  same  grounds  as  the  Quakers ;  while  the  vast  majority  of  the 
Lutherans  and  Reformed  were  farmers  and  saw  no  reason  why  thc'r 

scientious  in  regard  to  having  my  children  taught  at  the  expense  of 
public  charity,  because  I  do  not  stand  in  need  of  such  aid,  for  I  can  pay 
myself.'  "  Muhlenberg,  Schlatter,  and  later  Kunze  were  in  favor  of  intro- 
ducing the  English  language  into  school  and  church.  At  the  very  begin- 
ning of  German  immigration  Pastorius  wrote  to  his  children,  John,  Sam- 
uel, and  Henry:  "Though  you  are  (Germano  sanguine  nati)  of  high 
Dutch  [sic]  parents,  yet  remember  that  your  father  was  naturalized  and 
.ye  born  in  an  English  colony.  Consequently  each  of  you  Anglicus  natus, 
and  Englishman  by  birth.  Therefore  it  would  be  a  shame  for  you  if 
you  should  be  ignorant  of  the  English  tongue,  the  tongue  of  your  country- 
.men."     (Pennypacker,  Penn.  Mag.,  Vol.  IV.  pp.  I.  ff. ) 

<o  See  p.  117. 

50  p.  142. 


414    (150)  THE  PENN  GERMANIA 

children  should  need  to  know  more  than  they  did.  To  read  and  write;., 
to  know  something  of  arithmetic,  to  be  able  to  read  the  Bible,  hymn- 
ibook.  and  newspaper,  seemed  to  them  all  that  was  necessary.  It  was- 
owing  to  the  Inkewarmness  that  Franklin  College,  founded  at  Lan- 
caster (to  show,  as  the  charter  declares,  the  public  appreciation  of  the- 
services  of  the  Germans  (15/)  in  the  development  of  the  State,  fell  to- 
the  ground  in  spite  of  the  efforts  of  such  men  as  Franklin,  Rush, 
Muhlenberg,  Hiester,  Helmuth,  and  others. 

In  recent  years,  however,  this  sitate  of  affairs  has  much  changed. 
With  the  growth  of  towns  and  cities,  with  the  progress  of  manufactures,, 
with  the  intermarriage  and  mingling  with  their  neighbors,  the  old  con- 
servative spirit  has  largely  passed  away.  Though  even  now  some  look 
with  disfavor  on  hig^'her  education, '^^  yet  in  general  Pennsylvania  is 
well  provided  wkh  colleges.  Such  are  the  denominational  colleges  of 
Lebanon  Valley.  Ursinus,  Franklin  and  Marshall,  and  many  others. 
A  large  proportion  of  the  faculty  and  students  of  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania,  State  College,  Jefferson  Medical  School,  etc.,  are  of 
Pennsylvania-German  descent.  Nor  are  such  students  and  teachers 
confined  to  their  own  State ;  they  may  be  found  in  nearly  every  ( 13^} 
college  of  the  South  and  West,  and  even  of  New  England. 

As  for  secondary  education,  perhaps  no  State  is  more  energetic 
than  Pennsylvania;  nowhere  are  the  bigh-schools  and  normal  schools, 
more  numerous  or  better-  attended.  The  Moravian  schools  at  Lititz:- 
and  Bethlehem  have  for  over  a  century  been  regarded  as  among  the: 
best  in  the  land,  and  are  still  flourishing. ^- 

{133)  CHAPTER  VI. 

THE    RELIGIOUS    LIFE. 

In  Chapter  I\'  we  have  seen  the  Pennsylvania  German  engaged  in; 
the  practical  affairs  of  life;  in  Chapter  V  we  have  endeavored  to  de- 
scribe his  intellectual  condition.  In  the  present  chapter  we  shall  at- 
tempt to  round  out  the  picture  by  discussing  his  moral  and  religious 
nature. 

No  one  who  has  made  a  careful  situdy  of  the  habits  and  customs  of 
the  German  and  Swiss  settlers  of  Pennsylvania  in  the  eighteenth  cen- 
tury can  resist  the  conviction  that  they  were  essentially  a  deeply  re- 
ligious people.^     It  is  true  that  for  the  iirst  two  or  three  decades  there 

5i"Among  the  queries  sent  up  in  later  years  [i.  e.,  to  the  Annual  Meet- 
ing of  the  Dunkards]  was  one  asking  whether  it  was  lawful  for  Breth- 
ren to  establish  or  patronize  high-schools.  The  reply  was  that  Brethren 
should  not  mind  high  things,  but  condescend  to  men  of  low  estate.  The- 
Brethren,  however,  continued  to  maintain  a  high-school,  and  have  even 
established  colleges."  (Carroll,  Religious  Forces  of  the  United  States, 
p.  130.) 

52  The  interest  of  the  Moravians  in  Education  dates  from  early  times. 
When  Mr.  Henry  Dunster,  president  of  Harvard  College,  who  became 
"entangled  in  the  snares  of  Anabaptism  and  filled  the  Overseers  with 
uneasie  fears,"  was  forced  to  resign  in  1654,  "that  brave  old  man  Johannes 
Amos  Comenius  .  .  .  was  invited  to  "come  over  to  New  England  and 
illuminate  this  College  in  the  quality  of  President."  (Cotton  Mather, 
Magnalia  Christi  Americana,  Book  4,  Part  I.) 

1  Even   in   olden   times   "die   Deutschen   waren   ein   sehr   frommes   undo 


THE  RELIGIOUS  LIFE  (156)    415 

was  little  or  no  regular  religious  organization,  outside  the  various 
sects ;  it  is  true  that  many  who  lived  far  in  the  wilderness  had  lost  the 
habit  of  church-going,  and  that  many  children  were  unbaptized  and 
without  proper  religious  instruction.  But  this  was  through  no  fault 
of  their  own.  and  as  (154)  soon  as  the  country  became  sufficiently - 
settled  spontaneous  efiforts  were  made  on  all  sides  to  obtain  the  ser- 
vices of  pastor  and  schoolmaster. - 

The  testimony  of  men  like  Falckncr,  Weiss,  and  others  in  this  mat- 
ter must  be  taken  with  some  degree  of  reserve,  and  their  description 
of  the  religious  state  of  their  countrymen  refers  very  largely  to  the  - 
anarchy  which  reigned  in  church  relations  rather  than  to  general  de- 
moralization in  actual  living.-''  At  this  time  the  Lutheran  and  Re- 
formed churches  were  without  any  organization  or  regular  pastors, 
and  the  only  religious  activity  was  to  be  found  among  the  Mennonites 
and  the  Dunkards,  both  of  which  sects  made  many  converts  among 
the  (two  regular  confessions.  Even  the  testimony  of  Brunnholtz  and 
Muhlenberg,  later  on,  must  be  taken  with  caution.  In  their  pietistic- 
ideas  and  their  (135)  eagerness  to  see  the  fruits  of  their  labors,  they 
unconsciously  darkened  the  picture,  while  the  success  of  the  Moravians 
roused  their  ire. 

We  have  ample  evidence  that  scattered  as  they  w^ere  in  the  wilder- 
ffiess  which  then  'formed  the  interior  counties  of  Pennsylvania,  the 
people  hungered  and  thirsted  for  the  word  of  God.  This  is  the  natural 
explanation  of  the  numerous  revivals  attending  the  labors  of  Wohl- 
fahrt,  Bauman,  and  Mack,  and  likewise  explains  the  extraordinary 
success  of  the  Ephrata  Community  and  the  Moravians,  and  the  rise  of 
the  Dunkards, — most  of  the  converts  to  whom  were  taken  directly 
from  the  Lutherans  and  Reformed.  When  Muhlenberg  came  to  Penn- 
sylvania great  crowds  flocked  to  hear  him,*  and  this  same  love  for  re- 
ligion continued  down  to  the  end  of  the  century,  when  the  efforts  of 
Boehm,  Otterbein,  Albright,  and  Winebrenner  resulted  in  the  forma- 
tion of  several  new  evangelical  denominations.  In  fact  no  people  in 
America  were  so  subject  to  religious  excitements  as  the  Germans  of 
Pennsylvania  during  the  eightteenth  century. 

We  read  in  the  Hallesche  Nachrichten  how  (156)  people  came 
fifteen  or  twenty,  nay  even  two  hundred  miles  to  hear  sermons  and 
receive  sacrament.  When  Whitefield  passed  like  a  flaming  comet 
through  the  colonies  in   1740  he  preached  to  thousands  of  Germans, 

Gottbeduerftiges  Volk."     (See  Freytag,  Vol.  I.  p.  212.) 

-  See  Harbaugh,  Life  of  Schlatter,  and  Hall.  Nachrichten.  Schlatter 
tells  how  people  would  "with  tears  in  their  eyes"  entreat  him  to  assist 
them,  etc.      (p.   142.) 

3  As  a  sample  of  the  sentiments  of  the  regular  clergy,  take  the  follow- 
ing extract  from  a  letter  by  Boehm  to  the  Classis  of  Amsterdam,  Nov. 
12,  1730:  "By  these  dangerous  sects  an  appalling  number  of  people  have 
been  led  astray.  .  .  .  The  two  main  heretics  [C.  Beissel  and  Michael 
Wohlfahrt]  live  at  Canastoka  and  Falkner-Schwam.  Meanwhile  it  must 
be  feared  that  if  they  are  not  opposed  many  poor  people  will  be  led  astray 
by  them."  (Hinke,  Early  Hist,  of  Ref.  Church  in  the  Conestoga  Valley, 
in  the  Reformed  Church  Record.) 

•»  See  Hall.  Nach.,  passim;  also  Schlatter's  Life.  Handschuh  writes  on 
one  occasion:  "Das  Volk  war  mit  seiner  besondern  Aufmerksamkeit, 
Andacht  im  Singen,  Ehrerbietung  bei  der  oeffentlicheu  Beichte  auf  den 
Knien,  etc.,  ungemein  erbaulich."     (H.  N.,  I  p.  165.) 


4l6    (156)  THE  PENN  GERMANIA 

who,  thoug^h  they  could  not  understand  EngUsh,  flocked  to  hear  the 
great  evangehst.^ 

This  deep  rehgious  nature  is  also  shown  in  their  reverence  and  love 
for  the  Bible.  Those  who  had  been  able  had  brousfht  with  them  Bibles 
from  the  Fatherland,  and  cherished  them  as  the  choicest  of  their  pos- 
sessions;"  others,  who  were  poorer  or  who  had  lost  all  their  property 
in  the  (ij/)  confusion  and  dishonesty  which  so  often  accompanied  an 
ocean  voyage  then,  made  every  effort  to  get  possession  of  the  precious 
book.  Muhlenberg  tells  us  how  even  redemptioners  saved  their 
chance  earnings  to  'buy  copies.  One  of  the  first  things  a  man  did  on 
getting  married  was  to  buy  a  family  Bible.  It  was  to  supply  this  uni- 
versal demand  that  Sauer  undertook  to  publish  his  famous  Quarto. 
Nor  were  these  Bibles  mere  ornaments  of  the  centre-table ;  they  formed 
the  daily  food  of  those  who  possessed  them.  The  people  of  those  days 
were  "Bibelfest,"  their  memories  were  stored  with  the  best  passages ; 
and  this  is  true  not  only  of  adults,  but  of  little  children  as  well. 

The  same  statements  apply  to  the  hymn-book,  which  was  held  in 
almost  the  same  reverence  as  the  Bible.     It  was  not  left  in  the  pew  at 
-church,  but  shared  with  the  Holy  Book  the  honor  of  feeing  read  con- 
stantly and  learned  by  heart. ^    They  (138)  were  not  only  "Bibel-fest," 
but  "Gesangbuch-fest,"  and  in  times  of  danger,  sickness,  and  death 
-comfort  and  strength  were  drawn  from  the  grand  old  hvmns  of  the 
Church.     Many  touching  and  inspiring  stories  might  be  told  in  this 
connection,   like  that   of   Barbara   Hartman,   who   after   many   years' 
captivity  among  the  Indians  was  restored  to  her  mother,  whom  she 
only  recognized  when  the  latter  sang  to  her  the  hymm, 
"Allein  vmd  doch  nicht  ganz  allein. 
Bin  ich  in  meiner  Binsamkeit."  s 


5  In  a  letter  dated  April  10,  1740,  Whitefield  writes:  "Some  of  the 
Germans  in  America  are  holy  souls.  They  keep  up  a  close  walk  with  God 
and  are  remarkable  for  their  sweetness  and  simplicity  of  behaviour.  They 
talk  little;  they  think  much."  In  the  Journal  of  his  travelling-compan- 
ion, William  Seward,  under  date  of  April  24th  we  read:  "Came  to  Chris- 
topher Wigner's  plantation  in  Skippack,  where  many  Dutch  people  are 
settled.  ...  It  was  surprising  to  see  such  a  multitude  of  people  gathered 
together  in  such  a  wilderness  country,  etc.  After  he  had  done,  our  dear 
friend  Peter  Boehler  preached  in  Dutch  to  those  who  could  not  under- 
stand English.  .  .  .  Came  to  Henry  Anti's  plantation,  in  Frederick  Town- 
ship, ten  miles  farther,  where  was  also  a  multitude,  etc.  There  were  Ger- 
mans where  we  dined  and  supped,  and  they  pray'd  and  sung  in  Dutch 
as  we  did  in  English.  .  .  .  O  Heavenly  Musick!  How  sweet  and  delight- 
ful it  is  to  a  New-Born  Soul!"  (Dotterer,  Hist.  Notes,  p.  84.)  Of  Antes 
Whitefield  says  he  "seemed  to  have  drunk  deeply  into  the  consolations 
of  the  Holy  Spirit." 

«  Among  the  rare  bibliographical  treasures  in  Pennsylvania  to-day  are 
the  copies  of  the  Bible  published  by  Froschauer  of  Zuerich,  and  brought 
over  by  the  early  Swiss  Mennonites. 

7Many  examples  are  given  by  Muhlenberg  in  Hall.  Nach.  Take  as  a 
single  instance  the  pathetic  story  of  the  death  of  a  six-year-old  boy. 
When  too  weak  himself  to  sing  the  hymns,  "deren  er  eine  schoene  Anzahl 
gelernet,"  he  would  ask  his  parents  to  sing.  "Als  sein  Verlangen  erfuellt 
war,  gab  er  seinem  Vater  einen  liebreichen  Kuss  zum  Abschiede,  begehrte 
hernach  wieder  auf  sein  Bette,  und  indem  beiderseits  Eltern  den  Vers 
sungen:  'Breit  aus  die  Fluegel  beide,  O  Jesu  meine  Freude,  Und  nimm 
dein  Kuechlein  ein,'  entschlief  er  sanft  und  stile  in  seinem  Erloeser." 
(Vol.  II.  p.   468.) 

«  This  interesting  story  is  given  in  detail  in  Hall.  Nach.,  Vol.  II.  p. 
479  ff. 

(To  be  continued.) 


XLbc  pcnn  (3crmania 

Vol.  I  JUNE,   1912  No.  6 

OLD  SERIES  Continuing  THE  PENNSYLVANIA-GERMAN  VOL.  XIII,  No.  6 


XTable  of  Contents 

CURRENT  LIFE  AND  THOUGHT 418 

German  in    Politics 418  Dr.  Hexamer   Honored 423 

Parcel    Post    in    Germany 419  Language  by  Usage 424 

Brain  or  Soul 419  First  American  Missionaries      ....  425 

Lancaster  Medical  Men 420  Faith  Curing 425 

Mid-West  Notes 420  Straight  Jacket  for  Superintendent     .     .  426 

Preserve  Local  Records 421  Pow- wowing 426 

Missouri  Lutherans  vs  Cooperation      .     .  422  Greatest  Problem  Before, the  Mennonites  .  447 

California 422  The  Lutheran  Church 443 

Art  and  the  Church     .......  423 

OUR  HISTORIC  HERITAGE 

Forest  Preacher  on  the  Schoharie  (continued) 427 

History  of  Emmanuers  Church,  Petersville,  Pa   433 

Temperance  Legislation 444 

The  May-Tree:  A  Relic  of  Antiquity 448 

Reminiscences  of  the  Lehigh  and  Delaware  Canals, 

from  1840-1856 452 

The  "Good"    Family   457 

A  Bibliography  of  Church  Music  Books  (continued)    460 

THE  PENN  GERMANIA  GENEALOGICAL  CLUB      466 

MUTTERSPROCH     470 

OURBOOKTABLE  472 

HISTORICAL  NOTES  AND  NEWS    473 

FORUM      477 

THE   GERMAN     AND     SWISS  SETTLEMENTS   OF 

COLONIAL   PENNSYLVANIA 481 

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URRENT  LIFE  AND  THOUGHT 

Illustrative  of  German-American  Activities 
Contributions  by  Readers  Cordially  Invited 


These  notes,  as  indicated  by  the  name,  reflect"  what  the  Na- 
tion's citizens  of  German  ancestry  are  thinking  and  doing.  The 
items  must  of  necessity  be  brief,  representative  and  selective.  Sub- 
scribers who  can  serve  as  regular  or  occasional  contributors  to  the 
department  are  invited  to  write  us,  stating  what  special  field  they 
are  willing  to  cover.  Different  sections  of  our  country,  different 
aspects  of  human  endeavor,  must  be  represented  and  narrow,  sec- 
tional, clannish  viewpoints  avoided. 


German  in     Dr.    C.    J.    Hexamer  closed 
Politics  an    address    at    Norristown, 

Pa.,  Centennial  Celebration 
with  the  following  remarks  about  Ger- 
man-American inactivity  in  politics. 
"Writers  who  take  the  cue  from  New 
England  have  frequently  referred  to  the 
inactivity  of  the  German-American  in 
politics  as  a  demonstration  of  their  im- 
potency  in  public  affairs.  An  explana- 
tion, as  well  as  a  refutation  is  not  diffi- 
cult. In  the  first  place,  the  German 
immigrant  has  to  contend  with  a  strange 
language ;  secondly,  his  integrity  and 
love  of  personal  liberty  cause  him  to  re- 
bel against  the  trammels  of  strict  party 
control,  and  to  spurn  obsequious  obedi- 
ence to  the  behests  of  political  bosses ; 
thirdly,  as  'he  is  almost  without  exception 
proficient  in  either  a  trade  or  a  profes- 
sion, and  is  by  nature  frugal,  saving  and 
industrious,  he  finds  it  pays  him  better 
to  stick  to,  his  trade  than  "to  join  the 
boys"  and  take  up  the  precarious  life  of 
a  practical  politician.  It  has  been  to  a 
great  extent  his  province,  like  the  busy 
bee,  to  gather  the  honey  others  have  en- 
joyed. The  very  reasons  which  have 
prevented    him   playing   a   brilliant    role 


have  tended,  however,  to  exert  a  cogent 
and  beneficent  influence  on  our  body 
pohtic,  for  it  is  largely  from  German 
ranks  that  the  careful,  conservative,  in- 
dependent vote  is  recruited.  He  asks  no 
political  favors  and  prostitutes  his  vote 
for  no  one ;  he  desires  an  honest,  just^ 
patriotic  government  for  and  by  the  peo- 
ple, and  not  for  what  is  in  it.  In  the 
words  of  the  poet,  "It  is  better  to  fight 
for  the  good  than  rail  at  the  ill." 

Yes,  my  friends,  it  is  our  duty  as  pa- 
triotic Americans  that  we  hold  fast  and 
cultivate  the  noble  bequeathed  to  us  by 
our  ancestors !  For  what  Greece  was  to 
Rome,  that  Germany — in  the  widest 
sense — is  to  our  beloved  land,  only  with 
the  further  distinction  and  advantage  in 
our  favor,  that  the  Greek  brought  to 
Rome  with  his  culture  a  debased  moral- 
ity and  disgusting  sensual  vices,  while 
the  German  with  his  culture  brings  to- 
this  new  home  sturdy  integrity  and  a 
pure  and  happy  family  life. 

What  inestimable  advantages  are  ours 
if  we  honestly  strive  to  improve  the 
benefits  bequeathed  to  us  by  our  noble 
forefathers,  placed  as  we  are  in  a  land  of 
endless  resources." 
n8 


CURRENT  LIFE  AND  THOUGHT 


419 


Parcel  Post  In  the  current  issue  of 
in  Germany  Farm  and  Fireside  is  tlip 
following  description  of 
the  practical  workings  of  the  parcels  post 
in  Germany : 

"For  over  a  ihundred  years  Germany 
has  had  a  parcels  post,  and  since  1873 
her  present  very  effective  and  successful 
system.  When  I  first  came  to  Germany 
I  at  once  noticed  the  immense  number 
of  packages  that  were  being  loaded  and 
unloaded  at  the  railroad  stations,  an^l 
that  special  cars  carrying  nothing  but 
these  packages,  and  sometimes  three 
and  four  such  cars,  were  seen  on  every 
train.  In  the  cities  I  frequently  saw  long 
lines  of  postofifice  wagons,  and  I  could 
not  understand  why  it  took  so  many 
wagons  to  haul  the  mail.  Upon  inquiry, 
I  was  told  in  a  very  disinterested  way 
that  they  were  the  'packet  post'  wagons. 
Then  it  dawned  upon  me  that  this  was 
parcels  post,  the  thing  that  we  have  been 
beseeching  Congress  to  establish  and  the 
thing  that  the  Grange  and  other  farm  or- 
ganizations in  the  United  States  have 
been  endorsing  in  their  resolutions  for 
years.  I  had  come  here  to  study  Europe- 
an agriculture  and  here  was  my  opportu- 
nity to  see  what  parcels  post  actually 
means  to  the  farmers,  and  I  began  to  in- 
vestigate. 

"At  my  boarding  house  in  central 
Germany  I  asked  my  landlady  where  she 
got  her  butter,  which  w^as  of  excellent 
quality.  She  told  me  it  came  from  Hoi 
stein  in  the  northern  part  of  Germany, 
two  hundred  miles  away.  I  asked  if  it 
was  not  expensive  to  have  it  come  so  far. 
'Oh,  no,'  she  said,  'we  have  it  come  by 
post  and  have  gotten  it  every  week  for 
several  years  from  the  same  man.  You 
know  we  can  send  a  package  by  post  up 
to  five  kilograms  (eleven  pounds)  to  any 
place  in  Germany  for  fifty  pfennigs 
(twelve  cents).  I  then  understood  why 
I  had  seen  such  quantities  of  packages 
in  the  railroad  stations  and  so  many  par- 
cels post  wagons  on  the  streets  in  the 
cities.  I  inquired  about  how  commonly 
it  was  used  for  the  marketing  of  farm 
products.    Here  in  Halle,  which  is  a  city 


of  about  200,000  population  in  the  cen- 
tral part  of  Germany,  I  find  that  it  is  a 
very  general  practice  for  families  to  get 
their  supply  of  butter,  eggs  and  poultry 
sent  to  them  every  week  through  the  par- 
cels post,  and  they  are  delivered  to  their 
door  just  as  a  letter  would  be." 


Brain  or    Dr.  John  Musser,   the  distin- 
Soul  guished  Pennsylvania  German 

physician,  who  died  several 
weeks  ago  at  the  age  of  fifty-five,  in  the 
prime  of  his  usefulness,  as  a  professor 
at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  and  a 
general  practitioner,  told  the  writer  that 
he  used  neither  tobacco  nor  alcohol,  that 
he  observed  regular  hours  of  sleep,  and 
was  thus  able  to  accomplish  a  vast 
amount  of  work.  He  was  of  small  and 
slightly  corpulent  stature,  and  of  ardent 
temperament.  He  was  one  of  the  com- 
pany of  physicians  who  willed  his  brain 
to  the  cause  of  science.  It  was  removed 
a  few  hours  after  his  death,  and  the 
Philadelphia  Press  has  the  following  to 
say  as  a  result  of  its  examination : 

The  weight  of  the  brain  of  Dr.  John 
R.  Musser — the  physician  who  passed 
away  last  week  lamented  by  all — ^prom- 
ises to  be  a  landmark  in  physiology  and 
psychology.  This  brain  weighed  only 
thirty-three  ounces.  Nearly  all  standard 
popular  physiologists  take  the  ground 
that  normal  intelligence  is  not  probable 
with  a  brain  of  less  than  thirty-two 
ounces.  Flere  is  a  brain  only  an  ounce 
larger  whose  learning,  whose  accurate 
judgment  and  whose  penetrating  intelli- 
gence would  be  envied  by  anyone  and 
are  equaled  by  very  few. 

This  will  greatly  strengthen  the  grow- 
ing opinion  that  it  is  not  the  brain  but 
the  tenant  who  uses  it  which  makes  the 
dififerencc  between  man  and  man.  Since 
it  was  discovered  a  century  ago  that  the 
brain  of  an  idiot  was  liable  to  be  as  large 
as  that  of  a  Goethe  and  Cuvier,  it  was 
clear  that  size  was  no  test.  Later  it  was 
discovered  that  only  the  outer  shell  of 
the  brain  was  used  in  thought. 


420 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


Science  now  steadily  moves  to  the 
conviction  that  brain  and  body  are  or- 
gans and  net  ends,  used  and  not  produc- 
ing, vital  through  an  indwelling  of  life 
and  not  through  its  production  and  crea- 
tion of  life. 

Belief  in  the  existence  in  the  universe 
of  an  inscrutable  force  which  creates, 
molds  and  uses  matter  grows.  From  thii 
proceeds  a  conviction  that  man  himself  is 
a  force,  a  soul  within  a  body  and  not  a 
body  whose  outcome  is  the  soul. — The 
Luflicran. 


Lancaster's  Of  the  many  contributions 
Medical  suburban  counties  of  Penn- 
Men  sylvania  have  made  to  the 

business  and  professional 
life  of  Philadelphia,  none  has  been  more 
notable  than  Lancaster  county's  laroe 
sui)ply  of  conspicuous  personalities  in 
field  of  medicine.  The  Atlees  were  of  a 
Lancaster  county  family,  rooted  in  revo- 
lutionary fame  and  notable  in  law  and 
medicine.  Dr.  D.  Hayes  Agnew  was 
born  near  Christiana,  his  father  having 
been  a  physician  of  high  repute  in  Lan- 
caster County.  Dr.  Robert  AL  Girviu 
was  born  and  educated  in  the  same 
county  and  failed  at  merchandising  m 
Strasburg  before  he  became  famous  as  a 
physician  in  Philadelphia.  Dr.  John  B. 
Deaver,  the  eminent  surgeon,  is  one  of 
three  brothers,  all  doctors,  sons  of  Dr. 
J.  M.  Deaver,  a  country  physician  of  the 
old  "Bonny  Brier  Bush"  School,  who 
raised  his  family  at  the  Buck,  west  of 
Ouarryville. 

No  local  family  name,  however,  has  so 
largely  illustrated  the  history  of  medi- 
cine as  that  of  Musser — from  which 
Lancaster  county  lineage  sprang  the 
late  and  deeply  lamented  Dr.  John  H. 
Musser,  whose  deah  in  Philadelphia  wa.> 
so  generally  mourned.  On  his  maternal 
side  he  descended  from  the  great  Herr 
"freundschaft,"  the  most  numerous  and 
widely  spread  of  the  Mennonite  folk, 
who  peopled  this  county  200  years  ago, 
and  of  whom  so  many  reside  on  the  an- 
cestral    errant     from     the     Penns,    while 


hundreds  of  others  have  followed  for- 
tune or  fame  in  different  parts  of  the 
country.  Doctor  Musser's  mother  was  a 
daughter  of  that  Bishop  John  Herr, 
founder  of  the  new  M'ennonite  Church, 
who  for  forty  years  of  an  extraordinary 
career  preached  and  taught,  exhorted 
and  baptized,  carried  on  theological  con- 
troversy and  waged  pamphlet  wars  with 
opponents,  and  died  on  a  religious  mis- 
sion to  his  people  in  Canada.  One  of 
his  sons  narrowly  escaped  fame  as  a 
great  poetic  genius ;  and  a  score  or  mort 
volumes  of  verse  are  to  his  credit — much 
of  it  having  no  slight  degree  of  merit 
Many  strong  men  are  descended  from 
his  line,  and  though  he  had  not  much 
culture  of  the  schools,  his  rare  intellec 
tual  ability  as  an  orator  and  writer  deep 
ly  tinged  the  mental  eauipment  of  his 
posterity. 

Conspicuous  among  these  was  Dr. 
John  H.  Musser,  who,  on  his  paternal 
side,  was  descended  from  a  race  of  nat- 
ural and  educated  physicians.  Their 
progenitor.  Dr.  John  Alusser,  of  Turkey 
Hill,  near  the  Susquehanna,  had  a  large 
practice  in  Lancaster  city,  where  he 
weekly  met  his  patients.  He  had  sons, 
Drs.  Martin  and  Joseph  Musser,  who 
removed  to  Ohio.  Dr.  Martin  Musser 
had  three  sons.  Jacob,  Frank  M.  and 
Benjamin,  all  of  whom  were  medical 
practitioners.  Of  these,  Benjamin  was 
the  father  of  Dr.  John  H.,  and  the  uncle 
of  Drs.  M.  B.  (later  of  Philadelphia) 
and  H.  E.  Musser.  Besides  them,  there 
were  Drs.  Mfartin,  Jr.,  Daniel  and  J. 
Llenry — all  of  the  same  great  Lancaster 
county  family,  without  a  rival  in  the 
number  of  its  members  in  he  medical 
profession. — North  American. 


Mid-  Charles  O.  Merica,  who  has 
West  resigned  as  president  of  the 
>;otes  L^niversity  of  Wyoming  to  be- 
come superintendent  of  the 
IMinnesota  State  Training  School  for 
Boys  at  Red  Wing,  is  of  German  an- 
cestry, although  his  natue  would  hardly 
indicate  as  much.  Some  years  ago  he 
informed  the  writer  that  his  first  pater- 


CURRENT  LIFE  AND  THOUGHT 


421 


nal  ancestor  in  thi^  countr\-  was  a  Ger- 
man who  settled  in  \  irt;inia  ri^rlu  after 
the  Revolution  and  chans^ed  his  name 
to  America,  which  has  since  been  modi- 
fied to  Merica. 

Professor  Alerica  is  peculiarly  fitted 
for  his  new  ]>osition,  for  he  was  for- 
Jiierly  the  efficient  superintendent  of  a 
similar  institution  at  Waukesha,  Wis. 

Announcement  has  been  made  of  the 
appointment  of  Dr.  Eugene  Kuehnemanu 
as  the  first  German  professor  to  occupy 
the  Carl  Schurz  memorial  chair,  estab- 
lished last  year  at  the  University  of  Wis- 
consin by  German-American  citizens  and 
friends  of  that  institution. 

Dr.  Kuehnemann  is  professor  of  phi- 
losophy at  the  University  of  Breslau  and 
was  recently  exchange  professor  at  Har- 
vard I'niversity.  German  idealistic 
philosophy  and  its  relation  to  the  classi- 
cal literature  of  Germany  in  the  eigh- 
teenth century  is  the  field  in  which  he 
has  done  much  of  his  work  and  whicn 
will  be  the  theme  of  his  lectures  at  the 
University  next  year.  Over  $32,000 
was  raised  in  W^isconsin  for  the  Carl 
Schurz  memorial  endowment  which  will. 
no  doubt,  bear  rich  fruitage. 

March  24  was  a  red  letter  day  for  the 
Germans  of  Chicago,  because  it  was  the 
occasion  of  the  Goethe  memorial  servicer 
at  the  Auditorium.  Fully  four  thou- 
sand admirers  of  the  many-sided  poe' 
attended  the  services  which  consisted  oi 
miusic  l)y  the  Theodore  Thomas  orches- 
tra under  the  direction  of  Frederick 
Stock,  singing  by  the  German  lieder- 
singer,  Fraulein  Gerhardt.  and  the  \'er- 
einigte  Mannerchor  of  500  voices,  with 
Prof.  Middelschulte  at  the  organ,  and 
speeches  by  Ambassador  von  Bernstorfi' 
and  Rabbi  Hirsch.  Harry  Rubens  pre- 
sided. It  was  a  touching  scene  when  the 
Mannerchor  started  that  exquisite,  sim- 
ple song,  "Roslein  auf  der  Haide,"  and 
the  vast  audience  arose  and  joined  in 
the  singing.  In  the  morning  Count  von 
Bernstorfi'  laid  the  cornerstone  of  the 
new  German  hospital. 

'Admiral  Albert  ]\Iertz,  who  has  just 
been  ordered  to  Philadelphia  to  be  gov- 
ernor of  the  naval  home  there,  is  a  na- 
tive of  Wisconsin  and  of  good  German 


stock.     J  lis  father  was  judge  of  Dodge 
County  many  years  ago. 

Among  the  cities  of  more  than  5000 
population  in  Wisconsin,  Sheboygan  is 
the  most  thoroughly  German,  84  per 
cent,  of  her  27,000  people  being  of  that 
natonal  element.  The  city  is  noted  for 
chairs,  cheese,  children  and  churches 
jMayor  Dickmann  presides  over  the  gov- 
ernment of  this  prosperous  city.  Among 
the  more  distinguished  names  are  found 
those  of  Bodenstein,  Braasch,  Claren- 
bach,  Gross,  Kohler,  Krez,  Karste,  Jung, 
Pfister,  Reiss,  Prange.  Roenitz,  Noil- 
rath  and  Winter. 

t  J.  n.  A.  L. 


Preserve      Now     that      the      Allen  Lown 
Local  Public  Library  is  an  assured 

Records  fact  the  Democrat  has  a  sug- 
gestion to  make.  It  is  uol 
original,  for  we  borrowed  the  idea  from 
New  Hampshire,  having  seen  it  in  the 
^Manchester  Union,  one  of  the  Demo- 
crat's most  esteemed  exchanges.  The 
suggestion  is  that  in  the  library  shouKl 
be  preserved  all  the  publications  of 
local  interest  and  bearing  on  local '  his- 
tory. In  New  Hampshire  the  legislature 
has  adopted  a  free  library  law  and  the 
trustees  of  the  state  library  published  a 
periodical  called  the  Bulletin,  in  the 
March  number  of  which  appears  tJTe  fol 
lowing : 

"There  are  certain  publications  of  lo^ 
cal  interest  which  everv  public  library 
should  acquire  and  permanently  preserve 
upon  its  shelves.  A  complete  set  of  the 
town  reports  of  the  town  should  be  gath- 
ered in  and  substantially  bound  in  vol- 
umes of  convenient  size.  This  set  should 
be  supplemented  by  a  complete  set  of  the 
reports  of  the  county  in  which  the  town 
is  situated.  If  there  is  an  acaremv  or 
high  school  in  the  town  the  librarian 
should  make  it  a  point  to  gather  in  a  set 
of  the  catalogues  thereof  and  of  anv 
papers  published  by  the  students.  Of 
course  each  librarv  should  contain  a  copy 
of  the  history  of  its  town  and  countv. 
and  so  far  as  funds  will  permit  of  neigh- 
boring    towns.      Manuals,     celebrations 


422 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


and  other  printed  matter  relating-  to 
churches  in  the  town  should  be  obtained, 
together  with  copies  of  printed  sermons 
that  were  delivered  by  ministers  of  thos': 
churches.  Books  by  authors,  native  of 
the  town  or  residing  therein  for  a  series 
of  years,  should  be  upon  the  shelves 
Complete  tiles  of  any  newspapers  now  or 
in  the  past  published  in  the  town  should 
be  obtained,  bound  and  preserved.  Fin- 
ally, it  is  recommended  that  the  librarian 
be  constantly  on  thd  lookout  for  pro- 
grams of  entertainments  and  similar 
publications  covering  the  whole  period 
of  the  town's  existence.  Every  item  that 
has  been  mentioned  (doubtless  some 
have  been  omitted)  has  an  intimate  con- 
nection with  the  history  of  the  town. 
They  will  not  be  consulted  by  patron,^ 
nearly  as  often  as  the  books  of  fiction 
upon  the  shelves,  but  their  value  to  the 
town  and  to  the  residents  thereof  is  fai 
in  excess  of  any  other  books  that  can  be 
placed  upon  the  shelves." — Allcntozvn 
Democrat. 


present  and  orally  partaken  of  in  the 
sacrament  by  all  communicants  is  scrip- 
tural, then  our  Lutheran  Church  is  mis- 
representing our  Saviour  in  saying  that 
they  are.  If  the  doctrine  that  the  Bible 
lis  not  verbally  inspired  is  scriptural 
then  we  are  making  far  too  great  de- 
mands upon  the  people  by  teaching  thai 
the  Bible  is  the  verbally-inspired  Word 
of  God,  and  that  it  is 'to  be  received  and 
believed  as  such.  That  these  and  many 
similar  differences  should  not  be  worthy 
of  recognition  and  of  the  most  prayerfui 
and  careful  consideration  on  the  part  of 
all  Christians  and  lovers  of  the  truth  and 
their  Lord  and  sufficient  ground  to  pre- 
clude co-operation  of  those  among  whom 
these  differences  exist  and  until  they  no 
longer  exist,  is  difficult  to  be  understood 
by  all  such  as  have  learned  the  word  of 
truth  and  have  learned  to  stand  for  a 
definite  theology  on  the  basis  of  such 
word  of  truth,  it  being  the  unerring  in- 
spired Word  of  God." 


^ 


Missouri  The    Long   Island    Con- 

Lntherans  vs.  ference  of  the  Missouri 
Co-operation  Synod  (Lutheran)  ha?- 
issued  an  official  state 
ment  respecting  its  relation  to  the  Men 
and  Religion  Forward  Movement  that  is 
attracting  so  much  attention  to  itself 
Taking  the  position  that  co-operation  ii 
altogether  out  of  the  question  they  say. 
"If  the  doctrine  of  the  Apostolic  Suc- 
cession of  the  Episcopal  Church  is  scrip- 
tural, then  we  preachers,  who  have  not 
been  ordained  by  an  Episcopal  bishop, 
have  no  right  whatever  to  be  and  remain 
incumbents  of  the  holy  office  of  the 
ministry.  If  the  doctrine  of  immersion, 
so  tenaciously  held  by  the  Baptist 
Church,  is  scriptural,  then  all  we  who 
have  not  been  immersed,  are  not  bap- 
tized. If  the  doctrine  of  an  election  to 
eternal  damnation,  taught  by  the  Calvin- 
ists,  is  scriptural,  then  we  are  deceiving 
the  people  by  preaching  that  Jesus  died 
for  all  sinners,  and  that  God  will  have 
all  men  to  be  saved.  If  the  doctrine  that 
Christ's  body  and  blood  are  not  really 


California  In  the  development  of  the 
Pacific  Coast  the  German  has 
played  his  usual  "roJe,"  viz.,  "to  pioneer" 
doing  all  the  hard  work,  getting  little  or 
nothing  for  his  efforts,  but  leaving  the 
ground  prepared  for  others  to  come  and 
reap  a  harvest.  "Our  Deutscher  Michel" 
is  satisfied  to  do  his  day's  work,  raise  his 
family,  get  prosperous  in  a  reasonable 
way,  and,  when  the 'load  becomes  too 
heavy,  pull  his  neck  from  under  the  yoke, 
and  set  back  to  smoke  his  pipe  to  the  end. 
This  teaching  applies  to  all  efforts  and 
in  every  walk  of  life.  Small  wonder  that 
our  esteemed  fellow  citizen,  Mr.  Andrew 
Carnegie,  is  quoted  as  saying  that  "pio- 
neering don't  pay,"  and  in  truth  from  the 
dollar  and  cent  standpoint  it  don't  pay, 
however  it  prepares  the  field  for  just 
such  "fellows"  as  "Andy"  to  step  in  and 
clean  up  a  fortune  and  never  say  "thank 
you"  to  the  pioneers.  Did  you  ever  hear 
Andrew  Carnegie,  or  Jones,  McLaughlin, 
all  rich  second-crop  Pittsburgers,  men- 
tion the  name  of  Kloman,  or  Lauth,  pio- 
neer Pittsburg  iron  masters?  A  third 
German    name,    viz.,  "Frick,"    is    men- 


CURRENT  LIFE  AND  THOUGHT 


423 


tioned  for  the  reason  that  the  present 
•day  Frick  is  head  and  shoulders  up  with 
these  second-crop  i)eople. 

But  your  Pennsylvania  is  no  exception. 
Good  German  stock  did  the  bulk  of  pio- 
neering in  my  native  state  of  Wisconsin 
— in  all  the  arts,  high  and  otherwise, 
farmer,  poet,  brewer,  philosopher,  sol- 
dier, sailor,  iudge  and  jury — all  were  of 
German  stock,  and,  after  digging  and 
toiling,  they  must  now  hustle  to  keep  a 
place  on  the  foundations  laid  by  th': 
sweat  of  the  brows  of  their  immediate 
ancestors. 

The  business  of  the  cities  of  San  Fran- 
cisco, Oakland,  Alameda,  Berkeley.  Los 
Angeles,  Sacramento  and  the  valley 
country  of  California  was  pioneered  by 
Germans,  and  some  of  their  descendant.-. 
are  still  here  and  firmly  in  the  saddle. 
There  are  three  thousand  ultra  German 
family  names  in  the  busy  cities  directory. 

The  true  gospel  has  been  established, 
and  firmly  established  in  California  and 
Germans  did  it.  The  German  Evangelic 
Lutherans,  have  taken  firm  foothold  on 
this  coast. 

Also  the  German  vineyard,  beer  brew- 
ing and  German  Sunday  "Gemiitlich- 
keit."  Therefore  we  look  calmly  into 
the  future,  firmly  believing  that  the  right 
kind  of  "pioneering"  does  pay. 

More  anon.  R.  M. 


Art  and  TJic,  Open  Court  for  May 

the  Church  has  an  article  by  Charles 
Hart  Handschin  on  "Art 
and  the  Church  in  America,"  from 
which  we  quote : 

"Of  the  Protestant  church  as  a  whol* 
since  the  Reformation,  one  can  hardly 
say  that  it  has  fostered  are  in  the  sense 
in  which  the  medieval  church  did  so,  al- 
though at  times  art  did  spring  up  within 
its  sheltering  fold,  while  Puritanism, 
Methodism  and  all  the  pietistic  churches 
positively  spurned  art  and  do  so  to  this 
day." 

"Protestantism  has,  in  the  main,  been 
a  drawback  to  art  and  principally  for 
three  reasons :  its  traditional  aversion  to 


images  in  the  church ;  its  aversion  to 
sensuous  forms ;  and  a  medieval  ascetic 
notion  that  man's  joys  should  be  exclu- 
sively in  the  things  of  the  soul,  never  in 
the  things  of  sense." 

"What  a  sad  descent  from  the  Olcl 
World  cathedral  with  its  untold  riches 
.  .  .  to  the  bleak,  uniform  walls,  the 
often  rectangular  form  of  our  American 
houses  of  worship." 

"Remove  the  meaningless  and  dis- 
tracting scroll  work  and  frippery  from 
the  walls ;  cover  them  with  a  plain, 
pleasing  tint,  giving  us  a  few  fine  repro- 
ductions of  the  old  masters,  large  enough 
to  be  discernible  at  a  distance,  and  they 
will  be  doing  their  silent  work  whether 
the  sermon  is  good    or  not." 

Why  should  the  inside  of  church 
buildings  be  as  unattractive  as  barns ; 
why  not  as  attractive  as  the  homes  of 
worshipers?  Is  it  true  that  all  the 
pietistic  churches  spurn  art  today? 

Dr.  Hexamer   In  appreciation  of  the  valu  • 
Honored  able  work    he    has  accom- 

plished during  the  twelve 
years  he  has  been  president  of  the  Ger- 
man-American Alliance,  President  Taft, 
Emperor  William  of  Germany,  and 
members  of  the  peerage  of  many  foreign 
countries,  have  united  in  honoring  Dr. 
Charles  J.  Hexamer,  who  celebrated  his 
fiftieth  birthday  on  May  9.  Paying  a 
tribute  to  the  qualities  which  have  won 
for  him  the  respect  and  veneration  of 
thousands  of  German-American  citizens, 
the  rulers  of  both  countries  sent  letters 
of  congratulation. 

A  banquet  was  given  in  honor  of  Dr. 
Hexamer  and  Count  Johann  Heinrich 
von  Bernstorff,  the  German  Ambassadoi 
at  Washington,  who  was  instructed  by 
Emperor  William  to  act  as  his  represen- 
tative at  the  testimonial  dinner.  The 
banquet  was  held  in  German  Alliance 
Hall,  Franklin  and  Spring  Garden 
streets,  and  was  attended  by  delegates 
from  every  state  in  the  Union.  The  Maj- 
or, Director  of  Public  Safety  Porter, 
Count  von   Hengelmuller,   the  Austriaa 


424 


THE   PENN  GERMANIA 


Ambassador,  and  Cuno  Rudolph,  presi 
dent  of  the   Commission  of  the  District 
of  Columbia;  Dr.  A.  Mudra,  Consul  at 
Philadelphia,    and    G.    A.    Walther,  the 
Swiss  Consul,  were  among  the  guests. 

The  delegates  were  escorted  in  auto- 
mobiles by  a  squad  of  mounted  police 
to  City  Hall,  where  they  were  received 
by  the  Mayor. 

Dr.  Hexamer  was  born  in  this  city, 
]\Iay  9,  1862.  He  received  his  early  edu- 
cation in  private  schools  and  at  Eastburn 
Academy.  In  1882  be  graduated  with 
honors  from  the  engineering  department 
of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania.  While 
a  student  at  the  University  he  was  elect- 
ed president  of  the  Franklin  Science  So- 
ciety. 

Following  his  graduation.  Dr.  Hexa- 
mer traveled  considerably,  visiting  near- 
ly every  country  in  the  world.  Besides 
being  prominently  identified  with  man> 
social  and  charitable  organizations,  Dr. 
Hexamer  is  a  member  of  the  Historical 
Society  of  Pennsylvania,  a  life  member 
of  the  German  Chemical  Society  of  Ber- 
lin, the  Geographical  Society,  the  Frank- 
lin Institute,  the  American  Association 
for  the  Advancement  of  Science  and 
numerous  other  organizations. 

In  1907  the  German  Emperor  con- 
ferred the  Order  of  the  Red  Eagle  on 
him  for  his  services  of  diffusing  German 
culture  in  America,  and  in  the  same  year 
his  fellow-citizens  honored  him  with  a 
demonstration  of  good-will  in  which 
every  German-American  society  in  Phil- 
adelphia participated,  while  nearly  every 
large  city  in  the  Union  was  represented. 
• — Old  Penn   JVceklv  Review. 

Language  Rev.  Dr.  J.  N.  Lenker  recent 
by  Usag'e  ly  delivered  a  rousing  speech 
at  Wilmar,  Minnesota,  on 
"Three  Language  Education,"  published 
in  full  in  the  Wilmar  Tribune  of  May  i. 
We  regret  that  lack  of  space  forbids  oui 
reproducing  the  speech.  He  advocates 
the  study  of  English,  German  and  Scan- 
dinavian in  the  public  schools.  When 
•will   Pennsvlvania   become   conscious   of 


its  sin  in  tabooing  the  German  in  our 
public  schools?  We  quote  a  paragraph 
bearing  on  the  best  method  of  teaching, 
languages — working  back  to  Luther. — 
Editor. 

"Language  is  essentially  and  primar- 
ily speech,  and  its  instruction  should  b-r 
based  on  the  spoken  idiom.  Parents  arc 
right,  therefore,  in  not  being  satisfied, 
unless  their  language  is  spoken ;  under- 
standing, reading  and  writing  it  are  oL 
less  importance.  These  come  easy  when- 
the  language  is  well  spoken.  What  pa- 
rents place  first  in  time  and  importance,, 
teachers  place  last.  It  is  the  speaking  of 
a  tongue  tliat  has  value  for  the  home 
and  the  social  life  of  the  neighborhood. 
French  was  made  popular,  as  German, 
is  now,  by  speaking  it.  The  new  book, 
'The  Teaching  of  Modern  Languages,* 
by  Baulson,  printed  by  Ginn  &  Company, 
and  abroad  in  our  school  libraries,  say;^ 
in  the  first  chapter :  'Even  in  the  writings 
of  the  very  latest  educational  reformers 
can  be  heard  Luther's  demand:  "Not 
too  much  drill  on  rules — compel  the  chil- 
dren to  speak."'  This  advice  present- 
day  teachers  may  well  take  to  heart. 
Going  to  and  from  school  and  every- 
where pupils  should  be  encouraged  to 
soeak  a  second  language  while  studying 
it.  Klotzsch's  demand  'first  the  thing 
(language),  then  the  abstraction 
(rules),"  appears  in  the  new,  natural 
method  of  modern-language  teaching' 
that  exercises  the  ear  and  tongue  rather 
than  the  eye.  It  is  the  only  way  to  ac- 
quire the  "Sprachgefuehl,"  which  is  the 
living  key  to  a  language.  A'ietor,  the- 
founder  of  the  new  method,  issued  a 
book  under  the  title,  "Der  Sprachun- 
terricht  muss  innkehren,"  that  acted  like* 
a  trumpet-blast,  "a  veritable  thunder- 
bolt," in  compelling  children  to  speak 
No  other  method  of  modern  language 
teaching  should  be  encouraged  now  since 
the  reform,  a  success  all  over  Europe,  is 
coming  to  America.  It  will  draw  parent 
and  teacher,  home  and  school,  into  closer 
harmony  and  more  helpful  co-operation 
the  home  kindergarten  being  nature's 
basis."' 


CURRENT  LIFE  AND  THOUGHT 


425 


jFirst  American  Tho  claim  is  repeatecll\- 
Missionaries  made,  that  the  tirst  Prot- 
estant missionaries  seni 
out  from  America  were  commissioned  m 
1810  by  the  American  Board  of  Commis- 
sioners for  Foreign  Missions,  and  re- 
cently a  tablet  was  unveiled  in  honor  of 
the  supposed  first  Protestant  missionar) 
at  the  L'nion  Theological  Seminary,  it  is 
reported. 

Far  be  it  to  detract  from  the  honor  ot 
this  splendid  Foreign  Mission  iioard. 
with  which  we  stand  in  the  most  cordiai 
relations,  but  the  first  Protestant  mis- 
sionaries sent  out  from  America  happen 
to  have  been  members  of  the  Moravian 
Church.  In  response  to  inquiries  stig- 
gested  by  the  Rev.  W.  H.  Romig,  of 
Easton,  Pa.,  the  Archivist  of  the  Unity, 
Dr.  Josef  Mueller,  has  unearthed  the 
following  interesting  data : 

1.  John  Antes,  born  in  Frederick 
Township.  Philadelphia  County,  Pa., 
March  24.  1740,  was  a  missionary  of  the 
IMoravian  Church  in  Cairo,  Egypt,  1769- 
1782,  and  died  in  Bristol,  December  17, 
1811. 

2.  David  Beck,  born  in  Georgia,  Sep- 
tember 2.  1744;  served  as  missionary  01 
the  Moravian  Church  in  the  Danish 
West  Indies,  1773- 1780,  and  died  at 
Friedensthal,  on  the  island  of  St.  Croix. 
on  January  9,  1780. 

3.  Xath  Braun,  born  in  Nazareth, 
Pa.,  July  9.  1763.  Moravian  missionar\' 
to  the  negroes  on  the  island  of  Jamaica. 
1797-1800.  Died  on  Staten  Island  in 
1814. 

4.  John  Brucker,  born  in  Xazareth. 
Pa.,  July  12,  1750.  IMoravian  mis- 
sionary among  the  negroes  in  the  Dan- 
ish West  Indies,  1771-1778.  Died  on  the 
island  of  St.  Thomas,  October  12,  1778. 

5.  John  Frederick  Schlegel,  born  in 
Nazareth,  Pa.,  June  19.  1763.  Moravian 
missionary  among  the  negroes  in  th-- 
Danish  West  Indies,  1785- 1 791.  Died  in 
Graceham,  Md.,  1805. 

6.  Samuel  Steup,  born  in  Gnaden- 
thal,  near  Nazareth.  Pa.,  December  19. 
1757.  Moravian  missionary  among  the 
negroes  on  the  island  of  Antigua.  1789- 
3791.     Died  in  Bethlehem,  Pa..  1822. 


Dr.  Mueller  states,  that  he  supposes, 
that  these  names  will  suffice  to  establisii 
the  contention,  that  the  Moravians  were 
the  first  to  send  out  native-born  Ameri- 
cans as  missionaries  into  the  foreign 
field.  There  were  doubtless  many  others^ 
In  addition  to  these  were  the  many  mis- 
sionaries to  the  Indians.  Strictly  speak- 
ing the  word  "first"  ought  to  be  ex- 
punged from  the  above-mentioned  me- 
morial tablet! — The  Moravian,  May  15^ 
1912. 

"John  Antes,  of  Philadelphia  County^ 
was  the  first  Protestant  missionary  sent 
out.  and  Mrs.  Rosina  Schlegel  was  the 
first  American  woman  to  be  sent  out  a;> 
a  missionary  to  the  heathen. 

"The  honor  is  transferred  from  New 
England  and  New  York  to  Pennsylvania,, 
from  the  Congregational  and  Baptist 
Churches  to  the  ^^loravian,  and  fron: 
Americans  of  English  descent  to  Ameri- 
cans of  German  descent.  It  is  true  that 
they  were  sent  out  by  an  International 
Board  representing  the  Moravian  Churcxx 
in  Germany,  England  and  America.  Buc 
it  is  also  true  that  the  missionaries  were 
Americans,  sent  out  by  the  American  Mo- 
ravian Church  in  America  acting  througlx 
their  own  International  Board.  There  is 
no  desire  that  the  noble  band  of  mission- 
aries sent  out  by  the  American  Board 
should  receive  less  honor  than  ihereto- 
fore,  for  they  were  worthy,  but  the  first 
American  missionaries  sent  out  by  the 
Moravian  Church  should  receive  the  rec- 
ognition of  history  and  the  missionary 
annals  of  our  country  should  be  enriched 
by  the  story  of  their  heroic  lives. 

"The  first  American  missionaries  were 
mostly  Pennsylvanians.  Five  of  them 
were  born  in  Northampton  County,  four 
at  Nazareth,  or  its  neighborhood,  and 
one  at  liethlehem." — Easton  Argus. 

Faith  So  far  as  the  psychology  of  the 
Curing"  cure  is  concerned,  what  is  the  es- 
sential difiference  between  divine 
healing,  healing  of  the  Christian  Scien- 
tist, the  cure  of  the  faked  breadpills  and" 
the  faith  curing  noted    in    the    following 


426 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


clipping,  taken   from  the   Grand   Haven 
(  Michigan )   Tribune — Editor. 

"Those  interested  in  the  mental  treat- 
ment of  disease  would  find  much  light  on 
the  subject  by  studying  the  faith  curing 
among  the  Pennsylvania  Germans,  who 
"have  practised  it  and  resorted  to  it  for 
200  years.  In  that  section  each  commu- 
nity, especially  in  the  rural  districts,  has 
its  faith  doctors.  Certain  persons  arc 
thought  to  possess  this  power  which  is 
•conferred  by  a  practising  ancestor  of  the 
opposite  sex.  The  person  also  gets  his 
predecessor's  book  of  spells  which  con- 
tains verses  from  the  Bible.  These  verses 
when  repeated  are  believed  to  be  efifec- 
live. 

The  Pennsy'.vania  Germans,  however, 
do  not  doubt  the  reality  of  matter  or  sin 
or  disease.  They  merely  believe  in  ef- 
fecting cr  /s.  They  hold  a  clear  dis- 
tinction between  ailments  that  may  be 
treated  by  faith  and  those  that  can  not, 
and  they  do  not  as  a  rule  apply  the  meth- 
od to  other  diseases. 

In  recent  years  the  belief  in  faith  cure 
has  been  losing  its  'hold  among  those 
people  especially  among  the  younger  gen- 
eration, so  that  nowadays  the  medical 
doctor  is  summoned  in  nearly  all  cases. 
Nevertheless  even  the  younger  people 
sometimes  resort  to  this  method  in  emer- 
gencies, and  I  personally  know  of  sonif^ 
remarkable  cures  which  the  sufferers 
firmly  believe  were  thus  accomplished. 
I  can  not  recall  all  the  ailments  that  are 
treated  in  this  way,  but  the  following 
list  contains  the  principal  ones.  The 
easing  of  pain  in  burns,  wounds,  felon, 
etc.,  stopping  the  flow  of  blood,  remov- 
ing warts,  goitre,  swellng  of  various 
"kinds ;  curing  of  erysipelas,  St.  Vitus 
dance,  mild  cases  of  epilepsy,  "abnehme" 
in  children.  It  is  universally  recognized 
that  even  for  these  diseases  faith  cure 
does  not  always  avail.  The  method  is 
used  in  a  sort  of  supplementary  way 
with  medical  methods.  In  some  cases 
one  messenger  is  dispatched  for  the  med- 
ical doctor,  another  for  the  faith  doctor. 
In  nearly  every  case  especially  in  severe 
ones  they  try  to  get  the  M.  D.  first.  [ 
-do  not  want     to     enter  into  any  contro  ■ 


versy.  I  merely  present  the  facts  as  I 
know  them  from  more  than  twenty 
years  residence  in  that  section.  I  make 
no  comment. 

Pennsylvania  German." 


Straig-ht  Jacket  for  The  School  BoarJ 
Superintendent  of     Allentown,    Pa., 

recently  debated  and 
defeated  the  following  resolution : 

"That  the  office  hours  of  the  superin- 
tendent on  all  school  days,  shall  be  from 
8.15  a.  m.  to  9  o'clock  a.  m.,  and  from  4 
to  5  o'clock  p.  m.  Saturdays  from  8.30 
a.  m.  to  11.30  a.  m.  During  July  and 
August  the  hours  shall  be  on  all  week 
days  from  8.30  a.  m.  to  11.30  o'clock  a. 
m.,  at  the  Administration  building. 

"He  shall,  before  leaving  ihis  office,  to 
visit  the  various  schools  of  this  district 
to  engage  in  supervising,  notify  the  sec- 
retary of  the  board,  what  building  or 
buildings  he  intends  visiting. 

"He  shall  make  a  written  report 
monthly,  to  the  board  of  directors,  of  all 
schools  visited  during  the  month,  the 
condition  he  finds  them,  what  progress 
is  being  made  if  any,  in  school  work  and 
such  other  matters  as  may  be  of  interest 
and  benefit  to  the  board  of  directors." 


Powwowing  In  our  eastern  counties  of 
Pennsylvania  among  tlie 
German  population,  so-called  powwow- 
ing is  still  practiced  ,on  a  larger  scale 
than  is  generally  known.  This  is  to  be 
regretted.  But  the  signs  of  the  times  in- 
dicate that  even  there  widespread  prac- 
tices are  slowly  decreasing.  The  belief 
in  ghosts  has  almost  ceased  in  certain 
communities  which  had  the  most  implicit 
confidence  in  their  existence  and  appear- 
ance. The  belief  in  witchcraft  has  not 
decreased  to  the  same  extent.  The  ten- 
dency of  the  age  is  against  these  beliefs 
and  practices.  With  the  diftusion  of  in- 
telligence and  right  common  sense  meth- 
ods of  thought  all  these  mystic  beliefs 
and  .practices  will  vanish.  I.  H.  B. 


r 


OUR  HISTORIC  HERITAGE 


Articles  giving  information  about  the  history  of  the  Germans 
in  the  United  States  from  the  arrival  of  the  first  immigrant  to  the 
present,  of  whatever  section  of  our  country,  of  whatever  vocation  of 
life,  of  whatever  class  or  association,  of  whatever  period  in  a  man's 
life,  as  well  as  discussions  of  questions  of  the  day  so  far  as  Ger- 
man ideals  have  bearing  on  these,  are  to  appear  under  this  general 
head. 


The  Forest  Preacher  on  the  Schoharie 

AHistoricalTale  of  the  Life  and  Customs  of  the  German 
Americans  of  the  Eighteenth    Century 
By   Frederick  Meyer. 

Translated  from  the  German  by  Professor  E.  A.  Jacoby,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
(Continued  from    May  Issue) 


The  sino-ing-  was  hearty.  A  o^ood  be- 
g-inning-  for  the  first  rehgioiis  service 
which  we  celebrated  at  the  Schoharie 
was  made.  As  in  the  case  of  the  He- 
brews when  they  laid  the  cornerstone  for 
the  second  temple,  so  the  tears  ran  down 
over  the  cheeks  and  beards  of  the  aged 
while  the  faces  of  the  young  beamed 
with  joy  because  we  could  also  celebrate 
Easter  at  the  Schoharie. 

Then  I  read  the  gospel  lesson.  This 
had  a  different  eft'ect  out  in  the  open 
than  within  the  walls  of  a  church.  I 
read  about  the  sunrise,  the  earthquake, 
the  descent  of  an  angel,  his  raiment 
white  as  snow,  his  countenance  and  form 
bright  as  the  lightning,  of  the  soldiers 
who  fell  to  the  ground  from  fright  as  if 
they  were  dead  and  then  how,  after 
earthquake  and  storm  and  fire  the  risen 
Lord  appeared,  saying:  "Peace  be  with 
you." 

Because  heaven  seemed  so  near  to 
these  farmers     on     this     bright  Sunday 


morning,  as  if  they  could  reach  it  with 
their  hands,  it  was  as  if  a  holy  thrill  had 
gone  through  their  ranks.  They  looke-I 
around  to  see  whether  Christ  was  pres- 
ent at  the  services  with  the  words: 
"Peace  be  with  you." 

We  ought  to  celebrate  Easter  in  the 
open  air  as  on  the  first  Easter  day,  was 
the  introduction  to  my  sermon.  The 
cradle  of  the  human  race  was  a  garden, 
the  garden  of  Eden.  On  account  of  the 
fall  of  man  this  garden  was  turned  into 
a  cemetery.  But  now,  since  Christ  arose 
from  the  dead  in  Joseph's  garden,  our 
graveyards  have  again  become  gardens. 
Here  also  lie  the  stones  on  the  graves  of 
your  loved  ones.  Do  you  know  what 
these  stones  say  on  Easter  morning? 
The  stone  over  Jesus'  grave  says :  Right 
still  prevails.  God  does  not  forget  his 
people,  therefore  strive  for  the  victory. 
God  has  not  forgotten  us  here  in  the  for- 
est. When  our  enemies  and  adversaries 
thought  they   had   ended   the   career  o£ 


427 


42J 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


the  Germans,  then  our  dear  Heavenh- 
Father  hastily  opened  a  new  window  in 
Heaven  each  time  and  sent  help.  He 
.q^ave  us  bread  and  clothing,  sunshine  and 
joy. 

Then  in  its  main  points  my  sermon 
was  on  the  second  article,  about  the 
"Lord,  w'ho  redeemed  us  lost  and  con- 
<lemned  mankind,  saved  us  from  sin, 
from  death  and  the  power  of  the  devil, 
not  with  gold  or  silver,  but  with  his  own 
precious  blood  and  with  his  cruel  suffer 
ings  and  death."  The  people  under- 
stood this  better  than  when  I  spoke  of 
the  daily  bread.  As  1  am  writing  this  1 
am  reminded  of  a  pastor  in  Germany 
who  considered  himself  enlightened  and 
who  in  his  sermon  wished  to  prove  the 
existence  of  a  Crod  and  who  preached 
about  Easter  visions  and  similar  sub- 
jects. Let  him  and  others  of  his  kind 
thank  God  that  they  did  not  become  for- 
est preachers  in  America.  To  show  the 
presence  of  God?  These  farmers  who  fled 
from  their  homes  ,who  each  day  were 
.  face  to  face  with  death  on  the  ocean, 
who  were  in  danger  of  men  and  of  the 
beasts  of  the  forest,  who  in  a  word  knevv 
life  with  its  toil  and  labor.  Visions? 
They  would  simply  consider  him  crazy 
who  talked  on  such  subjects.  Every 
moment  a  dozen  of  them  were  readv  to 
suffer  a  martyr's  death  for  their  Bible 
and  catechism,  the  only  friends  who  re- 
mained faithful  to  them  in  the  wilder- 
ness. If  only  those  were  present  with 
me  this  morning  who  do  not  believe  in 
the  resurrection  to  listen  to  the  singing 
of  these  country  people. 

While  I  was  preaching  the  sun  was 
shining  throui^h  the  trees,  the  breeze 
gently  stirred  the  tender  spring  foliage 
and  heart  and  soul  were  touched  by 
( iod's  spirit.  In  conclusion  I  said :  The 
most  beautiful  thought  about  that  stone 
in  Joseph's  garden  is  that  it  was  rolled 
away.  Today  we  celebrate  for  t'he  first 
time  Easter  Day  in  the  forest.  The 
stones  still  cover  the  graves  of  your 
dear  ones.  You  have  chiseled  into  them 
the  cross  and  their  names.  When  we 
celebrate  Easter  for  the  last  time  at  the 
Schoharie,  then  the  angels  will  descend 
from  heaven  and     roll     away     all  these 


stones.  The  dead  will  arise,  all  these- 
fields  will  be  alive  with  people,  and  the- 
sea  will  give  up  its  dead.  Our  brethren: 
who  were  buried  at  sea.  our  brethren 
who  were  killed  by  Indians  and  wild 
beasts  and  those  whose  bodies  we  do  not 
find,  all  these  will  arise  and  live.  None 
of  us  will  be  missing.  Then  they  sang : 
"Jesus,  my  Lord  and  Saviour  is  my 
Life."  They  wiped  the  tears  from  their 
eyes,  and  sang  again  unwilling  to  stop, 
sang  the  whole  ihymn  from  memory. 

I  baptized  their  children.  We  then, 
celebrated  the  Holy  Communion,  and 
whoever  would  examine  closely  the  faces 
of  each  of  the  hundreds  of  communicants 
received  the  impression  that  "The  Lord 
lives.  He  indeed  rose  from  the  dead, 
and  also  appeared  to  us  here  at  the  Scho- 
harie." Up  to  the  present  time  I  com- 
plained of  the  sacrifice  and  resignationr 
that  was  imposed  upon  me.  Such  a  re- 
ligious service  counterbalances  all  these 
feelings. 

The  distiller  and  tavern-keeper  shall 
call  me  only  the  stonepreacher. 

The  settlers  are  talking  of  building 
a  church.  If  only  the  uncertainty  about 
the  lawful  possession  of  their  lands  did 
not  exist.  Gov.  Hunter  and  the  seven- 
Dutch  partners  remain  quiet  for  the- 
present  un.il  they  receive  a  hint  from 
London.  The  journey  of  the  aged  Weiser 
to  London  was  not  as  fruitless  as  he 
thought.  For  this  reason  it  was  difficuh 
to  persuade  the  people  to  build  a  suitable 
place  of  worship. 

Therefore  we  had  to  be  content  with 
the  offer  of  Carl  Herkimer.  He  ofi'cred 
us  his  newly  built  log  barn  as  a  meeting- 
place.  As  far  as  ])ossible  we  prepared 
and  arranged  the  building  for  services 
whereby  my  crucifix  was  honored  and 
had  its  place  on  the  altar.  Upon  the 
freshly  whitewashed  walls  I  wrote  pas- 
sages from  Scripture.  Above  the  altar 
were  the  words :  "Der  Herr  ist  in  seineni 
heiligen  Tempel,  es  sei  vor  ihm  stille  alle 
Welt."  Its  purpose  was  to  instruct  the 
wood  choppers  and  tarmakers  who  could 
with  difficulty  sit  quiet  throughout  the 
service.  Mr.  Kreiskorn  wished  to  pre- 
pare a  great  church  dedication.  But  1 
said :  "No,  as  long     as     the  ark  of  the. 


THE  FOREST  PREACHER  ON  THE  SCHOHARIE 


429 


Lord  remained  in  a  tent,  there  was  no 
reason  for  rejoicing-  in  Israel.  As  soon 
as  the  temple  was  completed,  dedicatorv 
services  were  held,  and  then  the  glory 
of  the  Lord  filled  the  whole  house  so 
that  the  priests  conld  not  stand  to  ad- 
minister the  otTerini^'s.  We  will  wait 
imtil  a  suitable  church  is  erected.  Then 
we  will  rejoice  and  celebrate." 

1  must  arouse  the  people  in  this  dis- 
trict. Soon  we  expect  to  i^et  a  suitable 
house  of  worship. 

CHAPTER  XI. 

Xow  I  began  to  organize  congrega- 
tions. Within  a  radius  of  25  miles  there 
is  no  ordained  German  minister.  All  of 
them  are  itinerant  preachers,  of  whom 
Jonathan  Schmul  said,  "They  are  a  bad 
lot."  As  long-  as  I  roamed  in  the  forest, 
none  concerned  themselves  about  me.  As 
soon-  as  they  noticed  that  I  obtained  a 
following  they  tried  to  alienate  the  peo- 
ple from  me.  Their  chief  argument  was 
that  I  did  not  preach  the  true  doctrine. 
They  claimed  that  I  perverted  the  Lord's 
Prayer,  and  that  I  also  had  during  the 
•distribution  of  the  sacraments  quoted  the 
installation  sentences,  but  had  no  faith 
in  them.  They  entered  all  the  cottages 
with  their  slanders. 

The  most  active  of  all  was  a  certain 
Air.  Schneps.  This  man  was  most  per- 
nicious. He  was  more  than  sixty  years 
of  age.  He  deserted  his  wife  and  chil- 
dren in  Germany,  and  here  in  Middle- 
"burg  became  engaged  to  a  widow.  Be- 
sides, a  young  woman  accused  him  of 
"being  the  father  of  her  child.  When  he 
conducted  services  in  Schenectady  last 
spring,  he  was  so  intoxicated  that  the 
deacons  had  to  tie  the  bands  for  him. 
During  the  singing  of  the  hymn,  "O 
Gott,  du  frommer  Gott."  he  repeatedly 
sang  the  first  verse.  His  associates  are 
like  him. 

It  is  evident  to  me  that  it  is  not  my 
duty  to  dispute  with  these  people  and  to 
perplex  their  minds.  With  one  blow  I 
frustrated  their  plots.  I  announced  that 
no  fees  would  be  accepted  for  baptizing, 
visiting  the   sick  and   administeritiir   the 


communion  rites.  Consequently  the  min- 
isters had  no  income  from  these  sources 
and  they  hetook  themselves  to  other  re- 
gions. 

Difiiculties  were  encountered  in  build- 
ing a  church.  The  people,  in  the  hard 
struggle  for  their  daily  bread,  forgot  the 
most  iinportant  family  events.  Many  of 
them  have  a  family  Bible  in  which  every- 
thing is  neatly  recorded,  as,  for  example, 
Mr.  Gerlach  and  Mr.  Kreiskorn.  But  the 
Herkimers  had  recorded  nothing.  Halt 
of  the  children  born  here  are  not  bap- 
tized, and  when  I  asked  the  dale 
of  the  child's  birth,  most  of  them 
had  no  accurate  knowledge.  During  their 
continuous  wanderings  they  lost  their 
Bibles.  More  frequently  one  finds 
Arnd's  Garden  of  Paradise  which  they 
could  carry  more  easily  because  it  is 
smaller  than  the  Bible. 

I  wanted  to  fix  the  personalities,  and 
upon  entering  a  house  began  with  the 
question : 

"How  old  is  Jacob?" 

"He  must  be  fifteen,"  says  the  father 
in  an  embarrassed  manner. 

"Why,  man,  what  do  you  mean!  We 
have  been  married  only  fourteen  years 
He  is  thirteen?" 

"When  is  his  birthday?" 

"He  was  born  during  the  night  the  In- 
dians set  \^on  der  Haide's  house  on  fire," 
answered  the  man. 

"How  you  do  talk,"  said  his  wife, 
"Mr.  Pastor,  my  husband  has  confused 
everything.  When  the  flames  leaped  sky- 
ward, I  awoke  and  was  so  frightened 
that  I  grasped  my  neck.  From  this  he 
received  a  birth-mark  for  life.  He  was 
born  during  the  wheat  harvest."  The 
exact  date  could  not  be  determined.  I 
recorded  in  the  church  records :  "Jacob 
KHnger.  born  alx)ut  the  early  i>art  of 
Julv."  etc. 

Others  say,  "John  was  born  while  we 
were  still  living  in  the  'Zwangscolonie* 
at  the  Hudson ;  Anna  was  born  the  day 
the  sheriflF  attempted  to  expel  the  set- 
tlers from  the  Schoharie  :  and  the  swarthv 
Gretchen  put  out  his  eye.  Nicholas  was 
born  in  the  fpll  of  the  year  my  husband 
lav  sick  of  a  fever." 


430 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


I  traveled  a  great  deal  to  accomplish 
all  this. 

.  But  the  worst  situation  was  at  the 
home  of  the  two  Weissdorns.  I  asked 
him,  "How  many  children  have  you?" 

"I  must  first  count  them,"  he  answer- 
ed. "By  my  first  wife,  Lizzie,  I  l]ad  ten 
By  my  present  wife,  Barbara,  there  arc 
— let  see" — he  counted  his  fingers  and 
finally  answered,  "nine,  altogether  nine- 
teen."   Then  he  added  earnestly : 

"There  might  easily  be  more,  but  i 
can  not  tell  the  exact  number,  at  least 
all  arc  living." 

His  wife,  Barbara,  entered  the  door 
at  this  moment,  and  as  she  did  not  know 
exactly  what  her  husband  and  I  were 
talking  about,  she  vehemently  broke 
forth : 

"Why  do  the^  concern  our  sins?  Bet- 
ter ten  on  the  cushion,  than  one  on  the 
conscience." 

I  assumed  a  knowing  look,  as  her  hus- 
band said :  "Why  do  you  scream  so  loud, 
old  woman,  the  minister  knows  nothing 
of  our  affairs !" 

This  attracted  my  attention,  and  I  be- 
gan to  ask  questions. 

"We  are  not  married,"  he  continued, 
"because  we  had  no  money  and  there  was 
no  pastor  in  the  neighborhood.  As  often 
as  a  child  was  born,  I  had  to  promise  to 
marry  her." 

"We  are  honest  people,  Mr.  Pastor ; 
give  us  the  blessing,"  cried  Barbara 
She  put  on  a  black  dress,  while  her  hus- 
band washed  his  face.  Then  both  stood 
before  me,  and  I  conferred  the  blessing. 
The  wife  was  overjoyed. 

I  seated  myself  and  started  to  fill  out 
the  birthday  register  of  the  nineteen 
children.  I  could  not  finish  by  day  and 
had  to  pass  the  night  there. 

***** 

Divers  disputes  had  first  to  be  settleo 
before  we  could  draw  up  regulations  for 
the  congregation.  How  numerous  are 
the  men  who  are  ready  to  make  regula- 
tions for  others.  The  aged  Heim  had 
drawn  up  a  set  of  rules  for  the  congre- 
gation, including  in  them  everthing  con- 
ceivable    in     one     hundred  paragraphs 


Each  paragraph  had  its  subdivisions  and" 
explanations.  One  might  think  we  were 
called  upon  to  draw  up  a  constitution  for 
the  Turkish  Empire. 

The  code  of  rules  stirred  up  anger. 
Order  is  desirable ;  but  too  many  rules 
in  a  congregation  are  a  sure  source  of 
quarrels. 

Then  I  delivered  a  sermon  in  the? 
church  service  on  fondness  for  industry 
and  good  penmanship.  But  I  warned 
them  of  indulging  to  excess.  "We  must 
cut  the  trousers  to  fit  a  boy,"  I  remarked^ 
"and  not  a  gigantic  Goliath."  They 
laughed  and  were  won  over  to  my  opin- 
ion. "When  a  child  is  born,  what  does 
it  need?  A  name?"  Then  the  names  of 
all  the  saints  in  the  almanac  were  sug- 
gested. One  wanted  a  Lutheran  name,, 
another  a  Reformed,  and  again  others 
United  Protestants.  I  pleaded  for  a 
short  name.  At  last  we  agreed ,  upon 
"St.  Paul's  German  Evangelical  Con- 
gregation." 

The  adoption  of  a  creed  followed. 
"We  believe  in  the  Word  of  God  and  its 
interpretation  according  to  the  fathers 
of  the  Reformation."  Some  wanted  it 
expressed  more  fully.  "That  is  suffi- 
cient," I  said  and  I  would  not  yield. 
There  was  a  third  paragraph  about  mem- 
bership. "Each  one  is  required  to  at- 
tend religious  services  regularly  and  to 
partake  of  the  Holy  Sacraments,  to  live 
a  Christian  life  and  to  support  the  con- 
gregation financially."  In  explanation 
concerning  the  election  of  deacons,  their 
duties  and  term  of  office  followed.  Then 
I  permitted  the  men  to  sign  this,  and  the 
church  regulations  went  into  effect. 

The  elderly  M'r.  Heim  complained 
that  these  were  no  church  rules  because 
they  filled  only  one  side  of  a  sheet  of 
paper. 

"It  is  true,"  I  replied.     "If  the  con- 
gregation grows  we  will  add  to  the  rules 
Do  not  handle  an  infant  too  roughly  or 
else  it  will  die  on  your  hands." 

These  church  regulations  I  introduced 
into  seven  congregations.  Every  Sun- 
day I  preached  at  two  places.  When  I 
went  through  the  primeval  forest  to  the 


THE  FOREST  PREACHER  ON  THE  SCHOHARIE 


43» 


lumber  camps  I  only  preached  once.  Be 
cause  the  forest  was  filled  with  wolves, 
I  was  accompanied  each  time  by  several 

men. 

***** 

In  each  congregation  I  organized 
Bible  classes  for  the  young  people.  They 
gladly  attended  to  hear  the  Bible  narra- 
tives. 

Young  men  and  marriageable  girls  be- 
sides children  constituted  the  classes. 
Many  of  these  young  women  cast  ardent 
glances  at  me.  I  can  not  dismiss  any  one. 

Today  I  related  the  incident  of  Jac- 
ob's flight  and  the  ladder  that  reached 
to  heaven.  They  tried  to  explain  every- 
thing I  asked.  I  asked  the  youthful 
Gerlach  to  repeat  the  story  for  me,  and 
he  did  it  in  the  following  manner : 

"As  Jacob  was  asleep  with  the  stone 
for  a  pillow,  suddenly  the  night  became 
bright  as  day.  Just  as  the  Catskills  are 
lit  up  when  the  Indians  hold  their  war 
dance,  and  Jacob  was  frightened  like  the 
people  at  the  Schoharie." 

Some  one  asked :  "Where  did  Jacob 
obtain  the  oil  which  he  poured  upon  the 
stone?" 

Before  I  could  answer,  young  Herki- 
mer called  out :  "From  his  lantern  which 
he  allowed  to  burn  in  order  to  keep  the 

wolves  away." 

***** 

My  mother  asked  me  w^hat  she  should 
do  wnth  my  share  of  my  father's  estate. 
I  replied  that  she  should  send  me  a  map 
of  the  Palatinate.  I  must  be  better  in- 
formed of  this  country,  or  nothing  or- 
derly will  come  of  the  church  book.  For 
the  balance  I  requested  her  to  send  me 
Bibles  and  hymn-books,  I  have  no  need 
of  money  in  the  wilderness. 

CHAPTER  XII. 

This  is  a  hard  winter.  The  oldest  in- 
habitants can  not  recall  one  like  it.  In 
the  depths  of  the  forests  wolves  attacked 
men.  The  wild  animals  preyed  fiercely 
upon  the  deer.  I  am  completely  snowed 
in.  The  smoke  which  rises  from  the 
houses  is  the  only  evidence  that  men  live 


here.  Out  in  the  forest  there  was  a  great 
fire  last  night.  Either  a  house  was 
burnt  or  there  was  a  disorderly  night  in- 
the  lumber  camp. 

Would  that  we  had  a  church!  We 
are  still  conducting  services  in  Herki- 
mer's barn  but  it  is  impossible  to  hold 
them  at  the  other  places.  The  barns  are 
not  tightlv  built.  The  snow  drifts 
through  all  the  crevices.  No  one  can 
sit  there  during  this  bitterly  cold  weath- 
er. I  am  therefore  quite  alone  in  my  log 
cabin.  I  think  of  days  gone  by,  and 
write  my  simple  narrative. 

The  aged  Urschel  has  been  confined 
for  weeks  to  Gerlach's  home,  sick  with 
pneumonia.  No  doctor  can  get  here 
through  this  deep  snow.  So  I  read  up 
in  my  books  how  her  case  should  be 
treated.  She  has  passed  the  crisis  but 
the  fever  has  left  her  in  a  weak  condi- 
tion. 

What  shall  I  begin  single-handed  in 
this  wilderness?  Shall  I  marry?  Why 
should  I  not  ?  My  income  is  sufficient  to 
support  a  wife  and  children.  Even  if  I 
am  condemned  to  this  forest  life  why 
should  I  not  surround  myself  with  a 
family  like  other  men?  If  I  decide  to- 
marry,  the  next  question  will  be,  where 
will  I  find  a  wife? 

I  journeyed  to  Albany  in  order  to  buy 
medicine.  While  there  I  visited  Kath- 
arine Weisenberg.  I  wondered  whether 
the  Van  der  Heids  with  whom  she  is 
employed  are  a  proud  family.  The  old 
gentleman  would  at  first  not  admit  me 
to  the  house.  I  insisted  that  no  one  had 
a  right  to  prevent  me,  as  a  pastor,  from 
paying  the  lady  a  visit.  This  had  the 
desired  efiFect.  Mr.  Van  der  Heid  called 
Katharine  into  the  room. 

Since  then  I  learned  why  the  name- 
pastor  produced  such  a  favorable  result 
for  me  on  the  part  of  the  Dutchman.  The 
minister,  Joshua  Von  Kocherthal,  who- 
came  to  America  with  the  first  one  hun- 
dred and  sixty  Palatines  who  emigrated" 
to  New  York  in  a  body,  at  one  time- 
drove  to  Albany  right  back  of  Mr.  Van- 
der  Heid.  The  latter  was  in  no  hurry 
and    drove    leisurely    along    the    narrow 


432 


THE  PENN  GERMANIA 


road  ahead  of  the  pastor.  The  pastor 
■called  to  him  and  kindly  requested  him 
"to  turn  out  so  that  he  mig-ht  pass  him  as 
liis  business  was  urgent.  The  proud 
Dutchman  paid  no  attention  to  the  plain 
■German  pastor,  but  drove  slowly  along 
Avhereby  the  dust  raised  by  his  team  was 
blown  into  the  preacher's  face.  This 
made  the  pastor  furious.  He  sprang 
from  the  buggy  and  with  clenched  fist 
lectured  him  about  politeness  to  German 
•pastors.  Therefore  I  had  to  thank  my 
predecessors  for  obtaining  ready  access 
to  the  home  of  Mr.  Van  der  Heid. 

Katharine  recognized  me  at  once,  and 
•greeted  me  in  a  friendly  manner.  Five 
years  ago  she  was  a  mere  child.  Now 
"before  me  stood  a  tall,  robust,  finely 
featured,  beautiful  woman.  Her  expres- 
sion showed  that  she  possessed  common 
sense.  Her  manner  was  gentle  and  mod- 
fcst.  The  prudent  Mrs.  Van  der  Heid  re- 
mained in  the  room,  and  the  conversa- 
tion was  short  and  confined  to  general 
topics.  She  was  doing  well.  She  had 
served  five  years,  and  must  remain  two 
more.  Would  she  then  come  to  Scho- 
'harie?  That  is  her  intention,  for  there 
are  her  only  relatives. 

I  left.  Had  this  girl  confused  me?  No, 
"but  w^hen  I  thought  of  matrimony  and 
reflected  upon  the  number  of  marriage- 
able maidens  of  my  acquaintance,  then 
indeed  my  thoughts  at  last  would  revert 
to  her. 

But  your  circumstances.  Pastor  Resig! 
You  will  commit  a  foolish  act.  Who  in- 
•quires  about  standing  and  family  de- 
scent in  the  wilderness  of  America?  Here 
the  courageous  and  industrious  win  who 
■do  not  think  of  yesterday  but  of  today 
and   tomorrow.      She   is  only   a   servant 


girl.     This  is  an  advantage,  because  she 
will  understand  housekeeping. 

Be  judicious,  Peter.  Do  you  want  a 
wife  or  a  housekeeper?  A  wife,  truly! 
She  shall  be  the  partaker  of  my  joys  and 
sorrows.  And  of  your  thoug'hts  and  la- 
bors, too?  The  contrast  in  culture  is 
too  great.  You  are  an  educated  man, 
she  is  a  servant  girl.  I  reason :  the  girl 
has  conmion  sense,  she  will  develop. 
Peter,  do  not  make  yourself  unhappy, 
equals  should  marry  equals !  What ! 
Equals  mated  to  equals?  Then  explain 
to  me  the  contradictions  of  nature.  The 
gentle  ]\Ir.  Gerlach  and  the  hasty,  clam- 
orous Mrs.  Gerlach,  Red  Peter  and  his 
swarthy  Gretchen,  the  bragg'art  tavern- 
keeper  and  his  gentle  ]\Iaria,  the  educat- 
ed Frenchman,  who  had  attended  five 
universities,  and  ihis  copper-colored 
squaw  w^iho  could  neither  read  not  write. 

Like  should  mate  like.  No,  unlike 
had  better  unite  with  unlike.  The  black 
with  the  red,  the  frail  with  the  strong, 
the  wise  wdth  the  stupid,  and  the  indus- 
trious wdth  the  lazy.  One  supplies  what 
the  other  lacks.  The  happiest  marriages 
result  from  the  ^possession  of  opposite 
traits.  If  the  weather  is  hot  in  July  the 
farmer  waits  for  a  thunderstorm.  Op 
posite  forces  govern  the  natural  world, 
they  make  the  life  of  man  happy  and 
cheerful.  In  wedlock  the  similarly  dis- 
posed do  not  become  reconciled  on  ac- 
count of  the  irksomeness  and  monotony. 

In  this  manner  I  reasoned  by  myself 
many  times  throughout  the  winter  and  1 
always  reached  the  same  conclusion : 
Katharine  is  an  acceptable  young  wo- 
man. She  must  serve  two  years  more 
before  she  comes  to  the  Schoharie.  I 
still  have  time  to  consider  the  matter. 


(To  be  continued.) 


History  of  Emmanuel's  Church,  Petersville,  Pa. 

By  Rev.  J.  J.  Reitz.  Waluutport,  Pa. 


I. 


rci'l/  Old  Congregation. 


HIS  is  recognized  as  the  old- 
est Lutheran  and  Reformed 
Church  in  Northampton 
County,  and  one  of  the  old- 
est in  Pennsylvania,  having 
been  started  in  1723. 

It  is  located  about  ten  miles  east  from 
AValnutport  on  the  Lehigh  River,  twenty 
miles  northwest  from  Easton  on  1,he 
Delaware  River,  and  about  six  miles 
south  of  the  Blue  Mountains. 

II. — Other  Churches  in  Vicinity  of  Very 
Early  Date. 

There  were  two  Lutheran  congrega- 
tions about  fifteen  miles  southeast  from 
Emmanuel's  Church  of  an  early  date, 
viz.,  "The  Congregation  of  the  Augs- 
burg Confession,"  in  Saucon  Township, 
near  Redington,  not  far  from  the  Le- 
bigh  River,  begun  by  Rev.  Casper  Stoe- 
ver,  Jr.,  1728-30;  the  other  was  called 
■"The  Congregation  on  the  Delaware 
River  Belonging  to  the  Lutheran  Re- 
ligion," near  Easton,  served  also  by 
Hev.  Stoever,  1728-30,  and  by  Rev. 
Birckenstock,  1739-49,  during  whose 
latter  ministration  it  is  claimed  to  have 
been  the  largest  Lutheran  congregation 
then  in  America.^ 

The  early  settlers  w^ere  busy  forming 
churches  in  this  eastern  part  of  Penn- 
sylvania. We  learn  that  the  Pennsylva- 
nia Germans  were  active  in  starting  1 
Lutheran  and  Reformed  Church  at 
Egypt  in  1734,  about  fifteen  miles  west 
from  this  church.^  About  twenty  miles 
southwest  from  the  church  of  our  sketch 
the  West  Salisbury  Church  was  started 
in   1741,  known  then  as  the  "Schmalz- 


n)  See  Pennsylvaoia  German  for  Mar.  1910,  p.  138. 
<2)  Penna.  Archives,  Sixth  Series,  Vol.VJ. 


gass  Church."  In  Upper  Milford  (Dil- 
lingersville)  the  Pennsylvania  Germans 
started  a  church  in  1735.  Others  of  an 
early  date  might  be  named  as  Saucon, 
Jordan,  Heidelberg,  New  Tripoli,  Plain- 
field,  Dryland,  "Straw  Church"  (Green- 
wich, N.  J.). 

III. — Early  Settlement. 

It  is  evident  that  the  country  above 
Easton  along  the  Delaware  River,  espe- 
cially above  the  Blue  Mountain,  was 
known  to  the  white  settlers  at  a  very 
early  date,  even  before  William  Penn 
came  to  Philadelphia  in  1682.^ 

"It  is  not  generally  known  that  prob- 
ably the  first  settlements  in  Pennsylvania 
were  not  on  the  Delaware  at  Philadelphia, 
but  some  hundred  miles  up  that  river  at 
Shawnee  in  Monroe  County,  near  Strouds- 
burg.  They  were  made  by  the  Low 
Dutch  or  Hollanders,  from  New  Neather- 
lands,  on  the  fertile,  low  lands  along  the 
Delaware,  called,  after  the  Indians  occu- 
pying them,  the  'Minisink  Flats'.  These 
lands  lay  on  both  sides  of  the  river  for 
a  number  of  miles.  When  the  first  set- 
tlement was  made  is  unknown,  and  could 
not  be  ascertained  even  from  those  liv- 
ing there  in  1787,  generally  the  grand- 
children of  the  original  settlers,  and 
who  were  merely  aware  that  it  antedated, 
many  years,  Penn's  purchase  in  1682. 
Those  who  first  came  seem  to  have  been 
Holland  Miners,  who  made  a  good  road, 
about  100  miles  long,  from  Esopus  (now 
Kingston)  on  the  Hudson  River  to  the 
Mine  Holes  on  the  Jersey  side  of  the 
Delaware  River  near  Stroudsburg.  Tradi- 
tion has  it  that  much  ore  was  hauled  from 
thence  over  the  Mine  Road,  as  it  was  call- 
ed, to  Esopus,  but  of  what  character  is 
not  known.  Seeing  the  extreme  fertility 
of  the  low  lands,  the  Dutch  soon  occupied 
them,  raising  abundant  crops  and  hauled 
their  produce  over  this  same  road  to 
Esopus,  their  market.  When  later  the 
English  reached  them  they  found  a  people 
who  knew  nothing  of  Philadelphia,  Wil- 
liam Penn  or  the  Proprietary  Govern- 
ment." 


(3)  "Frontier  Forts  of  Pa."  Vol,  1  p.  322,. 


433 


434 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


That  the  pioneer  settlers  were  ac- 
quainted with  this  section  of  the  country, 
more  than  two  and  a  half  centuries  ago, 
is  inferred  from  a  map  of  "New  Neath- 
erlands  of  1656,"  a  facsimile  of  which  is 
published  in  Pennsylvania  Archives.  In 
said  map  the  country  is  well  marked  from 
the  Hudson  River  to  the  Delaware  River 
and  even  to  the  Lehigh  River,  in  which 
tract  our  church  is  located. 

IV. — Contcmpoyancons  Events. 

The  year  1723  when  this  church  was 
founded  brings  us  back  so  far  that  it 
will  no  doubt  be  agreeable  to  recall  some 
contemporaneous  historical  events  in  this 
part  of  Pennsylvania.  Only  a  few  miles 
east  of  this  church  in  1740.  seventeen 
years  after  the  founding  of  this  church, 
the  Moravians  worked  with  George 
AVhitefield  at  Nazareth  to  erect  a  big 
stone  structure  for  a  school  for  colored 
children  ;  which  structure  while  yet  uii- 
completed  together  with  5000  acres  of 
land  was  purchased  in  1743  by  the  Mo- 
ravians to  be  used  for  a  different  pur- 
pose and  eventually  to  become  the  repos- 
itory for  the  Moravian  Historical  Socie- 
ty. "Nazareth  Hall"  is  also  there, 
founded  in  1759  and  used  as  a  Boys' 
Military  Boarding  School.  In  1741  the 
Moravians  started  Bethlehem  together 
with  church  and  school,  about  ten  miles 
south  of  this  church.  In  Allen  Town- 
ship, which  adjoins  Moore  Township, 
where  our  church  is  located,  the  so-call- 
ed "Irish  settlement"  was  made  by  Wil- 
liam and  Thomas  Craig  and  others  be- 
tween the  years  1728  and  1733,  as  it  is 
said.  About  20  miles  to  the  southwest 
the  Moravians  built  a  church  at  Emaus 
in  1742,  and  the  Lutherans  one  in  Ma- 
cungie  in   1750. 

At  that  time.  1723,  the  locality  of  this 
church  was  a  part  of  Bucks  County,  and 
in  the  district  then  known  as  Forks 
Township. 

The  founding  of  Emmanuel's  Church 
at  Pctersville  in  1723,  often  called  the 
Petersville  Church,  antedates  the  com- 
ing to  America  of  Rev.  Dr.  H.  M. 
^Muhlenberg,  the  recognized  patriarch  of 


the  Lutheran  Church  in  America,  in 
1742,  as  well  as  that  of  his  greatest  ef- 
fort, viz.,  the  organization  of  the  oldest 
Lutheran  Synod  in  America  in  1748.  It 
antedates  the  founding  or  laying  out  inio 
town  lots  of  Easton  ("East  town")  irr 
1752  at  the  Forks  of  the  Delaware  Riv- 
er, and  the  log  house  of  David  Martin, 
built  1739.  as  well  as  the  surveying  in 
1736  of  the  "thousand  acre  tract"  0:1 
which  Easton  now  stands,  for  Thomas: 
Penn,  by  Benjamin  Eastburn.  It  ante- 
dates the  state  road  from  Easton  to 
Reading  in  1753,  known  as  the  "King's 
Highwav."  It  antedates  the  founding  of 
Allentown  by  James  Allen  in  1762,  and 
Allen's  house  at  that  place  which  sur- 
veyor D.  Schulze  mentions  in  his  re- 
port of  laying  out  the  road  from  Eastoit 
to  Reading  in  1753.  At  the  Delaware 
River  above  Stroudsburg,  about  twenty 
miles  northeast  of  this  church  there 
were  settlements  by  the  Dutch  and  Hu- 
guenots prior  to  the  founding  of  this 
church,  which  were  in  a  flourishing  con- 
dition long  before. 

The  turbulent  times  of  the  French  and 
Indian  War,  the  Indian  INIiassacres,  and 
the  vear  T7S6  when  the  Provincial  Gov- 
ernment of  Pennsylvania  had  stationed 
twentv-five  soldiers  in  "Peter  Doll's 
Blockhouse''  adjoining  the  Emmanue? 
Church  land  on  the  north  to  protect  the 
settlers,  the  terrible  massacre  at  "Gna- 
den  Huetten,"  which  excited  also  this- 
locality,  the  Revolutionary  War  in  which 
many  brave  ones  from  this  district  took 
part,  and  "Fries'  Rebellion,"  in  whiclt 
some  peor^le  from  this  section  were  en- 
gaged.— all  these  happened  long  after  the 
founding  of  this  old  congregatioiT 
known  now  as  Emmanuel's  Church. 

A'. — Whence    came    those    earlv    settlers 
7(7/0  founded  tJiis  clnirch  in  t^j^T 

This  question  has  often  been  asked  by 
clergymen  and  others  as  they  met  anJ 
discussed  the  early  founding  of  the 
church.  We  will  try  to  answer  the  ques- 
tion. The  early  settlers  were  unaue?- 
tiinably  Germans,  mostly  Palatines  who,-r> 
we  now  call   Pennsylvania  Germans.  Ii'b 


HISTORY  OF   EMMANUEL  S  CHURCH 


435 


the  early  part  of  the  i8th  century  the 
two  chief  landing-  ])laces  in  America  for 
the  German  immigrants  were  New  York 
and  IMiiladelpliia — Xevv  York  taking-  the 
lead  during  the  first  and  even  second 
decade  thereof,  and  I'hiladelphia  decid- 
edly thereafter.  I'^rom  tliese  two  center^ 
of  trade  the  Palatine  sctllers  spread  out 
and  penetrated  into  the  interior  of  the 
country  to  find  and  possess  their  future 
houTes.  And  it  seems  that  right  here  in 
this  locality  in  Northampton  County, 
they  met  from  both  places.  At  that  early 


date  traveling"  from  l'hiladeli)hia  up  to 
this  locality  was  rather  tedious.  But 
from  New  York  to  this  place  there  was 
a  better  road.  Reference  has  already 
been  made  to  the  "Mine  Road"  in  a  quo- 
tation from  the  able  pen  of  Captain 
Richards  in  "iM-ontier  Facts,"  published 
by  the  State  of  Pennsylvania.  The  way 
of  travel  from  New  York  to  this  place 
seems  to  have  been  up  the  Hudson  River 
to  Esopus  (mow  Kingston),  thence  over 
the  "Mine  Road"  to  the  Delaware  River 
near  Stroudsburg,  then  over  the  Indian 


Emmanuel's  Church,  Petersville,  Pa. 


trails  along  the  north  side  of  the  Blue 
]\Iountains  and  through  the  several  gap.^ 
south  into  the  fertile  district  of  North- 
ampton County,  of  which  gaps  W'inw 
Gap  and  Smith's  Gap  seemed  most  used. 
In  a  map  of  the  "Middle  British  Colo- 
nies" published  1755,  there  is  a  well  de- 
fined road  from  Kingston  on  the  Hud- 
son to  Stroudsburg  on  the  Delawar..\ 
and  thence  along  the  north  side  of  the 
Blue  Mountains  to  and  through  the  Wind 
Gap  into  the  country  south  of  the  Blue 
Mountains,   where     the  church     of  our 


sketch  is  located.  The  same  route  was 
made  use  of  by  the  celebrated  Conrad 
Weiser  in  August,  1750,  when  he  was 
commissioned  by  the  Virginia  Govern- 
ment to  carry  a  message  to  the  Indians 
near  the  Canadian  boundary  above  the 
Hudson.  Rev.  Dr.  H.  M.  Muhlenberg, 
his  son-in-law,  who  accompanied  him 
from  Bethlehem  to  the  Hudson  River, 
definitely  describes  this  route  as  fol- 
lows :* 


(4)    Halle  "Repjrts,"  354-3.=) 


436 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


"My  father-in-law,  Mr.  Conrad  Weiser, 
was  commissioned  by  tlie  royal  govern- 
ment of  Virginia  to  carry  a  message  to 
the  Indian  Nations  who  live  towards  the 
borders  of  Canada,  (above  Albany,  N.  Y. ) 
To  that  place  he  had  to  travel  through 
the  provinces  of  New  Jersey  and  New 
York  over  300  miles,  and  he  offered  to 
take  one  of  us  along  free  of  expense  to 
Rev.  Hartwick,  because  he  would  pass 
near  him,  (at  Rheinbeck  near  Kingston 
on  the  Hudson).  On  August  17,  (1750) 
we  continued  our  journey  from  Bethle- 
hem to  Nazareth  ten  miles;  thence  to  a 
hotel    five    miles;    thence    across    the    Blue 


Mountain  and  to  a  Low  Dutchman  at  the 
boundary  of  Pennsylvania  thirty-six  miles 
(Depui  near  Stroudsburg) ;  thence  across 
the  Delaware  River  and  in  New  Jersey 
thirty-two  miles  to  a  Ref.  Low  Dutch. 
Minister;  thence  through  New  Jersey  and 
into  New  York  Province  to  a  Spaniard 
forty  miles;  thence  through  New  York  to 
Kingston  on  the  Hudson  River  forty-one 
miles." 

In  explanatory  notes  to  "Halle  Re- 
ports" by  Drs.  W.  J.  ]\Iann  and  B.  M. 
Schnnicker  we   read  :^ 


Emmanuel's  Church  and  Public  School 
Children. 


"Samuel  Depui,  a  real  Walloon  and 
Huguenot,  who  had  originally  settled  at 
Esopus,  was  already  in  1725  living  in  that 
country  at  the  Delaware  called  Minni- 
Binks.  Generally  the  country  along  the 
Delaware  Water  Gap  which  expands  into 
that  broad  valley  was  settled  very  early, 
and  there  was  much  more  communication 
with  New  Jersey  and  the  country  about 
the  Hudson  then  with  Pennsylvania,  (Dr. 
W.  H.  Egle's  Hist,  of  Pa.  p.  1050).  At 
Depui's  house  Muhlenberg  and  Weiser 
crossed  the  Delaware,  went  up  along  the 
east  side  of  the  river  and  came  on  one  of 
the  oldest  roads  in  the  country,  which  led 
from  Esopus  through  the  valley  north  of 
the  Schamankung  Hills  (White  Hills)   and 


then  in  a  southwesterly  direction  through 
a  country  already  settled  in  the  17th  cent, 
through  New  Jersey  to  the  upper  Dela- 
ware. Count  Zinzendorf  had  used  the 
same  road  in  August  and  September,  1742, 
in  his  journey  to  the  missionary  station 
Schecomeco, 

That  "Mine  Road"  from  the  Hudson 
River  to  the  Delaware  River !  The  fol- 
lowing- is  from  the  able  editor  of  "Every- 
body's coltimn,"  Philadelphia  Inquirer, 
of  December  13,  1910: 

(5)  Vol  1  p.  .597. 

(tj)  Memoir  of  the  Moravian  Church  J,  p.45f. 


HISTORY  OF  Emmanuel's  church 


437 


"When  Surveyor  Scull  was  sent,  in  the 
year  1730,  to  investigate  the  settlements 
about  the  Blue  Mountain  and  the  Dela- 
ware, he  found  about  five  miles  east  of 
what  is  now  Stroudsburg  the  settlement  of 
Samuel  Depuis,  a  French  Huguenot,  who 
had  come  there  at  least  six  years  before 
from   Esopus,   N.    Y. 

"Depuis  told  Scull  that  when  the  rivers 
were  frozen  he  had  a  good  road,  some  100 
miles  long,  along  the  'Mine  Road'  from 
Mine  Holes  to  Esopus,  whither  he  was 
in  the  habit  of  taking  his  wheat  and 
cider,  and  exchange  them  for  salt  and 
other  necessities. 


"But  when  questioned  as  to  when  and 
by  whom  Mine  Road  had  been  built,  all 
he  could  tell  him  was  a  traditional  story 
to  the  effect  that,  in  some  former  age,  a 
company  of  miners,  persecuted  at  home 
for  their  religion,  had  come  from  Holland, 
and  after  working  two  mines  with  re- 
markable success  in  that  section,  had 
bought  the  land  from  the  Indians,  the  lat- 
ter subsequently  removing  to  the  Susque- 
hanna. 

"The  story  handed  down  to  us  by  Scull, 
is,  we  believe,  the  only  genesis  of  Mine 
Road   known   at   this  date." 


Inside  View  of  Emmanuel's  Church,  Petersville,  Pa. 


At  the  head  waters  of  the  Delaware 
River  above  Stroudsburg  there  is  even 
now  a  mining  company  at  work  about 
six  miles  below  Port  Jervis,  which  is 
said  to  'have  invested  a  capital  of  three 
hundred  thousand  dollars,  having  a  com- 
plete outfit  of  machinerv  and  smelter  to 
produce  copper,  etc.  There  are  caves  and 
tunnels  into  the  mountain  showing  all 
evidence  of  mining  operations  many 
years  ago — may  have  been  between  two 
and  three  centuries  ago. 


We  may  readily  draw  the  conclusion 
that  not  only  miners  used  that  ^lino 
Road,  but  also  steady  settlers  went  over 
it  from  New  York  to  Pennsylvania,  and 
that  some  pushed  their  way  still  farther 
into  the  interior  over  the  Indian  trail 
from  Stroudsburg  along  the  north  side 
of  the  Blue  Mountain  to  the  Wind  Gap 
or  Smith's  Gap  and  through  them  into 
the  desirable  country  about  Emmanuel'.? 
Church.  -     .. 


438 


THE  PENN  GERMANIA 


VI. — Palatines  also  came  by  zvay  of  Nczv 
York  to  Pennsylvania  in  the  vi- 
cinity of  Stroiidsburg,  during  the 
early  part  of  the  eighteenth  cen- 
tury, and  most  likely  over  that 
Mine  Road. 

In  a  g^eneral  description  of  the  Lu- 
theran Church  in  America,  as  recorded 
in  "Halle  Reports"  by  Revs.  :\Iuhlenbero-, 
Brunnholtz  and  Handschuh,  on  the  9th 
of  July,  1754.  we  read: 

"In  the  second  period,  in  the  years  1708, 
1709,  1710  to  1720,  when  the  great  migra- 
tion from  the  Palatinate  to  England  took 
place,  and  of  which  a  large  number  were 
sent  to  the  Province  of  New  York  under 
Queen  Anna,  not  only  a  few  of  those 
came  to  Pennsylvania  ...  In  the  fol- 
lowing third  period,  from  about  the  year 
1720  to  1730,  the  number  of  German 
Lutherans  from  the  Palatinate,  the  King- 
dom, Wuertemberg,  Darmstaedt,  and  other 
places  had  increased.  Also  many  families 
came  here  from  New  York  who  had  sono 
there  under  Queen  Anna.  These  have 
scattered  and  settled  in  all  parts  in  the 
Province   (of  Penn.)"^ 

Conrad  Weiser.  the  celebrated  leader 
of  the  Palatines  who  had  settled  at  Scho- 
harie. N.  Y.,  in  1 712,  and  who  later 
came  with  sixty  families  in  1729  by  way 
of  the  Susquehanna  River  to  their  fu- 
ture home  at  Tulpehocken,  Pa.,  must 
have  had  intended  to  settle  in  this  part 
of  Pennsylvania  near  Stroudsbur.c^  or  to 
help  his  friends  and  other  Palatines  to 
homes,  and  no  doubt  he  came  over  that 
Mine  Road,  or  part  way,  as  we  infer 
from  a  letter  of  Secretary  Logan  to  Con- 
rad Weiser. 

"Philad   8th  June,   1727. 
"Conrad  Weiser: 

"Sir:  Being  informed  not  only  of  thy 
settling  our  Proptr  Lands  on  ye  River 
Delaware,  but  of  thy  undertaking  to  sell 
them  to  others  on  pretence  of  an  authority 
so  to  doe,  I  could  not  at  first  give  any 
credit  to  the  story  till  it  was  afterwards, 
to  my  great  surprize,  confirmed  by  sev- 
eral hands.  I  remember  eithor  thyself, 
or  somebody  for  thee,  shewd  mo,  at  my 
house,  a  few  Lines  from  John  Penn,  direct- 
ed as  I  remember,  to  one  of  the  Trustees 


of  this  Province,  recommending  thee  to 
him  to  make  some  agreemt  with  thee,  or 
at  least  to  give  thee  some  encouragement. 
But  sure  I  am  that  no  agreemt  was  ever 
made  with  thee,  nor  any  Power  ever  giv- 
en thee,  by  which  thou  canst  justify  thy 
proceedings.  Therefore,  Pray,  left  common 
sense  and  Honesty  so  far  prevail  with  thee 
as  to  forbear  imposing  on  any  others  un- 
der those  frivolous  pretences,  otherwise  all 
that  are  concernd  with  thee  as  thyself  may 
assure  yourselves  that  you  must  suffer  for 
your  Trespasses.  If  thou  makes  a  proper 
use  of  this  Letter,  (of  wch  I  have  given  a 
copy  to  be  shown  to  those  who  deal  with 
thee,)  it  may  prevent  further  trouble  and 
confusion,  which  is  the  real  desire  of 
Thy    well    wishing    friend, 

J.   L0GAN."8 

Secretary  James  Log'an  seems  to  have 
been  scheming  that  the  younger  William 
Penn  should  possess  these  rich  low  lands 
at  the  Delaware  above  Stroudsburg  as 
a  part  of  his  10,000  acre  share,  depriving 
thereby  the  poor  Palatines  and  others  of 
their  settlement  and  improvements  there- 
on, and  what  they  paid  for  it  to  the  In- 
dians. No  wonder  that  those  poor  Pal- 
atines penetrated  further  into  the  inte- 
rior of  Pennsylvania  to  make  their 
homes,  where  they  would  not  be  so  much 
molested  by  ofificiotis  persons.  May  we 
not  infer  that  some  of  them  at  that  time, 
as  well  as  before  and  afterwards,  jour- 
neyed west  along  the  r)lue  Mountains  to 
the  Wind  Gap  and  to  Smith's  Gap  and 
then  south  into  what  is  now  Northamp- 
ton County,  to  seek  new  homes  ?  This  is 
made  more  plausible  when  we  quote 
again  from  a  letter  of  Secretary  James 
Logan  to  Thomas  Penn,  dated  at  Phila- 
delphia, November  27,  1727. 

"About  William's  Share,  which  thou 
particularly  recommends,  I  have  been  anx- 
ious, but  there  are  certain  rich  low  Lands 
on  Delaware,  near  a  hundred  miles  north- 
ward on  a  Straight  Line,  not  far  from  a 
Dutch  Settlement,  at  a  place  called  Mack- 
hackomack,  in  Jersey,  and  on  the  Confines 
of  N.  York  Government,  which  Settlement 
is  about  50  miles  from  Kingston  or  Bsop- 
us,  on  Hudson's  River.  A  certain  German 
of  the  Palatinate,  named  Conradt  Wyser, 
who  was  with  thee  at  Ruscomb  or  Lon- 
don    in     the     year     1723,  treating  about 


(7)  Halle  Reports  305,  30r;i  Vol.  p.  I'.M,  !!«>, 


(8)  Penn.  Archives.  Snd  Series.  Vol.  VII,  p.  99,  lOO 


HISTORY   OF   EMMANUEL  S  CHURCH 


439 


Lands,  recevd  a  few  Lines  from  thee  at 
Lond,  wrote  from  Ruscomb,  which  only 
shew  that  you  had  talked  about  somewhat, 
but  mention  not  so  much  as  the  word  Land. 
A  friend  of  his  also  made  affldavid  about 
some  words  that  passed  between  thy  Moth- 
er and  Wyser  concerning  Land  here.  From 
these  that  fellow  has  had  the  assurance 
to  pretend  a  power  from  you  to  Sell  Lands, 
and  thereupon  made  an  agreement  with 
several  People  for  parcels  of  those  rich 
Tracts  I  have  mentioned,  upon  which  they 
have  proceeded  to  purchase  Rights  of  the 
Indians  at  excessive  prices.  Being  in- 
formed of  this,  I  did  what  lay  in  my  power 
to  make  those  people  sensible  of  the  Cheat, 
that  their  purchases  of  the  Indians  were 
against  our  Laws,  and  their  agreement 
■with  Wyser  was  of  no  validity.  One  J. 
Crook,  of  Kingston,  in  N.  York  Govern- 
ment, has  wrote  to  thee  about  those  Lands, 
but  having  no  answer,  he  endeavored  to 
take  a  shorter  method,  which  was  to  pur- 
chase in  this  town  old  unlocated  Original 
Rights  from  thy  father's  sales  in  England, 
"by  Lease  and  Release,  with  a  design  to  lay 
these  on  such  parcels  as  they  have  paid 
for  to  the  Indians.  We,  the  Trustees, 
coming  about  ten  days  since  to  the  knowl- 
edge of  this,  to  prevent,  as  far  as  we  could, 
such  irregular  practices,  resolved  to  lay 
thy  Nephew  William's  Right  on  these 
Lands,  and  have  actually  sent  up  the 
Surveyor  Genl,  with  two  others.  .  .  .  Yet 
as  it  is  not  above  60  miles  or  thereabouts 
■from  Hudson's  River,  the  Dutch  People  of 
1^.  York  Government  sett  a  very  great 
value  upon  it,  and  were  it  clear  from  In- 
dian claims,  would  sell  readily  for  good 
Pay  and  at  a  high  rate,  perhaps  60  or  70 
lbs.  p.  100  acres,  if  not  more.  These  bot- 
toms, I  mean,  for  the  rest  is  good  for 
nothing." 

The  Palatines  bciiiQ'  deprived  of  those 
*'rich  bottoms."  antl  the  neig^hboring' 
lands  being"  mountainous,  "g"ood  for 
nothing,"  as  Secretary  Logan  writes, 
they  went  farther  into  the  interior  of 
Pennsylvania,  some  even  farther  than  to 
this  Emmanuel's  Church. 

Kapp,  in  his  book  "The  Germans  in 
New  York  State,"  p.  68.  relates  of  the 
Palatines  and  their  troubles  about  17 18: 

"Weiser  seems,  after  he  had  long  waited 
in  vain  for  a  decision,  to  have  decided  to 
migrate  to  Pennsylvania,  in  case  land 
would  he  offered  there  to  him  and  his 
•countrymen." 

]\Iore  than  a  score  of  years  ago  old 


farmers  near  this  church  related  to  the 
writer  how  in  their  boyhood  days  they 
accompanied  their  parents  on  bij^  farm 
wagons  to  market,  sometimes  to  the 
Hudson  River  and  sometimes  to  Phila- 
delphia, also  the  tradition  that  in  the 
i8th  century  the  farmers  frequently 
drove  to  the  Hudson  River — on  the  route 
through  the  Wind  Gap.  along  the  north- 
ern base  of  the  Blue  Mountains  to 
Stroudsburg  and  then  throug-h  New  Jer- 
sey and  New  York  states  to  Kingston, 
We  may  also  mention  that  at  Port  Jervis 
the  Delaware  River  is  onlv  about  thirty- 
five  miles  distant  from  the  Hudson 
River. 

A  ministerial  friend  of  the  writer  has 
suggested  that  some  of  the  names  of 
the  early  Palatines  in  New  York  about 
1 710  and  some  of  those  found  early  hi 
Northampton  countv  are  similar.  By 
referring  to  "Rupp's  ^0.000  Names,"  (p. 
446),  "Names  of  Male  Palatines  above 
twenty-one  years  old,  in  Livingstone 
Manor,  N.  Y..  in  the  winter  of  1710,  and 
summer  171  t."  we  find  many  familiar 
names,  such  as  are  found  at  the  present 
day  in  Northampton  County,  among 
which  mav  be  nientioned :  Maurer, 
crueller  (Miller).  ^lerkel.  SchaeflFer, 
Friederich,  Spannheimer  (Spoonheini- 
er).  Laux,  Heidt  (Haydt),  Hambach 
(Heinbach),  Baell  (Beil).  Bender,  Hofif- 
mann,  Wagner.  Straub.  Keller.  Becker, 
Mann.  Eberhard.  Kremer.  Ross,  Reich- 
art,  ]\rond,  Kiefifer.  Emrich,  Mayer, 
Mohr,  Riegel,  Scheib.  Weller,  Jung 
(Young),  Finck,  Schuetz  (Schitz),  We- 
ber, Georg,  Eckert,  Fuchs  (Fox),  Key- 
ser.  Schultz,  vSchneider.  Bast  (or  Best), 
Fischer.  Ranch.  Weiss.  Busch.  Schuc 
(Schuck).  Schneider,  Schmidt.  Meis- 
singcr  (Messinger).  Rieth.  Mauck 
(}kiack).  Koch.  Schumacher.  Loewengut 
(Leibenguth)  :  and  from  the  "Names  of 
Heads  of  families,  remaining  in  the  City 
of  New  York.  1710."  Wannenmacher, 
Lampert.  Werner,  Lintz,  Gabel,  Kueh- 
ner.  Neff.  Zoellner.  Klein.  Erb.  Beyer 
(Boyer).  Buers  (Beers),  Gossinger 
(Geissinger).  Vogt. 

Of  course  it  is  not  claimed  that  all  of 
the  above  came  originally  from  Living- 


440 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


stone  Manor,  Schoharie  and  other  New 
York  places  to  Northampton  County. 
We  present  the  list  to  show  the  com- 
mon relationship.  Some  may  have  come 
from  that  direction  as  we  believe. 

VII. — Squatters. 

No  doubt  the  very  earliest  settlers  in 
this  section  were  mostly  so-called  squat- 
ters, who  had  no  deed  from  the  Penns 
for  the  land  they  occupied.  At  that  time 
during-  the  first  part  of  the  i8th  century, 
as  well  as  at  various  other  times,  squat- 
ters were  known  as  persons  who  lived 
on  lands,  which  they  claimed  as  their 
own,  for  which  they  had  no  legal  title  or 
deed. 

William  Penn's  purchase  from  the  In- 
dians in  1686,  of  lands  northward  from 
Philadelphia,  practically  made  the  Le- 
high River  the  northern  boundary,  that 
is  wfhere  the  Lehigh  River  flows  east- 
wardly  from  Allentown  to  Easton.  The 
part  of  Northampton  County,  to  the 
tnorth  of  said  river  was  not  purchasable 
from  the  Penns  till  after  the  "Walking 
Purchase  of  1737."  Incidentally  it  may 
be  mentioned  here  that  Edward  Mar- 
shall, the  pioneer  of  said  "Walking  Pur- 
chase," must  have  passed  close  by  this 
churc'h,  while  on  his  way  fro^m  Bethle- 
hem to  Smith's  Gap,  where  it  is  said  he 
crossed  the  Blue  Mountain.  Smith's 
Gap  is  nine  miles  west  from  Wind  Gap, 
and  four  miles  east  from  Danielsville 
Gap  and  nine  miles  from  Lehigh  Gap. 
and  Emmanuel's  Church  is  on  the  direct 
line  between  Bethlehem  and  Smith's 
Gap.  Flights  of  imagination  may  lead 
us  to  surmise  that  perhaps  those  stray 
settlers  near  our  church  in  1737  cheered 
Edward  Marshall  on  his  swift  walk  ani 
even  gave  him  a  glass  of  cider  to  hasten 
him  onward  so  that  he  might  continue 
twenty  miles  farther  north  to  cut  bis  ax 
at  the  end  of  the  day  into  the  tree  mark- 
ing the  northern  limits  of  the  land 
thrown  open  to  the  white  settlers,  thus 
removing  the  redmen  so  much  farther. 

Tberefore  we  do  not  look  for  record*, 
or  deeds  from  William  Penn  or  his  sons 
for  the  earliest  white  settlers  at  Emman^ 


uel's  Church,  Northampton  County.  But 
from  various  other  sources  we  draw  our 
inference  that  the  Palatines  were  here 
about  1723,  made  friends  with  the  In- 
dians and  sought  places  to  make  a  liv- 
ing, whether  they  could  buy  the  land 
from  the  Penns  or  not. 

Secretary  Logan  writes  to  John  Peniv 
in  1727, 

"We  have  many  thousands  of  foreigners, 
mostly  Palatines,  so  called,  already  in  ye 
countrey  of  whom  near  1500  came  in  this- 
last  summer  .  .  .  these  sorts  sitt  fre- 
quently down  on  any  spott  of  vacant  Laud 
they  can  find,  without  asking  questions, 
the  last  Palatines  say  there  will  be  twice- 
the  number  next  year,  and  ye  Irish  say  ye 
same  of  their  people.  .  .  .  They  say  the 
Proprietor  invited  People  to  come  and  set- 
tle his  countrey,  they  are  come  for  that 
end,  and  must  live;  both  they  and  the  Pal- 
atines pretend  they  would  buy,  but  not  one 
in  twenty  has  anything  to  pay  with."9 

Indeed  those  early  Palatines  were- 
poor  after  they  had  been  robbed  of  their 
homes  and  most  other  possessions  in  th>* 
old  country.  No  wonder  that  Secretary 
Logan  complains  in  1727  that  they  "Sitt 
frequently  down  on  any  spott  of  vacant 
Land  they  can  find  without  asking 
questions,"  in  order  that  they  might  eke 
out  a  bare  existence.  In  the  book  last 
referred  to,  p.  114,  we  read  of  a  com- 
plaint by  the  Proprietors,  John  Penn, 
Thomas  Penn  and  Rich  Penn  to  the 
Trustees  in  1728, 

"And  on  this  head  wee  must  beg  leave 
to  observe,  that  as  within  these  few  years 
there  have  been  several  persons,  as  well 
others  as  Palatines,  that  have  seated  them- 
selves on  Lands  without  purchasing  them.'" 

Many  Palatines  also  settled  early  in 
western  New  Jersey,  near  what  is  now 
Northampton  County.  After  Willianr 
Penn  had  died  in  1718,  his  trustees,  to 
liquidate  his  indebtedness,  offered  espe- 
cially his  belonging  in  the  western  parr 
of  New  Jersey,  from  Trenton  to  Port 
Jervis.  Many  Palatines  took  advantage 
of  the  opportunity.  Considering  the. 
zealous,    fearless    Palatines    standing   on^ 

{i>)  Penn,  Arch.  ;hid.. Series,  Vol.  VII,  p.  103,  104. 


HISTORY    OF    EMMANUEL  SCHUKCl  I 


44  D 


the  eastern  shore  of  the  Delaware  River 
above  Philipsburg  near  Easton  lookinjj 
across  the  river  into  the  inviting  Penn- 
sylvania part  of  Northampton  County. 
we  do  not  wonder  that  some  transgress- 
ed over  into  the  land  which  one  couM 
then  hope  would  soon  be  also  offered  to 
settlers. 

Considering  also  that  there  was  a 
mighty  migration  of  Palatines,  the  trans- 
planting the  Palatinate  to  eastern  Penn- 
sylvania, when  especially  during  the  first 
half  of  the  i8th  century,  many  thou- 
sand Palatines  came  over,  we  need  not 
be  nonplussed  when  we  can  not  trace 
them  all  in  the  colonial  records  as  to 
their  whereabouts,  homes,  vocations,  etc. 
They  scattered  in  all  directions,  but  they 
were  shrewd  enough  to  find  the  most 
fertile  or  desirable  farming  spots  in 
eastern  Pennsylvania,  even  though  they 
had  to  go  far  and  at  times  live  on  un- 
purchasable  ground.  All  evidence  points 
to  that.  Right  here  in  this  isolated  farm- 
ing community  about  Emmanuel's 
Church  we  see  their  marks  and  monu- 
ments. Long  old  stone  fences,  looking 
more  like  stone  walls,  and  substantial  old 
stone  and  log  buildings  are  yet  here  and 
there  in  evidence.  Only  a  few  miles  east 
of  this  church  there  is,  for  example,  an 
old  stone  house  now  the  home  of  David 
Hall,  which  bears  the  inscription, 
"Erected  in  1715." 

Not  only  the  scum  of  the  Palatinate 
came  over,  not  only  those  who  could  not 
well  get  along  with  their  neighbors  at 
home,  not  only  the  adventurous,  not  only 
the  outcast, — but  nearly  everybody  came, 
so  that  it  was  truly  a  transplanting  of  the 
Palatinate,  bringing  the  characteristics 
along  which  the  Alemanni  and  Franks 
exhibited  at  the  Rhine  already  in  the 
fourth  century. 

Permit  a  quotation  from  Bayard  Tay- 
lor's History  of  Germany,  pp.  47  and  48. 
referring  to  events  about  the  middle  of 
the  fourth  century : 

"The  King  of  the  latter  (Alemanni), 
Chnodomar,  had  collected  a  large  army, 
with  which  he  encountered  Julian  (after- 
wards Emperor  at  Rome)   on  the  banks  of 


the  Rhine,  near  Strasburg.  The  battle- 
which  ensued  was  fiercely  contested;  but 
Julian  was  completely  victorious.  .  .  . 
Julian  finally  accepted  an  armistice  of  ten 
months,  then  marched  a  second  time- 
against  the  Alemanni.  He  laid  waste  their 
well-settled  and  cultivated  land  betweeui 
the  Rhine,  the  Main  and  the  Necker,  .  .  . 
and  made  the  entire  Alemanni  people  trib- 
utary to  the  Empire.  Not  many  years 
elapsed  before  the  Franks  and  Alemanni' 
again  overran  the  old  boundaries." 

We  thereby  see  the  chief  characteris- 
tics of  the  Alemanni  and  Franks,  the- 
ancestOTS  of  the  Palatines  and  ergo  the 
Pennsylvania  Germans,  zvcU  settled  and' 
cultivated  land,  pertinacity,  and  independ- 
ence, and  to  engage  in  tierce  contest' 
should  an  enemy  appear.  So  these  (jer-- 
man  pioneers  who  first  settled  in  the- 
vicinity  of  Emmanuel's  Church  seem  to- 
have  sought  homes  where  there  are  hills 
and  valleys  as  in  their  Fatherland,  to 
build  their  log  huts  at  the  foot  of  the 
hills  where  the  crystal  spring  water 
gushes  forth,  and  where  they  could  till 
the  soil  in  an  independent  way  especially 
in  the  friendly  domain  of  William  Penn, 
and  where  they  could  impart  to  their  de- 
scendants a  stick-to-itiveness,  and  where 
they  could  worship  their  God  according 
to  the  dictates  of  their  own  consciences. 

Vni — Location. 

Emmanuel's  Church  is  on  elevated 
ground.  Strangers  coming  here  note 
this  at  once,  and  generally  are  soon  heard 
to  admire  the  beautiful  high  location  of" 
this  house  of  worship.  The  forefathers 
of  this  church  selected  a  flat  on  the  most 
elevated  hill  in  the  neighborhood  for  their 
church  and  burial  place.  From  the 
church  a  person  can  look  over  the  sur- 
rounding country  for  many  miles  in  alt 
directions,  a  beautiful  scenery  of  well- 
tilled  fields,  cozy  farm  homes,  and  thrifty 
villages.  Tradition  has  it  that  in  times 
of  the  Indian  disturbances,  during  the- 
middle  of  the  18th  century,  the  people 
used  to  gather  at  the  church,  as  a  place 
of  refuge  and  for  mutual  protection  and' 
a  general  inspection  of  the  surrounding- 
country. 


442 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


IX — First  Church. 

It  is  hard  to  give  a  definite  description 
of  the  first  church,  where  the  present 
Emmanuel  Church  stands.  Tradition  has 
it  that  the  first  church  was  huih  of  logs 
and  stood  about  200  feet  south  of  th'.' 
present  church,  which  latter  stands  just 
■soitth  of  the  public  road  leading  from 
Petersville  to  Crossroad.  As  evidence  >)t 
the  above  fact  people  point  to  a  hoUov/ 
in  the  field  where  some  of  the  foundation 
wall  of  the  first  church  of  1723  is  still 
intact,  and  from  which  people  now  liv- 
ing say  they  removed  some  stones  while 
plowing  only  a  few  years  ago.  Within 
the  enclosure  of  said  foundation  wall 
rest  the  remains  of  one  of  the  first  min- 
sters of  this  church.  Rev.  John  Egidius 
Hecker,  who  was  buried  under  the  altar 
of  the  church,  according  to  the  custom 
then  in  vogue.  Many  years  afterwards 
after  the  first  church  building  had  deteri- 
orated and  been  torn  down,  an  apple  tree 
grew  and  stood  for  many  years  as  a  liv- 
ing memorial  until  in  1873  when  the 
present  appropriate  monument  was 
'erected. 

Time. — As  to  the  time  wihen  the  first 
■church  was  built  we  have  nothing  defi- 
nite. 1723  is  the  date  recognized  official- 
ly by  the  congregation  as  the  time  of  its 
origin.  It  is  thus  inscribed  with  large, 
brilliant  letters  in  the  church.  Reunions 
are  held  accordingly.  Historians  of 
nearly  half  a  century  ago  accepted  that 
date,  as  the  time  when  the  first  church 
was  erected. 

Although  we  have  none  of  the  original 
records  at  hand  to  show  that  the  first 
church  was  founded  in  1723,  there  is  cir- 
cumstantial evidence  that  it  was  begun 
very  early.  There  had  been  a  farm  witli 
the  church  from  the  beginning — one  of 
the  choice  pieces  of  land  in  the  neighbor- 
hood. Other  land  around  the  Church 
'^roperty  was  taken  up  'by  the  settlers 
very  early  as  the  records  and  deeds  show. 
It  seems  that  early  settlers  in  this  com- 
munity lived  on  parcels  of  land,  long  be- 
fore such  land  was  purchasable  from  the 
Penns.   and   that   bv   mutual   consent   or 


agreement  this  present  church  land  was 
not  to  be  encroached  upon  by  any  one 
for  his  own  private  use,  but  to  be  re- 
served as  the  most  desirable  place  for 
church  and  burial.  Soon  after  the 
"Walking  Purchase  of  1737."  when  war- 
rants for  land  were  obtainable  in  this  part 
of  Northampton  County,  some  of  the 
land  around  the  church  was  taken  up  le- 
gally. We  refer  to  the  Pa.  Archives, 
Third  Series,  \^ol.  XXIV  and  find  that 
Christian  Doll  took  out  a  warrant  for 
150  A.  on  Sept.  18,  1739,  adjoining  the 
church  land  on  the  northwest.  To  the 
north  of  It  Rowland  Smith  took  out  a 
warrant  for  100  A.  on  July  3,  1738,  and 
for  50  A.  on  March  2,  1744.  Not  all  the 
land  in  the  vicinity  of  the  church  was 
legally  taken  up  at  once  but  gradually, 
as  original  settlers  could  raise  the  m'oney 
to  pay  for  it,  where  no  doubt  some  had 
lived  for  many  years  previous,  and  also 
as  new  settlers  came. 

Names  of  persons  mentioned  on  war- 
rants or  deeds  for  land  near  this  church 
during  that  part  of  the  i8th  century,  are 
Herring,  Beechey,  Laub,  Drum,  Silvius, 
Bartolmeh  (Bartholomew),  Neligh, 
Schwartz,  Flick,  Hecker,  Erb,  Shaneber- 
ger,  Esch,  Beck,  Strouse,  Weaver,  Reyer, 
Koch,  Fatzinger,  Levan,  Ranberry,  Pal- 
mer. 

The  old  burial  place,  with  its  old  sand- 
stone tombstones,  reminds  us  that  peo- 
ple buried  there  already  'by  the  middle  of 
the  1 8th  century  and  even  earlier.  It  was 
customary  at  that  time  among  Pennsyl- 
vania Germans  to  have  the  church  and  a 
common  burial  place  at  one  place ;  we 
conclude  therefore  that  the  church  stood 
by  the  side  of  the  old  graveyard,  long  be- 
fore the  middle  of  the  i8th  century. 

It  will  be  in  place  to  give  quota- 
tions from  the  writings  of  Rev.  Kistler 
and  Rev.  Fritzinger,  who  were  the  min- 
isters of  this  church  when  the  reunion 
was  held  in  1873,  as  the  150th  anniver- 
sary of  the  founding  of  the  church.  For 
a  fuller  account  the  reader  is  referred  to 
"Skizzen  aus  dem  Lecha  Thale,"  pub- 
lished by  the  Allentown  Friedensbote, 
pp.    105,   106.     Rev.  R.   B.   Kistler,   the 


HISTORY    OF    EMMANUEL  SCHUK( '11 


443 


Liitlieran    minister,    then    wrote    amonc: 
other  things : 

"Even  before  Whitefield  and  Zinzen- 
dorf  came  to  America  to  convert  the  In- 
dians, the  Lutherans  and  the  Reformed  had 
already  a  little  church  in  this  township 
(Moore),  in  which  they  could  hold  their 
public  worship,  though  even  often  with 
tear  and  anxiety  on  account  of  the  wild 
Indians.  This  House  of  God  was  accord- 
ingly built  in  1723,  where  now  the  Peters- 
ville  Emmanuel's  Church  stands.  It  was 
without  doubt  the  first  in  the  county 
<  Northampton ) ." 

From  the  paper  read  by  Rev.  J.  Frit- 
zinger,  the  Reformed  minister,  at  that 
reunion  in  1873,  we  extract  the  follow- 
ing: 

"On  account  of  the  lack  of  written  and 
traditional  evidence  the  history  of  this 
church  remains  very  incomplete.  With  the 
old  Fathers  who  rest  in  their  graves  there 
disappeared  generally  this  information  of 
this  old  congregation.  Marks  of  the  an- 
tiquity of  this  congregation  are  seen  every- 
where. People  point  yet  to  the  place 
where  the  old  church  and  the  old  school 
"house  once  stood.  Also  the  present  old 
members  relate,  as  their  fathers  and  mo- 
thers told  them,  that     an     old     Reformed 


minister  and  pastor  of  this  congregation 
was  buried  under  the  altar  of  the  church. 
His  name  was  John  Egidius  Hecker,  and  he 
is  buried  here  already  about  100  years.  Also 
it  is  related  how  kind  Providence  erect- 
ed for  a  time  a  monument  for  him,  that  an 
apple  tree  grew  over  his  grave  after  the 
church  was  torn  down,  and  had  stood  there 
as  many  of  the  present  living  people  re- 
member. The  first  church  was  built  in 
1723,  and  stood  about  200  feet,  southeast 
of  the  present  House  of  God,  and  was  made 
with  logs.  It  cannot  be  fully  determined 
how  long  it  stood,  yet  it  is  known  for  cer- 
tain that  it  existed  yet  in  the  year  1772. 
but  in  a  very  decaying  condition,  and  was. 
as  it  appears,  soon  after  torn  down,  and 
not  replaced  by  a  new  one.  The  church 
was  built  by  the  congregation  on  the  land 
without  having  a  good  title  for  it.  It  was 
feared  that  sooner  or  later  other  persons 
would  claim  the  land  .  .  .  and  so  they 
cared  only  to  preserve  the  school  as  for^ 
merly.  Thus  it  remained  till  1850  when 
the  present  union  Emmanuel's  church  was 
built." 

In  1898  the  175th  anniversary  of  the 
founding  was  held  when  several  thou- 
sand people  had  gathered  for  the  celebra- 
tion, at  which  also  a  number  of  ministers 
participated. 

(To  be  continued.) 


The  After  calling  attention  to  the 

lutheran  influx  of  Lutheran  Finns, 
cuurcn  whose  number  he  places  at 
300.000  Eths.  Slavs,  Rus 
sians.  Poles,  Slovaks,  Slavonians.  Letts, 
and  Lithuanians,  Dr.  Carroll  says  the 
following:  "The  various  Lutheran 
bodies  are  gaining  in  organization,  in 
equipment  and  in  numbers.  For  benevo 
lences  they  raised  in  1911,  $2,832,800, 
and  paid  something  like  $12,500,000  in 
local  expenses.  The  value  of  their 
church  property  reaches  nearly  $84,000, 
000.  The  number  of  institutions  is  very 
remarkable.  They  have  twenty-seven 
theological  seminaries,  with  nearly  1.300 
students;  forty-two  colleges  (of  which 
all  but  eighteen  are  co-educational), 
with  property  worth  $5,890,000;  fifty- 
two  academies,  with  over  6.000  students  . 
«ight  colleges     and     seminaries  for  wo 


men ;  sixtj'-four  homes  for  orphans, 
thirty-five  homes  for  the  aged,  five 
homes  for  defectives,  nine  deaconess 
mother-houses.  forty-four  hospitals, 
nine  hospices,  twenty-two  immigrants' 
and  seamen's  missions,  and  fourteen 
other  institutions  for  children  and  the 
wayward.  There  is  little  tendency  to- 
ward a  reduction  in  the  number  of  di- 
visions, but  the  General  Synod  and  the 
General  Council  seem  to  be  approach- 
ing a  better  understanding.  They  have 
just  adopted  a  plan  of  arbitration  and 
division  of  territory  for  home  mission 
purposes  which  promises  increased 
economy  and  efficiency.  The  General 
Council  is  preparing  to  celebrate  the 
four  hundredth  anniversary  of  the  Re- 
formation in  1917,  by  raising  a  fund  of 
$2,000,000  for  ministerial  relief  and  mis- 
sion work." 


Temperance  Legislation 

By  Daniel  Miller,  Reading,  Pa. 

PAPER  I. 


In  the  April  issue  (p.  226)  contributions 
were  invited  on  tlie  question:  "What,  in 
view  of  German  history  and  ideals  and  the 
best  interests  of  the  country,  should  be 
the  attitude  of  citizens  of  German  descent 
on  the  Prohibition  question?"  This  invi- 
tation was  extended  because  discussion  of 
this  and  similar  questions  having  direct 
bearing  on  our  Teutonic  citizenship  natur- 
ally falls  within  the  scope  of  the  magaizne 
as  a  "popular  monthly  for  and  about  the 
•German  Element'."  The  article  of  Mr. 
Miller  will  be  followed  by  others. — Editor. 

HE  use  of  liquor  as  a  bever- 
age   is   an   evil    which   has 
afflicted     mankind     almost 
from    its    beginning.      All 
right-thinking  people  are  a 
unit  in  the  opinion  that  the 
liquor  habit  is  an  evil  and 
has  been  such  during  all  the  centuries  of 
history.      It    has    always    been    a   great 
curse  to  mankind.     No  matter  what  ma\ 
be  our  individual  feelings  in  the  matter, 
all  must  admit  that  the  use  of  liquor  is 
the    cause   of   untold    evils.      It    is    the 
cause  of  great  miseries  in  many  forms 
It  is  a  prolific  cause  of  crime  and  pov- 
erty.   Few  people  commit  crimes  who  do 
not  use  liquor.     The  twin  brother  of  im- 
morality is  liquor.     Well-informed  peo- 
ple know  that  many  houses  of  ill  fame 
are  at  the  same  time  speak-easies.     The 
sum  total  of  misery  and  suffering  caused 
by  intemperance,  who  will  tell  ? 

The  different  nations  have  for  cen- 
turies sought  to  regulate  the  liquor  traffic 
so  as  to  lessen  the  evils  flowing  from  it, 
but  all  such  efforts  have  failed.  Our  own 
American  ])eoplc  have  tried  their  hand 
at  regulation  during  more  than  a  cen- 
tury. Laws  to  regulate  the  traffic  have 
frequently  been  changed,  but  'have  never 
been  satisfactory.  This  is  most  forcibly 
indicated  by  the  frequent  changes  them- 


selves.    Is  it  not  remarkable  that  after 
so  many  efforts  during  so  long  a  time  no» 
satisfactory  solution  of  this  difficult  prob- 
lem has  been  found?  The  fact  is  that  the 
liquor  traffic  cannot  be  regulated  satis- 
factorily any  more  than  slavery  could  be 
regulated.       During     many     years     our 
American    statesmen   grappled   with   the 
gigantic  evil  of  slavery.     When  it  was- 
supposed  that  by  a  new  compromise  the 
problem    had   been    solved,  the    burning" 
question  broke  out  afresh  and- each  time 
convulsed  the  country   more  than   ever. 
There  was  only  one  way  to  successfully 
solve  the   slavery  question  permanently, 
and  that  was  its  suppression.     Abrahani 
Lincoln  dealt  it  the  death  blow,  and  now 
all  are  glad  for  his  heroic  act.    The  basi.> 
of  human  slavery  was  the  love  of  gain 
Many  upheld  the  wicked  system  only  be- 
cause  it  was  profitable.     They  knew   it 
was  wrong  and  inhttman,  but  their  lov^ 
of    money    outweighed    their    sense    of 
right. 

There  is  only  one  way  to  successfully 
and  permanently  solve  the  liquor  prob- 
lem, and  that  is  the  prohibition  of  the 
manufacture  and  sale  of  liquor.  We  do 
not  undertake  to  "regulate"  other  evils. 
As  well  might  physicians  undertake  to 
"regulate"  cancer,  consumption  and  oth- 
er diseases.  Great  efforts  are  now  being 
made  to  stamp  out  the  so-called  White 
Plague  (consumption),  whilst  at  the 
same  time  a  system  is  being  sanctioned 
and  protected  which  carries  off  man/ 
more  victims  than  the  white  plague 
Wihen  evils  arise  which  endanger  the 
welfare  of  the  people,  laws  are  enacted 
to  suppress  them. 

Men  engage  in  the  liquor  traffic  and 
defend  it  for  two  principal  reasons — be- 
cause it  is  profitable  or  because  they  love 


444 


TEMPERANCE   LEGISLATION 


445 


•drink.  Were  the  business  unprofitable, 
it  would  soon  solve  itself.  Those  now 
•crying  about  personal  liberty  would  be 
indifferent.  As  long-  as  the  people  ol 
•every  city  of  considerable  size  spend 
billions  of  dollars  annually  for  liquor  the 
traffic  will  continue  to  be  profitable  an«l 
there  will  be  no  lack  of  advocates  of  it. 

What  are  the  arguments  advanced  in 
favor  of  the  liquor  traffic?  Of  these 
there  are  two.  The  first  is  personal  lib- 
erty. It  is  urged  that  some  people  will 
always  want  liquor  and  that  no  state  or 
nation  has  a  right  to  proscribe  what  its 
•citizens  may  eat  or  drink.  But  this  posi- 
tion is  not  correct.  The  great  question 
is  what  is  best  for  the  people  as  a  whole  ? 
In  many  things  individuals  must  subor- 
dinate their  tastes  for  the  public  good. 
Even  heathen  China  has  taken  steps  to 
abolish  the  cultivation  of  poppy  and  the 
manufacture  of  opium  from  it.  This  will 
be  fully  as  serious  an  interference  with 
individual  tastes  as  the  abolition  of  the 
liquor  traffic  would  be  among  us.  Our 
government  forbids  the  sale  of  certain 
articles  of  food,  because  they  are  injuri- 
ous and  this  is  right.  But  there  are  few 
■people  killed  by  the  use  of  adulterated 
food  compared  with  the  112,000  persons 
in  the  United  States  who  annually  go 
down  into  drunkards'  graves.  Personal 
liberty  is  often  interfered  with  for  the 
welfare  of  the  masses.  All  good  citizens 
should  be  willing  to  fall  in  with  a  move- 
ment which  seeks  to  abolish  a  system 
that  has  nothing  whatever  to  recommend 
it.  but  is  only  calculated  to  gratify  an 
immoral  taste  which  has  unfortunately 
been  acquired  and  cultivated.  We  hav>=: 
yet  to  meet  the  man  who  can  really  show- 
that  there  is  anything  actually  good  and 
beneficial  in  the  liquor  habit.  Practically 
every  eminent  physician  tells  us  thai 
there  is  no  nourishment  in  alcoholic 
liquor.  It  may  stimulate  temporarily, 
but  never  nourishes. 

The  other  leading  argument  is  that  the 
liquor  traffic  brings  money  into  the  pub- 
lic treasury,  and  that  but  for  the  money 
thus  received  higher  taxes  would  be  re- 
•quired.     This  argument  is  also  without 


force.  It  can  be  shown  from  statistics 
that  the  punishment  of  crime  and  the 
support  of  poverty  caused  by  the  use  of 
liquor  fully  absorb  all  the  money  re- 
ceived from  liquor  licenses.  The  detec- 
tion and  trial  of  pcrsoons  charged  with 
the  violation  of  law  in  connection  witii 
the  use  of  liquor,  and  the  maintenance 
of  convicts  in  prisons  and  the  of  the  vic- 
tims of  intemperance  in  almshouses  costs 
a  vast  deal  of  money.  Even  if  increasect 
taxation  were  necessary  most  people 
would  still  be  better  off  than  at  present. 
Many  people  constantly  lose  large 
amounts  of  money  in  the  form  of  rent? 
and  store  bills  on  account  of  persons  who 
w-aste  their  money  for  liquor.  These 
losses  are  in  the  aggregate  many  times 
greater  than  any  possibly  necessary  in- 
crease of  taxes  would  be.  The  great 
wonder  is  that  citizens  generally  do  not 
demand  the  abolition  of  a  business  which 
so  seriously  affects  their  purses  for  econ- 
omic reasons.  It  is  generally  believed 
that  but  for  the  expenses  caused  by  in- 
temperance the  taxes  could  be  much 
lower. 

But  there  is  another  and  very  serious 
question  connected  with  this  matter.  Is 
it  risfht  to  sacrifice  the  comfort  of  wives 
and  children,  and  the  bodies  and  souls  of 
many  people,  young  and  old,  to  the  de- 
stroyer for  a  little  gain?  No  right-mind- 
ed citizen  should  be  willing  under  any 
consideration  to  see  his  neighbors  or 
himself  go  down  to  ruin  for  the  sake  of 
a  little  blood  money.  In  our  city  of 
Reading  the  money  received  from  liquor 
licenses  is  equal  to  about  seventy  cents 
per  capita,  so  that  it  is  not  such  a  fabu- 
lous sum  as  some  suppose.  On  the  oth- 
er hand  the  people  of  our  city  spend 
more  money  for  liquor  each  year  than  is 
expended  for  the  support  of  the  city 
government,  all  the  public  schools  and  all 
the  churches.  And  what  has  the  com- 
munity for  the  several  million  dollars 
spent  for  liquor?  Nothing  substantial 
besides  the  further  enrichment  of  half  a 
dozen  brewers  who  own.  with  few  ex- 
ceptions, all  of  the  nearly  two  hundred 
saloons  and  hotels  in  the  city.    The  mil- 


446 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


lions  now  being-  spent  for  liquor  would 
in  its  absence  find  their  way  into  o-roc- 
ery,  shoe  and  clothing"  stores,  saving'.- 
banks  and  other  places  of  business,  the 
acquisition  of  homes,  etc.  Such  is  the 
imiversal  experience  of  places  where  the 
liquor  traffic  has  been  abolished,  and 
this  is  only  natural. 

The  advocates  of  liquor  constantly  re- 
peat the  threadbare  story  that  "prohi- 
bition does  not  prohibit."  It  is  true  that 
prohibition  does  not  entirely  suppress 
the  sale  and  consumption  of  liquor,  but 
there  are  reasons  for  this.  A  principal 
reason  is  the  fact  that  the  United  States 
government  in  a  hig-h-handed  way  nulli- 
fies and  overrides  state  laws  in  that  it 
allows  brewers  and  distillers  to  send 
li(luor  from  other  states  into  prohibition 
states.  This  is  an  injustice  unworthy  of 
the  g-overnment  of  a  free  people.  Then 
many  of  the  officials  who  have  solemnly 
sworn  to  execute  the  law  do  not  execute 
it,  but  wink  at  its  violation.  In  their  re- 
ports to  court  constables  declare  undci" 
oath  that  no  liquor  is  being-  sold  in  their 
districts,  when  everyboody  knws  that 
such  statements  are  not  true.  The  mo- 
tives  for  the  evasions  of  prohibitory  laws 
are  the  love  of  money  and  the  appetite 
for  drink. 

Rut  under  all  these  unfavorable  cir- 
cumstances there  is  one  fact  which  no 
honoraljle  man  may  deny — prohibition 
does  inimensely  diminish  the  evils  of  in- 
temperance. Where  officials  are  true  to 
their  oaths  no  liquor  is  sold  openly 
in  i)rohibition  districts.  Whatever  liquor 
may  be  sold  is  sold  by  lawbreakers  in 
s])eak-easies.  The  fact  that  some  liquor 
is  sold  in  such  places  is  no  reflection 
u])on  the  cause  of  prohibition,  but 
rather  a  strong  evidence  of  the  evil 
character  of  the  liquor  business.  It  can 
safely  W  asserted  that  prohibition  in 
this  line  is  far  more  effective  than  most 
other  prohibitory  laws  whicli  forbid 
adultery,  fornication,  theft,  falsehood, 
etc.  If  failure  of  complete  prohibition  is 
a  real  argument,  why  do  not  these  peopli 
who    complain    about    incomplete    liquor 


prohibition    demand    th€    repeal    of    the 
laws  mentioned  above? 

When  the  evils  of  liquor  are  pointed 
out  its  champions  often  reply  that  no- 
one  needs  become  a  drunkard,  that  every 
one  should  "temper"  himself,  etc.  This 
is  a  poor  argument.  The  fact  is  that 
men  become  drunkards  gradually  as  a 
result  of  the  evil  system.  It  is  not  a  mat- 
ter of  a  day.  Boys  and  young  men  learn 
to  drink  largely  through  the  treating- 
habit,  and  many  of  them  "temper'*' 
themselves  for  a  long  time  whilst  some 
soon  reach  the  point  when  the  desire  for 
drink  has  become  stronger  than  their 
will  power  and  they  find  themselves 
drunkards,  few  of  whom  are  ever  res- 
cued from  their  fearful  fall.  The  fact 
is  that  all  drinking  leads  in  the  same  di- 
rection —  intemperance  and  premature 
death.  It  is  a  fearful  things  that  about 
112,000  persons  in  the  United  States  an- 
nually drop  into  drunkards'  graves. 
Those  who  in  any  way  contribute  to  the 
fate  of  this  army  of  unfortunates  are  in- 
curring an  awful  responsibility.  We 
shall  not  escape  guilt,  if  we  contribute 
to  the  downfall  of  a  soul.  A  father  may- 
say  his  sons  need  not  follow  him  to  the 
saloon,  but  in  many  cases  they  will  fol- 
low him,  and  he  can  not  escape  fronr 
guilt,  if  they  are  ruined  by  following  his 
example. 

Am  I  mv  brother's  keeper?  Must  I 
look  out  for  him  that  he  will  not  be- 
come a  drunkard?  And  who  is  my 
neighbor?  Any  one  with  whom  I  come 
in  contact  or  who  may  be  influenced  by 
my  conduct.  The  Bible,  our  highest 
authority  on  this  point,  sets  its  seal  of 
condemnation  upon  the  liquor  business. 
"Woe  unto  him  that  giveth  his  neigh- 
bor drink."  "No  drunkard  shall  inherit 
the  kingdom  of  heaven."  "Who  hath 
woe?  Who  hath  sorrow,  etc. ?  They  that 
tarry  long  at  the  wine."  Can  we  afford 
to  endorse  or  connive  at  a  system  which 
is  calculated  to  keep  people  out  of  the 
kingdom  of  heaven  ? 

The  character  and  quality  of  every- 
thing nnist  be  judged  by  its  fruits.     The 


TEMPERANCE   LEGISLATION 


447* 


fruits  of  the  li(|uor  habit  are  evil  and 
only  evil.  There  is  not  one  feature  to 
recomnieml  it.  It  always  tends  down- 
■ward.  It  never  uplifts  men.  It  unfits 
people  for  lives  of  usefulness,  and  im- 
poverishes many.  Who  has  not  heard 
the  wail  of  woe  comino^  from  innocent 
and  injured  women  and  children?  Drink 
turns  former  ^^ood  husbands  and  fathers 
into  brutes,  and  incapaciates  them  for 
useful  employment.  Why  do  railroad 
companies  refuse  to  employ  men  of 
drinking  habits?  Why  do  they  forbid 
employes  to  drink  while  on  duty?  W'diy 
do  first-class  insurance  companies  refuse 
to  accept  as  risks  men  who  are  habitual 
drinkers  ?  The  answers  to  all  these 
questions  are  apparent. 

On  the  other  hand  total  abstinence 
tends  to  longevity,  usefulness,  happiness 
respectability  and  success  in  life.  The 
so'ber  man  is  everywhere  preferred  to 
the  drinker.  The  length  of  this  article 
forbids  the  recital  of  statistics  as  was  in- 
tended. One  case  must  suffice.  Kansas 
is  a  prohibition  state.  The  people  there 
are  prosperous  and  happy,  and  taxes  are 
low.     In  54  out  of  the  105  counties  there 


is  not  a  pauper  in  the  poor-houses.  There 
are  comparatively  few  insane  and  idiots 
whilst  these  classes  are  rapidly  increas- 
ing in  Pennsylvania.  There  are  500,000 
women,  and  girls  and  boys  from  18  to  22 
years  in  Kansas  who  have  never  seen  a 
saloon  or  any  liquor  sold.  Are  they  bet- 
ter or  worse  ofif  on  this  account? 

It  is  sometimes  claimed  that  practical 
ly  all  fr)reign-born  Germans  are  opposed 
to  prohibition  which  is  quite  erroneous 
There  are  many  thousands  of  such  (icr- 
mans  in  the  several  Christian  denomina 
tions  who  are  total  abstainers,  especially 
in  the  }kIethodist,  Baptist,  Presbyterian. 
Reformed,  Lutheran,  United  Brethren, 
Evangelical  and  United  Evangelical' 
churches,  as  well  as  in  the  various  small- 
er bodies.  These  people  constitute  as- 
exemplary  and  worthy  a  class  of  citizen* 
as  any  to  be  found'.  A  few  years  ago 
the  Bishops  of  the  Evangelical  Associa- 
tion in  their  quadrennial  report  stated 
that  no  liquor  seller  had  ever  been  re- 
ceived into  their  denomination.  In  the 
writer's  city  is  a  congregation  consisting- 
largely  of  Irish  people  which  includes  a 
Total  Abstinence  Society  with  250  mem  • 
bers.      What !      Irish   teetotalers  ?      Yes. 


Greatest  Problem  The  question  "What 
Before  Mennonites  is  the  greatest  prob- 
lem l:)efore  the  Men- 
nonite  Church  today?"  recently  put  to 
IMennonite  brethren,  according  to  the 
Gospel  Herald,  received  a  number  of  an- 
swers from  which  the  following  sen- 
tences are  culled : 

A  thorough  conversion  of  the  world. 
In  the  writer's  humble  opinion,  the 
greatest  of  these  problems  is.  How  may 
the  Church  succeed  in  steering  clear  of 
the  increasing  tide  of  worldliness  wdiich 
is  so  prevalent  in  many  of  the  Churches 
of  today,  and  is  manifested  so  plainly  in 
wealth-getting,  honor-aspiring,  pleasure- 
seeking,  and  fashion-following? 

As  I  see  it,  the  greatest  problem  be- 
fore the  IMennonite  Church  today  is  to 
hold    unwaveringly,   inclusively   and   ex- 


clusively to  the  fundamental  doctrines  of 
the  Church  as  embraced  in  the  whole 
Gospel,  and  preserve  the  bond  of  unity 
throughout  the  brotherhood  to  such  a. 
degree  as  to  maintain  the  working  pow- 
er resulting  from  a  body  united  in  one 
great  purpose. 

The  greatest  problem  is.  To  get  every 
brother  and  sister  into  such  a  relation 
with  God  that  the  Holy  Spirit  can  al- 
ways have  free  course  and  that  the  I'ible 
is  made  the  rule  of  life  without  question- 
ing or  doubting  its  authority  or  it.-v 
teaching. 

One  of  the  C|uestions  which  very  great- 
ly concerns  the  Church  is.  The  applica- 
tion of  the  principles  of  the  faith  which 
has  been  handed  down  to  us,  as  an  herit- 
age from  our  fathers. 


The  May-Tree,  a  Relic  of  Antiquity 

By  Prof.  J.  F.  L.  Raschen,  Lafayette  College,  Easton,    Pa. 


Among  the  ancient  customs  which 
Ihave  survived  until  this  day,  the  plant- 
ing of  the  May-tree  furnishes  an  inter- 
esting commentary  on  the  history  of  hu- 
man thought  and  beliefs.  Like  many 
other  relics  of  by-gone  days  this  custom 
is  also  falling  into  desuetude,  and  the 
number  of  communities  where  it  is  be- 
ing perpetuated  is  annually  growing  less 
Just  to  what  extent  the  custom  was  for- 
merly in  vogue  among  the  Pennsylva- 
nia Germans  will  probably  never  be 
known,  since  little  or  nothing  has  been 
done  to  record  this  among  the  practices 
of  former  days.  It  is  not  unreasonable, 
however,  to  conclude  that  early  immi- 
grants who  bad  witnessed  and  practiced 
customs  of  this  character  did  not  wholly 
abandon  every  one  of  them,  least  of  all  a 
custom  like  this  that  was  so  closely 
bound  up  with  the  life  of  the  husband 
man.  It  was  only  a  few  years  ago  that 
the  writer  of  this  article  saw  what  were 
clearly  May-trees  in  front  of  several 
houses  in  the  town  of  Lehighton,  Pa.  It 
may  be  true  that  the  trees  exhibited  there 
were  only  a  decoration  incidental  to  the 
Whitsuntide  festival.  Even  in  certain 
■parts  of  Germany,  the  May-tree  has  been 
made  to  serve  that  function,  seemingly 
from  a  misconception  of  its  ancient  and 
■primary  purpose.  Centuries  ago  the 
planting  of  the  May-tree  took  place  on 
TVEay-eve,  and  subsequently — at  least  in 
some  communities — ^on  the  even  of  Whit- 
sunday, the  German  "Pfingsten,"  thus 
bringing  it  into  association  with  a  sol- 
emn church  holiday.  Nor  has  the  hymn- 
writer  of  an  earlier  age  failed  to  appreci- 
ate the  practice  as  being  of  value  for  the 
Christian  church  festival  when  he  wrote 
the  Pentecostal  hymn  beginning  with  the 
lines : 


^Schmiickt  das  Fest  mit  iSIaien, 

Lasset  Blumen  streuen, 

Ziindet  Opfer  an ! 
Pressing  the  custom  into  the  service  of 
the  Christian  religion,  it  is  plain,  meant 
to  divest  it  of  its  pagan  character.  This 
secondary  significance  of  a  beautiful  dec- 
oration for  the  inauguration  of  the  holy 
Whitsuntide  seems  to  have  been  underly- 
ing the  practice  in  many  communitieij 
where  the  old  custom,  often  modified, 
was  being  perpetuated.  But  if  such  a 
purpose  is  accidental  or  secondary,  it 
may  not  be  amiss  to  inquire  what  was 
its  original  or  primary  meaning. 

Stated  in  simplest  terms,  the  May-tree 
is  a  relic  of  ancient  tree  worship.  This 
form  of  religion  was  once  common 
among  the  Aryan  races  of  whom  the 
Germanic  peoples  were  a  part.  These 
races  came  bv  it  quite  naturally  in  their 
mtancy.  Long  before  the  dawn  of  his- 
tory the  snell  of  the  forest  was  upori 
them.  The  greater  part  of  Europe  was 
covered  with  immense  primeval  forests 
in  which  scattered  clearings  must  have 
appeared  like  "islets  in  an  ocean  of 
green."  Julius  Csecar-  relates  of  his 
having  met  ancient  Germans  who  had 
traversed  the  vast  timberlands,  known  as 
the  Hercynian  forest,  for  the  space  ot 
two  months  without  so  much  as  having 
reached  the  end  thereof.  Britain  had  her 
vast  woodland  tract  known  as  the  foresD 
of  Anderida,  of  which  the  wealds  oi 
Kent,  Surrey  and  Sussex  are  but  small 
remains.  Geologists  have  found  the 
traces  of  equally  extensive  forests  in  the 
upper  part  of  the  Apennine  peninsula, 
while  the  central  part  of  Italy  was  cov- 


(I)  Benjamin  Schmolck,  1715 
[2]  De  Bell  Gael  VI,  25 


448 


THE  MAY  TREE:   A  RELIC  OF  ANTIQUITY 


449 


ered  with  the  Ciminian  forest  so  vast 
that  Livy  compared  it  in  extent  to  the 
Hercynian  forest  of  Germany.  Likewise 
the  Balkan  peninsula  was  forest-crown- 
ed, and  the  early  inhabitants  of  Greece 
not  only  hunted  the  boar  and  the  bear, 
but  could  have  easily  strayed  in  the  track" 
less  solitude  of  foresilands  that  bordered 
on  their  settlements. 

There  is  no  cause  for  surprise  when 
we  see  the  primitive  mind  turnino-  m 
Reverential  attitude  toward  the  forest 
and  toward  all  that  it  meant.  The  might 
and  majesty,  the  vastness  and  solitude, 
the  gloom  and  "horror  vacui"  that  seem- 
ed to  reside  in  the  forest  filled  primitive 
man  with  awe  and  reverence.  Their 
minds  were  far  more  given  to  commun- 
ion with  nature  than  civilized  man  can 
appreciate,  they  not  only  believed  to  hear 
her  voice,  but  to  see  her  various  forms, 
and  catch  her  magic  spell.  It  was  a  log- 
ical conclusion  to  which  their  imagina- 
tive minds  came  when  they  conceived  the 
idea  that  man  was  not  only  like  a  tree, 
but  that  a  tree  was  like  man,  animate. 
Each  tree  represented  the  embodiment  of 
a  spirit  whose  life  was  bound  up  in  the 
stately  structure.  What  else  was  the 
rushing  of  the  wind  through  the  treetops 
to  them  but  the  "sighing  of  the  spirits," 
and  the  rustling  of  the  leaves  in  the 
breeze  but  the  "whisperings  of  the  spir- 
its" to  one  another?  One  can  under- 
stand then  why  the  tree  became  sacred 
to  them.  Even  Roman  civilization  had 
not  eradicated  such  a  belief.  In  the 
midst  of  the  hubbub  of  the  Forum,  the 
sacred  fig  tree  of  Romulus  attracted 
many  worshipers  until  the  days  of  the 
Empire.^  There  is  not  one  race  of  the 
Aryan  family  which  did  not  share  in  this 
reverential  attitude  toward  the  tree  and 
its  genius.  There  are  abundant  proofs 
to  show  that  it  had  not  died  out  in  the 
nineteenth  century.  Take,  for  example, 
the  practice  among  the  woodmen  of  the 
Upper  Palatinate    who    apologized    to    i 


vigorous  tree  before  felling  it.*  Or 
the  custom  prevalent  in  Westphalia 
where  the  servant  announces  the  death 
of  his  master  to  the  trees  with  thes>! 
words:  "Our  master  is  dead."  In  some 
places  the  belief  was  current  that  trees, 
if  cut,  would  bleed  to  death ;  and  that 
the  reckless  breaking  of  branches  would 
result  in  bad  luck  for  the  otTender.  One 
other  instance  to  show  the  prevalence  ot 
such  a  belief.  In  Moravia  the  peasant's 
wife  was  wont  to  go  out  into  the  orchard 
at  Christmas  time,  her  hands  sticky  with 
the  dough  of  the  Christmas  cakes.  Strok- 
ing the  fruit  tree,  she  would  implore  it 
with  these  words:  "Yield  us  a  large 
crop."  Nothing  but  a  belief  in  the  prin- 
ciple of  animism  with  respect  to  trees 
can  be  the  rationale  of  such  practices  as 
have  been  referred  to  here.^ 

Out  of  the  conception  that  the  tree  is 
animated  by  a  spirit  has  also  grown  the 
belief  that  it  may  be  infested  by  demons 
of  disease,  yea,  that  the  various  forms 
of  disease  are  begotten  and  sent  by  the 
tree-spirit.  Again  it  w^as  simple  obser- 
vation that  led  to  new  and  curious  con- 
clusions. The  maladies  sent  to  man  were 
conceived  of  as  being  in  the  shape  of  or 
acting  in  the  manner  of  vermin  and  of 
creeping  things  that  are  breeding  or  sub- 
sisting on  the  tree,  such  as  worms,  cat- 
erpillars, borers,  stinging  insects,  etc. 
Folklorists  have  been  successful  in  col- 
lecting a  number  of  verses  which  were 
once  in  use  among  those  who  believed 
their  troubles  to  have  been  caused  by  the 
tree-spirit.  The  tenor  of  most  of  them 
is  that  the  tree  is  being  accused  for  hav- 
ing sent  diseases  in  the  form  of  worms 
and  other  creeping  things  which  have 
entered  the  body,  producing  either  n 
gnawing,  a  stinging,  a  boring,  or  a 
piercing  pain.  The  following  is  a  verse 
of  this  kind : 
Birnbaum.  ioh  klage  dir. 
Drei  Wiirmer,  die  stechen  mir. 


[3]  Pliny,  Nat.  Hist.  XV.  77 

f-ll  Wagler.  P,  Die  Eicher  1,  a,  u,  n.  Zeit,  Berl,  1891, 
p.  56. 


[5]  Even  the  North  American  Indian  shared  this 
view  when  he  attributed  to  each  species  of  trees  a 
spirit  of  its  own,  and  when  he  held  that  thanks  should 
be  returned  to  it.  Cf.  Morgan,  L.  H,  T^eague  of  the 
Iroquois,  Roch.  1851,  p,  162-4. 


450 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


Der  eine  ist  grau, 

Der  andere  ist  blau, 

Der  dritte  ist  rot. 

Ich  wollte  wiinschen  sie  waren  alle  tot.'"' 

Early  German  literature  has  a  large 
number  of  so-called  charms  which  were 
once  in  use  to  dispel  not  only  ills  believed 
to  have  arisen  from  this  source  but  from 
many  other  sources. 

An  advance  upon  the  belief  that  the 
tree  is  animated  is  found  in  the  later  con- 
ception which  made  the  tree  the  abode 
of  a  spirit.  In  some  countries  the  two 
conceptions  seem  to  have  existed  side  by 
side.  The  primitive  mind  did  not  al- 
ways make  nice  distinctions,  and  often 
held  to  views  that  were  contradictory. 
At  any  rate  the  change  marks  a  progress 
from  animism  to  polytheism.  In  the  last 
form  trees  of  unusual  form  and  size  were 
frequently  held  to  be  the  habitation  ot 
some  god.  Perhaps  the  most  familiaL- 
example  of  this  sort  of  belief  was  the 
oak  tree  sacred  to  the  Germanic  goa 
Thonar  at  Geismar  in  Thuringia.  Win- 
fred,  the  apostle  to  the  Germans,  in  716 
proceeded  to  fell  it  in  the  presence  of  nu- 
merous Germanic  tribes,  and  he  thereby 
exhibited  to  the  horrified  pagans  the  im- 
potence of  their  gods.  In  every  ease 
where  the  popular  mind  thus  localized 
spirits  or  even  gods,  there  existed  also 
the  belief  that  these  same  spirits  had 
power  over  nature,  that  they  controlled 
the  rainfall  as  well  as  the  fertility  of  the 
fields  and  flocks,  even  that  of  mian.  The 
tree-spirit  thus  played  the  role  of  a  spir- 
it of  vegetation,  a  genius  of  growth.  It 
appears,  therefore,  to  be  quite  natural 
that  the  seasonal  changes  of  the  year 
Jhouid  witness  practices  which  were  de- 
ri.srned  to  invoke  the  spirits'  aid  in  behalf 
:f  an  increase  in  flock  and  field.  Most 
prominent,  therefore,  became  the  season 
of  spring  with  its  unfoldino^  powers.  It 
is  in  the  light  of  such  practice^,  that  wt 
must  seek  to  understand  the  customs  of 
])lanting  the  May-tree. 

The  season  of  budding  and  sprouting 

[6]     Wannhardt,  W.  Der  Baumkultus,  }3erlin,  1875, 
p.  14-5. 


came  to  be  viewed  with  a  feeling  of  rev- 
erence by  the  Aryan  races.  All  of  them 
shared  the  desire  that  the  genius  of 
growth  should  be  implored  for  the  com- 
munity as  well  as  for  the  individual.  The 
simple  form  of  prayer  did  not  suffice. 
They  established  a  ceremony  in  which 
they  symbolized  the  coming  of  this  spirit 
into  their  very  midst,  by  planting  the 
May-tree.  Thus  the  beneficent  qualities 
of  the  spirit  came  to  be  recognized  and 
implored.  The  custom,  however,  differed 
slightly  in  various  countries,  but  the  fun- 
damental idea  is  clearly  carried  out.  In 
Russia,  entire  communities  would  invade 
the  forest  and  cut  young  birch  trees, 
trim  them  with  woman's  garments  ana 
gay  ribbons  and  garlands,  and  then  take 
them  home  to  be  planted  before  their 
doors.  Young  maidens,  in  return  would 
offer  to  the  birch  trees  victuals  made  of 
egg's,  or  meat  pies.  Piers,  in  'his  descrip- 
tion of  Westmeath,  in  1682^  describes 
the  English  custom  as  follows :  "On 
j\Iay-eve  every  family  sets  up  before  the 
door  a  green  bush,  strewed  over  with 
yellow  flowers,  which  the  meadows  yield 
plentifully.  In  countries  where  tinnber 
is  plentiful,  they  erect  tall,  slender  trees, 
which  stand  high,  and  they  continue  al- 
most the  whole  year."  The  custom  once 
in  vogue  among  the  Cornish^  is  very 
much  like  the  one  prevailing  in  some 
parts  of  Germany.  There,  on  the  first 
of  May,  doors  and  porches  were  decked 
out  with  green  boughs,  and  trees,  or 
rather  stumps  of  trees  were  planted  be- 
fore the  houses.  In  the  Vosges  moun- 
tains the  French  maidens  usually  carried 
branches  of  trees  amid  the  singing  of 
carols  into  the  village.  They  stopped  be- 
fore various  houses,  and  where  gifts  such 
as  eggs,  meat  or  sausage,  were  offered, 
they  left  one  of  the  branches.  More  cu- 
rious than  the  alx)ve  is  the  custom  in 
vogue  about  Zabern  in  Alsace.  There 
the  young  folk  would  go  out  in  bands 
following  the  bearer   of    the     Mav-tree 


[7J  Quoted  by  J.  Brand,  Popular  Antiq.  Hobn  ed.  I, 

246. 
(8)  Borlose.  W.  The  Nat.Hi.st.  of  Cornwall,  O.Kford, 

1758. 


THE  MAY- TREE:  A  RELIC  OF  ANTIQUITY 


451 


The  bearer  was  dressed  in  a  white  shirt, 
had  his  face  blackened,  and  his  coat 
stuffed  with  straw.  One  member  of  the 
company  carried  about  a  basket  in  which 
were  gathered  the  gifts  in  eggs,  bacon, 
etc.  It  will  be  noticed  that  the  egg 
seems  to  have  been  one  of  the  customary 
gifts,  probably  because  it  symbolized  new- 
life.  In  certain  parts  of  Germany  has 
sprung  up  an  additional  custom,  viz.,  the 
planting  of  a  May-tree  before  the  doors 
of  all  marriageable  maidens  in  the  vil- 
lage. Sometimes  a  lover  would  secretly 
plant  one  before  the  house  of  his  loved 
one,  thereby  giving  an  expression  to  his 
love  and  intimating  a  proffer  for  mar- 
riage. 

In  the  calendar  of  the  Germans,  May- 
eve  was  also  the  so-called  "Walpurgis- 
nacht"  (night  of  Walpurga)  when  the 
witches  w-ere  abroad  riding  on  broom- 
sticks to  the  carnival  on  the  Brocken. 
The  ^lay-tree  planted  in  front  of  stable 
or  byre  came  in  to  do  additional  service. 
For  it  was  also  believed  to  be  effective 
against  witches  who  were  eager  to  drink 
the  milk  or  to  do  other  mischief.  The 
most  effective  charm  was  seen  in  the 
birch  tree.  For  the  witches  could  not 
enter  unless  they  had  first  counted  the 
leaves  on  the  tree.  But  besides  this  there 
were  numerous  other  means  of  keeping 
the  witches  away. 

The  planting  of  the  May-pole  is  an 
outgrowth    of   the    custom  of  the    ]SIay- 


tree.  The  former  was  considered  the 
solemn  possession  of  the  community 
while  the  latter  was  an  individual  aft'air. 
It  was  planted  on  the  village  green  and 
was  regarded  like  a  sanctuary.  Not  in- 
frequently it  was  stripped  of  its  branches 
and  leaves,  nothing  but  the  crown  being 
left.  From  this  they  often  suspended 
ribbons,  and  a  variety  of  victuals  such  as 
sausage,  cakes  and  eggs.  The  young 
folk  were  then  permitted  to  endeavor  to 
secure  these  prizes.  A  survival  of  the 
May-pole  is  still  met  with  in  the  greasy 
poles  which  are  occasionally  exhibited  at 
fairs.  While  the  Alay-pole  in  many 
countries  appears  to  have  been  a  per- 
manent affair,  the  May-tree,  on  the  other 
hand,  w^as  but  temporary,  the  replanting 
of  which  became  an  annual  custom. 

This  custom  appears  to  have  been  tra- 
ditional as  early  as  the  thirteenth  cen- 
tury. It  may  'have  flourished  in  this 
form  centuries  prior  to  these  records.  It 
had  grown  to  such  a  degree  that  the 
owaiers  of  forests,  both  the  clergy  and 
the  barons,  remonstrated  against  the 
practice  of  spoliation  which  was  carried 
on  for  the  festival.  Some  communities 
in  Switzerland  found  it  necessary  to  for- 
bid the  cutting  of  young  trees  for  this 
custom  on  heavy  penalty.  But  the  re- 
peated action  lagainst  the  perpetrators, 
and  the  increase  of  the  fines,  show  that 
the  custom  was  not  as  easily  stamped  ou; 
as  had  been  expected. 


Reminiscences  of  the  Lehigh  and  Delaware 
Canal  from  1840  to  1856. 

By  W.  H.  Gausler,  Philadelphia,    Pa. 


The  Lehig-h  River  starts  from  springs 
at  Stoddardsville,  Pa.,  and  enters  the 
Delaware  River  at  Easton,  Pa.,  after 
flowing  a  distance  of  one  hundred  and 
twenty-two    miles. 

The  Lehigh  Canal  and  Susquehanna 
Gravity  Railroad  were  the  only  means 
to  bring  to  market  the  products  of  the 
Lehigh  Valley  from  1829  to  1856,  when 
the  LehigTi  Valley  and  North  Penn  rail- 
roads were  built. 

Previous  to  the  building  of  the  Le- 
high and  Delaware  canals  in  1829,  the 
coal  was  transported  from  Mauch  Chunk 
to  Philadelphia  by  flat  boats  of  small 
tonnage,  at  the  time  of  spring  freshets, 
by  way  of  Easton,  Pa.,  and  Trenton, 
N.J. 

The  Lehigh  Canal  from  White  Haven 
to  Easton  was  built  by  the  Lehigh  Coal 
and  Navigation  Company  in  1829. 

When  this  canal  was  ibuilt  they  dis- 
covered the  first  cement  vein,  put  up  the 
first  cement  mill  at  Siegfried's  Bridge, 
and  made  the  cement  to  build  the  canal 
locks.  This  mill  is  still  standing  oppo- 
site tb>  Coplav  Cement  Mill  at  Coplay, 
Pa. 

The  Delaware  Canal  was  built  by  the 
State  of  Pennsylvania  about  the  same 
time  as  the  Lehigh  Canal,  from  Easton 
to  Bristol,  Pa.  The  boats  were  towed  by 
the  old  Pennsylvania  Steam  Boat  on  the 
Delaware  from  Bristol  to  Philadelphia, 
a  distance  of  twenty  miles. 

The  Delaware  Canal  is  now  leased  and 
controlled  by  the  Lehigh  Coal  and  Navi- 
gation Company. 

The  Lehigh  River  enters  the  Dela- 
ware River    at    Easton,    Pa.,  and   three 

452 


canals  terminate  at  Easton — the  Lehigh, 
the  Delaware  and  the  Alorris.  On  'the 
Jersey  side  of  the  Delaware,  the  Dela- 
ware Canal  locks  are  twelve  feet  wide 
by  seventy  feet  long;  the  locks  of  the 
Lehigh  Canal  are  twenty- four  feet  by 
seventy  feet,  and  hold  two  boats  of  the 
size  that  the  locks  hold  on  the  Delaware. 
The  Morris  Canal  Boats  are  of  thirty- 
five  tonnage  and  are  built  in  one  section. 
The  entrance  to  the  Morris  Canal  on  the 
Pennsylvania  side  is  by  a  lock,  and  on 
the  Jersey  side,  opposite  the  lock  on  the 
Pennsylvania  side,  is  by  plane. 

The  names  of  the  dams  on  the  Lehigh 
Canal  are  as  follows :  Easton,  Chain, 
Allentown.  Swartz's.  Treichler's,  Three 
Mile.  Lehigh  Gap,  Parryville  and  Mauch 
Chunk. 

The  namej  of  the  dams  between 
Mauch  Chunk  and  White  Haven  are  as 
follows :  Packer,  Turnhold,  Hetcheltuth, 
Oxbow,  Two  Mile,  Penn  Haven,  Hile- 
man's.  Porter's,  Stony  Creek.  Hickory 
Run.  Dam  No.  Four,  Three,  Two,  One. 
White  Haven. 

There  were  forty-five  locks  from 
Easton  to  Mauch  Chunk  and  twenty- 
three  from  Mauch  Chunk  to  White 
Haven. 

The  Delaware  Canal  has  no  dams,  but 
has  twenty  locks  and  is  fed  from  the 
Lehigh  at  Easton.  It  is  sixty  miles  long 
and  terminates  at  Bristol,  Pa.,  where  it 
enters  the  Delaware  River  at  tide  water. 
From  this  point  the  boats  are  towed  by 
steam  to  Bordentown.  N.  J.,  and  Phila- 
delphia, Pa.  They  also  enter  the  Raritan 
Canal  via  New  Brunswick,  N.  J.,  to 
reach  New  York,  the  only  means  to  get 
coal  to  New  York  by  boat  prior  to  1856. 


REMINISCENCES   OF  THE  LEHIGH  AND  DELEWARE   CANALS 


453 


The    levels    are    one-half,    one,    two. 

three,  five,  six,  seven  and  ten  miles  long 
on  the  Delaware  Canal.     On  the  Lehigh 

Canal    they    are    one-half,  one,  two  and 
three  miles  long. 

1  commenced  to  drive  a  horse  on  the 
towpath  of  the  Lehigh  Canal  in  1840  fo^ 
board  and  clothes,  and  by  1856,  when  the 
Lehigh  Valley  Railroad  was  built,  I  was 
proprietor  and  owner  of  a  line  of  twelve 
transportation  boats  plying  between 
Philadelphia  and  Wilkes-Barre. 

I  was  at  first  employed  as  driver  by 
John  Bachman,  of  Freemansburg,  Pa. 
'Sir.  Bachman  was  the  owner  of  two  ca- 
nal boats,  or  scows,  built  in  double  sec- 
tions, with  a  capacity  of  about  sixty  tons 
used  to  freight  coal  from  Mauch  Chunk 
to  Bristol  and  Philadelphia  via  the  Le- 
high and  Delaware  canals.  I  drove  the 
horse  of  the  boat  "Bear"  that  brought 
the  first  load  of  iron  ore  from  South 
Easton  to  Catasauqua,  Pa.,  for  the 
Crane  Iron  Furnace  Company  in  Sep- 
tember, 1840.  On  January  8.  1841,  the 
canal  from  White  Haven  to  Easton  wa< 
coinpletely  destroyed  by  a  freshet,  which 
nearly  bankrupted  the  company.  The 
Pennsylvania  Legislature  being  in  ses- 
sion, the  Lehigh  Coal  and  Navigation 
Company  was  authorized  to  issue  scrip 
bearing  six  per  cent,  and  redeemable  in 
toll  and  coal.  This  enabled  the  company 
to  rebuild  the  canal.  Air.  Bachman,  my 
employer,  lost  both  of  his  boats  by  the 
freshet  and  discharged  me  w-ithout  pay, 
after  which  I  w-as  taken  in  by  a  daughter 
of  John  Warg  of  the  same  place.  I  drove 
a  cart  horse  to  repair  the  canal,  during 
the  winter  of  1841,  and  boarded  in  a 
shanty  at  Laubach's  farm  below  East 
Allentown.  Pa. 

In  this  freshet  all  the  bridges,  with  the 
exception  of  the  chain  bridge  at  Lehigh 
Gap.  were  swept  down  the  river  and  90 
per  cent,  of  the  canal  boats  at  Freemans- 
burg, a  small  town  depending  on  the 
earnings,  were  lost.  The  boats  were  all 
tied  to  a  line,  and  every  man.  woman 
and  child  was  holding  on  this  rope  on 
the  night  of  the  8th.  when  the  rope  broke 
and  all  the  boats  belonging  'to  the  boat- 
men of  the  town  went  down  the  river.    I 


was  at  the  rope  when  it  broke.  Jacob 
Killpatrick,  a  boatman,  was  in  a  bateau 
and  went  down  with  the  boats,  but  was 
saved. 

It  took  nearly  all  summer  till  boating 
could  be  resumed  from  Penn  Haven  to 
Bristol.  The  White  Haven  end  was  not 
finished  until  1842.  White  Haven  was 
at  that  time,  and  for  many  years,  a  great 
center  for  white  pine  and  hemlock  lum- 
ber, but  the  lumbermen  could  not  bring 
any  lumber  to  market  in  1841  and  part 
of  1842. 

The  freshet  destroyed  the  Beaver 
Meadow  Railroad  from  Mauch  Chunk  to 
Parryville  where  up  to  1841  coal  was 
transferred  to  boats.  This  road  was  nor 
rebuilt.  Shipping  was  done  for  some 
time  at  East  Mauch  Chunk  and  later,  up 
to  June  1862,  at  Penn  Haven. 

The  cause  of  the  freshet  was  the 
breaking  of  the  high  dams  above  Alaucn 
Chunk.  The  swell  of  water  and  ice 
swept  everything  before  it  and  ruined 
nearly  everybody  living  near  the  Lehigh 
River. 

During  the  time,  from  January  184 1 
to  April  1846.  that  I  remained  with  John 
Warg.  of  Freemansburg,  I  boated  for 
him.  first  as  driver  and  in  1844  as  com- 
mander of  a  boat.  The  Clinton  Furnace 
was  built  about  1842. 

The  great  boat  strike  was  in  1844  at 
Easton,  Pa.  I  remember  that  a  boat  was 
sunk  at  the  weighlock  where  the  Lehigh 
Canal  enters  the  Delaware  Canal,  pre- 
venting the  passing  of  boats.  This  strike 
was  for  more  pay  for  freight.  The  mi- 
litia was  called  out  several  times  to  quell 
a  riot  and  prevent  depredation.  The  Le- 
high Dam  at  Easton  was  packed  solid 
with  boats.  I  remember  when  Asa  Pack- 
er and  other  officials  of  the  Lehigh  Coal 
and  Navigation  Company  came  down  to 
Easton  to  break  the  strike  they  came 
near  being  thrown  overboard.  The 
strike  lasted  several  months  during  the 
summer  of  1844. 

I  worked  for  Mr.  Warg  until  1846. 
when  I  was  employed  by  James  Cook,  at 
Allentown,  Pa.,  proprietor  of  a  Trans- 
portation Line,  as  commander  of  a 
Transportation  Boat  in  1847.     I  bought 


454 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


a  boat  from  Amandus  Trexler,  of  Allen- 
town,  and  freighted  lumber  for  Nathan 
Dresher  and  the  father  of  Col.  H.  C 
Trexler,  from  White  Haven  to  A.llen- 
town  and,  making  a  storehouse  of  my 
boat,  supplied  the  lumbermen  and  canal 
lock'  tenders  from  Mauch  Chunk  to 
White  Haven  with  flour,  feed  and  pro- 
visions of  all  kinds.  This  grew  into  a 
large  business  and  a  great  outlet  for  the 
merchants  of  Allentown  as  well  as  Le- 
high and  Northampton  counties.  Iti 
September,  1849,  I  lost  my  brother  by 
drowning  at  the  Chain  Dam  above  Eas- 
ton,  when  I  sold  out  to  Keck,  Childs  & 
Company,  of  White  Haven,  and  coming 
to  Philadelphia  bought  an  interest  in  a 
hotel  called  the  Gem,  on  Chestnut  street 
above  Seventh.  I  returned  to  Allen- 
town  in  July,  1850,  at  the  time  the  big 
freshet  destroyed  the  Schuylkill  Canal 
from  Pottsville  to  Philadelphia  and  dam- 
aged the  Lehigh  Canal  which  was  re- 
paired in  about  a  month.  I  bought  a 
boat  and  resumed  the  business  that  I 
quit  in  the  year  1849.  I  soon  had  a  line 
of  eight  boats,  and  freighted  store  goods 
from  Vine  Street  wharf.  Philadelphia, 
w^here  Peter  Wright  &  Sons  were  my 
agents,  to  Wilkes-Barre,  via  White 
Haven,  over  the  Lehigh  and  Susquehan- 
na Railroad. 

About  1850  the  Hockendauqua  Iron 
Furnace  was  built  at  Swartz's  Dam 
above  Catasauqua.  I  freighted  pig  iron 
from  Catasauqua  and  Hockendauqua  t^ 
Philadelphia  for  $1,461^  per  ton  up  tr. 
December,  1852.  On  January  i,  1853, 
the  Crane  Iron  Company,  the  Allentowi'. 
Company  and  the  Hockendauqua  Iron 
Company  took  proposals  to  freight  the 
pig  iron  for  the  year  1853,  when  Hecker, 
Long  &  Co.  offered  to  freig'ht  the  iron 
for  $1.27  per  ton.  My  proposal  being 
$1.46^^,  Hecker,  Long  &  Co.  got  the  job. 
I  sold  out  my  Transportation  Line  to 
Hecker,  Long  &  Co.  the  same  day  and 
took  their  notes  and  signed  an  agree- 
ment not  to  interfere  with  transporting 
freight  for  two  years.  The  next  day 
January  2d,  I  received  word  from  David 
Thomas  to  come  to  Catasauqua  and  sigii 
my  contract  for  $t.46I/<  per  ton.     I  was 


in  a  dilemma.  I  had  sold  my  line  and 
signed  an  agreement  not  to  interfere  for 
two  years  in  transportation  of  freight 
and  could  not  accept  Mr.  Thomas'  olfer. 
Before  their  notes  became  due,  they 
failed  and  1  never  got  a  cent  for  my  line 
Steven  and  Edward  Long  went  to  St, 
Paul,  ^Binn.,  leaving  Hecker  to  face  the 
trouble. 

The  year  1853  was  a  booming  year 
and  pig  iron  advanced  from  $14.00  to 
$27.00  per  ton.  Hecker,  Long  &  Co. 
failed  about  June,  1853,  and  Edelman, 
the  distiller,  bought  their  line  at  private 
sale.  About  this  time,  David  Thomas, 
of  the  Crane  Iron  Co.,  sent  for  me  and 
asked  me  to  freight  his  iron  to  Philadel- 
phia. I  told  him  I  had  no  boat  and  no 
money.  He  asked  me  how  much  money 
I  would  need.  When  I  told  him  he  or- 
dered Owen  Rice  to  draw  up  a  check, 
and  I  started  out  to  get  a  line  together. 
He  paid  me  $2.40  per  ton  freig-ht  and  I 
made  up  my  loss  by  the  end  of  the  boom 
year  1853.  I  remained  in  this  business 
until  1856,  when  the  Lehigh  Valley  Rail- 
road was  built  from  Mauch  Chunk  to 
Easton  and  the  North  Penna.  Railroad 
from  Bethlehem  to  Philadelphia.  I  then 
sold  out  my  transportation  line,  but  kept 
the  provision  line  from  Allentown  to 
White  Haven. 

Up  to  1856  there  were  these  transpor- 
tation lines,  namely:  the  Red  Line,: 
Cook's  Line,  Hecker,  Long  &  Co.'s  Line, 
and  the  W.  H.  Gausler  Line.  Petei 
Huber,  Sr.,  a  merchant  of  Allentown, 
had  a  line  of  coal  boats  in  the  forties ; 
Pretz,  Guth  Co.  had  a  line  of  three  boats 
plying  between  Allentown  and  Mauch 
Chunk,  supplying  the  merchants  of  the 
coal  region  with  flour,  feed  and  other 
merchandise  in  exchange  for  coal.  Lat- 
er Huler's  Line  was  operated. 

About  this  time  (1856)  I  organized 
the  firm  of  Pretz,  Gausler  &  Co.,  an^l 
built  the  planing  mill  at  Third  and 
Union  streets  in  Allentown,  and  opened 
a  lumber  yard  at  the  same  place.  In 
1858,  this  firm  lost,  by  a  freshet,  $8,000, 
with  no  insurance. 

On  June  6,  1862,  I  lost,  by  a  freshet, 
my  house,  lumber    yard,    coal  yard  and 


REMINISCENCES  OF   THE    LEHIGH   AND    DELEWAKE  CANALS 


455 


boats.  My  family  got  out  of  the  house 
at  I  o'clock  in  the  morning  with  only 
their  night  clothing.  All  went  down  th-i 
Lehigh  River.  There  was  not  enough 
left  to  build  a  fire.  I  was  at  Key  West 
at  the  time  with  the  Forty-seventh  Regi- 
ment and  did  not  hear  the  news  for  a 
month. 

This  freshet  broke  the  banks  and  de- 
stroyed bridges  and  boats  of  the  Lehigh 
canal  from  White  Haven  to  Easton,  Pa. 
The  canal  from  Mauch  Chunk  to  White 
Haven  was  abandoned  and  the  Jerse> 
Central  Railroad  was  built  to  comply 
with  the  charter  of  the  Lehigh  Coal  and 
Navigation  Company.  It  took  three 
years  to  complete  the  railroad  and  tiie 
people  from  Alauch  Chunk  to  White  Ha- 
ven were  deprived  of  any  communica- 
tions with  the  general  market  for  three 
years. 

The  officials  connected  with  and  su- 
perintending the  Lehigh  Coal  and  Navi- 
gation Co.'s  mines  and  canals  were : — 
Mr.  Wm.  Sayers,  Sr.,  was  weighmastei 
at  the  weighlock  at  Mauch  Chunk  from 
1830  to  i860.  He  lived  in  the  stone 
house  above  the  weighlock  between  the 
Lehigh  River  and  the  canal.  He  was 
the  father  of  Robert  and  Wm.  Sayers, 
Jr.,  of  the  Lehigh  Valley  Railroad. 

Billy  Knowles,  who  died  at  South 
Easton,  early  in  the  forties  and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Douglas  and  later  Leisenring. 
Billy  Zane,  as  we  called  him,  was  super- 
intendent from  South  Easton  to  Mauch 
Chunk  from  1830  to  i860,  and  traveled 
by  horseback  weekly  on  the  towpath 
from  South  Easton  to  A^^auch  Chunk  and 
return. 

John  Brown  was  the  superintendent 
from  Mauch  Chunk  to  White  Haven  for 
more  than  25  years,  up  to  1862,  when  the 
freshet  of  June  5th  broke  the  canai, 
which  was  not  rebuilt.  The  travel  be- 
tween Mauch  Chunk  and  White  Haven 
was  by  packet  boat  connecting  with  the 
Susquehanna  Railroad  from  White  Ha- 
ven to  Wilkes-Barre  over  the  mountains 
and  plains,  and  from  Mauch  Chunk  to 
Philadelphia,  via  Allentown  by  stages. 

The  most  noted  stores  to  supply  the 
boatmen  with  food  and  provisions  from 


Easton  to  Wliite  Haven  were  Abrai.i 
Cortright,  Freemansburg;  Saeoer,  Keck 
&  Co.,  Allentown;  J.  W.  Fuller,  Cata- 
sauqua ;  Peter  Laubach's  store  at  Lau- 
bach's  Mill ;  Benonie  Bates ;  Geo.  We 
ber's  store  at  Siegfried's  Bridge;  Kuntz's 
store  at  Treichler's ;  Thomas  Beck  at 
Lockport;  Jacob  Benninger's  store  at 
Walnutport ;  Thomas  Craig  at  Lehigh 
Gap ;  Bowman's  store  at  Parryville ; 
Louis  Weiss  at  Weissport ;  Geo.  Fegley 
at  Penn  Flaven,  and  Thomas  Broderick 
at  Rockport,  Pa. 

The  best  places  to  procure  bread  were 
at  Peter  Laubach's  store  and  Wentz's 
Lock  at  Treichler's.  The  loaves  were 
large  and  round  and  made  of  rye  flour. 
Six  loaves  would  last  the  round  trip  of 
two  weeks,  and  cost  about  three  shill- 
ings. Our  expenses  for  one  boat  for 
one  trip  from  Mauch  Chunk  to  Philadel- 
phia and  return  were  $3.00  for  provi- 
sions and  horse  feed. 

Bacon  (or  flitch)  cost  4c  per  pound; 
shoulders  4c,  ham  63^c,  butter  I2>^c, 
coffee  I2>4c,  brown  suger  4c,  potatoes 
from  2  to  3  shillings  per  bushel,  oats  from 
2  to  3  shillings  per  bushel,  hay  and 
stabling  over  night  i  shilling,  and  other 
provisions  and   feed  in  proportion. 

Coal,  lumber,  iron,  slate,  flour  and 
distilled  whiskey  were  the  principal  pro- 
ducts for  freight  to  the  then  leading 
market,  Philadelphia,  and  store  goods  for 
the  return  trip  in  the  forties  and  fifties. 

Up  to  1843  the  boats  ran  on  Sunday, 
the  canal  being  the  only  means  to  bring 
freight  to  Philadelphia.  Boating  was 
carried  on  from  the  first  of  April  to  De- 
cember. Nearly  all  boatmen  kept  going 
day  and  night,  boats  being  so  numerous 
that  the  canal  seemed  to  be  a  solid  mass 
of  boats.  The  different  coal  operators 
offered  premiums  for  one  year  to  the 
boat  that  brought  the  most  coal  to  Phila- 
delphia. This  was  contested  by  about 
four  boats,  myself  being  one  of  them 
We  never  tied  our  boats,  nor  stopped 
day  or  night  during  the  boating  season  • 
this  was  done  to  get  as  much  coal  to 
market  during  the  eight  months  of  boat- 
ing as  possible. 

The  salary  of  a  boat  captain  was  from 


456 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


$14  to  $20  per  month;  bowsmen  from  $3 
to  $14  per  month,  and  drivers  $5  pci 
month. 

On  approaching  locks  we  blew  a  tin 
horn  to  give  notice  to  the  lock  tenders. 
Some  boatmen  became  expert  in  blowing 
this  horn.  At  Mauch  Chunk,  where  the 
boats  were  loaded  by  chutes  the  different 
sizes  of  coal  were  indicated  by  the  tin 
horn.  Soft  coal,  lump  coal,  egg  coal, 
chestnut  coal,  stove  and  steamboat  coal 
were  brought  from  Summit  Hill  by  the 
Gravity  Railroad,  now  called  the  Switch- 
back. The  coal  shipped  from  Penn  Ha- 
ven was  brought  via  the  Beaver  Meadow- 
Railroad  from  Beaver  Meadow  and 
Hazleton  Mines  from  Rockport  by  Grav- 
ity Railroad  from  Buck  Mountain.  The 
coal  from  Asa  Packer  Mines  at  Nesque 
honing  was  brought  by  Gravity  Railroad 
from  Xesquehoning  to  the  clam  above 
Mauch  Chunk  and  transferred  to  boats. 

Coal  was  also  shipped  from  White 
Haven  by  boats  brought  from  Wilkes- 
Barre  by  Gravity  Railroad  over  the 
mountains  by  planes  about   1843. 


Boat  building  was  a  great  business, 
carried  on  by  John  Warg,  who  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Geo.  and  Aaron  Baohman,  at 
Freemansburg ;  by  John  Rice  at  Bethle 
hem ;  by  Thomas  Beck  at  Lockport ;  by 
Thomas  Craig  at  Lehigh  Gap;  by  Con- 
rad Graver  at  Weissport;  and  by  ^Ir. 
Miller  at  Mauch  Chunk. 

The  Lehigh  Coal  &  Navigation  Com- 
pany had  boats  built  by  the  different  boac 
builders  which  they  rented  or  sold  to 
boatmen,  payable  by  installments,  with 
interest.  By  this  means  the  company  got 
coal  to  market  and  many  boatmen  be- 
came owners  of  boats. 

The  boatmen  often  encountered  dan 
ger  from  high  winds  at  Easton  dam  at 
the  weighlocks,  the  chain  dam  and  Le- 
high Gap.  Nearly  all  the  dams  above 
]\Iauch  Chunk,  Turnhold,  Hetcheltuth, 
Oxbow,  Stony  Creek  and  others,  were 
dangerous  to  navigate  in  high  water  and 
winds.  The  dams  and  locks  abovi 
Mauch  Chunk  were  from  fifty  to  sixty 
feet  high,  and  some  backed  the  water 
two  miles. 


"A  Prof.   J.   A.   Singmaster,   D.D., 

Church     says   among  other  things   in   a 
Crisis        recent      issue      of      "Lutheran 
Church  Work" : 

The  number  of  ministers  and  of  theo- 
logical students  in  the  General  Synod  is 
at  a  stand-still.  Of  the  former,  we  have 
today  1341  which  is  a  gain  of  only  34  in 
five  years,  and  132  in  ten  years.  Of  the 
latter  we  have  today  only  103  as  against 
120  ten  and  twenty  years  ago,  an  actual 
loss.  The  average  during  these  years, 
however  is  just  about  the  pre-sent  num- 
ber. Last  year  we  lost  twenty  ministers 
by  death  and  no  doubt,  many  more  be- 
came disabled  through  sickness  and  old 
age.  The  Seminaries  graduated  about 
thirty-five  during  this  time.  These  facts 
conclusively  show  that  a  crisis  period  in 
ministerial  supply  is  at  hand. 

It  is  astonishing  that  during  the  past 


twenty  years  the  communicant  member 
ship  has  risen  from  150,000  to  300,000 
that  our  congregations  have  built  many 
splendid  churches,  that  our  schools  have 
grown  in  endowment,  and  that  our  be- 
nevolence has  risen  by  bounds.  All  this 
makes  the  decline  in  candidates  for  the 
ministry  more  remarkable.  While  the 
latter  should  have  increased  100  per  ceni 
to  keep  pace  with  the  growth  of  the 
membership  their  numiber  is  unchanged. 
This  indicates  an  actual  relative  decline 
of  50  per  cent. 

The  above  startling  facts  are  the 
symptoms  of  an  alarming  condition. 
They  indicate  low  vitality  and  serious 
functional  disorders.  When  the  power 
of  reproduction  fails,  senility  and  decay 
have  begun.  A  decline  in  a  nation's 
birth-rate,  and  in  the  number  of  capable 
leaders  is  always  regarded  with  appre- 
hension. 


The  "Good"  Family 

By  Rev.  Prof.    James  I.    Good,  D.  D.,  Philadelphia,  Pa, 


THE  various  families  of 
Goods  in  this  country  can 
be  mainly  divided  into  two 
classes,  the  English  and 
the  German.  The  English 
families  generally  have  the 
ending  "e"  affixed  to  their 
names  making  it  "Goode,"  although  we 
have  occasionally  found  an  English  fam- 
ily without  the  "e,"  as  Dr.  John  Good, 
a  druggist  in  Dayton,  Ohio,  whose  an- 
cestors came  from  Ireland.  The  name 
of  the  families  that  originated  in  Ger- 
many was  originally  Guth,  which  was 
anglicized  into  Good.  The  older  Ger- 
man families  of  this  name  in  eastern 
Pennsylvania  were  settled  mainly  in  four 
sections,  the  Lehigh  County  Goods,  the 
Lebanon  Valley  Goods,  the  Lancaster 
County  Goods  and  the  York  County 
Goods.  The  former  have  a  large  con- 
stituency especially  in  eastern  Pennsyl- 
vania. They  are  descendants  of  Law- 
rence Guth  who  came  to  America  1738. 
From  a  private  letter  received  some  year.; 
ago  from  Dr.  Guth^,  of  AUentown,  we 
learn  that  he  was  from  Zweibriicken  in 
southwestern  Germany.  His  descend- 
ants hold,  we  believe,  an  annual  reunion 
at  the  old  church  near  Guthsville  or  at 
the  old  homestead  of  Lawrence  Guth. 
The  descendants  of  this  numerous  fam- 
ily are  widely  scattered  over  the  United 
States.  Of  the  Lancaster  and  York 
County  Goods  we  know  nothing  except 
we  have  heard  a  rumor  of  three  broth- 
ers of  the  name  of  Guth  having  come  to 
this  country,  who  settled  in  different 
counties. 

It  is  of  the  Lebanon  Valley  Goods  to 
which  the  writer  belongs,  that  he  desires 
to  briefly  speak  and  yet  so  to  do  as  to 
give  information  to  the  other  families  of 
Goods   and  to  point  them   to  a  possible 


source  of  their  ancestry.  The  Lebanon 
X'alley  Guths  came  from  Zweibriicken 
like  the  Lehigh  family.  There  is,  how- 
ever, a  difficulty  here.  Zweibriicken  is 
both  a  city  and  a  county  and  the  family 
may,  therefore,  come  from  either  the 
city  or  the  county.  The  writer  visited 
Zweibriicken  a  number  of  times.  It  is  a 
city  of  about  15,000  inhabitants  not  far 
from  the  French  border  in  southwestern 
Germany.  This  will  explain  why  so 
many  of  its  inhabitants  came  to  Ameri- 
ca. Whenever  there  was  any  sort  of  a 
rumor  of  a  French  war,  it  sent  a  panicky 
feeling  into  the  hearts  of  the  residents 
of  that  county  because  they  were  so 
near  the  French  border  and  they  had  had 
many  sad  experiences  with  the  cruelties 
of  hostile  armies.  So  many  of  then: 
quickly  sought  refuge  in  America.  The 
writer  soon  found  that  his  ancestors  did 
not  come  from  the  city  of  Zweibriicken 
for  he  examined  the  church  records  there 
both  Reformed  and  Lutheran  (the  place 
where  these  records  are  always  kept  in 
that  county  is  in  the  city  hall.  This  is 
true  even  in  small  country  villages  where 
they  are  kept  in  the  house  of  the  burgo- 
meister)  but  he  could  find  no  baptism  of 
a  Jacob  Guth,  the  name  of  his  original 
ancestor,  in  the  year  1747,  which  is  the 
year  named  as  his  birth  on  his  his  tomb- 
stone in  the  graveyard  of  the  Bern 
church,  Berks  County,  Pa.  He  then  de- 
cided to  find  what  families  there  were  in 
Zweibrucken  having  the  name  of  Guth 
and  try  and  follow  them  out  to  their  an- 
cestry. This  he  did  with  the  aid  of  a 
genial  old  schoolmaster  who  had  been 
pensioned  by  the  government.  He  had 
an  amusing  experience  in  calling  on  a 
man  named  Guth,  who  had  a  sort  of 
hardware  store  in  Zweibriicken.  When 
the  writer  told  him  he  was  from  Ameri- 

457 


458 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


ca  and  that  he  wanted  to  know  where 
the  hardware  merchant's  ancestors  came 
from,  the  jolly  hardware  merchant  re- 
plied' "Oh,  I  thought  perhaps  you  came 
from  South  Africa,  where  1  have  a  rich 
uncle  and  that  you  had  come  to  tell  mc 
that  he  had  left  me  a  large  fortune."  \Vc 
told  him  we  regretted  we  had  no  fortune 
for  him  and  again  pressed  him  to  teii 
about  his  ancestors.  "Well,"  he  replied, 
"it  is  not  always  wise  to  go  huntmg  too 
much  about  one's  ancestors,  for  one  of- 
ten finds  what  he  don't  want  to  know.' 
And  he  added,  "If  you  want  to  know 
about  my  ancestry,  my  grandfather  lived 

at —^  was  a  minister  and  was  hung 

for  murder."  We  made  no  further  in- 
quiries in  that  direction.  But  some  years 
later  when  we  again  visited  Zweibriicken 
we  learned  that  our  good-humored  hard- 
ware merchant  had  gone  out  of  his  mmd 
and  had  been  taken  to  an  insane  asylum 
We  could  charitably  imagine  that  that 
had  been  probably  the  trouble  with  his 
grandfather  when  he  committed  his  aw- 
ful crime. 

We  then  visited  a  number  of  village^ 
west  of  Zweibriicken  but  found  that  all 
the  people  west  of  a  certain  stream  were 
Catholics,  so  we  did  not  look  any  far- 
ther there.  We  also  visited  Hornbach 
south  of  Zweibriicken.  Here  we  foiind 
on  the  church  records  some  Guths  and  a 
few  of  them  Catholics.  We  also  went  to 
Contwig,  east  of  Zweibriicken  and  from 
there  to  Gross-steinhausen  and  examined 
the  church  records.  This  village  is 
southeast  of  Zweibriicken  and  about 
1742  had  a  large  emigration  to  America, 
according  to  the  excellent  work  of  Pro t 
Heberle,  of  the  University  of  Heidel- 
berg, on  the  "Palatinate  and  its  Emi- 
o-ran'ts"  This  emigration  from  Gross- 
?teinhausen  was  only  the  beginning  of  a 
continuous  emigration  to  America.  We 
have  met  many  families  in  this  country 
whose  ancestors  came  from  Zweibruck- 
en  among  them  our  distinguished  friend 
and  former  neighbor  Mr.  George  F. 
Baer,  Esq.,  of  the  Reading  Railroad. 

We  then  continued  our  search  still 
farther  east  and  we  came  to  whole  vil- 
\ao-es  filled  with  inhabitants  of  the  name 


of  Guth.  There  were  so  many  of  them 
that  it  seemed  as  if  no  one  else  lived 
there.  We  mention  this  because  we  be- 
lieve this  is  of  some  importance  to  the 
families  of  Goods  in  the  United  States. 
That  region  east  of  Zweibriicken  is  a 
pocket  from  which  the  Guths  spread  out 
over  Germany  and  to  this  country 
These  villages  were  named  Rieschweiler 
and  Nunschweiler  and  lay  along  the  rail- 
way from  Zweibriicken  eastward  to  the 
Rhine.  We  would  suggest  to  the  Goods 
of  America  that  they  investigate  in  tha; 
direction  when  they  are  searching  for 
ther  ancestors. 

But  we  also  found  in  our  searches  an- 
other interesting  fact,  that  may  be  of 
significance  to  the  Goods.  We  happened 
several  years  ago  to  find  the  genealogist 
of  that  district,  Rev.  Mr.  Neubauer,  for- 
merly of  Old  Hornbach  but  now  ot 
Waldfischbach  bei  Pirmasens.  He  show- 
ed us  an  extract  from  a  church  record  of 
the  church  at  Gross-steinhausen,  and  he 
called  attention  to  the  fact  that  the  Guth 
of  that  distriet  had  come  there  from 
Switzerland  in  the  seventeenth  centtiry 
Baptism  after  baptism  stated  that  the 
parents  came  there  from  either  canton 
Zurich  or  canton  Bern.  The  fact  was 
that  Switzerland  in  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury had  ^'otten  so  full  of  refugees  fron. 
other  lands  that  some  of  her  own  people 
had  to  emigrate  elsewhere  in  order  to  be 
able  to  live.  And  Germany  had  gotten 
so  empty  owing  to  the  awful  devastations 
of  the  Thirty  Years'  War,  that  the  Ger- 
mans were  glad  to  get  the  Swiss  to  come 
in  so  as  to  fill  up  their  waste  regions.  So 
these  families  of  Guths  left  Switzerland 
and  settled  in  Zweibriicken.  In  Switzer- 
land their  name  had  a  shorter  form.  It 
is  interesting  to  note  how  Swiss  names 
are  apt  to  lengthen  when  they  are  car- 
ried to  Germany.  Thus  a  name  ending 
in  "man"  in  Switerland  will  be  increased 
to  "mann"  in  Germany ;  the  name  Keifer 
in  Switzerland  becomes  Kieffer  in  Ger- 
many. So  the  name  Gut,  quite  common 
in  canton  Zurich  became  Guth  in  Ger- 
many. There  is  a  prominent  pastor  by 
the  name  of  Gut  in  the  city  of  Zurich — 
pastor  of  the  Enge  Church.     The  origi- 


THE  "GOOD       FAMILY 


459 


nal  ancestry  of  the  Guths  that  came  to 
America  can  therefore  be  taken  as  prob- 
ably Swiss. 

We  have  devoted  most  of  our  article 
to  the  family  of  Goods  in  i^'cneral  as  we 
hoped  it  might  be  sugesitive  to  the  scat- 
tered families  of  that  name,  inciting-  them 
to  industry  in  hunting  up  their  ancestry 
and  giving  a  hint  as  to  the  place  where 
they  came  from.  In  closing  we  add  just 
a  word  about  the  Lebanon  Valley  family 
of  Goods  to  which  we  belong.  Jacob 
Guth  was  a  young  man,  fearing  military 
conscription,  fled  from  Zweibriicken  n\ 
1765,  according  to  the  Pennsylvania 
Archives.  He  was  a  redemptioner  bul 
fortunately  became  a  servant  of  a  Quak- 
er who  was  very  kind  to  him.  After  that 
he  married  Johanna  Christian  Adam, 
probably  somewhere  near  Ephrata.  He 
became  parochial  schoolmaster,  which 
meant  he  was  organist  as  well  as  teacher. 
His  oldest  daughter  married  to  a  Fry- 
berger,  was  born  before  the  two  sons 
Jacob  and  Joseph,  who,  according  to  the 
church  records,  were  born  at  Ephrata. 
Then  he  went  to  Heidelberg  township, 
Lebanon  County,  and  to  Schaefferstown, 
where  more  of  his  children,  John,  Abra- 
ham (later  a  doctor  in  Lebanon,  Pa.), 
Philip  (our  grandfather),  Daniel  and 
Anna  Christian  were  born.  Then  he  re- 
moved to  the  Bern  church  northwest  of 
Reading,  where  his  youngest  child,  Es- 
ther Christina  was  baptized,  according 
to  the  church  record. 

Jacob  Guth,  as  parochial  schoolmaster, 
would  also  hold  religious  services  on  the 
Sundays  that     the     pastor  could  not  b« 


present  because  he  was  preaching  else- 
where in  his  charge.  Mr.  Guth's  relig- 
ious services  were  so  much  appreciated 
that  most  of  the  members  of  the  Bern 
church  gladly  attended  them.  So  finally, 
when  in  middle  life  he  prepared  to  enter 
the  ministy  of  the  Reformed  Church.  It.- 
synod  had  appointed  a  committee  to  or- 
dain him  when  just  then  he  died,  Febru- 
ary 12,  1802.  The  tombstones  of  him- 
self and  wife  are  in  the  cemetery  of  the 
Bern  church  next  to  the  tombs  of  the 
Hiester  family,  one  of  whom  became 
governor  of  Pennsylvania  about  1829.  In 
the  second  generation  two  of- the  sons  be- 
came prominent  in  politics.  Joseph  was 
a  member  of  the  Pennsylvania  Legisla- 
ture (1818-9  and  1821),  Philip  also  was 
a  member  of  the  Legislature  (1826-8  and 
1829).  Of  the  third  generation  three  at- 
tained prominence.  The  oldest  son  (the 
father  of  the  writer),  William  A.  Good, 
was  the  first  rector  of  the  preparatory 
department  of  Marshall  College  at  J\Ier- 
cersburg-,  1836-41,  and  also  the  first 
county  superintendent  of  public  schools 
in  Berks  County.  A  second  brother, 
Reuben,  became  professor  of  natural 
sciences  in  Heidelberg  College,  Tifiin, 
Ohio,  and  a  third,  Jeremiah  Haak  Good, 
was  professor  of  theology  in  the  Re- 
formed Theological  Seminary  at  Tiffin, 
Ohio. 

Might  we  suggest  that  it  would  be 
well  for  the  descendants  of  the  various 
Good  families  to  get  together  in  some 
way  or  at  least  those  among  them  who 
are  acquainted  with  their  genealogies  to 
some  extent.  It  is  possible  that  we  may 
be  mutually  helpful. 


A  Bibliography  of  Church  Music  Books  Issued 
in  Pennsylvania,  with  Annotations 

By  James  Warrington,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Continued  from  THE  PENN  GERMANIA  for  May,    1912 


The  Historical  Society  of  Pennsylvania 
has  a  Breadside  which  must  be  noticed 
here. 

Unpartheyisches  gedancken  in  reim- 
en  bey  einweyhung  einer  Evangel- 
ischen  Kirche  in  Germantown.  Alit- 
getheilt  von  einem  Freniblinge  un- 
ter  Mesech.  Den  i  Oct.  1752. 

It  is  a  long  hymn  which  strikes  one  as 
an  imitation  of  one  by  Neander.  The 
melody  is  noted  in  the  usual  way,  but  so 
far,  I  have  not  been  able  to  trace  it. 

Evans,  in  his  "American  Bibliogra- 
phy," notes  that  H.  Gaine,  of  New 
York,  issued  in  1753  : 

The  Anthem  that  is  to  be  sung  at 
St.  George's  Chappel  by  Air.  Tuck- 
ey  on  Thursday  next. 

This  was  probably  the  Ninety-seventh 
psalm  which  became  quite  popular.  Mr, 
Tuckey  had  been  Vicar  Choral  of  Bristol 
Cathedral,  England.  He  had  recently 
arrived  at  New  York  and  became  a  most 
popular  musician  there  and  in  Philadel- 
phia. 

In  1753  Franklin  and  Hall,  of  Phila- 
deli)hia,  printed 

Prayers  for  the  use  of  the  Phila- 
delphia Academy. 

Not  having  seen  a  copy,  I  cannot  say 
whether  it  contained  hymns. 

Mr.  Sonneck  notes  that  in  this  year 
one  Benjamin  Yarnold  was  organist  at 
Charleston,  S.  C,  and  served  several 
churches  there  in  that  capacity  for  ovei 
a  dozen  years;     but     I     have  net  come 

460 


across  anything  to  throw  further  light 
on  the  church  music  there.  Probably  the 
New  Version  of  the  Psalms  by  Brady 
and  Tate  was  used.  Mr.  Sonneck  also 
notes  that  in  Philadelphia  an  advertise- 
ment states  that  one  Josiah  Davenport 
taught 

Psalmody  in   several  necessary   and 

useful  parts. 

In  August  of  this  year  a  Swedish  min- 
ister, the  Rev.  Israel  Acrelius  visited 
Ephrata,  and  in  his  History  of 
New  Sweden  gives  the  following  par- 
ficulars : 

The  sisters  also  lived  by  themselves 
in  their  convent  engaged  in  .  .  . 
singing  and  other  things  ...  a  part 
of  them  are  just  now  constantly  en- 
gaged in  copying  musical  note 
books.  .  .  .  There  were  some  of  the 
sisters  sitting  and  writing  their  note 
books  for  the  hymns.  .  .  .  Six  of 
them  sat  together  and  sang  a  very 
lovely  tune.  .  .  .  When  they  were 
all  assembled  (in  church)  they  sat 
for  some  moments  perfectly  still. 
.  .  .  Father  Friedsam,  (Beissel) 
.  .  .  sang  in  a  low  and  fine  tone. 
Thereupon,  the  sisters  in  the  gallery 
began  to  sing,  the  cloister  brothers 
joined  in  with  them,  and  all  those 
who  were  together  in  the  high  choir 
united  in  a  delightful  hymn  which 
lasted  for  about  a  quarter  of  an 
hour.  .  .  .  The  sermon  was  con- 
icluded  with  an  Amen.  Miiller  went 
forward  to  Father  Friedsam  and 
proposed  that  a  psalm  should  be 
sung.  .  .  .  Father  Friedsam  hinted 
to  a  brother    .    .    .    that  he  should 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  CHURCH  MUSIC  BOOKS  IN     PENNSYLVANIA 


461 


begin,  and  himself  raised  the  tune ; 
the  said  brother  began  the  psahn 
and  led  it.  Father  Friedsam  also 
united  in  it,  as  also  the  brethren  and 
sisters,  who  sat  in  cross  seats  in 
front,  having  psalm  books  and  also 
note  books ;  but  the  cloister  people 
as  well  as  the  rest  of  the  congrega- 
tion were  silent.  It  is  to  be  ob- 
served that  to  every  psalm  there  are 
three  different  melodies,  according 
to  which  the  note  books  are  written 
by  the  sisters  of  the  convent.  Differ- 
ent brothers,  as  well  as  the  sisters, 
understand  vocal  music,  as  also 
does  Father  Friedcam.  When  they 
sing,  each  one  holds  a  note  book  as 
well  as  a  psalm  book  both  of  which 
are  of  quarto  size  ,looking  into  both 
alternately,  which  custom  would  be 
more  difficult  if  the  singing  were 
not  performed  so  regularly  every 
day. 

This  ('to  a  student  of  music)  is  by  fa; 
the  most  intelligent  account  of  the  Eph- 
rata  music.  It  must  be  remembered  tha^. 
as  a  Swedish  clergyman.  Acrelius  was 
well  informed  on  church  music,  ana 
capable  of  forming  a  judgment.  Al 
though  differing  widely  from  Beissel. 
and  other  Baptist  sects,  on  doctrinal 
questions,  there  is  nowhere  even  an  in- 
sinuation by  Acrelius  that  Beissel  was 
ignorant,  even  of  music.  He  show's 
clearly  that  Snowberger  was  correct  in 
stating  that  the  second  staff  from  the 
top  was  the  leading  voice,  and  that  it 
was  written  an  octave  higher  than  sung, 
in  accordance  with  the  universal  custom 
that  the  tenor  part  when  put  in  the  G 
cleff  was  so  sung.  It  also  furnishes 
clear  evidence  that  the  "artistic"  render- 
ing of  "Gott  ein  Herrscher"  by  a  lady,  of 
which  Mr.  Sachse  speaks,  gave  no  true 
idea  of  the  music,  but  was  rather  a 
travesty,  tending  to  lower  the  opinion  of 
Beissel  in  the  minds  of  hearers.  The  ac- 
count of  the  Ephrata  music  in  the 
"Chronicon  Ephratense"  will  be  consid- 
ered when  that  book  is  reached  in  due 
chronological  order. 


In  1754,  Beissel  printed  at  Ephrata 
the  first  edition  of  a  hymn  book,  a  copy 
of  which  is  in  the  library  of  the  Histori- 
cal Society  of  Pennsylvania. 

Paradisisches  Wunder-Spiel,  welch- 
es sich  in  diesen  letzen  zeiten  und 
Tagen  in  denen  abend-landischen 
welt-theilen  als  ein  vorspiel  der 
neuen  welt  hervorgethan.  Besteh- 
ende  in  einer  gantz  neuen  und  unge- 
meinen  sing-art  auf  weise  der  eng- 
lischen  und  himmlischen  choren  ein- 
gerichtet.  Da  dann  das  lied  IMosis 
und  das  Lamins,  wie  auch  das  hohe 
Lied  Salomonis  samt  noch  mehrern 
zeiignussen  aus  der  Bibel  und  and- 
ern  heiligen  in  lieblich  melodyen  ge- 
bracht.  Wobey  nicht  weniger  der 
zuruf  der  Braut  des  Lamms,  samt 
der  zubereitung  auf  den  herrlichen 
hochzeit-tag  trefflich  praefigurirt 
wird.  Alles  nach  englischen  choren 
gesangs-weise  mit  viel  ]\Iuhe  und 
grossem  fleiss  ausgefertiget  von 
einem  Friedsamen  der  sonst  in 
dieser  welt  weder  nameii  nocht  titel 
suchet. 

It  is  curious  to  note  that  in  his  ac- 
count of  Beissel's  music,  Mr.  Sachse  in 
his  German  Sectarians  speaks  of  "the 
English"  harmony  from  which  Beissel 
evolved  a  system  of  music  of  his  own. 
This  term  "English"  is  a  decidedly  ori- 
ginal translation  of  the  German  "eng- 
lischen" which  Beissel  uses  in  this  book 
There  is,  so  far  as  I  have  seen,  not  a 
tittle  of  evidence  that  Beissel  knew  anv 
of  the  English  psalm  books,  but  he  did 
know  the  German ;  pace  JVIir.  Sachse. 
This  edition  contains  only  one  stanza  ot 
each  hymn,  the  words  being  printed  and 
the  music  added  in  manuscript. 

The    Historical    Society    of    Pennsyl- 
vania also  possesses  an  Ephrata  manu 
script  of  the  same  year 

Zionitischer  Rosen  garten  von  der 
geistlicher  Ritterschaft  in  der 
Kirchen  Gottes  geystantz  et  und  be- 
stehend  in  allerley  angenehmen  mel- 
odien  und  weisen  zum  mitzlicher 
gebrauch  in  der  Kirchen  Gottes. 

The  music  is  in  four  parts,  beautifully 


462 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


written.  This  copy  contains  some  note? 
made  by  Snowberg^er  reg^ardino:  the 
music  of  the  Ephrata  community  of 
which  I  have  availed  myself  in  these 
articles. 

In  this  year  Rev.  Israel  Acrelius  (the 
author  of  the  History  of  New  Sweden) 
visited  Bethlehem,  and  giives  a  descrip  • 
tion  of  the  music  he  heard  which  is  well 
worth  copying. 

The  brethren  were  divided  in  their 
opinions  as  to  whether  we  should  sit 
in  the  organ  gallery  or  down  in  the 
church.  It  was  finally  arranged 
that  we  should  sit  below,  as  the 
music  would  sound  better  there.  The 
organ  had  the  accompaniment  of 
violins  and  flutes.  The  musicians 
were  back  in  the  gallery  so  that 
none  of  them  were  seen.  .  .  .  Dur- 
ing the  playing  of  the  music,  one  of 
their  ministers  seated  himself  at  the 
little  table,  and  read  some  verses  of 
a  German  hymn  book,  after  which 
they  were  sung  with  excellent  mus- 
ic. Inasmuch  as  we  were  their 
guests  and  were,  as  they  well  know, 
Lutherans,  they  were  so  polite  as  to 
read  and  sing  some  verses  of  our 
German  hymns.  .  .  .  This  was 
their  service  which  they  called 
"hour  of  singing."  And  so  it  was, 
for  the  verses  were  alternately  read 
and  sung  five  or  six  verses  as  di- 
rected. We  went  out  and  expressed 
our  gratification  with  the  music  with 
which  they  were  well  pleased.  .  .  . 
Whilst  we  stood,  a  new  hymn  was 
started  in  the  church  and  the  music 
struck  up  again.  Mr.  Benzien  said 
that  that  was  the  unmarried  Bretli- 
ren's  hour  for  relaxation  when  none 
but  themselves  were  present :  also 
that  the  unmarried  sisters  had  a 
similar  hour  in  their  house. 

In  this  year  (1754)  there  was  printed 
at  London,  and  apparently  also  at  An- 
napolis, Maryland, 

A  poetical  translation  of  the  psalms 
of  David  from  Buchanan's  Latin 
into  English  verse.  By  the  Rev. 
Thomas     Cradock,     Rector     at     St. 


Thomas's  Parish,  Baltimore  Coun- 
ty, Maryland. 

Regarding  this  book  there  appears  to 
be  conflicting  evidence.  Sprague  in  his 
"Annals  of  the  American  Pulpit"  says, 
it  was  published  by  subscription  and  so 
advertised  in  the  Marylancl  Gazette  of 
1753.  This  newspaper  I  have  not  seen. 
Evans  in  his  "American  Bibliography" 
does  not  notice  at ;  but  Sabin  gives  it  as 
an  Annapolis  imprint  of  1756.  The 
British  Museum  has  a  copy  printed  in 
London,  1754;  but  the  title  as  given  in 
that  catalogue  differs  frOm  that  P'iven  in 
Julian's  Dictionary  of  Hymnology  the 
latter  being  much  longer.  Whether  the 
publication  at  Annapolis  and  London 
was  simultaneous,  is  more  than  I  can 
say.  The  versification  was  not  in  the 
usual  psalm  meters,  but  in  blank  verse ; 
and  the  book  is  noted  here,  as  a  slight 
evidence  that  even  at  such  an  early  pe- 
riod the  arts  were  not  neglected,  or 
scholarship  ignored. 

In  the  Pennsylvania  Gazette  of  July 
II,  1754,  there  appeared  an  advertise- 
ment of 

The  youth's  entertaining  amuse- 
ment, or  a  plain  guide  to  psalmody : 
being  a  collection  of  the  most  us- 
ual and  necessary  tunes  sung  in  the 
English  Protestant  congregation  in 
Philadelphia,  etc.  In  two  parts, 
viz.  Treble  and  Bass,  with  all  pro- 
per and  necessary  rules  adapted  to 
the  meanest  capacities.  By  W. 
Dawson. 

I  have  not  been  able  to  trace  a  copy 
of  this  work,  and  am  indebted  to  Mr. 
Sonneck  for  drawing  my  attention  to- 
the  advertisement.  The  Compiler  of  the 
book  describes  himself  as  "Writing 
Master  and  Accomptant"  and  was  a 
-Philadelphian.  I  do  not  know  of  any 
music  book  published  in  England  by  one 
of  the  name  of  Dawson,  but  Mr.  Son- 
neck  notes  a  Mr.  Dawson  giving  a  con- 
cert at  Providence,  Rhode  Island  in 
1768. 

In  this  year  (1754)  there  was  pub- 
lished in  London  a  book  which  calls  for 
some  attention  on  several  grounds 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  CHURCH  MUSIC  BOOKS  IN  PENNSYLVANIA 


463 


The  Divine  Musical  miscellany,  be- 
incy  a  collection  of  psalm  and  hymn 
tunes :  great  part  of  which  were 
never  before  in  print.     London. 

Very  few  copies  are  known,  but  one 
is  in  my  hbrary.  It  is  one  of  the  earli- 
est Methodist  Tune  books,  antedating" 
"Harmonia  Sacra"  by  Thomas  Butts, 
several  years,  and  it  contains  tunes  with 
American  names  which  have  noc 
been  traced  to  an  earlier  lx)ok.  It  has 
tunes  named  Boston,  Charles  Town, 
Maryland,  New  York,  Philadelphia, 
Virginia.  It  is  also  worth  mentioning- 
here  because  Lyon  in  his  "Urania,"' 
made  considerable  use  of  the  book, 
taking  many  times  from  it.  I  think 
the  book  is  to  be  connected  with 
the  visits  of  Whitefield  to  this  country. 

In  1755  there  was  issued  from  the 
Ephrata  press : 

Nachklang  zum  gesang  der  ein- 
samen  Turtel  Taube,  enthaltend 
eine  neue  sammlung  geistlicher 
lieder. 

A  copy  is  in  the  Library  of  the  His- 
torical Society  of  Pennsylvania.  It  con- 
tains no  music  or  reference  to  music. 

The  same  Library  contains  a  copy  of 
the  following,  dated  Emmaus,  1755. 

Anhang   der  ubrigen   B ruder  lieder 

seit  1749- 

There  is  no  music  or  reference  to 
music. 

In  this  year  (1755)  the  Rev.  Charles 
Martyn,  of  St.  Andrew's  parish,  North 
Carolina,  wrote  to  the  Society  for  the 
Propagation  of  the  Gospel  that  the  par- 
ishioners had  purchased  an  organ  for  the 
church. 

In  November  of  the  same  year  the  ves- 
try record  of  Bruton  I'arish,  X'irginia. 
has  the  following: 

Ordered  that  the  Rev.  and  Hon. 
Commissary,  Thomas  Dawson ;  the 
Hon.  John  Blair,  Esq. ;  Peyton  Ran- 
dolph. Esq. ;  Benjamin  Waller,  Esq., 
or  any  of  them  do  agree  with  a  per- 


son to  build  a  loft  for  an  organ  in 
the  church  in  the  city  of  Williams- 
burg, and  to  set  up  the  same.  Mr. 
Peter  Pelham  is  unanimously  ap- 
pointed and  chosen  organist  of  the 
church  in  the  city  of  Williamsburg, 

This  Peter  Pelham,  according  to  ^Ir. 
Sonneck,  was  the  son  of  Peter  Pelham, 
of  Boston  a  noted  musician  there. 

On  June  24th  1755,  Daniel  Fisher  in 
his  Diary  (Pennsylvania  Magazine, 
XVII)  notes  as  follows: 

On  St.  John  the  Baptist  Day  there 
was  the  greatest  procession  of  Free 
Masons  to  the  church,  and  this 
Lodge  in  Second  Street  that  was 
ever  seen  in  America.  No  less  than 
160  being  in  the  procession  ...  at- 
tended by  a  band  of  music. 

The  Historical  Society  of  Pennsylva- 
nia owns  a  manuscript,  said  to  be  of 
Philadelphia  origin, 

Mr.  James    Hunter,  his    book.     By 

F.  Baird,  April  7th,  1755. 

It  contains  twenty-three  tunes  in  the 
curious  notation  used  by  Tufts  at  Bos- 
ton in  172 1  ;  and  the  book  is  noteworthy 
as  containing  the  tune  ''Mear"  which  did 
not  appear  in  American  books  earlier 
than  Barnard's  Psalms,  1752.  It  also 
shows  an  acquaintance  with  a  class  of 
tune  books  issued  in  England  which 
gradually  supplanted  the  old  psalm 
ijooks.  The  old  version  of  the  Psalms 
gave  the  tune  at  the  head  of  the  psalm, 
but  the  new  version  gave  no  tunes  and 
manv  collections  of  tunes  were  printed 
of  a  size  to  bind  up  with  the  psalm  book. 

The  Historical  Society  of  Pennsylva- 
nia has  a  Broadside  list  of  Books  im- 
ported by  William  Bradford,  of  Philadel- 
phia, this  year.  It  contains  Bibles  and 
Prayer  Books  but  I  did  not  notice  any 
psalm  or  music  books. 

Evans  in  his  American  Bibliography 
gives  the  following  title  under  the  year 
1756: 

Psalmodia  Germanica :  or  the  Ger- 


464 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


man  psalmody.  Translated  from  the 
High  Dutch.  Together  with  their 
proper  tunes  and  thorough  bass.  The 
third  edition,  corrected  and  very 
much  enlarged.  London.-  New 
York,  reprinted.     H.  Gaine,  1756. 

with  a  second  title 

A  supplement  to  German  Psalmody. 
Done  into  English.  Together  with 
their  proper  tunes  and  thorough  bass 
for  promoting  sacred  harmony  in 
private  families.  New  York,  H. 
Gaine,    1756. 

Evans  states  that  a  copy  is  in  the  Li- 
brary of  the  Historical  Society  of  Penn- 
sylvania, but  Dr.  Jordan  knows  nothing 
of  the  book  being  there ;  and  I  have  not 
been  able  to  trace  it.  My  impression  is 
that  the  date  is  a  mistake,  and  that  the 
bok  he  cites  is  a  reprint  of  Haberkorn':'- 
corrected  edition  published  in  London  in 
1765.  The  book  was  originally  publish' 
ed  in  London  in  1720.  The  compiler, 
John  Christian  Jacobi  was  connected  with 
the  German  chapel  Royal  in  London  for 
many  years ;  and  was  one  of  the  first  to 
introduce  the  German  chorals  into  Eng- 
land. Jacobi's  ithird  edition  was  publish- 
ed in  London  in  1756,  and  a  copy  is  in 
the  Krauth  Memorial  Library,  Mt.  Airy. 
My  copy  was  published  in  London  in 
1722. 

The  catalogue  of  the  Library  at  Christ 
Church,  Philadelnhia,  notes  the  posses- 
sion of  a  copy,  dated  Annapolis,  1756,  of 
Cradock's    New   version   of   the   psalms. 

The  Historical  Society  of  Pennsylva- 
nia possesses  an  imperfect  book  with  a 
manuscri])t  title,  reading  as  follows : 

Das  Bruder  Lied,  oder  ein  aiisfluz 
(iottes  u  seiner  Hebe  aus  der  him- 
melischen  u  paradisischen  gold-ader, 
oder  brunnen  des  lebens  entsprung- 
en.  Aus  der  Bruderlichen  gesell" 
schafft  in  Bethania  entsprossen  in- 
herfiirgebracht,  betreffende  den  in- 
halt  von  der  iinschatzbaren  vom 
himmel  gebrachten  IJruder  liebe:  als 
welche  Jesus  auf  erden  gelehrt  u 
clargethum  u.  s.  w.  Ephrata,  1756. 


The  Library  Company,  of  Philadel- 
phia, owns  a  complete  copy,  and  it  ap- 
pears the  book  was  issued  both  at  Saron 
and  Bethania. 

The  Harris  collection  at  Providence, 
R.  I.,  has  a  copy  of  the  following: 

Poems  moral  and  divine  by  an 
American  Gentleman.  London,  1756. 

Not  having  seen  the  book  I  cannot  say 
\\diether  it  properly  belongs  here,  but 
give  the  benefit  of  the  doubt. 

The  Library  Company  of  I^hiladelphia 
has  the  following: 

Some  serious  remarks  on  that  sol- 
emn and  indispensable  duty  of  at- 
tending assemblies  for  divine  wor- 
ship. By  David  Hall.  London,  1756. 

This  is  by  a  member  of  the  Society  of 
Friends.  This  appears  to  have  been  ex- 
panded in  a  pamphlet  by  the  same  author 
issued  in  1758  and  which  will  be  noted 
under  that  year. 

The  Historical  Society  of  Pennsylva- 
nia has  a  pamphlet  with  the  following 
title : 

Ein  angehmer  gerich  der  Rosen  und 
Lillien  die  im  thai  der  demuth  unter 
den  dornen  hervor  gewachsen.  Alles 
aus  der  Schwesterlichen  gesell- 
schafft  in  Saron.  In  jahr  des  heils, 
1756. 

There  is  neither  music  nor  reference 
to  music.  The  Library  Company  of  Phil- 
adelphia also  owns  a  copy. 

In  1757  Watts'  Psalms,  and  Divine 
and  moral  songs  wers  were  reprinted  by 
Chattin  of  Philadelphia ;  and  according 
to  Hildeburn  the  same  printer  issued  in 
his  year  a  catalogue  of  boks  for  sale  by 
him ;  but  this  I  have  not  seen.  Franklin 
and  Armbruster  also  issued  another  re- 
print, Der  Psalter  David. 

The  Pennsylvania  Journal  of  Aprit 
27'  1757'  has  an  advertisement  by  Josiah 
Davenport  that  he  still  kept  a 

Singing  school  .  .  .  where  any  per- 
son may  be  instructed  in  psalmody 
that  is  capable  to  learn  that  agree- 
able art 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  CHURCH  MUSIC  BOOKS  IN  PENNSYLVANIA 


465 


and  one  is  led  to  speculate  upon  the  pos- 
sibility of  his  'being-  related  to  Uriah 
Davenport,  a  music  teacher  of  London 
who  at  this  time  was  publishins;-  his 
"Psalm  Singer's  Pocket  Companion" 
which  was  quite  popular  and  went 
though  several  editions. 

In  1758  according  to  Dr.  Jordan's 
"Early  Colonial  Organ  Builders"  Klemm 
and  Tannenberg  built  an  organ  for  the 
chapel  in  the  Manor  house  at  Nazareth, 
Pa.   (Pennsylvania  Mag.  July,  1898.) 

The  Library  Company  of  Philadelphia 
owns  a  copy  of  a  book  which  althougii 
published  in  London  in  this  year  was 
probably  in  use  in  Philadelphia. 

Discourses  devotional  and  practi- 
cal suited  to  the  use  of  families : 
with  a  proper  hymn  annexed  to  each. 
By  John  Mason, 

Mir.  Seipt  in  his  brochure  on  Schwenk- 
felder  Hymnology  gives  the  title  of  a 
manuscript  now  in  the  possession  of  the 
estate  of  H.  H.  Heebner  of  Worcester, 
Pa. 

Ein  christliches  gesang  buch  darin- 
nen  enthalten  geistliche  gesange  und 
lieder.  In  welchen  die  haubt-artikel 
Christlicher  Lehre  und  Glaubens 
kurtz  verfasset,  erklaret  und  ausz 
geleget  sind.  Anjetzt  von  neuem  zu- 
sammen  getragen  und  eingerichtet 
nach  Ordnung  der  fiirnehmsten  ar- 
ticuln  der  Apostlischen  Christlichen 
Lehre  und  Glaubens :  Damit  diesel- 
ben  mogen  betrachtet,  erkant,  ver- 
standen ;  geliebet  und  geiibet  wer- 
den,  Gott  damit  zuloben ;  sich  selbst 
zuermahnen  und  zuunterweisen  .  zu 
seiner  selbst  Erbauung  im  Christen- 
thum.  1st  auch  versehen  mit  einem 
register  nach  welchem  die  gesange 


auf  alle  Hohe  Fest-Sonn-  und  Fey- 
er-Tage  durch  gantze  Jahr  einge- 
theilet  sind,  dasz  selbe  zu  denen 
Evangelien  (nach  Belieben  und 
wenn  es  gefallig  ist  solche  Ordnung 
zugebrauchen)  konnen  gebraucht, 
geiibet  und  betrachtet  werden.  Also 
zuzammen  geordnet  und  geschreib- 
en  im  Jahr  Ohristi  M.D.CC.LVIII. 

Not  having  seen  this  manuscript  I  am 
not  in  a  position  to  offer  an  remarks  re- 
garding it  except  that  probably  the 
music  is  denoted  in  the  usual  manner. 

The  Library  Company  of  Philadelphia 
and  the  Historical  Society  of  Pennsylva- 
nia   each  has  a  copy  of  the  following: 

A  mite  into  the  Treasury,  or  some 
serious  remarks  on  that  solemn  and 
indispensable  duty  of  duly  attend- 
ing assemblies  for  divine  worship, 
incumbent  upon  all  persons  come  to 
years  of  understanding  (especially 
the  Professors  of  Truth)  whilst  fa- 
vored with  health  strength  and  lib- 
erty ;  together  with  some  animadver- 
sions upon  the  neglect  thereof ;  as 
also  a  word  of  consolation  to  such 
sincere  hearted  friends  as  are  ren- 
dered incapable  of  personally  at- 
tending them  by  reason  of  old  age, 
some  bodily  disorder,  or  confinement 
&c.  To  which  is  subjoined  an  epistle 
to  friends  of  Knaresborough 
Monthly  Meeting.  By  David  Hall. 
Printed  London.  Philadelphia  re- 
printed by  B.  Franklin  and  D.  Hall 
1758. 

This  pamphlet  being  an  emanation 
from  the  Society  of  Friends  of  course 
does  not  inculcate  the  study  of  music ; 
but  it  is  placed  here  as  an  item  on  the 
negative  side ;  a  side  which  no  student 
will  ignore. 


XTbe  pcnn  (Bermania  (Benealogical  Club 


EDITOR — Cora  C.  Curry,   1020  Monroe  St.    N.   W.,  Washington.  D.   C. 

MEMBERSHIP — Subscribers  to  Tlie  Penn  Germania  who  pay  an  annual  due  of  twenty- 
five   cents. 

OBJECT — To  secure  preserve  and  publish  what  interests  members  as,  accounts  of 
noted  family  incidents,  traditions.  Bible  records,  etc..  as  well  as  historical  and 
genealogical  data  of  Swiss  German  and  Palatine  American  immigrants,  with,  date 
and  place  of  birth,  marriage,  settlement,  migration  and  death  of  descendants. 
Puzzling   genealogical    questions    and    answers    thereto   inserted    free. 

OFFICERS — Elected  at  annual  meeting.  (Suggestions  as  to  time  and  place  are  invited. > 

BENEFITS — Team  work,  personal  communications,  mutual  helpfulness,  exchange  of 
information  suggestions  as  to  what  should  be  printed,  contributions  for  publica- 
tion, including  the  asking  and  answering  of  questions. 


Club  Membership 

The  Club  has  enrolled  members  resid- 
ing in  District  of  Columbia,  Michigan, 
Massachusetts,  Connecticut,  New  York, 
Virginia,  Illinois,  and  Bethlehem,  Car- 
negie, Allentown,  Germantown,  Phila- 
delphia, Lancaster  in  Pennsylvania.  Oth- 
ers are  getting  ready  to  send  their  quar- 
ters. Members  are  heartily  welcome  to 
the  use  of  the  P.  G.  G.  Club.  Four 
magazine  pages  are  placed  at  their  use 
and  control  and  more  are  promised  as 
interest  grows.  This  club  ought  to  be- 
come a  flourishing  National  Mutual  Aid 
and  Service  Society  in  things  genealogi- 
jli.    ~  'jope  it  will.  C.  C.  C. 

Extracts  from  Letters 

"Fine,  Fine,  Fine." 

"It  has  occurred  to  me  that  it  mi^ht  be 
a  good  plan  for  a  number  of  families  this 
spring  from  particular  families  of  Swit- 
zerland and  Germany  to  emplov  a  re- 
sponsible genealogist  there  to  look  up 
the  genealogy  of  our  families." 

466 


"Being  a  subscriber  to  the  Penn  Ger- 
mania I  would  like  to  join  the  Genea- 
logical Club  you  are  organizing.  .  .  . 
Please  send  me  full  description  and  par- 
ticulars in  regard  to  the  new  Genealogi- 
cal Club  of  the  Penn  Germania." 

'T  have  noted  with  much  interest 
your  undertaking  in  connection  with  the 
Penn  Germania.  ...  I  have  found 
my  work  an  extremely  'up-hill'  task,  liv- 
ing so  far  away  from  the  scene,  Pa." 

Who  Are  the  Pennsylvania 
Germans'? 

The  German  element  known  as  the 
Palatines  was  composed  of  people  from 
Switzerland,  Alsace.  Lorraine,  Moravia. 
Holland,  Bavaria,  Hanover,  Saxony,  and 
other  countries  as  stated  in  Rupp's  Thir- 
ty Thousand  Palatines  or  Foreigners. 

These  people  intermarried  with  the 
English  and  Welsh  Quakers,  Scotch, 
Irish.  Scotch-Irish,  French  Huguenots, 
Holland  Dutch,  being  ]\Iennonitcs,  Mo- 
ravians, Friends,  etc. 

In  Northampton  County,  for  instance, 


THE    PENN    GERMANIA    GENEALOGICAL    CLUB 


467 


an  Irish   settlement   was   surrounded   by 
the  Palatine  settlers. 

In  Lancaster,  York,  Cumberland  ami 
Adams  Counties  the  blendins^  of  these 
nationalities  is  seen.  The  Palatine  ele- 
men  has  enveloped  all  other  nationalities 
to  such  an  extent  that  one  claiming 
Pennsylvania  as  the  home  of  their  ances  • 
tors  is  popularly  and  promptly  called 
Pennsylvania  Dutch. 

In  fact  then  the  so-called  Pennsylva- 
nia Germans  are  a  population  blended 
and  compounded  of  people  of  all  nations 
and  of  many  creeds  who  came  to  Penn- 
sylvania for  religious  freedom,  to  wor- 
ship God  after  the  dictates  of  their  own 
consciences. 

Through  the  greater  part  of  the  cen- 
tury prior  to  the  founding  of  the  Pro- 
vince of  Pennsylvania  the  German  sects 
were  fiercely  persecuted.  They  were 
constantly  on  the  move  from  place  to 
place,  hiding  in  the  mountains  or  in  the 
secret  places  of  the  cities,  or  escaping  to 
Holland.  England  and  later  to  America. 
Those  having  refused  to  become  the 
Church  Militant  were  aptly  called  the 
Church  Migratory. 

German  emigrants  to  America  are 
usually  described  as  consisting  of  two 
main  divisions,  the  Sects  and  the  Church 
people.  The  sects  arrived  first,  Mennon- 
ites  ,often  called  the  German  Quakers, 
Tunkers  corrupted  into  Dunkards, 
Schwenkfelders.  Amish,  United  Breth- 
ren, Labadists,  New  Born,  New  ]\Ioon- 
ers,  Zion's  Brueder,  Ronsdorfer,  Inspir- 
ed, Quietists.  Gichtelians,  Depellians, 
Mountain  Men,  etc.  In  Lancaster  Coun- 
ty alone  it  is  claimed  that  there  were 
more  than  thirty  ditTerent  sects,  some 
however  were  of  a  later  date.  It  would 
probably  be  impossible  now  to  compile  a 
complete  list  of  them  all.  Each  empha- 
sized some  particular  phase  which  was 
deemed  important.  Many  existed  only 
for  a  few  years  and  then  disappeared. 
The  Church  people  who  came  later  be- 
longed to  the  two  regular  churches  of 
Germany,  the  Lutheran  and  the  Re- 
formed. Indeed  it  was  said  by  Rev.  H. 
^r.    ^luhlenbcrg,  "Atheists,    Deists    an:I 


Naturah'sts  are  to  be  met  everywhere,  in 
short  there  is  no  sect  in  the  world  that 
has  not  followers  here." 

To  the  thrift,  steadfastness  and  love 
of  liberty  of  those  Pennsylvania  Ger- 
mans much  is  due  not  only  of  the  great- 
ness of  the  great  state  of  Pennsylvania 
but  also  of  the  honor  and  life  of  the  Na- 
tion. 

Queries 

16.  Bickcl.  Who  can  tell  the  origin 
and  meaning  of  this  name.  D.  H. 

17.  Fclty,  John,  b.  17&7,  near  Ling- 
lestown,  Dauphin  Co.,  Pa.  Wanted  an- 
cestry, and  lin  military  service.  Tradi 
tion  makes  him  a  descendant  of  Peter 
Feltc,  who  came  in  the  "Two  Brothers" 
in  1748,  but  cannot  find  documentary 
evidence.  W.  W.  N. 

18.  Schoek  -  Schuch  -  Shook-  Shouck- 
Shuck,  etc.  Will  some  one  please  tell 
me  the  name  of  the  first  emigrant  from 
Holland  of  this  name  who  settled  in 
Pennsylvania  and  how  the  name  was 
then  spelled,  also  where  and  when  the 
settlement  was  made.  Some  claim  that 
the  name  was  then  Schook  while  others 
claim  that  it  was  spelled  Schuch.  One 
family  were  Tunkers.  Descendants  went 
to   Iowa   thence   about   1873   to   Kansas. 

E.  E. 

19.  Shuck.  Two  brothers,  both  sol- 
diers of  the  Revolution  went  from  York 
County,  Pa.,  to  Alexandria,  \"a..  after 
the  war  was  over.  Adam  married  Anna 
Barbara  Way.  Information  wanted  as 
to  their  ancestry  and  original  settlement 
in  Pennsylvania  or  elsewhere.       H.  N. 

20.  Ourslcr.  (a)  The  name  and  form 
of  spelling  used  by  the  emigrant  of  this 
name  is  requested,  (b)  Also  would  like 
the  various  forms  in  which  the  name  ap- 
pears among  'his  descendants,  (c)  Is 
this  family  or  any  of  them  in  anv  way 
connected  with  any  of  the  Horstler  or 
Hosteter  families?  .  O.  O. 

21.  Kibliiio^ei'-Kcbh'iigcr.  Adam  and 
David  Kiblinger  later  changed  to  Keb- 
hnger.  One  of  them  married  a  Miss 
Maupin.  Probably  emigrants  to  Penn- 
sylvania prior  to   1800.     Would   like   to 


468 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


know  when  and  where  first  emigrant  of 
the  family  settled.  Also  information  as 
to  ancestry  and  other  data  reg^ardins: 
these  two  families.  W.  W. 

22.  Shollas.  By  the  last  will  and 
testament  of  Theobald  Shollas,  of  Alt 
Pleasant  township,  York  (now  Adams j 
Co.,  Pa.,  dated  Sept.  5th,  1788,  and  re- 
corded in  York  Co.,  Pa.,  left  the  follow- 
ing heirs :  Madelena,  his  wife,  and  three 
children ;  Susanna  intermarried  with 
James  Patterson,  closely  related  to  Betty 
Patterson  who  married  Jerome  Bona- 
parte ;  Catharine  intermarried  with  Dan- 
iel Gelwicks ;  Madelena  intermarrie  1 
with  Lieut.  John  Range.  All  three  of 
these  men  were  Revolutionary  soldiers. 
Wanted  information  as  to  the  descend- 
ants of  any  of  these  children.    M.  C.  O. 

27,.  Range.  By  the  last  will  and  tes- 
tament of  Lieut.  John  Range,  of  Alle- 
gheny township,  Venango  Co.,  Pa.,  for- 
merly of  Adams  Co.,  Pa.,  dated  March 
7,  1828,  left  the  following  children  by 
his  wife,  Madelena  Sho'llas : 

1.  Elizabeth  married  Jacob  Kuhn. 

2.  John  married  Nancy  Meyers, 

3.  Theobald  Shollas. 

4.  Mary  married  William  Gilbreath. 

5.  Susanna  married  John  Gallagher. 

6.  Ann  married  John  Bucher. 

7.  James  married  Mary  Shetrine. 

Wanted  information  as  to  the  descend- 
ants of  Elizabeth  Kuhn,  Mary  Gilbreath 
and  Ann  Bucher.  M:  C.  O. 

24.  Tyrcr,  James.  Ancestry  anil 
children,  if  any.  Pa.  Archives,  2d  Series, 
Vol.  10,  page  251,  says,  "Missing  since 
the  Battle  of  Long  Isiland."  Was  this 
the  same  James  Tyrer  as  "Pa.  State 
Regiment,  Foot,  March  i  to  May  i,  1777. 
under  Capt.  Robert  Gray;  private  pro 
moted  to  corporal.  On  page  729 — 5th 
Regiment,  5th  Co.,  Pa.,  Corporal  James 
Tyrer,  died  Oct.  22,  1778,  Quaker  Hill 
Hospital.  J.  T. 

25.  Hoovelman  (Heffleman),  Dr.  Ar- 
nold. Born  in  Prussia  in  1749,  died  in 
Pa.  in  1804  or  1814.  Came  to  America 
with  Gen.  La  Fayette,  to  assist  in  estab- 
lishing American  Independence.  His 
ancestry   and  children   wanted.     Would 


like  to  correspond  with  other  of  his  de- 
scendants. A.  H. 

26.  Reed-Clark.  Christopher  and  Sa- 
rah Ann  (Clark)  Reed,  from  Northum- 
berland Co.,  Pa.,  to  Butler  Co.,  Ohio, 
about  1809.  Their  son  William  married 
Sarah  Overpeck  in  Ohio.  Ancestry 
wanted,  will  be  glad  to  exchange  data 
as  to  descendants.  O.  D.  G. 

27.  Charlcss,  Josepli.  From  Louis- 
ville, Ky.,  to  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  in  1808. 
Founder  of  the  Louisana  Gazette,  now 
the  St.  Louis  Republic.  Was  he  of  Pa. 
ancestry,  if  so  what  location. 

28.  Eberly.  Hendrick  Aberlee  (Eb- 
erli)  landed  at  Phila.,  Sept.  2y,  1727. 
Henry  Ebenly  received  land  grant  on 
Aug.  16,  1738  for  500  acres,  described  as 
"located  in  Hopewell  Twp.,  Lancaster 
Co.,  two  miles  from  Conogocheega." 
Henry  Aberlee,  a  Mennonite,  was  natur- 
alized in  Lancaster  Co.,  April  12,  1744. 
Wanted,  names  of  wife  and  children. 

Evans  and  Ellis,  Hist.  Lancaster  Co., 
states  that  "Michael  Eberly  came  to 
Penna.  soon  after  the  year  1700,  his  son 
Henry  married  a  daughter  of  Ulrich 
Burkhard.  Wanted,  names  of  wife  an  1 
other  children  of  Michael  Eberlly. 

Reformed  Church  Records,  Frederick 
Co.,  Md.  (Md.  Hist.  Soc.)  gives  Michael 
Eberle  and  wife  Catherine  Sim,  1751, 
and  Leonard  Eberli  and  wife  Eva  MJaria. 
and  John  Adam  Eberle  and  wife  Anna 
Catherine,  1752,  John  Adam  Eberly,  b 
19  June,  1722,  d.  20  June,  1795.  Other 
families  mentioned  in  connection  with 
above  are  Boll,  Storm,  Brunner  and 
Beckelbaugh. 

It  has  been  claimed  that  the  Eberly 
(Everly)  family  of  Maryland  came  from 
Pennsylvania.  Wanted,  to  be  placed  in 
communication  with  some  one  who  can 
give  definite  information  of  any  of  the 
above  named  Eberlys. 

29.  Blauch.  I  have  copy  of  will  of 
Christian  Blauch,  who  lived  along  Quit- 
tapahilla  Creek,  now  in  Lebanon  Coun- 
ty, Pa.,  made  in  1783  and  recorded  in 
Dauphin  County  in  1787.  He  names 
eleven  children  in  this  willl,  four  ot 
whom  were  born  in  Switzerland  as  earlv 


THE  PENN  GERMANIA  GENEALOGICAL  CLUB 


469 


at  1743  to  1748,  At  the  time  he  located 
on  the  farm  he  mentioned  in  his  will,  (in 
1761)  this  was  in  Lebanon  Township. 
Lancaster  County.  There  is  no  indica- 
tion to  what  church  he  belonged.  Can 
any  of  your  readers  tell  me  what  denom 
inations  then  existed  in  that  section  of 
the  state? 

30.  Lauck.  Peter  and  Simon  Lauck. 
of  Winchester,  \'irginia,  were  privates 
in  Captain  Daniel  i\iorgan"s  company  of 
riflemen  that  led  the  van  in  Col.  Bene- 
dict Arnold's  expedition  to  Quebec.  I'e- 
ter  Lauck  was  taken  prisoner,  Dec.  31, 
1775,  and  his  name  is  recorded  in  the 
Canadian  Archives  as  "Peter  Lock,  aged 
21.  who  belonged  to  the  province  of 
Pennsylvania." 

Peter  Lauck  lived  1754  to  1840;  his 
wife  was  Emily  (or  Miriam  or  Amelia) 
Pleiskell ;  their  children  were  four  sons, 
Isaac  S.,  Samuel,  Morgan  and  Joseph, 
and  one  daughter,  Rebecca,  who  mar- 
ried John  Cunningham,  of  Moorefielu, 
West  Virginia. 

Simon  Lauck  was  born  about  1750- 
1756,  year  unknown,  and  died  in  1815  ; 
his  wife  was  Catherine  Starr  (or  Staer;  ; 
they  had  five  sons  and  one  daughter — 
Simon  Lauck,  a  INIethodist  minister . 
Philip  Lauck,  a  physician;  Jacob  Lauck, 
a  gunsmith ;  John  Lauck  and  William 
Lauck ;  Elizabeth  Lauck  married  Jacol) 
Bogers,  of  Front  Royal,  Virginia. 

Simon  Lauck  was  a  gunsmith,  a  trade 
he  may  have  learned  in  Berks  County. 
Pennsylvania,  where  there  were  gun  fac- 
tories in  colonial  times. 

There  was  an  Abraham  Lauck,  of 
Winchester,  1767- 1835 ;  his  wife  was 
Mary  Ann  Sperry ;  they  had.  one  son 
Peter  Lauck,  and  several  daughters  ; 
Mary  Ann  Sperry ;  they  had  one  son, 
married  Charles  Flinn ;  Catherine  mar- 
ried Wade  W.  Hampton ;  Caroline  mar- 
ried John  Bently.  It  is  not  known 
whether  Abraham  Lauck  was  a  brother 
of  Simon  and  Peter  Lauck.  All  three 
Laucks  were  Lutherans,  and  are  buried 
in  the  old  Lutheran  cemetery,  Winches- 
ter, near  the  ruins  of  the  old  Lutheran 
church. 


a.  Can  any  one  tell  who  the  parents  of 
Simon  and  Peter  Lauck  were?  and 

b.  Where  in  Pennsylvania  they  came 
from?  and 

c.  Whether  Abraham  Lauck  was  their 
brother  or  of  other  relationship  to  them? 

"Leonard  Boyer." 

Jottings 

The  Pedigree  Register,  of  London, 
Eng.,  for  March,  under  the  caption  The 
Law's  Lumber  Room,  calls  attention  to 
the  references  that  often  follow  and  sup- 
plement the  information  to  be  obtained 
from  wills.  The  reports  and  certificates 
that  lead  the  intelligent  searcher  ^o  the 
pleadings,  depositions,  orders  and  de- 
crees in  each  case  and  from  which  addi- 
tional facts  are  always  to  be  gathered, 
quoting  specially  those  of  the  Masters  in 
Chancery. 

When  first  I  began  my  search  to  see 
What  I  could  learn  of  my  Ancestry, 
They  seemed  to  me  as  far  away 
As  if  they  had  lived  in  Caesar's  day; 
But   my   interest   grew   and   great   pains  I 

took 
To  find  my  own  in  each  History  book; 
As  their  names  and  deeds  came  to  the  lignt. 
The  ages  vanished  like  mists  of  the  night; 
And,  they  came  so  near  I  seemed  to  see 
My  beloved,  forgotten.  Ancestry. 

Josephine    Powell    Segal, 
Philadelphia,   1909. 

As  indicating-  the  great  importance  at- 
tached to  genealogical  data  and  the 
scope  of  work  being  done,  it  is  noted 
that  The  Society  of  Genealogists  of  Lon- 
don is  collecting  printed  and  manuscript 
volumes  and  documents  for  safe  keep- 
ing and  among  its  specific  committees 
are  mentioned  those  in  charge  of :  Con- 
solidated index  of  Names,  Card  Index  ot 
Pedigrees  in  print  or  manuscript.  Mon- 
umental Inscriptions,  Parish  Registers 
and  Marriage  Licenses,  Fly-leaf  Inscrip- 
tions in  Family  Bibles,  Records  of  Mi- 
grations and  changes  of  residence.  Local 
Records  and  Family  Associations,  as 
well  as  committees  to  deal  with  Irish, 
Scottish  and  Welsh  records.  Amongf 
its  recent  gifts  are  transcriptions  oT 
twenty-seven  Cornish  Registers  on  index 
slips. 


IE  MUTTERSPROCH 

"  O,  Muttersproch,  du  bist  uns  lieb.  " — A..  S. 


En  Schreiver  im  Druvel. 

Amerkung  vum  Editor.  Der  Cheg 
Speyd  is  im  Druvel.  Er  is  am  English  lerne 
un  sei  Buecher  un  Lerning  hen  aiisgevve. 
Wer  kann  em  helfe?  Buwe  un  Maed,  17  or 
70  yohr  alt  lusst  hoere  von  euch. — Editor. 

Misder  Drucker: 

Ich  hob  m'r  shun  ofd  for  genumma  ich 
-wod  dir  en  breaf  shriva  ovver  de  Ann 
(sel  is  mi  frau)  hud  mich  ollamol  gebudda 
im  moulfighd  wos  es  gevva  hud  dawaga. 

Se  maind  ich  war  tsu  dum  tsu  shriva  on 
<Je  druckeri.  Geshder  is  se  noch  Moxa- 
dawny  uf  bsuch  ganga  tsu  ehra  mam  un 
kumd  ned  haim  far  sex  dawg.  Now  is  my 
tseid  far  my  harts  ous  lehra  tsu  dear. 

Du  hushd  shun  ofd  gawunnerd  wos  di 
lehser  mehna  daida  fum  P.  G.  un  was  se 
s'beshd  gleicha  daida  fun  da  socha  wos 
gshriwa  is  dafun. 

Aershdens — Ich  geb  dir  ken  roder  heller 
far  de  grawbshda  bisnes.  Sin  bessera  lide 
un  aw  shlechdera  os  gleicha  so  ebbas  tsu 
lasa.  Du  besser  yooshd  dei  aga  chuch- 
mend  un  druckshd  was  du  wid  un  won  ichs 
ned  gleich  don  mawg  ich  my  agne  tseiding 
drucka,  sawgd  de  Ann.  Farleichd  is  de 
Ann  rechd! 

Tswed — Ich  main  dail  fun  da  shriver 
dada  tsu  feel  cabidal  bushdawa  usa  won 
se  Pensilvani  Deitsh  shriva.  Dail  bledder 
gucka  yo  as  won  es  cabidals  garegerd  hed: 
De  Ann  sawgd  ich  war  tsu  dum — de  olda 
bredicher  wisda  besser,  un  won  olla  tswa 
tsul  en  cabidal  ware  daids  grosordicher 
gucka.     Farleichd  is  de  Ann  rechd. 

Dridens Ich    main    so    fiel    fun    deim 

Pensylvani  Deitch  ware  ned  Pensylvani 
<ovver  Shrifdmasich  odder  hoch  deitch.  In 
^dem  maind  de  Ann  ich  ware  aw  tsu  dum. 
Se  sawgd  de  menshda  fun  d^nna  shriver 
wara  fum  Olda  Loud  un  de  wisda  besser. 
Farleichd  is  de  Ann  recht. 

Feerdens  —  Ich  main  en  Pensylvani 
Delitshe  tseiding  sud  au  alsamol  en  glany 
shule  holda  far  so  dumma  dreb  we  ich 
bissel  larning  griga  far  nix.  Ich  hob  ol 
de  dickshonaries  in  unser  shproch  kawfa 
OS  ich  augadruffa  hob  un  won  mich  ebber 
frogd   we  mar  des  odder  sel  haisd  un  ich 


guk  im  buch  don  is  es  ned  drin.  Dar  onner 
dawg  hen  mir  budchera  wolla,  no  bin  ich 
gonga  for  der  si-fanger  so  Is  ich  my  hana 
ned   so   dreckich   moch,   wan   ich   des   filsel 
shoffa  hob  missa.     No  war  en  karl  dard  un 
hud  mich  gfrogd  wos  sel  ware;  no  hov  ich 
gsawd   es   ware   en   si-fanger.      No   hud   ar 
gawunnerd  wos  mer  es  hasa  daid  in  Ang- 
lish.     No  hov  ich  gsawd  de  Anglisha  hedda 
nix  so,  se  daida  de  hand  usa  far  de  si  fonga 
— se  gaibda  nix  um  dar  drek.     Ar  is  bissel 
road  worra  un  is  grawd  ford.     We  mar  om 
filsel  mawla  wara  is  ar  tsurik  kumma  un 
hud  sich   datsu  gshdeld  un  hud  gsawd  d(j 
"stuffing"      ware      tsu     tsa     un      hud      ni 
gshboudsd.      No  is  ovver  de   Ann  rawsend 
worra!      Se  hud   en      hond      ful   filsel  mid 
sellem    shbouds    rous    gagrabshd    un    huds 
dem  Anglisha  mon   tsum  gfres  ni   gshloga 
un  hud  gsawd  "des  grisseld  mair  so  ebbes 
tsu  fressa."     We  dar  mon  widder  sana  hud 
kenna  hud  ar  obgabeddeld  far  gud  wedder. 
Ich  hob  shun  en  foushd  im  sock  gamochd! 
We   my   hards  widder  om   bloods  war  hov 
ich  gsawd  won   du  dich  behaifshd  konsha 
du    mid    uns    tanochd    essa    ovver    won    du 
sel  ned  wid  don  wares  uns  orrig  rechd  won 
du  di  waig's  ford  gingshd.     Ar  hud  si  Ala- 
bama sida  shnubduch  rous     un     hud  sicu 
ga-eabd  far  sich  brecha.     "Nous  mid  der,' 
hud  de  Ann  gsawd,  "do  kends  uns  aw  noch 
iwwel  warra,  ich  hob  so  holwer  dar  layda 
on  denna  warshd     un     won      dar  noch   ni 
kudsd  don  bin  ich  gons  sod.'" 

Ich  hobs  sellem  mon  gegooned  as  ar  ken 
essa  gricked  hud.  Ar  hud  a  glessawg  kood 
un  farleichd  war  sell  de  shuld  os  ar  gsana 
hud  OS  de  Ann  bisness  maind.  De  Ann 
sawgd  "ar  fresd  ned  on  meim  dish."  Ich 
wu-d  se  hed  gsawd  "on  unserm  dish." 

Dar  onner  dawg  hen  mir  en  gros  unglick 
kod.  De  shlade  decker  wora  uf  em  doch 
far  es  doch  tsu  flicka.  Se  hen  ned  rechd 
ochd  gewwa  un  der  diwel  is  na  runner 
gfolla  un  hud  der  Ann  era  tswa  hinner^ida 
tsa-a  fer-mashd.  No  war  owwer  en  aland. 
De  shlade-decker  hens  gud  dorich  gamachd 
owwer  ich  hobs  grickd. 

Es  naigshd  huds  se  mich  gshicked  far 
dar  shumacher  for  ehra  en  pawr  holb- 
shdivel     awmessa  so  os  se  nimme     bawr- 


470 


DIE  MUTTERSPROCH 


471 


fesich   lawJa  breichd.     Sel     war     ushd  en 
ousred  far  noch  Moxadawny. 

We  der  shumacher  kumma  is  hud  ar  si 
messerawn  rous  un  hud  ehra  beh  ga- 
gnodshd  un  ich  hobs  ols  shear  gawr  ned 
shdanda  kenna — no  hov  ich  bissel  kooshCl 
- — sel  hud  de  Ann  ufgawecked  un  se  hud 
eem  en  shtoos  gevva  os  ar  ewwer  de  wasser 
shdids  gfolla  is. 

Sellem  shumacher  gaids  we  da  fruchd 
wons  rega  ni  gebd — ar  is  tsu  hod  garaidsd. 
De  Ann  sawgd  ich  ware  aw  tsu  hod  ge- 
raidsd.      Farleichd   is  de  Ann  rechd. 

Mehr  hen  shlechd  glick  kod  des  gons 
yohr.  Im  Yenner  hen  mer  om  flox  gshofd. 
Ich  war  im  a  hoodie  un  bin  ewwer  der 
dorlogle  gshdulberd  un  bin  ins  brechloch 
gfalla.  De  Ann  war  om  flox  ducka  un  hud 
de  shwingmehl  farbrucha  un  unser  shdiv- 
ich  is  tsomma  gfolla  dar  saim  dawg.  Im 
Febawar  hud  unser  beshde  kuh  farseid,  de 
old  kods  is  farshticked  im  hexel  un  dai 
flegel  hud  ausgewwa  iwwer'm  dresha.  Dar 
rema  is  farrissa  de  fliegelrood  hov  ich  in 
da  hand  kod  dar  fliegelkilb  is  da  Ann  in 
dar  bouch  gfloga  un  dar  fliegelkob  hen 
mar  nimme  gfunna. 

Im  Mards  war  ich  de  fasanacht  un  de 
Ann  war  de  eshapoodel.  De  Ann  war  om 
saif  kocha  un  de  firehole  is  farissa  un  hud 
da  Ann  de  saif  farshid.  Im  Obril  hov  ieh 
en  naier  wogga  grickd  dar  hud  en  gamosser 
in  dar  deiksel  kod  grawd  hinna  on  da 
weikselshaer  un  is  mosh  ob  gabrucha. 

Im  Moy  hov  ich  bissel  graws  maya  wol- 
la,  no  we  ich  kumma  bin  far  de  sens,  hud 
ebber  de  nib  gshdola  kod. 

Im  Yune  is  ordlich  gud  garudshd  bis 
mar  on  de  hoyed  gawuld  hen.  Dar  weds- 
kumb  war  farlora,  dar  bouchtsuvver  wu 
mar's  drinka  ols  drin  kod  hen,  war  tsom- 
ma gfolla,  un  de  old  mar  hud  nimme 
gsuffa.  De  Ann  sagt,  "Gella  du  denkshd  es 
wair  mer  farlaid  ovver  sis  ned  sell.  Won 
di  dumhaid  shmartza  wara  don  wairshd 
du  shun  long  farreckd.  Es  daid  noad  ich 
wair  olsford  bi  der,  shunshd  is  nix  ousga- 
richd.  Du  konshd  yo  ken  ofdergshar  uf- 
hanka.     Now  fun  held  ob  bin  ich  baws." 

Im  Yuly  hud  se  mich  noch  em  gnuva- 
luch  dawl  gshickd  far  en  finf  ocker  feid 
wawsem  tsu  brocha.  Se  hud  mer  so  en 
gnarawelich  shdick  flaish,  un  en  gla  bisse! 
brod  in  dar  kessel.  We  ich  dar  kessel  uf 
kova  hob  is  de  hank  obgarissa.  Sel  hud 
se  ovver  fartsarned.  Se  hud  sel  flaish  em 
hund  he  gshmisa  ovver  ich  mobs  broad 
hovva  darfa.  Se  hed  schair  gar  fargessc, 
fooder  mid  tsu  shicka  far  de  orma  geil. 
Ich  kon  dear  ned  olles  shriva  was  ich  ga- 
wolld  hob.  Ich  hair  de  inshine  bloosa  un 
uf  dtera  drain  kumd  de  Ann.  Dard  kumd 
se!  Se  hud  en  shwear  kold.  Se  hud  aw 
dar  shnubba.  Ich  hair  se  de  naws  shneid- 
sa.      Se   kumd   grawd  tsu   ivver   de   felder. 


Now  mus  ich  mich  dumla,  shunshd  gebds 
grawd  en  shgrab. 

Ich  hob  en  line  unner  dail  worda  gatsoga 
un  selle  worda  sulldshd  du  drucka  in  on- 
nera  bushdawa  so  os  di  lehser  mear  sawga 
kenna  we  mer  selle  worda  sawgd  in  Ang- 
lish.  Ich  will  ken  ouslaging,  sell  kon  de 
Ann  do.  Ich  will  gleichdidenda  worda. 
CHEG  SHPAYD. 

Following-  are  the  underlined  words  for 
which  Eng-lish  synomyms  are  wanted  by 
Cheg  Shpayd. 

Dreb,  si-fanqer,  filsel,  gshboudsd,  gfres,  gris- 
seld,  fressa,  obgebeddled,  ga-eabd,  ixcwel,  layda, 
sod,  glessawg,  fresd,  diwel,  aland,  holbshdtveh 
mesneravm,  gagnodsfid,  shtos,  i^hdids,  garaidsd, 
dorlog^£,  breckloch,  ducka,  shwinctmehl,  shdivich, 
farseid,  Jiexel,  fliegelrood,  fliegelkilb,  fliegelkob, 
fasanacht,  eshapoodel,  firehole,  gamosser,  Cnk- 
selshaer,  mosh,  nib,  wedskumb,  bouchtsuver, 
gsuffa,  gella,  farlaid,  farreckd,  noad,  ofder- 
gshar, hrocha,  gnarawelich,  hank,  shnubba, 
shneidsa . 

Wie  en  Bree-Gloock  Uff-zubrecha. 
The  following  lines,  contributed  by  a 
"Dutchman"  of  Eastern  Pennsylvania,  with 
an  Irish  name,  residing  in  Nebraska,  are 
given  as  submitted  by  the  auhtor.  The 
spelling  and  use  of  English  words  which 
are  not  to  our  taste  have  been  left  un- 
touched to  avoid  destroying  the  originality 
of  the  article. — Editor. 

Won  Yaemon  en  storkeppichy  alte 
Gloock  hut  dee  gebunna  iss  zu  Breea,  un 
wuh-bei  dess  Wasser-Dunka  un  oil  onnera 
Mittle  staets  failborr  ous-geturned  sin,  so 
will  Ich  en  goota  Advice  ver-rota  for  See 
dorich  un  dorich  zu  cura. 

Kauff,  bettel  utter  staehl  en  wolfelly 
Watch  doss  gor  verdult  lout  ticka  doot,  un 
stecks  in  ainich  wos  dos  en  goot  Gleichniss 
weist  zu  en  Oiy,  (frish  utter  foul).  Now 
won  dee  ault  Glook  sich  uffs  Nesht  setzt 
recht  aernstlich  for  Bisniss,  so  schneek  hee 
un  schlip  de  Watch  im  Oiy  unnich  See — 
our  geb  yoh  Acht  dos  See  net  gritloch 
macht,  utterverzanna  dusht.  So  zimlich 
Glei,  mit  dem  aevicha  ge-tick,  tick,  tick  la 
dem  falsha  Oiy,  doh  wert  dee  ault  Gloock 
eppes  Ungeduldig  un  Nerfich,  un  of  course 
Unruich.  Ivver  dem  doot  See  awfanga 
rumm-shuflla,  un  wert  halva  zitterich,  un 
wunnert  wos  der  deihenker  der  matter  is 
mit  dem  narisha  Oiy  doss  ess  so  en  Keryosa 
Racket  macht.  See  fonged  aw  noh  rumm 
zu  squirma  off  dem  Nesht  zwae  or  drei 
minuta,  oss  won  dee  Hinkle-Lice  See  ploga 
daeta — streckt  der  Kopp  bis  weila  nunner 
un  lauwert  mohl,  our  kon  Nix  sehna,  doch 
sell  shouderich  tick  gaet  immer  fort.  Don 
uff  aemohl  stellt  Sich  smack  uff  dee  Beh 
un  inspect  mae  genouw  des  Oiy  ivver  uu 
ivver,  un  daet  so  gor  flucha  won  See  kent. 
See  wunnert  epp  ess  maechlich  wehr  do&s 
des  Oiy  kent  rous  Hatoha  epp  See  actually 


472 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


retty  wehr  zu  staerta  zu  breea.  See  bru- 
veert  don  noch  a  mohl,  un  squat  sich  flat 
nunner,  un  lust  ehre  gedonka  sbae  opp 
fleega  noch  seesa,  happy  Draumland — our 
ken  use,  by  jinks,  sell  verflammt  tick,  eick, 
tick  macht  See  shelt-loss  feela,  un  doot 
staets  ehra  Nerfa  uff  Nothla  setza,  oss  wee 
en  Shouder-shock  foon  a  Shlang,  un  esa 
schmeist  See  naecht  in  dee  Gichtera.  Set,- 
kon  now  nimme  lenger  ous-holta,  un  so 
mittem  a  roushicha  Squak,  doss  oil  dee 
onra  Hinkle  verstaera  doot,  doss  See  ah 
ous  em  Scheir-hoff  yaga  for  Engsta,  doL 
jumpt  See  straks  in  dee  Hae,  fleeked  so 
Welt  See  kon,  donn  won  See  witter  uff  dee 
Aert  lont,  Auga  firich,  Wilt  un  Storr  uii 
Fettera  ge-ruffled,  uff  ae-mohl  staert  See 
springa  ivver  dee  Felder  nous,  so  schnell 
oss  en  Jack-rabbit.  See  stupt  net  for 
Fence,  Hecka-bush  or  Deifel,  our  yauckt 
schmack  fort  biss  ehr  Odem  fergonga  iss, 
un  is  ganz  Ous-gespielt,  un  so  laekt  sicL 
gedultich  ortig  hee.     Donn  won  See  opge 


kielt  iss,  un  hutt  dess  ding  ivver-laeked,  un 
kummt  ferstenlich  zu-sich,  so  stellt  See 
sich  witter  uff  dee  Beh,  shitteled  der 
Schwantz,  flapped  dee  Fliegel,  un  paddled 
sich  zurick  Haeni,  un  gloockt,  gloockt  so 
wennich  Daemeetich — our  no  use,  ken 
Oiyer  Breea  mae  for  See,  feelt  See  ivver- 
zeikt,  wonn  See  on  sell  grisslich  tick,  tick, 
tick  denkt.  Un  sell  Nesht  macht  See  so 
Nerfich  doss  See  zittert  biss  ehre  Zeh 
gleppera. 

Now  won  See  recht  drivver  drous  iss 
ivver  dem  gloocka  Fever,  un  fongt  wittet- 
aw  zu  Oiyer  laega,  for  en  longy  Zeit  doot 
See  verhaftich  uff  dee  Beh  stella  wonn  See 
en  Oiy  witter  laekt,  for  See  kons  net  ver- 
gessa  ehre  experience  en  mohl  uff  en  Oi> 
zu  setza.  Sell  is  now  en  sure  Cure,  fergest. 
ess  net,  un  for  aller-lei  Hinkle — Fetter- 
feesicha  included. 

Verkindich  dess  dei  Kints-Kinter,  un  dei 
meenschta  nochborra.  Dee  advice  Kusht 
aw  nix,  sell  iss  aw  en  grosses. 


®ur  Book  ^able 

By  Prof.  E.  S.  Gerhard,  Trenton,  N.  J. 


Theodore  Deiser,  author  of  "Jennie 
Gerhardt,"  lately  returned  from  a  rather 
singular  trip  through  Europe.  He  had 
gone  abroad  to  collect  material  for  his 
next  novel.  He  went  systematically  over 
the  ground  which  he  intends  to  have  his 
hero  travel. 

Richard  Badger,  publisher,  Boston, 
Mass.,  will  shortly  publish  John  Luther 
Long's  "Baby  Garland,"  his  next  literary 
work  and  which  is  considered  his  best  pro- 
duction since  "Madame  Butterfly." 

Lippincott's  for  May  has  a  picturesque 
novel  of  Pennsylvania-German  life,  by 
Elsie  Singmaster,  entitled  "Their  Great 
Inheritance."  The  scene  is  laid  at  Raub's 
Station,  wherever  that  may  be,  and  thv^ 
plot  involves  a  family  feud  between  the 
Raubs  and  the  Kemmerers.  It  is  probably 
Miss  Singmaster's  most  ambitious  story 
since  the  days  of  "Sara."  It  is  a  good, 
strong  story  and  is  typically  Pennsylvania- 
German;  it  forms  a  strong  and  interesting 
contrast  to  Mrs.  Martin's  latest,  "The 
Fighting  Doctor." 

J.  S.  Diller,  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Sur- 
vey, is  the  author  of  an  interesting  publi- 
cation on  the  Geological  History  of  Crater 
Lake,  Oregon,  the  only  crater  lake  of  great 
Importance  in  the  United  States.  Copies 
can  be   purchased   for  ten  cents   from  the 


Superintendent    of    Documents,    Washing- 
ton, D.  C. 

THE  MODERN  WOMAN'S  RIGHTS 
MOVEMENT.  A  Historical  Survey  by 
Dr.  Kaethe  Schirmacher.  Translated 
from  the  Second  German  Edition  by 
Carl  Conrad  Eckhardt,  Ph.D.,  Instructor 
in  History,  University  of  Colorado. 
Cloth;  12mo,  280  pp.  Price  $1.50  net. 
The  Macmillan  Company,  New  York, 
1912. 

This  is  the  first  and  only  English  trans- 
lation of  Dr.  Schirmacher's  "Die  Frauen- 
bewegung."  The  autlu)ress  is  a  German 
woman's  rights  advocate.  The  first  edi- 
tion of  the  book  was  published  in  1905, 
and  the  second  and  revised  edition  in  1909, 
from  which  edition  this  translation  was 
made. 

The  translation  is  a  very  acceptable  one 
It  is  in  good  idiomatic  English,  and  does 
not  show  any  evidence  of  the  long  and  in- 
volved sentence  structure  of  German 
style.  The  book  might  be  outlined  a  little 
better,  but  that  is  not  the  fault  of  the 
translator. 

The  book  is  an  historical  survey  and 
virtually  covers  the  whole  world;  it  is  the 
only  book  in  English  that  gives  an  account 
of  woman's  rights  the  world  over.  The 
nations  of  the  world  are  divided  into  the 
Germanic   Countries;    the   Romance   Coun- 


OUR   BOOK   TABLE 


473 


tries,  the  Slavac  and  Balkan  States,  and 
the  Orient  and  the  Far  East.  It  might  bo 
considered  exhaustive  in  its  treatment.  It 
contains  an  amount  of  any  kind  of  infor- 
mation not  found  between  the  two  covers 
of  any  other  book.  It  affords  interesting 
and  informative  reading-,  even  if  the  read- 
er does  not  always  agree  v/ith  the  v/ritcr. 
The  appearance  of  the  book  in  its  English 
form  is  a  timely  one  because  of  the  pres- 
ent agitation  concerning  woman  suffrage, 
which,  though  a  separate  phase  of  the 
woman's  rights  movement,  is  probably  the 
most  radical  demand  made  by  organized 
women. 

PENN  LETTERS  AND  PAPERS.  We  take 
pleasure  in  extending  the  following 
call  for  data  to  all  our  readers.  Mr. 
Meyers  will  greatly  appreciate  any  fa- 
vors shown  in  answ^er  to  the  appeal. — 
Editor. 

My  Dear  Mr.  Kriebel: 

T  venture  to  call  your  attention  to  mv 

William  Penn     undertaking  as     described 


herein.  I  am  searching  everywhere  on 
both  sides  of  the  water  for  the  letters  and 
other  writings  of  William  Penn,  copies  of 
which  1  wish  to  secure  for  my  proposed 
edition  of  the  works  of  Penn.  This  is  a 
public-spirited  work  which  is  being  made 
possible  through  the  support  of  leading 
citizens  here. 

Your  well  known  interest  and  activity 
in  historical  matters  embolden  me  to  ask 
your  help  in  my  quest.  Will  you  kindly 
inform  me  whether  there  are  any  Peni. 
letters  or  papers  in  the  collections  of  the 
historical  institutions  with  which  you  are 
associated?  Can  you  tell  me  of  private 
collections  of  historical  autographs  or  pa- 
pers likely  to  contain  at  least  one  letter  of 
William  Penn?  Any  such  information  as 
well  as  suggestions  on  any  aspect  of  my 
project,  I  should  be  pleased  to  receive. 

Bespeaking  your  interestt  and  help  in 
my  great  task,  I  am, 

Very  truly  yours, 
ALBERT  COOK  MYERS, 

Moylan,  Pa. 


IfDtstorical  IRotes  anb  flews 

Reports  of  Society  Meetings   are  Solicited 


Ohio  State  Arcliaeoloaical  and  Historical 
Society. 

The  Quarterly  issued  by  this  Society  for 
January,  1912,  contains  "The  Diaries  of 
Zeisberger  Relating  to  the  first  Missions 
in  the  Ohio  Basin,"  edited  by  Archer  But- 
ler Hulbert  and  William  Nathaniel 
Schwarze.  The  Monograph  with  its  valu- 
able index  covers  125  pages  and  is  a  valu- 
able contribution  to  Ohio  history.  Price 
$1.50  per  copy.  Address  the  Society,  Co- 
lumbus, Ohio. 

Historical  Society  of  Montgomery  County. 

This  societj'  in  various  ways  took  an 
active  part  in  the  preparations  for  the 
celebration  of  Norristown's  centennial 
week,  May  5-11.  We  hope  to  give  an  ac- 
count of  the  week  in  our  next  issue.  It 
will  be  of  interest  to  our  readers  to  listen 
to  the  proclamation  by  the  Burgess  as  fol- 
lows: 

To  the  Ctizens  of  the  Borough  of  Norris- 
town:  — 

A  Century  ago  on  March  31,  1812,  the 
Borough  of  Norrstown  was  incorporated. 
Since  that  time,  when  the  population  was 
about  500,  there  has  been  a  gradual  growth 


until  about  twenty  eyars  ago  when  we 
rapidly  bounded  into  a  beautiful  town. 
Norristown  while  characterized  by  neither 
wonderful  growth,  nor  phenomenal  devel- 
opment, has  always  been  in  the  front  rank 
of  progressive  towns,  and  we  feel  justly 
proud  and  point  with  parconable  pride  in 
being  the  largest,  best  governed,  best 
lighted,  best  paved,  best  sewered,  health- 
iest and  most  hospitable  Borough  in  the 
United  States.  We  also  appreciate  the 
honor  of  being  the  seat  of  government  of 
Montgomery  County.  It  is  therefore  par- 
ticularly fitting  at  this  time,  as  all  ar- 
rangements are  practically  complete  for 
holding  our  Centennial  Celebration  on 
May  5th  to  11th,  1912,  for  me  to  extend 
.  .a  very  hearty  invitation  and  welcome 
to  our  friends  and  neighbors  of  the  sur- 
rounding counties,  to  be  with  us  and  en- 
joy the  festivities  and  the  celebration  of 
our  growth.  We  have  grown  from  a  small 
village,  and  through  our  prosperity,  the 
occasion  should  be  one  of  universal  joy 
and'  gladness,  with  due  veneration  for  the 
memory  of  our  ancestors  whose  early 
struggles  laid  the  foundations  of  the  insti- 
tutions we  now  enjoy.  In  the  coming  Cen- 
tury, let  our  motto  be,  "Progress,"  and 
in  our  spirit  of  progress,  if  material  de- 
velopment   has    meaning;    if    mental    cul- 


474 


THE   PENN   GBRMANIA 


ture  and  moral  growth  stand  for  life  and 
advancement;  if  an  abiding  faith  in  Him 
who  wills  all  things  for  the  best  mean  all 
they  imply,  then  will  the  future  career  of 
Norristown  be  as  worthy  as  her  past  rec- 
ord is  honorable,  then  wil  lit  be  said:  — 
"There  is  no  other  place  like  Norristown 
where  she  welcomes  us  more  graciously, 
none  where  we  part  from  her  more  re- 
luctantly." 

The  Citizens  of  our  Borough  desirous  of 
further  cementing  the  ties  of  friendship, 
extend  to  you,  and  each  of  you  of  the  sur- 
rounding Counties,  a  cordial  invitation  to 
participate  with  them  ana  renew  old  time 
friendship  so  that  it  may  be  perpetuated 
for  all  time  to  come. 

I  assure  you  a  hearty  welcome  and  fra- 
ternal greeting 

SAMUEL  W.   LATTIMORE, 
Burgess  of  the  Borough  of  Norristown,  Pa. 

Pennsylvania  Federation  of  Historical 
Societies. 

We  wish  each  reader  could  peruse  the 
report  of  the  Seventh  Annual  Meeting  of 
this  Federation  held  January  4,  1912.  We 
give  herewith  an  abstract  of  the  work 
done  by  each  society  gleaned  from  the  re- 
port of  the  Secretary,  Dr.  S.  P.  Heilman, 
Heilmandale,  Pa.  While  much  is  being 
done  much  more  could  and  shouM  be  done 
throughout  the  State. 

Historical  Society  of  Pennsylvania. 

Addresses,  "The  Jeannette  Expedition 
to  the  Arctic  Ocean,"  "Slavery  in  Colonial 
Pennsylvania,"  "Thackeray  in  America,'- 
"Congress  Hall,"  "A  History  of  the  Fabric, 
and  Some  Account  of  the  Intended  Resto- 
rations." 

Publications:  Vol.  XXXV  of  the  Penn- 
sylvania Magazine  of  History  and  Biog- 
raphy. Leading  contents,  1911:  "Begin- 
nings of  the  Iron  Industry  in  Trenton,  N. 
J."  "Anthony  Wayne,"  "Letters  of  James 
Logan  to  Thomas  Penn  and  Richard  Pe- 
ters," "Extracts  from  the  Diary  of  Joseph 
Heatly  Dulles,"  "Letters  of  Two  Distin- 
guished Pennsylvania  Officers  of  the  Revo- 
lution," "Who  Was  the  Mother  of  Frank- 
lin's Son,"  "A  Philadelphia  Schoolmaster 
of  the  Eighteenth  Century,"  "Orderly 
Book  of  the  Second  Pennsylvania  Conti- 
nental Line."  "At  Valley  Forge,  March  29- 
May  27,  1778."  "Selections  from  the  Diary 
of  Christian  Leach,  of  Kingsessing,  1765- 
1796."  "Isaac  Wilson,  Head-Master." 
"Tombstone  Inscriptions  in  the  Baptist 
Graveyard  at  Cape  May  Court  House,  N. 
J."  "Laurel  Hill  and  Some  Colonial  Dames 
Who  Once  Lived  There."  "Letters  from 
William  Franklin     to     William  Strakan." 


"Five   Letters    from   the   Logan   Papers   in 
the  Historical  Society  of  Pennsylvania." 

Bradford  County  Historical  Society. 

Publications:  Annual  No.  5.  Contents: 
"The  Browns,  1556-1910."  "Early  History 
of  Burlington  and  Reminiscences."  "The 
Old  Athens  Academy."  "Early  War  Times." 
Sketches  of  members  deceased  during  the 
year.  List  of  articles  received-  during  the 
year  in  the  Library  and  Museum.  "Earliest 
Records  of  the  County." 

Lebanon  County  Historical  Society. 

Papers  read:  "The  Humberger  School 
Association  and  Its  School."  "Lebanon 
County's  Place  in  the  U.  S.  Congress  and 
its  deliberations  with  special  reference  tc 
the  period  of  the  Representativeship  of  the 
Hon.  John  W.  Killinger."  "Lebanon  Coun- 
ty's Part  in  the  Battle  of  the  Monitor  and 
the  Merrimac,  March  9,  1862."  "The  Mar- 
shalls — A  Family  of  Lebanon  County  Phy- 
sicians." "Lebanon  County  in  the  Foreign 
Wars  of  the  United  States,  1898-1902." 

Publications:  No.  6,  Vol  V.  Containing 
a  Paper  by  the  Rev.  Theo.  E.  Schmauk, 
D.D.,  in  the  Society's  Seal  secured  the  pre- 
vious year;  another  Paper  on  "A  Word  as 
to  Seals,"  by  Capt.  H.  M.  M.  Richards, 
Litt.D. 

Washing-ton  County  Historical  Society. 

Papers  read:  "The  Life,  Times  and  Ser- 
vices of  the  Rev.  John  McMillan,  D.D." 
"Washington's  Visit  to  Western  Pennsyl- 
vania, particularly  to  Washington  County." 
"The  Life  of  David  Hoge." 

Kittatinnv  Historical  Society. 

Papers  read:  "The  Personality  of  the  Ju- 
diciary of  Franklin  County."  "The  Bibliog- 
raphy of  Franklin  County."  "The  Under- 
ground Railroad."  "The  Lutheran 
Churches  of  the  Cumberland  Valley." 
"Early  Highways,  with  Special  Reference 
to  the  Three  Mountain  Road." 

Historical  Society  of  Frankford. 

Papers  read:  "A  Sketch  of  the  Life  of 
the  Hon.  Richardson  L.  Wright."  "Frank- 
ford's  Industrial  Development."  "Frank- 
ford's  Old  Fire  Companies."  "Two  of 
Frankford's  Old  Residents — Isaac  and  Ann 
Rover."  "The  Jcflly  Post  Boy  Inn."  "Tomb- 
stone Inscriptions  of  the  Castor  Family  in 
the  Presbyterian  Grave  Yard." 

Site  and  Relic  Society  of  Germantown. 

Papers  read:  "Old  Philadelphia  Seventy- 
five  Years  Ago."  "Tales  from  Old  Taverns.' 


HISTORICAL    NOTES    AND    NEWS 


475 


"The  Spirit  of  '76  and  the  Spirit  of  1911." 
"The  American  Officers  of  the  Revolution.' 
Publications:    "The   Cricket   Grounds   of 
Germantown." 

Presbyterian  Historical  Society. 

Publications:  "The  Journal  of  the  Pres- 
byterian Historical  Society.  Leading  Con- 
tents: "The  Earliest  Account  of  Protest- 
ant Missions,  A.  D.  1557.  Part  II."  "The 
Little  Family  in  the  Presbyterian  Church." 
"The  Mission  of  Sheldon  Jackson  in  the 
Winning  of  the  West."  "The  Old  Reformed 
Churches  of  Prussia,  Germany."  "Some 
Noteworthy  Features  in  the  Annals  of  the 
Mahoning  Presbyterian  Church:  1785- 
1910." 

Lehigh  County  Historical  Society. 

Papers  read:  "Diary  of  James  Allen." 
"Reminiscences  of  Rev.  S.  K.  Brobst  and 
his  Times." 

Historical  Society  of  Berks  County. 

Papers  read:  "Former  Scientists  ana 
Scientific  Societies  of  Reading."  "Early 
Dentistry  and  Dental  Practitioners  in 
Reading."  "The  Ancient  Svv^edish  Settle- 
ment at  Molatton."  "The  Rothermel 
Homestead  in  Germany."  "The  Reading 
German  Library  Association,  1803-1840." 

American  Catholic  Historical  Society. 

Publications:  "Records  of  the  American 
Catholic  Historical  Society" — a  quarterly 
Journal.  Leading  1911  articles:  "Baptis- 
mal Register  of  Holy  Trinity  Church,  Phil- 
adelphia, 1793-1799,  inclusive."  "Prehis- 
toric Finds  Michigan."  "Early  Schools  in 
Philadelphia."  "Catholics  in  Colonial  Vir- 
ginia." "Letters  of  Bishop  Hughes  of  New 
York."  "Commodore  John  Cassin,  U.  S.  N." 
"Great  Britain  and  the  Catholics  of  the  Il- 
linois Country,  1763-1774."  "Parish  Regis- 
ters of  Prairie  du  Chien,  Galena  and  Fever 
River,  1827-1833."  "French  Catholics  in 
Philadelphia."  "Indians  and  British."  "Jo- 
seph Coppinger."  "George  Meade."  "John 
Neagle,  Artist."  "Paul  Reilly."  "Was  Bish- 
op Hughes  Offered  a  Peace  Mission  to 
Mexico  by  President  Polk."  From  Contem- 
porary Records  and  the  Diary  of  President 
Polk.  "A  Bit  of  Mission  Story  of  the  Pa- 
cific Coast."  "Bohemian  Mission.  Its  Regis- 
ters." "Appeal  from  Hardin  County,  Ken- 
tucky, for  a  'Comforter  and  Teacher,' 
1800."  "The  Penobscot  Indians."  "Thomas 
Dongan,  Caholic  Colonial  Governor  of  New 
York."  "The  Clergy  List  of  1819,  Diocese  of 
Baltimore."  "Correspondence  between  Bish- 
op Conwill,  of  Philadelphia,     and     Bishop 


Plessis,  of  Quebec,  1821-25.  Relating  Prin- 
cipally to  the  'Hogan  Schism.'  " 

Historical  Society  of  Western  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

This  Society  applied  its  wonted  energ.i 
during  the  year  mainly  to  arranging  for  a 
celebration  of  "The  Centennial  of  the  Be 
ginning  of  Steamboat  Navigation  on  the 
Western  Rivers,"  which  affair  was  held  on 
October  30,  31,  and  November  1.  Incident 
to  the  Celebration  papers  were  read  and 
addresses  delivered  on  "The  Ohio  River 
and  American  Expansion,"  "Washington 
and  Early  Inland  Navigation,"  "New  Or- 
leans and  the  Ohio  Navigation  Company," 
"The  Wheeling  Bridge  Case  and  Pitts- 
burgh and  Wheeling  Rivalry  for  Headship 
on  the  Ohio  River,"  "Early  Bridge  and 
Ship  Building  on  the  Ohio  River  and  Its 
Tributaries,"  "The  Belmont  Bridge  Case," 
"What  an  Historical  Building  Should  Mean 
to  Pittsburgh,"  "New  England's  Relatioi. 
to  the  Ohio  Valley,"  "Pittsburgh — Key  of 
the  Revolutionary  War  on  the  West," 
"The  Ohio  River  and  the  Future  of  Ameri- 
can Inland  Navigation,"  "America  and  the 
Problems  of  the  Pacific." 

The  Pennsylvania-German  Society. 

Papers  read:  President's  Address,  "The 
Influence  of  the  Pennsylvania  Germans  in 
the  Development  of  Our  Public  School  Sys- 
tem." "The  Pennsylvania  German  in  the 
Setttlementt  of  Maryland."  "Charles  Cal 
vin  Ziegler,  a  Pennsylvania  German  Poet." 

Publications:  Vol.  XIX  Proceedings. 
(For  the  Year  1908).  "An  Account  of  the 
Manners  of  the  German  Inhabitants  of 
Pennsylvania." 

Dauphin  County  Historical  Society. 

Papers  read:  "William  A.  Kelker's  In- 
dian Collection."  "Christian  Riots — a 
Poem."  "Biography  and  Etymology  of 
Some  Counties  of  the  Commonwealth." 
"Camps  About  Harrisburg  During  the  Civii 
War."  "Spring  Topics,"  "Pen  Portraits  of 
Horace  Greeley"  "Tributes  to  Abraham 
Lincoln,  George  Washington  and  Henry 
W.  Longfellow."  "Parting  of  the  Ways." 
"Local  Roads  near  Harrisburg,"  "Songs  of 
Other  Days."  "Christopher  Columbus." 
"The  Harrisburg  Anti-Slavery  Society  in 
1836."  These  eight  papers  by  the  Hon. 
Theo.  B.  Klein. 

Special  work:  Placing  on  the  front  of 
the  Society's  Building,  No.  9  South  Front 
street,  Harrisburg,  a  tablet  stating  that 
"This  property  was  willed  to  the  Histori- 
cal Society  of  Dauphin  County,  Pennsylva- 
nia, by  William  Anthony  Kelker  as  a  me- 


476 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


morial  to  his  parents,  Rudolph  F.  and  ters  in  Worcester."  "History  of  Wentz's 
Mary  A.  Kelker,  1908,"  the  tablet  a  gift  to  Church."  "St.  John's  Lutheran  Church, 
the   Society   by   a   generous   member.  Centre  Square." 


Northampton  County  Historical  Society. 

Papers  read:  "A  Century  of  Presbyteri- 
anism  in  Easton."  "Recollections  of  a 
Boyhood  in  Easton  Nearly  Seventy  Years 
Ago,  with  Reference  to  Earlier  and  Later 
Periods."  "Bath  and  its  Environments; 
Recollections  of  a  Boyhood  of  Sixty  Years 
Ago,  with  Reference  to  Earlier  and  Later 
Periods." 

Grand  Lodge  F.  &  A.  M.  of  Pennsylvania. 

Paper  read:  "History  of  the  North 
American  Indians  of  Western  Pennsylva- 
nia and  New  York,  including  a  description 
of  Brodhead's  March  from  Pittsburg  to 
Olean,  N.  Y.,  an  Expedition  sent  out  by 
Washington  under  Col.  Brodhead  to  ex- 
terminate the  Indian  Tribes." 

Historical  Society  of  Schuylkill  County. 

Papers  read:  "The  Introduction  of  the 
Electric  Telegraph  into  Schuylkill  Coun- 
ty." "Letters  from  Col.  Oliver  C.  Bosby- 
shell,  giving  his  experiences  as  an  early 
telegraph  messenger  boy  in  Pottsville." 
"Early  History  of  Schuylkill  Haven  and 
Adjacent  Districts."  "Depredations  of  the 
Indians  in  this  Vicinity  Prior  to  the 
French  and  Indian  War."  Second  Part. 
"Report  to  date  of  work  on  the  Bibli- 
ography of  Schuylkill  County."  "History 
of  Early  Coal  Mining  in  Schuylkill  Coun- 
tty."  "Conditions  of  the  Mines  After  the 
Long  Strike  of  1875."  "Reminiscences  of 
Early  Days  in  Pottsville  gathered  from  in- 
terviews." 

Publications:  "Tales  of  the  Blue  Moun- 
tains." 

Bucks  County  Historical  Society. 

Papers  read:  "Early  Potteries  of  Bucks 
County."  "In  Memoriam,  R.  Winder  John- 
son." "The  Grier  Family."  "The  Penn 
Family,  of  Bucks,  England."  "A  Century 
of  Chairs."  "Old  Time  Lumbering  on  the 
Delaware." 

Historical  Society  of  Montgomery  County. 

Papers  read:  "Influence  of  Study  of  His- 
tory on  Patriotism."  "Reminiscences  or 
General  Hancock's  Early  Life."  "Tribute 
to  Gen.  W.  H.  H.  Davis."  "Zebulon  Potts, 
an  Ancestor."  "Rev.  Abel  Augustus  Mar- 
pie."  "The  Lower  Providence  Baptist 
Church  of  Montgomery  County."  "Colonial 
Architecture."     "Washington's     Headquar- 


Tioga  County  Historical  Society. 

Papers  read:  "Tioga  County,  Then  and 
Now."  "Legend  of  Tioga  County."  "His- 
tory  and   Development   of   Tioga   County." 

Publications:  Vol  II.  Part  IV.  Contents: 
"Early  Roads  in  Tioga  County."  "Indians 
in  Tioga  Coounty."  "Origin  of  the  Welsh 
Settlement."  "Tioga  County,  Then  and 
Now." 

Chester  County  Historical  Society. 

Papers  read:  "William  Penn,  A  Penn- 
sylvania Precursor  of  the  Hague  Confer- 
ence." "Slavery  in  Pennsylvania  During 
Colonial  Days." 

Lancaster  County  Historical  Society. 

Papers  read:  "The  General  Position  of 
Lancaster  County  on  Negro  Slavery." 
"Lancaster  County's  Relation  to  Slavery." 
"The  Early  Abolitionists  of  Lancaster 
County."  "The  Underground  Railroad." 
"A  Reminiscence  of  Langdon  Cheves." 
"An  Anti-Slavery  Reminiscence."  "Side- 
lightts  on  Slavery."  "The  Attitude  of 
James  Buchanan  Towards  the  Institution 
of  Slavery  in  the  United  States."  "Thad- 
deus  Stevens  and  Slavery."  "The  Christi- 
ana Riot;  Its  Causes  and  Effects."  "The 
Position  of  Lancaster  County  on  the  Mis- 
souri Compromise."  "Who  Was  Jacob 
Hibshman,  the  Congressman  from  Lancas- 
ter County."  "Autograph  Letters."  "Report 
of  Committee  on  Commemoration  of  the 
Christiana  Riot  and  Treason  Trials  of 
1851." 

Publications:  All  the  above  named  Pa- 
pers, and  a  special  Supplement  of  13  i 
pages,  by  W.  U.  Hensel,  devoted  to  the 
Christiana  affair  and  its  containing  his- 
tory. 

Church  Historical  Society. 

Addresses:  "An  Appreciation  of  the 
Rev.  John  Marm  Neale,  D.D."  "The  Early 
History  of  the  Missions  of  the  Church  in 
Utah,  Montana  and  Idaho." 

Pennsylvania  Society  of  New  York. 

Publications:  1911  "Year  Book."  Th^ 
"Book"  is  comprised  of  232  pages,  and 
contains  upwards  of  a  hundred  illustra- 
tions— of  persons,  places,  buildings,  arms, 
seals,  flags,  towns,  cities,  maps,  fac-similes, 
emblems,  and  autographs,  all  relating  to 
Pennsylvania. 


HISTORICAL    NOTES    AND    NEWS 


477 


York  County  Historical  Society. 

Papers  read:  "Baron  Steuben  at  York." 
"A  Tale  of  Early  Hanover."  "The  Collapse 
of  the  Conway  Cabal  at  York."  "The  Con- 
tinental Congress  at  York."  "James  Smith, 
of  York,  a  Signer  of  the  Declaration  of  In- 
dependence." 

Susquehanna  County  Historical  Society. 

Papers  read:  "The  Use  and  Importance 
of  Local  History."  "The  Old  Milford  and 
Owego  Turnpike."  "The  Pioneer  of  Silver 
Lake."  "The  Year  Without  a  Summer." 
"Current  History." 

Addresses:  "Education  and  the  Country 
Life  Problem."  "The  Public  Library." 
"The   Historical   Spirit." 

City  Historical  Society  of  Pliiladelphia. 

Publications:  Pamphlets.  "Settlements 
on  the  Delaware  River  Prior  to  the  Com- 
ing of  William  Penn."  "Notes  on  the  Se- 
cret Service  of  the  Revolutionary  Army 
Around  Philadelphia."."  "The  Military  and 


Naval  Operations  on  the  Delaware  in 
1777."  "A  Few  Facts  and  Traditions  About 
Lower  Dublin  Township."  "The  Pennypack 
in  Lower  Dublin  Township." 

Hamilton  Library  Association  of  Carlisle. 

Papers:  "Carlisle  Prior  to  the  Revolu- 
tion." "John  Dickinson."  "Odds  and  Ends 
of  Cumberland  County."  "York,  Dillsbury 
and  Greencastle  Rail  Roads." 

) 

J 

Pennsylvania  History  Club. 

Papers  read:  "Negro  Slavery  in  Penn- 
sylvania." 

Wyoming  Historical  and  Genealoogical 
Society. 

Papers  read:  "Echoes  of  the  Massacre  of 
Wyoming,  Number  2."  "Central  Connecti- 
cut in  the  Geologic  Past."  "Modern  Views 
of  the  Federal  Constitution." 

Publications:  Volume  XI,  in  January, 
1911. 


^be  jforum 

The  Penn  Ger mania  Open  Parliament,   Question-Box  and 
Clipping  Bureau — Communications  Invited 


This  is  a  subscribers'  exchange  for  comparing  views,  a  what- 
not for  preserving  bits  of  historic  information,  an  after  dinner  loung- 
ing place  for  swapping  jokes,  a  general  question  box — free  and  open 
to  every  subscriber. 


The  Forum  of  Allentown.  Pa. 

Hustling  Allentown  in  "Dutch"  Little 
Lehigh  gives  many  evidences  of  being 
wide  awake,  not  the  least  of  which  is  the 
existence  of  the  Forum  details  of  which 
are  here  given.  Many  larger  and  smaller 
communities  would  do  well  to  copy  after 
the  active  brethren  of  the  "Peanut  Town." 

At  a  regular  meeting  the  Forum  adopt- 
ed the  constitution  prepared  for  it  by  E. 
J.  Lumley,  David  A.  Miller  and  Rabbi  Jos- 
eph Leiser.  The  purpose  of  the  Forum 
is  thereby  made  more  definite  and  this 
society  will  hereafter  endeavor  to  be  of 
greater  benefit,  educationally,  in  the  city. 

The  new  feature  of  the  Forum  that  will 
attract  greatest  interest  is  the  creation 
of  a  board  of  directors  who  will  outline 
a  program  in  which  problems  of  city, 
county,  state  and  nation  will  be  studied. 
The  Forum  as  an  organized  body  pledges 


itself  to  remain  non-partisan  and  not  to 
take  any  active  part  as  a  body  in  any 
political  campaign.  According  to  the  new 
constitution,  women  will  be  admitted  to 
membership  on  the  same  footing  as  men. 

The  constitution  as  adopted  is  given 
below: 

In  order  to  provide  a  forum  for  the  dis- 
cussion from  all  points  of  view  of  ques- 
tions affecting  the  welfare  of  our  city, 
county,  state  and  nation,  and  in  order  to 
more  perfectly  understand  the  political, 
civic,  municipal  and  educational  problems 
of  our  day,  without  as  an  organization, 
allying  ourselves  to  any  political  party  or 
as  an  organization  taking  part  in  any 
political  campaign  we  organize  this  Forum 
of  Allentown. 

ARTICLE  I. 
The  name  of  this  organization  shall  be 
known  as  the  Forum  of  Allentown. 


478 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


ARTICLE    II. 
Membership — Any  man  or  woman  of  age 
shall    be    eligible    to    membership    in    the 
Forum. 

ARTICLE   III. 
Officers — Officers  of  the  Forum  shall  con- 
sist  of   a   president,    vice   president,    secre- 
tary, treasurer. 

SECTION  II. 
Duties  of  Officers — President  shall  pre- 
side at  all  meetings.  In  his  absence,  the 
vice  president.  In  the  absence  of  both,  a 
temporary  chairman  shall  be  elected  to 
preside  for  the  meeting.  Secretary  shall 
attend  to  the  clerical  affairs  of  the  society, 
sending  out  notices,  notifications  of  meet- 
ings and  keep  the  record  of  the  affairs  and 
papers  and  other  material  as  comes  with- 
in the  nature  of  the  Forum.  The  treas- 
urer shall  keep  all  moneys  of  the  society 
and  pay  out  all  bills  properly  vouched  by 
the    president    and    secretary. 

ARTICLE    IV. 
Dues — Dues  for  the  Forum  shall  be  one 
dollar  per  annum. 

ARTICLE    V. 
Monthly  meetings  shall   be  held  on   the 
second  Monday  of  the  month,  beginning  in 
October  and  adjourning  in  June.      Special 
meetings  subject  to  call  of  chair. 

ARTICLE  VI. 
Government  of  the  Forum — The  pro- 
gram and  subject  matter  of  study  and  dis- 
cussion as  well  as  all  other  matters  per- 
taining to  the  welfare  and  object  of  the 
Forum  shall  be  in  the  control  of  a  Board 
of  Directors  to  consist  of  the  president 
and  vice  president,  secretary,  treasurer  and 
one  other  elected  by  the  Forum  to  serve  on 
this  directorate. 

ARTICLE   VII. 
This   constitution    is   subject    to   amend- 
ment by  a  majority  of  all  present  at  any 
meeting. 

ARTICLE  VIII. 
The  Forum  pledges  itself  to  remain  non- 
partisan and  shall  not  entertain  any  legis- 
lation within  its  meetings  that  seeks  to 
advance  any  partisan  measure  or  requires 
this  Forum  to  act  as  one  body  to  effect 
that  end. 

Nursery  Rhymes 

H.  W.  Kriebel,  Editor, 
Lititz,  Pa. 
My  Dear  Sir:  You  collection  of  nursery 
hymes  in  the  March  P.  G.  awoke  in  me 
many  recollections.  The  request  for  simi- 
lar lore  or  variations  caused  me  to  try  to 
recall  what  I  heard  as  a  child  and  youth, 


and  I  was  surprised  at  the  number  of 
verses  that  I  had  not  thought  of,  for  years 
I  did  not  learn  to  speak  German  so  as  to 
make  practical  use  of  it  until  I  studied  it 
from  books  by  hard  effort  on  my  own 
account  and  in  college.  But  these  ditties 
grandmother  who  never  learned  to  use 
I  heard  in  childhood,  from  my  maternal 
English  and  who  died  at  our  home  when 
I  was  seven  years  old,  or  from  my  mother, 
or  from  occasional  use  by  neighbors  or 
their  children. 

My   grandmother   used   to   rock   us  chil- 
dren— -me  and  four  younger — and  sing: 
Hai-a,  ba-bai-a,  was  robbelt  im  Stroh? 
Die  Gaense  gehen  barfuss  und  haben  kein 

Schuh, 
Der  Schuster  hat  Leber,  kein  Leisten  dazu, 
Hai-a,  ba-bai-a,  was  robbelt  im  Stroh? 

The    patty-cake    song    by    mother    ana 
grandmother,    accompanied    of    course    by 
the  proper  motions,  was: 
Patscha,  patscha,  kuchen,  Der  Baecker  hat 

gerufen, 
Wer  will  schoene  Kuchen  backen, 
Der  muss  haben  sieben  Sachen: 
Eier  und  Salz,  Butter  und  Schmalz,  Milch 

und  Mehl, 
Und  SaiTron  macht  die  Kuchen  gel'   (b). 

A  variation  of  what  the  P.  G.  published 
was  taught  us  thus: 
Drass,   drass,   drilchen,   Der   Mann  her  hat 

ein   Flichen, 
Das   Filchen    lief   weg,    Und    der   Man    der 

lieg  im  Dreck. 
Frequently  the  name  of  the  child  who 
was  trotted  on  the  singer's  knee,  was  in- 
serted before  "lieg  im  Dreck,"  and  the 
words  were  accompanied  by  a  movement 
as  if  to  let  the  child  fall  on  the  dirt  or 
earth. 

A  slumber  song  was: 
Suh,    suh,    suschen,    Leimbach     liegt     bei 

Husschen, 
Fitzerow   liegt  nahebei. 

Leimbach  was  my  mother's  and  grand- 
mother's native  village,  and  I  was  told 
that  it  was  customary  to  Insert  names  of 
villages  to  suit  the  locality. 

For    older   children,    a   variation    of    the 
P.  G.  verse,  was: 
Hier  stehe  ich  auf  der  Kanzel,  Und  predig 

wie  ein  Wanzel; 
Eine    Huhn     und    ein   Hahn,   Die    Predigt 

geht  an; 
Eine    Katz    und    ein    Maus,    Die    Predigt 

geht  aus. 
Gehe    alle    nach    Haus,    Und    halte    deine 

Schmaus. 
A  few  lines  that  I  heard  sung  by  half- 
grown  boys  in  Kansas,   who  were   of  Ger- 
man   parentage   was,    about    1880: 
Eins,  zwei,  drei  und  vier,  Vater  trinkt  die 

Buttermilch, 
Mutter  trinkt  das  Bier. 

Another  stanza,  sung  to  children  at 
times,  was: 


THE  FORUM 


479 


Drei  Oclisen,  vier  Kuehe  sin  sieben  Stueck 

Vieh, 
Die  Hoerner  sind  krumm,  Und  die  Maedel 

sind  dumm. 
To  please  the  boys  "Maedel"  was  insert- 
ed, or  "Buben"  to  please  girls. 

A  rollicking  song  of  nonsense  that  always 
pleased  children  as  soon  as  they  were  able 
to  catch  the  sense   of  it,   which  was  very 
early,  was: 
Ich  bin   der  Doctor   Eisenbart,   bil-a-awill- 

a-wim-bum-bum, 
Ich    kuriere    die    Leute    nach    meiner    Art. 

bil-a-wil-a-wim-bum-bum, 
Ich  kann  machen   dass  die  blinden  gehen, 

und  die  Lahmen  wieder  sehen. 
Bil-a-wil-a-wim-bum-bum. 

When  my  mother  crossed  the  ocean  in 
1835  a  passenger  mounted  some  object  and 
grandiloquently  poured  forth  a  long  string 
of  doggerel  of  which  only  the  following  is 
recalled,  as  my  mother  remembered  little 
if  any  more  than  is  here  given: 
Guten  Morgen,  meine  Herrn,  Aepfeln  sind 

keine   Birn', 
Birne   sind    keine   Aepfeln,   Die   Wurst   die 

hat  zwei  Zwepfeln; 
Zwei  Zwepfeln   hat  die  Wurst,   Der  Bauer 

kriegt  viel  Durst, 
Viel  Durst  hat  der  Bauer  und  sein  Leben 

wird  sehr  Sauer, 
Sehr    sauer  "wird    sein    Leben,    Der   Wein- 

stock  hat  viel  Reben, 
Viel   Reben  hat   der  Weinstock,   Ein   Zieg- 

bock  ist  kein  Geisbock,  etc. 

About  the  time  of  the  war  between 
France  and  Germany  in  1871,  the  Ger- 
mans of  Philadelphia  where  my  folks 
lived,  recalled  with  enthusiasm  old  songs. 
Among  them  was: 
In     Lauterbach     habe     ich    mein    Strumpt 

verloren 
Und  ohne  Strumpf  gehe  ich  nicht  heim. 
So  gehe  ich  gleich  nach  zu  Lauterbach  hin 
Und  ziehe     mir     mein     Strumpf  auf  mein 
Bein. 
Another  song  of  the  same  period  yields 
but  a  fragment  to  my  memory: 
O,     du     hast     mich     wie     ein     Bruder     be- 

schuetzen 
Und    wenn    die    Kanonen    geblitzen, — 

Another  refrain,  to  what  attached,  I  do 
not  know,  was: 
O,  hast  du  den  Mann  mit  dem  Hut   nicht 

gesehen, 
Mit   dem   Hut   gesehen,   mit   dem   Hut   ge- 
sehen.   (Repeat.) 
Two  others,  probably  drinking  songs,  or 
conected  therewith,  sometimes  heard,  I  do 
not  know   just   where,  were: 

1  Hast  du  nicht  den  Mann  gesehen. 

Hat  besoffen  ein  Luder,  Hat  ein  blauen 

Kittel  an, 
Und  ein  schwarzen  Buttel? 

2  Grade    aus    dem    Wirtshaus    komm    ich 

heraus 


Strasse    wie    wunderlich    siehst    du    mir 

aus, 
Rechter    Hand,    linker    Hand    geht   alles 

vertauscht. 
Grade    aus    dem    Wirtshaus    komm    icli 

heraus. 
One     more     that     was     likely     common 
among  youths  was: 
Ein    scheckig    Paar    Ochsen,    ein    krumm- 

bucklige   Kuh, 
Das    gibt    mir    mein    Vater    wenn    ich    hei- 

rathen  thue, 
Und  gibts'er  mir  nicht,  dann  heirathe  icIi 

nicht 
Und  bleib  ich  bei  mein  Schaetzchen  und 
sage  ihm  nichts. 
So  far  as  these  or  any  of  them  weie 
brought  over  from  Germany  by  my  motii- 
er's  family,  I  think  they  would  be  very 
similar  to  folk-rhymes  among  the  Penn- 
sylvania Germans,  as  my  mother's  folks 
came  from  electoral  Hesse  (now  absorbed 
by  Prussia  since  1866),  and  the  Hessian 
dialect  appears  much  more  like  the  Penn- 
sylvania German  dialect  than  do  most,  if 
not  all  others. 

(Hon.)  J.  C.  RUPPENTHAL, 

Russel,  Kansas. 

A  Story  With  a  Moral. 

Brother  Wagenseller  of  the  Middleburg 
"Post,"  (Snyder  County,  Pa.),  tells  the  fol- 
lowing "story."  He  fails  to  state  that  this 
was   not  cL  Pennsylvania  German   family. 

"A  man  who  was  too  economical  to  sub- 
scribe for  a  paper  sent  his  little  boy  to 
borrow  the  copy  taken  by  his  neighbor. 
In  his  haste  the  boy  ran  over  a  $4  stand 
of  bees  and  in  ten  minutes  looked  like  a 
warty  summer  squash.  His  father  ran  to 
his  assistance,  and,  failing  to  notice  a 
barbed-wire  fence,  ran  into  that,  cutting  a 
handful  of  flesh  from  his  anatomy  and 
ruining  a  $4  pair  of  pants.  The  old  cow 
took  advantage  of  the  gap  in  the  fence  and 
got  inta  the  cornfield  and  killed  herself 
eating  green  corn.  Hearing  a  racket,  the 
wife  ran  out,  upset  a  four-gallon  churn 
full  of  rich  cream  into  a  basket  of  little 
chickens,  drowning  the  entire  hatch.  In 
her  haste  she  dropped  a  $25  set  of  false 
teeth.  The  baby,  having  been  left  alone, 
crawled  through  the  spilled  milk  and  into 
the  parlor,  ruining  a  brand  new  $20  car- 
pet. During  the  excitement  the  oldest 
daughter  ran  away  with  the  hired  man, 
the  dog  broke  up  eleven  setting  hens  and 
the  calves  got  out  and  chewed  the  tails 
off'n  four  fine  shirts  on  the  clothes  line. 
(Now  is  the  time  to  subscribe.)" 

Meaning'  of  Names. 

By  Leonhard  Felix  Fuld,  LL.M.,  Ph.D. 
Editorial    Note. — Dr.     Fuld    has    kindly 
consented   to   give  a   brief   account  of   the 


48o 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


derivation  and  meaning  of  the  surname  of 
any  reader  who  sends  twenty-five  cents  to 
the  Editor  for  that  purpose. 

HORNING. 

The  surname  Horning  is  derived  from 
the  Anglo-Saxon  Hornigas  whicli  means  a 
trumpet  or  a  drinking  liorn.  As  a  surname 
Horning  has  three  derivations  and  mean- 
ings. In  most  instances  it  was  used  Lo 
designate  a  man  who  resides  at  the  cor- 
ner. In  many  cases  it  was  used  to  desig- 
nate the  proprietor  of  the  tavern  or  other 
shop  bearing  the  sign  of  the  horn.  In 
most  recent  instances  it  has  been  applied 
to  a  quarrelsome  individual, — "one  who 
has  horns  like  an  angry  bull." 

LEONARD   FELIX   FULD. 

Grappe  Schiesse. 

After  reading  your  valuable  journal  I 
became  imbued  with  the  spirit  of  writing 
you  an  occasional  article  which  I  think 
might  interest  some  of  your  many  readertj 
and  with  your  permission  I  submit  an  in- 
cident which  occurred  quite  a  number  of 
years  ago.  My  parents  resided  in  Orwigs- 
burg,  the  former  county  seat  of  Schuylkill 
County,  a  short  distance  from  which  my 
father  owned  a  fine  farm.  One  of  the 
farm  hands  was  a  Swabian  (Schwope). 
One  day  my  father  said  to  him,  on  coming 
for  his  daily  orders.  "Mike,  kanscht  du 
schiesse?"  "Yah  wohl,  mein  herr,  i'  kann 
schiesse;  was  soil  i'  thun?"  "Ich  wih 
haben  du  solscht  die  Grappe  (Raben) 
schiesse;  sie  verderben  zu  viel  welsch- 
korn."  "Yah,  yah,  i'  kann  cie  schiesse  aber 
i'  hab  kein  G'wehr."  "Veil,  ich  lein  dir  en 
G'wehr  und  pulver  und  schrote."  The 
gun  and  ammunition  were  handed  to  him, 
and  I  knew  from  the  way  he  handled  the 
weapon,  like  a  shinny,  he  did  not  know 
what  he  had,  and  said,  "Pop,  I  am  going  to 
the  farm  early  in  the  morning."  "Why, 
my  son?"  "Because  there's  going  to  be  a 
circus;  he  don't  know  as  much  about  a 
gun  as  a  gun  knows  about  him."  I  ar- 
rived in  time  to  see  the  fun,  as  just 
as  I  got  within  eight  or  ten  feet  of  him  the 
gun  went  off  at  both  ends,  killing  four 
crows  out  of  six  from  the  top  rail  of  the. 
fence,  while  Mike  lay  sprawling  upon  his 
back,  yelling  to  beat  the  Democratic  con- 
vention. His  wife,  who  had  accompanied 
him,  instead  of  paying  some  attention  Lo 
him  went  to  pick  up  the  gun.  Mike,  fear- 
ful she  might  get  shot,  yelled,  "Ach,  lass 
nur  hegen,  es  blitzt  nocn  nein  mal."  I 
found  upon  investigation  he  had  measured 
ten  loads  of  powder  and  shot  and  mixed 
them  all   together  in  a   tin  cup  and  then 


poured  them  into  the  gun  without  any 
wads  except  a  piece  of  elder  bush  on  top 
to  keep  the  shot  from  rolling  out.  I  picked 
him  up  and  found  his  shoulder  unhinged. 
I  took  hold  of  his  wrist,  placed  my  foot 
against  his  ribs  and  with  a  good,  hard  pull 
snapped  his  joint  back  into  place.  "Yah, 
yah,  i'  gleichs  G'wehrle  net  ;  es  hat  mi' 
alles  futch  g'schlagen  wie  ein  aisel  und  i' 
schiesse  keine  mee  Grappe.  Nee,  sie  bleiba 
all  lebendick  ob  i'  sie  mer  schiesse  vill." 
I  used  my  handkerchief  for  a  sling  and 
sent  him  home.  I  told  my  father  all  about 
it  and  he  said  "Well,  well,  it  takes  a  boy." 
It  was  four  or  five  weeks  before  Mike 
could  resume  his  work  and  when  he  met 
any  person,  "Hello,  Mike,  was  fehlt  dii 
denn  ein?"  "F  have  Grappe  g'schosse  un6 
es  G'wehrle  is  an  die  szwei  enner  los 
g'angen."  Respectfully  yours, 

FRANK  B..  BANNAN. 

Note. — Has  any  one  of  our  readers  heard 
this  or  a  like  story  before  but  "located" 
at  some  other  place?  W^e  do  not  know  but 
would  like  to  find  out  whether  the  same 
accident  with  the  same  result  happenea 
to  an  unfortunate  "farmer"  at  some  other 
time  and  place.     Who  knows? — Editor. 

Indian  Head  on  Penny  Sarah  Longacre. 

The  other  evening  on  reading  over  an 
article  on  numismatics.  I  came  across  the 
fact  that  the  Indian  head  on  our  penny, 
and  which  has  been  minted  ever  since 
1859,  was  modeled  from  a  young  girl 
named  Sarah  Longacre  at  the  Philadelphia 
mint.  I  think  her  father  was  the  director 
of  the  mint  at  the  time.  I  have  little  leis- 
ure now  to  trace  up  the  matter  and,  there- 
fore, thought  of  sending  the  item  to  you, 
and  you  could  turn  it  over  to  some  of  your 
friends  to  follow  the  clue.  I  am  willing 
to  bet  a  box  of  cigars  that  she  was  a  de- 
scendant of  the  Langenecker  familv. 

E.    B. 

Fortunes  From  Fertility. 

The  Country  Gentleman  of  April  27, 
1912,  contained  an  interestting  article  by 
J.  Russell  Smith  on  "Fortunes  from  Fer- 
tility; Systems  that  create  and  maintain 
two-hundred-dollar-acre  values."  The 
"Dumb-Dutch"  have  made  Lancaster  Coun- 
ty, Pa.,  to  which  this  article  refers,  a  gar- 
den spot.  Why  should  they  be  lookeo 
down  upon?  The  farmer  of  Lancaster 
County  has  been  getting  results  for  200 
years;  the  State  recognizes  the  dignity  of 
his  business  by  providing  for  the  teaching 
of  agriculture  in  the  public  schools.  The 
day  is  coming  when  the  honest  tiller  of  the 
soil  will  be  looked  up  to,  not  down  upon. 


The  German  and  Swiss  Settlements 

of 

Colonial  Pennsylvania : 

Copyright,  1900,  by  Henry  Holt  &  Co. 


PART  III.     Continued  from  May  issue  page  416 

-with  which  she  had  often  cradled  her  infant  daug^htcr  to  sleep;  or 
that  still  more  inspirino"  story  of  John  Christian  Schell  and  his  wife 
and  four  sons,  who  kept  at  bay  a  band  of  sixty-four  Indians  and  Tories 
all  night  long,  shooting  at  them  from  the  windows,  and  keeping  up 
'their  courage  by  singing  lustily  Luther's  old  battle-hymn,  "Ein  feste 
Burg  ist  Unser  Gott,"  emphasizing,  we  well  may  believe,  especially 
the  lines : 

"Und    wenn   die  Welt  voll   Teufel   waer' 
Und  wollt'  uns  gar  verschlingen, 
So  fuerchten  wir  uns  nicht  so  sehr, 
Es  muss  uns  doch  gelingen."  » 

(139)  What  has  been  stated  above  is  perhaps  onlv  another  way  of 
saying  that  the  whole  religious  life  of  the  early  Pennsylvania  Ger- 
mans was  strongly  marked  by  pietism.  This  movement,  which  we 
have  spoken  of  before,  was  not  a  propagation  of  dogma  or  a  new 
ecclesiastical  polity,  but  the  immediate  appHcation  of  the  teaching  of 
Christ  to  the  heart  and  conduct,  a  revolt  against  the  formalism  of  the 
orthodox  church  ;  it  was  to  Germany  what  Methodism  became  later 
to  England. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  the  development  of  pietism  in  Pennsylvania. 
Almost  all  those  who  came  over  in  the  early  part  of  the  century  were 
affected  by  it ;  nay,  the  Frankfort  Company  was  formed  by  the  mem- 
bers of  one  of  the  so-called  Collegia  Pietafis  founded  bv  Spener ; 
Tience  Germantown  owes. its  foundation  to  this  movement.  Zinzen- 
dorf  and  the  Moravians,  the  Schwarzenau  Baptists,  the  Schwenk- 
felders,  Otterbein  and  Boehm,  who  founded  the  United  Brethren,  and 
Muhlenberg,  who  had  been  educated  at  Halle,  then  the  centre  of  the 
movement  in  Germany, — all  were  thoroughly  imbued  with  the  spirit 
of  pietism.  The  same  tendency,  carried  to  excess  and  manifesting 
itself  in  mysticism,  is  seen  in  the  Society  of  the  Woman  in  the  Wil- 
derness ( 160)  founded  by  Kelpius,  and  in  the  Ephrata  Community. 

The  stream  of  emotional  religion,  thus  havinsf  its  source  in  Ger- 
many, gained  new  strength  in  Pennsylvania,  where  all  conditions  were 
favorable  to  its  development.  While  in  Germany  it  practically  died 
out  as  a  force  before  the  end  of  the  century,  in  the  New  World  it 
flowed  on  in  new  channels,  and  finally  culminated  in  the  founding  of 
several  new  denominations,  which  today  are  strong  in  numbers  and 
influence. ^° 

0  Kapp,  p.  262  ff.  It  is  a  satisfaction  to  know  that  this  brave  family 
■was  rescued  on  the  following  day. 

10  The  United  Brethren,  the  Evangelical  Association,  the  Dunkards. 

481    (158) 


482    (i6o)  THE   PKNN  GERMAN lA 

The  great  majority  of  Germans  in  colonial  Pennsylvania  belonged  to 
the  two  principal  confessions,  Lutheran  and  Reformed,  the  latter  com- 
ing 'chrefly  from  Switzerland  and  the  Palatinate,  the  former  from) 
Wiirtemberg  and  other  parts  of  Germany.  Their  numbers  in  the 
Quaker  colony  were  nearly  equal. 

One  phenomenon  which  a  century  ago  attracted  widespread  atten- 
tion was  the  perfect  harmony  and  good  feeling  which  existed  between^ 
the  two.^^  There  had  been  a  time  in  the  Fatherland  (161)  when  jeal- 
ousy had  existed  between  them  and  when  petty  quarrels  had  divided; 
them.  The  common  sufferings  and  persecutions  in  more  recent  times 
had  tended  to  smooth  over  their  differences.^-  From  the  moment  they 
arrived  in  Pennsylvania  we  see  but  little  evidence  of  hostility.  The 
members  of  both  denominations  being  poor  and  dwelling  in  sparsely 
settled  communities,  they  were  unable  to  build  separate  churches,  and 
in  the  majority  of  cases  they  founded  Union  churches,"  in  which  they 
worshiped  on  alternate  Sundays.  In  some  cases  this  arrangement  has 
been  continued  down  to  the  present  day.^* 

In  view  of  this  community  of  interest,  members  of  one  congrega- 
tion often  worshiped  with  the  other,  Lutherans  and  Reformed  fre- 
quently intermarried,  baptisms,  marriages,  and  funerals  (162)  werc- 
performed  by  ministers  of  either  denomination,  and,  in  general,  lines 
of  demarcation  w^ere  very  loosely  drawn.  Indeed,  it  would  probably 
have  been  difficult  for  many  of  the  people  to  say  what  were  the  essen- 
tial differences  between  the  Lutheran  and  Reformed  churches,  and  a 
story  is  told  of  a  man  who  said  that  the  only  difference  was  that  the 
Lutherans  said  "Vater  Unser,"  while  the  Reformed  said  "LTnser 
Vater."  All  this  dulled  the  edge  of  denominational  feeling.  It  was 
easy  to  pass  from  one  church  to  another,  and  throughout  the  eighteenth 
century  Lutheranism  was  looked  upon  as  closely  allied  to  the  Church' 
of  England.^'  while  in  a  similar  manner  the  Reformed  Church  was 
classed  with  the  Presbyterians.^® 

11  "Which  fellowship  has  also  been  preserved  sacred  and  inviolate,  .  .  , 
so  that  one  may  well  desire  that  such  traces  of  harmony  might  also  be 
found  in  Germany."  (Life  of  Schlatter,  p.  139.)  Raynal,  Burke,  and 
others  speak  in  high  terms  of  the  harmony  existing  between  all  the  sects 
and  churches  of  Pennsylvania,- — overlooking,  however,  the  numerous  petty 
quarrels.  Between  the  Moravians  on  the  one  side  and  the  Lutherans 
and  Reformed  on  the  other  there  was  a  very  strong  feeling. 

12  "Bei  aller  Zerstueckelung  der  Glaubensparteien  haben  die  Pfaelzer 
nach  langen  Kaempfen  sich  endlich  vertragen  gelernt"  (Riehl,  Pfaelzer, 
p.  379.) 

13  Such  a  church  had  been  built  in  the  seventeenth  century  by  Karl 
Ludwig  in  Mannheim,  common  to  the  three  confessions  and  dedicated 
"zur   heiligen   Eintracht."      (Riehl.    Pfaelzer,    p.    386.) 

1*  Some  of  these  union  cuurches  are  common  to  other  denominations 
also;  such  is  Mellinger's  meeting-house,  in  West  Cocalico  Township,  Lan- 
caster County,  in  which  worship  Lutherans,  Reformed,  Mennonites,  and 
Dunkards. 

15  See  p.  146,  note. 

18  Thus  in  the  constitution  of  the  new  Presbyterian  church  into  which 
the  Reformed  church  of  Frankford  (Philadelphia  Co.)  was  merged  we 
read:  "And  the  said  congregation  being  satisfied  that  the  shade  of  dif- 
ference between  the  principles  of  the  German  Reformed  Church  and  those- 
of  the  Presbyterians  of  the  United  States  are  scarecly  discernible  and  unim- 
portant," etc.  (Dotterer,  Hist.  Notes,  p.  27.)  In  colonial  documents  the- 
Reformed  are  frequently  spoken  of  as  Dutch  Presbyterians,  or  Calviniets.. 


THE  RELIGIOUS   LIFE  (165)  483 

A  crying  need  of  Ixnth  churches  before  the  fourth  decacle  of  the  last 
century  was  the  supply  of  regular  ministers,  of  whom  there  were 
scarcely  any,  while  the  numlx^r  of  church  members  {j6f)  amounted 
to  many  thousands.  Often  the  schoolmaster  would  read  sermons  and 
conduct  services.  There  had  been  some  distinguished  men  who  in  an 
imofficial  way  had  tried  to  introduce  some  order ;  among  the  Reformed 
there  were  John  Philip  Roehm  and  George  Michael  Weiss,  the 
former  of  whom  founded  the  churches  in  Conestoga  Valley  and  per- 
haps in  Lancaster.  The  earliest  Lutheran  church  was  founded  in 
Falckner's  Swamp  in  1720.  The  two  Stoevers  were  especially  active, 
and  at  every  cross  road  founded  a  Lutheran  congregation  and  opened 
a  church  record ;  most  of  these  churches  still  exist. ^' 

It  was  not,  however,  till  the  fourth  decade  that  official  and  system- 
atic efforts  were  made  to  organize  (164)  the  scattered  congregations 
of  Luitherans  and  Reformed  in  Pennsylvania.  Michael  Schlatter,  a 
native  of  St.  Gall,  Switzerland,  came  to  America  in  1746  for  the  pur- 
pose of  studying  the  church  situation,  and  of  devising  some  means  of 
help.  Through  the  aid  of  the  Reformed  Synod  of  Plolland,  and  the 
generous  contribution  of  friends  in  Germany,  Holland,  Switzerland, 
and  even  England,  he  was  enabled  to  bring  over  in  1752  six  young 
men,  regularly  ordained  ministers,  and  settled  them  in  Philadelphia, 
Falkner's  Swamp,  Lancaster,  Reading,  and  other  places.  Until  1792 
the  German  Reformed  Church  in  Pennsylvania  was  under  the  general 
supervision  of  the  Holland  Synod ;  since  that  date  its  affairs  have 
been  administered  by  its  own  organization.^® 

Henry  Melchior  Muhlenberg  occupies  the  same  relation  to  the 
Lutheran  Church  in  Pennsylvania  as  Schlatter  does  to  the  Reformed. 
He  was  a  man  of  learning,  energy,  deep  religious  feeling,  and  admin- 
istrative talent.  It  is  doubtful  if  a  better  adapted  man  could  have  been 
found  in  all  Germany  to  undertake  the  peculiarly  difficult  task  he  was 
called  to  do.  The  story  of  his  life,  his  travels,  his  labors,  his  tact  in 
dealing  with  the  {16^)  difficult  problems  connected  with  the  loose 
relations  then  prevailing  among  churches  and  sects, — all  these,  as  he 
relates  them  in  his  diary  and  in  the  Hallesche  Nachrichten,^'-'  must 
inspire  every   reader   with   profound   respect  .for  this   pioneer  of  the 

17  One  of  the  early  churches  with  which  the  name  of  John  Caspar 
Stoever  is  connected  is  the  well-known  Reed  church,  in  Tulpehocken, 
founded  in  17  27  by  the  settlers  from  Schoharie,  N.  Y.  Like  the  cathedral 
of  Durham,  it  was  "half  house  of  God,  half  castle"  and  served  as  a  fort 
against  the  Indians.  Mr.  L.  A.  Wollenweber  alludes  to  this  double  func- 
tion in  the  following  lines: 

"Do  droben  uf  dem  runde  Berg, 
Do  steht  die  alte  Riethe-Kerch; 
Drin  hot  der  Parre  Stoever  schon 
Vor  hunnert  Jahr  manch  Predigt  thun; 
Gepredigt  zu  de  arme,  deitsche  Leit 
In  seller,  ach!   so  harten  Zeit. 
Auch  wor  die  Kerch  'n  gute  Fort 
Gegen  der  Indianer  wilde  Hort — 
Un  schliefen  drin  gar  manch  Nacht, 
Die  arme  Settlers  wo  hen  bewacht." 

18  At  the  end  of  the  year  1899  there  were  240,130  members  of  the  Ger- 
man Reformed  Church  in  the  United  States. 

19  Muhlenberg  came  to  Pennsylvania  under  the  auspices  of  the  Orphan 
House   founded    at   Halle    by   August   Hermann    Francke,    and    for    many 


484(165)  THE    PENN  GERMANIA 

Lutheran  Church  in  America,  and  the  father  of  a  disting-uished  Hne  of 
preachers,  warriors,  statesmen  and  patriots. -° 

Throug-h  his  efforts  order  was  soon  introduced  amons:  the  member.^ 
of  the  Lutheran  Church ;  new  congregations  were  started,  and  those 
already  in  existence  were  strengthened.  The  subsequent  history  of 
the  Lutherans  is  different  from  that  of  the  Reformed  Church,  which 
today  is  almost  entirely  composed  of  the  descendants  of  the  early 
Pennsylvania  Germans,  whereas  the  Lutherans  have  received  exceed- 
ingly large  additions  from  the  vast  immigration  from  Germany  in 
our  own  century.  In  the  country  at  large  there  are  many  separate 
bodies  of  Lutherans, — the  Pennsylvania  ( 166)  Germans  being  mem- 
bers of  the  "Ministerium  of  Pennsylvania  and  Adjacent  States." 

A  problem  of  capital  importance  to  both  Reformed  and  Lutherans 
came  into  prominence  during  the  first  decades  of  the  nineteenth  cen- 
tury and  gradually  assumed  wide  significance.  The  question  whether 
the  services  should  be  held  exclusively  in  German  began  to  be  agitated 
at  first  in  the  larger  cities,  especially  those  where  the  English  influence 
was  strong.  As  early  as  1803,  when  the  Rev.  Henry  A.  Muhlenberg-^ 
was  called  to  Trinity  Church  in  Reading,  it  was  understood  that  he 
should  often  preach  in  English.  Evidently  the  time  was  not  ripe  for 
so  great  a  change,  for  we  soon  find  the  experiment  abandoned  and 
German  exclusively  used.  The  movement,  however,  could  not  be  kept 
down  ;  the  natural  order  of  things  brought  it  more  and  more  to  the 
front,  so  that  in  many  cases  the  result  was  the  splitting:  up  of  cong-re- 
gations,  one  part  of  which  would  continue  to  hold  services  in  German, 
w^hile  the  other  would  introduce  English."  The  change,  however, 
came  slowly  and  was  stubbornly  opposed  by  the  conservative  element. 
(7(5/)  It  was  undoubtedly  owing  to  this  conservatism  that  so  many  of 
the  younger  generation  left  and  joined  other  churches.  Feeling  ran 
so  high  that  the  Reformed  Synod  of  Frederick,  Md.,  in  1826  publicly 
rebuked  a  young  minister  for  giving  an  address  in  English.-^ 

It  is  claimed  that  the  Mioravians  are  the  oldest  Protestant  denomi- 
nation in  the  world,  dating  back  to  the  days  of  Huss.  After  the  death 
of  the  great  reformer,  many  of  his  followers  continued  in  secret  the 
worship  of  God  according  to  their  own  doctrines,  while  openly  pro- 
fessing to  be  members  of  the  Catholic  Church.  Their  secret  heresy 
being  discovered,  they  were  forced  to  flee  from  their  native  land,  and 
in  1722  settled  in  Saxony  on  the  estate  of  Count  Zinzendorf,  where 
they  founded  the  now  historic  town  of  Herrnhut.  Zinzendorf,  who 
was  a  Lutheran,  became  much  interested  in  their  peculiar  views,  and 
finally  joined  them  and  was  made  bi.shop.     Missions  from  the  begin- 

years  wrote  back  detailed  accounts  of  his  labors,  which,  with  the  reports 
of  other  ministers,  have  been  published  under  the  title  of  "Hallesche 
Nachrichten."  They  are  of  extreme  value  for  the  student  of  the  man- 
ners and  customs,  the  religious  and  social  condition  of  the  times. 

20  Among  his  descendants  were  General  Peter  Muhlenberg;  Frederick 
Augustus,  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives;  William  Augustus, 
founder  of  St.  .Johnland. 

-1  Grandson  of  the  patriarch  Henry  Melchlor. 

22  Such  was  the  origin  of  the  St.  Paul's  Reformed  Church  in  Lancaster, 
built  almost  next  door  to  the  First  Church;  English  is  used  exclusively  in 
both  at  the  present  time. 

23  Life  of  Philip  Schaff,  p.  153. 


THE  RELIGIOUS    LIFE  (170)    485 

ning  were  one  of  the  chief  functions  of  the  Moravians,  and  they  al- 
ready had  sent  missionaries  to  Greenland  and  other  places  before  com- 
ing to  America.  It  was  natural,  then,  that  they  should  cast  their  eyes 
to  the  'heathen  across  the  Atlantic.  In  1735  a  number  of  missionaries 
came  to  Georgia  with  the  intention  of  (168)  settling  there  and  preach- 
ing the  Gospel  to  the  Indians ;  but  the  war  with  Spain  interfered  with 
their  plans,  and  in  1740  they  came  to  Pennsylvania,  where  they  bought 
a  large  tract  of  land  and  founded  Bethlehem. 

In  1741  Zinzendorf  came  and  took  charge  of  the  new  settlement. 
He  was  inspired  with  the  laudable  desire  to  unite  all  the  German  Prot- 
estants in  the  colony,  and  organized,  or  rather  took  charge  of,  the 
movement  already  started,  and  which  was  known  as  the  Pennsylvania 
Synod.  John  Gruber,  Henry  Antes,  and  John  Bechtel  had  met  in 
1740  to  talk  over  the  unsettled  condition  of  religion  in  Pennsylvania, 
and  Antes  advised  a  union  of  all  German  sects  and  denominations. 
On  December  26,  1741,  he  pubhshed  a  circular  inviting  representatives 
of  the  different  communions  to  attend  a  general  meeting  at  German- 
town,  "not  for  the  purpose  of  disputing,  but  in  order  to  treat  peace- 
ably concerning  the  most  important  articles  of  faith  and  ascertain  how 
far  they  might  agree  on  the  mo'st  essential  points."  A  number  of 
people  met  January  12.  1742,  at  the  house  of  Theobald  Endt,  where  the 
above-mentioned  Pennsylvania  Synod  was  organized.  During  the 
next  ten  months  seven  of  these  Synods  were  held  in  different  places,  at 
which  Lutherans,  Reformed.  Schwenkfelders,  Mennonites.  Dunkards, 
(i6p)  and  Separatists  were  present.  The  project  failed  through  de- 
nominational jealousy.  Bechtel,  Antes,  and  others  joined  the  Mora- 
vians, being  attracted  by  Zinzendorf.  It  was  the  action  and  success 
of  the  Moravians  which  hastened  the  coming  of  Schlatter  and  Muhlen- 
berg, whose  aim  was  to  care  for  the  long-neglected  interests  of  the 
Reformed  and  Lutheran  churches.-* 

The  missionary  efforts  of  the  Moravians  among  the  Indians  greatly 
prospered  :  many  converts  were  made  and  the  settlements  of  Gnaden- 
hiitten,  Friedenthal,  and  others  were  founded.  The  labors  of  such 
men  as  Post,  Spangenberg.  Nitschman,  and  Zeisberger,  whom  Thomp- 
son calls  the  ''John  Eliot  of  the  West."  present  a  picture  of  piety,  self- 
denial,  and  patient  endurance  rarely  equaled  in  the  annals  of  missions. 
The  French  and  Indian  War  with  its  intensified  ( r/o)  race-hatred 
interfered  with  and  practically  put  an  end  to  the  mission-work  on  a 
large  scale. 

The  doctrines  of  the  Moravians  wore  not  very  different  from  those 
of  the  Lutherans;--'^  they  were  only  marked  by  a  greater  depth  of  re- 
ligious feeling    and    the    spirit    of    self-sacrifice.     Their  manners  and 

2<  At  one  time  the  existence  of  the  Lutheran  Church  in  Lancaster  was 
threatened  by  Nyberg,  its  pastor,  who  himself  went  over  to  the  Moravians 
and  wished  to  carry  the  congregation  with  him.  The  gentle  Muhlenberg 
frequently  indulges  in  harsh  language  concerning  what  he  calls  the 
machinations  of  the  Moravians.  No  doubt  Zinzendorf  was  ambitious  and 
Imperious;  John  Wesley,  who  ardently  admired  him  at  first,  came  to  see 
this  later.  (See  Tyerman's  Life  of  Wesley,  Vol.  I.  p.  207.)  Yet  the 
Moravians  in  Pennsylvania  were  inspired  by  true  evangelical  zeal;  Schaff 
calls  them  a  "small  but  most  lovely  and  thoroughly  evangelical  denomi- 
nation." 

25  The  Moravians  do  not  indulge  in  the  habit  of  dogmatizing,  and  refuse 


486    (lyo)  THE    PENN  GERMANIA 

customs  were  peculiar  to  themselves  and  are  picturesque  and  inter- 
esting. At  first  the  settlement  at  Bethlehem  was  communistic,  but  in 
1760  a  division  of  the  property  took  place,  the  community  retaining, 
however,  a  tavern  and  a  tanyard,  2000  acres  near  Bethlehem  and  5000 
near  Nazareth.  The  profits  on  the  property  sold  were  devoted  to  the 
cause  of  missions.  In  the  olden  times  there  was  a  sharp  distinction 
made  not  only  between  the  sexes,  ibut  between  the  different  ages  ani 
conditions  of  the  same  sex.  Each  class  had  its  own  place  in  church, 
often  lived  together,  and  had  its  own  peculiar  festivals.  The  women 
were  outwardly  marked  by  means  of  ribbons,  children  wearing  light- 
red,  girls  dark-red,  the  unmarried  sisters  pink,  the  married  women  blue, 
and  widows  {ij"!)  white.'-*'  Even  in  death  these  distinctions  were  kept 
up.  and  in  the  graveyard  at  Lititz  the  bodies  were  buried  according  to 
age.^^  There  was  and  is  still  a  deep  touch  of  poetry  over  the  religious 
life  of  the  Moravians.  Not  only  were  head  and  heart  cultivated  ivi 
religion,  but  also  the  aesthetic  nature.  This  was  largely  done  by  tiiieans 
of  music,  in  which  they  excelled  and  which  from  the  earlieset  times 
they  have  cultivated.  Music,  often  very  elaborate,  marked  all  their 
services  and  added  a  refining  influence  to  the  emotions  excited  by  re- 
ligious worship.  Bethlehem  is  still  thoroughly  Moravian  in  many 
of  its  features,  and  few  towns  in  the  United  States  offSr  more  objects 
of  interesit  to  the  traveler  than  are  to  be  seen  here  in  the  way  of 
schools,  old  buildings,  church,  and  graveyard. 

The  Roman  Catholics  had  little  influence  in  provincial  Pennsylvania. 
Although  toward  the  middle  of  last  century  their  numbers  were  great- 
ly exaggerated,  yet  they  were  actually  very  small,  in  1757  being  less 
than  fourteen  hundred  in  all.  Of  {ly^)  the  few  German  Catholics 
most  afterwards  'became  Protestants,  and  today  it  is  rare  to  find  a 
Catholic  of  Pennsylvania-German  ancestry. 

There  is  no  more  interesting  or  picturesque  sect  in  the  country,  or 
indeed  in  the  world,  than  the  Mennonites.  As  thev  plaved  so  large  a 
part  in  the  first  settlements  of  Pennsylvania,  and  as  so  many  thou- 
sands of  Americans  are  descended  from  them,  it  is  worth  while  to  de- 
vote a  little  space  to  their  history.-*  To  trace  them  to  their  origin  we 
shall  have  to  go  back  to  the  Waldenses  of  the  twelfth  and  thirteenth 
centuries,  and  throug'h  them  to  the  days  of  the  primitive  church.  While 
the  connection  between  the  Mennonites  and  Waldenses  is  not  abso- 
lutely proved  historically,  yet  there  is  a  fair  argument  made  out  by 

controversy.  They  have  put  forth  no  formulated  creed  of  their  own,  yet 
on  the  Continent  they  declare  their  adhesion  to  the  Augsburg  Confession 
with  its  twenty-one  doctrinal  articles.  The  great  theme  of  their  preach- 
ing is  Jesus  Christ.      (See  Thompson,  Moravian  Missions,  p.   9.) 

2fi  Henry,  Sketches  of  Moravian  Life.  For  description  of  Moravian  dress 
(with  picture)    see  Ritter,  p.   145. 

27  "No  ornaments  were  allowed  to  disturb  the  simple  uniformity  of 
the  tokens  of  remembrance;  the  marble  slab  was  even  limited  in  its 
length  and  breadth  to  12X18  inches,  and  these  all  flat  on  the  grave- 
mound."  (Ritter.)  As  late  as  1820  an  offer  of  $7500  for  the  privilege 
of  a  vault  was  refused. 

28  It  is  singular  how  little  is  known  in  this  country  of  the  Mennonites, — 
due  undoubtedly  to  the  desire  and  consistent  effort  on  their  part  to  be 

"little  and  unknown, 
Loved  and  prized  by  God  alone." 


THE    RELIGIOUS    LIFE  (175)  487 

■the  supporters  of  this  theory.-"  It  is  proved  that  in  those  places  where 
the  Mennonitcs,  or  Anabaptists,  first  arose  there  had  been  for  long 
-periods  of  time  communities  of  Waldenses  and  related  sects.  The 
doctrines  were  the  (//i)  same:  refusal  to  take  oath,  non-resistance, 
rejection  of  a  paid  ministry  and  infant  baptism,  simplicity  of  dress  and 
Jife  and  of  religious  worship.  In  all  these  things  the  Mennonites  are 
.the  logical  if  not  the  actual  successors  of  the  Waldenses. 

If  this  historical  connection  were  capable  of  proof,  it  would  indeed 
be  an  inspiring  thought,  and  one  fraught  with  profound  belief  in  the 
on-working  of  Providence,  that  through  the  Dark  and  the  Middle 
Ages,  in  the  days  of  ignorance,  corruption,  sin,  tyranny,  and  persecu- 
iion,  the  true  Church  of  God,  composed  of  those  who  worshiped  Him 
in  spirit  and  in  truth,  should  he  carried  along,  first  openly,  then  in 
secret  for  long  centuries,  then  finally,  at  the  outbreak  of  the  Reforma- 
tion, once  more  boldly  coming  forth  and  proclaiming  that  true  religion 
and  undefiled  consists  not  in  form  or  ceremony,  not  in  magnificent 
cathedrals  built  by  man,  but  in  the  'heart  and  in  the  life  of  the  followers 
of  the  meek  and  lowly  Jesus.  The  Mennonites,  like  the  Waldenses, 
had  no  theology,  cared  not  for  intricate  discussions  of  philosophy,  but 
took  the  life  of  Christ  and  His  teachings  as  their  only  rule  of  con- 
duct. They  did  not  believe  in  the  union  of  Church  and  State,  nor  in 
putting  pressure  on  any  one  in  matters  of  religious  belief ;  "Believe 
and  let  believe"  (1/4)  was  their  motto.'"  If  any  one  could  persuade 
them  out  of  the  Bible,  they  were  willing  to  hear  him  ;  but  neither  per- 
secution, fire,  sword,  prison  nor  exile,  could  bend  their  will,  or  make 
them  recant  what  they  believed  to  be  the  truth  as  it  is  in  Christ  Jesus. 
Not  only  were  they  steadfast  in  the  faith,  but  they  rejoiced  in  dyinf 
the  death  of  martyrs.'^ 

The  Mennonites  have  often  been  confused  with  the  Anabaptists  of 
the  Miinster  rebellion,  (i/^j)  yet  Menno  himself  wrote  a  book  against 
these  fanatics,  and  the  only  connection  between  the  two  parties  was 
that  both  were  called  Anabaptists,  then  a  term  of  reproach.  The  vast 
majority  of  those  who  are  now  known  as  Mennonites^-  were  earnest, 

i»  In  recent  years  the  arguments  have  been  strongly  summed  up  bj 
Keller,  Die  Reformation  und  die  aelteren  Reformparteien. 

80  Their  attitude  in  this  respect  was  almost  identical  with  that  of  John 
Wesley,  who  once  made  the  remark,  "As  to  all  opinions  that  do  not 
strike  at  the  root  of  Christ  we  think  and  let  think." 

31  Salat  in  his  "Chronika"  says  of  the  Mennonites:  "Mit  froehlicher, 
laechelnder  Gebaerde  heischten,  wuenschten  und  begehrten  sie  den  Tod, 
nahmen  ihn  ganz  begierig  an  und  gingen  ihn  ein  mit  Absingung  deutscher 
Psalmen  und  anderer  Orationen."  (Quoted  by  Nitsche,  Gesch.  der  Wieder- 
taeufer  in  der  Schweiz,  p.  35.)  The  death  of  Felix  Manz,  January  5, 
1527,  is  so  inspiring  that  I  cannot  forbear  quoting  the  description  of  it 
given  in  Brons'  Ursprung,  etc.,  der  Taufgesinnten  oder  Mennoniten  (p. 
40):  "As  he  stood  there  [on  the  boat],  beneath  him  the  waters  of  Lake 
Zuerich,  above  him  the  blue  sky,  and  round  about  him  the  giant  moun- 
tains with  their  snow-capped  summits  lighted  up  by  the  sun,  his  soul, 
in  the  presence  of  death,  rose  above  all  these  things.  And  as  on  one 
side  a  minister  urged  him  to  recant,  he  scarcely  heard  him;  but  when, 
on  the  other  side,  he  heard  the  voice  of  his  mother,  and  when  his  broth- 
ers besought  him  to  remain  steadfast,  he  sang,  while  his  hands  were 
being  bound,  with  a  loud  voice,  'In  manus  tuas  Domine  commendo 
spiritum  meum,'  and  immediately  afterwards  he  sank  beneath  the  waves." 

32S0  called  from  Menno,  Simon  born  in  Witmarsum,  Friesland,  in  1492. 


488    (l75)  THE    PENN  GERMANIA 

sensible,  intelligent.  God-fearing,  industrious,  upright  men  and! 
women. ^•■^  Many  of  their  doctrines  were  simply  two  or  three  hun- 
dred years  ahead  of  the  times,  and  the  last  decade  of  the  nineteenth- 
century  has  seen  their  main  doctrines  .universally  admitted.  They  be- 
lieved war  to  be  unchristian ;  the  Peace  Congress  at  the  Hague  shows, 
at  least  how  widespread  is  the  desire  to  abolish  armed  conflicts.  They 
'believed  in  the  separation  of  Church  and  State :  the  Constitution  of 
our  own  country  is  based  on  that  principle.  They  believed  in  freedom 
of  conscience :  today  this  is  practised  in  all  civilized  countries.  Al- 
though quaint  and  curious,  and  in  some  respects  narrow  even  today,, 
yet  they  deserve  the  credit  of  being  the  torch-bearers  of  religious 
liberty. 

The  first  colony  of  Alennonites  in  Pennsylvania  (1/6)  was  that  of 
Germantown ;  the  great  resemblance  between  them  and  the  Quakers 
made  the  latter  welcome  them  and  they  often  worshiped  together.  It 
was  to  the  monthly  meeting  at  Rigert  Worrell's  that  Pastorius,  Hend- 
ricks, and  the  Op  den  Graefif  brothers  presented  the  famous  petition 
against  slavery  in  1688,  the  first  insitance  of  the  kind  in  America.  It 
is  an  interesting  fact  that  the  Dutch  Mennonites  (like  the  Huguenots) 
were  in  the  main  artisans,  and  especially  weavers ;  and  no  sooner  had 
Germantown  been  settled  than  they  began  to  make  cloth  and  linen, 
which  almost  immediately  won  for  itself  a  widespread  reputation. 

iWhile  there  were  Mennonites  settled  in  other  parts  of  Pennsylvania. 
Lancaster  County  was  and  is  still  their  chief  centre.  They  were  expert 
farmers  and  soon  prospered ;  today  the  best  farms,  the  stateliest  'barns, 
and  the  sleekest  cattle  belong  to  them.  In  general  they  have  retained' 
the  manners  and  customs  of  their  fathers  ;  many  still  dress  in  quaint 
garb,  the  women  wearing  caps  even  in  their  housework.^*  They  wor- 
ship (///)  in  plain  meeting-houses,  choose  their  ministers  by  lot,  will 
not  take  oaith,  nor  bear  arms.  In  certain  localities,  such  as  Strasburg- 
and  Landisville,  they  outnumber  all  other  denominations. 

Yet  while  all  this  is  true,  those  families  which  have  moved  to  the 
city  or  gone  to  other  States  have  gradually  left  the  old-fashioned  faith 
of  their  fathers  and  become  worldly.  Some  interestinof  facts  in  this 
connection  could  be  given.'''^     Yet  the  sect  is  still  large;  in  1883  they 

He  was  to  the  moderate  part  of  the  Anabaptists  what  Luther  and  Zwingli 
were  to  the  churches  founded  by  them. 

33  See  the  testimonies  to  this  effect  collected  by  Arnold,  Kirchen-  und 
Ketzergeschichte. 

34  We  have  an  interesting  glimpse  of  the  appearance  of  the  Swiss  Men- 
nonites shortly  before  coming  to  Pennsylvania:  "Es  war  ein  ganz  hartes 
Volk  von  Natur,  das  Ungemach  ertragen  konnte,  mit  langen,  un- 
geschorenen  Baerten,  mit  unordentlicher  Kleidung,  schweren  Schuhen,  die 
mit  Hufeisen  und  grossen  Naegeln  sehr  schwer  beschlagen  waren.  Sie 
waren  sehr  eifrig  Gott  zu  dienen  mit  Gebet,  Lesen  iind  Anderem,  waren 
sehr  einfach  in  all  ihrem  Thun  wie  Laemmer  und  Tauben.  .  .  .  Denn 
davon.  dass  sie  in  der  Schweiz  auf  dem  Gebirge  gewohnt  hatten,  feme  von 
Doerfern  und  Siadten,  und  wenig  mit  andern  Menschen  Umgang  gehabt 
hatten,  ist  ihre  Sprache  ganz  plump  und  ungebildet."      (Mueller,  p.  271.) 

3".  Take  the  family  of  Heinrich  Pannebecker,  one  of  the  Mennonite 
settlers  of  Germantown.  In  spite  of  his  own  principles  of  non-resistance, 
125  of  his  descendants  took  part  in  the  Civil  War.  When,  a  short  time 
ago,  Judge  Brubaker  of  Lancaster  died,  his  place  was  immediately  occu- 
pied by  Judge  Landis  ;both  were  descendants  of  the  Swiss  Mennonites 
of  Lancaster  County,  one  of  whose  principles  was  not   to  take  oath.     It 


THE   RELIGIOUS  LIFE  (i8o)    489 

had  in  Lancaster  County  3500  members,  41  meeting-houses,  and  47 
ministers,  8  of  whom  were  'bishops.''*^ 

Like  all  denominations,  large  or  small,  the  {178)  jMennonites  'had. 
their  schisms;  even  in  the  lifetime  of  Menno  Simon  a  council  was  held 
at  Dort  in  1632  to  settle  on  terms  of  agreement.  One  of  the  most 
important  divisions  occurred  in  Switzerland,  and  resulted  in  the  forma- 
tion of  a  sub-sect,  which  later  was  transferred  to  the  Palatinate  (where 
it  still  exists),  and  thence  to  Pennsylvania.  This  was  the  branch  known 
as  the  Amish,  foimded  by  Jacob  Ammen  of  Canton  Berne,  his  purpose 
being  to  preserve  more  severity  and  simplicity  of  doctrine  and  dress. 
The  use  of  buttons  was  considered  worldly  vanity,  and  only  hooks 
and  eyes  were  allowed  on  the  clothing.'''  The  Amish  still  exist  in 
Pennsylvania,  where  they  worship  in  private  houses,  having  no  regu- 
lar minister,  and  adhering  rigidly  to  the  confession  adopted  by  the 
Synod  of  Dort  in  1632.^^ 

But  even  in  the  New  World  the  tendency  to  schism  showed  itself. 
The  Reformed  ]\Iennonites  were  founded  by  I'Vancis  Herr  toward  the 
end  of  the  eighteenth  century.  Having  withdrawn  from  the  regular 
body,  he  held  meetings  in  his  own  house,  and  drew  many  people  to 
him.  His  son,  {179)  John  Herr,  carried  on  the  work  and  became 
bishop  of  the  little  sect,  together  with  Abraham  Landis  and  Abraham 
Groff.^'^ 

The  River  Brethren  were  founded  by  Jacob  Engel,  who  came  in  his 
.childhood  from  Switzerland,  and  lived  in  Conestosra  Township.  He 
was  a  Mennonite  and  became  convinced  that  this  sect  as  *it  then  was 
lacked  religious  vitality ;  and  in  connection  with  his  brother  John  and 
several  others  ihe  established  a  system  of  stated  praver-meetings.  The 
little  flock  soon  increased,  ministers  were  appointed,  and  meetings  held 
in  Engel's  house.  They  had  no  design  at  first  to  found  a  separate 
sect,  but,  as  almost  always  happens,  the  logic  of  circumstances  forced' 
them  to  this,  and  in  1776  a  religious  organization  was  made.  They 
are  commonly  supposed  to  be  a  branch  of  the  Dunkards.  but  are  rather 
an  offshoot  of  the  Mennonites.  They  took  their  name  from  the  fact 
that  they  originated  near  the  Siisquehanna.  They  are  strictly  non- 
Tesistant  and  elect  their  bishop  by  general  vote. 

The  Dunkards,  now  a  flourishing  denomination,  were  founded  by 
Alexander  Alack,  of  Schwarzenau,  in  Westphalia,  in  1708.  though  their 
real  origin  dates  from  1719,  when  about  {180)  twenty  families  came 
to  Pennsylvania  and  settled  in  Germantov.-n,  Skinpack  (Montgomery 
Co.),  Oley  (Berks),  and  on  the  Conestoga  Creek  (Lancaster  Co.). 
Their  leader  was  Peter  Baker,  who  had  been  a  minister  under  Mack 
in  Schwarzenau.     In  1723  Baker  made  a  missionary  tour  through  the 

may  be  of  interest  to  add  that  H.  C.  Frick,  Mr.  Carnegie's  partner,  is 
also  a  descendant  of  the  Swiss  Mennonites. 

:!'■■  The  latest  statistics  give  57,948  as  the  total  membership  of  all 
branches  of  the  Mennonites  in  the  country. 

37  Hence  called  "Haeftler  or  Hookers."  (See  Mueller,  Bernische 
Taeufer.  p.  314  ff.) 

••*'<  There  are  to-day  12,876  Amish  and  2,4.38  Old  Amish  in  the  United 
States,  making  a  total  of  15,314. 

sy  See  Musser's  Reformed  Mennonite  Church. 


490    (i8o)  THE    PENN  GERMANIA 

German  settlements  and  established  a  church  at  Conestog"a,*"  consist- 
ing of  thirty-six  members.  In  1724  Conrad  Beissel  was  chosen  assist- 
ant "to  Baker,  "but  Beissel,  being  wise  in  his  own  conceit,  soon  caused 
trouble  in  the  church  in  regard  to  the  Sabbath,"  he  declarins"  that  this 
should  be  celebrated  on  the  seventh  day.  The  result  was  that  when 
in  1729  Alexander  Mack  himself  came  to  Pennsylvania,  the  question 
was  put  to  the  Conestoga  church,  and  being  decided  ao^ainst  Beissel 
by  a  large  majority,  he  with  a  few  others  withdrew  and  organized  at 
Ephrata  a  society  of  Seventh-Day  Baptists.  The  Conestos^a  church  at 
its  organization  had  settlements  in  the  present  counties  of  Lancaster, 
Berks,  Dauphin,  and  .Lebanon,  over  which  Baker  had  charge  till  the 
arrival  of  IvUack,  who  then  assumed  the  office  of  bishoD.  with  Baker  as 
assistant.  The  latter  died  in  1734,  Mack  in  1735.  (iSi)  Settlemencs 
were  made  later  in  Virginia  and  especially  in  Ohio,  where  the  Dunk- 
ards  are  still  numerous. ■*'^  Their  doctrines  are  not  very  different  from 
those  of  the  Mennonites  ;  like  them  they  disbelieve  -in  infant  baptism, 
refuse  to  take  oath  or  to  bear  arms.  They  differ  from  them  in  the 
mode  of  baptizing,  which  they  perform  by  dipping  (tunkoi),  hence  the 
name  of  Timker  or  Dunkard. 

Perhaps  the  most  interesting  phenomenon  of  religious  life  in  early 
Pennsylvania  was  the  rise  and  progress  of  the  German  Seventh-Day 
Baptists  and  the  establishment  of  the  monastic  community  at  Ephrata, 
in  Lancaster  County. 

We  'have  seen  that  Beissel  with  a  few  others  left  the  Conestoga 
•church  and  came  to  Cocalico  Creek,  where  they  settled  down.  Beissel 
was  a  man  of  unusual  abilities,  though  of  only  ilimited  education.  He 
was  born  in  1690  at  Eberbach  in  the  Palatinate,  where  his  father  was 
a  baker,  a  trade  which  be  followed  himself.  Beins:  converted  co 
pietism,  however,  he  came  to  Pennsylvania  in  1720.  intendino"  to  spend 
his  life  in  solitary  communion  with  God.  After  leaving  the  Conestoga 
church  he  lived  for  a  time  the  life  of  (182)  a  hermit  on  the  Cocalico, 
surrounded  by  many  who  built  themselves  cottages  and  imitated  his 
ascetic  life.  Among  those  whom  he  thus  attracted  was  a  German  Re- 
formed minister  of  Tulpehocken,  John  Peter  Miller,  and  Conrad 
Weiser,  a  Lutheran  (who  afterwards  left),  and  later  some  of  the  lead- 
ers of  the  Dunkards,  Kalkloser.  Valentine  Mack,  and  Tohn  Hilde- 
brand. 

As  the  numbers  increased  it  became  necessarv  to  provide  accommo- 
dations for  them,  and  in  1735  a  convent  for  sisters  was  erected  called 
Kedar ;  in  1738  a  corresponding  monastery  for  the  brethren,  and  later 
many  other  buildings  were  built.'*-  In  1740  there  were  thirty-six  single 
brethren  and  thirty-five  sisters.  At  one  time  the  society,  including  the 
nmrried  members,  amounted  to  nearly  three  hundred.  The  ruler  or 
•prior  of  this  community,  Conrad  Beissel, — called  bv  his  followers 
Gottrecht  Friedsam, — seems  to  have  been  a  man  of  ereat  personal 
magnetism  and  drew  the  loyal  affection  of  all  who  met  liim.     Tie  was 

40  Lancaster  County  was  not  formed  till  1729;  till  that  year  it  was 
known  as  Conestoga. 

41  There  are  in  all  108,694  Dunkards,  divided  into  Conservatives,  Old 
-  Order,  Progressive,  and  German  Seventh-Day  Baptists,  the  latter  of  whom 

amount  to  only  194. 

42  A  number  of  these  old  buildings  are  still  standing,  and  the  curious 


THE   RELIGIOUS  LIFE  (1S5)  491 

•looked  on  with  mystic  afifection  and  even  worship.  (i8s)  some  going 
so  far  as  to  regard  him  as  a  second  Christ.''^ 

It  would  be  a  pleasant  task  to  give  a  detailed  account  of  this  strange 

-community,  its  poetic  customs,  its  midnight  religious  services,  often 
lasting  till  daybreak,  its  weird  music,  its  exaggerated  mystic  piety,  its 
monastic  garb  and  cloister  names  ;**  but  all  this  would  lead  us  too  far. 
The  community  gradually  died  out,  until  at  present  only  a  small  rem- 
nant remains,  who  still  meet  however,  from  time  to  time,  and  worship 
in  the  manner  of  their  ancestors. 

Still  another  interesting  sect  is  that  of  the  Schwenckfelders,  so  named 
after  Casper  von  Schwenckfeld  of  Ossing  in  Silesia,  who  was  a  {184) 

■contemporary  of  Luther,  and  who  incurred  the  wrath  of  the  latter, 
because  of  his  peculiar  tenets,  chiefly  concerning  the  Eucharist,  the 
efficacy  of  the  divine  Word,  the  human  nature  of  Chnst,  and  infant 
baptism.  On  account  of  the  latter  his  followers  were  frequently  con- 
fused with  the  Anabaptists.     Many  clergymen  and  nobles  in  Silesia 

-and  elsewhere  espoused  his  doctrines,  especially  in  Liegnitz  and  Jauer, 
where  almiost  the  whole  population  were  of  his  adherents.  Later  they 
were  persecuted  first  by  the  Lutherans,  then  by  the  Jesuit  missionaries 
sent  to  convert  them  in  17 19.  In  these  troubles  only  one  thing  was 
left  them — flight.  In  1726  more  than  one  hundred  and  seventy  fam- 
ilies escaped  from  Harpersdorf,  Armenruh,  and  Hockenau,  and  mak- 
ing their  way  on  foot  to  Upper  Lusatia,  then  a  part  of  Saxony,  found 

shelter  near  Greisenberg,  Gorlitz,  Hennersdorf,  Berthelsdorf,  and 
Herrnhut,  where  they  were  hospitably  received  by  Zinzendorf  and  the 
Senate  of  Gorhtz.  They  lived  in  Saxony  eight  years,  but  in  1734  wer* 
forced  once  more  to  take  up  the  life  of  exiles.  In  1732  two  families 
went  to  Pennsylvania,  and  their  report  and  the  advice  of  certain  bene- 

■  factors  in  Holland  induced  forty  families  to  follow.  They  arrived 
Septeniber  24,  1734,  in  Philadelphia,  where  some  settled,  while  others 
went  to  Montgomery,  Berks,  {18^)  and  Lehigh  counties.  They  now 
form  two  congregations,  with  three  hundred  families  and  five  churches 

•or  schoolhouses." 

Tisitor  can  see  the  rooms  in  which  the  inmates  lived,  the  chapel  in  which 
they  worshipped,  and  even  the  very  sacramental  utensils  which  they 
used  one  hundred  and  fifty  years  ago.  Interesting  descriptions  of  Eph- 
rata  have  been  given  by  Seidensticker  and  Sachse. 

<3  This  was  the  evident  meaning  of  a  verse  in  one  of  the  hymns  which 
Sauer  published  for  Beissel: 

"Sehet,  sehet,  sehet  an, 
Sehet,  sehet  an  den  Mann! 
Der  von  Gott  erhoehet  ist, 
Der    ist    unser    Herr    und    Christ," 
and  which  was  the  cause  of  a  quarrel  between  the  two.      (See  Penn.  Mag., 
Vol.  XII.) 

**  Some  of  these  names  were  genuinely  poetical,  such  as  Sisters  Geno- 
veva,  Eusebia,  Petronella,  Blandina,  Euphrosina,  Zenobia.  Whittier,  who 
alone  of  American  poets  has  felt  the  poetry  of  Pennsylvania-German  life, 
has  a  Hymn  of  the  Dunkards,  beginning: 

"Wake,    sisters,    wake,    the    day-star    shines; 
Above  Ephrata's  eastern  pines 
The  day  is  breaking  cool  and  calm. 
Wake,  sisters,  wake  to  prayer  and  psalm." 

■<5  Among  the  well-known  Schwenckfelder  names  are  Wiegner,  Kriebel, 
Jaeckel  (Yeakel),  Huebner,  Heydrich,  Anders,  Hartranft,  Schultze,  Weiss, 
Meschter. 


492   (185)  THE    PENN  GERANMAI 

We  have  already  discussed  the  strong"  pietistic  tendency  in  Penn- 
sylvania, and  how  it  manifested  itself  not  only  in  the  sects,  but  anion{>\ 
the  regular  confessions.  This  deep,  personal  religion  was  especially 
cultivated  by  the  M(oravians.  It  is  well  known  that  John  Wesley  was. 
first  brought  to  a  sense  of  the  defects  of  a  mere  formal  orthodoxy  and. 
the  need  of  a  heart-religion  through  the  Moravians.  On  his  journey 
to  Georgia  he  came  into  close  contact  with  David  Nitschman,  and, 
after  landing,  with  Spangenberg,  and  learnt  from  them  the  power  of 
God  as  manifested  in  the  heart.  It  was  through  Peter  Boehler  in 
London  that  he  finally  became  convinced  of  the  possibility  of  a  saving- 
faith,  instant  conversion,  and  the  joy  and  peace  of  believing.''"  This 
early  connection  with  German  emotional  religion  had  far-reaching^ 
consequences.  It  is  a  singular  fact  that  Methodism  in  America  was 
founded  by  Germans  {186)  who  had  been  converted  by  Wesley,  who 
'himself  had  received  from  the  Moravians  some  of  his  peculiar  doc- 
trines— doctrines  which  he  in  turn  passed  on  to  his  fellow  countrymen 
and  which  were  destined  to  exert  so  extraordinary  an  influence  on  the 
religious  life  of  the  New  World. 

We  have  seen  that  of  the  Palatines  who  overran  London  in  1709,. 
some  three  thousand  were  sent  to  Ireland.  In  1756  Wesley  visited 
the  town  of  Ballygarrane  and  preached  to  the  Germans  of  whom  he 
says  in  his  Journal  :^'  "They  retain  much  of  the  temper  and  manners 
of  their  own  country,  having  no  resemblance  to  those  among  whom 
they  live.  I  found  much  life  among'  this  plain,  artless,  serious  people. 
The  whole  town  came  together  in  the  evening,  and  praised  God  for 
the  consolation."  Of  this  number  were  Barbara  Heck  and  Philip  Em- 
bury, who,  on  account  of  difficulties  in  the  way  of  getting  a  living  in 
Ireland,  with  many  others  came  to  New  York.  This  was  in  1760,  and' 
six  years  later  Philip  Embury  held  the  first  ^lethodist  meeting  in  this 
country,  in  the  historic  sail-loft  in  John  Street.*^ 

Methodism)  was  introduced  into  Pennsylvania  a  little  later  by  Cap- 
tain Webb,  one  of  Embury's  ( 18/)  assistants.*"'  Among  those  who 
welcomed  it  was  Martin  I'oehm  of  Lancaster  County,  who  had  been  a 
Mennonite  and  later  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  United  Brethren. 
The  Boehm  homestead  became  a  center  of  Methodist  influence  in 
Pennsylvania.  Aslniry  frequently  stopped  here,  many  powerful  re- 
vivals were  held,  numbers  of  the  German  and  Swiss  farmers  in  tho 
neighborhood  were  converted,  most  famous  of  all  being  Father  Henry 
Boehm, — son  of  Martin. — who  was  Asbury's  travelling-companion  for 
many  years.  Metliodism  spread  more  slowly  through  the  cities,  and  it 
was  only  after  the  beginning  of  the  ]:)resent  century  that  churches 
were  founded  in  Lancaster,  Reading,  and  other  cities.     To-dav  a  large 


■ic  See  Tyerman's  Life  of  Wesley;  also  Wesley's  Journal.  In  1738  he 
spent  nearly  two  weeks  in  Herrnhut.  He  writes:  "I  would  gladly  spend 
my  life  here.  Oh,  when  shall  this  Christianity  cover  the  earth,  as  the 
waters  cover  the  sea?" 

47  June  16,  1756. 

4s  Buckley,   Hist,  of  Methodists  in  the  United   States,   p.    101. 

4u  See  Penn.  Mag.,  vol.  XH.  It  is  a  little  curious  that  in  Philadelphia 
as  well  as  in  New  York  the  first  Methodist  meeting  was  held  in  a  sail- 
loft. 


THE  RELIGIOUS   LIFE  (190)    493 

•proportion  of  the  members  and  ministers  in  the  State  are  of  Pennsyl- 
vania-German descent.'^" 

This,  however,  is  not  the  only  way  in  whch  Methodism  has  influ- 
enced the  German  inhabitants  of  the  commonwealth.  Although  it  is 
denied  >that  the  United  Brethren  Church  was  {188)  founded  in  imita- 
tion of  Methodism,  yet  the  latter  certainly  exerted  a  vast  deal  of  in- 
fluence on  the  former.  The  two  founders  of  this  denomination  were 
:M.artin  IVoehm  and  Philip  William  Otiterbein,  the  former  a  Mennonitc, 
the  latter  a  peculiarly  spritually-minded  Reformed  minister.  Both 
Boehm  and  Otterbein  experienced  conversion,  in  the  genuine  Method- 
istic  sense  of  that  word,  and  both,  moved  by  the  Spirit,  began  to  preach 
a  heart-religion.  Great  success  attended  their  efforts,  and  thousands 
•crowded  to  revival  services.  In  1768.''^  at  one  of  these  meetings,  they 
met  for  the  first  time,  and  falling  on  each  other's  neck  cried  out,  "Wir 
sind  Briider."  Some  years  after  a  regular  church  organization  was 
formed,  and  received  from  the  above  incident  the  name  of  United 
Brethren.  For  many  years  there  was  a  close  fraternal  relation  be- 
tween the  newly  founded  church  and  the  Methodists  ;  they  adopted 
many  features  of  the  Discipline,  had  class-  and  prayer-meetings,  the 
itinerant  system,  annual  and  general  conferences,  and  other  details. 
For  many  years  fraternal  delegates  were  sent  to  the  respective  con- 
ferences, and  letters  were  written  bearing  friendly  greetings.  Otter- 
'bein  was  the  intimate  friend  of  Asbury,  and  it  (i8q)  was  on  the  advice 
•of  the  latter  that  he  went  to  Baltimore,  to  the  German  Reformed 
Church,  which  later  became  the  first  church  of  the  United  Brethren. 

It  seemed  to  be  the  policy  of  Methodism  in  its  early  years  in  Amer- 
ica to  discourage  all  evangelistic  w^ork  carried  on  in  other  languages 
than  English, — apparently  because  the  authorities  were  convinced  that 
all  others  w^ould  soon  die  out.  Hence  they  welcomed  the  efforts  made 
•by  the  United  Brethren  in  evangelistic  work  among  the  Germans,  and 
■consequently  both  were  on  friendly  terms  and  without  denominational 
jealousy.  Some  indeed  did  desire  a  union  and  propositions  were  made 
looking'  toward  this  end.  Nothing  came  of  them,  however,  and  after 
some  years  both  denominations  ceased  sending  delegates  and  friendly 
messages  to  the  respective  conferences. 

The"  United  Brethren  Church  was  originally  almost  exclusively  com- 
posed of  Pennsylvania  Germans  and  is  now  largely  made  up  of  their 
■descendants. ^- 

Still  more  closely  connected  with  Methodism  is  the  Evangelical  As- 
sociation, founded  by  Jacob  Albright,  'who  had  been  brought  up  a 
Lutheran,  ( iQo)  and  who  in  179^^,  "yearning  for  the  salvation  of  his 
spirituallv  neglected  German-speaking  brethren,  started  out  as  a 
humble  layman  to  preach  to  them  the  Gospel  of  Christ.  His  labors 
extended  over  large  portions  of  Pennsylvania  and  into  parts  of  ^Tary- 

Ro  Among  the  bishops  are  Bowman,  Hartzell,  and  Keener  (Church 
South).  A  glance  at  the  minutes  of  the  Pennsylvania  conferences  will 
show  how  large  a  percentage  of  the  ministers  are  of  Pennsylvania-Ger- 
;inan  descent. 

51  The  date  is  not  sure.     See  Berger,  Hist,  of  the  United  Brethren,  p.  78. 

52  264,980  members  in  all. 


494    (191)  THE   PENN  GERMANIA 

land  and  Virg-inia  and  resulted  in  the  saving  of  many  souls.""  AI- 
brig-ht  had  originally  no  thought  of  founding  a  new  religious  organi- 
zation, but  finally,  in  1800,  he  yielded  to  the  oft-repeated  and  urgent 
requests  of  those  whom  he  had  led  to  the  Lord  and  began  the  work  of 
organization.  Their  Discipline,  largely  taken  from  that  of  the  Meth- 
odists, was  published  in  1809.  A  glance  therein  will  show  how  thor- 
ough the  influence  of  the  latter  Church  was : — ^they  have  quarterly,  an- 
nual, and  general  conferences;  bishops,  presiding  elders,  the  itinerancy^, 
class-meetings,  and  other  Methodist  characteristics.^'* 

(191)  The  spirit  of  schism  which  seemis  ever  present  in  religious 
bodies,  manifested  itself  in  the  Evangelical  Association.  Some  dozen 
or  fifteen  years  ago,  certain  questions  arose  concerning  the  General 
Conference  and  especially  the  episcopacy,  and  gradually  the  differences 
of  opinion  grew  so  widespread,  that  in  1891  two  General  Conferences 
were  held  each  claiming  to  be  the  legal  representative  of  the  Church. 
Hence  arose  the  body  known  as  the  United  Evangelical  Church,  the 
first  General  Conference  of  which  was  held  in  1894.  In  their  Disci- 
pline no  changes  were  made  in  the  accepted  doctrines  of  the  Church, 
but  several  new  articles  were  added  and  the  language  of  all  was 
changed.^^ 

Another  body  of  Christians  widely  spread  in  Pennsylvania  is  the 
Church  of  God,  sometimes  called  Winebrennerians  from  the  founder, 
John  Winebrenner.  He  was  a  minister  of  the  Reformed  Church,  and' 
settled  in  Harrisburg  in  1820,  where  a  revival  soon  broke  out  under  his 
preaching.  This  being  regarded  as  an  innovation  in  the  customs  of" 
the  Reformed  Church,  Winebrenner  met  so  strong  an  opposition  that 
the  doors  of  his  church  were  closed  against  him,  and  about  the  year 
1825  he  was  forced  to  separate  (19^)  from  his  denomination.  His 
preaching  was  heard  by  great  numbers  of  Germans,  and  in  1829  a 
regular  organization  was  established.  Owing  to  their  doctrine  of  im- 
mersion they  are  classed  with  the  Baptists.  The  polity  of  the  Church 
of  God,  however,  is  Methodistic  in  some  respects ;  the  Annual  Elder- 
ship corresponds  to  the  Annual  Conference,  and  the  General  Elder- 
ship to  the  General  Conference.^*^ 

We  have  only  space  here  for  a  word  or  two  on  the  influence  of  other 
English  denominations  on  the  Pennsylvania  Germans.  In  many  cases 
the  Presbyterian,  Episcopalian,  Baptist,  and  Swedenborgian  churches, 
especially  in  large  cities,  are  swelled  in  numbers  by  the  descendants  of- 
these  people. 

53  See  Discipline  of  tlie  United  Evangelical  Church. 

5^  Albright  had  little  knowledge  of  English  and  preached  in  German  to-' 
the  people  of  Eastern  Pennsylvania.     If  Asbury  had  cared  to  form  a  Ger- 
man  ministry   within   Methodism,   this   separate   body  of   German   Metho- 
dists probably  would  not  have  been  formed.     The  original  conference  in 
1807  called  itself  the  'Newly  formed  Methodist  Conference.'     Albright  had^ 
been  a  Methodist,  and  was  such   still   in   his  heart,   faith,   and  practice. 
(See  Berger,  Hist,  of  the  United  Brethren  in  Christ,  p.   193.)      In   189»- 
there  were  117,613  members  in  the  Evangelical  Association. 

55  The  United  Evangelical  church  now  has  59,830  members. 

56  The  membership  amounts  at  present  to  38,^000. 


IN  PEACE  AND  IN  WAR  (l95)  495 

(ips)  CHAPTER  VII. 

IN  FEACE  AND  IN   WAR. 

Mr.  Fiske  has  estimated  that  the  20,000  EngUsh  who  settled  in  New 
England  before  1640  have  increased  to  fifteen  millions.  Considering 
the  large  families  of  the  old-fashioned  Pennsylvania  Germans  it  would 
seem  probable  that  the  100,000  or  more  who  came  over  before  1775 
have  multiplied  at  least  as  rapidly  as  their  Puritan  neighbors.  It  would 
be  a  moderate  statement,  then,  to  say  that  to-day  there  are  between 
four  and  five  million  people  in  the  United  States  who  in  some  line  or 
other  can  trace  their  ancestry  to  the  early  German  and  Swiss  settlers 
of  Pennsylvania.  Of  these  not  far  from  two  millions  still  inhabit  the 
State  founded  by  their  ancestors.  This  mass  of  people  must  have  had 
more  or  less  influence  on  the  development  of  the  United  States,  and 
they  themselves  must  have  been  largely  moulded  by  their  new  sur- 
roundings. As  Freytag  says,  "In  dem  unaufhorHchen  Einwirken  des 
Einzelnen  auf  das  Volk  und  des  Volkes  auf  {194)  den  Einzelnen  Uiuft 
das  Leben  einer  Nation."^  In  the  present  chapter  we  shall  endeavor  to 
show  some  of  the  ways  in  which  this  mutual  influence  manifests  itself; 
'how  the  people  have  met  the  new  conditions  in  which  they  were 
placed ;  what  has  been  their  attitude  to  the  State  in  politics  and  in  the 
various  wars  through  which  the  country  has  passed  since  they  came; 
in  short,  to  itell,  in  brief  outline,  the  share  that  the  Germans  have  had 
in  the  development  of  Pennsylvania  in  particular  and  the  United 
States  in  general. 

In  regard  to  politics  we  are  struck  by  the  fact  that  the  Pennsylvania 
Germans  have  not  stamped  themselves  so  strongly  on  the  country  as 
their  numbers  would  warrant.  Great  statesmen  and  men  of  national 
reputation  are  not  numerous — not  so  much  so  proportionately,  for  in- 
stance, as  in  the  case  of  Huguenots  and  Scotch-Irish.  In  Pennsyl- 
vania down  to  the  middle  of  the  eighteenth  century  the  public  offices 
were  almost  entirely  in  the  hands  of  English"speaking  people.  In  the 
city  of  Lancaster  the  office  of  burgess  had  always  been  held  by  an 
Englishman  till  1750,  (195)  when  Dr.  Adam  S.  Kuhn  was  elected.^ 
From  that  time,  however,  the  German  element  is  more  and  more  rep- 
resented, and  since  the  Revolution  their  proportion  of  local  officers  in 
the  towns  and  cities  of  Berks,  Lancaster,  and  the  other  counties  has 

1  Freytag,  vol.  IV.  p.  1.  Cf.  also,  "von  solchem  Standpunkte  verlaeuft 
das  Leben  einer  Nation  in  einer  unaufhoerlichen  Wechselwirkung  de» 
Ganzen  auf  den  Einzelnen  und  des  Mannes  auf  das  Ganze.  Jedes  Mensch- 
enleben,  auch  das  Kleine,  giebt  einen  Theil  seines  Inhalts  ab  an  die 
Nation."     (Ibid.,  vol.  I,  p.  24.) 

2  The  Lutheran  pastor  in  Lancaster,  Rev.  Joh.  Fr.  Handschuh,  give* 
expression  to  his  joy  over  this  event  in  his  diary:  "Den  20.  Sept. 
kamen  einige  Kirchenraethe  und  erzaehlten  mir  mit  Bewegung  und 
Freude  ihres  Herzens,  wie  .  .  .  unsern  Kirchenrath  Dr.  Adam  Kuhn 
haette  man  zum  Oberbuergermeister  .  .  .  erwaehlet."  (Hall.  Nach.,  I. 
p.  542.)  At  the  same  time  Jacob  Schlauch,  also  a  Lutheran,  was  elected 
Unterbuergermeister,  while  of  four  other  Lutherans  elected  one  was  High:. 
Constable,  and  three  others  were  assessors. 


496    (590  THE  PENN   GERMANIA 

been  very  large.''  Up  to  the  Revolution,  however,  the  political  activity 
of  the  Germans  was  largely  confined  to  local  affairs.  Nor  is  this  to 
be  wondered  at.  Hitherto  they  had  formel  a  compact  body  of  their 
own,  pre-eminently  a  rural  population,  whose  chief  occupation  was  to 
found  homes  for  themselves  and  children  in  the  New  World.  Then, 
too,  they  had  come  from  a  land  where  there  was  little  chance  for  po- 
litical activity,  where  the  government  was  despotic,  and  where  the 
country-folk  had  little  or  no  voice  in  the  affairs  of  state.  This  is  true 
not  only  of  the  {196)  Palatinate  and  Wiirtemiberg,  but  also  of  Switzer- 
land, for  even  in  that  land  of  freedom,  the  prototype  of  our  own  land, 
the  peasantry  had  no  political  rights  whatever  until  nearly  one  hun- 
dred years  after  the  emigration  to  Pennsylvania  began.*  It  must  also 
be  remembered  that  a  considerable  number  of  the  people,  Dunkards, 
Mennonites,  and  Moravians,  refused  on  religious  grounds  to  hold 
political  office.'^ 

Can  we  wonder  then  that  the  Germans  of  Pennsylvania  were  a  long 
time  in  coming  to  an  active  and  enthusiastic  exercise  of  their  privileges 
in  the  matter  of  political  intrigues  and  office-holding?  We  do  not 
mean  to  say  that  they  were  all  indifferent  to  the  political  questions  of 
the  day,  or  that  they  had  no  interest  in  public  affairs,  but  only  that  in 
the  eighteenth  century,  at  least,  (lO/')  eagerness  for  office  was  not  a 
marked  trait  of  their  character. 

Since  the  Revolution,  however,  they  have  been  more  and  more 
prominent  in  State  and  county  politics.  Dr.  Egle  says  that  in  the  Con- 
stitutional Convention -of  1789-90  it  was  their  votes  that  insured  the 
passage  of  the  new  Constitution.  Not  only  was  the  local  magistracy 
largely  drawm  from,  their  ranks,''  but  in  the  larger  field  of  State  poli- 
tics they  have  furnished  a  number  of  distinguislied  men.  The  names 
of  Kuhl,  Antes,  Muhlenberg,  Hiester,  Graff",  etc.,  are  familiar  to  the 
student  of  early  Pennsylvania  history,  while  no  fewer  than  nine  of  the 
governors  of  the  coimmonwealth  were  of  German  descent."  It  was 
Governor  George  Wolf  who  finally  introduced  the  public-school  sys- 

3  For  instance,  in  Reading  all  the  chief  burgesses  (ten  in  number)  and 
twelve  of  the  seventeen  mayors  have  been  German  (1883)  ;  a  similar  pro- 
portion prevails  for  justices  of  peace,  aldermen,  etc.  In  the  borough  of 
Kutztown  all  the  burgesses  except  one  have  been  German. 

*  "Die  Bewohner  der  Landschaften  waren  bis  Ende  des  achtzehnten 
-  Jahrhunderts  thatsaechlich  von  der  Staatsleitung  ausgeschlossen." 
(Daendliker,  II.  p.  632.)  Freytag,  speaking  of  the  Thirty  Years'  War, 
says:  "Noch  hundert  Jahre  sollten  die  Nachkommen  der  Uberlebenden 
die  maennlichste  Empflndung  entbehren,  politische  Begeisterung."  (Vol. 
III.  p.   13.) 

•'''  Germantown  was  incorporated  as  a  borough  town  in  1689,  but  about 
1704  lost  its  charter  because  no  one  was  willing  to  accept  the  various 
offices.  The  records  of  this  short-lived  municipality  read  like  an  extract 
from  "Diedrich  Knickerbocker."  In  1795  the  Moravian  Bishop  Ettwein 
deplored  the  dereliction  of  "some  of  the  brethren  in  Lancaster  who  had 
joined  a  political  body  called  the  Democrats  and  even  accepted  office 
therein"."     (Ritter,  p.  98.) 

6  In  1777  all  but  one  of  the  officers  of  Lancaster  were  Germans. 

^Snyder,    Hiester,    Schulze,    Wolf,    Ritner,    Shunk,    Hartranft,    Bigler, 

Beaver.     In  this  connection  may  be  mentioned  Governors  Bouck  of  New 

York,   Ramsey  of  Minnesota, — Lebanon  County  German  on   the  maternal 

side, — Schley   of  Georgia,   John   Bigler  of  California,   and   Geo.    L.   Shoup 

•  of  Idaho. 


LN  PEACE  AND  IN  WAR  (200)  497 

rtem,  and  Joseph  Ritner's  manly  protest  against  the  usurpations  of  the 
slave  States  called  forth  from  Whittier  a  tribute  to  the  sturdiness  of 
Pennsylvania-German  character.® 

(ipS)  in  national  politics  their  prominence  is  not  so  apparent,  since 
'.here  they  come  in  competition  with  all  the  rest  of  the  country.  Yet 
we  must  record  -the  names  of  Frederick  A.  Muhlenberg,  president  of 
the  convention  which  ratified  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States," 
IVIichael  Hillegass,  Treasurer  of  the  Continental  Congress,  and  such 
men  as  Simon  Cameron,  Colonel  John  W.  Forney,  John  Wanamaker, 
and  others.  Of  course  it  would  be  inappropriate  here  to  give  a  cala- 
"logue  of  men  in  public  life,  or  even  a  statistical  view  of  the  same.  Yet 
I  have  carefully  gone  over  the  files  of  the  Congressional  Record  from 
its  first  issue  down  to  the  present,  and  find  in  every  Congress  from 
five  to  ten  typical  Pennsylvania-German  names,  representing  the  Key' 
sitone  State  at  Washington  ;^^  other  States,  especially  in  the  West,  have 
often  been  represented  by  men  who  trace  their  origin  to  the  early  Ger- 
man settlements  of  Pennsylvania. 

(ipp)  Such  is  a  brief  glance  at  the  public  life  of  Pennsylvania  Ger- 
mans in  politics  and  in  times  of  peace.  It  remains  to  give  a  similar 
brief  view  of  their  services  in  the  various  wars  through  which  the 
country  has  passed  during  the  last  two  centuries.  Here  it  may  be  stated 
without  fear  of  contradiction  that  they  have  shown  themselves  as  ready 
as  any  of  their  fellow  countrymen  to  sacrifice  life  and  fortune  for  their 
•country's  good. 

When  the  Germans  began  to  come  to  Pennsylvania  the  troubles  with 
"the  Indians  in  New  England  and  New  York  were  over.  In  the  former 
colony  the  terrible  prowess  of  the  Puritan  warriors  had  crushed  the 
Pequots  and  Narragansetts ;  in  New  York  the  wise  conduct  of  the 
Dutch  and  English  had  permanently  attached  the  Five  Nations  to  the 
interests  of  England,  in  spite  of  all  the  intrigues  of  the  French  to  win 
them  over. 

The  attitude  of  Pennsylvania  toward  the  Indians  from  the  first  had 
l3een  one  of  conciliation  and  kindness ;  the  example  set  by  Penn,  of 
dealing  with  them  with  strict  honesty,  had  been  in  general  followed  by 
his  successors.  The  relations  between  the  Germans  and  the  Indians  ha  1 
always  been  friendly,  and  the  former  had  shown  a  deep  interest  in  the 
spiritual  welfare  of  the  latter.  As  early  as  1694  Kelpius  declared  his 
desire  to  preach  the  Gospel  to  them,  while  the  (200)  Indian  missions 
■of  the  Moravians  form  one  of  the  noblest  chapters  of  State  history. 

For  many  years  Pennsylvania  was  entirely  free  from  the  dread  and 
terror  that  had  been  the  inseparable  companion  of  the  earlv  settlers  of 

8  "Thank  God  for  the  token!  one  lip  is  still  free, 

One  spirit  untrammelled,  unbending  one  knee,"  etc. 

(Works,  vol.  III.  p.  47.) 

9  He  was  also  first  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives  under  Wash- 
ington's administration. 

10  Among  these  names  are  Hiester,  Muhlenberg,  Krebs,  Wolf,  Bucher, 
Wagener,  Fry,  Hubley,  Sheffer,  Keim,  Yost,  Ritter,  Frick,  Erdman,  Leib, 
Strohm,  Everhart,  Kuhns,  Trout,  Kurtz,  Kunkel,  Leidy,  Longnecker,  Leh- 
man, Coffroth,  Glassbrenner,  Koontz,  Haldeman,  Albright,  Negley,  Shoe- 
maker, Shellenberger,  Yocum,  Klotz,  Beltzhoover,  Ermentrout.  In  Berks 
'County  out  of  twenty  United  States  congressmen  from  1789-1885,  fifteea 
were  of  German  descent.  i  ^__^ 


498    (20o)  THE  PENN   GERMANIA 

New  England.  The  Delawares,  who  occupied  that  part  of  the  country 
'before  the  coming  of  Penn,  gradually  and  peaceably  receded  before 
the  onward  march  of  white  settlers,  till  about  the  middle  of  the  cen- 
tury they  had  retired  beyond  the  Blue  Mountains  and  left  practically 
all  the  territory  to  the  east  and  south  to  the  whites. 

Soon  after,  however,  this  state  of  affairs  came  to  an  end.  Dissatis- 
faction and  discontent, — largely  on  account  of  the  famous  "Walking 
Purchase." — the  intrigues  of  the  French,  and  especially  the  disastrous- 
defeat  of  Braddock  in  1755,  let  loose  upon  the  frontier  settlements  of 
Pennsylvania  all  the  horrors  of  Indian  warfare.  Among  the  greatest 
sufferers  were  the  German  settlers,  especially  in  Berks  and  Northamp- 
ton counties.  Hundreds  were  slain  and  scalped,  houses,  barns,  and 
crops  went  up  in  flames,  children  and  women  were  carried  into  cap-  . 
tivity.  The  letters  of  Conrad  Weiser,  Muhlenberg,  and  others  give 
many  harrowing  details  of  scenes  which  were  then  of  almost  daily 
occurrence. ^^ 

(20J)  The  attitude  of  the  Germans  was  at  first  somewhat  indifferent, 
owing  chiefly  to  the  non-combatant  doctrines  of  Mennonites  and  Mo- 
ravians, and  to  the  fact  that  in  politics  they  in  general  followed  the  lead 
of  the  Quakers.  Yet  when  the  danger  became  more  acute  many  offered' 
their  lives  in  the  service  of  the  commonwealth.  Franklin  says :  "Muclr 
unanimity  prevailed  in  all  ranks ;  eight  hundred  persons  signed  at  the 
ouitset.  The  Dutch  w^ere  as  hearty  in  this  measure  as  the  English,  ancf 
one  entire  company  was  formed  of  Dutch. "^^ 

(202)  As  to  actual  numbers  engaged  in  hostilities  it  is  hard  to  give- 
complete  figures.  In  the  Pennsylvania  Archives  we  find  a  list  of  pro- 
vincial officers  in  1754;  out  of  33,  8  are  German.  In  1756,  in  Conrad 
Weiser's  battalion,  22  out  of  38  are  German.  The  rolls  of  privates  are 
not  given,  but  we  have  other  reasons  for  believing  that  they  were  prac- 
tically all  of  the  same  nationality.  Thus  a  German  chaplain  was  ap- 
pointed;  Gordon  says  (p.  342)  that  Weiser's  battalion  consisted  of 
Germans,  and  in  the  list  of  Captain  Nicholas  Wetterholt's  regiment 
every  name  is  German.  Even  in  the  other  two  batalions  many  Ger- 
mans were  enlisted. 

So  much  for  actual  warfare.     The  services  of  the  Germans  in  other 

11  Some  of  these  descriptions  are  very  dramatic, — such  as  that  of  the 
man  with  his  two  daughters,  who  had  loaded  their  wagon  and  were 
prepared  to  escape  the  next  day,  and  the  preceding  night  the  girls,  being 
"angst  und  bange  ums  Herz,  sie  sagten  zum  Vater  es  waere  ihnen  so' 
traurig  zu  Muthe,  als  ob  sie  bald  sterben  sollten,  und  verlangten  das  Lied 
zu  singen:  'Wer  weiss,  wie  nahe  mir  mein  Ende,'  etc.,  sungen  es  auch 
mit  einander  vom  Anfange  bis  ans  Ende,  thaten  ihr  Abendgebet,  und 
legten  sich  zur  Ruhe."  The  next  day  the  Indians  came  and  both  the 
girls  were  killed.      (See  Muhlenberg,  in  Hall.   Nach.,  vol.  II.   p.   465.) 

12  Watson,  p.  273.  Cf.  also  letter  of  Daniel  Dulaney  (Penn.  Mag.,  vol. 
III.  p.  11  ff.):  "The  Germans  complained  that  no  measures  had  been 
taken  to  avert  the  calamity,  .  .  .  demanded  arms,  .  .  .  and  signed' 
an  application  for  a  militia  law."  It  was  not  strange  that  they  should 
be  willing  thus  to  fight  to  save  their  homes.  Many  had  been  soldiers  in.' 
Germany  and  Switzerland.  In  the  forces  mustered  in  Albany  in  1711  to 
be  sent  to  Canada,  one  thousand  were  Palatines.  (Gordon,  p.  163.)  Out 
of  a  whole  population  of  356  Palatines  in  Queensbury,  N.  Y.,  40  mea- 
joined  the  expedition  against  Canada;  and  in  Amesbury  52  volunteered^ 
out  of  a  total  population  of  250.  (See  O'Callaghan,  Doc.  Hist,  of  N.  Y., 
vol.  III.  pp.  571,  2.) 


IN  PEACE  AND  IN   VVAK  (205)    499 

respects  are  just  as  important.  Most  distinguished  of  all  was  Con- 
rad Weiser,  who  for  many  years  was  the  official  Indian  interpreter  and 
ag-ent  of  Pennsylvania.  Before  the  war  he  did  all  he  could  to  pacify 
the  Indians ;  he  was  frequently  sent  by  the  government  to  them,  and 
successfully  carried  out  many  dangerous  missions.  When  war  broke 
ouit  he  raised  a  battalion  and  was  everywliere  active.  His  name  occurs 
in  these  events  more  frequently  (i'O,?)  than  that  of  almost  any  other 
at  this  time, — he  was  constantly  making  reports,  indorsing  petitions, 
explaining  the  condition  of  the  inhabitants,  giving  orders  and  sugges- 
tions. It  was  he.  more  than  any  other  man,  who  kept  the  Five  Nations 
faithful  to  the  English  at  that  time.  The  value  of  that  service  can 
hardly  be  overestimated. ^•'  The  spirit  of  this  heroic  man  may  be  seen 
in  the  following  words  written  by  him  to  Richard  Peters,  October  4, 
1757:  "I  think  meselfe  unhappy;  to  fly  with  my  family  I  can't  do.  I 
must  stay  if  they  all  go."^* 

In  the  very  forefront  of  the  French  and  Indian  War  were  the  Mo- 
ravians. No  group  of  people  suffered  more,  did  more  service,  or 
showed  more  heroism  than  these  messengers  of  the  gospel  of  peace. 
At  the  first  mutterings  of  war  they  became  objects  of  suspicion  to  their 
fellow  countrymen.  Their  intimate  relations  with  the  Indians,  their 
settlements  at  Gnadenhiitten  and  elsewhere,  their  frequent  journeys 
through  the  wilderness,  often  extending  as  far  as  New  York. — all  this 
tended  to  raise  suspicions.  Then,  too,  their  peculiar  customs,  their 
early  communistic  life.  (204)  elaborate  ritual,  and  peculiar  dress 
seemed  especially  to  the  Scotch-Irish  Presbyterians  to  smack  of  Ro- 
manism. We  have  already  seen  how  the  fear  of  the  Catholics,  to- 
gether with  politics,  had  led  to  the  establishment  of  English  schools  for 
the  Germans.  The  suspicion  of  the  Moravians  is  only  another  symp- 
tom of  the  same  fear.  Even  the  French  themselves  seemed  to  believe 
that  the  Moravians  would  go  over  to  their  side  whenever  they  should 
approach.  This  suspicion  was  unfounded,  and  the  whole  country 
awoke  from  their  error  when,  on  November  24,  1756.  the  massacre  of 
Gnadenhiitten  occurred,  in  which  not  only  the  Indian  converts,  but 
Martin  Nitschman,  his  wife,  and  several  other  Moravians  perished. 

Although  non-combatants,  the  Moravians  were  reasonable ;  they 
fortified  Bethlehem,  brought  together  a  large  quantity  of  provisions, 
and  even  armed  themselves  in  case  of  last  extremity ;  in  many  ways 
they  were  of  invaluable  assistance  to  the  cause. ^^  Their  heroism  was 
manifest  in  word  and  deed.  "The  country,"  (20^^)  wrote  Spangenberg 
to  Zinzendorf,  "is  full  of  fear  and  tribulation.  In  our  churches  there 
is  light.  We  live  in  peace  and  feel  the  presence  of  the  Saviour."  The 
8th  of  September.  1755,  which  witnessed  the  defeat  of  Count  Dieskau. 
was  distinguished  at  Bethlehem  "by  an  enthusiastic  mission-ary  confer- 

13  Weiser  says  himself  that  the  council  of  the  Six  Nations  always 
looked  on  him  as  a  friend  and  as  one  of  their  own  nation.  (See  Penn. 
Arch.,   1st  Series,  vol.  I.  p.   672.) 

14  Penn.  Arch.,  1st  Ser..  vol.  III.  p.  283. 

15  In  1755  Timothy  Horsfield  writes:  "At  moderate  computation  the 
Brethren  have  lost  £  1500,  and  the  expense  they  are  daily  at  in  victualling 
the  people,  with  their  horses,  who  pass  and  repass  through  Bethlehem, 
and  supply  them  with  powder  and  ball."  (Penn.  Arch.,  1st  Series,  vol. 
II.  p.  523.) 


500    (205)  THE   PENN  GERMANIA 

ence,  composed  of  four  bishops,  sixteen  missionaries,  and  eighteen 
female  assistants,  who  covenanted  anew  to  be  faithful  to  the  Lord, 
and  to  press  forward  into  the  Indian  country  as  long;  as  it  was  possible, 
in  spite  of  wars  and  rumors  of  wars."^*'  The  services  in  general  of  the 
Moravians  to  the  country  were  great.  Missionaries  like  Spangenberg 
and  Post  were  of  the  utmost  value  in  keeping  the  Indians  quiet  for 
manv  years,  and  many  important  embassies  were  intrusted  to  their 
care.^^ 

(?o6)  However  active  the  Germans  may  have  been  in  the  French 
and  Indian  War,  there  can  be  no  doubt  about  their  enthusiasm  and 
patriotism  during  the  Revolution.  Those  who  have  traced  their  history 
to  the  banks  of  the  Rhine  and  the  mountains  of  Switzerland  will  not  be 
surprised  at  their  patriotism  during  these  trying  times.  A  love  for 
independence  and  a  hatred  of  tyranny  has  ever  been  a  distinguishing 
trait  of  Palatine  and  Swiss.^^  Although  faithful  to  the  English  crown 
before  the  war,  they  had  no  reason  to  be  particularly  attached  to  it. 
As  far  back  as  1748  the  Swedish  traveller  Professor  Kalm  distinctly 
states  that  they  had  no  particular  feeling  for  England,  and  tells,  in 
words  that  seem  to  be  prophetic  in  the  light  of  subsequent  events,  how- 
one  of  them  declared  that  the  colonies  would  be  in  condition  within 
thirty  or  fifty  years  to  make  a  state  for  itself  independent  of  England. ^^ 
When  (2oy)  the  strain  on  the  relations  between  the  colonies  and  the 
mother  country  came,  none  were  more  ardent  in  expressing  their  sym- 
pathies than  the  Germians.  On  February  25,  1775,  Pastor  Helmuth,  of 
the  Lutheran  church  in  Lancaster,  writes  that  the  whole  land  was 
preparing  for  war,  nearly  every  man  was  armed,  and  the  enthusiasm 
was  indescribable.  If  one  'hundred  men  were  asked  for,  he  says,  far 
more  offered  themselves  and  were  angry  if  they  were  not  taken.  Even 
the  Quakers  and  Mennonites  took  part  in  the  exercises,  and  in  large 
numbers  renounced  their  religious  principles. -° 

The  importance  of  this  testimony  for  our  present  discussion  lies,  of 
course,  in  the  fact  that  Lancaster  County  was  almost  entirely  inhab- 
ited by  Germans.     The  same  spirit  manifested  itself  in  Berks  County, 

ic  De  Schweinitz,  Life  of  Zeisberger,  p.   222. 

!•  "During  the  late  bloody  war,  all  commerce  between  the  white  people 
and  Indians  being  suspended,  he  [Post]  was  intrusted  first  by  this  govern- 
ment, and  then  by  Brig. -Gen.  Forbes,  with  negotiations  to  secure  the 
Indian  nations;  and  although  such  commission  might  seem  out  of  the 
way  of  a  minister  of  the  Gospel,  yet  he  yielded  thereto  on  its  being  argued 
that  the  bringing  of  peace  with  the  Indians  would  open  the  way  for 
future  harvests,"  etc.  (Penn.  Arch.,  1st  Series,  vol.  III.  p.  579.) 
Although  a  large  price  was  set  on  the  head  of  Post,  he  was  fearless.  "I 
am  not  afraid,"  he  wrote,  "of  the  Indians  nor  the  devil  himself;  I  fear 
my  great  Creator  God."      (Ibid.,  p.  542.) 

IS  "Die  Freiheit  ist  die  Luft  in  der  Ihr  geboren,  das  Element  in  dem  Ihr 
erwachsen,  der  Lebensgeist  der  den  Helvetischen  Koerper  unterhalt." 
(Daendliker,  vol.  I.  p.  18.)  The  same  "Drang  nach  persoenlicher  Unab- 
haengigkeit"  is  characteristic  of  the  Palatinate;  Riehl  says  that  the 
words,  "Fines  andern  Knecht  soil  Niemand  sein,  der  fuer  sich  selbst  kann 
bleiben  allein,"  is  the  motto  of  every  native  in  whom  is  Alemannic  blood. 

i«  Montcalm  is  said  to  have  made  a  similar  prophecy  in  a  letter  to  a 
"cousin  in  France."      (See  Eng.  Hist.  Review,  vol.  XV.  p.  128.) 

-0  A  Mennonite  preacher,  Henry  Funck,  took  oath  to  the  State  and 
did  good  military  service;  in  consequence  of  which  he  was  read  out  of 
the  Church.      (Penn.  Arch.,  2d  Ser.,  vol.  III.  p.  463.) 


]N  PEACE  AND  IN  WAR  (210)  501 

where  practically  the  entire  population  was  German.  When  news  of 
the  Tea  Duty  came  to  Reading  there  was  great  excitement,  and  meet- 
ings were  held  condemning  the  English.  After  the  battle  of  Lexing- 
ton in  1775,  every  township  resolved  to  raise  and  drill  a  company.-' 
(208)  At  the  various  conventions  held  in  Philadelphia  from  1775  on, 
a  large  proportion  of  delegates  from  Berks,  Lancaster,  York,  North- 
ampton, and  other  counties  were  Germans.  We  may  take  as  a  single 
example  the  convention  of  1776,  of  which  Franklin  was  president.  Out 
of  96  delegates  22  were  Germans ;  4  of  the  8  sent  by  Lancaster  and  3 
of  the  8  sent  by  Berks  were  Germans.     Northampton  sent  6." 

Such  was  the  spirit  among  them.  With  the  exception  of  the  Men- 
nonites  and  Moravians,  who  were  opposed  to  war  on  religious  grounds, 
the  patriotic  feeling  was  practically  unanimous.  Even  the  sects  ren- 
dered assistance ;  the  Mennonites  gladly  furnished  money  and  provi- 
sions, while  the  Mioravians  were  of  service  in  many  ways.--"* 

(2op)  These  facts  tend  to  show  the  spirit  of  the  Germans,  who  were 
equally  earnest  in  putting  their  patriotism  in  operation.  We  have 
seen  above  how  companies  of  militia  were  formed  at  the  news  from 
Lexington.  It  is  a  significant  fact  that  the  first  force  to  arrive  at  Cam- 
bridge in  1775  was  a  company  from  York  County,  under  Lieut.  Henry 
Miller,-*  which  had  marched  five  hundred  miles  to  reach  its  destina- 
tion. Colonel  William  Thompson's  battalion  of  riflemen,  so  styled  in 
Washington's  general  orders,  was  enlisted  in  the  latter  part  of  June, 
1775  ;  eig'ht  of  these  companies  of  expert  riflemen  were  raised  in  Penn- 
sylvania. Among  the  captains  were  Michael  Doudel(i'7o)of  York  Coun- 
ty. George  Nagel  of  Berks,  and  Abraham  Miller  of  Northampton;  the 
companies  of  Captains  Ross  and  Smith  of  Lancaster  were  also  largely 
made  up  of  Germans.  As  the  editors  of  the  Pennsylvania  Archives 
say,  "The  patriotism  of  Pennsylvania  was  evinced  in  the  haste  with 

21  Montgomery  says  that  by  July,  1775,  at  least  forty  companies  were 
ready  for  active  warfare.  In  a  letter  from  a  member  of  Congress  to  Gen. 
Lee,  dated  July  23,  1776,  we  read:  "The  militia  of  Pennsylvania  seem 
to  be  actuated  with  a  spirit  more  than  Roman,"  and  again,  "the  Spirit  of 
liberty  reigns  triumphant  in  Pennsylvania."  (Force's  Amer.  Arch.,  5th 
Ser.,  I.  p.  532.) 

In  Richard  Penn's  Examination  before  the  House  of  Commons,  Nov.  10, 
1775,  he  said  that  there  were  60,000  men  fit  to  bear  arms  in  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  that  he  believed  all  would  willingly  take  part  in  the  present 
contest.      (Ibd.,  4th  Ser.,  VI.  p.   126.) 

-2  Among  them  were  Muhlenberg,  Hillegass,  Slagle,  Hubley,  Kuhn, 
Arndt,  Hartzell,  Levan,  Hiestand,  etc. 

-■''  The  Hon.  William  Ellery  of  Rhode  Island  writes  in  his  Diary  in  1777 
that  the  Moravians,  "like  the  Quakers,  are  principled  against  bearing 
arms;  but  are  unlike  them  in  this  respect,  they  are  not  against  paying 
such  taxes  as  the  Government  may  order  them  to  pay  toward  carrying 
on  the  war,"  etc.      (Penn.  Mag.,  vol.  XI.  p.   318  ff.) 

In  a  petition  to  Congress  the  Moravians  themselves  say:  "We  hold 
no  principle  anyway  dangerous  or  inconsistent  with  good  government. 
.  .  .  We  willingly  help  and  assist  to  bear  public  burdens  and  never  had 
any  distress  made  for  taxes,"  etc. 

President  Reed  of  Philadelphia  in  a  letter  to  Zeisberger  thanked  him, 
in  the  name  of  the  whole  country,  for  his  services  among  the  Indians, 
and  particularly  for  his  Christian  humanity  in  turning  back  so  many 
war  parties  on  thoir  way  to  rapine  and  massacre.  (De  Schweinitz,  Life 
of  Zeisberger,  p.   4  81.) 

24  Judge  Pennypacker,  in  Penn.  Mag.,  vol.  XXII. 


502  (2io)  THE   PENN  GEKMAMA 

which  the  companies  of  Colonel  Thompson's  battalion  were  filled  to 
overflowing,  and  the  promptitude  with  which  they  took  up  their  march 
for  Boston."-^ 

All  three  companies  of  Baron  von  Ottendorf's  corps  were  raised  in 
Pennsylvania;  of  the  German  Regiment  formed  in  1776 — which  took 
pant  in  Sullivan's  campaign  against  the  Indians — five  companies  were 
raised  in  the  same  State — among  the  captains  were  George  and  Bern- 
ard Hubley-''  of  Lancaster.  In  all  other  regiments  enlisted  in  Lancas- 
ter, Berks,  York,  and  other  counties  the  Germans  formed  a  good  pro- 
portion. {211)  Even  in  the  city  of  Philadelphia  the  oldest  German 
colonists  formed  a  company  of  armed  veterans,  whose  commander  was 
over  one  hundred  years  old.-^  Unfortunately  many  of  the  rolls  of 
Pennsylvania  in  the  Revolution  have  been  lost,  and  it  is  impossible  to 
give  complete  statistics.  We  know,  however,  that  the  Quaker  colony 
occupied  a  front  rank  in  all  that  pertains  to  the  war.-*^  Any  one  who 
carefully  goes  over  the  extant  records  as  recorded  in  the  Pennsylvania 
Archives  will  convince  himself  that  the  Germans  contributed  their  fair 
share  of  soldiers  to  the  War  of  Independence. 

Naturally  enough  we  find  a  smaller  proportion  of  German  otificers 
than  men,  especially  in  the  higher  ranks.  Most  of  the  officers  from 
captain  down  in  the  companies  formed  of  Germans  were  (■?/■?)  oi 
course  of  the  same  nationality,  many  of  them  rising  afterwards  in  the 
ranks. -**  This  is  true,  for  instance,  of  the  four  Hiester  brothers,  their 
cousin  Major-General  Joseph  Hiester,  Colonels  Lutz,  Kichlein,  Hub- 
Icy,  Spyker,  Nagle,  Eckert,  Gloninger,  Antes,  Weitzel,  Zantzinger,  and 
many  others.  The  most  distinguished  of  all,  and  the  only  two  great 
generals  furnished  by  th«  Germans,  were  Gen.  Nicholas  Herkimer'* 
and  Gen.  Peter  Muhlenberg,  the  friend  of  Washington.     At  the  out- 

i»  These  companies  attracted  much  attention  in  the  country  through 
which  they  passed.  Thacher  in  his  "Military  Journal  of  the  Revolu- 
tion," under  date  of  August.  1775,  says:  "They  are  remarkably  stout 
and  hardy  men;  many  of  them  exceeding  six  feet  in  height.  They  are 
dressed  in  white  frocks  or  rifle-shirts  and  round  hats.  These  men  are 
remarkable  for  the  accuracy  ■  of  their  aim;  striking  a  mark  with  great 
certainty  at  two  hundred  yards'  distance."  (Penn.  Arch.,  2d  Ser.,  toI. 
X.   p.   5. 

-6  Author  of  one  of  the  earliest  histories  of  the  Revolution. 

27  Graham,  Hist,  of  the  United  States,  vol.  II.  p.  531. 

2s  In  1779  President  Reed  wrote  to  Washington:  "We  .  .  .  hold 
a  respectable  place  in  the  military  line.  We  have  twelve  regiments 
equally  filled  with  any  other  State  and  much  superior  to  some;  we  have 
a  greater  proportion  raised  for  the  war  than  any  other  .  .  .  have  been 
by  far  the  greatest  sufferers  on  the  frontiers,  have  had  more  killed,  more 
country  desolated,"  etc.  (Penn.  Arch.,  1st  Ser.,  vol.  VII.  p.  378.) 
Alexander  Graydon  (Memoirs  of  a  Life  Chiefly  Passed  in  Pennsylvania,  p. 
128)  says:  "Against  the  expected  hostilities  Pennsylvania  had  made 
immense  exertions.  .  .  .  Had  all  the  other  provinces  done  as  much 
in  proportion  to  their  ability,  and  the  men  been  enlisted  for  the  war, 
we   might  have   avoided   the   hairbreadth   escapes   which   ensued." 

2»  According  to  the  Proceedings  of  the  Penn.  Ger.  Soc,  vol.  V.  p.  18, 
in  Northampton  County  26  captains  and  26  lieutenants  were  German; 
out  of  2357  volunteers  2000  were  Germans. 

30  The  hero  of  Oriskany  was  a  descendant  of  the  New  York  Palatines, 
a  number  of  whom  went  to  Tulpehocken,  Berks  County,  in  1723.  Of 
course  no  mention  is  made  here  of  De  Kalb  and  Steuben,  who  do  not 
come  under  the  rubric  of  Pennsylvania  Germans. 


IX  PEACE  AND  IN   WAR  (215)    503 

Jjreak  of  the  war  the  latter  was  pastor  of  the  Geniian  church  at  Blue 
Ridge,  \  a.,  and  the  story  is  well  known  how  one  Sunday  he  preached 
•on  the  wrongs  of  the  colonics,  then  putting  off  his  gown,  showing  his 
uniform  beneath,  ordered  the  drums  beat  at  the  church  door  for  rc- 
•cruits.'"'^ 

{21^)  Not  only  in  actual  fighting  did  the  Germans  help  the  cause, 
but  likewise  in  furnishing  ithe  necessary  material  of  war,  provisions, 
horses,  wagons,  etc.  Lancaster,  Berks,  and  other  counties  were  at  that 
time  the  most  prosperous  agricultural  districts  in  the  country.  Trav- 
filers  who  passed  through  ithem  all  speak  of  the  comfortable  houses, 
the  stately  barns,  and  the  rich  fields  of  grain.  It  would  be  difficult  to 
conceive  what  the  starving  army  of  Washington  would  have  done  had 
it  not  been  for  these  flourishing  farms.  It  was  especially  here  that  the 
non-combatant  Mennonites  proved  their  loyalty  ;  they  never  denieil  re-. 
•quests  for  provisions.  It  is  interesting  to  note  how  uniformly  the  com- 
mittees appointed  by  Congress  to  look  after  these  things  were  com- 
posed largely  of  Germans.  Lancaster  County  seems  to  have  done  the 
mosit  in  this  respect,  then  York,  Berks,  Northampton,  and  finally  the 
English  counties  of  Chester  and  Bucks.^^  \Yg  jj^^^j  {■^14)  ample  recog- 
nition of  these  services  in  the  records  of  the  time.  In  Morse's  Ameri- 
can Geography  published  at  Elizabethtown,  N.  J.,  in  1789,^'  we  read: 
"It  was  from  farms  cultivated  by  these  men  that  the  American  and 
French  armies  were  chiefly  fed  with  bread  during  the  late  rebellion, 
and  it  was  from  the  produce  of  these  farms  that  those  millions  of  dol- 
lars were  obtained  which  laid  the  foundation  of  the  Bank  of  North 
America,  and  which  fed  and  clothed  the  American  army  till  the  glori- 
ous Peace  of  Paris. "^* 

(21  j)  Such  is  a  meagre  outline  of  the  part  played  by  the  Pennsyl- 

«i  This  story  has  been  rendered  into  verse  by  Thomas  Buchanan  Read: 
"Then  from  his  patriot  tongue  of  flame 
The  startling  words  of  freedom  came,"  etc. 

«-  We  give  one  extract  out  of  many  which  could  be  given  from  th« 
Penn.  Archives.  In  the  call  for  troops  on  August  1,  1780.  York  furnished 
500,  Lancaster  1200,  Berks  600,  Northampton  500,  Chester  800,  Bucks 
600,  Philadelphia  County  200,  and  City  300;  of  wagons  Cumberland 
furnished  25,  York  25,  Lancaster  50,  Berks  20,  Northampton  15,  Bucks 
15,  Philadelphia  County  20,  and  Chester  45.  (See  Penn.  Arch.,  2d  Ser., 
Tol.  III.  p.  371.  Cf.  also  Archives,  1st  Ser.,  vol.  V.  pp.  301,  317,  605-  vol' 
VI.  p.  327;  vol.  VII.  p.  567.) 

3J  Quoted  by  Barber,  History  of  New  England,  New  York,  New  Jersey 
and  Pennsylvania,  p.  551. 

s*  Cf.  also  Letter  of  Pres.  Reed  to  Col.  Brodhead  in  1779:  "The  grati- 
tude of  the  officers  of  Pennsylvania  for  the  generous  supplies  afforded 
"by  the  State  does  themselves  and  State  great  honor."  (Penn.  Arch., 
1st  Ser.,  vol.  VII.  p.  5  70.)  One  of  the  well-known  characters  of  Phila- 
delphia during  the  Revolution  was  Christopher  Ludwig,  Baker-General 
of  the  Continental  army.  At  one  of  the  provincial  conventions  to  which 
he  was  delegate,  General  Mifflin  proposed  to  open  private  subscriptions 
for  the  purchase  of  firearms.  There  was  much  opposition  to  this,  when 
Ludwig  thus  addressed  the  chair:  "Mr.  President,  I  am  but  a  poor 
gingerbread-baker,  but  you  may  put  my  name  down  for  2OO  pounds." 
When  in  1777  he  was  appointed  by  Congress  Baker-General  of  the  army, 
the  proposition  was  that  he  should  furnish  a  pound  of  bread  for  a  pound 
of  flour.  "No,  gentlemen,"  he  said,  "I  do  not  wish  to  grow  rich  by  the 
war;  I  have  money  enough.  I  will  furnish  135  pounds  of  bread  for  every 
100  pounds  of  flour  you  put  into  my  hands."  (See  Penn.  Mag  vol  XVI 
pp.  343  ff.)  ,         .  . 


504    (215)  THE   PENN  GERMANIA 

vania  Germans  in  the  Revolution.  The  same  spirit  manifests  itself  in? 
all  subsequent  wars  down  to  the  last  great  rebellion.  As  the  main  dis- 
cussion of  this  book  is  confined  to  the  eighteenth  century,  we  must  con- 
tent ourselves  here  with  a  few  brief  remarks.  It  is  an  inter- 
esting fact  that  just  as  we  have  already  said,  the  first  company  to 
reach  Washington  at  Cambridge  was  from  York  County,  Pennsylva- 
nia, so,  nearly  one  hundred  years  later,  the  first  force  to  reach  Lincoln 
at  Washington  in  1861  was  a  regiment  compoosed  of  five  companies 
from  Reading,  Allentown,  Pottsville  and  Lewiston, — almost  entirely 
composed  of  the  descendants  of  the  German  patriots  of  Revolution- 
ary days. 

As  to  the  numbers  engaged  in  the  Civil  War,  it  is  not  necessary  here 
to  go  into  details.  A  few  facts  will  suffice.  The  population  of  Berks 
County  in  the  sixties  was  about  nine-tenths  German ;  the  rolls  of  the 
eight  thousand  soldiers  furnished  by  this  county  to  the  Rebellion  show 
by  actual  calculation  about  the  same  proportion,  or,  more  accurately, 
80  per  cent,  of  German  names ;  this  leaves  out  of  account  English 
names,  many  of  which  are  variations  of  a  German  original.  A  similar 
computation  of  the  rolls  given  in  Evans'  History  of  Lancaster  County 
show  the  proportion  (216)  to  be  somewhat  less,  about  60  per  cent;  the 
explanation  of  which,  of  course,  lies  in  the  fact  that  a  larger  proportion 
of  English'speaking  people  inhabit  that  county.  Although  I  have  not 
extended  this  somewhat  laborious  method  of  ascertaining  such  facts  to 
Lehigh,  York,  and  other  counties,  a  casual  inspection  of  the  rolls  given 
in  the  various  county  histories  leads  me  to  believe  a  similar  percentage- 
would  be  found  there. ^^ 

When  wc  turn  from  the  scenes  of  war  and  ask  what  have  the  Penn- 
sylvania Germans  done  for  the  business,  artistic,  scientific,  and  literar}- 
development  of  the  country,  we  find  ourselves  confronted  (^^7)  with 
a  far  more  difficult  task.  In  the  case  of  politics  and  war  we  have 
more  or  less  complete  statistics  as  to  the  men  engaged  therein,  and  the- 
difficulty  is  chiefly  that  or  selecting  such  facts  as  will  give  a  fair  picture 
of  the  truth.  In  the  present  case  we  can  only  note  the  names  of  those 
who  have  made  a  national  reputation  in  the  various  departments  ol 
life,  leaving  out  of  accoimt  the  vast  body  of  the  middle  class,  which 
after  all  makes  up  the  national  life. 

We  have  seen  that  the  Germans  were  chiefly  farmers,  and  their  skill, 
thoroughness,  and  industry  have  made  them;  pre-eminent  in  this  line. 

35  Following  are  some  of  the  officers  above  the  rank  of  captain  in  the- 
Civil  War  who  were  descendants  of  the  early  German  and  Swiss  settlers 
of  Pennsylvania  and,  in  a  few  cases,  of  Maryland  and  Virginia:  Gen- 
erals Beaver,  Dechert,  Gobin,  Halderman,  Hartranft,  Heckman,  Heintzel- 
man,  Keifer,  Pennypacker,  Raum,  Wister,  Zook,  Custer,  Rodenbough, 
Small,  Sweitzer,  Zeilin;  Colonels  Frederick,  Haupt,  Levering,  Shoup, 
Spangler,  Barnitz,  Runkle,  Schwenk;  Majors  Appel,  Diller,  Reinoehl, 
Yoder,  Kress,  Wilhelm,  Rittenhouse;  Surgeons  Egle,  Kemper,  Foltz, 
Oberly,  Sternberg;  Rear-Admirals  Ammen,  Schley;  Chaplain  Ritner;  Chief 
Engineer  Schock.  For  short  biographies  of  the  above  see  "Officers  of 
the  Army  and  Navy  who  served  in  the  Civil  War,"  ed.  by  Powell  and 
Shippen.  Mention  ought  perhaps  to  be  made  here  of  Barbara  Frietchie, — 
the  heroine  of  Whittier's  legendary  poem, — who  was  born  at  Lancaster, 
Pa.,  Dec.  3,  1766,  and  died  at  Frederick,  Md.,  Dec.  18,  1862.  For  the^ 
true  facts  concerning  her,  see  White's  National  Cyclopedia  of  American. 
Biography. 


IN  PEACE  AND  IN  WAR  (219)  505  : 

Yet  even  in  the  eighteenth  century  there  was  a  certain  number  of  me- 
chanics among  them,  and  these  carried  on  their  trade  after  reaching 
the  New  World  ;  hving  for  the  most  part  in  the  country, — for  there 
were  few  towns  and  villages  before  1750, — and  carrying  on  farming 
at  the  same  time.  Benjamin  Rush  says  that  the  first  object  of  the  Ger- 
man mechanic  was  to  become  a  freeholder,  and  that  few  lived  in  rented  ' 
houses.  He  also  says  that  they  soon  acquired  the  knowledge  of  me- 
chanical arts  which  were  more  immediately  necessary  and  useful  to  a 
new  country.^*'  This  adaptability  has  shown  itself  in  the  {218)  devel- 
opment of  those  manufactures  and  inventions  which  have  made  Penn- 
sylvania so  famous.  One  hundred  and  fifty  years  ago  a  glass"foundry 
was  established  by  the  eccentric  Baron  Stiegel,  who  also  manufactured 
the  once  almost  universally  used  ten-plate  stoves  f"^  the  first  paper-mill 
in  the  United  States  was  built  in  1690  by  William  Rittenhouse,  a  Men- 
nonite  preacher ;  and  we  already  have  seen  how  early  the  Germantown 
w^eavers  became  famous.  At  the  present  time  many  of  the  vast  iron- 
foundries  and  steel  plants  which  are  found  in  Reading,  Bethlehem,  Al- 
lentown,  and  elsewhere  have  been  established  and  are  today  owned  and 
operated  largely  by  men  of  Swiss-German  descent. ^^ 

The  Germans  in  the  last  centtury  and  up  to  comparatively  recent 
times  seem  to  have  had  little  interest  in  trade  f^  yet  they  have  given  to 
{21^)  the  world  one  who  is  the  most  widely  known  merchant-prince 
in  the  country  today. 

In  the  field  of  learning,  the  Pennsylvania  Germans  have  produced  a 
number  of  men  of  widespread  reputation,  and  the  names  of  David  Rit' 
tenhouse  in  astronomy,  Joseph  Leidy  and  Caspar  Wistar  in  medicine, 
Muhlenberg  in  botany,  Haldeman  in  philology  and  zoology,  show  that 
they  have  not  been  unfruitful  in  the  domain  of  scientific  investiga- 
tion.^'* Nor  is  it  perhaps  inappropriate  to  mention  here  the  fact  that 
the  two  largest  telescopes  in  the  world  were  given  by  James  Lick,  oi 
a  prominent  family  of  Lebanon  County,  and  Charles  Yerkes,  whose 
ancestors  were  among  the  first  German  settlers  of  Montgomery 
County. 

In  the  fine  arts  we  have  not  so  much  to  chronicle ;  in  recent  times 
we  note  a  number  of  Pennsylvania  names  among  well-known  book- 
illustrators,  but  no  one  great  name.  So,  too,  in  what  may  be  called 
national  literature, — in  contradistinction  to  that  of  a  purely  local  na- 

30  Cf.  also  Mittelberger:  "It  is  a  surprising  fact  that  young  people  who 
were  born  in  this  land  are  very  clever,  docile,  and  skilful;  for  many  a  one 
looks  at  a  work  of  skill  or  art  only  a  few  times  and  imitates  it  imme- 
diately," etc. 

37  The  first  stoves  were  jamb-stoves,  walled  into  the  jamb  of  the  kitchen 
fireplace,  with  the  back  projecting  into  the  adjoining  room.  They  bore 
the   naive  inscription: 

"Baron  Stiegel  ist  der  Mann, 
Der    die    Ofen    giessen    kann." 

38  Among  these  "iron  kings"  may  be  mentioned  H.  C.  Frick,  Hon.  John 
Fritz  of  Bethlehem,  Hon.  C.  C.  Kauffman  of  Lancaster  Co. 

39  Proud  says:  "The  Germans  seem  more  adapted  for  agriculture  and 
the  improvement  of  a  wilderness,  and  the  Irish  for  trade,"  etc.  (Vol. 
II.   p.    274.) 

<o  The  well-known  naturalist  and  secretary  of  the  Smithsonian  Insti- 
tution, the  late  Spencer  F.  Baird,  who  was  born  in  Reading,  Berks  Co., 
•was  of  English,  Scotch  and  German  descent. 


5o6    (221)  THE    PENN   GERMANIA 

ture,  discussed  elsewhere, — in  recent  times  the  names  of  several  (^■^0) 
of  the  younger  American  writers  should  find  a  place  in  the  present  dis- 
cussion.*^ In  poetry,  however,  Bayard  Taylor  may  be  at  least  partly 
claimed,  being  in  two  lines  of  Pennsylvania-German  blood. 


(221)  CHAPTER  VIII. 

CONCLUSION. 

The  Pennsylvania  Germans  and  their  descendants  have  in  round 
numbers  been  in  America  for  two  hundred  years ;  they  have  shared  in 
its  prosperity,  have  borne  their  part  in  peace  and  war,  and  have  con- 
tributed in  no  slight  degree  to  its  success.  They  are  thoroughly 
American  in  thought,  word,  and  deed.  Most  of  them  are  completely 
assimilated  to  the  Anglo-Saxon  element  of  the  American  stock,  and  are 
scattered  far  and  wide  over  the  whole  country.  And  yet  in  those  com- 
munities where  they  are  massed  together  they  still  form  a  more  or  less 
distinct  ethnical  entity, — a  wedge,  so  to  speak,  thrust  into  the  very 
heart  of  the  United  States,  having  their  own  language,  their  own  pecu- 
liar religious  forms, — in  some  cases,  like  the  Dunkards,  not  to  be  found 

-  elsewhere  in  the  world, — their  own  customs,  and  even  their  own  type 
of  figure  and  countenance.^  (222)  Of  course  the  German  traits  are 
not  so  striking  today  as  they  were  one  hundred  years  ago ;  most  of  the 
superstitions  and  unfortunately  some  of  the  earnest  piety  of  our  grand- 
fathers have  passed  away,  while  in  their  place  have  come  various  trait- 
of  American  character,  some  good,  some  bad.  Yet  even  today  the  type 
is  a  distinct  one  and  strikes  at  once  every  observant  traveller  who  visits 
the  State. 

When  we  come  to  analyze  the  origin  of  these  people,  we  find  that 
they  are  composed  of  two  great  ethnical  stems.  'As  we  have  already 
seen,  they  came  almost  entirely  from  South  Germany,  especially  from 
the  Palatinate,  Wiirtemberg,  and  Switzerland.  The  two  latter  coun- 
tries are  purely  Alemannic,  while  the  Palatinate  is  of  Prankish  basis 
with  a  more  or  less  strong  admixture  of  Alemannic,  especially  in  those 
pants  nearest  the  French  frontiers.  The  Pennsylvania  Germans,  then, 
are  composed  of  almost  equal  parts  of  both  these  great  stems.  Many 
of  the  (22^^)  traits  given  by  Riehl  and  Dandliker, — the  Prankish  spirit 

■  of  independence,  the  Schwabentrotz  of  the  Alemanni,  the  indomitable 

<i  About  the  only  writer  who  has  touched  the  field  for  fiction  presented 
by  life  among  the  Pennsylvania  farmers  is  John  Luther  Long,  who,  in 
the  Century  Magazine  for  March,  1898,  published  a  short  story  entitled 
"Ein  Nix-Nutz."  The  young  Canadian  poet,  Archibald  Lampman,  who 
recently  died,  was  of  Pennsylvania  German  ancestry. 

1  In  reading  the  present  chapter  we  must  bear  in  mind  that  the  descend- 
ants of  the  early  Swiss  and  German  settlers  of  Pennsylvania  form  two 
distinct  groups, — those  who  have  remained  on  the  ancestral  farms,  and 
those  who  have  gone  to  the  larger  cities  and  to  the  States  to  the  South 
and  West;  the  two  groups  are  probably  equal  in  numbers.  The  latter 
group  has  been  far  more  completely  assimilated  by  their  English  neigh- 
bors, fhey  have  intermarried,  Anglicized  their  names,  and  there  are 
probably  thousands  who  are  unaware  of  their  Pennsylvania-German 
descent. 


CONCLUSION  (a 25)    507 

industry  of  both  and  their  joy  in  labor,  their  extraordinary  skill  in  ag- 
riculture,  their  frugality,  honesty,  and  serious  view  of  the  responsibili- 
ties of  life, — all  these  are  not  only  cited  in  the  works  of  men  like  Rush, 
Muhlenberg,  and  others,  but  are  observable  even  to  this  day  in  the 
rural  districts  of  Pennsylvania. 

It  is  interesting  to  compare  the  character,  traits,  habits,  customs,  and 
ideals  of  the  early  settlers  of  Pennsylvania  as  they  were  in  the  Father- 
land with  those  of  their  descendants  in  the  years  that  have  elapsed 
since  their  coming.  Indeed  in  no  other  way  can  we  get  a  true  concep- 
tion of  (the  real  genius  of  a  people.  No  one  would  think  of  studying 
the  character  of  New-Englanders  without  some  knowledge  of  their 
Puritan  ancestors  as  they  were  in  England.  Such  a  comparative  study 
as  this  shows  us  the  Pennsylvania  Germans  not  as  an  isolated  phe- 
nomenon in  the  midst  of  English  settlements,  but  the  bearers  to  the 
New  World  of  another  civilization,  marked  with  their  own  character 
and  customs  brought  from  the  Fatherland.  We  have  given  above  some 
of  the  common  traits  of  character ;  still  more  striking  is  the  resem- 
blance in  customs,  {224)  such  as  methods  of  farming,  style  of  houses, 
love  for  flowers  and  music,  affection  and  care  for  horses  and  cattle, 
religious  toleration,  and,  perhaps  more  than  anything  else,  the  identity 
of  superstitious  customs  and  beliefs. 

One  trait  has  persisted  down  to  the  present — the  strong  spirit  of 
conservatism.  This  has  from  the  very  beginning  been  blamed  by  their 
English-speaking  neighbors,  who  a  century  and  a  half  ago  called  them 
stubborn  and  headstrong ;  and  even  today  the  State  historian  is  apt  to 
call  attention  to  the  fact  that  the  Germans  are  slow  to  move  along  those 
lines  in  which  the  Anglo-Saxon  is  rushing  forward.  This  conserva- 
tism has  its  good  and  its  bad  sides.  No  doubt  it  would  be  better  for 
some  village  communities  to  have  more  of  the  "hustle"  of  the  West,  or 
of  the  education  and  refinement  of  certain  aristocratic  communities  of 
New  England.  On  the  other  hand,  it  is  certain  that  lack  of  repose  is  a 
great  weakness  in  our  national  life  ;  "Ohne  Hast,  ohne  Rast"  is  an  ex- 
cellent motto,  but  Americans  in  general  have  cut  the  Goethean  pro- 
verb into  two  parts,  and  thrown  away  the  first.  Students  of  ethnology 
like  Riehl  and  Frej'tag  have  constantly  emphasized  the  enormous  value 
to  a  nation  of  a  strong  body  of  farmers. ' 

{22^)  It  is  not  meant  here  that  it  is  better  for  any  particular  indi- 
vidual to  be  a  farmer,  although  it  would  seem  that  an  independent  life 
of  comfort,  even  though  one  of  toil,  such  as  the  Pennsylvania  farmer 
enjoys,  would  be  preferable  to  the  half-slavery  of  shop,  factory,  or 
counting  house  which,  for  the  majority  of  city  people,  is  the  only  pros- 

2  Thus  the  former  says  (Buergerliche  Gesellschaft,  p.  41).  "Es  ruht 
eine  unueberwindliche  konservative  Macht  in  der  deutschen  Nation,  ein 
fester,  trotz  allem  Wechsel  beharrender  Kern — iind  das  sind  unsere 
Bauern.  .  .  .  Der  Bauer  ist  die  Zukunft  der  deutschen  Nation.  Unser 
Volksleben  erfrischt  und  verjuengst  sich  fort  und  fort  durch  die  Bauern." 
Freytag  (vol.  II.,  2.  Abth.,  p.  170)  says:  "Auch  deshalb  liegt  die  letzte 
Grundlage  fuer  das  Gedeihen  der  Voelker  in  der  einfachen  Thaetigkeit 
des  Landmannes,"  etc.;  and  again:  "Je  reichlicher  und  ungehinderter 
neue  Kraft  aus  den  untern  Schichten  in  die  anspruchsvolleren  Kreise 
aufsteigt,  desto  kraeftiger  und  energischer  wird  das  politische  Leben  des 
Volkes  sein  koennen." 


5o8    (225)  THE    PENN  GERMANIA 

pect  in  life.  It  certainly  is,  however,  good  for  a  country  to  have  a^ 
substantial,  prosperous  substratum  of  farmers,  for  today,  even  as  yes- 
terday and  forever,  the  basis  of  national  prosperity  is  and  must  remain- 
in  the  tilling  of  the  soil.  I  for  one  do  not  wish  to  see  the  day  when- 
the  sons  of  the  old  Pennsylvania-German  stock  shall,  like  those  of  the 
Puritans  of  New  England,  be  filled  with  ambition  to  migrate  en  masse 
to  the  city  and  to  desert  the  homesteads  of  their  ancestors,  and  especi- 
ally to  throw  away  as  useless  the  extraordinary  skill  in  farming  which 
has  come  {226)  down  to  them  as  the  inheritance  of  thirty  generation s- 
of  ancestors,  who  have  made  Eastern  Pennsylvania — and  before  that 
the  banks  of  the  Upper  Rlvine — a  veritable  garden. 

Not  that  no  changes  should  be  welcomed  by  them.  The  farmer 
should  share  in  whatever  is  of  service  in  the  improvements  of  modern 
life.  Books  and  pictures  and  music  and  flowers  characterize  the  home? 
of  many  of  our  farmers  today ;  may  they  increase  more  and  more !' 
Those  who  have  had  the  opportunity  of  observing  the  conditions  of" 
life  in  the  rural  districts  for  the  last  twenty-five  years,  cannot  help 
noticing  great  changes.  In  some  parts  of  Lancaster  County  German 
is  being  rapidly  replaced  by  English,  even  in  the  home  life,  and  in  the- 
most  remote  comm'unities.  This  is  not  so  true  of  Lehigh,  Berks,  and' 
Northampton  counties,  but  it  seems  hardly  to  be  doubted  that  the  time- 
is  not  far  distant  when  the  Pennsylvania-German  dialect  will  be  a 
thing  of  the  past. 

Railroads,  telegraphs,  and  trolley-cars  are  constantly  levelling  the 
differences  between  town  and  country,  and  making  the  inhabitants  of 
Eastern  Pennsylvania  a  more  and  more  homogeneous  mass.  A  potent 
factor  of  this  process  is  the  constant  intermarrying  between  Germans 
and  their  English-speaking  neighbors.  In  no  (22^)  Slate  in  the  Union 
is  there  a  more  thorough  mingling  of  nationalities  than  here.  There  is- 
'hardly  one  of  the  old  families  of  Philadelphia,  for  instance,  in  which 
does  not  run  English,  Welsh,  Scotch-Irish,  Dutch,  French,  and  German' 
blood.  This  fact  constantly  meets  the  student  of  Pennsylvania  gene- 
alogy. Away  back  in  the  eighteenth  century  Muhlenberg  frequently 
speaks  of  the  mixed  marriages  which  he  was  called  on  to  perform, 
and  from  that  time  down  to  the  present  the  process  has  gone  on,  until' 
today  it  is  not  too  much  to  say  that  nearly  every  old  family  with  an 
English  or  Scotch-Irish  name  has  some  strain  of  German  blood  in  it, 
and  zfice  versa. ^ 

There  are  some  who  are  impatient  at  the  suggestion (i>i'<5')  that  an  in- 

3  This  is  true  of  the  Morris,  Shoemaker,  Levering,  Keen,  Wistar,  Keim, 
Ross,  Evans,  and  many  other  well-known  Pennsylvania  families.  A& 
being  of  more  than  mere  genealogical  interest,  a  few  individual  examples 
are  here  given.  The  mother  of  Senator  Simon  Cameron  was  a  Pfautz,  his 
wife  was  a  Brua;  Judge  Jeremiah  Black,  who  has  been  called  "in  some 
respects  the  ablest  man  Pennsylvania  has  produced  since  the  Revolution," 
was  partly  of  German  descent;  we  have  already  mentioned  in  other  con- 
nections Spencer  P.  Baird,  Bayard  Taylor,  and  Archibald  Lampman.  The 
late  Governor  Russell  of  Massachusetts  is  said  to  have  been  a  descendant 
of  Abraham  Witmer,  who  built  in  1799  the  fine  old  stone  bridge  over 
the  Conestoga  near  Lancaster  (see  Papers  of  Lane.  Co.  Hist.  Soc,  Oct. 
1898).  Finally,  the  wife  of  Lord  Curzon,  viceroy  of  India,  belongs  to  the- 
Maryland  branch  of  Pennsylvania-German  stock. 


CONCLUSION  (229)  509 

:fusion  of  English  blood  can  add  anything  to  the  old-fashioned  Pennsyl- 
vania-German stock ;  and  yet,  perhaps,  there  is  no  reason  for  this  feel- 
ing. Each  nation  has  its  own  characteristic  features,  its  own  strength 
■and  weakness.  It  seems  to  be  universally  acknowledged  that  the  German 
•character  is  marked  by  honesty,  industry,  deep  religious  spirit,  and 
many  other  minor  yet  noble  traits.  It  is  this  deep  inwardness,  as  Dr. 
Schaff  calls  it,  that  has  made  the  German  race  the  founders  of  Prot- 
estantism, and  that  has  produced  in  their  midst  deep  thinkers  and  great 
scholars.  The  Anglo-Saxons  have  other  attributes  in  greater  measure, 
•perhaps, — energy,  individual  initiative,  power  of  self-government, — 
attributes  which  have  made  them  the  empire-builders  of  the  world. 
Surely  the  Pennsylvania  Germans  should  be  glad  to  see  these  peculiar- 
ly English  traits  engrafted  on  their  own  stock;  and  the  Anglo-Saxon 
American  may  on  his  side  be  glad  to  see  the  elements  of  steadiness, 
probity,  and  even  conservatism  mingle  with  the  ever-increasing  for- 
ward movement  of  American  civilization.  Some  fifty  years  ago  a  wise 
German  observer  of  American  life*  saw  the  advantage  to  be  derived 
from  this  union.  He  says:  "Could  (22Q)  but  a  little  of  this  quickness 
in  practical  perception  and  boldness  in  embarking  in  the  most  daring 
enterprises  be  engrafted  on  German  steadiness  and  thoroughness,  it 
would  produce  fine  fruit  indeed."  And  we  cannot  close  this  brief  sur- 
vey of  an  interesting  subject  more  appropriately  than  with  the  words 
of  Dr.  Philip  Schafif,  who,  speaking  of  the  great  mission  of  Germans 
in  America,  declares  that  they  should  "energetically  appropriate  the 
Anglo-Saxon  American  nature  and  its  excellencies,  and  as  far  as  pos- 
sible penetrate  it  with  the  wealth  of  their  own  German  temper  and 
life." 

■•Francis  Lieber,  The  Stranger  in  America,  p.  199. 


Note. — This  concludes  the  promised  reprint  of  the  text  proper  of 
"The  German  and  Swiss  Settlements  of  Colonial  Pennsylvania;  A. 
Stvidy  of  the  So-Called  Pennsylvania  Dutch,  by  Oscar  Kuhns."  There 
are  left  unpublished  the  Appendix  on  Family  Names,  the  Bibliography: 
and  the  Index.  The  index  will  be  included  in  the  index  for  the  cur- 
rent year  to  be  supplied  with  the  December  number. 

The  Penn  Germania. 


XLhc  pcnn  (3ermania 

Vol.  I  JULY,    1912  No.  7 

OLD  SERIES  Continuing  THE  PENNSYLVANIA-GERMAN  VOL.  XIII,  No.  7 

ITable  of  Contents 

CURRENT  LIFE  AND  THOUGHT 514 

Minnesota  Bible  League 514  Carnegie  Foundation  vs.    "^.^nominational 

Superstitions         515                   Schools     ....           ....  520 

First  Lutheran  Church  in  the  Carolinas     .  515  To  Regulate  Treating 521 

Church  Fable        -..515  Life  Insurance 521 

Luck  and  Superstitions 516  Virginia's  Anti-Treating  Bill     ....  522 

German  Language  and  Legal  Notice  .     .  517  Baseoall  vs.  Decalogue 522 

The  German  Navy  Visit 517  The  Krupp    Centenary 522 

D»,o«„.,i  T;\.^^„,r^    t;^.,-.^  'F^offi^             CIO      The  Pennsylvania  Patriarck       ....     523 
Personal  Liberty  vs.  Liquor  Traffic   .     .     518      ^^^  ^^^.^^  3^^^^^ ^33 

The    Bible  and  Education 518      dj  Hexamer's  Dank 537 

America  and  Germany 519      Jack    Sheets,  Hero       .     .     . 

OUR  HISTORIC  HERITAGE 

Forest  Preacher  on  the  Schoharie  (continued) _^    524 

The  Pastorius  Protest 529 

A  Visit  to  the    Ephrata  Cloister 534 

Company  I,  First  Reg.   Pa.  Volunteers 538 

History  of  Emmanuel's  Church,  Petersville,  Pa 551 

THE  PENN  GERMANIA  GENEALOGICAL  CLUB      562 

MUTTERSPROCH 567 

OURBOOKTABLE  569 

HISTORICAL  NOTES  AND  NEWS    571 

FORUM      573 

THE   GERMAN     AND     S^X/^ISS  SETTLEMENTS   OF 

COLONIAL   PENNSYLVANIA  (Index) 577 

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URRENT  LIFE  AND  THOUGHT 


Illustrative  of  German-American  Activities 
Contributions  by  Readers  Cordially  Invited 


These  notes,  as  indicated  by  the  name,  reflect^  what  the  Na- 
.tion's  citizens  of  German  ancestry  are  thinking  and  doing.  The 
items  must  of  necessity  be  brief,  representative  and  selective.  Sub- 
scribers who  can  serve  as  regular  or  occasional  contributors  to  the 
department  are  invited  to  write  us,  stating  what  special  field  they 
are  willing  to  cover.  Different  sections  of  our  country,  different 
aspects  of  human  endeavor,  must  be  represented  and  narrow,  sec- 
tional, clannish  viewpoints  avoided. 


Minnesota  In  January  a  movenien'; 
Bible  League  was  started  here  to,  in  a 
measure,  counteract  the  in 
iluence  of  Reginald  Campbell,  who  vis- 
ited this  city  last  December,  and  the  so- 
called  new  theology.  Quite  a  number  of 
pastors  in  the  city,  outside  of  the  Luth- 
eran Church,  are  tainted  with  highei 
criticism.  The  movement  resulted  in  the 
formation  of  the  [Minnesota  Bible 
League.  We  had  the  honor  of  drawing 
up  the  "Fundamental  Principles,"  which 
were  unanimously  adopted,  viz : 

"I.  We  believe  that  the  Holy  Bible  is 
the  Word  of  God,  inspired  by  the  Holy 
Ghost  who  spake  throuiih  the  prophets 
and  apostles  ;  that  it  not  only  contain-^ 
the  Word  of  God,  but  that  it  is  in  every 
part,  from  Genesis  to  Revelation,  the 
Word  of  God,  thus  not  leaving  it  to  man 
to  decide  how  much  and  what  is  to  be  be- 
lieved and  what  rejected. 

"2.  We  believe  that  through  the  fall 
of  Adam  aU  men  are  conceived  and  born 
in  sin,  and  that  the  only  hope  for  man 
was  in  a  Redeemer ;  that  God  in  His  in- 
finite love  for  our  fallen  race,  in  the  full- 
ness of  time,  sent  His  only  begotten  Son 


to  redeem  man  by  becoming  his  substi- 
tute and  bearing  his  sin. 

"3.  We  believe  that  Jesus  Christ  is 
that  Redeemer,  the  Son  of  God,  who  waa 
conceived  by  the  Holy  Ghost,  born  of  the 
X'irgin  Mary,  and  became  man,  so  that  as 
true  God  and  true  man  in  one  person, 
He  was  crucified,  died  and  was  buried, 
and  on  the  third  day  rose  again  from  the 
dead,  that  He  might  be  a  propitiation  for 
our  sins,  and  reconcile  us  unto  the  Fa 
ther,  and  be  a  sacrifice  for  all  the  sin  auvl 
guilt  of  man. 

"4.  We  believe  that  man  is  saved 
alone  bv  faith  in  the  atoning  blood  of 
Jesus  Christ,  and  that  we  are  'justifie;! 
by  faith  in  Christ  and  not  by  the  works 
of  the  law'." 

The  Fundamental  Principles  have  bee;: 
printed  on  cards  and  scattered  broadcast. 
At  the  bottom  is  the  following:  "Accept- 
ing the  above  statement  of  Fundamental 
Principles.  I  enroll  myself  as  a  member 
of  the  Bible  League  of  Minnesota."  The 
object  is  to  reach  the  dififerent  denomina- 
tions that  are  under  the  influence  of  the 
negative  criticism. — ^G.  H.  T.,  Minneapo- 
lis, Minn. — The  LutJicran. 


514 


CURRENT  LIFE  AND  THOUGHT 


51S 


Superstitions  The       Quakertown,       Pa., 
free  Press  said  e(litoriall> 
recently : 

Help  to  turn  on  the  lij^ht  as^ainst  the 
superstition  that  many  communities  are 
comj^elled  to  contend  with.     Inaugurate 
a  campaign  against  endless  chain  letters, 
hexereis,  and  all  other  forms  of  charla- 
tanry with  which  we  must  continually  be 
confronted.     A     number     of     peojile  in 
neighboring  counties  are  making  them- 
selves the  laughing-stock  of  those  who 
do  not  believe  in  any  of  these  humbugs, 
and  so  have  made  their  places  of  resi- 
dence a  by-word.  Civilized  people  .should 
not  be  scared  so  readily  into  a  belief  in 
the  supernatural.  There  should  nowadays 
be  no   necessity  to  fight   against  ignor- 
ance and  superstition,  yet  we  must  admit 
grudgingly  that  evidences  of  these  still 
'haunt    the    most    enlightened    neighbor- 
hoods and  are  yet  able  to  send  shivers  01 
apprehension  up  and  down  the  spines  ol 
the  more  timid  ones.     As  to  punishment 
for  failing  to  comply  with  some  heathen 
rite  or  some  formula  of  witchcraft,  that 
is  all  moonshine.    We  sufifer  by  our  own 
indiscretions    and    violations    of    natural 
religious  or     civil  law     at  the  hands  ot' 
God  or  constituted  authority,  never  be- 
cause we  fail  to  comply  with  the  repeti- 
tion of  some  meaningless  rigmarole,  the 
purchase  or  sale  of  a  "charm"  to  ward 
ofif  evil,  or  the  exercise  of  enchantmenf 
to  bring  about     the     desirable  things  ol 
life.     Help  to  turn  on  the  light. 


once    stood.     The    Orangeburgh    church 
was  built  of  wood  and  clay,  in  the  same 
manner  as  chimneys  are  when  made  of 
clay.     It  fell  to  ruins  at  the  time  of  the 
Revolution.      The    spot    has    never  been 
built  upon  since     that  day     and  is  nov\' 
known  as  "the  old  churchyard."     Here 
also    the    first    Lutheran    pastor   of   this 
congregation  in  Carolina  hved  and  died. 
He  and  his   successor  kept  a  record  of 
all  the  births,   deaths  and  marriages  in 
the  parish,  it  being  today  one  of  the  most 
valuable  historic  records  in  South  Caro 
Una,  and  is  known  as  the  "Geissendan- 
ner  Record,"  so  called  from  the  name  of 
the  two  ministers,  John   Geissendanner, 
the  elder,  and  his  nephew,  John  Geissen- 
danner,  the   younger.      The   old   church 
became  changed  into  an  Episcopal  house 
Geissendanner  took  orders  in  the  Churcli 
of  England,  and  he  continued  to  labor 
there  to  the  close  of  his  life.    At  the  time 
this  change  was  effected  the  congrega- 
tion   numbered    167    communicants,   and 
on  \\''hitsunday     following    21     persons 
of  worship  in    1749,  when  the  younger 
were  admitted  to  the  Lord's  Sup])er.  Af- 
ter   the    Reverend    Geissendanner   (the 
younger)   died,  in  1761,  nothing  further 
is  known  concerning  the  church  and  the 
congregation    until    1768,  when    a    new 
Episcopal    chap&l    was    ordered     to    be 
erected,  and    the    Rev.   Paul    Turquand 
preached  there  for  many  ears,  in  connec- 
tion with  another  congregation. — Ainer- 
ican  yfonthly  Ma^^^azine. 


First  Lutheran    The        first        Lutheran 
Church  in  church   in   the   Carolinas 

the  Carolinas  was  built  at  Orang- 
burgh  about  1737.  Some 
half  a  mile  from  the  center  of  the  pres- 
ent city  of  Orangeburgh  and  toward  the 
Edisto  River  there  is  a  graveyard  which 
presents  the  appearance  of  having  been 
used  a  long  time  and  where  the  entomb- 
ed generations  of  the  present  day  are 
slumbering  with  those  of  the  past. 
Around  this  place,  with  the  old  church 
edifice  very  near  it,  the  former  village 


Church  The  following  fable  from  the 
Fable  Lutheran  Herald  deserves  1 
wide  circulation.  It  not  only 
has  much  point  for  om"  American  Lu- 
theran Church,  but  has  the  merit  of  be- 
ing exceedingly  timelv.  It  reads  as  fol- 
lows: "A  Fox  stood  before  a  Rabbit- 
warren  and  shouted:  'Hey.  Widen  out 
this  entrance.  Friend  Rabbit,  vou  have 
made  it  much  too  narrow!  This  whole 
Warren  of  yours  is  built  on  too  narrow 
lines.  As  it  is,  none  but  Rabbits,  like 
yourself,  can  enter.'    'Just  so,  that  Foxe3 


5^6 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


and  Wolves  may  not  enter  in,  we  shah 
stick  to  our  narrow  Hnes.'  'How  in- 
tolerant,' grumbled  the  Fox,  as  he  trot- 
ted away."  The  moral  is  not  hard  to 
find.  If  the  Lutheran  Church  in  this 
country  refuses  to  let  down  its  bars ;  if  it 
fears  to  join  the  many  movements  that 
have  as  their  spirit  indifference  to  the 
old  faith,  and  as  their  goal  the  breaking 
dow^n  of  what  was  built  up  at  the  cost 
of  much  blood  and  treasure  during  the 
past  Christian  centuries;  if  it  is  shy  of 
sectarian  alliances  and  entanglements ; — 
it  is  because  the  fox  is  at  the  door — the 
fox  of  Intolerance  as  to  the  faith  once 
delivered  to  the  saints.  That  fox  has 
friendly  eyes  and  a  smiling  face;  but  it 
also  has  sharp  teeth  and  a  lean  and 
hungry  look.  When  a  man  can  tolerate 
everything  except  what  Christ  and  His 
apostles  taught,  beware  of  him ! — The 
Lutheran. 


Luck  and  The  Examiner  and  Express 
Superstitions  of  Lancaster,  Pa.,  made 
light  of  "Luck  Supersti- 
tions and  Fate"  in  the  following  words: 
Here  are  two  items  from  a  Kansas 
paper :  "Another  blow  at  the  thirteen  su- 
perstition. It  is  said  that  occupants  of 
No.  13  in  the  Helena  hotels  found  money 
in  their  rooms  the  same  as  others."  "A 
Kinsley  farmer  sold  thirteen  horses  to  a 
Kansas  City  firm  the  other  day  for 
$1300." 

But  it  will  take  more  than  this  to  kill 
the  thirteen  superstition.  Ridicule  and 
reason  cannot  prevail  against  the  thir- 
teen absurdity  or  any  other  superstition. 
You  may  even  plead  that  it  is  a  mockery 
of  divine  Providence  to  assume  He  rules 
the  world  by  fateful  numbers  or  ha^ 
more  liking  for  one  than  another. 

You  may  urge  that  it  is  a  species  of 
atheism  to  set  up  fate  and  luck  in  place 
and  it  will  have  no  cfifect. 

AVhen  you  talk  to  good  people  who 
shudder  at  petty  superstitions  you  often 
wonder  if  they  believe  there  is  a  "divinit}^ 
that  shapes     our  ends,"  or,  if     they  do, 


have  they  any  intellectual  conception  of 
what  such  belief  implies. 

But  as  we  have  said,  there  is  no  use 
in  arguing  against  the  myths  in  our  be- 
liefs. Perhaps  the  best  way  to  show 
their  absurdity  is  to  enumerate  them  and 
then  calmly  ask  what  must  be  the  mental 
attitude  or  capacity  of  the  one  who 
thinks  the  world  is  governed  or  events 
foreordained  by  the  following  causes. 

Thus  in  ordinary  households  it  will  be 
found  that  if  the  housewife  drops  a  dish- 
cloth she  will  at  once  assert  that  she  will 
have  a  vistor  shortly,  while  if  she  let  fall 
a  knife  a  strange  woman  is  coming,  if  a 
fork  a  man,  and  if  a  spoon  a  fool. 

If  two  knives,  forks  or  spoons  are 
placed  in  a  wrong  position  when  the 
table  is  being  laid  for  any  meal  there  is 
going  to  be  a  wedding,  as  is  also  averred 
when  an  one  stumbles  up  the  stairs.  If 
salt  is  spilled  there  is  going  to  be  a  row 
or  quarrel,  but  this  can  be  averted  if  the 
spiller  will  burn  a  pinch  of  salt  and  throw 
a  pinch  over  your  left  shoulder. 

Again,  if  a  chicken  crows  at  you  or  at 
vour  door  he  is  playing  the  part  of  a 
clairvoyant,  and  is  telling  you  you  will 
have  a  surprising  bit  of  news  or  receive 
an  unexpected  visitor.  The  latter  fate  13 
also  said  to  befall  you  if  you  drop  a  pair 
of  scissors  and  they  stick  in  the  floor, 
over  which  circumstances  others  will  also 
tell  you  you  should  wish  before  speaking, 
while  if  a  needle  sticks  in  the  floor  you 
will  receive  a  letter. 

Again,  should  a  pin  be  lying  on  the 
ground  with  the  head  toward  you,  pick 
it  up,  as  it  denotes  good  luck ;  but  on  the 
other  hand,  avoid  any  which  have  the 
points  toward  you,  as  to  have  anything 
to  do  with  these  means  bad  luck. 

A  good  housewife,  especially  if  she 
have  a  proper  respect  for  superstition, 
will  never  sweep  at  night  time,  but  if  she 
is  ever  compelled  to  do  so  she  will  sweep 
the  dirt  into  a  corner,  where  she  will 
leave  it  till  the  morning.  This  is  believed 
to  prevent  misfortune  overtaking  the 
house  during  the  night.  Nor  will  she 
ever  sweep  the  dirt  out  at  the  door,  but, 
instead,  she  will  lift  it  into  a  dustpan  and 


CURRENT  LIFE  AND  THOUGHT 


517 


burn  it,  this  being  considered  necessary 
to  protect  the  family  possessions. 

If  you  break  a  dish  or  other  article  of 
domestic  crockeryware  evil  will  pmrsue 
you  till  you  have  broken  two  more.  Re- 
verting to  falling  upstairs,  another  su- 
perstition has  it  that,  if  unmarried,  you 
will  not  be  united  in  wedlock  until  the 
next  year,  while  if  your  chair  stumbles 
backward,  your  chances  of  getting  mar- 
ried go  with  it  for  a  year. 

Getting  out  of  bed  backward  brings 
misfortune  for  the  ensuing  day,  while 
putting  out  the  right  foot  first  insures 
the  smiles  of  Dame  Fortune,  as  also  will 
putting  the  right  stocking  and  boot  or 
shoe  on  first,  but  misfortune  follows  if 
it  is  the  left  which  is  so  treated. 

These  are  but  a  few  of  the  common 
luck  signs  that  people  mention  every 
day  or  act  upon — especially  among  the 
gentler  sex.  Now  what  must  be  the 
mental  condition  of  people  who  enter- 
tain such  absurb  beliefs?  Is  it  not  an 
inheritance  from  our  far  away  ancestors 
who,  knowing  nothing  of  law,  cause  and 
effect,  found  a  demon  in  every  stone  and 
a  sign  in  every  star? 

So  long  as  the  crude  mind  entertains 
such  luck  and  fate  beliefs  we  can  easily 
account  for  mobs.  The  man  or  woman 
who  does  not  believe  this  world  is  ruled 
by  a  divine  Pow'er  and  just  law  will  not 
have  much  or  full  respect  for  human  en- 
actments. One  who  is  still  a  savage  in 
superstitious  beliefs  is  apt  to  be  savage 
when  his  emotions  are  unduly  aroused. 


German  Language  The  matter  of  the 
and  Legal  Notice  German  language 
has  repeatedly  got 
into  court  in  various  forms.  For  ex- 
ample, the  supreme  court  of  New  Jer- 
sey decided  in  State  vs.  City  of  Orange, 
54  N.  J.  L.,  page  in,  that  where  a  no- 
tice is  required  to  be  published  in  a  news- 
paper, printed  in  German,  the  notice 
must  also  be  in  German.  When  printed 
in  English,  it  would  be  merely  printed 
and  not  published,  as  "publish"  means 
primarily  to  make  known.        J.  C.  R. 


The  German  The  recent  visit  of  the  Ger- 
Navy  Visit  man  Navy  to  our  shores 
occasioned  a  symposium  on 
the  subject  which  appeared  in  the  Kuiid- 
scliau  czvcier  Wcltcn  for  June.  Professor 
Miinsterberg,  one  of  the  contributors, 
expresses  himself  in  these  words : 

"Die  Zahl  der  deutschen  Einwanderer 
nimmt  stetig  ab,  die  Zahl  der  deutchen 
Besucher  ist  ebenso  stetig  im  Wachsen. 
Wir  Deutchen  im  Lande  konnen  uns 
beider  Tatsachen  von  Herzen  freuen ;  die 
eine  beweisst  das  Deutschlands  W'olii 
stand  zunimmt,  und  das  industriestarke 
Land  nunmehr  nicht  gezwungen  ist,  ein- 
en  Teil  seiner  Bevolkerung  aus  wirth- 
schaftlichen  Griinden  ins  Ausland  zu 
schicken ;  die  andere  bekundet,  dass  in 
Deutschland  das  Verstandnis  fiir  die 
Neue  Welt  am  Wachsen  ist,  und  mit  tau- 
sendfciltigen  Kulturbeziehungen  zwisch- 
en  den  zwei  Landern  zu  fordern.  Und 
jeder  Besucher  bringt  uns  ein  Stiickchen 
deutschen  Geistes  und  deutschen  Wesens 
mit :  die  Wirtschaftsfiihrer  und  (lie 
Techniker,  die  Politiker  und  die  Ver- 
waltungsbeamten,  die  Gelehrten  und  die 
Dichter,  die  Kiinstler  und  die  Musiker, 
die  Sozialreformer  und  selbst  die  Globe- 
trotter, sie  alle  sind  willkommene  Zeugen 
der  neuen  frischen  deutschen  Regsam- 
keit.  Aber  von  alien  Boten  die  Deutsch- 
land zu  freundlichen  Besuche  zur  Neuen 
Welt  entsendet,  kann  doch  keiner  so  viel 
vom  besten  Wesen  des  deutschen  Reiches 
mit  sich  bringen,  als  es  die  Alanner  der 
Flotte  vermogen. 

"Das  KriegschifT  und  seine  Mannen 
zeugen  von  Deutschlands  neuem  stol/e'ii, 
wirtschaftlichem  Aufschwung.  Das 
Kriegschiff  und  seine  Mannen  zeugen 
nicht  minder  von  dem  unermiidlichen 
Geiste  der  deutschen  Wissenschaft  .  .  . 
Das  Kriegschiff  und  seine  Mannen  sind 
ein  Sinnbild  des  deutschen  Geistes  der 
Disciplin  und  der  ehernen  Geschlossen- 
heit.  .  .  .  Das  Kriegschiff  und  seine 
Mannen  bringen  aber  dem,  der  zu  sehen 
versteht,  auch  zugleich  Kunde  von  dem 
neuen  Geist,  der  Deutschland  beherrscht, 
dem  Geist  der  Initiative.  .  .  .  Das  Krieg- 
schiff und  seine  ^lannen  sind  ein  Symbol 


5'' 


THE   PENN  GERMANIA 


des  Geistes  der  deutschen  Ehre.  .  .  .  Das 
Kriegschiff  und  seine  Mannen  bekunden 
.aber  nicht  nur  den  Willen  zur  Machl 
.sie  tragen  nicht  minder  den  Willen  zur 
Freundschaft  niit  dem  besten  der  Welt, 
zum  ehrlichen  Frieden  und  zur  \'olker 
verbindenden  Kultur.  In  seiner  Kriegs- 
geriistetheit  sichert  es  die  ungestorte 
Friedenszeit,  deren  Deutschland  sich  nun- 
mehr  langer  erfreuen  diirfte,  als  irgend 
ein  anderes  Kulturvolk,  und  mit  dem 
Frieden  sichert  es  die  stille,  emsige  Ar- 
beit im  Dienste  der  ganzen  Menschheit." 

Personal  Liberty      With   reference  to  the 
vs.  attitude    the    German- 

Liquor  Traffic  Americans     ought     to 

take  toward  the  liquor 
traffic,  it  seems  to  me  the  arguments  ad- 
vanced by  Mr.  Miller  in  the  June  :issuc 
are  unanswerable.  I  have  never  been 
identified  with  any  temperance  organiza- 
tion, but  I  am  a  believer  in  prohibitory 
laws  for  the  ptiblic  good.  We  need  such 
laws  to  protect  men  of  weak  wills  against 
themselves.  It  is  not  known  by  those 
who  have  not  kept  in  touch  with  the 
course  of  events  in  the  Fatherland  that 
the  total  abstinence  propaganda  is  being 
vigorously  pushed  in  that  country.  It 
has  been  several  times  reported  that  the 
"German  emperor  has  recently  become  a 
total  abstainer.  There  are  at  present 
inany  temperance  organizations  and  so- 
'cieties  and  a  number  of  German  perodi- 
cals  are  championing  the  cause.  It  is 
not  necessary  that  I  should  give  statis- 
tics here  nor  the  names  of  a  number  of 
-prominent  men,  physicians  and  others, 
who  are  engaged  in  the  crusade.  The 
•governments  of  France  and  Switzerland 
.are  also  engaged  in  trying  to  diminish 
the  evils  resulting  from  the  drink  traffic. 
The  same  can  be  said  of  Great  Britain. 
Several  years  ago  while  spending  some 
time  near  Stirling  in  Scotland  1  had  oc- 
casion to  consult  a  physician.  In  one  of 
my  conversations  with  him  he  told  me 
he  never  prescribed  alcohol  in  any  form 
and  that  many  of  his  fellow  practitioners 


pursued  the  same  course.  A  few  years 
before  a  clergyman  of  the  Anglican 
church  told  me  that  forty-five  hundred 
of  his  brethren  were  total  abstainers.  All 
those  governments  that  are  doing  most 
for  the  public  welfare  are  vigorously 
working  against  the  liquor  traffic.  Here 
again  I  need  not  enter  into  details.  In 
view  of  the  facts  it  seems  to  me  the 
wisest  course  for  all  German-American 
organizations  is  to  keep  silent  on  this 
question.  They  shovdd  not  be  expected 
to  become  total  abstainence  societies ; 
neither  should  they  set  themselves  offici- 
ally against  the  greatest  reform  of  mod- 
ern imes,.  Let  every  member  act  in  this 
matter  in  such  a  way  as  commends  itself 
to  his  individual  judgment.  Most  of  the 
fraternal  organizations  have  gone  on 
record  as  opposed  to  the  liquor  traffic, 
but  they  do  not  interfere  with  the  indi- 
vidual habits  of  their  members,  unless 
they  drink  to  excess.  Personal  liberty  is 
indeed  a  precious  prerogative,  but  only 
for  those  who  know  how  to  use  it  wise- 
ly.— Charles  W.  Super,  Athens,  Ohio. 


^e» 


The  Bible  and 
Education 


One  year  ago,  the  Illinois 
supreme  court  gave  the 
preposterous  opinion  that 
it  was  unlawful  to  read  the  Scriptures 
in  the  public  schools  because  it  is  a  seo 
tarian  book !  Already  eight  states  have 
accepted  that  remarkable  conclusion  and 
have  banished  the  Bible — tlie  pillar  of 
our  liberty  and  morality.  It  is  much  to 
the  credit  of  Pennsylvania,  with  its  staid 
Scotch-Irish  and  German  population, 
that  it  has  refused  to  be  misled  by  the 
modern  Bible-phobia,  and  that  it  con- 
tinues to  pay  due  respect  to  the  Scrip- 
tures. The  number  of  schools  in  which 
daily  readings  of  the  Bible  are  given  has 
increased  from  3000  to  3900  in  the  cities, 
and  from  15,000  to  20,000  in  the  coun- 
try. (The  figures  are  approximate.)  And 
more  than  this;  In  most  of  these  schools 
the  Bible  is  recognized,  not  as  some  won- 
derful ancient  piece  of  literature,  but  as 
tlie  very  Word  of  God.     However  per- 


CURRENT  LIFE  AND  THOUGHT 


5'9 


lunctiMT  the  reading  of  the  Scriptures  in 
many  instances  may  be,  it  can  not  be  de- 
nieil  that  their  recognition  as  God's 
Revelation  carries  with  it  a  most  whole- 
some and  salutary  influence  upon  t\\<^ 
mind  and  heart  of  the  pupil. — Thr 
Lutheran. 

The  German  immigrant  reared  church 
edifice  and  school  building  close  togeth- 
er ;  the  former  shielding  the  latter.  The 
])ublic  school  system  divorced  these 
Should  not  all  descendants  of  the  Penna. 
German  pilgrim  fathers  set  their  faces 
as  a  wall  against  the  threatened  emas- 
culation of  education  by  the  spurning  of 
the  Scriptures? — Editor. 


America  and    The   welcome  of  the   Ger- 
Germany  man     fleet      at      Hampton 

Roads  by  President  Taft  is 
an  event  much  more  significant  than  the 
perfunctory  interchange  of  official  cour- 
tesies would  denote.  The  cordial  hospi- 
tality of  the  nation  to  Rear  Admiral  von 
Rebeur-Paschwitz,  his  staiT  and  the  stal- 
wart personnel  of  the  fleet  is  an  index  of 
the  good  will  of  America  toward  Ger- 
many, and  our  admiration  not  merely  for 
her  unexcelled  naval  and  military  organ- 
ization, but  for  her  social  and  civil  insti- 
tutions and  the  magnificent  accomplish- 
ment of  the  Fatherland  in  every  field  of 
human  endeavor. 

Modern  civilization  is  in  debt  to  Ger- 
many for  the  encouragement,  of  the  liber- 
al arts  and  the  developments  of  applied 
science  that  go  far  to  make  life  worth. 
living.  Of  her  artistic  genius  it  may  be 
said,  as  of  Sir  Christopher  Wren,  that 
she  has  touched  nothing  that  she  has  not 
adorned.  The  student  of  political  econ- 
omy must  give  his  attention  to  the  Con- 
stitution of  1 87 1,  with  its  minutely  spe- 
cific regulation  of  the  powers  of  the 
Reichstag  and  the  Federal  Council ;  the 
jurist  notes  with  approval  the  inviolable 
security  of  the  judiciary  far  beyond  the 
reach  of  the  imperial  displeasure  or  the 
fear  of  the  heresy  of  the  popular  recall ; 
the  student  of   fiscal    problems   observes 


with  interest  how  closely  tlie  German 
financial  system  agrees  with  that  of  our 
own  Government  in  the  simplification  of 
its  accounting  system  by  limiting  the 
number  of  items  of  revenue  and  expen- 
diture. But  the  impress  of  Germany  on 
modern  life  and  thought  is  potent  and 
abiding  in  innumerable  other  ways.  The 
theologian,  in  a  country  where  there  is  a 
multiplicity  of  sects  and  the  utmost  lati- 
tude of  opinion,  looks  to  Germany  to  find 
freedom  of  thought  coexistent  with  out- 
ward unity  and  sectarian  solidarity.  The 
educator  sees  how  carefully  the  schools 
are  administered  by  the  best  teachers  pro- 
curable, and  beholds  public  servants  in- 
variably chosen  by  the  drastic  applica- 
tion of  the  system  of  competitive  exam- 
ination. The  system  of  accident  and  old 
age  insurance  for  workmen  sets  an  ex- 
ample for  the  rest  of  the  world  to  emu- 
late. As  for  music  and  literature  and 
art,  it  is  not  necessary  to  point  out  Ger- 
many's inestimable  contribution  to  the 
history  of  culture  in  every  land.  Scarce- 
ly a  mode  of  amelioration  of  any  socia^ 
condition  can  be  proposed  that  cannot  be 
directly  or  more  remotely  referred  to  a 
point  of  origin  in  Germany.  The  rest  of 
the  world,  in  that  imitation  which  sin- 
cerely flatters,  proves  its  confidence  in 
the  thoroughness  of  the  German  passion 
for  research,  first  by  finding  what  Ger- 
many has  done  in  war  or  peace,  in  steel- 
mill  or  electrical  laboratory,  in  hospital 
or  museum,  in  studio  or  conservatory, 
and  then  by  improving  its  own  practices 
and  processes  by  what  Germany  has  long 
known  and  done. 

In  the  United  States  particularly  there 
is  fervent  and  widespread  sympathy 
with  German  ideals,  aspirations  and 
modes  of  thought  and  conduct.  It  is  not 
merely  because  a  considerable  portion  of 
our  population  is  of  German  extraction. 
P>ut  there  exists  among  us  something  like 
the  eager  spirit  of  inquiry,  in  the  dissat- 
isfaction with  half-truths  and  make- 
shifts and  temporary  expedients,  that  is 
the  distinguishing  trait  of  the  German 
mentality.  Our  country  has  grown  very 
fast,  and  we  are  frccpiently  accused — and 


520 


THE  PENN  GERMANIA 


justly  accused — by  Europe  of  being  in 
entirely  too  much  of  a  hurry.  But  if  our 
reach  exceeds  our  grasp,  at  any  rate  we 
know  what  we  are  after,  and  we  look  to 
Germany  to  teach  us  that  railway  speed 
is  compatible  with  personal  security, 
that  the  appreciation  of  literature  may 
go  hand  in  hand  with  scholarship,  that 
if  we  would  build  strong  houses  and 
"sky-scrapers"  and  safe  bridges  we  must 
lean  heavily  upon  the  researches  of  the 
physicist,  the  chemist  and  the  engineer. 
We  are  ceasing  to  poke  ridicule  at  the 
savant  who  conducts  abstruse  researches 
in  a  laboratory — for  we  do  not  have  to 
look  further  than  Menlo  Park  to  see 
what  the  results  of  such  scientific  inqui- 
sition may  be.  The  increasing  reverence 
of  our  attitude  toward  science,  the  grow- 
ing appreciation  among  us  of  all  the 
forces  of  light  and  leading  that  make  for 
the  improvement  of  the  mind  and  the  re- 
finement of  personality  —  these  are 
among  the  contributions  of  the  labor  and 
the  thought  and  the  life  of  ancient  Ger- 
many to  the  welfare  of  modern  America. 
— Public  Ledger. 


Carnegie  Foundation  P/^fi^^"^    ^^^^    of 
yg^  Muhlenberg  College, 

Denominational  contribut^'d    an     ar- 

Sci;~ois  tide    on     Education 

to  The  Lutheran  from  which  we  clip  the 
following; 

/.eccssary  for  any  one  interested 
in  education  to  study  carefully  the  vari- 
ous reports  issued  by  the  Carnegie  Foun- 
dation. In  the  report  for  191 1  which  has 
just  appeared  there  occur  a  number  of 
items,  which  the  Church  should  know 
and  on  which  some  comments  seem  de- 
manded. 

In  describing  Pennsylvania  the  state- 
ment occurs :  "At  least  half  of  these  de- 
nominational institutions  are  small,  strug- 
gling and  of  low  educational  standards. 
One  of  the  Presbyterian  'colleges,'  for 
'instance,  is  made  up  of  164  preparatory 
Ind  44  college  students.  One  of  the 
L-utheran  'universities'    is    composed  of 


35  preparatory,  48  collegiate,  12  profes- 
sional, and  17  graduate  students,  15  of 
the  latter  being  non-resident.  Assuming 
that  the  denominations  can  make  real 
contributions  to  higher  education,  such 
multiplication  as  this  is  surely  unjusti- 
fiable. Its  effect  is  to  reduce  all  educa- 
tion to  a  lower  level  and  to  depress  all 
betterment  of  the  teacher's  place." 

In  this  statement  the  unjust  accusa- 
tion of  low  educational  standard  is  met 
by  estimates  of  higher  institutions  in 
which  some  of  the  institutions  discrim- 
inated against  by  the  Carnegie  Founda- 
tion are  well  thought  of.  A  scientifical- 
ly prepared  classification  by  government 
experts  at  Washington  does  not  show 
that  "small"  and  "struggling"  imply  low 
standards. 

Another  comment  upon  this  extract  is 
an  objection  to  the  veiled  insinuation  that 
denominations  can  make  no  real  contri- 
bution to  higher  education.  There  is  evi- 
dence of  prejudice  in  the  attitude  that 
only  non-denominational  schools  contri- 
bute to  higher  education. 

The  third  comment,  however,  is  a  call 
to  the  Church  to  cease  its  indifi^erence 
to  its  educational  work.  It  is  unworthy 
of  the  Church  to  allow  its  institutions  to 
be  open  to  unfavorable  criticism  because 
it  does  not  support  them. 

A  second  statement  in  this  report  of 
the  Carnegie  Foundation  is  of  interest. 
President  Pritchett  says:  "So  long  as  the 
history  of  the  Hebrew  people  and  their 
religious  experience  were  regarded  as 
authoritative  for  nineteenth  century 
Christians,  any  advance  in  historical  and 
scientific  criticism  which  affected  the 
credibility  of  these  records  put  Chris- 
tian men  upon  the  defence."  Now  how- 
ever "Christianity  is  presented  to  the 
student  more  simply  and  directly,  and 
freed  of  many  of  the  dogmatic  terms  un- 
der which  it  was  formerly  interpreted, 
and  as  a  result  of  this  changed  intellectu- 
al attitude,  the  teaching  of  religion  no 
longer  arouses  the  bitter  discussions  that 
marked  the  university  life  of  twenty-five 


CURRENT  LIFE  AID  THOUGHT 


521 


years  ago."  The  scientific  man  has 
changed  his  position  and  is  no  longer  a 
rank  materiahst.  Now  the  sjudent  "may 
see  that  Christianity,  without  in  the  least 
lowering  its  code  of  morals,  is  yet  con- 
sistent with  the  most  cultivated  life,  and 
he  need  no  longer  be  troubled  by  the  il- 
lusion that  in  order  to  show  his  spirit  he 
must  adopt  an  irreligious  attitude.  The 
student  who  prided  himself  as  being  an 
agnostic  and  who  boasted  of  that  atti- 
tude has  practically  disappeared."  xA.t  the 
conclusion  it  is  asked  why  the  universi- 
ties could  not  teach  such  Christianity 
which  offends  no  one,  and  consists  in 
faith  in  God,  His  governance,  human 
communion  with  Him,  a  life  of  righteous- 
ness, service  and  unselfishness. 

We  may  ask  whether  present  religion, 
at  peace  with  modern  culture,  has  not 
paid  too  high  a  price  by  its  relinquish- 
ment of  vital  truths.  The  religion  sug- 
gested is  mere  unitarianism  of  an  ethi- 
cal type  which  critically  rejects  the  Old 
Testament.  There  is  no  assertion  of 
Christ's  person,  life  and  death  in  the  so- 
called  Christianity  recommended  to  the 
universities.  There  is  no  place  for  either 
Christ  or  the  Church.  Is  this  true  prog- 
ress? Or  has  Christianity  in  some  quar- 
ters succumbed  to  rationalism?  Has  not 
philosophy  been  substituted  for  faith  ? 

The  third  statement  occurs  in  a  dis- 
cussion on  "Theology"  in  which  it  is 
claimed  from  very  insufficient  data,  that 
denominational  colleges  are  not  neces- 
sary to  obtain  a  supply  of  ministers.  "It 
is  likely  that  they  would  have  entered 
that  calling  no  matter  what  college  they 
had  attended." 

In  this  attitude  it  appears  again  how 
the  Carnegie  Foundation  has  a  bias 
against  denominational  schools.  It  uses 
all  its  learning  to  discredt  them ;  their 
faults  are  castigated  oftener  than  those 
of  the  universities.  Why  this  prejudice? 
It  may  be  disclaimed,  but  a  study  for 
several  years  and  quotations  from  for- 
mer reports  would  enable  us  to  show 
that  we  are  right  in  asking:  Why  thi; 
prejudice? 


To  Regulate  The  supreme  court  of 
"Treating"  Washington  State  has  re- 
cently had  under  consider- 
ation an  ordinance  of  the  city  of  Tacoma 
which  sought  to  prevent  the  pernicious 
habit  of  "treating."  It  appears  that  a 
saloonkeeper  "treated"  one  man  to  a 
drink,  was  arrested  and  found  guilty, 
and  he  then  took  the  case  to  the  highest 
state  court  on  the  ground  that  to  prevent 
a  man  from  doing  as  he  pleased  in  this 
regard  was  an  unconstitutional  infringe- 
ment of  the  rights  of  personal  liberty. 
The  court  after  due  deliberation  handed 
down  the  decision  that  the  city  had  a  per- 
fect right  to  regulate  the  custom,  and 
that  it  was  not  an  abridgement  of  the 
rights  of  any  individual. 


Life  Can  a  man  have  his  life  in- 

Insurance  sured  and  still  have  his  full 
trust  in  God?  If  so,  then 
why  is  it  wrong? 

Here  are  a  few  Bible  quotations  that 
ought  never  to  be  lost  sight  of  when  the 
temptation  comes  to  seek  Hfe  insurance 
from  men : 

"I  will  never  leave  thee  nor  forsake 
thee."  (Heb.  13:5). 

"Leave  thy  fatherless  children,  I  will 
preserve  them  alive :  and  let  thy  widows 
trust  in  me."  (Jer.  49:  11). 

"It  is  better  to  trust  in  the  Lord  than 
to  put  confidence  in  man."  (Prov.  18:  8). 

These  and  many  other  promises  of 
God  to  care  for  His  own  should  con- 
vince any  one  that  no  one  whose  abso- 
lute trust  is  in  the  Lord  will  seek  insur- 
ance at  the  hands  of  man. 

But  even  if  you  would  concede  this 
point  we  would  still  have  several  things 
against  life  insurance.  It  is  a  game  of 
chance,  which  amounts  to  gambling.  It 
is  speculation  on  human  life,  which  is  re- 
pulsive to  God,  and  to  man  unless  blind- 
ed by  self-interest.  It  is  a  systematic 
scheme  of  wholesale  robbery  which  an- 
nually transfers  from  the  pockets  of  the 
masses  to  the  coffers  of  life  insurance 
companies  more  than  $200,000,000  in  the 


522 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


United  States  alone,  and  these  profits 
cimie  largely  from  those  who  are  too 
])t)jr  to  keep  up  payment  of  premiums 
and  allow  their  policies  to  lapse.  For 
every  five  dollars  paid  in  premiums  a 
little  less  than  two  dollars  get  back  to 
the  policy  holders.  Life  insurance  should 
therefore  be  opposed  from  the  stand- 
point of  spirituality,  morality  and  sound 
business. — Gospel  Herald    {Mcnnonite). 


^ 


Virginia's  Anti-  \' irginia  will  depart 
Treating- Bill  from  one  of  her  old  cus- 
toms, and  if  an  anti- 
treating  bill  offered  by  Delegate  W.  B. 
Fitzhugh  of  Northampton  becomes  a  lav; 
the  Old  Dominion,  the  home  of  hospital- 
ity, will  take  a  back  seat.  Delegate  Fitz- 
hugh is  an  enemy  of  the  demon  rum,  and 
he  has  come  forward  with  a  bill  which 
will  make  obsolete  the  old-time  and  fa- 
miliar "Let's  have  one."  Mi'ore  than 
that,  whenever  a  gentleman  shall  see  a 
thirsty  wayfarer  along  the  highway  and 
shall  invite  him  to  partake  of  the  Vir- 
ginia julep,  and  the  friend  shall  say,  "I 
don't  care  if  I  do,"  the  gentleman  ex- 
tending the  invitation  will  make  himself 
liable  to  a  fine  of  $25.  And  no  dispens- 
ary of  exhilarating  beverages  is  to  allow 
anv  treating  to  be  done. — Exchange. 


^ 


instruction.  They  cannot  understand 
why  the  Bible  is  eschewed  as  the  best 
rule  of  conduct  for  the  young  while  they 
are  receiving  the  instruction  and  train- 
ing to  equip  them  for  the  'battle  of  life. 
They  are  not  only  dismayed  at  the  atti- 
tude of  professors  in  institutions  like  the 
LTniversity  of  Chicago,  but  they  are  not- 
ing with  amazement  and  misgiving  tha.t 
in  state  colleges  and  imiversities  founded 
by  the  commonwealth  and  supported  by 
the  taxpayers,  the  decalogue  and  the 
Good  Book  and  almost  all  that  savors  ot 
a  devout  regard  for  things  once  consid- 
ered sacred  are  tabood.  Philosophy,  poli- 
tical economy,  sports  and  fads  have 
crowded  out  not  merely  some  of  the  es- 
sentials of  a  useful  education,  but  ele- 
mental truths  and  the  divine  bases  ot 
moral  standards  as  well.  The  elevation  of 
the  diamond  above  the  decalogue  as  a  re- 
generative force  in  the  making  of  a  man 
is  but  a  piece  of  the  latter  day  flubdub 
that  is  causing  the  judicious  to  grieve  at 
home  while  the  youth  away  at  school  is 
finishing  off  with  inconsequential  flip- 
pancies and  fripperies  that  sooner  or 
later  will  turn  to  bitter  fruit.  The  Chica- 
go professor  is  a  particularly  deadly' 
species."  If  we  were  to  add  anything  to 
this  scathing  rebuke  from  a  secular  edi- 
tor of  a  theological  professor,  we  might 
be  accused  of  being  caustic. — The  Lu- 
theran. 


Baseball  vs.  "Baseball  properly  played 
Decalogue  takes  precedence  of  the 
decalogue,"  says  a  professor 
of  homiletics  in  the  University  of  Chica- 
go. After  classifying  this  professor  with 
the  animal  that  talked  to  Baalam,  The 
Pittsburgh  Gazette  Times  says,  "Life  is 
too  short  to  join  issue  with  Dr.  Hoben. 
It  probablv  would  not  be  worth  while 
anyhow."  The  editor  very  properly  adds ; 
"In  thousands  of  Christian  homes 
throughout  the  United  States,  God-fear- 
ing parents  are  wondering  why  so  many 
college  professors  go  out  of  their  wav  t"> 
sneer  at  and  belittle  old-fashioned  stand- 
ards of  conduct  and   methods   of  moral 


The  Krupp  Centennial  anniversaries  are 
Centenary  numerous  nowadays ;  the 
one  that  will  presently  be 
commemorated  at  Essen  is  to  be  signi- 
ficant not  merely  of  the  foundation  of 
the  great  steel  works  by  Friedrich 
Krupp  in  18 12.  but  of  the  evolution  of 
defensive  armament  and  its  contribution 
to  German  imperialism. 

There  is  a  humble  one-story  cottage  in 
the  midst  of  the  vast  assemblage  of 
shops  and  foundries  that  eloquently  tells 
of  the  modest  beginnings  of  the  enor- 
mous armor-plate  and  gun-makinc"  estab- 
lishment.    Fight  vcars     after  Friedrich 


CURRENT  LIFE  AND  THOUGHT 


523 


Krupp  had  begun  to  make  cast  steel  at 
the  new  works,  he  had  to  move  out  of 
his  commodious  residence  into  this  mere 
hut,  because  he  could  not  find  a  market 
for  what  he  made.  Today  the  ordnance 
and  armor-plate  from  this  establishment 
are  household  words  in  every  land.  More- 
over, for  half  a  century  those  who  would 
improve  the  living  conditions  of  the  la- 
borer have  observed  with  admiration  the 
maintenance  of  the  model  town  of  work- 
ingmen's  houses  at  Essen,  and  the  opera- 
tion of  a  thoroughgoing  system  of  life, 
sickness  and  accident  insurance.  In  ad- 
dition to  the  old  age  pensions  there  is  a 
trust  fund  to  be  drawn  upon  by  those 
whose  term  of  service  is  not  sufficient  to 
entitle  them  to  a  regular  allowance. 

It  is  not  remarkable  that  the  employes 
of  the  Krupps  have  shown  little  disposi- 
tion to  quarrel  with  their  employers,  o'' 
that  the  Kaiser  deems  it  worth  while  to 
attend  the  centenary  to  confer  decora- 
tions on  900  employes  wdio  have  served 
the  firm  for  25  years.  In  much  the  same 
way  that  the  United  States  owes  her 
modern  navy  to  the  shipbuilders  of  Phil- 
adelphia, Germany  owes  her  military 
greatness  of  the  industrial  community  of 
Essen. 


The  Pennsylvania    A  •'schoolmarm"  of  a 
Patriarch  village      school      near 

^lorgantown  has  had 
troubles  with  the  nomenclature  of  her 
pupils  in  the  year  now  closing.  Usually 
the  difficulties  of  the  rural  pedagogue 
are  disciplinary ;  there  is  some  boy  or 
girl  who  believes  himself  of  herself  big- 
ger and  stronger  than  "teacher"'  and 
able  to  turn  the  tables  when  the  attempt 
is  made  to  inflict  corporal  punishment. 
lUit  Miss  Anna  Stauffer's  embarrass- 
ment is  due  to  the  interesting  circum- 
stances that  30  of  her  45  pupils  bear  the 
same  family  name  of  Stoltzfus.  If  all 
the  children  in  each  of  the  families  repre- 
sented  were     of     school   age  the   roster 


would  be  greatly  increased,  for  three  oi 
these  families  have  each  seven  sons,  and 
a  fourth  has  six. 

The  patriarch  of  the  tribe  is  the  Rev. 
Samuel  M.  Stoltzfus,  who  has  had  20 
children.  This  is  exactly  the  number  of 
the  children  of  the  great  musical  patri- 
arch, Johann  Sebastian  Bach,  whose 
choral  works  were  lately  performed  in 
the  Moravian  communty  of  Bethlehem, 
which  still  preserves  the  domestic  and 
social  traditions  of  the  pioneers.  Th<" 
Amish  pastor  in  terse  and  simple  lan- 
guage describes  his  household  of  thrift 
and  industry — and  of  such  are  the  salt  of 
the  earth : 

"I  was  a  tenant  farmer  for  many 
years,  and  13  years  ago  bought  my  pres- 
ent farm.  I  soon  found  out  that  to  sup- 
port a  large  family  required  real  hard 
work.  I  started  out  poor.  I  am  not 
wealthy  now,  but  have  reared  a  large 
family,  and  would  not  exchange  posi- 
tions in  life  with  any  man  living — not 
with  Rockefellor  or  Carnegie,  or  any 
millionaire.  We  live  happily.  I  have  a 
good  wife,  who  has  been  blessed  with  ex- 
cellent health.  We  never  had  a  servant, 
because  my  wife  is  a  good  housekeeper. 
SHe  makes  all  the  clothing  for  the  chil- 
dren and  is  economical."  1 

|n  these  few  lines  is  summed  up  tlie 
healthy  philosophy  and  creed  of  human 
happiness.  To  have  sufficient  for  one's 
simple  needs,  and  to  earn  this  compe- 
tency by  the  work  of  one's  own  hands,  in 
the  sweat  of  one's  own  brow,  is  surely  the 
true  and  complete  felicity.  Pastor  Stoltz- 
fus asks  favors  of  no  man.  He  is  a  good 
shepherd  of  a  flock,  a  devoted  father  of 
the  famil,  and  his  example  is  worthy  of 
emulation  on  the  part  of  those  who  have 
outgrown  the  idea  of  finding  happiness 
and  peace  in  the  old-fashioned  patriarch- 
al conception  of  a  communiy  of  interests 
in  a  family  where  the  father  is  at  once 
the  high  priest  and  the  king  who  can  do 
no  wrong. — Public  Ledger. 


OUR  HISTORIC  HERITAGE 


Articles  giving  information  about  the  history  of  the  Germans 
in  the  United  States  from  the  arrival  of  the  first  immigrant  to  the 
present,  of  whatever  section  of  our  country,  of  whatever  vocation  of 
life,  of  whatever  class  or  association,  of  whatever  period  in  a  man's 
life,  as  well  as  discussions  of  questions  of  the  day  so  far  as  Ger- 
man ideals  have  bearing  on  these,  are  to  appear  under  this  general 
head. 


The  Forest  Preacher  on  the  Schoharie 


A  Historical  Tale  of  the  Life  and  Customs  of  the  German 
Americans  of  the  Eighteenth    Century 

By   Frederick  Meyer. 

Translated  from  the  German  by  Professor  E.  A.  Jacobyj  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
(Continued  from  June  Issue) 


Mr.  Kreiscorn  visited  me.  The  re- 
port was  circulated  that  I  had  died,  be- 
cause I  was  not  present  at  the  burial  in 
the  lumber  camp.  The  people  had  heard 
of  Urschel's  illness,  and,  as  often  hap- 
pens on  such  occasions,  confused  our 
names. 

"Who  died  in  the  camp?"  I  inquired. 

"A  Frenchman  was  killed  in  a  row 
over  an  Indian  girl,"  was  the  reply. 

"That  is  awful." 

"No  one  mourns  the  Frenchman,  but 
the  sawmill  and  several  buildings  were 
burned  during  the  fight.  The  English 
and  Dutch  property  owners  are  almost 
crazed  by  the  loss." 

"These  men  are  responsible  for  the  de- 
bauched life  in  the  lumber  camps.  Th-^ 
entire  civilization  which  England  brings 
to  the  Indians  consists  of  drunkenness, 
perfidy  and  adultery." 


"It  is  true,"  Mr.  Kreiscorn  replied. 

"Who  preached  the  funeral  sermon  for 
the  Frenchman?" 

"No  one.  Red  Peter  spoke  very  loud, 
when  the  coffin  was  lowered.  As  I  ap- 
proached, I  noticed  that  Peter  was  furi- 
ous with  anger,  because  no  grave  could 
properly  be  dug  on  account  of  the  frozen 
ground.  Then  some  one  mentioned  to 
him  that  the  grave  was  not  deep  enough. 
Thereupon  Peter  swore  and  cursed  the 
louder.  Nothing  else  was  done  at  the 
burial." 

"What  happened  to  the  murderer?" 

"A  so-called  justice  of  th^  peace  ex- 
amined the  case.  Because  most  of  them 
were  intoxicated  during  the  fight  and 
the  Indian  girl  was  already  up  and  off 
with  another  man,  he  could  indeed  not 
fasten  the  crime  upon  any  one.  His  only 
anxiety   was  to  be  paid  for  examining 


524 


THE   FOREST  PREACHER  ON  THE  SCHOHARIE 


525 


the  case.  The  wise  judge  decreed,  The 
murderer  and  his  victim  are  equally 
g-uiltv,  and  must  share  the  expense  of 
the  trial.'  " 

This  is  called  justice  in  the  name  of 
his  majesty,  the  king-  of  England.  No 
wonder  that  the  Germans  drove  the 
sheriff  out  of  the  settlement. 

I  am  delighted  that  Urschel  is  recov- 
ering from  her  illness. 

The  landlord  sent  me  a  flask  of  whis- 
key with  the  message  that  I  should  be 
sure  to  keep  warm  during  this  cold 
winter. 

CHAPTER  XIII. 

A  terrible  accident  happened  on  Mr. 
Herkimer's  farm.  In  felling  trees,  one 
fell  on  the  spot  where  Mr.  Herkimer 
stood.  It  was  the  last  day  they  wanted 
to  work  in  the  forest  before  starting 
the  spring  work  on  the  farm.  It  is  very 
sad  that  this  faithful  man  must  meet  his 
end  in  this  way.  Mrs.  Herkimer  had  an 
evil  presentiment.  The  night  previous 
she  had  heard  three  very  distinct  knocks 
in  the  house  and  although  the  brave  wo- 
man was  usually  not  superstitious  or 
timid,  fear  seized  her  that  for  a  while 
she  could  not  move  a  muscle.  Her  hus- 
band whom  she  awoke  bantering  her, 
said  that  she  had  eaten  a  very  hearty 
supper,  and  therefore  disturbing  dreams 
Avere  the  penalty. 

They  summoned  me  at  once.  Although 
life  was  not  extinct  when  I  arrived,  he 
breathed  his  last  in  a  few  minutes  with- 
out regaining  consciousness.  This  was 
a  great  pity.  Our  Germans  do  not  dis- 
semble, but  express  their  feelings  freely. 

^Ir.  Herkimer's  youngest  son,  Nicho- 
las, was  not  at  home  at  the  time.  The 
young  man  loved  a  military  life  and  had 
joined  the  army.  He  was  in  the  region 
of  Lake  Champlain  where  a  war  between 
the  French  and  the  English  threatened 
to  break  out.  We  buried  the  father  with- 
out being  able  to  inform  the  son  of  the 
funeral.  Conrad  Weiser  is  on  his  way 
thither  where  he,  commissioned  by  Eng- 


land, should  sign  an  agreement  with  the 
Indians. 

These  obsequies !  I  had  no  idea  that 
so  many  Germans  liven  in  the  vicinity. 
From  every  direction  the  men  had  come. 
Many  brought  shovels  in  order  to  make 
a  road  through  the  deep  snow  drifts. 
Also  all  of  them  had  their  guns  to  ward 
oflf  the  attaeks  of  the  ferocious  wolves. 
As  I  glanced  over  the  crowd  I  indeed 
felt  as  if  it  were  an  army  of  armed  sol- 
diers who  were  starting  on  a  campaign 

Mjr.  Herkimer  was  one  of  the  leaders 
in  the  colony.  On  account  of  his  honesty 
and  his  upright,  quiet  manners,  all  re- 
spected him  and  loved  him  like  a  father. 
Requiescat  in  pace. 

As  I  beheld  the  crowd  of  people,  I  re- 
solved that  a  single  large  church  should 
be  built  at  the  Schoharie,  as  a  far  distant 
visible  token,  center  and  rallying  point 
for  all  Germans  in  the  settlement.  Th6 
many  small  churches  which  exist  in 
Pennsylvania,  as  Conrad  Weiser  has  in- 
formed me,  divide  our  people  into  in- 
numerable mutually  opposed  parties. 
That  shall  not  occur  here,  if  God  grants 
me  life  and  strength. 

How  essential  in  this  work  w^ould  Mr. 
Herkimer's  influence  be !  The  younger 
Weiser  too  belongs  to  us  only  in  part 
With  his  family  he  removed  to  Tulpe- 
hocken  in  Pennsylvania  to  be  near  his 
father  upon  whom  the  burden  of  years 
were  weighing  rather  heavily.  Of  course, 
he  still  owned  a  house  in  Weiser's  vil- 
lage and  spent  a  week  each  year  at  the 
Schoharie.  Would  that  those  of  ad- 
vanced years  might  remain  with  us  as  I 
need  their  services. 

The  young  are  moreover  a  brave  race. 
What  is  bred  in  the  bone  does  not  come 
out  of  the  flesh.  What  women  these 
Germans  do  have ! 

One  of  Red  Peter's  sons  married  Ma- 
ria Illig  during  the  bitterly  cold  weather. 
It  was  a  bad  winter  day.  Field  and  for- 
est were  rigid  with  ice  and  snow,  as  the 
bridal  couple  drove  up  to  my  log  cabin 
and  I  gave  them  the  church's  blessing. 

They  could,  however,  not  slip  past  the 


625 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


landlord  on  this  their  wedding  day.  Th: 
loquacious  tavernkeeper  placed  a  sub- 
stantial meal  before  them,  the  compan- 
ions of  young  Peter  drank  many  a  glass 
to  the  health  of  the  bridal  couple,  and 
•before  they  were  aware  of  it  the  dark 
winter  night  had  set  in.  At  last  tliey 
drove  in  a  sled  toward  their  log  cabin. 
They  had  not  proceeded  far  before  bride 
and  groom  heard  the  shrill  yelp  and 
hungry  cry  of  a  pack  of  fierce  wolves 
The  horses  run  at  top  speed  through  the 
lonesome  forest.  Nearer  came  the 
wolves,  they  feel  the  hot  breath  of  the 
leader.  Thereupon  young  Peter  deals 
him  a  blow  which  sends  the  beast  reeling 
into  the  snow.  But  only  for  a  momen'. 
and  the  wolves  are  again  close  behind 
them.  They  try  to  leap  into  the  sled 
Young  Peter  throws  the  reins  to  his 
bride,  and  grasps  his  pistols.  His  is  a 
steady  hand.  Every  shot  goes  true. 
Scarcely  are  the  pistols  reloaded  before 
the  hungry  wolves  renew  their  attack 
Maria  guides  the  smoking  horses  with  a 
firm  rein  and  sharp  cries.  The  sled  flies 
like  an  arrow.  Clouds  of  snow  and  ice 
conceal  the  track  and  make  the  pur 
suit  of  the  wolves  more  difficult.  Now 
they  see  the  log  cabin.  Again  there  is 
the  report  of  a  pistol.  Another  half 
mile  and  the  foam  covered  steeds  pant- 
ing and  trembling  in  ever  limb  stand 
before  the  house.  One  bound  and  the 
door  was  locked  behind  Maria.  Yoimg 
Peter  fires  the  freshly  loaded  pistols  and 
the  blood  of  the  wolves  dyes  the  snow. 
But  now  the  whole  pack  is  upon  him. 
He  has  no  time  to  reload.  He  defends 
himself  with  the  driving  whip.  Anothei 
moment  and  he  must  fall. 

Suddenly  the  door  opens.  Our  wive.s 
at  the  Schoharie  do  not  swoon  at  the 
sight  of  twenty  or  thirty  fierce  wolves. 
They  are  accustomed  to  the  fight.  The 
young  bride  dashes  out  of  the  door.  In 
her  hands  she  holds  a  blazing  broom. 
She  beats  the  wolves.  They  fear  the  fire. 
Howling  with  pain  and  fear  they  flee 
into  the  forest.  Young  Peter  and  !VIaria 
embrace  each  other.     Thev  enter  the  hut 


and  celebrate  their  wedding  in  peace. 

Something  serious  happened  to  me.  I 
do  not  know  how  I  shall  record  it.  My 
heart  is  so  heavy.  For  two  days  I  have 
not  been  myself.  I  wonder  if  I  shall 
subdue  this.  I  would  rather  remain  for- 
ever silent.  On  account  of  what  fol- 
lows I  must  relate  it.  O  Peter  Kesig, 
why  must  this  befall  you?  I  almost  be- 
lieve with  the  Brahmin  of  India,  in  an 
earlier  existence,  for  in  this  life  I  have 
certainly  not  deserved  all  my  afflictions. 

After  the  Easter  holidavs  Jonathan 
Schmul  came  into  the  settlement.  He 
visited  me  and  without  noticing  how  he 
was  grieving  me  he  quite  coolly  re- 
marked : 

"Catharine  Weisenberg  met  wdth  great 
e^ood  fortune  in  America.  She  married 
Sir  William  Johnson,  who  is  the  richest 
man  outsde  of  the  city  of  New  York.'' 

"Impossible,"  I  said,  and  forced  my- 
self to  betray  no  sign  of  disappointment. 
"Rich  and  haughty  dames  are  Johnson's 
equals,  not  poor  German  servant  girls." 

"It  is  true,"  Mr.  Schmul  replied,  "but 
they  are  a  bad  lot.  Thev  threw  them- 
selves away  on  Sir  William  Johnson. 
He  wants  a  true  wife  not  a  gay  and 
painted  woman  who  loves  him  for  his 
morey  alone.  For  this  reason  he  tempt- 
ed Catharine  and  said  to  me,  'Jonathan 
Schmul,  she  is  a  woman  who  would 
rather  yield  her  life  than  her  honor.' 
The  result  was,  he  married  the  girl.'' 

"But  she  still  has  two  years  to  serve." 

"Truly,  but  the  laws  are  made  for 
poor  men,  not  for  rich  like  Sir  William 
Johnson." 

"He  might  be  sued!" 

"A  suit  at  law  costs  more  than  Mr. 
\'an  der  Held  is  willing  to  spentl  for  a 
servant  girl." 

"Was  Catharine  willing  to  marry 
him?" 

"Certainly.  Johnson  is  rich,  and  is  a 
great  man.  He  is  a  good  man,  he  re- 
spects the  girl  and  will  care  for  her  ten- 
derly." 

I  sat  alone  the  entire  evening.     With 


CUREENT  LIFE  Al'.D  THOUGHT 


527 


stoical  calm  I  must  submit  to  the  inevi- 
table. As  I  prepared  to  retire,  great 
biterness  ami  anguish  seized  me.  Rest- 
ing my  arms  on  the  tabic  I  stood  for 
two  Tong  hours.  I  was  fearful  of  the 
barren  loveless  life  of  a  bachelor  dis- 
dained alike  by  God  and  mart.  I  must 
acquire  household  effects.  I  want  chil- 
dren around  me.  How  shall  1  accom- 
l)lish  this.  O  God!  God! 

I  sit  and  wait  wdiile  others  acquire 
property ! 

CHAPTER  XIV. 

Many  years  have  passed  since  I  wrote 
the  last  chapter.  Strange  feelings  seize 
me,  as  I  pore  over  the  old  papers  and 
live  the  past  over  agan. 

How  things  have  changed  at  the 
Schoharie.  My  title  of  "Forest  Preach- 
er" no  longer  applies  to  me.  The  forests 
have  disappeared  from  the  valleys.  The 
tar  manufacturers  have  departed.  Only 
the  "Lumber  Camp"  with  its  devastat- 
ing work  is  still  on  the  hills.  The  wil- 
derness through  the  industry  of  the  far- 
mers has  been  converted  into  a  paradise. 
The  envious  persons  have  also  remained 
behind  and  have  done  us  great  harm.  In 
my  old  age  I  have  surrounded  myself 
with  a  family  which  will  be  the  subject 
of  a  future  narrative. 

War  broke  out  between  the  French 
and  English.  Several  times  we  feared 
the  attacks  of  the  French  with  their  In- 
dian allies.  Wild  rumors  reached  the 
valley  of  the  cruel  deeds  of  the  Indians. 
These  are  evil  times  in  whicji  we  live. 

I  was  greatly  pleased  by  the  visit  of 
my  friend  Conrad  Weiser  during  the 
spring. 

"You  are  a  stranger  in  my  house,"  I 
said  taking  his  hand. 

"I  believe  it."  Parson.  "I  am  a 
stranger  among  my  other  friends  and 
■acquaintances  in  the  valley,  a  stranger 
even  in  my  own  house." 

"You  have  not  become  a  Cain,  a  fugi- 
tive and  vagabond  upon  earth  ?" 


"Almost,  only  it  is  a  good  spirit  that 
drives  me  forth  into  the  wilderness." 

"Pray,  tell  me." 

"I  will,  I  will.  1  must  first  make  a  re- 
quest of  you.  Over  in  the  Catskill 
mountains  I  have  an  old  acquaintance 
whose  wife  is  sick.  I  truly  believe  she 
is  demented.  My  wish  is  that  you  visit 
this  sick  woman.  I  have  brought  two 
horses  with  me.  and  if  we  mount  at  once, 
we  will  reach  the  Lumber  Camp  before 
night." 

Quickly  I  packed  my  medicines  and 
took  a  New  Testament.  In  a  short  time 
we  were  making  our  way  up  the  valle} 
toward  the  mountains  which  beckoned  to 
us  in  the  distance. 

"Truly  my  life  is  that  of  a  wanderer," 
Weiser  said  at  last.  "I  resemble  mv 
father.  What  did  the  man  not  endure!* 
One  can  scarcely  believe  that  a  man  can 
suffer  so  much.  Peace  to  his  memory. 
The  evening  of  his  life  which  -he  spent 
with  me  was  calm  and  peaceful,  like  the 
setting  sun  after  a  thunder  storm  on  a 
summer's  evening.  Fle  sleeps  beside  the 
little  church  which  we  built  on  our  farm 
I.  his  son,  fare  no  better.  The  quarrel 
of  the  nations  allows  me.  no  peace.  The 
governor  wants  me  to  settle  the  quarrels 
for  him." 

"Isn't  it  wonderful."  I  remarked, 
"that  we.  too,  here  at  the  end  of  tl;e 
world  should  be  drawn  into  the  quarrel  of 
the  nations?  We  fled  from  Germany  to 
the  Schoharie  in  order  to  escape  the  op- 
pressions and  exactions  of  the  French 
and  now  we  must  endure  still  greater  in- 
justice at  the  hands  of  our  national 
enemy." 

"It  is  a  fact,"  Weiser  replied.  "A 
man  cannot  avoid  the  most  vital  ques- 
tions and  contests  of  his  time.  Mankind 
constitutes  an  entirety.  Therefore,  pas- 
tor, the  church  teaches  the  existence  of 
inherited  sin.  If  one  part  fails,  the  pun- 
ishment is  visited  upon  the  entire  nation. 
As  the  religious  wars  of  the  Reforma- 
tion found  their  re-echo  at  the  St.  Law- 
rence and  St.  John,  so  will  the  German 
farmers  in  the  settlement  become  in- 
volved in  the  strife,  whereby,  I  hope,  the 


528 


THE   PENN  GERMANIA 


French  will  be  driven  forever  from  the 
control  of  America  by  the  Germans." 

"Then  we  shall  no  longer  read  of  the 
wild  west,  because  we  are  as  near  to 
civilization  as  Paris,  London,  or  Berlin," 
I  replied. 

"For  the  Prussians  I  have  respect. 
There  a  young  prince  ascended  the 
throne  of  his  fathers,  Frederick  II,  who 
has  accomplished  heroic  deeds  which 
have  revived  the  confidence  of  the  Ger- 
mans in  his  race  and  the  future  of  his 
people." 

"God  grant  it!  But  a  campaign  of 
Prussian  arms  will  not  do  it.  We  need 
a  German  literature.  We  must  become 
a  nation  that  has  spirit  and  thoughts  if 
we  wish  to  direct  other  nations." 

"Very  well!  We  have  even  signs  of 
that.  During  Christmas  I  was  in  New- 
York.  The  governor  took  me  to  a  the- 
atre or  something  of  the  kind.  The  en- 
tire story  of  the  sufferings  and  death  of 
our  Saviour  was  sung.  I  wept  and  re- 
joiced. It  must  be  beautiful  in  heaven. 
A  man  sanp-  first :  'Comfort,  comfort  ruy 
people.'  Then  a  woman's  voice  took  up 
the  song  and  when  she  came  to  the 
strain.  'Unto  us  a  child  is  'born,'  at  once 
the  whole  choir  and  orchestra  joined  in, 
'Wonderful  Counsellor,  Mighty  Re- 
deemer, Everlasting  Father,  Prince  oi 
Peace.'  Then  came  another  part  when 
all   present  arose,  and  the  governor  in- 


formed me,  that  this  was  the  'Great  Hal- 
leluia  Chorus.'  I  can  not  describe  the 
singing.  I  could  not  sleep  that  nig'ht. 
A  German,  Handel  by  name,  wrote  the 
music.  He  is  still  living  in  England. 
Here  we  have  the  beginning  of  German 
literature." 

"What  is  the  governor's  opinion  of  the 
settlers?" 

"He  is  a  deceitful  man.  I  don't  truest 
him.  I  am,  of  course,  in  his  employ 
while  he  needs  me  as  'his  agent  to  the  In- 
dians. I  have  mentioned  that  the  Prus- 
sians and  French  are  at  war.  For  some 
reason  of  their  own  England  sympa- 
thizes with  the  Germans.  For  this  rea- 
son the  war  broke  out  in  America.  I 
shall  try  to  win  the  Six  Nations  (Iro- 
quois) to  our  side.  This  is  a  hard  task 
because  the  Indians  like  the  French  bet- 
ter than  the  English.  The  French  do 
not  work  and  take  the  land  away  from 
the  Indians,  like  the  English  and  Ger- 
mans do.  They  marry  Indian  women 
and  sink  to  their  rank.  I  do  not  trust 
the  savages  this  time  and  I  advised  Nich- 
olas Herkimer  to  keep  his  powder  dry. 
War  will  come  before  the  year  is 
ended." 

"Herkimer  is  a  clever  man.  When  I 
recall  how  he  assisted  me  in  constructing 
the  altar,  then  I  am  aware  that  I  am  be- 
coming old." 


The  Pastorius  Protest  and  the  Real 


Beginning  of  the  German  Immigration. 

A  Reply  to  H.  A.  Rattermann 
By  Wilhelm  Kaufmann,  Cleveland,   O. 


yOUR  kind  invitation,  Mr. 
Editor,  to  reply  to  Mr. 
Rattermann's  article  in  the 
January  edition  of  the 
Pennsylvania  German  was 
received  in  May.  As  the 
question  in  dispute  is  of 
great  importance,  it  may  not  be  too  late 
now  to  reply  to  it.  I  shall  do  so  in  the 
spirit  of  the  consciousness  that  we  all 
are  seekers  of  the  truth. 

I  am  told  by  my  friend  Rattermann 
that  Pastorius,  not  being-  a  member  of 
the  Assembly  of  Pennsylvania  in  1688, 
could  not  submit  'his  protest  against 
slavery  to  that  body.  Indeed  it  is  doubt- 
ful if  Pastorius  belonged  to  the  Provin- 
cial Assembly,  although  Dr.  Seiden- 
sticker  (Festschrift  von  1883)  claims 
that  he  did.  But  there  can  be  no  doubt 
that  a  protest  signed  by  one  of  the  most 
intimate  friends  of  Governor  Penn  and 
by  three  other  reputable  citizens  would 
have  been  received  by  the  Assembly  in 
the  form  of  a  petition.  A  record  of  such 
a  proceeding  would  'have  been  entered 
upon  the  minutes  and  thereby  the  mat- 
ter would  have  become  public  property, 
open  for  discussion  and  agitation.  Is^oth- 
ing  more  could  be  expected  by  the  op- 
ponents of  slavery  in  1688.  The  de- 
cision with  regard  to  slavery,  being  a  na- 
tional question  of  great  importance,  of 
course  belonged  to  the  General  Govern- 
ment. But  the  Provincial  Assemblies 
have  often  used  the  channels  of  petition 
and  in  some  cases  those  of  recommenda- 
tion (as  in  \'irginia,  1750)  to  bring  the 


slavery  question  to  the  attention  of  the 
London  authorities.  Instead  of  submit- 
ting ihis  protest  to  the  Assembly,  Pastori- 
us sent  his  document  to  the  representa- 
tives of  the  Quakers,  where  he  met  with 
defeat.  The  pious  brethren  paid  very 
little  attention  to  the  matter  and  the  pro- 
test having  been  referred  to  the  highest 
tribunal  of  the  Denomination,  disap- 
peared at  last  among  the  many  papers  of 
minor  value.  About  150  years  later  it 
was  discovered  there  and  it  is  by  this  ac- 
cident only  that  we  know  that  as  early 
as  1688  such  a  movement  had  been  in 
progress.  A  man  of  energy,  or  a  person 
with  the  instincts  of  a  heroic  character 
would  have  acted  differently.  He  woul'l 
have  braved  opposition  and  would  have 
sought  for  publicity  instead  of  avoiding 
it.  The  whole  proceeding  shows  that 
Pastorius  was  a  man  of  the  best  inten- 
tions, but  that  he  lacked  the  courage  to 
proclaim  publicly  what  he  considered  to 
be  just  and  right.  He  had  the  heart,  but 
not  the  force  of  a  true  reformer. 

Pastorius  was  an  excellent  and  an 
honest  administrator  of  the  small  colony 
which  he  established,  the  model  of  a 
peaceful  citizen  and  a  true  patriarch,  but 
among  the  many  brave  and  manly  pio- 
neers who  made  Pennsylvanfa,  he  will 
hardly  be  counted  as  one  of  the  most 
prominent  leaders.  And  if  we  seek  for  a 
type  of  the  hardy  pioneer  of  our  race  we 
ought  to  be  slow  in  selecting  the  Patri- 
arch of  Germantown.  He  will  always  be 
remembered  with  reverence  and  esteem, 
and  the    fact  that   he   foresaw   with   the 


529 


53° 


THE  PENN  GERMANIA 


prophetic  eye  of  the  poet,  the  g-lorious 
future  of  the  colonies,  ought  never  to  bo 
forgotten.  But  there  is  hardly  an  ele- 
ment of  heroism  in  his  lifework,  and  no 
display  of  energy  aside  from  the  admin- 
istration work  in  Germantown.  He  was 
gifted  with  an  abundance  of  mental 
powers  to  act  as  an  organizer  on  a  more 
extended  plane  and  the  opportunities  to 
become  a  prominent  leader  in  the  colony 
were  open  to  'him,  but  he  preferred  the 
simple  life  of  a  lover  of  flowers.  His 
literary  productions  in  seven  languages 
have  been  collected,  but  it  is  safe  to  say 
that  nine-tenths  of  the  contents  might 
just  as  well  have  seen  the  light  of  publi- 
cation in  Sommershausen  or  in  Crefeld. 

This  is  substantially  what  I  have  stat- 
ed in  the  appendix  to  my  book  "Die 
Deutschen  im  Amerikanischen  Buerger- 
kriege."  I  do  not  believe  that  sentiment 
jhould  be  our  guide  in  writing  history, 
md  I  do  not  think  that  it  is  warranted 
.0  clothe  the  figure  of  the  Patriarch  with 
the  mantle  of  heroism.  But  this  has  been 
done,  especially  by  the  gentlemen  who 
act  as  orators  at  the  Deutsche  Tag  cele- 
brations. Let  me  insert  here  that  these 
festivals  are  too  often  repeated,  thereby 
losing  much  of  their  force  as  demonstra- 
tions. The  "spellbinders"  at  such  occa- 
sions have  almost  exclusively  dwelt  on 
the  Pastorius  episode,  they  have  made 
the  Patriarch  the  hero,  it  might  be  said, 
the  single  hero  of  German  Pioneerdom. 
This  is  not  only  an  unhistoric  conception 
of  the  personality  of  Pastorius  but  it  is 
also  an  ujijust  slight  of  the  many  brave 
men  of  our  race,  who  wrote  their  poetry 
by  means  of  the  broadaxe  and  the  plow. 
The  erection  of  the  monument  in  Ger- 
jiantown  has,  in  the  estimation  of  many 
I  German  all  over  the  country,  increased 
this  wrong  conception.  Our  friends  do 
not  consider  that  the  monument  should 
be  looked  upon  as  a  markstone  of  German 
pioneerdom  in  general  and  they  regard 
it  more  in  the  light  of  a  personal  glorifi- 
cation of  Pastorius. 

Pastorius  had  no  knowledge,  whatever 
of  the  earlier  immigrations  of  Germans 


and  he  honestly  believed  that  his  little 
band  of  weavers  from  Crefeld  were  the 
first  German  pioneers  of  America.  But 
this  illusion  has  been  destroyed  by  his- 
torical researches.  If  a  certain  year 
must  be  selected  to  establish  the  date  of 
the  beginning  of  German  immigration 
the  year  1620,  the  time  of  the  landing  of 
the  Mayflower  pilgrims,  is  the  more  cor- 
rect date.  The  Germans  took  part  in 
the  first  exploration  of  what  is  now  the 
United  States.  There  were  three  dis- 
tinct zones  of  German  settlements  in  the 
17th  century. 

I.  The  immigration  to  New  Nether- 
land  (New  York)  beginning  even  a  few 
years  earlier  than  1620,  gaining  consider- 
able proportions  in  1635-1645  and  con- 
tnuing  after  the  English  occupatiou  of 
the  town  in  1664. 

n.  As  the  German  immigration  to 
New  Sweden  on  the  Delaware  was  prin- 
pally  caused  by  a  publication  in  Frank- 
furt (Main)  in  1633,  there  is  good  rea- 
son to  call  this  immigration  the  first  at- 
tempt of  an  organised  movement.  The 
print  in  question  was  called  "Argonautica 
Gustaviana"  and  was  authorized  by  ]\'mg 
Gustav  Adolph,  the  hero  of  the  Thirty 
Years  War.  In  1642  fifty-four  German 
families  arrived  on  the  Delaware,  more 
than  four  times  as  many  as  the  Pastorius 
flock  39  years  later. 

III.  The  Pastorius  immigration  of 
1683.  The  increase  which  Germantown 
received  during  the  next  twenty-five 
years  consisted  of  Mennonites  and  other 
sectarians,  who  had  left  their  home 
country  on  account  of  religious  motives. 
The  large  German  immigration  which 
started  in  17 10  was  composed  mostly  of 
fugitives  from  the  Palatinate  who  had 
lost  their  property  by  the  French  inva- 
sions. 

Rattermann  admits  that  a  third  and 
perhaps  one-half  of  the  Dutch  of  New 
Netherland  have  been  Germans  and  that 
the  Swedish  Colony  also  has  contained  a 
large  German  element.  But  he  main- 
tains that  these  Germans  immigrated  as 
Dutch  and  Scandinavins  while  Pastori.ns 


THE  PASTORIUS   PROTEST 


531 


and  his  followers  should  be  considered  as 
the  first  German  immigrants. 

The  three  separate  bodies  named  stood 
in  the  same  relation  to  the  authorities  in 
the  three  colonies.  Each  set  came  as 
German  home  seekers,  bought  or  rented 
land  from  the  Dutch  in  New  Nether- 
land,  from  the  Swedes  on  the  Delaware 
and  from  the  English  in  Penn's  Domin- 
ion. Each  party  lived  under  the  law  of 
the  colony  to  which  they  had  drifted  by 
choice  or  by  chance  and  the  majority, 
perhaps  all  of  them,  became  citizens  in 
due  time.  From  the  moment  of  em- 
barcation  they  'had  lost  their  rights  as 
German  subjects,  whatever  these  rights 
may  have  been.  The  fatherland  did  not 
care  for  them,  in  fact  the  political  com- 
plications of  Germany  did  not  permit 
any  protection,  and  the  fugitives  never 
asked  for  such  favors ;  they  were  glad  to 
have  escaped  from  conditions  which  were 
little  different  from  outright  slavery. 
Mr.  Rattermann's  attempt  to  except  the 
Germantown  people  from  the  position  of 
the  other  two  groups  of  newcomers 
seems  to  be  dictated  by  sentiment.  It  is 
of  very  small  importance,  if  a  few  hun- 
dred Germans  in  Germantown,  closely 
united  by  the  powerful  bonds  of  religion, 
have  retained  their  German  proclivities 
through  several  generations,  while  their 
countrymen  in  other  parts  Americanized 
more  or  less  after  a  shorter  stay  in  the 
country. 

The  question  of  the  real  beginning  of 
German  immigration  is  not  to  be  decided 
by  such  arguments  as  the  printing  of  the 
German  Bible  at  Germantown  or  the  ap- 
pearance of  the  first  German  newspaper, 
neither  by  local  pride  or  by  the  claim  of 
Pastorius  that  he  and  his  followers 
should  be  considered  the  first  immigrants 
of  our  nationality.  The  date  of  arrival 
in  this  country  is  the  only  way  to  decide 
this  question.  We  have  no  census  of  the 
Germans  of  New  Amsterdam,  but  there 
is  enough  circumstantial  evidence  to 
prove  that  their  number  as  early  as  1625 
must  have  been  larger  than  that  of  the 
Pastorius  party.     The     State     of     New 


York  as  well  as  the  city  have  for  many 
years  appropriated  money  to  collect  all 
the  obtainable  details  of  the  history  ot 
New  Netherland.  By  this  support  the 
following  important  works  have  been 
published : 

O'Callaghan,  "Documentary  History 
of  the  State  of  New  York"  (four  vol- 
umes). 

Broadhcad's  Historical  Work. 
Fernozv,  B.,  "Records  of  Ngw  Amster- 
the  Colonial  History"  (11  volumes). 

Fernozv,  B.,  "Records  of  New  Amster- 
dam" (seven  volumes). 

I  have  carefully  examined  O'Callaghan 
and  Broadhead.     Among  the  names  of 
pioneers  mentioned     I     found  85     men, 
nearly  all  of  them  supposed  to  be  heads 
of   families,   whose   places  of  birth   was 
added  to  the  names,  thereby  clearly  indi- 
cating that  they  hailed  from  the  interior 
of   Germany.     But  there  are  mentioned 
about  six  or  eight  times  as  many  names, 
without  this  identification.  It  seems  to  be 
more  of  an  accident,  that  the   place   of 
birth  is  affixed     to     a     name.     The  best 
source    for    such     identification  is  to  be 
found   in  the   passenger  lists   of  vessels 
arriving  at  New  Amsterdam.     Such  lists 
have  been  preserved  covering  a   period 
of  seven  years  only   (from    1657- 1664). 
The   lists   for   the   previous   35-40   years 
are  missing.     I   will  cite  a  sample  case 
from  O'Callaghan's  "Documentary  His- 
tory.    Among     the     passages     of     the 
ship   "Otter"  arriving  in    1660   were    14 
"Dutch"  soldiers,  to  wit :  Jacob  Loyseler 
from    Frankfurt   (Main),  John    Vresen 
from  Ha)nbnrg,  Thomas  Vorstuydt  from 
Bremen,    Herman   Haellings   from    Ver- 
den  (on  the  Weser)Jan  Vaex  from  Neu- 
stadt,  Jan  Bier  from  Bonn.     The  place 
of   birth   of   the   other   eight    soldiers   is 
not   stated.     The     Loyseler     mentioned 
above  is  Jacob  Leisler,  later  on  the  lead- 
er of  a  patriotic  uprising  of  the  people 
of  New  York.     In  the  passenger  lists  of 
other  vessels  the  birth-place  is  affixed  to 
about  one  in  eight  names.     Still  we  find 
there  quite  a  number  of  men  from  Ger- 
many.    It  is  probable  that  their  number 
was  three  or  four  times  as  large  as  the 


53- 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


lists  would  indicate.  The  number  which 
I  could  identify  in  this  list  and  in  other 
documents  may  appear  to  be  small  (85 
in  all)  but  it  should  be  remembered  that 
New  Netherland  was  very  thinly  popu- 
l^d,  containing  about  10,000  white  in- 
habitants in  1664,  at  the  time  of  the 
English  occupation.  New  Amsterdam 
(now  New  York  City)  in  1628  had  270 
inhabitants,  1652  600-700,  1664  about 
1500.  But  among  the  municipal  officers 
of  the  little  town  we  find  as  early  as 
1626  several  natives  of  Germany,  even 
the  Dutch  Governor  (Minuit)  hailing 
from  Germany.  The  "fiscal,"  a  sort  of 
city  treasurer,  was  Ulrich  Lupoid,  born 
in  Stade  near  Hamburg,  the  first  physi 
cian,  Dr.  Kierstade  immigrating  from 
Magdeburg  and  the  leader  of  the  City 
Council  im  later  years  was  Peter  Keiter, 
born  in  the  Ditmarschen  country.  He 
was  known  by  the  name  of  J.  Peter  van 
Kuyter  which  shows  that  the  changing 
of  German  names  did  not  originate  in 
Pennsylvania.  Among  the  most  im- 
portant men  in  the  Dutch  town  was  Au- 
gustin  Herrmann,  a  German  from  Prag, 
later  on  the  diplomatic  advisor  of  Gov- 
ernor Stuyvesant. 

^  great  deal  of  interesting  material 
has  been  collected  by  Mr.  Otto  Lohr  for 
the  New  Yorker  Staatszeitung.  This 
material  has  been  gathered  from  other 
sources  than  those  which  I  have  used 
According  to  Mr.  Lohr,  Heinrich  Chris- 
tiansen, born  in  Cleve,  Germany,  arrived 
on  the  Hudson  as  early  as  1614.  He 
built  the  first  house  on  Manhattan. 
Christiansen  was  the  captain  of  a  ves- 
sel which  made  ten  trips  between  Hol- 
land and  her  new  Colony.  Among  the 
pastors  of  the  Dutch  Reformed  church 
two,  Drisch  and  Polheim,  were  Germans, 
Drisch  hailing  from  the  Palatinate.  The 
two  Lutheran  pastors  of  New  Amster- 
dam, Gutwasser  and  Fabricus,  were 
called  from  Germany.  Nearly  all  the 
Lutherans  in  the  town  were  Germans,  a 
fact  stated  by  Senior  Muhlenberg  in  the 
Hallesche  Nachrichten. 

Accordinsf  to  Lohr  some  of  the  richest 


merchants  of  New  Amsterdam  were 
Germans,  among  them  Nicolaus  de  Mey- 
er from  Hamburg,  Paul  Schrick  from 
Nuernberg,  Ebbing,  Leisler  and  van  der 
Beck.  Wilhelm  Beckmann  "goodfather" 
of  Beekman  Street,  was  born  in  Holland 
but  his  father  hailed  from  Koeln.  Dan. 
Litsche  from  Coeslin  (Prussia)  kept  the 
first  hotel  of  the  town.  B.  Jorrisen  from 
Hirschberg  (Silesia)  owned  farms,  sev- 
eral mills  and  a  ship.  Another  rich  Ger- 
man was  Johann  Haberdink,  a  West- 
phalian — ^John  Street  was  named  after 
him.  He  left  real  estate  to  the  Dutch 
Reformed  church,  which  drew  a  prince- 
ly income  from  this  gift.  Some  of  the 
first  families  of  present  New  York 
sprang  from  German  parentage.  The 
Carmers  from  Abraham  Karmer,  a  na- 
tive of  Hamburg,  who  in  1656  was  estab- 
lished on  Wall  Street.  The  Hoffman 
family  are  descendants  from  a  German 
born  in  Reval  (now  in  the  Baltic  pro- 
vince of  Russia).  The  first  of  the  Mess- 
lers  came  from  Worms,  of  the  Remsens 
from  Oldenburg,  of. the  Schurmans  from 
Bremen  (this  pioneer  immigrated  in 
1649).  The  Schoonmakers'  European 
home  is  Hamburg,  that  of  the  Broeckj, 
Muenster,  the  van  Buskirks  hail  from 
Holstein,  the  Zabrieskies  are  descendants 
of  Albert  Zaborowski,  born  in  East  Prus- 
sia and  an  immigrant  in  1661.  Many 
more  details  could  be  furnished,  but  the 
above  will  be  sufficent  for  the  purpose 
stated.  The  Germans  of  the  lower 
Rhine,  of  Westphalia  and  in  fact  of  all 
northern  Germany  spoke  the  same  Ian 
guage.  Separation  of  Holland  from 
Germany  took  place  about  the  middle  of 
the  i6th  century  and  the  official  recog- 
nition of  the  Netherlands  as  a  separate 
nation  as  late  as  1648.  There  was  hard- 
ly any  difference  between  the  Dutch  an:' 
the  Germans  at  the  period  in  question 
and  it  would  not  be  much  out  of  the  way 
to  treat  the  two  people  as  one. 

Holland,  towards  the  beginning  of  the 
17th  century  had  become  a  harbor  of 
refuge  to  the  fugitives  from  the  neigh- 
boring    countries.     The     fact     that    the 


THE    PASTORIUS   PROTEST 


5- 


Mayflower  pilgrims  started  on  their 
eventful  journey  from  the  Dutch  city  of 
Leyden  may  be  mentioned  .although 
known  to  everybody.  From  France  a 
large  numibcr  of  Huguenots  sought  shel- 
ter in  Holland.  Rut  the  most  fugitives 
came  from  Germany ;  sectarians  of  dif- 
ferent denominations  and     people     who 


were  driven  by  the  horrors  of  the  Thirty 
Years  War.  But  these  fugitives  speak- 
ing the  same  language,  could  hardly  be 
distinguished  from  the  real  Dutch.  Many 
of  them  drifted  to  foreign  lands,  to  the 
Dutch  possessions  in  Asia  as  well  as  to 
the  West  Indies,  including  New  Nether- 
land. 


The  Coming     "The  battle  of  the  Refor- 
Battle  mation  must  be  fought  over 

again  in  this  twentieth  cen- 
tury ;   everythng  points   that  way."     So 
said  one  of  our  city  pastors  who  is  fa- 
miliar with  modern  currents  of  thought. 
He  does  not    stand    alone  in    that  view. 
Nearly  all  the  Lutheran  pastors  and  the- 
ologians who  have  seen  twenty  or  more 
years  in  the  ministry     are     aware  that 
sweeping   changes    have   taken   place    in 
matters  of  faith  during  the  last  tw^o  or 
three  decades.  What  really  has  happened  ? 
First,  a  radical  change     of     attitude  to- 
ward the  Bible  has  taken  place.     Think 
of  the  hue  and  cry  that  would  have  been 
.  raised  in  the  churches  had  the  Bible  been 
robbed  of  its  supernatural  elements  and 
character   twenty   years   ago   as   has   re- 
cently been  done  in  the  Sunday  school 
literature  that  is  being  placed  into  the 
hands  of  the  majority  of  young-  children 
in  the  Protestant  communions  of  Ameri- 
ica !     Now  there  is  but  a  ripple  of  oppo- 
sition as  compared  to  what  there  would 
have  been  then.     To  any  one  who  is  fa- 
miliar with  the  literature  on  this  subject, 
it     is     astonishing  with     what     rapidity 
miracle  has  been  read  out  of  the  Bible 
and  myth  read  into  it. 

Second,  there     has     been     a     radical 


change  of  attitude  toward  the  central 
teaching  of  the  Bible.  What  has  become 
of  the  doctrine  of  justification  by  faith? 
How  completely  it  has  been  overshad- 
owed by  teachings  that  lie  on  the  circum- 
ference of  the  Christian  faith !  How  the 
ethical  content  of  the  Scriptures  has  been 
placed  into  the  foreground,  and  how  the 
preaching  of  sin  and  guilt  and  repentance 
and  faith  has  been  thrust  into  the  back- 
ground !  Christ  in  us,  and  not  Christ  for 
us — Christ  as  our  pattern,  and  not  Christ 
as  our  Sacrifice  for  sin — Christ  as  our 
preacher,  and  not  Christ  as  our  Priest, — 
has  become  the  prevailing  theme  in  many 
pulpits,  as  we  all  know.  Thus  robbed  of 
its  kernel,  what  is  the  Gospel  worth? 

There  are  real  foes  for  us  to  meet,  and 
the  time  for  valiant  fighting  has  come.  If 
the  Reformation  was  not  a  failure;  if  it 
preserved  for  the  world  a  heritage  of 
faith  that  is  worth  holding  fast;  then  h 
is  high  time  that  we  gird  on  our  armor 
and  prepare  for  the  coming;  battle.  Some 
of  the  little  things  that  absorb  so  much 
of  our  time  and  energy  must  be  set  aside 
and  we  must  face  the  great  issues  of  our 
faith  like  men  who  wrestle  not  with  flesh 
and  blood,  but  with  powers  and  princi- 
palities.— The  Lutheran. 


A  Visit  to  the  Ephrata  Cloister 

By  Rev,  A.  O.  Reiter,  Pottsville,  Pa. 


HE  concert  of  the  previous 
evening,  the  first  of  the 
season  of  1890  and  1891, 
had  been  voted  a  success, 
and  "the  boys"  of  the 
Franklin  and  Marshall 
College  Glee  Club  were 
correspondingly  happy.  A  beautiful  No- 
vember morning,  clear  and  crisp,  de- 
manded action.  To  loaf  at  the  hotel  un- 
til train  time  without  getting  into  some 
kind  of  an  escapade,  to  such  an  aggrega- 
tion of  young  Americans  on  such  a 
morning  would  have  been  impossible. 
What  should  we  do?  Someone,  more  or 
less  familiar  with  the  history  of  Ephrata 
and  the  strange  religious  doings  of  the 
sect  that  Conrad  Beissel  had  organized 
there,  proposed  a  visit  to  the  old  Cloister. 
I  had  been  born  and  reared  some  hun- 
dreds of  miles  from  Ephrata  and,  of 
course,  knew  nothing  of  either.  But 
curiosity  was  aroused.  They  told  us  of 
a  wonderful  Bible,  printed  and  illustrat- 
ed in  various  colored  inks,  and  all  done 
by  hand  and  with  quill  pens,  of  a  basket 
the  Sisters  once  made  with  a  view  to 
carrying  larger  quantities  of  clothing  to 
the  line  than  they  had  formerly  been  able 
to  do,  only  to  find  after  the  basket  was 
finished  that  no  door  or  window  in  the 
building  was  large  enough  to  allow  the 
passage  of  the  basket;  and,  strangest  of 
all,  of  huge  human  footprints  produced 
by  some  sort  of  "hexerei"  which  were  to 
be  seen  on  the  ceiling  of  the  "saal"  or 
chapel.  Of  course  we  wanted  to  go. 
The  landlord  told  us  it  would  be  useless, 
that  no  strangers  had  'been  admitted  to 
the  Cloister  within  the  memory  of  man, 
except  a  reporter  for  a  Philadelphia  pa- 
per, who  some  fifteen  years  before  had 
wheedled  himself  in  and  had  "writ- 
ten  up"   the   institution.      But  that    fact 


only  made  us  the  more  determined  to 
try  our  luck.  Even  if  ordinary  strangers 
could  not  get  in,  if  a  reporter  had  ac- 
complished the  impossible,  we  could  try, 
and  at  least  have  the  fun  of  trying. 

A  short  walk  brought  us  to  the  door 
of  the  Cloister,  where  our  arrival  was 
announced  by  the  barking  of  a  black  and 
tan  terrier.  In  answer  to  our  knock  a 
middle  aged  servant  woman  came  to  the 
door  and  promptly  but  politely  refused 
our  request  for  admission,  saying  that 
"the  old  lady"  was  in  bed  and  must  nol 
be  disturbed.  But  we  were  insistent, 
telling  her  that  we  did  not  wish  to  dis- 
turb "the  old  lady"  or  her  slumbers.  We 
should  be  satisfied  to  see  the  saal,  the 
basket  and  the  Bible,  and  urged  her  to 
secure  us  that  privilege. 

A  tip  or  two  probably  helped  some.  At 
all  events  she  promised  to  see  "the  old 
lady"  and  if  possible  secure  admission 
for  us.  She  disappeared  but  soon  re- 
turned telling  us  that  we  could  not  be 
admitted.  On  one  pretext  or  another  we 
sent  her  in  three  times  to  secure  the  cov- 
eted permission  only  to  meet  with  refus- 
al. It  seemed  useless  to  wait  longer,  and 
we  were  turning  to  go  when  some  one — - 
I  think  it  was  myself — proposed  that  we 
should  at  least  give  "the  old  lady"  a 
song  before  leaving.  And  remembering 
that  she  was  old,  we  started  in  with  a 
song  that  was  popular  when  our  grand- 
mothers were  girls.  Whether  Christina 
Bauman,  the  lone  occupant  of  the  clois- 
ter that  morning,  the  last  of  the  sister- 
hood who  had  once  filled  its  cells,  in  the 
days  before  she  took  her  vows  of  chas- 
tity, poverty  and  obedience  had  ever 
heard  and  loved  that  song  or  not  I  do 
not  know.  At  all  events  it  was  a  song 
of  the  days  of  her  childhood.  And  while 
Carter   of   Princeton,   in   an   hour   inspi- 


534 


A   VISIT    TO  THE   EPHRATA  CLOISTER 


535 


ration,  had  given  to  it  a  setting  for  male 
voices,  most  beautiful  and  impressive, 
the  melody  remained  the  same  that  gen- 
erations before  us  had  sung.  The  song 
was  Annie  Lyle. 

We  had  sung  the  first  verse  and  cho- 
rus and  were  just  starting  on  the  second 
verse,  when  the  servant  again  appeared 
in  the  doorway.  Furtively  wiping  her 
eyes  with  the  corner  of  her  apron,  she 
told  us  that  our  singing  had  touched  the 
old  lady's  heart  and  that  she  wanted  us 
to  come  inside  and  sing  for  her.  The 
garrison  had  capitulated,  the  door  was 
open,  but  our  difficulties  were  not  yet 
over.  The  passageway  was  narrow,  and 
"Buck"  Irvine,  the  leader  of  the  club, 
now  Dr.  Irvine,  the  headmaster  of  Mer- 
cersburg  Academy,  was  wide,  and 
"Schmitty,"  now  the  Rev.  Andrew  H. 
Smith,  of  York,  Pa.,  was  wider.  Irvine 
could  get  through  by  moving  crab-fash- 
ion, but  Schmitty  stuck  fast  even  going 
side  wise.  It  was  a  case  of  push  and  pull 
but  perseverance  won.  And  in  a  few 
moments  the  entire  club,  including 
"Schmitty"  somewhat  the  worst  for  wear, 
arrived  at  the  refectory  of  the  ancient 
cloister. 

Christina  Bauman,  the  sole  survivor  of 
the  sisterhood,  was  eating  her  breakfast 
which  consisted  that  morning  of  corn 
bread  and  radishes.  But  however  frugal 
the  apparent  fare,  the  aged  woman  show- 
ed no  signs  of  starvation.  She  was  ovei 
eighty  years  of  age,  but  hale  and  hearty, 
weighing,  I  should  judge,  some  250 
pounds.  I  remember,  distinctly,  how  on 
the  way  home  some  of  us  tried  to  solve 
the  problem  of  what  could  be  done  in 
case  of  a  fire  or  death  to  get  that  body 
out.  The  solution  appeared  in  the  daily 
papers  a  year  or  so  later  wdien  she  died 
and  the  papers  said  they  took  out  a  part 
of  the  wall  to  remove  the  body. 

As  it  was  Annie  Lyle  that  had  opened 
the  way  for  us,  once  in  the  presence  of 
this  abbess  of  the  cloister,  we  repeated 
the  song  in  full.  Then  followed  other 
college  songs,  but  out  of  consideration 
for  her  age  and  secluded  life  we  refrain- 


ed from  college  yells,  and  the  lighter 
claptrap  of  the  college  repertoire.  On 
the  request  of  the  servant  woman  that  we 
sing  something  in  German,  we  made  an 
attempt  to  sing  "Die  Wacht  am  Rhein," 
but  I  am  not  going  to  say  that  we  suc- 
ceeded in  a  way  that  would  have  called 
for  an  encore  from  a  Berlin  audience. 

Up  to  this  time  Miss  Bauman  had  not 
spoken  to  us.  She  sat  with  her  head 
bowed  and  spoke  only  to  the  servant. 
But  the  tears  we  saw  splashing  on  her 
plate  spoke  more  eloquently  than  words 
of  the  joy  that  had  come  to  her  on  this 
red-letter  day  of  her  later  life.  And  now 
she  looked  up  and  asked  in  German  if 
any  of  us  could  speak  German.  Half  j. 
score  of  natives  of  Lancaster,  Berks  and 
Lehigh  counties  answered  her  at  once. 
But  "Tommy"  Leinbach,  now  the  Rev. 
T.  H.  Leinbach,  of  Reading,  became  the 
spokesman  for  the  club.  After  a  brief 
conversation  the  servant  was  sent  for  the 
hymn  books  which  more  than  a  century 
before  had  been  composed  and  printed 
in  that  very  community.  The  words  and 
six'part  music  were  strange  to  us,  but 
not  difificult.  And  probably  for  the  first 
time  in  the  later  half  of  her  life,  Chris- 
tina Bauman  heard  a  number  of  men 
sing  the  old  hymns  that  had  greeted  and 
cheered  her  childhood.  What  memories 
that  singing,  however  imperfect,  must 
have  awakened  in  that  lonely  heart ! 
What  wonder  that  she  wept  anew  for 
very  joy! 

But  time  was  flying  and  our  train  was 
coming.  We  wanted  to  see  that  basket, 
that  Bible,  those  footprints  on  the  ceil- 
ing. The  servant  was  sent  to  show  us 
anything  and  everything  the  cloister 
contained  that  we  wanted  to  see.  The 
basket  was  an  ordinary  wash  basket 
somewhat  larger  than  usual,  but  of 
course  far  too  large  for  any  door  in  thai; 
ancient  pile.  The  Bible,  as  I  remember  it, 
was  indeed  a  wonderful  piece  of  work, 
an  enormous  book,  which  when  opened 
covered  the  top  of  the  table  on  which  it 
had  been  laid.  The  text  was  hand  print- 
ed and  illustrated  in  the  wide  margins 
with   pictures   of   birds,    flowers,    angels 


53^ 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


and  various  religious  emblems,  and  the 
work  all  done  with  pen  and  ink.  It  must 
have  taken  generations  and  many  hun- 
dreds of  hands  to  accomplish  such  a 
task.  There  were  single  rubrics  that 
must  have  taken  weeks  of  time.  Only  in 
a  community  that  had  given  up  all 
earthly  ambitions,  that  could  conceive  no 
higher  duty  than  that  of  simply  waiting 
for  the  coming  of  its  Lord  could  such 
a  work  have  been  possible. 

What  has  become  of  that  book?  In 
these  later  years  I  have  asked  that  ques- 
tion of  a  number  of  people  who  ought 
to  know,  but  no  one  seems  to  know  any- 
thing about  it.  A  priceless  treasure  to 
the  antiquarian,  a  historic  monument  of 
the  first  importance  that  book  ought  to 
be  in  the  archives  of  some  responsible  in- 
stitution. Either  the  library  of  Frank- 
lin and  Marshall  College  at  Lancaster 
or  the  State  library  at  'Harrisburg  should 
be  charged  with  the  responsibility  of 
preserving  this  most  valuable  original 
document. 

I  have  said — "as  I  remember  it" — I 
saw  the  book  for  but  a  minute  or  two,  I 
was  only  a  college  sophomore  and  cared 
little  for  such  things.  I  was  not  and  am 
not  a  German  scholar.  I  received  an 
impression  which  I  still  carry  with  me, 
but  would  not  have  any  reader  build  too 
much  upon  it.  Perhaps  only  the  mar- 
ginal illustrations  were  pen-made.  The 
text  may  have  been  printed  from  types. 
Of  that  I  cannot  ibe  certain.  I  was  told 
it  was  a  Bible.  My  belief  now  is  that 
it  was  not  the  whole  Bible,  but  a  sort  of 
a  missal  containing  readings  for  daily 
devotions.  But  even  with  these  allow- 
ances and  deductions,  beyond  question 
there  was  in  that  cloister  that  day  in 
1890  a  book  of  inestimable  value  as  an 
historic  monument  of  the  Ephrata  com- 
munity. We  saw  that  hook.  Someone 
has  it  now.  And  it  should  be  found  and 
put  where  it  can  be  preserved  for  all 
time  to  come. 

But  college  boys,  out  sight-seeing,  are 
far  more  apt  to  be  interested  in  the 
spooky,  woozy  footprints  on  the  ceiling 


of  the  saal  than  in  any  number  of  old 
German  Bibles,  however  illustrated  or 
however  valuable  as  historic  monuments. 
We  were  no  exception  to  the  rule.  There 
they  were,  and  he  was  no  Cinderella  who 
left  those  huge  Gargautuan  tracks  for 
later  generations  to  gaze  at  in  wonder. 
How  came  they  there?  Of  course  in 
such  a  company,  there  were  explanations, 
old  wives  tales  that  great-grandmothers 
had  told  to  wondering  boyhood,  of 
spooks  and  witches,  and  devils,  and  of 
traitors  to  the  faith  doomed  to  walk  head 
downward  on  the  ceiling  of  the  holy 
place  they  had  desecrated  in  life.  The 
fact  that  he  left  scorched  footprnts  be- 
hind him,  gave  more  than  a  clue  to  the 
final  destiny  of  him  "who  doomed  for  a 
space  to  walk  the  night,"  had  but  brief 
respite  of  his  tortures  while  walking 
there.  But  aside  from  the  changed  view 
of  the  relation  between  the  natural  and 
the  spirit  world,  making  the  fin  de  siecle 
college  boy  chary  of  such  tales,  the 
tracks  themselves  were  the  sufficient  dis- 
proof O'f  any  such  theory.  They  were 
not  the  tracks  of  a  ghost  but  of  real 
flesh  and  blood,  moreover  they  were 
pointed  in  all  directions  showing  that 
they  were  on  the  boards  1)efore  those 
boards  ever  became  a  part  of  the  ceiling. 

But'  how  came  men  so  religious  as 
were  those  who  built  that  saal  as  a  place 
of  prayer,  to  nail  into  place  boards  dis- 
figured by  such  tracks?  Surely  if  somt 
impious  one  with  dirty  feet  had  disfig- 
ured their  fair  surface,  the  workmen 
would  have  removed  the  marks  from  the 
boards  before  putting  them  into  a  con- 
spicuous part  of  that  sacred  place.  If 
the  tracks  were  there  when  the  saal  was 
built,  they  must  have  been  practically  in- 
visible. 

Every  carpenter  knows  that  he  must 
not  handle  surfaced  lumber  that  is  to  re- 
ceive natural  finish  when  it  is  covered 
with  frost.  If  he  does  his  hands  will 
leave  their  mark  wherever  the  wood  is 
touched.  When  the  frost  disappears,  the 
marks  will  be  scarcely  visible,  but  as 
time  goes  on  and  the  wood  changes  col- 


A    VISIT    TO  THE   EPHRATA   CLOISTER 


537 


or  with  aij'e,  the  marks  become  more  and 
more  prominent.  The  ceihng  in  the  saal 
of  the  old  cloister  at  Ephrata  has  never 
been  painted.  The  rich  golden  brown  is 
the  natural  color  of  the  aged  wood,  and 
the  tracks  left  on  the  smooth  surface  of 
the  boards,  are  the  naked  testimony,  that 
some  one  who  ought  to  have  been  sound 
asleep  in  the  huge  building  where  the 
men  lived  apart,  was  stealthily  prowling 
near  the  cloister  of  the  sisterhood,  one 
frosty  morning  long,  long  ago.  Who 
was  that  "peeping  Tom"  or  shall  we,  in 
view  of  what  we  are  promised  in  the 
diary  of  Ezekiel  Sangmeister,  say  "peep- 
ing Conrad."  who  came  and  went  unseen 
by  the  workmen  on  the  temple,  but  "de- 
parting left  behind  him  footprints,"  ac- 
cusing footprints  on  the  ceilings  of  the 
saal? 

But  our  train  was  coming,  and  this 
recital  must  also  have  an  end.  We  left 
the  saal  and  hastened  to  pay  our  respect.? 


once  more  to  the  aged  lady  who  had  re- 
ceived us  so  courteously.  But  before  we 
could  go,  she  bade  us  all  write  our  names 
and  addresses  on  a  sheet  of  paper  whicli 
she  kept,  telling  us,  that  if  we  ever  came 
to  Ephrata  again  we  should  come  to  see 
her,  and  that  the  sending  in  of  our  names 
would  secure  our  admission.  That  did 
not  happen.  Christina  P>auman  had  gone 
to  join  again  the  sisterhood  in  heaven 
before  the  glee  club's  return  visit  to 
Ei)hrata,  and  the  cloister  was  in  other 
hands.  The  basket  and  the  Bible,  I  am 
told  are  g'one.  The  footprints  on  the 
ceiling  of  the  saal,  however  curious,  are 
of  no  value,  but  to  the  eighteen  or  twen- 
ty college  boys  who  on  that  beautiful  No- 
vember morning  sang  their  way  w'ith 
Annie  Lyle  into  the  ancient  cloister  at 
Ephrata,  there  remains  and  always  will 
remain  a  beautiful  and  most  interesting 
recollection. 


Dr.  Hexamer's    The  June  issue  of  Mit- 
Dank.  teilungen     published     by 

the  National  German 
American  Alliance  is  distinctly  a  Hexa- 
mer  number,  following  the  celebration  of 
the  fiftieth  birthday  of  Dr.  Hexamer, 
who  was  married  to  a  daughter  of  Con- 
Alay  9.  We  clip  the  following : 

Dr.  C.  J.  Hexamer,  der  Prasident  des 
Deutschamerikanischen  N^.tionalbunde, 
wiinscht  der  deutschen  Presse  des  Landes 
seinen  Dank  fiir  die  grosse  Ehrung  aus- 
zusprechen,  die  sie  ihm  erwiessen,  as  sie 
der  gegentlich  seines  fiinfzigsten  Ge- 
burtstages  veranstalteten  Feier  ein  so 
lebhaftes  Interesse  entgegenbrachte  und 
ihrer  in  langen  und  ausfiihrlichen  Be- 
richten  gedachte.  Zugleich  sagt  er  sein 
en  Getreuen  vom  Nationalbunde,  dem 
ganzen  amerikanischen  Deutschtum  und 
seinen  vielen  Freunden  in  Nah  und  Fern 
fiir  die  Glueckwuensche  Dank,  die  sie 
ihm  dargebracht  haben.  Nicht  weniger 
wie   zwcitausend   Gratulationsbriefe  und 


Depeschen  sind  ihm  an  seinem  Ehrtage 
zugegangen,  nicht  allein  aus  Amerika, 
sondern  auch  aus  Deutschland  und  an- 
deren  Landern.  Wohl  kaum  ist  vorher 
einem  Deutschamerikaner  eine  so  gross- 
artige  Ehrung  zuteil  geworden,  wie  Dr. 
Hexamer  an  seinem  50.  Geburtstage.  Er 
ist  davon  iiberwaltigt  und  erklart  dass 
seine  schwachen  Verdienst  iiber  Ge- 
biihr  anerkannt  und  gewuerdigt  worden 
sind.  xA-uch  von  amerikanischer  Seite, 
von  hervorragenden  Biiergern,  Vereinig- 
ungen  und  Instituten  sind  ihm  schmei- 
chelhafte  Glueckwuensche  zugegangen. 
Vor  alien  Dingen  gebvihrt  sein  Dank  na- 
tiirlich  den  Arrangeuren  und  Veranstal- 
tern  der  Feier.  Er  wird  im  Laufe  der 
nachsten  Zeit  alien  Gratulanten  schrift- 
lich  seinen  Dank  ausdriicken ;  da  sich  das 
natiirlich  nicht  in  wenigen  Tagen  tun 
lasst,  so  hat  er  diesen  Weg  eingeschlag- 
en,  um  seinen  Freunden  seine  freudige 
Genugtuung  viber  die  ihm  zuteil  gewor- 
dene  grosse   Ehrung  auszudriicken. 


Company  I,  First  Reg-iment 
Pennsylvania  Volunteers 

A  Memoir  of  Its  Service  for  the  Union  in  1861 
By  James  L.  Schaadt,  Allentown,  Pa. 


JAMES  L.  SCHAADT 


EVEN  states  had  adopted 
Ordinances  of  Secession, 
and  by  the  solemn  act  of 
their  Legislatures  declared 
their  intention  to  sever 
their  connection  with  the 
Union  which  had  existed 
for  seventy  years.  One  of  them,  South 
Carolina,  always  under  the  inspiration 
of  Calhoun  and  Stevens  and  other  teach- 
ers and  advocates  of  the  doctrine  of 
States'  Rights,  the  boldest  and  most  re- 


gardless of  her  obligation  to  her  sister 
States  of  the  Union,  on  the  I2th  of 
April,  1 86 1,  fired  upon  a  national  fort 
and  upon  the  flag  to  which  she  owed 
fealty,  and  with  shot  and  shell  drove  its 
handful  of  defenders  into  an  honorable 
capitulation.  There  was  no  mistaking 
this  action  on  the  part  of  South  Carolina. 
She  was  determined  to  secure  the  rights 
to  which  she  believed  herself  to  be  en- 
titled, by  a  resort  to  arms,  and  to  draw 
into  the  conflict  every  other  State  of  sim- 


538 


COMPANY    I,   FIRST    KEG.   PA.   VOL. 


539 


ilar  belief.  It  meant  war,  war  to  a  final 
decision ;  and  so  loyal  men  all  over  the 
country,  long  accustomed  to  hear  with 
complaisance  the  vaporings  and  threats 
of  Southern  politicians,  realized  w'ith  a 
shock  the  existence  of  treason  and  rebel- 
lion, and  resolved  that  the  fall  of  Fort 
Sumter  must  be  avenged,  and  the  flag 
restored  to  its  proud  position. 

Nowhere,  in  all  the  wide  land,  was 
that  determination  stronger  than  in  the 
breast  of  the  phlegmatic  Pennsylvania 
German,  and  no  citizen  sprang  more 
quickly  to  the  defense  of  the  flag  than 
he.  On  the  13th  of  x\pril,  1861,  the  very 
day  of  Sumter's  fall  and  two  days  be- 
fore President  Lincoln's  call  for  75.000 
volunteers,  a  public  meeting  a/sembled 
at  Easton,  to  condemn  the  actions  of 
traitors  and  to  support  the  National 
Government.  The  meeting  was  attended 
l)y  citizens  of  Northampton  and  Lehigh 
Counties  and  was  addressed  bv  Governor 
Andrew  K.  Reeder  and  others  in  words 
burning  with  patriotism.  The  call,  for 
volunteers  was  immediately  answered, 
and  on  the  iSth.  the  very  day  upon  which 
the  President  called  for  volunteers,  four 
companies  were  enrolled  by  Captains 
Yohe,  Bell,  Hackman  and  Dachradt,  and 
their  services  oflfered  to  Governor  Cur- 
tin. 

In  the  neighboring  borough  of  Allen - 
town,  three  uniformed  militia  compa- 
"^  nies  had  been  maintained  for  some  years  ; 
the  Allen  Rifles,  under  Captain  T.  H. 
Good;  the  Jordan  Artillerists,  under 
Captain  William  H.  Gausler,  and  the  Al- 
len Infantry,  under  Cai)tain  Thoma?) 
Yeager. 

The  Rifles  were  organized  about  1850. 
wore  regulation  blue  uniforms,  carried 
Minie  rifles,  and  under  the  instruction  of 
Captain  Good,  who  was  noted  as  one  of 
the  ablest  tacticians  in  the  State  of 
Pennsylvania,  attained  a  deeree  of  pro- 
ficiency in  Hardee's  tactics  and  the 
Zouave  drill  which  won  for  them  a 
reputation  extending  beyond  the  bor- 
ders of  the  State,  and  in  the  opinion  of 
competent  judges,  made  them  rivals  of 


Colonel  Ellsworth's  ChicaL''o  Zouaves. 
Their  fame  brought  them  invitations  to 
give  exhibitions  at  many. places.  In  1859 
a  crack  military  company  from  Wash- 
ington, D.  C,  challenged  the  Rifles  to  a 
drill,  and  York,  Pa.,  was  selected  as  a 
half-way  meeting  place  for  the  perform- 
ance.    The  Rifles  came  home  victorious. 


MAJOR  W.  H.  GAUSLER. 
Captain   Jordon     Artillerists,     1856;    Captain 
Co.  I,  1st  P.  V.  1861.     Major    47th  P.  V.,  1861, 
to  April  15,  1864. 

The  Jordan  Artillerists  were  organized 
in  1856.  Their  membership  was  drawn 
principally  from  citizens  of  what  is  now 
the  First  Ward,  Allentown.     Wlliam  H. 


54° 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


Gausler,  a  resident  of  the  ward,  son  of 
David  Gausler,  an  officer  in  the  Florida 
War  of  1835,  who  lost  his  life  fighting 
under  General  Sam  Houston  for  Texan 
independence,  and  great-grandson  of  Ja- 
cob Clader,  a  soldier  of  the  Revolution- 
ary Army,  was  invited  to  take  command 
of  the  embryo  company.  He  was  fully 
occupied  with  the  affairs  of  business,  con- 
ducting a  canal  transportation  line  'be- 
tween Philadelphia  and  White  Haven,  a 
planing  mill  and  lumber  yard  as  a  mem- 
ber of  the  firm  of  Pretz,  Balliet,  Gausler 
and  Company,  at  Second  and  Union 
Streets,  Allentown,  from  1856  to  1859, 
and  from  the  latter  year  engaged  in  the 
wholesale  coal  and  lumber  business  as  a 
member  of  the  firm  of  Pretz,  Gausler 
and  Company  until  the  outbreak  of  the 
Civil  War.  Although  fully  occupied 
with  business  affairs,  he  accepted  the 
command  of  the  Artillerists  in  1856, 
promising  himself  ito  retain  it  only  tem- 
porarily, and  little  dreaming  that  he 
would  remain  in  command  of  a  militia 
company  during  the  next  five  years,  and 
then  enter  the  military  service  of  his 
country  for  three  years  longer,  first  as 
captain  of  the  Artillerists,  when  mus- 
tered in  as  Company  I  of  the  First  Regi- 
ment Penna,  Vols.,  and  later  as  Major 
of  the  47th  Regiment,  Penna.  Vols. 

Captain  Gausler  gave  faithful  atten- 
tion to  the  company,  which  was  clothed 
in  the  regulation  U.  S.  army  uniform 
and  fully  equipped  with  Springfield 
rifles,  belts,  canteens,  etc.  The  Hardee 
tactics  were  followed,  and  under  his  in- 
struction the  company  became  noted  for 
its  double-quick  maneuvering  and  its 
drill  in  the  manual  of  arms  at  the  tap  of 
the  drum. 

It  received  many  invtations  to  give 
public  exhibitions  and  in  1859  entered  a 
competition  for  a  handsome  U.  S.  flag  at 
the  invitation  of  the  Easton  Fair  officials 
for  the  best  drilled  company.  The  Artil- 
lerists entered  the  competition,  but  no 
other  company  would  compete  against 
them,  not  even  the  Easton  companies, 
and  although  the  company  covered  itself 


with  glory  it  did  not  receive  the  flag,  be- 
cause the  officials  decided  that  there  had 
been  no  test,  since  it  was  the  only  com- 
pany in  the  competiton. 

The  large  ball  room  at  Rex's  Hotel  in 
the  First  Ward  served  as  an  armory  for 
the  Artillerists.  The  Rifles  had  their 
armory  in  the  upper  part  of  the  town  on 
Hamilton  street,  between  Seventh  and 
Church  streets.  They  were  the  up-town 
company,  just  as  the  Artillerists  were 
the  down-town  company.  The  Jordan 
divided  the  two,  and  a  warm  but  friencily 
rivalry  existed  between  the  two  organi- 
zations, each  striving  to  excel  the  other 
in  appearance,  uniform,  equipment  and 
efficiency,  with  the  result  that  each  be- 
came a  crack  company.  In  the  good  old 
militia  days,  before  the  war,  the  com- 
panies paraded  upon  suitable  occasions, 
such  as  Washington's  Birthday  and  the 
Fourth  of  July,  and  it  was  the  ambition 
of  each  to  turn  out  the  greater  nuni^ber 
of  men  with  a  finer  uniform,  and  the  one 
with  the  fuller  ranks  rejoiced  with  a 
great  joy.  and  congratulated  itself  in 
cheering  bumpers  at  the  inns  along  the 
route  of  parade. 

In  the  fall  of  i860  the  Artillerists  pur- 
chased new  regulation  United  States 
Army  uniforms  with  dress  coats  and 
overcoats.  The  company  paraded  in  the 
new  uniform  for  the  first  time  on  Jack- 
son Day,  Feb.  8.  1861.  when  it  entertain- 
ed the  Norristown  Rifles  commanded  by 
Captain  Jcim  F.  Hartranft,  later  ]Ma- 
jor  General,  and  later  still  Governor  of 
Pennsylvania.  In  the  evening  a  ball  was 
given  at  the  old  Odd  Fellows'  Hall,  the 
proceeds  of  which  were  to  be  applied  to 
the  payment  of  the  new  uniforms.  To 
their  cost  each  member  was  also  to  con- 
tribute $1.50.  Before  the  contributions 
were  paid,  the  companv  went  into  active 
service,  and  their  faithful  captain  paid 
the  bill  for  the  uniforms. 

The  Allen  Rifles  also  wore  the  regula- 
tion United  States  Army  uniform  and 
the  only  substantial  difference  between 
their  uniform  and  that  of  the  Artillerists 
was  in  headgear,  that  of  the  latter  com- 


COMPANY  I,  FIRST    REG.    PA.  VOL. 


541 


pany  being     a     i>lunic(l     hat.   while   the 
Rifles  wore  a  cap. 

Captain  Gausler  also  assisted  his  bro- 
ther-in-law, Hon.  Herman  Schuon,  later 
]\Iayor  of  Allentown,  to  organize  a  band 
of  musicians  under  the  leadership  of 
A\'illiam  H.  H.  Menninger,  which  was 
called  the  Menninger  Band,  and  was' 
connected  with  the  Artillerists.  This 
band  has  since  developed  into  the  famous 
Allentown  Band. 

On  the  2ist  of  February,  1861,  both 
companies,  accompanied  by  the  Men- 
ninger Band,  went  to  Philadelphia, 
where  they  participated  in  the  military 
parade  on  the  occasion  of  the  raising  of 
the  flag  over  Independence  Hall  by 
President  Lincoln.  The  two  companies 
and  the  band  were  entertained  at  the 
National  Armory  at  Franklin  and  Race 
streets,  and  the  next  day  being  Washing- 
ton's Birthday,  went  with  the  President 
to  Harrisburg,  where  Mr.  Lincoln  ad- 
dressed 5000  Pennsylvania  soldiers  from 
the  balcony  of  the  Jones  House,  later 
the  Commonwealth  Hotel,  wdiile  on  his 
way  to  the  inauguration  at  Washington. 
The  Artillerists  were  detailed  to  guard 
the  Jones  House  during  the  delivery  of 
his  address. 

Captain  Gausler  and  Captain  Good 
were,  personally,  the  best  of  friends ; 
both  were  good  soldiers  and  command- 
ed good  companies  ;  and  agreed  in  all 
points  except  politics.  Captain  Gausler 
w-as  a  pronounced  Republican  and  sup- 
ported Lincoln  for  the  Presidency,  while 
Captain  Good  w-as  a  hard-shell  Democrat 
and  favored  Breckenridee  at  the  Novem- 
ber election  in  i860.  Partisan  feeling  ran 
deep  and  strong  in  those  days ;  many  a 
Democrat  would  not  buy  sugar  and  meat 
from  a  Republican  grocer,  while  one  re- 
ligious denomination  seriously  held  as  an 
article  of  faith  that  no  Democrat  would 
be  permitted  by  St.  Peter  to  pass  the 
gates  of  Heaven.  Captain  GoocL  during 
the  campaign  of  i860,  being  a  courage- 
ous man,  did  not  conceal  his  political 
views,  and  his  sympathy  with  Southern 
Democrats  was  well     known.     Loyal  to 


the  core,  as  was  shown  by  three  succeed- 
^ing  years  of  faithful  service  given,  by 
him  to  the  cause  of  the  Lmion  as  Colonel 
of  the  47th  Pennsylvania  Volunteers, 
there  was  not  wanting  some  malicious 
tongue  which ,  started  the  report  that 
Captain  Good  had  said  that  if  the  South 
seceded  he  woukLtake  his  company,  the 
Allen  Rifles,  and  fight  for  her  cause., The 
report .  was  false ;  Captain  Good  never 
made  such  aw  expression,  as  all  unpre- 
judiced men.  acquainted  with  him  and 
his  character  believed;  but  in  those  days 
of  tense  excitement,  the  poison  of  the 
slander  spread  rapidly,  and.  Captain 
Good  became,  at  lea-st  in  the  minds  of  ail 
Republicans,,  a  suspected  person. 

On  April  16,  1861,  Captain  Gausler 
and  Captain  Good  were  in  the  lobby  of 
the  American  Hotel  at  Allentown,  sur- 
rounded by  a  crowd  of  excited  citizens, 
watching  every  move  of  the  two  Cap- 
tains, wdio  as  commanders  of  two  of  the 
local  military  companies,  were  at  the  mo- 
ment the  most  important  fissures  in  the 
community.  At  5  p.  m.  the  two  captiins 
received  telegrams  from  Governor  Cur- 
tin  to  report  their  companies  at  Harris- 
burg at  once,  and  they  hastened  to  as- 
semble their  men  at  the  armories.  An 
hour  later  a  second  telegram  ordereil 
then  to  come  with  not  less  than  lOO  men 
in  each  company.  In  a  short  time  Cap- 
tain Good  sent  for  Captain  Gausler. 

The  poison  of  the  slander  had  pene- 
trated the  ranks  of  the  Allen  Rifles,  and 
Captain  Good,  almost  broken-hearted,  in- 
formed Captain  Gausler  that  the  Rifles 
refused  to  go  with  him.  He  proposed  to 
Captain  Gausler  that  the  two  companies 
should  be  thrown  together,  and  go  under 
the  command  of  Captain  Gausler.  The 
matter  was  put  to  a  vote,  and  the  Rifles 
voted  to  consolidae.  The  same  evening 
the  Artillerists  took  similar  action.  Even 
then,  after  this  resolution  by  both  com- 
panies— to  illustrate  how  higU  political 
feeling  ran — Captain  Gausler  was  ap- 
proached by  prominent  Republicans,  such 
as  Colonel  H.  C.  Longenecker,  Aaron 
Reninger,    Ephraim    B.    Grim,   John    H. 


542 


THE  PENN  GERMANIA 


Oliver,  Tilghman  Good  (later  postmas- 
ter), and  others,  who  offered  to  secure 
for  him  the  command  of  the  regiment 
then  proposed  to  be  raised,  if  he  woyld 
withdraw  from  the  consolidation  and 
leave  the  Rifles  and  their  late  command- 
er, Captain  Good,  at  Allentown.  Need- 
less to  say  that  Captain  Gausler's  friend- 
ship for  him  was  too  staunch  and  loyal  to 
yield  to  any  temptation,  proposing  deep- 
er humiliation  to  Captain  Good.  On  the 
contrary.  Captain  Gausler  persuaded  the 
grieving  and  deposed  captain  to  go  with 
the  consolidated  company  to  Harrisburg, 
suggesting  possible  honors  in  store  for 
him.  Captain  Good  followed  this  ad- 
vice, and  on  the  formation  of  the  First 
Regiment  three  days  later,)  was  chosen 
Lieutenant  Colonel  through  the  influ- 
ence of  the  Easton  captains  and  James 
W.  Fuller,  who  knew  Captain  Good  to 
be  a  good  soldier  and  a  sound,  loyal  and 
faithful  Union  Democrat,  notwithstand- 
ing all  malicious  and  envious  slanders  to 
the  contrary. 

Captain  Yeager  of  the  Allen  Infantry 
never  regarded  the  Governor's  telegram 
to  come  with  no  less  than  lOO  men.  In- 
stead he  assembled  his  company  and  hur- 
ried off  in  the  afternoon  of  the  17th. 
This  impetuosity  and  disregard  of  orders 
won  for  him  and  his  company  places  on 
that  glorious  roll  of  honor — the  First 
Defenders. 

At  9  o'clock  on  the  morning  of  Thurs- 
day, April  i8th,  the  two  companies  as- 
u33M53q  ;33i;s  uo^TuiBH  uo  p9iqai3S 
Sixth  and  Seventh,  consolidated,  and 
under  command  of  Captain  Gausler  and 
followed  by  the  entire  population  of  Al- 
lentown, marched  to  the  cheering  notes 
of  fife  and  drum,  played  by  musicians 
Julius  Benkert  and  Augustus  Ebert,  to 
the  East  Penn  Junction  depot  and  took 
train  for  Harrisburg.  The  following  are 
the  names  of  the  members  of  the  Allen 
Rifles  and  Jordan  Artillerists,  which  a 
few  days  later  were  designated  Company 
I  of  the  First  Regiment.  Penna.  Vols. 
Those  marked  with  a  star  were  the  mem- 
bers of  the  Artillerists: 


I.  Captain  Wm.  H.  Gausler.* 

1.  First  Lieut.  Emanuel  P.  Rhoads. 

2.  Second  Lieut.  Benj.  Q  Roth.* 
I.  First  Serg't  Abiel  Heilman.* 

1.  Second  Serg't  Edwin  G.  Minnich. 

2.  Third  Serg't  Henry  Fried.* 

3.  Fourth  Serg't  Noah  Trumbor. 

1.  First  Corporal,  Henry  Trumbor. 

2.  Second  Corporal  Mahlon  Fried.* 

3.  Third  Corporal  Daniel  G.  Miller. 

4.  Fourth  Corporal  Charles  Mertz. 

1.  Musician  Julius  Benkert. 

2.  Musician  Augustus  Ebert.* 

Privates — i.  Tilghman  ,  Albright,  2. 
James  Albright,  3.  Henry  A.  Blumer,  4. 
Wellington  J.  Blank,  5.  Daniel  Bechtel, 
6.  Anthony  Behlen.*  7.  David  Bergen- 
stock,*  8.  Nelson  Crist,  9.  William  Dech, 
10.  Tilghman  Dennis,  11.  John  Eichel, 
12.  Perry  Egge,*  13.  William  Ginginger, 
14.  Henry  Guth,  15.  Willoughby  Gaum- 
er,*  16.  William  H.  Haldeman,  17.  Oli- 
ver Hiskey,*  18.  Jonas  Heldt,  19.  Wil- 
liam P.  Harris,  20.  Peter  Huber,  21.  El- 
lis Hamersly,  22.  William  Hilliard,  23. 
Mlartin  Hackman,  24.  Charles  Haines, 
25.  Charles  Hackman,  26.  David  Hard- 
ner,  27.  Henry  Haldeman,*  28.  Thomas 
Keck,*  29.  Lewis  Kehler,  30.  Solomon 
Kramer,  31.  Franklin  Keck,  32.  William 
Kleckner,*  2i3-  Melchior  Konold,  34 
Henry  Kramer,  35.  Alonzo  Kuhns,  36 
Henry  Keiper,  ^y.  Benj.  Kleckner,*  38 
Thomaas  Laubach,*  39.  James  Leiser 
40.  Tilghman  Miller,  41.  Henry  Miller 
42.  Henry  Mohr,  43.  Charles  Miller,  44 
William  J.  Moyer,  45.  James  McCrys- 
tal,*  46.  John  Nonnemaker,  47.  Daniel 
Nonnemaker,*  48.  Andrew  Nagel,* 
49.  Jesse  Ochs,*  50.  Peter  Remmel,"* 
51.  Edwin  Roth,*  52.  Tilghman 
Ritz,*  53.  Lewis  Rehr,  54.  Edward 
Remmel,*  55.  James  M.  Seip,  56.  Rich- 
ard M.  Saeger,  57.  Christian  Stahley, 
58.  Charles  Schwenk,  59.  Joseph  Steele, 
60.  James  Stuber,  61.  Joseph  Smith,* 
62.  Franklin  Trexler,*  6^.  Henry  Trex- 
ler,*  64.  Walter  Van  Dyke,*  65.  George 
Wenner,  66.  Abraham  Worman,  67. 
Henry  Wagner,  68.  Franklin  Wasser.* 

The  officers  of  the  consolidated  com- 


COMPANY   I,  FIRST  REG.  PA.    VOL. 


545 


pany,  commissioned  and  non-commis- 
sioned, were  selected  as  nearly  equally  as 
possible  from  the  two  companies.  First 
Lieutenant  Benjamin  C.  Roth,  of  the  Ar- 
tillerists, vacated  his  position  for  First 
Lieutenant  Emanuel  P.  Rhoads,  of  the 
Rifles ;  and  Second  Lieutenant  Cyrus 
Wasser,  of  the  Artillerists,  resigned  his 
commission,  and  his  olace  was  taken  by 
First  L'eutenant  Roth.  J  .P.  Schindel. 
then  22  years  of  age,  son  of  Rev.  Jere- 
miah Schindel,  Senator  from  Lehig'h 
County,  accompanied  the  company  to 
Harrisburg  with  the  intention  of  enlist- 
ing, but  in  a  few  days  was  appointed  by 
Secretary  of  War  Cameron  a  second 
lieutenant  in  the  Regular  Army  and  as- 
signed to  the  Sixth  U.  S.  Infantry. 


•>?.■ 


CAPTAIN  B.  C.  ROTH. 
Second  Lieut.  Co.  I,  First  Reg't  1861. 
Private  Co.  D,  128th,  1862.  First  Lieut.  Co.  L), 
41st.  Reg't  Pa.  Vols.,  1863.  SergtCo.  E,  202nd 
Pa.  Vols.  1864,  First  Lieut.,  Aug.  30,  1864. 
Captain  Sept.  4,  1864. 

At  Reading  Captain  Gausler's  com- 
pany was  joined  by  Captain  Alexander's 
company  from  that  place  and  the  two 
arrived  at  3  p.  m.  of  the  i8th  at  Harris- 
burg.   The  company  was  met  by  Senator 


Schindel  who  gave  a  $20  gold  piece  to 
Captain  Gausler  to  pay  for  the  suppers 
of  the  men.  After  supper  the  company 
marched  to  Camp  Curtin.  IXiring  the 
night  of  the  i8th  and  early  morning  of 
the  19th,  the  two  Lancaster  companies 
of  Captains  Hambright  and  Franklin, 
with  the  Clemens  Band  from  Lancaster, 
the  four  companies  from  Easton,  and. 
Captain  Selfridge's  companv  from  Beth- 
lehem, arrived  at  the  camp.  On  the 
morning  of  the  19th  the  first  guard 
mount  at  Camp  Curtin  was  conducted  by 
Colonel  Joseph  Knipe  of  the  Governor's 
Staff;  Captain  Hambright,  a  Mexican 
veteran;  and  Captain  Gausler,  assisted 
by  the  Lancaster  band. 

Captain  Gausler  was  designated  Offi- 
cer of  the  Day,  thus  becoming  the  first 
officer  of  the  day  at  Camp  Curtin,  and. 
perhaps,  of  the  war.  The  ceremony  of 
guard  mount  was  repeated  the  next  day, 
the  20th  of  April.  The  Harrisburg  com- 
pany of  Captain  Eyster  had  been  mus- 
tered in  April  18  as  Company  E  and  was 
already  encamped.  Captain  James  L. 
Selfridge's  company  A  of  Bethlehem, 
Captain  Jacob  Dachradt's  Company  B. 
Captain  William  H.  Armstrong's  Com- 
pany C,  and  Captain  Charles  H.  Heck- 
man's  Company  D,  all  of  Easton;  Cap- 
tain Emlen  Franklin's  Company  F  of 
Lancaster,  Captain  George  W.  Alexan- 
der's Company  G  of  Reading,  Captain 
Gausler's  Company  I  of  Allentown,  and 
Captain  Henry  A.  Hambright's  Company 
K  of  Lancaster,  were  mustered  in  April 
20,  by  Captain  Fitz  John  Porter,  U.  S. 
A.  Captain  Ferdinand  W.  Bell's  Com- 
pany H  of  Easton  was  mustered  in  on 
April  21.  They  were  formed  into  the 
First  Regiment,  and  on  the  20th  of  April 
Samuel  Yohe  of  Easton,  formerly  cap- 
tain of  Company  C,  was  chosen  colonel ; 
T.  H.  Good  of  Allentown,  formerly  cap- 
tain of  the  Allen  Rifles,  Lieutenant  Col- 
onel;  and  Thomas  W.  Lynn  of  Easton, 
Major.  Clemens'  Band  of  16  men  was 
designated  the  Regimental  band. 

From  this  point  the  history  of  Com- 
pany I  is  the  history  of  the  First  Regi- 
ment. 


;44 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


JAMES  B.  STUBER. 
Private  Co.    I,  First   Regiment,   Penn'a    Vols, 
and    Second  Lieut.    Co.    I,  47th   Reg't,    Penn'a 
Vols.' 

Inimediately  after  muster  the  regi- 
ment was  armed  with  muM^cets  and  each 
man  furnished  with  12  rounds  of  ball 
cartridges,  which,  for  want  of  cartridge 
boxes,  they  carred  in  their  pockets.  The 
good  ladies  of  Harrisburg  provided  thern 
with  two  days'  rations  of  boiled  fresh 
beef  and  hard  tack  in  the  new  haversacks. 
The  regiment  was  ordered  to  protect  the 
line  and  bridge  of  the  Northern  Central 
Railroad  from  Washington  to  Baltimore, 
and  reopen  and  re-establish  communica- 
tion between  the  two  cities,  destroyed  by 
the  Baltimore  mob  after  the  passage  of 
the  Massachusetts  Sixth  the  day  before. 

In  the  night  of  the  20th  of  April  the 
regiment,  under  command  of  Brigadier 
General  George  C.  Wynkoop,  kiarded 
Northern  Central  gondola  cars  foi- 
Washington.  Arriving  within  nine  miles 
of  Baltimore,  Gun  Powder  Bridge  was 
found  to  have  been  burned  by  the  enemy. 
The  regiment  disembarked,  and  went 
into   Camp   at   Cockeysville.     The   fresh 


) 

beef  soured  in  the  hot  cattle  cars  and 
the  men  were  without  rations  for  three 
days.  The  farmers  in  the  neighborhood 
brought  loads  of  eatables,  but  such  had 
been  the  rumors  of  poisoned  food  that 
the  men  declined  to  accept  any  gifts 
from  the  farmers,  and  even  refused  to 
drink  the  water  from  the  wells. 

This  was  the  first  experience  of  the  in- 
conveniences of  military  service.  The 
camp  at  Cockeysville  was  located  on 
high  o^-round,  about  a  half  mile  from  the 
village.  The  stars  and  bars  were  float- 
ing from  the  village  hotel.  Company  I 
volunteered  to  capture  the  flag,  which 
was  the  first  Confederate  flag  seen  by  the 
men.  As  the  company  approached  the 
hotel,  the  flag  was  rapidly  hauled  down. 
The  landlord  was  a  Union  man  and  had 
been  compelled  to  display  it.  The  camp 
was  located  near  the  turnpike,  and  the 
noise  made  by  a  single  horseman  riding 
on  the  hard  metal  of  the  road  seemed  to 
the  apprehensive  recruits  like  the  trot- 
ting of  a  hundred  troooers :  and  the  en- 
tire regiment  sprang  to  arms  at  least 
half  a  dozen  times  on  each  of  the  three 
nights  of  the  Cockeysville  camp,  awak- 
ened by  the  rat-tat  of  the  echoing  hoofs 
of  a  few  horsemen. 

On  the  second  might,  while  Captain 
Gausler  was  Officer  of  the  Day,  Marshal 
of  Police  Kane  of  Baltimore  came  up 
the  pike  in  a  carriage  and  asked  permis- 
sion to  see  General  Wvnkooo.  Captain 
Gausler  escorted  him  to  the  General's 
headquarters,  and  the  Marshal  there 
stated  that  he  could  not  any  longer  con- 
trol the  citizens,  that  they  were  armed 
with  pick-axes  and  pitchf»rks  and  guns, 
and  that  unless  General  Wynkoop  va- 
cated Cockeysville  the  mob  would  march 
to  his  camp  and  massacre  all  of  his  sol- 
diers. General  W^ynkoop  brought  his 
hand  down  upon  Marshal  Kane's  shoul- 
der and  said :  "Marshal  Kane,  I  am  or- 
dered to  proceed  to  Washington  by  way 
of  Baltimore ;  and  unless  that  order  is 
countermanded,  I  will  proceed  ;  and  if  I 
caimot  get  there  through  your  streets,  1 


COMPANY  I,  FIRST    REG.   PA.    VOL 


545 


and  my  men     will     march  through   the 
walls  of  your  houses." 

But  in  those  early  days  of  the  war.  the 
authorities  still  tried  to  prevent  a  con- 
flict, and  it  was  feared  violent  measures 
would  brino-  on  a  collision  and  drive  the 
State  of  Maryland  into  secession.  Gen- 
eral Wynkoop  was  ordered  by  General 
Scott  to  withdraw  his  men  to  York,  Pa., 
where  Company  I,  with  the  First  Regi- 


During  this  time  Gun  Powder  Bridge 
being  repaired  and  communication  with 
Baltimore  re-established,  the  regiment 
was  ordered  to  that  city,  where  it  ar- 
rived on  Sunday  forenoon.  The  turbu- 
lent crowds,  which  opposed  the  passage 
of  the  Allen  Infantry,  the  Sixth  Massa- 
chusetts and  other  Union  troops  during 
the  preceding  month  through  the  streets 
of  th:2  city,  assembled  and  crowded  the 


CHARLES  HACKMAN,  Age  25 

ment  went  into  quarters  on  the  25th  of 
April  at  Camp  Scott.  Here  the  seccyid 
rations  were  issued,  and  here  the  regi- 
ment remained  in  camp  for  two  weeks, 
drilling  and  preparing  for  the  field. 

Here  clothing,  equipments  and  cook- 
ing utensils  were  received.  On  the  14th 
■of  May  the  regiment  was  detailed  to 
guard  the  Northern  Central  Railroad 
from  the  Pennsylvania  State  line  to  Bal- 
timore, the  train  service  havinp"  been  re- 
stored on  the  Qth  of  May. 


CHARLES  HACKMAN,  Age  76 

Private  Co.  I,  First  Reg't  P.  V.  1861,  Second 
Lieut.  Co.  G.  47th,  Sept.  18,  1861. 

column  of  twos  in  which  the  First  Regi- 
ment formed  along  the  line  of  its  cars. 
The  crowd  would  make  no  room  for  the 
regiment  to  move  until  Lieutenant  Col- 
onel Good  from  the  top  of  a  passenger 
car  ordered  them  to  make  room  at  once 
or  take  the  consequences.  The  surly- 
crowd  thereupon  dispersed  with  yells, 
and  the  regiment  marched  through  the 
city  and  went  into  camp  a  mile  or  two 
beyond  in  a  bare  unfinished  State  asylum 
building.  The  presence  of  the  First 
Regiment  here  during  the  next  two 
weeks    assisted    more    than    anything    in 


546 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


crystallizing  Union  sentiment  in  the  citv 
of  Baltimore,  which  at  times,  under  the 
influence  of  Southern  sympathizers,  wav- 
ered in  its  loyalty  to  the  Union,  and  held 
the  city  steady  to  its  duty.  At  the  asy- 
lum camp,  the  loaded  rifle  of  Private 
James  Albright,  upon  which  he  was 
leaning  with  hands  clasped  over  the 
muzzle,  was  accidentally  discharged,  and 
the  bullet  passed  through  his  hands,  crip- 
pling him  for  life.  This  was  the  only  cas 
ualty  of  note  in  the  experience  of  Com- 
pany I  during  its  service.  On  the  25th 
of  May  the  regiment  was  relieved  by 
Colonel  Campbell's  Twelfth  Penna.  and 
ordered  to  Catonsville,  Md.,  to  guard  the 
roads  leading  to  Frederick  and  Harpers 
Ferry,  and  on  the  29th  advanced  to 
Franklintown ;  on  June  3d  was  ordered 
back  to  Baltimore  and  thence  to  Cham- 
bersburg,  Pa.,  where  it  went  into  camp, 
and  with  the  Second  and  Third  Penna 
was  assigned  to  the  Second  Brigade. 
Second  Division  of  General  Patterson's 
army. 

The  brigade  in  a  few  days  was  order- 
ed to,  Hagerstown,  and  encamped  near 
the  village  of  Funkstown.  While  here 
the  whole  camp  was  alarmed  at  mid- 
night and  marched  in  double  quick  time 
to  Williamsport  on  the  Potomac,  reach- 
ing there  at  dawn.  But  the  expected 
enemy  did  not  appear  and  the  division 
returned  to  its  camp  at  Funkstown. 

New  uniforms  were  issued  for  the 
regiment,  supplementino-  the  clothing 
which  its  Easton  friends  had  forwarded. 
On  the  2 1  St  of  June  the  regiment  was 
ordered  by  General  Patterson  to  take  ten 
days'  rations,  move  with  all  Dossible  dis- 
patch and  occupy  Frederick  City.  In 
obedience  to  this  order,  it  arrived  at 
Frederick  next  day  and  reoorted  to  Gov- 
ernor Hicks.  The  Maryland  Rebel  Leg- 
islature had  been  meetine  here,  and  the 
members  rapidly  made  tracks  at  one  end 
of  the  city  while  the  refiment  entered  at 
the  other.  The  regiment  camoed  at  the 
fair  grounds,  doing  guard  duty  and 
drilling. 

One  night  Company     I     and  Captain 


Hambright's  Company  K  were  ordered 
to  proceed  to  Point  of  Rocks  bv  train  to 
bring  from  there  military  stores,  abou*: 
to  be  taken  by  the  Confederates.  The 
night  was  very  dark,  and  when  within 
five  miles  of  their  destination,  the  en- 
gineer stopped  his  train  and  refused  to 
proceed  farther  without  a  vanguard. 


W    H.  H.  TREXLER. 

Private  Co.  I,  First  Reg't  P.  V.  April  17, 
1861,  Hon.  discharge  May  2,  1861.  Ke-enlisted 
June  3,  1863,  Private  Co.  D,  41st  P.  V.  Hon. 
dis.  Aug.  3,  1863.  Re-enlisted  Aug.  10,  1864, 
Corporal  of  Capt.  Roth's  Co.  E,  202nd  P.  V.  At 
Lee's  surrender  April  9,  1865.  Mustered  out 
Aug.  3,  1865. 

Company  I  at  once  volunteered  to  per- 
form the  duty  and  headed  by  Captain 
Gausler  and  Orderly  Sergeant  Heilman, 
marched  over  the  railroad  sills  in  front 
of  the  engine  to  Point  of  Rocks,  where 
the  Confederates  were  in  full  view  on  the 
south  side  of  the  Potomac  River.  They 
opened  fire,  but  the  range  was  too  long 
for  execution.  The  stores  were  secured 
and  taken  back  to  the  camp  at  Frederick. 

The  ''boys"  were  now  becoming  some- 
what accustomed  to  the  hardships  and 
inconveniences  of  military  life,  and  were 
prepared  to  enjoy  its  amenities.     Even- 


COMPANY  I,  FIRST    REG.    PA.   VOL. 


547 


ing  parade  and  the  evenine^  concerts 
were  attended  by  the  citizens  of  Freder- 
ick, and  the  young-  ladies  of  the  town,  al- 
though Southerners  in  sympathy,  still 
had  a  smile  for  the  Yankees.  The  effed 
upon  the  boys  of  Company  I  was  instan- 
taneous. They  w^ashed  and  shaved,  and 
brushed  up  their  clothes  as  if  they  con- 
stantly expected  Sunday  morning  inspec- 
tion, and  it  is  narrated  that  one  of  the 
toys  of  the  company,  who  had  not  wash- 
ed his  face  since  leaving  home,  now  came 
out  so  clean  and  radiant  that  his  com- 
rades scarcely  recognized  him. 

It  is  also  said  that  he  still  lives  in  the 
First  Ward. 

Sentiment  at  Frederick  was  about 
equally  divided  between  North  and  South 
but  differences  of  opinion  did  not  pre- 
vent the  people  of  the  citv  and  its  neigh- 
borhood from  entertaining  the  Northern 
invaders  with  all  the  graceful  courtesy 
of  Southern  hospitalitv.  The  leading 
citizens  vied  with  each  other  in  enter- 
taining the  officers  of  the  regiment. 
IMembers  of  the  same  household  often 
took  opposite  sides  in  regard  to  the 
burning  questions  of  the  hour,  but  ail 
united  in  showing  the  Northern  men  a 
pleasant  time. 

The  officers,  including^  Caotain  Gaus- 
ler,  were  invited  to  an  entertainment  by 
a  Judge,  brother-in-law  of  Governor 
Hicks.  The  Juds:e  was  a  Union  man, 
while  all  the  ladies  of  the  household 
were  in  entire  sympathy  with  the  South. 
The  Judge  narrated  how  a  committee  of 
Baltimore  citizens  waited  upon  the  Gov- 
ernor, who  was  a  Union  Democrat,  a 
few  days  previously,  with  a  rope,  and 
commanded  him  to  convene  the  Rebel 
Legislature  or  be  haneed.  The  Gover- 
nor's answer  was  "Hang  and  be 
damned." 

During  the  evening  the  Tudp"e  opened 
a  demijohn  of  old  rye  that  had  not  been 
opened  for  15  years,  and  it  is  needless  to 
add  flid  not  require  to  be  opened  again. 

While  at  Frederick,  Captain  Gausler 
went  under  furlough  to  Allentown  and 
borrowed  $300  from  IHumer's  Bank,  and 
loaned  $3  to  each  of  his  men.  who  had 


received  no  pay  up  to  this  time,  and  were 
all  short  of  ready  money.  The  loans 
were  later  repaid  bv  them  in  full  to  the 
Captain. 

After  two  weeks  spent  in  these  agree- 
able suroundings,  the  rep'iment  was  or- 
dered to  rejoin  General  Patterson's  divi- 
sion at  Williamsport,  Md.  After  cele- 
brating the  day  with  the  citizens  who  en- 
tertained the  entire  regiment  at  a  ban- 
quet, camp  was  struck  at  4  p.  m.  of  the 
Fourth  of  July,  and  the  march  taken  up 
to  the  tune  of  "The  Girl  I  Left  Behind 
Me,"  and  many  were  the  tearful  good- 
byes spoken  to  the  Boys  in  Blue. 

After  marching  all  night  and  crossing 
the  Blue  Mountains  at  Shippensburg,  the 
regiment  arrived  about  noon  of  the  5th 
at  Williamsport.  While  resting-  here  the 
Twenty-fifth  Penna.  Vols.,  to  \yhicti 
Captain  Thomas  Yeager's  company  «of 
First  Defenders,  the  Allen  Infantry  from 
Allentown,  had  been  assis^ned  as  Com- 
pany G,  marched  past.  Captain  Yeager 
and  his  men  gave  three  cheers  for  theii 
fellow  townsmen  of  the  Jordan  Artiller- 
ists and  Captain  Gausler,  but  at  the  di- 
rection of  Captain  Yeager,  "None  for 
Colonel  Good  and  the  Allen  Rifles."  The 
poison  of  the  slander  was  virulent.  It 
has  not  quite  died  out  to  this  day,  fifty 
years  later. 

The  regiment  forded  the  Potoiuac, 
advancing  to  Falling  Waters,  in  Vir- 
ginia, and  the  next  dav  reioined  General 
Patterson's  division  at  Martinsburg. 
Here,  on  the  8th  of  Julv.  the  following 
order  was  received : 

"Headquarters.   Department     of     Penn- 
sylvania. 
"Martinsburg,  Va..  July  8th,  1861. 
"To  Colonel  Samuel  Yohe.  commanding 
First  Pennsylvania  \'olunteers : 

"Sir:  I  am  instructed  by  the  com- 
manding General  to  say  that  your  regi- 
ment has  been  selected  to  garrison  this 
important  post,  on  account  of  the  con- 
fidence reposed  in  the  administrative 
qualities  of  the  commander  and  the  here- 
tofore good  conduct  of  the  regiment, 
which  sfive  assurance  of  the  safety  of  the 


5A? 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


denot.   and  the  inhabitants   will  be  pro- 
tected,  and  many     now     opposed  to  u.s 
made  friends  of,  while  the  lukewarm  will 
be  strengthened  in  their  feelings. 
"I  am  sir,  very  respectfully, 

"Your  obedient  servant, 
F.  J.  Porter.  A.  A.  G." 


CHARLES  MILLEE. 

Private  Co.  I,  First  Regiment,  Penn'a  Vols., 
April  17,  1861.  Sergeant  in  Co.  B,  47th 
Penn'a  Vols.,  Jan.  9.  1862,  to  Dec.  25,  1865. 
In  uniform  of  Co.  I,  First  Penn'a  Vols.,  April 
17,  1861, 

This  splendid  old  soldier  is  best  known  to 
Allentown  people  as  "Ram"  Miller. 

On  the  14th  of  July,  General  Patter 
son's  division  moved  towards  Bunker 
Hill,  but  the  First  Regiment,  in  obedi- 
ence to  the  above  order,  remained  at 
Martinsburg,  now  the  base  of  supply.  It 
rejoined  the  division  at  Charllestown  two 
days  later.  On  the  17th  of  July  the  divi- 
sion was  ordered  to  hold  itself  in  readi- 
ness with  ten  days'  cooked  rations  in 
haversacks,  to  move  in  light  marching 
order  without  baggage.  The  battle, 
which  was  expected  to  be  a  decisive  en- 
gagement, was  to  be  fought  by  McDow- 
ell's army,  and  was  actually  fought  four 
days  later  on  the  21st  at  Bull  Run.    The 


duty  of  Patterson's  division  was  to  make 
demonstrations  in  favor  of  the  army  op- 
erating under  McDowell  in  front  of 
Washington,  and,  if  opportunity  offered, 
give  battle  to  the  Rebels.  The  division, 
including  the  First  Regiment,  continued 
these  demonstrations,  till  it  was  supposed 
that  the  contemplated  battle,  which  was 
daily  postponed  from  the  i6th  to  the  21st 
had  been  actually  fought. 

The  term  of  enlistment  of  the  First 
Regment  expired  on  the  20th  of  July, 
and  there  were  no  troops  to  take  their 
places,  and  those  of  other  three  months' 
regiments.  The  men  of  the  regiment 
were  addressed  by  General  Patterson  and 
asked  if  they  would  volunteer  to  serve 
beyond  their  time.  Every  man  of  Com- 
pany I  stepped  out  and  offered  to  remain 
with  the  exception  of  six.  Captain 
Gausler  immediately  told  them  they  were 
free  to  go.  They  left,  but  rejoined  the 
company  at  Sandy  Hook  two  days  later, 
and  received  their  pay  and  honorable 
discharges.  Company  I  was  the  only  one 
that  expressed  its  willingness  to  remain. 
Only  15  men  of  the  Lancaster  Company 
(K)  followed  Captain  Hambright,  who 
was  so  angered  that  he  drew^  his  sword 
and  said  he  could  take  the  15  and  whip 
the  others  with  them.  This  highly  of- 
fended the  unwilling  ones,  but  during 
the  night  they  were  pacified,  and  next 
day  they  resolved  to  stay.  Captain  Alex- 
andei  's  company  from  Reading  refused 
to  serve  longer,  and  so  did  part  of  the 
Easton  companies,  but  during  the  night 
it  was  fixed  up,  and  the  regiment  re- 
mained and  faithfully  performed  its  du- 
ties a  few  days  after  the  expiration  of  the 
term  of  enlistment.  On  the  21st  the 
regiment  I  moved  to  Harpers  Ferry,  on 
the  23rd  to  Sandy  Hook,  and  on  the  same 
evening  took  the  train  for  Harrisburg, 
where  the  men  were  honorably  dis- 
charged and  mustered  out  of  service  on 
the  26th  of  July. 

Company  I  came  home  to  Allentown 
on  the  evening  of  the  same  day,  and  was 
received  by  the  entire  population  with 
music  and   speeches  by   citizens,   among 


COMPANY   I,  FIRST  REG.    PA.  VOL,. 


549 


them  John  H.  OUver  and  WilHam  H. 
Bkuner,  and  entertained  Avith  a  fine  din- 
ner at  the  old  Allen  Honse. 

While  at  Harrisburg,  on  the  way 
home,  Captain  Gausler  received  at  the 
Brady  House  a  personal  letter  from 
Governor  Curtin,  appointing  him  a  field 
officer  and  authorizing  him  to  assemble 
a  recruited  regiment.  This  letter,  his 
commissions,  dispatches,  the  rolls  of 
Company  I,  and  all  his  military  papers, 
together  with  his  lumber  stock,  house 
and  contents,  went  down  the  Lehigh 
River  in  the  flood  of  June  5,  1862,  while 
Captain  Gausler  was  doing  provost  duty 
at  Key  West  as  Major  of  the  Forty- 
seventh  Penna.  Vols.,  the  regiment  as- 
sembled by  him  in  compliance  with  Gov- 
ernor Curtin's  request,  in  August,  1861, 
with  the  assistance  of  James  W.  Fuller, 
Captain  H.  S.  Hart  and  Colonel  T.  H. 
Good  and  many  of  the  men  of  Com- 
pany I. 

Major  Gausler  is  at  this  writing  liv- 
ing in  Philadelphia,  at  the  ripe  age  of 
82,  in  the  enjoyment  of  his  faculties 
and  good  health.  All  of  the  men  of  Com- 
pany I,  as  named  on  the  muster-in  roll, 
came  back  with  Captain  Gausler.  Few  of 
them  were  taken  with  sickness  during 
their  three  months'  service. 

Private  Willoughby  Gaumer  was  taker? 
sick  with  typhoid  fever  and  died  a  short 
time  after  the  return  of  the  company, 
and  was  the  first  returned  soldier  who 
di^d  in  the  Lehigh  Valley. 

The  survivors  _of  the  company  at  this 
time  are:  Captain  W.  H.  Gausler,  Lieu- 
tenant E.  P.  Rhoads,  Lieutenant  Benja- 
min C.  Roth,  Sergeant  Henry  Fried. 
Corporal  Mahlon  J.  M.  Fried,  Private 
Augustus  F.  Ebert,  Private  Wilson  Crist, 
Captain  Peter  Huber,  Private  WilUam 
H.  Hilliard,  Private  Martin  Hackman, 
Private  Charles  Haines,  Lieutenant 
Charles  Hackman,  Private  Lewis  Koeh- 
ler.  Private  Solomon  Kramer,  PrivaU 
Franklin  Keck,  Private  Thomas  Lau 
bach.  Private  Charles  Miller,  Pri- 
vate Edwin  Roth,  Private  Lewis 
Rehr,  Private  Richard  M.  Saeger,  Pri- 


vate Christian  Schwale,  Private  Charles 
Schwenk.  Lieutenant  James  Stuber,  Pri- 
vate Henry  Trexler,  Private  Walter  Van 
Dyke,  Private  Abraham  Worman,  Cap- 
tain Henry  C.  Wagner,  Private  A.  Tay- 
lor. 

Colonel  Charles  A.  Suydam,  a  private 
of  Company  E  of  the  First  Regiment, 
and  now  Assistant  Adjutant  General,  G 
A.  R.,  is  authority  for  the  statement 
that  more  members  of  the  rep-iment  later 
went  to  the  front,  ranking  from  Lieuten- 
ant to  Brigadier  General,  than  from  any 
other  three  months'  regiment  in  the  St&te 
of  Pennsylvania,  or  the  United  States, 
north  of  Mason  and  Dixon's  line.  Out 
of  the  rank  and  file  of  Company  I,  Cap- 
tain William  H.  Gausler  became  Major 
of  the  Forty-seventh  Pa.  Vols. ;  Lieuten- 
ant Emanuel  P.  Rhoads,  Private  Wm. 
H.  Kleckner  and  Sergeant  Edwin  G. 
Minnich,  Captains. of  the  Forty-seventh; 
Lieutenant  Benjamin  C.  Roth,  Captain 
in  the  202d ;  Private  Andrew  C.  Nagle 
and  Private  Henry  C.  Wasrner.  Captains 
in  the  54th;  Private  Peter  C.  Huber, 
Captain  in  the  128th;  Privates  Henry 
Haldeman,  Charles  A.  Hackman  and 
James  B.  Stuber,  Lieutenants  in  the 
47th;  Private  Daniel  C.  ]\Iiller.  Lieu- 
tenant in  the  i2Sth ;  Private  William  H. 
Ginginger.  First  Lieutenant  and  Quar- 
termaster in  the  47th. 

The  survivors  of  the  First  Regiment 
have  formed  an  association,  which  met 
at  Easton  in  1907,  and  elected  Major 
Gausler  president.  It  has  alwavs  been  a 
source  of  regret  to  every  man  of  the 
regiment  that  they  were  not  the  very  first 
soldiers  to  be  mustered  in  for  the  defense 
of  the  flag.  Obeying  the  orders  of  Gov- 
ernor Curtin  to  go  with  full  ranks  of  100 
men,  the  companies  of  the  res-iment  lost 
a  day.  Captain  Yeager  hurried  off  with 
the  Allen  Infantry  a  day  ahead  with  his 
47  men,  going  with  the  Pottsville,  Read- 
ing and  Lewistown  companies  to  Wash- 
ington, and  so  became  the  First  Defend 
ers  of  the  National  Capital  in  point  of 
time. 

The  First  Regiment  followed  the  next 


55° 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


(lay.  found  the  railroad  bridge  at  Havre 
de  Grace  destroyed  by  the  mob  and 
therefore  could  not  cross  to  Baltimore. 
The  delay  made  them  lose  the  proud  title 
of  First  Defenders,  although  they  were 
the  very  first  Pennsylvania  Regiment 
that  reported  for  duty  at  Harrisburg, 
and  the  very  first  regiment  to  be  uni- 
formed, equipped  and  prepared  for  ac- 
tion in  the  State  of  Pennsylvania.  And 
of  the  regiment.  Company  I  and  Cap- 
tain Alexander's  company  were  the  first 
to  report  to  Camp  Curtin,  being  preced- 
•ed  only  by  Captain  Eyster's  Company  E, 
which  had  been  recruited  at  Harrisburg, 
and  was  mustered  in  on  the  i8th  of  April. 
Not  being  entitled  to  the  name  of  First 
Defenders,  the  regiment  has  adopted  the 
title,  "Minute  Men,"  in  imitation  of  the 
embattled  farmers  of  Cambridge  and 
Boston  in  the  earliest  days  of  the  Ameri 
can  Revolution,  who  also  proved  them- 
selves instantly  ready  to  defend  their 
rights  and  their  country.  I  quote  the 
just  summary  given  by  Bates  in  his  His- 
tory of  the  Pennsylvania  Volunteers : 

"During  the  time  that  the  regiment 
was  in  service,  it  did  not  participate  in 
any  battles ;  but  its  timely  arrival  in  the 
field  accomplished  much  good  by  check- 
ing any  rash  movement  on  the  part  of 
Rebels  in  arms  along  our  borders.  The 
duties  it  was  called  upon  to  perform  were 
faithfully  done,  and  its  good  conduct, 
under  all  circumstances  was  appreciated 


and  acknowledged  by     its     superior  of- 
ficers." 

We  Pennsylvania  Germans,  slow,  con- 
servative, rather  looked  down  upon  by 
the  conceited  Yankee  and  the  imperti- 
nent Jerseyite,  because  our  tongues,  ac- 
customed to  the  pronunciation  of  heavy 
German  words,  are  not  able  to  trip  quite 
so  lightly  over  English  syllables  as 
theirs  ;  accused  even  of  being  illiterate, 
of  having  no  newspapers  _  or  schools 
worth  mentioning  by  a  New  England 
professor,  who  it  might  be  expected  by 
reason  of  his  training  and  profession 
should  be  a  broad-minded,  liberal,  well- 
informed  man ;  have  reason  to  be  proud 
of  the  patriotism  always  shown  by  our 
people.  The  first  companies  to  go  to 
Washington,  the  first  regiment  of  Penn- 
sylvania Volunteers,  came  from  Eastern 
Pennsylvania,  the  home  of  the  Pennsyl- 
vania German. 

The  Borough  of  Allentown,  according 
to  the  census  of  i860,  had  8025  inhabi- 
tants. According  to  the  usual  ratio 
there  were  1600  adult  males,  of  whom 
60  per  cent.,  or  1000,  were  fit  for  and 
liable  to  military  duty.  Upon  the  very 
first  days  of  the  war  there  left  128  men, 
47  First  Defenders  and  81  as  members 
of  Company  I.  What  other  place  shows 
such  an  exhibition  of  ready,  willing  pa- 
triotism as  this  Pennsylvania  German 
Borough  of  Allentown? 


History  of  Emmanuers  Church,  Petersville,  Pa. 


(Concluded  from  June  Issue  ^ 


By  Rev.  J.  J.   Reitz.  Waluutport,  Pa. 


REV.  J.  J.  REITZ,  M    D. 


A' — Early  Ministers. 

The  first  ministers  of  this  church,  of 
whose  service  we  have  positive  knowl- 
edge, were  Rev.  John  Andrew  Frider- 
ichs,  Lutheran,  and  Rev.  John  Egedius 
Hecker,  Reformed.  But  of  the  minister 
or  ministers  who  served  this  congrega- 
tion for  the  first  28  years  of  its  exist- 
ence, from  1723  to  1 75 1,  we  can  not  give 
an  authentic  account.  We  have  searched 
in  vain  the  "Halle  Reports,"  and  espe- 
cially the  voluminous  edition  by  Drs. 
Mann  and  Schmuckcr.  as  well  as  some 
other  works  which  might  throw  light  on 
this  subject.  During  this  period  the 
Pennsylvania  Germans  in  this  section 
were  but  few  and  from  all  appearances 
very  poor.     We     can     therefore     safely 


conclude  that  this  congregation  was  not 
able  to  support  a  minister  alone.  We 
reason  that  they  did  as  other  small  and 
poor  congregations  of  the  Palatines  in 
America  at  that  time,  viz.,  employed  itin- 
erant preachers,  or  even  so-called 
"Preacher-teachers,"  who  tauglit  the 
young  people  at  the  church  and  at  the 
same  time  did  some  clerical  w^ork. 

The  fact  that  such  minister  and  con- 
gregation are  not  named  in  the  "Halle 
Reports"  affords  no  proof,  because  not 
all  the  Lutheran  ministers  and  churches 
in  America  during  the  i8th  century  were 
in  accord  or  connection  with  the  minis- 
terium  of  Pennsylvania  and  adjacent 
States.  The  "Halle  Reports"  are  fre- 
quently very  partial,  not  to  say  bigoted 
while  dealing  with     those     who  did  not 


55- 


55^ 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


side  with  their  author.  We  mention  this 
fact  to  guard  against  error  and  making 
the  broad  statement  that  there  were  only 
a  few  Lutheran  ministers  in  America  in 
the  1 8th  century.  In  the  i8th  century 
there  were  two  well-defined  factions  of 
Lutherans  in  America,  the  Pietists  and 
the  Orthodox,  which  were  antagonistic 
to  each  other,  and  which  frequently 
struggled  at  various  places  or  churches 
for  supremacy.  Muhlenberg  and  his  as- 
sociates and  the  Pennsylvania  Ministe- 
rium  or  Synod  were  decidedly  pietistic, 
and  in  close  fraternal  union  with  the 
University  and  Orphanage  at  Halle, 
Germany.  So  ardenly  fraternal  was 
their  Synod  organization  that  it  reminds 
us  somewhat  of  the  Jesuits  in  ecclesias- 
tical affairs.  The  University  at  Halle 
started  in  1691  and  the  Orphan  House  in 
1695,  under  Francke,  became  the  great 
active  center  of  Pietism,  from  which  af- 
terwards Muhlenberg  among  many  oth- 
ers was  sent  forth  with  pietistic  bias  to 
preach  the  Gospel,  and  to  which  Muh- 
lenberg- was  accountable  for  his  labors 
in  America.  Here  he  sent  his  reports, 
known  as  the  "Halle  Reports."  Other 
universities,  Leipsic,  Wittenberg.  Frank- 
fort, etc.,  which  opposed  Pietism,  also 
produced  ministers,  but  of  the  orthodox 
Lutheran  kind,  some  of  w'hom  also  came 
to  America.  These  formed  no  Synod 
and  struggled  along  independently, 
while  in  spirit  they  stuck  together.  Many 
cases  of  the  rivalry  between  these  two 
factions  might  be  cited  where  one  or  the 
other  party  was  afterwards  "politely" 
slighted  or  not  even  mentioned.  Permit 
a  quotation  from  "Halle  Reports"  by 
Mann  and  Schmucker. 

"Another  opponent  with  which  (Rev.) 
Berkenmeyer  had  to  contend  was  Pietism 
.  .  . ;  truly  to  that  was  added,  that  the 
pietist  notioned  Schneider  played  the  game 
as  pastor,  but  Berkenmeyer  had  a  high 
regard  for  the  ministerial  office.  So  he 
calls  Langenfeld  who  served  for  a  time  as 
preacher  in  the  Lutheran  congregation  at 
the  Raritan  (N.  J.)  a  poulterer, 
(1748).  Therefore  he  also  takes  the 
*-~t  of  Pastor  Wolf,  (1745,  at  the 
"Stan,    N.    J.)    with    intense    zeal,    and 


regards  the  Hamburg  Consistory,  which 
had  ordained  Wolf,  as  the  true  board  of 
appellation.  ...  In  his  aversion  for  Piet- 
ism, concerning  which  he  most  likely  rep- 
resented in  the  New  World  the  opinions 
of  his  contemporary  Bal.  Ernst  Loescher, 
and  without  any  objection  for  personal 
piety,  Berkenmeyer  could  never  come  intc. 
close  union  with  the  Halle  people,  with 
Muhlenberg  and  his  friends. "1 

Illustrating  the  animosity  between  the 
two  factions,  we  refer  to  "Halle  Re- 
ports," Mann  and  Schmucker,  when 
Muhlenberg  was  laboring  among  the 
Lutherans  in  New  York. 

"In  the  Fall  of  1751  (Rev.)  Riess  had 
left.  (Rev.)  Andreae  of  Goshenhoppen  did 
not  accept  the  call  extended  to  him,  bui 
sent  one  of  his  most  active  disciples, 
(Rev.)  Phil  A.  Rapp,  and  thereby  the 
German  congregation  was  brought  into  di- 
rect enmity  towards  Muhlenberg.  Rapp 
was  bitterly  hostile  towards  Muhlenberg 
and  the  Halle  Pastors. "2 

It  is  said  of  Rev.  Tobias  Wagner,  a 
worthy  minister,  who  came  to  Pennsyl- 
vania in  1743,  and  lived  near  Reading, 
Pa.,  where  he  served  several  congrega- 
tions, and  w^ho,  like  the  popular  Rev. 
Daniel  Schmucker  and  many  others, 
never  joined  Muhlenberg's  Synod, 

"The  Halle  people  were  not  orthodox 
enough  for  him  and  in  conjunction  with 
(Rev.)  John  Casper  Stoever  he  put  stones 
in  their  way  and  sought  to  raise  mistrust 
against  them. "3 

In  "Halle  Reports,  Appendix  to  First 
Continuation,  XVT,"  Muhlenberg  writes 
March  6,  1745,  about  church  affairs  in 
New  Hanover,  as  follovvs : 

'Rev.  Andreae  is  stationed  in  the  neigh- 
boring districts  and  denounces  me  openly 
as  a  Pietist  and  Herrnhuter." 

In  his  writings  Muhlenberg  belittles 
other  ministers  and  congregations  when 
not  in  unison  with  his  pietistic  notions  or 
synod,  with  appellations  as  "a  vagabond 
sneaked  in"  or  "those  little  congrega- 
tions." 

During  the  first  half  of  the   iSth  cen- 


(1)  Halle  Reports,  Vol.  I,  p.  622. 

(2)  Halle  Reports,  Vol.  I,  p.  628. 

(3)  Halle  Reports,  Vol.  I,  p.  434. 


HISTORY   OE  EMMANUEL  S  CHURCH 


553 


tury  and  even  later,  there  were  in  reality 
three  factions  of  Lutherans  in  America: 
Revs.  Berkenmeyer,  Knoll,  Stoever  and 
others,  adhered  to  and  reported  their 
church  affairs  to  the  Holland  Synod ; 
Revs.  Muhlenberg,  Brunnholtz,  Hand- 
schuh  and  others,  reported  to  Halle: 
Revs.  Andreae,  Rapp,  Wagner  and  oth- 
ers constituted  an  independent  associa- 
tion or  class.  At  times  these  factions 
worked  together  as  in  Rev.  Wolf's 
troubles  at  the  Raritan,  N.  J.,  1745 ;  at 
other  times  they  bitterly  opposed  one 
another.  Emmanuel's  Church  at  Peters- 
ville,  Pa.,  has  always  been  an  independ- 
ent church ;  and  both  Lutheran  and  Re- 
formed were  at  times  served  by  inde- 
pendent ministers  and  at  other  times  by 
synodical  ministers. 

We  believe  that  this  old  congregation 
was  not  without  a  minister  from  its  ori- 
gin in  1723  till  1751.  Curiosity  incites 
us  to  inquire  whence  such  might  have 
come.  We  have  already  pointed  out  the 
easy  way  of  travel  and  tTie  communica- 
tion between  this  place  and  New  York 
State  about  the  Hudson  during  that 
time ;  and  early  ministers  were  accus- 
tomed to  travel  great  distances  to  sup- 
ply the  people's  wants.  Riding  forty  to 
fifty  miles  a  day  on  horseback  was  not 
considered  wonderful  at  that  time  for  a 
minister.  There  were  very  early  Lu- 
theran and  Reformed  ministers  in  New 
York  State.  In  the  published  archives 
of  the  State  of  New  York,  3 :  103,  we 
have  an  account  of  Rev.  John  E.  Goet- 
water,  who  was  sent  as  a  Lutheran  pas- 
tor by  the  Consistory  of  Amsterdam,  in 
which  is  given  an  Interesting'  letter  from 
Megapolensis  and  Drisius,  Reformed 
pastors,  dated  August  5,  1657,  recount- 
ing "the  injuries  that  threaten,  this  com- 
munity by  the  encroachments  of  the  her- 
etical spirits,"  in  which  the  following 
occurs : 

"It  came  to  pass  that  a  Lutheran 
preacher,  named  Joannes  Goetwater,  ar- 
rived in  the  ship,  the  Mill,  to  the  great 
joy  of  the  Lutherans,  and  especial  discon- 
tent and  disappointment  of  the  congrega- 


tion of  this  place;   yea  of  the  whole  land,, 
even  the  English. "^ 

Kapp  in  his  history  "Die  Deutschen  im 
Staate  New  York,"  mentions  on  p.  204 
a  Rev.  Henry  Frey  who  had  come  to 
America  and  to  Pennsylvania  between 
1682  and  1709;  also  he  names  the  Lu- 
theran ministers  who  served  in  Newburg 
at  the  Hudson,  during  the  first  part  of 
the  eighteenth  century,  as  follows : 

Rev.  Joshua  v  Kocherthal,  1709- 
1718  or  19;  Rev.  Just  Falkner,  1719- 
1723;  Rev.  Daniel  Falkner,  1723-1725: 
Rev.  William  Christoph  Berkenmeyer, 
1725-31  ;  Rev.  Michael  Christian  Knoll, 
1731-1749. 

In  said  book,  p.  205,  other  Lutheran 
ministers  are  mentioned  in  New  York 
State,  Revs.  Sommers,  Wolf,  Hartwig. 
Also  not  far  from  the  northeastern  bor- 
der of  Pennsylvania  there  were  the  Re- 
formed ministers  of  whom  Kapp  speaks,, 
to  wit :  Rev.  Joh.  Friedrich  Haeger, 
1710-1720;  Rev.  Geo.  Mich.  Weiss, 
1732—. 

As  an  example  how  ministers  at  thar 
early  time  served  congregations,  which 
were  small  and  many  miles  apart,  we 
quote  from  Kapp's  History, 

"(Rev.)  Michael  Christian  Knoll  came 
three  times  a  year  to  Newburg  and  re- 
ceived thirty  bushels  of  wheat  for  his  ser- 
vices; besides  that  he  was  pastor  of  the 
congregations  at  Hackensack  and  at  Wap- 
pinger  Creek. "5 

"From  the  lack  of  written  records  it  has 
become  almost  impossible  to  gain  a  clear 
insight  into  the  activity  of  these  men;  of 
which  however  the  isolated  passages  at 
hand  suffice  to  give  us  at  least  an  approxi- 
mate true  picture  of  their  official  activity. 
We  pick  out  Rev.  Peter  Nic*holas  Sommer 
of  Schoharie  (N.  Y.).  His  field  of  labor 
was  not  only  restricted  to  that  congrega- 
tion, but  stretched  out  in  a  circuit  about 
fifty  English  miles  from  Schoharie,  espe- 
cially during  the  first  fifteen  years  of  his 
activity  (1743-1758),  to  all  German  settle- 
ments where  Lutherans  lived  together. "s 


(4)  N.  Y.  Archives,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  103. 
(.5)  Kapp,  p.  16. 
(6)  Kapp,  p.  204. 


554 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


Looking  again  at  our  geography,  and 
considering  the  easy  and  usual  way  of 
travel  from  the  Hudson  River  to  this 
place,  it  is  not  unlikely  that  the  minis- 
ters for  the  Palatine  settlements  there 
and  for  some  miles  to  the  west  of  the 
Hudson  River  also  visited  the  early  Ger- 
man settlement  at  Emmanuel's  Church. 
Again  there  were  other  itinerant  minis- 
ters laboring  in  Northampton  County, 
like  Rev.  John  Casper  Stoever  and  Rev. 
John  Just  J.  Birckenstock,  of  whom  W. 
J.  Heller  bears  evidence  in  the  Pennsyl- 
vania German  (March,  19 lo)  that  they 
preached  at  two  churches  near  Easton, 
only  fifteen  miles  from  this  church,  be- 
tween 1728  and  1749-  They  may^also 
have  been  here.  In  Plalle  Reports  (I, 
p.  588)  reference  is  made  to  Job.  Just 
Jacob  Birckenstock  that  he  was  pastor 
of  Jordan  Church,  1740-1750,  and  also 
the  first  pastor  at  Upper  Miilford,  Sau- 
con,  Macungie  and  Salisbury.  There 
were  also  some  other  ministers  before 
1750  who  were  laboring  not  far  from 
this  church,  of  whom  we  have  authentic 
account,  as  Rev.  J.  Henricas  Goetschires. 
Rev.  Boehm,  Rev.  Joh.  Conrad  Wuertz 
at  Egypt  Church,  dating  from  I734» 
which  church  is  about  fifteen  miles  west 
from  Emmanuel's  Church  (Cf.  Penn. 
Arch.  6th  Ser.  Vol.  VI).  They  may  oc- 
casionally have  oflficiated  here.  Fifteen 
miles  southwest  from  this  church  there 
labored  Rev.  Joh.  Wilh.  Straub,  at  the 
Schmalzgass  (Salisbury)  Church  in 
1 74 1.  Shortly  before  the  middle  of  th^^ 
i8th  century  also  Revs.  Muhlenl^erg. 
Schrenke  and  Kurtz  were  at  times  near 
this  congregation  according  to  "Halle 
Reports."  ^  Revs.  Wagner,  Streiter, 
Weiss  and  Stoever  were  at  times  labor- 
ing near  this  church,  as  we  learn  from 
other  sources,  church  records  and  bap- 
tisms, and  who  are  said  to  have  labored 
here.  On  September  29,  1747,  the  first 
Reformed  Synod  of  America  was  organ- 
ized with  thirty-one  ministers  and  ciders, 
showing  already  many  Reformed  minis- 
ters for  the  first  half  of  the  i8th  cen- 
tury, in  addition  to  those  who  were  not 
members  of  said  Synod. 


In  general  these  all  served  a  worthy 
purpose  in  supplying  the  people's  wants 
during  the  first  half  of  the  i8th  century 
Whether  styled  regular  or  irregular,  in 
consideration  of  the  times  and  condi- 
tions, we  are  inclined  to  award  to  those 
ministers  their  just  reward.  All  of  them 
did  at  least  some  worthy  service  to  keep 
the  Christian  church  alive  during  those 
trying  and  turbulent  times  when  not 
idealism  but  reality  and  practicability 
were  the  issue  among  the  poor  Palatines. 
All  honor  to  such  strong  and  faithful 
ministers  as  Schlatter  and  Muhlenberg 
who  had  their  faults,  who  with  zealous 
activity  through  the  instrumentality  of 
their  synods,  started  respectively  1747 
and  1748,  helped  to  place  the  Reformed 
and  Lutheran  clergy  and  congregations 
in  America  on  a  firmer  and  more  respect- 
ful basis. 

We  will  now  refer  more  definitely  to 
the  first  two  ministers  of  the  church  of 
our  sketch  of  whom  we  have  authentic 
records :  Rev.  John  Andrew  Friderichs 
and  Rev.  John  Egidius  Hecker. 

Rev.  John  Andrew  Friderichs  wrote 
the  title  page  in  the  old  record  book 
( wherein  the  first  baptismal  record  is 
1755)-  and  signed  his  name  at  the  bot- 
tom of  the  page.  The  record  is  in  Ger- 
man, and  the  following  is  a  translation 
of  the  title  page : 

"Union   Church   Book 

of  the 

Lutheran   and   Reformed   Congregations 

in 

Moore  Township,  Northampton  County, 

in  the  Province  of  Pennsylvania, 

in  which  will  be  recorded : 

(i)   The  Baptized, 

(2)  The  Confirmed, 

(3)  Those  going  to  preparatory  service 

and  communion, 

(4)  The  regularly  married,  and 

(5)  The  Deaths. 

Procured  and  started  in  the  month  of 
July  and  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  and 
Saviour  Jesus  Christ  1763. 

John  Andrew  Friderichs,  V.D.M." 


HISTORY    OF    EMMANUEL'S  CHURCH 


555 


Remark.— Til  the  title  pase  the  town- 
ship name  Lehigh  is  crossed  out  and 
Aloore  written  above  it ;  this  may  have 
been  done  later. 

Likewise  his  name  occurs  in  the  com- 
munion record  of  1764.  From  the  bap- 
tismal and  communion  records  we  learn 
that  he  served  here  till  1772,  and  prob- 
ably till  1780.  He  lived  for  a  time  at 
Saucon  from  where  he  moved  in  1762  to 
Smithfield,  now  Monroe  County.  Pa., 
from  whence  he  came  at  various  times 
to  preach  at  this  church.  From  the  rec- 
ords of  other  churches  we  learn  that  he 
preached  also  at  Saucon,  Indianland 
(St.  Paul's),  Wesnersville,  etc.  Muh- 
lenberg writes  of  him  : 

"Wednesday,  the  10th  of  Feb.  (1762) 
Received  a  letter  from  Rev.  Mr.  Fried  of 
SmithPeld,  beyond  the  Blue  Mt.,  who  re- 
ports that  he  still  serves  the  Saucon  con- 
gregation, that  he  has  to  ride  every  four- 
teen days  thirty  miles  over  bad  roads.  He 
is  discouraged  and  receives  too  little  com- 
pensation."^ 

The  lot  of  the  ministers  for  the  Penn- 
syfvania  Germans  about  the  middle  of 
the  i8th  century  was  indeed  a  hard  one ; 
no  wonder  many  succumbed  under  the 
strain.  Generally  stern  poverty  stared 
the  people  in  the  face,  and  by  force  of 
necessity  they  cared  more  for  material 
than  spiritual  things.  Frequently  the  min- 
isters had  to  be  farmer  on  week  days  and 
clergyman  on  Sunday,  and  in  addition 
labor  in  a  wild  country  where  theii" 
peace  was  often  disturbed  by  the  In- 
dians. The  life  of  Rev.  John  Andrew 
Friderichs  illustrates  this.  We  quote 
from  "Halle  Reports,"  where  Muhlen- 
berg writes : 

"October  13,  (1763)  at  11  o'clock  we 
arrived  in  Providence  at  my  home,  and 
heard  with  sorrow  that  the  Indians  had 
cruelly  murdered  some  of  our  German  fel 
low  Lutherans  about  30  miles  from  here, 
and  had  scalped  them,  and  that  many 
families  had  taken  to  flight.  From  there 
we  journeyed  further  (to  Philadelphia  for 
Synod)    ...   On  the  22  of  October  (1763) 


there  also  came  our  poor  colaborer  of  tho 
scattered  sheep  above  the  Blue  Mountain, 
Rev.  Fried,  unexpected  at  that,  and  re- 
ported that  on  account  of  the  Indians  he 
had  left  behind  across  the  Blue  Mountain 
his  little  home,  some  gathered  winter 
grain  and  cattle,  and  that  he  had  escaped 
to  this  side  with  his  wife  and  children. 
He  made  some  report  of  his  tedious  oflTi- 
cial  labors  in  many  small  congregations."'' 

This  Rev.  John  Andrew  Friderichs 
was  in  his  old  age  in  straitened  circum- 
stances. We  quote  again  from  "Halle 
Reports"   where  Muhlenberg  writes : 

October  31,  1778.  Further  up  towards 
the-  Blue  Mountains  lives  Rev.  Mr.  Frid- 
erici  who  has  studied  with  me  40  years 
ago  at  Goettingen,  and  who  has  labored, 
struggled  and  suffered  himself  tired  there 
He  is  old,  feeble  and  bedfast,  and  in  poor 
circumstances  because  he  can  not  get 
along  anymore.  We  have  for  a  few  years 
collected  something  for  him  in  one  and 
the  other  congregations,  but  it  is  not  suf- 
ficient. Rev.  Mr.  Lehmann  has  promised 
to  collect  for  him  in  his  congregation. "y 

Rev.  John  Egidius  Hecker  was  one  of 
the  first  Reformed  pastors  of  the  "Ger- 
man congregation  in  Moore  Township," 
as  this  Petersville  congregation  was  then 
sometimes  called,  from  175 1  to  1773  and 
perhaps  later.  In  the  Historic  ^Vlanual  of 
the  Reformed  Church  in  the  United 
States,  by  Rev.  Joseph  H.  Dubbs,  D.D., 
we  find  the  following: 

"John  Egidius  Hecker,  b.  Dillenberg, 
Nassau;  d.  Northampon  Co.,  Pa.  1775.  Or- 
dained in  Europe.  Pastor  of  congregations 
in  Northampton  Co.,  Pa.     Independent." 

Mr.  W.  F.  Hecker,  of  Allentown.  Pa., 
a  great-grandson  of  Rev.  Hecker,  writes 
of  him : 

"Rev.  John  Egidius  Hecker  brought 
with  him  from  Germany  a  recommenda- 
tion dated  June,  1751,  given  by  I.  E.  Hoff- 
man, Nassauish  Bailiff  at  Orenian,  as  fol- 
lows: 'John  Egidius  Hecker,  son  of  the  Il- 
lustrious Nassauisch  Dillenburgischen 
Equery,  performed  his  studies  in  Theology 
in    Herburn    Nassau.'      This   John    Egidius 


(7)  Halle  Reports,  p.  88.5, 


(8)  Halle  Reports,  p.  .543,  ,5-lS). 
{{>)  Halle  Report.s,  p.  7:«. 


556 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


Hecker  emigrated  to  America  about  1751 
and  located  in  Northampton  Co.,  Pa.,  as  a 
German  Reformed  minister,  wliere  he  mar- 
ried and  died  in  his  early  days,  leaving  a 
family  of  seven  children,  three  boys  and 
four  girls.  The  record  in  Washington,  D. 
C,  shows  that  Rev.  John  Egidius  Hecker 
landed   in  America   September   23d,    1751, 


Koch.  My  father,  Peter  Hecker,  was  a 
son  of  Jonas  Hecker,  so  that  Rev.  John  E. 
Hecker  was  my  great-grandfather." 

Rev.  Hecker  probably  lived  just  east 
of  the  church  because  in  an  application 
for  a  tract  of  land  taken  out  August  14, 


Monumeut   of    Rev.    John     E.    Hecker    at 
Emmanuel's  Church,  Petersville,  Pa. 


name  of  ship  Neptune.  I  do  not  know 
anyhing  of  his  church  records.  I  was 
present  at  the  dedication  of  his  monument 
(1873),  church  and  cemetery  near  Peters- 
ville in  Northampton  Co.  At  that  time  1 
did  not  have  the  above  record  which 
should  be  on  the  monument,  ana  no  doubt 
will  be  put  on  now  if  laid  before  the  pro 
per  authority.  The  names  of  his  children 
are  as  follows:  Adam,  Yost,  Jonas,  Mrs 
Peter  Troxel,  Mrs.  Bartholomew  and  Mrs 


1765,  by  a  certain  John  Sneider,  when 
he  attempted  to  gain  possession  of  the 
church  land  for  the  title  of  which  there 
seems  to  have  been  some  irregularity, 
Egadins  Hecker  is  mentioned  as  adjoin- 
ing to  the  east  of  said  land  tract. 

In  the  baptismal  record  of  the  church 
is  the  following: 


HISTORY  OF   EMMANUEL'S  CHURCH 


557 


"Jost  Wilhelm,  ein  sohn  Johann  Egidius 
Hecker  et  Catarina,  u.  e,  geboren  den  7teii 
Octobris.  1769.  Getauft  den  ITten  ejus 
testes  erant  Jost  Dreisbach  et  vixor — ejus 
Elizabeth  Dreisbachin." 

Rev.  Hecker  preached  also  at  Tndian- 
land  church,  about  seven  miles  north- 
west of  the  old  German  congregation  in 
Moore  Township,  because  in  the  record 
book  of  the  Indianland  church  he  re- 
corded the  proceeding's  of  the  dedication 
of  the  second  church  there  on  November 
8.  1772,  and  sio-ned  it  "John  Egidius 
Hecker,  V.  D.  Ministre." 

Likewise  in  the  old  record  book  of  the 
Indianland  church  a  very  prominent  ac- 
count is  g-iven  of  the  baptism  of  the 
""schoolmaster's"  dau2:hter  by  Rev.  Mr. 
Hecker  on  April  30,  1769.  Judging  from 
the  unusually  large  niunber  of  sponsors, 
the  foremost  personage  there  £school- 
master)  at  the  church,  and  the  prominent 
record  made,  it  was  a  big  affair — shout- 
ing the  popular  and  respectful  standing 
of  Rev.  John  Egidius  Hecker. 

Rev.  Hecker  was  at  the  old  German 
congregation  in  Moore  Township  in 
1773.  because  in  the  old  record  book  he 
recorded  the  annual  settlement  or  state- 
ment for  the  years  1771.  1772  and  1773, 
and  sisned  then  himself,  as  an  example 
of  which  we  present  the  following: 

"1771,  July  7,  the  deacons  Paul  Flick 
and  Vallantin  Waldman  made  settlement 
and  the  alms  collection  amounted  to  2  p. 
17s  and  8  pence  and  3  which  is  received 
by  John  Miller  and  Michael  Esch. 
Signed, 

John  Miller, 
Michael    Esch,     , 
Deacons. 
Philip  Trum, 
John  Leix, 

Witnesses. 
JOHN   EGIDIUS   HECKER, 

V.  D.  Ministre,  J.  C.  t." 

From  the  church  records  we  have  been 
unable  to  learn  anthing  definite  of  Rev. 
Hecker  after  1773. 

He  died  about  1775  when  loving  hands 
buried  his  remains  under  the  altar  of  the 
church,  where  he  administered  the  Lord's 


Supper  to  his  neighbors  for  a  quarlei:  of 
a  century,  from  175 1  to  1775. 

In  1S73  when  the  150th  anniversary  of 
the  founding  of  this  church  was  cele- 
brated one  Oi  the  main  features  was  to 
dedicate  a  large  monument  to  Rev. 
Hecker,  in  the  original  cemetery.  .A  pic- 
ture is  presented  herewith.  The  inscrip- 
tion on  said  monument  is  as  follows : 

"To  the  memory  of 

REV.  JOHN  E;   HECKER. 

Who  was  pastor  of  this 

Reformed   congregation 

One  hundred  years  ago 

and  is  buried  here." 

XL— Fate  of  the  Old  Clunrh. 

In  the  latter  part  of  the  i8th  century 
the  old  church  built  in  1723  eventually 
became  unfit  for  public  services,  and  was 
abandoned.  In  the  old  record  book  the 
church  records  are  neatly  kept  till  1773. 
Thereafter  we  find  only  the  school  rec- 
ords in  another  book  till  1850  when  the 
present  Emmanuel's  Church  w^as  erected. 
There  is  a  large  list  of  annual  communi- 
cants recorded  in  the  latter  part  of  the 
old  record  book  dating  from  1797  ^^ 
1839.  We  were  inclined  at  first  to  be- 
lieve that  these  communions  were  held 
in  the  old  school  house  of  the  Petersville 
congregation,  but  it  is  likely  that  the  old 
record  book  was  borrowed  by  a  neigli- 
boring  church  to  record  communions. 

Rev.  Fritzinger,  pastor  of  the  church, 
remarked  at  the  reunion  in  1873 : 

"How  long  it  (the  first  church)  stood, 
can  not  be  fully  determined,  yet  we  know 
for  certain  that  it  was  there  in  1772,  but 
needed  repairs  very  much." 

Tradition  has  it,  that  some  time  after 
the  middle  of  the  i8th  century  the  mem- 
bers of  the  church  made  preparations  to 
build  a  new  and  larger  church,  and  that 
in  consequence,  in  a  certain  winter  they 
cut  and  hauled  a  large  number  of  logs  to 
the  church,  which  lay  there  many  years 
and  finally  rotted  because  for  various 
reasons  the  members  could  not  agree  and 
the  title  to  their  church  land  was  in 
doubt. 


55« 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


It  seems  that  the  Palatines  had  made 
their  homes  about  this  church,  with  the 
impression  that  the  Penns  would  give 
them  gratis  a  piece  of  land  for  church 
and  burial  purposes.  At  any  rate  they 
built  their  church  and  made  the  grave- 
yard alongside  of  it,  on  a  large  farm  of 
76  acres  on  the  top  of  the  hill,  which 
was  to  be  reserved  for  such  purpose, 
but  they  had  no  proper  papers  or  deed 
for  said  land.  In  the  course  of  time  it 
was  rumored  that  some  one  else  had 
taken  out  a  warrant  for  their  church 
land.     In  this  plight     a     dispute     arose 


Union  Lutheran  and  Reformed)  ;  and 
"Big-  Moore"  or  Salem's  Church,  a  few 
miles  northeast  from  the  old  church 
(1772  Union  Lutheran  and  Reformed). 
This  division  left  the  central  portion  or 
mother  church  very  weak.  Those  in  the 
immediate  vicinity  still  clung  to  their 
church.  Their  hope  and  wish  to  retail", 
their  church  land  for  school  and  church 
servce  and  'burial  purposes  was  finally 
fulfilled.  To  this  the  present  beautiful 
brick  Emmanuel's  Church  and  thriving 
congregation  bear  ample  evidence. 

Much  difficulty  was  experienced  how- 


Old  pewter   communion    set  and  baptismal    bowl  of    Emmanuel's  CI  urch, 
Petersville,  Pa.,  not  in  use  anymore  for  many  years. 


among  the  members  as  to  the  place  to 
build  their  church.  Some  were  in  favor 
of  trying  to  regain  possession  of  their 
cherished  church  land,  while  others  fa- 
vored building  elsewhere.  It  thus  hap- 
pened that  about  1770  our  Old  German 
Protestant  CongrcgaJion  in  Moore 
Tozvnship  split  into  three  sectional  fac- 
tions, from  which  developed  the  three 
neighboring  flourishing  congregations, 
viz.,  "Indianland"  or  St.  Paul's  Church, 
seven  miles  northwest  from  the  old 
mother  church  (  1756  Lutheran,  and  1772 
Union  Lutheran  and  Reformed)  , 
"Stone"  or  Zion's  Church,  a  few  milei" 
southwest  from     the     old  church    (1770 


ever  before  they  had  full  possession  ot 
their  church  land.  In  1765  John  Schnei- 
der, of  Chestnut  Hill,  near  Easton,  took 
out  an  application  for  the  same  and  fin- 
ally consented  to  sell  to  the  congregation. 
A  deed  was  accordingly  signed  by  him 
April  14,  1774.  to  "would-be"  trustees. 
Paul  Flick  and  William  Beck,  in  pursu- 
ance of  application  by  John  Schneider 
No.  478,  August  14,  1765.  On  September 
30,  1782,  the  same  was  transferred  by 
deed  by  Paul  Flick  (William  Beck  hav- 
ing died  meanwhile)  to  three  trustees  of 
the  congregation.  The  same  deed  was 
recorded  on  September  3,  1790,  at  Eas- 
ton in  Deed  Book  G,  Vol.  i,  p.  311,  by 
John  Arnd,  Recorder. 


HISTORY    OF  EMMANUEL'S  CHURCH 


559 


A  few  extracts  from  the  aforenamed 
(Iced  may  be  of  interest. 

"And  whereas  for  a  number  of  yeart 
past  there  hath  been  erected  on  said  land 
a  Church  or  House  of  publick  Worship  anu 
School  House  for  the  Instruction  of  chil- 
dren in  useful  Learning  and  the  Knowl- 
edge of  the  Christian  Religion.  Which 
Buildings  now  are  and  hereafter  are  in- 
tended to  be  continued  in  the  Use  ana 
Service  of  a  Congregation  of  German 
Protestants  of  the  Lutheran  and  Reformed 
Calvinist  Persuasions  residing  in  Moore 
Township  aforesaid  and  Parts  adjacent  to 
have  their  worship  either  jointly  or  sev- 
erally as  to  them  shall  seem  most  meet  and 
proper  and  best  answer  their  Purposes  of 
religious  and  brotherly  fellowship.  .  .  . 
and  to  assign  and  make  over  all  his  Right 
and  Interest  in  the  said  Premises  unto 
Philip  Drum  of  More  Township  aforesaid, 
yeoman,  Casper  Erb,  of  same  Township, 
yeoman,  and  Henry  Bartholomew  of  Allen 
Township  in  the  said  county.  Blacksmith, 
Persons  appointed  by  the  said  congregation 
as  Trustees  for  that  Purpose.  ...  In 
Trust  nevertheless  and  to  and  for  the  sole 
use  and  Benefit  of  the  aforesaid  German 
Protestant  Congregation,  in  More  Town- 
ship aforesaid  and  the  Parts  adjacent,  for 
the  joint  or  separate  Exercise  and  Perform- 
ance of  publick  Worship  according  to  the 
usual  Rites  and  Mode  in  the  Lutheran  and 
Reformed  Calvinist  Persuasions  and  the 
Instruction  of  their  children  in  useful  Lit- 
erature as  aforesaid." 

The  deed  was  signed  by  Paul  FHck  m 
the  presence  of  John  Daniel  Jaquet  an  J 
Henry  Heffelfinger,  and  Wm.  M.  Nair, 
J.  P.,  of  Northampton  County. 

On  December  8,  1823,  the  "Old  Ger- 
man Coiii^rcgatioii"  obtained  a  warrant 
from  the  State  of  Pennsylvania  for  the 
same.  An  abstract  from  said  warrant  is 
interesting. 

"The  Commonwealth  of  Pennsylvania. 
To  all  to  whom  these  Presents  shall  come, 
Greeting: 

Know  ye.  That  in  pursuance  of  an  Act 
of  General  Assembly,  passed  31st  March, 
1823,  entitled,  'An  Act  for  the  relief  of 
the  German  Congregation  in  Moore  Town- 
ship, Northampton  County,'  there  is  grant- 
ed by  the  said  Commonwealth  unto  John 
Laup,  Christian  Shanaberger,  Conrad  Roy- 
er,  and  Jacob  Rush  (alias  Bush)  in  Trust 
for  the  uses  hereinafter  mentioned,  a  cer- 
tain tract  of  Land,  situate  in  Moore  Town- 
ship in  the  County  of  Northampton.     Be- 


ginning at  a  post,  thence  by  land  of  George 
Swartz  and  land  of  Paul  Flick  (S.  87  de- 
grees E,  114  p.)  to  a  chestnut,  thence  by 
said  Flick's  land  and  land  of  Egadius 
Hecker,  (N.  15  degrees  W.  100  p.)  to  a 
stone,  thence  by  land  late  of  Roland  Smith 
(S.  85  degrees  W.  55%  p.)  to  a  stone  (N. 
30  degrees,  W.  80  p.)  to  a  white  oak, 
thence  by  land  late  of  Christian  Doll,  (S. 
60  degrees,  W.  34  p)  to  a  white  oak,  and 
thence  by  land  of  Casper  Erb  (S.  15  de- 
grees E.  143  p)  to  the  beginning.  Con- 
taining Seventy-six  Acres  fourteen  perches 
and  allowance,  &c.  (Which  said  tract  of 
Land  was  surveyed  in  pursuance  of  an  Ap- 
plicaton  No.  478,  dated  14th  August,  1765, 
granted  to  or  entered  by  John  Sneider,  and 
a  Warrant  for  the  Acceptance  of  said  sur- 
vey was  this  day  issued  to  the  ato.  ,i;:aid 
Trustees  in  pursuance  of  said  Act.)"i«' 

The  School  of  This  Old  Congrci^ftion. 

The  old  log  church  may  have  stood 
yet  for  some  years  after  1775  and  been 
used  at  various  times  for  religious  ser- 
vices, but  how  long  we  cannot  determine. 
The  "Old  German  Congregation"  re- 
tained its  organization  all  that  time  and 
up  to  1850  when  the  present  Emmanuel's 
Church  was  erected.  Even  though  it  had 
no  church  building  for  half  a  century  o" 
more,  it  maintained  a  good  school  on  the 
church  land  all  that  time.  Many  of  the 
records  of  said  school  are  in  good  preser- 
vation. In  one  old  record  book  dating 
from  1801,  are  carefully  recorded  such 
proceedings  as  how  the  members  met  an- 
nually to  elect  trtistees  and  through  them 
engaged  a  "schoolmaster,"  and  other- 
wise cared  for  the  church  property  uj) 
to  1850. 

The  sciioolhouse  was  a  two-story 
building  in  which  one-half  of  the  first 
story  was  used  for  the  school  while  thf: 
"schoolmaster"  occupied  the  rest  for  a 
dwelling  place.  It  is  said  that  the  young- 
people  for  miles  around  went  to  school 
there  during  the  winter.  Aaron  Royer. 
upwards  of  eighty  years  old.  of  North- 
ampton, Pa.,  who  was  born  and  raised 
near  this  church,  says : 

"We  used  to  call  it  the  college,  and  x 
big  school  it  was — as  I  well  remember  dui- 


(10)  Pennsylvania  Archives.  3rd  Ser.,  XXVI.  p.  :3J. 


56o 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


ing  the  winter  of  1846  we  averaged  ninety- 
three  scholars,  the  enrollment  being  ovei 
a  hundred,  and  the  people  prided  them- 
selves for  having  one  of  the  best  schools 
in  the  land." 

jMr.  Royer's  father,  Conrad  Royer. 
was  one  of  the  early  settlers  about  the 
church  and  was  for  many  years  Justice 
of  the  Peace  and  Surveyor.  At  that 
time,  especially  during  the  first  half  of 
the  nineteenth  century,  the  old  congre- 
gation that  cared  so  well  for  the  school, 
was  popularly  known  as  the  "Old  School 
House  Congregation,"  as  the  following 
from  the  church  records  shows : 

"Moore  Township,  January  11,  1823, 
agreeable  to  public  notice  given  to  the  OlQ 
School  House  Congregation  for  the  purpose 
of  Electing  Four  Trustees  and  one  Treas- 
urer  ..." 

Names. — All  that  seemed  necessary  to 
those  early  Palatines  was  to  designate 
their  church  "The  German  Protest- 
ant Congregatoh  of  the  Lutheran  and 
Reformed  Calvinistic  Persuasion,"  as  a 
general  distinction  from  the  Catholic 
church  from  whose  powerful  clasp  of 
hatred  and  persecution  in  the  old  coun- 
try they  had  escaped  to  the  New  World 
of  religious  liberty.  This  name  is  in  the 
deed  for  the  church  land.  Later  in  the 
warrant  for  said  land  in  1823  it  was 
called  the  "Old  German  Congregation  in 
Moore  Township."  Still  later  it  was 
popularly  called  the  "Old  School  House 
Congregation"  till  in  i8so  it  received  the 
name  "EmmanueVs  Congregaion"  by 
which  it  is  known  to  this  day. 

Up  to  1752  the  present  Northampton 
County  was  part  of  Bucks  County  and 
known  as  Forks  Township.  In  twO'  old 
deeds  in  the  possession  of  Andrew  Per- 
son living  near  this  church  two  local 
names  are  mentioned.  One  is  "Summer 
Hill,"  in  pursuance  of  application  No. 
752  for  a  piece  of  land  in  1765  a  short 
distance  south  of  this  church,  probably 
on  account  of  the  nice  sloping  land  on 
the  sunny  side  of  the  hill  several  miles  in 
length  on  top  of  which  stands  this 
church.  The  other  is  "Retreat,"  men- 
tioned in  a  deed  for  a  tract  of  land  near 


this  church  in  1785,  perhaps  a  popular 
name  sometimes  used  for  the  locality 
about  the  church  where  said  church  was 
considered  the  best  place  of  refuge  or 
retreat  in  danger  or  want. 

Xn. — Neii'  Emmanuel's  Church. 

The  "Old  German  Congregation"  hav- 
ing held  its  own  since  1723,  or  retained 
possession  of  its  church  land,  managed 
at  last  to  fulfill  its  long  desired  wish  by 
erecting  in  1850  a  nice  brick  church  on 
the  premises.  In  the  "Pennsylvania 
Laws"  for  1817,  p.  9,  we  learn  that  Jan- 
uary 9,  1817,  an  act  was  passed  author- 
izing the  trustees  to  sell  50  acres  to  pro- 
cure funds  for  building  a  church.  On 
April  15,  1822,  they  sold  10  acres  to  John 
Silfies.  Jr.,  for  "finishing  and  complet- 
ing the  new  school  house  about  to  be 
built,"  as  we  read  in  the  church  records. 
In  1848  they  sold  to  Charles  Beil  40 
acres  for  $4000,  with  whic^i  money  they 
then  built  the  present  brick  church  in 
1850.  At  that  time  the  trustees  were 
Edward  Kleppinger,  William  Beeo:ey, 
Daniel  Silvius  and  Henry  Koch,  wb 
acted  as  the  building  committee.  Ever 
since  that  time  Emmanuel's  Church, 
though  a  small  country  congregation  of 
2O0  members  (Lutheran  and  Reformed), 
has  been  prospering.  Everything  is  in 
good  repair,  church,  organist's  home, 
^church  land,  cemetery.  Not  long  ago 
stained  windows  were  put  in  the  church ; 
two  years  ago  a  grand  new  pipe  organ 
replaced  the  old  pipe  organ,  for  which 
Andrew  Carnegie  paid  the  half. 

Althoug'h  there  was  no  i^ood  and  suit- 
able church  edifice  on  this  church  land 
of  76  acres  from  about  1780  to  1850,  yet 
the  "Old  German  Coiigre^^ation"  always 
conducted  its  business  transactions  well, 
and  had  ministers  to  attend  to  the  spirit- 
ual wants  of  baptism  and  marriage, 
while  for  their  communion  and  confir- 
mation the  members  went  to  neig'hboring 
churches,  and  above  all  they  maintained 
always  a  good  school.  In  the  meantime 
they  were  served  on  the  Lutheran  side 
after  Rev.  Friderich's  pastorate  ( 1780  to 


HISTORY  OF    EMMANUEL'S  CHURCH 


561 


1850)  by  Revs.  Daniel  Schumacher,  Ja- 
cob Wan  Buskirk.  J.  S.  Obenhauer,  Fred- 
erick (ieiscnheimer,  F.  W.  Meenclsen  and 
A.  Fuchs ;  and  on  the  Reformed  side  af- 
ter Rev.  Hecker's  decease  in  1775  til! 
1850  by  Revs.  Conrad  Steiner,  P.  V  .Per- 
jiisius.  Fred  Wm.  Van  der  Sloot,  Sr., 
Fred  Wm.  Van  der  Sl6ot.  Jr.,  Jacob 
Christ  Becker,  Cyrus  J.  Becker. 

The  Lutheran  ministers  of  the  new 
Einniaiiiicrs  Church  have  been: 

Rev.  A.  Fuchs,  1850-1868;  Rev.  D. 
Kuntz.  1868-1869;  Rev.  R.  B.  Kistler, 
1 870- 1876;  Rev.  G.  A.  Bruegel,  1877- 
1887;  Rev.  J.  J.  Reitz,  M.D..  1887-1912. 

The  Reformed  ministers  of  the  new 
Emmanuel's  Church  have  been  : 

Rev.  E.  H.  Helffrich,  1851-1858;  Rev. 


J.  Gantenbein,  1859-1864;  Rev.  R.  Lis- 
berger,  1864-1871  ;  Rev.  J.  Fritzinger, 
1872-1875:  Rev.  D.  B.  Ernst,  1875-1877; 
Rev.  J  .E.  Smith,  D.D.,  1877-1912. 

A  picture  of  Rev.  Dr.  Smith,  the  pres- 
ent Reformed  pastor,  is  found  in  "Penn- 
sylvania German,"  February  number. 
1910,  p.  96. 

The  organists  of  the  new  Emmanuel 
Church  have  been : 

J.  J.  Weber.  1850-1857;  John  Schefer, 
1857-1861  ;  James  Snyder,  1861-186^  . 
Edward  Engler,  1865-1869;  J.  H.  H. 
Hendricks,  1 869-1 877  :  E.  A.  Heimer 
1877-1886:  William  H.  Santee.  1886- 
1906;  Samaritan  Dech,  1906-1908:  Mrs. 
Emma  Schall,  1908-1912. 


Jack  Sheets,  One  of  my  correspon  lents 
Hero  asks  for  the  story  of  Jack 

Sheets,  the  wireless  hero. 

Here  it  is : 

Jack  Sheets  is  a  sixteen-year-old  high 
school  boy  of  Philadelphia.  During  hi.=. 
spare  hours  he  mastered  the  mystery  of 
wireless  telegraphy  and  learend  the  code. 

Last  summer  he  secured  a  position 
during  vacation  as  wireless  operator  on 
the  steamer  Lexington,  an  Atlantic  coast 
vessel. 

On  the  first  voyage  out  the  ship  ran 
into  a  storm  ofT  the  coast  of  South  Caro- 
lina. Huge  waves  swept  over  the  vessel. 
The  frightened  passengers  huddled  in 
the  cabin,  while  the  crew  fought  to  keef^ 
the  Lexington  ofif  the  much  dreaded 
reefs. 

Lying  prone  on  the  deck,  where  no 
man  could  stand,  and  cool  as  a  veteran, 
was  young  Sheets,  flashing  his  distress 
signal  over  the  waters. 

Before  long,  because  of  the  bufiFeting 
of  the  waters,  the  wireless  rigging  was 
parted  from  the  transmitter,  rendering 
the  bov's  instrument  useless. 

But— 

In  his  make-up  was  hero  stuff.  He 
realized  that  the  lives  of  passengers  and 
crew  were  in  his  small  hands,  and  he 
took  a  desperate  chance. 


No  sooner  was  the  connection  broken 
than  he  started  to  climb  into  the  riggin? 
with  his  instrument.  L'p  there,  stretched 
between  the  masts,  was  the  wireless 
outfit. 

The  captain,  himself  lashed  to  the 
wheel,  looked  to  see  the  boy  blown  away 
in  the  teeth  of  the  gale  or  thrown  into 
the  sea  by  the  lurching  ship. 

It  was  a  fearsome  chance. 

Summoning  all  his  determination  and 
every  atom  of  his  strength  and  agility. 
young  Sheets  slowly  but  surely  made  his 
way.  Lashing  himself  to  the  mast,  he 
was  able  to  attach  his  instrument  to  the 
wires. 

And  there  he  stayed. 

Meantime  the  vessel  had  drifted  on  to 
the  reefs  and  was  pounding  out  its  life. 
And  Jack  Sheets,  the  sixteen-year-old 
boy.  was  up  there  sounding  out  hi? 
pleading  call  for  aid. 

Finally  through  the  storm  came  an  an- 
swering signal,  and  shortly  after  the 
revenue  cutter  Yamacrow  came  to  the 
rescue. 

It  was  a  situation  requiring  good  sea- 
manship, but  the  passengers  and  crew 
were  taken  off,  one  at  a  time.  The  last 
one  off  was  the  captain.  The  next  to  the 
last  was  Jack  Sheets. — Edi<.'iii  A.  N'yc. 


Zhc  pcnn  (5ermania  (3enealooical  Club 


EDITOR — Cora  C.  Curry,  1020  Monroe  St.    N.   W..  Washington.  D.   C. 

MEMBERSHIP — Subscribers  to  Tiie  Penn  Germania  wlio  pay  an  annual  due  of  twenti- 
five   cents. 

OBJECT — To  secure  preserve  and  publisli  what  interests  members  as,  accounts  of 
noted  family  incidents,  traditions,  Bible  records,  etc..  as  well  as  historical  an.l 
genealogical  data  of  Swiss  German  and  Palatine  American  immigrants,  with  dale 
and  place  of  birth,  marriage,  settlement,  migration  an.l  deatCi  of  descendants. 
Puzzling   genealogical    questions    and   answers    thereto   inserted    free. 

OFFICERS — Elected  at  annual  meeting.  (Suggestions  as  to  time  and  place  are  invited.) 

BENEFITS — Team  work,  personal  communications,  mutual  helpfulness,  exchan;;e  of, 
information  suggestions  as  to  what  should  be  printed,  contributions  for  publica- 
tion, including  the  asking  and  answering  of  questions. 


B  evolutionary  Soldiers  in  Indiana 

The  Indiana  Quarterly  INIagazine  oi 
History  in  its  March  hst  of  Revolution- 
ary soldiers  whose  graves  have  been  lo- 
cated in  Indiana,  and  marked  by  tht 
Daughters  of  the  American  Revolution 
includes  the  following : 

Funck,  Henry,  d.  1816,  Harrison  Co. 
Served  in  Frontier  Militia,  Capt.  Joseph 
Bowman's  Co.,  under  Col.  George  Rog- 
ers Clark. 

•Kesler,  John,  b.  1757,  d.  1843,  Tippe- 
canoe Co.  Four  enlistments  from  Pa.. 
York  Co.     Pensioner. 

Legore,  John,  ib.  1755.  Lived  in  Md. 
during  the  war,  moved  later  to  Pa.  d 
July  7.  1829,  Rush  Co.     Pensioner. 

Neeley,  Alaj.  Joseph,  b.  at  sea  1758,  d 
181 1.  Enlisted  in  Hanover  Tp.,  Lancas- 
ter Co.,  Pa.  Wife  Martha  Johnston. 
Pensioner. 

Reiley,  John,  b.  Dec.  9,  175 1,  Cecit 
Co.,  Md..  d.  Dec.  22,  1845,  Rush  Co. 
Enlisted  in  Chester  Co.,  Pa. 

Riley.  John,  b.  1752,  Carlisle,  Pa.,  d 
in  PaoH,  Orange  Co.  Wife  Mary  Mc- 
Ilvaine.     Pensioner. 

Van  Buskirk,  Isaac,  b.  Oct.  7.  1760, 
Va.,  d.  Oct.  27,   1843,  Gosport,  Monroe 


Co.-   Moved  to  Pa.  after  the  war.     \\if~i 
Jerusha  Little. 

Davis,  Enos,  b.  1761,  d.  1841.  Private 
in  Capt.  Henry  Gale's  Co.,  Maryland 
Militia.     Pensioner. 

Genealogical  Card 

Flon.  J.  C.  Ruppenthal,  Russell.  Kan- 
sas, has  tilled  and  filed  hundre.is  of 
cards,  3  by  5,  printed  on  both  sides,  call- 
ing for  the  following  data : 

1.  Surname;  given,  baptismal,  adopc- 
ed,  nick-name. 

2.  Birth ;  year,  month,  day,  in  what 
country,  state,  countv,  in  or  near  city, 
P.  O. 

3.  Education;  schools,  v,-hc:i?  where?' 
common,  private,  high,  aca  1..  college, 
univer.^ily,  special,  diplomas,  degrees. 

4.  Religion  ;  by  inheritance,  by  choice, 
creed,  church  membershii:)  or  preference, 
change. 

5.  Political  affiliation,  wilh  all 
changes. 

6.  Occupations;  with  datrs  and 
place,  specialties,  avocations,  hobbies. 

7.  Membership;  fraternal,  secet.  ed- 
ucational, religious,  beneficiary,  learned, 
social,  commercial,  military,  etc. 


562 


THE  PENN  GERMANIA  GENEALOGICAL  CLUB 


563 


8.  Residence ;  successive,  postofificc 
addresses  with  dates. 

9.  Offices  held ;  pubhc,  private,  hon- 
orary, niihtary,  corporate,  etc.,  with  time 
and  place. 

10.  Race ;  complexion,  color  of  hair, 
beard,  size,  weight,  health  by  periods. 

11.  Nationality  ;  if  not  native  of  U.  S. 
time  and  place  of  immigration ;  when, 
where  naturalized. 

12.  Military  or  army  record. 

13.  Married;  when,  where,  to  whom? 
(repeat,  if  twice,  etc.)  death  or  divorce 
of  spouse,  when,  where  ? 

14.  Children ;  number  and  name  each, 
with  date  and  place  of  birth  (death). 

15.  Father's  name;  mother's  maiden 
name ;  ancestry  of  each. 

Germans  in  North  Carolina 

-Files  of  the  Penn  Germania  and 
Pennsylvania  German  are  invaluable 
sources  of  information  as  is  illustrated 
by  the  following  important  genealogical 
data  summarized  from  an  article  relative 
to  German  Emigration  to  North  Caro- 
lina. 

Rev.  Dr.  J.  C.  Leonard,  Lexington,  N. 
C,  in  the  Pennsylvania  German  for  June, 
1909,  says : 

German  emigrants  for  the  most  pan 
landed  at  Philadelphia.  Some  remained 
there  or  in  the  Province  for  a  time.  Some 
went  directly  South.  German  emigra- 
tion to  North  Carolina  was  at  its  high- 
tide  between  1745  and  1755.  Old  deeds 
and  grants  to  .individuals  and  churches 
are  in  the  archives  at  Raleigh  and  Co- 
lumbia, and  in  the  County  Court  Houses 

Th2  original  territory  settled  by  them 
is  not  large,  viz :  the  present  Counties  of 
Alamance,  Burke,  Cabarus,  Caldwell, 
Catawba,  Cleveland,  Davidson,  Davie, 
Forsythe.  Guilford,  Lincoln,  Randolph, 
Rowan  (Roan),  Stanley  and  Stokes, 
fifteen  counties  in  all. 

German  settlers  went  elsewhere  in  the 
State  but  not  in  large  numbers.  Germans 
everywhere  are  slow  to  give  up  their 
own  language,  but  North  Carolina  was 
an  English  State. 


The  Germans  in  this  State  took  a  con- 
spicuous part  in  the  Revolut.onary  War. 
The  people  in  the  V^adkin  and  Catawba 
valleys  (the  Germans)  went  to  hel])  the 
mountain  people  (the  Scotch- Irish)  to 
fight  the  Indians. 

Many  familiar  Pennsylvania  names 
are  still  in  North  Carolina ;  among  these 
may  be  found:  Frey,  Everhart,  Lohr, 
Kress,  Christmas,  Luther,  Ramsuer, 
Fritz.  Byerly.  Wehrly  (Whirlow), 
Friedle,  Hedrick,  Rothrock,  Meyer  (My- 
ers), Weidner  (Whitener),  Boger,  Beck 
(Peck),  Lopp,  Zimmerman  (Carpenter). 
Michael,  Frank,  Leibergood  (Liven- 
good),  Kuntz  (Coontz),  Waldfans  (Wil- 
fong),  Kern.  Zysloop  (Siceloff),  Lingle, 
Diehl  (Deal),  Berger  (Barrier,  Berrier, 
Barger),  Schaaf  (Shoaf),  Conrad*. 
(Conrad),  Wagner.  Grubb,  Hoffman 
(Huffman),  Creim  (Grimes),  Haft'ner, 
Ranch  (Rowe),  Hartman,  Huyet  (Hy- 
att), Hartman',  Schneider  (Taylor), 
Lantz,  Zinck  (Sink),  Huntsicker,  Klopp 
(Claop),  Leonardt  (Leonard).  Rein- 
hardt,  Fischer,  Lutz,  Miller,  Schaeffer 
(Shaver),  Wentz  (Vance),  Waitzer 
( Walzer.  Walter),  Syegrist  (Sechrist), 
Wahrlick,  Jantz  (Yountz),  W'eber 
(Weaver).  Jung  (Young),  Hoch 
(Hoke),  Hinkle,  Henkle,  Brinckley, 
Arndt,  Krause  (Grouse),  Klein  (Little, 
Small),  Hage  (Hege),  Sauer  (Sowers), 
Kratz  (Crotts),  Thar  (Darr,  Derr),  etc. 

For  a  long  time  most  of  western 
North  Carolina  and  Tennessee  was  with- 
in the  boundaries  of  Anson  County,  N. 
C.  Rowan  Cour.ty  was  cut  off  and  or- 
ganized in  1753,  Surrey  County  in  1770, 
Burke  County  in  1777,  etc. 

The  first  German  settlement  in  this 
county  is  believed  to  have  been  about 
1 7.' 5.  The  Pennsylvania  Germans  set- 
tled mo'^tly  ?outh  a"d  east  of  Salisbury, 

Tlie  Cherokee  Indians — the  most  pow- 
erful of  th?  Indian  tribes — still  claimed 
this  territorv  an.d  committed  murders 
and  minor  dipredations.  until  in  1756 
Fort  Dobbs  was  built  about  twenty  miles 
east  of  Salisbury  for  the  protection  ol 
the  farmers  in  that  locality. 

Many  moved  to  Mrginia   for  greater 


5^4 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


safety,  many  went  back  to  Pennsylvania 
from  time  to  time.  After  the  Revolu- 
tionary War  many  Germans  went  to 
North  Carolina  to  the  same  old  localities- 
Reunions 

All  descendants  of  Johann  Geor^sf 
Reinhardt  and  their  families  will  hold 
their  first  reunion  at  Waldheim  Park 
near  Allentown.  Pa.,  Auo-ust  22,  1912. 
For  particulars  address  the  Secretary, 
Osman  F.  Reinhard,  Bethlehem,  Pa. 

There  will  be  a  reunion  of  the  Range 
family  at  the  residence  of  Mr.  F.  L.  Fur- 
geson,  Millvillage,  Erie  County,  Penn- 
sylvania, Wednesday,  August  28,  1912. 
Descendants  of  Theobald  Shollas  or 
Lieut.  John  Range  are  urged  to  attend 
and  all  will  be  welcome.  Communicate 
with  Judge  John  Siggins,  Tidioute,  War- 
ren County,  Pa. 

German  Names  in  Shenandoah 
Valley,  Va. 

The  report  of  the  Shenandoah  Coun- 
ty (Va.)  Court  Proceedings,  May  Term. 
191 2,  as  given  in  the  old  family  news- 
paper Shenandoah  Valley,  published  .by 
Henkle  and  Co.,  New  Market,  Va.,  con- 
tains among  others  the  following  famil}- 
names :  Lindamood,  Lantz,  Funkhouser, 
Hepner,  Spiker.  Henkel,  Moomaw,  Cra- 
bill,  Hoover,  Hottle,  Grabill,  Glaize, 
Gochenour,  Bauserman,  Beeler,  Hines. 
Bender,  Arehart,  Bellinger,  Koontz, 
Brumbach,  T.ineweaver,  Bowman,  Nes- 
selrodt,  Hedrick,  Rittenour,  Strickler, 
Lutz,  Kline,  Orndorff,  Swartz,  Keller. 

The  Mast  Family  History 

Bishop  Jacob  Mast,  born  1738  in  Swit- 
zerland, came  to  America  an  orphan, 
1750,  in  company  with  four  sisters  and  a 
brother  in  care  of  their  uncle  Johannes 
Mast.  These  lived  in  the  Amish  settle- 
ment in  Berks  County  until  1760  when 
on  account  of  Indian  depredations  they 
with  other  Amish     families     moved     to 


Lancaster  County.  The  book  before  us 
is  an  account  of  the  descendants  of  this 
Jacob  Mast  and  others  related  to  him. 
The  record  of  2170  families  is  given  in 
the  822  pages.  In  each  family,  so  far 
as  possible,  the  author  gives  dates,  place 
of  residence,  occupation,  church  connec- 
tion. In  addition  there  are  footnotes, 
biographical  sketches,  half-tone  illustra- 
tions, cross  references,  and  a  w^ell-ar- 
ranged  index.  The  work,  not  without 
some  of  the  imperfections  liable  to  be 
found  in  such  publications,  is  a  credit  to 
its  author  who,  still  a  young  man,  finished 
the  work  in  about  four  years.  Those  who 
have  collected  family  data  will  appreci- 
ate what  it  means  to  list  correctly  over 
2000  families.  Among  the  family  names 
indexed  are  the  following: 

Armbrust,  Aten,  Bagenstose,  Bair, 
Bardo,  Barton.  Basom,  Bayard,  Bear, 
Beamesderfer,  Beechy,  Beiler,  Bigley, 
Blank,  Blaser,  Blough,  Bontrager,  Boy- 
er,  Boyer,  Bratton,  Burns,  Bushong,  By- 
ler,  Calhoun,  Carr,  Clark,  Co fifman,  Cole- 
man, Contner,  Cooper,  Crater,  Deeds. 
Dewees,  Deiner,  Detrich,  Dimm,  Dun- 
woody,  Dysinger,  Dyer,  Eaby,  Eckert, 
Emerson,  Emmert.  Fawney,  Fett.  Fet- 
ter, Fisher,  Ford,  Fox,  Frink,  Froxel, 
Fulton,  Garmine,  Garver,  Gearhart, 
Gemperling,  Glick,  Good,  Gordon,  Gra- 
dy, Haines,  Hammaker,  Harsh,  Hart, 
Hartzler,  Heestand,  Hertzler,  Hoelley, 
Hoestetler,  Holley,  Hooly,  Hood,  Hoo- 
ley.  Hoover,  Hostetler,  Ihrig,  Jacobs, 
Kauffman,  Kelly,  Kenagy,  Kennel, 
Kerch,  Kester,  King,  Kintzer,  Knepp, 
Koffroth,  Krepps,  Krebill,  Kurtz,  Lantz, 
Lapp,  Lemen,Lightner, Lord,  Long,  Lud- 
wig.  Maitland,  Martin,  Mast,  McCracken, 
McFallen,  McKnight,  Metcalf,  Millard, 
Miller,  Mogel,  Moore,  Moose,  Mote, 
Moyer,  Munsey,  Nafzimger,  Neuhauser, 
Newkirk,  Page,  Patton,  Peachey,  Peters 
heim,  Plank,  Rader,  Raum.  Ray,  Reeser, 
Renschler,  Richardson.  Richmond,  Rit- 
ter,  Robinson,  Rudy.  Sattazahn,  Saun- 
ders, Sausman,  Schertz,  Schlabach, 
Schmidt,  Schmucker,  Schnell,  Schrock, 
Seaman,  Sharp,  Sheeler,  Shimp,  Shotz- 
bcrger.  Shurtz,  Slider,  Smith,  Smucker, 


THE    PENN    GERMANIA    GENEALOGICAL    CLUB 


565 


Sonimers,  Souder,  Stolzfus,  Strickhous- 
er,  Stroup,  Stutzman.  Summers,  Swartz, 
Teisher,  Teisner,  Troutman,  Troyer, 
Uhlrich,  Umble,  Walters,  Wamsher. 
Wanner.  Weaver,  Weinhokl,  Weirich, 
Weiser,  W^enger,  Westley,  Wctzler,  Wil- 
lis, Winegardner,  Yoder,  Zeiders,  Zook, 
Zug.  The  name  and  address  of  the  au- 
thor are  C.  Z.  Mast,  Elverson,  Pa. 

Queries 

31.  Jl'crtc.  George  Wertz  (1753- 
1837)  was  an  early  settler  of  Milligan's 
Cove,  Bedford  County,  Pa.  Who  were 
his  parents,  brothers  and  wife?  Am  try- 
ing to  gather  data  about  this  branch,  am 
a  great  granddaughter  of  this  George 
Wertz.  Mrs.  J.  R.  M. 

32.  Urich.  Michael  Urich,  b.  3-20- 
1713,  d.  4-1-1759,  and  wife  Anna  Eliza- 
beth among  first  communicants  of  the 
Hebron  Moravian  Church,  South  Leba- 
non Township,  Dauphin  County,  Pa 
Wanted,  names  of  parents.  Son  Michael 
b.  8-7-1757,  d.  8-14-1817,  Uhrichsville, 
Ohio,  married  Catharine  Burroway  or 
Barroway,  1772.  Mother  of  his  chil- 
dren wife  died  1794,  married  Susanna 
C.  Rowse.  Wanted,  light  on  this  fam- 
ily. Mrs.  W.  E.  P. 

T,^.  Hazvs^  or  Hazvcs.  Wanted  the 
names  of  the  wife  and  children  of  any  of 
the  following,  which  are  taken  from  the 
''Heads  of  Families"  or  the  census  of 
1790  of  Pennsylvania: 

(a)  Martin  Hawes,  baker.  Pewter 
Platter  Alley,  Philadelphia.  Free  white 
males  alx)ve  16  years  old,  2 ;  under  16 
years.  2 ;  free  white  females,  2. 

(b)  Daniel  Haws,  Montgomery  Co. 
Free  white  males  above  16  years  old,  2 ; 
under  16  years,  i ;  free  white  females,  2. 

(c)  Henry  Haws,  Montgomery  Co. 
Free  white  males  above  16  years  old,  i ; 
under  16  years,  i  ;  free  white  females,  3. 

(d)  Jacob  Haws,  Chester  Co.,  Coven- 
try Township.  Free  white  males  above 
16  years  old,  2;  under  16  years,  2;  free 
white  females,  2. 

(e)  Maths.  Hawses,  Montgomery  Co. 
Free  white  males  above  16  years  old,  i ; 
under  16  years,  2;  free  white  females,  i. 


Answers 

4.  Hawes — While  Chester  County. 
Pa.,  appears  to  have  been  the  seat  oi 
most  of  the  Hawes  family  during  the 
Revolution  several  families  were  then 
living  in  Cumberland  and  Northampton 
Counties.  In  1783  at  least  three  fam- 
ilies were  in  Essex  Co.,  Virginia,  viz.,. 
Isaac,  James  and  Samuel  Hawes. 

Burtner — ^George  Burtner  in  1790  was 
living  in  Codorus  Township,  York 
County,  Pa. 

13.  N.  R.  F.— :\Iott,  Adam,  the  emi- 
grant had  a  son  John  whose  son  James 
married  Elizabeth  Condiff.  Descendants 
are  members  of  the  D.  A.  R. 

15.  C.  M.  H.— Green,  Robert,  of  Cul- 
pepper Co.,  Va.,  emigrant  of  1710,  was 
born  in  Ireland  in  1685.  He  had  neither 
daughter,  granddaughter  nor  great- 
granddaughter  named  Hannah  Green. 
His  great-grandson  Willis  (married  Ar- 
temesia  Lillard)  had  a  son  John  R. 
Green,  who  married  Haraiah  McClure ; 
this  family  lived  in  Owen  Co.,  Ky. 

II.  A.  D.  G. — Gretzinger,  Christian,, 
emigrant  to  Reading,  Pa.,  from  Witten- 
burg,  Germany,  marred  Chrstiana  Printz, 
They  had  but  one  child,  John,  who  mar- 
ried Amelia  Wentzel,  also  of  Reading. 
This  couple  had  but  one  son,  the  late 
Prof.  William  Christian  Gretzinger, 
Registrar  of  Bucknell  University,  Lew- 
isburg.  Pa. 

5.  Cherokee  Creek,  Tenn.  Morse  in 
his  American  Geography  published  in 
1794,  page  528  says  that  "The  Tennessee 
called  also  the  Cherokee  and  absurdly  the 
Hogohege  river  is  the  longest  branch  of 
the  Ohio." 

Quite  a  search  has  been  made  for  the 
point  mentioned  as  Cherokee  Creek ;  this 
is  the  only  thing  found.  Would  be  glad 
for  further  information. 

17.  W.  W.  N.— Felte.  Peter,  emi- 
grant of  1748,  apparently  to  Dauphin 
Co.,  then  Lancaster  Co.  This  name  ap- 
pears to  have  been  anglisized  very  soon 
as  the  Revolutionary  soldiers  of  this 
family  appear  under  the  spelling  Felty. 
Hans  or  John,  Henry,  Isaac,  John  Mi- 


S66 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


chael,  Peter  and  Peter,  Jr.,  Sebastial 
Ubrey,  Ulrich  and  William,  most  if  noi 
all  were  from  Lancaster  County. 

9.  Referring-  to  inquiry  No.  9,  from 
C.  M.  H.,  in  the  April  issue  of  Pexn 
Germania,  I  would  say  that  I  under- 
stand that  the  Rev.  Melville  B.  Schmoy- 
er,  1419  Linden  street,  Allentown,  Pa.. 
is  at  present  engaged  in  writing  a  his- 
tory of  the  Lehigh  Church,  in  Macungie 
Township,  and  may  be  able  to  give  some 
information.  Also  the  Rev.  John  Baer 
Stoudt,  Grace  Reformed  Congregation 
Northampton,  Pa.,  is  engaged  in  writing 
a  historv  of  Lehigh  Co.  and  Northamp- 
ton Co.,'  Pa.  Possibly  "C.  M.  H."  can 
obtain  information  from  one  or  the  other 
of  the  above. 

25.  Hoevelman,  Heffleman.  Trinity 
Lutheran  Church,  Lancaster,  Pa.  In 
Baptismal  Record.  Johan  Jacob  Hebel- 
man  s.  of  Arnold  and  Eva  Susanna,  b. 
May  5th,  baptized  July  6th,  1793.  Refer- 
ence Pennsylvania  German  Society,  Vol. 
VI,  p.  253. 

Johan  Arnold  Hebelman  s.  of  Arnold 
and  Eva  Susanna,  b.  August  15th,  bap- 
tized October  28,  1780.  Same,  page  211. 

Burials  in  Newville,  Cumberland  Co., 
cemetery.  Heffleman,  Michael  b.  March 
9,  1790;  died  July  24,  1845.  Heffleman, 
Mary,  wife  of  Michael,  b.  December  22, 
1785,  d.  February  2,  1837.  Reference 
Dr.  'gle's  Notes  and  Queries,  Vol.  1897, 
p.  149,  I  St  column. 

"List  of  Subscribers"  in  I.  Daniel 
Rupp's  History  of  Dauphin,  Cumber- 
land, Franklin,  Bedford,  Adams  and 
Perry  Counties,  page  598  (Cumberland 
County)  Tvlichael  J.  Heffleman.  Book- 
published  1846. 

4.  Isaac  and  Barbara  (Burtner) 
Haws  1782-1850,  1797-1882,  had  ten 
children,  viz:  Elizabeth,  1816-1889,  m. 
Jacol)  Singer ;  Andrew  Jackson,  1825- 
1899.  m.  Louisa  Brinker ;  Mary,  m.  Wm. 
Drury ;  George  Washington,  m.  Lavina 
Sarver ;  Benjamin  Franklin,  died  single; 


William,  died  single ;  John  Lafayette. 
1834-1910,  m.  Catharine  Yonker ;  Nancy, 
m.  David  Walters;  Margaret,  1840-1842, 
infant ;  Christian,  m.  Christian  AIcDon- 
ald. 

4.     Haws. 

(i)  Fanny  L.  Haws,  b.  7-4-1869  wf. 
of  Herbert  Morris,  dau.  A.  J.  (2)  (b. 
1-2-1825,  d.  3-8-1899)  and  Louisa 
Brinker  (4)  (b.  12-5-1828,  d.  7-10- 
1896),  m.  9-3-1848. 

(2)  A.  J.  Hawes,  son  of  Isaac  (b.  x-x- 
1782,  Lancaster  County,  Pa.,?  d.  12-7- 
1850,  in  Freeport,  Armstrong  Co.,  Pa.) 
and  Barbara  Burner  (4)  (b.  12-10-1797, 
d.  6-4-1882),  m.  x-x-x. 

(3)  Louisa  Brinker,  dau.  of  John  (5) 
(b.  10-28-1803,  d.  11-20-1884)  and  Betsy 
Henry  (6)  (b.  9-28-1808,  d.  4-1-1883), 
m.  4-20-1824. 

(4)  Barbara  Burtner,  dau.  of  John, 
son  of  Gottfried  (?)  Burtner. 

(5)  John  Brinker,  son  of  Capt.  Abra- 
ham (b.  x-x-1774,  d.  12-20-1850)  and 
Louisa  Moser  (7)  (b.  9- 18- 1779,  d.  11- 
18-1865),  m.  X-X-1795. 

(6)  Betsy  Henry,  dau.  of  Peter  (8) 
(b.  X-X-1764,  d.  X-X-1852)  and  Margariet 
Home  (b.  x-x-x,  d.  x-x-1832). 

(7)  Louisa  Moser,  dau.  of  John  (son 
of  Christian)  and  Mary  Catharine 
Klein,  dau.  of  John. 

(8)  Peter  Henry,  son  of  Frederick  and 

(killed  by  Indians  about 

1778). 

16.  Bickel.  Tobler  Meyer  in  his 
Dciitsclic  Fainiliennainen  (chiefly  drawn 
from  Zurich  and  East  Switzerland) gives 
the  name  Bickel  as  coming  from  Botger, 
as  a  diminutive  of  the  same.  Botger  is 
a  personal  name  from  Bod  which  means 
to  command  and  gar  which  means  a 
spear.  Fleintze.  Deutsche  FamHien- 
namen  gives  the  names  Biichel,  Bukl 
from  the  Old  High  German  Buhil  which 
means  a  hill.  The  name  comes  undoubt- 
edly under  either  of  the  above  two  ex- 
planations.— (Prof.)  Oscar  Kuhns. 


IE  MUTTERSPROCH 

"  O,  Muttersproch,  du  bist  uns  lieb.  " — A.  S. 


An  Germania. 

Conrad  Krez  was  a  scholar,  poet  and  sol- 
dier in  this  his  adopted  land,  but  loved  his 
native  land,  even  as  a  good  son  loves  his 
mother. — R.  M. 

Kein  Baum  gehoerte  mir  in  deinen  Wael- 

dern, 
Mein  war  kein    Halm    in    deinen  Roggen 

feldern, 
Und  scliutzlos  hast  du  mich  hinaus  getrie- 

ben, 
Weil  ich  es  in  der  Jugend  nicht  verstand, 
Dich    weniger,    und   mehr   mich    selbst   zu 

lieben, 
Und  dennoch  lieb  ich  dich,  mein  Vaterland. 

Wo  ist  ein  Herz    in    dem    nicht    dauerud 

bliebe, 
Der  fruehe  Traum  der  ersten  Jugend  Liebe? 
Und  heiliger  als  Liebe  war  das  Feuer, 
Dasz   einst   fuer   dich   in   meinem   Busen 
brant 
Nie   ward   die    Braut    dem    Brautigam   so 
theuer, 
Wie  du  mir  wardst — mein  Vaterland. 

Und  hat  es  auch  Manna  nicht  auf  dich  ge- 

regnet, 
Hat  doch   dein   Himmel  reichlich   dich   ge- 

segnet; 
Ich  sah  die  Wunder  suedlicher  Zonen, 

Seit  ich  zuletzt  auf  deinem  Boden  stand, 
Doch  schoener  als  Palmen  und  Zitronen, 
Ist  der  Apfelbaum  in  meinem  Vaterland. 

O  Land  meiner  Vaeter,  laenger  nicht  das 

meine. 
So  heilig  wie  dein  Boden  ist  mir  keine; 
Nie  wird     dein     Bild     aus     meiner  Seele 
•     schwinden, 
Und  knuepft  mich   an  dich  kein  lebend 
Band, 
Es    wuerden    mich     die     Todten     an     dich 
binden, 
Die   deine  Erde    deckt,    geliebtes   Vater- 
land. 


To  Germania. 

By  Conrad  Krez. 
Translated  into  the   English   by   Robert 
Morgeneier,  Oakland,  California. 

No  tree  in  all  the  forests  thine, 

In  thy  fields  of  grain  no  stalk  was  mine, 

And  thou  exiled  me  to  a  foreign  shore. 

For — in  youth  I  could  not  understand, 
How  to  love  thee  less,  and  myself  more. 

But  I  love  thee  still,  oh  my  fatherland. 

Where  is  a  heart,  of  hearts  untold. 
That  cannot  love's  young  dream  unfold? 
But  more  sacred  than  love  was  the  flame 

This  bosom  bore  for  thee,  ever  grand! 
Never  was  bridegroom  to  bride  more  dear. 

Than  thou  wast  to  me,  beloved  father- 
land. 

And  if  manna  didst  not  upon  thee  rain. 
Thou  didst  many  blessings  of  heaven  gain, 
I  saw  the  wonders  of  southern  climes, 

Since  last  my  foot  did  press  thy  sand, 
But  more  beautiful  than  palm  or  limes. 

Is  the  appletree  of  my  fatherland. 

Oh,  land  of  my  fathers — ever  lost  to  me, 
None  are  more  holy,  more  sacred  than  thee. 
Never  from  my  soul  shall  thy  images  fade. 
And,   if    severed  shall    be    every  living 
band. 
The  dead,  at  rest  in  the  tomb's  cool  shade, 
Shall   bind   me   to   thee,   beloved   father- 
land. 


— Conrad  Krez. 


567 


568 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


As:ricultural  Free  Schools. 

Ich  glaub  die  Shool  Super'tender  un  die 
hoacha  in  Harrisborrick  un  so  rum  bar, 
wella  now  yetz  Bauera  Shoola  ufdu,  un 
wella  es  yung  Ful'k  es  baura  larna  accord'n 
tzu  da  beshta  Free  Texbook-bicber  un  ac- 
cord'n tzu  da  neysbta  moda. 

Sel  gebt  'n  ferdarrbt  nice  ding  for  die 
Bauera  Boova  won  sie  es  blooga  larna  ken- 
na  ous  da  bicher  uf  da  feddera  porch  in  era 
patten-ledder  shoo!  Se  kenna  es  dresha 
aw  larna,  sawga  sie,  im  pahlor  uf  'm  sofer, 
un  braucha  net  im  shtaub  sei  In  der  Shire, 
un  hem  un  hussa  noss  shwitza,  as  we  m'r 
hut  missa  we  Ich  Gnecht  war  bey'm  Christ 
Hoofmoyer  we  ar  on's  Yukkle  Grossa  ga- 
bauert  hut  um  de  hell'ft. 

Es  war  en  Leckt'rer  do  om  Hawsa  Bar- 
rick  die  lestcht  wuch  dar  hut's  ousgelaegt 
we  das  es  bauera  galarnt  sul  warra  in  der 
Township  Colletch  im  a  yohr  oder  a  paur 
yohr — des  is  won  g'loonk  gelt  ous  da  leit 
gatoxt  con  warra  by  da  Brogressifs  wo  die 
Shool  Mosheen  runna  uf  Salaries  fun 
tzwonzig  bis  drisig  dawlcr  der  dawg. 

Der  Curse,  oder  course,  we  m'r  secht, 
is  en  longer  wo  die  Boova  un  die 
Maid  Shtuddy'a  missa  un  es  nemmt 
feel  bicher — free  texboox.  Un  es  gebt  en 
lot  Brofessors — Monnsleit  un  Weibsleit  for 
Teachers! 

Es  sulla  net  wenniger  as  acht  Brofes- 
sors sei.     Dart  is  mul 

der  Brofessor  fujn  Grumbeera-Keffer-ology; 
der  Brofessor  fun  Hola  Harner  in  Kee  un 

Bulla; 
der    Brofessor    fun   Mist-Bree    Sewerage; 
der  Brofessor  fun  Si-Raisa  un  Si-Hycheen; 
der     Brofessor     fun     Inkubator-ology     un 

Hinkel  Neshter  Science; 
der    Brofessor    fun    Fruchtraisa    un    Hessa- 

Micka-ology ; 
der  Brofessor   fun   Hola-Boona   un   Bluma- 

Hecka-ology; 
der    Brofessor    fun    Si-Misht-Kemistry    un 
Analytical   Hinkle-Feddera. 

Accord'n  tzu  da  neyshta  Moda  sull  ken 
Geil  may  schoffa  uf  der  Bauereye,  un  es 
sulla  nix  as  Race-Geil  g'holta  warra  for 
Bremiums   tzu   tzeega  on   der   County   fa'r. 

Es  blooga  un  fahra  sull  olles  gadu  warra 
mit  Nanty-Mobeels — blooga  un  hoy-hame- 
fahra,  dess  sul  alles  g'shofft  warra  mit 
Motor  Masheena  as  die  Shtate  furnist  for 
nix  same  as  we  die  Free  Tex  Boox,  so 
sella  waeg — ahhuh! 

Die  Weibsleit  Brofessors  die  sulla  tenda 
tzu  da  Electric  Butter-Drayer  Masheena 
un  tzu  da  Bilers  wo  's  Wasser  kucha  for 
die  Hinkle  un's  onner  fedder-fee  tzu 
drenka. 

Die  Kee  die  sulla  aw  gadrenkt  warra 
mit  gakuchtes  Wasser,  so  as  sie  yo  ken 
Microbes  in  der  Womba  shlooka,  un  ken 
cherms  in  die  Eidera  greega! 


Note  is  nuch  en  Ampt,  aens  as  die  Sara 
Jane  garn  het,  un  des  is  Matron  fun  da 
Micka  un  Shnooka-FoUa  un  Instructress 
fun  Fly-Swatter-ology.  Sie  war  alfort  goot 
om  Micka  fonga  un  kon  en  Gshmase-Mick 
ous  em  Malossig  Shissly  rous  heista 
g'shwinter  as  aenig  ebber  as  Ich  my  laeva 
g'saena  hob.  Sie  maent  uf  course  so  'n  posi- 
tion sut  net  wenniger  as  Drisig  Dawler  die 
Wuch  batzawla  for  henyah  es  arsht  fardle, 
un  noach  sellem  gengt  sie  uf'n  strike  for 
'n    haechery    salary — so    sella    waeg! 

Ich  hob  en  plan  g'hot  for  das  der  Lever- 
guth  sut  si  Pull  un  Infioonce  yoosa  un  sut 
mir  's  'pintment  greega  fun  Brofessor  of 
Kee-Shtall  Mishta,  awver,  we  Ich  fershtay 
gebts  nix  a  so  unnich  der  neya  "Code." 
Die  Kee-Shtell  sulla  g'sewered  warra,  un 
wass  alls  uf  der  Misht  haufa  g'fahra  is 
worra  for  oldters,  des  sull  now  nuch  ma 
"Disposal  Plant"  g'numma  warra  un  sull 
ferbrennt  warra  for  die  Hells  un  G'sund- 
heit  fun  der  nuchbershooft — ah — Gsundt 
zu  halta.  So  as  nemond  may  der  Mumps 
grickt  Oder  Titefoot  fever,  Parrbla  un 
Wehy  Tzaya — un  nix  sonsht  wehes,  so 
sella   waeg!     Yah! 

Die  Hoacha,  Grossa,  Fetta,  Etchooca- 
shunists,  die  bahaubta,  as  won  die  Town- 
ship Yoonyvarsitis  un  die  Baura-Colletches 
mul  tzaea  yohr  im  Gong  sin,  un  torna  die 
Grattyates  mul  rous  bey  'm  Dausent,  as 
es  Bauera  so  easy  warrt  as  en  Ompt  zu 
filla  in  der  Shtate  Hells  Mosheen,  un  sell 
warrt  so  easy  as  nix  may  gadu  warrt  as 
we  der  lohn  tzu  tzeega,  wile  's  ken  kronky 
leit  may  gebt  fun  Keemillich  un  oog'sundy 
Looft!  Un  sel  kon's  nimmey  gevva  well 
die  Kee  nix  as  gakuchtes  wasser  soufa  un 
pure-food,  disinfect  Hoy  fressa  un  der  Kee- 
stall  sewage  warrt  ferbrennt.  "Sell  shtait 
tzu  reasont"  hut  oils  der  oldt  Corky  gsawd. 

Wunn  mull  oily  Bauereye  der  telehome 
hut,  un  en  Wireless  Telegraf,  un  die  Ney- 
patten  Milk  Masheena,  un  die  Shtate  fur- 
nisht  oil  es  "purefood"  as  der  Dokter 
Wiley  manufactera  kon,  no  is  es  bauera 
"made   easy!" 

Die  Socialists  die  sulla  die  arvet  shoffa 
om  a  lohn  fun  a  dawler  die  Shtundt  un 
olles  was  uf  'm  londt  woxt.  Un  wou's  hap- 
pena  sut  as  der  Gompers  un  der  Debs  un 
der  Chon  Mitshel  mul  Koenig  warra,  note 
sull  die  Gnechta  un  die  Mauda  nuch  oily 
Somshdawg  owet  en  Ticket  greega  for  in 
der   Seeater   oder   der   Picter   Show. 

O,    die   Bauera   Colletch   is  all   recht   for 
der  "uplift"  un  for  's  Shoffa  "made  easy"! 
HON.  WENDEL  KITZMILLER. 

Note    by    editor:  — 

Hon.  Wendel  Kitzmiller  in  sending  the 
foregoing  contribution  said:  "I  inclose  a 
Penna.  German  paper  on  the  coming  Agri- 
cultural Township  College,  which  I  con- 
sider  a   fool-outrage   on   the     conservative 


DIE  MUTTERSPROCH 


569 


taxpayer.  If  you  can  use  it,  as  it  is,  spell- 
ing and  all,  do  so  and  welcome."  What 
do  our  readers  have  to  say  to  the  charge 
that  the  proposed  agricultural  education  is 
a    "fool-outrage?" 

ICH  BIN  FAR  "UNKEL  SAM." 
B.y  Solly  Hulsbuck. 

Republikon  und  Demokrawt, 

Und  Socialist,  beshoor, 
Und  Prohibition, — lewar  grund, 

Wos  is  des  doch  en  foor! 
Uer  aesel  und  der  elefont 

Sin  ini'r  fornadraw, 
Und  so  vvun  aner  kikt  und  blarrt 

Dut  glei  der  onar  aw. 

Der  "boss"  hukt  uf  em  sitz  und  locht — 

Ar  gleicht  se  hara  blarra, — 
Und  krakt  de  whip  recht  arnhtlich 

Iv'r  ol  de  party  narra; 
Wun  aner  shdreidich  wart  ebmols, 

Nemt  ar  en  un  da  nows 
Und  feert  en  wid'r  fort, — bekaws, 

Bekaws — AR  is  der  boss. 

Republikon  und  Demokrawt — - 

Wos  is  des  duch  so  dum! 
Ken  wunar  is  der  "party  boss" 

So  nidardrechtich  grum! 
Des  party  politlks  is  niks 

Os  humbuk  und  en  sham; 
Tsu'm  deiv'l  mit  deini  politiks, 

Ich   bin   far  "Unkel  Sam." 

'Sis  hoch'r  tariff  olsmol, 

Und  onra  tseita  nidar; 
'Sis  trust  gebust  und  net  gebust, 

Und  hoch'r  tariff  wid'r. 


So  gan  mer  nei  far  politiks; 

Und  sin  so  gree  os  graws; 
Der  "boss"  dar  run'd  des  guv'rmend 

Und  Wall  St.  run'd  der  "boss." 

Mer  fechta  far  de  party,  yaw, 

Und  wun's  de  "Union"  brecht, 
Ov'r  war's  net  bes'r  for  uns  ol 

Wun  g'fuchta  war  far  recht? 
Lus  narra  shdima  far  der  "boss," 

Sei  humbuk  und  sei  sham, 
Tsu'm  deiv'l  mit  da  party — Ich, 

Ich  bin  far  "Unkel  Sam." 

Wos  wel  mer  mit  dem  politiks 

Du  oldar  Damokrawt^ 
Und  du — du  shteif  Republikon? 

Wos? — Husht  du  ebes   g'sawt? 
Nou,  denkt  der  net  'sis  bol-mol  tseit 

Far  arlich  sei — war  kon, 
Und  shdima  we  der  bada  dut? — 

Und  Gut  shikt  uns  der  MON. 

Lus  Wall  St.  blara  far  der  "boss," 

Se  hen  der  buk'r  kawft; 
Der  "boss"  is  era  monkey 

Und  dut  wos  Wall  St.  sawgt. 
'Sis  uf  tsu  uns  far  fechta 

Gaya  era  driks  und  sham; 
Tsu'm  deiv'l  mit  deim  politiks, 

Ich  bin   far  "Unkel  Sam." 

War  is  der  "Unkel  Sam,"  du  mon? 

Why,  sei  is  mich  und  du, — 
Republikon  und  Demokrawt, 

Und  onra  nuch  datsu. 
Der  kondidawt  wo  arlich  is 

Und  frei  fun  Wall  St.  sham, 
Sei  is  der  kondidawt  far  mich, 

Ich  bin   far  "Unkel  Sam." 


®ur  Book  XEable 

By  Prof.  E.  S.  Gerhard,  Trenton,  N.  J. 


"The  Book  News  Monthly"  for  June  has 
a  sonnet  entitled  "To  John  Luther  Long, 
on  seeing  his  opera  'Madame  Butterfly,'  " 
by  Florence  Earle  Coates.  "Madame  But- 
terfly" is  probably  Mr.  Long's  most  artistic 
production. 

ALMA  AT  HADLEY  HALL.     By  Louise  M. 

Breitenbach.      Illustrated  by  John  Goss, 

Cloth,   12mo;    331   pp.      Price   $1.50.      L. 

C.  Page  &  Company,  Boston,  1912. 

This  is  a  delightful  story  of  life  at  a 
boarding  school  for  girls.     It  is  true  and  it 


is  natural.  Whoever  is  fond  of  books  for 
girls  and  loves  the  best  to  be  found  in 
such  books  will  find  this  charming  reading. 
It  is  so  realistic  and  natural  that  it  must 
have  been  written  by  one  who  was  herself 
at  a  boarding  school.     It  is  all  "girl." 

Alma  Peabody,  the  new  girl  with  a 
"temper,"  is  the  central  figure.  This  tem- 
per, of  course,  needs  to  be  directed  into 
the  proper  channel.  The  account  of  her 
liveliness  and  ideals,  of  her  ambitions  and 
associates,  and  the  recounting  of  her  ex- 
periences   of    Freshman    year    combine    to 


57° 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


make  an  interesting  book  that  is  decidedly 
appropriate  as  a  graduating  present  for 
a  girl  graduate,  and  one  that  any  school 
girl  wants  to  pack  in  her  trunk  for  vaca- 
tion reading. 

OUR  LITTLE  POLISH  COUSIN.  By  Flor- 
ence E.  Mendel.  The  Little  Cousin  Series. 
Cloth,  12nio;  decorative  cover;  with  full 
page  illustrations  in  color;  147  pp. 
Price  60c.  L.  C.  Page  &  Company,  Bos- 
ton, 1912. 

This  volume  like  its  companions  in  the 
same  series  is  written  in  a  simple  narra- 
tive style  so  that  any  child  of  ordinary  in- 
telligence can   read   it  ana   understand   it. 

It  seems  that  if  this  "Little  Cousin 
Series"  is  intended  to  do  any  particular 
thing,  it  is  to  inform  one-half  of  the  world 
how  the  other  half  lives.  And  in  so  doing 
it  gives  the  reader  to  understand  that 
America  is  undoubtedly  the  most  extrava- 
gant, the  most  pert,  and  the  most  dissatis- 
fied of  all  nations. 

The  book  tells  how  the  people  live  and 
how  they  amuse  themselves,  especially  the 
younger  ones.  And  incident  to  this  it 
gives  in  simple  narrative  form  a  general 
account  of  the  origin  and  dismemberment 
of  Poland;  the  latter  event  forms  undoubt- 
edly one  of  the  most  pathetic  and  tragic 
chapters  in  the  history  of  modern  nations. 

•GREAT    EDUCATORS    OP    THREE    CEN- 
TURIES.    Their  Work  and  its  Influence 
on  Modern  Education.      By  Prank  Pier- 
repont   Graves,    Ph.D.,    Professor   of    the 
History  of  Education  in  Ohio  State  Uni- 
versity;   Author   of   "A  History  of  Edu- 
cation in  Three  Volumes,"  etc.  Cloth  12 
mo;  289  pp.     Price  $1.10  net.     The  Mac- 
millan  Company,  New  York,  1912. 
There    are    histories    of    education,    and 
then  there  are  some  more  histories  of  edu- 
cation,.but  here  is  something  that  is  new 
and  fresh,  and  mainly  because  it  is  not  a 
history  of  education  in  the  accepted  term, 
but  a  series  of  essays  on  the  great  educa- 
tors of  the  last  three  centuries.      Not  un- 
likely the  book  will  be  read  by  many  who 
do  not  feel  inclined  to  read  a  larger,  more 
comprehensive      and      more      philosophical 
work  on  the  same  subject. 

The  book  contains  fourteen  chapters, 
each  one  of  which  is  devoted  to  one  rep- 
resentative educator  and  what  he  stands 
for.  The  men  whose  lives  and  works  are 
recounted  are  Milton,  Bacon,  Ratich, 
Comenius,  Locke,  Francke,  Rousseau,  Base- 
dow, Pestalozzi,  Herbart,  Proebel,  Lancas- 
ter and  Bell,  Mann  and  Spencer.  Naturally 
the  biographical  matter  is  more  abundant 
than  in  a  formal  history  of  education;  at 
the    same    time,    however,    only    such    ma- 


terial has  been  selected  as  has  a  direct 
bearing  on  the  educator  considered,  and 
such  that  produces  a  social  setting.  Seem- 
ingly the  writer  exercised  a  good  sense  of 
proportion.  It  is  virtually  a  book  of  bio- 
graphical monographs  based  on  the  lives  of 
men  who  have  made  educational  history. 
The  style  is  fresh,  and  so  is  much  of 
the  material;  in  fact,  the  work  contains  a 
lot  of  material  not  easily  found  elsewhere. 
Each  chapter  contains  a  list  of  books  for 
supplementary  reading.  The  book  is  avail- 
able for  class  work,  for  reference,  or  for 
the  individual  pupil. 

THE  WORLD'S  LEADING  POETS.      By  H. 
W.     Boynton.       Cloth,     12mo;     346     pp. 
With  Portraits.     Price  $1.75  net.     Hen- 
ry Holt  &  Company,  New  York,  1912. 
This   is   a   volume   of   the   new   series   of 
biographies    entitled    "The    World's    Lead- 
ers,"   and    edited    by    Prof.    W.    P.     Trent. 
Other  volumes  in  the  same  series  are  "The 
World's     Leading     Painters;"     and     "The 
World's  Leading  Conquerors." 

This  particular  volume  contains  the 
names  of  Homer,  Milton,  Virgil,  Dante, 
Shakespeare,  Milton,  and  Goethe.  Surely 
no  one  will  find  fault  with  the  writer's 
selection. 

It  is  the  purpose  of  this  series  to  present 
the  man  rather  than  to  recount  the  history 
of  his  time  or  to  criticise  his  work  more 
than  what  is  necessary  for  a  background. 
It  is  not  likely  that  we  learn  anything  new 
concerning  these  men;  no  new  facts  are 
disclosed  nor  are  any  wonderful  discoveries 
announced.  But  this  does  not  in  any  way 
detract  from  the  merits  of  the  book.  These 
subjects  have  been  written  about,  and  will 
undoubtedly  be  written  about,  through 
countless  ages.  These  poets  wrote  for  all 
time  and  they  will  be  written  about  as 
long  as  language  is  likely  to  last;  but  it 
is  very  seldom  that  any  writer  has  any- 
thing new  concerning  them  to  bring  be- 
fore the  public.  It  is  an  admirable  instance 
of  putting  old  wine  into  new  bottles.  The 
old  wine  is  rich  and  the  new  bottles  are 
clear  and  bright;  this  in  itself  is  a  reason- 
able excuse  for  the  book's  existence.  The 
style  is  clear,  simple,  and  straightforward. 
The  i-eader  who  would  find  a  clearer  and 
more  able  presentation  of  the  lives  of 
these  men  would  needs  have  to  seek  far. 

There  is  nothing  pedantic  about  the 
book;  it  is  scholarly  in  a  wide  sense;  it  is 
not  supplied  with  references  nor  is  it  a 
collection  of  so-called  "investigations."  It 
is  a  literary  work  that  is  interesting,  in- 
structive, and  inspiring.  Its  thoughtful 
reader  cannot  help  having  a  better  and 
nobler  idea  of  the  world's  great  poets  who 
have  couched  some  of  life's  commonest  ex- 
periences in   noble  and  immortal   verse. 


OUR   BOOK   TABLE 


571 


THE  CORPUS  SCHWENKFELDIANORUM 
"GERMAN  AMERICAN  ANNALS  for 
January-April,  1912,  says  under  Reviews: 
One  of  the  most  notable  undertakings  in 
America  is  the  Schwenkfelder  Edition  of 
the  works  of  Caspar  Schwenkfeld,  the 
founder  of  the  Schwenkfelder  Church  and 
contemporary  of  Luther.  This  mammoth 
enterprise  was  launched  by  the  community 
of  Schwenkfelders  in  Pennsylvania,  num- 
bering something  like  a  thousand  commun- 
icants and  consisting  very  largely  of  thrifty 
farmers.  .  .  .  While  the  chief  subscribers 
are  Schwenkfeld  farmers,  the  editorial  di- 
rection of  the  work  is  in  the  hands  of  the 
best  scholars  of  the  Schwenkfelder  Church 
.  .  .  The  enormous  labor  of  collecting  the 
scattered      prints      and      manuscripts      of 


Schwenkfeld's  writings,  often  from  the 
most  obscure  corners  of  European  libraries, 
occupied  some  20  years.  When  this  col- 
lection is  added  to  that  of  the  original 
Schwenkfelder  documents,  already  collect- 
ed at  Pennsburg,  Pa.,  they  together  will 
constitute  one  of  the  most  interesting 
archives  in  America."  The  second  volume 
of  the  Corpus  has  been  issued  and  the  third 
is  in  preparation.  We  heartily  endorse 
these  words  by  "M.  D.  L."  the  reviewer;  — 
"It  would  be  a  noble  benefaction  if  some 
generous  donor  would  subsidize  this  work 
with  ample  funds  to  carry  it  on  more  rap- 
idly to  completion,  and  thus  enable  the 
editors  to  increase  their  cjrps  of  collabora- 
tors and  make  this  a  notable  movement  to 
the  literary  and  scientific  enterprise  of 
Anerica." 


H3i8tovical  IRotes  anb  IFlcws 

Reports  of  Society   Meetings   are  Solicited 


REPORTS   WANTED. 

In  our  June  issue  extracts  from  their 
annual  report  showed  in  part  what  the 
members  of  the  Federation  of  the  Histori- 
cal Societies  of  Pennsylvania  did  during 
the  year  1911.  We  should  be  very  glad  to 
receive  and  publish  regularly  notes  of  the 
meetings  and  work  done  by  each  of  these 
societies.  Every  member  of  any  and  all 
of  them  is  hereby  called  upon  to  see  to  it 
that  reports  for  publication  are  sent  us 
regularly.     Will  YOU  do  this? 

Bucks   County  Historical   Society. 

B.  P.  Fackenthall,  Jr.,  of  Riegelsville, 
has  presented  the  Bucks  County  Historical 
Society  with  a  fac-simile  of  George  Wash- 
ington's book  of  expenses  in  account  with 
the  United  States  during  the  Revolution- 
ary War,  starting  with  the  expenses  of 
equipping  him  to  go  to  Cambridge  to  take 
charge  of  the  Army.  One  of  the  entries 
and  notes  draws  attention  to  the  fact  that 
he  had  a  number  of  spies  in  the  British 
lines. 

The  spring  meeting  of  the  Bucks  County 
Historical  Society  was  held  on  Historical 
Day  of  the  County  Seat  Centennial  and 
Old  Home  Week,  Wednesday,  June  12th,  in 
the  society's  building,  Doylestown.  The 
general  subject  for  the  meeting  was  "Cook- 
ing in  the  Open  Fire,"  with  an  explanation 
of  the  cranes,  trammels,  pot  hooks,  lug 
poles,  bake  ovens,  Dutch  ovens,  gridirons, 


skillets,  peels,  hobs,  spits,  pin  kitchens  and 
other  ancient  cooking  appliances  from  fam- 
ily traditions  or  information  of  persons 
now  living  who  have  cooked  in  the  open 
fire  before  the  introduction  of  cooking 
stoves,  with  a  brief  general  introduction 
by  the  president. 

The  papers  read  are  as  follows: 

1.  "Baking,"  by  Mrs.  Fryling,  of  Me- 
chanics Valley. 

2.  "Roasting,"  by  Mrs.  Henry  D.  Pax- 
son,  of  Holicong. 

3.  •  "Cooking  Shad,"  by  Mrs.  J.  E. 
Scott,  of  New  Hope. 

4.  "Pie  Baking,"  by  Mrs.  A.  Haller 
Gross,  of  Langhorne. 

5.  "Broiling,"  by  Mrs.  Hampton  W, 
Rice,  of  Solebury. 

6.  "Frying,"  by  Mrs.  Albert  W.  Pres- 
ton, of  Solebury. 

7.  "Soap  Making,"  by  Mrs.  Irvin  M. 
James,  of  Doylestown. 

8.  "Applebutter  Making,"  by  Misa 
Eleanor  Foulke,  of  Quakertown. 

Old  Street  Names  Restored. 

Iron  signs  bearing  the  ancient  names  of 
Germantown  streets  are  to  be  placed  at 
Hreet  corners,  along  with  the  tin  signs 
which  the  city  puts  up  to  designate  the 
modern  names.  This  step  for  the  preser- 
vation of  the  old-time  names  of  the  high- 
ways has  been  decided  upon  by  the  direc- 
tors of  the  Site  and  Relic  Society. 

In   the   majority  of  instances   the   older 


572 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


thoroughfares  of  Germantown  no  longer 
bear  their  original  names,  many  changes 
having  been  made  about  fifteen  years  ago 
in  the  endeavor  to  avoid  the  duplication  of 
street  names  throughout  the  city.  This 
was  a  matter  of  regret  to  many  of  the  old 
residents  of  Germantown,  and  some  of 
them  still  use  the  original  street  names  in 
preference  to  those  having  official  sanction. 

The  members  of  the  Site  and  Relic  So- 
ciety believe  that  the  old  names  ought  to 
be  preserved,  because  these  names  are 
used  in  the  old  documents  and  writngs 
pertaining  to  Germantown,  and  already  in 
some  instances  it  is  difficult  to  identify 
highways  by  their  old  names. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  names  of 
streets  that  have  been  altered: 

Present  Names.  Old  Names. 

East  Logan  street Fisher's  lane 

Wister  street    Duy's  lane 

Manheim  street Cox's  lane 

Queen  lane,  Indian  Queen  lane.  Bowman's 
lane. 

West  Penn  street Linden  street 

East   Penn  street Shoemaker's  lane 

West  Rittenhouse  street.  .Poor  House  lane 
East  Haines  street,  Methodist  lane,  Picki- 
us'  lane. 

Collom  street    Jefferson  street 

School  lane .Bensell's  lane 

East  Washington  lane Abington   lano 

West  Sharpnack  street Good  street 

Carpenter  street Tullinger's  lano 

McCallum  street    Adams   street 

Newhall  street Baird  street 

Laurens  street Bexley  street 

Devon  street Bockius  street 

East  Stafford  street Bowman  street 

Bouvier  street Branch  street 

Bellfield  avenue Cedar  lane 

Musgrave   street    Cedar   lane 

Magnolia  avenue Cedar  lane 

East  Rittenhouse  street Center  street 

Garfield  street Clifton  street 

Lena  street    Cumberland  street 

Phil-Ellena  street Church  street 

Weaver  street    Cherry  street 

Cosgrove  street    Douglas  street 

Woodstock  street Dutton  street 

Lambert  street Eberle  street 

Osceola  street Engle  street 

Hortter   street Franklin   street 

Baynton  street    Hancock  street 

West    Haines  street Lafayette  street 

Woodlawn  avenue Laurel  street 

West  Price  street    Lehman  street 

Marion  street    Lynch  street 

Schuyler  street    Marshal  street 

Clapier  street Mechlin  street 

East  Seymour  street Mehl  street 

Church  lane    Mill  street 

Durham  street Miller  street 

Mechanic   street    Mohawk   streel 

Sheldon  street Miller  street 


Magnolia  street    Nash  street 

Ross  street    Nash  street 

— Ind.  Gazette. 

County  Without  Live  Society. 

Unfortunately  some  counties  have  no 
live  society  and  can  therefore  not  render 
reports.  Witness  the  following  letter. 
Would  it  not  be  a  good  thing  to  use  the 
magazine  to  arouse  interest  in  maters  his- 
toric in  such  counties? 

As  to  the  Penn  Germania  being  sent  to 
the   Historical  and   Genalogical  Society  of 

County,  I  would  beg  to  state  that 

the  society  appreciates  the  visits  of  the 
Penn  Germania  exceedingly,  but  am  sorry 
to  state  that  the  inactive  condition  of  the 
society  has  prevented  the  secretary  from 
sending  reports  as  would  be  desirable.  It 
is  deplorable  that  a  county  so  rich  in  his- 
toric interest  and  men  of  means  and  intel- 
ligence does  not  have  a  live  historical  so- 
ciety. Much  literature  of  historic  value 
has  been  and  is  still  being  gathered  for  its 
library  awaiting  a  revival  of  the  interest 
that  should  be  manifest  in  the  society.  We 
are  hoping  for  a  revival  of  interest  along 
this  line  at  no  distant  day. 

Wishing  abundant  success  to  the  Penn 
Germania.  Yours  respectfully, 

PRESIDENT. 

THE  GERMAN  SOCIETY  OF  PENNSYL- 
VANIA. 

Condensed  Annual  Report  of  the  Board  of 
Directors  for  1911. 

Membership — 26  new  members  were  ad- 
mitted, 13  members  died,  10  removed  and 
5  resigned,  36  are  behind  in  the  payment 
of  their  dues.  Total  number  of  members 
in  good  standing,  520,  as  against  558  at 
the  close  of  1910,  hence  a  loss  of  38  mem- 
bers. 

The  following  table  shows  the  constant 
decline  in  membership  during  the  past 
decade  and  the  urgent  necessity  for  heroic 
efforts  of  our  members  to  arrest  the  retro- 
gression. 

1902.  .752  1906.  .696  1909.  .627 

1903.. 724  1907.. 693  1910.. 558 

1904.. 700  1908.. 665  1911.. 520 

1905.  .691  A  decline  of  about  30  per  cent. 

Finances — The  balance  sheet  shows  re- 
ceipts and  expenditures  and  list  of  the  as- 
sets. 

Relief — 1352  applications  were  received, 
of  which  776  were  granted  and  attended 
to.  The  remainder  after  careful  investi- 
gation and  for  good  reasons  refused.  Cash 
expenditure  for  relief  $999.14.  In  order  to 
properly  measure  the  scope  of  our  activity 
the  quite  numerous  cases  of  such  assist- 
ance,   not   requiring   pecuniary   assistance, 


HISTORICAL    NOTES    AND    NEWS 


573 


but  advice  and  support  in  many  other  di- 
rections, must  not  be  overlooked.  We  re- 
fer to  the  reports  of  our  employment 
branch  and '  the  judicial  and  medical 
boards. 

Employment — Conditions  in  the  labor 
market  during  the  past  year  continued  un- 
favorable. Of  the  313  applicants  for  work 
only  167  could  be  placed.  142  employers 
availed  themselves  of  the  services  of  this 
branch,  which  we  cannot  too  urgently 
recommend  to  such  of  our  members  and 
our  friends,  who  employ  workingmen 
themselves. 

Library  received  1414  visits — 1150  from 
members  and  264  from  outsiders,  4398 
German  and  874  English  books  were  taken 
out.  The  report  of  the  librarian  gives  a 
list  of  the  newly  acquired  books  and  their 
catalogue  numbers. 

Judiciary — This  important  branch,  a 
blessing  for  many  people,  unable  to  pay 
for  legal  aid  and  protecting  themselves 
from  oppression,  was  well  patronized  dur- 
ing the  year  and  in  all  cases  assistance 
rendered  promptly  and  vig;orously. 

German-English  Night  School  reopened 
October  2nd  with  25  8  male  and  56  female 
pupils  in  12  classes.  During  the  40  years 
of  the  existence  of  this  school  it  was  at- 
tended by  25,146  pupils,  hence  a  yearly 
average  of  62  8. 

Archives — Much  additional  material  for 
research  relative  to  the  history  of  the  Ger- 
man element  in  our  country  was  acquired. 
This  branch  is  available  without  charge 
for  research  work  subject  to  application 
and  to  the  rules  of  the  committee. 

Real  Estate — The  property  is  in  excel- 
lent physical  condition  thanks  to  the  vigi- 


lance of  the  board  and  its  policy  of  timely 
repairs  to  forestall  larger  ones.  Again  our 
hall  and  auditorium  was  used  by  quite  a 
number  of  organizations,  having  no  abode 
of  their  own. 

Medical — 24  cases  were  reported  at  our 
office  and  promptly  attended  to  by  our 
board  of  physicians,  besides  a  number  of 
cases,  likewise  treated,  which  for  reasons 
of  urgency  could  not  be  previously  re- 
ported at  our  office.  Four  patients  were 
treated  in  the  freebed  of  our  society  at  the 
German  hospital. 

Lectures  and  Enterainments — Thanks 
to  the  untirng  efforts  of  the  committee, 
quite  a  number  of  events  of  interest  and 
scope  were  offered  to  the  members  and  our 
friends  during  the  year  and,  as  a  rule,  well 
patronized — for  particulars  we  refer  to  the 
report  of  the  committee.  Further  lectures 
are  being  contemplated  and  will  be  an- 
nounced in  proper  time. 

George  Schleicher  Fund — The  former 
incumbent  of  the  scholarship  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Penna.  has  finished  his  term  and 
graduated  with  honors.  His  successor  is 
Mr.  H.  Philipp  Hoffmeister.  The  prize  for 
the  best  work  in  the  German  department 
at  the  University  was  awarded  to  and  di- 
vided between  the  Misses  Carrie  Adler  and 
Gretchen  Carrow,  because  of  the  parity  in 
their  work. 

To  the  daily  press  the  board  expresses 
its  appreciation  and  thanks  for  their  gen- 
erous and  cheerful  co-operation. 

The  German  Day  as  usual  was  cele- 
brated in  our  hall  on  October  6th,  also 
the  147th  Anniversary  of  our  Society  on 
December  2Dth,  both  events  proving  a 
highly- gratifying  success. 


TLhc  jforum 

The  Penn  Germania  Open  Parliament,   Question-Box  and 
Clipping  Bureau — Communications  Invited 


This  is  a  subscribers'  exchange  for  comparing  views,  a  what- 
not for  preserving  bits  of  historic  information,  an  after  dinner  loung- 
ing place  for  swapping  jokes,  a  general  question  box — free  and  open 
to  every  subscriber. 


The  following  lines  are  an  extract  from 
a  letter  written  by  Prof.  Samuel  Riegel, 
of  Lebanon,  Pa.,  to  his  friend.  Dr.  J.  H. 
Sieling,  now  of  York,  Pa. 

Pioneer  Experiences. 

Father  David  Leobenstein  is  the  name 
of  the  colonist  who  vv-ith  his  wife,  carried 
the  family  Bible  and  a  cradle  from  Phila- 


delphia to  Kleinfeltersville.  Like  many  ot 
our  first  settlers  he  located  on  a  farm 
with  good,  rich  soil  and  running  water 
Another  interesting  feature  about  the  es- 
tate is  that  under  part  of  the  house  is  a 
beautiful  spring,  the  source  of  Mill  creek. 
They  made  this  journey  in  1736.  Much 
of  the  route  was  nothing  more  than  an 
Indian  trail;  hence  the  necessity  of  walk 
ing.     They  had  an  only  son,  who  married 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


and  had  three  daughters, — the  reason  why 
the  family  name  died  out. 

Cliristine  Zeller,  the  heroic  wife  of 
Heinrich  Zeller,  is  the  name  of  the  lady 
who  with  a  broad  ax  decapitated  three 
prowling,  plundering  Indians  at  the  cellar 
loop-hole.  Seeing  the  plunderers  stealth- 
ily approaching,  she  descended  the  cellar 
steps  (having  barricaded  the  house)  sta- 
tioning herself  alongside  the  opening  witli 
upraised  weapon.  Presently  the  head  of 
the  first  Indian  protruded  through  the 
hole,  when  down  came  the  weapon  with  a 
heavy  blow.  Promptly  dragging  the  trunk 
through  the  loop-hole,  she,  in  a  dis.guised 
Indian  tongue,  gave  notice  for  the  other  to 
two  to  follow,  all  was  right  within.  The 
second  and  the  third  was  dispatched  in  the 
same  bloody  manner;  she  glorying  on  the 
return  of  her  husband  at  night  over  her 
conquest  of  their  treacherous  foes. 

At  the  Hoffman  homestead  (Leoben- 
stein)  I  have  been  hospitably  entertained, 
and  in  conducting  family  worship,  which 
is  never  omitted  in  father  Hoffman's 
house,  the  old  Bible  was  used  in  conduct- 
ing the  service. 

My  grandparents  when  quite  young 
lived  two  miles  west  of  Lebanon,  now 
Sunny  Side.  One  day  grandmother  was 
alone,  the  children  had  strolled  into  the 
fields,  and  she  was  busy  in  the  kitchen  at- 
tending to  household  duties,  standing 
with  her  back  to  the  open  door,  when  she 
saw  a  shadow,  and  felt  the  presence  ol 
some  person.  On  turning  abo'it  she  behela 
three  Indians  already  in  the  room.  Her 
first  thought  went  after  her  children,  but 
they  not  being  about,  she  was  called  back 
to  herself.  She  felt  the  necessity  of  being 
brave,  and  her  presence  of  mind  did'  not 
forsake  her.  The  Indians  came  in  as 
noiselessly  as  a  cat,  wearing  the  rubber 
Indian  moccasin.  They  were  civil  and 
asked  for  something  to  eat.  She  went 
about  preparing  a  lunch,  keeping  close 
watch  on  the  actions  of  her  uninvited 
guests.  She  had  occasion  to  go  into  the 
cellar,  and  when  she  returned,  they  stood 
admiring  what  was  the  pride  of  our  grand- 
mothers, the  copper  and  pewter  ware,  dip- 
pers, bowls,  spoons,  ladles,  etc.  When  the 
meal  was  ready,  and  they  were  asked  to 
be  seated  at  the  table,  they  ate  rapidly, 
with  a  keen  appetite.  After  their  hunger 
was  satisfied  they  left  the  table,  and  one 
at  a  time  with  right  hand  uplifted  thanked 
her  in  their  fashion  for  her  hospitality, 
and  as  quietly  as  they  came  left  the  house, 

"All  Tosether." 

More  than  seventy-five  years  ago  a  Ger- 
man boy  came  to  America  to  make  his  for- 
tune.    He  thought  he  had  done  it  when  he 


got  a  place  as  cashier  for  a  Pennsylvania 
coal-mining  company  at  a  salary  of  four 
hundred  dollars. 

A  year  or  so  later  two  of  his  younger 
brothers  came  over.  He  cheerfully  took 
them  in  charge.  For  one  he  found  work 
near  at  hand.  To  the  other  he  advanced 
three  hundreds  dollars  of  his  hoarded  sav- 
ings for  the  purchase  of  a  packful  of  cheap 
jewelry  to  peddle.  In  a  little  while  the 
three  brothers  joined  their  capital  and  sent 
for  a  fourth  brother.  All  of  them  together 
then  established  themselves  in  trade. 

TLe  f.rLt  money  that  could  be  spared 
from  that  venture  was  spent  for  the  pass- 
age of  tv/o  sisters  and  the  father,  for  the 
mother  was  nov/  dead.  A  family  home  was 
established  in  New  York,  and  "big  sister" 
presided  over  it. 

Alter  a  time  she  married.  Instead  of 
giving  her  a  chest  of  silver  or  grandmoth- 
er's old  mahogany  sideboard  for  a  wed- 
ding present,  they  gave  her  four  thousand 
dollars — just  half  the  family  fortune.  The 
next  year  "little  sister"  also  married,  and 
with  her,  too,  they  divided.  She  got  two 
tnousand  dollars. 

From  trade  the  family  went  into  bank- 
ing. Eecides  its  offices  in  New  York,  it 
now  has  branches  in  London,  Paris  and 
Erankfort. 

In  the  little  German  town  from  which 
tl:e  family  came  is  an  endowed  school,  free 
to  all  races  and  all  creeds,  a  joint  memorial 
gilt  to  the  old  home.  The  members  of 
the  family  are  rated  high  in  Bradstreets, 
and  equally  high  in  the  respect  of  those 
WHO  know  their  business  standards  and 
their  public  and  private  benefactions. 

The  iyead  oi  the  house  recently  celebrat- 
ed ills  eighty-eighth  birthday.  To  one  who 
congratulated  him  he  said,  "I  feel  very 
rich  in  the  possession  of  my  children,  my 
grandchildren,  and  my  great-grandchild- 
ren. For  them  1  enjoy  living,  and  I  thank 
God    that    we   are    all    together." 

The  tale  needs  no  tacked-on  moral  to 
make  plain  its  beauty  or  drive  home  its 
lesson. — Youth's  Companion. 

Meanins"  of  Names 
By  Leonhard  Felix  Fuld,  LL.M.,  Ph.D. 

[Editorial  Note.  Dr.  Fuld  has  kindly 
consented  to  give  a  brief  account  of  the 
derivation  and  meaning  of  the  surname  of 
any  reader  who  sends  twenty-five  cents  to 
the  editor  for  that  purpose.] 

Kern. 

The  surname  KERN  is  a  German  name- 
derived  from  the  word  KERN  which  means- 
seed  or  interior  of  the  fruit.  Figuratively 
it  means  the  choice  or  the  best  of  anything. 


THE  FORUM 


575 


Compare  the  Latin  CERNERE.  As  a  sur- 
name it  was  used  as  a  complimentary 
name  and  was  given  to  the  best  man  of 
the  locality. 

Continuation  of  The  Reminiscences  of  The 
Leliiah  Canal  From  1840  to  1858. 

At  the  terminal  of  the  Delaware  Canal, 
Bristol,  Pa.,  coal  was  transferred  from  the 
Canal  boats  to  vessels  of  from  two  hun- 
dred to  five  hundred  tonage. 

At  Philadelphia,  vessels  were  loaded 
with  coal  from  wharves  from  the  Glass 
House  in  Richmond  to  Catherine  St.,  in- 
cluding Poplar  St.  Wharf  and  the  High 
Bridge.  The  Delaware  River  in  front  of 
Philadelphia  was  black  with  vessels  up  to 
1856,  when  this  business  was  transferred 
to  Baltimore  and  New  York. 

I  remember  Ex-Postmaster  Fields,  of 
Philadelphia,  making  a  remark  one  day, 
that  the  loss  of  this  business  to  Philadel- 
phia was  more  than  one  million  in  popu- 
lation. 

The  planing  mill,  previously  leferred  to, 
built  by  Pretz,  Gausler  &  Co.,  at  Union 
St.,  Allentown,  was  the  only  planing  mill 
between  Philadelphia  and  Wilkes-Barre, 
Pa.,   up  to   1856. 

After  the  failure  of  the  old  Allentown 
Bank  in  the  forties,  there  was  no  bank 
between  Easton,  Pa.,  and  Wilkes-Barre, 
Pa.,   up   to   about   1852. 

I  made  one  only  trip  on  tfie  Schuylkill 
Canal  in  1849  with  a  boatload  of  fence 
paling,  manufactured  by  Bradley,  Child, 
of  Keck,  Child  &  Co.,  White  Haven,  Pa. 
I  sold  the  paling  to  a  Mr.  Ritter  at  Read- 
ing, Pa.  The  people  of  Reading  nearly 
sunk  my  boat,  out  of  curiosity  to  see  the 
first  fence  paling.  Previous  to  this  time 
the  farmers  between  Reading  and  Allen- 
town came  to  Allentown  via  Kutztown  to 
purchase    lumber    and    feuce    paling. 

Beating  on  the  Lehigh  Valley  from  1829 
to  185  6,  previous  to  the  steam  railroads, 
was  the  leading  business  for  eight  months 
of  the  year,  from  April  to  December.  Dur- 
ing the  winter  months  the  Conestoga  teams 
took   the   place   of   boats. 

A  story  used  to  go  the  rounds  of  Jesse 
Schaeffer,  who  was  proprietor  of  Conestoga 
teams  in  Allentown,  Pa.;  when  one  day 
he  was  asked  for  lemons  and  had  no  lem- 
ons on  hand,  he  said:  "Nelson,  grig 
die  pencil,  ein  und  stwanzig  fure  auf  der 
strase  und  keine  lemons  do." 

SNYDER  COUNTY  HERO. 

Knocked    The    Rebel    Flag-    Off    of    Fort 
Sumpter. 

Snyder  County  has  among  her  citizens 
a  man  who  deserves  credit  for  a  deed  that 


is  very  little  known  by  the  general  pub- 
lic. His  name  is  David  Trutt  and  he  lives 
in    Selinsgrove. 

During  the  war  of  the  Rebellion,  Davi.i 
Trutt  was  a  member  of  Co.  D,  52d  Regi- 
ment of  Pennsylvania  Volunteers  H^avy 
Artillery  and  alter  Fort  Sumpter  had  fall- 
en and  was  in  the  possession  of  the  Rebel 
Army,  the  United  States  desired  naturally 
to  recapture  it.  To  accomplish  this  a  num- 
ber of  Companies  of  Artillery  were  sta- 
tioned as  close  to  the  fort  as  possible  and 
Mr.  Trutt's  Company  was  located  on  Mor- 
ris Island  in  front  of  Fort  Sumpter  and 
his  cannon  was  about  2%  miles  distant 
from  its  walls.  The  artillery  men  had 
been  shooting  at  the  confederate  flag  for 
two  days  and  none  of  them  had  been  able 
to  dislocate  it,  when  Mr.  Trutt  said  to 
Frank  Jarrett  (one  of  the  Overseeib  of 
Monroe  township)  that  he  bet  he  could 
knock  it  down  on  tv/o  shots.  The  can- 
non was  turned  over  to  Mr.  Trutt,  he 
aimed  his  cannon  a  little  low  and  to  the 
left  and  on  the  second  shot  that  he  fired, 
he  knocked  the  flag  staff  clear  off  and 
Fort  Sumpter  was  without  its  emblem  of 
secession.  This  occurred  on  the  2nd  day 
of  July  1863  and  was  a  happy  occasion  for 
the  Union  forces  in  that  vicinity. 

Fort  Sumpter  was  not  finally  recaptured 
by  the  Union  army  until  the  fourth  day  of 
July,  18G4,  however  the  bombardment  of 
Union  Artillery  had  so  shattered  its  walls 
that  it  looked  like  a  piece  of  mosquito  net- 
ting. On  the  same  day  that  Sumpter  fell 
to  the  Union  Army,  Mr.  Trutt  was  cap- 
tured by  the  Confederate  Army  on  James 
Island  and  was  conveyed  to  Florence  pris- 
on, from  where  he  was  taken  to  Salsberry, 
South  Carolina  prison,  from  where  he  was 
transferred  to  Libby  prison  and  from  there 
to  Andersonville  prison.  In  which  prisons 
he  was  kept  for  nine  months  and  seventeen 
days,  or  until  the  war  was  over. 

The  statement  of  facts  above  set  forth  is» 
related  by  both  Mr.  Jarrett  and  Mr.  Trutt 
and  their  authenticity  can  not  be  ques- 
tioned. 

Mr.  Trutt  is  the  father  of  a  large  family 
in  Selinsgrove  and  is  not  like  some  men, 
anxious  to  brag  about  his  deeds.  He  is 
respected  by  all  who  know  him  and  this 
deed  itself  entitles  him  to  be  numbered 
among  the  many  uncrowned  heroes  of  the 
Civil    War. — Middleburg    Post. 

The  Family  Reunion. 

This  is  the  season  of  family  reunions. 
In  this  county,  which  has  been  so  long 
settled  and  where  the  population  has  been 
so  staple,  there  are  very  many  families 
which,  in  the  course  of  generations,  have 
become  very  numerous  and  influential,  and 
whose  members  take  pleasure  in  tracing 
their  relationships  and  delving  into  the  his- 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


tory  and  action  of  their  ancestors. 

This  is  best  done  through  the  medium 
of  stated  family  reunions  and  through  the 
organization  which  that  implies.  The  sen- 
timent which  brings  this  about  is  not  a 
very  worthy  one,  but  it  has  a  distinct  edu- 
cational value,  since  in  tracing  the  history 
of  the  family  and  the  events  of  which  its 
members  were  a  part,  it  is  necessary  also 
to  trace  more  or  less  the  history  of  the 
state    and    the    country. 

Nor  should  we  despise  the  sentiment  of 
family  pride,  which  these  gatherings  en- 
gender. Every  man  or  woman,  of  course, 
must  stand  mostly  upon  his  or  her  own 
individual  merits;  yet  it  is  something, 
nevertheless,  to  be  able  to  point  to  worthy 
ancestors,  who  were  men  and  women  of 
merit  and  achievement.  To  know  of  such 
is,  in  itself,  an  incentive  to  good  citizen- 
ship and  to  worthy  conduct. 

Berks  is  better  today  because  so  many 
sterling  men  and  women  founded  families 
here  which  have  endured  for  generations 
and  centuries,  and  we  will  all  be  better 
in  the  future  through  honoring  the  found- 
ers of  these  families  and  cherishing  the 
traditions  of  our  ancestors,  who  wrought 
so  well  for  us  and  left  us  a  heritage  of 
honorable  lives  and  achievements. — Kutz- 
town  Patriot. 

Hunting  Grounds  of  the  Lenni  Lenape. 

In  a  historical  sketch  of  the  city  of  Nor- 
ristown,  printed  in  the  "Norristown  Her- 
ald," on  March  30,  was  included  the  fol- 
lowing abstract  which  may  be  of  interest 
to  some  of  our  local  historians: 

FROM  INDIAN  TIMES  TO  177  6. 

It  was  in  1685  that  the  Lenni  Lenape 
sold  this  part  of  their  happy  hunting 
grounds  to  William  Penn.  Some  time  later 
the  Proprietary  marked  off  7,500  acres  on 
the  Schuylkill,  and  by  patent  dated  Octo- 
ber 2,  1704,  conveyed  it  to  his  son,  Wil- 
liam Penn,  Jr.,  calling  it  the  "Manor  of 
Williamstalt,"  with  the  idea  and  the  hope 
that  it  would  long  remain  his  namesake's 
homestead. 

The  son  held  the  land  but  five  days. 
Some  historians  say  he  was  a  spendthrift, 
and  preferred  money  to  miles  of  land. 
James  Logan,  his  father's  agent  in  the 
province,  seems  to  hint  at  homesickness 
for  England.  He  writes:  "Last  night 
William  Penn,  jun'r,  sold  his  manor  on 
Schuylkill  to  William  Trent  and  Isaac  Nor- 
ris  for  £850.  They  were  unwilling  to 
touch  it — for,  without  a  great  prospect, 
none  will   now  meddle  with   land — but   in 


his  case  he  was  resolved  to  leave  the  coun- 
try." And  so,  two  hundred  and  eight  years 
ago,  for  a  sum  equivalent  to  $2,266.61  in 
our  currency,  was  sold  the  whole  of  Nor- 
ristown and  the  townships  of  East  an-d 
West  Norriston  besides. 

It  appears  not  to  have  been  such  a  great 
bargain  even  in  the  estimation  of  the  pur- 
chasers; for  on  January  11,  1712,  Trent 
sold  all  his  half  interest  to  Norris  for 
£500,  only  £75  more  than  it  had  cost 
him  over  seven  years  before;  and  so  the 
land  became  "Norrington,"  and  our  town 
stayed  in  the  Norris  family  until  the  sec- 
ond Isaac  Norris  died,  and  Mary  Norris, 
his  widow  and  administratrix,  on  Septem- 
ber 17,  1771,  sold  it  in  a  plantation  of  543 
acres  to  John  Bull,  of  Limerick  township — • 
a  very  staunch  patriot,  by  the  way — for 
the   equivalent   of    $12,265    in   our   money. 

On  November  2,  1776,  Bull  sold  all  but 
fifty  acres  of  his  land  to  Dr.  William  Smith, 
for  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  of 
which  he  was  Provost,  but  there  must  have 
been  valuable  buildings  on  the  part  retain- 
ed by  Bull,  for  next  year,  when  the  British 
came  down  from  Fatland  Ford  on  their 
way  from  Brandywine  to  Philadelphia, 
they  spread  such  havoc  by  fire  at  Norris- 
town that  the  State  subsequently  allowed 
Colonel  Bull  £2,080,  the  University  £  1,- 
000,  Hannah  Thompson  £807,  and  Wil- 
liam Dewees  £329 — in  all  $11,240  in  our 
money — for   their   losses. 

A  Neglected  Cemetery,  Why? 

The  condition  of  the  old  cemetery  at 
Tenth  and  Linden  streets  is  causing  a 
great  deal  of  adverse  comment  on  the 
part  of  the  people  living  in  that  neighbor- 
hood. The  cemetery  is  one  of  the  land- 
marks of  Allentown.  On  it  are  sleeping 
some  of  our  pioneer  residents.  For  years, 
however,  there  has  been  very  little  effort 
made  to  keep  the  burial  ground  in  any- 
thing like  decent  condition.  We  under- 
stand that  there  is  a  fund  of  fifteen  hun- 
dred dollars  somewhere,  the  interest  of 
which  is  to  be  devoted  to  the  care  of  the 
cemetery.  At  the  present  time  old  wagons 
are  stored  on  the  grounds.  Whenever 
strangers  visit  Bethlehem  the  residents  of 
the  old  Moravian  borough  take  pride  in 
showing  them  over  the  old  Moravian  burial 
ground,  and  the  visitors  always  go  away 
profoundly  impressed  with  what  they  have 
seen.  None  of  us  would  care  to  take  a 
stranger  to  the  old  Allentown  Cemetery 
at  Tenth  and  Linden  streets.  Can  not 
something  be  done  to  make  this  historic 
and  sacred  spot  more  attractive? — Allen- 
town Paper. 


INDEX 

The  German  and  Swiss  Settlements 

of 

Colonial  Pennsylvania 

BY 

OSCAR  KUHNS 


Adams  County,  60 

Adler,    The    Reading,    121 

Agriculture,    85    ff. 

Albright,  Jacob,  155,  189-190 

Alemanni,  7,  61,  222 

Alemannic  dialect,   117,   118 

Almanacs,    103,    133 

Alsace,    56 

Ames,    William,    34 

Amish,    118.    131,    178 

Aaimen,   Jacob,    178 

Rear-Admiral,    216 
Amsterdam,    66 
Anabaptists,  32,   172,  175 
Andrews,   140 
Anglo-Saxons.    2  28 
Anne,  Queen,  26,  49,  51 
Antes,   Henry,   156,   168,   197,   212 
Appel,  Major,   216 
Armbruester,    134 
"Armentown,"    41 
Arndt's  Wahres  Christenthum,  132 
Arnold,   Gottfried,    43,    175 
Art,  219 

Asbury,   Francis,    187,    189,    190 
Ascension  Day,  103 
Ausbund,   130 
Austria,   65 
Baird,     Huguenot     Emigration     to 

America,   10,   81 
Baird,  Spencer  F.,  219.  227 
Baker,   Peter,    180 
Ballygarrane,   186 
Baptists,   32,   159,   192 
Barber,    214 
Barclay,   Robert,    33 
Barnitz,   Colonel,   216  .     ? 

Barns,  "Swisser,"  94 
Barton.  Thomas,  147 
Basel,  56,   63,  65 
Bauman,  Matthias,   128,   155 
Bausman,  Rev.  B.,   125 
Beaver,    197,    216 
Bechtel,  John,    168 
Beehive.    130 
Behagel,  Daniel,  36 
Beissel,  Conrad.  44,  127,  129.  130, 

154,    180.    181,    182 
Berger,    188,    190 
Berks  County,   48  ff.,  59.  207,  215 
Bernard  of  Weimar,  9 
Berno,   22,   24,   26,   44,   45,   6^,   65, 

66 


Bernese  Oberland,   64 

Bethlehem,  91,  152,   168,  171.  204 

Bible,  108.  131  ff.,  156,  157 

Bigler.  Governor  of  Pennsylvania, 
197 

Bigler.    John.    Governor    of    Cali- 
fornia.   197 

Binghamton.   N.    f..    50 

Black.  Jeremiah,  227 

Block  Island.   72 

Blood-letting,  103 

Blue  Mountains,   84,   200 

Blue  Ridge,  Va., 

Boehm,    Henry.    187 

Boehm,  John  Philip,   52,    163 

Martin.     154,     155,     159, 
187,    188 

Bohemia.   4,   8 

Boehler.  Peter,  129.  156.  185 

Bom,  Cornelius,  41 

Boos,   61 

Bouck,  Governor,  50.  197 

Bowman.  Bishop.  187 

Braddock.  General,   88.  200 

Bradford.   Andrew,    127 

Brandenburg,    Elector   of.    11 

Braune,   107 

Bricker,    Peter,    House   of,    97 

Brodhead,   Colonel.    214 

Brons.  174 

Brua.    227 

Brubacher  Genealogy.  63 

Brubaker.   Jacob,   48 
Judge,    177 

Brumbaugh,  M.  G.,   27,   67,   71,   82 

Brunnholtz.    154 

Buckley,   J.   M..   186 

Burke,  Edmund,  160 

Calvin,   33 

Calvinists,   3  2 

Cameron,  Simon,   198,  227 

Canada,  141,  142,  201 

Carroll,  H.  K..   151 

Catholics,     14     ff..     56,     141.     142. 

143.    171 
Caton.  WMlliam.   34 
Cattle.    93 
Centre   County.    60 
Charles  H.,  36 
Chlodowig,    7 

Chronicon  E]phratense,  128 
Church  of  England,   32.    146 


578 


THE    PENN    GERMANIA. 


Church  of  God,   191 

Civil  War,   215,   210 

Cobb,  50 

Coester,   see   Koester 

Coleridge,   44 

Colleges,   151 

Collegia  Pietatis,    35,   159 

Collinson,   Peter,    136 

Comenius,   152 

"Concord,"  32,   40 

Conestoga,   44,   163,   180 

Conestoga   Wagons,    98,    99 

Conestogoe,   4  7 

Congress,  Members  of,  198 

Conrad   von   Hohenstaufen,    8 

Coxe,  E.  B.,   86 

Crefeld,   32,   35,   39 

Cresap's  War,  36 

Croll,   P.   C,   96 
Crook,   49 

Cumberland  County,   59 

Curzon,    Lord,    227 

Custer,    General,    216 

Daendliker,    22,    23,    25,    61,    196, 
206,   223 

Darmstadt,  56 

Dauphin  County,  60 

Dechert,  General,  216 

De    Hoop    Scheffer,    see   Scheffer 

De   Kalb,    212 

Delaware  Indians,  200 

Denny,  Governor,   27,   79 

Dialect,    117   ff. 

Dickenson,    John,    53 

Dieskau,  Count,   205 

Diller,  Major,  216 

Dock,  Christopher,  138 

Dort,  Synod  of,   178 

Dotterer,    H.    S.,    52,    54,    69,    156, 
162 

Doudel,   Michael,   209 

Dresden,    66 

Dress,    113 

Drinking,    111    ff. 

Dubbs,   J.   H.,   26 

Dulaney,  Daniel,  142,  201 

Dunkards,  19,  150,  151,  152,  154, 
160,  179,  180,  196 

Dutch,   84 

Earle,  A.   M.,   Ill,   112 

Eckert,  Colonel,   212 

Eckhoff,    31 

Education,   136  ff. 

Egle,  Dr.   W.  H.,   197,   216 

Egli,    131 

Elbe,    66 

Eliot,   John,    169 

Elizabeth,   Duchess  of  Orleans,   12 

EUery,  William,  208 

Ellis  and   Evans,   History  of  Lan- 
caster   County,    48,    87,    95,    99 

Embury,   Philip,    49,    186 

Emmenthal,    64 

Endt,    Theobald,    168 

"Engages,"    81 

Engel,  Jacob,   179 


England,  Wars  of,  7  2 
Ephrata  Brethren,  113 
Ephrata  Community,  44,  128,  132, 

143,    155,    160,    181-3 
Episcopalians,    192 
Erasmus,    13  9 
Erbach,   56 
Ettwein,  Bishop,  196 
Evangelical  Association,  160,  189, 

190 
Evangeline,    82 
Evans  Family,  227 
Evans,  History  of  Lancaster  Coun- 
ty,  215 
Falckner,   Daniel,    43,    139,    154 
Falkner's  Swamp,    163 
Fenwick,   81,  82 
Ferree,   Andrew,    87 
Feudalism,   20,   23 
Fisher,  H.  L.,   123,   124 
Fiske,  John,  2,  7,  46,  72,  116,  137, 

193 
Five  Nations,  199,  203 
Flowers,    100 
Foltz,  Surgeon,  216 
Food,    113 

Forbes,    General,    2  05 
Force's  American  Archives,  208 
"Foreign    Needs,"    Committee    on, 

69 
Forney,  J.  W.,   198 
Fox,   George,    33 
France,    11,   65,   72 
Francke,  August  Hermann,   165 
Frankenthal,    11,    13 
Frankfort   Company,    75,    139 
Frankfort-on-the-Main,  35,  36,  67 

Frankish  Dialect,   117,   118 

Franklin,  Benjamin,  128,  129, 
132,  134,  136,  137,  150,  151, 
201 

Franks,    7,    222 

Frederick,  Colonel,  216 

Frederick  IV.,    18 
v.,     8 
the    Wise,    8 

Frees,   Cornelius,   98 

French  and  Indian  War,  56,  133, 
169,    203    ff. 

French  Language  in  English  Law, 
121 

French    Revolution,    20,    23 

Freytag,  Gustav,  3,  4,  6,  20,  28, 
36,  93,  106,  108,  138,  153,  194, 
195,   196,  224 

Frick,  H.   C,   177,   218 

Friedenthal,    169 

Frietchie,   Barbara,   216 

Fritz,    Hon.   John,    218 

"Frolics,"   109 

Froschauer,    157 

Funck,  Henry,   207 

Funerals,    110 

Purley,   Benjamin,   34,   81,   82 

Genealogy,    227 

German    Reformed,    see    Reformed 

German  Regiment,  210 


INDEX   GERMAN  AND  SWISS  SETTLEMENTS 


579 


Germantown,  40  ff.,  53,  159,   176, 

196 
Germany,    2 
George  I.,  67,   146 

II.,  27 
Georgia,    26,    167,    185 
Gloninger,    Colonel,    212 
Gnadenhuetten,    169,    203,   204 
Gobin,  General,  216 
Goethe,    102,    116 
Goetschi,   65,    66,    74,   76 
Golden   Book,   26 
Good,  J.  I.,  26,   74 
Gordon,  53,  81,   146,  201 
Gottschalk,    George,    45 
Graff,   197 
Graffenried,    26 
Graham,  211 

Grammont,  Field-Marshal  de,   11 
Graveyards,   110,   175 
Graydon,  Alexander,   211 
Greenland,    167 
Groff,   Abraham,    179 
Gruber,  John,  168 
Gruner,   64 

Gumre,   Johannes,    112 
Haldeman,  S.  S.,  119,  121,  219 
Halderman,  General,  216 
Halle,  Orphan  House,   165 
Haller,    64 
Hallesche  Nachrichten,  70,  73,  74, 

78,  144,  154,  155,  157,  158,  165 
Hamburg,    56,    66 
Hamilton,  James,  89 
Hanau,   5  6 
HandEchuh,    Pastor,    70,     73,     74, 

144,    155,    195 
Hannover,  5  6 
Harbaugh,    Henry,    122,    123-126, 

148,   154 
Hartman,   Barbara,    158 
Hartranft,   C.  D.,   139 

Governor,    197,    216 
Hartzell,  Bishop,   187 
Harvard  College,   152 
Haupt,  Colonel,   216 
Haeusser,  Ludwig,  7,  8,  9,  15,  16, 

18,   20 
Haussmann,  129 
Hebel,    123 
Heberle,  Johannes,  5 
Heck,   Barbara,   49,   186 
Heckman,  General,  216 
Heebner,  68 
Heidelberg,  8,  14 
Heintz,    21 
Heintze,    232 

Heintzbelman,   General,   216 
Helmuth,    129,    151,    207 
Hendricks,  Gerhard,   39,   176 
Henneberg,  County  of,   6 
Henry,    James,    171 
Herkimer,  General,   212 
Herman,   Dirck,   39 
Herodotus,    63 
Herr  Family,    92 


Christian,    47 
Francis,  178 
Hans,    47,    48 
John,    179 
Hess,   Salomon,    26 
Hesse,    56 

Herrnhut,    66,    167,    185 
Hiester,   151,   197,   212 
Hildebrand,  John,   182 
Hillegass,   Michael,    198 
Hinke,    Rev.    W.    J.,    154 
Hite,  Jost,  60 
Hoffman,    144 

Dr.   W.   J.,    108,    136 
Holland,    11 
"Holy  Experiment,"   37 
Horch,   Henry,    19 
Horn,    General,    9 

W.    0.    von,    5 
Horsfield,  Timothy,   204 
Horticulture,    100 
Houses,    95 
Hubley,   Bernard,  210 
Colonel,    212 
George,    210 
Huguenots,   10,   17,  81,   176 
Hunter,    Robert,    49 
Hymn-books,   130,   131,   157,    158 
Hymns,    128,    129 
Illustrlrte    Geschichte    von    Wur- 

temberg,   4,   21 
Immigration,  31 
Incantations,   106 
Indians,    169,    199    ff. 
Inscriptions  on  Houses,  96 
Inspirationlsts,  129 
Iron  Foundries,  218 
Jacobs,  H.  E.,  147 
Jefferson    Medical    School,    151 
Jesuits,  15,  16,  17,  136,  143 
Johann    Kasimir,    96 
John   William,    15,    16 
Johnson,    William,    141 

Sir    William,    81 
Johnston,  William,   88 
Jung-Stilling,  35 
Kalkloeser,     182 
Kalm,  Peter,  52,  82,  206 
Kapp,  Friedrich,  39,  50,  158 
Karl  Ludwig,   8,   10,   11,   36,   161 
Kauffman,   Hon.   C.  C,   218 
Keen    Family,    227 
Keener,  Bishop,  187 
Keifer,    General,    216 
Keim  Family,   227 
Keith,   George,    33 

Governor,    54 
Keller,    172 
Kelpius.    Johann,    19,    42,    43,    44, 

73,    75,    139,    160,    199 
Kemper,   Surgeon,    216 
Kichlein,  Colonel,  212 
Kobel,    118,    123 
Kolb,   Johannes,    139 
Koester,  H.  B.,  43,  139 
Kress,    Major,    216 


5«o 


THE   PENN    GERMANIA. 


Kriegsheim,    10,    32,    34,    35,    36, 
38,   39 

Kuhl,  1!»7 

Kuhn,  A.   S.,   195 

Kunders,  Thones,   39 

Kuendig,  Martin,  47,  48 

Kuntz,  Benedict,  45 

Kunze,  Pastor,  70,  146 

Kutztown,  195 

Lampmai>,   Archibald,    220,    227 

Lancaster,    89,   90,    163,    176,    194, 
207 

Lancaster   County,    25,    46    ff.,    53, 
59,   86,   87,   215 

Landis,   Abraham,    17  9 
Judge,   177 

Landisville,    177 

Language,   115-117,   147,   166,   167 

Lauffenburg,    63 

Learned,  M.  D.,  121 

Lebanon  Covinty,  60,  91 

Lebanon   Valley   College,    151 

Lee,    General,    208 

Lehigh    County,    60,    108 

Leidy,  Joseph,  219 

Lennig,   118 

Leopold,    Emperor,    144 

Leutbecker,  Caspar,  144 

Levering    Colonel,    216 
Family,    227 

Lexington,    207 

Lick,   James,    219 

Lieber,  Francis,   228 

Limestone  Soil,  86 

Lincoln,  Abraham,  215 

Literature,  122   ff. 

Lititz,   152,   171 

Loehr,   31 

Loeser,   Jacob,    144 

Long,   J.   L.,   220 

Longfellow,    121 

Lorentz,  Johann,   3  6 

Lot,   10  8 

Louis  XIV.,    11,    12,    83 

Louvois,    13 

Ludwig,   Christopher,    214 

Lutherans,    14    ff.,    32,    106,    146, 
150,   154,   160   ff.,   175 

Lutz,   Colonel,    212 

Macaulay,   13 

McCrady,    134 

Mack,  Alexander,    19,     155,    179 
Valentine,    182 

McKean,    Rev.    Joseph,    111 

Mann,    75 

Mannheim,    56,    91 

Manz,    Felix,    174 

Marburger    Hymn-book,    131 

Marshall,  Christopher,  103 

Mather,  Cotton,   152 

Mathews     and     Hungerford,     His- 
tory of  Lehigh  County,  135 

Matthai,  Conrad,   44 

"Mayflower,"  32 

Medicine,  106 

Meili,   Martin,    47 


Mellinger    Meeting    House,    161 

Menno,  see  Simon 

Mennonites,  11,  17,  24,  25,  32, 
44  ff.,  76,  84,  86,  87,  109,  111, 
113,  132,  133,  150,  154,  172 
ff.,    196,    201,    207,    208,    213 

Mentz,   56 

Merian,  Caspar,   36 

Merlau,  Eleonora  von,  36 

Methodism,    49,    185    ff. 

Meyer,    93,    95,    107,    116 

Michel,    26 

Mifflin,   General,    214 

Miller,    134 

Abraham,  210 

Henry,    209 

John    Peter,    139,    182 

Missioi>s,   Moravian,   167,   169 

Mittelberger,  52,  65,  67,  71,  74, 
77,  79,   80,   83,   110,  217 

Mohawk  Valley,   26,   49 

Monroe  County,   60 

Montcalm,    206 

Montgomery,  M.  L.,   98,   207 

Montgomery   County,    59 

Moon,    influence    of,    103,    104 

Moravians,  76,  108,  113,  141,  152, 
155,  159,  167  ff.,  170,  171,  185, 

196,  200,   201,   203   ff.,  208,  209 
Morris  Family,    227 

Morse,   214 

Muhlenberg,  F.  A.,  165,  198 

H.   A.,   148,   166 

H.    M.,    67,     73,     74, 

77,    78,    79,    82,    84,    110,    112, 

129,    144,    147,    151,    154,    155, 

157,    159,    164,    165,    166,    169, 

197,  200,   201,   219,   223,   227 
Muhlenberg,   Peter,  165,  212 

Wm.  A.,  165 
Muelheim-on-the-Ruhr,  35 
Mueller,    24,    46,    47,    63,    64,    111, 

177,    178 
Muenster  Rebellion,    174 
Murray,   Alexander,    145 
Musser,  Daniel,   179  ' 

Mysticism,    19,    159 
Naas,  John,  67,  71,  82 
Nadler,    118,    123 
Nagel,   George,   210 
Nagle,    Colonel,    212 
Names,    230    ff. 
Nantes,  Edict  of,  142 
Narragansetts,    199 
Nassau,    56 
Neal,   141 

Neff,   Dr.    Chrisley,    103 
Neuburg,   12 
Neuchatel,    63 
Neuwied,    74 
"New-Born,  The,"  128 
"Newlanders,"  27,  77  ff.,  193 
New  Paltz,  N.  Y.,  10 
Newspapers,    134,    135 
New  York,  48,  49,  137 
Nimwegen,  66 


INDtCX    (;EKMAN  and  i^WISS   SETTLEMENTS 


5^' 


Nitschc,   174 

Nitsehinan,   David,    129,    169,    185 
Martin,    204 

NoLM-dlin^en,    8 

Noithanipton  County,  60,  208, 
212 

Noitli  Carolina,   60 

Nyberg,    169 

Oberhoilzer,    Martin,    47 

Obcrly,   Surgeon,   216 

O'Callashan,    50,    202 

Ocean  Voyage,  67,  ff.,    .7  ff. 

Ohio,    60 

Omens,    104 

Op  den  Graeff,    39,    176 

Ottendcrf,   Baron   von,    210 

Otterbein,    155,   159,    188 

Otto  Heinrick,   14 

Orleans.   Duke  of,    12 

Owen,    103 

Palatmeu,  21,  48,  49,  53,  56,  186, 
206 

"Palatine    Fever,"    71 

"Palatine  Light,"   72 

Palatinate,  7,  8  ff.,  56,  85,  117, 
118,    160,    196,    222 

Palfrey,   116 

Pannebecker,   Heinrich,    177 

Pantisocracy,   44 

Pastorius,  F.  D.,  37  ff.,  69.  72,  84, 
85,  129,  189,  148,  176 

Paul,    118 

Peasants,    4    ff. 

Penn,   Richard,    208 

William,    26,   32,   33   ff.,   36, 
70,    85,    86 

"Pennsylvania  Dutch,"  31 

Pennsylvania  Germans,  52  (num- 
berc),  84  (farmers),  85  ff.  (cus- 
toms), 106  ff.  (superstitions), 
109  (amusements),  110  (funer- 
als), 111  (drinking),  113  (food 
and  dress),  117  (dialect),  122 
ff.  (literature),  136  ff.  (educa- 
tion), 153  ff.  (piety),  193  (in- 
crease), 194  ff.  (politics),  203 
ff.  (in  French  and  Indian  War), 
206  ff.  (in  Revolution),  218  (in 
science) 

"Pennsylvania    Synod,"     168 

Pennypacker,  S.  W.,  10,  33,  38, 
39,  41,  42,  45,  76,  85,  138,  139, 
148,    209 

Pennypacker,   General,    216 

Pequea,    25,    47 

Pequots,    199 

Peters,  Richard,  203 

Petersen,  Dr.  Wm.,   35 

Pfautz,   221 

Philadelphia,    32,    211,    227 

Philip,  Dirck,  132 

Philip  W^illiam,    12,   14,   15 

Pietism,  19,  34  ff.,  159 

Pirates,    72 

Pittston,   50 

Poetry,    123-126 

Pcl-"ticn,   194   ff. 


Porter,    David,    112 

Post,  Frederick,  169,  205 

Powell  and  Shippen,  216 

Pownall,  Thomas,  bO 

Powwowing,   107 

Presbyterians,   32,   162,   192 

Printing,   131  ff. 

Protestants,    14   ff.,   5  6 

Proud,  32,  52,  58,  59,   85,   86,   218 

Pioverbs,   101,   135 

Prussia,    28 

Puritans,    3  2,    112,    116 

Quakers,  32,  34,  45,  loO,  176,  201. 

207,   209 
Ramsey,   Governor,    197 
Ranke,    62 
Rauch,  E.  H.,  122 
Raum,   General,   21fi 
Raynal,    160 
Lead,  T.   B.,   212 
Reading,   166,  195 
Redemptiontsm,    81,    82 
Red,    President,    209,    211,   214 
Reed  Church,  144,  163 
Reformation,    3  2 
Reformed,    14    ff.,    32,    111,    150, 

154,    160    ff. 
Reformed   Mennonites,    178 
Reinier,  John,    80 
Reinoehl,   Major,   216 
Religion,   153   ff. 
Rhine,  63  ff. 
Rieger,  Rev.  J.  B.,  52 
Riehl,   2,   7,   86,   95,   97,   100,   104, 

109,    110,    118,    133,    161,    206, 

223,   224 
Ritner,   Chaplain,    216 
Governor,    197 
Rittenhouse,   David,    219 
Major,  216 
William,  218 
Ritter,    100,    171,    196 

George,   64 
River  Brethren,   179 
Rodenbough,  General,   216 
Rolf,    George,    34 
Rondthaler,    Rev.,    122 
Ross,   Captain,    210 

Family,  227 
Rotterdam,    65,    66,    67,    68 
Kunckel,  J.  L.,  46 
Runkle,   Colonel,   216 
Rupp,    5  8 
Rush,    Benjamin,    90,    92,    93,    98, 

100,  101,  112,  151,  217,  223 
Rursell,  Governor,  227 
Ryswick,   Treaty  of,   16 
Sacbse,  J.  F.,  44,  132 
St.  Lawrence  County,  N.  Y.,  87 
Salat,   174 
Salem.  Mass.,  106 
Salzbursers,   64,   75 
Bauer,  Christopher,  27,  71,  77,  78, 

79,    80,   83,    128,   131,    132,   134, 

138.   146,   157,    183 
Saxe-Weimar,    Duke    of,    92,    94 
Saxony,   56 


THE    PENN    GEkMAXiA. 


Schaff,  Dr.   Philip,   122,   167,   169, 

228,   229 
Scliaeffer,   Peter,   43 
Scheffer,  De  Hoop,  54,  76 
Schell,  J.  C,  158 
Scherer,  128 
Sclilatter,  Michael,  124,   140,   160, 

164,    169 
Schiller,    86,    92,    97 
Schlauch,    Jacob,    195 
Schley,  Governor,   197 

Rear-Admiral,   216 
Schloezer,    20,    85 
Schock,  Chief  Engineer,  216 
Schoharie  Valley,   26,   49 
Schoolmasters,  163 
Schools,   143   ft. 
Schultz,   139 
Schulze,  Governor,   197 
Schuetz,  Dr.,  37 
Schumacher,  Peter,  39 
Schwarzenau,   179 
Schweinitz,    de,    205 
Schwenckfeld,     Caspar     von,      73, 

131,    183,    184 
Schwenckfelders,    56,    66,    68,    70, 

76,    159,    183-185 
Schwenk,  Colonel,  216 
Science,  218 
Scotch-Irish,  85,  92,  112,  194,  204, 

227 
Seidensticker,    42,    127 
Seventh-Day    Baptists,    180,    181 
Seward,   Wm.,    156 
Shakspere,  102,  111 
Shenandoah   Valley,    60 
Shipw^recks,    75 
Shoemaker    Family,    227 
Shoup,  Colonel,  197 

Governor,  216 
Shunk,  Governor,  197 
Silesia,    28 

Simmern-Zweibruecken,    12 
Simon,  Menno,   132,   175,   178 
Slavery,  40,  176 
Small,   General,   216 
Smith,  Wm.,   143,  146,  210 
Snyder,  Governor,   197 
Southey,   4  4 
Spain,   20,   72 

Spangenberg,    129,    169,    185,    205 
Spangler,  Colonel,  216 
Spener,    34,    35,    159 
Spyker,  Colonel,   212 
Stark's    Gebetbuch,    132 
Stars,    Influence    of,    102 
Stauffer  Family,    63 
Sternberg,     Surgeon-General,     50, 

216 
Steub,   232 
Steuben,    212 
Stiegel,   Baron,   218 
Stoever,   Rev.   J.    C,    163 
Strasburg,    91,    177 
Streypers,    Wm.,    41 
Sullivan,  General,   81,   210 
Superstitions,    101   ff. 


Swabian  Dialect,   118 

Swatara  Creek,   50 

Swedenborg,   13  2 

Swedenborgians,  192 

Swedes,   84 

Sweitzer,  General,  216 

Swiss,    46-48,    55,    56,    85    ff.,    176. 

206 
Switzerland,    22    ff.,    56,    117,    118, 

160,   196,   222 
Taylor,  Bayard,  220,  227 
Tennyson,    126 
Thacher,  210 

Thirty  Years'  War,  3  ff.,  83 
Thomas,  Governor,  89 
Thompson,   Charles,    81 

Colonel    Wm..    209 
Thornton,  Matthew,  81 
Tilly,   8 

Tobler-Meyer,    232 
Trade,   218 

Tulpehocken,    26,    50,    154,    212 
Turenne,   11 
Turks,  72 
Tyerman,  169,  185 
Uhl,  Hon.  E.  F.,  50 
Union   Churches,    161 
United    Brethren,    159,    160,    187- 

189 
United   Evangelical   Church,    191 
University   of   Pennsylvania,    151 
Ursinus  College,  151 
Utrecht,  66 
Van   Braght,    132 
Virginia,    68,    113 
Wackernagel,   131 
Waldenses,    172 
Walloons,    17 
Wanamaker,  John,    198 
Wangen,   63 
Washington,     George,     211,     212. 

213,    214 
Water,   104 
Watson,   72,   81,   201 
Weather  Signs,    105 
Weddings,    109 
Weidman  House,  97 
Weiser,  Conrad,  51,  129,  182,  200. 

202     203 
Weiss,'  G.  M.,  128,  154,  163 
Weitzel,  Colonel,  212 
Weld,  92,  96 
Wertmueller,    Joris,    45 
Wesley,    John,    75,    80,    169,    174, 

185 
Westphalia,    Peace    of,    10,    56 
Wetterholt,  Captain  Nicholas,  106, 

202 
Whitefield,    156 
Whittier,  40,  43,  50,  72,  183,  197 

216 
Wickersham,  145,  150 
Wigner,  Christopher,  15  6 
VVilhelm,    Major,    216 
Wilhelm  Tell,  86,  92,  97 
Wilkesbarre,   50 
Winebrenner,  John,  155,  191 


INDEX  GERMAN   AND  SWISS  SETTLEMENTS 


5«3 


WiiiGlow,    116 
Wirtz,   7  4 

Wissahickon,  4  2.  43,   103 
Wistar,   Caspar,    69,    219 

Family,    227 
Wister,  General,  216 
Witches,    105 
Witmer,    Abraham,    227 
Wohlfahrt,    Michael,    154,    155 
Wolf,   Governor,    149,    197 
Wollenweber,  L.  A.,   163 
"Woman  in  the  Wilderness,"   159 
Worrell,  Rigert,  176 
Wright.    132.    135 


Wuertemberg.    21,    56,    117,    118, 

160,    196,    222 
Yerkes,   Charles,    219 
Yoder,    Major,    216 
York   County,    59 
Zantzinger,   Colonel,   212 
Zeilin,   General,   216 
Zeisberger,   169,   209 
Ziegler,  C.  C,   126 
Zimmerman,  J.  J.,  43,  139 
Zinzendorf,  128,  129,  159,  167  ff., 

184,    205 
Zook,    General,    216 
Zuerich,   22,  24,   25,   44.  45,   65 
Zweibruecken,    21,    56,   96 
Zwingli,    175 


^be  pcnn  (3ermanta 

Vol.  I  AUGUST,   1912  No.  8 

OLD  SERIES  Continuing  THE  PENNSYLVANIA-GERMAN  VOL.  XIII,  No.  8 

^ablc  of  (Tontents 

CURRENT  LIFE  AND  THOUGHT 586 

Aim  of  Lutheran  Colleges 586       The  Mortgage    Bank 593 

Politics  and  Souls 586       Unchaining  the  Tiger 594 

San  Francisco's  Religious  Problem     .     .     586       Are  We    Anglo-Saxon? 594 

Training  for  the   Farm 587       Practical    Education 595 

German  Thrift 588       German  Monthly  Discontinued     ....  595 

Union  Work     . 589       Music  in    Cumberland  Valley     ....  596 

Facing  a  Crisis 589       Perkiomen   Seminary 597 

Luther's  Famous  Letter  to  Charles  V.     .     589       Honesty  Among  Lutherans 597 

Bethlehem  Religious    and  Commercial  590       The  Luxury-Loving  American     ....  604 

Jahn    and    Gymnastics 591       Fraternities  vs.  Public  Schools     ...  616 

The  Legend  of  Barbara  Frietchie    ...     592       Campanius'  Indian  Catechism     ....  626 

Modern    Language    Teaching     ....     593       The  Augustana  Synod  and  Liquor  Traffic  631 

OUR  HISTORIC  HERITAGE 

Forest  Preacher  on  the  Schoharie  (continued) 598 

The  Prohibition  Question   605 

Rev.  Frederick  Waage   611 

An  Ancient  Trail  in    Central  New  York 617 

The  Weisers   and   the  Tulpehocken   Settlement 625 

A  Bibliography  of  Church  Music  Books  (Continued) 627 

The  Irish  Settlement  in  the  Forks   of  the  Delaware   632 

The  General  Conference  of  the  Church  of  the  Brethren,  1912  __  641 

THE  PENN  GERMANIA   GENEALOGICAL  CLUB      650 

MUTTERSPROCH     655 

OURBOOKTABLE  657 

HISTORICAL  NOTES  AND  NEWS    659 

FORUM      661 


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URRENT  LIFE  AND  THOUGHT 


Illustrative  of  German-American  Activities 
Contribotions  by  Readers  Cordially  Invited 


These  notes,  as  indicated  by  the  name,  reflect  what  the  Na- 
tion's citizens  of  German  ancestry  are  thinking  and  doing.  The 
items  must  of  necessity  be  brief,  representative  and  selective.  Sub- 
scribers who  can  serve  as  regular  or  occasional  contributors  to  the 
department  are  invited  to  write  us,  stating  what  special  field  they 
are  willing  to  cover.  Different  sections  of  our  country,  different 
aspects  of  human  endeavor,  must  be  represented  and  narrow,  sec- 
tional, clannish  viewpoints  avoided. 


Aim  of  Lutheran     The    Lufhcraii    Ohscr- 
Colleges  vcr  in  an  editorial  dis- 

cnssini;-         the       coni- 
niencenient  season,  says: 

"An  education  that  fails  to  impress  its 
subjects  with  their  increased  responsi- 
bilities is  radically  defective.  Our  Lu- 
theran colleg-es  have  kept  the  ideal  of 
service  steadily  to  the  fore.  They  have 
valued  the  humanities  and  the  sciences, 
but  they  have  believed,  with  President 
llibben,  of  Princeton,  in  his  inau^^urai 
the  other  day.  that  education  should 
seek  "the  develoi^uent  of  the  whole  man" 
and  that  by  tlie  whole  man  the\-  have  un- 
derstood the  conscience  and  the  reli.uious 
faculty  as  well  as  the  intellect.  Their 
aim  has  been,  and  is.  to  develop  the  sen.-e 
of  duty,  to  mai^-nify  the  worth  of  Chris- 
tian ])rincii)le.  to  empha.size  the  teaching 
of  Christ  tliat  the  true  nobilitv  of  life  i« 
found  in  service." 


are  foreign  born.  Among-  the  score  of 
foreign  countries  represented  there  arc 
60.000  Germans  and  10,000  Swedes. 
"This  overwhelming  preponderance  of 
foreigners  presents  a  problem  at  once  an 
emergency  and  an  opportunity.  The 
question  is.  Can  the  churches  of  San 
I'rancisco  teach  Cod's  message  to  this 
mixed  people  of  strange  races,  and  build 
up  a  community  ruled  by  conscience  and 
by  Christ  ?"  Of  the  total  population  26 
per  cent,  are  Roman  Catholics,  4  per 
cent  IVotestants.  Of  the  Protestant 
churches  the  Lutheran  re])orts  the  larg- 
est membership,  3,632.  California  is  a 
vast  "Melting  Pot"  with  San  P^rancisco 
as  its  center.  70,000  Germans  and 
Swedes  and  a  Lutheran  Church  popula- 
ton  of  3.632!  Why  should  there  be  such 
discrejiancy  ?  Can  Californ.ia  readers  an- 
swer the  (juestion  ]^ 


San  Francisco's       According   to    LutJicr- 

Religious  Problem  c//      Wonmn's      Work 

San    I'Tancisco    has    ;i 

])o])ulation  of  436,(;i2  of  whom  20S.000 


Politics         The.      relationshi])       between 
and  Souls    clean   politics   and  the   salva- 
tion  of  souls  is  much  closer 
than  some  of     our     irood  friends  of  the 


;86 


CURRENT  LIFE  AND  THOUGHT 


5?7- 


Church  of  the  P.rctlircMi  seem  to  think. 
Some  (lay  this  will  he  clear  to  them  and 
the  .ureat  mistake  of  placino"  restrictions 
U])on  the  votinj^-  of  church  niemhers  will 
he  remedied.  l»ut  in  the  meantime  how 
nnich  of  corrtijition  will  flourish  because 
of  their  failure  to  take  the  most  import- 
ant action  a  free  man  can  take? 

We  have  ample  evidence  in  years  past 
that  much  of  the  uncleanness  of  politics 
has  been  due  to  the  failure  of  decent  men 
to  take  that  interest  in  such  matters  as 
they  should.  This  has  constitivted  one 
of  the  most  alarminj^'  weaknesses  of  our 
l^overnment.  But  a  change  is  coming".  It 
is  coming"  more  and  more  to  be  the  case 
that  the  doniinant  tigure  in  politics  is  the 
imlepentlent  voter,  and  in  the  near  future 
it  is  this  element  that  isdll  sway  elections. 

In  the  face  of  all  this  evidence  of  prog- 
ress can  the  l>rethren  afford  to  face  to 
the  rear?  Or  rather  can  they  aft'ord  not 
to  face  to  the  front?  Did  it  ever  occur 
to  those  who  oppose  voting  at  elections 
that  the  suft'rage  is  not  merely  a  privilege 
but  a  duty  as  important  as  any  they  can 
perforni?  I'pon  those  protected  by  law 
is  laid  the  responsibility  to  do  all  in  their 
j)ower  to  support  the  law.  Failure  to  vote 
against  a  corrupt  candidate  or  a  bad  po- 
litical action,  both  of  which  place  law  in 
jeopardy,  is  as  nuich  a  failure  to  perforni 
a  Christian  duty  as  it  would  be  to  fail  in 
reaching  out  to  save  some  soul  on  the 
w'av  to  perdition.  As  a  matter  of  fact, 
directly  and  indirectly,  there  is  no  more 
imposing  agency  for  sending  souls  to 
l)erdition  than  corrupt  politics.  Are  the 
Brethren  wdlling  to  stand  in  the  position 
of  allowing  such  an  important  cause  of 
evil  to  flourish  without  any  adequate  ef- 
fort on  their  part  to  correct  it,  content- 
.ng-  theiuselves  with  throwing  out  the 
lifeline  to  an  occasional  drifting  soul, 
while  allowing  thousands  to  go  to  a  de- 
struction that  they  might  have  been  in- 
strumental in  preventing?  That  is  ex- 
actly the  position  in  which  thev  have 
])laced  themselves  by  declaring  against 
political  activity.  Their  error  will  be 
manifest  some  tiiue  but  what  a  waste  of 
valuable  opportunity  in  the  meantime. — 
York  Caccftc. 


Training  for    The     American     Magazine 
the  Farm  for  July  gives  the   follow- 

ing sketch  under  "Interest- 
ing People. "  Hurrah  for  the  county  of 
"l*"etta  Ochsa  un  dumma  Lent!" 

"Not  many  years  ago  it  was  said  of 
Berks  County,  Pennsylvania,  that  some 
of  its  inhabitants  were  .still  voting  for 
Andrew  Jackson.  It  was  also  spoken  of 
as  the  place  of  fat  cattle  and  stupid  peo- 
ple. Now  it  is  known  as  a  county  hav- 
ing a  rural  school  system  scarcely  equal- 
ed anywhere  in  the  State.  Eli  M.  Rapp, 
the  county  superintendent  of  schools,  is 
responsible  for  this  change.  Me  waS' 
elected  superintendent  of  the  rural 
schools  in  1896  and  immediately  began 
to  preach  the  doctrine  that  the  farmer's 
boy  and  girl  ought  to  be  trained  for  the 
farm  and  not  away  from  it.  This  teach- 
ino"  sottnded  good  to  the  farmers  and 
they  re-elected  him  three  years  later  and 
have  continued  to  re-elect  him  each  third 
year. 

Afr.  Rapp  began  his  work  by  introduc- 
ing a  three-grade  organization  in  each 
township,  whidi  marked  a  new  era  in 
the  history  of  one-teacher  schools  in  the 
county.  Xearly  12,000  diplomas  have 
been  issued  and  over  40  per  cent,  of  the 
graduates  securing  them  have  attended 
higher  institutions  of  learning.  Another 
l)r()gressive  niove  was  the  organization  of 
township  high  schools,  of  which  there 
are  now  eleven  in  the  comity. 

Supt.  Ra])p  found  that  the  ])U])ils  had 
few  books  to  read  and  inaugurated  a 
free  traveling  librarv  plan.  Then  he  be- 
gan to  establish  libraries  in  the  county 
schools;  there  are  more  than  four  hun- 
dred of  these  libraries  now. 

The  teachers  naturally  followed  the 
lead  of  the  superintendent  and  began  to 
get  awake.  A  pedagogic  traveling  li- 
brary was  established,  the  teachers  were 
organized,  higher  salaries  were  secured 
and  the  terms  lengthened.  The  teachers 
were  given  more  work  to  do,  but  were 
satisfied,  for  they  were  paid  more  money 
for  doing  it.  As  a  result,  of  course,  the 
country  boys  and  girls  receiveil  a  much 
[letter  education  than  before. 

In   the  meantime,  the     superintendent 


588 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


was  busy  making  ^the  school  buildings 
and  grounds  more  attractive.  The  schools 
were  encouraged  to  provide  playgrounds 
and  the  directors  were  taken  to  task 
when  they  permitted  unsanitary  and  un- 
sightly conditions  to  exist,  being  asked : 

"Is  there  a  sufficient  supply  of  dic- 
tionaries? N.  B.  Dictionaries  over  ten 
years  old  are  out  of  date. 

"Is  the  play  of  the  children  properly 
directed?  N.  B.  Country  children  should 
play  more." 

Self-grading  certificates  of  success,  as 
they  are  called,  issued  to  all  the  teachers, 
constitute  a  novel  feature  of  Mr.  Rapp's 
plan.  "Can  you  give  yourself  lOO  per 
cent.?"  this  card  reads,  and  presents  a 
list  of  qualifications,  allowing  20  per 
cent,  for  personality,  15  per  cent,  for 
scholarship  and  so  on.  At  the  end  of 
the  card  'the  teacher  is  advised  that  in 
case  she  finds  that  she  falls  below  fifty 
she  should  quit  teaching  for  the  sake  of 
the  children  and  the  State  and  for  her 
own  sake. 

There  are  many  other  ways  in  which 
Superintendent  Rapp  has  endeavored  to 
improve  the  rural  schools  of  the  county, 
but  none  has  aroused  as  much  interest 
as  the  Boys'  Agricultural  Club  and  the 
Girls'  Domestic  Science  Club.  All  over 
Berks  County  boys  and  girls  are  to  be 
found  wearing  the  emblems  of  these  two 
organizations,  one  reading  "Boys'  Agri- 
cultural Club  of  Berks  County,"  with  the 
words  "Better  Farming"  in  the  center, 
and  the  other  "Girls'  Domestic  Science 
Club  of  Berks  County,"  surrounding  the 
motto  "Better  Housekeeping."  Each 
year  these  clubs  have  an  exhibition  at 
Reading  which  is  a  miniature  county  fair. 
The  boys  show  vegetables,  field  crops 
and  poultry  in  prize  contests,  while  the 
girls  display  dainty  products  of  the 
needle  as  well  as  bread,  pies  and  other 
articles. 

One  effect  of  these  contests  has  been 
to  stimulate  the  interest  of  the  parents 
in  better  farming  methods  and  to  in- 
crease their  respect  for  the  rural  school 
and  for  agricultural  traning  in  general. 
In  some  instances     the     boys  have  been 


able  to  grow  better  crops  than  their  fa- 
thers ever  have  produced.  Moreover, 
the  farmers  and  their  boys  have  been 
brought  into  closer  relationship  and  have 
come  to  understand  each  other  better. 
— E.  I.  Farrinzton. 


German  One  day,  thirty-odd  years  ago. 
Thrift  a  number  of  German  mechan- 
ics, artisans  and  shopmen  threw 
up  their  jobs  in  Cincinnati  and  moved 
their  families  out  to  Kansas.  It  took 
nearly  every  dollar  they  had  to  make  the 
move,  and  when  they  had  established 
themselves  on  government  claims  in 
Ford  county  they  were  left  almost  broke. 
The  colony  settled  mostly  around  Wind- 
horst, fourteen  miles  southeast  of  Spear- 
ville.  Those  thrifty  German  factory 
hands  and  shopmen  freed  themselves 
from  the  slavery  of  working  for  wages 
and  today  they  are  the  richest  farmers 
in  the  Kansas  wheat  belt. 

It  was  a  struggle.  It  took  pluck.  But 
they  had  the  pluck ;  they  had  the  land 
that  would  bring  results;  and  "the  settle- 
ment," as  the  country  settled  by  these 
Cincinnati  Teutons  is  known,  is  the 
richest  community  in  the  Arkansas  valley 

Among  these  Cincinnati  shop  hands 
were  Joe  Pientner  and  his  kinsmen,  Pep- 
percorn and  Klinke.  In  those  hard  days 
when  even  the  slightest  crop  failure 
meant  real  disaster,  Pientner  and  his 
kinsmen  took  turn  about  working  the 
fields  while  the  others  went  to  Dodge 
City  and  worked  for  wages  in  the  Santa 
Fe  shops  and  roundhouse. 

Today  Joe  Pientner  owns  eighteen 
quarter  sections  in  the  Windhorst  neigh- 
borhood, nearly  3000  acres  of  land.  "And 
there  isn't  a  quarter  worth  less  than 
$6000,"  declared  a  Spearville  real  estate 
man.  Pientner  is  worth  something  like 
$130,000;  Peppercorn  and  Klinke  are 
worth  nearly  as  much.  Henry  Knobler, 
another  German  of  the  Windhorst  settle- 
ment is  worth  $100,000. 

These  wheat  growers  of  Ford  county 
are  mighty  independent  folks,  says  Fred 


CURRENT  LIFE  AND  THOUGHT 


589 


Henney.  Last  year  was  generally  a 
"poor"  year,  and  yet  they  were  able  to 
bin  their  wheat,  hold  it  all  winter  and 
are  now  hauling"  it  to  market  at  $1.04  to 
$1.05  a  bushel. — Kansas  City  Journal. 

Union  Shall  we  encourage  union  work? 
Work  That  depends  upon  who  is  to  be 
united  and  what  work  is  to  be 
accomplished.  If  it  means  the  propaga- 
tion of  a  full  Gospel  religion,  and  those 
who  uniite  in  its  support  are  sincere  in 
their  efforts,  encourage  it.  If  it  means 
keeping  still  on  any  or  many  Bible  doc- 
trines so  that  there  may  be  no  jar  in  the 
work,  beware.  If  it  means  co-operation 
with  unbelievers,  such  as  universalists, 
unitarians,  "latter  day  saints,"  etc.,  de- 
nounce it.  We  have  heard  much  about 
the  unequal  yoke  in  the  marriage  relation, 
business  associations,  etc.,  but  Jittle  has 
been  said  about  the  unequal  yoke  with 
unbelievers  in  so-called  Christian  work. 
The  first  essential  in  real  Christian  union 
is  union  with  Christ.  There  can  be  no 
real  union  with  Christ  and  in  Christ  ex- 
cept through  an  acceptance  of  Him  as 
our  Saviour,  of  His  blood  as  the  atone- 
.ment  of  our  sins  and  of  His  wdiole  Gos- 
pel as  our  rule  of  life. — Gospel  Herald 
(Mennonite). 

Facing;  The  brainiest  men  of  our  times 
a  Crisis  ^re  debating  the  question 
whether  or  not  ouf  civilization 
is  in  peril.  Every  Christian  patriot  is 
feeling  anxious.  Will  America  be  able  to 
stand  the  strain  of  the  rapid  changes 
pressing  upon  it?  Ferrero,  the  greatest 
living  historian,  whose  history  of  the 
Roman  Empire  is  the  most  pooular  work 
of  -the  kind  since  Gibbon,  saj^s :  "America 
is  passing  through  a  period  very  similar 
to  that  which  marked  the  beginning  of 
the  Decline  of  the  Roman  Empire."  The 
French  writer  Rene  L'Gerhard  says : 
"In  tending  toward  a  level  our  civiliza- 
tion  tends  toward  universal  mediocrity. 


Religion,  while  preserving  a  considerable 
intellectual  power,  has  lost  much  of  its 
social  influence  and,  consequently,  its  ef- 
fectiveness as  guardian  of  moral  order 
and  tradition.  Marie  Corelli,  an  English 
novelist  of  wide  observation,  says:  "It 
needs  no  gift  of  prophecy  and  no  special 
intuition  to  see  that  we  are  on  the  brink 
of  some  tremendous  change  in  the  des- 
tiny of  the  human  race.  Everything 
points  to  it — our  tottering  creeds,  our 
iluctuating  standards  of  men  and  mor- 
als." 

Here  are  three  witnesses  giving  sober 
testimony  as  to  present-day  tendencies 
and  to  an  imperative  demand  for  a  vital, 
national  religious  life.  These  writers 
are  of  different,  nations,  influenced  in 
part  by  dissimilar  schools  of  thought,  yer 
their  conclusions  coincide.  Educators, 
statesmen,  and  men  of  affairs  admit  that 
our  country  is  facing  a  crisis. 

As  Christians  we  believe  that  the  Gos- 
pel of  Jesus  Christ  is  the  solvent  of  our 
pressing  problems.  The  question  is.  Will 
the  leaders  of  the  Protestant  churches  in 
the  pulpit  and  in  the  pew ;  the  workers 
in  our  Sunday  schools,  get  away  from 
petty  bigotry,  denominational  pride,, 
boast  of  past  achievements,  and  face 
seriously  and  unitedly,  the  present  situa- 
tion? The  Church  and  the  Roman  Em- 
pire failed  to  evangelize  the  northern 
barbarians  that  invaded  it.  Will  our 
country  make  Rome's  mistake?  Will  we 
fail  to  reach  the  foreigners  and  their 
children  until  they  take  possession  of  the 
homeland  ? — Heidelberg  Teacher. 

Luther's  Famous  We  give  below  Lu- 
Letter  to  ther's  letter  to  Charles 

Charles  V.  \',  the  original  of  which 

was  purchased  by  J 
Pierpont  Morgan  for  $25,000  and,  with 
his  characterstic  generosity,  presented  to 
Emperor  William.  That  letter  will  find 
a  permanent  home  in  Luther  Hall  at 
Wittenberg  and  will  there  be  encased 
and  placed  on  a  costly  pedestal  furnished 
by  the  Emperor  where  it  will  be  on  ex- 


59° 


THE   PENN"  GERMANIA 


hibition.  Many  other  letters  of  Luther 
are  to  be  seen  in  that  historic  Luther- 
house  ;  but  it  may  be  taken  for  granted 
that  none  will  attract  more  attention  'than 
this  famous  letter,  which  Emperor 
Charles  never  saw  because  no  one  dared 
to  hand  it  to  him. 

January  15,  1520. 
Grace  and  peace  from  our  Lord  Jesus 
Christ !  Doubtless  every  one  marvels, 
most  gracious  Emperor,  that  I  presume 
to  write  your  Imperial  Majesty.  Pot 
what  is  so  unusual  as  that  the  King  of 
kings  and  Lord  of  lords  should  be  ad- 
■dressed  by  the  meanest  of  men?  But 
who  ever  can  estimate  the  enormous  im- 
portance of  this  subject,  which  so  inti- 
mately concerns  the  divine  verities,  will 
not  -wonder. 

For,  if  it  be  worthy  of  being  brbught 
before  the  throne  of  His  Majesty,  how 
much  more  before  that  of  an  earthly 
prince ;  for  even  as  earthly  princes  are 
an  emblem  of  the  heavenly  so  it  becomes 
them  to  follow  their  great  example,  viz., 
to  look  from  their  heights  upon  the  low- 
ly of  earth,  and  "raise  the  poor  out  of 
the  dust  and  lift  the  beggar  from  the 
dunghill." 

Therefore.  1,  poor,  miserable  creature, 
throw  myself  at  your  Imperial  Majesty's 
feet  as  the  most  unworthy  being  who 
ever  brought  forward  a  matter  of  such 
importance. 

Several  small  bo<-)ks  T  wrote  drew 
down  the  envy  and  hatred  of  many  great 
})eop]e.  instead  of  their  gratitude  which 
I  merit:  (  1)  because  against  my  will  I 
flesire  to  write  anylliing,  had  not  niv  op- 
l)onents.  through  guile  and  force,  com- 
pelled me  to  do  so.  I'^or  1  wisli  1  could 
have  remained  hidden  in  my  corner.  (2) 
As  my  conscience  and  many  pious  peopli' 
can  testify.  1  only  brought  forward  the 
gosjiel  in  opposition  to  the  illusions  or 
delusions  of  human  traditions.  And  for 
so  doing,  I  have  suffered  for  three  .years, 
without  cessation,  all  the  malice  whicli 
my  adversaries  could  heap  upon  me.  h 
was  of  no  avail  that  I  i)led  for  nu>rc\ 
and  promised  henceforth  to  be  silent.  No 
attention    was   paid   to   my   efforts   after 


peace,  and  my  urgent  request  to  be  bet- 
ter instructed  was  not  listened  to. 

The  one  thing  they  inssted  upon  was, 
that  I  with  the  whole  gospel  should  be 
extinguished.  Therefore  seeing  all  my 
labor  lost,  I  appealed  to  the  exajmple  of 
St.  Athanasius,  to  see  if  perhaps  God 
might  not,  through  your  Lmperial  .Majes- 
ty, support  His  cause.  Hence,  ()  lord, 
prince  of  the  kings  of  the  earth,  1  fall 
humbly  at  }'our  Serene  Majesty's  feet, 
begging  you  will  not  take  me,  but  the 
cause  of  the  divine  truth  ( for  which 
cause  only  God  has  put  the  sword  into 
your  hand)  under  the  shadow  of  your 
wings,  protecting  me  till  I  have  either 
won  or  lost  the  cause. 

Should  I  then  be  declared  a  heretic  I 
ask  for  no  protection,  and  only  plead 
that  neither  the  truth  nor  the  lie  be  con- 
demned unheard.  For  this  is  only  due  to 
your  Imperial  'throne.  This  will  adorn 
your  Majesty's  empire!  It  will  conse- 
crate vour  century,  and  cause  its  memor\- 
never  to  be  forgotten,  if  yoiu'  Sacred 
Majesty  do  not  permit  the  wicked  to 
swallow  up  him  who  is  holier  than  they, 
nor  let  men,  as  the  prophet  says,  "be- 
come as  the  fishes  of  the  sea — as  the 
creeping  things  that  have  no  rider  over 
them." 

I  herewith  commend  myself  to  you, 
ho]-)ing  for  all  that  is  good  from  your 
Sacred  Majesty,  whom  may  the  Lord 
Jesus  i)reserve  to  us  and  highly  exalt  to 
the  everlasting  honor  of  His  gospel. 
Amen.  Vour  Imperial  Majesty's  devoted 
servant. 

M.\RTJ.\     LUTIIKK. 

Wittenberg. 

Bethlehem  V.cthleheni.  Pa.,  is  (he  one 
Religious  and  hisloric  city  in  the  land  in 
Commercial  which  religion.  C(Mnbined 
with  art  and  culture,  has 
been  al)le  to  fight  off  the  claims  of  com- 
mercalism  for  supremacx'.  l']ven  during 
the  period  when  it  \yas  the  central  point 
of  railway  operations  along  the  line  of 
the  Lehigli  Valley,  and  the  banking  in- 
stitution of  that  corporation  was  situated 


CURRENT  LIFE  AND  THOUGHT 


591 


in  South  Bethlehem,  the  triple  town  re- 
mained essentially  a  city  of  homes,  of 
quietude,  piety  and  peace. 

But  with  the  advent  of  the  enlarj^ed 
I'ethlehem  Steel  cor])oration,  and  its  con- 
trol by  Mr.  Gustave  Schwab,  and  the  up- 
building of  numerous  ancillary  institu 
tions  stretching-  far  out  into  the  country. 
and  attracting  labor  in  large  quantities 
from  the  heart  of  Europe,  tlie  picture  is 
now  presented  of  the  old  and  the  new,  of 
the  love  of  God  and  the  love  of  life,  of 
devotion  to  the  peculiar  ways  of  an  an- 
cestry and  of  a  wide  cosmopolitanism, 
running  a  race,  neck  by  neck,  for  the 
control  of  the  larger  city  and  its  senti- 
ment. 

When  Muhlenberg  rode  into  i'ethle- 
hem on  horseback  on  the  17th  day  of 
August,  1750,  and  met  Conrad  Weiser 
there  with  his  trusty  companions,  and 
was  invited  "to  cofTee"  by  Bishop  Kani- 
merhof,  he  remarked  that  the  town  was 
already  in  that  day  consisting  of  various 
great  and  massive  buildings  for  church 
and  community  use,  and  that  there  were 
a  large  number  of  adults  and  children 
composing  its  population.  Me  pictured 
the  region  as  a  very  pleasant  one  to  the 
eye :  "On  the  one  side  flows  a  broad 
stream  named  the  Lehigh,  and  on  the 
other  side  there  is  a  country  district 
which  rises  u])ward  step- wise  to  high 
mountains." 

It  was  in  December.  1740.  when  a 
small  party  of  Moravians  came  to  the  site 
of  Bethlehem  on  a  purchase  of  hve  hun- 
dred acres  •  from  William  Allen.  The 
first  house  was  finished  in  the  si)ring  of 
1 74 1,  and  had  a  peak  gable  and  project- 
ing roof.  It  remained  standing  until 
1823.  Zinzendorf  arrived  in  P>ethlehem 
in  174 1  in  time  to  keep  the  first  festival 
of  Christmas  with  the  little  band  in  the 
first  house.  W^e  still  have  the  records 
of  the  trips  made  between  Philadelphia 
and  Bethlehem  on  horse  and  on  foot  by 
numbers  of  the  early  settlers. 

The  B)ethlehem  community  was  not  a 
comnnmity  of  jiroperty  as  is  usually  sup- 
posed, but  of  labor.  The  congregation 
liad  but  one  store  for  many  years,  at' the 


corner  of  Main  and  .Market  streets.  The 
Crown  Inn  was  the  first  tavern,  built  two 
years  after  the  founding  of  the  town  on 
the  s(juth  side  of  the  Lehigh.  The  Sun 
Inn,  built  in  1758,  belonged  to  the  con- 
gregation until    1848. 

During  the  Revolutionary  War  the 
young  ladies'  seminary  became  a  general 
military  hospital,  and  the  town  was  vis- 
ited by  Washington  and  (jther  patriots. 
General  Lafayette,  after  being  routed  at 
the  battle  of  Brandywine,  was  brought 
to  Bethlehem  and  was  nursed  to  recov- 
ery, in  the  sisters'  house  the  baimer  (jf 
Count  I'ulaskie  was  embroidered. 

L  p  to  1844  the  Moravian  congregation 
refused  to  sell  any  of  their  land  to  per- 
sons outside  of  their  own  number.  But 
those  good  old  days  have  long  since  gone 
by.  The  modern  economical  value  of 
Bethlehem  Hes  in  the  fact  that  it  is  both 
a  i'hiladelphia  and  a  New  York  town, 
being  the  terminus  of  the  North  Penn- 
sylvania Railroad,  connecting  amid  a 
most  thriving  territory  and  population, 
with  Philadelphia,  and  connecting  with 
New  York  through  both  the  Lehigh  Val- 
ley and  the  Xew  Jersey  Central  Rail- 
roads. Lying  close  to  the  famous  zinc 
mines  of  Friedensville,  being  in  close 
contact  with  both  the  coal  and  the  iron 
regions,  it  has  become  a  great  manufac- 
turing center.— 77/r  Lutheran. 


Jahnand  It  was  'the  sufifering  of  his 

Gymnastics      fatherland      that     inspired 
Frederick      Ludwig      Jahn 
for  the  task  of  building  u])  the  physique 
of  his  countrymen. 

Restless,  ag'gressive  and  uiUiring,  he 
lient  his  energies  to  this  one  aim  by  his 
writing,  his  teaching  and  his  example. 
1  le  seized  at  once  upon  the  idea  of  mak- 
ing the  physical  training  the  dominant 
force  in  the  remodeling  of  the  nation 
from  the  opening  of  his  first  Turnplatz  in 
181  r.  until  a  jealous  government  cast 
him  in  prison  ten  years  later.  The  very 
badge  adoi)ted  by  the  gymnasts  was 
composed      of  •  figures   representing  the 


592 


THE   PENN    GERMANIA. 


dates  of  turning  points  in  German  his- 
tory. In  the  war  of  liberation  the  loyal 
turners  were  the  first  men  to  rise  to  the 
call  and  Jahn,  the  leader,  led  a  troop  of 
cavalry  recruited  by  himself.  Here  was 
the  man  and  the  occasion.  Jahn  was 
honored  by  the  University  of  Jena  for 
services  to  the  fatherland  in  time  of  need 
and  his  disciples  were  in  the  crest  of  the 
tidal  wave  of  reawakened  national  iee\- 

Societies  sprang  up  m  every  town  and 
hamlet  under  the  leadership  of  his  pu- 
pils, and  yet,  lest  the  path  of  the  reform- 
er should  be  too  easy,  the  succless  and 
growing  power  of  these  gymnastic  so- 
cieties so  excited  the  suspicion  of  the  un- 
stable government  that  Jahn  was  cast 
into  prison  on  the  false  accusation  of 
treasonable  associations  and  spent  the 
declinig  years  of  his  useful  life  in  bitter- 
ness and  disappointment. 

His  banishment,  however,  did  not  stop 
the  movement,  and  for  one  turner  there 
arose  ten  until  now  Turngemeinden  are 
found  wherever  immigration  has  carried 
the  German  people.  Fifteen  thousand 
followed  the  colors  in  1871,  and  with  the 
establishment  of  the  new  empire  turning 
has  flourished  as  never  before,  this  time 
with  the  approval  of  the  state,  and  the 
energies  of  the  societies  have  been  turned 
from  politics  to  playgrounds  and  from 
socialism  to  schools,  while  in  Freiburg, 
over  Father  Jahn's  grave  his  grateful 
followers  have  built,  as  his  mausoleum 
and  as  a  shrine  for  the  inspiration  of  fu- 
ture generations,  a  museum  to  guard  sa- 
cred the  collected  relics  of  this  great  re- 
former, and  a  memorial  gymnasium  to 
carry  on  the  work  for  which  he  gave 
his  life. — R.  T.  McKensie. 


^ 


The  Legend  of  The  unveiling  of  a 
Barbara  Frietchie  monument  erected  to 
the  memory  of  Barbara 
Frietchie  at  Frederick,  Mr.,  reminds 
the  Democrat  of  the  fact  that  the  inspired 
pen  of  a  genius  may  sometimes  make  a 
heroine  out  of  a  woman  who  never  did 


anything  out  of  the  ordinary.  We  are  all 
familiar  with  the  beautiful  poem  of  the 
good  old  Quaker  poet  Whittier  about 
Barbara  Frietchie,  who  was  said  to  have 
waved  the  Union  flag  in  the  very  face  of 
Stonewall  Jackson  as  he  marched  at  the 
head  of  the  Confederate  troops  through 
the  streets  of  Frederick,  gnd  how  Bar- 
bara was  alleged  to  have  said : 
"  'Shoot,  if  you  must,  this  old  gray  head, 
But  spare  your  country's  flag,'  she  said."' 

That's  a  very  prety  sentiment  and  in 
our  mind's  eye  we  can  see  the  loyal  old 
woman  leaning  out  of  the  second-story 
window  of  her  cottage  hurling  defiance 
at  the  rebel  chieftain.  It's  very  pretty, 
we  say,  but  unfortunately  it  is  for  the 
most  part  fiction.  There  was  some  basis 
for  the  poem,  but  the  story  was  related 
to  the  poet  by  some  one  who  was  pres- 
ent when  the  rebel  troops  marched 
through  the  streets  of  Frederick,  but  who 
had  a  most  lively  imagination  and  told 
the  story  as  he  might  have  wished  the 
incident  to  have  happened.  The  poem, 
of  course,  loses  none  of  its  charm  even 
though  the  iconoclasts  have  shattered,  to 
a  great  degree,  one  of  the  idols  of  our 
childhood  days.  It  may  not  be  out  ot 
place  for  the  Democrat  to  tell'  >the  true 
story  of  Barbara  Frietchie.  ^Barbara 
Frietchie  was  a  loyalist  woman  who  haa 
been  loyal  to  the  Union  all  her  life.  She 
had  in  her  little  cottage  at  Frederick  a 
flag  fastened  in  one  window  of  her  house 
and  it  had  been  there  all  through  the 
war,  up  to  the  time  of  Jackson's  ma^cli 
through  the  city  streets,  and  so  far  from, 
being  waved  by  the  ancient  woman,  who 
was  then  past  ninety,  it  simply  hung 
where  it  had  hung  for  a  long  time  and 
where  it  was  hanging  even  until  re- 
cently. 

Jackson  himself  did  not  move  at  the 
head  of  his  troops  through  the  principal 
street  and  past  the  Frietchie  house,  but 
personally  left  his  command,  made  a  de- 
tour through  the  street  to  call  on  a  friend 
and  rejoined  his  command  just  in  front 
of  the  house,  and  seeing  the  flag  asked 
whose  it  was  and  was  told  that  it  was 
that  of  an  old  woman,  so  he  said :  "All 


CURRENT  LIFE  AND  THOUGHT 


593 


right,  let  her  alone" — and  the  natives  to 
this  day  boast  of  it  not  as  a  tribute  to  the 
courage  of  the  woman  but  on  the  as- 
sumption, as  one  of  them  said  not  long 
ago  to  a  newspaper  reporter,  that  "a 
Southern  gentleman  never  fires  on  a 
woman." 

Out  of  that  small  materal  Whittier 
made  a  lyric  that  is  one  of  the  treasures 
of  American  literature  and  that  is  con- 
fessed by  the  best  British  critics  to  rank 
foremost  in  the  whole  range  of  lyrics  in 
our  language.  She  remains  the  first  citi- 
zen of  Frederick  forever. — Allcntoun 
Democrat. 


imiuigrants  who  have  come  to  our 
shores,"  said  Dr.  Lenker,  "learned  Eng- 
lish after  their  arrival.  Their  children 
will  be  equally  good  linguists  if  they  are 
taught  by  the  methods  by  which  the  pa- 
rents acquired  a  new  language — that  is, 
by  the  correct  natural  method.  If  you 
would  learn  a  foreign  language,  talk  it. 
"We  should  raise  our  standard  to  a 
three  language  education ;  English,  the 
language  of  the  nation ;  the  language  of 
the  home  or  the  immigrant  settlement, 
regardless  of  what  it  may  be,  and  the 
language  of  most  profit  to  the  cultural 
and  business  interests  of  the  child  in 
later  life." — Chicago . 


Modern  Language  1  came  here  from  Alin- 
Teaching  neapolis  to  attend  the 

"National  Educational 
Association"  and  was  honored  by  being 
invited  to  speak  on  the  "three  language 
education"  before  the  "Allodern  Lan- 
guage Association"  branch.  My  speech 
was  well  received  as  you  see  from  the 
enclosed  slippings.  On  Saturday  even- 
ing I  spoke  before  the  "Swedish  Sing- 
ers Union"  concert  in  the  colliseum  fol- 
lowing Governor  Eberhard,  on  the  need 
of  agitation  that  large  classes  may  be, 
formed  in  September,  when  for  the  first 
time  Scandinavian  classes  will  be  organ- 
ized in  the  Chicago  schools.  ^lodern 
Languages  in  the  graded  public  schools 
is  a  popular  theme  in  most  states,  bu: 
alas,  little  is  done  in  great  old  Pennsyl- 
vania, the  Keystone  State  of  "Germania" 
in  America.  I  met  at  the  N.  E.  A.  super- 
intendents of  states,  principals  of  high 
schools  from  all  parts  of  the  country, 
and  found  our  cause  was  growing.  (Dr.) 
J.  X.  Lenker,  Chicago,  111. 

"Americans,  according  to  Dr.  J.  N. 
Lenker,  of  Minneapolis,  are  the  best  lin 
guists  in  the  world.  He  advanced  his 
theory  yesterday  morning  at  the  Modern 
Language  Round  Table  Couference  held 
at  the  .-Xuditorium  Hotel  in  connection 
with  the  meeting  of  the  National  Educa- 
tional Association. 

"Twentv  of     the  twentv-nine   million 


The  Mort-  Lippincott's  for  August  has 
gage  Bank  an  article  on  "The  Mortgage 
Farm"  which  shows  that  the 
need  of  a  large  investment  in  farm  mort- 
gages is  evident  and  that  the  institution 
of  the  mortgage  bank  must  be  estab- 
lished in  this  country.     It  says : 

"The  mortgage  bank  is  well  known  in 
every  country  of  western  Europe.  In 
Germany  there  are  36  mortgage  banks, 
wi^h  capital  of  $170,563,000  and  com- 
bined reserves  of  $66,711,400.  These 
banks  have  $2,648,000,000  in  bonds.  Ot 
this  amount  $1,571,000,000  are  4  per 
cent,  bonds  and  $977,000,000  are  3>^  and 
3^  per  cent,  bonds.  By  standardizing 
the  farm  mortgage,  the  German  mort- 
gage banks  have  been  able  to  sell  their 
bonds  on  better  terms  than  the  American 
railroads  can  obtain  for  their  first  mort- 
gage securities.  The  mortgage  bank 
gathers  together  thousands  of  individual 
farm  loans,  consolidates  them  into  one 
aggregate  security,  and  upon  this  secur 
ity  issued  a  standard  bond.  In  addition 
to  the  security  of  the  mortgages,  there 
is  the  capital  and  accumulated  earning'^ 
of  the  bank.  The  same  institution,  al- 
though less  highly  developed,  is  found 
in  France,  Russia,  Austria.  Italy  and 
more  recently,  in  Great  Britain.  From 
the  standpoint  of  the  borrower,  the  mort- 
gage offers  great  advantage.  .   .    .  Farm 


594 


PENNSYLVANIA 


iiiortgagfe  bankiii 


ill  the  United  States 
has  been  attempted  in  the  past  with  dis- 
astrous results.  .  .  .  As  a  result  of  these 
unfortunate  ex])eriences,  mortgage  bank- 
ing fell  into  serious  discredit,  and  it  is 
only  recently  that  interest  in  the  subject 
has  been  revived.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that 
in  the  interest  of  the  nation's  prosperity, 
and  in  order  to  place  within  the  invest- 
or's reach  the  soundest  of  all  securities, 
this  institution  which  has  been  prefected 
in  Europe  shall  be  speedily  introduced 
into  the  L'nited  States." 

These  lines  are  an  added  evidence  that 
the  (jermans  are  the  world's  school 
teachers  today.  The  suggestion  of  the 
writer  of  this  article  merits  the  m  )st 
careful  consideration.— Editor. 


the  Tiger  Lehigh  Comity.  Pa.,  was 
Unchaining  settled,  populated,  developed 
and  is  now  daminated  by 
J'ennsylvania  Germans,  by  itien  and  wo- 
men who  believed  in  and  labored  for 
Christianity.  That  a  different  spirit  is 
also  at  work  in  this  community  at  pres- 
ent seems  to  be  shown  by  the  following 
incident.  The  propritor  and  editor  of 
The  Penn  Germani.\  recently  called  at 
the  Socialist  headquarters  at  Allentown. 
Pa.,  and  asked  for  a  particular  copy  of  a 
Socialist  publication.  This  was  in  due 
time  forwarded  by  mail,  accompanied  by 
a  copy  of  a  paper  ikU  called  for  at  all, 
whose  publication  was  not  even  known 
to  the  writer,  '["he  latter  is  a  fotir  page 
sheet  saturated  willi  atheistic  teaching. 
We  cjuote  the  following,  ai)])earing  im- 
signed  and,  therefore,  editorially. 

''.\ny  person  who,  in  spite  of  the  ])root 
of  the  Titanic  disaster,  wlicrc  over  tooo 
people  prayed  to  ("lod  for  hcli),  Init  were 
drowned  like  rats  or  kittens,  recent 
Hoods,  etc.  .and  the  electrocution  of  Rev. 
Kicheson,  a  sui)i)osed  special  representa- 
tive of  ("rod,  for  tlu'  crime  of  murder 
still  believes  in  or  teaches  that  there  is 
a  Ciod.  is  either  a  fool,  demented  or  a 
knave." 

\Vc  confess  that   we  are  iKiuied  at  the 


dissemination  of  such  literature.  Pres- 
ent (lav  human  society  is  bad  enough  in 
spite  of  the  restraining  influences  of  re- 
ligion. What  it  would  be  without,  who 
can  tell?  Can  Socialists  afford  to  dis- 
seminate such  atheistic  literature  and 
thus  labor  for  the  unchaining  of  the  tigei 
in  humanitv's  midst? 


Are  We  Anglo-  ".Americana"     for     May 
Saxon  contains  the     speech  de- 

livered by  Thomas  S 
Lohergan  on  "The  Irish  Chapter  in 
American  History"  before  the  American 
Irish  Historical  Society,  January,  1912, 
in  New  York  City.  In  the  concluding 
paragra]:)hs  the  speaker  said:  "No 
American  writer  of  distinction  has  yet 
done  justice  to  the  Irish  element  in  these 
United  States.  American  historians  and 
biographers,  so  far,  have  given  verylittle 
credit  to  the  Irish.  They  have  exagger- 
ated their  faults  and  minimized  their 
virtues.  My  indictment  against  them  is 
as  much  for  sins  of  commission  as  for 
sins  of  omission.  Our  American  school 
histories  will  bear  testimony  to  that  fact. 
The  Irish  do  not  desire  to  take  a  jot  01 
tittle  from  the  achievements  of  any  other 
race  in  our  cosmopolitan  population,  but 
they  do  demand  and  deserve  to  get  cred- 
it where  credit  is  dtie. 

"The  Irish  in  America  have  contrib- 
uted more  than  their  share  to  the  inde- 
jiendence,  the  upbuilding  and  preserva- 
tion of  this  republic.  They  demand  only 
a  fair  field  and  no  favor.  They  glory  in 
the  panoply  of  American  citizenshi]),  and. 
fully  appreciate  the  civil  and  religious 
liberty  which  they  enjoy.  They  have 
never  been  found  wanting  in  their  devo 
tion  to  American  institutions,  because 
thcv  recognize  to  the  full,  tha'  this  coun- 
trv  has  been  for  more  than  a  century  and 
a  C|uarter  an  asylum  for  tlie  jx^or  exiles 
of  Plrin  and  that  America  still  spells 
()])portunily." 

The  reader  can  substitute  the  word 
ticrman  for  Irisli  and  the  charge  the 
speaker  makes  will  be  equally  true.  The 


CURRENT  LIFE  AND  THOUGHT 


595 


speaker  said  also:  "luilly  one-half  of  tlic 
population  oi  the  I'liited  States  cOJay. 
are  of  Irish  and  ( icrnian  hlood.  yet  we 
are  freciuently  told  that  we  arc  "Anglo- 
Saxons"  and  that  {'England  is  our  "moth- 
er country."  Now  as  a  matter  of  fact  we 
arc  no  more  Anglo-Saxon  than  we  are 
Hindoos.  Euroi)c.  not  England  is  the 
mother  country  of  America.  1liis  com- 
l)ound  word,  "Anglo-Saxon"  is  entirely 
misleading.  The  true  American  type  is 
not  a  hybrid  Anglo-Saxon,  but  a  thor- 
oughbred Celtic-Teutonic  race  as  our 
language,  our  physique  and  our  versatile 
genius  prove." 


Practical  Dr.  Brumbaugh  has  deter- 
Education  mined  to  make  use  of  the 
schools  as  far  as  possible  to 
secure  positions  in  various  cai)acities  for 
the  boys  and  g'irls.  young"  men  and  wo- 
men who  have  had  any  special  training 
whatever.  Those  who  have  special  pro- 
ficiency in  any  direction  are  to  have  cer- 
tificates to  that  effect,  and,  failing-  these, 
excei)tional  merit  of  a  general  sort  is  to 
have  some  sort  of  official  recognition. 
This  is  to  g'uide  employers  in  securing 
help. 

ll  is  imi)()ssible  at  the  present  to  make 
tliis  much  more  than  a  stepjjing-  stone, 
l^t'cause  we  teach  so  little  in  the  schools 
that  is  practical,  save  in  the  Commercial 
ifigh  -Schools.  In  Oermanv  they  do 
these  things  much  better.  Almost  every 
child  gets  some  sort  of  training-  in  the 
schools,  and  all  who  want  iiiay  have  a 
high  degree  of  technical  education.  The 
(lerman  empk)yer  always  sends  to  the 
school  authorities  when  he  wants  hel]). 
The  school  boards  take  their  duties  seri- 
ously and  are  practically  ihe  only  labor 
agencies  of  the  country.  They  look  after 
the  individual  with  the  great  idea  of 
helping  the  nation.  It  is  such  methods 
as  this  which  have  in  forty  years  raised 
<  iermany  from  an  agricultural  to  a  man- 
ufacturing nation     which' leads  all    lui- 

P>y  and  by  we  shall  do  the  same  thing. 


though  possibly  in  a  slightly  different 
way.  I^'or  the  present  it  is  most 
satisfactory  that  Dr.  Brumbaugh  is  to 
make  the  effort  at  conserving  such  merit 
as  is  developed  by  our  school  system. — 
lixchangc. 


German  Monthly    We  clip  the  following 
Discontinued  from  Rundschau  zwei- 

er  Wclteii  for  July.  It 
does  not  speak  well  for  German-speaking 
citizens  that  it  became  necessary  to  dis- 
continue a  live  monthly  such  as  the 
Rundschau  has  been.  VVe  wish  success 
to  the  undertaking.- — Editor. 

For  practical  and  editorial  reasons  tht 
managers  of  the  Viereck  Publishing 
Company,  publishers  of  the  Rundschau 
Zweier  Welten,  have  determined  to  pub- 
lish their  magazine  henceforth  in  Eng- 
lish, in  combination  with  The  Interna- 
tional, published  by  the  Moods  Publish- 
ing Company.  We  shall  still  make  a 
special  appeal  to  the  German-speaking 
element  of  our  i)opulation,  but  our  field 
will  be  considerably  broadened  by  the 
change. 

A  vote  taken  arr-iong  our  readers  some 
months  ago  clearly  established  the  fact 
that  one-half  preferred  English  to  (ic- 
n-ian.  The  overwhelming  majority  of 
those  who  prefer  the  magazine  as  it  is 
published  at  present,  pledged  themselves 
to  support  our  i)ublication  no  matter 
whether  it  was  ]niblished  in  English  or 
in  (ierman,  as  long  as  our  policv  remains 
the  same.  Dr.  C.  J.  I  lexamer,  President 
of  the  German  American  National  Alli- 
ance,^and  Theodore  Sutro,  President  of 
the  Lmited  German  Societies  of  the  City 
of  New  \'ork,  bmh  approve  of  our  de- 
termination. 

The  change  of  language  herein  in- 
volved is  by  no  means  unprecedented. 
■'Puck"  was  originally  a  German  week- 
ly. Its  German  edition  was,  however, 
absorbed  by  its  English  offspring.  "Les- 
lie's Weekly"  published  a  German  edition 
which  was  likewise  eventually  con.soyli- 
dated  with  its  English  namesake." 

"Die  K'undschau  Zweier  Welten  wollte 


596 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


kein  un^erhaltungsblatt  sein.  Wir  waren 
tins  bewusst,  eine  Kulturaufgabe  zu  hab- 
en.  Wir  haben  aber  bei  den  breiten 
Volks-masse  nicht  die  Unterstiitzung-  ge- 
funden,  die  wir  bratichen,  um  unser  Blatt 
dauernd  auf  seiner  jetzigen  Hohe  zu 
halten.  Wir  bezweifeln  nicht,  dass  es 
genug  gebildete  Deutsche  in  Amerika 
gibt,  um  ein  vornehmes  Blatt  wie  die 
Rundschau  mit  der  Zeit  auf  eine  selbsr- 
erhaltende  Grundlage  zu  bringen.  Diese 
aber  unter  den  neunzig  MiUionen,  die 
dieses  Land  bevolkern,  herauszufinden, 
ist  eine  so  schierige  und  kostspiehge 
Aufgabe.  dass  wir  den  Versuch  schhess- 
Hch  aufgeben  mussten.  Lokalblatter, 
Tageszeitungen,  Wochenschriften,  die 
ihr  begrenztes  Feld  intensiv  bearbeiten, 
mogen  vielleicht  gedeihen ;  ein  Blatt,  das 
nationale  Verbreitung  sucht,  hat  ohne 
setarke  finanzielle  Unterstiitzung  keine 
Zukunft,  solange  es  in  deutscher  Sprache 
erscheint. 

Oekonomische  Griinde  sind  jedoch  nur 
zuni  Teil  fiir  unseren  Sprachwechsel  ver- 
antwortlich.  Unser  Hauptbeweggrund 
ist  der  Wunsch,  dem  Deutscbtum  in  er- 
folgreicher  Weise  zu  dienen.  Wir  hof- 
fen  dabei  auf  die  Unterstiitzung  der 
deutschamerikanischen  Presse,  die  der 
Rundschau,  solange  sie  in  deutscher 
Sprache  erschien,  nur  in  beschrankteni 
Masse  zu  Teil  ward.  Statt  uns  eine 
helfende  Hand  entgegenzustrecken,  hab- 
en die  Besitzer  grosser  taglicher  Zeit- 
ungen,  mit  wenigen  riihmlichen  Aus- 
nahmen,  alles  getan,  um  unseren  Kampf 
zu  erschweren.  Die  betreffenden  Man- 
hen  waren  beschrankt  genug,  in  uns  ein 
Konkurrenzunternehmen  zu  erblicken, 
anstatt  eines  Mitkampfers." 


Music  in  Cum-  The  Cumberland  valley 
berland  Vallev  has  always  been  noted 
as  a  musical  section. 
There  is  not  a  town  in  the  valley  of  any 
consequence  that  does  not  have  in  its 
history  something  about  its  band.  The 
town  band  may  have  run  out  in  the  more 
"progressive"  communities,  but  it  is  "i 
tradition  that  bids   fair  to   clinc:  to  the 


Cumberland  valley  for  generations  to 
come.  Only  last  week  an  application  was 
made  for  the  charter  for  the  famou.s 
"Singer"  band  of  Mechanicsburg,  which 
has  been  in  continuous  existence  for 
more  than  thirty  years,  and  whose  fame 
is  not  confined  to  this  section  of  coun- 
try. Persons  who  have  gone  to  the 
Grangers'  picnic  since  its  start  have  lis- 
tened with  pleasure  to  this  band.  It  is 
vigorous  and  bids  fair  to  survive  suc- 
cessfully for  many  years. 

In  Carlisle  the  Eighth  Regiment  Band 
has  been  known  as  a  splendid  organiza- 
tion for  years.     It  still  flourishes. 

In  Newville  there  is  staying  at  this 
time,  and  until  he  regains  his  health, 
Paris  W.  Chambers,  whose  cornet  solos 
have  charmed  the  lovers  of  good  musit 
on  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic.  Professor 
Chambers  is  pleasing  the  people  of  his 
old  home  town  by  building  up  the  band 
which  for  years  was  .  the  pride  of  the 
place.  It  was  Paris  Chambers  who,  years 
ago,  brought  the  Chambersburg  and 
Martinsburg  bands  into  state-wide  fame, 
and,  before  he  went  to  New  York  as  a 
concert  cornetist  and  composer,  he  did 
much  to  establish  the  love  for  music, 
which  still  holds  in  the  valley.  The  Mar- 
tinsburg band,  which  he  brought  to  a 
high  state  of  efficiency  and  turned  over 
to  Professor  Brockenshire,  now  musi- 
cal director  in  the  regular  army,  li^s 
recently  been  mustered  into  the  service  oi 
the  West  Virginia  national  guard,  with 
L.  DeWitt  Gerhardt  as  its  director. 

Musical  organizations  in  Chambers- 
burg have  had  their  ups  and  downs,  but 
Professor  Charles  Mentzer  has  an  or- 
ganization now  which  well  maintains  the 
reputation  established  for  the  town  by 
"Bossy"  Hatnick  and  P.  Dock  Frey  in 
the  olden  days. 

In  Waynesboro  there  is  an  organiza- 
tion that  is  unique.  With  more  than 
forty  pieces,  the  Wayne  band  is  in  de- 
mand from  all  parts  of  the  surrounding 
country,  and  each  winter  gives  a  series 
of  concerts.  Every  member  of  the  band 
is  employed  a*^  some  other  vocation, 
even  its  director,     and     nearly     all     the 


CURRENT  LIFE  AND  THOUGHT 


397 


players  arc  mechanics  in  the  Waynes- 
boro shops,  and  have  only  evenings  in 
which  to  develop  their  musical  accom- 
plishments. Yet  the  band  has  had  a 
practically  continuous  existence  for 
nearly  forty  years,  it  being  the  consoli- 
dation of  the  two  bands  of  which  the 
town  once  boasted,  under  the  famous 
Professors,  Prosho  and  Flashour.  Its 
present  conductor  is  Harry  A.  Krepps. 

It  is  no  stretch  of  the  truth  to  say  that 
this  valley,  from  Harrisburg  to  Win- 
chester, could  furnish  fifty  bands,  with 
an  average  membership  of  twenty-four 
pieces,  for  almost  any  parade.  To  this 
strictly  local  musical  organization  may 
also  be  added  the  nationally  known  bands 
at  the  Carlisle  Indian  School  and  the  Sol 
diers'  Orphans  Industrial  School  at 
Scotland.  These  bands  have  led  inaugu- 
ral parades  and  have  been  carried  for 
hundreds  of  miles  for  special  perform- 
ances. Surely  the  Cumberland  valley, 
along  with  its  other  distinctions,  may  be 
well  termed  the  most  musical  section  of 
the  state. — North  American. 


Perkiomen  While  the  pleasure  of  the 
Seminary  work  is  the  chief  motive  of 
the  little  Schw^enkf elder  bodv 
which  numbers  only  875  souls,  as  a  sort 
of  an  apex  to  the  pvramid  of  pleasure 
is  the  fulfilling  of  the  dreams  of  their 
forefathers,  who  came  to  America  from 
Silesia,  Germanv.  in  i7'?a.  Thev  left 
their  beautiful  homes  in  Germanv  be- 
cause of  the  religious  intolerance  of  their 
native  government.  They  bore  their 
persecutions  for  a  time,  but  finally,  in 
despair,  they  turned  to  America,  prefer- 
ring to  subdue  the  trackless  forest  rath- 
er than  give  up  their  faith.  From  the 
first  they  felt  that  if  thev  did  not  have 
some  centralizing  influence,  such     as     a 


school  where  their  children  could  be  ed- 
ucated in  common,  their  little  band  must 
soon  be  scattered  and  the  faith  of  their 
fathers  overwhelmed  by  the  stronger 
sects  that  were  settled  about  them.  Per- 
kiomen Seminary  to  their  followers  rep- 
resents a  center  of  life,  which  for  all 
time  will  be  the  spiritual  replenisher  of 
the  Schwenkfelder  Church,  and  the 
faith  so  dear  to  them  is  now  safe  for- 
ever from  the  forces  that  would  assimi- 
late it  and,  therefore,  obliterate  it.  It 
is  more  than  this.  It  gives  them  an  op- 
portunity to  welcome  the  children  of  all 
denominations,  both  Protestants  and 
Catholics,  Chrstians  and  Jews,  and  to 
show^  to  them  and  to  the  whole  world  an 
example  of  tolerance.  So  much  so,  in- 
deed, that  the  student  at  Perkiomen 
tends  to  lose  his  class  or  denominational 
sense,  and  begins  to  regard  the  whole 
world  as  one  great  family  of  brothers 
and  sisters. — 'N.  N.  Arnold  in  Public 
Ledger,  June  16,  1912. 


Honesty  Without  r resuming  to  be  per- 
Among  feet  or  holier  than  others,  it 
Lutherans  is  notably  true  that  the  old- 
fashioned  virtue  of  honesty  is 
strikingly  exemplified  by  our  Teutonic 
and  Scandinavian  ancestors.  How  often 
the  tribute  is  paid  to  the  Germans,  they 
are  honest  and  their  word  is  as  good  as 
their  bond.  As  a  rule  our  people  live 
the  plain,  simple  life  and  are  satisfied  to 
be  and  appear  v^-hat  they  are.  It  was 
doubtless,  with  these  things  in  mind,  that 
the  Secretary  of  the  Home  ■Mission 
Board  of  the  Congregational  Church 
made  the  statement,  "that  all  things  con- 
sidered, the  Scandinavians  were  the  best 
foreigners  who  had  come  to  American 
shores."  The  times  are  calling  loudly 
for  honesty  in  all  walks  of  life! — Lu- 
theran Church  Work. 


OUR  HISTORIC  HERITAGE 


Articles  giving  information  about  the  history  of  the  Germans 
in  the  United  States  from  the  arrival  of  the  first  immigrant  to  the 
present,  of  whatever  section  of  om-  country,  of  whatever  vocation  of 
life,  of  whatever  class  or  association,  of  whatever  period  in  a  man's 
life,  as  well  as  discussions  of  questions  of  the  day  so  far  as  Ger- 
man ideals  have  bearing  on  these,  are  to  appear  under  this  general 
head. 


The  Forest  Preacher  on  the  Schoharie 


A  Historical  Tale  of  the  Life  and  Customs  of  the  German 
Americans  of  the  Eighteenth    Century 
By   Frederick  Meyer. 

Translated  from  the  German  by  Professor  E.  A.  Jacoby,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
(Continued  from  July  Issue) 


"The  ,2:overnor  leaves  us  at  present  in 
peace  because  he  needs  the  help  of  the 
(iermans.  .Ks  soon  as  he  is  victorious 
in  this  strife  he  will  impose  burdens 
ujjon  us.  Why  do  we  not  drive  the 
l""rench  and  fuiolish  out  of  the  country 
and  govern  it  ourselves?" 

"A  g-reat  idea!  The  C.ernians  are 
qualified  to  carry  it  out,  but  we  are  too 
weak.  My  ("iod,  if  1  should  live  to  sec 
that  day!"' 

"Who  knows  what  the  future  has  in 
store.''  Still  we  nuist  put  spurs  to  our 
horses  or  else  nii^ht  will  overtake  us  be- 
fore we  reach  our  <^-oal !" 

P>en  at  a  distance  we  noticed  an  luv 
usual  tumult  on  the  hills.  Cam])  fires 
were  burning'  and  war  signals  sounded 
shrilly  through  the  valley. 

"Does  a  surprise  threaten  us?"  1 
asked. 


"Put  spurs  to  your  horse  and  we  will 
soon  be  there." 

A  man  spied  us  from  the  hill.  A  tall 
conceited  man  stepped  up  to  Mr.  W'eiser 
and  addressed  him  in  the  English  lan- 
guage. It  was  Sir  William  Johnson,  the 
man  who  without  knowing  it  had 
wrouiiht  me  the  greatest  injury.  Hun- 
dreds of  farmers  armed  with  muskets 
had  assembled  and  others  were  continu- 
ally coming.  Sir  Johnson  stated  the 
cause.  Two  children  saw  at  noon  today 
several  armerl  Indians  swimming 
through  the  Schoharie  and  running  to 
their  houses  with  loud  yells.  The  chil- 
dren ran  out  into  the  field  to  their  ])a- 
rents.  l'"or  this  reason  we  fear  a  sur- 
prise t"rom  the  savages.  While  Johnson 
was  relating  this,  an  Indian  suddenly 
came  out  of  the  forest  and  ap])roaching 
W'eiser  said:  "W'hv  does  the  white  chief 


598 


CURRENT  LIFE  AND  THOUGHT 


599 


assemble  his  warriors  and  dii;'  llic  batUe 
axe  out  of  the  t;rouiul .-' ' 

"Red  warriors  eanie  aeross  the  Scho- 
harie with  the  war  cry  of  the  red  man  I 
We  want  i)eace."'  answered  W'eiser. 

"No  warriors,  jjoor  Inchans,  too  much 
tire-water,  no  war  hatcliet,"  exi)lained 
\hv  chief. 

Intoxicated  Ituhans  had  caused  all 
this  excitement.  Immechalely  the  strain 
was  remKived.  rnrestrained  laugliter 
and  loud  mirlh  hurst  forth.  Im-oiu  the 
Lumber  farnp  came  the  t;ay  women  and 
at  once  amoui;-  ihis  frivolous  po])ulation 
a  wild  dance  began. 

Within  a  cavern  the  sick  woman  lay. 
As  a  forest  preacher  1  had  various  ex- 
periences, but  this  scene  I  will  never 
forget.  The  woman  was  still  young,  and 
traces  of  beauty  remained.  As  soon  as 
the  patient  caug'ht  sight  of  me,  she  cried 
out  wildly :  "Here  comes  the  pastor,  help 
me,  I-  am  possessed.  I  have  seven  devils. 
here — here — here — they  are!"  The  rav 
ing'  woman  g'rasped  me  frantically  by  the 
arm  and  desired  me  to  touch  the  devils. 
Helpless  and  perplexed  T  glanced  about 
me.  Not  a  person  was  in  the  room,  only 
a  smoky  tallow  candle  shed  a  ding-y  light. 

"My  husband  is  away."  she  cried.  "His 
name  is  Irish  ]\Iurphy.  that  is  he.  that  is 
his  voice,  he  dances  with  the  women. 
Here  are  the  spirits,  here — here — "  She 
tore  her  tattered  dress  from  her  body. 
"Cursed,  lost — cursed  by  my  own  father. 
Here — here  they  are  again.  Pastor, 
l)ray  for  me,  drive  these  devils  away!" 
She  cried  and  sobbed,  .\fter  several 
minutes  she  fell  aslee])  from  sheer  weak- 
ness. 

"She  is  demented!"  It  was  Weiser 
who  si)oke.  T  asked  him  about  the  wo- 
man's past  life.  He  knew  little.  .\s  a 
ly)y  he  had  been  with  Irish  Murphy 
among  the  Indians.  Murphy  saved  his 
life  on  one  occasion,  and  out  of  gratitude 
he  would  gladly  do  him  a  favor.  For 
this  reason  he  had  brought  me  here. 

".She  is  without  doubt  deiuenled,"  and 
with  this  remark  his  storN-  ended. 

"I  believe."  1  remarked,  "that  we  have 
here  a  simple  physical  ailment.  ,\  young 


mother,  desertetl  in  llie  most  critical  horn 
of  her  life  and  there[,ore  a  sickness  wdiich 
we  are  powerless  to  treat  here  in  the  for- 
est. She  can  not  last  long,  her  suiTer- 
ings  will  soon  be  ended  !" 

Immediately  the  .^ick  woman  started, 
looked  at  me  wildlv  and  cried  out  :  "Six 
<levils  have  gone  oiU  of  me.  but  one  is 
still  here — here!" 

In  order  to  (|uiet  lier  1  feigned  deaf- 
ness. She  nmst  tell  me  her  story  loud 
and  slowly,  before  I  can  help  her.  This 
heli)ed.  Ouietly  and  reasonably  she  told 
me  the  following  : 

"My  father  and  a  rich  man  to/ether 
committed  a  crime,  in  order  to  conceal 
it  the  man  of  power  compelled  my  father 
to  commit  suicide.  L'nnoticed  I  was  a 
witness  of  the  circun-vstances.  Both  men 
fought  fearfully,  but  my  father  was  sub- 
dued. In  the  midst  of  curses  and  terrible 
maledictiotis  he  dietl.  The  horror  never 
left  me.  1  lost  all  moral  firnuiess.  W'hen 
l)ut  1 6  }ears  of  age  1  became  acquainted 
with  Irish  Murphy  in  New  York.  In  a 
brawl  of  which  T  was  a  witness  he  re- 
mained the  victor.  When  1  displayed 
my  admiratioti  for  him,  he  embraced  me. 
'Come  with  me,'  he  said,  T  have  strong- 
arms  and  will  take  care  of  you.'  1  went 
with  him  to^  the  forest,  in  this  hell.  The 
curse  of  my  father — O  my  child  !"  She 
ag^in   sank   back   upon   the   couch. 

I  prayed  with  her  and  promised  to 
care  for  her  cliild.  She  glanced  toward 
the  door  for  her  husband  to  come  to  sec 
her.  His  harsh  voice  cotdd  be  heard.  It 
caused  the  sick  woman  to  start  each 
time.  He  did  not  come.  I  recited  the 
creed  and  the  confessional.  Her  lii)s 
moved.  She  grew  weaker.  I  blessed 
her  bv  laying  on  of  hands.  Conrad  ' 
Weiser  knelt  beside  me.     Thus  she  died. 

We  dug  a  grave  beside  the  cave.  Then 
we  wrapped  her  body  in  a  sheet  and 
l)tiried  her.  It  was  a  bright  moonlight 
night. 

When  we  returned  her  child  was 
awake  and  cried  for  its  mother. 

"What  is  \(>ur  name""" 

"May." 

"Will  vou  go  with  me?" 


6oo 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


"I  want  mamma,"  she  cried. 

"Your  mamma  went  far  away  and  we 
will  go  there  too." 

I  wrapped  my  mantle  about  the  little 
girl  and  lifted  her  upon  my  horse.  The 
music  and  dance  had  ceased.  On  the 
ground  lay  the  intoxicated.  We  rode 
away  from  them  without  a  farewell. 

After  riding  a  mile  Mr.  Weiser  broke 
the  silence :  "Pastor,  I  will  raise  this 
little  girl." 

"Let  me  have  her.  I  am  fond  of  chil- 
dren and  should  like  to  keep  her."  Again 
we  were  silent  and  rode  rapidly  through 
the  night. 

"Will  Irish  Murphy  miss  his  wife  to- 
morrow ?" 

"Scarcely." 

In  the  east  the  dawn  was  appearing. 

CHAPTER  XV. 

After  several  days  Mr.  Weiser  rode  to 
his  home  in  Pennsylvania.  Throughout 
the  summer  the  people  were  so  busy  on 
their  farms  that  they  paid  little  attention 
to  the  reports  of  bloodv  battles  which  oc- 
curred between  the  French  and  English 
in  Canada.  The  summer  was  hot  and 
sultry  and  I  could  not  rid  myself  of  the 
feeling  of  insecurity. 

Autumn  was  already  turning  the  color 
of  the  foliage.  The  squirrels  were  gath- 
ering their  supply  of  nuts  earlier  than 
usual — significant  omens  of  a  hard  win- 
ter. One  day  Jonathan  Schmul  in  a  very 
excited  manner  walked  into  my  room. 
He  would  not  sit  down.  As  he  was 
walking  back  and  forth  he  said : 

"We  are  betrayed  and  deserted.  The 
redskins  are  approaching  and  what  w^as 
built  ui)  in  ten  years  will  be  destroyed 
and  scattered  in  a  night !"  I  raised  ob- 
jections: "I  saw  chief  Pirant  in  the  Lum- 
ber Camp.  He  was  very  earnest  in  his 
expressions  of  friendship  for  Mx.  Weis- 
er and  Sir  Johnson." 

"He  is  deceitful.  He  has  lived  among 
the  whites,  has  the  education  of  a  Euro- 
pean, and  the  treachery  of  a  savage  to- 
ward us !" 

As   I   was  still  doubtful,   Mr.   Schmul 


said:  "You  will  not  believe  what  a  Jew 
saw  with  his  own  eyes.  You  shall  see 
and  hear  for  yourself.  Tomorrow  night 
the  red  devils  will  hold  a  council  of  war, 
as  soon  as  the  moon  rises  over  the  for- 
est. This  time  we  must  go  there.  1 
will  find  the  ways  and  byways  and  will 
be  your  guide." 

His  countenance  showed  only  too 
plainly  his  sorrow  for  our  welfare.  Can 
the  man  have  deceived  himself?  I  de- 
cided to  go  with  him. 

Northward  from  the  Mohawk,  many 
miles  distant  from  the  nearest  settlement 
we  stood  the  following  night.  A  light 
autumn  mist  lay  over  the  forest  gloom. 
Here  and  there  a  star  gleamed  through 
the  mist. 

The  stillness  of  the  night  was  broken 
by  the  ghostly  hooting  of  the  owls.  Fear 
seized  me.  Was  Mr.  Schmul  indeed  out 
of  his  mind  as  many  people  in  the  set- 
tlement thought?  He  stood  still  in  the 
shadow  of  a  fir  tree.  He  leaned  forward 
listening  intently.     I  stepped  to  his  side. 

"No  one  is  here.  We  have  been  de- 
ceived." Quick  as  a  flash  he  placed  his 
hand  on  my  mouth. 

"Quiet,  a  word  may  mean  death,  wait 
till  the  moon  rises,"  he  whispered.  With 
his  left  hand  he  pointed  toward  the  ho- 
rizon where  the  moon  gleamed  faintly. 
In  his  right  hand  gleamed  a  long  knife. 
Fifteen  minutes  passed  before  the  disk  of 
the  moon  appeared.  At  once  there  was 
a  rustling  in  the  underbrush.  About 
thirty  figures  were  seen  gliding  over  the 
moss  silently  as  serpents.  They  were 
Mohawk  warriors  adorned  with  war 
paint  and  eagle  feathers.  They  uttered 
a  short  grunt  by  way  of  greeting  or 
sign  of  recognition.  Far  away  from  any 
settlement  the  Indians  thought  it  unnec- 
essary to  place  guards  in  time  of  peace. 
Just  as  the  moon  was  rising  above  the 
"forest  a  chief  stepped  quietly  into  the 
midst  of  the  Indians.  A  tall  slim  figure, 
bent  slightly  forward  with  compressed 
lips  and  sinister  glance,  stood  before 
them  while  the  Indians  lay  silently  in  a 
simecircle  about  him.  A  crackling  fire 
leaped  skyward  from  a  pile  of  brush  and 


THE  FOREST  PREACHER   ON  THE  SXTHOHARIE 


6ci 


lit  up  the  group.  Up  to  this  time  not  a 
word  had  been  uttered.  Silently  the  sav- 
ai^es  glanced  at  their  chief.  It  was 
Brandt,  the  Indian  chief.  He  was  not 
only  the  most  important  man  of  the 
tribe,  but  also  the  best  and  most  eloquent 
speaker.  His  voice  trembled  as  he  be- 
gan to  speak : 

"The  great  Spirit  has  said  that  the 
brave  Mohawks  will  be  extirpated  and 
not  a  son  of  the  tribe  shall  seek  the  ashes 
of  his  father." 

With  these  words  in  which  the  sly 
r.randt  cunningly  mingled  religion  and 
patriotism,  the  Indians,  their  eyes  gleam- 
ing, sprang  up  and  brandished  their 
tomahawks. 

"This  is  the  saying  the  palefaces  teach 
their  children  and  which  I  learnt  in 
their  schools.  IMy  heart  became  like  a 
stone,  my  arm  like  iron.  Who  shall  be 
extirpated,  the  Mohawk  or  the  paleface? 
Tfi  whom  does  this  land  belong,  the  Mo- 
hawk or  paleface?" 

'l^hei]  he  related  the  injustice  to  the 
Indians.  He  called  each  one  present  by 
name,  extolled  their  heroic  deeds  and 
those  of  their  fathers.  His  voice  grew 
softer.  He  spoke  in  that  solemn  tone 
which  so  easily  affected  his  listeners.'  The 
Indians  groaned. 

"What  have  the  Germans  done?  They 
have  taken  the  Mohawk  X'alley  and  tlie 
Schoharie  from  us.  They  build  big  wig- 
wams of  trees.  They  take  the  fish  from 
the  rivers  and  streams.  They  are  nar- 
rowing our  hunting  grounds.  They  are 
driving  us  toward  the  setting  sun.  We 
want  their  s^quaws  and  will  give  them 
our  squaws.  But  the  Germans  refuse. 
They  want  to  drive  us  away.  Toward 
the  large  ocean  of  the  setting  sun  tliey 
are  forcing  us.  Do  tlie  Mohawks  want 
to  die  there?  Who  will  i)ury  the  ashes 
of  their  warriors?" 

Again  the  savages  sprang  up  and 
brandished  their  tomahawks.  "Mohawks 
listen."  Rr^mt  continued,  "what  the  great 
father  of  Canada  (the  governor  of  King 
Louis  XV^  of  France)  will  do.  I  was  in 
his  wigwam  and  ate  at  his  table.  The 
great    father    sends     soldiers,    muskets, 


powder  and  bread,  and  horses.  Then  we 
will  attack  the  palefaces,  slay  them  or 
drive  them  into  the  ocean  of  the  rising 
sun  (Atlantic)."  He  unfolded  his  plan. 
They  would  creep  stealthily  into  the  val- 
leys, murder  and  plunder.  The  French 
are  advancing.  "Before  the  sun  sets  the 
sixth  time  war  begins." 

Mr.  Schmul  placed  his  hand  on  my 
shoulder.  He  beckoned  me  to  follow 
him.  "They  will  scatter  and  station  sen- 
tinels. We  must  leave  at  once.  We 
have  heard  enough." 

It  was  necessary  to  arouse  the  settlers. 
Mr.  Schmul  took  the  country  north  of 
the  Mohawk  while  I  went  through  the 
Schoharie  valley.  Besides  it  fell  to  my 
lot  to  inform  Sir  William  Johnson,  the 
English  representative  in  order  that  sol- 
diers may  be  sent  in  time  into  the  valleys 

My  heart  beat  violently  as  I  stepped 
into  Johnson's  house.  Here  Katharins 
Weisenberg  also  lives;  She  may' appear 
any  moment  at  a  door  and  suddenly  con- 
front me.  One  of  Mr.  Johnson's  sons,  d 
lad  of  about  twelve  with  his  mother's 
eyes,  politely  approached  me,  and  eon- 
ducted  me  to  his  father.  He  was  con- 
fined to  his  bed.  by  a  severe  attack  of 
gout.  How  the  blood  of  the  warrior 
boiled,  how  he  cursed  the  fate  which  pre- 
vented him  from  using  his  limbs.  He 
dictated  a  letter  at  once  to  the  English 
general  and  gave  the  command  in  my 
presence  that  the  letter  should  be  carried 
to  Albany  the  same  day.  Then  he  or- 
dered Herkimer  to  have  the  two  old 
cannon  hauled  up  and  placed  south  of 
of  the  Mohawk  until  reinforced  by  Eng- 
lish troops.  Then  after  joining  forces 
they  would  cross  the  Mohawk,  seek  the 
enemv's  camp  and  attack  him. 

"We  will  punish  these  red  devils  so 
that  they  will  not  covet  our  property 
again,"  he  remarked. 

As  I  departed  the  idea  came  to  me 
that  he  was  indeed  a  man  of  the  good 
old  stamp.  May  his  family  be  blessed. 
?Iis  two  son:;  approached  and  extended 
their  hands  as  I  departed.  But  their, 
mother  did  not  appear. 


6o2 


THE  PENN  GERMANIA 


CHAPTER  XVI. 

In  the  meantime  Air.  Schmul  hastened 
northward  from  the  Mohawk.  Unfor- 
tunately the  people  did  not  believe  the 
greatly  excited  man.  It  was  reported 
that  the  people  in  the  Catskill  had  been 
lately  deceived.  Why  did  the  pastor 
himself  not  come?  If  there  were  any 
truth  in  the  report  Rev.  Resig  would 
certainly  show  himself.  All  explanations 
on  the,  part  of  the  Jew  were  useless. 
Truly  the  men  examined  their  flintlock 
and  powder  and  prepared  themselves,  but 
they  did  not  prepare  as  a  body  to  repulse 
an  attack.  They  continued  to  work  in 
the  fields. 

Nicholas  Herkimer  assembled  his 
people  south  of  the  Mohawk.  He  wait- 
ed in  vain  for  the  English  troops. 

On  November  ii,  1757.  the  French 
and  Indians  without  any  hindrance 
moved  to  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the 
settlement  on  the  other  side  of  the  Mo- 
hawk. They  hid  in  the  forest.  In  the 
morning  at  three  o'clock  they  attacked 
the  peaceful  Germans.  With  wild  yells 
the  Indians  burst  into  the  houses, 
dragged  the  sleeping  inmates  from  their 
beds  and  scalped  women*  and  children.  It 
was  a  cruel  slaughter.  In  the  beginninf^ 
the  men  were  brave,  but  all  resistance 
was  vain  on  account  of  the  superior 
forces  of  the  enemy.  The  French  cap- 
tain, Velletre,  ordered  the  houses  and 
barns  to  be  burnt.  From  my  log  cab'.i 
I  saw  the  flames  leaping  skywnrd.  1 
heard  the  shrieks  of  the  murdered  and 
the  captive  women  who  were  carried  off 
O  God! 

The  Mohawk  valley,  the  granary  of 
the  state  of  New  York  was  changed  in 
one  nisfht  into  an  ash  heap  and  a  deso- 
late  wilderness ! 

W'hen  the  enemy,  drunk  with  victorv. 
attempted  to  cross  the  Mohawk,  Herki- 
mer with  his  men  disputed  their  passage 
He  drew  up  his  men  beside  his  well  for- 
tified house,  and  the  cowardly  bands  of 
Frenchmen  dared  not  risk  an  engage- 
ment. 

Where  is  the  English  general?     It  is 


reported  that  he  said :  "A  blood-letting 
will  not  harm  the  German  blockheads." 
Therefore  he  remained  quietly  at  Al- 
bany. This  is  the  recompense  that  forty 
years  of  faithful  service  in  England's 
colony  brought.  I  wonder  whether  they 
promoted  the  English  general  to  a  higher 
rank  at  the  close  of  the  war.  Scarcely, 
because  Sir  William  Johnson  brought  a 
grievous  complaint  against  him  in  Lon- 
don. The  Germans  have  no  influence 
there,  but  Sir  William  Johnson  can  not 
be  ignored. 

The  distress  of  the  settlers  can  not 
be  described.  One  may  scarcely  inquire 
concerning  some  who  were  captured 
which  is  worse  than  death.  Forty  were 
killed  and  one  hundred  and  two  captured. 
The  loss  is  tremendous,  as  the  people 
through  industry  and  thrift  had  attained 
some  degree  of  comfort. 

Several  days  later  Sir  William  John- 
son rode  into  camp.  I  could  not  refrain 
from  reproaching  the  English  for  their 
inactivity.     Quoting  Homer,  I  cried : 

"Soon  the  day  will  come  when  holy 
Troy  shall  be  destroyed,  Priam  himselt- 
and  the  people  of  the  king  skilled  with 
the  spear." 

"You  are  not  from  Boston,"  said 
Johnson.  "There  people  indulge  in  such 
traitorous  talk.  But  it  is  not  suitable  for 
a  preacher.  The  Bible  uses  a  different 
language." 

I  answered  him  boldly :  "Our  Lord 
says :  When  the  salt  has  lost  its  savor  it 
is  good  for  nothing  but  to  be  cast  out 
and  trodden  under  foot  of  men.  This 
applies  also  to  the  government." 

He  attempted  no  reply  when  we  came 
upon  the  body  of  a  woman.  Upon  clos- 
er examination  we  found  her  lying  upon 
two  children.  She  tried  to  flee  to  the 
woods  when  the  scalping  knife  of  the 
savage  struck  her  down.  Even  in  death 
she  tried  to  defend  her  children  with  h^r 
life.  The  girl  was  dead,  but  the  boy  still 
showed  signs  of  life.  Sir  Johnson  poured 
wine  on  his  lips.  After  several  min- 
utes he  opened  his  eyes,  but  he  could  not 
talk.  Part  of  his  tongue  was  gone.  An- 
ofer  seized     me     anew.     Whether  it  was 


THE   FOREST  PREACHER  ON  THE  SCHOHARIE 


60.T- 


suitable  at  present  or  not  I  cried  out : 
"This  the  general-in-chief  calls  German 
blood-letting,  your  o-overnnient  has  been 
on  this  wise  since  the  days  of  the  elder 
Weiser." 

Johnson  did  not  reply.  I  added:  "It  is 
a  German  boy.  I  bai)tizcd  him  several 
years  ago  and  I  will  raise  him.  His 
name  is  Adam  Bauer." 

Thus  I  acquired  a  family  in  the  even- 
ing of  my  life, — a  deserted  girl  and  a 
mute  boy, — besides  a  forest  preacher, 
and  we  have  life  in  the  forest  illustrated 
in  these  three  persons  in  one  house. 

Further  information  of  the  destruction 
of  solitary  farms  kept  reaching  us.  Each 
house  had  its  own  story  of  brave  deeds 
done,  but  the  bravest  of  all  occurred  at 
the  home  of  the  Schells. 

Since  Jonathan  Schmul  pronounced 
that  fine  blessing  at  their  wedding,  he 
was  regarded  as  a  special  friend  of  the 
families  who  were  wedding  guests.  To 
them  he  hastened  with  the  news  of  the 
uprising  of  the  enemy. 

Christian  Schell  determined  to  let  mat- 
ters come  to  a  fight.  His  log  house  is 
well  built  and  well  prepared  for  defense 
against  a  sudden  attack  of  the  Indians. 
The  beams  of  the  first  story  have  no 
openings  besides  the  massive  doors  and 
loop  holes  through  which  the  besieged 
could  fire  upon  the  attacking  party.  The 
second  story  extended  over  the  first  and 
had  looproles  in  the  floor  whereby  one 
could  prevent  an  enemy  from  approach- 
ing close  enough  to  set  fire  to  the  house 
or  force  the  door.  Mr.  Schell  was  at  all 
times  well  prepared  with  weapons  to 
ward  ofif  an  ordinary  attack.  He  was  in 
the  field  with  his  family  unsuspicious  of 
any  danger  when  suddenly  the  enemy 
rushed  out  of  the  forest  close  by.  On  ac- 
count of  his  speedy  flight  to  the  house 
the  two  sons  of  Air.  Schell,  the  twins, 
playing  at  the  edge  of  the  forest  were 
captured.  They  were  his  youngest 
children. 

The  enemy  numbered  forty-eight  In- 
dians and  sixteen  Frenchmen  under  the 
leadership  of  Captain  McDonald.  It 
was  about  two  o'clock  when  the  enemy 


attacked  the  house.  While  Mr.  Schell 
and  his  four  sons  were  firing,  Mrs. 
Schell  loaded  the  weapons.  Not  a  shot 
missed  its  mark,  and  the  enemy  met 
with  a  bloody  repulse.  Again  they  re- 
newed the  attack,  and  again  were  re- 
pulsed with  great  loss.  At  last  ]\IcDon- 
ald  s])rang  rashly  toward  the  block  house. 
With  a  lever  he  tried  to  force  the  door. 
While  he  was  engaged  in  this  a  shot 
struck  his  foot.  Quick  as  a  flash  Mr. 
Schell  unbarred  the  door  and  dragged 
the  wounded  captain  into  the  house.  This 
act  saved  the  besieged  from  the  danger 
of  fire  as  the  enemy  would  have  burnt  its 
captain  if  they  had  set  fire  to  the  house. 
At  the  same  time  he  brought  them  more 
ammunition.  For  a  moment  the  enemy 
was  struck  dumb,  but  they  renewed  the 
atack  on  the  house  with  the  courage  of 
desperation. 

The  Schells  were  prepared  for  this 
last  attack.  While  the  father  and  his 
sons  prepared  their  weapons  to  resist  this 
attack  the  mother  began  to  sing  the  song 
of  triumph  of  the  Reformation  which 
was  sung  at  her  wedding.  The  evening 
breeze  wafted  the  strains  to  the  ears  of 
the  enemy  in  the  forest : 

By  us  alone  naught  can  be  done. 
Well  nigh  lost  we  mortals  are, 
There  strives  for  us  a  Holy  One 
Whom  God  Himself  has  chosen. 
It  is  our  Saviour,  Jesus  Christ, 
The  Lord  of  Sabaoth, 
There  is  no  other  God, 
He  alone  must  own  us. 

The  song  had  scarcely  died  away 
when  the  enemy  with  long  leaps  rushed 
towards  the  house  and  pointed  their 
guns  through  the  loopholes  of  the  be- 
sieged house.  But  Mrs.  Schell  was  not 
bewildered.  She  was  at  hand  with  the 
ax,  and  with  a  few  powerful  strokes  bent 
five  of  the  enemy's  weapons.  In  this  way 
the  men  gained  time  to  take  aim  at  the 
enemy  and  repulse  them. 

The  enemy  withdrew.  Twenty-three 
dead  and  wounded  lay  on  the  field  of  bat- 
tle. The  Schell  family  suflfered  no  in- 
jury. Both  eight-year-old  boys  were  ex- 
changed for  the  captured  AIcDonald. 


6o4 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


French  rule  in  the  West  was  ended. 
ReHable  information  reached  us  that  they 
were  beaten  on  every  side.  It  is  reported 
that  the  death  of  Gen.  Wolf  was  the 
price  paid  for  the  capture  of  Quebec.  Be- 
sides our  people  boast  of  a  young  Vir- 
,q"inian  on  our  side,  named  Georo;e  Wash- 
ington. 

Just  as  the  troops  of  Melac  ravaged 
our   fatherland   so   do   we   suffer   at   the 

(To  be 


hands  of  the  same  people  in  the  new 
world.  Therefore  the  settlers  rejoice  at 
the  defeat  of  the  French  and  I  am  re- 
quired to  hold  a  service  of  thanksgiving. 
T  also  wish  that  the  English  likewise 
were  driven  out  of  the  country. 

Last  Sunday  the  men  came  to  church 
without  their  weapons — the  first  time  in 
a  long  while, 
continued.) 


The  Luxury-  The  Saturday  Ez'cnin^i^ 

Loving  American  Post  last  week  pub 
lished  an  article  show- 
ing that  we  Americans  are  fast  becoming 
a  race  of  spenders,  and  that  even  the 
workingmen  and  those  who  must  count 
the  pennies  are  living  on  a  high  scale  of 
luxury.  Since  our  land  is  a  democracy 
and  no  one  is  held  back  from  extrava- 
gance by  the  feeling  that  costly  materi- 
als are  unbefitting  to  his  station  in  life, 
the  upper  middle  class  have  taken  to  imi- 
tating the  rich,  the  salaried  people  imi- 
tate the  upper  middle  class,  and  the 
wage-earners  imitate  the  salaried  people, 
in  proving  how  quickly  and  invariably 
this  new  social  principle,  which  is  dis- 
placing the  old-time  economy,  works,  the 
journal  says.  "A  moderate-priced  luxury 
of  this  year  becomes  a  necessity  of  the 
next ;  a  fashion  of  last  autumn  has  run 
its  course  by  this  spring,  from  the  rich- 
est stratum  of  society  to  the  poorest.  A 
dozen  new  tongues  of  coinmerce,  and  a 
dozen  new  agencies  of  distribution  bring 
to  us  the  latest  luxury  that  has  been  pui 
on  the  market.  As  a  people,  we  have 
grown  a  little  ashamed  of  economy,  and 
more  than  a  little  inclined  to  rank  the 
man  by  his  outward  display  of  wealth 
and  modernity." 


Such  degeneracy  of  our  social  stand- 
ards cannot  but  affect  the  moral  fibre  ot 
even  faithful  Christians,  and  it  leads  the 
rising  generation  to  the  gross  selfishness 
of  an  open  purse  for  personal  comtor: 
and  pleasure,  and  a  closed  purse  lor 
public  duty.  The  youth  in  the  city  lises 
and  toils  to  spend,  and  even  the  boys  and 
girls  in  the  village  and  on  the  farm  ai; 
affected  by  this  new  mania. 

Here  is  the  real  arena  for  heroism  in 
the  Christian  of  today.  To  be  conscien- 
tious in  the  administration  of  one's  in- 
come, to  stand  against  the  perverted  de- 
mands of  an  un-American  and  luxury- 
loving  social  life,  to  be  moderate  and  r.n- 
ostentatious  n  all  'hings,  is  the  goal  to- 
ward which  the  knightly  Ciiristian  sol- 
dier, who  needs  no  longer  imperil  his  life 
in  the  Crusades  or  in  defense  of  the  Holy 
Cross,  must  train  his  heart  and  eve 
Give  us  simple,  wholehearted,  conscien- 
tious Christians  in  the  family,  in  the 
school  and  on  the  street,  and  tlie  king- 
dom of  God  will  flourish,  in  our  midst, 
and  there  will  be  as  many  millions  for 
Christian  education,  and  missions,  and 
for  the  general  work  of  the  Church,  as 
there  are  for  the  joining  of  the  waters 
of  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  in  the  canal 
that  has  been  excavated  from  Colon  to 
Panama. — The  Lutheran. 


The  Prohibition  Question 

By  Rev.  A.  M.  Fretz,  Souderton,  Pa. 


In  the  April  issue  of  Tin-:  Penn  Ger- 
MAiN.\  under  the  above  heading,  an  in- 
vitation is  given  for  communications  on 
the  question:  What  in  z'iezc  of  Gcniiaii 
history  and  ideals  and  the  best  interests 
of  our  nation  should  be  the  attitude  of 
citizens  of  German  descent  on  the  pru- 
Jiibition  of  the  liquor  traffic?  In  assum- 
ing to  respond  to  this  invitation  1  wish 
first  to  state  my  credentials. 

On  both  the  paternal  and  maternal 
sides  I  am  descended  of  that  sturdy  Ger- 
man stock  that  in  the  early  years  of  the 
i8th  century  under  the  severe  stress  of 
religious  persecution  left  the  Rhineland 
and  found  a  home  in  the  primeval  for- 
ests of  the  Delaware  slope  of  the  Penn 
land  in  America ;  while  my  children — 
six  good  reasons  why  I  am  opposed  to 
the  liquor  trafific — can  claim  through 
their  mother  an  ancestry  of  a  few  de- 
cades earlier  in  America  among  the  orig- 
inal settlers  of  Germantown,  hailing 
from  W^estphalia.  While  half  a  dozen 
generations  removed  from  the  "father- 
land" and  hence  thoroughly  American- 
ized, I  still  love  and  have  the  highest  re- 
gards for  the  land,  the  language,  the 
history,  the  ideals  and  the  spirit  of  the 
German  people.  However,  as  an  Ameri- 
can citizen,  a  lover  of  the  "land  of  adop- 
tion" of  my  ancestors,  the  arena  of 
struggles  hard  and  sacrifices  great  to  ac- 
quire and  maintain  their  much  prized 
liberty  and  freedom  from  the  galling 
yoke  of  monarchy  and  religious  oppres- 
sion, I  am  in  duty  bound  and  by  love 
constrained,  regardess  of  any  personal 
feeling,  to  advocate  and  plead  and  vottr 
for  that  which  is  for  "the  best  interests 
of  this  country."  I  must  therefore,  on 
this  proposed  question,  advocate  and 
plead  for  the  attitude  which  T  conscien- 
tiously believe  ought  to  be  taken,  and  I 
know  is  taken,  by  very  many  citizens  of 
German  descent. 


It  is  an  erroneous  view  of  some  for- 
eigners that  in  America  they  can  do  as 
they  please  without  regard  to  the  best 
interests  of  all ;  hence  we  are  troubled 
with  the  peculiar  national  evils  of  other 
nations.  The  Chinaman  wants  to  set  up 
his  opium  den,  the  German  his  brewery 
and  saloon,  etc.,  and  thus  it  has  become 
necessary  to  set  up  laws  to  regulate  or 
prohibit  these  and  similar  businesses,  for 
it  became  evident  that  they  are  tending 
to  the  demoralization  and  ruin  of  cown- 
try  and  people.  When  a  business  has 
become  so  utterly  useless,  so  utterly  vile, 
and  yet,  in  spite  of  its  uselessnes*;  and 
with  the  help  of  its  vileness,  has  been 
so  tirmly  fixed  as  the  liquor  business,  or 
as  African  slavery  was  sixty  years  ago,, 
it  becomes  a  hard  matter  to  deal  with  it, 
even  to  regulate  it,  and  so  w^e  find  that 
laws  to  regulate  the  evil  of  African 
slavery,  because  its  very  principle  was 
evil,  were  constantly  defied,  until  the 
people  enlightened,  awoke  in  their  might 
and  banished  it.  The  same  applies  to  the 
liquor  evil,  and  the  same  must  and  even- 
tualy  will  be  its  fate.  The  German  is 
slow  to  conviction ;  when,  however,  con- 
victed he  is  positive  and  firm.  He  wants 
time  to  study  and  decide  at  his  leisure, 
but  when  he  has  decided  he  is  firm-; 
hence  we  have  among  the  strongest  op- 
ponents of  the  liquor  traffic,  and  such 
who  are  pleading  for  the  abolition  of  the 
same,  jjeople  of  German  descent  who, 
regardless  of  personal  interest  or  na- 
tional proclivities,  have  studied  this 
question,  and  have  come  to  the  convic^ 
tion,  that  a  business  like  the  liquor  traf- 
fic is  entirely  out  of  harmony  with  Ger- 
man history,  principles  and  ideals,  and 
with  true  social  life,  religion  and  good 
citizenship  of  this  country. 

It    is    only    during  the    19th  century, 
after  the  ancestors  of  most  of  our  Penn- 
sylvania Germans  left  the  mother  coun- 
605 


€o6 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


try  that  alcoholism  came  to  be  in  Ger- 
many as  well  as  here  such  a  national 
curse.  It  is  only  since  scientific  discov- 
eries have  made  the  manufacture  of  in- 
toxicants in  large  quantities  with  so  little 
cost,  possible,  that  it  has  become  the  evil 
it  is.  And  so  we  find  that  the  curse  in 
our  country  is  very  largely  in  the  hands 
of  German  brewers  and  saloon-keepers, 
of  more  recent  emigration,  who  are  try- 
ing to  impress  upon  America,  falsely,  the 
belief,  that  German  history  and  ideals 
are  synonymous  with  the  drink  evil.  The 
old  Germans  were  originally  an  abstem- 
ious people.  Juhus  Caesar,  B.  C.  50, 
writes  about  the  valiant  German  sol- 
diers :  "The  introduction  of  crime  is  for- 
bidden, because  through  it  men  become 
weakened  and  unable  to  endure  hard- 
ships." So  we  see  that  the  prohibition 
idea  among  the  Germans  is  not  as  mod- 
ern as  we  generally  think.  The  words 
"wine"  and  "beer"  are  not  found  in  the 
original  German  language  which  argues 
that  they  knew  nothing  of  such  con- 
coctions as  generally  come  under  these 
terms ;  the  words  came  through  their 
Roman  conquerors  from  Latin  roots. 
The  adage  often  credited  to  Martin 
Luther : 

"Wer  nicht  liebt  Wein.  Weib  und  Gesang 
Der  bleibt  ein  Narr  sein  Lebenlang." 

is  not  his  but  that  of  L  H.  Vosz  of  a 
much  later  time.  But  even  in  Luther's 
time,  intemperance  had  become  a  na- 
tional evil  and  the  great  Reformer  had 
frequently  warned  the  German  people  of 
their  danger  from  it.  On  one  occasion 
he  writes : 

"Every  land  has  its  own  devil.  Wales 
has  its;  France  its;  unser  deutscher  Teufel 
•wird  ein  guter  Weinschlauch  sein  und 
musz  'Sauf  heiszen,  da  er  so  durstig  ist, 
dasz  er  mit  graszem  Saufen  Weins  und 
Beers  nicht  kann  gefuehlt  werden.  Es 
haben  gewaehrt  und  waehren  deswegen 
noch  taeglich  grosze,  greuliche  Schaden, 
Schande,  Mord  und  alles  Unglueck,  so  an 
Leib  und  Seele  geschehen,  die  uns  billig 
sollten  abschrecken;  aber  der  'Sauf  bleibt 
ein  maechtiger  Abgott  bei  uns  Deutschen." 


In  his  table  talks  he  says : 

"Wer  erstlich  Bier  gebraut  hat,  der  hat 
fuer  Deutschland  eine  Pest  bereitet.  Ich 
habe  zu  Gott  gefleht,  dasz  er  die  ganze 
Bierbrauerei  verderben  moechte.  Ich  habe 
den  ersten  Bierbrauer  oft  verwuencht.  Es 
wird  mit  dem  Brauen  so  viel  Gerste  ver- 
derbt,  dasz  man  damit  ganz  Deutschland 
erhalten  koennte." 

It  is  a  notable  fact  that  in  our  day  and 
country  generally,  Germans  who  are  en- 
gaged in  the  liquor  business  and  its 
sponsors  are  not  noted  for  a  very  high 
standard  of  spirituality  and  zeal  in 
church  work.  But  not  only  past  history 
of  Germany  but  present  activity  along 
this  line  in  the  "Fatherland"  may  inspire 
our  ideals  to  work  and  pray  for  the 
great  cause ;  here  are  news  items  from 
across  the  sea.     Germany — 

"At  least  seven  members-elect  of  the 
new  Reichstag  are  total  abstainers,  includ- 
ing Mr.  George  Davidson,  editor  of  Der 
Abstinent  Arbeiter." 

A  dispatch  from  Prussia  brings  the 
news  that  the 

"Prussian  minister  of  the  interior  has 
decided  to  add  to  the  medical  division  of 
the  ministry  a  central  office  for  the  war 
against  alcoholism.  It  will  be  placed  un- 
der the  direction  of  Privy  Medical  Coun- 
selor Dr.  Abel.  By  means  of  an  official 
journal,  pamphlets  and  other  literature, 
Dr.  Abel  plans  to  direct  an  energetic 
propaganda  through  the  schools  and  along 
other  lines." 

Hungary — 

"The  ministry  of  Public  Instruction  has 
issued  an  official  proclamation  to  the  ef- 
fect that  each  year  hereafter  there  shall 
be  in  all  public  schools  an  anti-alcohol 
day  when  teachers  shall  devote  special  at- 
tention to  the  scientific  facts  regarding 
alcohol." 

If  then  our  brethren  across  the  sea  are 
waking  up  to  the  frightful  evil  of  the 
liquor  traffic  and  are  taking  steps  look-- 
ing  toward  its  destruction,  shall  not  the 
intelligent,  religious,  German  element  of 
Pennsylvania   and    other    states   see   its 


THE  PROHIBITION  QUESTION 


6c7 


obligations,  and  after  the  manner  of  the 
rehgious  German  settlers  of  German- 
town  of  two  centuries  ago,  who  made 
the  first  protest  against  the  slave  traffic, 
rise  and  unitedly  protest  against  the 
perpetuation  of  the  liquor  traffic  by  the 
state  not  only  permitting  it  but  even  li- 
censing it?  Let  me  call  up  for  testimony 
noted  men  who  are  on  the  anti-liquor 
side.  Dr.  Isaac  K.  Funk  recently  passed 
from  labor  to  reward ;  of  him  one  Ger- 
man writer  says : 

' ! 
"Dr.  Funk  was  a  scholarly,  a  logical  and 
forceful  speaker;  an  able  and  convincing 
writer;  a  zealous  and  devoted  worker  in 
the  cause  of  humanity.  For  more  than  a 
quarter  of  a  century  he  was  actively  iden- 
tified in  the  battle  against  the  drink  traf- 
fic. He  with  his  partner,  Mr.  Wagnalls, 
another  German,  gave  the  cause  its  most 
fearless  advocate  and  supporter. — The 
Voice." 

Hon.  A.  G.  Wolfenbarger,  anothei- 
German.  says  of  him  : 

"Dr.  Funk  was  conspicuous  among  men 
of  affairs  and  success  in  business,  who 
had  no  hesitancy  in  espousing  the  cause 
of  the  Prohibition  party  in  a  state  and 
city  where  the  great  national  curse  was  in 
practically  absolute  control  of  the  gov- 
ernment." 

Dr.  Axel  Gustafson,  another  German, 
speaks  along  the  same  line  of  him.  The 
late  Dr.  Klopsch,  of  the  Christian  Her- 
ald, was  a  zealous  German  anti-liquoi 
worker  and  writer.  The  North  Ameri- 
can, the  only  Philadelphia  daily,  out- 
spoken" against  the  liquor  evil,  as  well  as 
against  other  evils,  is  controlled  and 
edited  by  a  German,  Mr.  E.  A.  Van 
Valkenburg,  with  other  Germans  on  its 
stafif.  Theodore  Roosevelt,  a  Dutchman 
of  whom  America  seems  proud,  declares : 
"The  liquor  traffic  tends  to  produce 
criminality  in  the  population  at  large  and 
law-breaking  among  the  saloon-keepers 
themselves." 

Governor  Hoch,  a  German,  of  Kan- 
sas, says : 

"Today  (after  twenty  years  of  prohibi- 
tion)   in  one  hundred  out  of  one  hundred 


and  five  counties  of  the  state,  the  law  is 
as  well  enforced  as  any  other  penal  stat- 
ute, and  in  the  remaining  counties  the  at- 
mosphere is  getting  quite  sultry  for  the 
violators.  We  have  the  only  state  capita' 
in  the  Union  absolutely  without  a  saloon. 
We  have  a  quarter  of  a  million  of  young 
men  and  young  women  over  21  years  of 
age  who  never  saw  a  saloon.  I  believe  we 
have  the  most  prosperous  people  on  earth. 
They  have  over  $100  per  capita  in  the 
banks,  and  a  poor  house  is  a  joke  in  Kan- 
sas. Prohibition  has  been  a  great  benefit 
to  us  morally,  educationally  and  finan- 
cially." 

And  in  Kansas  are  many  Germans  and 
German  descendants. 

Prof.  G.  W.  Richards,  of  Lancaster, 
Pa.,  says : 

"The  citizen  as  well  as  the  Christian 
ought  to  ask  himself  the  question,  does  it 
pay  to  license  a  traffic  which  decreases  the 
demand  for  the  necessaries  of  life,  that 
robs  men  of  health,  skill  and  moral  power, 
that  breeds  idiots,  paupers,  criminals, 
lunatics  and  epileptics,  that  creates  heavy 
taxes  for  the  support  of  jails,  peniten- 
tiaries, asylums,  hospitals,  almshouses, 
police  and  criminal  courts,  that  demands 
a  holocaust  of  100,000  victims  annually? 
In  the  face  of  all  kinds  of  sophistries,  pas- 
sions, prejudices,  ignorance,  appetite  and 
greed  even  the  most  indifferent  in  their 
better  moments  must  answer.  No!" 

What  else  would  German  teachers 
say? 

William  H.  Taft,  President  of  United 
States,  of  German  descent,  says :  "He 
who  drinks  is  deliberately  disqualifying 
himself  for  advancement."  Another 
member  of  the  Taft  family.  Rev.  William 
N.  Taft.  of  San  Diego,  Gal.,  has  just 
spoken  practically,  by  making  a  contri- 
bution of  $io,ooo  to  fight  the  liquor 
fiend.  A  Pennsylvania  Dutch  boy.  who 
answers  to  one  of  the  "reasons"  given 
in  the  opening  lines  of  this  article,  trav- 
eling homeward  from  California  makes 
this  observation  en  route : 

"We  are  in  Texas.  Here  is  a  little  town; 
the  improvements  consist  of  a  store,  a 
print  shop,  a  saloon,  a  half  dozen  dwell- 
ings  and  the  depot;  not  prosperous.  We 
cross  the  state  line  into  Oklaboma;  the 
change  is  quite  noticeable;   instead  of  the 


6o8 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


vast  stretches  of  unsettled  land,  cultivated 
farms  with  neat  farm  buildings.  Large 
settlements  of  Germans  from  Kansas, 
Iowa,  Illinois,  Ohio,  Pennsylvania,  etc. 
Geary,  my  stopping  place,  has  1600  popu- 
lation, nine  churches,  and  what  stands  out 
just  as  boldly  to  one  from  a  liquor-cursed 
state — no  saloons.  Oklahoma  is  a  dry 
state,  and  wisely  so.  Evidently  the  sturdy 
pioneers  who  went  there  to  found  new 
homes  for  themselves  and  families  on  the 
rich  prairie  soil  longed  to  have  their  chil- 
drew  grow  up  in  an  atmosphere  free  from 
the  curse  of  liquor,  and  the  saloons  were 
banished." 

The  boys  and  girls  of  Pennsylvania 
are  longing,  perhaps  some  unconsciously, 
for  such  an  atmosphere  in  the  Keystone 
State.  When  shall  they  breathe  it  with 
all  the  prosperity  it  brings  with  it,  and 
the  foulness  of  the  rum-holes  dispelled 
by  it?'  Answer:  when  the  people  of 
German  descent  shall  have  learned  to 
know  the  proper  attitude  to  take  on  this 
question. 

Hear  the  sentiments  of  other  men  of 
note,  perhaps  not  all  of  German  descent. 
but  who  have  German  blood  coursing 
through  their  veins*: 

Abraham  Lincoln — 

"The  liquor  traffic  is  a  cancer  in  society, 
eating  out  its  vitals  and  threatening  de- 
struction, and  all  attempts  to  regulate  it 
will  prove  abortive.  There  must  be  no  at- 
tempt to  regulate  the  cancer;  it  must  be 
eradicated,  not  a  root  must  me  left  behind, 
for  until  this  is  done  all  classes  must  con- 
tinue in  danger  of  becoming  victims  of 
strong  drink.  If  it  is  a  crime  to  make  a 
counterfeit  dollar,  it  is  ten  thousand  times 
a  worse  crime  to  make  a  counterfeit  man." 
"William  McKinley — 

"The  liquor  traffic  is  the  most  degrad- 
ing and  ruinous  of  all  human  pursuits.  By 
legalizing  this  traffic  we  agree  to  shar"" 
with  the  liquor  seller  the  responsibilities 
and  evils  of  his  business.  Every  man  who 
votes  for  license  becomes  of  necessity  a 
partner  to  the  liquor  traffic  and  all  its 
consequences." 
John  Mitchell — 

"I  have  no  sympathy  with  the  sta,te- 
ment  so  often  made,  that  the  manufacture 
and  sale  of  liquor  has  contributed  to  the 
industrial  development  of  the  nation.  On 
the  contrary,  I  believe  that  liquor  has 
contributed  more  to  the  moral,  intellectual 
and  material  deterioration  of  the  people 
and  has  brought  more  misery  to  defenseless 


women   and   children    than    has   any   other 
agency  in  the  history  of  mankind." 
Thomas  Edison — 

"I   am   a   total  abstainer   from   alcoholic 
liquors.     I  always  felt  that  I  had  a  better 
vise  for  my  head." 
Lord  Chief  Justice  of  England — 

The  saloons  of  Loa  Angeles  paid  $418,- 
931.50  to  the  city  in  the  way  of  revenue 
last  year,  but  they  cost  the  city  58,000,000 
in  round  numbers. 

Ninety  per  cent,  of  the  crime  of  Eng- 
land is  due  to  indulgence  in  strong  drink. 
Henry  Ostrom — 

Twelve  different  times  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  United  States  has  ruled  that 
no  man  has  an  inherent  right  to  keep  a 
saloon. 

To   make   saw-logs   into   boards   is    busi- 
ness,  but   to  make  boys   into  drunkards — 
that   is  crime. 
Granite  State  Outlook — 

Seventy-one  covinties  in  dry  Kansas  sent 
no  convicts  to  the  penitentiary  last  year; 
sixteen  counties  did  not  have  a  single  per- 
son sentenced  to  any  penal  or  correctional 
institution.  In  twenty-eight  counties  the 
poor-farms  are  without  inmates,  and  in 
eighty-five  counties  in  the  state  there  are 
no  insane  patients. 
The  Epworth  Herald — 

Holding  up  a  glass  of  beer,  and  looking 
through  the  amber-hued  liquid,  Theodore 
Roosevelt  said:  "There  is  not  a  thought  in 
a  hogshead  of  beer;  there  is  not  an  idea  in 
a  whole  brewery.  It  stupefies  without  in- 
vigorating, and  its  effect  upon  the  brain 
is  to  stagnate  thought." 
The  Epwarth  Herald — 

The  drink  business  provides  a  rallying- 
point  for  all  the  enemies  of  the  state. 
Where  are  votes  bought  and  sold?  Where 
are  political  deals  put  through?  Where 
do  the  corrupt  politician  and  the  corrupt 
business  man  lind  their  strongest  support? 
Where  do  the  sneak-thieves  and  confi- 
dence-men, the  burglars  and  gamblers  and 
thugs,  find  themselves  most  at  home?  In 
the  saloon! 
Mayor  Love.  Lincoln,  Neb. — 

Take  another  class  of  men.  A  farmer 
who  lives  near  Lincoln  told  me  not  long 
ago,  that  he  had  attended  a  farmers'  pic- 
nic and  that  the  subject  was  discussed 
among  them,  and  the  farmers  agreed  that 
the  closing  of  the  saloon  was  a  great  bene- 
fit to  the  farmer.  They  said  that  their 
men  could  now  be  safely  sent  to  town  with 
produce  or  upon  other  business  and  be 
sure  of  returning  when  expected.  That 
formerly,  when  their  men  came  to  town 
for  a  holiday  or  on  business,  they  were 
apt  to  return  late  at  night  or  not  until 
the  following  day,  and  then  in  a  condition 
not  fit  for  work,  and  that  they  were  often 


THE  PROHnJITION  QUESTION 


609 


compelled  to  come  to  town  and  get  their 
men  out  of  jail.  Again,  a  prominent  con- 
tractor, who  employs  daily  from  thirty-five 
to  fifty  teamsters  in  moving  earth,  grad- 
ing, etc.,  made  a  statement  to  me  recently 
that  the  changes  in  the  habits  and  condi- 
tion of  his  employes  during  the  last  few 
months  had  been  marvelous.  He  said  that 
formerly  a  large  percentage  of  his  em- 
ployes had  spent  the  bulk  of  their  earn- 
ings in  the  saloon.  That  after  pay  day, 
for  a  day  or  two,  many  of  them  would  not 
return  to  work,  or  would  come  in  a  condi- 
tion unfit  for  work,  but  that  now  he  has 
no  trouble  of  that  kind  at  all.  That  al- 
most to  a  man  they  have  become  sober,  de- 
cent, self-respecting  men. 

And  now,  before  I  leave  this  question  of 
business,  I  want  to  suggest  this  one  fur- 
ther consideration,  and,  lest  I  be  misun- 
derstood, let  me  admit  right  here  that 
whether  or  not  a  thing  pays  in  a  financial 
way,  is  not  the  highest  and  best  reason  for 
doing  it;  it  is,  in  fact,  the  lowest  and  most 
unworthy  reason  for  doing  it,  yet,  never- 
theless, it  is  the  only  reason  that  appeals 
to  a  certain  order  of  mind,  and  those 
minds  must  be  reckoned  with.  I  think  1 
have  shown  you  that  our  experience  here 
in  Lincoln  proves  that  prohibition  does 
pay,  and  I  believe  that  it  will  always  pay 
in  any  community,  but  there  are  reasons 
why  it  will  pay  better  here  than  in  most 
cities,  so  that  we  should  be  more  anxious 
to  retain  it  than  most  communities,  and 
these  reasons  are  as  follows; 

We  have  with  us  a  great  state  univer- 
sity, which  is  the  most  important  and  val- 
uable asset  we  have,  and  in  addition  to 
that  two  other  large  colleges,  and  several 
smaller  educational  institutions.  These 
institutions  bring  to  us  upwards  of  6500 
students  every  year,  and  hundreds  of  fam- 
ilies who  come  here  because  some  member 
of  the  family  is  either  a  present  or  pro- 
spective student.  Now,  there  is  no  ques- 
tion but  these  people  will  send  their  chil- 
dren here  to  be  educated  much  more  freely 
if  we  succeed  in  permanently  abolishing 
the  saloon  than  they  would  otherwise  do, 
and  it  will  be  an  inducement  for  many 
families  to  move  here  to  enjoy  our  educa- 
tional advantages,  as  is  shown  by  the  en- 
rollment in  the  university  this  year,  which 
will  reach  about  500  more  than  last  year. 

That  is  just  what  is  taking  place  now, 
and  nothing  has  added  so  great  an  impetus 
to  that  movement  as  going  dry.  and  noth- 
ing would  be  a  greater  check  to  it  than  a 
return  to  old  conditions.  Truly,  we  are 
finding  that  it  actually  pays  to  be  decent. 
Then,  let  our  ambition  be  to  become  a  liv- 
ing, visible  refutation  of  that  argument, 
that  a  city  can  not  grow  and  prosper  with- 
out  saloons,  so  that  everywhere,   all   over 


the  world,  wherever  the  fight  is  being 
waged  against  the  saloon — and  that  is 
everywhere — our  fellow-workers  will  point 
to  us  and  our  experience  as  giving  a  posi- 
tive proof  of  the  falsity  of  that  old  argu- 
ment, that  voting  out  the  saloon  always 
hurts  business.  Truly,  that  would  make 
us,  indeed,  a  "city  set  on  a  hill." 
J.  E.  Porter,  Mayor  Kansas  City,  Kan. — 

The  Kansas  prohibition  law  has  been 
rigidly  enforced  in  our  city  for  the  past 
five  years.  In  that  time  we  have  increased 
in  population.  Our  financial,  manufactur- 
ing and  commercial  interests  have  grown 
materially;  our  people  have-  taken  on  a 
new  civic  spirit;  we  have  expended  more 
for  improvements  and  in  building  parks, 
boulevards,  schools,  municipal,  water  and 
light  plants  and  a  new  City  Hall  than  in 
any  other  period  of  our  history. 

Two  arguments  often  advanced  in  fa- 
vor of  the  traffic  have  great  weight  witli 
some  people  and  so  perhaps  with  some  ot 
my  fehow  German  descendants ;  one 
will,  therefore,  here  just  give  them  a 
passing  notice.  The  first  is  that  the 
license  fees  reduce  taxes ;  the  second, 
that  a  man  has  a  right  to  drink  licjuor 
if  he  chooses,  and  that  the  state  has  no 
right  to  interfere.  The  first  of  these  ar- 
guments shows  not  only  a  mercenary 
spirit  ready  to  rob  for  gain,  but  as  well 
gross  ignorance ;  for  from  a  money  point 
of  view,  the  open  saloon  is  the  greatest 
foe  to  general  prosperity  that  exists  in 
the  country.  The  other  plea  put  for- 
ward in  favor  of  this  traffic  is  equally 
illogical.  Even  assuming  that  a  man 
has  a  right  to  drink  liquor  if  he  chooses, 
it  does  not  at  all  follow  that  either  he 
or  any  other  man.  or  the  state  has  a  right 
to  tempt  other  people  to  drink  or  to  put 
temptation  in  their  way.  The  utmost 
that  could  be  made  of  this  plea  would  be 
to  say  that  he  has  a  right  to  obtain  liquor 
and  drink  it  on  his  own  premises,  or 
with  his  meals  in  a  hotel,  if  he  lives  in 
a  hotel.  Both  the  scriptural  and  the 
moral  law  of  human  rights  forbid  any- 
thing more. 

But  has  a  man  a  right  to  use  li(|uor  as 
a  beverage  if  he  pleases?  Has  not  the 
state  as  good  right,  as  solenui  a  responsi- 
bility, to  forbid  the  use  of  alcohol  as  it 
has  to' forbid  the  use  of  morphine,  opi- 


6io 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


urn,  carbolic  acid  or  any  other  poison  for 
that  matter?  Alcohol  is  a  poison,  a 
very  treacherous  one,  and  one  that  ex- 
cites man's  sensual  nature  and  thereby 
brings  multitudes  to  degradation.  The 
fact  that  the  state  has  some  responsi- 
bility in  regard  to  the  morals  of  the 
people  is  universally  admitted.  How  can 
it  discharge  that  responsibility  if  it  al- 
lows the  most  prolific  source  of  immor- 
ality to  flourish  at  almost  every  street 
corner,  yea,  even  entering  as  a  partner 
in  the  business  and  sharing  the  profits, 
in  our  license  system?  A  German  wife- 
murderer  stood  at  the  bar  of  justice  to 
receive  his  death  sentence ;  hear  what 
he  had  to  say  when  the  judge  gave  him 
permission  to  speak : 

"I  stand  here  before  this  bar  convicted 
of  the  wilful  murder  of  my  wife.  Truth- 
ful witnesses  have  testified  to  the  fact  that 
I  was  a  drunkard,  that  in  one  of  my  de- 
bauches I  fired  the  fatal  shot  that  killed 
the  one  I  had  sworn  to  love,  cherish  and 
protect.  I  have  no  remembrance  of  com- 
mitting the  fearful  deed;  still  as  the  ver- 
dict is  in  accordance  with  the  evidence 
it  must  be  so.  But,  may  it  please  the 
Court,  I  am  not  the  only  one  guilty  of  this 
crime.  I  have  been  made  a  drunkard  by 
law.  If  It  had  not  been  for  the  legalized 
saloons  of  my  town  I  never  would  have 
become  a  drunkard,  my  wife  would  not 
have  been  murdered;  I  would  not  be  here 
now  to  await  the  sentence  that  will  hurl 
me  into  eternity.  God  knows  I  tried  to 
reform,  but  as  long  as  the  open  saloon  was 
in  my  pathway,  my  weak,  diseased  will- 
power was  no  match  against  the  fearful, 
consuming  agonizing  appetite  for  liquor. 
For  one  year  our  town  was  without  a  sa- 
loon. For  one  year  I  was  a  sober  man. 
For  one  year  my  wife  and  children  were 
supremely  happy,  and  our  little  home  a 
perfect  paradise.  I  was  one  of  those  who 
signed  remonstrance  against  reopening  the 
saloon  in  our  town.  The  names  of  one- 
half  of  this  jury  can  be  found  today  on 
the  petition  certifying  to  the  good  charac- 
ter of  the  rumsellers,  and  falsely  saying 
that  the  sale  of  liquor  was  necessary  in  oui 
town.  The  prosecuting  attorney  eloquent- 
ly pleaded  with  this  court  for  the  license, 
and  the  judge  who  will  sentence  me,  grant- 
ed the  license.  You  legalized  the  saloons 
that  made  me  a  drunkard  and  a  murder- 
er, and  morally  you  are  guilty  with  me 
before  God  and  man  for  the  murder  of  my 
wife.      I,    in    my   drunken,    frenzied,    irre- 


sponsible condition,  have  murdered  one, 
but  you  have  deliberately  and  wilfuliy 
murdered  your  thousands  and  the  murder- 
mills  are  in  full  operation  today  by  your 
consent.  I  close  by  solemnly  asking  God 
to  open  your  blind  eyes  to  the  truth  of 
your  individual  responsibility,  so  that  you 
will  cease  to  give  your  support  to  this  hell- 
born  traffic." 

This  and  similar  prayers  are  being  an- 
swered in  our  day  by  an  illuminated  and 
awakened  conscience,  in  courts  and  at- 
torneys and  among  the  common  people, 
when  they  stop  to  think  and  look 
squarely  at  the  matter  of  personal  lib- 
erty and  responsibility,  and  the  highest 
ideals  of  manhood  regardless  of  nation- 
ality, and  so  they  are  saying  as  the  large 
number  of  Christian  Endeavorers  said 
last  July  in  convention  at  Atlantic  City, 
by  resolutions :  "One  ideal  we  are  work- 
ing for  is,  A  saloonless  nation  by  1920," 
and  among  these  were  very,  very  many 
of  German  descent. 

A  letter  in  answer  to  my  inquiry  as  to 
the  position  the  Germans  of  Kansas  take 
regarding  this  subject,  from  a  minis- 
terial brother  in  that  state  has  the  fol- 
lowing: "You  can  put  it  down  that  the 
most  intelligent  Germans  in  Kansas  are 
for  prohibition."  Governor  Stubbs  of  the 
same  state,  says  the  following  in  a 
speech : 

"Prohibition  must  be  judged  by  results. 
The  people  of  Kansas  are  very  progressive, 
very  positive  and  intensely  practical  in 
their  ideas  and  habits.  Prohibition  in 
Kansas  is  not  the  result  of  atmospheric 
conditions.  The  climate  had  nothing  to 
do  with  it.  Reason  was  at  the  bottom  of 
it  all.  It  was  not  brought  about  by  fan- 
atics but  by  sane,  sober,  patriotic  folks 
who  had  larger  heads  and  more  common 
sense  than  the  average  of  the  American 
people  had  at  that  time." 

Prohibition  is  the  doctrine  of  self- 
defense.  Kansas  has  adopted  that  doc- 
trine and  is  defending  its  people  from 
the  arch  enemy  of  human  happiness.  It 
has  muzzled  a  brute  that  is  ten  thousand 
times  more  vicious  than  a  mad  dog.  It 
has  established  a  quarantine  against  a 
plague  more  destructive  than  cholera.  It 


THE  PROHIlilTTON  QUESTION 


6ll 


has  cut  out  a  useless  expense  that  was 
more  burdensome  on  the  people  than  all 
the  state  and  county  taxes  combined. 
Shall  we  not  say  to  this  testimony — 

"But  the  long  heads  and  the  good  com- 
mon sense  of  the  average  American  of  to- 
day, assisted  by  that  of  the  intelligent, 
positive  German  who  comes  to  our  shores 
are  bringing  this  blessing  of  liberty  and 
self-defense  into  every  state  of  our  fair 
land." 

Hear  the  idealism  expressed  by  an- 
other American  German : 

"Let  us  Germans  too  do  our  part  in  this 
great  progressive  movement,  and  show  our 
English  fellow  citizens  that  it  is  not  true 
that  we  are  sold  to  the  rum  power.  It  is 
a  shame  that  we  allow  the  German  brew- 
ers to  give  the  public  the  idea  that  'free 
drinking'  is  German  idealism.  Let  us  no 
longer  play  the  ape,  that  gathers  the  dol- 
lar-chestnuts out  of  the  fire  for  the  brew- 
ers and  distillers." 

Peter  Rosegger,  a  great  Austrian 
writer  on  the  subject  we  are  deaing 
with,  pictures  German  idealism  in  the 
matter  in  a  vigorous  article  concluding 
as  follows : 

"At  last  mankind  is  awakening!  Prac- 
tical, sensible  nations,  as  the  English  and 
the  Americans  are  far  in  advance  of  us  in 
the  war  against  alcohol.  The  temperance 
people  over  there  are  reaping  almost  in- 
creditable  results,  but  even  here  in  Ger- 
many young  pople  even  students  are  be- 
ginning to  abstain  from  strong  drink.  If 
today  a  new  Hermann  should  arise  with 
the  holy  object  of  reinstating  the  German 
people  and  making  them  morally  great  and 
strong,  he  would  already  the  first  day  have 
to  dispatch  with  the  sword  the  whiskey 
distillers,  for  the  rope  might  break.  You 
censure  my  bold  language.  Be  assured  it 
is  a  righteous  indignation.  I  have  wit- 
nessed already  too  much  sacrifice  to  in- 
temperance. I  have  seen  young  men  with 
great  and  noble  talent  end  their  destiny  in 
beer.     I     have     seen   teachers,   preachers, 


poets,  wretchedly  ending  in  beer.  A  peo- 
ple that  must  refresh  its  heart  with  alco- 
hol, find  its  patriotism  in  beer  and  seek  its 
joys  of  life  in  wine,  will  sink  deeper  and 
deeper  into  the  morass,  and  become  the 
scorn  of  neighboring  nations.  In  this  we 
are  in  danger  if  not  the  combined  efforts 
of  lawmakers,  church  and  school  will  ar- 
rest the  destruction.  Away  with  alsohol!" 

With  these  incontrovertible  historical 
facts,  and  these  soul-inspiring,  heaven- 
born  ideals  shall  it  be  any  longer  a  ques- 
tion with  a  noble  German,  and  his  de- 
scendants now  citizens  of  this  fair  land 
of  ours  as  to  what  attitude  to  take 
toward  the  liqtior  traffic?  Will  we  take 
our  stand  with  the  brewers,  the  distillers, 
the  saloon-keepers,  and  their  crop  of 
human  degenerates — the  drinking  bums, 
whose  motto  seems  to  be :  "In  America 
we  want  liberty  to  do  as  we  please" ;  or 
with  the  host  of  the  most  intelligent,  re- 
ligious, noble  patriotic  men  and  women 
of  all  nationalities  who  love  to  say :  "In 
America  we  please  to  do  what  is  wisest 
and  best  for  the  land  and  its  people,  we 
seek  to  save  and  help  the  weak,  the 
tempted  and  the  fallen,  by  removing  and 
destroying  that  which  is  of  no  earthly 
benefit  to  nation  and  people,  and  is  the 
source  of  ruination,  rather  than  minister 
to  the  gratification  of  our  appetites?" 
When  we  take  this  attitude,  then  shall 
we  have  answered  nobly  and  practically 
the  question,  "Am  I  my  brother's  keep- 
er?" Then  shall  we  have  honored  true 
German  history  and  emphasized  true 
German  ideals,  and  thereby  shown  that 
we  love  our  Fatherland  not  the  less,  but 
our  America  the  more.  And  it  is  plain- 
ly evident  that  by  taking  this  attitude  we 
shall  have  the  honor  to  assist  in  wiping 
out  the  darkest  blotch  of  civilization,  the 
liquor  traffic,  with  the  many  noble  Ger- 
mans who  in  the  bloody  conflict  of  '6i  to 
'65  helped  to  wipe  out  the  slave  traffic 
and  preserve  the  Union. 


Rev.  Frederick  Waage 


By  Rev.  O.  F.  Waage,  Pennsburg,  Pa. 


This  venerable,  and  in  many  respects 
remarkable  man,  figured  largely  in  the 
history  of  the  Lutheran  Church  in  east- 
ern Pennsylvania.  His  long,  active  life 
made  his  name  and  fame  known  far  and 
wide,  and  a  brief  account  of  his  life  and 
labors  will  be  read  with  interest  by  all 
who  knew  or  heard  of  him. 

He  was  boni  August  17,  1797,  in 
Itzehoe,  a  large  town  in  the  Dukedoni 
of  Holstein,  then  under  the  dominion  ot 
Denmark.  His  parents  were  Claus 
Heinrich  Waage  and  Catharine  Doro- 
thea, nee  Hoffmeister.  On  the  twentieth 
day  of  the  same  month,  three  days  after 
his  birth  he  was  baptized  by  the  Rev. 
Busaeus,  and  received  the  name  Cay 
Frederick  Sophus  Waage.  Three  of  his 
sponsors  were  of  the  nobility,  viz.,  Gen- 
eral and  Baron  Cay  von  Ahlefeldt ; 
Ernestiiie  von  Brokdorf,  wife  of  the  Pri- 
vate Counsellor ;  and  the  noble  lady 
Anna  Sophia  von  Ranzau  auf  Giilden- 
stein.  Later  he  dropped  the  aristocratic 
names  given  him,  because  they  were  dis- 
tasteful to  his  democratic  feelings,  and 
simply  called  himself  "Frederick." 

He  was  the  eldest  of  three  sons  in  the 
family  and  alone  survived  beyond  the 
period  of  youth.  His  father,  too,  died 
when  this  son  reached  his  fourteenth 
year.  An  uncle  living  at  Flensburg,  in 
Schleswig,  took  him  as  his  ward. 

The  charming  location  of  his  native 
town  along  the  shores  of  the  river  vStor. 
in  the  most  fruitful  parts  of  Holstein, 
early  awakened  in  the  heart  of  the  boy 
the  love  of  the  beauties  of  nature  whici^ 
he  never  lost.  This  nature-love  was 
further  nourished  and  enjoyed  when 
later  he  made  his  home  in  the  beautiful 
State  of  Pennsylvania. 

As  early  as  he  could  remember  he  at 
tended     school.     When     only     eighteen 
months  old  he  was  taken  to  a  so-called 


"Klipp  Schule,"  a  sort  of  a  kindergar- 
ten school,  conducted  by  elderly  ladies, 
where  he  was  taught  to  read.  Reading 
became  with  him  a  passion  which  nevei- 
left  him.  At  eight  years  of  age  he  was 
sent  to  the  town  schools,  and  was  there 
tutored  by  the  "Schreib  und  Rechnen- 
meister  Nagel,"  who  wore  a  white - 
powdered  wig,  and  who  was  ever  readj, 
with  the  rod  to  punish  misbehavior. 
From  his  tenth  year  he  attended  the 
Latin  school,  conducted  'by  the  old  Can- 
tor Wagner,  who  did  not  use  the  rod,  but 
could  administer  effective  ear-boxes  with 
his  fist. 

In  the  year  181 1,  famous  for  the  ap- 
pearing of  a  large,  flaming  comet,  he 
was  sent  to  the  large  city  of  Flensburg, 
located  in  the  dukedom  of  Schleswig,  to 
attend  a  school  of  a  higher  grade,  where 
he  remained  more  than  two  years.  He 
always  considered  this  latter  period  of 
liis  school  days  as  the  happiest,  s'-^ 
here,  under  the  direction  of  that  noble 
teacher  Bendixen  and  his  assistants,  he 
increased  in  wisdom  and  knowledge. 

While  attending  school  at  Flensburg, 
he  was  quartered,  with  a  number  of  other 
students,  in  an  old  monastery,  and  the 
boys  often  trembled  at  the  thought  of  the 
spirits  of  the  old  monks  moving  about 
the  halls  and  cells,  during  the  dark  houra 
of  the  night. 

From  his  earliest  youth  he  saw  and 
heard  nothing  but  war  and  the  rumors 
of  war.  For  in  the  year  1806  and  suc- 
ceeding years.  Napoleon  with  his  French 
and  allied  armies,  devastated  Europe, 
and  did  not  spare  beloved  Holstein.  In 
his  unavoidable  intercourse  with  the 
French  soldiers  who  were  quartered  long 
in  these  parts  of  the  country,  Mr.  Waage 
soon  learned  to  speak  French  fluently.' 
In  the  year  18 1 3.  after  the  decisive  bat- 
tle    (if    Leipsic,  where  Napoleon's  cruel 


612 


REV.   FREDERICK  WAAGE 


013 


jiower  was  broken,  was  again  overrnn 
anil  occupied  by  many  Swedish,  Russian 
and  German  army  corj)s,  as  well  as  by 
those  of  the  Asiatic  P.aschkirren  and 
Kalmucken. 

In  the  year  181 3.  in  Flensburg.  he  re- 
ceived catechetical  instruction  through 
the  Lutheran  pastor  Ihiesmann,  and  on 
the  seventh  of  April,  with  several  hun- 
dred others,  was  confirnn'd  in  the  large 
Maiienkirche. 

In  August,  1813,  he  went  to  the  Uni- 
versity at  Kiel,  where  he  remained  six 
vears,  and  where  his   intense  thirst   for 


knowledge  was  fully  satisfied.  Here  he 
applied  himself  strenuously  to  his 
studies,  often  working  until  two  o'clock 
in  the  night.  1  lis  close,  association  witl> 
the  professors  of  the  university,  and  e.s- 
pecially  the  influence  of  his  pastor,  the 
noble  Claus  Harms,  greatly  assisted  him 
in  acquiring  a  first  class  classical  educa- 
tion, under  these  benign  surroundings. 
The  desire  became  strong  to  be  active  in 
some  calling  in  which  he  might  be  a 
blessing  to  his  day  and  generation.  This 
noble  passion  was  due  largely  to  the  in- 
iiuence  of  Pastor  Claus  Harms,  who  wa- 


Frederick  Waage  in  early  life 

then  the  celebrated  defender  of  ortho- 
doxy, against  the  attacks  of  rationalism 
at  that  time.  Dr.  Harms  became  Mr. 
W'aage's  idea!  pastor  and  theologian. 
The  portrait  of  Dr.  Harms  hung  on  the 
walls  of  Mr.  Waage's  study  all  his  sub- 
sequent life.  His  autograph  was  en- 
closed in  a  gilt  frame,  containiug  his 
farewell  words  ere  Mr.  Waage  sailed  f 
America.  The  same  is  a  quotation  from 
Dr.  Flarms'  last  sermon,  heard  by  Mr. 
Waage.  based  on  I  Peter  5:7.  "Castinf? 
all  your  cares  upon  Crod.  for  He  careth 
for  vou."     .\nd  it   was  at  Claus   Hanfis' 


Frederick  Waage  in  late  life 

earnest  request  that  young  Waage  once 
more  entered  the  Cathedral  Church,  and 
knelt  at  the  altar  to  pray,  before  leaving 
his  native  country.  Pastor  Waage's 
whole  life  was  tinged  by  the  spirit  of  the 
saintlv  Harms  and  the  blessed  influence 
he  obtained  at  Kiel. 

.\  desire  to  see  more  of  the  world  of 
which  he  had  read  so  much,  and  a  desire 
to  escape  military  service  which  threat- 
ened him.  decided  him  to  emigrate  to 
America.  Hence  in  June.  1819.  he  took 
passage  in  the  ship  "Milo."  in  Hamburg, 
and   in    September    arrived    in    Philadel- 


6i4 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


phia,  having  been  on  the  ocean  68  days. 
Here  he  providentially  became  ac- 
quainted with  Rev.  Jacob  W.  Dechant. 
the  elder,  who  directed  him  to  the  Rev. 
F.  W.  Geisenhainer.  The  latter  offered 
him  a  home  in  his  house  until  Mr. 
Waage  could  be  ordained.  At  that  time 
the  Lutheran  Synod  would  not  ordain 
and  admit  a  foreigner  to  the  holy  min- 
istry until  two  years  after  his  arrival  in 
this  country.  These  two  years,  spent  by 
Mr.  Waage  in  the  family  of  Rev.  Geis- 
enhainer. were  to  him  most  precious. 
Under  the  supervision  of  this  most  ex- 
cellent, fatherly  divine,  he  continued  his 


theological  studies.  To  this  time  of  his 
life  he  often  referred  with  gratitude  to 
God.  It  was  to  him  a  special  providence 
of  God,  that  he  was  led  to  these  two 
good  men,  Dechant  and  Geisenhainer, 
when  he  landed  in  this  new  world. 

It  was  in  the  year  1822,  August  27th, 
that  Mr.  Waage  became  a  licentiate  of 
the  Lutheran  Alinisterium  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, durilig  its  annual  session  at  Ger- 
mantown.  Pa.  His  ordination  followed 
on  June  loth,  1828,  at  Reading,  Pa. 

His  first  parish  consisted  of  the  con- 
gregations at  Trumbauerville  and  Rich- 
landtown,  Bucks  County,  Pa.     These  he 


Birthplace  of  Frederick  Waage 


served  four  }ears  when  he  accepted  his 
second  call  to  a  parish  spreading  over 
parts  of  Northumberland,  Columbia  and 
Lycoming  Counties. 

In  this  parish  he  served  eight  congre- 
gations at  Milton,  Muncy,  Williamsport, 
Paradise,  Fullmers,  St.  James',  St. 
John's  and  Black  Hole  Valley.  During 
this  period  of  his  life  he  became  a  nat- 
uralized American  citizen,  and  a  genuine 
believer  in  republican  institutions. 

This  parish  being  an  unusually  labori- 
ous one,  he  remained  only  three  years, 
and  in  1829  he  received  and  accepted  a 
call    to    the    New  Goshenhoppen  charge, 


where  he  spent  the  remainder  of  his  life. 
This  parish  was  then  composed  of  the 
present  St.  Paul's  near  Red  Hill,  St. 
John's  at  Spinnerstown,  and  Trumbauer- 
ville, the  last  two  located  in  Bucks 
county.  In  1836  he  organized  the  Luth- 
eran congregation  at  Niantic,  Huber's, 
and  in  1854,  he  also  organized  the  Lu- 
theran church  at  Ridge  Valley,  Bucks 
County,  and  thus  adding  these  two 
churches,  he  was  pastor  of  five  congrega- 
tions. This  parish  he  served  forty  years, 
x^fter  resigning  this  charge  in  1868,  ow- 
ing to  the  infirmities  of  his  age,  he  still 
assisted   his    son    and    successor  in  this 


REV.  FREDERICK  WAAGE 


615 


parish,  the  Rev.  O.  F.  Waage,  several 
years,  thus  rounding  out  full  fifty  years 
in  the  active  ministry  of  the  Lutheran 
Church.  In  his  early  ministry  he  became 
intensely  interested  in  the  Horn  ^eopathic 
system  of  medicine.  In  addition  to  his 
arduous  ministerial  duties,  he  thoroughly 
studied  that  system  of  medicine  and  for 
many  years  practiced  Homeopathy  suc- 
cessfully in  connection  with  his  pastoral 
work.  His  intention  at  first  was  to  use 
this  new  system  of  healing  the  sick  ex- 
clusively in  his  own  family,  but  when 
his  success  in  that  sphere  became  known, 
others  called  upon  him  to  treat  them  in 
illness.,  and  thus  he  largely  became  a 
general  practitioner  of  Homeopathy.  He 
thus  fulfilled  a  double  mission,  healing 
both  the  bodies  and  souls  of  men.  And 
this  was  not  odd.  for  St.  Luke  was  "a 
beloved  physician" ;  and  the  Lord  Jesus 
commanded  His  early  disciples  to 
"preach  the  Gospel  and  heal  the  sick." 
Beyond  a  doubt,  Air.  Waage  was  an  un- 
usually well  educated  man.  He  was 
blessed  with  a  wonderfully  retentive 
memory.  His  sermons  were  carefully 
prepared,  and  written  word  for  word, 
and  after  reading  them  over  once  or 
twice,  he  could  repeat  them  from  mem- 
ory most  accurately.  And  at  that  time 
ministers  usually  preached  long  ser- 
mons, lasting  over  an  hour.  As  a  pulpit 
orator  he  had  few  equals,  always  using 
the  best  classical  German  language.  He 
was  a  close  student  and  great  reader.  His 
large  library  contained,  in  addition  to  the 
best  theological  literature  of  the  time, 
the  literary  works  of  the  best  authors  in 
general  literature,  such  as  Dickens,  Wal- 
ter Scott,  Bulwer,  Washington  Irving, 
Victor  Hugo.  Shakespeare,  Captain 
Marryat,  Eugene  Sue.  Frederica  Bremer, 
Lohmann,  Blumenthal.  Lafontaine. 
Hauf.  Cook's  Travels,  and  many  others, 
all  in  German  or  best  German  transla- 
tions. 

Mr.  Waage  was  also  of  a  poetical  turn 
of  mind.  In  his  youth  he  composed  a 
number  of  poems,  which,  however,  he 
never  gave  to     the     public  in  print.     A 


volume  of  these,  written  in  his  best  Ger- 
man style  and  penmanship  is  preserved 
and  highly  appreciated  by  the  writer. 
The  following  will  serve  as  a  sample. 


FREUNDSCHAFT. 

Wenn  mein  Aug'  mit  Schmerz  und  Trauer 
Auf  des  Glueckes  Truemmer  sieht, 
Wehmuth  sich  und  schwarze  Schauer, 
Um  die  bangen  Blicke  zieht, 
Soil  mich  nicht  das  Schicksal  beugen, 
Denn  selb  st  in  des  Schmerzes  Reichen 
Sollst  Du,  Freund,  mein  Scliutzgeist  sein — 
Ich  bin  Dein  und  Du  bist  Mein! 

Wenn  statt  Eden's  sueszer  Wonne 
Nahet  sich  des  Kummer's  Nacht, 
Freundlich  nicht  die  Himmels-sonne 
Meinen  Blicken  segnend  lacht; 
Wenn  auch  Blitz  und  Wetter  stuermen, 
Wogen  sich  auf  Wogen  thuermen, 
Zitt'r  ich  nicht  und  klage,  nein — 
Ich  bin  Dein  und  Du  bist  Mein! 

Muss  ich  einstens  von  Dir  scheiden, 
Um  mich  haerme  Dich  nicht,  Freund, 
Dass  Dein  Aug'  in  Schmerz  und  Leiden 
Unser  Trennung  Zaehren   weint. 
Von  den  fernsten  Meeres-Strande 
Blick  ich  bin  zum  Vaterlande 
Sehnend,  ach!   und  denke  Dein — 
Ich  bin  Dein  und  Du  bist  Mein! 

Weine  nicht,  wenn  meines  Lebens 

Letzte  bange  Stunde  nah't, 

Er  liebt  noch  am  Ziel  des  strebens 

Wie  er  stets  geliebet  hat; 

Freund,  dort  auf  den  Sternen-Hoehen 

Werden  wir  uns  wiedersehen, 

Gruss  und  Kuss  wird  dieser  sein: 

Ich  bin  Dein  und  Du  bist  Mein! 


HIS  FAMILY  RELATIONS. 

In  the  year  1823  he  was  united  in  mar- 
riage to  Miss  Angeline  Garber,  of  the 
Trappe,  Alontgomery  County,  Pa.,  and 
lived  together  happily  61  years.  Their 
union  was  blessed  with  ten  children, 
three  sons  and  seven  daughters.  His  life 
ended  quietly  and  peacefully  in  full  trust 
of  eternal  life  through  Christ  Jesus,  Au- 
gust 23,  1884,  aged  87  years  and  six  days. 
His  burial  took  place  at  his  beloved  St. 
Paul's  Lutheran  church,  near  Pennsburg. 
fifteen  neighboring  pastors    taking    part 


6i6 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


in  the  solemn  obsequies.  His  widow  died 
April  II,  1897,  aged  91  years  and  21 
days. 

Thus    ended    the    long    and    laborius 


earthly  career  of  one  of  God's  servants, 
matured  for  a  higher  and  better  life. 
"They  rest  from  their  labors  and  their 
works  do  follow  them." 


Fraternities  vs.  The  Philadelphia  Eveii- 
Public  Schools  ing  Bulletin  last  week  in 
an  editorial  on  public 
school  fraternities,  commends  the  deter- 
mination of  Superintendent  Brumbaugh 
to  abolish  fraternities  and  secret  societies 
among  Philadelphia  public  school  pupils. 
It  declares  strongly:  "Secrec}^  and  dem- 
ocrac\'  cannot  abide  under  the  same 
roof." 

The  tendency  of  men  to  club  together 
in  secret  for  political,  benevolent  and  for 
social  purposes,  is  an  ancient  one.  Ac- 
cording to  Plutarch,  Antony  and  Cleo- 
patra established  a  society  called  "The 
Inimitable  Livers,"  and  later  on  another 
called  "The  Companions  in  Death."  Sev- 
eral of  the  more  exclusive  and  respect- 
able secret  orders  flourishing  today, 
claim  a  historical  precedence  to  the 
Christian  religion  itself.  The  Eleusinian 
Mysteries,  celebrated  in  Greece  in  honor 
of  the  goddess  Ceres,  connected  the  two 
leading  facts  of  secrecy  and  religion  long 
before  the  Christian  era.  Initiation  into 
these  hysterics  was  compulsory  on  every 
free-born  Athenian  and  secrecy  was  ex- 
a:ted  under  pain  of  death. 

Social  life  and  social  sympathy  along 
certain  select  planes  of  congenialit}-,  are 
a  ble-sing.  If  men  are  less  when  to- 
gether than  when  they  are  al(Mie,  they 
are  also  in  some  respects  enlarged.  Em- 
erson says,  "They  kindle  each  other." 
Shakespeare,  lien  Johnson,  Chapman, 
Ilcrrick.  Seldeii,  Xeaumont  and  Fletch- 
er all  met  at  the  Alermaid  Club  iji  Lon- 
don. Yet  the  evils  of  such  confldential 
cojnmerce  of  a  select  few  are  set  forth  by 
Shakespeare  himself  when  he  describes 
Ihem  as  discussing  "What's  done  i'  the 
Capitol,"  and  as  "Making  parties  strong. 


and  fcebling  such  as  stand  not  in  their 
liking." 

The  evils  of  club  life,  especially  if  the 
great  bond  that  binds  the  hearts  together 
be  that  of  secrecy,  are  so  conspicuous  in 
the  social  intercourse  of  adults,  that 
there  are  few  educators  who  do  not  de- 
precate such  associations  in  the  inmia- 
turity  of  school  life.  The  secret  frater- 
nity in  the  school  cuts  a  child  away  from 
perfectly  frank  and  confidential  relation- 
ship with  father  and  mother.  It  drives  a 
destructive  wedge  into  the  home.  It  es- 
tablishes artificial  barriers  among  school 
children.  It  interferes  with  the  educa- 
tional process.  It  exalts  the  selective  ac- 
tion of  a  few,  on  a  common  basis  of  pride 
or  privilege,  against  the  common  inter- 
est of  the  many. 

"Nothing  which  rightfully  appertains 
to  public  school  activity  must  be  permit- 
ted to  wear  a  mask,  lest  influences  hostile 
to  the  spirit  and  ])urpose  of  the  schools 
find  encouragement  under  cover,"  says 
the  journal  from  which  we  have  quoted 
The  editor  thinks  it  will  not  be  hard  to 
convince  pujnls,  parents  and  official  so- 
cieties of  the  soundness  of  Dr.  Brum- 
baugh's position,  namely,  uselessness 
from  any  stawdpoint  of  exclusiveness 
among  youth  during  their  school  years. 
"Education,  universal  and  thorough,  is 
the  very  basis  and  hope  of  democracy. 
And  democracy  in  turn  nnist  be  made  a 
prime  element  of  education.  It  should 
be  easy  to  show  the  American  school  boy 
and  girl  the  foolish  smallness  of  cliques 
and  coteries  among  young  people  whose 
common  advantage  lies  in  complete  and 
spontaneous  comradeship."  —  TJic  Lu- 
theran. 


An  Ancient  Trail  in  Central  New  York 


By  W.  Pierrepout  White 


Patriotic  men  and  women  are  prepar- 
ing to  mark  with  enduring  monuments 
of  stone  and  bronze  the  route  followed 
by  General  Nicholas  Herkimer  and  his 
little  army,  which,  in  August,  1777,  met 
the  British  forces  and  Indians  at  Oris- 
kany  and  in  a  fierce  and  bl'^ody  conflict 
routed  the  allies  and  tu-ned  the  tide  of 
the  American  Revolution. 

General  Herkimer's  expedition  march- 
ed from  Fort  Dayton  to  relieve  beleig- 
uered  Fort  Stanwix.  He  never  r?achecl 
the  destination  for  which  he  startel,  but 
he  decided  the  fate  of  this  nation  and  paid 
the  price  of  his  life  for  the  victory  that 
he  won.  Along  the  forty  miles  that  the 
patriots  marched  between  August  3  and 
6,  1777.  monuments  will  be  erected  dur- 
ing the  present  month.  Each  of  these 
monuments  of  stone  will  bear  a  bronze 
tablet,  as  shown  in  the  cut  in  connection 
with  this  article,  indicating  the  route  fol- 
lowed by  Herkimer's  troops.  This  map 
and  the  information  that  forms  the  basis 
of  this  article  were  prepared  at  the  re- 
quest of  several  chapters  of  the  Daugh- 
ters of  the  American  Revolution  in  the 
Mohawk  Valley.  The  map  is  most  ac- 
curate to  scale,  conforming  to  the  gov- 
ernmental geological  survey  maps,  and 
in  the  location  of  its  particular  spots 
conforms  to  the  information  on  the  maps 
of  the  province  of  New  York  prepared 
by  the  English  geographers  of  1768, 
1775  and  1777. 

Perhaps  the  most  interesting  thing  in 
the  whole  map  is  the  location  of  the  trails 
leading  to  the  ford,  which  was  defended 
by  Old  Fort  Schuyler,  Utica.  The  earlier 
maps  show  trails  on  both  sides  of  the 
Mohawk.  From  the  ford  the  trail  to 
Oneida  Castle  leads  directly  past  what  is 
now  r)allou's  Creek  and  the  site  of  Old 
Fort  Schuyler.  This  trail  is  crossed  by 
the   trail    to   Niagara,   which   enters   the 


617 


trail  to  Albany  nearly  a  half  mile  to  the 
east  of  Old  Fort  Schuyler. 

The  story  of  the  four  days  is  to  be 
briefly  told  in  bronze  tablets.  The  first 
one  in  the  story  will  be  at  Herkimer 
homestead.  This  is  to  be  erected  by  the 
German-American  Alliance  of  the  State 
of  New  York  and  the  inscription  will 
read  as  follows: 

From  this  point  Gen.  Nicholas 
Herchheimer,  known  as  General  Her- 
kimer, started  August  3,  1777,  to  take 
command  of  the  men  who  assembled 
in  answer  to  his  call  to  fight  in  de- 
fense of  the  Mohawk  Valley. 

The  coming  of  St.  Leger  with  the 
Tories  and  Indians  had  been  known  in 
the  Mohawk  Valley  for  weeks.  Colonel 
Gansevoort,  who  commanded  Fort  Stan- 
wix, had  appealed  to  the  committee  of 
safetv  of  Tryon  County  for  help.  Nich- 
olas Herkimer  was  chairman  of  this  com- 
mittee of  safety  and  he  had  been  ap- 
pointed a  brigadier  general  by  Congress 
the  preceding  autumn.  His  commission 
to  this  rank  bears  date  September  5, 
1776,  and  is  in  the  possession  of  the 
Oneida  Historical  Society  at  Utica. 

General  Herkimer,  on  the  17th  of  July, 
issued  a  proclamation  announcing  that 
the  enemy,  2000  strong,  were  at  Oswe- 
go and  that  as  soon  as  they  should  ap- 
proach, every  male  person  being  in 
health  and  between  16  and  60  years  of 
age  should  be  immediately  ready  to 
march  against  him,  and  that  they  should 
convene  at  Fort  Dayton.  Fort  Dayton 
was  near  the  mouth  of  the  West  Canada 
Creek  and  was  occupied  at  that  time  by 
a  part  of  Colonel  Wesson's  Massachu- 
setts regiment.  Another  part  of  this 
regiment  was  in  the  garrison  at  Fort 
Stanwix.  Tryon  County  had  an  immense 
area,  being  all  that  part  of  the  State  of 


6i8 


THE   PENN    GERMANIA 


ANCIENT  TRAIL  IN  CENTRAL  NEW    YORK 


619 


New  York  west  of  Albany  and  norlh  to 
the  St.  Lawrence  River,  westward  to  Os- 
wego, and  south  to  the  Pennsylvania 
line,  near  where  Binghamton  now  is. 
The  west  part  of  the  State  of  New  York 
was  then  the  Iroquois  country.  So  many 
inhabitants  of  Tryon  County  had  already 
volunteered  their  services,  throwinL(  their 
lot  in  with  King  George  and  following 
Sir  John  Johnson,  or  throwing  their  for- 
tunes in  with  the  Continental  Congress 
that  there  were  but  few  left  to  defend 
the  valley  and  these  assembled  at  Fort 
Dayton.  General  Herkimer  left  his  home- 
stead August  3,  and  proceeded  on  the 
south  of  the  river  past  the  place  of  his 
birth,  which  will  be  marked  by  the  Col. 
William  h'eeter  Chapter,  Daughters  of 
the  American  Revolution,  of  Little  Falls, 
with  the  following  inscription  : 

Here  was  born  Nicholas  Herkimer 
in  1728  or  1729 — eldest  son  of  Johan 
Jost  Herchheimer.  He  became  a  gen- 
eral in  the  Revolutionary  War  and 
the  hero  of  Oriskany.  The  town  and 
county  of  Herkimer  were  named  in 
his  honor. 

His  journey  to  Fort  Dayton  took  him 
also  past  Fort  Flerkimer,  which  place  is 
to  be  marked  by  the  Astenrogen  Chap- 
ter, of  Little  Falls,  with  the  following 
in.scri];tion  : 

Near  this  spot  was  the  site  of  Fort 
Herkimer,  built  in  1756,  around  the 
second  stone  house  of  Johan  .Tost 
Herchheimer,  father  of  Gen.  Nicholas 
Herkimer.  Here  Nicholas  passed  his 
boyhood,  and  here  he  rested  when  re- 
turning wounded  from  the  Battle  of 
Oriskany. 

He  then  forded  the  ^lohawk  River  and 
came  to  Fort  Dayton  the  latter  part  of 
the  third  day  of  August.  At  Fort  Day 
ton  he  found  assembled  four  companies 
of  Tryon  County  militia.  The  first, 
which  Herkimer  had  once  commanded, 
was  under  the  command  of  Col.  Eben- 
ezer  Cox,  and  was  from  the  district  of 
Canajoharie.  The  second  was  under  the 
command  of  Jacob  Klock,  and  was  from 
Palatine.    The  third  was  under  the  com- 


mand of  Col.  Frederick  \'ischer,  coming 
from  Mohawk.  The  fourth  was  undei- 
the  command  of  Col.  Peter  Bellinger, 
and  was  gathered  from  German  Flats 
and  Kingsland.  These  four  companies 
contained  about  800  men,  and  were  all! 
that  were  left  in  the  valley  that  could  be 
counted  on  to  defend  the  women  and 
children  against  the  approach  of  St.  Le- 
ger  with  Brandt  and  his  Indians,  and  Sir 
John  Johnson,  who  was  in  command  of 
a  regiment  which  had  been  organized 
from  the  settlers  in  the  valley.  Fort 
Dayton,  we  have  already  seen,  was  gar- 
risoned by  a  part  of  Col.  Wesson's  Mas- 
sachusetts regiment.  At  this  point  the 
marker  will  be  erected  by  the  Gen.  Nicli- 
olas  Herkimer  Chapter  and  the  Kuya- 
hoora  Chapter,  of  Herkimer,  with  the 
following  inscription : 

At  Fort  Dayton,  near  this  site,  on 
August  4,  1777,  Gen.  Nicholas  Herki- 
mer took  command  of  the  Tryon 
County  militia,  and  began  the  event- 
ful march  which  terminated  in  the 
Battle  of  Oriskany. 

Watts  DePeyster,  in  his  records  of  the 
events,  gives  the  information  that  Fort 
Stanwix  was  not  only  to  be  defended, 
but  supplied  with  provisions.  Some  ba- 
teau-x  with  supplies  and  ammunition,  lia  1 
been  sent  from  Fort  Dayton  10  Fort 
Stanwix,  arriving  there  within  ten  hor.rs 
prior  to  the  arrival  of  St.  Leger's  In- 
dians, but  as  there  were  750  men  in  this 
fort  it  was  necessary  to  provi'lc  them 
with  additional  food  to  withstand  a  siege, 
as  well  as  to  throw  additional  men  into 
the  fort.  General  Herkimer  found,  in 
addition  to  his  men,  400  ox  carts,  loaded 
with  supplies,  to  be  convoyed  to  Fort 
Stanwix  in  safety.  He  set  out  on  the 
4th  of  August.  Following  the  road  on 
the  north  of  the  river,  leading  his  column 
through  the  clearings  into  the  dense  for- 
ests over  the  road,  the  low  parts  of 
which  were  filled  with  corduroy. 

His  column  was  from  two  to  two  and 
a  half  miles  in  length.  The  men  were 
nearly  all  by.  blood  Germans  and  Low 
Dutch,  with     a     few  other  nationalities. 


620 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


ANCIENT  TRAIL  IN  CENTRAL  NEW  YORK 


621 


The  roster  indicated  the  prt-sence  of  per- 
sons of  EngHsh,  Scotch,  Irish,  Welsh 
and  French  l)loods,  but  these  nationaUties 
were  exceptions.  The  men  were  gath- 
ered from  their  farms  and  clearinj^s,  and 
carried  their  own  equipment  with  them. 
Their  progress  was  necessarily  slow — 10 
or  12  miles  in  the  day's  march  through 
the  forest.  The  camp  for  the  first  night 
was  made  at  a  point  west  of  Staring 
creek.  This  point  is  to  be  marked  by  tlie 
Mohawk  Valley  Chapter  of  llion  with 
the  following  inscription  : 

General  Herkimer  camped  near  this 
spot  on  the  night  of  August  4,  1777. 
With  him  were  his  800  men  and  40  0 
ox  carts,  filled  with  supplies  for  the 
relief  of  Fort  Stanwix. 

On  the  morning  of  the  5th,  Herkimer 
continued  on  the  north  side  of  the  river 
until  he  came  to  the  turn,  to  the  ford  op- 
posite Old  Fort  Schuyler,  Utica.  At  this 
point  he  crossed  to  the  south  side  of  the 
river.  He  could  have  continued  on  the 
north  of  the  river  to  Fort  Stanwix.  Had 
he  done  so  it  would  have  required  all  of 
his  carts  and  oxen  to  have  been  taken 
across  the  river  in  bateaux.  This  would 
have  been  more  dangerous  in  the  face  of 
the  enemy  than  the  slow  progress  on  the 
road  on  t)he  south  of  the  river.  There  are 
well  authenticated  stories  that  some  of 
his  men,  possibly  30  or  40,  followed  the 
road  on  the  north  of  the  river  until  they 
came  to  the  present  site  of  Marcy,  then 
crossed  to  the  south  of  the  river,  join- 
ing their  general  at  what  is  now  Whites- 
boro  or  Oriskany.  The  point  where  the 
turn  was  made  is  to  be  marked  by  the 
Col.  Marinus  Willet  Chapter  of  Frank- 
fort, with  the  following  inscription : 

At  this  point,  on  August  5,  1777, 
General  Herkimer,  with  the  greater 
part  of  his  men  and  wagon  train, 
turned  southerly  to  ford  the  Mohawk. 

On  the  overhead  crossing  at  Bagg's 
square,  Utica,  the  Oneida  Chapter  of  the 
Daughters  of  the  American  Revolution 
of  Utica  will  erect  a  marker  with  the 
following  inscription : 


One  thousand  five  hundred  feet  east 
of  this  spot  was  the  Great  Ford  of 
the  Mohawk,  protected  in  175  8  by  the 
erection  of  Old  Fort  Schuyler.  Gen- 
eral Herkimer  used  this  ford  August 
5,  1777,  on  his  march  to  the  relief  of 
Fort  Stanwix. 

Many  people  will  see  the  marker  at 
this  point,  and  it  will  direct  them  to  the 
location  of  the  Old  Fort.  The  view  from 
the  top  of  the  overhead  crossing  shows 
clearly  the  location  of  Old  Fort  Schuyler 
over  wlhich  the  tracks  of  the  New  York 
Central  now  run.  At  Old  Fort  Schuyler 
itself  a  marker  will  be  erected  by  the 
school  children  of  Utica,  with  the  fol- 
lowing inscription : 

The  site  of  Old  Fort  Schuyler, 
which  though  abandoned  at  the  time, 
sheltered  the  wounded  General  Her- 
kimer during  the  night  of  August  6, 
1777,  on  his  return  journey  after  the 
Battle  of  Oriskany. 

In  I'tica  at  the  corner  of  Genesee  and 
Whitesboro  streets,  a  marker  will  be 
erected  by  the  Utica  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce with  the  following  inscription : 

General  Herkimer  marched  past 
this  spot  on  his  way  to  Fort  Stanwix 
on  August  5,  1777.  He  was  brought 
back  wounded  over  this  same  road  on 
the  evening  of  the  following  day. 

Any  person  looking  westward  over 
Whitesboro  street,  notices  a  peculiar 
bending  and  swinging,  to  the  street 
lines  which  swing  carries  all  the  way  to 
Whitesboro.  This  peculiar  swing  is  the 
line  of  the  old  woods  trail,  wdiich  fai 
antedated  the  period  of  the  Revolution 
At  Spriggs  Park  the  Boosters'  Club  ot 
Utica  will  erect  a  marker  with  the  fol- 
lowing inscription : 

On  August  5,  1777,  leading  his 
army  of  men  and  ox  carts,  General 
Herkimer  toiled  past  this  spot.  The 
present  Whitesboro  street  was  then 
the  only  road  south  of  the  Mohawk 
River  leading  to  Fort  Stanwix. 

For  the  Whitestown  Sreen  (in  the 
village    of    Whitesboro    just     west    of 


622 


THE    PENN   GERMANIA 


Utica).  the  Fort  Schuyler  Chapter.  Sons 
of  the  Revolution,  will  erect  a  marker 
with  the  following-  inscription  : 

The  rear  guard  of  General  Herki- 
mer's army  encamped  along  the  high- 
way near  this  spot  on  August  5,  1777, 
the  night  before  the  battle  of  Oris- 
kany. 

Herkimer's  column,  extending  for  up- 
wards of  two  miles  through  the  forests, 
spent  the  night  between  the  Oriskany 
Creek  and  the  Sauquoit  Creek,  guarded 
on  the  west  by  the  Oriskany  Bluff  and 
on  the  east  bv  the  Mohawk  River. 


Many  are  the  stories  told  of  the  vari- 
ous locations  of  the  army  on  that  night, 
extending  all  the  way  from  Oriskany 
Creek  to  the  Sauquoit  Creek.  All  are  pre- 
sumably true,  when  one  considers  the 
length  of  the  column.  Where  the  road 
crossed  the  Oriskany  Creek  was  an  In- 
dian clearing  of  some  200  acres  long 
used  by  the  Indians  before  the  advent  of 
the  •  whites.  It  is  not  probable  that  an 
experienced  fighter  would  encamp  in  a 
clearing,  exposed  to  the  shots  from  the 
forest.  At  the  west  end  of  the  Oriskany 
Bluff  the  Oneida  Chapter,  Daughters  of 
the  American  Revolution  of  Utica,  will 


place  a  marker  with     the     following  in- 
scription : 

Near  this  spot  on  the  night  of  Au- 
gust 5,  1777,  General  Herkimer  at  the 
head  of  his  column  made  his  final 
camp  before  the  Battle  of  Oriskany. 
From  this  point  his  runners  were  dis- 
patched to  Fort  Stanwix. 

The  morning  of  the  sixth,  Herkimer, 
hetcheled  by  the  colonels  in  command  of 


the  companies,  waited  patiently  for  the 
signal  of  the  three  guns  from  Fort  Stan- 
wix, and  finally  driven  to  desperation  by 
the  taunts  of  his  officers,  some  of  whom 
charged  him  with  timidity,  gave  the  or- 
der "march  on,"  and  at  a  point  about 
two  miles  further  distant,  the  site  of  the 
present  Oriskany  Battle  monument, 
Brandt's  Indians,  impatient  of  further 
delay,  started  the  conflict.  It  is  apparent 
that  the  ambuscade  attacked  the  column 


ANCIENT  TRAIL  IN  CENTRAL  NEW  YORK 


623 


for  the  entire  two  miles.  Tliosc  of  the 
column  who  hatl  not  crossed  Oriskany 
Creek,  or  who  were  near  it,  turned  and 
fled,  pursued  by  the  Indians,  and  the  bat- 
tle was  one  of  carnage. 

Hon.  Ellis  H.  Roberts,  former  Treas- 
urer of  the  United  States,  in  his  most 
excellent  and  accurate  account,  says : 
"Where  the  forests  w'ere  thick,  where  the 
rude  roadway  ran  down  into  the  marsh. 
and  the  ravine  crossed  like  a  pocket, 
Herkimer  pressed  his  way.  Not  in  sol- 
dierly order,  not  w-atohing  against  the 
enemy,  but  in  rough  haste,  the  eight  hun- 
dred marched.  They  reached  the  ravine 
at  ten  in  the  morning.  The  advance  had 
gained  the  higher  ground.  Then  as  so 
often,  the  woods  became  alive.  Black- 
eyes  flashed  from  behind  every  tree. 
Rifles  blazed  from  a  thousand  unexpect- 
ed coverts.  The  Indians  rushed  out 
hatchet  in  hand,  decked  in  paint  and 
feathers.  The  brave  band  was  checked. 
It  was  cut  in  two.  The  assailants  aimed 
first  of  all  to  seize  the  supply  train.  Col. 
\'isscher,  who  commanded  its  rear  guard, 
show^ed  'his  courage  before  and  after  and 
doubtless  fought  well  here,  as  the  best 
informed  descendants  of  other  heroes  of 
the  battle  believe.  But  his  regiment, 
driven  northward  toward  the  river,  was 
cut  up  or  in  great  part  captured  with  the 
supplies  and  ammunition. 

"In  the  ravine  and  just  west  of  it. 
Herkimer  rallied  those  who  stood  with 
him..  Back  to  back,  shoulder  to  shoulder, 
they  faced  the  foe.  Where  shelter  could 
be  had  two  stood  together,  so  that  one 
might  fire  while  the  other  loaded.  Often 
the  fight  grew  closer,  and  the  knife  ended 
the  personal  contest.  Eye  to  eye,  hand 
to  hand,  this  was  a  fight  of  men.  Nerve 
and  brawn  and  muscle  were  the  price  of 
life.  Rifle  and  knife,  spear  and  toma- 
hawk, were  the  only  weapons,  or  the 
clubbed  butt  of  the  rifle.  It  w-as  not  a 
test  of  science,  not  a  weighing  of  en- 
ginery, not  a  measure  of  caliber  nor  an 
exhibition  of  choicest  mechanism.  ^^len 
stood  against  death,  and  death  struck  at 
them  with  the  simplest  implements.  The 


British  forces  had  chosen  their  ground. 
Two  to  one  it  must  have  been  against  the 
land  which  stood  and  fought  in  that 
pass,  forever  glorious.  Herkimer,  early 
wounded  and  his  horse  shot  under  him, 
sat  on  his  saddle  beneath  a  beech  tree, 
just  where  the  hill  rises  at  the  west  a 
little  north  of  the  center  of  the  ravine, 
calmly  smoking  his  pipe  while  ordering 
the  battle.  He  was  urged  to  retire  from 
so  much  danger;  his  reply  is  the  elo- 
quence of  a  hero :  T  will  face  the 
enemy.'  " 

This  spot  is  to  be  thus  marked  by  the 
Oriskany  Chapter,  Daughters  of  the 
American  Revolution  of  Oriskany,  and 
the  Sons  of  Oriskany  of  New  York  City : 

Near  this  spot  stood  the  beech  tree, 
which  during  the  Battle  of  Oriskany 
on  August  6,  1777,  sheltered  the 
wounded  General  Herkimer  while  he 
gave  orders  that  made  Saratoga  pos- 
sible and  decided  the  fate  of  a  nation. 

Herkimer  never  reached  Fort  Stanwix. 
When  the  day's  work  was  done,  those 
wdio  had  attacked  had  fled,  and  Herki- 
mer, wounded,  was  carried  back  to  spend 
the  first  night  at  Old  Fort  Schuyler,  the 
second  night  at  Fort  Herkimer,  reaching 
his  homestead  the  third  dav,  to  die  a  few 
days  later  from  an  unskillful  amputation 
of  his  leg.  The  fighting  capacity  of  St. 
Leger's  army  was  exhausted  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Oriskany,  and  he  knew  it. 

Already  in  Rome  the  site  of  Fort 
Stanwix  has  been  marked  and  a  hand- 
some cannon  in  front  of  the  Rome  Club, 
which  is  built  on  the  site  of  Fort  Stan- 
wix, is  the  following  inscription,  with  a 
bastion  design  of  Fort  Stanwix : 

Fort  Stanwix,  erected  1758.  A  fort 
which  never  surrendered.  Defended 
August,  1777,  by  Col.  Peter  Ganse- 
voort  and  Lieut.  Col.  Marinus  Wil- 
lett.  Here  the  Stars  and  Stripes  were 
first  unfurled  in  battle. 

Below  this  are  the  D.  A.  R.  and  S.  R. 
insignia. 

On  the  postoffice  building  is  a  bronze 
tablet  carrying  the  following  inscription : 


624 


THE  PENN  GERMANIA 


Near  this  point  lay  the  road  of  the 
Oneida  carrying  place,  called  De-o- 
wain-sta  by  the  Indians.  It  formed 
the  connecting  link  between  the  wa- 
ters of  the  north  and  soutth,  and  was 
from  early  times  an  important  strat- 
egic point. 

Erected  by  Fort  Stanwix  Chapter, 
D.  A.  R. 

On  North  James  street,  Rome,  a  short 
distance  from  the  postoffice,  is  a  small 
park,  where  stands  an  excellent  life-size 
statue  of  Peter  Gansevoort,  in  bronze. 
The  inscription  is  as  follows : 

Brig.  Gen.  Peter  Gansevoort,  Jr., 
colonel  in  the  Continental  Army.  He 
served  under  Montgomery  in  Canada 
in  the  campaign  against  Quebec  in 
1775 — and  in  1777  successfully  de- 
fended Fort  Stanwix  against  the  Brit- 
ish forces  and  their  Indian  allies  un- 
der St.  Leger,  thus  preventing  their 
junction  with  Burgoyne  at  Saratoga. 
He  took  part  in  the  campaign  of  1779 
under  General  Sullivan.  He  was  in 
active  command  at  the  outbreak  of 
the  war  in  1812,  and  died  on  the  2d 
of  July  of  that  year,  at  the  age  of  63. 

On  the  reverse  of  the  granite  pedestal 
is  the  following  inscription : 

Erected  near  the  site  of  Fort  Stan- 
wix by  request  of  Peter  Gansevoort, 
Henry  S.  Gansevoort  and  Abraham 
Lansing,  all  of  Albany,  N.  Y. 


Presented  to  the  city  of  Rome  by 
Catharine  Gansevoort  Lansing,  grand- 
daughter of  Gen.  Peter  Gansevoort, 
Jr.,  A.  D.  1906. 

This  40  miles  of  the  Mohawk  Valley 
shown  on  the  map  had  four  forts  in  the 
40  miles,  and  this  one  campaign  proved 
to  be  the  turning  point  of  the  Revolution. 
The  marking  of  this  route  with  the  map 
and  tablets  will  more  clearly  depict  the 
Revolutionary  story  than  it  has  ever  been 
depicted  in  any  other  part  of  the  United 
States  in  any  campaign,  where  the  story 
has  been  told  by  the  erection  of  bronze 
markers. 

On  June  14,  1912,  the  various  chapters 
of  the  Daughters  of  the  American  Revo- 
lution who  are  erecting  these  markers, 
together  with  the  Sons  of  the  Revolution, 
the  German-American  Alliance  of  the 
State  of  New  York,  the  school  children 
of  the  City  of  Utica,  the  Chamber  of 
Commerce  of  the  City  of  Utica,  the 
Boosters'  Club  of  the  City  of  Utica  and 
such  other  patriotic  and  civic  organiza^ 
tions  as  desire  to  take  part  in  the  pro- 
ceedings, will  hold  appropriate  exercises 
to  unveil  the  markers  and  establish  for 
all  time  the  record  of  these  three  event- 
ful days  in  the  history  of  this  part  of  the 
Mohawk  Valley.  —  American  Motorist, 
June,  191 2. — Copyright 


The  Weisers  and  the  Tulpehocken  Settlement 


By  Daniel  Miller,  Reading,  Pa. 


E  have  always  been  told  by 
local  historians,  and  believ- 
ed it,  that  the  settlement  at 
Tulpehocken  was  made  un- 
der the  leadership  of  the 
two  Conrad  Weisers,  fath- 
er and  son.  The  state 
ment  was  that  the  elder  Weiser  led  the 
party  of  Palatines  from  Schohari^,  N. 
Y.,  to  Tulpehocken  in  1723,  and  that  the 
younger  Weiser  came  here  with  another 
party  in   1729. 

M.  L.  ^Montgomery,  Esq.,  in  his  His- 
tory of  Berks  County  says:  "Conrad 
Weiser's  father  and  others  emigrated  to 
Pennsylvania  in  1723  and  located  at 
Tulpehocken." 

Rev.  C.  Z.  Weiser,  D.D.,  in  his  biog- 
raphy of  Conrad  Weiser  says:  "The  el- 
der Weiser  came  in  1723,  but  did  not  re- 
main. He  came  with  the  colony  as  pio- 
neer and  leader."  Dr.  W.  was  o,f  the 
opinion  that  Conrad  Weiser,  Sr.,  did  not 
remain  here. 

Joseph  S.  Walton  in  his  biography  of 
Conrad  W^eiser  also  states  that  the  elder 
Weiser  led  the  Palatines  from  Schoharie 
to  Tulpehocken  in  1723. 

In  reference  to  Conrad  Weiser,  Jr., 
this  impression  prevails  that  he  was  the 
leader  of  a  second  colony  of  Palatines  to 
Tulpehocken  in  1729.  Dr.  S.  N.  Cobb 
in  his  excellent  "Story  of  the  Palatines," 
says :  "Their  leader  and  chief  was  Con 
rad  W^eiser." 

The  above  statements  in  reference  to 
both  Conrad  Weisers  are  evidently  erro- 
neous. Neither  of  them  was  a  leader  in 
the  settling  of  the  Tulpehocken  region. 
This  view  is  supported  by  the  following 
facts : 

The  elder  Weiser  never  saw  Pennsyl- 
vania until  he  came  here  in  1746  in  his 
old  age  to  once  more  see  his  descendants 

625 


before  his  death.  Soon  after  the  Pala- 
tines had  located  at  Tulpehocken  as 
squatters  upon  land  which  still  belonge:! 
to  the  Indians,  they  sent  a  petition  to 
the  Governor  asking  him  to  grant  them 
titles  for  the  land,  for  which  they  were 
prepared  to  pay.  The  name  of  Conrad 
Weiser  does  not  appear  on  this  peti- 
tion. It  is  quite  reasonable  to  suppose 
that  if  he  had  been  their  leader  or  here 
at  this  time  he  would  have  been  among 
the  signers. 

In  reference  to  the  first  settlers  Coji- 
rad  Weiser,  Jr.,  wrote  in  1745:  "There 
was  no  one  among  them  who  could  gov- 
ern them.  Each  one  did  as  he  pleased." 
This  does  not  sound  as  if  Conrad  Weiser, 
Sr.,  who  had  been  so  long  their  leader  in 
New  York,  had  been  their  leader  at 
Tulpehocken. 

Rev.  Henry  Melchoir  Muhlenberg, 
wdio  was  married  to  a  daughter  of  Con- 
rad Weiser,  Jr.,  and  was  .certainly  fa- 
miliar with  the  life  of  the  Weiser  family, 
says:  "In  1746  my  wife's  grandfather, 
old  Conrad  Weiser,  who  since  1710  lived 
in  New  York  Province,  and  finally  on 
the  borders  of  New  England,  came  to 
my  house  (at  the  Trappe)  .  .  .  He 
wished  to  have  his  little  abode  of  rest 
with  us  in  Pennsylvania.  The  difficult 
journey  and  his  great  age  exhausted  him 
so  fully  that  he  was  brought  into  my 
house  almost  dead.  His  eyes  were  al- 
most blinded  and  his  hearing  gone,  so 
that  I  could  not  speak  much  with  him. 
.  .  .  Mleanwhile  Conrad  Weiser  had  sent 
a  wagon  with  beds  and  had  him  brought 
50  miles  further  up  the  country  to  his 
home.  After  the  grandfather  had  reach- 
ed the  spot  he  stll  lived  a  short  time  with 
his  Joseph  in  Goshen,  and  finally  fell 
asleep  amid  the  hearty  prayers  and  sobs 
of  his  children  and  grandchildren  around 


626 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


him.  Thus  he  had  wandered  between  80 
and  90  years  on  his  earthly  pilgrimage." 

This  should  be  conclusive.  Dr.  S.  N. 
Cobb  states  that  Hartman  Vinedecker 
was  the  leader  of  the  colony  which  came 
to  Tulpehocken  in  1723. 

Rev.  Theodore  E.  Schmauk,  D.D., 
who  is  familiar  with  the  history  of  the 
Weisers,  says :  "Neither  the  elder  nor 
the  younger  Weiser  was  the  leader  of  the 
two  large  bands  of  immigrants  that  ar- 
rived from  the  valley  of  the  Schoharie." 

The  story  that  Conrad  Weiser.  Jr.,  led 
the  second  colony  of  Palatnes  to  Tulpe- 
hocken is  as  erroneous  as  is  the  story 
relative  to  his  father.  The  second  colony 
came  here  in  1728.  Dr.  Cobb  says : 
"Their  leader     and     chief     was  Conrad 


Weiser."  But  Weiser  came  here  onlv  a 
year  later.  In  his  autobiography  'he 
says:  "In  1729  I  removed  to  Pennsyl- 
vania and  settled  at  Tulpehocken."  This 
is  equally  conclusive. 

These  facts  may  spoil  some  pet  the- 
ories in  reference  to  the  relation  of  the 
Weisers  to  the  settling-  of  the  Tulpehock- 
en region,  but  it  cannot  be  helped.  Facts 
are  stubborn  things,  and  must  be  recog- 
nized. Conrad  Weiser  never  claimed  to 
have  been  a  leader  of  the  early  settlers 
at  Tulpehocken. 

What  is  said  here  is  not  intended  to 
detract  in  the  least  from  the  great  serv- 
ices of  Conrad  Weiser  as  Indian  inter- 
preter and  leader  of  the  people  of  his  re- 
gion during  the  Indian  war. 


Campaniiis' In-  In  last  week's  issue  the 
dian  Catechism  Companion  quoted  a 
mention  of  the  transla- 
tion of  Luther's  catechism  into  the  lan- 
guage of  the  Delaware  Indians,  in  which 
an  erroneous  date  of  publication  was 
given.  The  fact  that  the  first  book  writ- 
ten in  a  tongue  spoken  on  the  American 
continent  was  Lutheran,  was  translated 
by  a  Swedish  clergyman  in  America  and 
was  published  in  Sweden  lends  the  mat- 
ter sufficient  interest  to  us  to  prompt  a 
few  additional  data  to  go  with  the  cor- 
rection. 

Among  the  instructions  of  Johan 
Printz.  who  was  sent  over  in  1643  ^-"^ 
governor  of  the  colony  of  New  Sweden, 
was  an  order  requiring  him  to  see  to  it 
that  "the  wild  peoples,  little  by  little, 
might  be  instructed  in  the  true  Christian 
religion  and  worship."  Johannes  Cam- 
panius,  the  pastor  accompanying  the 
Printz  expedition,  shortly  after  his  ar- 
rival took  up  the  study  of  the  language 
of  the  neighboring  tribe.  Campanius 
was  relieved  and  returned  to  Sweden  in 
1648.  In  the  five  years  he  served  in  the 
double  capacity  of  pastor  at  Tinicum  and 
missionary  among  the  Indians,  Cam- 
panius so  far  mastered  the  language  of 
the  aborigines  that  he  was  able  to  make 


a  translation  of  Luther's  catechism  into 
their  tong'ue.  It  is  reasonable  to  suppose 
that  the  manuscript  was  either  finished 
in  America,  while  the  translator  had  ac- 
cess to  his  Indian  tutors,  or  completed 
shortly  after  his  return  home.  When 
Campanius  died  in  the  year  1683  this 
manuscript  was  still  unpublished,  as  also 
his  descriptive  and  narrative  account  of 
the  New  Sweden  Colony.  It  remained 
for  his  grandson,  Thomas  Campanius 
Holm,  to  become  the  executor  of  this  lit- 
erary legacy.  Through  the  efforts  of 
Holm,  who  was  by  trade  an  engraver  in 
copper,  the  catechism  was  printed  in  the 
year  of  1696,  at  the  expense  of  the 
Swedish  government  and  the  edition  sent 
over  to  America  the  same  year  Holm 
followed  with  "A  Brief  Account  of  the 
Province  of  New  Sweden  in  America," 
a  work  published  in  1702,  based  on  his 
grandfather's  manuscripts  and  illustrated 
with  engravings  by  Holm  himself. 

Campanius'  Indian  Catechism  is  now 
an  extremely  rare  book.  The  Augus- 
tana  College  Library  is  fortunate  in  the 
possession  of  a  copy,  which  is  kept,  not 
on  the  shelves,  but  in  the  safe,  for  bet- 
ter preservation. — E.  IV.  in  Lutheran 
Companion. 


Bibliography  of  Church  Music  Books  Issued 
in  Pennsylvania,  with  Annctalicns 

By  James  Warrington,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Continued  from  THE  PENN  GERMANIA  for  June,    1912 


EW  ENGLAND  and  its  cap- 
ital, Boston,  have  long- 
claimed  pre-eminence  in 
the  arts  and  sciences,  and 
almost  invariably  have  been 
pronounced  pioneers  in 
everything  of  the  kind. 
William  Billings  has  been  persistently 
dubbed  the  "first  native  musician''  and 
Isaiah  Thomas  has  been  credited  with 
being  the  first  who  printed  music  from 
type  in  the  colonies. 

These  assertions  are  only  proof  how 
little  research  is  made  by  those  who 
write  history.  Mr.  Sonneck  has  pointed 
out  that  two  Philadelphians  were  real- 
ly the  first  native  musicians ;  both  of 
them  composing  and  publishing  music 
ten  years  before  Willam  Billings  pro- 
duced his  first  book.  Saur  in  German- 
town  printed  music  by  type  years  before 
Thomas  did  the  same. 

Regarding  these  two  native  musicians 
Mr.  Sonneck  very  properly  observes  that 
they  were  so  close  together  in  work,  it  is 
impossible  to  say  which  was  fir^t.  But 
this  much  may  be  asserted  ;  Francis  Hop- 
kinson  was  the  first  in  secular  music,  and 
James  Lyon  the  first  in  sacred  music. 
The  monograph  on  these  two  men  by 
Mr.  Sonneck  is  one  of  the  most  notable 
and  valuable  contributions  to  American 
musical  history. 

Pennsylvania  has  been  so  much  slight- 
ed in  these  respects,  and  has  had  so  few 
defenders,  that  I  may  perhaps  be  par- 
doned for  laying  so  much  stress  on  the 
facts  as  narrated  by  Mr.  Sonneck  and 
myself.  It  is,  however,  time  the  truth 
should  be  told  about  her,  and  her  history 


relieved  of  the  erroneous  stories  so  com- 
monly spread  and  believed ;  and  if  those 
who  have  so  industriously  belittled  her 
and  her  sons,  feel  hurt  at  the  exposure  of 
their  mistakes,  surely  those  who  are  in- 
terested in  her  welfare  should  welcome 
the  truth  which  when  told  puts  her  in 
her  proper  place. 

Hitherto  my  story  of  mu?ic  in  Penn- 
sylvania has  mainly  dealt  with  reprints 
of  foreign  books,  and  necessarily  so.- 
The  immigrants  had  to  struggle  not  only 
for  subsistence  but  frequently  for  exist- 
ence ;  and  the  strugig'le  was  so  severe  that 
little  time  for  the  gentle  arts  could  be 
found.  From  this  time  forward,  how- 
ever, we  shall  find  a  great  change  for  the 
better ;  and,  instead  of  the  sneers  at  their 
attempts  which  are  so  common,  we 
should  admire  and  praise  their  indomi- 
table pluck  and  courage  in  so  soon  get- 
ting above  the  mere  necessaries  of  exist- 
ence. 

Contrasting  the  opportunities  of  the 
immigrants  with  their  accomplishments, 
a  careful  student  of  history  is  rather 
amazed  at  the  work  they  did  and  feels 
inclined  to  give  praise  in  no  stinted 
measure. 

In  the  Pennsylvania  Gazette  for  De- 
cember 27th,  1759,  there  appeared  the 
following  advertisement : 

By  permission  and  by  particular  de- 
sire towards  the  raising  a  fund  for 
purchasing  an  organ  to  the  College 
Hall  in  this  city  and  instructing  the 
Charity  Children  in  psalmody  .  .  . 
A  prologue  in  praise  of  Music  will 
be  spoken  by  Mr.  Hallam.  .  .  .  N. 
B.  As  this  Benefit  is  wholly  intended 


627 


628 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


for  improving  our  youth  in  the  di- 
vine art  of  psahnody  and  church 
music  in  order  to  render  the  Enter- 
tainment of  the  Town  more  com- 
plete at  Commencements  and  other 
public  occasions  in  our  College,  it  is 
not  doubted  but  it  will  meet  with  all 
due  encouragement  from  the  inhabi- 
tants of  this  place. 

The  prologue  was  written  by  Fran- 
cis Hopkinson  and  he  thus  speaks  in 
praise  of  the  organ  : 

When  the  loud  organ  fills  the  sacred 

choir. 
The  pious  soul  is  wrapt  in  holy  fire ; 
The  trembling  aisles  the  solemn  airs 

resound, 
And  listening  angels  hang  attentive 

round ; 
Harmonious  strains    with    high  de- 
votion join, 
And    sacred    themes     make     music 
more  divine. 

According  to  the  New  York  Mercury 
of  October,  1759,  at  the  Commencement 
of  the  College  of  New  Jersey  (now 
Princeton  University)  there  was  sung 
an  ode  set  to  music  by  James  Lyon,  a 
student  there.  For  this  item  I  am  in- 
debted to  Mr.  Sonneck. 

In  1759  there  was  published  at  Stock- 
holm the  History  of  New  Sweden  by  the 
Rev.  Israel  Acrelius,  a  book  which  I  al- 
ready have  had  occasion  to  quote. 

In  the  same  year  there  was  published 
in  London. 

Discourses  on  several     public  occa- 
sions during  the  war  in  America. 
These  sermons  were  by  Rev.  William 
Smith,  then   Provost  of  the   College  of 
Philadeli)hia   (now     the     University     of 
Pennsylvania).     The    seventh    discourse 
is  on  "The  duty  of  praising  God  for  sig 
nal    mercies    and    deliverances     . 
preached  in   1758  on  occasion  of  the  re- 
markable success  of  His  Majesty's  arms 
in  America." 

The  Historical  Society  of  Pennsylva- 
nia has  a  copy  of  the  following,  printed 
by  Saur  of  Germantown,  in  1759: 


Christliche  Morgen-und  Abend  Ge- 
bater.  Auf  alle  Tage  in  der  Wochen. 
Durch  Joh.  Haberman.  Samt.  an- 
dern  schonen  Gebatern  wie  auch  D. 
Naumans  Kern  aller  Gebater  imd 
schonen  Morgen-  und  Abend-und 
andern  Liedern. 

This  was  a  very  popular  prayer  and 
hymn  book,  frequently  reprinted  but  con- 
tains no  music. 

In  this  year  Mr.  Sonneck  notes  that 
Michael  Hillegas  has  for  sale  in  Phila- 
delphia, musical  books  and  instruments 
in  such  quantities  that  the  divine  art 
must  have  had  many  disciples. 

In  1759  Saur  of  Germantown  printed 

the  following: 

Vollstandiges  Marburger  gesang- 
buch,  zur  uebung  der  Gottseligkeit 
in  649  Christlichen  und  Trostreich- 
en  psalmen  und  gesangen  Hrn.  D. 

..    Martin  Luthers    und    andere    Gott- 
selige  Lehrer. 
This  is  an  enlarged  edition  of  a  book 

originally  published  in  1549. 

I  have  also  a  memorandum,  the  par- 
ticulars of  which  I  cannot  just  now  lay 
my  hand  on,  that  H.  Miiller  printed  in 
this  year. 

Liturgische     gesange     der     Bruder 

gemeinen. 

In  1760  the  Ninth  Edition  of  Ers- 
kine's  Gospel  Sonnets  was  reprinted  by 
Dunlap  in  Philadelphia. 

Dunlap  also  printed  in  this  year  an 
edition  of  the  psalms  of  David  by  Watts. 
At  the  end  of  the  book  are  some  tunes  in 
Tuft's  notation.  A  copy  is  in  the  Library 
of  the  Historical  Society  of  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

In  1760  I  note  the  following  reprints: 
Das   kleine   Davidische   Psalterspiel, 
Germantown,     Saur;     Der     Psalter 
des  Konigs  und  Propheten  Davids. 

In  the  same  year  Dunlap  of  Philadel 
phia  printed : 

The  New  England  Psalter  improved 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  CHURCH  MUSIC  BOOKS  IN  PENNSYLVANIA 


629 


by  the  addition  of  Lessons  in  spell- 
ing. 

This  has  nothings  in  it  musical  or  met- 
rical but  was  merely  a  reprint  with  ad- 
ditions of  that  printed  in  1744  bv  Frank- 
lin. 

I  have  previously  shown  that  the  Eph- 
rata  community  was     in     possession  of 
German  Choral  Books  of  that  period  and 
of  the  best  class.     Now,   further  proof 
of  such  being"  in  use  in  Pennsylvania  is 
furnished  by  a  Broadside  in  the  posses- 
sion of  the  Historical  Society  of  Penn- 
sylvania, dated  1760,  in  which  Christoph 
Lochner   of   Philadelphia,    advertises   he 
has  for  sale  among-  other  books : 
Storl's  Harfenspiel,  Schweiser  lied- 
er     mit     melodien,     Geistliches  lust 
g-arten,      Bachofen's     Musikalisches 
Halleluja,   Lobwasser's     Psalms    of 
David,  Lutherische  und  Reformirte 
gesangbuch.     Thommen's     Musical- 
ische  Christian  Schatz. 
Now  Storl  was  first  published  in  1744; 
Bachofen  in  1727,  and  Thommen  in  1745. 
Lobwasser     had     passed  through  many 
editions.     The  presence   of   these  books 
for  sale  shows  unmistakably  that  music 
was  not  in  so  low  a  state  as  is  generally 
supposed ;  as  the  works  of  Storl,  Bach- 
ofen, and     Thommen,     were     important 
chorale  books  of  the  period. 

In  December,  1760,  a  Thanksgiving 
Anthem  by  Tuckey  was  performed  in 
Trinity  Church,  New  York. 

At  the  commencement  of  the  College 
of  Philadelphia  in  this  year  the  new  or- 
gan w^as  played  in  a  masterly  manner  by 
one  of  the  students,  probably  Francis 
Hopkinson. 

In  American  musical  history  the  year 
1 76 1  is  more  notable  than  has  been  ad- 
mitted ;  and  Pennsvlvania  has  the  honor 
of  being  the  birthplace  of  the  first  music 
book  compiled  by  a  native  musician. 
Boston  had  depended  almost  entirely  on 
the  works  of  Tuft  and  Walters,  neither 
of  them  containing  any  native  music ; 
and  ten  years  were  to  elapse  before  Bil- 
lings came  to  the  front.     James  Lyon,  a 


voung  student     of     Princeton,  compiled 
and  published  by  subscription 

Urania     or     a     choice  collection  of 
psalms,  tunes,  anthems,  and  hymns, 
from    the    most  approved  authors; 
with  some  entirely     new,     in     two, 
three,  and  four  parts ;  the  whole  pe- 
culiarly    adapted     to     the     use     of 
churches     &     private  families.     To 
which    are    prefixed    the  plainest  & 
most  necessary  rules   of   Psalmody. 
By  James  Lyon,  A.B. 
This  was  one  of  the  most  ambitious 
products  of  the   Colonial  Press,   and  is 
exceeded  in  importance     by     very     few 
books  of  the  period.     Ritter  and  others 
say  it  was  a  failure,  and  caused  the  ruin 
of  its  publishers ;  but     Sonneck  conclu- 
sively rebuts  this,     by     showing  it   ran 
through   several  editions.     The  book   is 
most  beautifully  engraved    by    Dawkins 
and  as  a  specimen  of  the  work  of  local 
engraving  of  that  time   is  deserving  of 
very  high  praise.     Students  of  art  in  the 
colonies  have  not     had     their  attention 
drawn  to  the  book  and  no  complete  copy 
is  in  any  library  in   Philadelphia.     The 
Historical  Society  of  Pennsylvania  owns 
two  imperfect  copies ;  one  of  them  very 
much  so;  and  not  any  of  the  art  collec- 
tions    possess     a     copy.     Mr.   Sonneck 
names   a  number  of  important  libraries 
which  do  not  possess  a  copy ;  indeed  ver\ 
little  attention  seems  to  have  been  paid 
to  the  book.     Out  of  the  twelve  known 
copies   I  have  had  three,  securing  all   I 
could   hear  of,   and  certainly   would  try 
for  another  did  one  come  into  the  mar- 
ket, as  I  consider  the  work  one  of  the 
most    important    issues   of   the    Colonial 
press,  yet  book  collectors   have  actually 
ridiculed  my  doing  so. 

Mr.  Sonneck,  in  his  monograph,  has 
so  fully  explained  the  personality  of 
Lyon,  that  I  need  not  go  into  that  mat- 
ter, but  there  are  several  points  of  inter- 
est in  the  book  he  did  not  deal  with, 
which  I  think  are  worthy  of  recording. 

The  title  page  is  not  only  very  pretty, 
but  was  so  much  admired  that  Revere 
and  Law  lx)th  used  it,  but  to  avoid  copy- 
right law,  left  out  the  border  and  spoiled 
it  bv  other  alterations. 


630 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


The  book  confirms  my  oft  expressed 
opinion  that  the  colonies  were  in  close 
touch  with  the  mother  country  with  re- 
spect to  books.  A  careful  study  of  this 
question  proves  that  important  foreio^n 
books  soon  made  their  way  across  the 
Atlantic.  I  have  already  shown  th,at 
books  of  music  published  early  in  the 
eighteenth  century,  were  in  use  here 
very  shortly ;  and  Lyon's  work  shows  he 
had  access  to  books  of  that  time  which 
are  little  known  at  this  day ;  in  some 
cases  the  only  copies  now  existing  being 
in  my  library. 

The  Boston  books  of  that  period  con- 
sist almost  entirely  of  the  old  psalm 
tunes,  and  are  very  small  books  com- 
pared with  Urania ;  which  contains  about 
four  times  as  many  tunes  as  the  others. 

The  book  very  readily  falls  into  foui 
parts,  although  the  divisions  are  not 
marked : 

I.  The  old  psalm  tunes.  A  full  col- 
lection of  those  then  in  use. 

II.  A  number  of  psalm  tunes  in  the 
florid  style  then  in  use  in  England.  Mr. 
Sonneck  has  identfied  some  of  them  as 
the  composiion  of  Lyon.  I  think  the 
list  might  be  extended  as  I  cannot  trace 
them  in  any  book  in  my  possession.  As 
my  library  contains  nearly  every  church 
music  book  of  that  period,  the  absence 
of  these  tunes  from  those  books  is  strong 
presumptive  evidence  of  the  composer 
being  Lyon. 

III.  Some  anthems  in  the  same  style. 
Although  having  copies  of  nearly  every 
anthem  of  the  period  I  cannot  trace  the 
authorship  of  many  of  those  contained  in 
the  book  ;  and  I  am  inclined  to  think  thev 
also  are  by  Lyon. 

IV.  The  Methodist  tunes  of  the  day. 
This  perhaps  is  the  most  extraordinary 
part  of  the  book.  There  are  included 
most  of  the  tunes  from  "The  Divine 
Musical  Miscellany"  of  1754,  an  ac- 
count of  which  will  be  found  under  that 
date.  In  this  connectio;i  the  visits  of 
Whitefield  to  this  country  must  be  borne 
in  minrl. 

V.  It  contains  one  of  the  earliest 
copies  of  the  melody  of  "God  save  the 


King."  Of  this  much  disputed  tune  Mr, 
W.  H.  Cummings  (a  great  authority  on- 
such  musical  matters)  says  it  is  impos- 
sible to  fix  accurately  the  first  date  of  the 
publication  of  this  melody,  but  there  is 
no  doubt  it  came  into  popularity  through 
its  performance  at  Drury  Lane  Theatre 
in  1745  ;  and  its  publication  the  samt. 
year  in  the  Gentleman's  Magazine.  Did 
the  tune  come  to  Philadelphia  through 
the  Gentleman's  Magazine,  or  did 
George  Whitefi-eld  bring  it  with  him? 
One  cannot  positively  answer,  yet  the 
tune  is  named  "Whitefield's"  in  Lyon's 
book,  and  set  to  the  hymn  "Come  thou 
almighty  King."  Regarding  the  dates 
of  tunes  remarkable  carelessness  is  shown 
by  editors  of  hymn  books.  Here  is  the 
new  Presbyterian  Hymnal,  after  stating 
that  the  dates  given  to  tunes  are  those  of 
the  first  publication ;  the  tune  "America'' 
(God  save  the  King)  is  attributed  to 
Thesaurus  Musicus,  1740,  1745.  The 
editor  does  not  inform  us  how  a  tune  can 
be  first  published  in  two  different  years  , 
and  in  using  Cummings'  most  valuable 
book,  has  omitted  to  notice  that  he  plain- 
ly states  the  dates  of  the  editions  of 
Thesaurus  Musicus  are  not  actually 
known  ;  and  gives  the  two  dates  as  ap- 
proximate only.  Editors  are  a  curious 
race. 

VI.  The  book  contains  the  Hymn 
"Come  thou  almighty  King."  In  Eng- 
land the  earliest  known  copy  is  found 
pasted  in  a  copy  of  Whitefield's  Hymn 
Book  published  in  1757.  This  of  course 
is  no  evidence  of  its  first  publication,  al- 
though the  Presbyterian  Hymnal  quotes 
that  date.  It  is  no  uncommon  thing  to 
find  such  instances.  Desirable  hymns 
were  so  added,  sometimes  years  after  the 
publication  of  the  book,  and  such  in 
stances  should  not  be  cited  as  original 
dates.  To  a  hymnologist  I  suggested 
that  Whitefield  might  have  written  the. 
hymn,  but  he  curtly  brushed  aside  the 
suggestion  with  the  remark,  that  White- 
field  could  not  have  written  so  good  a 
liynin.  Lopic  of  this  character  is  unfor- 
tunately very  common  among  a  certain 
class  of  scholars. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  CHURCH  MUSIC  BOOKS  IN  PENNSYLVANIA 


631 


This  book  seemed  to  me  so  important 
in  American  musical  history  that  I  have 
dwelt  on  it  fully ;  but  I  do  not  think  I 
have  overestimated  it. 

In  New  York  this  year  there  was  pub- 
lished 

A  sermon  on  the  beauty  of  holiness 
in  the  worship  of  the  church  of  Eng- 
land :  being  a  brief  rationale  of  the 
Liturgy.  P.y  the  Rev.  Samuel  John- 
son. 
A  copy  is  in  the  British  Museum. 

The  Rev.  William  Smith,  Provost  ot 
the  College  of  Philadelphia,  published  a 
sermon 

The  great  duty  of  public  worship, 
and  of  erecting  and  setting  apart 
proper  places  for  that  purpose.  A 
sermon  preached  in  St.  Peter's 
church,     Philadelphia,     on     Friday, 


Sept.  4,  1761.  Being  the  day  ap- 
pointed for  the  first  performance  of 
divine  worship  in  the  said  church. 

Dr.  Jordan  notes,  that  in  1761.  Tan- 
nenberg  built  for  Lititz,  a  chapel  organ 
costing  forty  pounds. 

Mrs.  ]\rary  Andrews,  who  died  March 
29.  1761,  by  'her  will  gave  to  the  Minis- 
ter and  churchwardens  of  Christ  church, 
Philadelphia,  one  hundred  pounds  to- 
wards purchasing  an  organ. 

Weyman's  New  York  Gazette  of  1761 
not  only  has  advertisements  of  t"-"  im- 
portation of  Psalm  books  but  Rivington 
the  New  York  Bookseller,  has  for  sale 
Davenport's  Psalm    singer's    pocket 
companion ;    teaching    perfectly    the 
best  manner  of  psalm  singing. 
This  book  is  by  Uriah  Davenport  ana 
was  first  published  in  London  in  1755. 


EDITORIAL  NOTF!.  This  article  could  and  should  have  appeared  in  the  July  issue. 
That  it  did  not  appear  is  not  chargeable  to  the  contributor.  Mr.  Warring-ton.  AYe  reg-ret 
the  omission  of  the  article  itself  and  of  an  editorial  note  g-iving-  reasons  for  the  omission. 
We  apologize  to  the  author  of  these  papers  and  to  our  readers  for  the  "break"  and  hope 
not  to  gi?e  occasion  for  a  similer  statement  hereafter. — THE  EDITOR. 

(To  be  continued.) 


The  Augustana  The  Augustana  Synod 
Synod  and  the  has  placed  itself  on  rec- 
Liquor  Traffic  ord  on  the  liquor  traffic 
in  the  following  manner  : 
"Whereas.  We  realize  that  the  liquot 
traffic  is  a  great  scourge  on  our  Chris- 
tian civilization,  ruinous  to  the  individu- 
al, the  home,  the  Church  and  the  nation, 
therefore  be  it 

"Resolved,  That  we  urge  all  our  pas- 
tors and  members  to  join  with  the  Chris- 
tian temperance  forces  of  our  land  in 
active,  })ractical  and  effective  warfare 
under  the  banner  of  the  Anti-Saloon 
League  against  this  monstrous  and  de- 
grading evil,  the  liqor  traffic. 

"We  have  a  right  to  demand  that  'ter- 
ritory which  has  excluded  the  saloon  be 
duly  protected  by  the  state  and  the  na- 


tion from  the  inroads  of  the  liquoi 
traffic. 

"We,  therefore,  call  upon  Congress  to 
pass  without  further  delay  the  Kenyon- 
Sheppard-Webb-McCumber  bill  to  .pro- 
hibit the  shipment  in  interstate  com- 
merce of  intoxicating  liquors  which  are 
intended  for  use  in  violation  of  the  laws 
of  the  state  to  which  they  are  consigned. 

''Resolved,  further,  that  the  secretary 
of  this  synod  send  copies  of  this  resolu- 
tion to  the  president  of  the  Senate  of  the 
United  States,  and  to  the  Speaker  of  the 
House  of  Representatives  of  the  United 
States,  and  to  the  secretaries  of  said 
Senate  and  Mouse,  and  to  the  chairman 
of  the  committees  on  the  judiciary  of 
said  Senate  ond  House,  and  to  Senators 
Kenyon  and  McCumber,  and  to  Con- 
gressmen Sheppard  and  Webb." 


The  Irish  Settlement  in  the 
Forks  of  the  Delaware 


The  following  article,  published  in 
"The  Presbyterian"  of  July  and  August, 
1847,  was  submitted  for  publication  by 
Mr.  Asa  K.  Mcllhaney,  Bath,  Pa.  It 
throws  a  great  deal  of  light  on  a  unique 
Irish  settlement  in  a  Pennsylvania  German 
community. — Editor. 

The  purchase  of  William  Penn  was 
understood  to  include  all  the  land  from 
Duck  Creek,  Delaware,  to  the  Lehigh 
hills,  and  to  be  bounded  east  by  the  river 
Delaware,  and  west  by  the  Susquehanna 
By  the  Lehigh  Hills,  was  designated  the 
range  called  Musconetcong,  in  New  Jer- 
sey, and  Conewago,  on  the  Susquehanna  ; 
it  is  commonly  styled  now  the  South,  or 
Second  Mountain,  to  distinguish  it  from 
the  Kittatinny  or  Blue  Mountain. 

The  Forks  of  Delaware  is  the  tract 
inclosed  by  the  Lehigh  and  Delaware 
rivers,  and  by  the  Blue  Mountain.  It 
was  inhabited  by  the  Delaware  tribe,  but 
they  held  it  as  tributary  to  the  Iroquois. 
Long  before  the  settlement  of  the  Mid- 
dle States  from  Europe,  this  confederacy 
held  supreme  sway  over  all  the  Indians 
in  our  country.  The  terror  of  their  arms 
had  been  felt  by  the  Pequots  in  New 
England,  the  Wyandots  beyond  Lake 
Huron,  and  the  Cherokees,  Catawbas,' 
and  Powhatans  in  Virginia  and  the  Car- 
olinas.  There  were  originally  five  tribes. 
Onondagas,  Mohawks,  Oneidas.  Cayu- 
gas  and  Senecas.  In  17 12,  the  Tuscaro- 
ras  emigrated  from  the  South,  and  were 


iln  1742,  Zinzendorf  met  at  Ostonwakin  In- 
dians .speakingr  several  lansuaeres.  and  Euro- 
riean.s  leading  Indian  life.  He  went  to  the 
dwelling  of  old  Madame  Montoux  a  trench  lady, 
who  had  married  an  Indian.  Her  hu.sband.  a 
chief,  had  been  .shot  in  the  war  against  the 
Catawhees  (Catawbas?).  She  weot  on  seeing 
him  professed  to  be  tired  of  Indian  life,  and 
asked  baptism  for  her  children.  Zinzendorf 
declined.  Her  children  were  Roland  and 
Catharine  Montoux.  the  celebrated  "Queen 
Easter,"  we  presume— a  mercile.ss  foe. 


admitted  to  the  union,  and  from  that 
time  they  were  called  by  the  English, 
when  spoken  of  as  one  people,  the  Six 
Nations ;  they  were  not  called  so  by 
themselves,  but  Mengwe,  or  Konush- 
ionis ;  by  the  French  Aquanushionis  and 
Iroquois.  These  sovereigns  had  their 
council  fire  at  Oswego,  New  York,  and 
their  residence  was  chiefly  on  the  head- 
waters of  the  Hudson,  the  Delaware  and 
the  Susquehanna,  and  along  the  chain  of 
great  lakes. 

In  1732,  an  old  claim  was  revived  by 
the  Pennsylvania  proprietaries,  that  all 
the  land  that  could  be  gone  over  by  a 
man  walking  for  a  day  and  a  half,  should 
be  given  them.  Advertisements  were 
issued  for  the  best  walkers,  and  five  hun- 
dred acres  of  land  and  five  pounds  prom- 
ised to  the  one  who  would  go  over  the 
largest  space  in  the  appointed  time.  In 
1733  the  walk  was  performed,  and  in 
such  a  manner  that  the  proprietors'  line 
was  run  as  high  as  Shehola  in  Pike 
County,  and  they  to  have  all  land  lying 
south  of  a  direct  line  thence  to  the  Sus- 
quehanna. 

Surveyors  immediately  began  to  locate 
the  patents  that  were  issued,  although 
the  Indians  had  not  left  the  country. 
Penn  had  given  by  will  to  his  grandson, 
William  Penn,  ten  thousand  acres,  to  be 
laid  out  in  whatever  part  of  the  province 
might  be  most  for  his  advantage.  Wil- 
liam Allen,  the  father-in-'aw  of  Thomas 
Penn,  purchased  this  grant,  and  pro- 
cured it  to  be  laid  out  in  the  Minisinks, 
above  the  Delaware  Water  Gap,  in  the 
fine  rich  lands  occupied  by  the  Shaw- 
nese  Indians.  In  1734,  the  proprietors 
set  up  a  lottery  to  dispose  of  one  hun- 
dred thousand  acres,  and  many  who  drew 
prizes,  took  up  lands  in  the  Forks,  al- 
though it  was  full  of  Indian  dwellings. 

In   1736  and     1737,  the     Irish  Settle- 


63: 


IRISH   SETTLEMENTS  IN    THE    FORKS   OF  THE    DELAWARE 


633 


ment  commenced  on  the  west  branch  of 
the  Delaware,  ntnv  called  the  Lehio^h  :  the 
date  of  the  deed  from  Allen  to  Hugh 
Wilson  is  in  1737:  his  deed  to  James 
Horner  is  dated  March  5,  1737.  Others 
may  have  purchased  a  few  years  earlier. 

The  removal  of  the  Irish  Presbyterians 
to  this  country  was  for  the  jiurpose  of 
accumulating^  projK'rty.  Speculators  in 
land  sent  to  Great  Britain  the  most  ex- 
ag'g'erated  <lescriptions,  and  the  desire  to 
emig'rate  became  an  epidemic  disease, 
hurrying-  immense  multiutdes  hither. 
There  they  were  tenants,  holding  their 
land  by  lease,  and  many  of  them  having 
no  ])rospect  of  ever  rising  above  the 
condition  of  hired  laborers ;  here  they 
migfht  asquire  land,  and  hold  it  in  fee. 
The  tide  began  to  set  in  as  early  as  171S, 
laro-e  numbers  of  Irish  Presbyterians  set- 
tled in  Massachusetts,-  New  Hampshire 
and  New  York.  In  Pennsylvania  the 
number  of  Irish  congregations  increased 
in  number  so  greatly  from  1725  to  1731, 
that  Donegal  Presbytery  was  erected  for 
the  accommodation  of  the  ministers  set- 
tled on  the  Susquehanna  in  Lancaster 
county,  and  this  Presbytery  reached,  be- 
fore 1740,  far  down  in  western  Virginia, 
and  to  the  frontiers  of  Pennsylvania. 

There  were  two  Irish  settlements  in 
the  Forks  ;  one  on  the  north  branch  at 
Mount  Bethel,  called  Hunter's  Settle- 
ment, or  Forks  North ;  the  other  Craig's 
Settlement,  in  Allen's  town,  on  the  wes*- 
branch.  They  do  not  appear  to  have 
been  molested  by  the  Indians  for  ten  or 
fifteen  years;  and  may  we  not  infer  just- 
ly that  the  usual  complaints  made  against 
Presbyterians  are  wholly  unfounded? 

In  1737,  the  Indians  confirmed  the  sale 
of  the  land  in  the  Forks,  but  still  com- 
plained that  it  had  been  taken  by  fraud, 
and  refused  to  remove.  In  1738,  White- 
field  bought  of  Allen  the  manor  at  Naz- 


2T'he  followin.g  towns  in  Massachusetts  were 
pettled  from  Ireland:  Worcester,  in  1718;  Lun- 
enbursr.  in  1728:  Palmer,  before  1730:  Ccle- 
raine.  in  1734;  Blandford.  Greenwich.  Pelham, 
Oakham;  in  Xew  Hampshire.  Londonderry,  in 
1718;  Chester,  Bedford.  Windham.  Antrim, 
Litchfield  and  Derrv;  and  Oransre  Countv  in 
Xew  York 


areth.  lying  between  the  Irish  settlement.s 
and  commenced  building  ;  he  abandoned 
his  i)lan,  and  sold  the  property  to  the 
Moravians.  In  174 1,  the  proprietaries  in- 
vited the  Six  Nations,  as  masters  of  the 
Delawares,  to  interpose  and  compel  them 
to  retire:  and  in  1742  no  less  than  twc> 
hundred  and  thirty  Indians  came  to 
Philadelphia  on  this  business,  and  in  the 
most  insulting  manner  commanded  the 
Delawares  to  retire  to  Wyoming.  They 
obeyed  ;  of  course  many  remained.  The 
neighborhood  of  Cherryville  was  known 
as  the  Indian  land,  and  the  peach  trees 
in  their  clearings  near  Bath,  were  still 
fruitful,  sixty  years  ago. 

The  first  settlers  were  Thomas  Craig, 
James  Craig,  Hugh  Wilson,  with  his 
three  sons,  Thomas,  Samuel  and  Charles, 
Thomas  Armstrong,  Robert  Gregg. 
James  King,  John  McNair,  John  and 
Robert  Walker,  James  Ralston,  John 
Hays,  Arthur  Lattimore,  James  Horner 
and  James  Kerr. 

The  Craigs  were  not  related.  James 
Craig  is  believed  to  have  been  connected 
with  William  Allen  by  marriage ;  he  was 
probably  the  oldest  man  in  the  company ; 
his  two  sons,  Robert  and  James,  were 
grown  up  before  their  father  came  to 
the  Forks.  In  the  family  of  James 
Craig,  came  Timothy  Reed  and  his  wife; 
they  lived  to  an  advanced  age,  and  their 
son,  John  Reed,  a  very  intelligent,  well 
informed  man,  with  an  excellent  mem- 
ory, is  now  living,  at  the  age  of  ninety- 
five,  in  Moore  township,  Northampton 
county.  Thomas  Craig  was  advanced  in 
life,  his  only  son,  William,  being  in  the 
vigor  of  manhood.  Hugh  Wilson,  be- 
fore coming  to  this  country,  had  a 
daughter  married  to  the  Rev.  Francis 
McHenry,  of  Deep  Run,  Pennsylvania, 
and  a  son  in  business  in  New  York 
James  King  and  John  McNair,  with 
John  Walker,  whose  sisters  they  mar- 
ried, left  their  wives  while  they  pre- 
pared new  homes  for  them,  under  the 
hospitable  roof  of  their  brother-in-law, 
Capt.  Richard  Walker,  of  Neshaminy, 
an  elder,  and  a  firm  supporter  of  his 
minister,  Wiliam   Tennent.      The   names 


634 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


of  these  men,  and  of  all  the  first  settlers 
came  down  with  a  good  report. 

The  farms  sold  to  them  lay  on  the 
slate  lands,  on  the  Hoquendoquy  and  the 
Collasaque,^  on  toward  Kreiderville  and 
the  mountains.  The  limestone  land  on 
the  Monocacy  was  not  sold  until  after 
the  Revolution. 

The  nearest  place  of  worship  was  at 
Tehicken,  in  Bucks  County.  They  were 
not  the  people  to  remain  long  without 
the  means  of  grace,  especially  when  their 
relatives  at  Tehicken,  Deep  Run  and 
Neshaminy  were  well  supplied.  They 
made  application  to  New  Brunswick 
Presbytery,  then  recently  organized,  in 
August,  1738,  and  Gilbert  Tennent  was 
directed  to  visit  them  in  the  fall.  In 
May,  1740,  the  Rev.  James  Campbell 
(who  spent  the  close  of  his  life  in  North 
Carolina)  was  sent  to  supply  them,  and 
in  the  fall  he  and  William  Robinson  (so 
eminently  successful  in  labor),  then  just 
licensed,  were  sent.  In  May,  1742, 
Forks  and  Greenwich  supplicated  for  the 
Rev.  Charles  McKnight,  but  Robinson 
was  sent,  and  Campbell  was  charged  to 
give  one-fourth  of  his  time  to  Forks.  In 
August,  Forks  again  asked  for  Mc- 
Knight, but  Campbell  was  required  to  di- 
vide one-half  of.  his  time  between  Green- 
wich and  Forks.  In  October,  the  Rev. 
William  Dean  was  licensed,  having  been 
received  as  a  candidate  in  the  preceding 
August,  and  he  was  sent  to  Neshaminy 
and  Forks.  In  the  next  May,  Forks, 
with  Brandywine  and  Cape  May,  pre- 
sented calls  for  Mr.  Dean,  and  Newcastle 
Presbytery  requested  that  he  might  be 
joined  to  them.  He  declined  the  three 
invitations,  and  the  Presbytery  sent  him 
to  Forks  and  Pequea.  In  the  fall  of 
1743  Campbell  and  Beatty  of  Neshaminy, 
went  as  supplies  to  Forks,  and  the  latter, 
with  Dean,  went  thither  in  the  ensuing 
summer. 

William  Dean  settled  in  Newcastle 
Presbytery,  and  was  sent  by  the  Synod 


sAbsurdly  enough,  the  village  and  pcstofficb 
at  the  Crane  Iron  Works,  on  the  CoUasaque, 
are  styled  Catasauqua. 


in  1746,  with  Mr.  Byram,  on  a  mission 
to  \'irginia.  President  Davies  says  there 
was  an  extensive  revival  under  their  la- 
bors in  Augusta  County ;  Mr.  Dean, 
just  before  his  death,  in  1747,  was  called 
to  Timberridge  and  Forks  of  James 
river.  What  congregation  enjoyed  his 
pastoral  services  is  unknown  to  the  writ- 
er ;  Davies  connects  him  in  honorable 
mention  with  Robinson,  as  one  of  our 
most  useful  ministers. 

It  was  in  May,  1744,  that  the  man  of 

God,  David  Brainerd,  journeying 
through  the  Highlands  and  the  Mini- 
sinks,  came  wet  and  fatigued  of  a  Sat- 
urday to  a  settlement  of  Dutch  and 
Irish  people,  twelve  miles  above  the 
Forks  of  Delaware.  This  is  the  neigh- 
borhood of  Milford,  Pennsylvania ;  he 
spent  two  Sabbaths  with  the  whites  and 
the  Indians  there.  He  then  proceeded  to 
Newark,  and  was  ordained  by  the  Pres- 
bytery of  New  York,  and  soon  after 
took  up  his  abode  at  Mount  Bethel,  in 
the  Forks.  On  Monday,  the  23rd  of 
July,  he  rode  fifteen  miles  southwest,  to 
a  settlement  of  Irish  people,  and 
preached  near  night  from  Matt.  v.  3, 
with  some  degree  of  freedom  and  fer- 
vency. This  was  in  James  Craig's  mead- 
ow, in  front  of  the  meeting  house  in  Al- 
len Township.  The  next  day  he  rode 
seventeen  miles  west,  over  a  hideous 
mountain,  and  preached  to  thirty  In- 
dians ;  and  having  preached  on  Wednes- 
day to  them,  he  returned  to  the  settle- 
ment, where  a  numerous  congregatKjn 
assembled  to  hear  him,  and  there  was  a 
considerable  appearance  of  awakening. 

In  the  autumn,  with  the  Rev.  Eliab 
Byram,  of  Rosciticus,  now  Mendham, 
New  Jersey,  he  traveled  to  the  Susque- 
hanna, visiting  the  Indians ;  returning, 
they  reached  the  settlement  on  the  oth 
of  October  ,and  both  of  them  preached. 
On  the  Sabbath  Brainerd  preached. 
"God  was  gracious  to  me,  and  I  was 
much  assisted  in  preaching.  I  know  not 
that  ever  God  helped  me  to  preach  in  a 
more  close  and  distinguished  manner, 
for  the  trial  of  men's  state.  Through 
the  infinite  goodness  of  God,  I  felt  what 


IRISH  SETTLEMENTS    IN  THE    FORK^   OF  THE    DELAWARE 


635 


I  spoke,  and  was  enabled  to  treat  the 
truth  with  uncommon  clearness."  On 
the  last  Lord's  day  in  the  year  he 
preached  from  Mark  viii.  34,  with  very 
great  freedom  and  clearness,  and  in  the 
afternoon  especially,  with  considerabl-:; 
warmth  and  fervency.  "In  the  evening 
also  had  great  clearness  while  convers- 
ing with  friends  on  divine  things,  and  I 
do  not  remember  ever  to  have  had  more 
clear  apprehensions  of  religion." 

On  the  17th  of  February,  of  a  Lord's 
day,  he  preached  on  the  sunny  side  of  a 
hill  on  which  the  church  of  Mount  Bethf^l 
stands,  with  the  graveyard  at  its  foot. 
He  preached  from  John  viii.  37,  some  ot 
the  people  having  come  twenty  miles. 
"In  the  afternoon  it  pleased  God  to  grant 
me  great  freedom  and  earnestness  and 
like  Jesus,  I  stood  and  cried.  I  was 
scarce  ever  enabled  to  offer  the  free 
grace  of  God  to  perishing  sinners,  witli 
greater  liberty  and  fervency.  After- 
wards, I  was  enabled  earnestly  to  invite 
the  children  of  God  to  come  renewedly, 
and  drink  of  the  fountain  of  the  water  of 
life.  It  was  a  comfortable  time  to  m(\ 
There  were  many  tears  in  the  assem- 
bly, and  I  doubt  not  the  Spirit  of  God 
was  there,  convincing  poor  sinners  of 
their  need  of  Christ.  O  that  I  cou'd  for- 
ever bless  God  for  the  mercy  of  this  day. 
when  he  answered  me  in  the  jov  of  my 
heart."  February  24th,  he  preached  to 
a  few  white  people,  from  John  v'  67. 
and  on  April  14th,  from  Ezek.  xxxiii. 
II,  with  considerable  freedom,  tj>  people 
gathered  from  all  parts  round  about. 

He  went  to  Philadelp'iia  to  obtain 
leave  of  the  Six  Nations  to  seUle  in 
Wyoming,  and  April  28ih,  he  pre^.cbcd, 
with  considerable  assistance,  at  the  set- 
tlement. In  May,  he  went  to  the  Sus- 
quehanna, and  traveled  from  Harrisburg 
up  to  Wyalusing,  and  saw  seven  or  eight 
tribes.  Returning,  he  preached  at  the 
settlement,  from  Isa.  Ivii.  10,  wit'n  some 
success,  some  being  awakened.  President 
Edwards  says,  that  the  account  of  Brain- 
erd's  labors  and  success  among  the  In- 
dians in  the  Forks,  he  omits,  because 
Brainerd    had    printed    it    in    his    pul)lic 


journal.  I  have  not  had  the  satisfaction 
of  seeing  it ;  it  is  in  the  Philadelphia  Li- 
brary, and  is  entitled  Mirabilia  Dei,  the 
wonders  of  God  in  the  wilderness. 

On  the  4th  of  September  he  went  to 
the  settlement,  and  preached  from  Luke 
xiv.  22.  "God  was  pleased  to  afford  me 
some  tenderness  and  enlargement  in  the 
first  prayer,  and  much  freedom  as  well  as 
warmth  in  the  sermon.  There  were 
many  tears.  God's  people  seemed  to 
melt,  and  others  to  be  in  some  measure 
awakened." 

He  went  to  Shamokin,  where  Shikel- 
limy,  an  Onondaga  Indian,  the  agent  of 
the  Six  Nations,  resided ;  and  Septem- 
ber 26th,  returned  to  the  settlement,  vis- 
ited dear  Christan  friends,  and  spent 
the  time  profitably.  On  the  21st  of  Feb- 
ruary, 1746,  he  was  at  the  Forks , 
divers  white  people  were  awakened,  and 
he  preached  to  them  daily  through  the 
week. 

Brainerd  died  at  Northampton,  Mas- 
sachusetts, October  9th,  1747,  aged 
thirty.  His  life  was  pubHshed  in  1749. 
We  may  judge  of  the  esteem  in  which 
he  was  held  in  the  Forks,  from  the  fact 
that  there  were  sixteen  copies  of  the  first 
edition  subscribed  for  there ;  viz.,  Rev. 
Daniel  Lawrence,  James  Craig,  Thomas 
Craig,  William  Craig,  Mary  Dobbin, 
James  Horner.  William  Heslet,  Mary 
King,  James  Kerr,  John  McNair.  James 
Ralston,  Hugh  Wilson,  John  Walker, 
William  Young. 

There  was  a  log  church  at  this  time, 
in  the  meadow,  between  the  mill-race 
and  the  Hoquendoquy,  on  James  Craig's 
land.  After  Brainerd  preached,  the 
people  would  retire  weeping  to  pray 
among  the  hazle  bushes,  which  then  grew 
all  around,  and  he  would  come  and  com- 
fort them.  The  oldest  stone  in  the  grave- 
yard is  to  the  memory  of  James  King, 
who  died  in  1745,  and  the  next  oldest 
bears  the  name  of  his  only  son.  Gabriel ; 
these  died  in  faith.  Mrs.  King  was  left 
a  widow  with  four  young  daughters ;  she 
would  take  a  child  in  her  arms,  and  ride 
to  Mount  Bethel,  to  hear  Brainerd  preach 
in  the  open  air.     Mr.  Congleton  built  a 


636 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


room  or  ''lean-to"  for  Brainerd's  accom- 
modation, that  he  might  always  have  a 
place  of  retirement,  when  he  desired  to 
be  alone. 

He  seems  never  to  have  preached  to 
the  people  on  the  West  branch,  without 
observing  special  attention,  and  signs  of 
good.  There  he  had  Christian  friends, 
and  while  conversing  with  them,  his  ap- 
prehensions of  divine  things  became 
clearer  than  ever  they  had  been  before, 
and  never,  in  his  preaching,  had  he 
opened  the  truth  so  distinctly,  and  ap- 
plied it  so  searchingly  to  try  the  state  of 
their  souls,  as  at  the  Forks,  on  October 
9th,  1744. 

Such  were  the  first  ten  years  of  the 
church  in  Allen  Township. 

The  earliest  record  to  be  found  is 
"The  Count  Book  of  the  congregation 
on  the  west  branch  of  Delaware  in  the 
Forks."     The  first  entry   is  as  follows : 

"Received  from  the  congregation  of 
the  West  Branch  the  sum  of  40  i.  in  full 
payment  of  the  year  1747,  I  say,  re- 
ceived by  me,  this  30th  day  of  January, 
1749-50. 

Daniel  Lawrence." 

Mr.  Lawrence  was  a  pupil  of  the  Rev 
William  Tennent,  and  had  been  educated 
at  the  Log  College.  He  was  taken  on 
trials  as  a  candidate  by  New  Brunswick 
Presbytery  on  the  nth  of  September, 
1744,  and  was  licensed  May  28.  1745. 
and  appointed  to  supply  the  Forks.  In 
Se{)tember  he  had  calls  ofifered  to  him 
by  the  Presbytery  from  Newton  and 
Bensalem,  Hopewell  and  Maidenhead, 
and  Upper  and  Lower  Bethlehem.  He 
did  not  accept,  and  in  May,  1746,  Hope- 
well and  its  associate  renewed  their  re- 
quest, and  Forks  asked  that  he  might  be 
sent  to  them  for  a  year  as  a  candidate 
for  settlement.  In  October  they  macU" 
him  out  a  call,  and  he  was  ordained  and 
installed  on  the  2nd  of  April,  1747.  bv  a 
committee  of  Presbytery.  The  Rev. 
Richard  Treat,  of  Abington,  presided, 
and  the  other  services  were  performed  by 
the  Rev.  James  Campbell,  the  Rev. 
James  Davenport,  and  the  Rev.  James 
McCrea.  of  Lamington.  New  Jersey. 


jVIr.  Lawrence  served  both  the  settle- 
ments in  the  Forks,  and  he  complained 
to  the  Presbytery  that  his  salary  was  not 
paid,  and  that  he  had  an  uncomfortabl 
debate  with  one  of  his  hearers.  ("Debate"' 
is  used  in  the  old  records  for  disagree- 
ment, difficulty,  or  contention.  "Ye  fast 
for  strife  and  debate.")  In  175 1,  Mr. 
Lawrence's  health  failed,  and  the  Syn- 
od directed  him  to  spend  the  winter  and 
spring  at  Cape  May,  the  people  being  in 
necessitous  circumstances.  He  did  so, 
and  found  his  health  much  improved. 
The  Synod  of  New  York  divided  New 
Brunswick  Presbytery,  and  constituted 
out  of  that  part  that  lay  in  Pennsylvania 
and  west  of  Jersey,  the  Presbytery  of 
Abingdon.  At  the  first  meeting  of  the 
new  Presbytery,  held  in  Philadelphia  on 
the  20th  of  May,  1752,  Cape  May  sup- 
plicated, that  in  case  Mr.  Lawrence  was 
liberated  from  the  Forks,  he  might  come 
to  them  on  trial  for  settlement.  The 
Presbytery,  judging  that  as  Mr.  Law- 
rence was  languishing  in  health,  with 
discouraging  symptoms,  and  frequently 
disabled  from  attending  to  his  duty  in 
the  Forks,  and  as  here  was  a  prospect  ot 
his  recovery  by  changing  his  residence, 
unanimously  dissolved  the  pastoral  rela- 
tion. Mr.  Thomas  Armstrong  was  the 
elder  present  at  this  meeting ;  he  after- 
ward removed  to  Fagg's  Manor.  At  the 
hext  meeting  of  Presbytery  Mr.  Law- 
rence was  called  to  Cape  May,  and  he 
remained  there  till  his  death,  April  13, 
1766.  A  faithful,  zealous  minister., and 
not  behind  his  early  associates  in  the  Log 
College,  in  the  purity  of  his  character, 
and  his  diligence  in  his  work.  His 
grandson,  the  Rev.  Samuel  Lawrence, 
was  for  many  years  the  pastor  of  Green- 
wich, Cumberland  County,  New  Jersey, 
and  his  great  grandson,  the  Rev.  D.  L. 
Hughes,  is  the  pastor  of  Little  Valley,  in 
Huntingdon  Presbytery. 

Bucks  County  originally  included  the 
Forks,  but  on  March  11,  1752.  North- 
ampton County  was  erected,  embracin'^' 
besides  its  present  limits  Pike.  Wayne, 
Monroe.  Lehigh,  Carbon  and  part  (^ 
Schuvlkill.     The  lesfislature  at  the  same 


IRISH  SETTLEMENTS    IN  THE    FORKS    OF   THE    DELAWARE 


>37 


time  directed  Thomas  Craig,  Hugh 
Wilson,  Thomas  Armstrong  of  the  set- 
tlement, James  Martin  of  Mount  Bethel, 
and  John  Jones,  to  purchase  land  on  the 
Lehietan  (or  the  Bushkill),  and  lay  out 
a  county  town,  and  erect  suitable  build- 
ings. The}^  were  ordered  to  raise,  by 
tax,  for  this  purpose,  300  i.  The  first 
court  was  held  on  the  i6th  of  June, 
1752.  "The  Justices  of  our  Lord  the 
King"  were  Thomas  Craig,  Timoth)' 
Horsefield  of  Bethlehem,  Hugh  Wilson, 
James  Martin,  and  William  Craig.  Six- 
teen licenses  were  granted  to  keep  pub- 
lic houses,  one  of  which  was  to  William 
Craig.  It  was  through  his  exertions  the 
county  had  been  erected,  and  the  next 
year  the  commissioners  allowed  him  30 
1.  to  reimburse  the  expenses  he  had  in- 
curred. On  the  grand  jury,  in  October, 
1752,  were  James  Ralston,  Robert  Gregg, 
James  Horner  and  John  Walker.  Rob- 
ert Gregg  was  one  of  the  commission- 
ers, and  James  Ralston  and  John  Walker 
were  assessors. 

While   Mr.  Lawrence  was  absent  for 
his   health   in    175 1,  his  place   was   sup- 
plied by    the    Rev.   Benjamin   Chestnut, 
afterwards    pastor     of     Woodbury    and 
Timber  Creek,  New  Jersey.     Mr.  Law- 
rence was  directed  by  the  Presbytery  to 
spend  two  Sabbaths  in  the  Forks,  and  in 
the  fall,  after  his  dismission,  the  congre- 
gation   supplicated    that    he    might    be 
among  the  supplies.     He  was  ordered  to 
spend     four     Sabbaths,     Campbell     and 
Beatty  each  two,  and  the  Rev.  Evander 
Morrison    to    supply    at    discretion.     In 
May,     1753.   Lawrence,     Chestnut     and 
Martin    of    Newtown,    were    appointed 
supplies,  and  in  the  fall   Chestnut  went 
four  Sabbaths,  and  leave   was  given  to 
the  congregation    to  ask   supplies    from 
New   Brunswick  Presbytery.     In  April. 
1754,    Martin,    and    Andrew    Hunter   of 
Greenwich,  were  appointed  supplies,  and 
in  the  fall  the  Rev.  Benjamin  Hait  came 
as  a  supply  to  the  Forks.    In  May,  1755, 
they  made  out  a  call   for  Mr.  Hait,  as 
did  also  Fagg's  INIanor  and  Amwell.    He 
accepted  the  call  to  Amwell. 

From   1750  to   1760,  the  perils  of  In- 


dian warfare  were  dreaded,  prepared  fo" 
and  felt  along  all  the  Pennsylvania 
frontier.  In  1742,  the  Moravians  had 
established  them.selves  at  the  confluence 
of  the  Mahoning  Creek  with  the  Lehigh, 
and  Gnadenhiitten  soon  became  a  very 
regular  and  pleasant  town ;  the  church 
stood  in  the  valley,  and  the  Indian  houses 
in  a  crescent  on  the  rising  ground.  The 
Six  Nations  renewed,  in  1750,  the  order 
for  the  Indians  to  remove  to  Wyoming, 
and  nearly  all  the  Delawares  left  the 
Forks.  But  Gnadenhiitten  lay  beyond 
the  Forks,  and  the  Christian  Indians, 
who  had  emigrated  from  New  York,  had 
each  their  separate  plantations,  support- 
ing themselves.  In  1752,  the  population 
was  about  500. 

At  this  time,  the  Six  Nations  were  in 
secret  league  with  the  French,  and  the}- 
used  every  method  to  persuade  the  gov- 
ernment of  Pennsylvania  that  they  were 
devoted  to  the  interests  of  Great  Britain. 
Their    agent,  Shikellimy,  at    Shamokin, 
enjoyed    the    highest   confidence    of   the 
Pennsylvania    authorities,    and    through 
him  the  Six  Nations  were  kept  acquaint- 
ed with  all  the  afifairs  of  the  province. 
Gnadenhiitten  lay  on  the  Warrior's  path 
from  the  Delaware  to  Wyoming,  and  in 
1752,    about      100     Indians,    principally 
Nanticokes,  who  had  been  removed  by 
the  Six  Nations  from  Maryland  to  the 
North  Branch  of  the  Susquehanna,  same 
apparently  as  friends  to  visit  the  Chris- 
tian Indians,  and  invite  them  to  settle  in 
Wyoming.     Accordingly    about    80    In- 
dians    with     Tadeuscund,     a     Delaware 
chief  who  had  been  baptized,  left  the  Le- 
high and  settled  in  the  valley.     In  1753, 
Paxinos,  a  Shawnese  chief,  with  23  In- 
dians   and    three    embassadors  from  the 
Six  Nations  came  to  the  Mahoning,  and 
desired   the   whole   settlement   to   follow 
Tadeuscund.     They    refused,    and    were 
told    if    they   did    not   obey,    their   ears 
would  be  cleaned     with  a  red  hot  iron. 
Few  things  could  have  been  more  offen- 
sive to  the   Christian   Indians,  or  more 
trying  to  the  missionaries.     The  former 
on  account  of  the  impoverished  state  of 
their  badly  worked    lands,    had    moved 


^38 


THE    PENN   GERMANIA 


their  houses  to  the  north  side  of  the  Le- 
high, where  Weissport  now  stands.  The 
Moravian  Society  took  the  charge  of 
cultivating  the  Mahoning  lands,  and 
turned  the  old  church  into  a  dwelling ;  a 
'new  church  with  a  bell  was  erected  in 
1754,  at  Weissport.  and  a  Synod  held 
there.  The  Indian  threat  was  terribly  ful- 
filled ;  the  French  war  broke  out  on  the 
Western  frontier,  and  in  July,  1755, 
Braddock  was  defeated.'  Soon  after  the 
'Indians  fell  on  the  settlement  at  Sha- 
mokin,  killed  fourteen  white  persons, 
but  spared  the  Aloravian  missionaries 
On  the  24th  of  November,  1755.  the 
mission  house  at  Gnadenhiitten  was  at- 
tacked at  night,  and  consumed  by  fire, 
with  eleven  missionaries.  The  Christian 
Indians  immediately  proposed  to  pursue 
the  murderers,  but  Shebosh,  the  only  re- 
maining missionary,  forbade  them.  They 
fled  to  the  woods,  but  returned  the  next 
day,  and  in  consequence  of  an  assurance 
from  the  government  that  they  should 
be  protected,  they  remained.  Hayes, 
with  his  company  from  the  Irish  settle- 
ment, was  immediately  sent  thither,  and 
fortified  the  dwellings.  The  men  seeing 
no  Indians  for  a  long  time,  amused 
themselves  by  skating,  and  occasionally 
they  saw  an  Indian  or  two  on  the  ice,  a 
party  went  to  surprise  them,  and  was 
drawn  on,  till  suddenly  they  were  sur- 
rounded, and  scarcely  one  escaped  un- 
hurt. Again  the  soldiers  became  secure, 
and  while  on  New  Year's  day  they  were 
hauling  wood,  without  any  apprehen- 
sion, suddenly  the  Indians  appeared, 
dispersed  them,  set  fire  to  the  Indian 
dwellings,  and  destroyed  the  fortifica- 
tion and  the  plantations. 

Immediately  Franklin  was  sent  with 
.500  men  to  defend  the  frontier;  and  the 
government  desired  the  Rev.  Mr.  Beatty, 
of  Neshaminy,  to  go  with  the  forces.  On 
the  14th  of  January,  when  Franklin  ap- 
proached Bethlehem,  he  met  wagons  and 
a  number  of  persons  moving  off  from  the 
Irish  settlement,  and  also  from  the  Ger- 
man neighborhoods  in  Lehigh  Township, 
"being  terrified  by  the  defeat  of  Hayes' 
.company,  and  the  burnings,  and  the  mur- 


ders on  New  Year's  day.  Soon  after 
his  arrival  at  Bethlehem,  the  principal 
people  of  the  Irish  Settlement,  as  Hugn 
Wilson,  Elder  Craig,  and  others  came 
and  threatened  if  he  did  not  add  30  men 
to  Craig's  company  for  their  safety, 
they  would  one  and  a:ll  leave  their  coun- 
try to  the  enemy.  Hayes'  company  was 
reduced  to  18  men,  partly  by  the  loss 
•  of  Gnadenhiitten  and  partly  by  desertion, 
and  were  without  shoes,  stockings, 
blankets,  or  arms.  Trump  and  Aston 
had  made  but  small  progress  in  erecting 
the  first  fort,  complaining  of  the  want 
of  tools.  Wayne's  company  was  posted 
at  Nazareth.  Franklin  immediately  di- 
rected Hayes  to  complete  his  company, 
and  he  went  down  to  Bucks  County  with 
the  Rev.  Mr.  Beatty,  who  promised  to 
assist  him  in  recruiting.  His  lieutenant 
was  lying  unfit  for  action,  lame  with 
frozen  feet,  and  the  ensign  with  the  18 
men  were  posted  among  the  inhabitants 
to  give  some  satisfaction  to  the  settle- 
ment people,  for  Franklin  refused  to  in- 
crease Craig's  company.  He  also  threat- 
ened, to  disband  and  remove  the  corh- 
panies  already  posted,  unless  the  people 
stayed  in  their  places,  behaved  like  men, 
and  assisted  the  province  soldiers.  Their 
alarm  was  not  unreasonable,  for  all  the 
settlers  lived  west  and  north  of  the 
church,  towards  Kreiderville  and  beyond 
it.  John  Hayes  lived  first  near  the  Slate 
q,uarry  in  Whitehall,  and  at  that  time, 
lived  where  the  road  crosses  the  Creek 
by  the  mill  in  Kreiderville. 

Franklin  posted  Lieutenant  Davis  at 
Nazareth,  sent  Trump  and  Wetterholt 
to  defend  Lynor  and  Heidelberg ;  he 
sent  30  men  to  Upper  Smithfield,  and  in 
order  to  proceed  more  swiftly  with  the 
fort,  he  raised  another  company  under 
Captain  Foulk,  and  detached  him  and 
Captain  Wayne  to  that  service.  He  also 
ordered  Arndt  to  come  up  with  his  men 
from  Rockland.  Bucks  County. 

Franklin  left  Bethlehem,  January  15th, 
with  Wayne's  and  Foulk's  companies, 
and  20  men  of  McLaughlin's,  to  lay  out 
the  intended  fort  and  get  it  despatched. 
"I  hope,"  says  he,  "to  get  this  done  soon, 


IRISH    SETTLEMENTS   IN  THE    FORKS    OF  THE    DELAWARE 


639 


but  at  this  time  it  seems  like  fighting 
against  nature." 

On  the  1 6th  he  came  to  Hayes'  quar- 
ters, and  on  his  way  there  reviewed 
Craig's  company. 

The  next  day  he  passed  cautiously 
through  the  Lehigh  Gap,  "a  very  dan- 
gerous pass,"  and  came  to  Uplinger's, 
about  a  mile  up  the  creek  from  Craig's 
tavern.  The  next  day  he  rested  because 
it  was  rainy,  and  on  the  next,  the  Sab- 
bath, reached  Weissport  at  two,  and  in- 
closed the  camp  with  a  strong  breast- 
work, musket  proof,  with  boards  brought 
from  Dunker's  mill.  Monday  was  dark 
and  foggy ;  Tuesday  he  selected  a  site 
for  the  fort,  began  to  cut  timber  for 
stockades,  and  to  dig  the  ground ;  the 
logs  were  cut  and  hauled,  and  in  another 
day,  the  building  was  inclosed,  and  the 
next,  the  stockades  were  finished.  Sat- 
urday the  flag  was  hoisted,  a  salute  fired, 
and  the  fort  named  "after  our  old  friend 
Allen."  Three  houses  were  erected  in 
Fort  Allen.  Franklin's  command  con- 
sisted of  twelve  companies  and  two  de- 
tachments ;  Hayes  had  forty-five  men, 
Craig  thirty,  and  Martin  of  Mount  Beth- 
el thirty. 

It  is  curious  that  there  is  no  mention 
of  any  murders  in  the  settlement ;  it  is 
believed  that  several  families  were  left 
homeless,  and  lost  some  of  their  mem- 
bers. Spangenberg.  a  Moravian  bishop, 
thought  the  Indians  in  greater  danger  of 
being  hurt  in  the  Irish  settlement  than 
anywhere  else  in  the  province.  In  June 
the  bishop  wrote  to  the  Governor  that 
Jo  Pepy  and  Nicodemus  (whom  he 
styles  good  for  nothing,  faithless  crea- 
tures) were  coming  to  Bethlehem,  and 
that  Jo  had  lived  among  the  Presbyte- 
rians, and  being  treacherously  gone  from 
them,  they  are  exasperated  in  the  highest 
detjree.  There  was  such  a  rage  in  the 
neighborhood  against  them  that  he  fear- 
ed they  would  mob  the  Indians  and  the 
Moravians,  and  therefore  besought  the 
governor  to  remove  the  vagabonds.  In 
July.  Governor  Morris*  met  the   Indian 

4Was  Governor  Robert  Hunter  Morri.s.  the 
Deistical  Chief  .Justice  of  New  Jersey  previ- 
ou!?ly,  who  .soupht  to  rob  Brainerd's  Indians 
of  their  lands? 


chiefs  at  Easton ;  Tadeuscund,  and  four- 
teen others  of  the  Six  Nations,  were 
there,  and  Jo  Pepy  was  one  of  the  ui- 
terpreters.  A  treaty  of  peace  was  made, 
and  assurances  given  by  the  Six  Nations 
that  the  murders  at  Gnadenhiitten,  and 
elsewhere  had  not.  been  committed  by 
their  consent.  In  1757,  there  was  an  In- 
dian council  at  Easton;  another  in  1758, 
when  five  hundred  Indians  attended ; 
another  in  October,  1759,  and  another 
in  1761. 

In  1757  and  1758,  the  Rev.  Thomas 
Lewis  of  Bethlehem,  New  Jersey,  sup- 
plied frequently,  and  from  1758  to  1761, 
Mr.  Martin.  Mr.  Chestnut.  Mr.  Simin- 
ton.  and  Mr.  Latta  occasionally.  la 
1759,  the  name  of  the  second  pastor  of 
the  congregation,  the  Rev.  John  Clark, 
appears.  He  graduated  at  New  Jersey 
College  in  1759,  and  was  taken  under 
the  care  of  New  Brunswick  Presbytery, 
November  20,  1759.  When  licensed 
May  9,  1760,  he  was  sent  to  supply  Te- 
hicken,  Allensto-wn  and  Mount  Bethel. 
In  the  October  following,  he  was  called 
to  Tehicken,  and  also  to  Allenstown,  and 
he  took  the  matter  under  consideration. 
The  Presbytery,  believing  it  would  be 
of  great  service  to  the  interest  of  relig- 
ion, ordained  him  as  an'  evangelist  at 
Bethlehem,  New  Jersey,  April  29,  1761, 
and  directed  him  to  supply  Oxford,  New 
Jersey,  Smithfield,  Pennsylvania,  and  the 
Forks.  He  was  dismissed  on  the  28th 
of  May,  and  joined  Philadelphia  Pres- 
bytery. August  12,  1761,  and  was  called 
to  the  Forks,  but  did  not  accept  until  the 
next  meeting  on  November  17.  when  op- 
position was  made  to  his  settlement,  and 
the  dissatisfied  persons  were  heard  in 
Presbytery.  The  commissioners  were 
then  asked  if  the  congregation  could 
support  him  without  the  aid  of  the  dis- 
sentients :  and  being  informed  that  they 
were,  they  had  leave  to  prosecute  the 
call.  Mr.  Clark  was  installed  Wednes- 
day. October  13.  1762.  over  the  two  con- 
gregations in  the  Forks  with  a  salary  of 
80  1.  and  a  parsonage.  Troubles  oc- 
curred and  were  brought  before  the 
Presbytery.  October  22,  1766.  and  the 
Presbytery  advised    that     the  matter  be. 


640 


THE   PENN  GERMANIA 


dropped.  Mr.  Clark  then  gave  his  rea- 
sons for  desiring  to  be  released  from  the 
pastoral  charge  of  Mount  Bethel,  eigh- 
teen persons  having  signed  a  paper  ac- 
cusing him  of  misrepresentation.  The 
Presbytery  pronounced  the  paper  dis- 
orderly, and  refused  to  release  him.  In 
the  April  following,  some  of  the  signers 
renewed  their  attack,  and  asked  Presby- 
tery to  have  Mr.  Clark  tried ;  they  re- 
fused, there  being  no  sufficient  cause, 
and  sent  Air.  Beatty  and  the  Rev.  Wil- 
liam Ramsey,  of  Fairfield,  New  Jersey, 
as  a  healing  committee. 

Before  his  settlement,  the  Old  and  the 
New-side  united,  and  the  Synods  of  New 
York  and  Philadelphia  were  merged  in 
one  ;  the  New-side  Presbytery  of  Abing- 
don, and  the  Old-side  Presbytery  of 
Philadelphia  were  amalgamated  under 
the  name  of  Philadelphia  Presbytery. 
The  two  congregations  in  the  Forks 
came  under  its  care ;  and  the  one  on  the 
West  Branch  was  weakened  probably  in 
1 761,  by  the  formation  of  an  Associate 
Presbyterian  church.  The  seceder  min- 
isters came  to  Pennsylvania  in  1754^  ^" 
answer  to  the  earnest  supplications  sent 
by  the  Rev.  Alexander  Creaghead  of 
Middle  Octorara,  Pennsylvania,  to  Scot- 
land. They  had  a  congregation  at  Deep 
Run,  Pennsylvania,  and  they  built  h 
meeting  house  near  Howertown   in  the 


settlement.  They  never  had  a  minister, 
but  enjoyed  occasional  supplies,  and  to 
the  close  of  their  existence,  the  Rev.  Mr. 
Marshall  of  Philadelphia,  visited  them, 
for  while  many  of  the  Associate  minis- 
ters and  churches  joined  with  the  Re- 
formed Presbyterians  in  constituting  the 
Associate  Reformed  body,  the  faithful 
remnant  in  the  Forks  would  not  come 
under  "the  little  constitution."  They  for 
the  most  part  removed  soon  after  the 
Revolution  to  Western  Pennsylvania, 
and  the  old  log  church  is  gone,  and  the 
graves  around  it  are  overgrown  with 
trees.  There  were  three  families  of  the 
Boyds,  Samuel  Brown  (father  of  Gen- 
eral Robert  Brown),  David  McClean, 
Michael  Cleyd,  John  Clendenin,  Thomas 
Sharp  (the  ancestor  of  the  Rev.  Alex- 
ander Sharp  of  Big  Spring,  Pennsylva- 
nia), John  Clendenin,  and  George  and 
James  Gray. 

The  following  entry  in  the  count 
book  marks  the  state  of  things :  "Au- 
gust 21,  1759.  This  day,  as  some  people 
of  the  congregation  have  for  some  time 
wanted  convenient  seats,  it  is  unanimous- 
ly agreed  to  allow  one  long  seat  on  each 
side ;  and  it  is  agreed  that  the  above 
mentioned  seats  be  only  for  the  present, 
till  other  accommodations  be  made." 

K.  H. 


(  To  be  continued.  ) 


The  General  Conference  of  the  Church 
of  the  Brethren  of  1912 


By  Rev,   J.    G.  Francis,  Lebanon,    Pa. 


The  General  Conference  of  the  Church 
of  the  Brethren  of  1912  was  held  in  the 
city  of  York,  Pa.,  from  May  26  to  June 
6,  the  Conference  proper,  or  business 
session,  the  last  two  days. 

York,  a  city  of  50,000  inhabitants,  is 
surrounded  by  nearly  a  dozen  congrega- 
tions of  the  Brethren,  within  a  compass 
of  15  miles.  The  Brethren  settled  in 
this  neighborhood  200  years  ago.  The 
York  congregation,  organized  about  30 
years  ago,  numbers  about  450  members. 
Eld.  J.  A.  Long,  chairman  of  the  com- 
mittee of  arrangements,  is  a  bishop  of 
the  congregation  and  is  assisted  by  two 
fellow  ministers.  Two  former  General 
Conferences  were  held  in  the  vicinity  of 
York. 

The  housing,  feeding  and  caring  for 
the  Conference  devolves  on  the  district 
securing  it — in  the  present  instance  the 
Southern  District  of  Pennsylvania  which 
was  represented  by  a  committee  of  ar- 
rangements of  five. 

The  Conference  grounds  constitute  a 
beautiful  tract  of  71  acres  of  yelvet 
green.  The  lovely  acres  which  greeted 
the  coming  thousands  had  the  smile  well 
nigh  tramped  out  during  the  Conference. 
Even  the  faithful,  patient  Committee  of 
Arrangements  was  not  more  worn  down 
than  was  Mother  Earth.  Some  of  us 
were  made  to  wonder  whether  she  would 
ever  again  regain  her  former  smile. 
Shade  trees  encircle  the  large  elliptical 
race  track  and  never  gave  their  shade  for 
a  better  purpose.  The  groves  of  trees 
were  well  patronized.  At  night  build- 
ings and  grounds  were  lighted  by  elec- 
tricity. 

The  Fair  Grounds  arc  well  supplied 
with    buildins's.     The    main    auditorium 


w^as  made  by  extending  75  feet  of  the 
roof  of  a  large  part  of  the  grand  stand. 
In  this  way  a  well  covered  building 
about  130  by  210  feet,  with  excellent 
acoustic  properties,  was  provided,  seating 
capacity  being  variously  estimated  at 
from  6000  to  8000.  At  the  lower  side 
of  the  Tabernacle,  in  the  temporarily 
constructed  part,  a  large  elevated  plat- 
form was  raised  for  the  use  of  the  Stand- 
ing Committee  and  the  officers  of  the 
meeting.  Chairs,  placed  directly  in  front 
of  this  platform,  were  reserved  for  the 
delegates.  Off  on  both  sides  of  the  dele- 
gate reservation  were  board  seats  with- 
out backs.  While  back  of  this  whole  new 
part  rose  tier  above  tier,  the  comfortable 
seats  of  the  grandstand.  Two  other 
places  beside  the  Tabernacle  were  used 
for  public  gatherings,  the  tent  erected  on 
the  grounds  for  the  occasion,  capable  of 
accommodating  upwards  of  2000  per- 
sons ;  and  the  Brethren's  Church  in  the 
city  with  a  capacity  a  little  less  than  a 
thousand. 

Two  of  the  fair  buildings,  united  by  a 
temporary  structure,  and  used  as  a  kit- 
chen, were  utilized  as  dining  halls.  These 
two  halls  at  one  sitting  accommodate  1500 
people.  The  feeding  was  conducted  on 
the  cafeteria  plan.  As  you  enter  the  din- 
ing hall  you  are  handed  a  tray.  You 
move  on  and  receive  on  your  tray  a  plate, 
knife,  fork  and  spoon.  Important  also  is 
the  ticket  now  presented,  with  figures  of 
denominations  of  five  running  around  th^ 
edge.  You  now  move  along  an  extended 
counter  on  which  are  displayed  the  edi- 
bles. You  take  directly  what  you  want. 
You  find  it  a  pleasure  to  serve  yourself. 
When  you  have  run  the  gamut  of  the 
lunch  counter,  before  going  through  the 
641 


642 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


gate  into  the  dining  hall  proper,  you  are 
required  to  show  your  laden  tray  to  a 
clerk  with  punch  in  hand,  who  punches 
out  of  your  card  the  cost  of  your  selec- 
tions. You  then  unload  your  tray  at  the 
table  of  your  choice,  surrender  the  tray 
to  a  boy  ready  to  bear  it  away,  and  after 
— yes,  thanksgiving,  do  the  important 
thing.  Then  you  pass  out  at  the  othei 
end  of  the  hall ;  but  before  exit  is  grant- 
ed, you  show  your  ticket  and  pay  the 
amount  punched  out  of  it.  This  is  the 
cafeteria  plan  of  feeding  the  people  as 
used  at  the  York  Conference. 

A  lunch  counter  was  also  placed  under 
a  part  of  the  grandstand,  at  which  sand- 
wiches, pretzels,  cofifee,  lemonade,  milk, 
confections,  etc.,  could  be  secured  and 
covered  ice  cream  and  lemonade  stands 
were  conveniently  sprinkled  over  the 
grounds.  All  the  feeding  was  under  the 
control  of  the  Committee  of  Arrange- 
ments. No  outside  venders  of  any  kind 
were  allowed  on  the  grounds  or  on  the 
approaches  to  the  grounds. 

The  sum  total  of  expenses  was  about 
$14,000. 

Tabernacle  cost    $1300 

Kitchen    400 

Kitchen  outfit    300 

Dining    room    outfit,    dishes,    tables, 

etc 1500 

Chairs  for  various  rooms 500 

Tent  rent  and  seats    150 

Bed  springs,  cots  and  bedding 750 

Labor 3000 

Provisions  used  at  the  Conference — Beef 
5755  pounds;  hams,  1600  pounds;  bread, 
5000  loaves;  pies,  6274;  strawberry  short 
cakes,  '138;  small  cakes,  2675;  layer 
cakes,  247;  soft  pretzels,  750;  Deppen's 
pretzels,  11,000;  sandwich  rolls,  19,774; 
strawberries,  3220  quarts;  pine  apples, 
630;  lemons,  32  boxes;  oranges,  49  boxes; 
bananas,  112  bunches;  grape  fruit,  3 
boxes;  ice  cream,  1696  gallons;  milk, 
1237  gallons;  butter,  591  pounds;  coffee. 
243  pounds;  water  crackers,  151  pounds; 
sugar,  10  barrels;  cocoa,  45  pounds;  po- 
tatoes, 65  bushels;  beans,  4  bushels; 
prunes,  650  pounds;  peaches,  550  pounds; 
eggs,  1140  dozen;  confections,  $75;  sweet 
pickels,   y-i  barrel;   sour  pickels,  y^  barrel. 

Good  arrangements  were  effected  for 
the  mail  service,  a  postoffice  being  estab- 
lished.    Near  the  center  of  the  grounds 


the  Bureau  of  Information  occupied  a 
building.  Local  and  long  distance  tele- 
phone and  teleg'raph  service  and  baggage 
and  parcel  rooms  were  provided.  The 
Lodging  Committee  assigned  delegates  to 
their  temporary  homes. 

One  large  building  on  the  grounds 
was  partitioned  with  muslin  walls.  Each 
room  was  provided  with  springs  or  cots, 
and  fitted  up  by  the  occupants  as  taste 
and  the  use  of  money  might  dictate. 
Everything  was  clean  and  the  whole  ar- 
rangement had  the  appearance  of  neat- 
ness and  freshness.  Here  nearly  2000 
people  could  be  lodged  comfortably, 
each  party  enjoying  a  fair  degree  of 
privacy, 

A  temporary  garage  was  also  insti- 
tuted. It  was  housed  in  a  tent.  It  is 
estimated  that  over  200  autos  were  on 
the  grounds  on  Sunday. 

The  Brethren  Publishing  House  had 
on  hand  for  sale  an  extensive  line  of  the 
Church's  publications. 

We  have  now  taken  a  look  at  the 
grounds  and  the  buildings,  both  perma- 
nent and  temporary,  that  housed  the 
work  of  the  Conference.  We  oould  not 
ignore  the  crowds  passing  to  and  fro  if 
we  would.  On  the  opening  day  they 
were  small,  consisting  largely  of  those, 
who  came  for  Bible  study,  but  each  day 
they  increased.  The  attendance  reached 
the  high  water  mark  on  Sunday,  when  it 
was  estimated  that  40,000  people  were  at 
different  times  on  the  grounds. 

Let  us  now  turn  our  attention  to  the 
work  of  the  Conference.  The  keynote 
of  Protestantism  was  preaching,  says 
Rev.  Jas.  I.  Good.  D.D.  The  complete 
and  well-balanced  church  life  of  the 
Brethren  gives  to  preaching  its  proper 
place.  A  person  who  goes  tO'  the  Con- 
•  ference  only  to  hear  preaching  by  out" 
leading  ministers  will  have  his  program 
well  filled,  with  not  enough  time  left  for 
mons  preached  will  convey  an  adequate 
conception  of  this  line  of  work  and  wc 
trust  will  not  weary.  We  first  give  the 
sermons  preached  in  the  Tabernacle. 

May  29,  Sermon  by  Eld.  J.  G.  Royer  to 
the  Standing  Committee. 


GENERAL  CONFERENCE  OF  THE  CHURCH  OF  THE  BRETHREN 


643 


May  30,  10  a.  m.,  Eld.  B.  F.  Masterson, 
of  California,  on  "The  Library  of  Heaven.  " 
8  p.  m..  Eld.  Chas.  D.  Bonsack,  of  Mary- 
laud,  "The  Teaching  of  Jesus  on  Home 
Relations." 

May  31,  9  a.  m.,  Eld.  D.  L.  Miller,  of 
niinois,  on  "Christ  and  the  Church."  10.30 
a.  m.,  Eld.  J.  Kurtz  Miller,  of  New  York, 
on  "A  Neglected  Grace."  2  p.  m..  Eld.  W. 
B.  Stover,  of  India,  "Among  the  Common 
People."  8.  p.  m..  Eld.  D.  N.  Eller,  of  Vir- 
ginia, "Eternal  Religion  for  Eternal 
Needs." 

June  1,  10.30  a.  m..  Eld.  S.  G.  Lehmer, 
of  California,  "Truth."  2  p.  m..  Eld.  I.  S. 
Long,  of  India,  "The  Prayer  of  Moses.'-  8 
p.  m..  Rev.  D.  Webster  Kurtz,  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, "Sonship  of  Christ." 

June  2,  Sunday.  10.30  a.  m..  Eld.  M.  C. 
Swigart,  of  Pennsylvania,  "Test  of  Lead- 
ership." 2  p.  m..  Eld.  W.  S.  Long,  of 
Pennsylvania,  "The  Atonement  and  Its 
Issues."  3.30  p.  m.,  Eld.  J.  E.  Miller,  of 
Illinois,  "The  Waiting  Church."  8  p.  m., 
Eld.  John  Heckman,  of  Illinois,  "The  Lost 
Sheep,   the  Lost  Coin  and   the  Lost   Boy." 

June  3,  4  p.  m.,  Eld.  I.  J.  Rosenberger, 
of  Ohio. 

June  4,  8  p.  m..  Eld.  S.  N.  McCann,  of 
Virginia,  "The  Jerusalem  Conference." 

June  5,  8  p.  m.,  Eld.  D.  H.  Ziegler,  ol 
Virginia,  "The  Power  of  the  Word." 

The  sermons  preached  in  the  Tent 
were  as  folows : 

June  1,  Eld.  T.  S.  Moherman,  of  Vir- 
ginia, "Christian  Ideals." 

June  3,  Eld.  S.  G.  Lehmer,  of  California, 
"The   Beatitudes." 

June  2,  3  p.  m.,  German  Sermon  by  Eld. 
J.  H.  Longenecker,  of  Pennsylvania, 
"Busse  und  Bekehrung."  8  p.  m.,  Sermon 
by 

June  4,  German  sermon  by  Eld.  John 
Herr,  of  Pennsylvania,  "Christliche  Tu- 
genden." 

The  following-  sermons  were  delivered 
in  the  Brethren  Chtirch  in  York : 

June  1,  Eld  J.  A.  Garber,  Washington, 
D.  C,  "The  Opening  of  the  Books." 

June  2.  10.30  a.  m..  Eld.  I.  J.  Rosenber- 
ger, of  Ohio.  7.30  p.  m..  Eld.  Chas.  M. 
Yearout,  of  Kansas,  "Purity  of  Heart  and 
How  Obtained." 

June  3,  8  p.  m..  Eld.  Geo.  L.  Studebaker, 
of  Indiana,  "Salvation." 

June  4,  8  p.  m..  Eld.  Jasper  Barnthouse, 
of  Pennsylvania,   "Naaman  the   Leper." 

June  5,  8  p.  m..  Eld.  L.  W.  Teeter,  of 
Indiana,  "The  Twentieth  Century  New 
Testament  Faith." 


Besides  the  foregoing,  thirty-five  ser- 
mons were  preached  on  Sunday,  June  2, 
by  leading  Brethren  ministers,  in  York 
and  nearby  churches ;  and  a  number  of 
impromptu  sermons  on  the  Fair  Grounds 
to  groups  here  and  there. 

We  might  be  led  while  looking  over 
this  list  of  sermons  to  say  that  the  York 
Conference  was  a  preaching  conference. 
It  certainly  aflforded  a  rare  opportunity 
to  hear  and  study  the  leading  preachers 
of  the  church.  It  afforded  an  equally 
rare  opportunity  to  these  preachers  to 
shape  and  mould  sentiment.  But  preach- 
ing was  only  one  phase  of  the  many- 
sided  conference. 

Bible  study  was  given  equal  promi- 
nence. The  Bible  School  of  the  Confer- 
ence this  year  was  placed  specially  undei 
the  direction  of  Juniata  College,  Hunt- 
ingdon, Pa.  There  are  many  who  care 
more  for  this  phase  of  the  Conference 
than  they  do  for  the  business  session. 
Not  a  few  attend  Conference  because  of 
the  Bible  study.  Following  is  the  Annual 
.  Meeting  Bible  School  program : 

Sunday,  May  26,  2  p.  m..  Prof.  T.  T. 
Myers,  D.D.,  of  Juniata  College,  The  Book 
of  Colossians. 

Monday,  May  27,  2  p.  m.  and  8  p,  m.. 
Prof.   Myers,  The  Book  of  Colossians. 

Tuesday,  May  28,  2  p.  m.,  and  8  p.  m.. 
Prof.   Myers,   The   Book  of  Colossians. 

Wednesday,  May  29,  2  p.  m..  Prof.  My- 
ers, The  Book  of  Colossians.  8  p.  m..  Prof. 
W.  I.  T.  Hoover,  of  Blue  Ridge  College, 
Union  Bridge,  Md.,  "The  Unreality  of  the 
Spiritual  Life." 

Thursday,  May  30,  2  p.  m..  Prof.  Hoov- 
er, "The  Reality  and  Certainty  of  the  Spir- 
itual Life."  7  p.  m..  Eld.  W.  M.  Howe,  of 
Johnstown,  Pa.,  The  Book  of  Galatians. 

Friday,  May  31,  10  a.  m.  and  2  p.  m.. 
Eld.  Howe,  The  Book  of  Galatians.  8  p.  m., 
Prof.  T.  S.  Moherman,  President  of  Dale- 
ville  College,  Virginia,  "Christian  Ideals." 

Saturday,  June  1,  10  a.  m.,  Prof.  Moher- 
man, "Realization  of  Christian  Ideals."  2 
p.  m..  Rev.  D.  W.  Kurtz,  D.D.,  of  Philadel- 
phia, Pa.,  "Doctrine  of  God."  8  p.  m.. 
Rev.  Kurtz,  "The  Doctrine  of  Man." 

Monday,  June  3.  10  a.  ni.,  Rev.  Kurtz, 
"The  Doctrine  of  Sin."  2  p.  m..  Rev.  A. 
J.  Culler,  of  Philadelphia,  "The  Care  of 
Young  Converts."  8  p.  m..  Elder  S.  M. 
McCann,  of  Bridgewater  College,  Virginia, 
"The  Sermon  on  the  Mount." 


644 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


Tuesday,  June  4,  10  a.  m.,  Eld.  McCann, 
"The  Sermon  on  the  Mount."  2  p.  m., 
Eld.  McCann,  The  First  Epistle  of  John. 
8  p.  m.,  Prof.  A.  H.  Haines,  D.D.,  The 
Book  of  Amos. 

Wednesday,  June  5,  10  a.  m.,  Prof. 
Haines,  The  Book  of  Hosea.  2  p.  m.. 
Prof.  D.  C.  Reber,  President  of  Elizabeth- 
town  College,  Pennsylvania,  "The  Bible 
and  a  College  Education."  8  p.  m.,  "The 
Student's  Need  of  the  Bible,"  by  Prof.  H. 
K.  Ober,  of  Elizabethtown  College. 

Thursday,  June  6,  10  a.  m.,  Round 
Table — Gathering  Up  the  Fragments. 

From  Sunday,  May  26,  to  Wednesday, 
May  29,  inclusive,  the  Bible  school  wa= 
held  in  the  Chtirch  of  the  Brethren  in 
York.  Beginning  Thursday,  May  30, 
th  e  classes  were  held  in  the  tent  on  the 
Conference  grounds. 

The  scocial  side  of  the  Conference  was 
by  no  means  of  minor  importance.  The 
hope  of  meeting  and  greeting  old  ac- 
quaintances had  much  to  do  with  the 
large  attendance.  The  greeting  of 
brother  by  brother  with  hand  and  holy 
kiss  in  accord  with  Scripture  injunction 
gives  a  satisfaction  to  the  heart  which 
cannot  be  realized  by  those  who  have 
never  made  a  complete  surrender  to  the 
brotherly  love  of  the  Bible.  While  the 
Church  of  the  Brethren  has  attempted 
no  formal  statement  for  developing  the 
social  side  of  her  members,  nor  attempt- 
ed a  scientific  statement  of  the  subject, 
yet  in  the  General  Conference,  and  in 
other  conferences  also,  they  develop  the 
real  thing,  or  rather  permit  the  real 
thing,  which  has  been  begotten  in  the 
heart  by  obeying  the  Truth,  to  have  free 
course  and  be  glorified.  Brethrenism,  of 
which  the  Church  of  the  Brethren  is  the 
genuine  embodiment,  is  fundamentally 
social.  The  love  feast  in  connection  with 
the  communion  is  social.  This  social 
side  of  the  Conference  draws  out  heart 
development. 

Reunions  were  a  common  thing.  Many, 
if  not  all,  of  our  schools  had  their  re- 
unions. States  had  reunions.  It  was  the 
plea.sure  of  the  writer  to  be  present  at  a 
reunion  of  the  Brethren    of    Tennessee. 


This  included  not  only  present  residents 
of  the  state,  but  also  those  who  had  gone 
out  from  Tennessee.  The  recounting  of 
experiences  and  reminiscences  accom- 
panied wath  the  flowing  of  tears  would 
have  moved  a  heart  of  stone.  Then  there 
were  family  reunions,  etc. 

THE  PEACE  MEETING. 

This  was  fittingly  placed  first,  for  the 
Brethren  are  pre-eminently  a  peace  peo- 
ple. They  ha-ve  consistently  taught, 
lived  and  suffered  for  peace  from  their 
very  beginning.  They  are  the  rightful 
heirs  to  the  leadership  of  the  peace  work 
of  Christendom.  Eld.  J.  Kurtz  Miller, 
pastor  of  the  Brooklyn  church,  was 
chairman  of  the  meeting.  The  program 
was  as  follows : 

"The  Olive  Branch  of  Peace,"  Eld. 
Daniel  Hays,  of  Virginia. 

"Why  Should  W^  not  War,"  Prof.  P.  B. 
Fitzwater,  of  California. 

"Is  the  Present  Peace  Movement  in  Har- 
mony with  the  Scriptures?"  Eld.  W.  S. 
Long,  of  Pennsylvania. 

"Peace  from  My  Viewpoint,"  Eld  W.  J. 
Swigart,  of  Pennsylvania. 

THE  EDUCATIONAL  MEETING. 

Was  held  from  8  to  9.30  a.  m.,  on  Mon- 
day, June  3,  Eld.  A.  G.  Crosswhite,  of 
Indiana,  presiding.  The  program  fol- 
lows : 

"Our  Schools  and  Colleges  as  Safe 
Places  to  Educate  Our  Chrildren,"  as- 
signed to  Bridgewater  College.  The  sub- 
ject was  discussed  by  the  President  of  the 
school.  Prof.  John  S.  Flory. 

"The  Correlation  of  Our  Schools  and 
Colleges,"  Junia,ta  College.  The  subject 
was  discussed  by  the  President,  Prof.  I. 
Harvey   Brumbaugh. 

"Pastoral  Care  of  Students,"  Blue  Ridge 
College,   discussed  by   Prof.   W.    B.   Yount. 

"Systematic  Financial  Support  of  Our 
Schools  and  Colleges,"  McPherson  College, 
discussed  by  E.  M.  Studebaker.  "The  Col- 
lege cannot  be  looked  upon  as  a  business 
for  financial  gain.  It  is  more  of  a  mis- 
sionary enterprise.  It  is  in  our  schools 
that  our  church  workers  are  to  be 
trained." 


GENERAL  CONFERENCE  OF  THE  CHURCH  OF  THE  BRETHREN 


645 


Then  folowed  from  9.30  a.  m.  to  12  m. 

THE    SUNDAY    SCHOOL    MEETING. 

Rev.  Lafayette  Steele,  of  Indiana,  pre- 
sided at  the  Sunday  School  meeting-.  The 
consideration  of  the  Christian  Workers 
Society  was  merged  with  the  Sunday 
School  work.     The  program  follows : 

"Our  New  Teacher  Training  Book  and 
Why  Every  One  Should  Use  It,"  Eld.  J.  G. 
Royer,  of  Illinois. 

"Practical  Primary  Plans,"  Elizabeth 
D.  Rosenberger,  of  Ohio. 

"Relation  of  Our  Christian  Workers'  So- 
ciety to  the  Church,"  Prof.  Otho  Winger, 
Indiana. 

"Proper  Sunday  School  Organization," 
by  Eld.  S.  H.  Hertzler,  Pennsylvania. 

After  the  discussion  by  the  main 
speaker,  a  short  time  was  given  for  one 
minute  speeches.  It  was  estimated  that 
the  Sunday  School  attendance  of  the 
church  was  more  than  100,000  or  in  ex- 
cess of  the  church  membership.  The 
number  of  our  Sunday  Schools  is  1152. 
3265  joined  the  church  during  the  past 
year  through  the  agency  of  the  Sunday 
School. 

A  very  important  meeting  of  the  Con- 
ference, and  it  goes  right  down  into  the 
pocket-book,  is 

THE  MISSIONARY   MEETING 

held  in  the  Tabernacle  from  2  to  3.45  p. 
m.,  on  Monday.  The  missionaries  home 
on  furlough  sang  a  hymn  in  the  language 
of  India.  The  main  discourse  was  by 
Eld.  \V.  r>.  Stover,  our  pioneer  mission- 
arv  in  India.  He  announced  his  subject 
as' "My  Mlother."  "The  efifect  was  al- 
most startling.  Tears  unbidden  rushed 
to  a  thousand  eyes."  The  York  Gazette 
says  of  this  discourse:  "Never  has  a  ser- 
mon on  missions  produced  as  much 
marked  efifect  in  York  as  that  of  Elder 
W.  B.  Stover,  of  India,  in  the  Taber- 
nacle yesterday.  Elder  Stover  is  a  mis- 
sionary of  missionaries."  Following  the 
address,  the  offering  was  lifted.  It 
amounted  to  something  over  $26,000. 
Four  missionaries,  Herman   Heisey  and 


wife,  of  I'ennsylvania ;  Anna  Eby,  of 
Ohio,  and  Olive  Widdowson,  of  Penn- 
sylvania, were  then  consecrated  for  work 
in  the  India  field. 

At  6.30  p.  m.,  Monday,  was  held 

THE    CHILD   RESCUE    MEETING. 

The  moderator  was  Eld.  Geo.  W.  Bur- 
gin,  of  Iowa.  The  following  is  the  pro- 
gram : 

"Opportunities  for  Christian  Service  in 
Child  Saving  Work,"  Eld.  I.  W.  Taylor,  of 
Pennsylvania. 

"Child  Saving  as  a  Missionary  Work," 
by  J.  F.  Appleman,  of  Indiana. 

"The  Field,"  Eld.  D.  H.  Ziegler,  of  Vir- 
ginia. 

This  program  was  followed  by  volun- 
teer three-minute  speeches. 

THE   TEMPERANCE    MEETING 

at  7.45  p.  m.,  filled  the  Tabernacle.  The 
Brethren  have  always  been  strong  on 
temperance.  Their  record  on  this  issue 
gives  them  no  second  place.  They  can 
consistently  recommend  action  against 
the  saloon.  Xo  dealer  of  anv  kind  in  in- 
toxicants can  hold  membership  in  the 
Church  of  the  Brethren.  Since  no 
drunkard  can  enter  the  kingdom,  the 
Brethren  have  no  place  for  him,  who 
nutteth  the  bottle  to  his  neighbor's  lips. 
The  temperance  program  was  as  follows : 

"The  Moral  Effect  of  the  Liquor  Traf- 
fic," by  Rev.  A.  J.  Culler,  of  Pennsylvania. 

"The  Evils  Associated  w^ith  the  Liquor 
Traffic":  (a)  "Cards,"  D.  M.  Adams,  of 
Illinois  (b)  "Tobacco."  A.  M.  Stine,  of 
Iowa;  (c)  "Clubs,"  J.  H.  Hollinger,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C;  (o)  "White  Slave  Traffic," 
Geo.  W.  Flory,  of  Ohio. 

"How  Does  the  Saloon  Affect  the 
Church?"  by  Eld.  T.  T.  Myers,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

"How  Can  the  Church  Best  Operate 
Against  the  Saloon?"  by  Eld.  W.  M.  Howe, 
of  Pennsylvania. 

The  program  reveals  the  Brethren's 
classification  of  evils.  Short,  spicy  five- 
minute  talks  were  given  on  each  of  the 
saloon  evil  associates.     Throughout  the 


646 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


meeting  the  trumpet  gave  no  uncertain 
sound.  The  battle  against  the  saloon 
is  on. 

THE  sisters'  aid   SOCIETIES. 

Over  four  hundred  sisters  were  pres- 
ent and  were  presided  over  by  Sister  W. 
D.  Keller,  of  Ashland,  Ohio.  "To  any 
one  present  it  was  evident  that  the  gath- 
ering was  full  of  live  wires.  The  sisters 
have  plenty  of  ideas  concerning  ways 
and  means  to  make  the  world  better,  and 
they  also  know  how  to  express  them- 
selves earnestly  and  clearly.  Each  one 
will  go  home  with  an  inspiration." 

THE    BUSINESS    SESSION 

of  the  Conference.  In  a  sense  this  is 
the  important  thing.  Action  is  taken  by 
vote  of  delegates  and  what  is  decided  is 
binding  on  the  churches. 

The  organization  is  efifected  by  the 
Standing  Committee,  which  is  made  up 
of  the  delegates  from  the  State  Districts. 
The  balance  of  the  voting  power  is  made 
up  of  the  delegates  from  the  congrega- 
tions. While  on  other  questions  their 
voting  power  is  on  a  par  with  the  mem- 
bers of  Standing  Committee,  thev  have 
no  part  in  effecting  the  organization. 

We  herewith  give  a  list  of  the  Stand- 
ing Committee  of  19 12,  inasmuch  as  it 
also  shows  how  the  Brotherhood  is  dis- 
tricted for  church  work. 

1.  Arkansas,    First    District,     and     S.     E. 

Mo.,  H.  J.  Lilly. 

2.  California,   Northern,  J.  W.  Deardorff. 

3.  California,    Southern,    and   Arizona,   J. 

P.  Dickey. 

4.  Colorado,  Western,  and  Utah,  by  letter, 

5.  Denmark,  not  represented. 

6.  France,  not  represented. 

7.  Idaho    and    Western    Montana,    J.   H. 

Graybill. 

8.  Illinois,    Northern,    and    Wisconsin,    T. 

B.  Trout. 

9.  Illinois,  Southern,  J.  W.  Lear. 

10.  India,  First  Distrist,  I.  S.  Long. 

11.  Indiana,  Middle,  A.  L.   Wright,  Frank 

Fisher. 

12.  Indiana,      Northern,      David      Metzler, 

Wm.  R.  Deetor. 
14.  Iowa,  Middle,  W.  I.  Buckingham. 


15.  Iowa,  Northern,  Minn,  and  S.  Dak.,  J. 

F.  Souders. 

16.  Iowa,  Southern,  G.  W,  Bergin. 

17.  Kansas,    Northeastern,    H.    L.    Bram- 

mell. 

18.  Kansas,  N.  \Y.  and  N.  E.  Colo.,  A.  C. 

Daggett. 

19.  Kansas,  Southeastern,  John  S.  Clark. 

20.  Kansas,  S.  W.  and  S.  Colo.,  M.  Keller. 

21.  Maryland,  Eastern,  H.  C.  Early. 

22.  Maryland,  Middle,  David  M.  Zuck. 

23.  Maryland,  Western,  I.  N.  Abernathy. 

24.  Michigan,  C.  L.  Wilkins. 

25.  Missouri,  Middle,  T.  J.  Simmons. 

26.  Missouri,  Northern,  G.  W.  Ellenberger. 

27.  Missouri,    S.    and    N.    W.    Ark.,    J.    B. 

Hylton. 

28.  Nebraska,  D.  G.  Wine. 

29.  N.  and  S.  Carolina  and  Georgia,  S.  P. 

Jones. 

30.  N.  Dak.,  E.  Mont.,  and  W.  Can.,  D.  F. 

Landis. 

31.  Ohio,  Northeastern,  Noah  Longenecker 

32.  Ohio,   Northwestern,  L.  H.   Dickey. 

33.  Ohio,  Southern,    J.    C.    Bright,    B.    F. 

Petry. 

34.  Okla.,    Panhandle   of   Tex.    and   N.    M., 

A.  L.  Boyd. 

35.  Oregon,  Geo.  C.  Carl. 

36.  Pennsylvania,  Eastern,  F.  P.  Cassel,  I. 

W.  Taylor. 
3  7.   Pennsylvania,    Middle,     T.    T.    Myers, 
Price  Sell. 

38.  Pennsylvania,  S.   E.,   N.  J.,  and  E.  N. 

Y.,  J.  P.  Hetric. 

39.  Pennsylvania,   Southern,   C.   R.   Dellig, 

D.  A.  Foust. 

40.  Pennsylvania,  Western,  J  .H.  Cassady, 

H.  S.  Replogle. 

41.  Sweden,  not  represented. 

42.  Tennessee,  A.  M.  Laughrun. 

43.  Texas  and  Louisiana,  K.  G.  Tennison. 

44.  Virginia,    First,    P.    S.    Miller,    D.    A. 

Naff. 

45.  Virginia,  Second,  S.  N.  McCann. 

46.  Virginia,  Eastern,  S.   A.   Sanger. 

47.  Virginia,    Northern,   P.    S.   Thomas,   J. 

A.   Garber. 

48.  Washington,   F.   M.    Woods. 

49.  West        Virginia,        First,        Jeremiah 

Thomas. 

50.  West  Virginia,  Second,  A.  C.  Anvil. 

It  will  thus  be  seen  that  the  Brother- 
hood is  made  up  of  fifty  districts.  Each 
District  is  entitled  to  a  representative  on 
Standing  Committee ;  but  if  there  are 
4000  members  or  .more  in  the  District,  it 
is  entitled  to  two  representatives. 

All  members  of  Standing  Committee 
must  be  elders  or  bishops,  these  offices 
lieing  regarded     as     identical.     It  is  es- 


GENERAL  CONFERENCE  OF  THE  CHURCH  OF  THE  BRETHREN 


647 


teemed  a  j^^reat  honor  amono;-  the  bishops 
of  a  district  to  be  elected  on  Standing: 
Committee.  All  questions  comin<^  before 
the  open  conference  must  first  be  con- 
sidered by  the  Standing  Committee, 
whose  sessions  are  private.  It  is  a  hard 
working  body.  The  position  of  the 
Standing  Committee  on  queries  is  made 
known  in  open  conference  before  discus- 
sion, but  is  not  binding  on  the  Confer- 
ference.  Their  position  may  be  accepted 
or  rejected. 

The  delegate  body  from  the  churches 
this  year  was  composed  of  421  delegates. 
In  191 1  there  were  440  delegates  from 
the  churches;  and  in  1910.  481,  this  be- 
ing the  largest  number  of  delegates  to 
any  General  Conference.  We  quote  from 
the  Office  Editor  of  The  Gospel  Mes- 
sciii,cr: 

"Furthermore,  since  there  are  913  con- 
gregations in  the  Brotherhood,  and  since 
a  number  of  the  congregations  sent  two 
delegates,  it  follows  that  considerably  less 
than  half  the  churches  were  represented. 
By  this  we  are  to  understand  that  the  de- 
cisions for  a  majority  of  the.  congrega- 
tions were  made  by  the  minority.  This 
may  not  seem  fair,  and  yet  it  is  only  his- 
tory repeating  itself.  Had  each  congre- 
gation been  represented  (to  the  extent  of 
its  privilege)  our  list  would  show  not  less 
than   1200   delegates." 

A  congregation  of  200  or  more  mem- 
bers is  entitled  to  two  delegates.  The 
Conference  desires  representation  from 
every  local  congregation. 

The  rules  that  govern  the  Conference 
from  year  to  year  are  those  that  govern 
all  well  regulated  deliberative  bodies ;  yet 
there  are  some  that  are  characteristic. 
Rule  6  is  as  follows : 

"Any  brother  using  personalities  in  his 
speech,  shall  be  called  to  order  by  the 
Moderator;  and  if  he  persists,  he  shall  be 
told  to  take  his  seat." 

Also  Rule  1 1 : 

"All  members  present  shall  have  the 
right  to  participate  in  the  discussion  of 
all  questions  before  the  meeting;  and  in 
case  any  query  or  queries  cannot  pass  by 
unanimous     consent,     the     delegates     and 


Standing  Committee  shall  decide  them  by 
a  two-thirds  majority." 

And  Rule   12: 

"In  case  a  brother  or  brethren  shall 
speak  reproachfully  against  annual  meet- 
ing, or  her  proceedings,  at  the  time  and 
place  of  annual  meeting,  said  brother  or 
brethren  shall  be  held  as  offenders  against 
the  General  Brotherhood  and  they  shall 
be  tried  at  once  by  a  committee,  appoint 
ed  by  the  Standing  Committee,  and  ap- 
proved by  the  General  Council;  and  said 
committee  shall  deal  with  them  according 
to  their  offense,  and  their  decision  shall 
be  respected  by  the  General  Council,  and 
by  the  respective  churches.  The  vvord 
"reproachfully"  shall  not  be  so  construed 
as  to  prevent  any  brother  from  expressing- 
his  opinion  with  Christian  courtesy." 

An  understanding  of  the  voting  power 
of  the  Conference  reveals  its  American 
character.  It  is  a  constitutional  body. 
The  Standing  Committee  answers  to  or 
is  rather  answered  to  by  the  Senate,  ar  ■ 
the  Delegate  Body  to  the  House  of  Rep- 
resentatives. 

To  take  up  the  discussion  of  the  ques- 
tions  that   came   before   the   Conferer 
would  extend  this  article  beyond  reaso'- 
able  length.     We  mention  a  few  of  the 
specially  important  actions  of  the  Con- 
ference. 

The  election  and  support  of  pastors  is 
a  question  that  is  undergoing  solution 
among  the  Brethren.  There  is  a  tend- 
ency to  require  of  persons  about  to  enter 
the  ministry  to  undergo  a  test  of  fitness 
for  the  office  at  the  hands  of  an  examin- 
ing board  other  than  the  conviction  of 
fitness  arrived  at  by  his  home  congrega- 
tion before  calling  him  to  the  sacred 
office. 

On  the  question  of  voting  and  politics, 
the  Brethren  regard  the  church's  work 
as  spiritual.  They  recognize  government 
as  ordained  of  God.  Among  other  things 
on  this  question  the  Conference  adopted 
the  following: 

"We  advise  that  brethren  neither  vote 
nor  accept  an  office  of  any  kind  unless  they 
are  convinced  that  by  so  doing  they  can 
more   completely   fill   their  mission   in   the 


648 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


world  relative  to  themselves,  to  their  fel- 
low-men and  to  God. 

"We  urge  that  the  Brethren  shall  accept 
no  office,  the  performance  of  the  duties  of 
which  would  require  the  use  of  physical 
force  or  which  might  compromise,  in  any 
way,  the  non-resistant  principles  of  the 
Gospel  of  Jesus  Christ." 

The  Brethren  continue  to  make  it  as 
hard  for  a  person  hitherto  having  what 
is  called  Christian  baptism  to  get  into  the 
Chtirch  of  the  Brethren  without  "re- 
baptism,"  as  it  is  for  a  camel  to  go 
through  the  eye  of  a  needle. 

As  for  the  labor  unions,  the  Brethren 
have  very  little  use  for  them.  If  every- 
thing contrary  to  the  Gospel  could  be 
removed  from  these  unions,  the  Brethren 
might  begin  to  think  about  loking  on 
them  favorably. 

A  heading  in  a  York  paper  to  the  ef- 
fect that  the  Brethren  failed  to  put  the 
ban  on  tobacco  grossly  misrepresented 
the  Church.  The  Brethren  have  placed 
the  ban  on  tobacco  but  they  are  no  bigots. 
No  member  in  the  Church  of  the  Breh- 
ren  can  be  installed  into  the  office  of  dea- 
con or  minister  who  persists  in  the  to- 
bacco habit  and  no  member  can  be  elect- 
ed a  delegate  to  District  or  Annual  Meet- 
ing, who  uses  the  filthy  weed.  There 
was  a  time  when  the  exceeding  sinfulness 
of  the  habit  did  not  appear,  or  rather  the 
times  of  this  ignorance  were  winked  at 
but  the  times  for  command  of  repentance 
a'"e  a*:  hand.  The  question  before  the 
Coi;ferance  was  whether  the  old  officials 
who  had  acquired  the  habit  in  the  days 
of  ignorance  should  still  be  allowed  to 
hold  office.  Their  otherwise  long  years 
of  faithful  service  and  example  of  life 
failed  almost  still  to  plead  for  them.  A 
majority,  though  not  the  necessary  two- 
thirds  vote,  favored  cutting  the  old  veter- 
ans off  from  official  functions.  The  ac- 
tion of  the  Conference  was  the  hand- 
writing on  the  wall  for  King  Tobacco. 
Tf.^  has  been  weiglicd  in  the  balances  and 
fc  Mid  wanting. 

A  committee  of  three  was  appointel 
to  formulate  plans  for  a  general  organi- 
zation of  the  Christian  Workers  Society. 
This  society  aims  to  be  to  the  Brethren 


Church  largely  what  the  Christian  En- 
deavor Society  is  to  many.  A  more 
thorough  organization  for  the  purpose  of 
child  rescue  work  was  also  authorized. 

The  Brethren  have  always  been  noted 
for  plainness  of  dress,  the  proper  com- 
plement to  a  plain  life.  They  are  con- 
vinced that  to  follow  the  fashions  is  fool- 
ish and  wicked ;  to  worship  the  goddess 
of  Fashion  is  idolatry.  This  matter  agi- 
tated the  Conference  slightly,  but  it  was 
only  a  ripple  on  the  sea  of  conviction. 

As  to 

THE  SPIRIT  OF  THE  CONFERENCE 

we  quote  from  Eld.  H.  B.  Brumbaugh, 
of  Huntingdon,  Pa.,  an  associate  editoi 
of  The  Gospel  Messenger. 

"Speaking  from  personal  experience  the 
York  Annual  Meeting  was  one  among  the 
most  pleasant  ones  which  it  was  our  pleas- 
ure to  attend.  As  we  think  of  it,  our  won- 
der is  why  it  was  so,  and  whether  the 
same  causes  that  made  it  so  pleasant  to  us, 
made  it  equally  pleasant  to  others,  as  we 
have  reason  to  believe  that  an  unusually 
happy  spirit  prevailed  in  the  hearts  and 
minds  of  all  present. 

"There  were  a  few  prevalent  conditions 
that  may  have  been  active  factors  in  mak- 
ing people  feel  good  as  good  physical  feel- 
ings have  much  to  do  with  general  hap~ 
piness  in  this  world  of  ours. 

"The  weather  was  fine.  .  .  .  Another 
element  in  making  it  a  good  meeting  was 
the  place  and  the  accommodations.  .  .  . 
Another  element  in  making  the  Confer- 
ence a  pleasant  one  was  the  splendid 
feeding  arrangements  there  provided.  We 
are  human  beings.  .  .  .  Another  element 
was  prevalent  in  this  meeting  that  made 
it  especially  pleasant — and  that  was  the 
Christ  love  element — the  best  of  all.  We 
were  deeply  impressed.  Indeed,  we  were 
made  glad  to  see  the  Christian  love  spirit 
made  so  evident  and  manifest  among 
God's  children  on  the  grounds,  in  sessions, 
in  all  meetings,  everywhere  during  the 
Conference.  Although  many  of  us  met 
there  as  strangers,  yet  we  greeted  each 
other  as  children  of  one  common  Father." 

The  resolutions  passed  by  the  Confer- 
ence will  be  a  fitting  close  of  this  article 
as  it  was  of  the  Conference  itself. 

"Recognizing  the  goodness,  the  mercies 


GENERAL  CONFERENCE  OF  THE  CHURCH  OF  THK  BRETHREN 


649 


and  the  watch-care  of  our  Heavenly 
Father  toward  and  over  us  while  coming 
to,  and  during  our  stay  at  this  place,  we 
express  to  him  our  sincere  thanks  and 
heartfelt  gratitude  for  all  his  mercies 
shown,  and  for  the  sweet  fellowship  en- 
joyed. 

Resolved,  That  our  thanks  are  due  and 
are  hereby  extended  to  the  brethren  and 
sisters  of  the  Southrn  District  of  Penn- 
sylvania; to  the  Committee  of  Arrange- 
ments, and  all  others  who  labored  so  faith- 
fully and  assiduously  for  our  spiritual  and 
temporal  comfort  while  attending  the 
Conference  of  1912;  to  the  pastors  of  the 
churches  of  the  City  of  York  for  their 
kindness  and  courtesy  in  inviting  our  min- 
isters to  occupy  their"  pulpits  and  the  in- 
terest shown  in  the  Conference  by  their 
attendance  at  its  sessions,  and  to  the  good 
people  of  the  City  of  York  for  the  courtesy 
and  hospitality  extended  to  us  during  our 
sojourn  among  them. 

"Resolved,  That  this  171st  Conference 
of  the  Church  of  the  Brethren  in  America, 
recognizing  the  Bible  as  the  inspired  Word 
of  God,  containing  his  plan  for  the  salva- 
tion of  the  v/orld,  most  earnestly  urge  that 
the  Book  of  God  be  used  and  read  In  all 
the  schools  of  our  country,  that  we  reaf- 
firm, as  has  been  done  time  and  again 
since  1872,  our  unalterable  opposition  to 
the  manufacture,  sale  and  use  of  all  intox- 
icants as  beverages,  and  urge  our  people 
everywhere  to  use  every  lawful  Gospel 
means  to  banish  the  curse  of  strong  drink 
from  all  the  nations  of  the  earth,  and  that 
we  commend,  as  being  worthy  of  example, 


the  faithful  pioneers  of  the  Church  in 
America  who  so  closely  followed  the  foot- 
steps of  the  Master. 

"Resolved,  That  we  Implore  our  beloved 
brethren,  by  the  mercies  of  God,  both  lay 
and  official,  to  abstain  entirely  from  the 
use  of  tobacco  which  our  Conference  of 
182  2  well  characteried  as  'a  shamefully 
bad  habit,  and  everything  bad,  says  the 
apo5?tle,  is  sin,  and  sin  deSletb  the  body,' 
and  since  them  has  decided  that  no  one 
may  be  installed  in  the  deacon's  office  or 
in  the  ministry  who  indulges  in  the  use  of 
tobacco,  or  serve  as  a  delegate  to  District 
or  Annual  Meeting  who  uses,  raises,  buys 
or  sells  the  filthy  weed.  Cleanse  yourselves, 
beloved  brethren,  from  this  'shamefully 
had'  and  excessively  filthy  habit. 

"Resolved,  That  we  beseech  and  exhort 
our  beloved  brethren  and  sisters  every- 
where to  live  lives  devoted  to  him  who  died 
and  rose  again,  that  we  might  have  life 
and  have  it  more  abundantly,  that  his  life 
may  be  made  manifest  in  us  and  that  we 
urge  our  elders  and  ministers  present  to 
carry  home  with  them  the  instruction  and 
helpful  suggestion  received  at  this  Confer- 
ence and  that  in  each  congregation  a  ser- 
mon or  address  be  given  setting  forth  the 
work  of  the  Conference  in  detail,  so  that 
all  our  people  may  be  encouraged  to  unite 
heartily  in  accepting  and  carrying  out  the 
advice  and  counsel  given,  and  to  live  more 
devoted  lives  to.  Christ,  the  Head  of  the 
Church. 

"D.  L.  Miller,  J.  G.  Rover,  .T.  A.  Dove, 
Committee  on  Resolutions." 


^be  pcnn  (Bermania  (Benealogical  Club 


£»rr03 — Cora  C.  Curry.  1020  Monroe  St.    N.  W..  Washington.  D.   C. 

TWK'BirBEaSHIP — Subscribers  to  The  Penn  Germania  who  pay  an  annual  due  of  twenty- 
five  cents. 

OBJECT — To  secure  preserve  and  publish  what  interests  members  as.  accounts  of 
noted  family  incidents,  traditions,  Bible  records,  etc..  as  well  as  historical  and 
Kenealogioal  data  of  Swiss  German  and  Palatine  American  immiffrants.  with  date 
and  place  of  birth,  marriage,  settlement,  migration  and  death  of  descendants. 
Puzzling   genealogical   questions    and    answers    there lo   inserted    free. 

OFZTC£XtS — ISlected  at  annual  meeting.  (Suggestions  as  to  time  and  place  are  Invited.) 

BEBlGTZTS — Team  work,  personal  communications,  mutual  helpfulness,  exchange  of 
information  suggestions  as  to  what  should  be  printed,  contributions  for  publica- 
tion, including  the  asking  and  answering  of  questions. 


Some   Geneological  Biological  and 
Historical  Publications 

By  Hon.  J,   C.  Ruppenthal,  Russel,  Kaus. 


Among  others  the  following  maga- 
zines contain  more  or  less  data  of  a 
genealogical  character,  vital  statistics, 
etc.  The  special  interest  of  each  is  indi- 
cated by  its  title  in  most  cases. 

American  Publications 

The  American  Monthly  ■  Magazine, 
Washington,  D.  C,   (D.  A.  R.). 

Annals  of  Iowa,  Quarterly,  Des 
Moines,  Iowa. 

Essex  Institute  Historical  Collection, 
Quarterly,  Salem,  Mass. 

Genealog}%  Weekly,  New  York.  (Be- 
gan January,  1912.) 

German  American  Annals,  bi-month- 
ly, Philadelphia  and  New  York. 

Granite  State  Magazine,  monthly, 
Manchester,  New  Hampshire. 

Indiana  Quarterly  Magazine  of  His- 
tory, Indianapolis,  Indiana. 

Magazine  of  History,  monthly,  New 
York.^ 


Maryland  Historical  Magazine,  quar- 
terly, Baltimore,  Md. 

Massachusetts  Magazine,  quarterly, 
Salem,  Massachusetts. 

Mayflower  Descendants,  quarterly, 
Boston,  Mass. 

Medford  Historical  Register,  quarter- 
ly, Medford,  Mass. 

National  Genealogical  Society  Quar- 
terly, Washington,  D.  C. 

New  England  Historical  and  Gene- 
alogical Register,  quarterly,  Boston, 
Mass. 

New  Hampshire  Genealogical  Record, 
quarterly,  Dover,  N.  H. 

New  York  Genealogical  and  Biograph- 
ical Record,  quarterly.  New  York. 

The     Old     Northwest     Genealogical 

Quarterly,  Columbus,  Ohio. 

Olde  Ulster,  monthly,  Kingston.  New 
York. 

Oregon  Historical  Society  Quarterly, 
Portland,  Oregon. 


65< 


THE    PENN    GERMANIA    GENEALOGICAL    CLUB 


651 


The  Owl,  quarterly,  Kewaunee,  Wis- 
consin. 

Penn     Germania,     monthly,     Cleona, 

Pennsylvania. 

The  Pennsylvania  Magazine,  quarter- 
ly, Philadelphia,  Pa. 
'  South  Carolina  Historical  and  Gene- 
alogical   Magazine,    quarterly,    Charles- 
ton, S.  C. 

Virginia    County    Records,    quarterly, 

New  York. 

Virginia  Magazine,  quarterly,  Rich- 
mond, Va. 

William  and  Mary  College  Quarterly, 
Williamsburg,  Va. 

Wisc9nsin  Archeologist,  quarterly, 
MHlwaukee,  Wis. 

The  Genealogical  Exchange,  Buffalo, 
N.  Y.,  Quarterly,  was  discontinued  at 
the  close  of  its  seventh  year.  (May, 
T904,  to  April,  191 1,  inclusive.) 

British  Publications 

Bv-gones  Relating  to  Wales,  Quar- 
terly. London,  Eng. 

Cheshire  Notes  and  Queries,  Quar- 
terly. London,  Eng. 

Essex  Review,  Quarterly,  Colchester. 

Eng. 

Fenland  Notes  and  Queries,  Quarter- 
ly, Peterburg,  Eng. 

Genealogist,  Quarterly,  London,  Eng. 

Miscellanes  genealogica  et  Heraldica. 
London,  Eng. 

Notes  and  Queries,  Monthly,  London 
Eng. 

Notes  and  Queries  for  Somerset, 
Quarterly,  Sherborne,  Eng. 

Pedigree  Register,  (England),  Quar- 
terly, London,  Eng. 

Rutland  Magazine  and  County  His- 
torical Record,  Quarterly,  Oakham,  Eng. 

Scottish  Historical  Review.  Quarterly, 
Glasgow.  Scotland.  (Historical  and 
Book  Review  specially,  but  contains 
much  information  interesting  to  genea- 
logical researchers.) 

Wiltshire  Notes  and  Queries,  Quar- 
terly, London,  Eng. 


German  Publications 

Archiv    fiir    Stamm-    und    Wappen- 
kunde,    (For    Society    Roland)    Papier-  _ 
miihle,  S.  A.  Germ. 

Der  Deutsche  Herold.  Berlin,  Ger- 
many. 

Frankfurter  Blatter  fiir  Familienge- 
schichte,  Frankfurt,  A.  M.  Germany. 

Heraldisch-genealcgische  Blatter  fiir 
adelige  und  biirgerliche  Geschlechter, 
Monthly,  Hamburg. 

Urkunden  Quelle,  Quarterly,  Berlin, 
Germany.  (Goes  to  every  parish  minis- 
ter and  priest  in  Germany  with  inquiry 
for  data  of  certain  persons  and  families ; 
established  191 1.) 

Swiss  Publications 

Archives  Heraldiques  Suisse,  Organe 
de  la  Societe  de  la  Suisse  Heraldique, 
191 1,  Zurich. 

Historical  Publications  Which 
Devote  Little  or  No  Space 
to  Genealogy,  yet  Have 
More  or  Less  of  Value 
for  the  Researcher 
American  Antiquarian  Society,  Semi- 
annually, Worcester,  Mass. 

American  Historical  Review,  Quarter- 
ly, New  York. 

American  Monthly,  New  York. 
Banner,  Monthly,  Dwight,  Iowa. 
Confederate  Veteran,  Monthly,  Nash- 
Ville,  Tenn.      (Last  Roll,  death  notices 
with  ancestry.) 

English  Historical  Review,  Quarterly, 
London. 

Friends  Historical  Society.  Irregular, 
London. 

Iowa  Journal  of  History  and  Politics, 
Quarterly,  Iowa  City,  la. 

Journal  of  American  History,  Quar- 
terly, New  York. 

Lancaster  County  Historical  Society, 
Irregular,  Lancaster,  Pa. 


652 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


Ohio  Archaeological  and  Historical 
Quarterly,  Columbus,  Ohio. 

Texas  State  Historical  Association, 
Quarterly,  Austin,  Texas. 

Vermonter,  Monthly,  White  River 
Junction,  Vt 

Virginia  IVljagazine  of  History  and 
Biography,  Richmond  Historical  So- 
ciety, Richmond,  Virginia. 

Among  newspapers  which  at  stated 
times  publish  genealogical  data  are  the 
Boston  Transcript,  Hartford  Times, 
Long  Island  Traveller,  Newark  Evening 
News,  New  England  Family  History, 
Newport  Mercury,  New  York  Herald, 
Norvvalk  Hour,  The  Post  Express.  Vv'est-^ 
Chester  County  Magazine,  Philadelphia 
North  American. 

This  is  a  very  valuable  list  of  genea- 
Jogical  publications.  We  shall  be  glad 
to  supplement  it  with  names  of  periodi- 
cals furnished  by  subscribers. 

Among  the  Genealogists 

"There  is  a  lot  of  good  material  in  my 
county,  but  a  dearth  of  workers.  .  .  . 
and  .  .  .  do  by  far  the  best  work,  much 
more  than  any  one  knows  of.  by  helping 
people  with  their  lines  who  come  to 
the  Historical  Society  for  information. 
.  .  .  has  been  dickering  for  years  on 
the  subject  of  genealogy,  that  is  to  get 
people  interested,  but  with  small  suc- 
cess." 

"Tve  been  over  the  Archives,  Lancas- 
ter, Lebanon,  Berks  and  other  County 
Histories,  Pennsylvania-German  (Lit- 
itz),  Pennsylvania  German  Society  vol- 
umes, Pennsylvania  Magazine,  thirty- 
four  volumes,  and  now  I  am  on  the  mis- 
cellaneous Church  Records.  It  is  mighty 
hard  work  trying  to  get  data  of  people 
who  merely  'passed  through'  a  country. 
This  is  what  I  am  trying  to  follow  at 
present.  I've  gotten  all  I  can  get  out  of 
the  County  histories  and  my  'digging' 
will  have  *o  be  the  uncertain  by-ways, 
but  I've  found  no  record  of  the  name, 
if  1  only  could  fix  them  to  a  locality, 
and  not  have  to  keep  up  this  indefinite 
huntinsf." 


"Methodist,  it  is  useless  to  pay  any 
attention  to  that  because  that  had  little 
or  no  foundation  here  prior  to  1780,  be- 
sides no  German  or  Swiss  settlers  were 
Methodists,  you  can  depend  upon  that, 
and  if  it  was  in  the  family  it  was  later 
than  1780  or  1800  probably.  The  Ger- 
mans and  Swiss  were  mostly  Lutheran 
or  Reformed  or  of  some  of  the  Sects ; 
the  Quakers  were  English  or  Irish  (the 
Mennonites  were  sometimes  called  tht 
German  Quakers),  the  Scotch-Irish  were 
Presbyterians,  etc. ;  by  spotting  the 
country  they  came  from  you  can  nearly 
always  place  them  on  this  side  the  first 
twenty  years  that  they  were  here;  latei 
they  drift  into  other  denominations,  etc. 
If  they  never  occupied  the  land,  but 
drifted  elsewhere  before  perfecting  the 
title,  they  left  nothing  tangible  in  the  line 
of  a  homestead,  or  as  a  tax  payer,  and 
it  is  hard  to  fasten  them  to  the  locality, 
so  while  they  came  through  Pa.,  and 
the  descendants  say  from  Pa.,  the  short 
time  they  were  here  'would  be  so  ob-. 
scure  that  it  would  be  almost  impossible 
to  find  them." 

"Our  Historical  Society  is  very  much 
alive  on  several  lines  of  work,  and  will 
turn  out  this  year  some  mighty  good 
material ;  it  is  well  to  keep  in  touch  with 
it,  v/ork  with  it  and  through  it." 

A  Club-fellow,  officer  of  a  leading 
Historical  Society,  writes :  "I  have  quite 
a  number  of  genealogical  inquiries.  I 
always  want  to  answer  these  in  an  in- 
telligent way  for  the  sake  of  the  Society, 
to  show  that  we  are  not  asleep.  This 
takes  much  time  and  looking  up,  during 
which  yovi  see  I  might  find  some  things 
for  you,  if  it  is  in  my  County.  I  have 
little  time  to  go  outside  of  that.  Some 
of  the  letters  contain  most  outrageous 
requests,  requiring  months  of  work,  but 
when  it  is  a  reasonable  request  for  infor- 
mation,  I  will  try  to  get  it ;  when  they 
want  a  whole  lot.  I  needs  must  refer 
them  to  a  genealogist.  I  want  to  help 
as  I  can,  and  will  gladly  do  what  I  can." 

'T  note  in  the  Penn  Germania  that 
you  are  to  have  charge  of  the  Genea- 
logical Section.     Am  glad  and  wish  you 


THE    PENN    GERMANIA    GENEALOGICAL    CLUB 


653 


success.  I'll  be  glad  to  help  when  I  can 
but  it  will  be  little  because  of  by  library 
work  and  some  personal  things  liiai  Jo 
not  permit  of  much  time  for  genealogy ; 
1  do  like  it,  it  is  so  fascinating.  I  li^'- 
the  idea  of  helping  each  other  in  genca 
logy  because  it  will  save  so  much  time." 

Keplies 

2.  Stutzman.  ''Marriages  ^I  John 
Casper  Stoever."  -March  19,  1778.  Chris- 
tian Stutzman  and  Catherine  Eckert, 
Rerks  County,  across  the  Blue  Mountain. 

The  Stutzmans  wer  in  Berks  County 
>.;ien  it  was  organized,  in  1752.  Tax 
lists,  1 753- 1 754,  Jacob  of  Bern  town- 
ship and  Martin  of  Hereford.  1754, 
Christian  of  Bern. 

There  seem  ^o  have  been  but  two 
Stutzman  men  of  age  (between  18  and 
60)  to  take  the  prescribed  oath  of  Allegi- 
ance and  Fidelity  to  Pennsylvania  in 
Berks  Co.  in  1777 ;  both  of  hese  took  it 
before  Justice  Peter  Spyker,  viz.,  Chris- 
tian Stutzman  ■Slay  26,  and  another 
ChrisMan  Stutzman  Sept.,  1777.  The 
name  continues  in  Berks  Coounty  to  this 
day. 

21.  Keplinger.  Marriage  Record 
Zion  Lutheran  Church,  Richmond  Tp  , 
Berks  Co.  April  23.  1749,  Paul  Kep 
plinger  single  son  of  Leonard  Keppling- 
er,-  Maria  Catherine  single  daughrer  of 
Christoph  Kuhn.  Oct.  28,  1749,  Johann 
Leonard  Keplinger  single  son  of  Johann 
'  "onard  Keplinger,  Anna  Maria  Rausch- 

:^ingle  daughter  of  Georg  Rausch. 

Both  of  these  "Post  Tertiana  Procla 
mationen   Cfii-.M'If  "    (Ti.-ins   r]ir<'-^   I'-i-^^^! 
announced. 

17.  Feity.  rrom  uid  Keioriiic^I 
Church  Cemetery,  Hanover,  York  Co., 
Pa.  Felty,  John,  died  Mch.  17.  18.-^5. 
aged  69  yrs.  5  m.  8  d.  ElizHbetli,  wife 
of  John.  d.  Feb.  13.  1830,  aged  74  yr^;., 
7  m,  7  d.  Conrad,  b.  Aug.  is,  1787,  d. 
May  18.  1845.     Catherine,  wife  of  Ccn- 

',  b.  Jimc  16,  1793,  d.  Nov.  17,  1869. 

0.     Blanch.     Jacob     Block,  born     in 

ne,  Switzerland,  emigrated  to  Amer- 

i^.t  in  1 75 1 ;  he  settled  first  in  Berks  Co. 


from  thence  went  to  Somerset  Cd.  wheie 
he  lived  and  died.  x-\t  least  one  of  his 
sens,  Henry,  b.  in  Somerset  Co.,  settled 
in  Lebanon  Co.  His  descendanis  in 
Dauphin  and  Lebanon  Counties  today 
spell  the  name  as  Blough.  Possibly  this 
Jacob  Block  may  have  been  the  ancestor 
of  Christian  Blauch. 

30.  Lauck-Laux.  Philip  and  Nich- 
olas Laux,  two  Huguenots  Palatines  of 
the  Rhine,  from  Rotterdam  to  Amster- 
dam, thence  to  London  emigrated  to 
America,  landed  at  New  Amsterdam 
(New  York)  in  June,  1710. 

Philip  had  four  sons,  one  Peter  set- 
tled in  Pac  in  1723.  See  Kith  and  Kin, 
Camden,  N.  J.,  August,  1910.  Vol.  i, 
No.  9.  Loucks  Family  Reunion  and  An- 
cestral History,  an  article  by  its  Pres. 
Mr.  Israel  Loucks  of  York,  Pa.  The 
Vice  Pres.  Mr.  James  B.  Loux  of  New 
Y'ork  is  compiling  a  family  history. 

Uhrich.  Michael  Uhrich  was  in  the 
4th  Co.,  2nd  Battalion,  Lancaster  Co., 
Pa.,  Capt.  David  Krause,  as  a  private  in 
the  Revolutionary  War,  although  on  the 
roll  of  Dec.  25,  1781,  the  name  appears 
as  Ulrick,  and  on  the  mil  nf  1782  it  is 
spelled  as  Urich. 

17.  Felty.  The  name  of  Ulrich 
Felty  also  appears  as  a  private  in  this 
company  on  the  roll  of  Nov.  24,  [781, 
on  duty  guarding  prisoners  at  Lancaster. 

9.  liagler,  Heglcr,  Haigler.  Emi- 
grant to  Pennsylvania  not  later  than 
1750,  from  Basle,  Switzerland.  Plad  a 
large  family,  some  remained  there,  some 
came  with  him,  among  others  his  son  Se- 
bastian then  aged  15  years,  and  a  daugli- 
ter,  Mrs.  Wise. 

Later  he  migrated  to  Mil  Creek, 
then  Augusta  County,  Va.,  now  Hardy 
Co.,  West  Virginia. 

He  was  killed  and  scalped  by  the  In- 
dians as  he  was  returning  from,  a  fort 
where  he  'had  placed  his  family  for 
safety,  possibly  not  long  after  locp.ti-,': 
in  Virginia. 

His  son  Seba.stian  (Bastien.  Boston^ 
Haigler  married  Eva  Harper ;  they  iiad 
two  sgns  and  six  daughters,  viz:  Jacob 
married  Mary     Dice ;     Leonard  married 


654 


THE  PENN  GERMANIA 


Mary  Susannah  Peterson,  b.  Jan.  6, 
1765;  Klorie  married  George  Stingley; 
Elizabeth  married  Philip  Peterson  in 
1794;  Mary  married  George  Barkdale; 
Eve  married  John  Shoot: ;  Susannah  un- 
married; Magdalena  married  David 
Shook. 

These  Petersons  were  children  of  Ja- 
cob, b.  1728,  son  of  John  Jacob  Peter- 
son (Hans  Jacob  Bidert)  emigrant  from 
Langdenberg,  Switzerland,  to  Pa.  in 
1763,  thence  to  Va.,  Augusta  Co.,  now 
Hardy  Co..  W.  Va.) 

In  1756  among  those  who  were  en- 
gaged in  fighting  the  French  and  In- 
dians along  the  Ohio  river  from  Wheel- 
ing to  Ft.  Pitt,  were  Jacob,  Benjamin. 
John  and  Sebastian  Hagler ;  the  quesMon 
is  not  yet  definitely  settled  as  to  whether 
these  were  brothers,  but  it  is  thought  so 
and  also  supposed  that  the  William 
Haigler,  born  about  1750,  was  also  a 
brother.  Descendants  of  Mrs.  Wise  are 
asked  to  communicate  with  Washington. 

18.  Shook-  Schoeck.  I  note  in  P.  G. 
for  June  your  search  for  Shook  family. 
In  1907  and  for  several  years  previous  a 
family  lived  in  and  about  Ellis,  Ellis  Co., 
Kansas,  named  Schoeck.  One  son  was 
Lawrence  Brufif  Schoeck.  All  called 
them  Shook.  I  think  they  went  to  Colo- 
rado. 

Queries 

34.  Zimmerman  or  Carpenter.  Who 
can  tell  whether  George  Zimmerman, 
emigrant,  who  took  oath  at  Phila- 
delphia, October  25,  1746,  was  the 
same  man  as  Dr.  George  Zimmer- 
man, of  the  Peaked  Mt.  Church, 
.A.ugusta  Co.,  Va.,  now  Rockingham  Co. 
Tradition  says  that  Dr.  George  Z.  was  in 
the  Swiss  Army  prior  to  emigration,  but 
some  say  he  came  from  Germany. 

He  bought  land  in  Augusta  Co.  in 
1752.  Was  married  twice,  two  sons 
George  and  John  by  first  wife,  George 
remained  in  Va.     John  went  to  Ky. 

Children  of  George,  Jr.,  were  I.  Jacob 
who  went  to  Ky.  had  seven  children. 
viz:  Patsy  Jane,  William  Fry,  David 
ward  Powell  and  Calvin  Coleman,  all 
Spillan,  Sandy  Taylor,  John  Steele,  Ed- 


used  the  name  as  Carpenter.  II.  John 
went  to  Ky,  had  a  son  George.  III. 
George  was  killed  by  the  Indians. 

Children  cf  John  and  Sarah  (War- 
ner) were  I.  George,  II.  Eliza,  III.  Ja- 
cob,  IV.  William  who  married  twice ; 
1st  a  daughter  of  Eben  Hinton  and  had 
six  children,  Sallie,  Kate,  Maggie, 
George,  John  and  Harriet ;  2nd,  a  daugh- 
ter of  Jesse  Hinton,  had  eight  children : 
Mary,  Fannie,  Thomas,  Edward,  Delia, 
Andrew,  Jacob  and  Columbia. 

Dr.  George  Zimmerman  married  2nd, 
Anna  Schulteli ;  at  least  six  children 
were  born  to  them,  viz :  Conrad,  Adam, 
married  a  Miss  Spear ;  Barbara,  bap. 
Aug.  29,  1762;  Salome,  b.  Aug.  22,  1771, 
bap.  July  13,  1783  ;  William,  b.  May  28, 
1775,  bap.  July  13,  1783;  Henry,  b.  May 
12,  1778,  bap.  July  13,  1783;  Dr.  George 
then  being  an  elder  in  Peaked  Mt. 
Church. 

This  William  married  a  Miss  Wilbar- 
ger of  Rockingham  Co.,  Va.,  and  dur- 
ing his  lifetime  the  name  in  this  branch 
was  changed  to  its  English  form  of  Car- 
penter as  is  shown  on  the  family  grave- 
stones, the  daughter  Anna  b.  1815,  d. 
18 1 7,  is  Zimmerman  while  the  son  Da- 
vid, b.  1828,  d.  1831,  appears  as  Carpen- 
ter. William  Carpenter  (the  name  on 
his  own  stone)  died  in  1837. 

Henry,  b.  May  12,  1778,  married 
Catherine  Sellers  and  had  two  daugh- 
ters, one  married  a  Kiblinger,  the  other 
a  Pence. 

Editorial  Note.  —  We  greatly  regret 
that  considerable  valuable  and  interest- 
ing data  for  this  department  must  be 
held  over.  Heartiest  thanks  are  ex- 
tended for  the  many  contributions  re- 
ceived. Welcome  to  the  club  members 
from  Georgia,  Indiana.  Kansas.     Next! 

Will  each  P.  G.  G.  C.  member  collect 
data  for  at  least  one  letter  or  item  for 
this  department  during  the  next  month, 
some  church  record,  old  Bible,  church- 
yard, OT  unpublished  collection  of  vital 
statistics.  If  not  this,  send  a  clipping  of 
item  not  generally  known.  Do  some- 
thing to  show  you  are  a  live  member. 
Send  in  items  about  Family  Reunions. — 
Editor. 


dIie  muttersproch 

"  O,  Muttersproch,  du  bist  una  lieb.  " — A.  S. 


Dei  Bauere. 

Wann's  net  fer  unsre  bauere  waer 

Was  waer  dann  unsre  morrick? 
Mir  hetta  nix  zu  esse  meh 
.    Un  sell  waer  drum  zu  orrick. 

Die  bauere  bringe  alles  bei, 

Du  brauchscht  dich  gar  net  grivelc; 
Sie  bringa  gros  und  klene  sei, 

Und  gros  und  klene  zwivele. 

Wann  uf  der  morrick,  gebscht  besser  acht, 
Wann'd  flesh  wit  fer  zu  koche; 

Es  war  noch  nie  ken  ochs  geschlacht 
Der  flesh  hot  uhne  knoche. 

Dort  sin  ah  fish  uf  sellem  dish, 
Wann  wit  dann  kanst  sie  hohle; 

Die  dick-kys  sin  die  katze-fish, 
Die  lange  sin  die  ohle. 

Und  levver-werst,  guk  yust  wie  flel, 
Of  course  sell  kann  mir  denke — 

Und  wann  mir  levver  have  will, 
Dann  lost  mir  brod-werst  henke. 

Sie  bringe  Eppel,  Bohne,  Schnitz 

Und  sell  kost  ah  die  kreitzer, 
Und  drinke  lager  wei  der  blitz — 

Die  Sachse  und  die  Schweitzer. 

Sie  hen  ah  turkeys,  ende,  genz, 

Dehl  dothe  und  noch  lewich, 
En  dehl  sin  gropt  bis  an  der  schwanz. 

Die  annere  sin  Im  kewwich. 

— Selected  by  H.  D.  A. 

Der  Gleedich  Summer. 

By  Solly  Hulsbuck. 

Wun  der  gleedich  summer  kumt 
Und  der  gwid'r  blidst  and  brumt, 
Und  de  sun's  so  base,  b'gum, 
Os  nemond  se  awraga  kon; 
Wun  der  hund  sei  tsung  rous  henkt 
Und  de  luft  em  sheer  farsenkt, — 
War's  duch  net  gar  mechtich  sha 
Het  mer  yushd  letsht  winder's  shna? 


Wun  mer  kuchd  in  ola  hitz — 

Yaders   in  seim   agna  shwitz, 

Unser  unarhem  wil  ols 

Ufwarts  grodla  un  der  hols. 

Wun  de  waga  drous  im  lond 

Shtawwich  sin  uf  olahond. 

War's  net  bes'r  dorchawek, 

Het  mer  yushd  letsht  free-yawr's  drek? 

Wun  de  kef'r  ola  summer 
Fressa  grumbeera  und  gum'r, 
Und  de  leis  und  onra  ding'r 
Shdala  unser  krout  far  dinner; 
Wun  de  micka  und  mashkitters 
Soufa  unser  blude  far  "jiggers," 
War's  duch  net  um  end  feel  bes'r 
Het  mer  wid'r  zero  wed'r? 

Wun  der  shwitz  henkt  un  da  naws 
We  der  morga-daw  um  graws, 
Und  der  drek  bob'd  un  de  hond 
We  en   bloshd'r   yushdabout; 
Wun's  uns  lewar  war  far  nous 
Mit  em  hem  und  hussa  ous. 
War's  duch  net  gor  mechtich  sha 
Wun's  der  shtyle  war  nockich  ga? 

A  Stickel  aus  der  Sunntiffschule. 
Helene  Graefin  Waldersee. 

Der  Gustel  sitzt  ei  der  Sunntigschule 
A  poszt  gut  Obacht  und  is  au  nich  tumm, 
Bei  jeder  Froage  haebt  a  de  Haendel 
Und  fuchelt  iber  em  Kuppe  mit  rum. 

Bir  worn  bei  Juhannes  em  Teifer  gewaesen 
Und  insen  Gustel  daen  hotte's  gefreit 
Das  "Fal"  zum  Rucke,  das  hot  em  gefollen 
Und  hot  en  bechaeftigt  de  laengste  Zeit. 

Jitz  froat  ich:    "was  macht'  a  den  ei  der 

Wiste 
Der  fromme  Johannes? — wer  koan  mirsch 

hie  soan?  — 
Wie  Wettersaehndel  su  berbeln  de  potschel 
Vo  unsen  Gustel  Ollen  vuran: 

"Nu,  wiszte  das  au?" — da  springt  a  vum 

Sitze, 
Aus  vullem  Holse  schrelt  a  mirsch  zu: 


655 


656 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


"Juhonnes,    daer    hot    durte    Heischrecken 

gassen, 
Und  wildeu  Haunig  au  no  derzu!" 

••Ju     Gustel,"     soat     ich,     "das     is    shont 

richtig, 
Ader  iszt  ma  denn  immoi'?- — a  ganze  Tag? 
Was   hot    denu    der   Teifer   sust   noch    ge- 

trieben? — 
Is  Kees  nich  hie,  ras  mirsch  sagen  mag?— 

De  "Stimme  des  Praedigers  ei  der  Wiste," 
Su  ries  a  sich  selber;  worin  dean?  Haeh": 
Haett'  a  durte  ei  eener  Tur  ock  gegaessen, 
Da     war     a     nicht     allzeviel     nitze,     gelt 

nee? — " 
— Jitz    muszte    mei    Gustel    ernstlich    ein- 

niren. 
Bis  dacz  em  de  Hand  wieder  ampelt   und 

langt, 
Und   er  mlsch  versetzte:    "Nu,  echwischer 

em  Asson 
Da  hot  a  de  Huppefardel  gefangt!" 
Breslau,   im  Januar,   1910. 

Die  Gut  Ait  Zc-it. 
Mister  Drucker: 

Monichmol  denk  ich  draw  we  ich  en  bu 
war  un  was  fer  schuleheiser  as  mer  als 
kot  hen.  Mit  benk  g'macht  fun  schwarda, 
mit  lecher  nei  gebort,  und  hulsna  bae, 
hoch  ganunk  so  os  unsera  kertsa  baneliu 
yusht  about  holpv/eg  nunner  g'langt  hen 
un  do  hen  mer  hucka  niissa  un  unser  les- 
sons shtudia  os  mer  olsamdhl  g'meaut  hut 
de  fees  folia  op,  un  dann  wan  aens  eppes 
gadu  hut  is  der  maeshter  kumma  mit  era 
longa  gert  un  is  de  gons  leng  fun  der  bonV: 
gonga  un  mer  hen  oil  schaelg  griekt.  Ov- 
ver  doch  mit  allem  sel,  won  ich  tsurick 
denk,  warre  des  de  herlichshta  steida  in 
mime  lava.  Wos-tseida  os  mer  ols  kot  hen, 
won  de  feirdag  rum  kumma  sin,  un  mer 
hen  der  olt  gaul  on  der  holz  schlitta 
g'shponned  un  sin  op  g'fora  noch  em 
grosedotti  seim  blotz,  wu  es  alles  berlich 
war,  un  wu  blenty  tsu  essa  v/ar.  Mor  hen 
g'waenlich  es  earscht  g'shtuppcd  ons 
Uncle  Abe's  wu  die  Aunt  Lucy  und  der 
Cousin  Levi  olles  ready  hen  g'hat  for  uns, 
und  solche  tseida  os  mer  ols  g'hot  hen> 
Die  Aunt  I>ucy  war  aens  fun  da  besht;i 
koch  in  der  nochberschaft.  und  de  heifs 
mince  boy,  fet  kucha,  tsucker  kucha.  but- 
ter hinkel,  brode  und  leverworsht  und  pon  . 
haas,  und  alles  sehunsht  was  kinner 
gleicha  das  mer  ols  week  g'shoft  hen  war 
abormlich.  und  der  Cousin  Levi  hut  als  de 
origle  g'shpielt,  und  no  sin  mer  ols  for 
nunner  ons  grosedady's  uud  do  v/ar  es  am 
widder  freidlich.  Ower  heidichpdags  is 
alles  shtyle  und  mer  hen  nimmy  de  guda 
tseida  os     mer     sellamole  g'hat  hen,  und 


warrklich  "Es  hemelt  mir  ahn"  for  de  olta 
tseida  nochamol  ivver  tsu  lava. 

NOCHAMOL. 

"The  Dearest  Spot  on  Earth  to  Me." 

Ill  memory  fond  my  thoughts  forever  roam 
Back  to  th'  mountains  and  my  childhood's 

home, 
Back  to  that  old  whittled-up  window  sill 
In  that  cherished  old  home  in  Danielsville. 

To  th'  time  I  slid*  off  th'  banister, 
Landing    on    top    0'    Tim    Smith's    "yeiler 

cur"; 
When  our  yelps  'most  scared  the  v/its  out 

0'  Bill, 
Our  fussy  old  hostler  in  Danielsville. 

And  the  joli:e  we  played  on   th'   poor  old 

fellow — 
Seems  to  me  I  can  still  hear  him  bello'v 
As    'round    his    bald    pate    th'   bumblebees 

buzz — 
("White   heads"   we    had    caught,   on   th' 

sweet  thistle  luzz). 

"Dunner   wetter!    Rinsfee!"   et   cetera,    he 

said, 
As  thrashing  and  slashing  th'  bees  he  sped 
After  two  rash  youngsters  who  prudently 

fled 
And   hid,   scared   to   death,   neath    the   old 

"poster  bed." 

And  I've  never  had  anything  since   could 

beat 
Th'   green   apples  and  things  we   used  to 

eat. 
And    th'    stunning    big    words,    at    night, 

from  Bill, 
On  his  way  to  ti\'  doptor  in  Cherry  villa. 

And  then  I  wonder  if  you  remember 
That  cold,  bitter  morn,  late  in  December. 
When    ("malice   aforethought"')    j^ou  said, 

"Put  your  tongue 
On    this   iron   pump    handle"      '    "■.' 

was  "stung." 

.And  that  tiia  )id   mooly 

cow, 
And   climbed  out   0'  reach  to  tia'  top  hay 

mow; 
My,  how  T  yelled  when  too  lato  I  d:. 

A  ho]>  nd  been  left  uncov'!    ii. 

When  down  u-  IW  rack  I  came  with  a  thud, 
There   stood    old   mooly   cow   chewing   her 

cud. 
And  in  defidly  fear  T  shrieked  out  for  Hill. 
And  was  "yanked"  from      that     barn     in 

Danielsville. 


DTE  MUTTHJKai'i^'jv^xa 


657 


And    bow    at    twilight    the    welkin    would 

ring, 
As  singing  we  strolled  thro'  th'  lane  to  th' 

spring; 
And  th'  answering  low  of  the  cows  to  Jane, 
Waiting,  with  pail,  at  th'  end  of  th'  lane. 

Oh.  th'  Bweet  clover  bloom,  th'  hum  ol 
th'  bees, 

Th'  deep  sloping  lawn,  edged  v/ith  poplar 
trees, 

Th  dear  cricket's  song,  th'  lone  whip- 
poor-will. 

Are  chords  in  my  soul  that  must  vibrate 
still. 

\ud   there  where  I   first   saw   th'   light  ol: 

day, 
I'm  hoping  some  day  to  be  laid  away, 
'Long  side  of  mother  on  th'  sun-kissed  hill. 
Just  beyond  my  old  home  in  Danielsvillo. 
— Becky  Tabor. 


Diana's  Bath. 

(At  the  Delaware  Water  Gap.) 

Where  the  straight,  tall  evergreens 
Make  a  veil  which  daylight  screens. 
Where  the  rhododendron  bloom 
Fills  the  air  with  its  perfume. 
In  this  scented,  deepened  shade, 
Leaps  Caldeno'sl  clear  cascade. 

At  its  base,  enclosed  in  fern, 
This  rill  grows  a  spacious  urn; 
Clear  and  cool  its  waters  are. 
Flashing  like  a  lovely  star; 
iiere  hid  from  the  mountain  path 
Is  far-famed  Diana's  Bath. 

Where  the  light  is  afterglow. 
Where  the  moss  is  soft  like  snow. 
Here,  'tis  whispered,  is  the  place 
Haunted  by  that  classic  grace, 
Here  within  the  favored  tide 
Laves  the  immortal  starry-eyed. 

— Charles  K.  Meschter, 
Bethlehem,  Fa. 


®ur  'Book  XLable 

By  Prof.  E.  S.  Gerhard,  Trenton,  N.  J. 


aiB    GIRLS    OF    FRIENDLY    TERRACE: 
or    Peggy  Raymond's  Success.     By  Har- 
riet Lummis  Smith.     Illustrated  by  Johu 
(ioss      Cloth,  12mo,  347  pp.     Price  $1.50 
net.     L.  C.  Page  &  Co..  Boston,  1912. 
Here   is  something   delightful   for  light 
summer   reading.      It   is   made   up    of   the 
simple  everyday  of  life.     Peggy  Raymond, 
the  girl  of  the  book,  is  simply  a  girl  anl 
tiothing  more,  but  she  is  a  girl  well  worth 
knowing.  Around  her  cluster  a  little  group 
of  girls  who  live  at  Friendly  Terrace.  They 
have  a  most  delightful  time  in  a  very  sens- 
ible way     by     being  first  of     all  sensible, 
friendly  and  genial  to  all  around,  and  to 
one  another. 

The   arrival   in   the    neighborhood    of   a 
•i-anse  girl      who     has  seen   bettor   days 
-   these  girls  an   opportunity  to  show 
aff  of  which  they  are  made.     They 
rvi  i:sn  goodnaturedness,  reality,  and  kind- 
neys   all   around.      Their   times,   good   and 
otherwise,  are  related  in  a  simple,  charm- 
ing manner  by  a  writer  who  seems  to  have 
a    sympathetic   knowledge    of    girls,    their 
ays,   feelings  and  sensibilities. 
"The     book     contains     good,     wholesome 
reading,  based  on  a  good  wholesome  view 


of  life  told  in  simple  narrative  and  gooa 
English.  It  should  gladden  the  hearts  of 
many  girl  readers  because  it  contains 
much  merrymaking,  and  because  they  wijl 
also  find  delightful  companions  in  it. 

CHRONICLES  OF  AVONLEA.  By  L.  M. 
Montgomery,  author  of  "Anne  of  Green 
George  Gibbs.  Cloth,  12mo,  306  pp. 
of  the  Qrchard,"  "The  Story  Girl,"  etc 
With  cover  in  color  and  with  a  new 
color  frontispiece  portrait  of  Anne  by 
George  Gibbs.  Cloth,  12mo,  206  pp. 
Price  $1.25  net.  L.  C.  Page  &  Co.,  Bos- 
ton,   1912. 

"The  Chronicles  of  Avonlea"  record  The 
Hurrying  of  Ludovic,  Old  Lady  Lloyd.  The 
Training  of  Felix,  Little  Joscelyn.  Ths 
Winning  of  L\icinda,  Old  Man  Shaw's 
Girl,  Aunt  Olivia's  Beau,  The  Quarantine 
at  Alexander  Abraham's.  Pa  Sloane's  Pur- 
chase. The  Courting  of  Prissy  Strong.  The 
Miracle  at  Carmody.  and  The  End  of  a 
Quarrel.  The  first  narrative  is  probably 
as  good  as  any  found  in  the  book.  There 
is  naturally  no  connection  between  the 
different  events  except  that  Anne  of  Green 
Gables  and  of  Avonlea  plays  an  important 


6^8 


THE  PBNN  OKRif AWT* 


part  in  many  of  them.  The  arrangement 
of  the  book  is  a  novel  one  and  affords  the 
writer  an  opportunity  for  telling  some 
clever  short  stories.  In  this  book  and  in 
"The  Story  Girl"  the  author  has  hit  upon 
some  clever  ways  for  telling  stories. 

It  is  another  book  that  might  well  be 
found  in  any  collection  of  recent  novels. 
Anne  Shirley  has  made  many  friends;  she 
is  entirely  lovable  and  human,  and  charm- 
ing and  real  enough  to  undo  and  outshine 
anything  found  in  the  latest  society 
novel,  thriller  or  "craze." 

The  book,  like  the  author's  other  books, 
is  written  in  a  clear  and  simple  style.  It 
diffuses  sweetness  and  light  and  is  capable 
oC  buoying  up  depressed  spirits.  It  will 
afford  a  pleasant  relief  from  some  of  the 
artificial  society  novels. 

THE  FRIAR  OF  WITTENBERG.     Py  VMi- 
liam  Stearns  Davis,  author  of  "A  Friend 
of  Caesar,"  "God  Wills  It,"  etc.     Cloth, 
12mo,   432   pp.      Price   $1.36    net.      Th9 
Macmillan   Company,    New   York.    Mil2. 
It  does   not  require  the   least  straining 
of  the  imagination  in  endeavoring  to  fir  d 
out  who  is  meant  by  the  Friar  of  Witten- 
berg.    Luther  occupies  a  very  insignificant 
place  in  his  own  person  among  the  char- 
acters of  the  story;  nevertheless,  the  title 
of  the  story  is  decidedly  appropriate.  Just 
as.  the   spirit  of   Julius   Caesar   dominates 
Shakespeare's  play  by  that  name,  so  does 
Luther's    spirit    dominate    this    story,    be- 
cause it  is  his  spirit  of  protest  against  the 
custom  of  the  time  and  the  abuses  of  the 
Church,  and  his  partisanship  and  defiance 
that  have  "let  slip  the  dogs  of  war"  and 
thus  animate  the  whole  story. 

The  story  is,  of  course,  a  piece  of  his- 
torical fiction.  Good  fiction  can  be  pro- 
duced from  the  stuff  of  Luther's  life,  but 
it  is  strange  that  it  is  not  utilized  more 
than  it  is.  The  author,  Mr.  Davis,  is  Pro- 
fessor of  History  at  the  University  of  Min- 
nesota. He  is  an  historical  writer  of  some 
authority,  and  seemingly  one  who  likes  to 
present  great  characters  in  fiction,  as  wit- 
nessed by  the  title  of  two  of  his  books:  "A 
Friend  of  Caesar,"  and  "God  Wills  It." 
Around  this  most  powerful  and  picturesque 
figure  of  the  Reformation  he  has  woven  a 
fabric  of  romance,  and  has  made  of  this 
strong-willed  and  strong-souled  monk  af' 
ter  all  a  powerful,  appealing  and  realistic 
personage.  He  has  told  in  a  vivid  and 
dramatic  manner  how  the  Germans  became 
aroused  at  Luther's  protests. 

The  story  covers  the  years  from  1517  to 
1522;  a  short  but  momentous  period.  It 
is  told  in  the  first  person  by  Walter  von 
Lichtenstein.  This  method  of  narration  is 
splendid  for  directness.     The  narrator  is  a 


young  nobleman  from  Germany;  he  is  al- 
most as  much  of  a  hero  as  any  one.  The 
story  is  virtually  the  working  out  of  two 
forces  that  strive  to  get  possession  of  his 
soul.  Ilsa  von  Blankenburg,  who  is  the 
personification  of  the  unsophisticated, 
pious,  and  aroused  spirit  of  the  North,  is 
the  one  force;  the  other  force  is  repre- 
sented by  Marianna  di  Forli  who  is  the 
personification  of  the  semi-paganism  and 
immoral  beauty  of  the  sixteenth  century. 
The  love  affairs  of  these  two  women  and 
Walter  von  Lichtenstein  add  appeal  and 
zest  to  the  story. 

It  is  a  good  story  and  well  told.  It 
may  at  times  be  slow  of  movement  and 
burdensome  with  unnecessary  detail;  but 
it  has  brilliant  description,  e.  g.,  the  Diet 
of  Worms  and  its  dramatic  close.  There 
is  fine  description  all  through  the  book. 
With  its  thrilling  scenes  pregnant  with 
Reformation  history,  with  its  intriguins 
and  fighting,  and  its  captures  and  blood- 
sheds, it  can  well  hold  the  attention  of 
the  responsive  reader  from  beginning 
to  end. 

WILLIAM    THE    SILENT.     By  Jack  Col- 
lings  Squire,  Late  Scholar  of  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge.     Cloth,  with  twelve 
illustrations.     319  pp.     Doubleday,  Page 
&  Company,  New  York,  1912. 
Although  this  book  bears  the  imprint  of 
The  Baker  &  Taylor  Company,   it  is  now 
published  by  Doubleday,  Page  &  Company, 
who  took  it  over  some  months  ago. 

This  is  a  sympathetic  account  of  the  life 
of  the  great  Stadtholder  and  Dutch  patriot 
whose  life  is  inseparably  bound  up  with" 
the  history  of  the  republic  he  so  nobly 
defended.  However  easy  and  necessary  it 
may  be  at  times  to  present  a  rather  elab- 
orate historical  background  and  to  review 
the  turbulent  and  resplendent  period  dur- 
ing which  the  tyrannic  rule  of  Spain  was 
nearing  its  end,  the  author  yet  had  the 
good  sense  not  to  lose  sight  of  the  central 
figure  of  his  work,  William  the  Silent — - 
the  man.  He  wrought  so  carefully  that 
not  for  a  moment  does  he  forget  that  he  is 
writing  the  life  of  the  man  who  acquired 
his  historical  nickname  because  in  a  not- 
able instance  he  could  keep  his  mouth 
closed;  had  he  not,  his  head  woud  have 
dropped  had  either  Queen  Elizabeth  of 
England,  or  Catheline  de  Medici,  or  Philip 
of  Spain  done  as  much  as  pointed  a  finger 
at  him.  He  was  playing  with  life  and 
death;  luckily  for  him  he  knew  how  to 
play  his  game. 

The  author  has  succeeded  admirably  in 
bringing  out  in  full  force  the  picturesque 
and  tragic  elements  of  his  hero's  career. 
And   no   less  so   his  undesirable  qualities. 


OUR  BOOK  TABLE 


659 


It  may  be  that  the  writer's  characteriza- 
tion oi  the  Prince  of  Orange  is  nearer  the 
truth  than  Motley's,  because  Motley  may 
have  been  somewhat  prejudiced  in  favor 
of  his  hero  and  of  the  cause  of  the  Nether- 
lands; consequently  his  Prince  is  all  good- 
ness and  his  Alva  all  beast.  But  Mr. 
Squire  also  has  a  wholesome  hatred  for  the 
Spaniard,  whether  he  is  King  Philip  or  the 
Duke  of  Alva,  who  "was  as  stony  a  bigot 
as  his  master;  he  had  all  of  Philip's  fero- 
city with  none  of  his  procrastination." 

The  writer  has  put  within  these  three 
hundred  odd  pages  a  concise  account  of 
the  life  of  the  Prince.  All  unessential  ma- 
terial has  been  eliminated;  but  in  no  sense 
has  accuracy  of  detail  been  sacrificed.  The 
book  contains  much  English  material  that 


has  never  been  used  In  writing  the  life 
of  wnilam  ti.e  Silent.  Surely  no  fault 
can  be  found  with  the  style  in  which  it  is 
written,  but  one  could  wish  there  were  not 
so  many  parenthetical  expressions.  One 
can  hardly  turn  to  a  page  that  is  not 
marred  by  some  of  these  ungainly  signs. 
It  is  also  questionable  whether  such  forms 
of  expression  add  to  the  strength  and 
grace  of  style. 

The  book  is  an  interesting  one.  Who- 
ever reads  it  and  does  not  appreciate  the 
dramatic  and  picturesque  elements  in  the 
Prince's  life  and  does  not  feel  aroused  at 
the  tragic  enactment  of  the  great  sieges 
these  people  endured  to  gain  their  free- 
dom, must  be  of  feeling  rather  insensible. 


Ibistorical  Motes  anb  Bews 

Reports  of  Society  Meetings   are  Solicited 


Society  MembershiT)  to  Be  Winnowed.         Tonringr  Lebanon  and  Lancaster  Counties. 


The  Society  of  Descendants  of  the  sign- 
ers of  the  Declaration  of  Independence 
will  weed  out  from  their  membership  all 
those  whose  claims  to  lineal  descent  are 
not  verified.  There  are  other  societies  not 
all  of  whose  members  "can  read  their 
titles  clear." 

Deutsche  Pioneer- Verein. 

The  26th  Issue  of  the  Mittheilungen, 
published  by  this  society,  contains:  Der 
Sozlallstische  Turnerbund,  Louis  Wagner, 
Der  Antheil  der  Deutschen  an  der  Kolo- 
nisierung  Virginiens,  Nikolaus  Schnlt*-, 
Emll  Pretorlus. 

Ohio  Archaeolosrical  and  Historical  Quar- 
terlv. 

This  valuable  publication  for  April-July, 
1912,  gives  an  interesting  Table  of  Con- 
tents: Major  David  Ziegler,  Archaeological 
Remains  of  Jackson  County,  The  McGahan 
Monument,  Sketch  of  Cornstalk  Indians  In 
Union  County,  Some  History  from  an  Un- 
historical  Region,  Ohio  in  the  Mexican 
War,  Ohio  Banking  Institutions,  Fort  Mc- 
Arthur,  Edltorlolana.  We  expect  to  re- 
print part  of  the  valuable  paper  on  Ma- 
jor David  Ziegler,  "one  of  the  men  of  con- 
siderable Importance  In  the  Revolution- 
ary War,  and  prominent  In  the  conquest 
and  development  of  early  southern  and 
western  Ohio." 


The  following  Is  part  of  two  articles 
contributed  by  J.  H.  A.  Lacher  to  the 
Waukesha   (Wisconsin)    Freeman: 

Through  the  courtesy  of  Rev.  Blttner, 
of  Lltltz,  Editor  Krlebel,  of  the  Penn  Ger- 
manla,  and  I  had  a  most  delightful  auto 
ride  over  portions  of  Lancaster  and  Leba- 
non counties.  The  bounteous  hay  harvest 
was  In  progress  with  men,  women  and  chil- 
dren sharing  cheerfully  In  the  healthful 
labor;  the  ripening  grain  promised  a  rich 
yield;  peaceful  herds  browsed  upon  green 
pastures;  the  huge  cherry  trees  bowed 
their  branches  with  their  luscious  burden; 
the  large  painted  barns  and  substantial 
farm  houses,  each  with  Its  attractive  gar- 
den of  vegetables  and  flowers  enclosed  by 
a  snow-white  fence,  bespoke  German  neat- 
ness, thrift  and  thoroughness,  while  the 
verdure-clad  mountains  completed  this 
Ideal  rural  landscape.  We  stopped  at  Pen 
Ryn  to  visit  the  old  Lutheran  church  and 
cemetery,  whisked  past  Mt.  Hope  over  the 
crest  of  the  ridge,  whence  we  had  a  fine, 
far-reaching  view,  to  the  Cornwall  iron 
mines,  operated  for  160  years;  thenc*^ 
through  Rexmont  to  quaint  old  Schaef- 
ferstown  straggling  for  a  mile  along  the 
pike,  where  Hon.  A.  S.  Brendle  showed  us 
the  well  preserved  stone  Lutheran  church 
(1765);  the  Interesting  cemetery  and  the 
vaulted  cellar  of  Franklin  Inn,  built  In 
1742,  and  used  as  a  shelter  during  the  In- 
dian wars.  We  did  not  pause  at  Waldeck, 
but  stopped  to  Inspect  the  old  brown  stone 


66o 


THE  PENN  GERMANIA 


mansion  of  Baron  Stiegel  at  wnar  wae  lor- 
merly  Elizabeth  Furnace.  Tlie  stately 
building  does  not  show  its  age,  except  in 
the  old  colonial  furniture  and  fittings  o 
160  years  ago.  Everything  is  very  inter- 
esting, especially  the  canopied  bed  onco 
occupied  by  Washington  while  a  guest 
there.  (Some  historians  tell  us  Washing- 
ton never  slept  in  thit^  house.  Will  some 
one  give  us  facts? — Editor.)  The  great 
mansion,  the  furnishings,  the  terraced, 
wall-enclosed  garden,  the  brown  stone 
bath  house,  the  spacious  estate — are  all 
reminders  of  the  magnificent  entertain- 
ments given  there  by  the  hospitable  baron, 
whose  coach  and  four  hounds  and  bugle, 
enlivened  this  region  in  days  of  old. 

We  also  took  a  look  at  Brickerville  Lu- 
theran church,  organized  in  1730,  and  the 
old  cemetery,  among  the  roster  of  v,'hose 
dead  are  found  Jacob  Horning,  born  1762, 
died  1844,  and  Magdalena  Horning,  born 
1772,  died  IS 53.  These  names  may  be  of 
interest  to  Waukesha  readers.  Passing 
through  Bruniiorville  and  Brubaker  at  a 
pace  rapid  for  a  parson,  we  returned  to 
Lititz,  which  like  Waukesha,  is  a  city  of 
springs.  Upon  the  rock  above  the  prin- 
cipal spring  the  pious  Moravians  carved: 
"Gottes  Brueunlein  hat  Wasser  die  Puelle" 
(God's  litle  spring  has  water  in  abund- 
ance). 

I  regret  that  I  can  give  but  a  glimpse  of 
all  that  I  have  seen  and  heard  concerning 
the  activities  of  the  German  immigrants  ot 
Pennsylvania  during  the  colonial  period. 
Misunderstood  then,  as  now,  they  have 
been  a  benefaction  to  their  adopted  coun. 
try,  and  though  some  were  non-combatants 
in  the  earlier  conflicts  owing  to  religious 
scruples,  they  provided  the  "sinews  of  war 
and  nursed  the  wounded,  while  their  or- 
thodox brethren  fiirnished  more  soldiers 
per  capita  than  other  national  elements 
Their  Conestoga  wasrons  and  Palatine 
rifles  made  possible  the  conquest  of  the 
west.  They  and  their  descendants  now 
number  nearly  five  millions  and  have 
spread  all  over  the  country,  while  the  later 
German  immigrants  have  augmented  th& 
stock  tn  fully  lS.Of>0,000,  or  about  one  in 
five  of  our  population. 

Location  of  Fort  Cressat). 

Members  of  the  Cumberland  and  York 
County  Historical  Societies  visited  I^ong 
Level  and  vicinity  early  in  June  and  dis- 
cussed the  location  of  the  so-called  Fort 
Cressap. 

Dr.  William  B.  Bieler,  of  Dallastown, 
read  a  paper  in  which  he  claimed,  support- 
ed by  facts  and  tradition,  that  the  Drift 
Mansion  is  the  original  Fort  Cressap.  Rob- 
ert C.  Bair,  of  York,  followed  with  an  ad- 


dress in  which  he  showed  documentary 
evidence  that  Fort  Cressap  was  iucai-cJ  ai 
least  three-eighths  of  a  mile  from  the 
Drift  Mansion.  He  has  records  to  show 
that  Thomas  Cressap  secured  the  patent 
for  the  land  from  Maryland  in  1729,  that 
John  Myers  got  a  patent  for  it  from  Penn- 
sylvania in  1765,  and  that  John  Bear,  of 
Cocalico,  L9,ncaGter  county,  erected  the  old 
Burg  mill  on  the  site  in  1771.  The  so- 
called  fort  was  a  log  cabin  or  stockade,  he 
says. 

The  historians  met  at  the  Drift  Mansion, 
where  tha  debate  took  place.  Mr.  Knode, 
who  owns  the  house,  showed  the  visitors 
the  house  and  the  curious  old  cellar,  which 
was  apparently  used  as  a  wine  vault. 

They  also  went  to  the  top  of  the  hil! 
and  inspected  the  graves  of  Jacob  Drift's 
wife,  Emmanuel  Drift,  Samuel  Bonham  and 
others  who  were  buried  there.  General 
Drift  himself  was  drowned  in  the  river 
and  was  buried  in  Maryland,  the  exa^t  I; 
cation  of  v/hose  grave  is  now  unknown. 

"Fathers  of  the  Sevolution.'" 

The  expression  "fathers  of  the  revolu- 
tion" does  not  appear  in  any  history  of  the 
revolutionary  period  and  is  evidently  a 
misnomer,  for  the  reason  that  there  can  be 
but  one  father.  The  patriotic  association 
styled  "Sons  of  the  Revolution"  has  de- 
cided that  those  who  are  entitled  to  be 
called  sons  of  the  revolution  are:  "Male 
descendants,  above  the  age  of  21  years, 
from  an  ancestor  who  as  either  a  military, 
naval  or  marine  ofTicer,  soldier,  sailor  or 
marine,  or  ofiicial  in  the  service  of  any 
one  of  the  13  original  colonies  or  states, 
or  of  the  national  government,  represent- 
ing or  composed  of  those  colonies  or  states, 
p-ssisted  in  establishing  American  inde- 
pendence during,  the  war  of  the  revolu- 
tion between  the  19th  day  of  April,  1775, 
when  hostilities  commenced,  and  the  19th 
day  of  April,  1783,  when  they  were  or- 
dered to  cease." 

Monte'omerv  Countv  Hi«tn-n>-,i  Society 

Miss  Frances  M.  Fox,  recording  secre- 
tary, offers  the  following: 

"The  display  of  the  rare  books  of  the 
historical  society  has  proved  of  great 
interest  to  a  number  of  persons,  some  of 
whom  have  given  valuable  information  by 
their  translations. 

"Besides  visitors  to  our  Museum,  we 
have  had  a  number  who  came  for  research 
work. 

"The  Rooms,  and  our  Library  are  free 
to  all.  but  books  cannot  be  taken  away, 
even  for  purposes  of  study. 

"There  is  no  charge  for  admission,  the 


HISTORICAL    NOTES    AND    NEWS 


661 


society's  chief  service  of  income  being 
from  its  membership  dues,  of  only  $1.00  a 
year.     Any  one  desiring  to  assist  the  so- 


ciety in  its  work  through  the  county,  can 
do  so  most  effectively  by  becoming  a 
member." 


^he  jForum 

The  Penn  Germania  Open  Parliament,   Question-Box  and 
Clipping  Bureau — -Communications  Invited 


This  is  a  subscribers'  exchange  for  comparing  views,  a  what- 
not for  preserving  bits  of  historic  information,  an  after  dinner  loung- 
ing place  for  swapping  jokes,  a  general  question  box — free  and  open 
to  every  subscriber. 

Meaninsr  of  Names. 
By  Leonhard  Felix  Fuld,  LL.M.,  Ph.D. 


Many  a  lad  has  imagined  that  clevernesrs 
and  kindness  seldom  go  together. — F.  H. 
R.,  Our  Duiiib  Animals. 


Editorial  Note. — Dr.  Fuld  has  kindly 
consented  to  give  a  brief  account  of  the 
derivation  and  meaning  of  the  surname  of 
any  reader  who  sends  twenty-live  cents  to 
the  Editor  for  that  purpose. 

HESS. 

The  surname  Hess  is  a  locality  name 
and  means  a  resident  of  Hesse,  a  Hessian. 
The  name  is  derived  from  the  Latin  Chat- 
tus  and  the  Old  High  German  Hasso.  Ety- 
mologically  this  surname  is  related  to 
Haecbse  the  hind  quarter  or  leg  of  veal  or 
mutton  and  Haechsen  to  cambrel  or  ham- 
string. 

Leide  and  His  Frogs. 

There  is  a  monument  in  Philadelphia 
erected  to  Prof.  Joseph  Lei'^e,  the  most 
distinguished  naturalist  probably  ever  con- 
nected with  the  University  of  Pennsylva- 
nia. It  is  related  of  him  that  once,  having 
ccllpcted  a  half  dozen  frogs  for  the  pur- 
pose of  studying  their  habits  under  certain 
conditions,  he  shut  them  up  in  a  box  for 
a  little  while  until  he  could  give  the  tima 
necessary  for  his  desired  observations. 
Foreetting  all  about  his  captives,  he  left 
his  home  on  some  important  errand.  When 
he  was  six  miles  away  he  suddenly  remem- 
bered them,  and,  lest  they  should  sviffocatn 
because  of  his  neglect,  he  walked  bacli 
the  whole  distance  to  place  them  in  com- 
fortable quarters.  This  was  told  us  by  one 
familiar  with  the  circumstances.  It  seems 
this  rearard  for  all  sentient  life  v/as  ch.ir- 
acteristic  of  the  man. 

It  is  a  fine  contradiction  of  the  too  often 
accepted  notion  that  to  be  a  great  scholar 
or  scientist,  or  to  be  particularly  gifted 
you  must  necessarily  be  deficient  in  heart. 


Arbor  Colonies 

A  sarcastic  foreigner  once  remarked  that  the 
only  colonies  of  any  use  to  Germany  were  her 
'"lauben"  (arbor)  colonies.  There  are  collec- 
tions of  summer  houses  with  a  few  square  feet 
of  land  attached  to  them  to  be  found  on  the 
outskirts  of  practically  ail  large  German  towns, 
Taken  singly,  each  small  hut  reminds  one  of 
the  summer  houses  run  up  in  American  or 
English  gardens  by  the  wholly  unskilled  house- 
holder in  his  leisure  moments,  while  all  to- 
gether they  give  the  appearance  of  a  vast  gypsy 
encampment. 

In  truth,  they  are  an  enorraou*  and  highly 
prized  boon  to  the  working  classes  of  the  cities 
and  towns.  Here  the  worker  and  his  family 
spend  the  week  end  almost  the  whole  year 
around.  The  scene  on  Sundaj's,  v/hen  thou- 
sands of  little  streamers  wave  in  the  wind 
and  every  tiny  arbor  has  its  group  of  merry 
inhabitants,  presents  the  appearance  of  a  coun- 
try fair  or  a  monster  excursion  in  full  swing, 
wh'le  during  the  workday  week  the  little  sum- 
mer   houses    stand   silent   and    deserted. 

The  colonies  are  of  transitory  kind,  for  they 
are  invariably  built  on  vacant  building-  lots 
v/hich  are  only  waiting  to  be  sold  for  the  con- 
tractor to  come  along  and  turn  thcui  into 
.streets  and  squares.  The  municipality  is  very 
often  the  landlord,  the  area  being  let  as  a 
whole  to  the  highest  bidder  and  by  the  latter 
being  rented  in  parcels  to  the  working  classes. 
If  there  is  a  drawb.ick  to  them  it  is  that  in  the 
absence  of  the  colonists  they  afford  a  hiding 
place  and  headquarters  for  thieves  and  fugi- 
tives from  justice. 

The  expansion  of  Berlin  is  rapidly  pushing 
the  colonists  farther  and  farther  out,  but  their 
value  as  a  hygienic  factor  in  city  life  is  so 
great  that  a  society  has  been  founded  with  a 
view  to  their  permanent  preservation. 

— New  York  Sun. 


662 


THE  PENN  GERMANIA 


German  Hospices. 

G.  H.  T.,  of  the  Lutheran,  has  returned 
from  another  trip  to  Germany,  and  tells  us 
about  the  Hospices  he  found  there  along  his 
way.  Some  of  them,  he  says,  are  quite  large, 
and  most  of  them,  in  reality  are  first  class 
hotels  with  practically  all  the  accommodations 
generally  found  in  such  resting-places. 

He  saw  large  numbers  of  Americans  seeking 
their  accommodations — people  from  California, 
Ohio,  Chicago,  New  York  and  Boston — some 
of  whom  understood  no  German ;  but  all 
seemed  much  pleased  with  the  accommodations, 
and  specially  delighted  that  the  "tipping"  nuis- 
ance practically  was  abolished. 

At  Munich,  the  number  who  came  to  the 
Hospice  was  so  great  that  rooms  were  found 
in  near-by  "pensions",  and  some  were  sent 
away  because  of  lack  of  room. 

In  all  of  these  institutions  there  is  a  15 
minute  devotional  service,  morning  and  even- 
ing, conducted  by  the  local  pastor  or  by  the 
manager  of  the  institution.  The  service  con- 
sists of  a  hymn,  a  daily  text,  a  brief  address, 
a  prayer  ending  with  the  Lord's  prayer,  and  a 
closing  hymn.  The  employees  of  the  bouse  are 
expected  to  attend,  and  guests  may, — many  do. 

The  Hospices  have  become  exceedingly  help- 
ful to  the  public,  and  yearly  keep  thousands  out 
of  the  pitfalls  that  yawn  before  the  young  in 
strange  cities. 

The  Life  of  a  Child 

What  is  it  worth,  the  life  of  the  child, 
Who  is  ruthlessly  driven  all  day, 

Who  never  has  laughed  and  never  run  wild, 
Nor  discovered  the  meaning  of  play? 

What  is  the  life  God  has  given  him  worth? 

Is  the  life  of  the  child  who  is  robbed  of  his 

own, 
Worth  the  price  the  spoiler  must  yield. 
When  his  soul,  as  he  shrinks  in  the  darkness 

alone, 
To  the  gaze  of  his  God  is  revealed? 
Is  the  life  of  the  child  v/orth  the  price  it  must 

cost 
If  a  God  is  above  and  if  souls  may  be  lost? 

— S.  E.  Kiser  in  Chicago  "Record-Herald." 

A  Ruler's   Christian  Faith. 

On  Monday,  October  31st,  1899,  Reforma- 
tion Day,  the  Church  of  the  Redeemer, 
"Erloser-Kirche"  in  Jerusalem  was  set  apart 
for   the    service   of   the   Triune   God. 

This  church  had  been  built  with  the  help 
and  under  the  protection  of  Emporor  Wil- 
liam II  of  Germany,  who  read  the  following 
"document    of    foundation"    at    the    exercises : 

"The  grace  of  God  has  permitted  me,  the 
German  Emperor  and  King  of  Prussia,  Wil- 
liam II.,  to  tmish  the  work,  which  was  begun 
by  my  forefathers,  and  to-day  on  the  me- 
morial   day    of    the    blessed.  Reformation,    in 


the  presence  of  my  dear  consort,  the  beloved 
Empress  and  Queen  Augusta  Victoria,  sur- 
rounded by  the  representatives  of  Evangelical 
Christendom  and  sustained  by  their  prayers, 
we  are  privileged  to  dedicate  this  church.  It 
shall  bear  the  name,  Church  of  the  Redeemer, 
that  it  may  become  known,  that  I  and  all  with 
me  v/ho  recognize  in  the  work  of  the  Refor- 
mation a  work  of  the  grace  of  God,  and  who 
thankfully  hold  fast  to  it,  look  up  to  Jesus 
Christ  as  our  crucified  and  truly  risen  Re- 
deemer and  hope  by  him  to  become  justified 
and  eternally  saved.  But  at  the  same  tirrse 
shall  this  church,  erected  at  the  same  spot, 
where  once  the  Knights  of  St.  John  have 
done  their  work  under  the  cross,  bear  testi- 
mony, that  faith  and  love  are  inseparable  and 
that  in  Jesus  Christ  availeth  nothing  else  but 
the  faith  which  is  active  in  works  of  love. 
With  thankful  hearts  we  pray  God,  He  may 
preserve  His  saving  Word  always,  that  it  may 
be  preached  in  purity  and  truth  here  and  ev- 
erywhere and  may  bring  forth  much  fruit  of 
love,  that  His  name  may  be  hallowed,  His 
kingdom  may  come.  His  will  may  be  done. 
May  He  build  and  protect  our  dear  evangeli- 
cal church,  and  bless  our  German  fatherland 
out  of  the  fullness  of  His  grace.  From  the 
Jerusalem  here  below  we  lift  our  eyes  to  the 
Jerusalem  above.  The  Lord  and  Redeemer 
grant  unto  us  and  unto  all,  who  faithfully 
pray  to  him  in  faith  and  burning  love,  to 
walk  in  such  a  manner  that  v/e  may  once 
enter  into  the  upper  city  of  God,  to  thank 
him  there  and  praise   Him  in  all  eternity." 

A  Good  Speech. 

Senatx)r  Spooner  of  Wisconsin  says  the 
b€st  .speech  of  introducnon  he  ever  heard 
was  delivered  by  the  German  mayor  of  a 
small  town  in  Wdsconsin,  where  Spooner 
had  ibeen  engaged  to  speak. 

The  Mayor  said: 

"Ladies  and  shentlemens.  I  haf  been 
asked  to  introddose  you  to  the  Honorable 
Senator  Spooner,  who  vill  make  to  you  a 
speech,  yes.  I  haf  now  done  so;  he  will  now 
do  so.   —    E)veryibody's. 

Value  of  Magazine. 

In  looking  through  the  volumes  of 
"Pennsylvania  German"  one  cannot  fail  to 
notice  the  very  large  quantity  of  excellent 
and  valuable  historical  matter  they  con- 
tain. Much  credit  is  due  to  Dr.  Croll  for 
starting  the  magazine,  and  to  you  for  con- 
tinuing and  enlarging  the  same.  The 
publication  has  called  forth  a  veritable 
flood  of  history  connected  with  our  people 
which  was  formerly  unknown  to  the 
masses  and  inaccessible.  This  can  now 
be  preserved  and  referred  to  when  neces- 
sary. DANIEL  MILLER, 

Reading,  Pa. 


THE  FORUM 


663 


Nursery  Rhymes. 

H.  W.  Kriebed,  Editor, 
Lititz,  Pa. 

My  Dear  Sir:  Your  collection  of  nursery 
rhymes  in  the  March  P.  G.  awoke  in  me 
many  recollections.  The  request  for  simi- 
lar lore  or  variations  caused  me  to  try  to 
recall  what  I  heard  as  a  child  and  youth, 
and  I  was  surprised  at  the  number  of 
verses  that  I  had  not  thought  of,  for  years. 
I  did  not  learn  to  speak  German  so  as  to 
make  practical  use  of  it  until  I  studied  it 
from  books  by  hard  effort  on  my  own  ac- 
count and  in  college.  But  these  ditties  I 
heard  in  childhood,  from  my  maternal 
grandmother,  who  never  learned  to  use 
English  and  who  died  at  our  home  when  I 
was  seven  years  old,  or  from  my  mother, 
or  from  occasional  use  by  neighbors  or 
their  children. 

My   grandmother   used   to   rock   us  chil- 
dren— me  and  four  younger — and  sing: 
Hai-a,  ba-bai-a,  was  robbelt  im  Stroh? 
Die  Gaense  gehen  barfuss  und  haben  kein 

Schuh, 
Der  Schuster  hat  Leder,  kein  Leisten  dazu, 
Hai-a,  ba-bai-a,  was  robbelt  im  Stroh? 

The    patty-cake    song    oy    mother    and 
grandmother,  accompanied  of  course  by  thej 
proper  motions,  was 
Patscha,  patscha,  kuchen,  Der  baecker  hat 

gerufen, 
Wer  will  schoene  Kuchen  backen, 
Der  muss  haben  sieben  Sachen: 
Eier  und  Salz,  Butter  und  Schmalz,  Milch 

und   Mehl, 
Und  Saffron  macht  die  Kuchen  gel'  (b). 

A  variation  of  what  the  P.  G.  published 
was  taught  us  thus: 
Drass,  drass,   drilchen,  Der  Mann   der  hat 

ein  Filchen, 
Das  Filchen   lief  weg,   Und   der  Mann   der 

lied  im  Dreck. 
Frequently  the  name  of  the  child  who 
was  trotted  on  the  singer's  knee,  was  in- 
serted before  "lied  im  Dreck,"  and  the 
words  were  accompanied  by  a  movement  as 
if  to  let  the  child  fall  on  the  dirt  or  earth. 

A  slumber  song  was: 
Suh,     suh,    suschen,     Leimbach     liegt    bei 

Husschen, 
Fitzerow  liegt  nahebei. 

Leimbach  was  my  mother's  and  grand- 
mother's native  village,  and  I  was  told  that 
it  was  customary  to  insert  names  of  vil- 
lages to  suit  the  locality. 

For  older  children,  a  variation  of  the  P. 
G.  verse  was: 
Hier  stehe  ich  auf  der  Kanzel,  Und  predig 

wie  ein  Wanzel; 
Eine  Huhn  und     ein     Hahn,     Die  Predigt 

geht  an; 


Eine  Katz  und  ein  Maus,  Die  Predigt  geht 

aus. 
Gehe   alle   nach      Haus,  Und     halte  deine 

Schmaus. 
A  few  lines  that  I  heard  sung  by  half- 
grown  boys  in   Kansas,  who  were  of  Ger 
man  parentage  was,  about  1880: 
Eins,  zwei,  drei  un  vier,  Vater  trinkt  die 

Buttermilch, 
Mutter  trinkt  das  Bier. 

Another   stanza,   sung     to      children   at 
times,  was: 
Drei     Ochsen,     vier     Kuehe     sind     sieben 

Stueck  Vieh, 
Die  Hoerner  sind  krumm  Und  die  Maedel 

sind  dumm. 
To  please  the  boys  "Maedel"  was  insert- 
ed, or  "Buben"  to  please  girls. 

A   rollicking  song  of   nonsense  that   al- 
ways pleased  children  as  soon  as  they  were 
able  to  catch   the  sense  of  it,  which  was 
very  early,  is: 
Ich  bin  der  Doctor  Eisenbart,  bil-a-will-a- 

wim-bum-bum, 
Ich  kuriere  die  Leute     nach     meiner  Art, 

bil-a-wil-a-wim-bum-bum, 
Ich  kann  machen  dass  die  blinden  geheu, 

und  die  Lahmen  wieder  sehen. 
Bil-a-wil-a-wim-bub-bum. 

When  my  mother  crossed  the  ocean  iu 
1853  a  passenger  mounted  some  object  anu 
grandiloquently  poured  forth  a  long  string 
of  doggerel  of  which  only  the  following  is 
recalled,  as  my  mother  remembered  little 
if  any  more  than  is  here  given: 
Guten  Morgen,  meine  Herrn,  Aepfeln  sind 

keine  Birn', 
Birne   sind   keine  Aepfeln,   Die  Wurst   die 

hat  zwei  Zwepfeln; 
Zwei   Zwepfeln  hat  die  Wurst,  Der  Bauer 

kriegt  viel  Durst, 
Viel  Durst  hat  der  Bauer  und  sein  Leben 

wird  sehr  Sauer, 
Sehr  sauer  wird  sein  Leben,  Der  Weinstock 

hat  viel  Reben, 
Viel  Reben  hat  der  Weinstock,  Ein  Ziege- 

bock  ist  kein  Geisbock,  etc. 
About  the  time  of  the  war  between 
France  and  Germany  in  1871,  the  Germans 
of  Philadelphia  where  my  folks  lived,  re- 
called with  enthusiasm  old  songs.  Among 
them  was: 
In  Lauterbach  habe  Ich  mein  Strumpf  ver- 

loren 
Und  ohne  Strumpf  gehe  ich  nicht  helm. 
So  gehe  ich  glelch  nach  zu  Lauterbach  bin 
Und  ziehe  mir     mein     Strumpf  auf     mein 

Bein. 
Another  song  of  the  same  period  yields 
but  a  fragment  to  my  memory: 
0,    du   hast     mich      wie      ein      Bruder   be- 

schuetzen 
Und  wenn  die  Kanonen  geblitzen — 

Another  refrain,  to  what  attached,  I  do 
not  know,  was: 


664 


THE   PENN  GERMANIA 


0.  hast  du   den   Mann  mit  dem  Hut  nicht 

gesehen, 
Mit  dem  Hut  nicht  gesehen,  mit  dem  Hut 

nicht  gesehen    (repeated). 
Two  others,  probably  drinking  songs,  or 
connected    therev/ith,    sometimes    heard,    I 
do  not  know  just  where,  were: 

1.  Hast  du  nicht  den  Mann  gesehen, 

Hat  besoffen  ein  Luder,  Hat     ein     blauen 

Kittel  an, 
XJnd  ein  schwarzen  Butttei? 

2.  Grade   aus   dem   Wirtshaus   komm   ich 

heraus, 
Strasse  wie  wuuderlich  siehst  du  mir  aus, 
Rechter  Hand,  linker  Hand  geht  alles  ver- 

tauscht, 
Grade  aus  dem  Wirtshaus  komm  ich  her- 
aus. 
One   more    that      was      likely      commof!» 
among  youths  was: 
Ein  scheckig  Paar     Ochsen,     ein  krumm- 

bucklige  Kuk, 
Das    gibt    mir   mein   Yater   wsnn    ich    hei- 

rathen  thue, 
!.'nd  gibt's  er  mir  nicht,  danu  heirathe  ich 

nicht 
Ind   bleib   ich   bei   mein   Schaetzchen   und 

sage  ihm  nichts. 
So  far  as  these  or  any  of  them  were 
brought  over  from  Germany  by  my  moth- 
er's family,  I  think  they  would  be  very 
similar  to  foik-rhymes  among  the  Penn- 
sylvania Germans,  as  my  mother's  folks 
came  from  electoral  Hesse  (now  absorbed 
by  Prussia  since  1866),  and  the  Hessian 
dialect  appears  much  more  like  the  Penn- 
sylvania German  dialect  than  do  most,  if 
not  all,  others.         Very  truly, 

(Hon.)   J.  C.  RUPPENTHAL, 

Russel,  Kansas. 

FellowsMps  at  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania. 

Among  the  appointments  to  fellowships 
for  the. year  1912-3  by  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  are  the  following: 

Theodore  Arthur  Buenger,  Lewis  Burton 
Hessler,  Gottlieb  Augustus  Betz,  Albert 
Kerr  Heckel,  Henry  Snyder  Gehman,  Wil- 
liam H.  Schiefiey,  S.  L.  Millard,  Rosenberg 
Kngelhardt  August  Eckhardt.  Rodger  F. 
Gephjirt,  Albert  C.  Raugn,  Vv^alter  H.  R. 
Trumbauer,  George  B.  Manhart,  Lawrence 
L.  Buermeyer,  John  Y.  l^ennypacker,  John 
H.  Super.  Jr.,  John  E.  Jacoby,  Carrie  Ad- 
ler,  George  J.  Weimar,  Harry  G.  Good, 
derfer,  Charles  L.  Maurer,  Harry  G.  Good, 
Hov/ard  M.  Stuckert,  Elmer  H.  Carl,  Ben- 
jamin Reibatein,  William  F.  Hoffman. 

These  names  are  evidence  that  students 
of  German  stock  can  capture  prizes.  We 
ANould  be  pleased  to  print  similar  lists 
from  other  institutions.  If  you  have 
knowledge  of  any  like  records  send  us  the 
names. 


Dialect  in  Newsna^^ers. 

The  following  papers  print  articles  in 
Penna. -German  dialect.  We  shall  be 
pleased  to  receive  additional  names  from 
subscribers. 

Chronicle,   Elizabethtown,   Pa. 

Bullettin,  Mt.  Joy,  Pa. 

Report,  Lebanon,  Pa. 

Republikaner,  llentown.  Pa. 

Democrat,   Allentown,  Pa. 

Republikaner,  Allentown,  Pa. 

Star,  Herndon,  Pa. 

Reformed  Church  Record,   Reading,  Pa. 

Post,  Middleburg,  Pa. 

Interesting  Contribution  Promised, 

Reverend  John  Baer  Stoudt  whose  In- 
terest in  things  historical  led  to  the  copy- 
ing and  publication  of  Weiss's  Newborn  in 
our  May  issue  writes  as  follows:  ; 

"I  hope  some  time  to  furnish  you  a 
sketch  of  Johannes  Yoder  (Jotter)  Bau- 
man's  successor  as  leader  of  the  Newborn. 
After  his  death  his  spirit  is  said  to  have 
returned  several  times  and  to  have  spoken 
to  members  cf  the  family.  This  attracTed 
quite  some  attention  insomuch  that  a  party 
from  Philadelphia  visited  Oley  in  1748  to 
obtain  a  full  account  of  this  strange  hap- 
pening and  returned  to  his  home  convinced 
of  the  facts  and  wrote  an  account  of  it 
which  was  afterwards  published." 

Thanks  for  the  promise.  Our  readers 
v/ili  be  anxious  to  read  about  John  Yoder, 
and  hope  you  can  prepare  the  article  be- 
fore long. 

Germans  in  M.  E.  Cliurcli. 

An  interesting  illustration  of  the  well 
known  fact  that  Germans  and  descendants 
of  Germans  are  members  of  churches  not 
classed  as  "German"  churches  occurred  &X 
Northwest  Kansas  Conference  of  the  M.  "E. 
church  at  Salina,  Kansas,  March  23,  1912. 
The  presiding  bishop  was  Reverend  John 
L.  Nuelsen,  of  German  Swiss  birth.  The 
chairman  of  the  lay  convention  was  Hon. 
J.  C.  Ruppenthal,  bora  in  Philadelphia, 
Pa.,  of  German  parents,  and  one  of  the 
three  lay  delegates  to  general  conference 
of  1912  is  Christian  Eberhardt,  born  in 
Hesse   Darmstadt,   Germany. 

"Willie  Krumhaesich." 

In  1888  I  taught  school  in  Schuylkill 
County,  Pa.  One  day  a  little  boy  by  the 
name  of  William  Krum  came  to  school  for 
the  first  time.  When  I  asked  him  what  his 
name  was,  he  answered  in  Pa.  German, 
"Willie  Krumhasich."  They  tell  me  that 
Will  Krumhasich  is  still  living  in  thai, 
neighborhood.  J.  C.  S. 


ILbc  pcnn  0ermania 

Vol.  I  SEPT.-OCT.,  1912        No.  9-10 

OLD  SERIES  Continuing  THE  PENNSYLVANIA-GERMAN  VOL.  XIII,  No.  9-10 


XLnblc  of  Contents 

INCORPORATION  OF  THE  PENN  GERM  ANIAPUB'G  CO.  __  665 
CURRENT  LIFE  AND  THOUGHT 678 

OUR  HISTORIC  HERITAGE 

Forest  Preacher  on  the  Schoharie  (continued) 688 

Glimpses  of  Pioneer  Life  in   the  Shenandoah  Valley 695 

The  Fairy   Parks     697 

The  Fries    Rebellion    703 

The  Disappearance   of    the  Lenni   Lenape       711 

The  Heroism   of    Our    Immigrant  Ancestors   718 

The    Brengle    Home    Guard    725 

Will  There   Be  a  Union  of  Mennonite    Churches? 728 

Town   Regulations  of   Lititz,  Pa.,  1759 731 

The  Elser  Homestead  and  Family  History    737 

Lehigh    County    742 

The  Germans    and    Song    748 

The  Sentimental  Journey 750 

A   Bibliography  of  Church   Music  Books  (continued)    755 

Sentiment  in  History  and  Biography , 760 

A   Conrad  Weiser  Diary 764 

THE  PENN  GERMANIA  GENEALOGICAL  CLUB      779 

MUTTERSPROCH     784 

OURBOOKTABLE  786 

HISTORICAL  NOTES  AND  NEWS    788 

FORUM      791 


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Charter 

of 

The  Penn  Germania 
Publishing  Company 

To   The  Honorable  Frank  M.    Trexler  ,Judge  of 
The  Court  of  Common  Pleas  of  Lehigh    County: 

Agreeably  to  the  provisions  of  the  Act  of  the 
General  Assembly  of  Pennsylvania,  entitled  "An 
Act  to  provide  for  the  incorporation  and  regulation 
of  certain  corporations,  approved  the  29th  day  of 
April,  A,  D.  1874,  and  the  several  supplements 
thereto,  the  undersigned,  all  of  whom  are  citizens 
of  Pennsylvania,  have  associated  themselves  to- 
gether for  the  purposes  and  upon  the  terms  and  by 
the  name  hereinafter  set  forth,  and  to  the  end  that 
they  may  be  duly  incorporated  according  to  law 
hereby  certify: 

I.  The  name  of  the  intended  corporation  is 
THE  PENN  GERMANIA  PUBLISHING  COM- 
PANY. 

II  The  purposes  for  which  the  said  corporation 
is  formed  are  as  follows:  The  supporting  and  car- 
rying on  of  a  literary  and  historical  undertaking; 
the  composition,  printing,  publishing  and  distribu- 
tion of  a  periodical  magazine  or  publication,  de- 
voted to  the  history  and  ideals  of  the  German 
element  in  the  United  States,  the  encouragement 
of  historic  research  connected  therewith,  and  the 
collection  and  preservation  of  books,  manuscripts 
and  data  illustrative  of  the  said  history  and  ideals. 

III.  The  business  of  the  corporation  is  to  be 
transacted  in  the  city  of  AUentown,  State  of  Penn- 
sylvania. 

IV.  The  corporation  shall  have  perpetual  suc- 
cession by  its   corporate  name. 


V.  The  names  and  residences  of  the  subscribers 
and  the  number  of  shares  subscribed  by  each  ap- 
pear in  writing  at  the  end  of  this  certificate. 

VI.  The  number  of  directors  is  fixed  at  fifteen 
and  the  names  and  residences  of  those  who  are 
chosen  directors  for  the  first  year  are  as  follows: 
Rev.  N.  B.  Grubb,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Dr.  D.  H. 
Bergey,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Dr.  R.  K.  Buehrle, 
Lancaster,  Pa.,  W,  Oscar  Miller,  Esq.,  Reading,  Pa. 
Rev,  F.  Y.  Weidenhammer,  Harrisburg,  Pa.,  Mr.  F. 
A.  Stickler,  Norristown,  Pa.,  Mr.  A.  F.  Berlin, 
AUentown,  Pa.,  Jas.  L.  Schaadt,  Esq.,  Allentown, 
Pa.,  Mr.  W.J.  Heller,  Easton,  Pa.,  Prof.  A.  G.  Rau, 
Bethlehem,  Pa.,  Mr.  C.  W.  Unger,  Pottsville,  Pa., 
Rev.  A.  E.  Gobble,  Myerstown,  Pa.,  Dr.  J.  G.  Zern, 
Lehighton,  Pa.,  Richard  W.  lobst,  Esq.,  Emaus,  Pa., 
Mr.  H.  W.  Kriebel,  Lititz,  Pa. 

VII.  The  capital  stock  of  said  corporation  is 
Twenty  Thousand  ($20,000)  Dollars  divided  into 
one  thousand  (1000)  shares,  of  the  par  value  of 
Twenty  Dollars  ($20.00)  each. 

VIII.  The  yearly  income  of  the  corporation, 
other  than  that  derived  from  real  estate,  will  not 
exceed  the  sum  of  $20,000. 

Witness  our  hands  and  seals  this  12th  day  of 
September,  Anno  Domini  one  thousand  nine  hun- 
dred and  twelve. 

Name  of  ^^J-^-, 

Subscriber  stock 

Albert  G.  Rau,    (seal) ^ One 

63  Broad  St.,  Bethlehem,  Pa. 
A.  F.   Berlin,  (seal) One 

128  S.  Madison  St.,  Allentown  Pa. 
Jas.  L.  Schaadt,  (seal)    One 

231  N.  8th.  St.,  Allentown,  Pa. 
D.  R.    Home,  (seal) One 

121  N.  7th.  St.,  Allentown,  Pa. 
Thomas  P.  Wenner,  (seal) One 

540  N.  6th.  St.,  Allentown,  Pa. 
J.   A    Scheffer,  (seal)    One 

245  N.  6th.  St.,  Allentown,  Pa. 
H.  W.  Kriebel,  (seal) One 

23   W.  Orange  St.,  Lititz,  Pa. 


Geo.   F.  Knerr,  (seal)   One 

225  N.  8th.  St.,  Allentown,  Pa,- 
William  J.  Heller,  (seal) One 

East  Ave.,  Easton,  Pa. 
Porter    W.    Shimer   (seal) One 

Paxinosa  Ave.,   Easton,  Pa. 
J.  G.  Zern,  (seal) One 

203  S.  3rd.  St.,  Lehighton,  Pa. 
Horace   Heydt    (seal) One 

Lehighton,  Ha. 
J.  A.  Trexler,  (seal) One 

201  S.  2nd.  St.,  Lehighton,  Pa. 

C.  W.  Unger,  (seal) One 

20th  and  Market  Sts.,  Potts ville  Pa. 
R.  K.  Buehrle,    (seal) One 

408  Manor  St.,  Lancaster,  Pa. 
F.  Y,   "Weidenhammer,  (seal) One 

534  Race  St.,  Harrisburg,  Pa. 
A.  E.  Gobble  (L.  S.) One 

My ersto wn,   P  a . 
W.  Oscar  Miller,   (seal) One 

610  Washington  St.,  Reading,  Pa. 
F.  A.  Stickler,    (seal) One 

709  Hawes  Ave.,  Norristown,  Pa. 
N.  B.  Grubb,  (seal) One 

715  Berks  St.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

D.  H.  Bergey,  (seal) One 

206  S.  53  St.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Chas.  C.  More,  (seal) One 

2514  N.  Broad  St.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
J.  L.  Glase,  (seal) One 

904  S.  48  St.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
J.  K.  Harley,  (seal) One 

Girard  College,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
J.  P.  Schelly,  (seal) One 

1811  N.  Gratz  St.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Horace  L.  Haldeman,   (seal) One 

Marietta,  Pa. 
Samuel  W.  Pennypacker,   (L,  S.) One 

Pennypacker's  Mills,   Pa. 

Henry  T.   Spangler,  (seal) One 

^^^^Collegeville,  Pa. 
Richard  W.  lobst,  (seal)    One 

209  S.  4th.  St..  Emaus  Pa. 


Commonwealth  of  Pennsylvania  ) 
County  of  Lehigh  ) 

Before  me,  the  subscriber,  a  duly  commissioned 
notary  public  for  the  County  of  Lehigh,  personally 
appeared  George  F,  Knerr,  Thomas  P.  Wenner,  J. 
A.  Scheffer  and  H.  W.  Kriebel,  four  of  the  subscrib- 
ers to  the  above  and  foregoing  certificate  of  incor- 
poration of  THE  PENN  GERMANIA  PUBLISH- 
ING COMPANY,  and  in  due  form  of  law  acknowl- 
edged the  same  to  be  their  act  and  deed. 

Witness  my  hand  and  official  seal  this  twelfth 
day  of  September,  Anno  Domini  one  thousand  nine 
hundred  and  twelve. 

My  Commission  expires  February  15,  1913. 

Marcus  H.  Bickert. 
Notary  Public. 

No.  6  October  Court,  1912. 

In   the  matter    of  the   incorporation    of   THE 
PENN   GERMANIA  PUBLISHING    COMPANY. 
Certificate  of  Association  Filed  Sept,    12,    1912. 
Schaadt,  Attorney 

Law  Offices 

James  L,  Schaadt, 

536  Hamilton  Street,  Second  Floor, 

Allentown,  Pa. 

Both  Telephones. 


IN  THE  COURT  OF  COMMON  PLEAS 
OF  LEHIGH  COUNTY 

In  the  matter  of  the  )     m      /:  /^  ..  i 

,.     ^.         r  n'LTT?  T3T-XT1VT  No.  6  October 

apphcation  of  IHE  PENN  -      rp 

GERMANIA  PUBLISHING  COMPANY    )       lerm,  1912. 

STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA  )  ^c: 

COUNTY  OF  LEHIGH,  \       ' 

Jas.  'L/  Schaadt,  being  duly  sworn,  doth  depose  and  say- 
that  he  is  one  of  the  corporators  of  THE  PENN  GERMANIA 
PUBLISHING  COMPANY: 

That  a  notice  ,  of  which  the  following  is  a  copy: 
IN  THE  COURT  OP  COMMON   PLEAS  OF    LEHIGH    COUNTY. 

No.-  6  October  Term,  1912. 

Notice  is  hereby  {riven  tiiat  an  application  will  be  made  to  the 
Court  of  Common  Pleas  of  Lehigh  County,  on  the  7th  day  of  Octo- 
ber, 1912,  at  10  a.  ni.  under  the  provisions  of  the  Corporation  Act 
of  IH'A  and  its  supplements,  for  a  charter  for  an  intended  corpora- 
tion to  be  called  THE  PKNN  GERMANIA  PUBLISHING  COM- 
PANY,'he  char  act  i:*r  and  object  of  which  is  the  supporting-  and 
carrying  on  of  a  I'terary  and  historical  undertaking,  the  compo- 
sition, printing,  publishin  j  and  distribution  of  a  perodical  magazine 
or  publication,  devoted  to  theihistory  and  ideals  of  the  German  el- 
ement in  the  United  States;  the  encouragement  of  historic  research 
connected  therewith:  and  the  collection  and  preservation  of  books, 
manuscripts  and  data  illustrative  of  the  said  history  and  ideals: 
and  for  these  purposes  to  have,  possess  and  enjoy  all  the  rights, 
benefits  and  privileges  conferred  by  the  said  act  and  the  supple- 
ments thei-eto.  The  proposed  Ctiarter  is  now  on  file  in  the  Pro- 
thonotary's  Office. 

Jas.  L  SCHAADT, 
SI3-2O727  o5  Solicitor, 

was  published  in  the  Allentown  Morning  Call  and  the  Al- 
lentown  Democrat,  two  newspapers  of  general  circulation, 
printed  and  published  in  the  County  of  Lehigh  aforesaid  on 
the  13th,  20th  and  27th  days  of  September,  1912,  and  the  5th 
day  of  October,  1912;  in  the  Daily  City  Item,  Allentown 
Leader  and  the  Chronicle  &  News,  three  newspapers  of  gen- 
eral circulation  published  in  the  said  County  on  the  14th, 
2ist  and  28th  days  of  September  and  the  5th  day  of  October, 
1912;  and  that  the  same  has  also  been  published  in  the  Lehigh 
County  Law  Journal  as  required  by  rule  of  Court  on  the  13th, 
20th  and  27th  days  of  September  and  the  5th  day  of  October, 
191 2:  and  further  says  that  all  of  the  corporators  signing  the 
application  for  an  incorporation  are  citizens  of  the  Common- 
wealth of  Pennsylvania. 

Jas.  L.    Schaadt. 
Sworn  to  and  subscribed  before  me  this  7th  day  day  of  Octo- 
ber, A.    D.    1912. 

M.  R.  Schantz,    Prothonotary 


DECREE 
IN  THE  COURT  OF  COMMON  PLEAS  OF  LEHIGH 

COUNTY. 
October  Term,  1912.        No.  6. 

And  now  this  yth  day  of  October,  A.  D.  1912,  at  10  A.M., 
the  within  Charter  and  Certificate  of  Incorporation  having 
been  presented  to  me,  a  Law  Judge  of  said  County,  accom- 
panied by  due  proof  of  publication  of  the  notice  of  this  appli- 
cation as  required  by  the  Act  of  Assembly,  I  certify  that  I 
have  examined  and  perused  the  said  writing,  and  have  found 
the  same  to  be  in  proper  form,  and  within  the  purposes  named 
in  the  first  class  specified  in  Section  Second  of  the  Act  of  the 
General  Assembly  of  the  Commonwealth  of  Pennsylvania,  en- 
titled "An  Act  to  provide  for  the  Incorporation  and  Regulation 
of  ceitain  Corporations,"  approved  April  29th.  1874,  and  the 
supplements  thereto,  and  the  same  appearing  to  be  lawful  and 
not  injurious  to  the  community,  I  do  hereby  on  motion  of 
James  L.  Schaadt.  Esquire,  on  behalf  of  the  petitioners,  order 
and  direct  that  the  said  Charter  of  THE  PENN  GERMANIA 
PUBLISHING  COMPANY  aforesaid,  be  and  the  same  is 
hereby  approved,  and  that  upon  the  recording  of  the  same 
and  of  this  order,  the  subscribers  thereto  and  their  associates, 
shall  be  a  Corporation  by  the  name  of  THE  PENN  GER- 
MANIA PUBLISHING  COMPANY,  fur  the  purposes  and 
upon  the  terms  therein  stated 

By  the  Court : 

F.  M.  Trexler, 
P.  J. 

LEBIGH  GO  UNTY  S.  S. 

RECORDED  in  the  office  for  the  recording  nf  Deeds,  etc.  in  and 
for  Slid.  County,  in  Miscellaneous  Book,  Volume  No.  S  Page 
436,  etc. 

Witness  my  hand  and  seal  of  office,  this  9th.  day  of  Oct. 
Anno  Domini,  1912. 

(Signed)     Oliver  T.  Weaber,  Recorder. 

SEAL  OF 

RECORDERS    OFFICE 

LEHIGH  COUNTY 

PA. 


Organization 

of 
THE  PENN  GERMANIA  PUBLISHING  COMPANY 

President,      A.  F.  Berlin,    Allentown,  Pa. 
Vice  President,     A.   G.  Rau,  Bethlehem,  Pa. 
Secretary,     Chas.  R.  Roberts,  Allentown,  Pa. 
Treasurer,     Bichard  W.  lobst,  Esq.,  Emaus,  Pa. 
Managing  Editor,    H.   W.  Kriebel,  Lititz,  Pa. 
Attorney,     James  L.  Schaadt,  Esq.,   Allentown,  Pa. 
Directors 
FOR  ONE  YEAR 
Rev.  A.  E.  Gobble,  Myerstown,  Pa. 
Dr.  D.  H.  Bergey,    Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Prof.  A.  G.  Rau,  Bethlehem,  Pa. 
Dr.  R.  K.  Buehrle,  Lancaster,  Pa. 
R.  W.  lobst,  Esq.,  Emaus,    Pa. 

FOR  TWO  YEARS 
W.  J.  Heller,  Easton,  Pa. 
C.  W.  Unger,  Pottsville,  Pa. 
F.  A.  Stickler,  Nurristown,  Pa. 
W.  O.  Miller,  Esq.,  Reading,  Pa. 
Rev.  F.  Y.  Weidenhammer,  Harrisburg,  Pa. 

FOR  THREE    YEARS 

H.  W.  Kriebel,  Lititz,  Pa. 

J.  L.  Schaadt.  Esq.,  Allentown,  Pa. 

Rev.  N.   B.  Grubb,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

A.  F.    Berlin,  Allentown,  Pa. 

J.  G.   Zern,  M.  D.,    Lehighton,   Pa. 

The  incorporators  held  their  first  meeting,  October  12,. 
1912,  in  the  law  offices  of  J.  L.  Schaadt,  Esq.,  Allentown, 
Pa.  ratified  the  selection  of  directors  for  the  first  year  as  an- 
nounced in  the  charter,  adopted  the  by-laws  as  given  here- 
with, and  adjourned. 

The  Board  of  Directors  met  the  s.ime  day,  elected 
officers,  determined  the  length  of  terms  of  office  of  the  direc- 
tors and  authorized  and  instructed  the  Executive  Committee 
as  provided  by  the  by  laws,  to  perfect  details  of  organization 
and  provide  for  transfer  of  THE  PENN  GERMANIA  to 
the  company. The  Executive  Commitie  has  since  met  and 
taken  appropriate  action  in  the  premises.  Terms  of  sale  have 
been  agreed  upon,  and  Mr.  Kriebel  has  transferred  all  his 
right,  title  and  interest  in  the  magazine  to  THE  PENN 
GERMANLA.  PUBLISHING  COMPANY  by  whom  the 
magazine  will  hereafter  be  issued. 


By  Laws 


of 

THE  PENN  GERMANIA  PUBLISHINGCOMPANY, 
Adopted  October  12,   1912. 

Article  I.— Stock. 

1.  Gertijicates  of  Stock  shall  be  for  single  shares  and  shall 
be  issued  to  each  holder  of  full-paid  stock  in  numerical  order 
from  the  stock  certificate  book,  be  signed  by  the  President 
and  Treasurer,  and  sealed  by  the  Secretary  with  the  Corpo- 
rate seal.  A  record  of  each  certificate  shall  be  kept  on  the 
stub  thereof. 

2.  2'ransfers  of  Stock  shall  be  made  by  endorsement  ap- 
proved by  the  Secretary. 

Article  II— Stockholders'  Meetings 

1.  TJit  Annual  Meeting  of  the  stockholders  of  this  Com- 
pany shall  be  held  in  the  principal  office  of  the  Company  jn 
AUentown,  Pa.,  on  the  Saturday  immediately  following  Oc- 
tober Sixth  each  year  at  10:30  a.m. 

2.  Spr'cial  Meetings  of  the  stockholders  may  be  called  at 
the  principal  oflice  of  the  Company  at  any  time  by  resolution 
of  the  Board  of  Directors  or  the  Executive  Committee  thereof 
or  upon  request  in  writing  of  stockholders  holding  one-third 
of  the  outstanding  stock. 

3.  Notices  of  Meetings,  written  or  printed,  ior  every  reg- 
ular or  special  meeting  of  the  stockholders,  shall  be  prepared 
and  mailed  to  the  last  known  postoffice  address  of  each  stock- 
holder not  less  than  ten  days  before  any  such  meeting,  and 
if  for  a  special  meeting,  such  notice  shall  state  the  object  or 
objects  thereof. 

4.  A  Quorum  at  any  meeting  of  the  stockholders  shall 
consist  of  a  majority  of  the  voting  stock  of  the  Company,  rep- 
resented in  person  or  by  proxy.  A  majority  of  such  quorum 
ghall  decide  any  question  that  may  come  before  the  meeting. 

5.  Tlie  Election  of  Directors  shall  be  held  at  the  annual 
meeting  of  stockholders  and  shall  be  conducted  by  two  in- 
spectors of  election,  appointed  by  the  President  for  that  pur- 
pose. The  election  shall  be  by  ballot  and  each  stockholder 
shall  be  entitled  to  cast  one  vote  for  each  share  of  full-paid 
stock  held  by  him. 


Article  III— Directors 

1.  The  Business  avd  Property  of  the  Company  shall  be 
managed  b}^  a  Board  of  fifteen  Directors  who  shall  be  stock- 
holders and  one-third  of  whom  shall  be  elected  annually  by 
the  stockholders  for  a  term  of  three  years. 

2.  The  Bcgvlar  3Jeetwgs  of  the  Board  of  Directors  shall 
be  held  immediately  after  the  Annual  Meeting  of  the  Stock- 
holders. 

3.  Special  Meetings  of  the  Board  of  Directors  may  be 
called  at  any  time  at  the  principal  office  in  Allentown,  Pa., 
by  the  President,  or  by  any  three  members  of  the  Board  or 
njay  be  held  at  any  time  and  place  by  the  presence  of  all 
members  at  such  meeting. 

4.  A  Quorum  at  any  meeting  shall  consist  of  eight  mem- 
bers of  the  Board.  A  majority  of  such  quorum  shall  decide 
any  question  that  may  come  before  the  meeting. 

5.  Officers  of  the  Company  shall  be  elected  at  the  regular 
meeting  of  the  Board  of  Directors  by  ballot.  Vacancies  in 
office  shall  be  filled  by  appointment  of  the  President  for  the 
unexpired  term. 

6.  Directors,  attending  regular  meetings  or  special  meet- 
ings regularly  called,  shall  be  paid  actual  travelling  expenses. 

Article  IV— Officers 

1.  The  Officers  of  the  Company  shall  be  a  President,  a 
Vice-President,  a  Secretary,  a  Treasurer  and  a  Managing 
Editor  who  shall  be  elected  for  one  year  and  shall  hold  office 
until  their  successors  are  elected  and  qualify.  The  position 
of  Secretary  and  Treasurer  may  be  united  in  one  person. 

2.  The  President  of  the  Company  shall  preside  at  all  meet- 
ings, shall  sign  or  countersign  all  certificates,  contracts  or 
other  instruments  of  the  Company,  shall  make  reports  to  the 
Directors  and  Stockholders  and  perform  all  such  duties  as  are 
incident  to  his  office  or  are  properly  required  of  him  by  the 
Board  or  the  Executive  Committee.  In  the  absence  or  dis- 
ability of  the  President,  the  Vice-President  shall  exercise  his 
functions. 

3.  The  Secretary  shall  issue  notices  of  all  meetings,  shall 
keep  their  minutes,  shall  have  charge  of  the  seal  and  the  cor- 
porate books,  shall  sign  with  the  President  such  instruments 
as  require  his  signature  and  shall  make  such  reports  and  per- 
form such  other  duties  as  are  incident  to  his  office  or  properly 
required  of  him  by  the  Board  of  Directors  or  the  Executive 
Committee. 

4.  7Vie  Treasurer  shall  have  the  custody  of  all  moneys  and 
securities  of  the  Company  and  shall  keep  regular  books  of  ac- 
count and  balance  same  each  month.  He  shall  sign  or  counter- 
sign such  instruments  as  require  his  signature  and  shall  per- 
form all  duties  incident  to  his  office,  or  that  are  properly  re- 
quired of  him  by  the  Board. 


5-  The  Managing  Editor  shall,  under  the  supervision  of 
the  Board  of  Directors  and  the  Executive  Committee,  have 
charge  of  the  editorial  management  of  the  publications  of  the 
Company;  shall  manage  the  active  business  operations  of  the 
Company,  and  shall  perlorm  such  further  duties  and  make  such 
reports  as  may  be  required  of  him  by  the  Board  of  Directors. 
He  shall  receive  such  salary  as  may  be  fixed  by  the  Board  of 
Directors  or  the  Executive  Committee. 

6.  The  Executive  Committee  shall  be  composed  of  the  Presi- 
dent, Vice-President,  the  Secretary,  the  Treasurer  and  the 
Managing  Editor,  and  shall  have  and  exercise  by  action  of  a 
majority  of  all  its  members,  all  the  powers  and  duties  of  the 
Board  of  Directors  when  the  latter  is  not  in  session,  save  and 
except  as  limited  by  the  By-Laws  or  in  which  specific  instruc- 
tions have  previously  been  given  by  the  Board  of  Directors. 
They  shall  submit  to  the  Board  of  Directors  a  quarterly  state- 
ment respecting  the  business  of  the  previous  quarter  and  ad- 
vance editorial  program. 

Article  V— Dividends 

Endi  share  of  full-paid  stock  shall  entitle  the  holder  each 
year  to  a  semi-annual  subscription  to  THE  PENN  GER- 
MANIA  Magazine. 

Article  VI— Seal 

The  Corporate  Seaf  of  the  Company  shall  consist  of  two 
concentric  circles  between  which  shall  be  placed,  "THE 
PENN  GERMANIA  PUBLISHING  COMPaNY,  Allentown, 
Pa."  and  in  the  centre  shall  be  inscribed  "Incorporated, 
October  7,  1912." 

Article  VII— Amendments 

These  By-Laws  may  be  amended,  repealed  or  altered  in 
whole  or  in  part  by  a  majority  vote  of  the  voting  stock  of  the 
Company  at  any  duly  called  regular  or  special  meeting,  but  a 
thirty-day  stockholders'  notice  of  such  proposed  action  must 
precede  the  adoption  of  the  amendment. 


Announcement 

BY 

THE  PENN  GERMANIA  PUBLISHING  COMPANY 

The  Board  of  Directors  of  THE  PENN  GERMANIA 
PUBLISHING  COMPANY  in  accepting  office  under  tne 
charter  creating  the  company  proffer  the  following  announce- 
ment. 

The  friends  of  THE  PENN  GERMANIA  magazine  are  to 
be  congratulated  upon  the  incorporation  of  THE  PENN 
GERMANIA  PUBLISHING  COMPANY,  giving  assurance 
of  efficiency  of  service,  safety  of  business,  breadth  of  outlook, 
and  continuity  of  existence  not  attainable  under  individual 
or  partnership  control. 

The  "purposes"  of  the  incorporation  as  set  forth  by  the 
charter  are  construed   to  sanction  our  taking  in  hand; — 

1.  The  Publishing  of  THE  PENN  GERMANfA  along  the 
lines  hitherto  followed,  the  various  departments  being  so 
elaborated  as  to  cover  the  fields  of  "Art,  Science,  Literature, 
State,  Church,  Industry,  and  Genealogy"  and  to  make  THE 
PENN  GERMANIA  THE  magazine  of  history  and  current  lit^ 
erature  respecting  citizens  of  German  ancestry  in  the  United 
States,  The  aim  will  be  to  serve  country,  God  and  truth  by  en- 
tertaining and  educating,  by  arousing  general  interest  in  the 
history  of  the  German  element,  by  cooperating  without  com- 
peting with  existing  historical  societies  and  pub'ications,  by 
affording  an  appropriate,  popular,  non-sectional,  non-partisan 
medium  for  the  publication  of  historical  facts  and  papers  and 
for  the  discussion  of  questions  of  current  interest  falling 
within  its  field. 

2.  The  encouraging  of  historical  research  by  historians, 
genealogists,  pupils  in  public  and  private  schools,  students  in 
colleges  and  universities — to  be  accomplished  by  providing 
research  facilities,  by  publishing  helpful  books  and  papers, 
and  by  offering  rewards  for  excellence  of  work. 

3.  The  founding  of  a  select  library  containing  with  regard 
to  its  special  field,  leading  reference  books,  genealogical 
aparatus,  transcripts  of  orginal  records,  books  and  pamphlets 
as  issued  and  clippings  from  current  newspapers  and  period- 
icals, etc,  etc. 


We  adopt  with  altered  verbiage  in  behalf  of  German  set- 
tlers and  their  descendants  as  part  of  the  program  of  the 
Company  the  very  laudable  policy  of  the  "New  England  His- 
toric Genealogical  Society"  as  expressed  by  themselves  in 
these  words — "The  policy  of  the  Society  from  its  very  earliest 
days  has  been  to  gather  a  library  of  New  England  local  history 
and  genealogy  and  to  publish  genealogical,  historical  and 
biographical  data.  Throughout  its  later  years  it  has  pursued 
its  dual  policy  with  vigor:  on  the  one  hand  concentrating  its 
energies  upon  a  genealogical  library,  a  library  especially  com- 
plete in  all  that  pertains  to  New  England  families,  their  origins, 
their  annals,  while  residents  here  and  their  emigrations  to 
other  sections  of  the  country  with  their  later  history  in  their 
new  homes;  on  the  other  hand  utilizing  its  forces  and  influ- 
ences, both  directly  and  indirectly  for  the  increase  of  publica 
tions  of  permanent  value  to  the  descendants  of  the  settleis  of 
New  England."  (N.  E.  H.  G.  Register,  April  1908,  Supple- 
ment. )\Ve  would  do  the  same  for  the  early  German  American 
families,  particularly  those  of  Pennsylvania. 

The  minimum  number  of  pages  of  THE  PENN  GER- 
MANIA  per  month  will  be  eighty  and  will  be  supplemented 
by  pages  containing  continued  stories  or  articles  so  made  up 
that  they  may  be  detached  and  bound  separately  with  sep- 
arate paging,  etc. 

Subscriptions  to  THE   PENN  GERMANIA  will    be   re- 
ceived at  the  following  rates: — 
$2.00  per  year; 

$4.00  for  a  club  of  three,  one  of  which  may  be  a  renewal. 

Stock  in  THE  PENN  GERMANIA  PUBLISHING  COM- 
PANY is  offered  for  sale  at  par  $20.00  per  share,  "Full-paid 
and  nr.n-assessable"  entitling  the  holder  to  one  semi-annual 
subscription  to  THE  PENN  GERMANIA  for  each  share  of 
full-paid  stock  held  and  the  free  regulated  use  of  the  reference 
library  of  the  Company. 

The  hearty  cooperation  of  individuals  and  associations 
desiring  to  promote  a  general,  fuller  and  juster  view  of  the 
part  taken  by  the  Germans  in  the  making  of  our  Nation 
is  cordially  invited, by  subscribing  and  inducing  friends  to 
subscribe  to  THE  PENN  GERMANIA.  by  becoming 
stockholders  in  the  company,  by  suggesting  and  supplying 
reading  matter,  by  endowing  specific  lines  of  service. 
THE  PENN  GERMANIA  is  not  a  commercial  or  business 
proposition  to  enrich  an  individual  or  group  of  individuals  — 
rather  an  altruistic  attempt  to  benefit  society,  church  and 
state  by  a  dissemination  and  popularization  of  facts  of  history. 
THE  PENN  GERMANIA  will  be  made  to  fill  the  long-felt 
need  of  a  National,  broadguage,  fearless  and  free  organ  and 
forum  f'-'r  the  German  element  of  our  country. 

Respectfully  soliciting  your  heartv  cooperation, 

THE  PENN  GERMANIA  PUBLISHING  COMPANY, 
(signed) 
Secretary,  President, 

Chas.  R.  Roberts,  A.  F.  Berlin. 


URRENT  LIFE  AND  THOUGHT 


Illustrative  of  German-American  Activities 
Contributions  by  Readers  Cordially  Invited 


These  notes,  as  indicated  by  the  name,  reflect  what  the  Na- 
tion's citizens  of  German  ancestry  are  thinking  and  doing.  The 
items  must  of  necessity  be  brief,  representative  and  selective.  Sub- 
scribers who  can  serve  as  regular  or  occasional  contributors  to  the 
department  are  invited  to  write  us,  stating  what  special  field  they 
are  willing  to  cover.  Different  sections  of  our  country,  different 
aspects  of  human  endeavor,  must  be  represented  and  narrow,  sec- 
tional, clannish  viewpoints  avoided. 


Rueckgang  des  Diese  Ueberschrift  wahlt 
Deutsclitums  'T.  S."  in  den  "All- 
in  Amerika  deutschen  Blattern"  zu 
einem  schvvarzse-herisch- 
en,  irreflihrenden  Artikel.  Er  citiert : 
'Amerika  ist  das  Grab  unseres  Volkes," 
und  fahrt  dann  fort:  "ein  fiir  uns  hartes 
aber  wahres  Wort.  Das  Deutschtum  in 
den  Vereinigten  Staaten  ist  in  sichereni 
Riieckgang  begriffen  und  damit  schwin- 
det  mehr  und  mehr  auch  sein  politischer 
Einfluss,  von  dem  man  merkwiirdiger- 
weise  in  vielen  Kreisen  immer  noch 
glaubt,  dass  er  eines  Tages  in  der  Poli- 
tik  der  Vereinigten  Staaten  zu  unseren 
Gunsten  irgendwie  ausschlaggebend  sein 
konnen.  Das  ist  nach  der  jetzigen  Lage 
der  Dinge  Icider  ganz  und  gar  unwahr- 
scheinlich.  Das  zeigen  deutlich  die  Er- 
gebnisse  der  letzten  Volkszahlung  voni 
31.  Dezember  1910.  die  jctzt  zur  Vcr- 
offentlichung  gelangen." 

Der  Verfasser  schcint  nicht  zu  wissen. 
dass  die  Deutschen  in  Ohio,  Indiana, 
New  Jersey  und  in  anderen  Staaten  be: 
den  letzten  Gouverneurswahlen  den  Po- 
litikern  Ueberraschungen  bereiteten. 
Dies  war  vor  vier  Jahren.  Seit  dei 
Griindung  des  Deutschamerikanischen 
Nationalbundes  haben  die  Deutschen  der 


Ver.  Staaten  an  politischem  Einfluss  ge- 
wonnen  und  gewinnen  immer  mehr. 

An  der  Tatsache  des  Riickganges  der 
deutschen  Einwanderung  ist  nicht  zu 
riitteln.  Wenn  es  aber  in  dem  Artikel 
heisst:  "Die  Deutschen,  die  aus  Oester- 
reich,  aus  der  Schweiz  oder  aus  den  bal- 
tischen  Provinzen  Russlands  einwandern,. 
konnen  den  Abgang  bei  weitem  nicht  er- 
setzen,  ja  sie  werden — zum  Teil  wenig- 
stens — noch  schneller  ihre  volkische  Ei- 
genart  aufgeben  als  die  anderen,"  so  ent- 
spricht  diese  Annahme  den  Tatsachen 
durchaus  nicht.  Die  Deutsch-Oester- 
reicher,  Deutsch-Ungarn,  Schweizer  und 
Deutsch-Russen  sind  ebenso  deutsch, 
und  oft  deutscher,  wie  die  Reichs- 
deutschen,  von  denen  sie  leider  zu  viei 
iiber  die  Achsel  angesehen  werden,  wes- 
halb  sie  sich  zuriickgesetzt  fuehlen  und 
zuriickhaltend  sind.  Auch  darin  wird 
der  Deutschamerikanische  National- 
bund  Wandel  schaffen.  Dem  Bunde 
sind  alle  Deutschen  wilkommen,  ganz 
gleich  wo  ihre  Wiege  in  der  alten  Hei- 
mat  stand.  Grenzpfahle  giebt  es  fiir 
den  Bund  nicht,  wenn  vom  Deutschtum 
der  Ver.  Staaten  gesprochen  wird.  Auf 
diesen  Standpunkt  miissen  sich  deutsch- 
Uindische  Artikelschreiber  stellen. 


678 


CURRENT  LIFE  AND  THOUGHT 


679 


Zur  Verminderung  der  deutschen  Ein- 
wanderung-  ist  dem  Deutschen  Reiche 
von  Herzen  zu  gratulieren.  Es  ist  je- 
doch  irrig,  darin  einen  nahen  Untergang- 
des  Deutschtums  in  den  Yer.  Staaten  zu 
sehen.  Im  Gegentcil.  Hatte  der  Strom 
der  deutschen  Einwanderung  angehalten, 
es  ware  schwerer  gewesen,  den  deutsch- 
amerikanischen  Vereinigungen  klar  zu 
machen,  dass  sie  zu  etwas  ernsterem  als 
zur  Arrangirung  von  frohen  Festen  hier 
sind. 

Professor  Dr.  Julius  Goebel  von  der 
Ilhnois  Universitat  sagt  in  seiner  Schrift, 
"Gedanken  iiber  die  Zukunft  des 
Deutschtums  in  Amerika"  u.  A. :  "Ich 
teile  den  verzagten  Sinn  der  Schwarz- 
seher  nicht,  die  dem  amerikanischen 
Deutschtum  den  Untergang  prophezeien. 
Sie  hatten  wohl  recht,  w^nn  wir  weiter 
wirtschafteten,  wie  wir  es  bis  vor  Kurz- 
em  getan,  und  von  der  Hand  in  den 
Mund  lebten.  d.  h.  uns  fiir  unseren  Weit- 
erbestand,  unbekiimmert  um  die  Zukunft, 
auf  die  Einwanderung  verliessen. 

"Hat  man  schon  bedacht,  dass  die 
deutsche  Bewegung,  die  heute,  was  die 
Schwarzseher,  die  Lauen  und  die  Feigen 
auch  denken  und  sagen  mogen,  doch  dem 
Friihling  gleich  durch  die  Lande  zieht, 
erst  erfachte  und  wuchs,  als  der  Einwan- 
derstrom  zu  versiegen  begann  ?  Heil- 
sameres  hatte  uns  nicht  geschehen  kon- 
nen,  als  in  dieser  Weise  auf  die  eigenen 
schhimmernden  Krafte  angewiesen  zu 
werden  und  gezwungen,  ein  eigencs 
Leben  unter  uns  und  aus  uns  heraus  zu 
schaffen.  Wir  freuen  uns  iiber  jeden  Zu- 
wachs  von  tiichtigen  Alannern  und  Frau- 
en,  die  uns  Deutschland  zuschickt,  und 
wir  wollen  mit  der  Kultur  des  alten  Va- 
terlandes,  soweit  sie  gesund  und  zu- 
kunftsfahig  ist,  in  allerengster  Fuhlung 
bleiben,  weil  in  ihr  die  W'urzeln  unserer 
Kraft  liegen.  Abcr  keinc  vcrstlirktc  Eiii- 
wandcnino;  und  kcin  Austauschprofcssor 
lost  nus  die  Auf^ahc,  die  uns  von  der 
Geschichte  und  von  unscrenv  Schicksol 
aufgegeben  sind.  Nur  zvir  selhst  konncn 
und  miissen  uns  selhcr  helfen! — 

"Und  wie  regt  es  sich  bereits  iiber's 
ganze  Land  hin  an  frischcn  deutschen 
Kraften,  die  selbstlos  und  freudig  sich 
in  den  Dienst  der  grosseh  Sache  stellcn. 


Zwar  auch  Mietlinge  giebt  es  und 
Selbstsiichtige,  politische  und  andere 
Streber,  die  sich  hervordrangen,  aber  sie 
wird  die  junge  Bewegung  wie  einen 
Gift-  und  KrankheitsstofT  auswerfen.  Ja, 
es  geht  ein  idcaler  Zug  durch  die 
deutsche  Bewegung-,  und  wer  im  Lande 
umherkommt,  der  mag-  mit  heller  Freude 
bemerken,  wie  ein  unsichtbares  Band 
gleicher  Begeisterung  die  besten  deutsch- 
amerikanischen  Manner  und  Frauen  um- 
schlingt  und  die  Herzen  zusammen- 
schlagen  lasst.  Denn  eine  Volksbeweg- 
ung  ist  es  und  muss  es  bleiben,  in  der 
sich  alle  Parteien  und  Konfessionen  und 
alle  Bildungsstfinde  unter  dem  einen 
Banner  der  deutschen  Sache  finden. — 

"Ein  Volkstum,  das  seit  mehr  als 
zwei  Jahrhunderten,  zusammengehalten 
durch  die  Kulturbande  gemeinsamer 
Sprache,  Sitte  und  Lebensanschauung 
und  dem  Abfall  von  Millionen  zu  einer 
minderwertigen  Kultur  zum  Trotz,  als 
Einheit  im  Volkskorper  Amerikas  sich 
bewahrt  hat,_  kann  nicht  untergehen." — 
Mifthcilunsen. 


Example  of  Some  ten  or  twelve  years 
German  Pluck  ago  a  New  Yorker  was 
casually  strolling  down 
a  street  in  Hadelfing,  Germany,  and 
looking  up  at  a  sign  in  front  of  a  large 
business  house  he  translated  the  words : 
"Wilhclm   Schrey,  Wine   i\Ierchant." 

And  thereby  hangs  the  strange  story 
of  how  Gutleip  Schrey,  of  Union  Town- 
ship, found  his  long  lost  brother,  and 
had  the  joy  this  summer  of  clasping  that 
brother's  hand  for  the  first  time  in  62 
years. 

Gutl^eip  Schrey  called  at  The  Times 
office  last  week  and  told  the  story, 
strange  as  any  fiction  and  based  on  the 
hearty  courage  of  a  7-year-old  German 
lad.  who  had  the  nerve  to  forsake  the 
joyful  environs  of  youth  and  seek  his 
fortunes  in  America. 

It  happened  something  in  this  way : 

The  Schrey  family,  like  the  other  Ger- 
man folk  of  their  homestead  community, 
obtained     a     livelihood  by  cultivating  a 


68o 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


vineyard  and  makinj^  wine  from  the  .gar- 
nered grape  crop. 

All  went  comfortably  well  with  them- 
and  the  father  and  mother  and  four 
daughters  and  four  sons  were  happy  in 
their  quaint  little  cottage. 

But  one  day,  62  years  ago,  the  head 
of  the  family  died,  and  the  income  from 
the  vineyard  and  the  wine  vats  proved 
too  small  to  support  the  widow  and  the 
young  children,  now  that  the  head  of  the 
family  was  gone. 

They  were  confronted  with  the  stern 
reality  that,  if  all  were  to  be  clothed  and 
fed,  the  size  of  the  family  would  have  to 
be  reduced. 

Some  time  previous  one  of  ^he  bro- 
thers, Joseph,  had  gone  to  America,  and 
his  letters  spoke  of  this  country  as  the 
Land  of  Opportunities. 

So  it  was  decided  by  the  widow  that 
two  of  her  children  must  strike  out  for 
themselves,  and  the  heart-sick  mother, 
rather  than  send  the  youngsters  away  by 
her  own  command,  gathered  straws — 
one  for  each  child — and  holding  the 
straws  in  her  hand,  she  told  each  boy 
and  girl  to  draw  one.  The  children, 
who  obtained  the  shortest  two  shraws 
were  to  be  thereby  designated  as  the  ones 
to  leave  home. 

It  fell  to  the  lot  of  7-year-old  Gutleip 
and  his  18-year-old  sister  Caroline  to  go. 
and  they  immediately  embarked  for 
America,  alone,  unafraid  and  happy  in 
the  thought  that  they  were  able  to  stem 
the  tide  of  adversity,  so  depressing  to 
their  mother. 

After  landing  in  this  country,  Caro- 
line Schrey  went  to  work  in  New  York, 
and  in  after  years  she  wedded  John 
Earnest,  a  German  baker.  Their  lot  was 
a  happy  one,  and  today  John  Earnest  no 
longer  kneads  the  dough  (or  needs  the 
"dough")  for  he  owns  one  of  the  largest 
bakeries  in  New  York. 

Gutleip  Schrey  continued  his  travels 
into  interior  Pennsylvania,  and  began  his 
American  career  as  a  hireling  on  the 
farm  of  his  brother,  Joseph,  near  Mont- 
gomery. Later  he  came  to  this  com- 
munity and  located  in  LInion  Township, 
where  he  has  farmed  well  and  made  a 
fortune. 


Meanwhile,  the  Schrey  family  scat 
tered  and  ere  long  they  lost  track  of  one 
another.  That  they  could  not  communi- 
cate by  letter  was  one  of  their  saddest 
disappointments.  But  nevertheless  all 
was  going  well  with  them  individually. 

One  of  Gutleip  Schrey's  daughters 
married  Charles  Walter,  a  New  York 
glass  bottle  manufacturer,  and  it  was 
that  Charles  Walter,  who  strolled  down 
a  street  in  Hadelfing,  Germany,  and  read 
the  sign  "Wilhelm  Schrey,  Wine  Mer- 
chant.' 

And  that  is  how  it  happened  that  Wil- 
helm Schrey  came  to  this  country  this 
spring,  and  for  the  first  time  in  62  years 
clasped  in  fond  embrace  his  long  lost 
brother. — Selins grove  Times. 


Gardens  of  Old  "The  Gardens  and  Gar- 
Germantown  deners  of  Germantown," 
was  the  title  of  an  ad- 
dress which  Edwin  C.  Jellett  delivered  at 
a  meeting  of  the  Site  and  Relic  Society, 
of  Germantown. 

Mr.  Jellett  spoke  of  the  three  periods 
in  the  history  of  Germantown — the  for- 
mative period,  from  1683  until  1740; 
the  period  of  development,  from  1740  un- 
til 1854,  and  the  modern  period,  from 
1854  until  the  present  time. 

A  synopsis  of  his  address  follows : 

In  the  year  1694  came  John  Kelpius 
and  his  associates,  who  retired  to  the 
Wissahickon  woods,  and  there  founded 
a  community  and  planted  the  first  botan- 
ic garden  in  America.  One  of  this  com- 
pany was  Dr.  Christopher  Witt,  who 
came  to  Germantown,  and  at  what  is 
now  Germantown  avenue  and  High 
street,  planted  the  second  botanic  gar- 
den in  America.  About  the  same  time 
Christian  Lehmann  planted  upon  Ger- 
mantown avenue,  opposite  Armat  street, 
the  first  nursery  in  Germantown. 

With  an  increase  in  population  more 
and  better  roads  were  required,  and 
with  better  roads  and  an  increase  in 
trade,  came  increased  means — the  im- 
provement of  places  and  the  building  of 
better  homes.     Beginning  with  the  nur- 


CURRENT  LIFE  AND  THOUGHT 


68l 


sery  of  Bernard  McMahon,  on  German- 
town  avenue,  three  miles  above  Phila- 
delphia, followed  in  succession  the  nur- 
series of  Daniel  Maupay  and  Samuel 
Maupay,  at  "Rising-  Sun." 

The  first  regular  nursery  in  German- 
town  was  that  of  Martin  Baumann,  in 
1836,  estal:)lished  upon  Manheim  street, 
near  the  present  Pulaski  avenue.  Martin 
Baumann,  with  the  two  other  nurseries 
named,  supplied  the  stock  for  the  greater 
part  of  upper  Philadelphia. 

During  this  time  the  finest  of  the  Ger- 
mantown  mansions  were  built,  and  the 
gardens  planted.  Among  them  were 
Conynyham's,  Grumblethorpe,  Pastori- 
us,  Keysers,  Johnson's,  Pomona,  Cliven- 
den,  Upsala,  and  many  others. 

On  Germantown  avenue,  near  Man- 
heim street,  lived  Adam  Kuhn,  the  first 
teacher  of  botany  in  America. 

During  the  modern  period,  from  185 1 
until  I9i2..the  town  began  rapidly 'to  de- 
velop. The  nurseries  of  William  Saun- 
ders, of  William  Grassie,  of  Peter  Keif- 
fer,  of  Miller  and  Hayes,  and  of  Andor- 
ra were  started,  and  Germantown  came 
to  be  a  garden  of  bloom. 

During  this  period  were  developed  to 
their  best  the  gardens  of  Loudoun,  To- 
land,  Wagner,  Henry,  Samuel  Forrest, 
Betton,  Price,  Howell,  Charles  J,  Wis- 
ter,  Elliston  P.  Morris,  John  Wis- 
ter,  Wyck,  Jeremiah  Brown,  Moses 
Brown,  Johnson,  Keyser,  Pomona, 
Chew's.  Miss  Sallie  W.  Johnson  and 
many  others. 

But  most  important  during  this  period 
was  the  development  of  Fairmount  Park, 
the  Wissahickon  section  of  which  passes 
through  Germantown's  western  territory. 
The  founder  of  Fairmount  Park  was 
Charles  Shearer  Keyser,  living  on  Ger- 
mantown avenue  above  Tulpehocken 
street,  who  first  suggested  it  and  pub- 
lished a  pamphlet  upon  the  subject.  The 
organizer  of  the  movement  to  secure 
Fairmount  Park  was  John  Jay  Smith,  of 
Shoemaker's  lane,  and  the  first  meeting 
to  consider  its  acquisition  was  '  'held  at 
Ivy  Lodge.  The  first  subscriber  to  the 
fund  to  secure  Fairmount  Park  was  Al- 


fred Cope,  who  gave  to  Germantown  the 
Friends'  Library's  original  building. 

John  Jay  Smith  was  a  flower  lover — 
he  planted  a  fine  garden — and  he  found- 
ed the  Germantown  Horticultural  So- 
ciety. Surely  the  plant  growers  and  the 
garden  lovers  did  much  to  elevate  and 
beautify  the  place  wherein  we  live,  and 
in  our  haste  to  "improve,"  let  us  not  for- 
get the  debts  we  owe  them. — Independ- 
ent-Gazette. 


German  The  following  communica- 
Slowness  tions  which  appeared  in  Phil- 
delphia,  Pa.,  papers  give  an- 
swer to  the  charge  that  Germans  are 
slow.  It  behooves  German-Americans  to 
emulate  their  brothers  in  the  Fatherland. 

"The  Forum"  of  February  22  gave 
us  an  interesting  letter  on  the  canals  of 
Germany  by  "Progressive  Architect." 
This  shows  in  plain  figures,  that  Ger- 
many is  not  slow.  That  it  is  not  the 
country  as  pictured  by  most  Americans. 
There  is  no  doubt  about  it  that  Germany 
is  one  of  the  most  up-to-date  countries 
in  the  world  today.  This  the  students 
and  investigators  will  tell  you.  I  am  of 
German  descent.  Both  my  father  and 
mother  were  born  in  the  fatherland  and  I 
pitied  them  for  this.  But  now  after  I 
have  seen  the  old  country  I  am  mighty 
proud  of  it  to  be  a  German-American. 

I  admit  there  is  more  money  in  the 
United  States,  but  on  the  other  hand 
money  goes  much  further  in  Germany 
than  it  does  here.  Traveling  is  very 
cheap.  There  are  four  classes  of  cars 
and  three  kinds  of  speed  on  the  German 
state  railroads.  The  average  charge  for 
an  ordinary  train  is  about  one  cent  a 
mile.  The  Germans  certainly  do  travel, 
for  nine  hundred  million  passengers  were 
carried  last  year,  against  seven  hundred 
and  fifty  million  in  the  United  States. 

Hotels  and  meals  I  found  good  and 
cheap,  fifty  cents  gives  you  an  excellent 
bed  in  a  moderate  hotel.  Talk  about 
German  cooking,  go  over  and  try  for 
yourself.  I  always  have  taken  the  Ger- 
mans for  a  stingy  people,  too  close  to 


682 


THE  PENN  GERMANIA 


spend  a  penny  for  amusement,  but  it's 
just  the  other  way.  Nowhere  in  this 
world  is  hfe  enjoyed  so  much  as  in  the 
fatherland.  Everything  is  for  pleasure 
and  comfort.  The  military  service  is  an 
excellent  training  for  a  young  man  and 
this  is  what  brought  up  Germany.  They 
have  the  best  schooling  system  of  mod- 
ern times.  I  have  talked  with  a  good 
many  socialists  in  Germany.  They  are 
not  a  menace  to  the  country^  as  some 
American  editors  make  us  believe.  They 
are  a  blessing  to  their  fatherland  and  a 
fine,  intelligent  class  of  men.  When  it 
comes  to  social  improvement  reforms, 
Germany  leads.  In  manufacturing,  the 
improvements  of  the  condition  of  the 
people,  particularly  in  the  way  of  insur- 
ance, is  striking. — Press. 

In  one  of  the  Berlin  papers  recently 
appeared  an  advertisement  of  the  ex- 
cellent opportunities  for  the  location  of 
industrial  plants  afforded  by  the  new 
harbor  works  at  Gelsenkirchen,  for 
which  one  million  dollars  has  been  ap- 
propriated. Gelsenkirchen  lies  in  the  in- 
terior of  the  province  of  Westphalia,  not 
on  any  river,  for  the  Rhine  is  moles  away. 
They  built  a  canal  to  connect  with  the 
Rhine.  When  the  "Dutchman"  invests 
four  marks  in  improvements,  he  figures 
that  at  least  five  are  coming  back. 
Neuss  not  long  ago,  a  town  of  4500  peo- 
ple, borrowed  nearly  two  million  dollars, 
made  the  little  stream  Erp  a  deep  water 
canal  to  the  Rhine  and  constructed  a 
commodious  harbor.  New  trade  flour- 
ishes, the  improvements  are  paying  for 
themselves,  upwards  of  forty  new  fac- 
tories have  been  secured  and  the  little 
agricultural  town  is  now'  a  city  of  50,000 
people.  At  Duesseldorf,  on  the  Rhine, 
early  expenditures  aggregating  up  to 
five  million  dollars  are  being  increased 
by  many  millions  more.  When  its  pres- 
ent progressive  policy  was  inaugurated 
Due^^seldorf  had  a  population  of  less  than 
that  of  Wilmington  and  few  of  the  nat- 
ural advantages  of  Wilmington  with 
respect  to  manufacturing  and  commerce. 
Now  Dusseldorf  has  six  times  as  many 
people  and  ten  times  as  many  factories. 
Manheim  has   spent  about  nine  million 


dollars  on  harbor  improvemehts,  with 
private  investments  along  its  water  front 
that  run  into  enormous  figures.  Man- 
heim now  is  one  of  the  leading  manufac- 
turing and  distributing  cities  in  the 
world. — Press. 

Permit  me  to  thank  you  for  the  excel- 
lent editorials  in  the  Public  Ledger, 
"England  and  Germany,"  and  the  ones 
on  the  late  elections  in  Germany.  They 
are  fine,  broad  and  impartial.  How  very 
little  does  the  American  know  of  the 
true  Europe  and  how  easily  misunder- 
standings and  frictions  arise  from  such 
ignorance.  The  difference  between  the 
true  picture  and  the  caricature  by  the 
popular  fancy  seems  in  no  case  more  as- 
tonishing than  in  that  of  Germany.  The 
millions  of  German-Americans  and  the 
numberless  family  ties  between  America 
and  the  Fatherland  have  not  corrected 
the  disturbed  views.  Much  of  this  pre- 
judice has  come  over  from  European 
sources  ;  the  Continental  cablegrams  have 
usually  gone  through  London  and  there 
have  been  retouched  by  the  professional 
spirit  of  anti-Germanism.  Is  it  a  wonder 
one  contributor  of  a  Philadelphia  paper 
says  we  know  more  about  interior  Asia 
than  about  the  German  dukedoms  and 
principalities? 

The  Germans  have  too  often  been 
drawn  as  boisterous  ruffians  who  were 
seeking  to  disturb  the  peace  of  the  world. 
Some  still  imagine  Germany  as  a  kind 
of  Siberia,  a  half-civilized  country  with 
no  popular  government,  no  freedom,  no 
human  dignity ;  others  have  heard  that 
the  Germans  are  dreamers,  unless  for  the 
practical  task  of  life ;  still  others  asso- 
ciate the  picture  of  a  German  with  a 
foaming  beer  mug  and  the  long  pipe, 
eating  nothing  but  sauerkraut,  saus- 
age and  limburger ;  others  with 
military  drill  and  maltreatment  of 
the  poor  soldier.  Not  every  one 
of  such  mischievous  misconcep- 
tions can  be  uprooted  by  a  flving  auto- 
mobile trip  through  the  Rhine  Valley 
from  Cologne  to  Heidelberg,  or  a  few 
weeks  in  a  German  caoital  at  a  half- 
American  hotel.  But  I  believe  there  is  a 
change  going  on     in     this  direction,  for 


CURRENT  LIFE  AND  THOUGHT 


68j, 


many  Americans  are  J?oin^  over  to  Ger- 
many now  as  investigators,  and  these 
mien  are  doing  their  best  ito  give  to  the 
people  of  our  country  a  true  picture  of 
the  modern  Germany  and  her  people. — 
Public  Ledger. 

Commercially,  Germany  has  surpass- 
ed the  rest  of  the  world.  She  also  leads 
in  industrial  and  agricultural  science ;  in 
the  elimination  of  industrial  waste,  as 
well  as  waste  of  human  life ;  in  the  in- 
tellectual elevation  of  the  masses,  and  m 
the  removal  of  the  causes  of  friction  in 
social  intercourse  and  industrial  activi- 
ties. Does  not  this  mean  that  Germany 
is  more  civilized  than  any  other  nation' 
Are  there  any  better  itests  of  civilization 
than  these  admitted  achievements  of 
Germany?  It  is  strange  to  find  so  many 
Americans  among  the  better  educated 
that  know  nothing  about  Germany.  They 
believe  it  to  be  a  country  of  peasants, 
half  savages ;  years  behind  the  times. 
They  ridicule  everything  German.  They 
picture  a  German  always  with  a  foam- 
ing beer  mug,  his  long  pipe,  living  on 
sauerkraut  and  sausage.  They  look  down 
on  him  as  an  inferior  man.  Yes,  this  is 
true;  I  meet  these  Americans  quite  often. 
Some  don't  want  to  know  anything 
about  the  marvelous  development  of  the 
land  of  the  "Dutchman." 

Just  a  few  days  ago  an  intelligent  man 
told  me  that  Germany  exports  nothing 
but  cheap  toys  and  iron  cutlery.  Her 
foreign  trade  is  increasing  much  faster 
than  any  other  country.  In  40  years 
Germany  has  grown  from  a  poor  nation 
to  the  third  or  second  richest  in  the  world. 
From  1892  to  1905  taxable  incomes  to 
Great  Britain  increased  15  per  cent.;  in 
Germany.  50  per  cent.  During  the  same 
period  British  savings  bank  deposits  in- 
creased $85,000,000;  Germany  $860,000,- 
000.  In  the  70's  up  to  300,000  immi- 
grants were  leaving  the  country  every 
year;  now  about  25,000.  More  than 
1,000.000  people  have  settled  in  Germany 
the  last  five  years,  coming  chiefly  from 
Austria  Hungary,  Russia  and  Italy. 
Germany  is  ready  for  business  that 
comes  to  her.  A  few  years  ago  an 
English   company   placed   an  order   for 


$1,000,000  worth  of  motor  'buses  in  Ger- 
many because  no  English  company  was 
ready  for  so  large  an  order.  Twelve 
years  ago  France  produced  more  locomo- 
tives than  Germany;  today  a  single  Ger- 
man firm  produces  more  locomotivesi 
than  the  whole  of  France,  and  so  in  most 
any  branch  of  industry.  Yes,  Germany 
manufactures  nothing  but  cheap  toys  and 
iron  cutlery,  but  tlie  export  of  toys  is 
only  a  small  item  of  Germany's  exports. 
. — Ptiblic  Led2er, 


In  the  Ger-  "Our  arrangement  of  mak- 
man  Schools  ing  a  preparation  period 
precede,  if  possible,  every 
recitation  would  not  appear  to  a  German 
educator  the  ideal  one  from  a  pedagogi- 
cal point  of  view.  A  lesson  learned  for 
only  an  hour  cannot  stick  in  a  boy's 
mind  as  long  as  one  learned  the  night  be- 
fore and  then  given  a  cursory  review 
just  before  the  recitation.  We  forget, 
besides,  that  the  preparation  plus  the 
recitation  period  constitute  too  long  a 
time  for  a  youthful  mind  to  devote  to 
one  subject  and  wonder  that  a  boy  comes 
to  class  with  flagging  interest,  irrespon- 
sive at  the  be^sinning  and  absohitely  list- 
less at  the  end  of  the  hour.  And,  finally, 
supposing  a  boy  does  not  need  the  whole 
perixl  for  his  preparation,  does  he  review 
his  lesson  or  study  some  other  subject? 
Very  rarely,  I  should  think ;  generally 
he  will  consider  the  time  thus  gained  as 
his  own  and  fritter  it  away  in  idleness. 
And  so  the  preparation  period,  besides 
being  unpedagogical,  will  also  prove 
very  uneconomical  of  the  boy's  time  and 
detrimental  to  his  habits  of  industry. 

"The  schedules  of  German  schools  are 
arranged  with  a  view  to  changing  more 
rapidlv  from  one  subject  to  another,  thiis 
providing  for  that  varietv  which  the 
youthful  mind  craves,  and  also  on  the 
principle  that  the  harder  subjects,  such 
as  mathematics  and  grammar,  which  re- 
quire more  concentrated  attention,  aic 
put  at  the  earlier  hours  of  the  day  when 
the  mind  is  fresh,  to  be  followed  by  his- 
tory, the  reading  of  Latin,  French,  or 


684 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


English,  authors,  and,  finally,  at  the  end 
of  the  schoolday  by  the  wholly  technical 
subjects,  such  as  drawing",  singing,  and 
gymnastics. 

"^The  aim  of  the  German  teacher  is 
also  to  teach  as  much  as  possible  in  class, 
especially  in  the  lower  forms,  and  to  re- 
duce as  much  as  possible  all  outside 
work.  He  is  assisted  in  this  by  a  ch'^s- 
rc»m  well  equipped  with  desks  in  which 
the  boys  can  keep  all  their  =rhoo]bo3l:'^ 
together  with  writing-  materirl,  so  that 
they  can  be  set  to  do  written  work  at 
any  time  under  proper  conditions.  It  is 
true  that  there  are  not  as  many  black- 
Boards  as  in  an  .^. merican  class-room.; 
but  the  German  teacher  prefers  to  appeal 
to  the  ear  rather  than  to  the  eye,  to  the 
Head  rather  than  to  the  fingers. 


^n  this  connection     I     cannot 


^.^■ 


11:1 


from  speaking-  of  the  German  readers.  I 
wish  some  one  would  make  a  thorough 
study  of  the  German  reader.  I  have 
only  time  to  mention  a  few  points.  The 
most  famous  reader,  the  one  that  led  the 
way,  ;was  PhiHp  Whackernagers,  whicli 
forty  years  ago  was  used  in  practically 
all  German  schools.  It  was  in  three 
parts,  for  the  lower^  middle  and  higher 
classes  respectively.  Now  they  have 
been  so  enlarged  (but.  always  on  his 
lines.)  that  they  are  published  in  six 
parts,  one  for  Sexta,  Ouinta,  and  so 
through  all  the  six  classes  of  the  higher 
schools.  They  are  generally  edited  by 
one  head  editor  in  collaboration  with  a 
number  of  experienced  schoolmen.  They 
contain,  besides  poetry  and  literature, 
extracts  from  all  sorts  of  writers,  his- 
torical, biographical,  mythological,  leg- 
endary, from  works  of  'botany,  zoology, 
astronomy  and  all  other  sciences,  ex- 
tracts that  are  apt  to  illuminate  subjects 
treated  in  school  and  extracts  that  intro- 
duce subjects  that  cannot  find  a  place 
anywhere  else  in  the  school  curriculum. 
The  teacher  is  supposed  to  be  sufficiently 
conversant  with  all  snbjects  treated  to 
explain  them,  to  enlarge  on  them,  and  to 
connect  them  with  any  other  branch  of 
study  to  which  they  are  related.  These 
readers,  you  see,  are  meant  to  give  unity 
to  a  boy's  mental  acquisitions,  and  also 


to  make  him  feel  that  as  all  knowledge 
comes  to  him  through  his  mother  tongue, 
so  its  knowledge,  use,  and  mastery  are 
the  aim  of  all  the  other  studies  that  he 
pursues.  'The  Vernacular'  is  the  center 
of  all  instruction. — Edti*ard  Spaulh- 
roofd  quoted  in  Pa.  School  Journal. 


The  Dialect  Not  The  Allentown.  Pa. 
Expanding  "Morning  Call"  said  edi- 

torially recently : 

''Pennsylvania  Germ?n  as  a  language 
is  gradually  losing  its  position,  its  force 
and  its  pov/cr.  No  matter  how  mucli  we 
like  it,  no  matter  how  much  we  fig'ht 
against  losing  this,  our  second  mtfclium 
of  expression  and  a  most  excellent  one 
for  \v?.\\\  conditions,  the  fact  must  be 
realized  that  the  language  is  not  expand- 
ing with  the  needs  of  the  people.  Peo- 
fle  who  cling  to  its  exclusively  will  find 
themselves  hemmed  in  and  handicapped 
in  a  multitude  of  ways.  Their  sphere  of 
usefulness  will  be  limited.  Their  expan- 
sion of  soul  and  mind  will  be  checked 
and  it  is  doubtful  whether  it  is  a  good 
economic  proposition  in  these  days  for  a 
person  to  know  but  the  one  language, 
Pennsylvania  German. 

It  is  all  very  well  for  people  to  have 
both  English  and  Pennsylvania  German. 
This  is  a  combination  that  is  unmatched 
almost  for  the  enjoyment  of  the  best 
things  of  this  life.  Pennsylvania  Ger- 
mans who,  wlhile  able  to  speak  their  old 
mother  tongue,  can  also  speak  good 
English  have  the  best  reason  for  con- 
tempt for  those  people  who  make  fun  of 
Pennsylvania  German  and  yet  themselves 
have  only  one  language.  The  Pennsyl- 
vania German  who  in  these  days  of  prog- 
ress and  of  advance  through  the  world 
of  English  makes  no  effort  to  learn  Eng- 
lish and  speak  it  as  fluently  as  he  can,  is 
missing  some  of  his  very  best  opportu- 
nities. 

In  a  g-^ood  many  of  the  country  dis- 
tricts, in  some  city  churches  as  well, 
German  is  still  used  in  the  services. 
Clergymen  who  fill  these  pulpits  have 
learned  that  as     the  years    go    on    the 


CURRENT  LIFE  AND  THOUGHT 


685 


quality  of  their  German  becomes  poorer 
because  the  understanding-  by  their  peo- 
ple of  that  language  is  diminishing.  They 
have  dropped  into  that  admixture  of 
Pennsylvania  German  with  English 
which  shows  the  struggle  of  a  language 
to  accommodate  itself  to  new  conditions 
of  life  and  different  modes  of  thinking. 
The  minister  who  descends  to  this  lan- 
guage in  the  pulpit  almost  alone  can  be 
understood.  Said  a  prominent  local 
clergyman  recently :  "A  lot  of  our  people 
who  are  clinging  to  Pennsylvania  Ger- 
man exclusively  are  getting  to  be  a  peo- 
ple with  almost  no  lauguage  at  all." 

Pennsylvania  German  is  not  growing. 
It  is  not  the  language  for  our  people  of 
today  either  in  the  city  or  the  country. 
It  is  good  to  know  it.  Let  us  never 
want  to  forget  it  for  all  the  excellent 
qualities  it  has,  but  let  us  also  perfect  side 
by  side  with  it  an  English  intelligence. 
This  can  be  done  by  reading  more,  such 
as  the  newspapers,  good  books,  and  by 
practicing  conversational  English  more 
and  more. 


Catechetical  Formerly  the  catechism 
Instruction  was  taught  in  the  parochial 
or  congregational  schools 
until  the  public  schools  terminated  all  of 
these  schools.  The  pastor  at  regular 
times  visited  the  schools  and  heard  the 
children  recite  the  catechism.  Some  few 
such  schools  are  still  in  existence,  espe- 
cially in  the  German  Lutheran  Church. 

In  the  Fatherland  it  has  for  many 
years  been  customary  for  the  pastor  to 
instruct  the  youth  every  Sunday  in  the 
catechism.  For  this  purpose  the  Heidel- 
berg Catechism  was  divided  into  fifty- 
two  parts,  one  part  for  each  Sunday  of 
the  year.  A  few  years  ago  the  writer 
spent  a  Sunday  in  the  city  of  Heidelberg, 
Germany,  and  attended  the  service  in  the 
famous  Holy  Grost  Church.  He  was 
surprised  to  find  many  children  and 
young-  people  present.  At  the  close  of 
the  service  the  children  gathered  in  the 
front  part  of  the  church   and  there  re- 


ceived catechetical  instruction  from  the 
pastor.  Thus  the  good  old  custom  was 
brought  visibly  before  us. 

Of  course  this  system  cannot  be  used 
in  our  country  on  account  of  the  Sunday 
school.  But  with  all  our  boasting  of  the 
Sunda}-^  school  it  is  a  question  whether 
the  children  are  receiving  as  much  and 
as  thorough  instruction  in  the  Bible  as 
the}'  do  under  the  old  svstem.  Parents 
should  learn  to  realize  the  importance  of 
sending  all  their  children  regularly  to 
catechisation. — Reformed  Church  Rec- 
ord. 


r-  --. 

Dr.  Abraham  There  is  no    more  import- 
Jacobi  ant    organization     in     the 

United  States  than  the 
American  Medical  Association,  and  when 
a  man  is  chosen  its  president  a  most  sig- 
nal honor  has  been  given  to  him.  This 
honor  has  come  to  a  man  be^'ond  eighty 
years  of  age  who  came  to  our  country  in 
the  year  1853  from  Germany.  He  did 
not  have  a  single  friend  in  the  new  world 
to  which  he  had  come,  and  his  purse  was 
very  slender  indeed.  Any  future  that 
lay  before  him  must  be  of  his  own  mak- 
ing, and  it  was  this  young  man  from 
German}'  who  was  elected  president  of 
the  American  Medical  Association,  when 
that  distinguished  body  met  in  Los  An- 
geles. 

He  was  born  in  Hartum,  Westphalia, 
May  6,  1830.  His  youth  was  spent  in 
hard  study.  There  can  be  no  doubt  in 
regard  to  the  hard  study,  for  he  was  but 
twenty-one  j^ears  old  when  he  received 
the  degree  of  Doctor  of  IMedicine,  and 
one  must  have  done  ^ood  work  to  have 
received  this  degree  at  that  age,  particu- 
larly in  Germany,  where  great  thorough- 
ness is  required.  The  young  doctor  was 
about  to  look  for  a  position  as  army  sur- 
geon when  he  became  greatly  interested 
in  some  of  the  revolutionary  movements 
in  the  Germany  of  that  day.  His  ideas 
of  liberty  and  equality  were  not  in  har- 
mony with  those  of  the  German  govern- 
ment, and  the  outspoken  young  doctor 
one  dny  found    himself  in    prison  as    a 


€86 


THE  PENN  GERMANIA 


bothersome  revolutionist,  whom  the  Ger- 
man government  thought  would  be  safer 
in  prison  than  out  of  it.  He  spent  two 
full  years  in  soUtary  confinement.  He 
was  not  permitted  to  have  books,  papers, 
magazines,  writing  materials  ;  nor  was  he 
even  allowed  to  receive  letters.  In  the 
later  years  the  German  government  of- 
fered him  a  position  of  high  honor  in  the 
University  of  Berlin.  His  return  to  Ger- 
many would  have  been  a  real  triumph, 
bait  he  declined  the  offer  and  let  it  be 
known  that  he  preferred  to  remain  in  the 
United  States,  declaring  that  here  he  had 
developed  such  medical  skill  as  he  pos- 
sesses and  that  he  preferred  to  remain 
here  and  give  his  adopted  country  the 
benefit  of  that  skill.  He  became  one  of 
the  most  skilled  physicians,  and  made  a 
specialty  of  the  diseases  of  children,  and 
his  work  has  made  him  a  public  benefac- 
tor. 

Dr.  Jacobi  has  for  many  years  been 
connected  with  the  leading  hospitals  of 
New  York  City,  and  he  is  a  member  of 
many  societies  organized  for  the  purpose 
of  caring  for  children.  He  is  a  member 
of  a  number  of  scientific  societies  and 
has  had  all  sorts  of  degrees  conferred 
upon  him.  Although  eighty-two  years  old, 
Dr.  Jacobi  is  still  an  extremely  active 
man.  The  rise  of  Dr.  Jacobi  from  the 
position  of  a  poor  and  friendless  young 
German  on  our  shores  to  that  of  one  of 
the  most  noted  physicians  in  our  country 
affords  an  admirable  illustration  of  the 
possibilities  awaiting  the  poor  boy,  or 
young  man,  when  he  has  in  him  the 
moral  and  mental  qualities  and  the  in- 
clination toward  industry  that  one  must 
"have  if  one  would  succeed  in  any  posi- 
tion in  life. — The  Boys'  World. 


Commercialism  The  following  editori- 
vs.  Hi^h  Schools  al  which  appeared  in 
Town  and  Country, 
Pennsburg,  Pa.,  can  be  applied  with 
equal  force  to  many  other  Pennsylvania 
German  towns. 

Only  eight  pupils  in  our  local   High 
•School !  .  Little  wonder  that  the  principal 


and  directors  are  discouraged.  This 
fact  is  anything  but  a  credit  to  our  town. 
We  must  hang  our  heads  in  shame  when 
we  compare  our  school  with  those  of  our 
neighboring  boroughs,  East  Greenville 
and  Red  Hill.  Are  we  poorer  than  they  ? 
Must  our  children  be  taken  out  of  school 
and  put  to  work  because  we  cannot  make 
ends  meet?  We  think  not.  The  parents 
of  children  in  our  sister  boroughs  appre- 
ciate education  more  than  we,  and  seem 
to  love  their  children  more — that  is  the 
naked  truth.  We  have  watched  the 
steady  falling  off  in  attendance  in  our 
High  School  for  several  years  with 
shame.  We  have  seen  boys  and  girls  as 
bright  and  promising  as  you  may  find 
anywhere,  leaving  school  on  the  day 
they  had  the  legal  rig^ht  and  enter  our  fac- 
tories. The  reason  is  not  hard  to  find. 
The  fault  lies  not  with  the  boys  and  girls 
altogether.  The  parents  are  to  blame. 
They  encourage  hatred  for  school  quite 
openly.  They  instill  the  commercial 
spirit  at  an  early  period.  The  promise  of 
a  false  freedom  works  wonders  with  the 
boy  or  girl  of  fourteen.  A  dollar  a  week 
spending  money  does  the  trick.  The  loss 
of  a  son  and  daughter,  as  such,  is  too 
frequently  the  result.  We  appeal  to  all 
parents  who  have  the  real  welfare  of 
their  children  at  heart  to  keep  them  at 
school  as  long  as  possible.  We  insure 
such  that  they  will  not  miss  the  few  mis- 
erable dollars  which  the  young  folks  may 
earn,  at  the  end  of  the  year,  but  on  the 
contrary,  the  added  education  in  their 
heads  and  hearts  wlill  prove  a  boon  in 
the  lives  of  parents  in  old  age.  This  is 
not  sentiment.  It  is  downright  truth, 
spoken  from  experience.  Think  it  over, 
ye  parents,  who  have  boys  and  girls  in 
grammar  school  now.  Encourage  them 
and  the  pleasure  of  seeing  a  change  in 
them  is  yours. 


A  German-Ameri-  Schoharie  County,  N. 
can  Anniversary  Y.,  celebrated  on  Au- 
gust 11-17,  the  200th 
anniversary  of  the  founding  of  Middle- 
burg,  its  oldest     settlement.     The  town 


CURRENT  LIFE  AND  THOUGHT 


687 


was  founded  in  17 12  by  a  band  of  Ger- 
man Lutherans  from  the  Palatinate  who 
were  a  part  of  the  orioinal  company  of 
"'Palatines"  who  had  soug^ht  refue:e  in 
England  from  the  relig^ious  persecution 
following  the  Thirty  Years'  War  and 
w*ho  were  about  17 10  brought  to  Ameri- 
ca under  the  auspices  of  Governor 
Hunter.  Dissatisfaction  w'ith  their  treat- 
ment at  East  Camp  and  West  Camp  on 
the  banks  of  the  Hudson  where  they  had 
been  located  by  Governor  Hunter  and 
Robert  Livingston  impelled  a  number  of 
the  more  ambitious  to  push  on  to  the 
Schoharie  valley,  which  had  originally 
been  promised  them  by  some  Indian 
chiefs  who  had  seen  them  in  their  desti- 
tution in  England.  Conrad  Weiser,  the 
elder,  was  one  of  the  most  prominent 
men  of  the  party,  which  was  later  instru- 
mental in  settling  the  upper  Susquehan- 
na region  of  Pennsylvania. 

Schoharie  County  has  always  main- 
tained to  a  large  degree  its  German  ele- 
ment, its  German  thrift  and  agricultural 
skill  and  its  German  independence  of 
thought  and  action.  It  is  today  a  strong- 
hold of  Democracy  srrounded  by  coun- 
hold  of  Democracy  surrounded  by  coun- 
ties which  are  normally  Republican.  It 
history.  The  Cherry  Valley  massacre 
which  was  followed  by  the  Battle  of 
Oriskany  in  which  the  Germans  (not  the 
Dutch  as  sometimes  asserted)  under 
Gen.  Nicholas  Herkimer  checked  the 
.progress  of  the  Tories  and  Indians  un- 
der Butler  and  Brant  played  a  large  part 
in  keeping  New  York  safe  for  the  Amer- 
ican cause  in  the  Revolution.  Co.  I,  76th 
N.  Y.  Volunteers,  which  was  recruited  ar 
Middleburg  claims  to  have  been  the  first 
company  in  action  at  the  battle  of  Get- 
tysburg. William  C.  Bouck,  a  descend- 
ant of  one  of  the  original  Palatine  set- 
tlers, was  governor  of  New  York  from 
January  i,  1842,  to  January  i,  1844. 

The  anniversary  exercises  included  re- 
ligious services  in  the  various  churches, 
educational  day,  firemen's  and  military 
parades,  historical  exercises  and  exhibi- 
tion of  historical  relics,  family  reunions, 
athletic  sports,  and  receptions  and  other 
social  functions.  F.  K.  \\  . 


Wisconsin  Germans    At    the    recent    pri- 
and  Politics  maries  the  Germans, 

the  preponderant 
ethnic  element  of  Wisconsin,  failed  for 
the  fourth  consecutive  time  to  secure  a 
place  on  the  Republican  State  ticket  al- 
though it  had  two  candidates  of  marked 
ability  and  meritorious  partv  service  in 
the  field.  On  the  other  hand,  the  Demo- 
crats, although  defeating  Schmitz  for 
the  gubernatorial  nomination,  chose 
three  German  Americans,  Bolens  for 
lieutenant  governor,  Schmidt  for  state 
treasurer  and  Kading  for  attorney  gen- 
eral. While  the  Germans  are  not  noted 
as  ofiice  seekers,  they  may  yet  sit  up  and 
take  notice. — /.  H.  A.  L. 


True  Courtesy  The  German  has  not  only 
in  Germany  been  taught  the  other  cour- 
tesies, but  he  has  been  born 
witli  a  kindness  of  heart  and  instinctive 
consideration  for  others  which  makes  his 
formalities  of  real  value.  The  man  who 
appears  to  have  a  fund  of  "small  change 
and  valueless  attentions  is  the  same  man 
who  will  go  miles  out  of  his  way  to  do 
you  a  favor  tomorrow." 

Only  a  few  weeks  ago  I  was  traveling 
in  the  same  train  with  a  young  lieuten- 
ant, whose  smooth  and  graceful  man- 
ners had  more  than  once  aroused  sus- 
picion in  my  Englis'h  soul. 

He  was  got  up  in  his  newest  and  finest 
uniform  ;  he  had  on  spotless  wthite  kid 
gloves,  an  eyeglass  thrust  in  his  eye ;  he 
looked,  in  fact,  the  veriest  dandy,  who 
would  not  soil  himself  to  save  a  life. 

The  train  was  very  full,  and  presently 
an  old  peasant  fellow  came  in  with  his 
basket  of  vegetables,  and  looked  about 
helplessly,  treading  on  everybody's  toes 
in  the  meantime.  I  looked  on  my  mili- 
tary neighbor  and  waited  for  the  storm. 
The  dandy  arose,  saluted  gravely,  offer- 
ed the  weary  old  peasant  his  seat,  and 
went  and  stood  outside. 

If  there  is  anything  in  thought  tele- 
graphy, that  young  officer  must  have 
hearfl  me  apologizing  to  him  all  the  rest 
of  our  journey  together. — "My  German 

car. 


OUR  HISTORIC  HERITAGE 


Articles  giving  information  about  the  history  of  the  Germans 
in  the  United  States  from  the  arrival  of  the  first  immigrant  to  the 
present,  of  whatever  section  of  our  country,  of  whatever  vocation  of 
life,  of  whatever  class  or  association,  of  whatever  period  in  a  man's 
life,  as  well  as  discussions  of  questions  of  the  day  so  far  as  Ger- 
man ideals  have  bearing  on  these,  are  to  appear  under  this  general 
head. 


The   Forest  Preacher  on  the  Schoharie 

A  Historical  Tale  of  the  Life  and  Customs  of  the  German 

Americans  of  the  Eighteenth^^Century 

By   Frederick  Meyer. 

Translated  from  the  German  by  Professor  E.  A.  Jacoby,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
(Continued  from  August  Issue) 


CHAPTER  XVII. 

Today  the  whole  settlement  was  great- 
ly excited.  Taken  by  surprise,  Ewald 
Kayser  among  others  was  carried  off  by 
the  Indians  as  their  prisoner.  They 
usually  took  the  captives  to  their  cam]) 
where  a  pretense  of  a  trial  was  held,  and 
were  condemned  to  death  at  the  stake. 
Mr.  Kayser  had  a  unique  experience. 
When  they  brought  'him  to  the  Indian 
camp  an  old  fat  squaw  sprang  with  a 
wild  yell  toward  him  and  cried,  "My 
husband  did  not  return.  The  paleface 
slew  him.  This  man  must  now  be  my 
husband." 

Thereupon  the  slovenly  Indian  woman 
fell  upon  him  and  pulled  his  hair  out. 
They  only  left  the  scalp  lock,  as  the  low 
of  the  redskins  required,  and  he  must 
marry  the  woman  or  die.  At  the  close  ot 
the  war  the  watchfulness  of  the  Indians 
ceased,  and  he  watched  for  a  favorable 


opportunity  and  fled.  "Where  are  the 
other   captives,"   he  was   asked. 

"A  pestilence  broke  out  among  the 
savages  and  carried  off  most  of  the 
whites,"  was  his  answer.  Thank  God, 
they  must  have  welcomed  death  as  a 
happy  release  from  their  sufferings. 

Recently  I  had  my  sixtieth  birthday. 
I  never  celebrated  my  birthday,  because 
I  could  not  comprehend  wdiy  any  one 
should  rejoice  as  long  as  I  was  still  liv- 
ing. I  have  accomplished  so  little.  1 
was  greatly  surprised  on  my  sixtieth 
birthday.  Herkimer,  since  the  last  cam- 
paign he  has  been  promoted  to  the  rank 
of  general — came,  and  from  Pennsylva- 
nia Conrad  Weiser  and  with  him  half 
the  congregation.  Herkimer  presented 
me  with  a  coal  black  saddle  horse  and 
Weiser  handed  me  a  fur  robe,  the  most 
beautiful  that  the  thirteen  colonies  pos- 
sessed. Others  brought  other  gifts. 
The  panniers  in  our  kitchen  which  held 


688 


THE  FOREST  PREACHER  ON  THE  SCHOHARIE 


Z.      689 


the  edibles  arc  spacious.  The  aged  I'r- 
schel  was  quite  beside  herself  and  darted 
hither  and  thither  about  the  house.  It 
was  amusing  to  watch  her.  Little  May 
clapped  her  hands  for  joy  and  ran  from 
one  to  another.     She  is  a  Httle  charmer. 

Mr.  Herkimer  and  Mr.  Weiser  deliv- 
ered addresses  in  which  they  praised  mc 
and  my  work  among  the  settlers.  They 
were  too  effusive  in  their  praise.  It  was 
indeed  torture  for  me  to  listen  to  all  of 
it.  I  was  expected  to  reply.  But  tears 
dimmed  my  eyes,  and  my  voice  had  an 
unnatural  sound.  I  could  not  say  more 
than.  "With  joy  I  am  ashamed  of  my- 
self." 

It  was  a  stupid  speech  but  I  could  not 
pretend  and  the  people  knew  their  old 
pastor  sufficiently  well.  After  the  church 
is  once  completed,  then,  the  men  said,  a 
suitable  parsonage  must  be  built.  It  was 
indeed  a  shame,  that  nearly  all  the 
church  members  lived  in  properly  fur- 
nished houses  but  their  pastor  still  lived 
in  that  miserable  log  house.  A  stone 
house  must  bj  erected  near  the  church. 
I  dared  not  oppose  it,  but  in  my  heart 
was  the  wish:  "You  may  never  live  to 
see  this,  you  and  the  log  cabin  belong 
to  each  other." 

My  mute  Adam  is  a  singular  boy.  As 
a  rule  he  is  obedient  and  obliging.  As 
soon  as  Indians  are  mentioned  he  is  a 
changed  boy.  When  he  was  on  his  way 
home  from  school,  he  met  Black  Eagle, 
a  civilized  Indian.  When  he  shw  the 
man  he  picked  up  a  stone  and  hurled  it 
at  him.  He  foamed  at  the  mouth  and 
his  eyes  flashed.  In  the  evening  the  boy 
was  carried  into  the  house  in  an  exhaust- 
ed condition,  and  the  following  day  he 
was  confined  to  his  bed.  Otherwise  he 
is  a  gifted  young  man,  but  he  suffers 
from  a  mania.  What  can  I  do  for  it? 
Recently  the  sawyers  at  the  mill  were 
talking  during  the  noon  hour  of  the  In- 
dian massacre,  and  Adam  listened.  Im- 
mediately he  seized  a  weapon,  rushed 
out.  ran  around  a  tree  in  a  rage  and  tried 
to  shoot  into  the  bark.  Without  a  doubt 
hatred  toward  the  savages  bereft  the  un- 
forunatc  one  of  his  reason.  I  never 
mention  Indians  in   his  presence  and   I 


always  found  him  obedient  and  well  be- 
haved. 

****** 

The  wife  of  Sir  William  Johnson, 
Katharine  Weisenberg,  had  died.  She 
had  not  been  well  since  my  last  visit  to 
his  house.  Sir  Johnson  wanted  to  send 
for  me  but  she  was  opposed  to  it.  An 
Episcopal  clergyman  read  the  prayer  of 
his  church  at  her  burial  and  her  bod> 
was  placed  in  the  family  vault  which 
was  built  close  to  their  house.  She  did 
not  wish  to  see  me  again.  It  is  well 
that  I  know  it.  The  words  of  praise  of 
Mr.  Weiser  and  Mr.  Herkimer  at  my 
recent  birthday  must  have  gone  to  my 
head.  A  little  check  from  time  to  time 
will  do  the  forest  preacher  no  harm. 

Besides  Sir  William  Johnson  soon 
consoled  himself  by  taking  to  wife  Mol- 
lie  Brandt,  the  sister  of  Brandt,  the  In- 
dian chief,  also  a  full  blooded  Indian 
whose  connections  with  the  Germans 
wrought  the  greatest  injuries  in  the 
valleys.  Was  this  marriage  in  accord- 
ance with  rank?  Certainly.  Sir  John- 
son inherited  miles  of  territory  wihich 
belonged  to  the  Indians.  We  live  in  the 
new  world,  where  gold  decides  every- 
thing. How  long— and  our  daughters 
buy  European  princes  just  as  the  Indian 
squaw  bought  Sir  Johnson. 
1 

CHAPTER  XVIII.. 

At  last  the  new  church  is  completed. 
We  dedicated  it  at  Easter  time.  Many 
a  year  has  passed  since  I  preached  the 
first  sermon  on  the  Schoharie  hill.  That 
time  I  was  a  young  man,  today  I  am  old 
and  gray.  We  would  have  had  a  church 
long  ago  if  I  had  not  determined  either 
to  erect  a  large  church  as  a  monument 
of  the  church  spirit  of  the  fathers  to 
their  children  or  none  at  all. 

Everywhere  in  the  country  there  are 
small  houses  of  worship.  A  few  pillars 
^yere  driven  into  the  ground,  several 
timbers  were  put  across,  then  it  is  cov- 
ered with  shing'les :  the  sides  are  nailed 
up  with  boards,  and  the  church  is  com- 
pleted. 

The  landlord  remarked  appropriately: 


690 


THE  PENN  GERMANIA 


•'If  a  farm  horse  neighs  before  the 
church  on  a  Sunday  or  a  dog  howls,  the 
entire  church  shakes."  Such  a  church 
is  quickly  built  but  the  whole  undertak- 
ing is  a  mistake.  Fifty  families  or  less 
belong  to  such  a  congregation,  not 
enough  members  for  a  well  educated  and 
talented  man  to  serve  a  lifetime. 

About  4000  Germans  are  living  in 
our  valleys.  They  shall  have  a  house  of 
adoration.  I  preached  this  to  them  time 
in  and  time  out.  The  Germans  divide  off 
too  easily  in  religious  matters.  A  min- 
ister who  wishes  to  build  up  a  large  con- 
gregation here  must  possess  a  large  por- 
tion of  humility  and  discretion.  Posi- 
tiveness  is  the  root  from  wliich  sects 
spring.  After  the  money  for  the  struc- 
ture was  placed  at  our  disposal,  a  quar- 
rel almost  arose  concerning  the  question 
where  the  new  church  should  be  built. 
Christian  Schell  and  his  numerous  rela- 
tives wanted  the  church  built  north  of 
the  Mohawk.  The  Herkimers  opposed 
this  plan  and  proposed  a  place  ten  miles 
westward  from  that  place.  The  lumber- 
men spoke  of  the  shade  of  century  old 
maple  trees  on  the  edge  of  the  forest, 
and  the  ever  practical  landlord  thought 
that  directly  opposite  his  tavern  was  the 
center  of  the  settlement,  and  the  only 
suitable  place  for  a  church. 

"There,"  he  declared  with  flushed 
face  in  a  congregational  meeting,  "is 
found  the  largest  grocery  store,  further- 
more the  only  brewery  and  distillery  in 
the  neighborhood.  There  is  the  drug 
store  and  blacksmith  shop,  and  the  phy- 
sician. A  large  grist  mill  is  planned  for 
that  spot,  a  Whole  cluster  of  houses  is 
found  there.  In  the  midst  of  these  the 
church  should  stand  and  that  you  may 
see  that  I  am  as  willing  as  any  one  in 
my  oflfering,  although  my  business  pre- 
vents me  from  attending  church  fre- 
quently. I  will  present  the  place  right 
beside  my  hotel.  You  must  have  a  halt 
acre,  sufficient  for  all  demands  that  may 
be  made  on  a  church."  Thus  spoke  the 
landlord,  and  sighing  heavily  sat  down. 

The  church  beside  the  tavern !  Many 
a  'dollar  will  find  its  way  into  the  pocket 
of  the  landlord.     "The  children  of  this 


world  are  wiser  in  their  generation  than 
the  children  of  light." 

A  minister  must  learn  to  remain  silent 
in  a  congregational  meeting.  During 
these  many  years  of  my  labors  among 
these  farmers  I  never  disputed  with 
them,  and  yet  carried  my  point.  What 
many  of  my  colleagues  in  America  com- 
plained of  as  the  stubbornness  of  the 
farmiers  is  in  fact  the  hotheadedness  and 
inaptitude  of  the  ministers  themselves. 
They  can  not  sit  still  when  any  one  ex- 
presses an  opinion  which  they  considei 
preposterous.  So  they  speak  too  soon. 
They  have  not  learnt  to  wait.  One  har- 
vests the  wheat  when  it  is  ripe.  I  de- 
clined to  occupy  the  chair  in  the  busi- 
ness meeting,  because  on  the  seats  be- 
side the  farmers  I  had  more  influence, 
than  when  I  hold  the  place  of  honor. 
Thus  I  wlaited  for  hours  and  listened  pa- 
tiently and  attentively  to  each  speaker. 
Several  times  I  was  asked  to  express  my 
opinion,  but  I  alwlays  gave  as  an  excuse, 
"I  prefer  to  hear  the  opinions  of  thfe 
men."  At  last  the  speaking  ceased,  the 
chairman  said:  "Before  we  vote,  let  our 
pastor  speak." 

I  arose.  I  was  careful  to  avoid  the 
appearance  of  an  agreement  with  any 
one  present.  The  minister  in  a  free 
church  dare  not  take  the  part  of  any 
church  member,  no  party  must  be  on  his 
side.  He  must  rule  them.  Then  I  spoke 
briefly.  "Many  good  and  suitable  places 
have  been  mentioned  for  the  new  church. 
The  whole  question  is  such  a  weighty 
one  that  I  am  not  surprised  at  the  fact, 
that  we  have  diiTerent  opinions.  I  am 
surprised  at  one  thing,  namely,  that  no 
one  has  mentioned  a  place  which  invol- 
untarily comes  to  my  mind  everv  time 
Avlien  a  location  is  mentioned.  That  is 
the  place  where  more  than  twenty-five 
years  ago  we  held  our  first  religious  ser- 
vice, where  also  our  departed  ones  rest, 
and  where  T  never  pass  without  experi- 
encing the  feeling:  How  holy  is  this 
place.  Here  is  nothing  else  than  the 
house  of  God,  here  is  the  gate  to 
heaven." 

"A  church  on  Schoharie  Hill  can  be 
seen  a  long  distance,  the  pealing  of  the 


THE   FOREST  PREACHER  ON  THE  SCHOHARIE 


691 


bell  can  be  heard  at  a  still  j:^reater  dis- 
tance. There  we  not  only  buried  our 
dead  but  also  a  part  of  our  history,  yes. 
our  very  bearts.  With  awe  I  saw  it. 
There  rest  the  Herkimcrs  and  Weisers, 
the  Gerlachs  and  Kreiskorns,  the  Heims 
and  Heyses  and  hundreds  of  others 
\v'hose  deeds  were  great  and  heroic 
which,  if  they  had  lieen  done  in  the  ser- 
vice of  a  prince  would  have  been  extolled 
to  the  skies.  But  they  lose  none  of  their 
merit  because  they  were  wroui^ht  for 
the  well  being-  and  happiness  of  the  set- 
tlers. Forty  bodies  we  buried  there  re- 
cently. The  graves  are  still  as  fresh  as 
the  flowers  that  you  have  placed  upon 
them.  Beside  the  graves  the  church, 
wihich  shall  extend  the  call  through  the 
Schoharie  Valley !  How  excellent  it  is 
to  be  a  Christian.  One  sees  Heaven 
open  and  not  alone  the  tomb." 

Stillness  reigned.  No  one  spoke  after 
I  did.  Young  ]\Ir.  Gerlach,  the  chair- 
man, had  the  ballots  distributed.  After 
they  were  counted,  the  vote  stood  387  in 
favor  of  Schoharie  Hill  and  only  one  for 
the  spot  oflfered  by  the  tavern  keeper. 
It  was  his  own  vote. 

Now  we  started  to  build  a  church. 
Several  hundred  teams  hauled  building 
stones  for  weeks,  so  that  Schoharie  Hill 
presented  the  appearance  of  a  vast  stone 
pile.  Soon  the  walls  were  in  the  course 
of  erection.  One  soon  notices  that  my 
farmers  conduct  themselves  quite  prop- 
erly in  this  work. 

Man  has  three  faculties  —  knowing, 
feeling  and  willing.  This  in  the  spiritual 
realm  corresponds  to  the  true,  the  good 
and  the  beautiful.  Therefore  there  is 
knowledge — truth,  virtue,  goodness,  the 
representation  of  the  beautiful,  or  the 
■harmony  of  the  ideal  and  real.  Religion 
is  the  expression  of  all  these  fundamen- 
tal truths.  Her  highest  aim  is  to  bring 
man  into, harmony  with  God.  I  wanted 
to  build  a  church  that  in  its  external  ap 
pearance  should  symbolize  the  spiritual, 
in  the  shape  of  a  cross  with  a  lofty 
steeple,  as  a  finger  pointing  heavenward. 

The  nave  of  the  church  was  traversed 
by  three  aisles  leading  from  the  entrance 


to  the  altar.  Directly  above  it  is  the 
pulpit,  and  back  of  it  the  organ  and 
choir.  This  style  of  building  expressed 
the  Protestant  princii)le,  for  in  a  house 
of  worship  not  the  altar,  but  the  pulpit 
with  the  sermon  on  the  Word  of  God 
was  the  central  point.  The  altar  and  the 
choir  are  the  prayer  and  the  song  which 
adorn  the  Word.  A  small  gallery  is 
placed  above  the  entrance.  The  paint- 
ings on  the  windows  portrayed  scenes 
of  the  life  of  Christ.  The  people  were 
most  fond  of  the  picture  of  "Petei 
walking  on  the  sea."  All  of  them  had 
a  strong  faith  and  more  than  once  in 
their  struggle  did  they  learn  that  with 
God's  help  the  impossible  became  pos- 
sible. 

To  me  the  picture  of  "Christ  in  Geth- 
semane"  appealed  most  strongly.  The 
garden  was  hidden  by  the  darkness  of 
night,  Christ  was  kneeHng  on  the 
ground  with  hands  stretched  heaven- 
ward wihence  a  ray  of  light  came.  One 
expected  every  moment  to  see  the  angels 
appear.  The  consecrated  Christ  pleased 
the  people.  The  painter  put  two  many 
feminine  touches  in  the  picture  to  suit 
me.  My  Lord  walked  on  earth  as  a 
perfect  man  who  also  could  when  the 
necessity  arose,  swing  the  lash. 

As  soon  as  the  farmers  entered,  they 
bared  their  heads  and  devotion  was  ex- 
pressed in  their  features.  The  building 
did  not  remind  them  of  a  theatre,  only 
of  the  presence  of  God.  Everything 
cried  out:  "The  Lord  'is  in  his'  holy 
temple,  let  all  the  earth  keep  silence  be- 
fore Him." 

We  were  two  years  in  building  H'.  AVe 
dedicated  it  at  Easter  time.  In  reality  a 
dedication  is  unnecessary.  The  heaven 
and  all  the  heaven  of  heavens  can  not 
contain  God.  Stone  remains  stone.  Our 
hearts  shall  be  dedicated  to  it.  Thrre 
one  can  enclose  God  but  not  in  a  house. 
The  belief  that  a  dstant  place  is  es- 
pecially holy  purports  nothing  more 
than :  "I  believe  in  the  communion  of 
the  sanctified." 

Several  weeks  previously  we  beheld  a 
display  such  as  only  occurs  in  the  wil- 
derness of  America.     One     evening     in 


692 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


March  a  furious  snowstorm  set  in.  It 
lightened  and  thundered  and  not  far 
from  here  a  barn  was  struck  by  light- 
ning and  burnt.  It  seemed  as  if  the 
w^hole  neighborhood  was  in  flames.  In 
fearful  splendor  the  church  stood  on  th^? 
hill.  When  the  lightning  flashed  through 
the  snowflakes  which  tilled  the  air,  it 
seemed  to  us  as  if  sheets  of  flame  passed 
from  the  church  to  the  clouds.  Oui 
church  seemed  to  stand  on  a  loftier  ele- 
vation than  usual.  Indeed  the  building 
seemed  to  hover  between  heaven  and 
earth.  The  people  came  from  afar  to 
see  the  spectacle,  and  because  they 
thought  the  church  was  in  flames.  The 
snowflakes  must  have  reflected  the  light, 
•because  after  the  fire  was  extinguished 
the  phenomenon  disappeared.  But  the 
old  pious  Mr.  Kreiskorn  remarked:  "It 
was  a  picture  of  the  New  Jerusalem  ot 
the  city  of  God  which  shall  descend 
from  heaven  to  earth  and  in  its  founda- 
tions the  names  of  the  holy  apostles 
shall  be  engraved." 

I  can  not  describe  the  dedication.  I 
was  greatly  moved.  Others  fared  little 
better.    The  saying  was  literally  true : 

"Many  people  and  the  oldest  of  them 
especially  wept  so  loudly  (it  reminded 
them  of  the  church  in  the  home  town  ol 
their  fatherland),  that  the  crowd  could 
not  distinguish  the  sounds  of  joy  from 
the  voices  of  those  wiho  wept." 

We  approached  the  churchyard.  I  am 
indeed  ashamed  to  record  it.  Each  one 
wanted  to  shake  hands  with  me  thi^ 
morning.  Sir  William  Johnson  himself 
appeared.  He  stretched  both  arms  to- 
ward me,  as  I,  a  bent  old  man,  ascended 
Schoharie  Hill.  He  embraced  me  and 
uttered  words  that  I  will  not  put  down. 
General  Herkimer  walked  beside  me  in- 
stead of  the  old  teacher  Heim  who  had 
died.  At  the  church  door  stood  Conrad 
Weiser  who  turned  the  keys  over  to 
me.  He  could  only  express  the  words . 
"If  only  my  father  had  lived  to  see  this." 
Tears  rolled  down  his  cheeks.  Conrad 
has  aged.  Times  of  need  age  people 
quickly. 

Because  it  was  Easter  I  selected  the 
hymn  "Ein  feste  Burg  ist  unser  Gott." 


At  the  Schoharie  we  sing  most  fre- 
quently the  two  hymns  of  Luther's, 
"Aus  tiefer  Not  schrei'  ich  zu  dir"  and 
that  other  one,  "Er  hilft  uns  frei  aus 
aller  Not,  die  uns  jetzt  hat  betrofifen." 
Then  began  a  service,  beautiful  and  af- 
fecting. I  was  moved  and  I  can  scarcely 
describe  the  scene  properly.  At  the 
same  time  we  celebrated  the  Lord's  Sup- 
per. A  large  number  partook  of  the 
communion.  It  was  long  past  noon 
when  we  left  the  church.  Even  the 
tavern  keeper  was  satisfied  this  time 
with  the  firm  preacher. 

CHAPTER  XIX. 

"After  the  church  is  completed,  you 
have  reached  the  goal  of  our  ambition,'' 
I  frequently  said  to  myself.     Have  I? 

I  was  sitting  under  a  shade  tree  by  the 
Schoharie.  The  spring  breezes  fanned 
my  cheek.  I  was  reading  Plato's  Phae- 
don.  "You  reason  well,  Socrates!  This 
work  entitles  you  to  a  place  among  the 
multitude  of  immortals."  What  have  1 
accomplished  in  the  forest?  I  built  the 
church  and  several  school  houses.  Whol- 
ly material  things.  But  the  kingdom  ot 
God  does  not  consist  of  stone  or  wood, 
it  is  truth  and  life. 

"Forest  preacher,  what  have  you  to 
show  for  the  labors  of  a  lifetime?"  I 
have  settled  disputes,  visited  the  sick, 
and  gave  them  medicine  because  they 
were  too  poor  to  employ  a  physician.  I 
often  worked  for  justice  for  the  op- 
pressed. I  preached  the  truth  and  in- 
structed the  children  in  the  catechism. 
Have  you  directed  them  to  God,  have 
you  opened  their  eyes  that  they  behold 
tlieir  salvation,  God's  great  act  of  re- 
demption, and  to  whom  they  pray  and 
pray,  "God,  wilt  thou  make  me  as  good 
as  Thou  art?" 

Thus  I  was  reviewing  my  life  when 
my  glance  fell  upon  a  primrose.  I 
plucked  the  first  blossom  which  spring 
sent  to  the  valley  and  as  I  was  holding 
the  flower  in  my  hand  I  again  became 
thoughtful.  Immortality?  Did  I  not 
preach  of  the  starry  heavens,  and  the 
fallino^   dew?     The  wild   flower  of  the 


THE   FOREST  PREACHER   ON  THE  SCHOHARIE 


693 


forest  in  my  hand?  Does  it  not  say  that 
back  of  all  visible  things  in  nature  there 
is  an  all  pervading  spirit?  The  flower  iv 
a  work  of  art,  a  thought.  Who  con- 
ceived of  it,  who  converted  the  thought 
into  a  living  reality?  Nature  dies,  hut 
the  Lord  of  nature  who  gives  it  the  liv- 
ing principle,  lives  and  works  without 
ceasing. 

Where  are  the  souls  of  the  farmers  of 
these  valleys,  those  who  struggled  with 
us  and  now  sleep  beside  the  church  the 
long  mysterious  sleep  of  death?  Is  it 
what  the  Greek  custom  styles  an  "indi- 
visible whole"?  It  no  more  dies  than 
the  active  life  giving  principle  that  per- 
meates the  natural  kingdom. 

Whence  comes  this  homesickness  in 
my  breast  ?  How  many  years  have  pass- 
ed since  I  came  to  my  forest  home  ?  Here 
are  my  friends,  here  my  broad  fields. 
Why  am  I  not  content?  Why  am  I  al- 
w^ays  dreaming  of  the  Black  Forest  and 
the  grapes  of  the  valley  of  the  Neckar? 
Would  I  return  if  I  could?  The  old 
home  has  become  strange  to  me.  I  could 
no  longer  find  my  way  around  in  the  lancl 
of  my  childhood.  Whence  this  home 
sickness?  It  is  the  longing  for  the  lost 
paradise  of  childhood,  for  the  freedom 
and  innocence  of  childhood's  years.  We 
seek  something  better,  we  wish  for  life 
and  full  competency. 

How  little  have  I  taught  the  people  in 
my  long  years  of  active  service,  how 
little  have  I  striven  for  the  permanent 
and  everlasting.  "Holy  Redeemer,  be 
merciful  to  me !" 

This  new  quarrel  with  the  Indians ! 
We  shall  never  have  rest.  I  am  old  and 
my  lalxirs  are  ended.  I  would  lie  down 
and  enter  upon  my  long  last  sleep.  But 
it  pains  me  to  leave  my  congregation  to 
engage  in  another  bloody  strife. 

Since  the  French  were  driven  out  of 
the  Colonies,  our  old  adversaries  be- 
stirred themselves  anew.  The  aged  Liv- 
ingstone is  dead  but  his  children  are  no 
better  than  he.  "Der  Apfel  fallt  nicht 
weit  vom  Stamni."  They  are  hatching  a 
new  scheme  of  knavery,  and  the  Indians 


have  tlug  up     the     battle     axe  and     are 
threatening  our  frontiers. 

It  must  be  said  to  the  credit  of  Sir 
William  Johnson  that  he  is  an  enemy  to 
any  land  frauds.  As  Indian  agent  he 
volunteered  to  visit  the  redskins  and  in- 
vestigate the  cause  of  the  dispute.  Con- 
rad W^eiscr  accompanied  him  as  inter- 
preter and  negotiator.  They  insisted 
that  I  accompany  them  as  the  Indians 
said  of  mc :  "The  white  medicine  man  is 
not  two  faced." 

They  had  been  informed  of  our  in- 
tended visit.  They  considered  the  occa- 
sion so  important  that  all  their  chiefs 
were  present,  and  besides  thirty-three  of 
their  most  distinguished  women.  Sir 
Johnson  dwelt  upon  the  absolute  power 
of  the  governor  to  render  binding  de- 
cisions upon  all  subjects  in  dispute. 

It  was  a  picture  fit  for  a  painter.  Un- 
der an  old  oak  the  chiefs  sat,  all  of  them 
brave  men,  in  whose  wigwiams  could  be 
counted  dozens  of  the  scalps  of  their  ene- 
mies. In  the  second  row  sat  their  wives 
richly  decorated  with  amulets.  Behind 
them,  standing  in  a  semicircle,  there  were 
about  500  warriors. 

Sir  John<5cn  was  surrounded  by  eight 
justices.  Besides,  there  were  the  two 
young  Livingstones  with  their  advocates 
and  the  interpreter,  Conrad  Wei?er. 

The  negotiations  began  when  Conrad 
Weiser  produced  two  bills  of  sale  and 
invited  the  chiefs  to  examine  them  and 
to  explan  wherein  they  found  fault  with 
the  justice  of  the'=e  and  dujr  up  the  bittle 
axe.  After  each  chief  had  stepped  up 
and  carefully  examined  the  documents, 
one.  as  spokesman  arose  and  said : 

"The  red  men  turned  out  in  great 
numbers,  because  they  understood  Weis- 
er should  talk  to  us.  You  have  a  kind 
word  for  the  red  man  on  everv  occasion. 
Even  thoui?'h  you  are  a  paleface.  y"t  at 
all  times  the  half  of  vour  heart  belongs 
to  the  Mohawks,  and  the  other  half  to 
the  whites. 

"We  have  come  to  know^  that  'Trach- 
awaean'  (as  the  Indians  called  Conrad 
Weiser)  has  snow  on  his  head  (has 
aged).  For  this  reason  we  left  the  tom- 
ahawk in  our  wigwams  and  came  to  look 


694 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


upon  your  face  again  before  you  go  to 
the  hunting  ground  of  the  Great  Spirit. 
We  have  examined  the  papers — they  say, 
five  chiefs  have  signed  them — have  sold 
the  land  toward  the  northwest  of  such 
length  and  breadth  that  the  sun  set  four 
times  before  the  survey  was  completed. 
Who  are  the  five  chiefs?  Is  it  Brandt, 
the  wise  serpent?  Is  it  Ura,  the  flying 
arrow  ?  Is  it  Quirago,  the  good  weapon  ? 
Is  it  Mango,  the  sharp  eagle?  Is  it  any 
one  who  sits  here?"  lie  turned  arouiul 
and  pointed  to  the  group  of  chiefs  who 
followed  his  discourse  with  the  closest 
attention:  "No,  it  is  none  of  these.  I 
have  spoken." 

Thereupon  he  sat  down. 

Then  Weiser  began :  "The  Living- 
stones claim  that  they  received  the  bill 
of  sale  from  the  five  greatest  chiefs  of 
the  Mohawks.  The  chiefs  of  the  tribe 
are  all  assembled  here.  For  this  reason 
I  ask  the  Livingstones  to  come  forward 
and  name  these  chiefs  before  the  eyes  ot 
Sir  William  Johnson.'" 

"A  good  word,"  cried  the  Indians. 
Both  Livingstones  shook  their  heads.  "I 
ask  you  to  answer  my  question :  Do  you 
see  in  this  assembly  the  chiefs  who  hav& 
signed  the  document?  Do  you  answer 
yes  or  no?" 

"No.  there  were  other  chiefs,"  said 
Weiser,  turning  toward  the  Indians.  The 
spokesman  of  the  redskins  put  forward 
five  young  men  and  said :  "These  lads 
who  have  as  yet  no  scalps,  or  wigwams, 
or  squaws  admit  that  Livingstone  in- 
duced them  to  come  into  his  house,  gave 
them  so  much  firewater  that  they  no 
longer  knew  what  they  were  doing.  In 
their  drunken  state  they  sold  land  which 
did  not  belong  to  them,  and  Livingstone 
knew  it." 

The  Indian  continued :  "The  law  of 
the  paleface  requires  that  after  a  sale 
the  land  shall  be  surveyed  in  the  pres- 
ence of  the  seller,  and,  also  when  the 
sun  shines  (by  day).  Livingstone  sur- 
veyed the  land  when  the  moon  was  in 
the  heavens  and  the  Mohawks  slept  in 
their  wigwams.  We  have  leased  some 
of  this  land  to  the  Germans  in  the  vallev. 
But  Livingstone  and     the     governor  in 


New  York  want  to  expel  the  Germans 
from  this  land.  For  this  reason  we  dug 
up  the  tomahawk.  Two  jugs  of  fire* 
water  given  to  five  young  men  is  no 
trade.  On  this  account  the  Mohawks 
are  angry." 

This,  in  substance,  was  the  Indian's 
speech.  The  usually  taciturn  savages 
showed  by  signs  their  approval  of  the 
words  of  the  speaker.  The  counsel  wshom 
the  Livingstones  brought  with  them 
plead  mitigating  circumstances  befort 
Sir  William  Johnson. 

"In  the  wilderness  precise  justice  does 
not  always  prevail,"  said  one  of  them. 
"It  is  difficult  to  determine  every  time 
who  the  owner  of  a  piece  of  land  is. 
Should  it  be  discovered  that  the  sellers 
were  not  the  lawful  owners  of  the  lands, 
then  Livingstone  must  receive  an  in- 
demnity and  also  sufficient  time  to  re- 
store again,  the  lands  to  the  possession 
of  the  Indians." 

After  they  had  concluded  their  argu- 
ment Weiser  stepped  forward : 

"Sir  Johnson,"  he  began,  "it  would  be 
an  act  of  injustice  if  you  were  to  post- 
pone your  decision.  The  Indians  are 
not  acquainted  with  all  the  modes  ot 
English  justice.  Injustice  has  been  done 
them  and  not  a  man  within  reach  of  my 
voice  dare  rise  and  dispute  my  state- 
ment. Why  should  they  not,  Sir,  on  this 
spot  tear  to  shreds  this  fraudulent  bill  of 
sale?  By  such  an  act  we  will  remove  at 
one  stroke  all  cause  of  dissatisfaction, 
and  at  the  same  time  promote  the  au- 
thority of  the  English  crown  among  the 
Germans.  God  knows  how  necessar> 
this  is  in  the  country.  This  bill  of  sale 
is  a  fraud.  That  Livingstone  undertook 
the  survey  at  night,  which  no  one  dis- 
puted, is  a  baseness  and  deception  un- 
equaled.  I  know  that  my  words  do  not 
please  the  Englishmen  wdio  are  present. 
But  I  have  not  lived  more  than  60  years 
to  tarnish  my  reputation  with  the  In- 
dians in  my  old  age  by  an  act  of  injustice 
and  to  burden  my  conscience  before  God. 
Sir,  use  your  authority  and  by  a  cour- 
ageous act  render  void  for  all  time  this 
dirty  deal  of  the  land  swindlers." 


Glimpses  of  Pioneer  Life  in  tfie  Shenandoafi 

Valley 

By  Kizzie  Hays,    Broadway,  Va. 


(For  the  following  incidents,  1  am  in- 
debted to  my  mother,  Mrs.  D.  Hays,  who 
was  told  them  when  a  little  girl,  by  Mrs. 
Sallie  Pence,  the  daughter  of  John  Bran- 
ner,  who  was  one  of  the  early  settlers  of 
Shenandoah  County,  Virginia.) 

The  Germans  are  remarkable  peopl'i 
for  handing"  down  their  experiences  from 
one  generation  to  another.  Though  very 
industrious  and  enterprising,  they  are 
never  too  busy  to  converse  with  their 
friends  or  with  strangers.  It  is  due  to 
this  social  turn,  that  mtich  of  their  early 
life  in  America  has  not  been  lost. 

When  the  early  German  settlers  left 
their  homes  in  Pennsylvania  and  went 
to  the  Shenandoah  Valley  of  Virginia 
they  had  no  tribe  of  Indians  to  contend 
with ;  for  the  red  men,  as  far  as  it  is 
known,  never  inhabited  that  fair  land, 
with  its  clear  streams,  bttt  used  it  only 
as  a  hunting  ground.  So  the  pioneers 
did  not  find  as  much  difficulty  awaiting 
them  there,  as  they  did  in  many  other 
places. 

An  incident,  which  took  place  at  Third 
Hill  near  Forestville,  is  very  interesting 
A  pioneer  was  putting  a  roof  on  his 
iiouse.  While  he  was  wbrkins',  he  heard 
repeated  gobbling  in  the  direction  of 
Third  Hill.  It  would  not  have  been 
strange  for  the  man  to  have  left  his 
work  and  gone  in  search  of  the  game ; 
for  wild  turkeys  were  often  seen  in  large 
flocks.  Btit  he  continued  at  his  work, 
seeming  not  to  give  any  of  his  attention 
to  the  noise  on  the  hill-side. 

At  length,  a  fellow  pioneer  came  along. 
Being  interested  in  his  neighbor's  wel- 
fare, he  stopped  to  assist  him  with  his 
work.  He  started  to  climb  on  the  build- 
ing to  help  put  on  the  roof,  but  the 
workman  beckoned  to  remain  on  the 
ground  a  few  minutes  longer. 
•      "Now,  go  up  on  the  roof,"  he  began. 


as  he  jumped  to  the  ground,  "and  ham- 
mer away  as  1  did.  Even  if  you  do  not 
drive  a  nail  or  put  on  a  shingle,  keep 
pounding'  awlay.  I  am  going  over  on  the 
hill  and  see  about  that  wild  game.  Stay 
on  the  roof  and  keep  at  it,  till  I  come 
back." 

He  shouldered  his  gun  and  started  foi 
the  hill.  He  did  not  go  direct  to  it,  but 
made  a  circuit  through  the  woods  to  one 
side.  After  a  time,  he  gained  the  hill- 
side, beyond  the  place  where  the  gob- 
bling was.  With  all  precaution,  he  mov- 
ed nearer  and  nearer  the  noise.  He  saw 
nothing;  he  heard  the  same  noise  down 
the  hill  a  little  beyond  him. 

When  he  had  gone  as  far  as  he 
thought  was  safe  for  him,  he  concealed 
himself  among  some  underbrush.  He 
again  heard  the  gobbling,  which  seemed 
very  near  him.  He  moved  a  few  feet 
nearer  and  kept  his  eyes  fixed  steadily 
on  the  spot  where  the  noise  seemed  to  be. 
He  again  heard  a  loud  gobble,  and,  at 
the  same  moment,  saw  the  head  of  an 
Indian  rise  above  some  fallen  logs.  With 
his  rifle  ready  in  hand,  he  fired  at  the 
blood-thristy  Indian  and  killed  him  in- 
stantly. 

In  the  same  neighborhood,  though  at  a 
little  later  period,  another  incident  oc- 
curred. A  young  woman,  who  had  spent 
the  day  with  her  mother  some  distance 
awlay,  was  returning  home.  She  had 
often  travelled  the  same  way,  so  she  was 
not  especially  particular  to  follow  the 
same  path  each  time.  This  time  she  had 
gone  farther  from  her  usual  path  than 
what  she  had  done  before. 

While  she  was  hurrying  along  in  the 
woods,  she  came  within  a  few  rods  of  an 
old  bark  hut.  With  a  glance,  she  saw  an 
old  Indian  inside  eating  pie  and.  around 
him.  several  well-filled  baskets.    She  ran 


695 


696 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


from  the  spot  and  beg'an  to  retrace  her 
steps.  She  had  not  gone  far  before  she 
heard  voices.  Eeinc^  afraid  to  go  either 
way,  she  hid  among  logs  and  brush,  until 
dark  when  she  went  through  the  forest 
to  her  home. 

Upon  arrival,  she  found  that  the  In- 
dians had  visited  her  home  that  day.  The 
pies  and  bread  she  had  baked  the  previ- 
ous day  were  missing ;  much  of  the  hard 
earned  provisions  had  been  stolen.  What 
was  not  s^-olen  or  destroyed  was  thrown 
about  in  the  house  or  on  the  outside. 
Everything  was  in  a  confusion,  the  new 
home  had  been  practically  ruined. 

A  little  farther  north  another  experi- 
ence took  place,  the  like  of  which  has 
often  been  related.  The  husband  was 
not  at  home.  The  wife  and  several 
children  were  alone.  In  the  evening 
when  the  cows  were  coming  home,  they 
noticed  several  Indians  sneaking  along 
behind  the  animals. 

The  frightened  woman  grabbed  up 
the  two  smaller  children  and  told  the 
larger  one  to  follow.  She  started  for 
the  fort  beyond  the  river,  trying  to  len.ve 
the  house  unobserved.  With  great  dif- 
ficulty, she  hurried  toward  the  river, 
which  was  more  than  two  miles  away. 
When  she  was  within  a  short  distance  of 
the  stream,  she  saw  that  the  Indian^ 
were  in  hot  pursuit.  She  rushed  on  as 
fast  as  she  could. 

The  Indians  were  gaining  on  her,  and, 
seeing  that  she  could  not  cross  the  river 
alone  with  the  children,  she  gave  a 
loud  scream  for  help.  Several  men,  who 
happened  to  be  at  the  fort,  came  to  her 
rescue.  Amid  bullets  from  the  savages' 
guns,  they  crossed  the  river  and  entered 
the  fort  witliout  any  injury. 

Another  circumstance,  though     of     a 


different  nature  from  the  preceding  ones, 
took  place  in  the  vicinity  of  New  Market. 
An  old  Indian,  who  would  occasionally 
be  seen  going  shyly  through  the  woods, 
gave  constant  uneasiness  to  the  settlers. 
They  made  many  attempts  to  catch  him, 
but  always  failed.  Several  times  they 
ran  him  across  Smith  Creek  toward  the 
Massanutton  Mountain,  but  he  always 
disappeared.  He  never  did  any  harm, 
though  his  object  was  much  soug'ht  for 
by  the  settlers. 

One  day,  while  one  of  the  pioneers 
was  on  the  Massanutton  Mountain  hunt- 
ing for  bark  to  make  dye,  he  heard  a 
dull  thumping  noise.  It  was  repeated 
again  and  again.  He  could  not  locate  it» 
though  he  made  a  great  effort  to  do  so. 
Being  anxious  to  learn  what  the  noise 
w'as,  he  hung  his  coat  on  a  tree  to  mark 
the  place  where  the  sound  was  most  dis- 
tinct. He  then  left  the  mountain  and 
returned  to  the  valley. 

Several  hours  later,  he,  with  another 
settler,  went  back  to  the  mountain.  He 
thought  he  could  go  to  the  same  place 
without  an  difficulty.  The  coat  was 
never  found ;  but  he  felt  certain  that 
they  had  reached  the  place  where  he  had 
heard  the  noise.  AJl  was  quiet  about 
the  mountain;  so  they  had  to  return 
without  finding  the  cause  of  the  thump- 
ing noise. 

On  his  last  visit  to  the  valley,  the  old 
Indian  talked  freely  with  the  settlers,  as 
he  had  done  occasionally  before.  He 
told  one  of  the  aged  pioneers  of  a  lead 
mine  in  the  Massanutton  Mountain,  and 
of  his  many  trips  to  it  for  the  purpose 
of  moulding  bullets  for  his  tribe.  Hft 
did  not  give  him  the  location  of  it,  but 
passed  into  the  Alleghenies  beyond, 
leaving  the  white  men  to  make  such  dis- 
coveries for  themselves. 


The  Fairy  Parks 


This  story  is  taken  from  "The  Indian 
Steps"  by  Henry  W.  Shoemaker.  In  this 
book  the  author  "strives  to  show  the 
variety  and  scope  of  Pennsylvania  folk- 
lore and  tradition  and  through  them  hopes 
to  give  fresh  vitality  and  interest  to  the 
localities  where  they  occurred."  The 
author  is  a  graduate  of  Columbia  Col- 
lege, has  seen  American  Diplomatic  Ser- 
vice at  Lisbon  and  Berlin,  has  been  con- 
nected with  newspapers  at  Jersey  Shore, 
Bradford  and  Reading,  Pa.,  and  Bridge- 
port, Connecticut.  He  has  to  his  credit  as 
author  the  following  books:  Wild  Life 
in  Western  Pennsylvania,  1903;  Pennsyl- 
vania Mountain  Stories,  1907;  More  Penn- 
sylvania Mountain  Stories,  1912,  and  Eliza- 
bethan Days,  1912 — and  is  still  a  young 
man.  The  Fairy  Parks  is  a  fair  sample 
of  the  style  and  life  of  the  book,  which 
we  can  heartily  commend  to  our  read- 
ers.-— The   Editor. 


AIRIES  in  Central  Pennsyl- 
vania? Why,  certainly 
there  are,  lots  of  them 
hereabouts,"  said  an  old 
Bomeister,  as  he  emptied 
his  corncob  pipe  against 
the  rock  on  which  we 
sat  under  the  mountain  ash  tree. 
"Right  down  the  Pike  is  where 
they  make  their  headquarters  —  they've 
been  dancing  and  playing  there  now 
for  over  fifty  years,  and  they're  in- 
creasing in  numbers  as  fast  as  dande- 
lions. Every  year  they're  making  new 
parks,  or  playgrounds,  until  now  they're 
more  than  a  dozen  of  them  between  the 
top  of  Grindstone  Hill  and  where  the 
road  dips  to  go  down  to  Pine  Creek."  I 
had  often  noticed  these  parks,  or  circu- 
lar patches  of  trees  and  green  sward, 
and  admired  their  beauty,  wondering  at 
their  odd  form,  and  apparent  immunity 
from  forest  trees.  Now  it  was  all  being 
explained  to  me.  "The  little  people 
make  a  big  ring  on  the  first  night  of  the 
new  moon,"  the  old  man  continued, 
"and  dance  around  it  until  the  moon 
goes  down  that  night.  After  that  the 
fires  can't  pass  their  boundary,  the  trees 
grow  nicely  and  the  grass  stays  green. 


Travelers  like  to  rest  there  and  pasture 
their  horses— they  always  seem  to  have 
cool  breezes  to  spare,  for  the  Fairies  have 
the  kindliest  and  most  lovable  feelings 
towards  mankind;  they  want  to  make 
things  pleasant  for  them.  But  on  moon- 
light nights,  then's  wdien  you  see  the 
fun ;  the  parks  swarm  with  the  gay  little 
folks,  but  they  are  so  shy  it's  difficult  for 
a  person  to  see  them  first.  I  don't  be- 
lieve Fairies  are  native  to  America — I 
never  heard  tell  of  any  in  Pennsylvania 
except  our  little  colony  along  the  Pike. 
They  wouldn't  be  here  if  it  wasn't  for 
one  old  woman ;  she  hated  to  leave  the 
Fatherland  unless  she  could  bring  some 
Fairies  with  her.  At  first  her  relatives 
objected,  but  she  had  her  way  and 
brought  a  dozen  of  them  in  a  black  bag. 
Fve  often  heard  my  parents  tell  the 
story ;  they  came  from  the  same  village 
in  Wurtemberg  as  Gran'mam  Swartz, 
the  old  lady  who  fetched  the  Fairies. 
When  she  was  young  Lotte  Rudesehli, 
they  say  that  she  was  the  prettiest  girl 
for  miles  and  miles — the  prettiest  blonde^ 
that  imagination  could  conjure  up.  She 
was  much  given  to  wandering  in  the 
woods,  especially  on  moonlight  nights, 
and  the  neighbors  would  have  ascribed 
this  to  sentimentality  if  she  hadn't  been 
so  indifferent  to  the  young  men.  Some 
thought  she  met  a  lover  in  the  forest 
depths,  nothing  else  could  take  a  girl 
alone  into  such  secluded  localities.  But 
it  was  a  long  time  before  any  one  had 
the  courage  to  follow  her.  she  seemed  so 
haughty  and  reserved.  There  was  a 
young  man  in  the  village  named  Wil- 
helm  Swartz.  a  sort  of  country  gallant, 
whom  all  the  girls,  except  Lotte  Rude- 
sehli, the  solitary  wanderer,  had  loved  at 
one  time  or  another.  Her  indifference 
piqued  him  to  such  an  extent  that  he 
came  to  sincerely  love  the  one  girl  who 
wouldn't  notice  him.  Often  he  had  the 
desire  to  follow  her  on  her  lonely  ram- 
bles ;  he  had  a  jealous  impulse  to  meet 
her  secret  lover  and  drive  him  away.  But 


697 


THE  PENN  GERMANIA 


698 

he  feared  the  villagers  would  see  hnn 
follow  her  into  the  forest,  and  twit  huTi 
when  he  came  back  shame-faced  and 
with  hanging  head.  But  one  evenmg,  it 
was  the  first  night  of  a  new  moon,  and 
the  silvery  crescent  was  dancing  above 
the  tops  of  the  tall  spruces,  as  he  walked 
along  through  the  sweet-scented  woods 
he  came  upon  a  place  that  the  path  led 
down  a  steep  hillside,  where  a  brook 
tumbled  along  beneath  the  giant  trees. 
Through  an  opening  in  the  evergreen 
boughs  he  could  see  quite  a  distance 
ahead  of  him.  To  his  amazement  he 
saw  Lotte  Rudesehli  seated  on  a  mossy 
log  surrounded  not  by  one,  but  by  a 
hundred  admirers.  They  were  not  big, 
stalwart  lads  like  himself,  but  tiny  chaps, 
scarcely  a  foot  high,  clad  in  tight-fitting 
suits  of  green  and  yellow.  They  held 
hands  as  they  danced  about  her,  some- 
times breaking  into  weird  little  songs  in 
a  minor  key.  Many  little  women,  dress- 
ed in  bodiced  skirts  of  the  same  colors 
sat  nearby  on  little  hillocks  or  bunches 
of  grass.  Lotte  seemed  to  be  their 
queen,  and  was  as  radiantlv  happy  as  her 
company.  It  seemed  a  pity  to  break  in 
on  such  a  merry,  innocent  scene,  and 
Wilhelm  would  not  have  done  so  inten- 
tionally. In  an  effort  to  draw  nearer  to 
obtain  a  better  view  he  stepped  on  a  dry 
root  which  cracked  audibly.  Lotte 
looked  up,  recognizing  him  instantly, 
while  the  Fairy  band  scampered  out  of 
sight  under  leaves,  stumps,  rocks  and 
logs  with  all  the  alacrity  of  chipmunks. 
Lotte  had  too  equable  a  disposition  nat- 
urally, and  was  in  too  happy  a  frame  of 
mind  at  this  particular  moment  to  mind 
the  intrusion,  and  accepted  Wilhelm's 
profuse  apologies  with  smiling  good 
will.  They  had  known  one  another, 
though  not  well,  for  a  long  time,  so  it  did 
not  seem  like  being  too  forward  when 
the  young  man  seated  himself  beside  her 
on  the  moss-grown  log.  Nervously 
plucking  a  fern,  he  began  talking  to  het 
as  if  they  had  met  under  the  most  or- 
dinary circumstances,  and  not  as  the  re- 
sult of  his  breaking  up  a  Fairy  merry- 
go-round.  Strange  as  it  may  seem, 
Lotte  treated  him  better  on  this  occasion 


than  she  ever  had  before,  or  any  other 
man  for  that  matter.  He  was  so  good- 
looking,  he  had  such  wonderful  expres- 
sion, and  never  showed  off  to  better  ad- 
vantage than  this  night,  bathed  in  ghast- 
ly moon-rays.  He  was  tactful  enough 
to  make  no  allusion  to  the  party  he  had 
disturbed,  and  as  she  made  no  effort  to 
explain,  it  seemed  to  be  the  one  subject 
unmientioned  during  their  blissful  tryst  in 
the  forest.  'What  will  my  parents  say,' 
gasped  Lotte,  putting  her  hand  to  her 
head  in  a  gesture  of  terror  as  she  no- 
ticed the  hands  of  the  village  clock  point- 
ing to  two  as  they  neared  her  home. 
But  whether  they  protested  or  not,  or 
even  knew  when  she  got  home,  is  not  a 
part  of  the  story.  Wilhelm  had  started 
on  a  successful  wooing ;  nothing  could 
stop  him  now.  How  far  he  progressed 
that  night  is  also  a  mystery,  but  he 
doubtless  kissed  her — who  could  have 
protested  on  such  a  beautiful  night?  It 
was  soon  noticed  by  the  villagers  that 
Wilhelm  Swartz  always  accompanied 
Lotte  on  her  rambles  into  the  forest.  If 
she  had  been  meeting  some  one  else  pre- 
viously, clearly  that  suitor  had  fallen 
into  disfavor,  or  it  misfht  be  she  had 
been  meeting  Wilhelm  all  along.  But 
that  couldn't  be  the  case  either ;  he  had 
been  noticed  too  many  times  gazing  af- 
ter her  ruefully,  cap  in  hand,  as  she  dis- 
appeared into  the  shadowy  depths.  Her 
conduct  had  always  been  a  mystery  anv- 
way ;  this  interest  in  Wilhelm.,  so  hand- 
some and  strong,  was  the  one  normal 
act  of  her  life.  About  this  time  there 
was  great  talk  in  the  little  mountainous 
community  about  emigrating  to  Ameri- 
ca. Land  could  be  bought  outright  very 
cheap  in  all  the  States,  especially  in 
Pennsylvania,  which  was  said  to  teem 
with  prosperous  Germans.  Some  few 
had  gone  over  already,  and  wrote  back 
glowing  accounts  of  the  riches  of  the 
new  country,  but  above  all  the  social 
equality  and  opportunities  which  await- 
ed every  one.  There  were  no  landlords, 
no  supercilious  nobility,  any  one  could 
rise  who  had  energy  and  a  fair  share  of 
adaptability.  Wolfgang  Rudesehli  and 
his  good     wife     Minne,  the  parents    of 


THE  FAIRY   PARKS 


699 


Lotte,  caught  the  passing  enthusiasm. 
They  began  corresponding  with  a  neigh- 
bor who  was  in  Northern  Pennsylvania, 
and  that  individual,  to  make  sure  of 
them,  had  the  foreign  agents  of  several 
land  companies  in  Philadelphia  visit 
their  home,  and  paint  pictures  that  can 
only  be  described  as  glorious.  Why  the 
emigrants  in  the  wild  Pennsylvania  bills 
were  so  anxious  that  more  of  their  kind 
should  follow  them  may  be  ascribed  to 
two  reasons.  They  may  have  been  lone- 
some for  more  friends  from  'home,'  or, 
like  the  monkey  with  his  tail  off,  wanted 
others  in  the  same  predicament.  Ther,e 
was  only  one  member  of  the  Rudesehli 
family  who  objected  to  the  proposed 
change  of  destiny,  and  that  was  Lotte. 
Her  older  brothers  and  sisters  thought 
the  idea  a  grand  one ;  they  were  tired  of 
being  branded  as  'peasants,'  tired  of  fill- 
ing a  place  in  life  from  which  caste 
would  give  them  no  escape.  They  would 
go  to  a  land  of  freedom,  where  their 
children  might  become  Presidents. 
Lotte,  hitherto  the  proudest  of  the  fam- 
ily, was  the  only  one  who  wanted  to  re- 
main. 'You  can  be  a  great  lady  over 
there,'  her  brothers  urged;  but  this  ap- 
peal to  her  vanity,  once  so  potent,  w 
of  avail  no  longer.  Wilhelm  Swartz 
had  always  cherished  a  secret  hankering 
for  the  'new  world,'  and  when  he  heard 
the  talk  in  the  Rudesehli  household,  told 
his  sweetheart  he  would  gladly  go  along. 
They  could  marry  just  as  well  in  Penn- 
sylvania as  in  Wurtemberg — easier  in 
fact.  They  did  not  publish  'banns'  over 
there,  no  tests  or  qualifications  were  re- 
quired of  candidates  for  marital  happi- 
ness in  the  'land  of  the  free.'  But  to 
his  surprise  Lotte  said  she  was  not  go- 
ing; the  others  could  go,  but  she  would 
remain.  It  took  some  time  for  Wilhelm 
to  learn  her  reason ;  had  she  not  been  so 
much  in  love  with  him,  it  would  have 
been  impossible — a  woman  regards  a 
reason  as  the  one  secret  she  can  keep. 
But  finally  she  confessed  why  she  was  so 
wedded  to  the  hills  of  old  Wurtemberg. 
One  night  when  she  was  a  wee  e"irl,  so 
she  said,  she  had  strayed  into  the  forest. 
Evening  was  coming  on,  and  everything 


gleamed  so  clear-cut  in  the  final  ca- 
dences of  the  golden  hour.  The  pines 
and  spruces  seemed  to  the  tinics.t  ne^(;Jle 
carved  out  of  the  transparent  ether.  The 
air  seemed  so  sweet  it  must  have  been 
freshly  let  loose  from  realms  celestiaL 
She  had  sat  down  to  rest  by  the  water- 
fall, which  created  its  own  little  rainb^v 
in  the  maze  of  froth  and  spray.  She 
was  entranced  by  the  scene — anybody, 
young  or  old,  would  have  .been — until 
she  was  aroused  from  her  contempla- 
tions by  the  sound  of  squeaky  voices, 
like  old  men  talking  far  away — only 
these  voices  were  near  at  hand.  Pres- 
ently she  saw  the  speakers — they  were 
a  horde  of  tiny  Fairies,  nothing  else, 
clad  in  tight-fitting  suits  of  yellow  and 
green.  They  waved  their  hands  to  her, 
and  made  every  effort  to  become  ac- 
quainted. She  wasn't  a  bit  frightened; 
there  were  such  merry  twinkles  in  the 
little  fellows'  eyes  that  they  surely 
meant  no  harm.  She  waved  to  them,  and 
they  came  close  to  where  she  sat,  and 
began  conversing  in  a  friendly,  cheerful 
manner.  Once  they  were  at  their  ease, 
and  a  troop  of  little  lady  Fairies,  dress- 
in  bodiced  skirts  of  bright  colors,  came 
out  of  the  underbrush  and  sought  the 
young  girl's  acquaintance.  Their  spokes- 
man explained  to  her  they  had  always 
regretted  the  gulf  which  existed  be- 
tween them  and  the  'big  people,'  but  in 
her  they  had  found  a  'happy  medium." 
They  could  love  her ;  would  s,he  consent 
to  become  their  queen?  Lotte  at  that 
time  didn't  have  a  very  definite  idea  what 
the  word  'queen'  meant,  but  she  had 
heard  that  there  was  one  in  Wurtem- 
berg, so  high  above  her  subjects  that 
many  doubted  she  was  of  the  same  clay. 
Yes.  she  would  become  their  queers 
gladly,  if  it  would  do  them  any  good.. 
The  Fairies  were  delighted;  they  joined 
hands  and  danced  about  her  singing 
gavly.  When  she  returned  home  she  had 
difificulty  in  explaining  to  her  family 
what  had  kept  her  so  long  in  the  forest — 
she  had  lost  her  way.  that  was  the  best 
excuse  her  childish  shrewdness  could 
invent.  After  that  it  was  difficult  to  re- 
strain her  from  wandering  in  the  forest. 


700 


THE  PENN  GERMANIA 


Threats  of  punishment  were  unavailing; 
she  was  naturally  a  headstrong'  girl  and 
the  family  pet,  so  she  knew  her  family 
really  meant  nothing.  As  slie  grew 
older  the  family  began  to  realize  that 
her  solitary  strolls  were  harmless ;  they 
had  heard  of  people  'loving  nature, 
their  daughter  must  be  one  of  these 
strange  creatures.  But  it  was  her  duty 
as  Queen  of  the  Fairies  to  go  among 
her  subjects  as  often  as  possible.  She 
made  a  gracious  queen,  as  she  grew  in 
loveliness  and  charm  with  each  succeed- 
ing year.  But  love  for  a  mortal  had 
come  into  her  life,  and  her  family 
wanted  to  emigrate  to  America.  Her 
lover  was  also  anxious  to  go  to  the  new 
country — everything  seemed  to  point  to 
her  departure  from  her  Fairy  kingdom. 
She  was  unhappy  now  for  the  first  time 
in  the  eighteen  years  of  her  life;  her 
brow,  formerly  smooth  as  marble,  now 
showed  lines  of  thought.  She  was  sure 
she  loved  Wilhelm  dearly;  her  family 
had  always  been  good  to  her,  but  how 
could  she  leave  the  'little  people'  who 
had  elected  her  their  queen?  Wilhelm's 
pleadings  prevailed;  after  shedding  a 
few  tears  she  resolved  to  go.  She  was 
not  a  sneak  nor  a  coward ;  she  resolved 
to  break  the  news  to  her  tiny  subjects 
before  starting  on  the  long  journey.  One 
night  in  June,  when  the  new  moon  had 
appeared,  she  went  to  the  Fairy  rendez- 
vous accompanied  by  Wilhelm.  Calling 
lier  beloved  subjects  about  her  she  ex- 
plained to  them  the  step  she  was  about 
to  take.  Her  voice  was  ohoked  with  sobs, 
but  every  one  of  her  audience  under- 
stood why  her  love  for  her  sweetheart 
and  family  should  be  the  controlling 
motive  in  her  life.  Just  when  she  fin- 
ished talking  one  little  s'hrill  voice 
piped  up,  'May  I  go  with  you?'  Imme- 
diately all  the  others  clustered  about  her, 
taking  up  the  same  refrain,  'May  we  go 
along,  may  we  go  with  you  ?'  They  held 
Lotte's  hands  tightly,  and  some  clam- 
bered all  over  Wilhelm,  striving  like 
squirrels  to  hide  themselves  in  the  pock- 
ets of  his  velveteen  jacket.  Their  de- 
mands were  so  sincere  and  importunate 
that  the  young  girl   smilingly  declared 


that  she  would  take  as  many  Fairies 
with  her  to  America  as  she  could  carry 
in  a  wool-sack.  There  was  a  cheer  from 
the  little  people ;  they  would  follow  her 
to  the  ends  of  the  earth,  they  insisted. 
But  a  process  of  selection  must  be  made 
— which  Fairies  should  go,  which  should 
remain.  It  was  decided  to  draw  lots 
with  twigs  of  hazel  after  Wilhelm  would 
come  back  with  the  wool-sack.  He 
started  to  the  village,  returning  with  a 
sack  of  black  material  such  as  was  used 
in  those  days.  The  lots  were  drawn ;  a 
long  twig  meant  'go,'  a  short  one  'stay,' 
until  the  bag  was  filled.  Twelve  Fairies, 
six  men,  six  women,  were  chosen,  and 
hid  their  smiling  faces  in  the  hot,  stuflfy 
sack.  The  others  kissed  the  fortunate 
ones  'goodbye,'  and  with  no  recrimina- 
tions, danced  away  to  their  homes  under 
the  rocks  and  roots.  Wilhelm  saw  to  it 
that  air-holes  were  provided  so  that  the 
little  voyagers  would  not  be  smothered — 
for  Fairies  are  in  a  sense  human — ^they 
are  like  us  except  that  there  are  no  dis- 
eases among  them — they  are  in  a  sense 
immortal.  Two  days  later  the  Rude- 
sehli  family,  accompanied  by  the  faith- 
ful Wilhelm  Swartz,  began  their  tedious 
journey  to  the  'land  of  promise.'  It 
was  fraug'ht  with  untold  inconveniences 
and  delays  in  those  days.  By  'diligence' 
and  goods  train,  interrupted  by  frequent 
changes  of  conveyance,  they  proceeded 
to  Paris.  Wilhelm  and  Lotte  had  many 
adventures  with  the  wool-sack,  to  be 
sure.  To  the  old  folks  and  inquisitive 
brothers  and  sisters  it  contained  kittens, 
rabbits,  white  rats,  Fairies,  anything— 
to  the  baggage  and  customs  officials, 
vegetables,  meats,  clothing,  whatever 
seemed  advisable.  Wilhelm  was  well 
provided  with  money,  but  it  ate  into  his 
store  to  'tip'  every  one  into  silence  who 
might  question  the  well-filled  wool-sack. 
Many  complications  would  otherwise 
have  arisen,  especially  in  France,  where 
none  of  the  party  knew  a  word  of  the 
prevailing  language.  It  was  a  critical 
trip  for  Wilhelm  ;  he  had  promised  Lotte 
to  see  that  her  little  friends  reached 
Arnerica  in  safety;  he  could  not  disap- 
point in  his  first  real  eflfort  to  augment 


THE  FAIRY   PARKS 


701 


her  happiness.  The  party  embarked  on  a 
sailing  vessel  at  Havre,  and  were  three 
months  at  sea,  alternately  becalmed  and 
tempest  tossed.  Lotte  kept  the  'little 
people'  in  her  bunk  by  day,  but  let  them 
out  at  night,  to  scamper  about  the  decks, 
sometimes  scaring  the  other  passengers, 
who  thought  the  ship  bewitched.  But 
they  were  too  agile  to  be  capture  1,  01 
ever  be  wholly  seen  by  outsiders.  They 
were  fed  with  what  Lotte  and  Wilhclm 
could  snatch  from  the  mess,  and  also 
with  nuts,  berries  and  roots,  their  favor- 
ite food,  brought  along  for  this  pur- 
pose. The  customs  officers  at  old  Castle 
Garden  couldn't  have  been  very  alert  at 
that  time,  for  the  mysterious  black  wool- 
sack passed  through  unmolested.  It  is 
said  that  an  'O.  K. ;  U.  S.  Customs'  was 
tied  on  it.  It  may  be  that  Fairies  are 
providentially  lucky ;  they  have  to  be  if 
they  are  immortals.  Outside  the  impos- 
ing building  one  of  the  old  neighbors, 
Carl  Aeschlimann,  who  had  lived  near 
the  Rudesehli's  in  Wurtemberg,  was 
waiting.  He  greeted  them  with  a  wild 
burst  of  delight.  Here  were  people,  his 
people,  who  had  actually  seen  his  be- 
loved hills  and  vales  and  waterfalls,  in 
dear  old  Wurtenberg,  a  little  less  than 
four  months  ago,  while  he  had  not  seen 
them  in  sixteen  long,  toilsome  years. 
There  was  also  a  representative  of  the 
real  estate  company  at  the  landing;  he 
would  help  pilot  and  install  them  in 
their  new  home  in  Pennsylvania,  Then 
they  were  escorted  up  Broadway,  mar- 
veling at  the  wonders  of  New  York, 
across  the  waters  of  the  Hudson  in  a 
ramshackly  ferry-boat,  and  aboard  a 
train  for  Philadelphia.  At  the  City  ot 
Brotherly  Love  they  spent  the  night, 
starting  away  the  next  morning,  chang- 
ing cars  three  or  four  times  until  they 
reached  a  place  called  Antes  Fort,  on-  a 
railroad  which  they  were  told  had  just 
been  completed  two  months  before.  The 
engines  were  wood-burners,  and  movcG 
slowly  enough  through  the  country,  so 
that  they  could  admire  its  fertility  and 
grandeur.  They  marveled  at  the  num- 
ber of  persons  who  got  in  the  cars,  who 
looked  like  Americans  but  who  spoke  a 


dialect  that  sounded  like  German.  At 
Antes  Fort  two  teams  were  waiting  to 
convey  them  on  the  last  stage  of  their 
journey,  to  the  uncleared  tract  oi  land 
on  the  Pike  which  they  were  to  make 
'blossom  like  the  rose.'  Most  of  the 
way  the  road  led  through  a  virgin  for- 
est— the  trees  were  even  taller  than  in 
the  Fatherland,  the  waterfalls  wilder,  the 
silence  more  intense.  At  length  they 
came  to  a  small  opening  in  the  forest, 
made  by  cutting  the  trees  so  that  they 
fell  against  their  standing  neighbors.  In 
the  center  of  it  was  a  log  shack — ^they 
use  it  now  for  a  woodshefi — here  the 
Rudesehli's  were  to  stay  imtil  tiiey 
cleared  more  land  and  built  a  more  re- 
spectable abode.  The  tract  they  had 
bought  comprised  one  hundred  and  six- 
ty acres,  'more  or  less,'  so  the  deeds  ran. 
It  was  past  dark  when  they  arrived,  so 
that  they  could  not  tell  whether  they 
were  pleased  or  not,  but  they  were  prob- 
ably too  tired  to  care.  Soon  a  new 
moon  appeared,  shimmering  between 
galaxies  of  unstable  stars.  Wilhelm  and 
Lotte  had  noted  a  cozy  little  nook  along 
the  road — it  was  near  a  waterfall  and  a 
spring — where  they  decide'd  to  liberate 
the  Fairy  band.  After  partaking  of  a 
light  supper,  they  were  too  excited  to 
eat  much,  they  started  down  the  Pike, 
carrying  the  bag  between  them.  When 
they  reached  the  pretty  spot,  they  emp- 
tied the  sack ;  the  little  people  shouted 
in  treble  ecstasies  of  joy,  and  began 
dancing  merrily.  They  formed  a  circle 
and  danced  about  the  couple  who  had 
safely  carried  them  so  far.  The  young 
couple  had  much  work  ahead  of  them^ 
so  they  probably  took  less  notice  of  their 
surroundings  henceforth  than  the 
Fairies.  The  'little  people'  were  im- 
mensely pleased ;  it  was  their  Black  For- 
est over  again,  but  on  an  amplified  scale. 
Lotte  intended  visiting  them  each  night, 
but  she  felt  so  tired  she  postponed  it  a 
week.  One  night  the  family  heard  an 
awful  screaming  and  wailing  in  the  wil- 
derness ;  it  sounded  like  some  frail  wo- 
man in  distress.  They  were  all  for  run- 
ning out  with  torches  to  find  her,  until 
Carl  Aeschlimann  who     was  still  stop- 


THE  PENN  GERMANIA 


ping  with  them,  explained  that  it  was  a 
panther,  or  as  he  pronounced  it,  a  'pon- 
tare,'  an  animal  bigger  and  more  rapa- 
cious than  the  traditional  lions  of  the 
Bible.  All  the  family  except  Lotte  were 
satisfied  with  this  explanation,  but  it 
only  made  the  girl  more  uneasy.  'I'm 
afraid,'  she  whispered  to  Wilhelm,  'that 
it  has  eaten  my  little  people,  and  enjoy- 
ing them,  has  come  to  devour  us.'  Next 
night  she  went  in  fear  and  trembling  to 
the  Fairy  abode,  and  called  to  the  little 
colony.  To  her  surprise  they  all  respond- 
ed, and  danced  and  sang  about  her  glee- 
fully. 'I  feared  you  were  all  eaten  by 
that  awful  monster  w'hich  screamed 
around  our  cabin  last  night.  I  never 
expected  to  see  you  again !'  The  Fairies 
laughed  outright;  'Panther  eat  us?  Nev- 
er fear,  it  did  chase  us,  but  we  were  too 
quick.'  Lotte  was  reassured,  and  on  suc- 
seeding  nights  when  she  heard  the  pan- 
thers' wail  and  wolves'  call  she  knew 
her  little  friends  were  safe.  They  thrived 
in  their  new  home ;  children  were  born 
to  them — for  Fairies  are  partly  human 
— ^they  were  happy.  Lotte  married  Wil- 
helm the  next  spring,  but  continued  her 
visits  to  the*  Fairy  home,  even  after  her 
own  children  were  born.     Occasionally, 


Wilhelm  accompanied  her.  At  times 
she  would  say  she  would  go  back  to 
Wurtemberg  f9r  a  visit  before  she  died, 
and  take  the  Fairies  along,  but  for  some 
reason  they  didn't  enthuse ;  it  can  only 
be  surmised  that  they  were  not  senti- 
mental. Fairies  own  no  Fatherland.  As 
she  grew  older  and  especially  after  Wil- 
helm's  death,  Lotte  became  known  as 
Gran-mam  Swartz,  and  her  connection 
with  the  Fairy  colony  was  generally  ac- 
knowledged. Even  her  children  admit- 
ted she  was  a  trifle  queer,  and  her  grand- 
children were  even  more  positive  of  it. 
But  she  pursued  the  even  tenor  of  her 
way,  a  good  wife  and  mother,  hard- 
working and  plodding,  until  in  her  sev- 
entieth year,  from  the  infirmities  of  age, 
she  passed  away.  She  was  buried  in  the 
little  mountaineers'  cemetery  on  Grind- 
stone Hill,  and  her  grave  is  marked  by 
a  rough  slab  of  mountain  brownstone. 
They  say,  and  Fll  admit  Fve  seen  it  rny- 
self  once,  that  on  a  certain  June  night, 
when  the  young  moon  first  comes  up 
from  behind  the  Bald  Eagle  Mountains, 
the  Fairy  band,  old  and  young,  congre- 
gate there  and  dance  daintily — which 
seems  to  be  their  only  form  of  worship 
■ — about  the  ivy-grown  mound." 


The  Fries  Rebellion 


By  J.  J.  Hauser,  Macungie,  Pa. 


ILLERSTOWN,  one  of  the 
chief  places  of  activity  dur- 
ing the  troublesome  times, 
"die  schreckens  Zeiten," 
1798  and  1799,  founded  by 
Peter  Miller  in  1776,  and 
therefore  often  called  the 
Centennial  town,  is  situated  on  the 
Old  King's  High  Road  from  Phila- 
delphia to  Trexlertown.  The  main 
street  is  part  of  the  said  road. 
The  first  hotel  in  the  town  was  a 
block  house  and  stood  where  the 
Keystone  House  now  stands  and 
w!as  kept  by  Leonard  Schlauch,  and 
there  the  people  gathered  to  hear  the 
news  of  the  times.  The  people  were 
hard  working  and  industrious  and  still 
struggling  to  make  both  ends  meet. 
When  soon  after  John  Adams  had  been 
inaugurated  as  the  second  president  of 
the  United  States,  three  very  unjust  and 
obnoxious  laws  were  passed  and  receiv- 
ed the  signature  of  the  President,  name- 
ly the  x-Mien  and  Sedition  and  House 
Tax  Laws. 

It  was  the  last  named  act  that  caused 
the  revolt,  commonly  known  as  Fries'" 
Rebellion,  because  John  Fries,  of  Lower 
Milford,  now  Milford,  Bucks  County, 
was  the  chief  leader. 

Those  who  opposed  the  assessors  me* 
in  an  upper  room  in  a  certain  house  in 
the  town  and  one  of  the  principal  men 
who  met  with  them  was  John  Fries,  for 
consultation  and  deliberations. 

Not  only  were  the  assessors  opposed 
and  hindered  in  their  duties  by  the  men 
but  the  wives  of  the  men  aided  them  in 
their  opposition  by  pouring  hot  water 
upon  the  assessors  while  they  were  en- 
gaged in  measuring  the  windov/  panes 
and  counting  them.  It  is  said  that  the 
wife  of  George  Miller,  a  .son  of  the 
founder  of  the  town,  poured  a  whole 
kettle  full  of  boiling  water  upon  the  as- 
sessor   while    he    was    engaged    in    his 


duties  and  who  left  immediately  without 
completing  his  work.  Many  of  the  old- 
est inhabitants  remember  her  yet  as  old 
Granny  Miller  and  her  story  of  the  Hot 
Water  War. 

This  opposition  continued  more  or 
less  severe  until  y\pril  i,  1799,  when 
soldiers  came  from  Reading  to  the  town 
to  quell  the  rebellion.  When  they  ar- 
rived they  pitched  their  tents  in  Schaf- 
fer's  woods  near  the  town,  and  a  num- 
ber of  citizens  who  had  been  spotted  by 
those  in  sympathy  with  the  government 
were  arrested  by  the  soldiers  and  hur- 
ried off  to  Bethlehem  and  lodged  in  the 
Sun  Inn  there.  This  action  on  the  part 
of  the  soldiers  increased  the  activity  of 
those  who  were  opposed  to  the  tax  act 
and  they  raised  a  number  of  men  under 
Captain  Henry  Jarret,  captain  of  the 
light  horse  brigade,  and  sent  them  to 
Bethlehem  to  rescue  their  friends  from 
the  officials. 

These  men  were  not  successful  at 
first,  but  after  they  had  been  reinforced 
by  John  Fries  and  others  they  were  sucr 
cessful  and  rescued  their  friends. 

The  leaders  in  these  undertakings 
were  afterwards  captured  by  United 
States  Marshal  Nicholas  and  had  to 
face  trial  in  the  U.  S.  courts  at  Philadel- 
phia and  afterwards  at  Norristown  for 
sedition  and  treason. 

Yellow  fever  broke  out  while  the 
men  were  imprisoned  in  Philadelphia 
and  they  were  removed  to  Norristown, 
where  David  Schaffer  died  in  prison 
leaving  a  wife  and  two  children.  Philip 
Desch  and  Michael  Schmoyer,  Sr.,  died 
at  the  same  time,  in  prison. 

Some  of  their  descendants  still  live  in 
this  neighborhood. 

Those  who  spied  them  were  in  after 
years  held  in  disgust  and  the  people  used 
to  point  with  their  fingers  at  them  and 
shout  after  them,  "Dort  geht  dcr  \^er- 
rather."  ,.; 

703 


704 


THE  PENN  GERMANIA 


On  March  i,  1799,  Marshal  Nicholas, 
Eierly,  Balliet,  Adolph,  came  to  Millers- 
town  and  arrested  Henry  Shankvveiler 
and  others. 

The  people  at  Millerstown  and  sur- 
rounding country  had  their  military 
companies  the  same  as  was  in  vogue 
everywhere  else.  A  company  of  dra- 
goons, whose  officers  were  Captain 
Henry  Jarrett,  First  Lieutenant  John 
Fogel,  Second  Lieutenant  John  Lichten- 
walner,  Ensign  John  Smith.  These  of- 
ficers held  a  counsel  and  ordered  David 
Schaffer  to  order  out  the  company  and 
to  meet  at  Martin  Ritter's  house,  March 
7,  1799.  The  next  morning  the  men 
gathered  at  Ritter's  house  but  not  the  of- 
ficers, wlhen  Andrew  Schafifer,  ser- 
geant of  the  company  took  command  of 
the  company,  and  Samuel  Thurn.  trum- 
peter, Henry  Shankweiler  was  a  member 
of  this  company. 

Henry  Shankweiler  entered  bail  at 
Bethlehem.  Those  who  entered  on  t)  e 
bail  bond  were  his  brother,  Jacob 
Druckenmiller,  David  Schaffer  and 
Philip  Desch.  These  accompanied  the 
company  to  Bethlehem  to  rescue  the 
prisoners.  The  first  three  had  no  wea- 
pons with  them,  and  went  ahead  of  the 
company.  When  they  arrived  at  Beth- 
lehem they  were  met  by  William  Henry, 
who  said  to  them  in  German: 

.  "Was  thut  ihr  verdamten  rascals  mit 
euren  gewehren,"  when  one  of  them 
said,  "Mir  wohnen  in  einem  freien  land, 
ich  denke  mann  darf  mit  seinem  ge- 
wehr  hingehen  wo  er  will  wenn  er  nie- 
mond  beleidiget." 

When  Henry  called  out  "Dies  gehet 
gegen  die  Civil  Law,  und  wenn  ihr 
euer  gewehr  nicht  obleget  so  wird  ihr 
am  galga  dafiir  bueszen."  Upon  these 
remarks  they  placed  their  weapons  for 
security  with  the  hostler  at  the  Sun  Inn 
and  went  into  the  hotel  and  drank  beer. 
While  there  Fries  and  the  others  ar- 
rived and  surrounded  the  hotel  and  res- 
cued the  prisoners. 

The  marshal  immediately  sent  Eierly 
to  Philadelphia  to  inform  the  President 
(Adams)  about  the  affair  at  Bethlehem, 
who  immediately  ordered  Brigadier  Gen- 


eral William  McPherson  to  gather  an 
army  of  1200  men  and  go  to  the  scene. 
The  men  that  composed  the  army  were 
mostly  gathered  in  Lancaster  County 
and  many  of  them  were  friends  of  the 
government  and  opposed  to  the  farmers, 
but  were  great  friends  of  the  women, 
and  scoundrels,  as  one  writer  said. 

When  they  came  to  Millerstown  they 
went  to  Conrad  Marx's  house  to  capture 
him  but  their  bird  had  flown ;  but  want- 
ed to  make  his  son,  Jacob,  a  lad  of  13 
years,  tell  where  his  father  was  and  if  he 
would  not  tell,  they  would  split  his  head 
open.  But  he  told  them  he  did  not 
know.  The  soldiers  cursed  him  and 
went  away. 

They  went  about  to  capture  those  who 
had  taken  part  in  the  rescue  at  Bethle- 
hem but  found  more  at  Millerstown. 
The  way  the  soldiers  acted  can  be  seen 
when  they  wanted  to  arrest  Philip 
Desch.  They  surrounded  the  house. 
Some  broke  into  the  house  and  dragged 
Mrs.  Desch  half  dressed  out  of  bed  (it 
was  night  time),  and  compelled  her  to 
get  them  something  to  eat.  One  of  them 
more  humane  than  the  others  counseled 
with  them  and  let  Mrs.  Desch  dress  her- 
self. Then  she  had  tO'  get  a  light  fot- 
them  and  they  searched  the  house  from 
garret  to  cellar,  piercing  their  sabres 
into  the  bedding,  bundles,  barrels,  boxes, 
etc.,  but  did  not  get  Desch  because  he 
was  not  home. 

The  company  operating  in  Upper  Mil- 
ford  was  more  successful.  They  captured 
J.  Schmoyer,  Peter  Kiefer,  Adam  Stahl- 
necker,  Henry  Stabler  and  confined 
them  in  Jacob  Miller's  house.  Daniel 
Schwartz,  St.,  and  his  son  Daniel,  Jr., 
were  captured  while  they  were  going  to- 
Millerstown  on  business  the  next  day. 
All  were  taken  to  Philadelphia  and  on 
the  way  met  Gen.  John  Keiser  and  he 
was  arrested  too,  and  taken  along.  They 
were  brought  before  Judge  Peters  who 
asked  Keiser  for  his  commission. 

The  men  in  hiding  or  imprisoned,  the- 
women  and  children  had  to  defend 
themselves  the  best  way  they  could 
against  the  soldiers  and  eke  out  a  living. 

Marx  had  fled  to  Maryland  and  An- 


THE  FRIES  REBELLION 


705 


thony  Stabler  was  in  hiding  in  other 
parts  of  Northampton  county.  When 
Rev.  J.  H.  E.  Hchnuth,  a  Lutheran  pas- 
tor, wrote  a  proclamation  in  German  for 
the  government,  which  promised  pardon 
if  they  would  return  and  deliver  them- 
selves up  and  cast  them  broadcast 
through  Pennsylvania  and  Maryland. 
On  this  promise  Marx  returned  and 
Stahler  came  from  his  hiding  place,  and 
on  their  way  lo  Philadelphia  they  wQ.ro 
taken  prisoners  in  Bucks  county.  This 
reverend  gentleman  while  on  his  way  to 
preach  in  the  Macungie  chu«"ch  saw 
Plenry  Shiffert  sit  at  the  window  and 
sent  for  soldiers  and  had  him  arrested, 
and  George  Boch,  too.  Boch  was  re- 
leased from  here  but  Shiffert  was  taken 
to  Philadelphia.  Our  minister  prayed 
for  the  poor  men  in  prison  and  asked 
that  the  Lord  should  soon  find  a  way  to 
set  them  free,  and  on  his  way  home  said, 
but  some  of  them  ought  to  be  hanged. 
Nice  kind  of  preachers. 

Deputy  Marshal  Wiedes  assisted  by 
Andrew  Shiffert,  who  had  gone  against 
his  neighbors  by  turning  informer  to 
the  government,  in  other  words,  a  spy. 

Shiffert  was  called  by  his  neighbors  a 
traitor,  or  Judas  Iscariot,  and  now  was 
a  hated  man.  Often  when  he  passed 
along  the  street  the  people  would  say, 
"Dort  geht  der  verrather."  The  reason 
for  this  was  that  he  had  afterward  told 
them  that  he  was  their  friend  and  neigh- 
bor and  lured  them  into  the  clutches  of 
the  law. 

When  the  prisoners  were  taken  to 
Philadelphia  they  stopped  one  night  at 
John  Wentz's  hotel,  who  furnished  them 
their  meals  and  lodgings  free,  and  told 
them  that  they  would  better  return  be- 
cause they  still  had  mountain  and  woods 
to  hide  themselves.  That  they  had  been 
betrayed  when  one  of  them  said.  'T 
know  Shiffert,  he  is  not  that  kind  of  a 
man."  Wentz  said,  "Go  in  God's  name. 
I  wish  you  a  safe  journey,  but  you  will 
think  of  me  yet." 

When  they  came  to  Philadelphia  they 
were  arrested  and  sent  to  jail.  Many  ot 
them  did  not  see  their  homes  again  for 
twenty  months.     Their  prison  fare  was 


for  six  weeks  only  one-half  pound  of 
convicts'  bread  and  three  pints  of  mo- 
lasses water  daily,  when  their  friends 
were  allowed  to  send  them  better  meals. 

One  of  the  prisoners  afterward  wrote 
an  article  for  the  press  basing  it  on  Rev. 
I2th  chapter  and  i8th  verse,  and  the 
13th  chapter  and  the  first  verse;  the  17th 
chapter  and  the  17th  and  i8th  verses  of 
their  treatment  in  which  he  went  hot 
and  heavy  for  the  administration  of  John 
Adams,  explaining  that  the  seven  heads 
meant  the  seven  beloved  states,  viz: 
Maine,  New  Hampshire,  Vermont,  Mas- 
sachusetts, Connecticut,  New  York  and 
Pennsylvania.  The  ten  horns,  repre- 
senting Delaware,  New  Jersey,  Mary- 
land, Virginia,  North  Carolina,  South 
Carolina,  Georgia,  Tennessee,  Rhode 
Island  and  Ohio.  The  crowns  on  the 
horns  to  represent  Treason,  Sedition, 
Alien,  Misdemeanor,  tax  act,  liberty  of 
the  press,  shrinkage  house  tax,  window 
tax,  persecution. 

Now  let  us  take  a  glance  at  the  revolt 
as  this  w^as  not  the  first  one  that  occur- 
red in  the  United  States.  The  first  one 
that  occurred  was  Shay's  Rebellion  in 
Massachusetts  in  opposition  to  the  heavy 
taxes  laid,  1786.  The  next  one  was  the 
Whiskey  Rebellion  in  Western  Pennsyl- 
vania, on  account  of  a  tax  on  whiskey, 
1793  and  1794.  So  we  see  that  the  Fries 
Rebellion  was  the  third  one  opposed  to 
the  taxation  made  by  the  government. 

The  first  occurrence  which  broke  the 
calm  and  monotonous  affairs  in  Eastern 
Pennsylvania  happened  in  Milford, 
Bucks  County,  in  1798  when  the  people 
rose  in  opposition  to  the  House  Tax 
Law.  This  affair  is  called  in  history 
"The  Milford  Rebellion,"  because  it  first 
started  in  Milford.  "The  Hot  Water 
War,"  because  the  assessors  were  driven 
off  by  the  women  with  hot  water  being 
thrown  upon  them  while  engaged  in 
making  the  assessments.  "The  House 
Tax  Law,"  on  account  of  the  act  re- 
quiring the  assessors  of  the  houses 
measuring  the  window  panes,  giving  the 
sizes  and  number  of  panes  in  each  and 
every  house  for  computing  the  tax. 
Fries  Rebellion,  so  called  on  account  of 


7o6 


THE  PENN  GERMANIA 


its  leader,  John  Fries,  who  had  been  an 
officer  in  the  Revolutionary  Army. 

Before  entering  upon  the  details  of 
this  disturbance  it  will  not  be  amiss  to 
give  a  short  sketch  of  the  leader  of  this 
afifair. 

John  Fries  was  born  in  Hatfield  town- 
ship, Montgomery  County,  Pennsylva- 
nia, 1750.  At  the  age  of  twenty  years 
he  married  Mary  Brunner,  of  White 
Marsh,  and  five  years  later  moved  to 
Milford,  Bucks  County,  Pa.,  where  he 
built  for  himself  a  house  on  the  land  of 
Joseph  Galloway  at  Boggy  Creek.  When 
the  Revolutionary  War  broke  out  he 
lived  in  a  log  house  on  a  lot  belonging 
to  William  Edwards  on  the  Sumneytown 
Road.    He  served  during  the  war. 

He  was  a  man  of  good  mind,  but  had 
received  only  the  rudiments  of  an  edu- 
cation. He  was  a  good  speaker  and 
possessed  a  rude  eloquence  that  swayed 
the  multitude.  He  had  a  good  charac- 
ter and  stood  well  among  the  people.  He 
was  by  trade  a  cooper,  but  followed  the. 
occupation  of  a  crier  of  pubhc  sales.  He 
died  in  1820  near  Trumbauersville,  Pa., 
at  the  age  of  70  years,  a  respected 
citizen. 

This  House  Tax  Act  was  looked  upon 
as  very  burdensome  and  unjust  by  a 
great  many  people  in  Eastern  Pennsyl- 
vania. \\  hen  the  assessors,  who  had 
been  appointed  by  the  government  (but 
in  many  instances  the  people  had  been 
allowed  to  choose  their  own  assessor?, 
but  which  was  refused)  began  their 
duties  they  w^ere  chased  from  one  place 
to  the  other,  so  that  no  assessment  was 
made  that  year  in  Milford  township  and 
the  trouble  was  just  as  serious  in  Ma- 
cungie  and  what  is  now  the  upper  part 
of  Lehigh  County  where  the  opposition 
to  law  found  many  supporters. 

This  movement  against  the  Tax  Law 
spread  rapidly  in  Northampton,  Bucks 
and  Montgomery  Counties  that  many  of 
the  assessors  quit  their  work.  Those 
who  kept  at  their  work  were  threatened 
with  their  lives.  John  Foulke,  the  as- 
sessor of  Milford,  was  threatened  to  be 
shot  through  the  legs  if  he  did  not  quit 
his  work.    Samuel  Clark  was  treated  the 


same  w^ay.  Then  Mr.  Chapman,  the  as- 
sessor for  the  entire  district  with  three 
more  assessors  began  to  try  to  make  the 
assessments  but  were  forced  to  stop 
their  work  by  Fries  and  his  followers. 
Fries  was  ably  seconded  by  Frederick 
Heany  and  George  Getman. 

Roderick  and  Foulke,  two  of  the  as- 
sessors were  threatened  with  their  lives 
if  they  did  not  lay  down  their  work. 

On  March  5,  1798,  Fries  told  the  men 
that  he  could  muster  700  men  by  next 
morning,  March  6,  and  that  he  would 
fight  the  House  Tax  Act  to  the  bitter 
end,  and  if  he  would  meet  Mr.  Clark  in 
the  company  with  Mr.  Roderick,  he 
would  deal  with  him  badly. 

The  next  morning  Fries  with  between 
50  and  60  of  his  followers,  commenced 
to  drive  the  assessors  away,  and  if  they 
refused  to  go  he  would  take  them  pris- 
oners. Captain  Kuder  aided  Fries  in 
this  instance.  Many  of  Fries'  men  wore 
uniforms  and  were  accompanied  by  a 
drum  corps  and  fife.  Fries  himself  wore 
a  large  feather  in  his  hat  and  had  a 
heavy  revolver. 

They  marched  to  Quakertown  where 
they  found  the  assessor  and  Fries  order- 
ed his  men  to  fire  upon  him,  but  they 
missed  their  aim.  After  Fries  and  his  men 
left  Quakertown  they  met  a  man  who 
defended  the  cause  of  the  government 
for  which  he  was  roughly  handled  by 
Fries  and  his  followers.  At  this  time, 
too,  Fries  heard  by  a  messenger  that  the 
United  States  Marshal  Nicholas  had  ar- 
rested several  of  his  followers  at  Mil- 
lerstown  for  resisting  the  assessors. 
Fries  met  the  party  that  had  gathered 
at  Conrad  Marx's  home  to  rescue  the 
prisoners.  They  then  went  their  way  to 
Bethlehem,  on  the  way  they  met  a  son 
of  Marx,  who  told  them  that  they  might 
just  as  well  go  home  as  the  people  of 
Northampton  County  were  able  enough 
to  rescue  the  prisoners.  Upon  hearing 
this  some  of  them  were  for  returning, 
but  Fries  would  not  listen  and  ordered 
them  to  go  ahead  and  rescue  the  pris- 
oners. 

When  they  arrived  at  the  bridge  at 
Bethlehem  they  held  a  consultation,  and 


THE  FRIES  REBELLION 


707 


there  were  met  by  a  deputation  from  the 
marshal  who  told  them  that  they  should 
go  home.  But  Fries  told  them  frankly 
that  they  would  not  return  home  if  they 
could  not  take  the  prisoners  along, 
which,  of  course,  the  marshal  refused  to 
do.  Thereupon  Fries  paid  the  toll  and 
they  crossed  the  bridge  and  demanded 
the  release  of  the  prisoners,  and  said  if 
his  demand  was  refused  he  would  re- 
lease them  by  force.  The  marshal  re- 
fused to  accede  to  this  demand,  when 
Fries  and  his  men  retired  a  short  dis- 
tance and  held  another  consultation. 
Fries  exhorted  his  men  and  encouraged 
them  by  telling  them  that  undoubtedly 
he  would  be  the  first  one  to  fall,  that 
they  should  then  do  their  best  to  rescue 
*their  fellow  men  by  all  means,  but  they 
should  not  fire  first. 

Then  they  moved  forward  and  forced 
the  marshal  to  give  up  his  prisoners. 
Fries  and  his  men  with  the  prisoners 
marched  off  in  high  glee  at  their  suc- 
cess. 

President  Adams,  when  he  heard  ot 
this  affair,  ordered  troops  to  be  raised 
in  Lancaster  County  to  quell  the  rebel- 
lion and  sent  other  soldiers  to  the  rescue 
to  aid  the  assessors  to  make  assessments 
in  Low  Hill,  Weisenberg,  Lynn  and 
Heidelberg  and  arrested  Fries  and  his 
followers  at   Macungie    (Millerstown). 

The  marshals  at  the  Sun  Inn,  Bethle- 
hem, were  Judge  William  Henry,  Wil- 
liam Barnet,  John  Moholland,  Christian 
Roth,  Isaac  Hartzel  and  Philip  Sheetz. 
and  those  who  went  with  him  to  make 
the  arrests  at  Macungie  stated  that  they 
did  not  meet  with  any  trouble  until  they 
came  to  George  Seiders  in  Macungie 
township.  They  stopped  at  the  house  of 
Rev.  Van  Buskirk,  where  they  left  their 
horses  and  went  on  foot  to  Millerstown 
to  serve  the  warrants  on  George  Schaf- 
fer,  who  was  not  at  home.  Then  they 
went  to  the  hotel,  where  they  found 
Schafifcr  and  arrested  him. 

Soon  a  number  of  persons  assembled 
who  protested  at  the  arrest  of  Schaef- 
fer  and  one  David  Schaeffer,  who  seem- 
ed to  be  the  leader,  said  Col.  Balliet  and 
Eirly  were  nothing  but  damned  rascals. 


and  that  the  people  should  horsewhip 
them.  They  also  arrested  Rev.  Mr. 
Eierman  and  John  Fuchs. 

Mr.  Dixon,  of  Emaus,  and  Mr. 
Keanc,  of  Easton,  came  and  aided  the 
marshal  in  making  the  arrests. 

David  Schafifer,  Jacob  Klein  and  Phil- 
ip Desch,  Mr.  Kelper  and  Mr.  Panics 
acted  as  scouts  for  Fries  and  kept  him 
posted  in  the  movements  of  the  marshal 
and  the  soldiers. 

Jacob  Snyder  had  been  appointed  as- 
sessor of  Upper  Milford,  but  declined  to 
serve,  when  Mr.  Hcckenwelder  was  ap- 
pointed in  his  place. 

When  George  Schafifer  was  arrested, 
lie  said:  "Take  me  a  prisoner,  but  you 
will  see  how  far  you  will  come,"  where- 
upon a  number  of  the  people  sprang  up 
and  said,  "If  one  man  is  taken  prisoner 
we  will  by  the  help  of  God  rescue  him.' 
The  assessors  were  called  rascals  by  the 
people  and  said  that  if  the  House  Tax 
act  was  a  law,  still  they  would  not 
obey  it. 

Those  who  aided  the  marshal  and  the 
soldiers  to  capture  the  men  were  de- 
spised and  shunned  and  whenever  they 
passed  by  the  people  shouted,  "Dort 
geht  dcr  verrather  oder  dort  kommt  der 
verrather."  (There  goes  the  spy  or  here 
he  comes,  the  spy.) 

A  month  later  Fries  was  captured 
near  Bunker  Hill.  Bucks  County,  in  a 
swamp  by  the  soldiers,  being  betrayed 
by  a  small  dog. 

He  who  defied  the  assessors  and  the 
marshal  came  skulkily  and  let  himself  be 
taken  a  prisoner  witliout  resistance,  and 
taken  to  Philadelphia,  where  he  and  his 
fellow  prisoners  were  placed  on  trial  for 
treason. 

The  charges  against  Fries  and  his  fol- 
lowers were  as  follows : 

1.  Opposition  to  the  House  Tax  Act. 

2.  Hindering  the  assessors  in  their 
duties. 

3.  Holding  unlawful  meetings  for 
interfering  with  the  execution  of  the 
laws  of  the  LInited  States. 

4.  Suppressed  the  friends  of  the 
government  or  any  one  who  should  aid 
or  assist  the  officials  in  their  duties. 


7o8 


THE  PENN  GERMANIA 


5.  To  rescue  any  one  arrested  by  the 
government  and  followed. 

6.  No  explanation  of  the  law  heeded 
by  the  people. 

7      Violence  as  used  by  the  people. 

8.  Opposing-  the  United  States  offi- 
cials while  performing  their  duty. 

The  trial  of  Fries  began  m  the  cir- 
cuit court  of  the  United  States  at  Phila- 
delphia, April  I,  I799>  before  Judge 
James  Iredell,  of  the  United  States  Su- 
preme Court. 

The  charge  of  Judge  Iredell  to  the 
Grand  Jury  was  a  comprehensive  one 
and  they  returned  a  true  bill  on  May  i, 
1799  The  following  composed  the 
Grand  Jury:  Isaac  Wharton,  foreman; 
J  Ross,  Joseph  Parker,  Robert  Ralston, 
John  Perot,  Daniel  Smith,  EdKvard  Pen- 
nington, Benjamin  W.  Morris,  John 
Craig,  David  H.  Cunningham,  Gideon 
H  Wells,  William  Montgomery.  Philip 
Ricklin,  Thomas  W.  Willing,  Samuel 
Coates,  J.  E.  Fisher,  W.  Buckley. 

William  Rawle,  clerk  of  the  court, 
made  his  charge  to  the  court  May  i. 
1799. 

The  following  men  were  drawn  as 
jurymen:  William  Jolly,  Philadelphia; 
Samuel  Mitchel,  Bucks  County;  Wil- 
liam Leedom,  Bucks  County;  Anthony 
Cuthberth,  Philadelphia;  John  Singer, 
Philadelphia;  Samuel  Richards,  Phila- 
delphia; Joseph  Hornton,  Philadelphia; 
William  Ramsay,  Bucks  County;  Gera- 
dus  Wynkoop,  Bucks  County;  Philip 
Walter  and  John  Roth,  of  Northampton 
County  (Whitehall  Township).  He  was 
found  guilty.    A  new  trial  was  granted. 

Jurymen  were  as  follows  in  the  second 
trial:  Samuel  Wheeler,  Henry  Pepper, 
John  Taggert,  Cornelius  Cornegys,  Eph- 
raim  Clark,  Thomas  Bailey,  Lorenz 
Kaufman,  John  Edge,  Charles  Deschler, 
Henry  Dubois,  Isaac  Dehaven  and  John 
Balliet. 

Counsel  for  the  United  States  were 
Mr.  Rawle  and  Mr.  Ingersol. 

Fries  had  no  counsel. 

Additional  witnesses  heard  in  the  sec- 
ond trial  were:  Christian  Heckewelter, 
John     Romig,     Jacob      Oswald,     Isaac 


Scheimer,  John  Williams  and  Daniel 
Weidner. 

The  jury  brought  in  a  verdict  of 
guilty  and  Judge  Chase  sentenced  John 
Fries  to  death.  He  was  afterwards 
pardoned  by  the  president. 

Conrad  Marx  was  tried  for  treason  at 
Norristown,  April  26,  1800,  and  found 
not  guilty  for  treason,  before  the  fol- 
lowing jury:  Richard  Downing,  Thom- 
as Morris,  Jacob  Grim,  Eli  Cawley, 
Richard  Roberts,  Francis  Gardner,  John 
Jacobs,  Benjamin  Morris,  Anton  Ober- 
ly,  John  Longstreth,  William  Davis, 
Llewellyn  Davis. 

Mr.  Rawle,  counsel  for  the  govern- 
ment, Mr.  Ross  and  Mr.  Hopkinson  for 
Mr.  Marx. 

He  was  tried  again  and  found  guilty 
for  opposing  and  aiding  in  the  insurrec- 
tion and  sentenced  by  Judge  Chase  to 
two  years'  imprisonment  and  $1000  fine 
and  furnish  bail  for  good  behavior  as 
follows,  himself  $2000  and  two  bails 
each  for  $1000.  Marx  was  considered 
a  very  dangerous  man  by  the  court  who 
said  that  he  ought  to  have  been  found 
guilty  of  treason  and  suffer  the  same 
penalty  as  Fries. 

George  Gehman  and  Fred  Hainey 
found  guilty  of  treason  and  sentenced 
to  death  with  Fries,  both  pardoned. 

Anton  Stabler  tried  for  treason  and 
found  not  guilty  but  was  afterwards 
charged  by  the  grand  jury  who  found  a 
true  bill  against  him  for  aiding  in  the 
insurrection  with  Philip  Desch  and  Ja- 
cob Kline  and  were  found  guilty, 
and  each  sentenced  to  eight  months 
imprisonment  and  $150  fine  and  fur- 
nish bail  for  good  behavior  for  one 
year  of  $400. 

Mr.  Ross  and  Mr.  Hopkinson  were 
counsel  for  Stabler  and  his  jurymen 
were  the  following:  Richard  Robinson, 
Charles  Deschler,  George  Ellig,  John 
Starbord,  John  Jones,  John  Edge,  Ja- 
cob Grim,  David  Jones,  William  Pres- 
ton, Thomas  Morris,  Peter  Elder,  Abra- 
ham Heed. 

Henry  Shiffert,  Henry  Stabler,  Daniel 
Schwartz,   Sr.,  Christian  Ruth,  George 


THE  FKIES   REBELLION 


709 


Schaeffer,  Daniel  Schwartz,  Jr.,  were 
tried  for  aiding  in  the  insurrection. 

Counsel  for  the  prisoners  were  Mr. 
Keane  and  Mr.  Dallas. 

Witnesses  that  testified  were  the  fol- 
lowing :  Col.  Nichols,  Samuel  Thunis, 
Andreas  Shiffert,  William  BarnC-  Wil- 
liam Henry,  John  Fogel,  John  Moritz, 
Jacob  Eierly,  Christian  Heckweltcr, 
Judge  Peters,  Jacob  Sterner,  Daniel 
Reisch  and  John  Shimer. 

They  were  all  found  guilty  except 
Daniel  Schwartz,  Jr.,  and  received  the 
following  sentence   from  Judge   Iredell. 

George  Shaffer,  8  months  imprison- 
ment, $400  fine  for  the  first  offence,  for 
the  second  offence  $200  fine  and  4 
months  imprisonment  and  furnish  bail 
for  good  behavior  for  two  years,  he  him- 
self $1000  and  two  bails  each  of  $500. 

Daniel  Schwartz,  Sr.,  8  months'  im- 
prisonment, $400  fine  and  furnish  bail 
for  good  behavior  for  one  year,  he  him- 
self for  $1000  and  two  bails  each  for 
$500.  _ 

Christian  Ruth,  8  months'  imprison- 
ment, $200  fine,  furnish  bail  for  good 
behavior  for  one  year,  he  himself  foi 
$1000,  and  two  bails  each  for  $500. 

Henry  Stabler,  8  months'  imprison- 
ment, $200  fine,  furnish  the  same  bail  as 
Swartz  and  Ruth  did  for  good  behavior. 

Henry  Shiffert,  8  months  imprison- 
ment, $200  fine  and  furnish  bail  for 
good  behavior,  he  hiiuself  for  $500  and 
two  bails  each  for  $250. 

Each  of  the  prisoners  to  pay  in  addi- 
tion the  costs  of  the  Court.  But  when 
the  Court  was  informed  about  the  pris- 
oners' financial  circumstances  their  sen- 
tences w-ere  somewhat  reduced. 

Rev.  Jacob  Eierman  was  placed  on 
trial  for  aiding  in  the  rescue  of  the  pris- 
oners at  Bethlehem  and  opposing  the  as- 
sessors at  Norristown,  Pa.,  October  16, 
1799,  before  Judges  Washington  and 
Peters.  He  pleaded  not  guilty  to  the 
charge. 

Witnesses  for  the  Government  were 
Colonel  Nichols.  Jacob  Eierly,  John 
Zerfas,  John  Snyder,  Simon  Heller. 
Judge  Peters. 

Verdict  was  guilty   and  he   was  sen- 


tenced by  the  Court  to  one  year's  im- 
prisonment and  $50  fine,  and  furnish 
bail  for  good  behavior  for  one  year  for 
$1000. 

The  following  is  a  detailed  account  of 
the  names,  time  of  imprisonment  and 
fine  of  each  of  the  convicted  men  of 
which  quite  a  number  were  residents  ot 
Miacungie  Township,  Northampton 
County  (now  Lehigh  County). 

Henry  Jarrett,  2  years,  $1000  fine. 

Conrad  Marx,  2  years,  $800  fine. 

Valentine  Kudcr,  2  years,  $200  fine. 

Jacob  Eierman,  i  year,  $50  fine. 

Plenry  Shankweiler,  i  year,  $150  fine. 

Michael  Schmoyer,  9  months,  $400 
fine. 

Henry  Smith,  8  months,  $200  fine, 

Philip  Ruth,  6  months,  $200  fine. 

Jacob  Klein,  6  months,  $150  fine. 

Herman  Hartman,  6  months,  $150 
fine. 

Philip  Ruth,  6  months,  $200  fine. 

John  Eberhard,  6  months,  $roo  fine. 

John  Huber,  6  months,  $150  fine. 

Christian  Sachs,  6  months,  $200  fine. 

John  Klein,  Jr.,  6  months,  $100  fine. 

Daniel  Klein,  6  months,  $150  fine. 

Jacob  Klein,  6  months,  $150  fine. 

Adam  Breich.  6  months,  $150  fine. 

George  Memberger,  6  months,  $150 
fine. 

George  Gehman,  6  months,  $100  fine. 

William  Gehman,  6  months,  $100  fine. 

Abraham  Schantz,  4  months,  $100 
fine. 

Henry    Memberger,    4    months,    $100 

fine. 

Peter  Hager,  4  months,  $100  fine. 

Abraham  Samsel,  3  months.  $50  fine. 

P.  Huntzberger,  3  months,  $50  finer 

Peter  Gabel,  2  months,  $40  fine. 

Jacob  Gabel,  2  months,  $40  fine. 

Each  of  the  above  was  yet  required 
to  enter  bail  for  his  good  behavior. 

It  must  be  said  in  favor  of  each  and 
every  one  that  had  been  convicted  that 
their  sentences  and  fines  were  largely 
reduced  and  all  became  useful  and  influ- 
ential citizens  in  the  counties  in  which 
they  lived. 

So  ended  Fries'  Rebellion.  It  vvas 
one  of  those  lesser  disorders    to    which 


7IO 


THE   PENN  GERMANIA 


all  governments  are  subject,  which 
might  have  been  very  dangerous  to  the 
government  had  not  the  government 
used  its  strong  arm,  which  nearly  cost 
the  leader  and  his  followers  tHeir  lives. 

It  must  be  said,  too,  that  these  men 
who  opposed  the  House  Tax  Act  were 
not  the  scum  of  the  neighborhood  in 
which  they  lived,  but  the  best  and  most 
influential  and  conscientious  citi- 
zens, and  Fries,  their  leader,  possessed 
all  the  elements  necessary  to  lead  his 
men  to  do  any  daring  deed. 

The  results  of  these  disorders  were  in 
short  that  the  Government  repealed  the 
obnoxious  laws,  and  enacted  other  laws 
more  in  harmony  with  the  conditions  of 
the  country.  Those  who  took  part  in 
this  affair  now  sleep  their  last  sleep  in 
the  neighborhood  in  which  they  lived  at 
Macungie,  at  the  Lehigh  Church,  West- 
em  Salisbury  Church,  Old  Zionsville  and 
Trexlertown. 


Philip  Wescoe,  the  grandfather  of  our 
venerable  citizen,  Joseph  Gaumer  (who 
died  a  few  weeks  ago),  was  also  one  of 
the  followers  of  Fries  and  had  to  go  in 
hiding  when  the  United  States  officials 
came  to  make  the  arrests.  Wescoe, 
when  he  got  clue  of  the  coming  of  the 
officers,  hid  himself  in  a  large  pine  tree 
in  the  woods  not  far  from  his  home, 
thus  escaping  arrest.  The  officers 
searched  the  house  and  barn  and  threw 
their  sabers  into  the  hay,  straw,  boxes 
and  bedding,  but  their  man  was  safe  in 
hiding  and  came  forth  from  the  same  as 
soon  as  the  officers  had  left.  Wescoe  at 
the  time  lived  on  what  is  now  the  W.  O. 
Lichtenwalner's  farm.  He  owned  sev- 
eral hundred  acres  of  land  at  this  place. 
He  was  the  father  of  Solomon  Wescoe, 
the  principal  donor  and  one  of  the 
founders  of  Solomon's  Reformed 
Church,  Macungie. 


Is  Socialism  No  categorical  yes  or 

Anti-Christian?  no  will  do  as  an  an- 
swer to  this  question. 
There  are  many  Socialists  that  are  at 
heart  Christian  and  that  believe  they  are 
teaching  the  doctrines  of  Christ  in  so  far 
as  they  touch  civic  and  social  relations. 
But  it  can  not  be  denied  that  the  trend  of 
socialistic  teaching,  as  it  emanates  from 
the  leading  propagandists,  is  decidedly 
anti-Christian.  The  hot-bed  of  this  type 
of  socialistic  heresy  is  Germany.  Ever 
since  the  venerable  leader  of  German 
Socialists  in  the  Reichstag,  August  Be- 
bel,  who  is  a  pronounced  atheist,  began 
to  become  a  prominent  figure  in  the 
councils  of  the  nation,  an  enormous  im- 
petus has  been  given  to  the  anti-Clyis- 
tian  tenor  of  socialistic  teaching.  His 
book  of  many  years  ago  on  "Die  Frau," 
which  teaches  doctrine  that  can  hardly 
be  distinguished  from  free  love,  has  been 
widely  read  by  the  youth  of  the  father- 
land, and  is  beginning  to  bear  a  harvcs" 
of  terrible  fruitage. 
'We  have  heard    some    rank  socialistic 


doctrine  in  America — doctrine  which,  if 
allowed  to  go  vmchallenged-  would  mean 
the  ultimate  undoing  of  both  the  Church 
and  its  teachings.  Certain  it  is,  that  So- 
cialism in  general  has  come  to  be  a  grow- 
ing menace,  and  many  good  people,  with 
here  and  there  a  minister  of  the  Gospel 
among  them,  seem  to  be  unaware  of  the 
dangerous  company  they  are  in  — 
unaware  of  the  fact  that  they  are 
playing  with  a  mischievous  gun 
that  kicks  backwards  at  religion 
as  vigorously  as  it  shoots  forward 
against  real  or  imagined  ills.  The  Ro- 
man Catholic  Church,  first  to  realize  the 
magnitude  of  the  danger  that  threatens 
Christianity  from  this  source,  has  thrown 
down  the  gauntlet  and  is  fighting  con- 
sistently and  vigorously.  But  mere  re- 
pression will  not  stem  the  tide.  A  cam- 
paign of  education  is  what  is  needed.  If 
there  are  any  Lutherans  who  have  given 
the  subject  careful  thought  and  study, 
we  should  be  glad  to  hear  from.  them. — • 
The  Lnhcran. 


The  Disappearance  of  the  Lenni  Lenape 
From  the  Delaware  and  Their  Subsequent 

Migrations 


By  W.  J.  Heller,  Easton,  Pa, 


HERE  are  many  thousand 
pages  written  on  the  sub- 
ject of  the  American  In- 
dians and  very  many  of 
these  are  devoted  to  a 
theoretic  discussion  of  the 
origin  of  this  primitive 
people,  and  these  theories  are  just 
as  varied  and  numerous  as  the  writ- 
ers themselves.  Regarding  the  pres- 
ent and  the  future  of  the  Red  man, 
these  writers  are  generally  of  one 
mind,  based  on  the  old  rule  that  an 
Indian  is  an  Indian  and  the  best 
Indian  is  the  dead  Indian.  Novelists 
write  to  please  white  men — to  gain 
their  approbation — and  they  know  that 
race  prejudice  is  strong  enough  that  the 
presentation  of  the  white  man  as  the 
hero  and  the  red  man  as  the  villian  is 
more  acceptable  than  if  they  were  placed 
z'icc  versa.  Consequently  we  lack  a  cor- 
rect conception  of  the  true  type  of  the 
American  Indian.  J.  Fennimore  Coop- 
er was  the  only  novelist  who  had  the 
moral  courage  to  depict  the  Indian  in 
his  true  character,  for  which  he  was 
woefully  criticised,  and  his  "Cooper's 
Indian"  was  always  held  up  to  ridicule. 

The  Indian  is  a  natural  warrior,  a 
natural  logician,  a  natural  artist.  We 
have  room  for  all  three  in  our  highly 
organized  social  system.  It  is  a  mistake 
in  the  process  of  absorbing  him,  of 
washing  out  of  him  whatever  is  distinct- 
ly Indian.  It  is  absurd  to  consider  him 
as  a  white  man  with  a  red  skin  and  then 
try  to  make  him  white.  Our  aboriginal 
brother  brings  as  his  contribution  to  the 
common  store  of  character  a  great  deal 
which  is  admirable  and  which  needs  only 


to  be  developed  along  the  right  line.  All 
the  Indians,  both  full-blood  and  those 
intermingled  with  cheap  white,  within 
our  borders  today  are  civilized.  What 
some  of  the  latter  need  is  a  refining  in- 
fluence. They  detest  a  preacher  but  re- 
spect a  teacher,  so  the  missionaries  find 
it  just  as  difliicult  to  convert  an  Indian 
as  to  convert  his  white  neighbor,  but 
they  appreciate  the  school,  as  they  can 
here  see  results  for  the  good.  This  is 
an  instance  where  one  school  teacher  is 
worth  a  dozen  preachers.  The  policy 
of  the  government  is  not  to  forcibly  up- 
root his  strong  traits  as  an  Indian,  but 
to  induce  him  to  modify  them ;  to  teach 
him  to  recognize  the  nobility  of  giving 
without  expectation  of  return  and  to 
show  true  chivalry  in  good  faith  toward 
an  active  foe  and  mercy  for  a  fallen 
one.  Unfortunately  the  government 
treats  all  Indians  as  one  class,  no  mat- 
ter whether  he  comes  from  the  north, 
the  south  or  the  east.  Just  why  this  is 
so  is  not  quite  clear.  Then  there  is  the 
ever  present  missionary  intent  on  mak- 
ing converts  in  short,  quick  order  mere- 
ly to  enable  him  to  report  home  his  suc- 
cess and  the  fact  that  he  is  up  and  do- 
ing, utterly  overlooking  the  fact  that  the 
Indian  receives  his  greatest  impression 
of  the  deity  from  the  cow  boys  and  the 
rough  border  men  and  parrot-like  gives 
expressions  utterly  unlooked  for.  Thus 
when  a  new  Presbyterian  minister  was 
urging  an  Indian  to  come  and  hear  him 
preach,  the  Indian  replied :  "May-be-so, 
today  you  heap  preach  God  dam ;  to- 
morrow you  steal  Indian's  pony." 

The  Indian's  lack  of  confidence  in  the 
white  man  is  more  fully  illustrated  by 


711 


712 


THE   PENN  GERMANIA 


another  incident.  An  Indian  consulted 
an  agent  concerning  the  signing  of  cer- 
tain papers.  The  agent  told  him  it  was 
all  right,  he  should  sign  it.  He  asked 
the  missionary,  also  the  trader  and  fin- 
ally he  appealed  to  the  U.  S.  Commis- 
sioner, who  also  advised  him  to  sign  it. 
Finally  the  Commissioiner  lost  patience 
and  said :  "You  won't  believe  your  agent, 
the  merchants,  nor  the  missionary,  and 
you  won't  believe  me !  Whom  will  you 
believe?"  The  Indian  replied:  "May- 
be-so,  nobody." 

The  result  of  experience  has  taught  us 
that  the  Indian  has  as  distinct  an  indi- 
viduality as  any  type  of  man  who  ever 
lived,  and  he  will  never  be  judged  right 
until  we  learn  to  measure  him  by  his 
own  standards,  as  we  whites  would 
wish  to  be  measured  if  some  more  pow- 
erful race  were  to  usurp  dominion  over 
us.  We  must  not  judge  him  by  the 
hanger-on  about  the  edges  of  ah  agency 
or  by  the  lazy  fellow  who  lounges  all 
day  in  a  gambling  room  of  a  frontier 
town  or  from  the  screen  of  the  motion 
picture  show.  To  get  at  the  real  Indian 
we  must  go  back  into  the  wilder  coun- 
try, where  white  men  have  not  yet 
penetrated.  There  we  find  him  as  a 
man  of  fine  physique,  a  model  of  hospi- 
tality, a  kind  parent,  a  genial  companion, 
a  staunch  friend  and  a  faithful  pledge- 
keeper  and  of  this  kind  are  today  the 
descendants  of  that  best  clan  of  all 
North  American  Indians,  the  Lenni  Len- 
nape  (which  in  English  means  "men  of 
men"),  commonly  called  the  Delawares, 
with  whom  our  forefathers  lived  in 
peace  and  friendship  for  more  than  fift> 
years. 

The  Indian  that  is  pictured  in  our 
mind's  eye  is  that  type  which  is  fpuna 
between  the  Mississippi  River  and  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  the  wild  rovers  of 
the  plains,  and  not  that  superior  people 
who  were  banished  from  Bucks  County 
in  1742,  when  we  took  his  land  and  gave 
him  in  return  land  that  belonged  to  him, 
and.  to  ease  our  minds  and  appease  his 
wrath,  we  added  a  few  bushels  of  rusty 
nails,  tin  trinkets,  broken  glass  and 
gaudy  calico. 


Incomplete  would  be  a  written  history 
of  the  American  Indians  if  it  did  not 
contain  some  reference  to  Bucks  County. 
However  it  is  the  purpose  of  this  paper 
to  record  the  doings  of  these  people 
from  the  time  of  their  disappearance 
from  the  valley  of  this,  their  grand  na- 
tional river,  to  the  period  of  modern 
times.  This  paper  at  this  time  is  very 
appropriate  by  reason  of  there  having 
been  recently  established  a  great  confed- 
eration of  all  Indian  Nations  of  North 
America.  The  objects  of  this  brother- 
hood are  to  teach,  obtain  and  maintain 
rights,  liberties  and  justice  for  all  In- 
dians equal  to  that  of  any  people  and  in- 
ferior to  none ;  to  preserve  and  perpet- 
uate the  ancient  traditions,  arts  and  cus- 
toms of  North  American  Indians ;  to 
encourage  industry  and  thrift  among 
Indian  people  ;  to  collect,  secure  the  pre- 
servation of  and  to  publish  the  records, 
papers,  documents  and  traditions  of  his- 
torical value ;  to  mark  places  historic 
and  sacred  to  the  American  Indian,  etc. 
This  organization  was  perfected  at  Wash- 
ington, D.  C,  December  5th,  191 1,  by 
full-blooded  Indian  men  of  prominence, 
wealth  and  education  of  all  the  Indian 
nations  and  tribes  of  America.  Thi^ 
grand  aggregation  is  under  the  leader- 
ship of  a  master  mind ;  a  man  of  excep- 
tional, intellectual  attainments ;  a  liiieal 
descendant  of  a  long  line  of  ancient 
Delaware  kings ;  endowed  with  all  the 
virtues,  poetical  and  oratorical  capabili- 
ties, of  his  famous  ancestor  St.  Tam- 
many. This  modern,  aboriginal  Moses 
is  in  full  accord  with  his  people,  moving 
along  a  line  of  policy  in  decided  con- 
trast to  that  of  other  famous  Indian 
leaders  who  figure  in  our  three  hundred 
years  of  American  history. 

Our  story  opens  at  a  period  waen  the 
different  clans  of  the  Delawares  were 
becoming  amalgamated  through  the  en- 
croachment of  white  settlers  east  of  the 
Delaware.  Then  we  find  that  the  Turtle 
tribes  had  disposed  of  the  greater  por- 
tion of  New  Jersey  and  migrated  across 
the  Delaware  and  affiliated  with  the 
Turkey  tribes  below  the  Lehigh.  A  few 
gypsied  around  in  the  Forks  of  the  Del- 


THE  DISAPPEARANCE   OF   THE  LENNI  LENAPE 


713 


aware,  below  the  Blue  Mountains,  and 
directly  east  of  these  latter  were  the 
Pompton  tribes,  covering:  all  of  upper 
Jersey.  North  of  these,  and  above  the 
Blue  Mountains,  were  the  Wolf,  or  as 
they  called  themselves,  the  Minnisinks— 
and  known  to  the  others  as  Minsi  and 
Mousey.  Out  of  these  different  tribes 
several  hundred  converts  had  been  gath- 
ered by  the  Moravian  Brethren. 

These  German  Moravians  in  their  ef- 
forts to  Christianize  these  Indians  were 
strenuously  opposed  by  the  Scotch-Trish 
Presbyterians,    who    displayed  consider- 
able fanaticism.     They  professed  to  be- 
lieve that  the  Indians  were  the  Canaan- 
ites  of  the  western  world,  and  that  God's 
command  to     Joshua     to     destroy  held 
good  with  regards  to  the  American  In- 
dians, therefore  these  men  were  alwnys 
readv  to  exterminate  the  red  man,  re- 
gardless of  age     or     sex.     Toward  the 
Christian     Indians     their    greatest    ani- 
mosity was  shown  and  these  poor,  in- 
offensive people   were  murdered  when- 
ever    an     opportunity  presented     itsdf. 
The  Moravians  experienced     less     dififi- 
cultv  in  taming  these  savages  than  the 
eovernment  did  in  subduing  the  Scotch- 
Irish,  who  discovering  the  weakness  of 
the  government,  formed  themselves  int^ 
lawless,    armed    bands,    murdering    the 
Indians  wherever  they  were  to  be  found. 
Thus  in  1763,  after  the  massacre  of  the 
Conestoga  Indians     in     the     Lancaster 
jail,  the  Lenni  Lenape  deemed  it  advis- 
able  for  their  safety  to  withdraw  alto- 
gether from  the  interior  of  the  white  set- 
tlements,  and  make  their   abode   in  the 
territory  along  both  the     east  and  west 
branches  of  the  Susquehanna. 

The  government,  conscious  that  they 
no  longer  could  protect  any  Indians, 
whether  Christian  or  not,  whom  they  had 
with  difficulty  prevented  from  sharing 
the  fate  of  the  Conestogas,  requested 
them  to  retire  into  the  back  country. 
The  Christian  Indians  settled  at  Wyalu- 
sing,  fully  one  hundred  miles  from  the 
white  settlers.  All  the  other  Indians  of 
the  several  tribes  living  in  the  Forks  of 
the  Delaware  and  the  regions  round 
about,  migrated  still  farther  northward 


and  westward.     In  these  localities  they 
lived  quietly,  built  houses,  planted  fruit 
trees     and     cultivated     the     land.     But 
while  they  were  flattering  themselves  with 
the  most  favorable  prospects,  they  were 
informed  that  the  Six  Nations  had  sold 
their  entire  country,  including  the  land 
just  settled,  to  the  English.    This  was  m 
1768.     The  Christian  Indians  migrated 
to  the  headwaters     of     the  Ohio  River, 
above  Pittsburg,  where  some  straggling 
bands    of     Delawares  had  located  some 
years     previous.     The     Turkey     Tribes 
under  Tamaqua  had  migrated  at  a  peri- 
od between  1742   (the  date  of  the  ban- 
ishment) and  175O'    to    the    Allegheny 
River,  north  of  Pittsburg, ,  and  later  to 
the  territory  that  is  now  western  Ohio 
and  eastern  Indiana.     A   few   bands  of 
Minnisinks,   who  had  been  very   active 
in  the  depredations  along  the  upper  Del- 
aware River     in     1754     and  175^,  had 
pushed  their  way  northward  and  settled 
in  Canada  where     they     affiliated  with 
some  other  stragglers  from  the  Six  Na- 
tions and     finally     lost     their     original 
identity. 

About  the  year  1772     all     the     Dela- 
wares. including    the    Christian  Indians 
then  living  within     the     confines  of  the 
present   state     of     Pennsylvania  moved 
farther  into  the  Indian  country,  settling 
on  the  Muskingom  River,  now  the  Tus- 
carawas in  the  present  State  of     Ohio. 
Here  the  Moravian  Indians  occupied  a 
settlement  called   Schoenbrun  or  Gnad- 
enhiitten  and     at     Newcomerstown  and 
Coshocton  were  the  two  capitals  of  the 
Delaware     Nation,   Turtle     and   Minsi. 
And  here     the  advance     in     civilization 
which  had  been  made  by  the  entire  na- 
tion was  always  a  matter    of    favorable 
comment,  and  in  many  diaries,  of  trav- 
elers through  these  sections,  are  expres- 
sions of  surprise     at     what  was  found. 
Here  the  various  forces  became  united 
as  one  nation  under  the  following  rules 
promulated  by  the  grand  Council  of  the 
Nation  in  1773: 

1.  Liberty  is  given  to  the  Christian 
religion  which  the  council  advises  the 
entire  nation  to  adopt. 

2.  The   Christian   Indians   and   their 


714 


THE  PENN  GERMANIA 


teachers  are  on  an  absolute  equality  with 
other  Delawares,  all  of  them  together 
constituting  one  people. 

3.  The  National  territory  is  alike 
the  property  of  the  Christian  Indians  and 
of  the  native  Delawares. 

4.  Converts  only,  and  no  other  In- 
dians, shall  settle  near  the  Christian 
town  :  such  as  are  not  converts,  but  are 
now  living  near  such  towns,  shall  move 
away. 

5.  In  order  to  give  more  room  to  the 
Christian  Indians,  Gekelemukpechunk  is 
to  be  abandoned,  and  a  new  capital 
founded  farther  down  the  river. 

6.  The  Christian  Indians  are  invited 
to  build  a  third  town,  Netawatwes,  the 
then  ruling  king  of  the  nation,  expected 
to  see  the  entire  population  converted 
within  five  years  and  the  Christian  set- 
tlements becoming  famed  throughout  the 
entire  west.  They  were  built  on  a  new 
order  and  were  conveniently  governed 
without  the  aid  of  Colonial  magistrates 
by  a  complete  code  of  laws.  On  ques- 
tions of  great  import  decisions  were 
made  by  vote  of  all  the  people.  (This 
was  the  first  "Votes  for  Women"  in 
Ohio.) 

These  people  raised  grain,  cattle  and 
poultry.  Their  plantations  covered  hun- 
dreds of  acres  and  few  farm  yards  in 
Pennsylvania  had  poultry  in  greater  va- 
riety. Politics  was  represented  by  two 
parties.  The  principal  one  was  for 
peace,  undtr  the  leadership  of  Captain 
White-Eyes,  a  Turtle,  and  the  other  was 
the  war  party  under  Captain  Pipe,  a 
Minnisink. 

During  the  Revolutionary  War,  Cap- 
tain White-Eyes  was  a  firm  ally  of  the 
American  Government,  under  which  he 
held  a  commission  of  colonel,  and  was 
very  desirous  of  having  the  new  con- 
gress elect  his  lands  and  his  people  as 
the  fourteenth  state  in  the  new  Union. 
Unfortunately  he  died  at  a  period  when 
the  I'ritish  were  putting  forth  great  ef- 
fort to  win  over  the  Delawares.  The 
other  Indian  nations  of  the  west  sent 
emissaries  to  condole  with  the  Dela- 
wares in  the  loss  of  their  famous  chief- 
tain.   To  these,  Captain  Pipe  of  the  war 


party  made  overtures  and  successfully 
created  sympathy  for  the  British  cause. 

At  this  time,  one  of  the  great  war 
chiefs  of  the  Delawares,  a  renowned 
orator,  although  not  in  sympathy  with 
the  Christian  Indians,  held  them  in  great 
respect  and  knowing  that  the  Moravian 
teachings  would  prevent  them  from  re- 
sisting if  they  were  attacked  by  an  ene- 
my, visited  them  in  1781 — during  the 
most  troublesome  time  of  the  war — for 
the  purpose  of  requesting  their  removal 
to  a  place  of  safety.  After  delivering  an 
extensive  outburst  of  oratory,  recapitu- 
lating the  most  extraordinary  events 
which  had  happened  from  time  to  time 
for  more  than  three  hundred  years,  he 
concluded  in  these  words : 

'T  admit  that  there  are  good  white 
men,  but  they  bear  no  proportion  to  the 
bad ;  the  bad  must  be  the  strongest,  for 
they  rule.  They  do  what  they  please ; 
They  enslave  those  who  are  not  of  their 
color,  although  created  by  the  same 
Great  Spirit  who  created  them.  They 
would  make  slaves  of  us  if  they  could; 
but  as  they  cannot  do  it,  they  kill  us. 
There  is  no  faith  to  be  placed  in  their 
words.  They  are  not  like  the  Indians, 
who  are  only  enemies  while  at  war,  and 
are  friends  in  peace.  They  will  sav  to 
an  Indian,  'My  friend,  my  brother.' 
They  will  take  him  by  the  hand  and  at 
the  same  moment  destroy  him.  And  so 
you  will  also  be  treated  by  them  before 
long.  Remember  that  this  day  I  have 
warned  you  to  beware  of  such  friends 
as  these.  I  know  the  Long-knives.  They 
are  not  to  be  trusted." 

Eleven  months  after  this  was  delivered 
by  this  prophetic  chief,  ninety-six  of 
these  Christian  Indians,  about  sixty  of 
them  women  and  children,  were  mur- 
dered at  the  place  where  these  very 
words  had  been  spoken,  by  the  same 
men  he  had  alluded  to,  and,  in  the  same 
manner  that  he  had  described.  This 
murder  was  perpetrated  by  a  band  of 
Scotch-Irish  bordermen,  under  the  com- 
mand of  one  Williamson.  They  arrived 
at  Gnadenhiitten  where  the  day  was 
passed  in  an  interchange  of  courtesies ; 
the  poor  Indians     never     dreaming     of 


THE   DISAPPEARANCE   OF   THE   LENNI   LENAPE 


715 


treachery.  Williamson  drew  his  men  up 
in  line  during  the  evening  and  requested 
the  men  to  vote  whether  the  Indians 
should  be  killed  or  taken  to  Pittsburg. 
All  but  sixteen  men  voted  for  death. 
The  poor,  astonished  Christians  were 
made  captive  and  when  told  that  they 
were  to  be  killed,  said  that  if  it  was 
God's  will  that  they  were  to  be  destroyed 
they  were  ready  to  die.  They  only  ask- 
ed for  time  to  prepare  and  devote  the 
entire  night  to  song  and  prayer.  In  the 
morning,  these  murderers  impatient  to 
begin  their  work  of  blood,  selected  two 
buildings  which  they  styled  "slaughlcr 
houses."  One  in  which  to  kill  the  wo- 
men and  the  other  for  killing  the  men. 
The  captives,  who  continued  to  sing  and 
pray  in  exultant  tone,  were  brutally  told 
to  kneel  and  in  this  position  they  were 
killed  and  scalped,  two  at  a  time.  When 
all  the  men  and  boys  were  de^d,  the 
women  and  small  children  were  brought 
out  two  by  two,  taken  to  the  othe»-  house 
and  dispatched  with  the  same  System- 
atic barbarity.  One  was  a  woman  of 
education  and  refinement,  who  could 
speak  English  and  German  fluently,  a 
graduate  of  the  Moravian  College  for 
Women.  On  her  knees  she  addressed 
Williamson  in  English  and  begged  for 
her  life,  but  was  refused. 

This  act  on  the  part  of  the  Americans 
was  the  darkest  blot  of  the  Re^'olution 
and  nearly  caused  us  to  lose  the  respect 
of  all  Europe.  It  scattered  the  entire 
Delaware  Nation  and  all  the  good  work 
that  was  done  by  the  Moravians  was  loft. 
The  Delaware  Tribes  made  .:his  offense 
a  crime  for  which  there  was  no  atone- 
ment. In  this  they  were  joined  by  all 
the  affiliated  nations  of  the  west  and 
their  revenge  was  terrific,  costing  the 
United  States  thousands  of  lives  and 
millions  of  dollars  and  a  war  that  laste.l 
for  over  one  hundred  years. 

After  this  event  the  remnant  of  the 
Mt)ravian  Indians  located  at  Fairfield, 
Canada,  while  all  the  other  tribes  of  the 
Nation  retreated  to  what  is  now  Indiana. 
In  the  war  of  1812  General  Harrison 
was  sent  with  an  army  to  invade  Canada 
and  Fairfield,  becoming  a  battlefield,  was 


laid  waste  and  for  the  third  time  the 
Moravian  settlement  was  destroyed. 
Again  a  new  town  was  started  near  the 
scene  of  the  old  but  on  account  of  cer- 
tain conditions  it  did  not  prosper  and 
they  later  joined  the  main  body.  In  the 
year  1818,  the  Delaware  Nation  ceded 
to  the  United  States  all  of  their  land  in 
the  state  of  Indiana,  the  Government 
promising  to  provide  a  country  for  them, 
which  they  did,  by  giving  two  million 
acres  of  Kansas  land  for  their  four  and 
one-half  million  acres  of  Indiana  land. 

Finally  in  1829  they  began  locating  in 
the  forks  of  the  Kansas  and  Missouri 
Rivers,  and  by  the  year  1833  all  of  them 
had  reached  their  new  homes.  Here 
they  became  very  industrious ;  the  In- 
dian girls  spun  and  wove  excellent  cloth, 
made  shirts  and  other  clothing;  while  on 
more  than  two  thousand  acres  of  land 
there  were  cultivated  grain  anil  vege- 
tables. Great  quantities  of  hogs,  cattle 
and  horses  were  also  produced. 

Hardly  had  they  become  accustomed 
to  their  suroundings,  when  they  became 
encompassed  on  every  side  by  settlers, 
and  the  history  of  their  difficulties  and 
discouragements  was  again  repeated. 
Their  lands  were  trespassed  upon,  their 
timber  cut  down  and  destroyed,  and 
they  were  denied  the  protection  of  the 
law  to  either  their  property  or  persons. 
In  the  year  1854  the  Government  com- 
pelled them  to  relinquish  their  six  hun- 
dred thousand  acres  of  land  for  one 
million  dollars  and  defrauded  them  out 
of  one  million  acres  more  for  ten  thou- 
sand dollars.  The  railroad  then  made 
its  appearance  and  this  also  proved  to 
be  a  menace  to  the  poor  Lenni  Lenape. 
This  new  enemy  demanded  of  the  poli- 
tician at  home  and  the  administration 
at  Washington  the  removal  of  the  Dela- 
wares  to  some  other  and  more  remote 
place,  in  order  that  it  might  have  the 
benefit  of  their  possessions  for  specula- 
tive purposes.  The  railroad  and  the 
settler  pressed  the  politician,  the  politi- 
cian pressed  the  Administration  and  the 
Administration  pressed  the  Indian.  The 
government  did  not  pay  over  the  pur- 
chase money  until  many  years  afterward. 


7i6 


THE  PENN  GERMANIA 


but  gave  the  railroad  company  the  land 
gratis.    The  railroad  company  sold  it  for 
from  twenty     to     fifty  dollars  per  acre, 
reaUzing  over  five  million  dollars  on  the 
Indians'  land  without  a  cent  of  invest- 
ment.    Thus  harassed  and  irritated  be- 
yond further  endurance,  the  Delawares 
determined  to   again  put  themselves,  if 
possible,  out  of  the  reach  of  their  tor- 
mentors.    In  May,   1863,  the   Commis- 
sioner was  requested  to  grant  permission 
to  withdraw  $800  of  their  invested  funds 
with  which  to  defray  the  expenses  of  a 
delegation  of  their  people  to  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  in  the  forlorn  hope  that  in 
those  wild   and  rugged   fastnesses   they 
might  succeed  in  finding    a    horbor    of 
refuge.     At  this  time  out  of  a  fighting 
force  of  217  men  they  enlisted  185  for 
the  United  States  in  the  Rebellion.    Fin- 
ally on  the  4th  day  of  July,   1866,  the 
Government     removed     the     Delawares 
from  the  state  of  Kansas  to  the  Chero- 
kee Reservation  in  the  Indian  Territory 
(now  Oklahoma),   and   with  their  pur- 
chase money  of  one  million  dollars  and 
the   other   paltry   sum  of   ten   thousand 
dollars,  they  purchased  a  small  tract  of 
land,  sufficient  to     give  a     hundred  and 
sixty  acres  to  each  Delaware.    When  the 
contract  of  purchase  between  the  Dela- 
wares and     the  Cherokee     came  to     be 
made,  the  exact  location     of    the  lands 
was  left  subject  to  future  determination. 
However,  as  always,  their  rights  were 
guaranteed     by     the     Government,  but, 
unfortunately     the     Governmient,   as   in 
every  other  contract  with  the  Delawares, 
became  a  defaulter.    And  the  poor  Dela- 
wares today  are  minus  tlieir  money  and 
minus  their  land. 

And  here  on  a  narrow  strip  of  land  in 
the  Cherokee  Reservation  in  the  state 
of  Oklahoma,  there  is  living  today  the 
last  remnant  of  this  once  numerous 
pcoj)lc.  their  numbers  reduced  to  less 
than  two  thousand.  Out  of  this  popula- 
tion four-fifths  can  read  and  write,  one- 
third  are  full-bloods  and  half  of  these 
adhere  to  the  old  faith,  while  about  one- 
third  of  the  nation  profess  the  Christian 
religion.  This  is  remarkable  consider- 
ing the  two     hundred  years  of  persecu- 


tion they  received  at  the  hands  of  the 
race  that  taught  them  that  faith. 

In  a  recent  conversation  with  oue  of 
their  prominent  men,  a  leader  of  the  old 
faith,  he  accounted  for  this  by  the  rea- 
son of  missionary  work  done  by  Chris- 
tians, while  the  adherents  of  the  ancient 
religion  do  no  soliciting  whatever.  The 
reluctancy  of  the  Indian  to  give  the 
world  a  full  view  of  his  religion  and 
faith  is,  perhaps,  one  of  the  reasons  why 
he  is  greatly  misunderstood.  He  holds 
these  things  so  sacred  that  he  will  say 
but  little  about  them  outside  of  his  place 
of  worship,  and  less  to  one  not  of  his 
own  blood.  If  you  should  ask  for  an 
explanation,  you  would  likely  be  told 
that  the  white  man's  religion  appeals 
more  to  the  selfish  interests  of  the  indi- 
vidual, and  suits  many  of  the  young 
people  better  and  by  following  the  white 
man's  faith  you  can  do  as  you  please 
until  you  are  ready  to  die,  then  by  re- 
penting can  escape  all  responsibility  for 
your  acts,  and  so  go  to  Heaven  without 
any  efforts  of  your  own.  According  to 
the  ancient  faith  you  must  follow  the 
dictates  of  your  guardian  spirit  or  con- 
science, which  is  the  connecting  link 
with  the  Great  Spirit  and  thus  improve 
yourself  in  each  sphere  you  pass  through 
until  you  have  finally  reached  the  Happy 
Hunting  Ground  and  have  in  some  man- 
ner merited  a  reward  of  yourself. 

The  Delaware  Indians  have  kept  no 
written  records,  but  have  from  time  im- 
memorial trained  certain  young  men  as 
teachers,  who  are  to  succeed  the  older 
men  as  they  die,  and  at  the  annual  meet- 
ings these  young  men  assist  in  conduct- 
ing the  ceremonies  and  finally  take  theii 
places  as  leaders  themselves.  One  of 
these  bright  young  men  and  the  first  of 
whom  we  have  any  facts  of  record  was 
Charles  Killbuck,  who,  at  the  age  of 
eight  years  began  the  course  of  instruc- 
tion, and  when  ten  years  old  could  re- 
late from  memory  the  legends  of  the  his- 
tory of  their  nation  for  several  hundred 
years  previous.  He  became  the  head" 
counselor;  the  custodian  of  the  papers^ 
documents  and  treaties  and  also  treas- 
ures of  the  nation,  and  as  such,  passed 


THE  DISAPPEARANCE  OF   THE   LENNI   LENAPE 


717 


through  the  period  of  the  Revolutionary 
War,  while  yet  in  his  teens.  He  and  his 
brother  John,  the  hereditary  chief  of  the 
nation,  were  among  those  Moravian  In- 
dians whom  the  Government  authorities 
at  Pittsurg  shortly  after  the  massacre  of 
the  Muskingham  had  placed  on  Kill- 
buck's  Island  above  the  fort  as  a  means 
of  protecting  them  from  their  white 
enemy.  But  even  this  proved  a  very  in- 
secure place  as  the  Government's  offer 
of  sixty  dollars  for  an  Indian  scalp  was 
still  in  force  and  those  Indians  on  the 
Island  were  attacked  one  day  by  their 
old  Presbyterian  foe.  Charles  and  John 
in  attempting  to  escape,  upset  the  boat. 
Charles,  to  save  his  life  was  compelled 
to  relinquish  his  hold  on  the  precious 
treaty  bag,  which  dropped  to  the  bottom 
of  the  river  and  was  never  recovered. 
And  thus  was  lost  forever  all  records, 
documents  and  treaty  belts  of  the  Dela- 
ware Nation. 

John  Killbuck  graduated  from  Prince- 
ton college  prior  to  the  Revolution  and 
Charles  about  the  year     1848, — then  an 


old  man — reduced  to  writing  all  that  he 
could  remember  of  the  history  of  his 
people.  The  Delaware  Nation  produced 
many  men  of  prominence  and  these  are 
on  record  in  all  the  published  archives 
of  the  Government.  Today,  among  their 
principal  men,  is  one  wlho  enjoys  the 
greatest  distinction  ever  accorded  any 
American  Indian.  This  is  Richard  Con- 
nor Adams,  son  of  Rev.  WiUiam  Adams, 
son  of  Mut-tee-tut-teese,  son  of  Pa- 
mar-ting,  son  of  Pa-kan-kee,  son  of 
Win-ge-non,  Chief  of  the  Minnisinks. 
Mr.  Adams'  paternal  grandmother  was 
Nancy  Connor,  daughter  of  Elizabeth 
Connor,  daughter  of  Ak-ke-lung-un-a^ 
qua,  a  daughter  of  Captain  White-Eyes 
alias  Ko-que-hag-ech-'ton,  a  grandson  of 
Tammanend,  alias  St.  Tammany.  Mr. 
Adams  was  unanimously  elected  great 
sachem  of  the  recently  established  In- 
dian Brotherhood.  Certainly  an  honor 
most  worthily  bestow'ed — a  prince  of  the 
Lenni  Lenape — king  of  all  Indians  of  the 
North  American  continent. 


Die  deutsohe  Es  ist  bedauerlich,  kon- 
Sprache  statieren   zu   miissen,   dasz 

die  Sproszlinge  deutscher 
Eltern,  die  in  diesem  Lande  geboren 
werden,  mehr  und  mehr  das  Interesse 
fiir  die  deutsche  Sprache  verlieren,  dasz 
immer  mehr  das  Bestreben  bei  ihnen  sich 
bemerkbar  macht,  einzig  und  allein  der 
englischen  Sprache  sich  zu  bedienen. 

Wir  geben  ja  gerne  zu,  dasz  wir  in 
einem  englisch  sprechenden  Lande  leben, 
dasz  es  daher  nur  natiirlich  und  unver- 
meidlich  ist,  dasz  die  offizielle  Landes- 
sprache  von  Auslandern  und  deron  Ab- 
kommlingen  anerkannt  werden  musz  und 
erlcrnt  werden  soil.  Nichts  destoweniger 
brauchen  wir  uns  unserer  Mutterspraclie. 
der  Sprache,  in  der  ein  Gothe  und  Schil- 
ler geschrieben  und  gedacht,  nicht  zu 
schamen,  Sie  ist  schon  und  volkommen, 
dasz  jeder,  der  sie  kennt  und  erlernte, 
stolz  sein  darf. 

Mit  Genugtuung  vernimmt  das  "Jour- 
nal," dasz  das  Komite  fiir  geist-ge  Be- 
strebungen     auf    der    Tagsatzung    c-'.s 


Nordamerikanschen  Turnerbundes  in  In- 
dianapolis folgenden  Paragraphen  sein- 
em  Berichte  einverleibt  hat: 

"Wir  sehen  mit  Bedauern,  dasz  der 
Gebrauch  der  deutschen  Sprache  in  den 
Vereinen  und  hauptsachlich  auf  den 
Turnplatzen  mehr  und  mehr  gewichen 
ist.  Wenn  auch  der  ausschlieszliche  Ge- 
brauch der  deutschen  Sprache  eine  I'n- 
moglichkeit  ist,  und  die  Zulassung  der 
englischen  Sprache  notwendig  erscheint, 
so  miissen  wir  doch  alien  Ernstes  darauf 
hinweisen,  dasz  mit  dem  Verlus*:  der 
deutschen  Sprache  ein  Teil  des  deutschen 
Lebens  und  Turnerischen  Geistes  ver- 
loren  geht.  Wir  empfehlen  den  Beamt- 
en  der  Vereine  und  besonders  den  Turn- 
lehrern.  der  deutschen  Sprache  den  Vor- 
zug  zu  geben." 

Hoffen  wir,  das  der  deutschen  Sprache 
auf  dem  Turnplatze,    in   den    Vereinen, 
und  im  deutsch-amerikanischen  Famili 
enheime  wieder  der  ihr  gebiihrende  Platz 
eingeraumt  wird. — Washington  Journal. 


The  Heroism  of  Our  Immigrant  Ancestors 

By  Professor  Geo.  Lesle  Omwake,  A.  M.,  Pd.  D. 

An  address  delivered  at  the  Annual  reunion  of  the  Hunsicker  Family,  on  the  grounds  of   Ursinus 
College  at  CoUegeville,  Pa.,  August  17,  1912. 


EGARD     for     ancetors  is  a 

R  noble  trait.  Respect  for  pa- 

rents IS  a  mark  of  g-Qod 
breeding,  an  index  of  char- 
acter. iMlial  love  is  one  of 
the  instinctive  eniotions  ot 
the  human  heart.  The  gene- 
alogical tie  is  one  of  the  strong- 
est bonds  in  human  society.  Out 
of  these  forces  comes  the  unit  by 
which  mankind  in  the  mass  is  dif- 
ferentiated ;  the  family,  the  clan,  the 
tribe,  and  finally  the  nation.  National 
welfare  depends  upon  strong  genealogi- 
cal bonds  on  the  part  of  the  people.  The 
best  example  of  national  perpetuity  to- 
day is  seen  in  that  one  nation  on  the  face 
of  the  earth  whose  history  is  unbroken, 
in  which  filial  regard  became  ages  ago 
a  religious  tenet,  in  which  ancestral  love 
crystallized  into  ancestral  worship. 
China  with  its  age-long  paralysis  of  na- 
tional life  based  on  a  barbarian  belief  in 
the  deity  of  ancestors  is  not  to  be  held 
lip  as  a  model,  but  it  does  serve  to  show 
that  in  nations  as  in  individuals,  the  law 
holds  good,  "  'Honor  thy  father  and  thy 
mother  and  thy  days  shall  be  long  upon 
the  land  which  the  Lord  thy  God  giveth 
thee.'  " 

Far  from  the  superstitious  awe  in  re- 
gard for  ancestors  as  seen  in  the  Chinese, 
is  the  simple,  wholesome,  filial  love  ever 
Revealed  in  the  life  ofi  the  Germans. 
Honor  to  forefathers,  love  for  family,  de- 
votion to  home — these  have  been  char- 
acteristic marks  of  the  German  people 
from  their  earliest  times.  Thcsr  are  the 
outstanding  traits  of  German  character 
Viewed  externally,  they  have  sometimes 
led  to  the  critici=m  that  the  Germans  are 
illiberal  and  exclusive.  But  if  this  be 
a  fault,  it  is  one  of  omission  and  not  of 


conmiission.  On  the  positive  side,  this 
loyalty  to  family  lies  at  the  very  basis 
of  true  patriotism.  It  is  the  German's 
love  for  his  father  that  begets  his  love 
for  the  Fatherland. 

The  growing  interest  in  family  his- 
tory, therefore,  which  is  springing  up 
among  those  of  German  extraction  in 
America,  is  but  the  manifestation  of  a 
strong  natural  trait.  It  is  in  response 
to  a  deep-seated  instinct  that  family  re- 
unions are  becoming  popular.  For  this 
reason,  and  on  account  of  their  thor- 
oughly Christian  basis,  let  every  eiv 
couragement  be  given  to  the  organization 
of  freiiudschafts.  In  these  we  have  hope 
of  cultivating  what  is  being  otherwise 
seriously  threatened  in  this  in.dustrial 
age :  namely,  the  solidarity  and  the  sanc- 
tity of  the  home.  We  of  the  Hunsicker 
Family  should  especially  congratulate 
ourselves  and  thank  our  leaders  for  the 
early  success  of  our  movement.  We  do 
well  to  cultivate  acquaintance  among  our- 
selves and  to  cherish  in  fond  memory 
our  forefathers.  In  this  we  have  a  great 
advantage  over  many  other  families,  in 
the  excellent  genealogical  record  re- 
cently published  the  most  thorough, 
well-ordered  and  complete  work  of  its 
kind  that  has  ever  been  brought  to  our 
notice — a  monument  to  another  notable 
German  trait,  that  of  scientific,  pains- 
takine  scholarshiji.  We  should  grate- 
fully honor  him  whose  skill  and  [ndustry 
have  made  this  book  our  precious  pos- 
session, the  "erand  old  man"  of  the  Hun- 
sicker Familv.^ 

Tn  view  of  what  I  have  said  thus  far, 


fl]  Henry  A.  Hunsicker,  comDiler  of   the    volume 
"The  Hunsicker  Family,"  1911. 


718 


THE  HEROISM  OF  OUR  IMMIGRANT  ANCESTORS 


719 


I  need  offer  no  apology  for  having  select- 
ed as  the  theme  for  our  thought  today 
''The  Heroism  of  our  Immigrant  An- 
cestors." I  approach  this  subject  in  the 
hope  not  only  of  presenting  information 
that  may  be  interesting  and  helpful,  but 
of  thus  setting  before  you  elements  of 
character  that  we  do  well  to  cherish. 

In  order  that  we  may  understand  the 
motives  and  appreciate  the  tests  of  char- 
acter involved  in  the  migrations  of  our 
forefathers  from  Germany  to  America,  i'c 
is  necessary  to  take  an  extensive  view  of 
prior  history.     The  Germans  have  been 
in    turn    foresters,    farmers    and    crafts- 
men, soldiers  and  statesmen.     The  giant 
Goths  whom  we  first  find  in  the  valleys 
of  the  Elbe  and  the  Weser  and  as  far 
east  as  the  \"istula,  were  men  of  the  axe, 
the  pick  and  the  shovel.    It  was  the  work 
of   the   primitive    German  to   cut    down 
the     primeval     forests,     to     drain     the 
swamps,  and  thus  to  tame  the  wild  lands 
of  Northern  Europe.    When  woods  and 
swamps  were  thus  converted  into  arable 
fields  and  gardens,  the  age  of  the  farmei- 
and  craftsman  came.     With  these  came 
higher   technical    skill    in   workmanship, 
settled  homes,  commerce,  markets,  high- 
ways and  cities.    All  the  while  there  was 
growing  up  that  great  system  of  manor- 
ial estates  that  characterizes  the  Medie- 
eval  Age,  with  their  lords  and  vassals, 
the  development  of  numerous  petty  prin- 
cipalities,  at  once  the   strength  and  the 
weakness  of  the  German  nation.     Then 
there  were  the  early  wars  with  the  Rom- 
ans on  the  south  and  against  the  Huns 
on  the  east,  preparing  men  for  the  later 
institution  of  chivalry  with  is  wonderful 
training   in   knight  errantry,   leading  up 
to   the   standing   armies   of   the   princes. 
and  later,  of  the  emperors.     Meanwhile 
the    problems   of    government    and    dip- 
lomacy   were     being    worked    out,    es- 
pecially in  the  endless  contests  between 
the  emperors  and  the  Popes  of  Rome. 

The  height  of  German  national  life 
was  attained  by  the  end  of  the  fifteenth 
century.  Neglecting  the  present  wonder- 
ful development  of  Germany,  she  may 
be  said  to  have  achieved  the  zenith  of 
her  glory  about  the  year  1500.    The  pic- 


ture which  we  may  draw  of  Germany 
at  this  time  is  one  of  vigorous,  exuber- 
ant youth,  teeming  with  vitality.  A 
people  "full  of  animal  spirits,  prosper- 
ous, self-satisfied,  passionate,  impulsive, 
not  over-refined,  still  with  a  latent 
strength  of  intellect  which  does  not 
shrink  from  difficult  problems,"  The 
nation  had  passed  through  its  childhood 
and  was  ready  for  a  man's  work  in  the 
world.  What  might  have  been  the  trend 
of  the  world's  history,  especially  that  of 
the  western  hemisphere,  we  'are  led  to 
wonder,  if  the  Germans  had  been  at  this 
time  a  maritime  people?  Suppose  they, 
ripe  for  the  task,  had  become  the  na- 
vigators and  explorers  of  these  shores 
of  ours  instead  of  the  Spanish,  the 
French  and  the  English! 

As  it  was,  their  pent  up  energies  were 
spent  in  the  interplay  of  ilational  self- 
activity.  Farming  and  manufacturing 
flourished,  commerce  was  extended,  cities 
greatly  increased  in  size  and  number; 
there  were  numerous  signs  of  greatly 
increasing  wealth ;  architecturally,  Ger- 
many was  largely  rebuilt ;  extravagance 
showed  itself  in  many  ways,  especially 
in  the  people's  dress.  At  this  point  I 
quote  from  the  recent  book  of  Ernst 
Richard : 

"Many-colored  costumes  follow  each 
other  in  continual  variety,  both  among 
men  and  women.  Headgear  unknown  in 
Roman  times,  appeared  first  in  the  shape 
of  straw  hats,  but  changed  with  the 
dress ;  shoes  became  pointed,  the  points 
finally  becoming  so  long  that  they  hind- 
ered walking  unless  tied  by  a  ribbon  to 
to  the  knees.  The  detachable  sleeves  ot 
the  upper  garment  are  widened  so  that 
they  drag  on  the  ground.  Parti-colored 
g-arments  become  the  fashion ;  the  coats 
are  jagged,  as  if  the  loud  colors  did^  not 
attract  attention  enough ;  bells  were  at- 
tached, first  on  belts,  then  on  all  possible 
and  impossible  places.  Later  this  mot- 
ley becomes  the  costunie  of  fools,  who 
still  strut  about  in  it  in  the  modern  Car- 
nival." Another  fad  which  reminds  us 
of  our  own  excessive  age  was  the  ex- 
treme tight  fitting  garments,  calling 
forth  the  same  criticism  on  the  part  of 


720 


THE   PENN  GERMANIA 


the  moralists  that  we  hear  today.  Rich- 
ard says,  "the  tightness  became  at  last 
so  excessive  that  it  prevented  free  move- 
ments, and  the  sleeves  were  first  slit  open 
at  the  elbows  showing  the  silk  lining; 
more  slits  were  made  and  used  for 
decorative  purposes  in  other  parts  of  the 
dress.  Up  to  this  time  the  coat  had  been 
slipped  on  over  the  head,  but  the  incon- 
venience of  putting  on  such  tight  gar- 
ments in  that  way  led  to  the  use  of  but- 
tons and  button  holes.  Our  modern  coats 
had  their  origin  in  these." 

Wealth  became  centralized  and  such 
rich  banking  houses  as  the  Hochstet- 
ters  and  the  Fuggers  arose.  The  evils 
of  this  were  early  recognized.  The  fol- 
lowing resolution  adopted  by  the  Aus- 
trian diet  in  1518  sounds  strangely  mod- 
ern :  "The  great  companies  have  brought 
under  their  control  by  themselves  or 
their  agents  all  goods  which  are  indis- 
pensable to  man.  and  are  so  powerful  by 
the  strength  of  their  money  that  they 
cut  off  trade  from  the  common  merchant 
who  is  worth  from  one  to  ten  florins ; 
they  set  the  prices  at  their  pleasure  and 
increase  them  at  their  will,  by  which 
they  visibly  grow  less  in  number;  but  a 
few  of  them  grow  into  a  princely  for- 
tune to  the  great  detriment  of  the  coun- 
try." It  was  the  Fuggers  who  financed 
the  Catholic  church  in  Germany  in  its 
contest  with  Protestantism,  they  having 
advanced  many  millions  of  dollars  and 
taken  as  security  liens  on  the  church's 
income  from  indulgences.  This  is  one 
reason  why  Tetzel,  the  Dominican  monk, 
pushed  so  hard  the  collection  of  indulg- 
ences, the  evil  so  bitterly  assailed'  by 
Luther. 

The  pent-up  energies  of  the  German 
people  expressed  themselves  in  two  oth- 
er large  ways  which  were  for  their  great 
good :  namely,  in  the  Revival  of  Learn- 
ing and  the  establishment  of  numerous 
universities,  aiid  in  the   Reformation. 

The  wonderful  initiative  due  to  the  in- 
herent energies  which  this  vigorous  age 
developed  yielded  much  in  the  direction 
of  learning,  science  and  invention.  At 
this  point  in  history  a  list  of  great  names 
comes   up   before   us,   each   spelling   its 


own  meaning  for  progress  and  proclaim- 
ing the  oncoming  of  the  modern  age. 
There  was  Luther  in  religion,  Comenius 
in  elementary  education,  Alelancthon  in 
secondary  and  university  education 
Copernicus  in  physical  science,  Par- 
acelsus in  medicine.  Grotius  and 
Pufendorf  in  law.  It  was  the  nau- 
tical instruments  of  Peurbach  and 
Regiomontanus,  and  the  projection  maps 
of  Mercator,  that  made  the  voyage  of 
Columbus  possible.  The  old  city  of 
Nuremburg  can  tell  the  tale  of  many  a 
curious  invention.  Here  Johann  Hautsch 
built  an  automobile  run  by  clockwork 
which  could  go  nine  miles  per  hour,  and 
sold  it  to  the  King  of  Sweden  in  1649. 
It  is  reported  that  some  kind  of  phono- 
graph was  made  by  one  Gruendler  as 
early  as   1682.^ 

This  lengthy  rehearsal  of  the  facts  of 
earlier  German  civilization  would  be  un- 
pardonable in  view  of  our  subject  were 
it  not  for  the  fact  that  it  'enables  us  by 
contrast  to  comprehend  the  terrible 
times  which  befell  Gemany  in  its  awful 
disintegration  during  the  seventeenth 
century,  involving  the  conditions  that  led 
immediately  to  the  migrations  to  Ameri- 
ca, and  for  the  further  fact  that  to  these 
earlier  centuries,  quite  as  much  as  to 
the  later,  must  we  look  for  the  secret  of 
that  heroism  of  which  I  am  to  speak. 

The  chapter  of  German  history  which 
I  must  now  relate  is  one  of  the  most 
distressing  in 'the  annals  of  civilization. 
That  a  nation  in  its  fullest  vigor  should 
so  quickly  sink  to  almost  complete  an- 
nihilation is  tragical  and  pathetic.  And 
yet  by  the  middle  of  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury once  rich  and  beautiful  Germany 
was  a  barren  and  charred  waste  strewn 
with  dead  men's  bones.  The  terrible 
scenes  of  the  Thirty  Years'  War  must 
not  be  pictured  here.  Let  it  be  under- 
stood that  the  blight  of  that  awful 
scourge  was  due  not  so  much  to  the 
masses  of  the  German  people  as  to  the 
selfishness  and  prejudice  of  emperors 
and  princes  whose  armies  of  foreign 
hirelings  brought  in  to  defend  the  coun- 

[2]  See  Richard,  "History  of  German  Civilization," 
p.  352. 


THE  HEROISM  OF  OUR  IMMIGRANT  ANCESTORS 


721 


try  were  almost  as  brutal  with  the  natives 
as  were  the  foes  from  beyond  their  bord- 
ers. For  the  inhabitants  there  was  little 
difference  between  friendly  and  hostile 
armies.  Grown  up  men  and  women 
born  after  the  year  161 5  knew  nothing;  of 
peace  and  plenty ;  for  a  whole  generation 
life  was  a  daily  round  of  rapine  and 
murder.  At  the  end  of  the  war  in  1648 
the  population  of  Germany  had  fallen 
from  seventeen  to  four  millions.  Flour- 
ishing cities  and  innumerable  villages 
had  completely  disappeared  from  the  face 
of  the  earth.  The  number  of  horses  de- 
creased eighty  per  cent,  and  the  number 
of  cattle,  seventy-five  per  cent.  It  is  said 
that  at  the  end  of  the  war  not  a  single 
sheep  could  be  found  in  all  Germany. 
The  war  came  to  an  end  mainly  because 
it  was  simply  impossible  to  sustain  arm- 
ies any  longer.  And  yet  the  war  did 
not  really  end  in  all  of  the  principalities. 
In  the  Palatinate,  for  example,  whence 
most  of  our  ancestors  came,  marauding 
bands  of  French  soldiers  kept  up  their 
raids  throughout  the  century.  The 
royalty,  too,  in  imitation  of  their  French 
neighbors,  built  costly  castles  and  lived 
in  luxury,  thus  adding  by  exhorbitant 
taxation  to  the  sufferings  of  the  peas- 
ants. 

The  shame  of  it  all  is  that  this  cruelty 
and  destruction  was  religious  as  well  as 
political  in  motive  and  purpose.  It  is 
an  awful  travesty  that  this  havoc  should 
have  been  wrought  in  the  name  of  the 
Prince  of  Peace.  But  the  heart  of  the 
German  people  was  still  right,  and  ere 
long  we  behold  arising  a  wonderful 
Imovcment  in  the  interest  of  pure  reli- 
gion undefiled  by  political  complications. 
Pietism  came  like  a  benediction  to  a 
troubled  people.  Under  the  influence  of 
this  movement,  here  and  there  hands  of 
Christians  quietly  cherished  the  love  of 
their  Saviour,  and  disclaimed  allegiance 
to  the  established  churches.  Catholic  or 
Protestant,  that  used  their  power  for 
purposes  of  persecution.  So  arose  the 
numerous  sects  or  denominations  so 
prominent  in  the  colonization  of  Penn- 
sylvania. At  the  same  time,  thousands 
who  never  severed  themselves  from  the 


Reformed  and  Lutheran  communions,  in 
protest  and  disgust,  and  in  their  un- 
quenchable longing  for  purer  religious 
life,  sought  peace  of  mind  and  heart  in 
the  new  world. 

The  Mennonites,  whose  history  ante- 
dates by  several  centuries  that  of  most 
of  the  other  sects,  were  native  to  Swit- 
zerland, where  the  ravages  of  the  Great 
War  were  little  felt,  but  nevertheless, 
the  militant  spirit  of  Christianity  was 
too  much  for  them,  and  long  before  the 
colonization  of  Pennsylvania  began,  a 
considerable  body  of  them  had  left  their 
mountain  home  and  found  a  retreat  in 
Holland.  These,  with  many  who  remain- 
ed in  Switzerland,  whence  came  Valen- 
tine Hunsicker,  our  immigrant  ancestor, 
were  among  the  first  to  respond  to  the 
invitation  of  William  Penn., 

We  thus  see  the  conditions,  political, 
religious  and  economic,  under  which  our 
ancestors  forsook  their  firesides  in  the 
Fatherland  and  braved  the  terrors  of  un- 
known seas.  Perhaps  the  fact  that  they 
were  landsmen  and  knew  not  the  perils 
of  the  deep  may  be  offered  as  the  last 
explanation  of  their  brave  act.  We  have 
referred  to  the  home  loving  character- 
istic of  the  German  people.  In  spite  of 
all  their  misfortune,  we  may  dimly  im- 
agine the  heart-ache  with  which  family 
separations  took  place  and  home  ties, 
sacred  for  a  thousand  years,  were  for- 
ever broken.  The  picture  of  the  Ger- 
man family,  father,  mother  and  children, 
standing  for  the  last  time  on  their  native 
soil  and  looking  back  for  a  final  glimpse 
of  the  fading  homestead,  constitutes  .for 
these,  irrespective  of  the  courage  in- 
volved in  the  future  prospect,  a  picture 
of  sublime  heroism.  In  this  scene  wc 
see  united  the  indomitable  vigor  and 
enterprise  so  manifest  in  the  earlier  his- 
tory of  the  Germans  "and  the  inurement 
to  hardship  and  love  of  peace  developed 
by  a  century  of  warfare. 

But  the  hardship  endured  in  the  sep- 
aration from  home  and  friends  was  not 
to  be  compared  with  what  was  in  store 
on  the  long  journey  to  the  new  world. 
The  emigrant  placed  in  chests  the  stores 
for  the  journey,  dried  beef,  peas,  oat- 


722 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


meal,  cheese  and  butter.  To  this  he  was 
advised  to  add  agricultural  implements, 
garden  seeds,  linen,  bedding,  table  goods, 
powder  and  lead,  furniture,  earthenware^ 
stoves  and  extra  money  to  buy  land, 
horses,  cattle,  fowls,  seeds,  etc.  The  fare 
was  about  $25  apiece,  with  half  rates 
for  children  under  ten  years  of  age. 
Many  had  been  so  reduced  by  the  long 
continued  depredations,  that  it  was  im- 
possible to  provide  either  the  passagfc 
money  or  provisions.  Such  signed  con- 
tracts with  ship  owners  and  agents  bind- 
ing themselves  to  earn  their  way  after 
arrival. 

The  first  step  in  the  journey  was  to 
get  to  Holland  whence  practically  all 
ships  for  America  sailed.  This  trip  was 
made  overland  by  wagon  to  the  nearest 
river  and  thence  by  river  boat.  We  have 
an  account  of  such  a  trip  made  by  a 
company  of  Mennonites  from  Berne  in 
Switzerland  to  Rotterdam  which  requir- 
ed nineteen  days.  There  are  other  ac- 
counts of  such  river  journeys  abounding 
in  thrilling  experiences  and  great  loss 
of  time.  The  ships  in  use  for  trans-At- 
lantic travel  were  sailing  vessels  of  about 
150  tons  burden  and  less.  Accommoda- 
tions for  passengers  were  primitive  and 
crude  and  the  inconvenience  was  in- 
creased by  overcrowding.  Often  ships 
were  obliged  to  lay  in  waiting  for  days 
and  even  weeks  in  getting  started  for 
lack  of  favorable  wind  or  of  escort.  The 
sailing  was  very  uncertain.  One  nar- 
rator states  that  during  a  period  of  three 
weeks  their  ships  made  only  150  miles,  a 
distance  that  might  have  been  covered 
in  a  single  day  under  highly  favorable 
winds.  Caspar  Wistar,  writing  in  1732, 
states  that  "in  the  past  year  one  ship 
among  the  others  sailed  about  the  sea 
twenty-four  weeks."  He  mentions  an- 
other that  was  seventeen  weeks  in  sail- 
ing from  Rotterdam  to  Philadelphia. 

The  beginning  of  the  voyage,  which 
involved  a  stop  at  a  port  in  England,  to 
take  on  supplies,  was  interesting  and  re- 
latively pleasant.  The  first  day  on  the 
ocean  usually  brought  on  the  first  attack 
of  sea-sickness  from  which  some  passen- 
gers sufifered  on  the  entire  voyage.    But 


the  discomfitures  of  sea-sickness  were 
not  to  be  compared  with  the  scourge  of 
epidemics.  On  the  vessel  on  which 
William  Penn  made  his  first  voyage 
there  were  thirty-six  deaths  from  small- 
pox. Of  three  thousand  immigrants  who 
arrived  at  New  York  in  the  year  1709 
nearly  one-sixth  died  on  ship  board. 
Later,  when  speculation  had  taken  hold 
of  ocean  transportation  and  all  vessels 
were  overcrowded  and  passengers  ad- 
mitted without  regard  to  health,  disease 
was  so  common  that  at  Philadelphia  ship- 
fever  came  to  be  known  as  Palatine 
fever.  Children  under  seven  years  of 
age  rarely  survived  the  journey.  To  the 
distress  of  disease  must  be  added  that 
of  hunger.  The  meagre  stores  provided 
by  individual  passengers  often  failed 
long  before  the  journey  was  finished, 
and  the  ship's  stores  were  always  dis- 
tributed sparingly.  On  the  journey  of 
twenty-four  weeks  described  by  Wistar, 
more  than  one  hundred  out  of  the  one 
hundred  and  fifty  on  board  miserably 
languished  and  finally  perished  from 
hunger.  Another  common  plague  from 
which  no  passenger  could  escape  was  that 
of  vermin.  There  wlas  no  classification  ot 
passengers  as  on  our  ocean  liners  today 
and  consequently  no  escape  from  the  filth 
and  vileness  of  the  unscrupulous. 

On  almost  every  vessel  there  was  a 
certain  percentage  of  rude  adventurers 
and  irresponsible  persons  whose  pres- 
ence was  a  menace  and  a  grievance  to 
the  more  refined  and  sensitive  passen- 
gers. John  Naas,  an  elder  in  the  Church 
of  the  Brethren  who  came  to  Philadel- 
phia in  1733  describes  scenes  on  his  ship 
due  to  this  condition  as  follows : — "I  re- 
member that  I  so  often  told  them  when 
on  the  ship  I  did  not  think  that  with  all 
the  imclean  spirits  of  Hell  there  could 
be  worse  going  on  with  cursing,  swear- 
ing, blaspheming  and  fighting,  with 
over-eating  and  drinking,  quarreling 
night  and  day,  during  storm  and  weath- 
er, that  the  Captain  often  said  he  had 
taken  many  people  over  to  this  country 
already  but  had  in  all  his  days  never  yet 
seen  anything  like  this." 

The   physical    strain   involved    in   the 


THE   HEROISM  OF  OUR   IMMIGRANT  ANCESTORS 


723 


■trials  of  a  sea  voyage  were  a^^g'ravJited- 
by  mental  strain  frequently  resultinj^-  in 
temporary  hallucination  and  even  ])er- 
nianent  insanity.  The  hardships  suiTer- 
ed  physically  and  mentally  may  be  im- 
agined from  the  graphic  description  of 
Gottlieb  Mittelberger  who  sailed  in  1750 
when  speculation  in  sea  travel  was  yield- 
ing its  bitter  fruits. 

"During  the  voyage  there  is  on  board 
these  ships  terrible  misery,  stench,  fumes, 
horror,  vomiting,  many  kinds  of  sea- 
sickness, fever,  dysentary,  headache, 
heat,  constipation,  boils,  scurvy,  cancer 
and  the  like.  Add  to  this,  want  of  pro- 
visions, hunger,  thirst,  frost,  heat,  damp- 
ness, anxiety,  want,  afflictions  and  la- 
mentations, together  with  other  troubles 
such  as  the  frightful  abundance  of  ver- 
min. The  misery  reaches  a  climax  when 
a  gale  rages  two  or  three  nights  and 
days.  When  in  such  a  gale  the  sea  rages 
and  surges,  the  ship  is  constantly  tossed 
from  side  to^  side,  that  no  one  can  either 
walk,  or  sit,  or  lie  down. 

"Among  the  healthy,  impatience  some- 
times grows  so  great  and  cruel  that  one 
curses  the  other  or  himself  and  the  day 
of  his  birth.  One  always  reproaches  the 
other  for  having  persuaded  him  to  take 
the  journey.  Frequently  children  cry 
out  against  their  parents,  husbands 
against  their  wives,  and  wives  against 
their  husbands,  brothers  and  sisters, 
friends  and  acquaintances  against  each 
other,  but  most  against  the  soul  traffick- 
ers. In  a  word,  the  sighing  and  crying 
and  lamenting  on  board  the  ship  goes  on 
day  and  night  so  as  to  cause  the  hearts 
of  the  most  hardened  to  bleed  when  they 
hear  it." 

The  account  of  IMittelberger  is  some- 
what tempered  by  the  records  of  Naas, 
Muhlenberg  and  others.  There  was 
some  excitement  of  a  different  nature 
as  this  entry  in  the  diary  of  Naas  shows : 
"The  7th,  another  big  fish  was  caught 
by  the  crew,  which  is  called  shark.  The 
crew  took  a  hook  which  is  very  large 
and  strong  and  of  about  a  finger's  thick- 
ness ;  to  this  they  fastened  one  and  one- 
half  pounds  of  bacon.  When  they  saw 
the  fish  near  the  ship's  side,  they  threw 


the  hook  with  the  bacon  to  him,  which 
he  swallowed  at  once  and  since  the  fish 
was  very  thick  and  five  feet  long  and  of 
great  strength  in  his  tail,  as  well  in  as 
out  of  the  water,  they  drew  him  into  the 
ship  with  a  very  hard  pull,  and  drove 
back  all  the  people  so  that  it  should  not 
hurt  anybody,  as  he  struck  the  deck  so 
powerfully  with  his  tail  that  if  he  should 
have  hit  anyone  against  the  legs  these 
would  certainly  have  been  broken.  But 
after  the  ship's  carpenter  had  cut  ofif  the 
tail  with  his  axe  after  ten  strokes,  his 
strength  was  all  gone.  His  mouth  was 
so  big  that  he  might  have  swallowed 
a  child  of  two  years.  The  flesh  the  cap- 
tain ordered  to  be  distributed  to  the  de- 
lighted people." 

Naas  continues:  "On  the  17th,  a  small 
land  bird  which  they  call  the  little  yel- 
loy  wag-tail  in  Germany,  perched  down 
several  times  on  our  ship.  This  caused 
great  rejoicing  and  the  people  clapped 
their  hands  for  joy. 

"On  the  1 8th,  a  ship  from  Rhode  Is- 
land came  up  to  us.  It  had  a  cargo  of 
sheep  and  other  things  in  order  to  sail 
to  the  West  Indies,  to  which  our  Cap- 
tain spoke  through  a  speaking  tube ;  af- 
ter they  had  made  their  arrangements 
they  reefed  their  sails  on  both  ships  since 
there  was  but  little  running  anyhow,  and 
our  Captain  had  a  boat  lowered  into  the 
water  and  rowed  with  four  seamen  to 
their  ship.  When  they  had  drunk  their 
welcome  together,  he  returned  and 
brought  with  him  half  a  bag  of  apples, 
a  goose,  a  duck  and  two  chickens,  and 
distributed  the  beautiful  apples  at  once 
among  the  people.  That  caused  great 
rejoicing  to  get  such  beautiful  American 
apples  on  the  high  sea,  and  those  which 
were  still  left  over  he  threw  among  the 
people  to  grapple  for  them,  and'  they 
fell  in  heaps  over  one  another  for  the 
beautiful  apples." 

Muhlenberg  mentions  numerous  pas- 
times which  the  passengers  amused 
themselves  with,  such  as  boxing  match- 
es by  the  sailors,  singing,  disjjutations, 
mock-trials,  etc.  These  were,  however, 
chiefly  the  amusements  of  the  English. 
The  Germans  held  daily  religious  serv- 


724 


THE  PENN  GERMANIA 


ices  and  were  much  given  to  singing  the 
grand  old  hymns  of  the  Church.  Once 
when  there  was  great  fear  due  to  the 
presence  of  what  was  beUeved  to  be  a 
Spanish  war  vessel,  a  German  mother 
and  her  children  engaged  in  singing 
Luther's  battle-hymn,  "Ein  Feste  Burg 
ist  Unser  Gott." 

When  a  congregation  under  the  lead- 
ership of  their  pastor  chartered  the  ship 
and  thus  had  its  exclusive  use,  many  ot 
the  hardships  were  averted.  This  was 
the  case  with  the  Brethren  under  Alex- 
ander Mack  in  1729,  the  Schwenkf eld- 
ers in  1733,  the  Mennonites  on  several 
occasions,  and  the  Reformed  under  Goet- 
schi  in  1739.  The  Mennonites  in  Holland 
had  formed  a  society  for  the  help  of  their 
immigrant  brethren  as  they  passed 
through  enroute  to  America,  thus  fur- 
nishing their  destitute  brethren  who  had 
been  forced  to  leave  their  homes  in 
Switzerland  and  in  the  Palatinate  with 
passage  money,  provisions,  tools,  seeds, 
and  other  needful  articles. 

Enough  has  been  said  to  give  an  idea 
of  the  rugged  strength,  the  rigorous 
ideals,  the  patience,  the  love  of  peace, 
the  devotion  to  home,  the  loyalty  to  fam- 
ily, the  hopes  and  the  ambitions  of  those 
to  whom  we  are  indebted  for  the  rich 
heritage  of  our  American  life.  Undoubt- 
edly they  were  building  better  than  they 
knew,  but  we  must  believe  that  such 
heroism  as  distinguishes  our  ancestors 
who  faced  suffering  and  death  to  come 


to  these  shores,  reveals  no  selfish  mo- 
tives. Their  sacrifices  were  made  for  the 
glory  of  God  and  for  the  welfare  of  their 
posterity.  The  latter  has  come  to  us, 
we  may  well  believe,  beyond  the  fondest 
dreams  of  our  forefathers,  and  for  this 
we  must  ever  hold  them  in  grateful  re- 
gard. Ours  is  a  bountifulness  of  spirit- 
ual and  temporal  riches  unmatched  in 
all  the  history  of  the  world.  Out  of  their 
hardship  has  come  prosperity,  out  of 
their  poverty  has  come  wealth,  out  oi 
their  suffering  has  come  health,  out  of 
their  persecutions  has  come  religious  and 
civil  liberty,  and  let  us  remember  that 
out  of  their  pledges  to  God  has  come 
grave  responsibility. 

It  is  ours  to  dedicate  the  great  human 
qualities  of  industry,  of  intelligence,  of 
loyalty  and  of  love  developed  through 
the  ages,  and  tested  as  by  fire  in  the  Great 
Wars  and  in  the  migrations  across  the 
mighty  deep,  all  of  which  come  down  to 
us,  sons  of  the  great  Teutonic  house- 
hold, as  our  inalienable  endowment, — it 
is  ours  to  dedicate  these  qualities  to  the 
noble  ideals  of  Christian  civilization  as 
embodied  in  our  American  institutions. 
Let  us  honor  our  fathers  and  our  moth- 
ers, and  bur  days  shall  not  only  be  long 
upon  this  land  which  the  Lord  our  God 
hath  given  us,  but  through  our  faithful- 
ness the  land  itself  with  its  institutions 
of  freedom  shall  never  perish  from  the 
earth. 


The  Brengle  Home  Guard 

This  article,  published  in  the  Maryland  Historical  Magazine  for  June  1V!12,  shows  the 
strong  sprinkling- of  German  blood  in  the  population  residing  at  and  about  Frederick, 
Md.,  in  1861  and  the  position  they  took  respecting  Secession.' 


The  Home  Guard  of  Frederick  was 
organized  previous  to  the  time  when  the 
Legislature  'held  its  session  in  Frederick 
during  the  month  of  April,  1861.  Its 
members  met  almost  every  night,  and 
held  parades  under  arms  every  afternoon 
about  6  o'clock,  Sundays  excepted.  The 
object  of  the  formation  of  the  Guard 
was  to  protect  the  property  of  the  citi- 
zens of  Frederick,  and  to  prevent  the 
secession  of  the  State  of  Maryland  from 
the  Union,  or  rather  to  aid  the  United 
States  in  keeping  Maryland  in  the 
Union.  The  membership  numbered  over 
four  hundred  men — old  and  young, — • 
some  of  the  members  bearing  arms  were 
over  seventy  years  of  age.  Generally 
we  had  on  parade  about  three  hundred 
members   bearing  muskets. 

The  guard  was  commanded  by  Capt. 
Alfred  F.  Brengle,  now  deceased,  who 
wias  arrested  by  the  Rebel  soldiery,  when 
in  Maryland,  taken  to  Richmond,  Va., 
and  confined  in  Libby  Prison  for  some 
considerable  time.  The  position  which 
Captain  Brengle  held  some  years  before 
his  arrest  was  considered  of  such  signi- 
ficance as  to  warrant  such  arrest  and  con- 
finement in  the  military  prison  in  Rich- 
mond.— I  had  the  honor  of  being  secre- 
tary of  the  Home  Guard,  and  the  facts 
herein  stated  came  within  my  personal 
knowledge.  I  well  remember  the  good 
service  done  by  the  Guards,  whilst  the 
Legislature  was  in  session.  Always  on 
guard  duty  at  night,  we  frequently  ar- 
rested on  the  streets  of  Frederick  mem- 
hers  of  the  Legislature  who  were  out 
at  unusual  hours,  the  Guards  believi'- 
that  the  Rebel  members  of  that  body 
were  engaged  in  some  efforts  to  force 
through  an  Ordinance  of  Secession,  or 
"the  Public  Safety  Bill'  as  it  was  termed. 
The  organization  was  bound  together  by 
a  solemn  obligation  to  prevent  anything 


being  passed  by  the  Legislature  of  a 
treasonable  character,  and  every  member 
was  required  to  sign  the  obligation  or 
pledge.  We  were  always  on  the  alert, 
and  kept  our  eyes  on  the  movements  of 
the  members,  even  during  the  recess  of 
the  sessions.  This  was  to  them  an  an- 
noyance as  they  termed  it,  but  which  had, 
I  believe,  a  most  happy  effect.  We 
taught  them  that  the  loyal  people  of 
Frederick  were  making  no  child's  play 
of  the  question  and  that  any  attempt  on 
their  part  to  carry  Maryland  out  of  the 
Union  would  be  met  promptly  and  fear- 
lessly, and  if  necessary  even  by  the  des- 
truction of  the  disloyal  members  of  that 
remarkable  body.  No  loyal  person  had 
the  slightest  doubt  but  that  the  parades 
and  formidable  appearance  of  the  Home 
Guards  had  produced  the  desired  effect, 
and  that  they  measurably  prevented  the 
passage  of  any  bill  of  a  treasonable 
character  by  that  Legislature. 

This  military  organization  was  paid 
for  its  guard-duty  from  the  private 
purses  of  the  citizens  of  Frederick, — a 
committee  collecting  during  each  week 
from  the  citizens,  and  those  doing  guard- 
duty  at  night  being  paid  every  Saturday 
night. 

On  the  evening,  when  the  Maryland 
Senate  had  the  Safety  Bill  before  them, 
the  Home  Guard  assembled  in  a  large 
room  in  the  old  Court  House.  The  ex- 
citement was  of  such  a  painful  character 
that  it  was  with  the  utmost  difficulty 
prudent  counsels  from  old  and  cool  heads 
prevailed.  Lender  the  apprehension  that 
the  Bill  would  get  its  final  passage  in 
the  Senate,  the  Loyal  Home  Guard  were 
anxious  to  proceed  to  the  Senate  Cham- 
ber with  their  arms  and  to  force  the  Sen- 
ators from  the  chamber,  even  if  necessary 
out  of  the  third  story  windows  into  the 
streets.      Cooler  counsels  prevailed,  the 


725 


726 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


arm  of  violence  was  stayed,  when  the 
Senators,  getting  news  of  the  extraor- 
dinary excitement,  gave  pledges  that  the 
Bill  would  not  be  passed.  The  under- 
standing was  had,  however,  that  if  there 
was  danger  of  any  such  favorable  ac- 
tion, we  were  to  meet,  on  the  tap  of  the 
Court  House  bell,  at  the  building  where 
the  Legislature  was  in  session,  with  our 
muskets  loaded  and  bayonets  fixed,  ready 
for  desperate  service.  Fortunately,  how- 
ever, the  Senate  took  the  alarm,  and  this 
service  was  not  required  of  us. 

These  incidents  occurred  during  the 
month  of  April,  1861,  when  the  Rebel 
troops  were  occupying  Harper's  Ferry 
and  Maryland  Heights.  It  was  gener- 
ally believed  then,  that  the  firm  and 
decided  action  of  the  Frederick  City 
Home  Guards  held  the  Legislature  of 
Maryland  in  check,  so  that  no  positive- 
disloyal  legislation  was  had.  In  retaliation 
the  Rebels  of  Frederick  applied  the  in- 
cendiary torch  to  the  old  Court  House, 
and  burned  the  same  to  the  ground,  do- 
ing this  so  that  the  Guard  would  be  de- 
prived of  their  regular  rendezvous, — an 
act  exacting  from  the  citizens  of  Fred- 
erick City  and  County  an  expenditure  of 
from  fifty  to  seventy-five  thousand  dol- 
lars in  the  erection  of  a  new  Court 
House. 

List  of  Members. 

A.  F.  Brengle,  Grafton  W.  Elliott,  E. 
A.  Cramer,  Wm.  H.  Hooper,  John  H. 
Abbott,  L.  M.  Engelbrecht,  James  Hoop- 
er, R.  G.  Micl'herson,  Emanuel  Mantz, 
Wm.  H.  Grove,  William  Mantz,  Charles 
F.  Fleming,  Jacob  Hergesheimer,  J. 
Dennis  Murphy,  John  C.  Hardt.  Dennis 
Scholl,  Mahlon  Rhoderick,  Saml.  B. 
Ebbert,  Robert  Brown,  Hiram  M.  Nusz, 
Wm.  S.  Bennett.  Wm.  H.  Derr,  Fred- 
erick Schley,  Washington  Marmon, 
Charles  Reitmier,  James  Cooper,  Lewis 
H.  Dill,  George  A.  Cole,  Edwd.  J.  Wine- 
brenner,  John  A.  Getzendanner,  Henry 
Rheem,  James  Hergesheimer.  Tobias 
Haller,  Isaac  P.  Suman.  Isaac  Tit- 
low,  Henry  Houck,  David  Kan- 
ega,     George     J.     Houck.     Rufus     H 


Wilcoxon,*  James  M.  Arnold,  G. 
Thomas  Castle,  George  A.  Roelky,  Bruce 
Thomas,  John  McPherson,  John  Mont- 
gomery, Henry  L.  Ziegler,  Thomas 
Castle,  A.  J.  Wilcoxon,  John  Ho'Uck» 
Frederick  Esterday,  Wm.  N.  Albough, 
John  T.  Moore,  John  Ramsburg,  Hiram 
Schissler,  Hiram  M.  Keefer,  John  H. 
Riehl,  Silas  Browning,  James  Hopwood, 
James  Phebus,  Jacob  D.  Hemmell,  David 
H.  Lease,  John  Stimmell,  Chas.  H, 
Keefer,  Henry  Goldenberg,  Daniel  Mill- 
er of  A.,  Ormond  F.  Butler,  Philip 
Morningstar,  M.  Eugene  Getzendanner, 
Jacob  Baer,  M.  D'.,  D.  J.  Markey,  Wm. 
W.  McLane,  Samuel  P.  Ashton,  Albert 
W.  Keefer,  George  B.  Shope,  Samuel 
Hargate,  John  W.  Dyer.  Jacob  Riehl, 
Jerningham  Boone,  M.  D.,  J.  Edward 
Sififord,  J.  H.  James,  C.  C.  Crum,  Sim- 
on Hartman,  J.  D.  Richardson,  Horatio 
W.  Bentz,  M.  Augustus  Hopwood,  Wil- 
liam James.  B.  H.  Schlev,  Martin  Hetz, 
Richard  Potts.  Wm.  H.  Brish,  Chas.  W. 
Johnson,  Chas.  W.  Miller,  J.  H.  Lewis, 
Christian  Getzendanner.  John  R.  Young, 
William  Dean,  Wm.  T.  Duvall,  John 
Goldsborough,  Thos.  M.  Holbrtmner, 
John  Jacob  Sliawbaker,  David  T.  Ben- 
nett, P.  J.  Hawman,  David  W.  Brooks, 
Jeremiah  C.  Grove,  Wm.  H.  Moran, 
John  T.  Martin,  David  Faubel,  John 
Geo.  Sinn,  Lewis  F.  Wachter,  Fairfax 
Schley.  P.  H.  Sinn,  Thos.  E.  Getzen- 
danner, Louis  Markell,  Charles  Cole, 
John  T.  Schley,  Wm.  H.  Hooper  (ma- 
son), Lewis  Medtart,  David  Boyd,  Sr., 
Joseph  P,  Ryan,  Danl.  Getzendanner, 
George  N.  Rine,  John  Strauffer,  Mich- 
ael Ebberts,  Jacob  C.  Woodward,  Henry 
Baer,  John  McKechney,  W.  M.  Lambert, 
John  Faubel,  Chas.  J.  Lewis,  George 
Wachter.  Wm.  R.  Beatty,  M.  Luther 
Duvall,  A.  Woddward,  John  H.  Young, 
M.  H.  Haller.  Geo.  P.  Lewis,  Jonathan 
Esworthy,  Nichs.  T.  Haller,  Wm.  D. 
Reese,  Geo.  W.  L.  Bartgis,  Isachar  Him- 
bury,  Joseph  Grofif,  James  Conner,  Adam 
Gault,  Hiram  Keefer,  James  Stevens, 
John  Gomber.  James  Brunner,  George 
W.  Lease,  E.  Hartman,  Isaiah  Devilhiss. 
Lawrence  W.  Bentz,  Samuel  Leidy, 
Augustus  F.  Birely,  Joseph  M.  Ebberts, 


THE   BRENGLE   HOME   GUARD 


727 


George  Hoskins,  Ezra  Greentree,  Hen- 
ry K.  Hilton,  George  Salmon,  John  C. 
Turner,  Thos  H.  Schaeffer,  DDS., 
James  B.  Yeakle,  Isaac  T.  Crum,  E.  T. 
Dixon,  Lewis  Fisher,  George  Hafer, 
John  \V.  Phebus,  Henry  Smith,  Chas. 
Titlow, David  R.Boogher,  Edwiard  Tuck- 
er, John  T.  Webster,  H.  F.  Steiner, 
Luther  C.  Derr,  Jacob  H.  Ziegler,  John 
Frailey.  Frederick  D.  Miller,  John  Mul- 
horn,  Bay  less  C.  Boogher,  Adolphus 
Fox,  Wm.  G.  Shipley,  Lewis  Heiser, 
Thomas  J.  Halley,  John  MicF.  Lyeth, 
Benj.  F.  Phebus,  Elias  Ramsburg,  Fred- 
erick A.  Stoner,  Wesley  Baltzell,  Ernest 
A.  C.  Fox,  M.  Bromett,  Jacob  Deter, 
John  Sifford.  Wm.  B.  Tabler,  John  Ott, 
John  Duvall,  Abraham  Kemp,  Josiah 
Harrison,  George  W.  Hayes,  Jacob 
Engelbrecht,  Joseph  Burck,  John  Han- 
shew,  Francis  M.  Getzendanner,  Samuel 
Hafer,  Lewis  Stein,  J.  W.  Starr,  Joshua 
Rhoads,  Wm.  H.  H.  Adams,  Zephaniah 
Flarrison,  W'm.  Jdhnson,  Peter  S.  Font, 
Geo.  Washington  Lafayette  Norris,  D. 
R.  Coblentz.  Hezekiah  Kidwell,  Edward 
Young,  William  Chambers,  George  Hoff- 
man, George  [W.  F.]  Vernon,  Francis 
T.  Hopwood,  Sam'l  V.  Doll,  W.  Ray- 
mond Sanderson,  Michael  Engelbrecht, 
Joshua  Dill,  Albert  Winton,  Theodore 
P.  Lowe,  Rufus  A.  ]\IcLane,  ^Milton  W.. 
W.  Shope,  Lewis  Mehrling,  Jos.  G.  Mil- 
ler, John  V.  Hane,  George  H.  Rickerds, 


John  A.  Steiner,  Franklin  Brcndle, 
Henry  Snyder,  John  E.  Gittinger,  Dan'l 
Getzendanner,  Jr.,  John  P.  L.  Storm, 
George  F.  Derr,  Charles  W.  Hanna, 
Jacob  Kehler.  B.  Dixon,  Henry  F.  Ru- 
precht,  Daniel  Tucker,  Adam  Freshour, 
Francis  L.  Brown,  Henry  Kaufman, 
Lewis  H.  Bennett,  John  E.  Fleming, 
John  W.  Metz,  Caspar  Brust,  Lewis  L. 
Seaman,  Daniel  Shaffer,  W.  H.  R. 
Deen,  Horatio  Waters,  John  Seaman, 
M.  McGinness,  W.  H.  Shipley,  Charles 
E.  Mealey,  John  W.  Dertzbaugh,  Eras- 
mus Tall,  David  F.  Smith,  Francis  T. 
Buckey,  John  Walter,  John  Richardson, 
John  Staley,  Charles  Atkins,  Edward 
Fader,  Parker  G.  Blessing,  Lewis  Crum, 
David  Frazier,  Flenry  Conrad,  Ezra  Ely, 
Lewis  H.  Main,  H.  W.  Ruprecht,  Jr., 
Geo.  R.  Kephart,  Oscar  L.  W.  Patter- 
son, G.  Bantz,  Wm.  C.  Smallwood,  Alex- 
ius E.  Smith,  Henry  Folk,  R.  Herges- 
heimer,  Harvey  E.  Jones,  Samuel  Shook, 
George  Kauntner,  H.  M.  Nixdorff, 
Henry  Kehler,  R.  W.  Cooms,  Jacob 
Keefer,  Frank  Schley,  J.  F.  L.  Berter- 
man,  Wm.  H.  Carr,  James  H.  Dean, 
Noble  H.  Creager,  Robert  Porter,  Wm. 
Ashmier,  Lawrence  J.  Brengle,  Geo.  E. 
Creager,  Luther  Frazier,  Peter  Ross, 
Leonard  Notnagle,  John  J.  Woodward, 
George  A.  Dean,  Joseph  Harker, 
Charles  E.  Lease,  Alichael  Foalkman, 
Henry  Frazier,  Chas.  G.  Myers. 


Will  There  Be  a  Union  of  Mennonite  Churches? 


The  following  paper  is  significant  as  in- 
dicating a  tendency  among  members  of  the 
Mennonite  Churches  to  "get  together." 
The  paper  may  mark  a  distinct  epoch  in 
the  history  of  the  Mennonite  faith. 

This  invitation  may  be  said  to  have 
originated  in  a  discussion  about  two 
years  ago,  carried  on  by  the  "Gospel 
Herald"  and  the  "Mennonite"  on  the 
question:  "In  What  Fundamentals  Do 
Mennonites  Agree?"  This  led  to  an 
article  on  "Mennonite  Unity"  by  Prof. 
N.  E.  Byers,  in  which  he  moves  that  a 
representative  committee  of  different 
Mennonite  bodies  be  selected  by  the  edi- 
tor of  the  "Mennonite,"  I.  A.  Sommer, 
who  did  so  about  a  year  later.  Thus  a 
committee  of  eight  was  formed,  repre- 
senting as  many  different  Mennonite 
Conferences.  This  Committee  did,  how- 
ever, not  find  it  possible  to  meet  before 
Aug.  26  a.  c,  when  it  held  its  first  ses- 
sion at  Winona  Lake,  Ind.  It  is  com- 
posed of  the  following  members  who 
were  all  represented  eitlier  personally 
or  by  proxy,  except  Bro.  I.  R.  Detweiler, 
who  could  not  come: 

Daniel  Brenneman,  Goshen,  Ind 
(Menu.    Brethren   in  Christ). 

J.  E.  Ilartzler,  Elkhart,  Ind.  (Gen- 
eral Conference — O.  M.) 

C.  R.  Egle,  Gridley,  111.  (Defense- 
less  Menn.) 

Val.  Strubhar,  Washington,  111.  (Cen- 
tral  111.   Conf.   Menn.) 

P.  C.  Heibert,  Hillsboro,  Kans. 
(Menn.  Brethren-Bundes-Gonference). 
Bro.  J.  II.  Pankratz  served  as  his  sub- 
stitute. 

D.  E.  Harder,  Hillsboro,  Kans. 
(Menn.  Brethren-Krimean)  (not  pres- 
ent) 

I.  R.  Detweiler,  Goshen,  Ind.  (Amish 
Mennonites)    (not  present) 

P.  H.  Richert,  Goessel,  Kans.  (Gen- 
eral Conference- A) 

The  session  was  opened  with  prayer 
by  a  dear  old  Bro.  Good,  who  was  also 
present  during  the  session. 


I.  The  temporary  officers  of  the  Com- 
mittee (J.  E.  Hartzler,  chairman,  P.  H. 
Richert,  secretary)  were  made  perman- 
ent and  Bro.  Strubhar  elected  treasur- 
er, as  there  are  some  expenses  con- 
nected with  such  a  meeting  for  which 
free-will  contributions  can  now  be  sent 
to  him. 

II.  Resolved  to  call  the  proposed 
gathering  a  "General  Convention  of  All 
Mennonites  in  America,"  which  is  to  be 
held,  if  possible,  during  the  last  week  in 
Aug.  1913. 

III.  Program  for  this  first  general 
convention : 

1.  The  blessings  of  Christian  unity, 
John  17:  21-23;  Dan.  Brenneman. 

2.  Menno  Simon  as  reformer.  C. 
V.  D.  Smissen. 

3.  Review  of  the  hstory  of  the 
American  Mennonites.    C.  H.  Smith. 

4.  What  contribution  have  we  as 
Mennonites  to  make  to  American  Chris- 
tianity?     J.   W.   Kliewer. 

5.  In  what  fundamentals  do  Menno- 
nites agree?    Dan.  Kauffman. 

6.  What  is  the  Bible  doctrine  of  non- 
resistance?     P.  C.  Hiebert. 

7.  In  what  branches  of  Christian 
work  can  we  cooperate?  K.  Bro. — • 
Shultz,  City  Missionary  in  Chicago. 

8.  "What  think  ye  of  Christ?"  En- 
anuel  Troyer. 

9.  Christian  Separation  from  the 
world.    John  17:15-17.    J.  K.  Gerig. 

10.  (To   be   supplied   later). 

It  will  be  seen  from  this  program  that 
the  chief  purpose  of  this  convention  is 
a  better  mutual  acquaintance  and  un- 
derstanding, a  closer  spiritual  union,  and 
edification  in  the  faith  according  to  Jude 
20:  "Build  up  your  sleeves  in  your  most 
holy  faith,  praying  in  the  Holy  Ghost." 

Should  any  one  question  the  necessity 
20:  "Build  up  yourselves  in  your  most 
his  attention  is  herewith  called  to  the 
Lord's  last  prayer  before  His  death,  in 
which  He  four  times  prays  for  His  dis- 
ciples :  "That     they     all    may    be  one" 


728 


UNION     OF    MENNONITE     CHURCHES 


729 


(John  17).  Thoug-h  we  are  funda- 
mentally one  in  Christ,  inasmuch  as  we 
all  still  hold  high  Menno  Simon's  motto, 
"Other  foundation  can  no  man  lay  than 
that  is  laid,  which  is  Jesus  Christ"  (T 
Cor.  3:11)  ;  there  is  yet  much  room  to 
grow  in  this  unity.  We  therefore  com- 
mend the  above  to  the  prayerful  con- 
sideration of  everyone  and  give  also  a 
few  quotations  from  history  on  this  sub- 
ject: 

I.  "Churches  seldom  divide  on  Bible 
doctrine.  Zealous  brethren  often  diffei 
in  their  views ;  but  as-  long  as  they  are 
knit  together  by  the  "bond  of  perfect- 
ness,'  they  bear  with  one  another  *  *  * 
Our  prayer  is,  that  some  day  there  may 
be  union,  real  union.  Our  fathers  were 
separated  under  circumstances  over 
which  we  have  no  control.  V\^e  are  kins- 
men and  agree  upon  many  points  of 
doctrine.  We  long  to  see  the  time  when, 
after  we  have  measured  our  relations 
and  see  how  we  stand,  there  may  be  two 
series  of  conferences :  First,  conferences 
between  bodies  to  see  how  they  may  be 
united  in  faith  and  practice ;  second, 
conferences  within  one  united  body  to 
further  the  interests  of  the  kingdom  *  *  * 
Had  there  been  more  general  confer- 
ences, as  the  one  at  Dort  n  1632,  our  his- 
tory might  have  been  different.  A  gen- 
eral conference  is  a  powerful  factor  in 
promoting  and  maintaining  a  uniformity 
of  doctrine  and  sympathv  and  life  and 
discipline"  (Hartzler  and  Kauffman, 
Mennonite  Church  History,  pp.  239, 
319  and  320). 

n.  "The  purpose  of  these  meetings 
in  the  early  history  of  the  Church,  both 
in  Europe  and  America,  was  merely  ad- 
visory, with  no  thought  of  passing  regu- 
lations binding  on  the  various  congre- 
gations." (The  Mennonites  of  America, 
by  C.  H.  Smith,  p.  392). 

We  as  an  unofficial  committee  believe 
the  time  has  come  for  such  a  convention 
and  hope  that  some  church  or  confer- 
ence will  find  it  possible  to  invite  the 
same.  If,  however,  no  invitation  should 
reach  the  comiiiittee  by  Jan.  19 13.  wc 
can  perhaps  all  agree  to  meet  at  Win- 
ona Lake.  Tnd.,  which  place  with  its 
complete   facilities  can   be   had   in   the 


middle  of  June  and  September,  when  no 
other  meetings  are  held  there.  Besides 
board  and  lodging,  which  is  not  high, 
the  place  would  cost  about  $15.00  a  day. 
Our  program  is  supposed  to  fill  two  days, 
not  counting  the  evenings,  which  might 
be  used  for  prayer  meetings,  etc.,  so 
that  each  subject  will  receive  enough 
time  for  a  free  discussion. 

Though  this  report  will  be  published 
through  our  church  papers  as  widely  as 
possible,  each  conference  is  herewith 
asked  to  devote  a  little  time  to  this  sub- 
ject so  as  to  bring  it  home  to  the  con- 
gregations, urging  them  all  to  be  repre- 
sented by  at  least  one  of  her  members, 
wihether  such  member  be  an  elected  dele- 
gate or  not.  This  convention  is  alto- 
gether a  volunteer  movement  and  not 
binding  on  any  one.  Should  any  papers 
be  overlooked  in  sending  out  this  report, 
will  they  kindly  copy  it  from  other  pa- 
pers? 

We  fondly  hope  and  fervently  pray 
that  all  our  dear  congregations  and  con- 
ferences may  accept  this  inofficial  invi- 
tation in  the  same  spirit  of  love  in  which 
it  is  sent  out. 

J. E. Hartzler,  Chairman. 
P.  H.  Richert,  Secretary. 

"Gospel  Herald"  (Mennonite)  said 
among  other  things  about  this  invitation : 

While  we  have  expressed  ourselves 
unfavorable  to  the  idea  of  an  organized 
attempt,  under  existing  circumstances, 
to  bring  all  Mennonite  bodies  together, 
especially  with  practically  half  the  bodies 
concerned  in  the  effort  not  represented 
in  the  call  for  the  general  meeting,  we 
desire  again  to  voice  our  wish  that  such 
an  end  might  be  accomplished.  The 
difference  between  us  and  other  friends 
of  union  seems  to  be  a  matter  of  method 
and  of  foundation  rather  than  a  dif- 
ference in  the  end  to  be  reached.  We 
practice  the  foundation  for  a  union  ot 
bodies.  As  fast  as  there  is  brought 
about  a  substantial  unity  in  this  founda- 
tion we  favor  the  unity  of  the  bodies. 
We  see  no  special  reason  for  coming  to- 
gether simply  because  of  a  common 
name  unless  there  is  also  a  common  faith 
which  makes  the  common  name  appro- 
priate.   A  working  together  in  one  body 


73° 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


when  there  is  lack  of  unity  in  faith  and 
poHcy  is  neither  wise  nor  upbuilding. 
Yet  if  the  proposed  general  meeting-  will 
result  in  what  we  do  not  expect  under 
the  circumstances,  we  will  be  more  than 
glad  to  acknowledge  our  error  in  judg- 
ment. 

Another  thought  we  desire  to  empha- 
size is  this :  In  our  firm  support  of  a 
whole-Gospel  religion,  let  us  not  forget 
that  a  part  of  this  religion  is  fervent 
charity  toward  fellowmen.  Without  one 
thought  of  compromise,  let  our  heart 
throb  of  love,  be  warm  enough  that 
those  who  do  not  think  in  all  things  ex- 
actly as  we  do  will  feel  nevertheless  that 
we  are  their  friends.  We  rejoice  that  in 
the  bosom  of  many  of  those  who  have 
gone  out  from  us  there  is  warm  feeling 


of  love  toward  us  and  a  wish  that  we 
all  might  be  one.  This  wish  should  find 
a  warm  response  on  our  part,  with  an  at- 
titude which  shows  that  it  is  not  cold- 
ness toward  man,  but  love  for  Gospel 
truth  which  prompts  us  to  oppose  any 
coming  together  of  churches  except  on 
the  basis  of  unity  in  the  faith.  We  need 
to  be  prayerful,  watchful,  walk  in  the 
fear  of  the  Lord,  be  deligent  in  search- 
ing for  His  will,  and  exercise  good  will 
to  all.  With  a  firm  adherence  to  the  en- 
tire Gospel  and  with  fervent  charity  for 
all,  let  our  prayers  continue  to  ascend 
to  the  end  that  Gfd  may  so  overrule  that 
there  may  be  Krought  about  a  oneness 
in  faith  sufficient  to  have  a  union  of 
churches  without  a  sacrifice  of  Christian 
principles. — Gospel  Herald. 


Indiana's  Promi-  Americans  of  German 
nent  Germans  ancestry  have  often 
justly  complained  that 
this  ethnic  element  has  not  been  given 
due  credit  for  its  share  in  the  making  of 
our  country,  but  do  those  who  feel  this 
slight  make  every  effort  to  ascertain  the 
facts  in  the  case  and  give  them  a  wide 
publicity?  I  remember  reading  an  ar- 
ticle in  the  Deutsch  Amerikanische  Ge- 
schichtsblatter,  which  enumerated  Indi- 
ana's eminent  men  of  German  blood,  but 
was  surprised  at  the  number  omitted 
from  this  list.  I  mention  a  few  of  the 
latter. 

Godlove  S.  Orth,  of  pure  Pennsylva- 
nia German  stock,  who  was  not  men- 
tioned, had  a  distinguished  career  as 
state  senator,  congressman  and  minister 
to  Austria.  He  used  to  relate  with  pleas- 
ure that  when  he  addressed  Kaiser  Franz 
Joseph  in  Pennsylvania  German,  the  lat- 
ter asked  him  where  he  had  learned  the 
beautiful  speech  of  the  Upper  Rhine.  He 


died  at  his  home  in  La  Fayette,  Ind..  in 
1882. 

Both  of  the  present  U.  S.  senators 
from  Indiana  are  of  German  stock.  Sen- 
ator Benjamin  F.  Shively's  grandparents, 
George  Shively  and  Ann  Snyder  ( Shive- 
ly)  were  natives  of  Washington  County, 
Pa.,  and  unmistakably  of  German  (or 
Swiss)  ancestry. 

Senator  John  W.  Kern's  parents  were 
born  in  Botetourt  County,  Va.,  and  were 
of  good  German  stock. 

Congressman  Edgar  D.  Crumpacker's 
earliest  paternal  ancestor  in  America 
was  John  Crumpacker,  who  settled  in 
the  Shenandoah  Valey,  Va.,  in  1750.  Al- 
though he  believes  him  to  have  been  a 
native  of  Holland,  the  name  is  indubi- 
tably German. 

Then  there  are  Bishop  Luehrs  and 
Dwenger.  who  first  occupied  the  Roman 
Catholic  episcopal  chair  of  Ft.  Wayne 
in  the  order  named.  All  of  which  proves 
the  necessity  of  patronizing  the  Penn 
Germania. — J.  H.  A.  L. 


The  Town  Regulations  of  Lititz,  Pa.,  1759 


According  to  Hamilton,  "in  August 
(1755)  George  Klein  for  a  nominal  con- 
sideration transferred  to  the  Church  (Mo- 
ravian) his  farm  of  nearly  five  hundred 
acres  as  the  site  of  a  settlement,  which 
should  be  Bishop  Hehl's  place  of  residence 
in  accordance  with  the  plans  of  a  recent 
synod.  It  received  the  name  of  Lititz  in 
June  of  the  next  year  at  the  suggestioa  ot 
Zinzendorf,  to  perpetuate  the  memory  of 
the  original  home  of  the  Unity." — page 
172.  "A  Moravian  'settlement'  normally 
consisted  of  a  village  all  of  whose  inhabi- 
tants were  adherents  of  the  Moravian 
Church,  permanent  residence  or  the  ac- 
quirement of  property  therein  by  others 
not  being  permitted.  Its  spiritual  affairs 
were  superintended  by  an  elders'  confer- 
ence of  which  the  minister  (Gemeinhelfer) 
was  chairman,  and  of  w^hich  all  the  other 
ordained  servants  of  the  church  resident 
in  the  place  and  the  women  who  had  over- 
sight of  their  sex,  were  members.  The 
communal  government  was  vested  in  a 
warden  with  whom  were  associated  the 
members  of  the  Aufseher  Collegium,  a 
committee  elected  by  the  church  council. 
Matters  of  primary  importance  were  re- 
ferred to  the  decision  of  the  church  coun- 
cil, a  larger  body  of  male  communicants. 


The  inn,  a  general  store,  a  mill,  a  smithy, 
a  tannery  and  possibly  other  industries 
were  managed  for  the  'settlement,'  as 
part  of  the  property  of  the  church.  Es- 
tablishments known  respectively  as  the 
widows,'  brethren's  and  sisters'  houses, 
where  members  of  these  'choirs'  prosecuted 
trades  for  the  benefit  of  the  establishment, 
and  in  return  received  a  home  and  the 
necessaries  of  life,  were  each  superintend- 
ed by  a  chaplain  or  Pfleger  In  spiritual 
and  a  warden  in  secular  affairs.  Daily 
services  were  held  in  the  chapels  of  these 
houses,  and  each  evening  of  the  week  as 
well  as  on  the  Lord's  Day  the  entire  popu- 
lation of  the  'settlement'  met  for  worship 
in  the  church,  the  liturgical  forms  and 
usages  being  characterized  by  a  rich  va- 
riety and  pleasing  simplicity." — page  220. 
We  give  below  the  regulations  adopted 
for  the  Moravian  "settlement"  at  Lititz, 
Pa.,  in  1759.  In  the  original  the  English 
and  German  versions  are  placed  in  paral- 
lel columns.  The  regulations  were  revised 
and  written  out  in  German  and  signed 
anew,  the  date  of  which  however  is  noi 
given  in  connection  with  the  official  copy 
'These  regulations  are  worthy  of  careful 
study  in  view  of  present  day  demands 
and  tendencies. 


Preliminary  Conditions,  or  Town  Regulations 


Which  every  Person,  desiring-  to  be- 
come an  inhabitant  in  the  new  Town  or 
Village  called  Lititz,  situate  in  the  Town- 
ship O'f  Warwick  in  the  County  of  Lan- 
caster in  the  Province  of  Pennsylvania, 
must  agree  strictly  to  observe  to  adhere 
to,  viz : 

I.  Forasmuch  as  the  fundamental 
Plan  and  original  Design  of  building  the 
Congregation  Village,  Lititz,  is  princi- 
pally to  establish  a  suitable  Place  where 
all  Persons  belonging  to  the  Brethren's 
Church  or  any  Tropus  or  particular 
Branch  thereof  living  either  in  Towns  oi 
on  their  Plantations  may  have  for  them- 
selves and  Families  a  Cura  Animarum 
and  preservation  from  all  dangerous  and 
hurtfull  worldly  Connections  and  their 
Consequences;    Which    Care    and    Pre- 


servation and  other  Spiritual  x\ssistance 
they  are  sensible  cannot  be  had  in  their 
present  Places  of  Abode  living  either  so 
mixt  with  other  People  of  different  Sen- 
timents and  Practice  or  Plantations  too 
remote  from  our  Churches  and  Congre- 
gation Houses :  It  therefore  necessarily 
follows,  that,  strictly  speaking,  no  Body 
can  have  leave  to  reside  in  this  village 
but  such  as  belong  to  the  Brethren's 
Church  and  those  who  earnestly  desire 
to  live  a  peaceable  and  quiet  life  in  all 
Godliness  and  Honesty  whereby  they  for 
themselves  and  their  own  Hearts  may 
have  benefit ;  naturally  build  up  each 
other :  have  the  \\"or(l  of  God  richly 
dwelling  amongst  them  ;  training  up  their 
Children  for  our  Savr ;  preserve  their 
Sons  and  Daughters  for  him  ;  become  a 


731 


732 


THE  PENN  GERMANIA 


Blessing  and  Advantage  to  the  Province  ; 
a  Pleasure  to  the  Magistrates:  and  an, 
Honor  to  our  Savr. 

2.  A  Second  Reason  for  Building  this 
Village  is ;  that  its  inhabitants  in  the 
Emergencies  and  Troubles  of  War  (as 
has  been  the  Case  since  the  year  1755) 
may  be  in  a  Condition  mutually  to  as- 
sist each  other,  as  well  as  generally  to 
render  the  Difificulties  incident  to  human 
Life  more  supportable. 

3.  To  this  End  this  two-fold  Purpose 
may  be  fully  attained,  a  Number  of 
Brethren  in  Lititz  as  a  Committee  of 
the  Whole  (to  be  stil'd  The  Committee 
for  the  Management  of  temporal  Affairs) 
are  to  be  appointed  to  regulate  and  keep 
in  good  Order  everything  relating  to  the 
Village  and  its  Inhabitants.  The  Elders 
and  Wardens  of  the  Congregation  as 
well  as  those  of  each  respective  Choir 
for  the  Time  being,  are  ordinarily  to 
constitute  a  Part  of  this  Committee. 

4.  Whoever  has  a  mind  to  remove 
to  and  establish  himself  in  Lititz,  must 
above  all  Things  first  lay  before  the  said 
Committee  a  true  and  just  state  and 
Account  of  his  temporal  Circumstances, 
particularly  of  his  debts,  if  he  has  were- 
withall  to  discharge  them  and  the  Time 
when  ;  and  in  Case  it  be  required  by  the 
Committee,  must  pay  them  off  before  he 
can  obtain  Leave  to  build. 

5.  The  Landlord  or  his  Execurs  &c 
gives  each  Settler  in  Lititz  a  Lease  and 
he  on  his  part  binds  himself,  his  Execrs 
and  Admrs  in  a  Bond  of  five  hundred 
Pound  Sterling  Penalty  to  perform  the 
Covenants  contained  in  such  Lease. 

6.  Every  Inhabitant  in  Lititz  must  as 
is  meet  and  riglit,  not  only  conduct  him- 
self in  all  Things  agreeable  to  the  Laws 
of  the  Province  (for  we  will  not  be  a 
disorderly  people)  but  must  likewise  con- 
form without  Exception  to  all  the  Con- 
gregation and  Village  Regulations,  which 
under  the  Direction  of  the  Unitas  Frat- 
rum  now  are  or  hereafter  may  be  made. 

7.  Under  this  Head  is  to  be  reckoned 
first   of   all;   that   every    Inhabitant    of 
Lititz  do  own  and  acknowledge  the  Au- 
thority of  tlie  aforesaid  Committee  for 


temporal  Concerns  and  engage  to  act 
conformable  to  their  Rules  and  Regula- 
tions and  upon  any  Differences  arising 
between  Neighbor  and  Neighbor,  that 
they  will  refer  the  matters  in  Dispute 
unto  the  aforesaid  Committee  as  Arbi- 
trators (a  usual  Thing  in  this  Country) 
to  settle  them  amicably;  But  sho'd  the 
voices  be  equally  divided  on  both  sides, 
then  the  President  of  the  Committee  as 
Umpire,  at  all  Times,  decide  tlie  Matter 
in  Question,  whose  Determination  there- 
in shall  be  binding  to  both  Parties. 

8.  That  not  only  lightminded,  dis- 
oMerly  and  needless  Conversation ;  but 
also  all  Intercourse  between  Persons  of 
both  Sexes  as  well  married  as  single, 
both  within  and  without  the  Village  con- 
trary to  our  avowed  Choir  principles  be 
carefully  avoided ;  On  which  account 
every  Master  of  a  Family,  having  Chil- 
dren and  Servants  of  both  Sexes,  must 
make  such  Disposition  in  their  Houses 
that  all  Soul-Damage  and  Offense  may 
be  prevented,  and  in  cases  of  that  Na- 
ture to  act  subordinate  to  the  Advice  and 
direction  of  the  Committee. 

9.  That  no  Inhabitant  follow  any 
other  Trade  or  Business,  save  that  only 
which  he  followed  at  bis  Admission  into 
the  Villag-e  and  Approbation  of  the  Com- 
mittee for  so  doing. 

10.  That  all  Traffic  be  carried  on  with 
ready  Money  or  Money's  Worth  and 
that  at  a  word  \Vithout  cheapening.  In 
general  every  Inhabitant  of  Lititz  in 
Matters  respecting  Trade  and  Business 
is  to  govern  himself  according  to  the 
Prescription   of   the    Committee ;   to  the 

.  Intent,  that  the  Interest  and  Welfare  of 
every  Individual  there  residing  may  be 
duly  attended  to  and  promoted. 

11.  That  none  either  borrow  or  lend 
Money  without  the  previous  Knowledge 
and  Consent  of  the  Committee. 

12.  That  no  One  give  even  a  Nights 
Lodging  in  bis  House  to  any  Person 
whatsoever  without  having  first  acquaint- 
ed the  Committee  thereof  and  obtained 
their  or  the  Warden's  Approbation.  In 
like  Manner,  That  no  Inhabitant  nor  any 
belonging  to  him  by  his  Direction  under- 
take a  journey  either  far  or  near  with- 


TOWN  REGULATIONS  OF  LITITZ,  PA. 


735 


out  consulting  the  Warden  thereupon. 

13.  That  no  Person  presume  to  act 
in  the  Capacity  of  a  Doctor,  Surgeon, 
Empirick  or  Midwife.  Nor  on  the  other 
Hand  shall  any  Inhabitant  consult  or  ad- 
vise, in  Medicinal  and  Chirurgical  Con- 
cerns or  in  Matters  of  Midwifery  with 
any  other  Persons  than  those  appointed 
and  Authorized  by  the  Congregation,  un- 
less it  be  with  the  Privity  and  Consent  ot 
the  Committee  or  the  Wardens. 

14.  Further,  that  inasmuch  as  a  Con- 
gregation Village  must  have  many  ne- 
cessary Expences  to  defray,  for  the  well 
ordering  of  the  Whole  or  some  particular 
Branch  thereof  e.  g.  Night-Watch,  dig- 
ing,  making  and  maintaining  Wells  and 
Pumps,  Provision  against  Fire  and  Ir- 
ruption of  the  Savages  &c,  &c.  No  In- 
habitant thereof  ought  to  withdraw  his 
Hand,  but  cheerfully  contribute  on  such 
occasions,  his  Proportion  as  shall  be  re- 
solved from  Time  by  the  Committee  or 
Senatus  to  be  composed  of  a  Select  Num- 
ber of  the  Inhabitants. 

15.  All  those  who  have  leave  to  build 
Houses,  must  firmly  agree  to  this ;  that 
neither  they  their  Exec'rs,  nor  Adm'rs 
have  Power  to  sell,  let  hire  out  or  even 
give  away  their  Houses,  Lots,  and  Im- 
provements in  Lititz,  nor  any  Part  there- 
of, unless  they  have  authority  for  so  do- 
ing in  writing  from  the  Committee  or 
from  the  owner  of  the  Soil  or  his  agents, 
(x)    see  last  Page. 

16.  The  owner  of  the  Soil  pays  the 
Quit  Rent  for  the  Land  to  the  Propri- 
etors ;  but  all  other  Taxes,  now  or  here- 
after to  be  laid  by  the  Government  on 
Persons,  Lots,  Houses  and  Personal  Es- 
tate are  to  be  defrayed  by  the  Tenants 
and  the  Landlord  indemnified  against 
the  Same. 

17.  Nothing  shall  be  taught  or  preach- 
ed in  Lititz,  but  what  is  conformable  to 
the  Gospel  of  Christ.  Has  any  one  an 
Opinion,  peculiar  to  himself,  such  a  Per- 
son may  be  indulged,  provided  he  seek 
not  to  propagate  it. 

18.  It  is  expected  that  on  all  Occasions 
when  the  Congregation  is  expressly  con- 
cerned such  Person  appear  at  the  Time 
appointed. 


19.  No  difiference  shall  subsist  in 
Lititz  longer  than  8  days ;  nor  shall  any 
Complaint  be  lodged  unless  within  the 
Time  aforesaid  Limited,  no  Accomoda- 
tion can  be  effected.  In  which  Case  the 
matter  in  Dispute  shall  then  be  Laid  be- 
fore the  Committee  and  by  them  determ- 
ined, in  such  wise,  that  a  decision  be 
made  and  the  affair  finally  adjusted  the 
selfsame  Day ;  between  the  Accuser  and 
the  Accused,  that  so  the  Umbrage  given 
may  be  imediately  abolished.  Which  is 
to  be  done  at  the  Cost  and  Charge  of  the 
Person  who  in  the  Judgment  of  the  Com- 
mittee has  been  the  Agressor. 

20.  No  Meetings  without  light,  shall 
be  suffered  on  any  account  whatsoever. 

21.  Whensoever  the  Congregation  ne- 
gotiates any  Matters,  by  a  Member  ot 
theirs,  the  Whole  body  is  necessarily  re- 
sponsible. However  his  Authority  for 
so  doing  must  first  have  been  subscribed 
by  the  Committee  or  the  President  and 
Clerk  of  the  same.  Should  any  one 
nevertheless  transact  Affairs  in  the  Name 
of  the  Congregation  for  which  he  had 
no  such  Commission,  he  shall  answer  for 
it  according  to  Law  and  moreover  for- 
feit thereby  his  Privilege  of  continuing 
in  Lititz. 

22.  He  that  borrows  shall  repay  at  the 
appointed  Time,  unless  he  can  make  it 
appear,  that  it  was  not  in  his  Power  to 
keep  his  Word ;  in  which  Case  another 
reasonable  Time  shall  be  fix'd  and  agreed 
on.  He  that  Lends  to  others  shall  set 
a  Time  when  it  is  morally  probable  he 
may  be  paid  again.  No  one  shall  be- 
speak a  Thing  that  he  knows  he  cannot 
pay  for  when  he  is  to  fetch  it  away. 

23.  No  Dancing,  Matches,  Taverning 
(except  for  the  necessary  Entertainment 
of  Strangers  and  Travellers)  Beer-Tap- 
ings,  Feastings,  at  Weddings,  Christen- 
ings or  Burials,  Common  Sports  and 
Passtimes  nor  the  playing  of  the  Chil- 
dren in  the  Streets  shall  be  so  much  as 
heard  of  Amongst  the  Inhabitants.  They 
that  have  Inclinations  that  Way  bent 
cannot  live  in  Lititz. 

24.  Those  whose  Time  is  engrossed  by 
his  Business  of  their  respective  Func- 
tions in  the  Congregation  and  have  not 


734 


rilE   PENN   GERMANIA 


wherewithal  to  Hve  upon,  must  be  pro- 
vided for  by  the  Congreoation,  as  Cir- 
cumstances and  Necessity  require.  Oth- 
erwise every  Inhabitant  in  Lititz  must 
labour  with  his  own  Hands  and  eat  his 
own  Bread.  They  who  by  Reason  of 
Age,  Sickness  or  Poverty  are  incapable 
of  so  doing,  the  Congregation  will  main- 
tain, if  so  be  they  have  no  Relations  who 
according  to  holy  Writ  ought  to  do  it. 

25.  Should  any  Person  by  the  allwisc 
Providence  of  God  be  deprived  of  his 
senses,  he  shall,  for  God's  sake  be  merci- 
fully treated  and  patiently  born  with 
and  be  committed  to  the  Care  of  discreet 
Persons  to  be  attended  and  nursed  by 
them  both  as  to  Soul  and  Body,  and  it 
so  be  he  is  restored  again  no  mention 
shall  be  made  of  his  former  situation  in 
any  wise. 

26.  Every  Brother  and  every  Sister 
shall  be  respected  in  the  Offices  they  re- 
spectively bear  in  the  Congregation ;  nor 
shall  any  presume  to  be  disobedient  to 
or  oppose  a  Servant  of  the  Congregation, 
or  any  one  else  in  the  exercise  of  his 
Office. 

27.  Those  to  whom  the  Inspection 
over  Houses,  Wells,  Fields,  Roads  and 
Taxes  is  committed,  shall  be  assiduous  in 
their  offices.  Should  any  Mistake  or 
Fault  happen  on  their  Side,  that  None 
in  such  case  resist  them,  but  rather  that 
they  lay  the  affair  before  the  Commit- 
tee &  leave  it  to  their  Determination. 

28.  The  exclusive  Privilege  of  seting 
up  a  Store,  Apothecary's  Shop  and 
Tavern  is  reserved  for  the  Benefit  of 
the  Congregation  Village.  Besides 
these  no  other  Persons  shall  in  any  sort 
medle  with  Store  or  Shop-keeping  or 
exercise  the  Business  of  an  Apothecary, 
nor  shall  any  one  else  be  allowed  to  keep 
a  iniblick  house. 

29.  A  Brother  shall  be  appointed  to 
receive  all  the  Profits  that  accrue  by  the 
above  Regulation  or  by  any  other  Ways 
or  Means  who  shall  make  it  his  prope^ 
Business  to  keep  just  accounts  of  his 
Receipts  &  Disbursements  &  every 
Quarter  or  oftener  if  required  lay  before 
the  Committee;  That  so  every  Tiling  may 


be   transacted   honestly    in   the   sight   of 
God  &  ]\Ian. 

30.  Whenever  it  happens  that  any 
one  cannot  be  permitted  to  reside  any 
longer  in  Lititz,  the  Committee  with  the 
Consent  of  the  Elders  &  Bishops  for  the 
Time  being  who  have  Lititz  under  their 
care  &  Direction  is  then  to  notify  the 
same  in  W' riting  &  insist  on  his  leaving 
the  Place. 

31.  Nevertheless  no  Body  in  such, 
Case  shall  loose  the  Benefit  of  their  im- 
provement but  shall  be  satisfied  in  the 
Manner  prescribed  in  the  Lease. 

32.  Goods  which  are  to  be  had  i.i 
Lititz  shall  not  without  urgent  Neces- 
sity be  bought  elsewhere. 

33.  To  the  End  good  Work  may  be 
made  &  the  same  may  be  sold  for  a  right 
Price;  there  will  be  established  a  Board 
of  Masters  who  shall  have  the  Superin- 
tendence of  all  the  Trades  &  Professions 
exercised  &  carried  on  in  Lititz.  In  the 
Beginning  however  the  Committee  may 
take  that  Charge  upon  them ;  when  every 
Inhabitant  in  Lititz  must  strictly  govern 
himself  accordingly  to  the  Rules  &  Or- 
ders the  Committee  or  Board  aforesaid 
shall  in  that  respect  ordain  &  make. 

34.  All  Fraud  &  overreaching  of 
ones  Neighbors,  likewise  any  premedi- 
tated Mischief  done  to  the  Woods, 
Fences,  Fields,  Fruit  Trees,  &c.  belong- 
ing to  the  Possessor  of  the  Soil  shall  be 
deemed  infamous  As  generally  all  other 
gross  heathenish  Sins,  to  wit :  W^ioring, 
&  Wenching,  Gluttony,  &  Drunkenness, 
Cursing  &  Swearing,  Lying  &  Cheating, 
Pilfering  &  Stealing,  Quarreling  & 
Fighting  shall  not  even  be  heard  of  in 
Lititz.  He  that  is  guilty  of  the  like  can- 
not be  suffered  to  continue  there. 

35.  All  Parents  &  Masters  (whose 
Children,  Servants,  Maids,  or  Prentices 
arc  under  their  own  roof)  as  well  as 
those  who  have  the  Care  of  the  Choir- 
Houses  are  to  take  special  Care  that  the 
People  under  their  respective  Charge 
may  be  within  at  seasonable  Hours  & 
and  all  Night- Walks  prevented.  In  gen- 
eral. Parents  &  Masters  shall  be'^  ac- 
countable for  their  children  &  Families 
&  when  any  of     them    misbehave  or  do 


UNION     UJ^'   MENNONITE     CHURCHES 


735 


amiss  it  shall  be  required  at  their  Hands. 
Unless  they  have  given  the  Committee 
tunely  Information  that  one  or  another 
of  their  Household  is  intractable;  that 
so  measures  may  be  taken  to  put  a  stop 
to  any  consequent  mischievous  Effect, 
or  else,  if  needs,  must,  that  the  incorri- 
gible transgressing  Party  may  be  turned 
away. 

3O.  He  that  sees,  hears  or  comes  to 
the  15ottom  of  any  Thing  by  which  Dan- 
ger &  Hurt  to  soul  or  Body  or  other- 
wise Oft'ense  &  Scandal  may,  in  any  sort, 
ensue  or  arise,  either  to  the  Whole  Place 
or  any  particular  Brethren  &  Sisters  01 
even  to  a  single  Person,  must  by  no 
means  conceal  it ;  but  take  the  first  op- 
portunity with  Prudence  &  Discretion, 
to  reveal  the  Matter  unto  such  Persons 
as  of  right  sho'd  be  acquainted  with  it, 
e.  g.  the  Elders  &  Wardens  &  such  like 
Persons  in  the  respective  Choirs.  Those 
who  do  not  act  in  this  Manner  shall  be 
looked  upon  as  Accomplices. 

37.  Every  Man  must  be  circumspect 
&  careful  in  Regard  to  Eire  &  subject 
himself  therein  to  such  Rules  as  shall  be 
established  among  us. 

38.  The  Streets  of  the  Village  shall 
be  orderly  &  clean  by  the  circumjacent 
Housekeepers;  who  shall  not  throw  or 
cause  to  be  thrown  out  any  Straw, 
Dung  or  other  Filth,  but  shall  carefull}- 
lay  the  same  behind  their  Houses  in 
their  Yards  or  Gardens.  Neither  shall 
any  Tools  or  other  Things  of  general 
Use  or  Value  be  carelessly  left  lying 
about  in  publick  Places. 

39.  Any  damage  done  to  wells,. 
Ways,  Houses  or  other  Things  of  a  pub- 
lick  Nature  shall  be  repaired  and  made 
good  at  the  Cost  &  Charge  of  the  Per- 
son or  Persons  thro'  whose  Fault  &  Neg- 
lect the  same  happened. 

40.  No  Bodv  shall  use  &  Make  free 


with  a  thing  belonging  to  his  Neighbor, 
without  having  first  obtained  his  Con- 
sent. 

41.  No  Marriages  shall  be  contracted 
or  made  without  the  Privity  &  Approba- 
tion of  the  Elders  &c.  .  .  .  of  the  Con- 
gregation &  Choirs.  Nor  shall  any  one 
attempt  to  promote  or  make  secret 
Matches.  He  that  is  minded  to  act  oth- 
erwise, whether  it  be  by  himself  alone  or 
in  Conjunction  with  others,  forfeits  his 
Right  of  being  an  Inhabitant  of  Lititz. 

42.  The  Sick  shall  not  be  promiscu- 
ously attended  &  nursed  but  according 
to  the  received  Regulations  of  the  Con- 
gregation. 

43.  No  Journeyman,  Prentice,  ser- 
vant, Maid  or  Negroe  shall  be  received 
into  any  Family  without  the  Privity  & 
Approbation  of  the  Committee.  And 
every  Housekeeper  shall  put  away  all 
such  as  soon  as  they  become  Seducers. 

44.  It  is  quite  necessary  that  every 
one  makes  his  Last  Will  in  due  Season. 
The  Committee  can  be  consulted  in  that 
Respect,  from  Time  to  Time  as  occasion 
requires. 

45.  The  Committee,  under  the  Direc- 
tion of  the  Elders  &  Bishops  p.  t.  is  to 
have  the  Superintendence  of  the  forego- 
ing Articles  &  generally  of  the  whole 
Village  &  its  Inhabitants  of  what  Rank 
&  Condition  soever. 

*  Every  House  is  to  be  build  with 
Stone  upon  the  appointed  Spot  of 
Ground,  so  long,  deep  &  high  as  shall 
be  prescribed.  The  Wall  is  to  be  two  or 
three  foot  in  the  Ground  &  two  Foot 
thick.  The  Chimney  &  Fire-Wall  shall 
be  made  strictly  according  to  the  Draft. 

Zur  piincktliche  u  stricten  Befolgung 
vorstehende  Gemein-Ordnungen  ver- 
binde  ich  mich  fiir  mich  selbst  &  die 
INIeinige  u.  bezeuge  solches  mit  meines 
Names  Unterchrift. 

Lititz  d  7ten  August  1759. 


Witnesses 

Alb.  Ludolph  Rus- 

meyer 
Nich.   Heinrich 

Eberhardt 


Signatures 

Mataeus  Baum- 

gartner 
Ludwig   Caszler 
Johannes  Thomas 
December  18,  17.SO 


David  Nitschmann      Christian  FriedrLh 


Nich.  Eberhardt 

Nich.   Heinrich 

Eberhardt 
Heinrich  Haller 


Steinmann 
December  30,  1759 
Johannes  Eberman 
Christian  Blickens- 

torfifer 


736 


THE  PENN  GERMANIA 


Nich.  Heinrich 

Eberhardt 
Johannes  Thomas 


Luchvio^  Caszler 
Johann  Wilhehii 

Werner 
Nich.   Heinricli 

Eberhardt 
Andreas  Horn 

Nich.   Heinrich 

Eberhardt 
Ludwi,^  Caszler 
Andreas  PJorn 
Heinrich  Halle ^ 


Johann  Wilhelm 

Werner* 
August  lo,  1761 
Joh  Heinrich 

Merck* 
John   Fridrich 

Otto 
Samuel   Fockel 
October   12,    1761 
Matthias  Shady 

March   12,    1762 
Paul  Christian 
Hauber 

April    2.   1762 
Joseph  Bulicechk 

(Bullitecheck) 
Johann'es    Klein 

"als  Vorsteher 

der  1  e  d  i  o-  e  n 

Briider" 
December   2,    1762 


Johann  Klein 
Johan  Thomas 

Heinrich   Haller 
Johann   Thomas 

Andreas  Horn 
Jo.   Christoph 

Franck 
Andreas  Horn 

Jo.    Christoph 
Franck 

Heinrich  Flaller 

Johann  Christoph 

Franck 
Johann  Christoph 

Franck 
Valentin   Grosch 


Albrecht  Klotz* 

December  18,  1764 
Valentin  Grosch 

May  20,   1766 
Henrich  Frey 


David  Tannenber- 
,8^er 

October  8,   1766 
Johann  Ernst 
Scheffel 


Christian 
Tschudy^ 


N.  B.^ — *Line  is  drawn  across  name. 


Early  Moravian  In  connection  with  the 
Missionaries  Huss  Memorial  services 
July  7,  1912,  Rev.  E.  S. 
Hagen,  pastor  of  the  Moravian  Church 
at  Lititz,  Pa.,  read  brief  obituary  notices 
of  30  worthies  whose  remains  rest  in  the 
Moravian  cemetery  and  whose  graves 
were  marked  with  a  wreath.  The  fol- 
lowing notes  were  culled  from  his  paper: 

"Margaretha  Elizabeth  Grube,  born 
Nov.  ID,  1716.  in  Livonia.  Her  first 
husband  was  Joachim  Busse.  With  him 
she  went  in  175 1  as  missionary  to  St. 
Thomas,  W.  I.,  where  her  husband  died. 
In  1755  she  was  married  to  Bernhard 
Grube  with  whom  she  served  in  the  In- 
dian missions. 

John  Jacob  Schmick.  missionary 
among  the  Indians.  Died  1778,  of  the 
camp  fever  contracted  while  ministering 
to  the  sick  and  wounded  in  the  Lititz 
Military  Hospital. 

John  Michler,  born  October  24,  1720, 
was  twice  missionary  in  the  West  Indies. 


Anna  Maria  Maehr,  born  April  6^ 
1764.  She  was  twice  married.  Hei» 
first  husband  was  Rev.  John  Fred  Metz 
who  died  in  Paramaribo.  Her  second 
husband  was  also  a  missionary.  Rev. 
John  Maehr,  a  missionary  in  South 
America.     Died  June  21,  1821. 

Carl  Frederick  Schroeter,  a  deacon  of 
the  church ;  formerly  a  missionary  in 
Surinam;  retired  in  Lititz;  died  March 
19,  1821. 

John  Frederick  Rudolphi,  medical  mis- 
sionary to  Tranquebar  and  on  the  Nico- 
bar  Islands  for  six  years,  came  to  War- 
wick in  18 16.     Died  March  3,  1825. 

Micael  Jung,  served  as  a  missionary 
among  the  Indians  for  28  years*  retired 
in  Lititz  in  1813.  Died  Dec.  13,  1826." 

These  may  be  classed  as  Protestant 
missionaries  and  can  be  added  to  the  list 
published  in  our  June  issue,  425.  Will 
Church  historians  recognize  these  facts 
and  correct  faulty  Church  history  in  har- 
mony therewith?  Honor  to  whom  hon- 
or is  due. 


The  Elser  Homestead  and  Family  History 


By  F.   E.  Schnerer,  Lititz,  Pa. 


The  Elser  homestead,  better  known 
as  Elser's  saw  mill,  is  located  on  Middle 
Creek,  in  Clay  Township,  about  one- 
half  mile  southeast  of  the  village  ot 
Clay.  The  original  tract  contained  104 
acres  of  limestone  land  wihile  the  tract 
at  present  contains  96  acres  and  80 
perches.  This  farm  was  once  the  camp- 
ing grounds  of  the  Indians.  On  a  re- 
cent visit  by  the  writer  to  the  farm,  the 
spots  where  the  wigwams  stood,  theii 
■happy  hunting  grounds,  and  where  the 
medicine  man  pounded  or  ground  the 
roots  for  their  medicine  were  pointed 
out.  The  last  mentioned  place  is  a 
large  limestone  rock,  just  below  the 
bridge  which  spans  the  Middle  Creek,  on 
the  road  leading  to  the  Horseshoe  turn- 
pike, on  which  the  bowl-shaped  cavities, 
three  in  number,  can  be  seen. 

We  will  now  leave  the  homestead  foi 
a  little  while  and  take  up  for  our  con- 
sideration the  history  of  the  family. 

THE    ELSER    FAMILY 

Peter  Elser,  the  first  ancestor,  whose 
full  name  we  learn  from  family  docu- 
ments was  Johan  Peter  Elser,  was  the 
son  of  Hans  Adam  and  Marv  Margar- 
etha  Elser,  daughter  of  Frederick  and 
Mary  Barbara  Hager,  and  a  native  ot 
Russheim,  Germany.  It  appears  that  t'u; 
father.  Hans  Adam  Elser,  died  in  the 
Fatherland,  and  that  some  time  after  his 
death  the  widow  with  her  children  de*- 
cided  to  come  to  America.  At  this  time 
her  son,  Peter,  was  past  the  age  of  six- 
teen years.  As  all  male  immigrants  hav- 
ing reached  that  age  were  required  to 
subscribe  to  an  oath  of  allegiance,  we, 
accordingly,  find  his  name  on  the  official 
records  of  the  State. 

Concerning  the  early  history  of  the 
family  there  are  documents  in  the  hands 
of  one  of  the  members  of  the  family 
which  are  evidently  correct,  one  of  which 
is  a  baptismal  record,  as  follows: 


"Anno  1705  July  16,  Mary  Margareth, 
daugliter  of  Frederick  Hager,  citizen, 
and  Mary  Barbara,  his  legal  wife.  Spon- 
sors, John  Paules  Spack,  citizen,  and 
Anna  Catharina,  Anna  Margaretha, 
Johan  Dichbold,  Joggen,  the  wife  of 
Shoemaker,  and  Anna  Catharine,  daugh 
ter  of  Werner,  citizen. 

(From  the  Church  records) 

Russheim,  May  ist,  1749. 

J.  B.  Rheinberger,  Pastor. 

Among  the  list  of  passengers  on 
■  board  the  good  ship  "Anna,"  Capt.  John 
Spurrier,  master,  which  arrived  in  port 
at  Philadelphia  on  September  28,  1749, 
from  Rotterdam,  Holland,  we  find  the 
names  of  Henry  Mock  and  Peter  Elser, 
and,  of  course,  his  mother  and  three 
sisters,  but  whether  as  Mrs.  Mock  or 
Mrs.  Elser  we  do  not  know,  for  the  rea- 
son that  the  names  of  the  women  are  not 
given  in  the  ship's  register.  The  entire 
party  located  in  the  ancient  Warwick 
settlement,  of  which  the  village  of 
Brickerville  was  about  the  center.  Here 
was  formed  one  of  the  earliest  Lutheran 
congregations  in  the  present  limits  ot 
the  county  of  Lancaster,  and  which  was 
known  as  the  Warwick  Church,  now 
known  as  Emmanuel's. 

We  learn  from  existing  documents  of 
an  agreement,  or  contract,  of  one  Hen- 
rich  IMock,  of  Warwick  Township,  Lan- 
caster County,  and  his  wife,  which  sets 
forth  that  he  (Mock)  agrees  to  accept 
and  provide  for  her  children  left  unde^ 
her  care  by  her  late  husband,  Hans 
Adam  Elser,  as  his  own.  The  children 
mentioned  are  Christina,  Peter,  Bar- 
bara and  Eve.  This  document  is  dated 
April  28,  1753. 

From  the  above  we  infer  that  the 
widow,  Elser,  married  Henry  Mock 
soon  after  their  arrival  in  America. 

Christina     Elser,  Peter's     sister,  was 
born  July  13,  1729;  died  June  17,  1779. 
737 


73? 


THE  PENN  GERMANIA 


On  November  25,  1754,  she  was  united 
in  marriage  with  George  Michael  Eich- 
elberger,  born  September  29,  1733,  and 
died  January  22,  1789.  The  ceremony 
was  performed  by  Rev.  Casper  Stoever. 
They  located  in  Warwick,  now  Clay 
Township,  on  the  farm  at  present  own- 
ed by  John  F.  Seibert. 

November  8,  1758,  George  Stober  and 
Eva  Elser  were  married  by  Rev.  Stoe- 
ver. They  located  in  Cocalico  Township, 
near  Schocneck. 

Tradition  says  that  Barbara  Elser. 
sister  to  Peter,  was  married  to  a  ^Ir. 
Wolfert. 

We  will  now  take  up  for  considera- 
tion the  son,  Peter  Elser,  who  now  also 
realized  that  it  was  not  well  for  man  to 
be  alone,  for  we  find  him  taking  unto 
himself  a  wife  five  years  before  he  be- 
came a  subject  to  King  George  the 
Third  of  England.  Plis  bride  was  Anna 
Alargaret,  daughter  of  Rev.  John  Cas- 
per Stoever,  and  the  marriage  took 
place  November  16,  1760,  the  ceremony 
being  performed  by  her  father.  His  wife 
was  born  August  3,  1738.  Peter  Elser 
was  granted  his  naturalization  papers 
October  15,  1765,  the  papers  being  dat- 
ed at  Philadelphia.  Soon  after  his  mar- 
riage he  acquired  some  land  and  became 
a  thrifty  fanner  and  influential  citizen 
of  the  province.  He  also  operated  a 
saw-mill  and  hemp-rolling  mill.  He 
died  in  1786,  leaving  a  will  which  can 
be  seen  at  the  Court  House  here.  The 
children  born  to  this  union  were  as  fol- 
lows:  John  Adam,  b.  Nov.  12,  1762; 
George,  b.  Feb.  12,  1765;  Peter,  b.  Feb. 
2,  1767,  d.  Oct.  8.  1845;  Christina,  b. 
Feb.  14,  1769,  married  to  a  Mr.  Weid- 
man ;  Johannes,  b.  Aug.  7,  1771,  d.  April 
21,  1838;  Michael,  b.  Jan.  10,  1774,  died 
in  infancy ;  Margaretta,  b.  Feb.  26, 
1776,  d.  Oct.  2,  1823. 

John  Adam,  the  first  son,  died  soon 
after  attaining  his  majority.  George, 
the  second  son,  left  the  homestead  in 
the  beginning  of  the  year  1789,  and  lo- 
cated at  Hanover,  York  County,  where 
he,  in  the  same  year,  married  Catharine 
Summers,  the  oldest  of  a  family  of 
twenty-three  children.     In  the  vear  1806 


he  migrated  to  the  State  of  Ohio,  locat- 
ing in  Mahoning  County,  near  the  pres- 
ent town  of  New  Springfield.  His 
father-in-law  had  preceded  him  four 
years  previous.  He  had  five  sons,  as 
follows :  Jacob,  born  in  1802,  and  died  at 
the  age  of  eighty-five  years ;  John,  who 
died  at  the  age  of  eighty-three  years, 
George,  who  died  at  the  age  of  eighty- 
nine  years ;  Peter,  not  quite  so  old ;  and 
Samuel,  who  died  single.  His  descend- 
ants are  numerous,  and  are  located  in 
the  States  of  Ohio,  Indiana,  Iowa  and 
California. 

]\Iargaretta  Elser  married  George 
Weachter,  b.  Oct.  17,  1769,  d.  May  11, 
1837.  They  resided  in  the  vicinity  ot 
Millway,  Lancaster  County,  were  bless- 
ed with  children  as  follows :  Sarah',  b. 
Dec.  I,  1802,  d.  Dec.  17,  i860,  m.  to 
Joseph  Hartranft. 

Margaret,  b.  May  30.  1804,  d.  April 
3,  1840,  m.  to  Isaac  Hull. 

Maria,  b.  Oct.    17,   1817,  d.   Feb.   13 

1887,  m.  to  David  Miller,  b.  April  4, 
181 7,  d.  May  11.  1898. 

Catharine,  b.  March  14,  1812,  d.  Oct. 
26.  i860. 

Elizabeth,  b.  — — ,  single. 

Mahala,  b.  ,  resided  at  Millbach. 

Lebanon  County ;  single. 

Jacob,  m.  to  Hannah  Woodcraft. 

Johannes,  the  fourth  son,  was  married 
to  Catharine  Weidman,  b.  Nov.  5,  1773, 
d.  July  2^,  1830.  Some  time  after  his 
marriage  he  moved  to  Dauphin  County, 
locating  near  Paxtang,  where  he  was  en- 
gaged in  farming.  They  had  the  fol- 
lowing children : 

Peter,  b.  Jan  5,  1805,  d.  Jan.  11,  1837; 
single. 

Catharine,  b.  Mar.  7,  1806,  d.  Jan.  23, 
1830;  single. 

Joseph,  b.  July  23,  1807,  d.  June  17, 
1869,  m.  to  Sarah  Sheafifer,  b.  July  16, 
1807,  d.  June  25,  1890. 

Elizabeth,  b.  Jan.  29,  1809,  d.  Jan.  10, 

1888,  single. 

Mary,  b.  ,  m.  to  George  Shoop. 

Susanna,  b.  Mar.  24,  1813,  d.  Feb.  15, 
1892,  m.  David  Reichert,  b.  April  20, 
1810,  d.  Mar.  23,  1863. 

Sarah,  b.   June    13,    1815,   d.   July   i, 


ELSER   HOMESTEAD    AND     FAMILY     HISTORY 


739 


1881,  m.  Jacol)  Grove,  b.  May  16,  1818, 
d.  April,  1858. 

Lydia,  b.  Aug.   19,   1817,     d.  June  7 
1888,  single. 

Peter,  the  third  son,  held  forth  at  the 
homestead,  became  a  prosperous  fanner 
and  a  highly  respected  citizen. 

Peter,  the  third  son,  was  twice  mar- 
ried, first  time  to  Catharine  Wolfart,  b. 
July  21,  1767,  d.  June  5,  1793 ;  this  union 
was  blessed  with  the  following  children : 
Johannes,  George,  b.  Dec.  22,  1787,  d. 
Dec.  28,  1848,  m.  Catharine  Studenroth, 
b.  Nov.  22,  1783,  d.  Nov.  18,  1852.  He 
for  some  time  kept  the  hotel  in  the  house 
where  Zach.  Forry  now  lives,  in  Clay 
Township. 

Peter,  b.  June  11,  1793,  d.  in  his  third 
year. 

His  second  wife  was  Elizabeth  Weach- 
ter,  b.  Jan.  9,  1768,  d.  Jan.  11,  1828;  this 
union  was  blessed  with  children  as  fol- 
lows : 

Margaret,  b.  Oct.  2,  1797,  d.  Feb.  13, 
1862,  m.  Johannes  Kline,  b.  Nov.  23, 
1792,  d.  Nov.  I,  1826. 

Catharine,  b.  Aug.  22,  1795,  d.  June 
19,  1876,  m.  to  John  Schnerer,  b.  Ma)' 
19,  1786,  d.  May  3,  1829.  They  resided 
at  Brickerville,  Pa. ;  she  was  the  writer's 
grandmother. 

Elizabeth,  b.  Nov.  19,  1803,  d.  Nov. 
23,  1874,  single. 

Sarah,  or  Aunt  Sarah  as  she  was  fa- 
miliarly known,  b.  Jan.  8,  1806,  d.  Mar. 
9,  1897,  single. 

Samuel  b.  Feb.  28,  1808,  d.  IMay  i, 
1879,  m.  Catharine  OberHn,  b.  June  5, 
1811,  d.  Jan.  22,  1864.  The  marriage 
was  consummated  Dec.  27.  1835. 

Johannes,  son  of  Peter  Elser,  Jr..  was 
born  February  18,  179 1,  and  died  Sep- 
tember 20,  1870.  He  was  married  to 
Elizabeth  Kimmel,  daughter  of  Jacob 
Kimmel,  who  died  December  25,  185 1. 
Soon  after  his  marriage  he  resided  in 
the  vicinity  of  Graver's,  now  Metzler's, 
mill,  near  Ephrata.  A  little  later  he 
bought  the  farm  known  as  the  "Joli^'in^s 
Elser  farm,"  now  owned  by  Zach  Forry, 
near  the  village  of  Clay,  where  he  was 
engaged  in  the  hoted  and  store  business 
and  farming.     In  the  year  1833  he  was 


appointed  Justice  of  the  Peace.  It  was 
here  that  the  Durlach  postoffice  was  es- 
tablished in  the  year  1840,  with  his  son, 
Harrison,  as  postmaster.  In  politics  Mr. 
Elser  was  a  staunch  Democrat,  serving 
for  a  number  of  years  as  a  member  01 
the  County  Committee. 

The  Elsers  were  followers  of  the  Lu- 
theran faith,  and  were  prominently  iden- 
tified with  the  Warwick,  now  Emman- 
uel's Church  of  Brickerville.  Peter  El- 
ser served  as  trustee  from  1769  to  1772. 
Peter  Elser,  Jr.,  also  took  a  keen  interest 
in  the  affairs  of  the  church.  Among  the 
list  of  subscribers  to  the  erection  of  the 
Emmanuel's  Church,  which  was  erected 
in  1805  and  1807,  appearing  in  the  treas- 
urer's book  of  the  building  committee, 
is  Mr.  Elser's  name.  He  heads  the  list 
with  60  pounds.  In  the  same  book  also 
appears  the  following  entry:  "1807,  May 
II.  Peter  Elser  presented  a  nice  log,  saw- 
ed same  to  lath,  and  delivered  same  to  be 
used  at  the  new  church."  Samuel  Elser 
was  one  of  the  pillars,  serving  as  a  mem- 
ber of  the  church  council  from  early 
life  until  the  time  of  his  death. 

THE   HOMESTEAD. 

It  appears  that  on  January  3,  1738,  a 
warrant  was  issued  to  one  Michael 
Kitch,  for  this  tract,  but  Kitch  not  com- 
plying with  the  terms  of  the  warrant,  the 
land  was  surveyed  March  13,  1749,  for 
Martin  Weidtman,  and  April  26,  1750, 
a  patent  for  the  same  was  granted  Mi- 
chael Shank,  who,  on  April  13.  1750  con- 
veyed the  same  to  Henry  Mock,  who, 
now  being  settled  in  his  new  home,  at 
once  set  to  work  clearing  the  land  and 
otherwise  improving  it.  "  Whether  a 
house  had  been  erected  prior  to  his  com- 
ing, or  if  he  erected  one,  or  whether  it 
was  of  log  or  stone,  I  will  not  venture 
to  say.  But  I  know  for  a  fact  that  one 
had  been  erected  prior  to  any  of  these 
on  the  premises  at  the  present  day.  Its 
site,  as  pointed  out  to  the  writer,  was 
about  midway  between  the  present  farm 
house  and  barn,  a  little  south  of  where  a 
large  tobacco  shed  now  stands. 

Henry  ^lock  and  wife  April  20,  1761, 


740 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


conveyed  the  farm  to  Peter  Elser.  The 
house  standing  near  the  tail  race  and  ad- 
joining- the  saw-mill  was  erected  by  him 
in  the  year  1770.  It  is  a  one  and  a  half 
story  limestone  structure. 

This  house  was  occupied  as  a  dwelling 
house  until  about  twenty  years  ago. 
Since  that  time  it  has  been  used  as  a 
storage  house.  The  last  one  to  reside 
therein  was  Mrs.  Hannah  O.  Mellinger, 
of  Brickerville,  a  great-granddaughtei 
of  Peter  Elser.  It  is  also  this  house 
which  the  writer  claims  as  his  birth- 
place, the  event  having  taken  place  near- 
ly two  score  and  six  years  ago.  The  ma- 
sonry of  this  building  is  still  in  good 
condition. 

The  farm  was  then  transferred  to  his 
sons.  The  joint  ownership  was,  how- 
ever, of  short  duration,  as  George  sold 
his  undivided  one-half  interest  to  his 
brother,  Peter,  by  deed  dated  August 
10.  1789,  and  George  then  started  out  to 
seek  his  fortune.  Peter,  now  being  sole 
owner,  proceeded  to  make  still  further 
improvements  to  the  premises.  The 
farmhouse  was  erected  by  him,  tradition 
says,  in  1803,  and  the  date  stone  was 
placed  in  position  four  years  later.  It 
reads:  "Built  by  Peter  Elser  in  1807." 
The  building  is  a  limestone  structure,  30 
by  38  feet,  two  stories  high,  has  seven 
rooms,  a  large  hall  and  an  open  stair- 
way ;  a  one-story  limestone  kitchen  about 
20  feet  square  with  brick  floor  was  at- 
tached to  the  rear,  where  the  w^riter  often 
heard  Aunt  Sarah  say  that  girls  of  that 
time  entertained  their  "beaus"  if  they 
were  fortunate  enough  to  have  one,  in 
the  presence  of  all  the  members  of  the 
family,  and  with  the  aid  of  either  a  tal- 
low candle  or  fat  lamp.  Golly !  what 
would  our  young  people  of  today  say  to 
sucli  ])roceedings?  Tlic  one-story  spring 
house,  with  basement  was  erected  in 
1792  and  the  bank  barn  in  1797. 

All  the  buildings  enumerated  are 
standing  today,  are  in  good  condition, 
and  bid  fair  to  withstand  the  elements 
for  another  century. 

Daniel  Graybill,  by  his  indenture, 
bearing  date  April  t.  18 14,  conveyed  to 
Peter  Elser     a     tract  of  mountain  land, 


containing  36  acres  and  149  perches  and 
allowance.  The  tract  is  situated  in  Eliz 
abeth  Township.  A  patent  for  the  same 
was  granted  ^Ir.  Elser  under  date  oi 
January  30,  1844.  This  tract  is  still 
known  as  "Elser's  Orchard,"  and, 
though  now  divided  into  smaller  tracts, 
is  still,  with  one  exception,  owned  by 
some  of  the  descendants. 

Peter  Elser  left  a  will  by  the  terms  of 
which  the  farm  passed  to  his  son,  Sam- 
uel, and  which,  under  successful  manage- 
ment, became  very  productive.  Up  to 
this  time  the  farmers,  in  order  to  market 
their  products,  had  to  haul  them  by  wag- 
on to  the  larger  towns.  It  was  on  this 
farm  that  the  writer  for  the  first  time 
saw  a  "Conestoga  wagon." 

Samuel  Elser  died  intestate,  and  the 
farm  was  bought  by  his  son,  John  O,  in 
1880,  who  continued  at  farming  and  also 
made  some  improvements..  The  home- 
stead, after  having  been  in  the  Elser 
family  for  a  period  of  134  years,  passed 
into  the  hands  of  strangers.  Caroline 
and  Mary  A.  Barnett,  as  per  deed  dated 
December  14,  1895,  recorded  in  the  Re- 
corder's office  at  Lancaster,  in  Deed 
Book  E,  volume  15,  page  407,  became 
the  owners. 

THE   OLD    CIDER   MILL 

The  farm  was  now  rented,  and,  as  a 
consequence,  many  changes  have  been 
wrought  to  the  place.  Our  story  would 
not  be  complete  if  we  should  fail  to  make 
mention  of  the  old  cider  mill  and  press 
which  stood  midway  between  the  saw- 
mill and  barn.  This  mill  was  kept  busy 
from  early  morning  imtil  late  at  night 
during  cider  making  season. 

The  mill  was  wiped  out  of  existence 
about  fourteen  years  ago.  The  present 
owner  of  the  farm  is  H.  H.  Moore,  ot 
Lancaster,  and  it  is  tenanted  by  Daniel 
Bookmyer. 

THE    S.\W^    MILL 

It  is  with  regret  that  I  am  not  able 
to  give  a  date  when  the  saw-mill  was 
erected.      Family    tradition    says     that 


ELSER   HOMESTEAD    AND     FAMILY    HISTORY 


741 


Henry  Mock  built  the  first  one  a  little 
to  the  east  oi  the  present  one.  The 
building  is  about  56  feet  long,  14  feet 
wide,  and  8  feet  high  to  the  square,  and 
is  of  the  sash  or  gate  type.  The  carriage 
is  twenty-seven  feet  long,  and  logs 
twenty-five  feet  long  could  be  sawed 
thereon.  The  carriage  was  moved  for- 
ward by  rack  and  pinion,  imparted  by 
the  reciprocating-  motion  of  the  frame 
which  held  the  saw.  The  carriage  was 
moved  backward  by  means  of  a  tread- 
mill. 

THE    HEMP    ROLLING    MILL 

The  building  was  about  twenty  feet 
square,  and  two  stories  high,  the  first 
being  of  limestone  and  the  second  of 
frame,  and  stood  on  the  east  side  of 
the  penstock.  When  the  building  was 
erected  I  will  not  venture  to  say,  but 
t'-adition  says  it  was  erected  by  Petei 
Elser,  Sr.  An  extension  was  built  to 
the  penstock  from  which  the  watei 
was  supplied  to  run  the  water  wheel, 
which  was  of  the  undershot  type,  four 
feet  wide  and  twelve  feet  in  diameter. 
The  water  wheel  shaft  extended  well 
into  the  first  story  of  the  building, 
which,  by  means  of  wooden  cogwheels, 
was  connected  to  an  upright  shaft, 
extending  to  the  ceiling  of  the  second 
floor,  or  projecting  into  a  box  secure- 
ly fastened  to  a  cross  beam,  thus 
holding  the  shaft  in  position.  A  spin- 
dle was  attached  to  the  main  shaft, 
on  which  a  conical-shaped  stone, 
whose  dimensions  were  sixteen  inches 
at  the  base,  its  altitude  twenty-eigfit 
inches,  and  approxmate  weight  six- 
teen hundred  pounds,  revolved  on  it% 
axis,  on  a  platform  which  was  raised 
about  three  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
floor,  so  as  to  be  more  convenient  for 
the  operator.  The  hemp  was  placed  on 
this  platform,  under  the  revolving  stone, 
which  crushed  the  fibre.  The  hemp  had 
to  be  occasionally  turned,  or  shaken,  the 
same  as  wheat  or  oats  when  threshed 
with  horses. 

This  was  the  first  process  of  the  many 
ones  through  which  hemp  had  to  go  be- 


fore it  was  ready  to  be  woven  into 
cloth,  which  was  mostly  used  for  grain 
bags,  chaffbags  and  ropes.  Hemp  and 
flax  culture  was  extensively  carried  on 
by  the  early  settlers,  and,  this  being  the 
only  mill  in  this  part  of  the  country,  it 
had  a  large  patronage.  (About  the  year 
1882  John  O.  Elser  remodeled  the  mill, 
whereby  the  speed  was  trebled,  and  the 
operator  was  enabled  to  move  the  car- 
riage backward  by  merely  pressing  a  lev- 
er. Further  changes  were  made  by  Jos- 
eph Barnett,  he  discarding  the  old- 
fashioned  water  wheel  and  sul)stitutmg 
a  turbine  wheel.  The  mill  had  been  in 
operation  for  a  period  of  about  150 
years,  but  for  the  past  two  years  it  has 
not  been  in  running  order,  and  before 
long  it  will  be  a  thing  of  the  past.) 

It  ceased  to  operate  about  the  yeai 
1846.  In  later  years  a  jig  saw  and  a 
turning  lathe  were  installed  by  John  O. 
and  Peter  O.  Elser,  sons  of  Samuel 
Elser,  but,  it  not  proving  a  profitable 
venture,  the  building  was  demolished  by 
John  O.  Elser,  about  the  year  1890. 

Now  nothing  but  the  stone  used  in  the 
mill  remains  as  a  mute  reminder  of  a 
once  thriving  industry. 

MILITARY  RECORD 

Among  those  serving  from  Lancaster 
county  during  the  Revolutionary  period 
we   note   the   following: 

Peter  Elser,  served  in  Capt.  John 
Feather's  company,  under  command  of 
Col.  John  Huber,  in  the  years  1778  and 
'79.  (Pa.  Archives,  series  V,  Vol.  vii, 
pages  874  and  897). 

Geo.  Wcachter,  was  a  member  of  Capt. 
Michael  Oberly's  company,    March    21, 

1 78 1,  and  December  10,  1781.  (Pa. 
Archives,  V  series.  Vol  vii.  pages  244 
and  254) .  Mr.  ^^'eachter  was  the  father- 
in-law  of  Peter  Elser,  Jr. 

Michael  Oberlin.   Capt,   November   i, 

1782,  John  Huber  Sub.  Lieut.,  also 
March  21,  178 1.  (Pa.  Archives,  V  ser- 
ies,. Vol.  vii,  p.  308  and  243). 

Michael  Oberlie  (Oberlin).  was  the 
grandfather  of  Catharine,  wife  of  Sam- 
uel Elser. 


Lehigh  County 


By  Charles  R.  Roberts,  Secretary   of  thd  Lehigh    County  Historical 

Society 


Lehigli  county  was  erected  by  an  act 
of  Assembly  passed  •March  6,  1812,  out 
of  Northampton  county,  embracing-  the 
townships  of  Lynn,  Heidelberg,  Lowhill, 
Weisenburg,  Alacungie,  Upper  Mil- 
ford,  South  Whitehall,  North  Whitehall. 
Northampton,  Salisbury,  Upper  Saucon 
and  part  of  Hanover  township.  The  first 
Court  was  held  on  December  21,  1812, 
in  the  public  house  of  George  Savitz,  at 
Seventh  and  Hamilton  streets,  by  Judges 
Robert  Porter,  Peter  Rhoads  and  Jonas 
Hartzell. 

The  total  expenses  of  the  county  in 
1812  were  $368.82.  leaving  $631,18  in  the 
treasury.  In  1813  ,  the  total  receipts 
were  $i.S,448.30.  The  Court  House  was 
begun  in  18 14  and  completed  in  18 17  at 
a  cost  of  $24,937.08.  In  1864,  the  Court 
House  was  enlarged  and  improved  at 
a  cost  of  $57,235.86. 

The  first  jail  was  completed  in  18 14  at 
a  cost  of  $8,420.00  and  was  in  use  until 
the  erection  of  the  present  structure, 
which  was  finally  completed  in  1870  at 
a  cost  of  $200,222.95. 

A  Poor  House  was  erected  in  1845,  the 
total  cost  of  the  poor  farm  and  all  build- 
ings amounting  to  $78,000. 

The  population  of  Lehigh  county  was 
in  1820,  18,89s  ;  in  1830,  22,266;  in  1840, 
25,787:  in  1850,  32,497;  in  i860,  43.- 
753;  in  1870,  56.796;  in  1880,  65,969: 
in  1890.  76,631  ;  in  1900.  93,893,  and  in 
1910.   118,832. 

The  population  of  that  section  of 
Northampton  county  which  is  now  Le- 
high county  in  1790  was  about  8900.  At 
the  J:ime  of  its  separation  from  North- 
ampton county  the  population  of  the  new 
county  was  approximately    15,000. 

The  first  township  erected  in  the  ter- 
ritorv  now  Lehigh  countv  was  lappet 
Mil  ford,  laid  out  in  1738.  tlicn  a  part 
of  Bucks  county.    The  population  of  this 


township  in  1752  was  700.  In  the  year 
1790,  its  population  was  1149  and  in 
1820,  2416.  In  1910  the  population  of 
the  townships  of  Upper  and  Lower  Mil- 
ford  was  3012.  These  two  townships 
were  erected  in  1852  by  a  division  of  the 
old  township  of  Upper  Milford.  This 
section  of  the  county  was  settled  very 
early,  in  fact,  it  is  claimed  that  as  early 
as  17 15,  squatters  had  settled  in  this  re- 
gion. The  early  settlers  of  this  town- 
ship were  of  the  Mennonite,  Reformed, 
Lutheran  and  Schwenkfelder  faiths, 
among  whom  were  the  Meyer,  Stamm, 
Heistandt,  Walber,  Eberhard,  Kraus, 
Wetzel,  Diefenderfer,  Riese,  Rus,  Linn, 
Dubs,  Brunner,  Bitting,  Herzog,  Stabler 
and  IMiller  families. 

Macungie  township  was  surveyed  as 
early  as  1742,  but  was  not  established 
until  1743.  Its  populatioii  in  1752  was 
650  inhabitants,  which  had  increased  in 
1790  to  1263.  The  township  was  divided 
in  1832  into  Upper  and  Lower  Macungie 
and  in  1840  the  population  of  Upper 
Macungie  was  1769,  which  has  grown  to 
2609  in  19 10.  Lower  Macungie's  popu- 
lation in  1840  was  2156.  In  19 10,  exclu- 
sive of  the  borough  of  Macungie,  which 
was  772,  its  population  was  2893. 

The  earliest  authenticated  settlement 
in  Macungie  township  was  by  Peter 
Trexler,  who  settled  in  Macungie  be- 
tween 1 7 19  and  1729.  Other  early  set- 
tlers in  the  township  were  the  Shad,  Al- 
bright, Smith,  Wagner,  Steininger, 
Grim,  Braus,  Schmeyer,  Jarret,  Schafifer, 
Bear,  Gaumer,  Moyer  and  Lichtenwalnei 
families. 

Upper  Saucon  township  was  erected 
in  1743  and  in  1752  had  a  population  of 
650.  In  T790,  its  population  was  851  ;  in 
1810,  1456;  in  1820,  1642;  in  1830,  1905, 
and  in  1910,  2415,  exclusive  of  Coopers- 

742 


LEHIGH    COUNTY 


743 


burg-  borough,     numbering     683  inhabi- 
tants. 

Upper  Saucon  was  settled  between 
1730  and  1735  by  EngHsh  and  Welsh 
Quakers  and  Germans  of  the  Mennonite, 
Lutheran  and  Reformed  faiths.  The 
early  family  names  were  Bachman,  Geis- 
singer,  Yoder,  Owen,  Emory,  Tool, 
Samuels,  Gangwer,  Kelper,  Rumfield, 
Steinmetz,  Rinker,  Newcomer,  Zewitz, 
Williams,  Thomas,  Weber,  Erdman  and 
Reinhard. 

Whitehall  township  was  formed  in 
1753  in  consequence  of  a  petition  to  the 
Northampton  County  Court  on  June  16, 
1752.  Its  population  in  1790  was  1253. 
In  18 10  the  township  was  divided  by  a 
straight  line  running'  east  and  west 
through  the  center  of  the  township  into 
North  and  South  Whitehall.  The  popu- 
lation of  North  Whitehall  in  1820  was 
1807;  in  1830,  2008,  and  in  1840,  2324, 
and  of  South  Whitehall  in  1820,  1623 , 
in  1830.  1952,  and  in  1840,  2390.  In 
1867,  Whitehall  township,  an  area  of 
twelve  square  miles  was  formed  out  of 
North  and  South  Whitehall  townships. 
The  population  of  these  townships  in 
1910,  was  as  follows:  Whitehall,  9350; 
North  Whitehall,  3580;  South  Whitehall 
2497.  Coplay  borough  in  Whitehall 
township  had  2670  population  in  19 10. 

Whitehall  township  was  settled  by 
Germans  and  Swiss  of  the  Reformed  and 
Lutheran  denominations,  with  one  or 
two  of  the  Mennonite  faith.  The  first  land 
warrant  was  taken  up  by  Jacob  Kohler 
in  1734  and  in  1735  Nicholas  Kern  se- 
cured large  tracts  of  land  in  the  town- 
ship. 

Already  in  1734  the  Reformed  Church 
at  Egypt  was  organized  and  in  1744  the 
Lutherans  organized  a  congregation  on 
the  Jordan.  Early  settlers  iil  this  town- 
ship were  the  Kohler,  Kern,  Roth,  Trox- 
ell,  Burkhalter,  Saeger,  Newhard.  Hofif- 
inan,  Mickley,  Wotring,  Balliet,  Deshler, 
Guth,  Snyder,  Yundt,  Miller,  Showalter 
Basler,  Knauss,  Ruch,  Bear.  Steckel, 
Schaadt.  Sieger.  Kennel,  Schreiber^ 
Wolf,  Hertzog.  Schlosser,  Arner,  Hahn, 
Schneck,  Schwander,  Reitz,  Schnerr, 
Wirth.  Benny,  Gross,  Flickinger,  Koch- 


er,  Ringer,  Egender,  Meyer  and  Marcks 
families. 

Salisbury  township  was  erected  in 
1753,  at  which  time  Adam  Blank  was  ap- 
pointed constable.  Its  population  in 
1790  was  loio;  in  1810,  933;  in  1820, 
1 165;  in  1830,  1342;  in  1840,  1438,  and 
in  1910,  2828.  Within  the  limits  of  old 
Salisbury  township  are  today  the  greater 
part  of  the  borough  of  Emaus,  with  a 
population  of  3501,  the  borough  of  Foun- 
tain Hill,  with  1388,  and  the  Fourteenth 
Ward  of  Allentown,  with  1814  inhabi- 
tants. 

One  of  the  first  settlers  in  Salisbury 
township  was  Solomon  Jennings,  who 
located  along  the  Lehigh  River  in  1736. 
Sebastian  and  John  Henry  Knauss  were 
also  early  settlers  in  the  township.  Other 
early  residents  were  the  Rothrock,  Al- 
bert, Bogart,  Roth,  Klein,  Kelck,  Leibert, 
Klotz,  Ritter,  Smith,  Wieder,  Jacoby  and 
Giess  families. 

Heidelberg  township  was  erected  in 
1752  at  the  June  term  of  court,  and  Con- 
rad Blose  was  appointed  its  first  con- 
stable. Its  population  in  1790  was  962; 
in  1820,  1900;  in  1830,  2208,  and  in 
1840,  2354.  In  1847  Washington  town- 
ship was  founded  from  the  eastern  por- 
tion of  its  territory,  first  receiving  the 
name  of  Dallas  township,  soon  changed 
to  Washington. 

In  1910,  Heidelberg  township  had 
1238  inhabitants  and  Washington  town- 
hip  3477.  not  including  the  borough  of 
Slatington,  within  its  limits,  with  a  popu- 
lation of  4454. 

The  earliest  settlers  in  the  bounds  of 
old  Heidelberg  township  were  Nicholas 
Kern,  Caspar.  Rudolph  and  Jacob  Peter, 
Michael  Ohl,  Henry  Ferber,  George  Rex 
and  the  Remaley,  Geiger,  Kunkel,  Rock- 
el,  Neff,  Handwerk,  Hunsicker,  Krum, 
Hausman  and  Bloss  families. 

Weisenburg  township  was  erected  in 
1753.  Its  population  in  1790  was  626; 
in  1810.  1046;  in  1820,  1 125;  in  1830, 
1285:  in  1840,  1427.  and  in  1910,  1222, 
It  was  settled  between  1735  and  1750  by 
Palatines  and  residents  of  other  sections 
of  Germany,  among  whom  were  the 
Knerr,  Werley,  Grim,  Holben,  Herber, 
Shoemaker,       Bachman,        Gackenbach, 


744 


THE  PENN  GERMANIA 


Kramlich,  Breinig,  Kloss,  Klein,   Riipp 
and  Acker  families. 

Lynn  township  was  erected  June  9. 
1753.  Its  population  in  1790  was  1016, 
in  1810,  1497;  in  1820,  1664;  in  1830, 
1747;  in  1840,  1895,  and  in  1910,  2178. 

This  township  suffered  severely  in  the 
Indian  wars  prior  to  the  Revolution. 
Situated  on  the  extreme  frontier,  its  set- 
tlements received  the  brunt  of  the  sav- 
ages' brutal  attacks  on  the  white  settlers 
and  many  families  lost  one  or  more  mem- 
bers, in  some  cases,  as  the  Billman  and 
Zeisloff  families,  almost  the  whole  fam- 
ily were  exterminated.  The  Moravians 
had  established  a  preaching  station  here 
at  an  early  date  and  the  Reformed  and 
Lutheran  congregations  also  had  their 
origin  about  1740.  The  early  family 
names  in  this  township  were  Billman, 
Volck,  Zeisloff,  Romig,  Oswald.  Vogel, 
Wertman.  Sechler,  Everitt,  Hermony, 
Kistler,  Alosser.  Follweiler,  Eckroth, 
Holder,  Hamm,  Miller,  Probst,  Sontag, 
Sholl,  Snyder.  Wannemacher,  Leiser, 
Creitz.  Kuntz,  Holben,  Shellhammer  and 
Clauss. 

Lowhill  township  was  organized  in 
December,  1753.  Its  populaion  in  1790 
was  419;  in  1820,  703;  in  1830,  808;  in 
1840,  854,  and  in  1910,  709.  It  is  the 
smallest  in  size  and  population  of  the 
townships  of  Lehigh  county.  The  early 
settlements  were  made  between  the  years 
1740  and  1750  and  the  early  family 
names  were  Buchman,  Deibert,  Bachman. 
Knerr,  Click.  Rabenold,  Hartman,  Horn- 
er, George.  Zimmerman.  Mosscr,  Moyei 
and    Knedlcr. 

Hanover  township,  originally  a  part  of 
Allen  township  in  Northampton  county, 
was  erected  in  1798,  as  a  part  of  North- 
ampton county,  at  which  time  its  popu- 
lation was  736.  In  t8to  its  population 
was  850,  and  when  Lehigh  county  was 
formcfl  in  1812,  the  greater  part  of  its 
population  and  territory  was  assigned  to 
Lehiirli  county.  It  population  in  1820 
was  86'');  in  1830.  1102;  in  1840,  1343. 
and  in  toto.  3907.  Within  its  original 
limits  arc  the  Ixiroucfhs  of  Catasauqua, 
population  5250,  and  West  Bethlehem 
borougth,  with  a  population  of  4472. 


Lehigh's  historic  landmarks 

The  most  interesting  historic  landmark 
in  AUentown  which  is  more  closely  as- 
sociated with  the  history  of  the  Colonial 
and  Revolutionary  periods  is  the  Rhoads 
homestead  at  Nos.  107  and  109  North 
Seventh  street.  It  was  built  by  Peter 
Rhoads  in  1762,  who  from  1768  to  1814 
conducted  a  general  store  in  the  south- 
ern end  of  the  building.  As  there  were 
very  few  stores  in  those  early  days,  peo- 
ple from  a  radius  of  many  miles  around 
secured  the  necessaries  of  life  at  this 
store.  Its  customers  included  not  only  the 
inhabitants  of  AUentown  and  the  adja- 
cent townships  of  Whitehall  and  Salis- 
bury, but  also  from  Macungie,  Saucon 
and  Milford,  from  Lynn  and  Heidelberg, 
Allen  and  Lehigh  townships  across  the 
Lehigh  and  even  from  beyond  the  Blue 
Mountains.  During  the  Revolutionary 
War  many  conferences  were  held  within 
its  walls,  when  such  men  as  David  Desh- 
ler,  Peter  Burkhalter,  Col.  Stephen  BalH- 
et,  Geo.  Taylor,  member  of  the  Continen- 
tal Congress;  Col.  John  Siegfried,  Maj. 
Philip  Boehm,  Col.  George  Breinig,  John 
Arndt,  Abraham  Berlin,  Peter  Kohler, 
Robert  Levers,  Col.  Henry  Geiger,  Rob- 
ert Traill,  Richard  Backhouse  and  others 
visited  its  owner,  Judg'e  Rhoads,  to  dis- 
cuss affairs  of  the  state  and  nation.  With- 
in its  walls  men  of  state  and  national 
prominence  have  been  entertained,  such 
as  Chief  Justices  William  Allen  and 
William  Tilghman,  Deputy  Governor 
James  Hamilton,  Judge  James  Biddle, 
Joseph  Hopkinson.  author  of  "Hail,  Col- 
uml:)ia ;"  General  Daniel  Hiester,  Samuel 
Sigreaves  and  Governor  George  Wolf. 

Another  most  interesting  historic  spot 
in  AUentown  is  "Trout  Hall,"  built  by 
James  Allen,  proprietor  of  AUentown, 
and  son  of  its  founder,  Chief  Justice  Wm. 
Allen,  in  1770.  Somewdiat  altered  from 
its  original  appearance,  it  now  forms  the 
east  wing  of  the  old  Muhlenberg  College 
buildings  at  Fourth  and  Walnut  streets. 
Built  in  a  style  superior  to  most  buildings 
of  that  day,  some  of  the  rooms  with  wal- 
nut wainscoting  and  marble  mantles,  it  is 
a  building  that  should  be  preserved  with 


LEHIGH  COUNTY 


745 


Utmost  care.  In  October,  1777,  Mr.  Al- 
len wrote :  "The  road  past  my  house, 
from  Easton  to  Reading,  is  now  the  most 
travelled  in  America."  At  this  time  Phil- 
adelphia was  occupied  by  the  British 
forces  under  General  Howe,  and  mem 
bers  of  Congress  and  many  noted  men 
passed  through  here  on  their  way  to 
Lancaster  and  York,  where  Congress 
met. 

On  the  southeast  corner  of  Lehigh 
and  Lawrence  streets  stands  the  Non- 
emacher  home,  built  by  Thomas  Mew- 
horter  about  1790.  Mr.  Mewhorter  was 
a  prominent  citizen  of  AUentown  in  the 
period  after  the  Revolution,  in  which  he 
served,  and  owned  a  tan  yard  and  bark 
mill  near  his  residence.    He  died  in  1807. 

The  old  log  building  on  South  Sixth 
street  between  Hamilton  and  Maple,  is 
one  of  the  oldest  buildings  in  the  city  and 
has  been  in  the  Nonnemacker  family  for 
generations. 

Zion's  Reformed  Church,  at  Hamilton 
and  Church  streets,  occupies  the  site  of 
the  stone  church,  built  in  1772,  in  which 
the  Liberty  Bell  was  concealed  to  prevent 
it  from  falling  into  the  hands  of  the  Brit- 
ish and  wdiich  was  utilized  as  a  hospital 
during  the  Revolution. 

Another  of  the  county's  historic  land- 
marks is  the  home  of  George  Taylor,  a 
member  of  the  Continental  Congress  and 
Signer  of  the  Declaration  of  Independ- 
ence. It  stands  on  an  eminence  south 
of  the  Wahnetah  Silk  Mill  in  Catasau- 
qua.  This  house,  a  well  built  and  well 
proportioned  stone  building,  was  built  by 
George  Taylor  in  1768  on  a  tract  of  331 
acres  which  he  purchased  from  Thomas 
Armstrong  on  March  10,1767.  Mr.  Tay- 
lor was  manager  of  the  Durham  Iron 
Works  and  on  October  9,  1775,  the  treas- 
urer of  Zion's  Refomed  Church  paid  him 
^1-15. '9  for  sash  weights  used  in  the 
windows  of  the  new  church  building. 
IMany  tin  plate  stoves  and  iron  utensils 
used  in  this  locality  were  purchased  from 
Mr.  Taylor.  Mr.  Taylor  was  a  member 
of  the  Provincial  Assembly  and  in  1776 
was  elected  a  member  of  the  Continental 
Congress.  On  August  2,  1776,  he  signed 
the   Declaration   of    Independence   as    a 


mejmber  of  that  body,  representing 
Northampton  county. 

Old  Whitehall  township,  now  divided 
into  three  townships,  contains  many  old 
buildings  of  historic  interest.  The  oldest 
of  these  is  the  house  built  by  Peter  Trox- 
ell  in  1744,  now  owtned  by  the  Minnich 
family.  It  is  situated,  east  of  the  Iron 
Bridge,  near  the  Jordan  Creek.  In  this 
building  many  weary  travellers  were  en- 
tertained and  lodged  in  the  days  when 
inns  were  few  and  far  between.  The 
house  is  thirty  feet  long  and  twenty-one 
feet  wide,  with  a  large  attic.  The  floors 
are  of  oak  and  in  several  of  the  small 
windows  can  still  be  seen  the  original 
oaken  frames.  The  builder  of  this  home 
has  long  since  gone  to  his  reward,  but  the 
house  he  erected  still  stands  as  a  monu- 
ment to  his  memory.  When  this  home 
was  built,  168  years  ago,  roving  bands 
of  Indians  still  trod  the  virgin  forests 
and  often  surprised  and  tomahawked  the 
families  of  the  hardy  and  daring  frontiet 
settlers. 

Not  far  from  this  house  and  directly 
along  the  trolley  line  leading  to  Slating- 
ton  stands  a  stone  house  built  by  Daniel 
Troxell  in  1800,  grandson  of  the  builder 
of  the  1744  house,  and  which  is  still  in 
the  possession  of  the  Troxell  family. 

Near  Egypt,  a  few  yards  from  the 
Coplay  Creek,  stands  a  house  built  by  a 
member  of  the  Troxell  family,  John  Petei 
Traxel,  in  1756.  The  name  was  origin- 
ally spelled  Drachsel,  also  Draxel,  Trach- 
sel  and  Traxel. 

In  1768  he  sold  this  house  and  410 
acres  of  land  to  Peter  Steckel  for  ^  1420. 
A  stone  barn,  85  by  37  feet,  built  by 
Traxell  in  1758,  was  torn  down  in  1874. 
wdien  parts  of  the  clay  threshing  floor 
were  found  to  be  still  in  good  condition. 
In  this  house  church  services  were  fre- 
quently held  at  a  period  when  there  was 
no  church  building.  The  builder  of  this 
house  removed  to  Philadelphia  county 
and  later  to  Alaryland,  where  he  died. 
The  house  was  owned  by  the  Steckel  fam- 
ily over  one  hundred  years. 

The  old  stone  building  used  as  a 
school  house  in  which  the  first  English 
school  was  started  in  18 10  in  Egypt,  still 


746 


THE  PENN  GERMANIA 


Stands.  In  this  building  many  of  the  an- 
cestors of  the  Whitehall  families  received 
their  education. 

Another  old  building  in  Whitehall 
township  is  the  stone  house  built  by  Pet- 
er Burkhalter,  the  Revolutionary  patriot. 
It  is  a  substantial,  roomy  homestead  and 
is  situated  about  a  half  mile  west  ot 
Egypt. 

Between  Egypt  and  Coplay,  along  the 
Coplay  Creek,  stands  historic  Fort  Desh- 
ler,  built  by  the  pioneer  Adam  Deshler  in 
1760.  In  this  well  constructed,  staunchly 
built  stone  structure  were  sheltered  many 
settlers  who  sought  protection  in  the  In- 
dian raid  of  1763,  when  a  number  of  sol- 
diers were  stationed  here  quartered  in  a 
frame  building  attached  to  the  main 
building. 

On  the  memorable  8th  of  October, 
1763,  when  members  of  the  Schneider. 
Mickley  and  Alleman  families  were  mas- 
sacred by  a  wandering  band  of  Indians, 
these  soldiers  set  off  in  pursuit  of  the 
savages,  but  they  had  already  escaped  be- 
yond the  mountains.  The  house  was  well 
calculated  to  withstand  attacks  by  the  red 
men,  as  it  was  originally  built  with  but 
few  small  windows,  and  only  one  door, 
with  several  loop-holes,  through  which 
the  occupants  could  fire  without  exposing 
themselves  to  the  enemy.  A  v/ell  within 
the  walls  furnished  an  adequate  supply  of 
water.  Adam  Deshler,  its  owner,  pur- 
chased the  tract  of  land  on  which  it  was 
built,  containing  203^/2  acres,  on  Nov.  30, 
1744,  from  Frederick  Newlhard,  who  re- 
moved to  the  southern  part  of  the  town- 
ship. During  the  French  and  Indian 
War,  Adam  Deshler  furnished  the  pro- 
vincial troops  with  large  quantities  of 
provisions.  He  was  a  prominent  mem- 
ber of  the  Egypt  Reformed  congrega- 
tion, and  on  his  death  in  1781,  his  son, 
Adam  Deshler,  Jr.,  became  the  owner  of 
the  property.  It  is  now  owned  by  one  of 
the  cement  companies.  This  building, 
the  only  building  standing  in  Lehigh 
county,  which  was  used  as  a  fort  during 
the  colonial  period,  should  by  all  means 
be  preserved  and  marked  as  a  historic 
spot,  as  a  memorial  to  the  pioneer  set- 


tlers of  this  locality  and  a  reminder  to 
the  coming  generations  of  the  hardships 
which  their  sturdy  ancestors  were  com- 
pelled to  undergo. 

In  the  borough  of  Slatington,  along 
Trout  Creek,  is  the  site  of  Kern's  mill, 
where  Benjamin  Franklin  secured  the 
lumber  for  the  erection  of  Fort  Allen  at 
Weissport. 

In  Lynn  township  still  stands  the  Zeis- 
loff  home  where  lived  George  Zeisloff 
and  his  family,  who  wtere,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  two  children,  killed  by  Indians 
in  1756  and  the  Sechler  home,  where  the 
wife  of  Sechler  was  killed  by  the  red- 
skins in  the  yard  of  their  log  dwelling. 

The  spot  where  once  stood  Fort  Ever- 
itt,  a  favorite  fort  of  great  importance, 
may  be  seen  in  Lynn  township,  near 
Lynnport.  It  was  a  blockhouse,  about 
25  feet  by  30  feet,  built  in  1756,  where 
at  times  as  many  as  forty-one  men  were 
stationed,  under  the  command  of  Cap- 
tain Nicholas  Wetherholt. 

In  Lowhill  township,  one  of  the  old- 
est homes  is  that  of  the  ancestor  of  the 
Knerr  family,  built  in  1763  by  Abraham 
Knerr,  and  still  in  the  possession  of  the 
family,  being  owbed  by  George  F.  Knerr, 
of  Allentown. 

In  Macungie  township,  one  of  the 
earliest  settled  sections,  as  early  as  1735 
Jeremiah  Trexler  kept  a  tavern,  the  lo- 
cation of  which  is  not  definitely  known. 
The  private  graveyard,  in  which  rests 
the  pioneer  Trexler  and  others  of  the 
family,  is  kept  in  excellent  condition  by 
his  descendants. 

The  townships  of  Upper  and  Lower 
Milford  contain  many  old  buildings.  The 
old  Wetzel  home,  a  log  building,  is  one 
of  the  oldest.  What  was  probably  the 
first  grist  mill  in  the  county  was  built 
in  1740  in  Lower  Milford.  near  the  vil- 
lage of  Hosensack.  The  old  Walber'a 
tavern,  established  in  1735,  stood  in  this 
township,  on  the  King's  high  road. 

In  LTpper  Saucon  township  stands  a 
very  old  stone  building,  built  by  David 
Owen,  over  150  years  ago.  The  above 
are  some  of  the  most  interesting  of  the 
historic  landmarks  of  Lehigh  county,  of 


LEHIGH    COUNTY 


74T 


which,  in  addition  to  others  equally  in- 
teresting, a  full  description  will  be  giv- 
en in  the  forthcoming  history  of  the 
county  under  the  editorship  of  the  writer 


of  this  article.— CHRONICLE  AND 
NEWS,  AUentown,  Pa.,  Anniversary 
and  Industrial  Number  Saturday,  Aug- 
ust 3,  1912. 


Why  Destroy  His-  Every  few  weeks  no- 
torical  Evidence?  tices  appear  in  our 
church  papers  of  in- 
debtednesses canceled  by  congregations, 
followed  by  celebrations  in  which  the 
burning  of  the  legal  document  is  the 
chief  feature.  We  rejoice  in  these  evi- 
dences of  progress  by  our  congregations 
under  the  wise  guidance  of  their  faithful 
and  efficient  pastors.  Whenever  they 
ascend  another  rung  of  the  ladder  of 
progress  it  is  eminently  fit  and  proper 
that  all  should  join  in  a  season  of  glori- 
ous rejoicing  and  sing  "Te  Deums"  of 
praise  to  the  Giver  of  every  good  and 
perfect  gift.  But  cannot  this  be  done 
without  destroying  the  historical  evi- 
dence of  the  progress  achieved? 

These  papers  are  the  primary  sources 
of  the  history  of  a  congregation's  growth 
and  development.  They  are  the  original 
sources  which  the  future  historian  wants 
when  he  comes  to  write  the  history  of  a 
congregation  or  church,  or  of  a  district 
synod  or  of  the  General  Synod.  Original 
primary  source  material,  such  as  these 
papers  contain,  is  the  basis  and  founda- 
tion of  true  history,  as  well  as  the  true 
evidence  of  the  labors  and  struggles  by 
which  the    Lord's    work    was  done  and 


his  church  built  up  and  strengthened. 
To  future  generations  they  speak  of  the 
work  of  their  church  forefathers,  01 
their  trials  and  sufferings,  of  their  la- 
bors and  triumphs,  and  of  the  heritage 
which  the  former  have  received  and  en- 
tered into.  Every  congregation  should 
preserve  these  evidences  of  its  progress 
and  achievements  in  its  archives,  prop- 
erly indexed,  with  the  same  pride  as  it 
does  its  charter  and  the  deeds  to  its 
property. 

We  appeal,  therefore,  to  our  pastors 
and  congregations  to  cease  the  destruc- 
tion of  the  original  and  primary  source 
material  of  the  evidence  of  their  prog- 
ress. File  it  carefully  in  your  archives 
so  that  it  may  help  to  tell  those  who  fol- 
low you  the  story  of  your  labors  and  sac- 
rifices. Rejoice  heartily  as  you  remove 
the  obstacles  that  lie  in  the  pathway  of 
your  onward  march  in  the  church  mili- 
tant to  the  church  triumphant,  but  do 
not  destroy  the  original  primary  evi- 
dences of  the  successive  steps  in  that 
march.  Preserve  them,  because  they 
will  be  of  inestimable  service  and  value 
to  your  future  historian.  Cease  the  de- 
struction.— Lutheran  Observer. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 


The  Germans  and  Song 


Note. — In  connection  with  the  an- 
nouncement of  the  prizes  awarded  at  the 
twenty-third  National  Saengerfest,  Phila- 
delphia, Pa.,  July  5th,  the  North  American 
published  the  following  in  its  editorial 
columns — Editor. 

•  If  the  Saengerfest  were  only  a  compe- 
tition of  singing  societies,  this  editorial 
would  never  have  been  written.  To  have 
had  6000  singers  as  the  guests  of  our 
city  for  a  week  would  have  been  a  pleas- 
.  ing  social  event.  We  would  have  been 
glad  with  them  as  friends.  It  would  have 
been  "Es  freut  uns  Ihnen  zu  sehen"  on 
Monday,  and  today,  "Auf  weidersehen." 
Still,  it  would  have  been  merely  good  fel- 
lowship on  a  large  scale,  an  exchange  oi 
hospitality  between  ourselves  and  our 
guests. 

But  the  Saengerfest  is  something  more 
than  sociability,  and  it  is  something  more 
than  friendly  rivalry  for  choral  trophies. 
It  is  an  expression  of  Germany.  It  is  the 
voice  of  a  people  who  1900  years  ago 
came  out  of  the  dark  forests  of  central 
Europe,  and  who  since  have  set  their 
mark  on  every  white  race  in  the  world. 

It  would  seem  almost  trite  to  recount 
what  this  young  country  owes  to  the 
German  immigrant.  And  this  debt  is  but 
a  tittle  to  what  as  a  people,  we  owie  to 
Germany.  For  our  debt  was  contracted 
long  before  we  became  a  country ;  yes, 
long  before  our  ancestors  left  their 
homes  beyond  the  sea  to  seek  liberty  in 
a  new  land. 

Yet  this  older  deljt  is  often  forgotten 
while  we  remember  the  newer  one,  the 
more  immediate  and  more  apparent  debt 
which  is  ours  to  the  last  of  the  great 
emigrations  to  go  otit  of  the  German 
nest. 

It  is  easy  to  turn  back  a  page  or  two 
in  our  history  and  to  trace  the  newer 
German  influence.  From  the  Germans 
this  nation  relearned  the  lesson  of  thrift. 
Amid  the  profusion  of  natural  riches  the 
American  people  had  become  prodigal 
and  profligate.  They  had  forgotten  the 
experiences  of  the   huniian   race.      They 


were  imbued  with  the  foolish  belief  that 
through  some  divine  dispensation  the 
wealth  of  this  continent  wias  to  be  in- 
definitely renewed.  Land  and  money 
and  time  and  the  yield  of  the  earth  were 
criminally  wasted. 

Then  the  German  came.  If  the  Ger- 
man character  had  been  less  firmly  knit, 
it  would  have  disintegrated  in  such  en- 
vironment. If  the  German  had  come 
alone,  even  his  firmness  might  not  have 
withstood  the  influence.  But  the  Ger- 
man never  travels  alone.    He  never  did. 

When  he  first  moved  out  of  the  Black 
forest  and  crossed  the  Rhine  into  sacred 
Roman  territory  he  took  his  wife  and 
children  with  him.  When  he  crossed  the 
English  channel  and  began  his  300-year 
invasion  of  Britian,  his  first  act  after 
driving  the  Cymric  from  the  coast  was 
to  build  a  house  and  plow  a  piece  of 
ground  for  frati  and  kinder.  When  he 
hammered  the  Saracens  to  pieces  at 
Tours  and  saved  Europe  for  Christian 
civilization  his  women  and  little  ones 
were  within  bowshot  in  the  neighborng- 
thicket. 

And  when,  in  the  first  half  of  the 
nineteenth  centtiry,  the  great  German  im- 
migration to  America  began,  the  German 
was  true  to  his  age-long  habit.  He 
brought  his  women  wath  him. 

He  transplanted  to  this  nation  the 
sturdiness  which,  under  the  pressure  of 
old-world  conditions,  had  often  been  mis- 
taken for  stolidness.  He  amazed  his  new 
neighbors  by  persistent  industry,  by 
magic  power  of  turning  hitherto  waste 
places  into  garden  spots,  by  ability  to 
heap  up  bank  accounts  on  little  savings, 
by  the  strange  faculty  of  building  a  pay- 
ing business  on  narrow  margins. 

A  nation  wliich  had  dealt  prodigally  in 
big  ])rofits  began  to  learn  the  lesson  of 
the  value  of  little  things,  of  thrift,  of  per-' 
sistence,  of  industry.  And  the  German 
brought  that  lesson  at  a  time  when  the 
change  in  economic  conditions  made  it 
jiarticularly  valuable. 
748 


THE  GERMANS  AND  SONG 


749 


Then  the  German  did  another  amazins:;: 
thing.  After  his  debt  to  industry  and 
thrift  was  paid  he  took  his  wife  and  chil- 
dren with  him  for  recreation.  He  shared 
with  them  in  pleasure,  as  from  time  im- 
memorial he  had  shared  with  them  in 
war  and  in  labor. 

This  nation's  social  organization  had 
been  laid  deep  in  the  Puritan  idea.  What 
pleasure  and  recreation  there  were  here 
was  a  violent  protest  against  sombre 
traditions.  Usually  where  men  gathered 
for  enjoyment  good  women  were  impos- 
sible. At  their  very  best,  social  pleasures 
were  serious  functions. 

But  the  German  breathed  into  them 
the  spirit  of  music.  He  leavened  the 
Puritan  loaf  with  song.  He  taught  us 
that  music,  which  up  to  iiis  advent  had 
been  restricted  to  dismal  accompaniments 
of  gloomy  religious  fervor,  might  be 
made  the  language  of  joy  and  of  free- 
dom. In  the  larger  sense  the  Germans 
gave  music  to  the  world  and  in  a  definite 
sense  the  German  immigration  of  the 
last  century  gave  music  to  America. 

Music  to  Germany  has  been  something 
more  than  art.  It  has  been  the  expression 
of  the  German  spirit.  It  has  been  the 
soul  of  Germany  singing  for  freedom. 
And  let  it  not  be  forgotten  that  freedom 
is  the  cornerstone  of  the  German  char- 
acter. Despite  political  forms  and  gov- 
ernmental agencies,  throughout  the  ages 
the  German  has  kept  in  his  heart  the 
love  of  liberty. 

It  was  the  rock  of  German  liberty 
against  which  the  vast  despotism  of  the 
ancient  world  beat  itself  to  pieces.  When 
in  the  course  of  centuries  the  German 
lost  the  form  of  political  liberty,  he  re- 
compensed himself  with  intellectual  free- 
dom. In  the  midst  of  medieval  tyrannies 
he  struck  the  shackles  from  the  mind  of 
man. 

The  history  of  Germany  is  the  history 
of  our  civilization.  Germany  is  not  a  po- 
litical term  or  a  geographical  division 
Germany  has  no  bounds,  It  is  an  empire 
of  the  mind.  The  thrift  that  induced 
German  peasant  immigrant  to  build  a 
bank  account  out  of  the  lettuce  heads 
grown  in  his  dooryard  is  the  identical 
quality  that,  translated  by  German  schol- 


ars into  German  science,  has  made  Ger- 
many the  laboratory  of  civilization. 

While  the  Celtic  peoples  were  forget- 
ting their  ancient  language,  German  stu- 
dents were  digging  into  its  records  and 
bringing  the  hidden  glories  of  its  litera- 
ture to  light.  Today,  when  our  own 
Shakespeare  is  so  little  known  in  the 
English-speaking  theatre  as  to  be  a  jok<i 
for  the  irreverent,  the  indefatigaW«' 
Germans  are  studying  his  matchless 
poetry  and  presenting  it  from  their  stage 
as  an  inspiration  and  a  guide  to  national 
taste. 

"Germany,"  says  Victor  Hugo,  "is  the 
wellspring  of  the  nations.  They  pass  out 
of  her  like  rivers.  She  receives  them  as 
the  sea."   And  again  : 

The  vast  murmur  of  the  Hercynian  for- 
est seems  to  be  heard  throughout  Europe. 
The  German  nature,  profound  and  subtle, 
distinct  from  the  European  nature,  but  in 
harmony  with  it,  volatilizes  and  floats, 
above  the  nations.  The  German  mind  is 
misty,  luminous,  dispersed;  it  is  a  kind  of 
immense  beclouded  soul,  with  stars.  Per- 
haps the  highest  expression  of  Germany 
can  be  given  only  by  music.   .    .    . 

Music  is  the  word  of  Germany.  The 
German  people,  so  much  curbed  as  a  na- 
tion, so  emancipated  as  thinkers,  sing  with 
a  samber  delight.  To  sing  seems  a  deliv- 
erance from  bondage.  Music  expresses 
that  which  cannot  be  said  and  which  can- 
not be  expressed.  Therefore  is  Germany 
all  music  in  anticipation  of  the  time  when 
she  shall  be  all  freedom.  .  .  .  Song  is  for 
Germany  a  breathing.  It  is  by  singing 
that  she  respires  and  conspires.  The 
music  note  being  a  syllable  of  a  kind  af 
undefined  universal  language,  Germany's 
grand  communication  with  the  human 
race  is  made  through  harmony — an  admir- 
able prelude  to  unity.  It  is  by  clouds  that 
the  rams  which  fertilize  the  earth  ascend 
from  the  sea;  it  is  my  music  that  ideas 
emanate  from  Germany  to  take  possession 
of  the  minds  of  men. 

^  We  have  no  doubt  that  the  legions  ot 
V'arus  heard  the  men  of  Teutoburger- 
w,ald  singing  the  night  before  they 
taught  the  Roman  empire  that  Germany 
means  freedom. 

From  that  nest  for  1900  years  a  con- 
stant stream   of  men   has   gone   forth— 

men  who  took  their  women  with  them 

to  teach  freedom  and  order  and  persist- 
ence— and  song. 

That  is  the  history  which  lies  behind 
the  Saengerfest. 


The  Sentimental  Journey 

By  Ella  Singmaster 


Editorial  Note. — The  following  story 
published  in  "The  Youth's  Companion"  of 
September  5,  1912,  is  reproduced  by  per- 
mission. Our  reason  for  printing  tht 
"Journey"  is  the  estimate  of  it  made  by 
the  "Germantown-Independent-Gazette"  in 
these  words: 

"Miss  Singmaster  comes  nearer  than 
any  other  writer  to  delineating  the  life  of 
the  Pennsylvania  Germans  with  fidelity. 
She  writes  of  the  Pennsylvania  Germans 
as  Mary  E.  Vv'ilkins  Freeman  writes  of  the 
New  Englanders.  She  presents  their 
quaint  traits,  their  failings  and  their  vir- 
tues, and  she  writes  with  a  pen  devoid  of 
sting  or  ill  will. 

"These  observations  are  called  forth  a^ 


the  present  time  after  a  reading  of  Miss 
Singmaster's  story  'The  Sentimental 
Journey,'  which  appears  in  this  week's 
Youth's  Companion.  It  is  probably  no  ex- 
aggeration to  say  that  this  little  tale  is 
the  best  Pennsylvania  German  story  ever 
written.  It  is  strikingly  original  in  con- 
ception, and  is  true  to  life  in  its  delinea- 
tion. It  describes  an  unromantic  romance 
such  as  the  Pennsylvania  German  country 
can  produce,  and  it  is  especially  interest- 
ing to  Pennsylvania  readers  because  of  its 
local  color  in  that  the  story  extends  from 
Macungie,  yclept  by  its  old  name  of  Mil- 
lerstown,  through  Allentown  and  Jenkin- 
town,  to  its  climax  in  the  Reading  Ter- 
minal in  Philadelphia." 


The  question  burst  like  a  blast  from 
a  cannon  into  the  silent  peace  of  twenty 
years.  Sarah  Ann  Mohr  and  Aaron 
Konig,  to  whom  it  was  addressed,  gasp- 
ed as  they  sat  at  opposite  ends  of  the 
long  bench  before  Sarah  Ann's  door  in 
the  quiet  evening.  To  Sarah  Ann,  it 
was  almost  an  accusation  of  crime,  to 
Aaron  it  wfas  a  sudden  sharpening  of  the 
twinges  of  conscience  that  had  bothered 
him  for  twenty  years. 

Ollie  Kuhns,  lounging  on  his  own 
bench  next  door,  shouted  out  the  imper- 
tinent, the  outrageous  inquiry. 

"Sarah  Ann!"  he  said,  and  waited  for 
Sarah  Ann's  placid  "Yes";  "Aaron!" 
and  waited  until  Aaron,  too,  had  signi- 
fied that  he  heard.  "Haven't  you  two 
been  going  together  long  enough  to  get 
married?" 

Neither  Sarah  Ann  nor  Aaron  an- 
swered a  word.  Like  a  fat  and  startled 
pigeon.  Sarah  Ann  rose  and  vanished 
into  the  covered  alley  that  separated  the 
two  houses ;  like  an  angry  sparrow, 
Aaron  went  hopping  down  the  street. 

"Ach !"  How  could  anybody  say  such 
a  thing!"  wailed  Sarah  Ann. 

"And  now,"  said  Aaron  Konig,  w'hen 


he  had  shut  behind  him  the  door  of  his 
little  shop,  "now  I  will  have  to  get 
married !" 

"It  shames  me,"  Sarah  Ann  wept.  "I 
suppose  all  Millerstown  is  talking  over 
me," 

"I  would  almost  rather  die  than  get 
married,"  said  Aaron  Konig. 

But  Aaron  was  no  coward.  Foi 
twenty  years  the  Widow  Mohr  had  al- 
lowed him  to  occupy  her  bench  in  sum- 
mjer  and  a  rocking  chair  in  her  kitchen 
in  winter.  For  twenty  years  she  had  fed 
him  from  her  rich  store.  She  had  not 
only  treated  him  to  molasses  cake,  cold 
meat,  yeast  beer,  fine  cake  in  the  even- 
ings ;  she  had  sent  him  warm  crullers, 
fresh  rusks  and  hot  raisin  pie — the  ca- 
viar of  his  menu — in  the  mornings.  She 
had  supported  his  "deep  bass  with  her 
mellifluous  soprano  in  the  prayer-meet- 
ings ;  she  held  the  last  note  of  each 
stanza  until  he  caught  his  breath  and 
could  swing  into  the  first  word  of  the 
next.  She  was  on  his  side  in  all  church 
disputes.  She  had  visited  him  when  he 
was  sick,  she  had  even  mended  his 
clothes.  However  hateful  might  be  the 
state   of   matrimony,  'he   could  not   fail 


750 


THE  SENTIMENTAL  JOURNEY 


751 


Sarah  Ann,  now  that  the  subject  had 
been  broached  to  them  both.  But  he 
wished  that  he  might  clutch  Olhe  Kuhns 
by  the  throat  and  choke  him  black  and 
blue. 

The  next  evening  Aaron  put  on  his 
best  coat.  It  was  perfectly  true  that  it 
so  closely  resembled  his  everyday  coat 
that  even  the  sharp-eyed  Millerstonians, 
greeting  him  from  their  door-steps  as  he 
passed,  noticed  no  difference.  To  Aaron, 
who  had  spent  the  larger  part  of  a  day 
and  night  praying  for  strength  to  do  his 
duty,  it  seemed  like  a  sacrificial  robe. 

The  air  was  hot  and  thick,  and  there 
was  the  almost  constant  reflection  ot 
distant  lightning  in  the  sky.  It  was  the 
sort  of  atmosphere  that  frightened 
Aaron  and  made  him  nervous. 

Sarah  Ann  had  not  ventured  again 
into  Ollie  Kuhns'  irreverent  neighbor- 
hood, but  sat  dejectedly  on  her  back 
porch.  She  was  mortified  and  troubled 
to  the  bottom  of  her  soul,  a  fact  that 
Aaron  did  not  observe  in  the  least.  He 
did  not  think  of  her ;  he  thought  only  of 
himself  and  his  own  wretchedness.  He 
did  not  say  good  evening ;  he  sat  himself 
down,  iTLOuse-like,  on  the  bench  beside 
Sarah  Ann's  monumental  figure. 

"Sarah  Ann,"  he  said,  shortly,  "Sa- 
rah Ann,  will  you  marry  me?" 

It  was  evident  that  Sarah  Ann,  too, 
had  made  up  her  mind. 

"Yes,  Aaron.  I  will  marry  you,"  she 
answered,  gently. 

Aaron's  brave  voice  gave  no  hint  of 
the  panic  in  his  soul. 

"Then  let  us  be  married  tomorrow. 
You  can  take  the  nine  o'clock  train  for 
Allentown,  and  I  will  take  the  nine 
o'clock  train  for  Allentown,  and  we  will 
be  married  there." 

Without  another  word,  ignoring  the 
roll  of  thunder  that  had  suddenly  be- 
come ominous,  Aaron  went  out  through 
the  little  alley  and  home — there  to  real- 
ize that  he  wias  lost. 

When  he  had  eone,  Sarah  Ann  went 
into  the  house.  She  hardly  realized  that 
Aaron's  behavior  was  strange.  Her  first 
husband,  who  had  left  her  comparatively 
rich,  after  grudging  her  the  money  ne- 


cessary for  her  clothes  during  his  life- 
time, was  much  more  queer  than  Aaron 
Konig.  Aaron  went  quiet,  he  was  neat, 
he  was  small — she  was  used  to  his  ways. 
She  closed  the  kitchen  shutters ;  then 
she  went  into  the  cellar  to  get  herself 
a  piece  of  pie.  She  ate  it  there,  looking 
about  meanwhile  at  the  bins  waiting  for 
apples  from  her  fine  trees  and  potatoes 
from  her  garden,  at  the  shelf  filled  with 
baked  things,  at  the  cupboard  overflow- 
ing with  preserves  and  jellies.  Then  she 
w|ent  up-stairs.  The  kitchen  was  im- 
maculate. Each  chair  stood  in  its  place, 
the  red  table-cloth  hung  straight.  The 
kitchen  might  have  been  a  parlor. 

She  went  into  the  little  sitting-room, 
as  neat  as  the  kitchen,  and  into  the  par- 
lor, as  neat  as  both,  and  then  she  climbed 
the  stairs.  In  her  room  the  great  bed 
gleamed  white,  like  the  catafalque  of  a 
princess.  It  had  a  valance  and  a  mighty 
knitted  counterpane,  and  sheet-shams  and 
a  bolster  and  two  huge  pillows  and  ela- 
borate pillow-shams.  On  one  a  sleepy 
child  bade  the  world  good  night ;  on  the 
other,  the  same  child  waked  with  a  glad 
good  morning.  The  edges  of  the  pillow- 
shams  and  the  pillow-  and  bolster-cases 
were  ruffled  and  fluted. 

Sarah  Ann  glanced  into  the  other  bed- 
room, only  a  bit  less  wonderful  than  this  ; 
then  she  went  into  the  attic,  and  took 
from  its  hook  her  best  black  dress,  wrap- 
ped in  a  sheet.  Back  in  her  room,  she 
laid  it  at  length  upon  her  bed,  as  if  it 
were  the  princess  herself.  Then  she  look- 
ed down  upon  it. 

"Ach,  Elend!"  (Misery!)  wailed  Sarah 
Ann.  "Must  I  then  'have  a  man  once 
more  in  my  nice  house?" 

W'orn  with  sleeplessness  and  distress, 
she  and  Aaron  climbed  together  into  the 
train  the  next  morning. 

Just  in  front  of  them  sat  a  fat  and 
voluble  man  who  instisted  upon  talking 
to  them.  Neither  had  told  any  one  the 
purpose  of  the  journey,  although  now 
that  their  feet  were  so  firmly  set  upon 
their  desperate  path,  it  would  not  have 
added  to  their  trouble  to  have  all  Mil- 
lerstown  know.  The  fat  man  assumed 
that  they   were  husband  and  wife,  yet 


752 


THE   PENN  GERMANIA 


it  embarrassed  neither  of  them.  They 
were  far  beyond  the  point  of  embarrass- 
ment. 

"Now  I  don't  have  no  wife  to  look 
after  me,"  he  said  jocularly.  "I  am  a 
lonely  single  man.  But  I  come  and  go 
as  I  like.  I  come  from  Reading,  and  1 
am  going  to  stay  at  Sous  Beslehem.  1 
am  such  a  traveling  man.  Now  if  I  want 
to  stay  all  night  I  can,  and  if  I  don't 
w)ant  to,  I  don't  need  to,  and  it  don't 
make  anything  out  to  anybody,  and  I 
don't  get  a  scolding,  see?" 

Neither  Sarah  Ann  nor  Aaron  made 
answer.  Their  hearts  were  too  full.  Did 
not  each  one  know  only  too  well  the  ad- 
vantage of  single  blessedness?  Besides, 
the  time  of  their  bondage  was  at  hand. 
Already  the  church  steeples  of  Allentown 
were  in  sight,  already  the  brake  was 
grinding  against  the  wheels.  The  fat 
man  called  a  cheerful  good-bye  to  them, 
but  ithey  made  no  response. 

For  an  instant  they  stood  together  on 
the  platform.  Beside  them  a  Philadelphia 
train  pufifed  and  snorted ;  they  could 
make  no  plans  until  the  noise  had  ceased. 

"I — I  think  I  will  buy  me  some  pepper- 
mints !"  shouted  Sarah  Ann  into  Aaron's 
ear. 

But  no  marital  duty  was  to  find  Aaron 
wanting. 

"I'll  get  them  for  you,"  he  offered. 

Sarah  Ann  shook  her  head.  "I  know 
the  kind !"  she  screamed. 

On  arriving  at  the  candy-stand,  she 
stood  perfectly  still.  Aaron's  offer  ter- 
rified her.  It  was  but  a  forecast  of  his 
constant  presence.  Hitherto  she  had  al- 
ways bought  her  owni  peppermints.  It 
was  one  of  the  joys  of  her  life.  She 
looked  uncomprehendingly  at  the  candy 
man  when  he  asked  her  what  she  wanted. 
She  did  not  know — oh,  yes,  in  her  heart 
.she  did !  She  wanted  to  burst  this  iron 
band  of  fright  that  opposed  her ;  she 
wanted — it  was  the  first  nnu'derous  wish 
of  Sarah  Ann's  benignant  life — she  want- 
ed to  throw  Aaron  Konig  into  the  river. 

Then,  as  if  this  monstrous  desire  bred 
others  as  new  and  strange,  Sarah  Ann 
was  guilty  of  the  first  impulsive,  un- 
considered   act    of    all    her    uneventful 


years.  The  Philadelphia  train  puffed 
more  loudly,  the  conductor  called  "All 
aboard !"  The  steps  of  the  first  car 
were  near  at  hand.  Without  a  glance  at 
the  place  w^here  Aaron  was  patiently 
waiting  for  her  return,  without  a  thought 
of  her  base  cruelty,  Sarah  Ann  mounted 
the  steps.  Before  she  had  found  a  seat, 
before  she  had  time  to  catch  her  spent 
breaith,  the  train  had  started.  She  was 
free ! 

For  the  first  twenty-five  miles  she  sat 
in  a  daze  of  joy.  She  felt  as  light  as- 
air,  her  heart  beat  so  that  she  could  feel 
it — she  regretted  that  her  life  had  been 
spent  in  such  uninterrupted  quietude.  She 
paid  for  her  ticket  without  a  pang,  she 
bought  peppermints  from  the  train-boy, 
she  invested  in  a  newspaper  and  threw 
it  away  without  opening  it.  She  had 
plenty  of  m'oney.  It  would  not  be  like 
Sarah  Ann  to  go  anywhere,  even  upon 
a  wedding  journey,  without  money.  She 
spread  her  skirts  comfortably  over  the 
set,  rejoiced  in  the  wide  space.  Aaron 
was  small,  but  even  Aaron  crowided  her. 

As  she  made  her  plans  to  stay  in  Phil- 
adelphia overnight,  the  thought  of  Mil- 
lerstown's  opinion  troubled  her.  All  hei 
life  she  had  had  great  respect  for  Mil- 
lerstown's  opinion.  But  Aaron  would 
go  home  alone  and  Millerstown  would 
suspect  nothing.  Fortunately,  Aaron 
was  close-mouthed,  and  even  a  loquaci- 
ous person  hardly  acknowledges  that  his 
bride  has  fled  from  him.  It  seemed  in- 
credible, even  to  Sarah  Ann  herself,  that 
she  should  be  thus  coolly  considering  the 
distressing  plight  of  one  who  had  been 
her   friend   for  so  long. 

She  determined  to  go  to  a  hotel  in  the 
city.  It  was  true  that  Manda  Kemerer 
lived  in  Philadelphia,  and  that  it  would 
be  sensible  and  economical  to  stay  with 
her.  But  Sarah  Ann  said  to  herself  that 
she  was  not  out  for  economy;  she  was 
taking — and  the  thought  brought  an  ex- 
cited and  unbecoming  giggle — she  was 
taking  a  wedding  trip,  and  economy  on 
a  wedding  trip  is  a  crime. 

For  the  first  half  of  the  journey,  her 
niood  held.  Then,  as  suddenly  as  Ollie 
Kuhn's   question   had    shot   out   of    the 


THE  SENTIMENTAL  JOURNEY 


753 


dark,  and  with  the  steady,  constant  fire 
of  a  machine  gun,  came  the  reproaches 
of  a  guihy  conscience.  It  may  have  been 
that  the  motion  of  the  train,  of  which  she 
was  suddenly  uncomfortably  conscious, 
had  something-  to  do  with  her  repentance. 

Slie  said  to  herself  that  she  claimed 
to  be  a  Christian,  but  she  had  behaved 
like  a  heathen.  She  claimed  to  love  her 
neighbor ;  she  had  treated  Aaron  worse 
than  an  enemy.  She  prided  herself  upon 
her  truth ;  she  had  acted  a  wretched  lie. 
As  the  train  passed  Jenkintown,  she  drew 
her  skirts  close  about  her,  as  if  their 
spread  had  symbolized  her  proud  heart , 
when  the  train  entered  the  suburbs  of 
the  city,  she  wept.  But  she  could  not 
marry  Aaron  Konig,  she  could  not ! 

Climibing  ponderously  down  from  the. 
train,  she  started  up  the  long  platform, 
her  heart  aching.  Aaron  was  her  dear- 
est friend,  and  she  could  never  look  at 
him  again.  His  visits,  quiet  as  they 
were,    had  given  varitt}   to  her  dull  life. 

He  w|as  a  -man  of  importance  in  the 
village ;  his  attentions  had  gratified  hei 
vanity.  He  had  never  been  anything  but 
kind  to  her,  and  she  had  treated  him 
vilely.  Had  it  been  possible  for  Sarah 
Ann  to  blot  out  the  last  two  hours,  and 
stand  once  more  by  Aaron's  side  on  the 
Allentown  platform,  there  is  no  telling  to 
what  depth  of  humble  atonement  she 
might  have  plunged. 

As  it  was,  she  moved  along  helplessly 
with  the  crowd  toward  the  waiting-room 

Then,  suddenly,  Sarah  Ann  gave  a 
little  cry.  Just  beside  her  and  about  to 
pass,  totally  obvious  to  her  presence, 
moving  rapidly  as  if  he  were  pursued, 
was  the  object  of  her  tender  penitence. 

"Aaron  Konig!"  she  cried.  "Why 
Aaron   Konig!" 

Seized  in  a  firm  grasp,  dazed  by  her 
sudden  appearance,  which  'he  failed  ut- 
terly to  comprehend,  overwhelmed  ap- 
parently by  some  wild  grief  of  his  own, 
Aaron  stood  still.  For  an  instant  the 
hurrying  crowd  protested  against  this 
blocking  of  the  path ;  then  it  divided 
round  them. 

"I  am  sorry,  I  am  sorry!"  cried  Sarah 


Ann.  "But  I  couldn't  think  of  this 
marrying !" 

"I — I  will  get  married  if  you  say  so," 
faltered  Aaron.    "I — " 

Then,  suddenly,  Sarah  Ann  and  Aaron 
cried  out  together. 

"What  are  you  doing  in  Philadelphia?" 
demanded   Sarah  Ann. 

"Did  you  run  away  from  me?"  cried 
Aaron. 

"I — I — I — "  stammered  Sarah  Ann. 

"It — it  was  this  way,"  stuttered  Aaron. 
"I— I—" 

Then  Sarah  Ann  took  the  bull  by  the 
horns.  Trembling,  yet  hoping,  she  ask- 
ed: 

"Don't  you  want  to  get  married, 
Aaron?" 

Whereupon  Aaron,  gasping,  hating 
himself,  but  realizing  that  the  happiness 
of  his  life  hung  on  his  reply,  answered 
briefly,  "No." 

"Nor  I,"  said  Sarah  Ann. 

Together  they  went  into  the  station 
and  sat  down.  For  a  long  time  neither 
spoke.  Then  Aaron  lifted  a  tremulous 
voice : 

"It  was  all  Ollie  Kuhns." 

"Yes,"  agreed  Sarah  Ann. 

For  a  moment  neither  spoke.  Then 
Aaron  murmered,  "And  now,  Sarah 
Ann,  let  us  have  a  little  somethinsr  to 
eat." 

The  trains  seemed  especially  arranged 
for  runaway  and  repentant  lovers.  At 
one  o'clock  there  was  a  train  for  Allen- 
town,  at  five  they  could  be  in  Millers- 
town.  They  ate  their  dinners,  each  pay- 
ing for  a  share,  and  then  each  bought  a 
ticket.  They  did  not  even  utilize  the  re- 
maining time  in  sightseeing,  they  did  not 
even  walk  to  the  windows  and  look  down 
upon  the  busy  street ;  they  sat  side  by 
side,  enjoying  as  of  old  their  quiet, 
friendly  communion. 

Their  state  of  calm  continued  until 
their  journey  was  almost  over,  and  in 
the  Millerstown  train  they  sat  once  more 
behind  the  fat  man.  He  explained,  with 
many  di  gressions.  unheard  by  them, 
why  he  had  decided  to  return  to  Read- 
ing. 

Suddenly  an  almost  purple  flush  came 


754 


THE   PENN    GERMANIA. 


into  Sarah  Ann's  cheek.  Her  lips  tremb- 
led ;  she  seized  Aaron  Konig  by  the  arm. 

"We  are  almost  there!"  she  cried, 
anxiously.  "And  what  will  Millerstown 
say  that  we  two  go  away  like  this  and 
come  back  together?  What  will  we  tell 
them,  Aaron,  ach,  what  will  we  tell 
them? 

The  fat  man  was  still  talking;  had  he 
been  dumb  for  a  year,  he  could  not  have 
talked  more  constantly. 

Aaron,  as  greatly  terrified  as  Sarah 
Ann,  appreciating  more  thoroughly  than 
she  the  infinite  and  eternal  pleasure  that 
Millerstown  would  wring  from  such  a 
joke  as  this,  sank  back  weakly  in  the 
seat.  His  mind  put  forth  vague,  inquir- 
ing tentacles,  as  if  the  roar  of  the  train 
or  the  flying  fields  or  the  steady  stream 
of  the  fat  man's  talk  could  answer  Sarah 
Ann's  question. 

"There  was  a  man  in  the  Beslehem 
train,"  the  fat  man  was  saying.  "He 
went  out  on  the  platform  and  his  hat 
blowed  ofif,   and   he  came  back  and  he 


yelled  it  over  the  car  like  a  fool.  'My 
hat  blowed  ofif !'  he  said.  'What  do  you 
think,  my  hat  blowed  off !'  " 

The  fat  man  paused  for  a  breath,  then 
went  on :  "Now  he  oughtn't  to  have  told 
nobody.  It  is  dumb  to  let  your  hat  blow 
off.  H  he  hadn't  told  it  to  nobody,  no- 
body would  'a'  knowed  it.  My  hat  blow- 
ed off  once  and  — " 

The  fat  man  went  on  past  the  village, 
past  the  great  pipe-mill,  through  the 
lovely  open  coimtry,  within  sight  of  the 
curving  hills  back  of  Millerstown,  imto 
Millerstown  itself.  He  was  still  talking 
when  they  rose. 

"That  is  it !"  said  Aaron  Konig,  al- 
most hysterically,  as  they  went  down  the 
aisle.  "That  i's  it!  If  w^e  don't  tell 
Mlillerstown,  Millerstown  will  never 
know.    Like  the  man  said,  Sarah  Ann." 

Overjoyed  to  be  back,  excited  over  the 
hoodwinking  of  Millerstown,  Sarah  Ann 
and  Aaron  stepped  from  the  train,  lovers 
no  more,  but  friends  forever.  And  to 
this  day,  their  secret  has  been  kept. 


Early  "  'Honor  to  whom  honor 

Lutheranism  is  due.'  Dr.  Walther 
and  the  Missouri  Synod 
were  not  the  first  to  bring  genuine  Lu- 
theranism to  this  country.  That  was  al- 
ready here  in  the  days  of  Muhlenberg 
and  even  earlier,  and,  after  the  period 
of  its  decay  in  the  first  half  of  the  last 
century,  it  sprang  into  new  life  in  that 
section  of  our  country  where  he  and  his 
colaborers  who  were  true  to  the  confes- 
sions lived  and  established  the  Lutheran 
Church.  And  indeed  this  new  life 
sprang  from  its  native  soil,  without  pies- 
sure  from  the  outside,  and  solely  b -.cause 
of  the  strengthened  Lutheran  conscious- 
ness which  was  wrought  of  God  in  the 
spiritual  sons  of  Muhlenberg.     On  tlie 


other  hand,  it  is  an  historical  fact  just  as 
well  authenticated,  that  with  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  Missouri  Synod  in  1847, 
a  Lutheranism  arose  in  America,  strong- 
ly conscious,  vital  and  spiritual  which 
wielded  the  sword  of  the  Spirit  against 
all  forms  of  error  in  doctrine  and  life  far 
more  vigorously  than  had  ever  be  ^r 
done  before,  whether  by  Muhlenberg 
himself  or  by  his  spiritual  successors.  It 
is  to  be  lamented,  that  Dr.  Walther,  and 
with  him  the  Missouri  Synod,  should 
later  on  have  fallen  into  an  error  that  is 
far  more  serious  and  dangerous  than  alT 
the  shortcomings  of  Muhlenberg  and  his 
spiritual  sons." — Columbus  Theolo^^ical 
Magadne. 


Bibliography  of  Church  Music  Books  Issued 
in  Pennsylvania,  with  Annotations 

By  James  Warrington,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Continued  from  THE  PENN  GERMANIA  for  August,  1912 


In  1762  the  society  at  Ephrata 
printed : 

Neu-verniehrtes     Gesang-    der    ein- 

samen  Turtel-Taube, 
a  copy  of  which  is  in  the  State  Library 
at  Harrisburg-, 

In  the  same  year  (1762)  Saur  at 
Germantovvn,  printed  the  following, 
which  Seipt  says  is  the  first  Schwenk- 
felder  hymn  book  printed  in  the  col- 
onies: 

Neu-Eingerichtetes  Gesang-Buch  in 
sich  haltend  eine  Sammlung  (mehr- 
entheils  alter)  schoner  lehr-reicher 
und  erbaulicher  Lieder,  Welche  von 
langer  Zeit  her  bey  den  Bekennern 
und  Liebhabern  der  Glorien  und 
Wahrheit  Jesu  Christi  bisz  anjetzo 
in  Uibung  gewesen ;  Nach  den 
Haupt-Stiicken  der  Christlichen 
Ldhr  und  Glaubens  eingetheilet,  und 
Mit  einem  Verzeichnisz  der  Titel 
und  dreyen  Nvitzlichen  Registern 
versehen.  Anjetzo  also  zusammen 
getragen  und  Zum  Lobe  Gottes  und 
heilsamen  Erbauung  im  Christen- 
thum,  ans  Licht  gegeben. 
The  State  Library  at  Harrisburg-  owns 
a  copy,  and  also  the  Historical  Society 
of  Pennsylvania. 

Holt's  New  York  Journal  under  date 
January  14,  1762,  advertises  a  reprint  of 
the  thirteenth  edition  of 

A  collection  of  Hymns  for  social 
worship,  more  particularly  designed 
for  the  use  of  the  Tabernacle  con- 
g-regation  in  London.  By  George 
Whitefield. 
Whitefield's  Hymns  were  first  published 
in  London  in  1753,  but  I  do  not  at  pres- 


ent know  when  the  thirteenth  edition 
was  issued.  Its  reprint  was  in  all  prob- 
ability nearly  coincident  with  the  origi- 
nal issue. 

The  same  issue  of    the    Journal  con- 
tains the  following  advertisement: 
Just  published.     The  psalm  singer's 
help,  being  a  collection  of  Tunes  in 
three  parts  that  are  now  used  in  the 
churches  and     dissenting  congrega- 
tions    in     London.     With  thorough 
bass  for  the  Harpsichord  or  Organ, 
and  an  introduction  for  the  use  of 
learners. 
Although  no     Editor's     name  is     given 
there  is  no  doubt  this  is  an  early  edition 
(probably  the  first)  of  the  book  by  that 
title  edited     by     Thomas  Knibb,  which 
was  originally  published  in  London  and 
went     through     several     editions.     The 
copy  in  my  library  was  issued  in  Lon- 
don about  1770.     This  is  another  proof 
how  quickly  books  came  from  the  mo- 
ther country. 

I  also  notice  that  in  this  year  (1762) 
there  were  reprints  of 
Haberman's  Gebatbuch 
Der  psalter  David. 

In  1763,  Anthony  Armbruster  of  Mo- 
ravian    Alley,   Philadelphia,   printed     a 
tune  book  with  the  following  title: 
Tunes  in  three  parts  for  the  several 
metres  of  Dr.  Watts'  version  of  the 
psalms ;  some  of  which  are  new. 
The  book  contains  34  tunes.     A  copy  is 
owned     by     the     Historical  Society    of 
Pennsylvania.     And   in  this  year  there 
was   also     printed     in   Philadelphia  but 
without  any  printer's  name : 


755 


756 


THE  PENN  GERMANIA 


A  collection  of  psalm  tunes  with  a 
few  anthems  and  hymns,  some  of 
them  entirely  new,  for  the  use  of  the 
United  churches  of  Christ  church 
and  St.  Peter's  church  in  Phila- 
delphia. 
This  book  contains  37  tunes. 

Armbruster's  book  was  printed  from 
type,  but  the  other  is  very  well  engraved, 
and  while  not  in  so  ornate  a  style  as 
"Urania"  is  really  a  fine  specimen  of  the 
art  of  copperplate  eng-raving-  and  print- 
ing of  the  period.  Indeed  i.t  will  favor- 
ably compare  with  any  specimens  I  have 
seen  either  European  or  American;  and 
(as  I  said  of  "Urania")  one  can  but 
wonder  no  notice  of  the  work  from  the 
art  point  of  view  seems  to  have  been 
taken. 

As  regards  the  tunes  they  have  much 
in  common  and  if  one  might  hazard  a 
conjecture  it  would  be  that  they  were 
both  edited  by  the  same  hand;  Arm- 
bruster's book  being  intended  for  dis- 
senters and  the  other  for  members  of  the 
church  of  England.  At  one  time  1 
thouglit  James  Bremner  might  have 
been  the  editor,  but  am  now  convinced 
Sonneck  is  right  in  attributing  the  book 
to  Francis  Hopkinson,  and  I  think  James 
Lyon  had  a  hand  in  them,  as  I  find 
tunes  which  in  "Urania"  are  marked 
new,  are  in  these  books.  Both  books 
give  evidence  that  the  editors  were  ac- 
quainted with  that  curious  Methodist 
book  I  have  cited  under  date  of  1754, 
and  I  think  this  fact  points  to  the  influ- 
ence of  Whitefield's  visits.  At  present 
I  am  not  prepared  to  say  positively 
which  of  the  tunes  are  new  as  I  have  not 
yet  succeeded  in  obtaining  certain  books 
I  wish  to  examine  before  giving-  a  de- 
cision. 

In  Philadelphia  in  1763  there  was 
published : 

Hymn  book  for  the  children  be- 
longing to  the  Brethren's  congre- 
gations, taken  chiefly  out  of  the 
German  little  lx)ok.  In  three  books. 
The  Historical  Society  of  Pennsylva- 
nia has  a  copy. 

Hildeburn     and     Seidensticker     both 


note  a  hynnibook  in  the  language  of  the 
Delaware  Indians,  as  a  Moravian  publi- 
cation of  this  year,  and  give  the  name 
of  B.  A.  Grube  as  the  Editor, 

Dellawaerisches  Gesang-Buchlein. 
and  also  by  the  same  editor, 

Evangelien-Harmonie    in    die   Dela- 
ware Sprache  ubersetzt. 
I  have  not  seen  either. 

Saur  in  Germantown  printed  the 
second  edition  of 

Neu-vermehrt      und      vollstandiges 

Gesang-Buch 
which  was  originally  published  in  1753,- 
A  copy  is  owned  by  the  Historical  So- 
ciety of  Pennsylvania. 

The  vestry  records  of  Christ  Church,. 

Philadelphia,     afford      two      interesting 

items  in  1763 : 

March  30.  The  vestry  agreed  to 
erecting  an  organ  in  St.  Peter's 
church  provided  that  neither  the 
said  organ  nor  the  organist  shall 
be  any  charge  to  the  churches  until 
the  debt  for  building  St.  Peter's 
church  is  paid. 

November  2.  A  subscription  of 
L500  is  obtained  towards  purchas- 
ing an  organ  for  Christ  church  and 
a  committee  is  appointed  to  collect 
said  subscription,  and  more  if  nec- 
essary, with  instructions  to  make 
the  best  they  can  with  Mr.  Philip 
Feyring,  who  built  the  organ  now 
in  St.  Peter's  church,  and  to  em- 
ploy him  in  the  said  service  for 
Christ  church. 

In  the  Pennsylvania  Gazette  of  Dec. 
i>  ^7^2)^  James  Bremner  advertises  that 
he  intends  opening  a  music  school.  He 
was  a  relative  (probably  a  brother)  of 
Robert  Bremner  the  music  publisher  of 
Edinburgh  and  London,  and  became 
very   active   in  musical  Philadelphia. 

In  Wilmington,  Delaware,  the  seventh 
edition  of  the  following  was  published 
in  1763: 

A  brief  introduction  in  the  prin- 
ciples of  the  Christian  religion 
agreeable  to  the  confession  of  faith 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  CHURCH  MUSIC  BOOKS  IN  PENNSYLVANIA  757 


put  forth  by  the  Elders  and  Breth- 
ren of  many  congreg^ations  of 
Christians  (baptised  upon  profes- 
sion of  their  faith)  in  London  and 
in  the  country. 

This  is   another  edition  of  that  printed 

by  FrankHn  in  1743. 

At  this  time  there  began  that  singular 
and  bitter  war  over  the  question  whether 
it  was  lawful  to  sing  in  divine  worship 
any  but  David's  psalms.  It  was  but  a 
revival  of  that  which  raged  in  New  Eng- 
land forty  years  earlier  round  the  ques- 
tion of  singing  by  rote  or  note.  Large 
numbers  of  churcli  members  stood  up 
sturdily  for  David's  psalms ;  claiming 
that  those  only  were  permissible  and 
that  such  paraphrases  as  those  by  Dr. 
Watts  should  not  be  permitted  and  that 
hymns  profaned  the  sanctuary.  The  war 
extended  from  the  words  to  the  music 
and  the  fight  over  the  question  whether 
instrumental  music  was  allowable  was 
equally  bitter. 

Li  this  connection  I  may  notice  that 
in  a  recent  number  of  a  Philadelphia 
periodical  supposed  to  be  devoted  to  real 
history,  an  eminent  educator  of  the  city 
has  written  a  long-  article  urging  a  re- 
turn to  psalm  singing  and  an  abandon- 
ment of  hymns  in  worship.  Such  a  sur- 
vival is  rather  extraordinary,  and  af- 
fords a  curious  instance  of  one  writing 
on  a  subject  with  but  scant  knowledge. 
The  author  is  evidently  unaware  that 
there  was  an  English  psalter  published 
in  Geneva  in  1562.  He  endeavors  to 
■shew  that  the  Scottish  Reformers  copied 
from  the  French  Psalter  printed  in 
Geneva  in  that  year,  instead  of  from 
the  English,  the  latter  being  the  fact ; 
but  of  course  his  error  will  be  repeated 
ad  infinitum.  How  is  it  that  the  Phila- 
delphia press  actually  teems  with  effu- 
sions of  the  same  unhistorical  ch.aracter, 
and  that  any  attempt  to  point  out  t!\e 
errors  is  promptly  suppressed? 

The  Historical   Society  of  Pennsylva- 
nia possesses  a  copy  of  the  following: 
An  humble  attempt  toward  the  im- 


provement of  psalmody.  The  pro- 
priety, necessity  and  use  of  Evan- 
gelical psalms  in  Christian  worship. 
Delivered  at  a  meeting  of  the  pres- 
bytery at  Hanover  in  Virginia,  Oct 
6,  1762.     Philadelphia,  1763. 

The  same  library  also  has  the  fol- 
lowing: 

The  lawfulness,  excellency  and  ad- 
vantages of  instrumental  music  in 
the  worship  of  God  urg'd  and  en- 
forc'd  from  scripture  and  the  ex- 
amples of  the  far  greater  part  of 
Christians  of  all  ages.  Address'  1 
to  all  (particularly  the  Presbyteri- 
ans and  Baptists)  who  have  hith- 
erto been  taught  to  look  upon  the 
use  of  instrumental  musick  in  the 
worship  of  God  as  unlawful.  By  a 
Presbyterian.     Philadelphia,  1763. 

The  Pennsylvania  Gazette  of  June  2, 
1763,  contains  the  following  advertise- 
ment : 

For  one  groat  may  be  had  (just 
published  by  Andrew  Stuart  at  the 
Bible-in-heart  in  Second  Street)  A 
cudgell  to  drive  the  devil  out  of 
every  place  of  Christian  worship ; 
being  a  second  edition  (with  neces- 
sary improvements,  which  now  ren- 
der the  sense  entirely  plain)  of  the 
lawfulness,  excellency  and  advan- 
tage of  instrumental  music  in  the 
public  worship  of  God,  but  chiefly 
of  organs 

Old  Orpheus  play'd  so  well  he 
mov'd  Old  Nick 

Joe  Miller. 

Weyman's  New  York  Gazette  of  May 
30,  1763,  has  the  following  advertise- 
ment : 

Just  published  and     to     be  sold  by 
William  \\'eyman   .    .    .   The  Law- 
fulness,   excellency    and    advantage 
of  instrumental  music,  &c. 
This  is  probably  merely     an     advertise- 
ment of  Dunlap's  edition. 

The  Pennsylvania  Gazette  of  June  16, 
1763,  has  the  following  advertisement: 
This  day   is  published  and  sold  by 


758 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


W.  Dunlap  the  second  edition  of 
The  lawfulness,  &c.  The  kind  re- 
ception the  public  have  been  pleased 
to  give  this  little  performance 
(which  is  calculated  to  promote  the 
good  of  religious  society  in  gen- 
eral) has  induced  us  to  give  it  a 
second  edition  th^  first  being  all  dis- 
posed of  in  a  very  short  time  after 
publication. 

In  the  proceedings  of  The  Presbyte- 
rian Synod  of  New  York  and  Philadel- 
phia in  the  year  1763  we  find  the  follow- 
ing minute : 

A  query  was  brought  in  in  these 
words — As  sundry  members  and 
congregations  within  the  bounds  of 
our  Synod  judge  it  most  for  their 
edification  to  sing  Dr.  Watts*  imi- 
tation of  David's  psalms,  doe's''  the 
Synod  so  far  approve  said  imitation 
of  David's  psalms  as  to  allow  such 
ministers  and  their  congregations 
the  liberty  of  using  them?  As  a 
great  number  of  this  body  have 
never  particularly  considered  Dr. 
Watts'  imitation,  they  are  not  pre- 
pared to  give  a  full  answer  to  the 
question ;  yet  as  it  is  well  approved 
Iby  many  of  this  body,  the  Synod 
have  no  objection  to  the  use  of  said 
imitation  by  such  ministers  and  con- 
gregations as  incline  to  use  it,  until 
the  matter  of  psalmody  he  further 
considered.  And  it  is  recommended 
to  members  of  this  body  to  be  pre- 
pared to  give  their  sentiments  at 
our  next  meeting. 

In  the  year  1764  the  following  re- 
prints or  new  editions  may  be  noted: 

Haberman's  Gebatbuch 

Das  Kleine  Davidische  Psalterspiel. 
and  the    following    note    is    worth    pre- 
serving, 

A  peal  of  Bells  costing     L581  was 

imported  for  St.  Michael's  Church, 

Charleston,  S.  C. 

Armbrustcr  issued  a  second  edition  of 
(his  Tunes  in  three  parts  in  1763.  The 
tunes  in  both  editions  are  identical,  but 


as  there  is  some  difference  in  the  title  1 
give  it.  The  Historical  Society  of  Penn- 
sylvania has  a  copy. 

Tunes  in  three  parts  for  the  several 
metres  in  Dr.  Watts'  version  of  the 
psalms    some    of    which    tunes    are 
new.     This  collection    of    tunes  is 
made  from  the     works  of    eminent 
masters,  consisting  of  six  tunes  for 
short     metre,     eight     for     common 
metre,  seven  for  long  metre,  and  a 
tune  for  each     special     metre.     To 
which  are  added  the  gamut  with  di- 
rections to  learners  of  music. 
In  April,   1764,  the  vestry  records  of 
Christ     Church,     Philadelphia,     furnish 
two  interesting  items : 

The  vestry  tendered     Mr.     Francis 
Hopkinson  their  thankful  acknowl- 
edgment for  taking  great  and  con- 
stant pains  in  instructing  the  chil- 
dren of  the  united  congregations  in 
the  art  of  psalmody. 
The  members  of  the  vestry  who'  fre- 
quently attended  while  the  children 
of  the     united     congregations  yverfe 
improved  in  the  art  of  psalmody  re- 
ported that  they  had  observed  that 
Mr.  William  Young,  in  conjunction 
with  the  secretary,  Mr.  Hopkinson, 
to  take  great  and  constant  pains  in 
(teaching  and  instructing  the     chil- 
dren :  it  was  therefore  unanimously 
agreed  that  the  thankful  acknowl- 
edgments of     this     Board  be  given 
Mr.  Hopkinson  and  Mr.  Young  for 
these  their  kind  services  which  they 
are  requested  still  to  continue. 
The  subscriptions  for  the  organ  at  St. 
Peter's  Church  not  reaching  the  desired 
amount  a  concert  under  the  direction  of 
James   Bremner  was   advertised    in    the 
Pennsylvania   Gazette   to   take   place  on 
February  21,  1764. 

Mr.  Sonneck  notes  that  in  1764,  Peter 
Valton.  of  London,  succeeded  Benjamin 
Yarnold  as  organist  of  St.  Philip's 
church  Charleston,  S.  C,  and  that  Yar- 
nold became  organist  of  St.  Mary's 
church  in  the  same  city. 

The  I'resbyterian  Synod  of  New  York 
and  Philadelphia  at  their  meeting  in 
1764  has  the  following  minute: 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  CHURCH  MUSIC  BOOKS  IN  PENNSYLVANIA 


759 


The  question  respecting-  psalmody 
came  to  be  considered ;  and  after 
much  discourse  on  the  subject,  the 
Synod  do  judge  that  they  are  not  at 
present  prepared  to  give  a  final  ans- 
wer thereto,  and  that  it  is  most  for 
the  edification  of  the  church  to  defer 


it  to  the  next  Synod.  In  the  mean- 
time we  do  confirm  the  agreement  of 
the  last  Synod  and  allow  those  con- 
gregations who  find  it  most  expedi- 
ent to  continue  in  the  use  of  Dr. 
Watts'  imitation  till  the  matter  be 
further  considered  and  determined. 


Burn  Them  Repeatedly  have  we  seen 
exposed  to  public  sale  ar- 
ticles of  no  practical  use  whatever  and 
so  bringing  only  a  few  pennies,  b'lt  ob- 
jects that  were  of  most  sacred  associa- 
tion and  should  never  have  been  oftered 
for  sale. 

There  are  today  stored  awa>  on  at- 
tics in  the  homes  of  the  descendants  of 
some  of  the  oldest  families  just  such  ar- 
ticles that  have  been  kept  with  proper 
regard  for  their  sacred  association,  but 
which  will  sooner  or  later  be  tarown 
out  upon  the  public  by  those  who  feel 
no  interest  in  them.  This  is  not  right, 
because  not  in  harmony  with  the  best 
feelings  of  the  human  heart ;  and  we  be- 
lieve that  this  is  felt  by  people  generally. 

We  feel  assured  that  we  perform  a 
service  to  some  of  the  readers,  as  a  sim- 
ilar service  was  performed  for  us  under 
peculiar  circumstances,  by  telling  them 
what  is  by  far  the  best  thing  to  do  with 
all  such  objects  that  might  fall  into  the 
hands  of  persons  who  will  trifle  with 
them.  Let  them  be  reverently  burnt! 
Should  they  be  objects  that  are  of  his- 


toric as  well  as  sacred  value,  for  vari- 
ous reasons,  then  they  should  be  placed 
in  some  museum  or  historical  society, 
or  at  any  place  where  such  articles  will 
be  gladly  received,  properly  labeled  and 
preserved. 

Years  age  we  stood  with  a  well-to-do 
farmer  in  his  barnyard  admiring  his 
fine  stock.  Among  other  things  that 
drew  our  attention  was  especially  a  pe- 
culiar pewter  bowl,  all  covered  with 
dirt  and  filled  with  water  for  the  chick- 
ens, cats  and  dogs.  There  was  some- 
thing about  it  that  assured  us  that  it 
was  of  some  special  interest.  We  asked 
for  information,  and  were  deeply,  but 
silently,  saddened  when  we  were  told 
that  it  was  the  cup  out  of  which  quite 
a  number  of  generations  of  children  ia 
that  old  family  had  been  baptized  by 
the  pastors  of  the  families ! 

We  need  not  enlarge  upon  the  wron^ 
use  of  that  sacred  bowl.  No  doubt  no 
one  ever  taught  that  man  the  proper 
use  of  things  of  sacred  value. — G.  in 
Reformed  Church  Record. 


Sentiment  in  History  and  Biography 


By  Charles  W.   Super,  Athens,    O. 


HE      article       by      Wilhelni 

TKaufmann  in  the  Jul\ 
number  is  written  from  ;i 
point  of  view  and  in  a 
spirit  that  is  far  too  rare 
in  works  deahng"  with  the 
past.  We  are  so  prone 
to  forget  that  we  also  are  making- 
history  and  that  the  past  must  be 
judged,  in  a  large  measure,  by  the 
same  canons  with  which  we  judge  our 
contemporaries.  The  student  of  history 
is  constantly  reminded  that  man  has 
changed  very  little  within  the  last  three 
or  four  thousand  years.  If  the  world 
has  been  gradually  becoming  a  little 
better  for  two  or  three  centuries,  it  is 
not  because  men  are  by  nature  more 
altruistic  but  because  they  have  profited 
by  experience.  As  the  masses  have  grad- 
ually become  more  intelligent  they  have 
curtailed  the  privileges  claimed  and 
maintained  by  their  rulers.  They  have 
thus  obtained  a  larger  proportion  of  the 
goiods  i)roduced  by  their  labors.  It  is  in- 
teresting to  observe  how  much  similar- 
ity there  is  between  the  history  and  the 
quasi-history  of  our  pioneers  and  that  of 
early  Greece  and  Rome.  Some  one  has 
said  that  we  all  live  by  admiration.  This 
is  only  another  way  of  saying  that  men 
arc  by  nature  hero-worshii)pers.  It  is 
difficult  to  grasp  a  popular  movement ; 
hence  it  is  always  associated  with  some 
individual,  with  Moses,  with  Solomon, 
with  Lycurgus,  or  with  Uomuhis.  This 
is  well  enough  if  wc  kvv\)  the  pr(^j)ci 
perspective  ;  l)ut  this  is  rarely  done.  The 
earlv  history  of  Rome  consists  almost 
entirely  of  events  grouped  around  the 
name  of  some  personality.  The  memory 
of  this  individual  was  preserved  by  tra 
dition  in  his  family  and  by  his  descend- 
ants. Once  a  year,  or  at  least  frequently, 
i^omc  real  or  reputed  member  of  the 
family  delivered  an  oration  in  wfliich  ho 
glorifie-fl    tile    exploits    of    his   ancestors. 


760 


For  a  long  time  these  traditions  were 
transmitted  orally  from  one  generation 
to  another.  After  the  art  of  writing  had 
become  somewhat  common  the  traditions 
were  written  down  and  later  combined 
into  a  sort  of  connected  record.  The 
gaps  were  largely  filled  in  by  conjecture. 
Of  course  there  was  no  one  who  could 
correct  the  record  because  no  one  knew 
the  facts.    When  Shakespeare  wrote : 

"The   evil   that    men    do    lives    after 

them. 
The    good   is   oft   interred   with   their 

bones," 

he  made  an  assertion  that  is  contradict- 
ed at  almost  every  step  by  both  history 
and  biography.  If  he  had  said:  The 
good  that  men  do  lives  after  them,  while 
the  evil  is  generally  ignored,  or  explain- 
ed away,  he  would  have  been  much  near- 
er the  truth.  While  it  is  a  fact  that  every 
movement,  whether  its  proportions  be 
large  or  small,  must  have  leaders,  no 
man  can  lead  others  where  they  do  not 
wish  to  go.  The  leader  is  merely  first 
among  equals.  He  embodies  in  a  some- 
what larger  measure  the  spirit  that  ani- 
mates his  followers.  Occasionally  a  cap- 
able leader  with  an  army  at  his  back 
may  produce  great  results ;  but  if  he 
does  not  also  combine  statesmanship 
with  military  capacity  he  will  produce  no 
])ermanent  effects. 

Frederick  the  Great  was  not  merely 
a  military  genius :  he  was  also  an  able 
administrator.  His  reforms  howevei 
had  not  time  to  take  firm  root  during 
his  lifetime,  and  twenty  years  after  his 
death  Russia  lay  prostrate  at  the  feet 
of  the  redoubtable  Corsican.  It  was  ow- 
ing to  the  reforms  introduced  by  Stein 
that  the  unfortunate  kingdom  was  able 
eventually  to  shake  off  the  foreigrt 
yoke.  Tie  showed  the  people  that  their 
national  salvation  depended  upon  them- 
selves and  that  if  they  looked  solely  to 


SENTIMENT   IN    HISTORY    AND  BIOGRAPHY 


761 


their    g'overnnient     for    deliverance     it 
would  never  come. 

When  the  people  of  Lystra  wanted 
to  pay  divine  honors  to  Paul  and  Barna- 
bas these  cried  out  to  the  multitude : 
"We  are  only  men  like  yourselves. •' 
When  studying^  the  past  we  need  always 
to  keep  this  truth  in  mind. 

Few  if  any  of  the  immigrants  to  this 
country  considered  themselves  heroes. 
They  came  to  escape  conditions  that 
were  intolerable. — in  other  words  they 
chose  the  less  of  two  evils.  My  grand- 
father and  one  of  his  brothers  emigrated 
about  a  century  ago.  They  took  up  the 
risk  of  bettering-  their  affairs,  just  as 
did  many  thousands  who  were  in  the 
same  case.  That  more  did  not  oome 
was  due  to  their  inability  to  pay  the 
passage  money ;  if  they  had  families  they 
could  not  well  bind  themselves  as  re- 
demptioners.  The  conduct  of  the  Ger- 
mans was  on  the  whole  more  commenda- 
ble than  that  of  the  Puritans.  They 
were  willing  to  live  and  let  live.  Al- 
though the  Puritans  left  the  mother- 
country  in  order  to  escape  religious  per- 
secutions and  to  secure  the  privilege  of 
worshipping  God  as  their  consciences 
dictated  they  were  unwilling  to  accord 
the  same  privilege  to  any  one  else.  They 
soon  became  persecutors  in  turn.  I  re- 
call here  the  proverb  that  it  makes  all 
the  difiference  in  the  world  whose  ox  has 
been  gored  when  there  is  a  question  of 
bringing  suit  for  damages.  The  Ger- 
mans who  came  to  this  country  for  more 
than  two  centuries  from  its  first  settle- 
ment seem  not  to  have  taken  much  part 
in  what  may  be  called  the  larger 
politics.  It  is  not  clear  that  a  single  one 
of  the  signers  of  the  Declaration  of  In- 
dependence was  of  German  descent. 
They  came  from  a  land  where  the  gov- 
ernment was  constantly  interfering  in 
private  affairs  and  were  glad  to  escape 
the  continual  meddling  with  which  they 
had  been  cursed.  They  wanted  to  be  let 
alone  in  order  to  devote  themselves 
wholly  to  the  improvement  of  their 
economic  condition.  I  have  often 
asked     myself     whether     the     colonists 


really  gained  anything  by  the  sep- 
aration from  Great  Britain.  If  they 
had  waited  until  George  the  Third 
had  gotten  out  of  the  way,  they  would 
probably  have  obtained  all  they  asked 
for  without  fighting  for  it.  They  would 
have  escaped  the  moral,  social  and  eco- 
nomic demoralization  brought  about  by 
eight  years  of  war.  If  the  Colonies  had 
remained  a  part  of  Great  Britain,  there 
would  not  only  have  been  no  Revolution- 
ary War,  but  no  War  of  18 12,  no  Mexi- 
can War,  and,  most  important  of  all, 
no  War  between  the  States,  as  slavery 
would  have  been  abolished  about  1830. 
There  would  probably  have  been  no  In- 
dian wars,  as  Canada  has  managed  to 
get  along  without  one.  It  is  admitted 
moreover  that  in  Canada  justice  is  more 
speedily  obtained  through  the  courts 
than  in  the  States.  Taxation  without 
representation  is  an  issue  to  catch  the 
unthinking.  It  is  the  rule  everywhere. 
In  this  country  widows  who  have  pro- 
perty are  taxed  with  or  without  their 
consent,  admitting  that  a  married  wo- 
man has  a  representative  in  her  husband. 
Foreigners  who  do  business  in  this  coun-> 
try  are  taxed  although  they  can  not  vote. 
In  many  of  our  southern  states  the  negro 
does  not  attempt  to  cast  a  vote  because 
he  knows  it  will  not  be  counted.  \Vhat 
an  inconsistency  to  declare  that  all  men 
are  created  free  and  equal  at  a  time  when 
there  were  slaves  in  most  of  the  Colon- 
ies !  Even  if  we  admit  that  all  men  are 
created  free,  We  have  abundant  evidence 
that  they  are  not  created  equal, — far 
from   it. 

Many  of  the  "patriots  of  the  Revolu- 
tion" were  patriots  for  profit.  If  they 
had  not  been,  they  would  not  have  de- 
prived the  Loyalists  of  their  property 
without  giving  them  an  equivalent.  Mr. 
Kaufman  is  right  when  he  says  that  sen- 
timent should  not  be  our  guide  in  writ- 
ing" history.  Let  us  have  the  truth  by 
all  means.  When  we  get  the  facts,  let 
us  look  them  squarelv  in  the  face.  Truth 
is  more  important  than  the  gratificatioti 
of  family  or  State  or  National  pride. 
Fortunately  a  new  spirit  in  history  is 
beginning  to   prevail    more    and    more. 


762 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


Much  of  it  does  not  furnish  suitable 
material  for  Fourth  of  July  orations  or 
for  special  anniversaries ;  but  it  is  ah 
the  more  profitable  for  that  reason.  1 
am  persuaded  that  no  worthy  cause  i;-> 
promoted  by  falsehood  or  misrepresenta- 
tion even  when  unintentional.  Most  men 
are  prone  to  judge  a  cause  by  a  false 
standard.  If  it  is  successful  even  tem- 
porarily, it  is  good ;  if  it  fails,  it  is  often 
assumed  to  be  bad.  There  is  not  much 
doubt  that  a  majority  of  the  people  of  the 
Colonies  were  opposed  to  a  separation 
from  Great  Britian. 

Benjamin  Franklin,  among  others,  la- 
Ixjred  for  years  to  bring  about  a  settle- 
ment without  a  recourse  to  arms.  John 
Dickinson,  also  of  Pennsylvania,  the 
most  influential  writer  of  the  pre-Revo- 
lutionary  era  except  Paine ,  was  so 
thoroughly  convinced  that  the  Declara- 
tion of  Independence  was  premature  that 
he  opposed  it  to  the  bitter  end.  But 
there  were  a  number  of  ''hot-heads,"  as 
their  class  has  since  often  been  called, 
who  would  stop  short  of  nothing  less 
than  total  separation.  When  we  read 
the  accounts  of  the  deeds  of  violence  di- 
rected against  the  king  of  England,  we 
are  reminded  of  what  took  place  in  some 
I)arts  of  the  South  in  '60.  But  the  peo- 
ple of  the  seceding  States  failed  and  are 
to  this  day  stigmatized  as  traitors,  while 
the  Colonists  succeeded  and  are  patriots. 
Success  in  politics  does  not  always 
mean  the  triumph  of  justice  and  right: 
nor  are  the  champions  of  a  lost  cause 
necessarily  in  the  wrong.  The  people  oi 
the  South  failed  to  read  the  signs  of  the 
times  aright  and  undertook  to  maintain 
an  institution  that  was  destined  to  pass 
away  sooner  or  later;  but  it  is  unjust  to 
impugn  their  motives.  We  are  always  in 
danger  of  forgetting  that  a  man  of  peace 
is  usually  more  of  a  hero  than  the  man 
who  is  ever  ready  to  fight  with  carnal 
weapons.  If  Alexander  Hamilton  had 
refused  to  accept  the  challenge  of  Aaron 
Burr,  he  would  have  preserved  a  life  for 
his  country  that  it  could  ill  afiford  to 
spare.  A  foolish  code  of  honor  prompted 
him  to  meet  in  deadly  combat  a  cor- 
rupt adventurer,  and  the  result  was  sad 


indeed.  No  man  is  indispensable;  but 
Hamilton  was  as  nearly  so  as  any  states- 
man this  country  has  produced.  For 
sixteen  years  my  grandfather  was  a 
member  of  the  bodyguard  of  the  first 
king  of  Wiirtember,  kept  in  that  posi- 
tion because  of  his  tall  stature.  But  af- 
ter he  came  to  America,  I  doubt  that  he 
ever  took  a  rifle  or  a  musket  in  his  hand 
although  there  was  generally  some  sort 
of  a  "shooting-iron"  in  the  house.  An 
older  brother  was  a  member  of  the  body- 
guard of  Louis  the  Sixteenth,  and  was 
one  of  the  few  who  escaped  massacre  at 
the  hands  of  the  Parisian  mob  in  1792. 
After  spending  some  time  in  England 
he  migrated  to  Baltimore.  He  had  seen 
enough  fighting  although  he  took  part 
in  the  defense  of  Fort  McHenry,  albeit 
from  necessity  rather  than  from  choice. 
These  two  men  were  participants  in 
some  stirring  scenes.  One  of  them  was 
among  those  immortalized  by  Thorwald- 
sen's  monument  in  Luzerne  which  is  the 
great  attraction  of  that  city,  although  he 
was  fortunate  to  escape  with  his  life. 
Both  he  and  his  younger  brother  might 
justly  have  posed  as  heroes,  if  they  had 
been  disposed  to  exploit  their  adven- 
tures. But  so  distasteful  had  fighting 
become  to  them  that  they  rarely  referred 
to  the  days  and  years  passed  under  arms 
— so  rarely  that  the  younger  members  ol 
their  families  knew  almost  nothing  of 
this  part  of  their  lives. 

The  Germans  at  home,  almost  from 
the  beginning  of  their  history  up  to  1870. 
were  usually  either  at  war  among  them- 
selves or  with  some  foreign  power.  It 
is  no  wonder  that  those  who  came  to 
this  country  wanted  to  live  in  peace  ai 
almost  any  cost.  They  had  learned  from 
bitter  experience  what  w;ar  means.  When 
their  lives  were  not  in  jeopardy  their 
property  was.  The  spectacular  bravery 
of  a  man  who  at  a  critical  moment  ven- 
tures his  life  for  any  cause  whatsoever 
appeals  to  the  multitude.  He  who  risks 
his  life  risks  his  all.  But  it  is  often  a 
question  whether  such  a  man  is  in  reality 
as  much  of  a  hero  as  he  who  fights  all 
his  mature  life  for  justice  and  right 
Every  man's  opinion  must  be  judged  by 


SENTIMENT   IN    HISTORY   AND   BIOGRAPHY 


763 


his  intelligence  and  his  honesty.  We 
habitually  forget  that  war,  or  a  fight  ot 
any  kind  with  carnal  weapons,  means 
destruction.  Somebody  is  the  worse  for 
it.  Even  those  who  prepare  for  wai 
lose  most  of  their  labor  and  consume 
materials  that  had  better  be  devoted  to 
some  worthier  purpose.  It  is  often  said 
that  it  took  Germany  two  hundred  years 
to  recover  from  the  ravages  of  the  Thir- 
ty Years'  War.  The  fact  however  is 
that  neither  Germany  nor  any  other 
country  has  fully  recovered  from  the 
damage  inflicted  by  hostile  armies.  This 
is  patent  today  to  every  one  who  has 
traveled  over  the  country  or  who  has 
read  and  reflected. 

A  chronic  misapprehension  still  pre- 
vails among  those  who  are  not  fully 
conversant  with  the  facts  regarding  the 
status  of  the  Hessians  who  fought  in  the 
American  Revolution.  The  epithet 
"Hessian"  is  often  applied  to  a  person 
who  is  an  allround  bad  fellow.  It  is 
common  to  speak  of  them  as  hirelings. 
They  were  nothing  of  the  sort.  They 
no  more  had  their  own  fate  in  their 
hands  than  a  livery-horse.  They  deserve 
pitv  rather  than  execration.  It  was  their 
misfortune  to  be  the  subjects  of  a  mon- 
arch who  cared  more  for  money  than  for 
honor,  or  justice,  or  the  welfare  and 
happiness  of  his  people.  It  is  probable 
that  the  officers,  or  at  least  some  of  them, 
were  in  sympathy  wdth  the  cause  for 
which  they  fought.  It  is  certain  that  a 
large  majority  of  the  private  soldiers 
had  no  heart  in  the  task  they  were  re- 
quired to  perform.  No  denunciation 
can  be  too  strong  against  a  man  who 
sells  his  services  to  another  when  they 
involve  the  sacrifice  of  principles.  Such 
a  man  is  a  hireling  in  the  true  sense  of 
the  term.  He  does  not  much  improve 
his  case  if  he  affirms  that  he  has  no 
principles.  It  was  this  class  of  men  who 
were  the  scourge  of  friend  and  foe  alike 


during  the  Thirty  Years'  War.  It  was 
the  misfortune  of  most  of  the  German 
states  to  have  a  succession  of  rulers  who 
cared  nothing  for  their  subjects  except 
in  so  far  as  they  could  be  exploited  for 
the  sensual  gratification  of  the  small 
ruling  class.  This  was  the  sort  of  gov- 
ernment that  most  of  the  immigrants 
left  behind  them.  It  is  no  wonder  that 
so  few  of  them  cared  ever  to  see  their 
native  land  again,  or  even  to  exchange 
an  occasional  letter  with  those  who  re- 
mained behind.  Already  to  the  second 
generation  Germany  w(as  as  indefinite  a 
term  as  South  Africa  or  Australia.  I 
have  frequently  asked  young  people 
whose  parents  were  born  in  Germany  of 
what  part  they  were  natives.  Some  of 
them  did  not  know  even  this,  while  oth- 
ers answered  in  the  most  general  terms. 
The  rich  are  usually  about  as  well  oflt 
one  time  as  another.  They  can  pay  for 
privileges  they  do  not  deserve.  But  for 
the  average  man  the  "good  old  times" 
are  a  myth.  There  never  was  so  good  a 
time  as  the  present. 

In  conclusion  I  may  fittingly  para^ 
phrase  some  lines  written  by  William 
James  when  dealing  with  a  kindred 
theme.  Our  forefathers,  girded  about 
with  a  mysterious  universe,  were  born, 
struggled  and  died.  Plunged  in  ignor- 
ance, preved  upon  by  delusions,  vet  they 
steadfastly  served  the  profoundest 
ideals  of  their  fixed  faith  that  existence 
in  any  form  is  better  than  non-existence 
They  rescued  triumphantly  from  the 
jaws  of  ever-imminent  destruction  the 
torch  of  life  which  now  lights  the  world 
for  us.  How  insignificant  in  the  eyes  of 
God  must  be  the  small  surplus  of  indi- 
vidual merit,  swamped  as  it  is  in  the 
vast  ocean  of  common  merit  shared  by 
the  thousands  and  tens  of  thousands, 
undauntedly  doing  the  fundamental  duty 
and  living  the  heroic  life.  "We  grow 
humble  and  reverent  as  we  contemplate 
the  prodigious  spectacle." 


A  Conrad  Weiser  Diary 


The  following  transcription  and  trans- 
lation of  a  diary  by  Conrad  Weiser,  owned 
by  Howell  Souders,  of  Tamaqua,  Pa.,  was 
made  by  Rev.  George  Gebert,  of  the  same 
place.  On  the  left  hand  column  is  an  exact 


reproduction  in  English  letters  of  the 
diary;  on  the  right  hand  column  a  trans- 
lation. We  give  also  a  fac-simile  of  Weis- 
er's  handwriting. — Editor. 


t. 


^^rrMO^ 


„Y  i-  -f  "^^  *^^  ^^  Z*^ 


\h^ 


*-♦• 


Page  I. 

Gott   allein   die   Ehr,   und   sonst  keinem 

mehr 
Wie  Gott  will  so  ist  mein  Ziel,  auf  Ihn 

ich  allzeit  hoffen  will. 
Christus   ist  mein  Leben,   Sterben  mein 

Gewinn. 
Gott  allein   die   Ehr,   und   sonst   keinem 

mehr 
Wie  Gott  will,  so  ist  mein  Ziel,  auf  Ihn 

ich  allzeit  hofifen  will. 

Conrad  Weiser. 

Page  2  is  blank. 

Page  3- 

Anno  1696  den  2ten  Novem- 
ber bin  ich  Conrad  Weiser  gebohren  in 
Europa  in  dem  Wtirtemberger  Land  im 
Herrenberg.  Der  Ort  soil  hcissen  As- 
Europa  in  dem  Wtirtemberger  Land  in 
taet  und  zu  Kupingen  nahe  dabei  ge- 
tauft  wiorden,  nach  dem  mich  mein  \'a- 
ter  berichtet  hat. 

Ich  sage  den  2ten  November  1696  bin 
ich  s^eboren. 


Page  I. 

God  alone  be  the  honor,  and  beside  Him 

no  other! 
As  God  will  so  is  my  goal,  on  Him  at 

all  times  will  I  hope,  (trust) 
Christ  is  my  life.  Death  is  my  gain. 
God  alone  be  the  honor,  and  beside  Him 

no  other ; 
As  God  wills  so  is  my  goal,  on  Him  at 

all  times  will  I  hope,  (trust) 

Page  2. —  (blank.) 

Page  3- 

In  the  year  1696  on  the  2nd 
of  November  was  I  Conrad  Weiser,  born 
in  Europe,  in  the  country  of  \\'uertem- 
berg,  in  the  Magistracy  of  Herrenberg. 
The  village  is  said  to  be  called  Astaet, 
and  at  Kuppingen  nearby  I  was  bap- 
tized, as  my  father  informed  me.  I  say 
that  on  the  2nd  of  November  1696  I  was 
born. 


764 


A  CONRAD  WEISER  DIARY 


765 


Page  4. 
Ich  danke  dir  darueber  dass 
ich  wunderbarlich  geniacht  bin,  wunder- 
barlich  sind  deine  W'erke  und  das  erken- 
net  meine  Seele  wohl.  Es  war  dir  mein 
Gebein  nicht  verhohlen  da  ich  im  Ver- 
borgenen  gemacht  ward,  da  ich  gebildet 
ward  unten  in  der  Erden.  Deine  Auger, 
sahen  mich  da  ich  noch  unbereitet  war, 
und  waren  alle  Tage  auf  ein  Buch  ge- 
schrieben  der  noch  werden  soUte,  und 
derselben  keiner  da  war.  Aber  wie 
koesthch  sind  vor  mir  Gott  deine  Ge- 
danken  wie  ist  Herr  so  eine  grosse 
Menge.     Psahii  139. 

Page  5. 
:Mein  \'ater  hat  geheisen  Johann 
Conrad  Weiser.  Me'me  Mutter  Anna 
Magdalena,  gebohrene  Ueblen.  Mein 
Gross  Vater  Jacob  Weiser.  Mein  Gross- 
alt  \'ater  auch  Jacob  Weiser,  Schult- 
heisen,  im  Dorf  Grossen  Astlach  im 
Backnanger  Amt,  ebenfalls  im  Wiirtem- 
berger  Land  gelegen ;  im  gemeUen  ort 
sind  meine  Voreltern  von  uralten  zeiten 
her  geboren  und  Hegen  alda  begraben, 
wohl  \'aeterlicher  als  INIuetterlicher  seit. 

Page  6. 

Bist  du  doch  unser  Vater  denn 
Abraham  weiss  von  uns  nichts  und 
Israel  kennt  uns  nicht  du  aber  Herr 
bist  unser  Gott  und  unser  Erloeser,  von 
alters  her  ist  das  dein  Name.  Esaia  64. 

Dein  Nahme  werde  geheiliget.  Dein 
Reich  komme.  Dein  Wille  geschehe  aut 
Erden  wie  im  Himmel.     Math.  6. 

Page  7. 
Anno  1709  ist  meine  Mutter 
in  die  Ewigkeit  gegangen,  den  ersten 
Tag  May  im  43  Jahr  ihres  Alters  als_  sie 
mit  ihre'm  i6ten  Kind  schwanger  ging, 
hinterliess  Kinder:  Catrina,  Margreda, 
IMagdalena.  Sabina,  Conrad,  George 
Fricdrich,  Christoph,  Barbara,  Johann 
Friedrich,  und  ward  allda  bei  Ihre  Vor- 
eltern begraben.  Sie  war  ein  gottes- 
fuerchtigc  und  bei  Ihre  Nachbarn  sehr 
geliebte  Frau.  Ihr  Wahlspruch  war : 
Jesus  dir  leb  ich,  sterb  ich,  dein  bin  ich 
todt  und  lebendig. 


Page  4- 
I  will  praise  Thee ;  for  I  am 
fearfully  and  wonderfully  made ;  marvel- 
lous are  thy  works  and  that  my  soul 
knoweth  right  well.  l\Iy  substance  was 
not  hid  from  Thee  when  I  was  made  in 
secret,  ^aiud  curiously  wrought  in  the 
lowest  part  of  the  earth.  Thine  eyei 
did  see  my  substance,  yet  being  imper- 
fect ;  and  in  thy  book  all  my  members 
were  written  which  in  continuance  were 
fashioned,  when  as  yet  there  was  none 
of  them.  How  precious  also  are  thy 
thoughts  unto  me,  O  God!  How  great 
is  the  sum  of  them!  Psalm  149:14-17. 

Page  5. 
My  father's  name  w,as  Johann 
Conrad  Weiser.  My  mother,  Anna 
Magdalena,  nee  Ueblen.  My  grand- 
father also,  Jacob  Weiser,  magis- 
trate in  the  village  of  great  Astlach,  in 
the  District  of  Backnang,  also  situated 
in  the  country  of  Wiirtemberg,  in  above 
named  village.  My  ancestors,  from  very 
olden  times  w^ere  born  and  lie  buried 
there,  as  well  on  the  father's  as  on  the 
mother's    side. 

Page  6. 

Doubtless  Thou  art  our  father. 
Though  Abraham  be  ignorant  of  us 
and  Israel  acknowledge  us  not,  Thou, 
O,  Lord,  art  our  father:  our  Redeemer, 
Thy  name  is  everlasting.  Is.  63 :  16. 

Hallowed  by  thy  name.  Thy  kingdom 
come.  Thy  will  be  done  on  earth,  as  it 
is  in  heaven.     Math.  6:  9-10. 

Page  7. 

In  the  year  1709  my  mother  de- 
parted to  eternity  on  the  ist  day  of 
May  in  the  43rd  year  of  her  age,  when 
she  was  with  her  loth  child.  She  left 
the  children:  Catrina,  Margreda,  Mag- 
dalena, Sabina,  Conrad,  George  Fred- 
erick, Barbara,  Johann  Frederick,  and 
was  there  buried  by  the  side  of  her  an- 
cestors. She  was  a  pious  woman,  be- 
loved by  her  neighbors.  Her  motto  was : 
Jesus  to  thee  I  live,  to  thee  I  die,  thine 
I  am  dead  or  living. 


766 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


Page  8. 
Wende  dich  zu  mir  O  Herr 
und  sey  mir  gnaedig,  denn  die  Angst 
meines  Herzens  ist  sehr  gross ;  fuehre 
mich  aus  meinen  Xoethen.  Siehe  an 
meinen  Jammer  und  Elend  und  vergieb 
mir  alle  me'ine  Suende.  Bewahre  meine 
Seele  und  errette  mich.  lass  mich  nichr 
zu  Schanden  werden,  denn  ich  traue  auf 
dich.  Schlecht  und  recht  das  behuete 
mich,  denn  ich  harre  dein.  Gott  erloese 
Jsrael  aus  all  seiner  Noth.    Psalm  25. 

Page  9. 
In  gemellten  Jahr,  nemlich  1709, 
ist  mein  \'ater  aus  Grossen  Astach 
wieggezogen,  den  24  Juni  hat  acht  Kin- 
der mitgenommen,  meine  aelteste 
Schwester,  Catrina,  blieb  alda  bey  Ihrem 
Mann  Conrad  Boss,  mit  welchem  sie,  be- 
reits  zwei  Kinder  erzeuget.  Mein  Vater 
Hess  Jhnen  sein  Haus,  Aecker  und  Wie- 
sen,  Weinberg"  und  Gaerten.  Sie  Konn- 
ten  Jhm  nicht  mehr  als  75  Gulden  auf- 
bringen.  Das  Uebrige  biss  zu  600  Guld- 
en hat  mein  Vater  nachmals  sollen  ab- 
holen  lassen,  ist  aber  nich  geschehen  und 
ist  Jhnen  nun  geschenket. 

Page   10. 

Aber  du  Herr,  der  du  Ewig- 
lich  bleibest,  und  dein  Thron  fuer 
und  fuer,  warum  willst  du  unser  so  gai 
vergessen  und  uns  die  laenge  so  gar  ver- 
lassen,  Bringe  uns  Herr  wieder  zu  dir. 
dass  wir  wieder  heim  kommen.  Ver- 
neue  unsere  Tage  wie  vor  Alters.  Klage- 
liedcr  5. 

Ililf  ims  Herr  unser  Gott  dass  wir 
danken  deinem  heiligen  Namen  und 
ruehmen  dein  Lob.     Psalm  106. 

Page  II. 
Nach  etwa  zwei  Monath  seit 
wir  in  London  in  England  ange- 
langet  mit  etiichen  tausend  Deutschen 
die  die  Koenigin  Anna,  glorwuerdigsten 
Gedaechtnis  aufgenommen,  und  ver- 
sorgt  mit  Lebensmittel,  ohngefaehr  um 
Christage  sint  wir  eingeschifft  worden, 
und  zehn  Schiffe  voU  ungefaehr  4000 
Seelen,  nach  America  geschickt  worden 
und  1710  den  13  Juny  sint  wir  bey  New 


Page  3. 
Turn  Thee  unto  me  and  have 
mercy  upon  me ;  for  I  am  desolate 
and  afflicted.  Bring  me  out  of  my  dis- 
tress. Look  upon  mine  affliction  and  m)- 
pain ;  and  forgive  all  my  sins.  O,  keep 
my  soul  and  deliver  me ;  my  trust  is  in 
thee.  Let  integrity  and  uprightness  pre- 
serve me ;  for  I  wait  on  thee.  Redeem 
Israel,  O  God,  out  of  all  his  troubles. 
Psalm  25:   16-22   (in  part.) 

Page  9. 
In  the  above  named  year,. 
namely  1709,  my  father  moved  away 
from  Great  Astlach,  on  the  24th  of  June. 
He  took  eight  children  with  him.  My 
oldest  sister  Catrina  remained  there 
with  her  husband,  Conrad  Boss,  with 
whom  she  had  already  2  children.  My 
father  left  them  his  house,  fields  and 
meadows,  vineyards  and  gardens.  They 
could  raise  no  more  than  75  guilders. 
The  rest  amounting  to  600  guilders  my 
father  was  to  get  later,  but  was  nevei 
done  and  is  now  presented  to  them. 

Page  10. 
Thou.  O  Lord,  remainest  for- 
ever: Thy  throne  is  from  generation 
to  generation.  Wherefore  dost  thou  for- 
get us  forever  and  forsake  us,  so  long 
time  ?  Turn  thou  us  unto  thee,  Q  Lord, 
and  we  shall  be  turned,  renew  our  days 
as  of  old.  Lam.  5:  19-21.  Save  us,  O 
Lord,  our  God,  to  give  thanks  unto  thy 
holy  name,  and  to  triumph  in  thy  praise. 
Psalm    106:   47.    (in  part.) 

Page  II. 
After  about  two  months  we 
landed  in  London,  Eng'land,  with  some 
thousand  (a  few  thousand)  Germans, 
whom  Queen  Anna  of  most  honorable 
memory  received  and  supplied  with  food. 
About  Christmas  we  were  loaded,  ten 
ships  full,  about  4000  souls,  for  Ameri- 
ca.    On  the   13th  of  June  we  came  to 


A  CONRAD   WEISEK  DIARY 


767 


York  in  Nord  America  zum  Anker  Koni- 
men  und  noch  denselben  Spaetling  nach 
Lewensteins  Manor  i^esetzt  worden  aut 
Kosten  der  Koenigin. 

Page  12. 

Saget  die  Jhr  erlieset  seit  durch 
den  Herrn  die  er  aus  der  noth  er- 
loeset  hat,  und  die  er  aus  den  Laendern 
zusammen  bracht  hat  vomm  Aufgang, 
vom  Niedergang,  von  Mitternacht  und 
voni  Meer,  die  vorangingen  in  der  Wues- 
ten  und  ungebahnten  Wege  und  fun- 
den  keine  Statt  da  sie  wohnen  koennten, 
hungrig  und  durstig  und  Jhre  Seele  ver- 
schmachtete,  die  sollen  dem  Herrn  dank- 
en  um  seine  Guete  und  um  seine  Wunder 
die  er  an  den  Alenschen  Kindern  thut. 
Wer  ist  weise  und  beliaelt  dies  so  werden 
sie  merken  wie  viel  wohhhaten  der  Hen- 
erzeiget  hat.     Psahn  107. 

Page  13. 

Hier  in  Levinston  oder  wie 
die  hochdeutschen  sagen,  Lewensteins 
^lanor,  soUten  wir  Pech  brennen  und 
Hanft  bauen  vor  die  Koenigin  zur  Be- 
zahkmg  der  Ueberfahrt,  Von  Holland 
nach  England,  und  von  England  nach 
New  York  unter  Anfuehrung  etlicher 
Companien  als  Johann  Cast,  Heinry 
Aleyer  Richard  Seukott  welche  von 
Robert  Hunter,  Governeur  von  New 
York,  ueber  uns  gesetzt  waren.  Es  wollte 
aber  nicht  gluecken,  und  die  Leute  wur- 
den  im  Jahr  1713  frei  und  losgesproch 
en,  da  zerteilete  sich  das  Volk  ueber  die 
ganze  Provinz  New  York.  Viele  blieb 
en  allda. 

Page  14. 

Sie  haben  mich  oft  gedraeng- 
et  von  meiner  Jiigend  auf  sage 
Jsrael.  und  das  hochdeutsche  Volk  im 
New  Yorkischen.  Sie  'haben  mich  oft  ge- 
draenget  von  meiner  Jugend  auf  abei 
Sie  haben  mich  nicht  ueber  mocht.  Die 
Pflueger  haben  auf  meinem  Ruecken  ge- 
ackert  und  Jhre  Furchen  lang  gezogen. 
Psalm  129.  Wo  der  Herr  nicht  das  Haus 
bauet  so  arbeiten  umsonst  alle  die  daran 
bauen.     Psalm  127. 


anchor  in  New  York,  North  America, 
and  in  the  Fall  of  the  same  year  were 
placed  on  Lewenstein's  Manor  at  the  ex- 
pense of  the  Queen. 

Page  12. 

Let  the  redeemed  of  the  Lord 
say  so,  whom  He  hath  redeemed 
from  the  hand  of  the  enemy ;  and  gath- 
ered them  out  of  the  lands  from  the  East 
and  from  the  West,  from  the  North  and 
from  the  South.  They  wandered  in  the 
wilderness  in  a  solitary  wiay ;  they  found 
no  city  to  dwell  in.  Hungry  and  thirsty 
their  soul  fainted  in  them.  They  shall 
praise  the  Lord  for  His  goodness,  and 
for  His  wonderful  works  to  the  children 
of  men.  Whoso  is  wise  and  will  observe 
these  things  even  they  shall  understand 
the  loving  kindness  of  the  Lord.  Psalm 
107:  2-5,  8  &  43. 

Page  13. 

Here  in  Livingstone  or  as  we 
High  Germans  say,  Lewenstein  Man- 
or, we  were  to  burn  tar  and  cultivate 
hemp  to  remunerate  the  Queen  for  the 
passage.  From  Holland  to  England  and 
from  England  to  New  York  under  direc- 
tion of  Compeers  as :  Johann  Cast,  Hein- 
rich  Meyer,  Reichard  Seukott,  who  were 
placed  over  us  by  Robert  Hunter,  Gov- 
ernor of  New  York.  Nothing  vvoui ' 
succeed  however,  and  the  people  were 
declared  free  and  released  in  the  year. 
17 13.  Then  the  people  separated  into 
the  province  of  New  York.  Many  re- 
mained there. 

Page  14. 

Alany  a  time  have  they  af- 
flicted me  from  my  youth,  may  Israel 
now  say :  and  the  high  German  people 
in  New  York.  Many  a  time  have  they 
afflicted  me  from  my  youth;  yet  they 
have  not  prevailed  against  me.  They 
have  ploughed  upon  my  back ;  they  have 
made  long  their  furrows.  Psalm  129: 
1-3.  Except  the  Lord  build  the  house 
they  labor  in  vain  that  build  it.  Psalm 
137:    I. 


768 


THE  PENN  GERMANIA 


Page  15- 
Beinahe  150  Familien  resolvier- 
ten  sich  nach  Jochary  ein  Ort 
etwa  50  Englische  Meilen  von  Albany 
nach  Westen  gelegen  zii  ziehen.  Sie 
schickten  daher  Deputieren  nach  Ma- 
quaisch  land  um  mit  den  Indianern  dar- 
iieber  zu  sprechen  welche  Ihnen  erlaubt- 
en  Jochary  zu  bewohnen,  weil  Jhre  der 
Indianer  Deputierte  die  eben  in  England 
waren  als  das  deutsche  Volk  alda  auf 
der  schwarzen  Heyde  in  Zelten  lagen, 
der  Koenigin  Anna  dieses  Jochary  ge- 
schenket  um  dieses  Volk  darauf  zu  set- 
teln.  Der  Indianer  Deputierten  wurden 
gesanddt  den  Deutschen  Jochary  anzu- 
weissen.  Mein  Vater  war  der  ersten  un- 
ter  den  deutschen  Deputierten. 

Page  16. 

Hoffet  auf  ihn  liebe  Leute, 
schuettet  Euer  Herz  vor  Ihm  aus.  Gott 
ist  unsere  Zuversicht.  Gott  hat  ein  Wort 
geredet  das  habe  ich  etliche  mal  gehoer- 
et  dass  Gott  allein  maechtig  ist.  Psalm 
61. 

Page   17. 

1713  im  November  nachden 
die  gemelten  Deputierten  wieder 
zurueck  kamen  vom  Maquaisch  land, 
nach  der  Manor  Lewinstein,  zogen  die 
Leute  noch  selbiges  Spaetjahr  nach  Al- 
bany &  Schonechtady,  um  naechsten 
Fruehling  nach  Jochaery  zu  ziehen.  Das 
Brot  war  ungemein  teuer  die  Leute  ar- 
beiteten  hart  vor  Ihr  taeglich  Brot,  doch 
waren  die  Einwohner  sehr  mildthaetig 
und  thaten  den  neuangekommenen  hoch - 
deutschen  sehr  viel  gutes,  wiewohl  es 
auch  an  boesgesinnten  nicht  fehlte.  Mein 
Vater  langte  selben  Spaetling  auf  Sheii- 
ectady  an  alwo  er  ueber  Winter  mit 
seiner  Famllie  bei  einem  Mann  Johannes 
Meynderton  blieb.  Ein  Obrister  von  der 
Maquaischen  Nation  nahmens  Quaynant 
besuchte  meinen  Vater,  sie  wurden  eins 
dass  ich  mit  Quaynant  gehen  sollte  in 
sein — 

Page  18. 

^  Wohl      dem      der      sich      des      durs- 

tigen   annimmt  den  wird  der  Herr  er- 


Page  15- 
Nearly  150  families  resolved  to 
move  to  Jochary,  a  place  about 
40  English  miles  to  the  west  ofAlbany. 
They  sent  Deputies  to  the  Magnaisch 
Land  to  confer  about  it  with  the  Indians, 
who  allowed  them  to  settle  at  Jochary 
because  of  their  Indian  deputy,  who  was 
in  England,  while  the  German  people  la}' 
in  tents  on  the  black  heath,  had  present- 
ed this  Jochary  to  Queen  Anna  to  settle 
this  people  on  it.  The  Indian  Deputies 
were  sent  to  direct  the  Germans  to  Jo- 
chary. My  father  was  the  first  among 
the  German  Deputies. 

Page  16. 

Trusts  in  him  at  all  times: 
ye  people,  potir  out  your  heart  before 
him :  God  is  a  refuge  for  us.  Sela.  God 
hath  spoken  once,  twice  have  I  heard 
this ;  that  power  belongeth  unto  God. 
Psalm  62 :  8  &  10. 

Page  17. 
In  November  17 13  after  the 
above  mentioned  deputies  returned 
from  the  Magnaish  Land  to  the  Manor 
Lewenstein,  the  people  moved  the  same 
Fall  to  Albany  and  Schenectady,  so  as  to 
move  to  Jochary  the  nex't  Spring.  Bread 
was  extraordinarily  high.  The  people 
worked  hard  to  earn  their  daily  bread, 
but  the  inhabitants  were  very  liberal  and 
did  these  newly-arrived  Germans  much 
good  although  the  evilminded  were  not 
wanting  also.  My  father  arrived  the 
same  Fall  in  Schenectady  and  stayed 
during  the  winter  with  a  man  by  the 
name  of  Johannes  Meynderton.  A  chief 
of  the  Magnaisoh  Nation  by  the  name 
of  Quaynant  visited  my  father,  and  they 
decided  that  I  should  go. 

Page  18. 
Blessed      is      he      that      considereth 
the    poor;    the    Lord    will    deliver    him^ 


A  CONRAD  WEISER  DIARY 


769 


rettcn  zur  boesen  Zeit.  Den  wircl  der 
Herr  erretten  znr  boesen  Zeit.  Psalm 
41.  Meine  Seele  dnerstet  nach  Gott 
nach  dem  lebendigen  Gott.  Meine 
Thraenen  sind  meine  Speise  Tag  und 
Nacht  weil  man  taeglich  zu  mir  sagt  wo 
ist  nun  dein  Gott.  Wenn  ich  des  inne 
werde  so  schiiette  ich  mein  Herz  lieraus 
bei  mir  selbst.     Psalm  42. 

Page  19. 
Land  die  Maquaische  Sprache 
zu  lernen.  Ich  ging  mit  Ihm  und 
langte  zu  ausgang  des  Novembers 
imm  ]Maquaischen  Land  an,  und  musste 
mein  lodgment  bei  den  Indianern  nehmen. 
Hab  viel  miissen  ausstehen  wegen  der 
grausamen  Kaelte  war  nur  schlecht  ge- 
kleidet,  habe  auch  gegen  das  Fruejahr 
grossen  Hunger  gelitten  weil  die  Indian- 
er  nichts  zu  essen  hatten.  Ein  bushel 
Welshkorn  gait  bey  5  und  6  Schilling. 
Die  Indianer  waren  auch  damals  in  ihrei 
Trunkenheit  noch  so  grausam  ;  dass  ich 
oefters  mich  versteken  muste  aus  furciit 
vor  den  trunkenen  Indianern. 

Page  20. 
Dies  alles  ist  ueber  uns  kom- 
men  und  haben  doch  dein  nicht  ver- 
gessen  noch  untreulich  in  deinem  Bunde 
gehandelt :  unser  herz  ist  nicht  abgefal- 
len  noch  unser  gang  gewichen  von  dein- 
em wege.  Denn  unsere  Seele  ist  ge- 
beugt  zu  reden ;  unser  Bauch  klebt  am 
Erdboden.  Mache  dich  auf ;  hilf  uns  und 
erloese  uns  um  deiner  Guete  willen. 
Psalm  44. 

Page  21. 
1714.  Im  Fruehling  zog  mein 
\'ater  von  Shenectady  weg  nach 
Shochary  mit  noch  etwa  150  Familien  in 
groester  Armuth.  Einer  kriegte  hir 
pferder  andere  dort  geborgt  auf  etwa 
eine  Kuh  und  Pflugsgeschirr.  Damit 
scharrten  sie  zusammen  und  brachen  so 
viel  Land  auf,  dass  sie  das  naechste  Jahr 
schier  Welschkorn  genug  zu  essen  hat- 
ten.  Dieses  Jahr  aber  haben  wir  grossen 
Hunger  gelitten  und  haben  die  leuLc 
manche  Mahlzeit  gethan  mit  wilden  pa- 


in the  time  of  trouble.  Psalm  41 :  i. 
]\Iy  soul  thirsteth  for  God,  for  the  liv- 
ing God.  My  tears  have  been  my  meat 
day  and  night,  while  they  continually 
say  unto  me  "Where  is  thy  God?"  When 
I  remember  these  things  I  pour  out  my 
soul  in  me.     Psalm  42 :  2-4. 

Page  19. 

With  Quaynant  into  his  country 
to  learn  the  Magnaisch  language. 
I  went  with  him  and  arrived  to- 
ward the  end  of  November  in  Magnaisch 
Land,  and  had  to  lodge  with  the  Indians. 
I  had  to  suffer  much  from  the  severe 
cold  for  I  was  but  poorly  clothed.  To- 
ward Spring  I  suffered  much  from  hun- 
ger because  the  Indians  had  nothing 
more  to  eat.  One  bushel  of  corn  cost 
from  5  to  6  shillings.  The  Indians  were 
at  that  time  also  very  cruel  in  their 
drunkenness,  so  that  I  had  often  to  hide 
myself  from  fear  of  the  drunken  In- 
dians. 

Page  20. 
All  this  is  come  upon  us  yet 
we  have  not  forgotten  thee,  neither 
have  we  dealt  falsely  in  thy  covenant. 
Our  heart  is  not  turned  back  neither 
have  our  steps  declined  from  thy  way. 
Psalm  44:17-18.  For  our  soul  is  bowed 
down  to  the  dust :  our  belly  cleaveth  unto 
the  earth.  Arise  for  our  help,  and  re- 
deem us  for  thy  mercy's  sake.  Psalm 
44:  25-26. 

Page  21. 
In  the  Spring  of  1714  my 
father  moved  from  Schenectady  to 
Schohary  with  about  150  families  in 
great  poverty.  One  borrowed  a  horse  here 
and  another  borrowed  a  cow  there, 
a  harness  for  a  plow,  with  it  they  hitched 
together  and  broke  up  so  much  land  so 
that  the  next  year  they  had  almost 
corn  enough  to  eat.  During  ,the 
year  \\ie  suffered  much  hunger  however, 
and  the  people  made  many  a  meal  with 
wild  pataten(as)  (potatoes)  and  straw- 
berries   (Erdbonnen)    which  grow  here 


770 


THE  PENN  GERMANIA 


taten(as)  und  Erdbonnen  welche  in  ^^ros- 
ser  Menge  wuchsen.  Die  patats(en) 
werden  von  den  Jndianern  Ochnanaca 
und — 

Page  22. 

Die  da  Nesseln  ausrauften  um 
die  buesche  und  Wachholder  wurzel 
war  ihre  Speise  und  wann  sie  die  her- 
ausrissen  jauchzten  sie  darueber  wie 
ein  Dieb.  An  den  grausamen  Lochern 
der  Erden  und  Steinritzen.  Hiob  30: 
4'5'6.  Zu  der  Zeit  war  kein  Koenig  in 
Israel  und  ein  jeder  that  was  ihni  recht 
daeuchte.     Richter  17 :6. 

Page  23. 
Erdbonnen  otachragara  genannt. 
Wann  wir  Mehl  haben  wollten, 
mussten  wir  etwa  35  bis  40  Meilen  voi 
dasselbe  reissen  und  dann  dasselbe  aufs 
borgs  erbetteln.  Da  bekam  einer  hier 
der  andere  dort  etwa  ein  bushel  odei 
zwei  weizen  und  waren  oefters  3  oder  4 
Tage  von  Haus  ehe  wir  bei  den  unsern 
wieder  ankamen,  die  unterdessen  mit 
Schiuerzen  und  mit  Thraenen  auf  brot 
warteten.  Die  Leute  hatten  sich  Doerfer 
weiss  gesetzt.  Derer  waren  sieben.  Das 
Erste  und  Naechste  nach  Schenechtady 
riess  Kneskerns  dorf  2.  Gerlachsdorf.  3. 
Fuchsen  dorf.  4.  Hans  George  Schmits 
dorf.  5.  Weisers  oder  Bremen  dorf.  6. 
Hartmans  dorf. 

Page  24. 
Da  fuhr  der  Herr  hernieder 
das  er  sehe  die  Statt  und  Thurm  die 
die  menchen  baueten.  Und  der  Herr 
sprach:  siehe  es  ist  einerlei  Volk  und 
einerlei  Sprache  unter  Jhnen  alien  und 
haben  das  angefangen  zu  thun,  sie  werd- 
en nicht  ablassen  von  allem  das  sie  vor- 
genommen  haben  zif  thun,  wohlauf 
lasst  uns  hernieder  fahren  und  Ihre 
Sprache  daselbst  verwirren  dass  keinei 
des  andern  Sprache  vernehmc. — Also 
zerstreuete  sie  der  Herr  von  dannen  in 
alle  Lande.  Genes.  11.  5'6'7'8'. 

Page  25. 
Das       7te       Oberweisersdorf,       nach 
den    Deputierte     die     von    Lewensteins 


in  large  quantities.  Potatoes  are  called 
by  the  Indians  ochnanada  and  straw- 
berries, otachvagara. 

Page  22. 

Who  cut  up  mallows  by  the 
bushes  and  juniper  roots  for  their  meat. 
They  are  driven  forth  from  among  men, 
they  cried  after  them  as  after  a  thief. 
To  dwell  in  the  cliffs  of  the  valleys,  in 
caves  of  the  earth  and  in  the  rocks.  JoD 
30:  4-6.  In  those  days  there  was  no 
king  in  Israel ;  but  every  man  did  that 
which  was  right  in  his  eyes.  Judges  17 : 
6. 

Page  23. 
If  we  wanted  flour  we  had 
to  go  about  35  or  40  miles  for  it  and 
to  get  it  we  had  to  beg  it  on  credit ;  then 
one  g^ot  a  bushel  or  twio  here  and  the 
other  there  of  wheat  and  had  to  be  of- 
ten 3  or  4  days  from  home  before  we 
arrived  with  our  own  people,  who  waited 
meanwhile  with  pain  and  tears  for  bread. 
The  people  had  settled  in  villages  of 
which  there  were  seven.  The  first  and 
nearest  to  Schenectady  was  called  i. 
KnesKern  ville.  2.  Gerlachsville.  3. 
Foxville.  4.  Hans  George  Schmitzville. 
5.  Weisers  or  Bremen  ville.  6.  Hart- 
mansville.      7.   Upperweiserville. 

Page  24. 
And  the  Lord  came  dow'n  to 
see  the  city  and  the  tower,  which  the 
children  of  men  builded.  And  the  Lord 
said :  Behold,  the  people  is  one  and  they 
have  all  one  language;  and  this  they 
begin  to  do ;  and  now  nothing  will  be 
restrained  from  them  which  they  have 
imagined  to  do.  Go  to,  let  us  go  down 
and  there  confound  their  language,  that 
they  may  not  understand  one  another's 
speech.  So  the  Lord  scattered  them 
abroad  from  thence  upon  the  face  of  all 
the  earth.     Gen.  1 1 :  5-8. 

Page  25. 
After    the    deputies    who    had    been 
sent    to     Lewensteine's    Manor    return- 


A  CONRAD   WEISER    DIARY 


771 


Manor  nach  ]\Iaquaisch  Land  g-esandt 
worden.  Zu  ausgang-  des  July  kam  ich 
wieder  von  den  Indianern  zu  meinem 
Vater,  hatte  einen  g-uten  Anfang  odei 
das  meiste  von  der  Maquaischen  Sprache 
gelernt.  Eine  Englishe  Meile  von  nieines 
Yaters  Haus  wohnten  etliche  Magna- 
ische  Familien.  So  lagen  auch  allezeit 
Magnaische  hin  und  wieder  auf  der 
Jagd  da  es  oefters  was  setzte,  dass  ich 
viel  zu  dolmetsc'hen  hatte  aber  ohne  lohn 
Niemand  war  sonst  der  die  Sprache  ver- 
stund  unter  unsern  Leuten  zu  finden, 
also  wlard  ich  der  Sprache  vollends 
maechtig.  so  viel  als  meine  Jahre  und 
andere — 

Page  26. 
Zu  der  zeit  wohnten  die   Kanaaniter 
im  Lande.     Genes.  13:17. 

Page  27. 
Umstaende  zuliesen.  Hier  lebte 
nun  das  Volk  ohne  Prediger  und 
ohne  Obrigkeit,  etliche  Jahre  ziemlich 
friedlich.  Ein  jeder  that  was  ihn  recht 
daeuchte.  Um  selbige  Zeit  ward  ich  sehr 
krank  und  glaubte  ich  werde  sterben. 
waere  auch  gerne  gestorben,  meine  Stief- 
mutter  war  eine  Etiefmutter  in  der 
That:  Ich  wurde  aufjhre  Veranlassung 
von  meinem  Vater  hart  gehalten,  hatte 
sonst  keinen  Freundund,  musste  Hunger 
und  Kaelte  ausstehen  hatte  mir  oefters 
vorgenommen  wegzulaufen  aber  um 
gemelter  Krankheit  ward  mir  Zaum  und 
Gebiss  ins  Maul  geleget,  ich  ward 
gleichsam  wie  mit  einer  Strick  gebunden, 
Gehorsam  zu  leisten  und  bei  meinem 
\'ater   zu   bleiben. 

Page  28. 
So  denn  ein  Engel  einer  aus  tau- 
send  mit  ihm  redet  zu  verkuendigen 
dem  Menschen  wie  er  solle  recht  thun 
so  wird  er  ihm  gnaedig  sein  und  sagen 
er  soil  erloeset  werden,  dass  er  nicht 
hinunter  fahre  ins  Verderben  denn  ich 
habe  eine  Versoehnung  funden.  Hiob 
33 :  23-24.  Er  wird  von  den  Leuten 
bckennen  und  sagen  ich  woUte  gesuen- 
diget  und  das  recht  verkehret  haben, 
aber  cs  bat  mir  nichts  g^enuetzet.      Ei 


ed  toward  the  end  of  July,  I  came  again 
from  the  Indians  to  my  father.  I  had 
made  a  good  beginning,  or  had  learned 
the  greater  part  of  the  Magtiaisch  langu- 
age. One  English  mile  from  my  fath- 
er's house  lived  some  Magnaisch  fami- 
lies. Then  there  were  often  of  the 
Magnaisch  on  their  hunting  trips  jn 
trouble  and  there  was  much  to  interpret 
but  without  pay.  There  was  no  one  else 
to  be  found  among-  our  people  who  un- 
derstood the  language.  I  therefore  mas  • 
tered  the  language  completely,  as  much 
as  my  years  and  other  circumstances 
permitted. 

Page  26. 

And  the  Canaanite  was  then  in  the 
land.     Gen.  13 :7. 

Page  27. 
Here  the  people  lived  for  a 
few  years  without  preacher  and  with 
out  government,  generally  in  peace.  Each 
one  did  what  he  thought  was  right. 
About  this  time  I  becafne  very  sick  and 
thought  I  had  to  die  and  wotild  gladly 
have  died,  for  my  stepmother  was  a  step- 
mother indeed.  On  her  representation 
I  was  treated  very  severely  by  father, 
had  besides  no  other  friend,  and  had  to 
suffer  hunger  and  cold.  I  had  often  de- 
cided to  run  away  but  by  this  sickneis 
the  bridle  and  bit  were  laid  in  my  uiouth, 
I  was  bound  as  it  were  with  a  rope  to 
render  obedience  and  to  stay  with  my 
father. 

Page  28. 

If  there  be  a  messenger  with 
him,  an  interpreter,  one  among  a 
thousand,  to  show  unto  man  his  up- 
rightness. Then  he  is  gracious  unto  him, 
and  saith,  Deliver  him  from  going  to 
the  pit :  I  have  found  a  ransom.  Job 
33:  23-24.  He  looketh  upon  -iie,  and  if 
any  say,  I  have  sinned,  and  perverted 
that   which   wias   right,  and   it  proiiteth 


772 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


hat  meine  Seele  erloeset  dass  sie  nicht 
stuerbe  sondern  mein  Leben  das  licht 
sehe.     V  27-28. 

Page  29. 
Ich  habe  droben  gesagt  dass 
mein  Vater  als  Witwer  aus  Deutschland 
weggezogen  und  mit  acht  Kindern  in 
New  York  1710  angelandet  alda  sind 
meine  beide  Brueder,  George  Friedrich. 
und  Christoph  Friedrich  vom  Governeur 
ausgebunden  worden  nach  Long  Island 
mit  Bewilhgung  meines  damals  kranken 
Vaters.  Den  Winter  daratif  nemHch  im 
Dezember  ist  mein  juengster  Bruder 
Johann  Friedrich  etwa  im  sechsten  Jahr 
seines  Ahers  gestorben  und  ist  im  Levv- 
ensteins  Busch  wie  man  damals  redete  be- 
graben,  und  der  Erste  der  auf  den  kirch- 
watezo?  (This  is  as  near  as  I  can  make 
out  the  word)  der  reformierten  Kirche 
in  Weisers  Dorf  tot  begraben  wurde. 

Page  30. 
Herr,  vor  dir  ist  alle  meine 
Begierde  und  mein  Seufzen  ist  nicht  ver- 
borgen.  Psalm  38:  10.  Verlass  mich 
nicht  Herr  mein  Gott  sei  nicht  feme  von 
mir.  Kile  mir  beizustehen,  Herr,  meine 
Hilfe.     V.  22-23. 

Page  31. 
17 1 1  heirathete  mein  Vater  meine 
Stiefmutter  von  welche  ich  oben 
geschrieben.  Es  war  eune  ungluekliche 
Heirath  und  verursachte  dass  meine 
Geschwistrig  alle  zerstreuet,  wiorden.  Ich 
war  endlich  ganz  allein  bey  Jhm  blieben, 
ohne  die  drey  Kinder  die  er  mit  meinei 
Stiefmutter  gezeuget,  als  Johann  Fried- 
rich &  Jacob  Weiser  und  Rebessa.  Es 
ging  auch  sonst  alles  den  Krebsgang, 
und  kam  ein  Unglueck  ueber  das  andere 
ueber  unserc  Familie,  wovon  ich  allzeit 
theil  nahm.  Habe  oft  nicht  gewusst  wo 
aus  noch  wo  ein,  habe  lernen  zu  Gott 
seufzen  und  die  Bibel  wurde  mir  ein 
sehr  angenehm  Buch. 

Page  32. 
Wie       wird       ein     Juengling     seinen 
Weg   unstraeflich    gehcn,    wenn   er   sich 
haelt  uach  deinen  Worten — Psalm   119: 


me  not ;  he  will  deliver  his  soul  from 
the  pit,  and  his  life  shall  see  the  light. 
Job  2>Z-  27-28. 

Page  29. 
I  have  said  above  that  my 
father  migrated  as  widower  from  Ger- 
many and  landed  with  8  children  in  New 
York  in  17 10.  There  my  two  brothers 
George  Frederick  and  Christoph  Fred- 
erick were  bound  out  by  the  Governor 
to  Long  Island,  with  permission  of  my 
father  who  was  sick  at  the  time.  The 
following  winter,  namely  in  December, 
my  youngest  brother  Johann  Frederick, 
died  about  the  sixth  year  of  his  age  and 
was  buried  in  Lewdnstein's  Busch  as  we 
said  then.  He  was  the  first  dead  that 
was  buried  in  the  church  flats  of  the 
Reformed  church  in  Weisersville. 

Page  30. 
Lord,  all  my  desire  is  before 
thee  and  my  groaning  is  not  hid 
from  thee.  Psalm  38 :  9.  Forsake  me 
not,  O  Lord :  O  my  God  be  not  far  from 
me.  Make  haste  to  help  me,  O  Lord 
my  Salvation.     Psalm  38:  21-22. 

Page  31. 
In  171 1  my  father  married  my 
stepmother  of  whom  I  have  just  writ- 
ten it  was  an  unfortunate  marriage  and 
caused  that  my  brothers  and  sisters  were 
all  scattered.  And  at  last  I  was  alone 
with  him,  besides  the  three  children  he 
had  with  my  stepmother  as  Johann  Fred- 
erick and  Jacob  Weiser  and  Rebecca. 
Everything  else  too  went  backward  and 
one  misfortune  after  another  came  ovei- 
our  family,  of  which  I  took  at  all  times 
my  share.  Often  I  knew  not  where  to 
go  and  I  learned  to  sigh  to  God  and 
the  Bible  became  to  me  a  very  accept- 
able book. 

Page  32. 
Wherewithal     shall     a     young     man 
cleanse     his     way?       By     taking     heed 
thereto  according  to  thy  word.     Psalm 


A  CONRAD   WEISER    DIARY 


773 


9.  Ich  graeme  mich  class  mir  dass  Herz 
verschmachtet  staerke  mich  nach  deinem 
Wort  V  28.  Herr  vvenn  ich  gedenke  vvie 
du  von  der  Welt  her  gerichtet  hast,  so 
werde  ich  getroestet  V  52.  Ich  bin  wie 
ein  verirret  und  verloren  Schaf,  suche 
deinen  Knecht,  denn  ich  vergesse  deincr 
Gebote  nicht.     V   176. 

I'age  33. 
Auf  Schohary  wieder  zu  kom- 
men.  So  hat  das  Volk  dasselbe  Be- 
sitz  genommen  ohne  den  Governeur  von 
New  York  darum  zu  gruessen,  welcher 
nachdem  er  J  linen  sein  Misvergnuegen 
liess  andeuten  das  Land  Schochary  ver- 
kauft,  an  sieben  reiche  Kaufleute  wovon 
vier  in  Albany  wohnten  die  audern  drey 
aber  in  New  York.  Derer  in  Albany 
Ihrer  Namen  waren  Meyndert  Schiller, 
John  Schiller  Robert  Livingston,  Peter 
von  Brugh.  Ihrer  in  New  York  George 
Clerk,  damals  Secretaryus,  Doctor  Hads. 
Rip  von  Dam.  Worauf  ein  grosser 
laermen  entstand  beides  auf  Schohary 
und  Albany  weil  Leute  in  Albanj/ 
wuenschten. 

Page  34. 
Siehe  ob  ich  schon  schreye 
ueber  so  viel  Frevel  so  werde  ich  doch 
nicht  erhoeret,  ich  rvJt  und  ist  kein 
Recht  da.  Hiob  ig :  7.  Dit  Pflueger 
haben  auf  meinem  Ruecken  geackert  und 
Ihre  Furchen  lang  gezogen.  Psalm  129: 
3.  Israel  du  brings:  dicli  in  l^nglueck 
dein  Heil  steht  allein  h'-v  mir.  Ilosea 
13:  9- 

Page  35. 
Dass  das  Volk  das  Land  be- 
halten  moechte,  das  Volk  auf  Schoch- 
ary theilte  sich  in  zwey  Partheien,  die 
staerkste  parthey  wollten  sich  nich  unter- 
werfen  sondern  das  land  •  behaupten 
schickten  dahcro  Deputierte  nach  Eng- 
land um  von  dem  Koenig  George  dem 
Ersten  nicht  nur  Schochary  sondern 
noch  mehr  land  vor  die  uebrigen  Hoch- 
deutschen  zu  erhalten.  Es  schlug  aber 
nicht  nach  wunsch  aus ;  denn  erstlich 
mussten  die  drey  Deputierten  heimlich 
abreissen.      Schifften   dahcr   in    Philade- 


119:  9.  My  soul  melteth  for  heaviness ; 
strengthen  thou  me  according  to  thy 
word.  Psalm  1 19 :  28.  I  remembered 
thy  Judgments  of  old,  Lord,  and  have 
comforted  me.  Psalm  1 19 :  52.  I  have 
gone  astray  like  a  lost  sheep!  seek  thy 
servant ;  for  I  do  not  forget  thy  com- 
mandments.    Psalm   119:  176. 

Page  33. 
To  come  back  to  Schohary,  the 
people  had  taken  possession  of  it 
without  greeting  the  Governor  of  New 
York,  who  after  he  showed  them  his 
disapproval,  sold  the  land  of  Schohary  to 
seven  rich  merchants,  of  whom  four  liv- 
ed in  Albany  and  the  other  three  in  New 
York.  The  names  of  those  in  Albany 
were:  Meyndert  Schiller,  John  Schiller, 
Robert  Livingstone,  Peter  von  Brughen. 
Those  in  New  York  were :  George  Clark 
at  the  time  Secretary,  Doctor  Hads, 
Rip  von  Dam ;  whereupon  arose  a  great 
cry  in  Schohary  and  Albany  becase  in 
Albany  many  people  desired  that  the 
people  should   keep  the  land. 

Page  34. 

Behold,  I  cry  out  of  wrong,  but 
I  am  not  heard ;  I  cry  aloud,  but 
there  is  no  judgment.  Job  19  :  7.  The 
plowers  plowed  upon  my  back :  they  made 
long  their  furrows.  Psalm  129:  E.  O  Is- 
rael, thou  hast  destroyed  thyself,  but  in 
me  is  thine  help.     Hosea  13:9. 

Page  35. 
The  people  in  Schochary  divided 
into  two  parties,  the  strongest 
party  would  not  submit  but  maintained 
the  land,  and  sent  therefore  deputies  to 
England  to  obtain  from  King  George  the 

First  not  only  Schochary  but  more  land 
for  the  other  High  Germans.  It  did  not 
go  according  to  their  wish,  for  first  the 
three  deputies  had  to  depart  secretly. 
They  took  ship  therefore  in  Philadelphia 


774 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


phia  lyiSein,  kamen  sobald  sie  auf  das 
Meer  kommen  den  Seeraeubern  in  die 
Haende  welche  Ihnen  Ihr  Geldabnahmen, 
so  wohl  als  dem  SchilTsvolk,  liessen  sie 
aber  wieder   hinfahren. 

Page  36. 
1st  auch  ein  Unglueck  in  der 
Stadt  so  gross  das  der  Herr  nicht 
thut?  Deine  Pferde  gehen  im  Meer  im 
Schlamm  grosser  Wasser.  Da  sind 
Wallfische  die  du  gemacht  hast,  dass  sie 
darinnen  scherzen,  es  wartet  alles  aut 
dich  dass  du  ihnen  Speise  gebest  zti 
seiner  zeit.  Der  Suender  muesse  ein 
Ende  werden  auf  Erden. 

Page  37- 
Miein  \''ater  welcher  einer  von 
den  Deputierten  war  ist  drey  mal 
festgebunden  und  gepeitschet  worden, 
hat  aber  kein  Geld  gestehen  woller.. 
Endlich  hat  William  Schaft  der  andere 
Deputierte  zu  den  Seeraeubern  gesagt 
Ihr  Herren  Ich  und  dieser  Mann  hatten 
einen  Beutel  und  ich  habe  euch  selben 
geben,  er  kann  euch  nichts  geben,  wor- 
auf  sie  ihn  mit  frieden  liessen.  Sie 
mussten  in  Boston  einlaufen  um  sich  mit 
andern  Lebensmitteln  statt  derer  die 
ihnen  die  Seeraeuber  abgenommen  aufs 
neue  versehen.  Als  sie  in  England  anka- 
men  fanden  sie  dass  eine  andere  zeit  war 
und  keine  Koenigin  Ann  mehr  regierte. 
Doch  fanden  sich  noch  etlichc  wenigt 
von  den  alten  Gonnern. 

Page  38. 
Herr  wann  Truebsal  da  ist  so 
Sucht  man  dich  und  du  sie  zuechtigest 
so  rufen  sie  aengstiglich.  Rufe  mich  an 
der  Noth  so  will  ich  dich  erretten  und 
du  sollt  mich  preisen.  Bin  ich  nicht  ein 
Gott  der  nahe  ist? 

Page  39. 
Unter  welchen  waren  die  beyden 
Herren  Boehm  und  Robert,  Pred- 
iger  in  der  deutschen  Schloss  Cappelle 
diesselben  thaten  so  viel  sie  konten.  Dei 
Deputierten  Sache  kam  endlich  an  die 
Lords  Commissioners  of  Trade  &  Plan- 


in  17 18  and  ran  as  soon  as  they  got  ori 
the  open  sea  into  the  hands  of  pirates, 
who  took  their  money  as  well  as  that  of 
the  people  of  the  ship,  and  then  let  them 
go. 

Page  36. 

Shall  there  be  evil  in  the  city 
and  the  Lord  hath  not  done  it? 
Amos  3:6.  So  is  this  great  and  wide 
sea,  where  are  things  creeping  innumer- 
able, both  small  and  great  beasts.  There 
go  the  great  ships :  there  is  that  leviath- 
an whom  thou  hast  made  to  play  therein, 
these  wait  all  upon  thee ;  that  thou  may- 
est  give  them  their  meat  in  due  season. 
Psalm  104 :  25-27. 

Page  37- 

My  father,  who  was  one  of 
the  deputies,  was  bound  and  scourged 
three  times  but  w^buld  confess  to  no 
money.  At  last  Wiliam  Schaft  the  other 
deputy  said  to  the  pirates :  you  men,  I 
and  this  man  had  one  purse  and  I  have 
given  it  to  you,  he  can  give  you  nothing, 
thereupon  they  let  him  in  peace.  They 
had  to  run  into  Boston  to  buy  provisions 
in  the  place  of  those  which  the  pirates 
had  taken  from  them.  When  they  ar- 
rived in  England  they  found  the  times 
changed,  nor  did  a  Queen  Anna  rule 
any  more,  they  found  but  a  very  few 
of  the  old  benefactors. 

Page  38. 

Lord  in  trouble  have  they  visit- 
ed thee,  they  poured  out  a  prayer 
when  thy  chastening  was  upon  them. 
Isaiah  26:  16.  Call  upon  me  in  the  day 
of  trouble :  I  will  dehver  thee  and  thou 
shalt  glorify  me.  Psalm  50:  15.  Am 
I  a  God  at  hand,  saith  the  Lord,  and 
not  a  God  afar  ot¥?    Jer.  22:  23. 

Page  39. 

Among  them  were  two  gentle- 
men, Boehm  and  Robert,  Preach- 
er of  the  German  Castle  Chapel.  These 
did  all  they  could.     The  matter  of  the 


A  CONRAD  WEISER  DIARY 


775 


tation.  Der  Governeur  von  New  York, 
Robert  Hunter,  ward  nach  Haus  citiert 
mittlerweil  geriethen  die  Deputierten  in 
Schuld,  Walrach  der  dritte  deputierte 
kriegte  das  Heimweh  ^In^  zu  Schiff  um 
nach  New  York  iieberzuo-ehen,  starb  aber 
auf  dem  Meer.  Die  andern  zwey  gerie- 
then  ins  Gefaengniss,  Schrieben,  zwar 
zeitlich  um  Geld  aber  der  Unverstand 
und  Ungetreuheit  derer  die  das  Geld 
uebermachen  sollten  welches  das  Volk 
zusammen  gelegt  hatt  ver- 

Page  40 — (blank.) 

Page  41. 
Ursachte  dass  das  Geld  lang- 
sam  in  England  ankam.  Unterdessen 
wiar  Robert  Hunter  in  England  ankora- 
nuen  seine  Sachen  richtig  gemacht  und 
was  er  wegen  Schochary  gethan  vor  den 
Lords  of  Trade  verantwortet.  Sein 
Gegenpart  sass  im  Gefaengniss  batten 
'weder  Gelt  noch  Freunde  mehr.  End- 
lich  als  ein  Wechsel  von  siebenzig  Pfund 
Sterling"  ankam,  kamen  sie  wieder  aus 
dem  Gefaengniss.  Sublicierten  aufs  nevie, 
wirkten  endlich  <eine  order  aus  in  den 
neuangekommenen  Governor  in  New 
York  nahmens  \\'illiam  Burnet,  dem 
hochdeutschen  \'olk  das  anno  17 10  von 
der  seligen  Koenigin  Anna  nach  New 
York  geschickt,  land  zu  geben,  das 
noch  nicht  weggegeben  sey. 

Page  42. — (blank.) 

Page  43- 
Gepen  Ausgang  des  Jahrs  1720 
kam  dieser  William  Burnet  in  New 
York  an.  Ich  ward  zu  Anfang  1721  igst 
nach  New  York  geschickt  gemeltem 
Governeur  eine  Petition  zu  geben.  Et 
bezeugte  sich  freundlich  und  sagte  was 
vor  order  er  von  den  Lords  of  Trade 
mitgebracht  haette  welchen  er  nachzu- 
leben  resolviert  sey.  Unsere  Deputier- 
ten waren  noch  in  England,  wollten  mit 
dem  Spruch  nicht  zufrieden  sein,  haben 
aber  nichts  mehr  ausgerichtet.  Im  letzt- 
gemelten  Jahr  nemlich  172 1 kam  Schaft 
nach  Haus,  war  mit  meinen  Vater  unzu- 
frieden  worden,  sie  batten    beide    harte 


deputies  came  at  last  before  the  Lord 
Commissioners  of  Trade  and  Plantation. 
The  governor  of  New  York  Robert 
Hunter,  was  cited  home,  in  the  mean- 
time the  deputies  got  into  debt.  Wal- 
rath  the  third  deputy  got  homesick, 
boarded  a  ship  for  New  York  and  died 
on  the  ocean.  The  other  two  were 
thrown  into  prison.  They  wrote  in  good 
time  for  money  but  the  imprudence  and 
dishonesty  of  those  who  should  forward 
the  money  which  the  people  had  brought 
together. 

Page  40. —   (blank.) 
Page  41. 

Caused  the  money  to  come  very 
clowly  to  England.  Meanwhile  Rob- 
ert Hunter  had  arrived  in  England,  set- 
tled his  difficulties,  had  accounted  for 
what  he  had  done  to  Scho'hary  before  the 
Lords  of  Trade.  His  opponents  were  in 
prison,  had  neither  friends  nor  money. 
When  at  last  a  draft  of  70  pounds  sterl- 
ing arrived  they  were  released  from 
prison  again  and  renewed  their  appeal. 
At  last  they  effected  an  order  on  the 
newly  arrived  Governor  of  New  York, 
by  the  name  of  William  Burnet  to  give 
to  the  High  German  people,  which  had 
been  sent  to  New  York  by  Queen  Anna 
of  blessed  memory  the  land  which  had 
not  yet  been  given  awiay. 

Page  42. —  (blank.) 

Page  43. 
Towlard  the  end  of  the  year 
1720  William  Burnet  arrived  in  New 
York.  At  the  beginning  of  1721  I  was 
sent  to  this  above  named  Governor  to 
give  him  a  petition.  He  showed  himself 
friendly  and  told  me  of  the  order  of  the 
Lords  of  Trade  he  had  brought  with 
him,  which  he  had  resolved  to  live  up 
to.  Our  deputies  were  yet  in  England 
and  were  not  satisfied  with  the  decision, 
but  effected  nothing  more.  Toward  the 
end  of  this  year,  1721,  Schaft  had  be- 
come dissatisfied   with    my    father    and 


7/6 


THE   PENN  GERMANIA 


Koepfe.  Endlich  im  Jahr  1723  im  ]\Ionat 
November  kam  mein  Vater  auch  nach 
Haus.  Schaft  war  6  Wochen  nach  seiner 
Ankunft  gestorben. 

Page  44. —  (blank.) 

Page  45- 
Der  Governeur  Burnet  gab  den- 
jenigen  die  sich  auf  land  im  Mag- 
naisch  land  setteln  wollten  patenten 
nemlich  vor  land  auf  steinigt  Arabien 
und  oberdem  fall,  aber  keins  an  der 
Revier  (River  likely)  wie  das  Volk  ver- 
hoffte.  Daher  ging  es  aus  einander,  die 
meisten  zogen  nach  Magnaisch  Land 
Oder  blieben  auf  Schochary  und  kauften 
land  von  den  sieben  Herrn.  Das  V'olk 
bekam  Nachricht  von  land  an  der  Swat- 
ara  &  Tulpehocken  in  Pennsylvanien. 
Ihrer  viele  traten  zusammen  hieben  ein- 
en  Weg  aus  von  Schochary  nach  Sus- 
quehanna Revier,  (River)  Fuehrten 
Ihre  Sachen  dahinund  machten  Canoen 
und  fuhren  das  Wasser  abwaerts  bis  an 
den  Alund 

Page  46. —  (blank.) 

Page  47. 
\'on  der  Swatara  Creek  und  trieb- 
en  Ihr  \  ieh  ueber  Land  welches  gesch- 
ehem  im  Jahr  1723.  Von  da  kamen  Sie 
nach  Tulpehocken  und  dies  ist  der  an- 
fand  von  Tulpehocken  Settlement  gewes- 
en,  wclchen  hernach  andere  gefolgt,  und 
sich  allda  nieder  gelassen.  Anfaenglich 
auch  ohne  Erlaubniss  des  Landes  Herrn 
oder  seiner  Companien,  auch  gegen  der 
Indianer  willen,  denn  das  land  war  da- 
mals  noch  nicht  von  Ihnen  kauft,  es  war 
niemand  untcr  dem  \olk  der  es  regieren 
konnt,  ein  jcder  that  was  er  wiollte  und 
ihr  starker  Eigensinn  hat  ihnen  bis  auf 
diese  Stunde  im  weg  gestanden,  hier  will 
ich  sie  eine  Weile  lassen  und  meine  eigene 
L'mstaende  beschreiben. 

Page  48.— (blank.) 

Page  49- 

1720  als  mein  Vater  nach  Eng- 
land war  heirathete  ich  meine  Ann 
Eva  und  ward  von  Herrn  Johann  Fried- 


came  home — they  had  both  hard  heads. 
At   last   in    November    1723    my    father 
also  came    home.       Schaft  had    died 
weeks  after  his  arrival. 

Page  44. —  (blank.) 

Page  45- 
Governor  Burnet  gave  those  few 
who  wanted  to  settle  on  land  of 
the  IMagnaisch  land  patents,  namely 
for  land  on  Stony  Arabia  and  above 
the  fall  but  none  on  the  river,  as  the 
people  had  hoped,  therefore  they  separ- 
ated, most  of  them  moved  to  the  Mag- 
naisch land  or  stayed  in  Schohary  and 
bought  land  from  the  above  named  7 
gentlemen.  The  people  received  news 
from  the  land  at  the  Swatara  and  Tulpe- 
hocken in  Pennsylvtnia.  Many  of  them 
came  together,  cut  a  way  from  Schohary 
to  the  Susc[uehanna  and  brouglit  their 
goods  hither  and  made  canoes  and 
journeyed  down  to  the  mouth. 

Page  46. —  (blank.) 

Page  47. 
Of  the  Swatara  Creek  and  drove 
their  cattle  over  land  in  the  Spring 
of  1723.  Thence  they  came  to  Tulpe- 
hocken and  this  is  the  beginning  of  the 
Tulpehocken  Settlement;  la^er  others 
followed  and  settled  there,  r>t  'irsr  vith- 
out  permission  of  the  owme*  f  *he  'xTid 
or  his  company,  or  toward  the  Indians 
from  whom  the  people  had  not  yef 
bought  the  land.  There  -vas  .0  one 
among  the  people  wdio  could  marage 
them,  each  one  did  as  he  wished  and 
their  stubbornness  stood  in  their  way  up 
to  this  time.  I  will  now  leave  them  and 
described  my  own   circumstances. 

Page  48.— (blank.) 

Page  49- 
Li      1720      when     my      father     went 
to     England      I      married      my     Anna 


A  CONRAD  WEISER   DIARY 


777 


rch  Heger  reformierter  precliger  den. 
22  November  mit  Ihr  zusammen  geben, 
in  meines  Vaters  Haus  auf  Schochary. 
1722  den  7ten  September  ist  mein  Sohn 
Philip  geboren  und  von  Johann  Bernliard 
von  Duehren,  lutherischen  Prediger, 
getauft  worden.  Seine  Taufzeugen  wa- 
ren  Philip  Braun  und  seine  Hausfrau 
Den  I3ten  Januar  1725  ward  meine 
Tochter  Anna  Madlina  gebo'hren,  ist  von 
Johann  Jacob  Oehl  reformireten  Pred- 
iger getauft  worden.  Ihre  Taufzeugen 
waren  Christian  Bausch  Junior  und 
meine  Schwester  Barbara. 

Page  50. — (blank.) 

Page  51. 
1727  ist  meine  Tochter  Maria 
geboren  den  24ten  Juni,  und  von 
William  ChristoDh  Birkenmeyer,  luther- 
ischen Prediger,  getauft.  Ihre  Taufzeu- 
gen Niklas  Peg  und  seine  Hausfrau. 
1728  den  24  Dezember  ist  mein  Sohn 
Friedrich  geboren.  Ist  von  Johann  Bern- 
hard  von  Duehren  lutherischen  Predi- 
ger getauft  worden.  Seine  Zeugen  war- 
en  Niklas  Feg  und  seine  Hausfrau. 
Diese  vier  sind  auf  Schohary  geboren. 
Hernach  bin  ich  nemlich  im  Jahr  1729 
nach  Pennsylvanien  gezogen  und  mich 
auf  Tulpehocken  niedergelassen  woselbst 
mir  folgende  Kinder  geboren  sind. 

Page  52. — (blank.) 

Page  53. 
Nemlich  1730  den  27ten  Feb- 
ruar  ist  mein  Sohn  Petrus  geboren 
und  1731  den  iSten  Februar  wurden  mit- 
zwey  Soehne  geboren,  Christoph  und 
Jacob,  genannt  worden.  Der  erste  hat 
fuenfzehn  Wochen  gelebet  der  andere 
drcizehn  Wochen  da  sie  von  dem  Uebel 
dieser  Zeit  erloeset  und  in  die  selige 
Ewigkeit  uebergangen  sind,  .  .  1732 
den  19  Juni  ward  meine  Tochter  Elisa- 
beth geboren.  1734  den  28  Januar  ward 
meine  Tochter  Alargrede  geboren. 

Page  54.— (blank.) 

Page  55. 
Den     23     April       1735       ist       mein 
Sohn    Samuel    geboren.     Den    18    July 


Eva.  the  Rev.  Johann  Frederick  Heger, 
Reformed  Preacher,  .united  us  on  the 
22nd  November  in  my  father's  house 
in  Schohar}'.  On  the  7th  of  September 
1722  my  son  Philip  was  born  and  by 
Johann  Bernard  von  Duehren,  Lutheran 
preacher,  baptized.  His  Sponsors  were 
Philip  Braun  and  his  wife.  On  the  14th 
of  January  1725  my  daughter  Anna 
Madlina  was  born  and  was  baptized  by 
Johann  Jacob  Oehl,  Reformed  Preacher. 
The  Sponsors  were  Christian  Bausch 
Junior  and  my  sister  Barbara. 

Page  50. — (blank.) 

Page  51. 
On  the  24th  June  1727  my  daugh- 
ter Maria  was  born  and  was  bap- 
tized by  William  Christoph  Birkenmeyer, 
Lutheran  Minister.  Sponsors  wiere  Nick- 
las  Feg  and  his  wife.  On  the  24th  of  De- 
cember 1728  my  son  Frederick  was 
born.  He  was  baptized  by  Johann  Bern- 
ard von  Deuren,  Lutheran  Preacher. 
Sponsors  were  Nicklas  Feg  and  his  wife. 
These  four  were  born  to  me  at  Schohary. 
After  this,  namel  in  the  year  1729,  I 
moved  to  Pennsylvania,  and  settled  at 
Tulpehocken  where  the  following  chil- 
dren were  born  to  me. 

Page  52. —  (blank.) 

Page  53. 
On  the  27t1i  of  February  1730  my 
son  Peter  was  born  and  on  the  15th  of 
February  173 1  two  sons  were  born  to 
me,  who  were  named  Christoph  and 
Jacob :  the  first  lived  fifteen  weeks  and 
the  second  thirteen  weeks ;  when  the> 
were  released  from  the  evil  of  this  time 
and  departed  into  blessed  eternity.  On 
the  19th  of  June  1732  my  daughtei 
Elizabeth  was  born  to  me.  On  the  28th 
of  January  1734  my  daughter  Margreda 
was  born. 

Page  54 — (blank.) 

Page  55- 
On      the      23rd      of      April       1735 
my  son  Samuel  was  born.     On  the  iSta 


778 


THE  PENN  GERMANIA 


1736  ward  mir  abermal  ein  Sohn  ge- 
boren.  Ich  nannte  Ihn  Benjamin,  als  ei 
drey  Monate  alt  war  hat  ihn  die  Vor- 
sorge  des  allmaechtig-en  Gottes  hinweg- 
gejiommeiii.  im  selbigen  Jahr  ist  ihm 
meine  Tochter  EHsabeth  nachgefolget. 
Der  barmherzige  Gott  wolle  sie  mil 
alle  wieder  geben  zu  Ehren  seiner  Herr- 
lichkeit.  Den  11  August  1740  ward  mir 
aber  mal  ein  Sohn  geboren.  Ich  nannte 
seinen  Namen  Jaebez.  Die  Barmherzig- 
keit  Gottes  hat  ihn  von  dem  Uebel  dieser 
Zeit  erloeset  als  er  17  Tage  gelebt  hatte. 

Page  56. —  (blank.) 

Page  57. 
Den  27  Februar  1742  ward  mir 
abermal  eine  Tochter  geboren.  Ich 
nannte  ihren  Namen  Hanna,  den  folgen- 
den  II  August  ist  diesselbe  in  die  selige 
Ewigkeit  vorangegangen.  Den  16  Maerz 
in  diesem  Jahr  ist  meine  liebe  Tochter 
Madlina  aus  der  zeit  in  die  Ewigkeit 
durch  einem  sanften  Tot  nach  langwieri- 
ger  Krankheit  uebergangen.  Jhr  Glaub- 
en,  Trost  und  Zuversicht  war  an  den 
gekreuzigten  Heiland  Jesus  Christ,  wel- 
chem  sie  sich  mit  leib  und  Seel  in  ge- 
sunden  Tagen  zur  Ewigen  Keuschheit 
uebergeben  hatte. 

Page  58.— (blank.) 

Page  59. 
Den  12  August  ist  mein  Sohn  Benja- 
min geboren  Anno  1744. 

Beschluss  von  meinem  Buchschreiben. 

Mein  Abater  starb  den  13  Juli  1760. 
Mein  Mutter  ging  aus  der  Zeit  in  die 
Ewigkeit  den  loten  Juny  1781. 


of  July  1736  another  son  was  born  to 
me.  I  named  him  Benjamin.  When  be 
was  three  months  old  the  kind  Provi- 
dence of  the  Almighty  God  took  him 
away.  In  the  same  year  my  daughtei 
Elizabeth  followed.  May  ^-lie  merciful 
God  give  me  them  again  to  the  honoi 
of  His  Glory.  On  the  nth  of  August 
1740  ag'ain  a  son  was  born  to  n:e.  We 
named  him  Jabez.  The  n:ercy  of  God 
released  him  from  the  evil  01  this  time 
when  he  had  lived  17  days 

Page  56.— (blank.) 

Page  57. 
On  the  27th  of  February  1742 
again  a  daughter  was  born  to  me 
I  named  her  Hannah.  On  the  following 
nth  of  August  she  departed  into  the 
blessed  eternity.  On  the  i6ih  ot  March 
of  this  same  year  my  beloved  daugjiter 
Madlina  departed  from  time  to  eternity 
with  a  gentle  death  after  a  long  coniin- 
ued  sickness.  Her  faith,  trust  and  con- 
fidence was  in  the  crucified  Savior  Jesus- 
Christ,  to  w:hom  she  had  given  herself 
in  healthy  days,  with  body  and  soul 
unto  eternal  chastity. 

Page  58.— (blank.) 

Page  59. 
On  the  1 2th  of  August  1744  my  soii 
Benjamin  was  born  to  me.     Ending  of 
my  bookwriting. 

My  father  died  on  the  13th  of  July 
1760. 

'Sly  mother  departed  from  time  to 
eternity  on  the  loth  of  June  1781. 


Note. — The  last  two  sentences  were  not 
written  by  the  diarist.  According  to  the 
Weiser  genealogy,  furnished  by  H.  M.  M. 
Richards  in  The  Pennsylvania  German, 
Volume  I,  p.  16,  the  diarist  died  July  13, 
1760;  his  wife,  Anna  Eve,  December  27, 
1778,   and  his  stepmother,    1781.      Assum- 


ing the  correctness  of  Mr.  Richards'  dates,, 
a  question  arises,  "Why  should  the  words 
"my  father"  refer  to  the  diarist  and  the 
words  "my  mother"  to  his  stepmother 
rather  than  to  his  wife — or  did  the  diar- 
ist's wife  die  .Tune  10,  1781,  instead  of 
December  27,   178?     Who  can  explain? 


XEbe  pent!  Oermania  (Benealogical  Club 


in>ITOK — Cora  C.  Curry,  1020  Monroe  St.    N.  W.,  Washington.  D.   C. 

MEMBEKSKIF — Subscribers  to  The  Penn  Germania  who  -pay  an  annual  due  of  twenty- 
five   cents. 

OBJECT — To  secure  preserve  and  publish  what  interests  members  as.  accounts  of 
noted  family  incidents,  traditions,  Bible  records,  etc..  as  well  as  historical  and 
genealogical  data  of  Swiss  German  and  Palatine  American  immigrants,  with  date 
and  place  of  birth,  marriage,  settlement,  migration  and  deatih  of  descendants. 
Puzzling    genealogical   questions    and    answers    thereto   inserted    free. 

OFFICXKS — Elected  at  annual  meeting.  (Suggestions  as  to  time  and  place  are  invited.") 

Bi:ir£PITS — Team  work,  personal  communications,  mutual  helpfulness,  exchange  of 
information  suggestions  as  to  what  should  be  printed,  contributions  for  publica- 
tion, including  the  asking  and  answering  of  questions. 


Editorial  Jottings 

What  are  you  doing  to  secure  new 
subscribers  for  this  magazine  and  new 
members  for  our  Club? 

There  is  an  old  Mennonite  church- 
yard on  the  east  side  of  the  "Pike"  be- 
tween Center  Valley  and  Coopersburg, 
Lehigh  County,  Pa.,  and  another  an- 
cient graveyard  back  of  an  old  school- 
house  between  Hellerstown  and  Bethle 
hem,  Pa.  Will  some  member  of  the  P. 
G.  G.  C.  secure  for  our  early  publication 
a  list  of  these  gravestone  records. 

One  member  asks,  "Please  publish 
what  you  tell  us  in  English ;  even  though 
I  am  two-thirds  German  in  ancestry,  1 
cannot  read  the  language,  hence  publi- 
catons  in  German  and  Pennsylvania  Ger- 
man are  totally  lost  to  me." 

The  Penn  Germania  has  recently  an- 
swered a  number  of  requests  for  sample 
pages  of  the  "Register  Plan  for  Gene- 
alogies." used  today  as  adopted  40  years 
ago.  This  is  one  of  the  best  forms  for 
arranging  genealogical  data  and  we 
commend  it  to  all  who  are  preparing 
such  material  for  publication.  If  inter- 
ested send  2-cent  stamp  for  sample  pages 
to  The  Penn  Germania,  Lititz,  Pa. 

Regarding  "Possible  Ancestors,"  Mr 
Frederick      Howard     Wines     suggests : 


"Assuming  four  generations  to  every 
century  as  an  average,  and  the  number 
of  one's  possible  ancestors  as  four  gener- 
ations, one  hundred  years,  sixteen  ances- 
tors ;  eight  generations,  two  hundred 
years,  two  hundred  and  fifty-six  ances- 
tors ;  twelve  generations,  three  hundred 
years,  four  thousand  and  ninet-six  an- 
cestors," etc.  "It  is  absurd  in  view  of 
the  multiplicity  of  lines  of  inheritance  to 
imagine  that  we  know  the  heredity  of 
any  individual  by  tracing  a  single  one  of 
his  lines." 

A  grievous  disappointment  to  geneal-. 
ogists  is  the  total  absence  of  personal 
names  in  the  splendid  article  by  Prof. 
Edward  Raymond  Turner,  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Michigan,  in  the  Pennsylva- 
nia Magazine  for  March,  concerning  the 
organization  of  the  First  Abolition  So- 
ciety in  the  United  States,  April  14,  1774, 
at  the  Sun  Tavern  in  Philadelphia,  ai 
which  John  Baldwin  was  elected  Presi- 
dent. The  names  of  the  members  of  th^ 
society  would  add  much  to  its  interest. 

The  last  number  of  the  National  Gene- 
alogical Quarterly  contains  data  as  to 
the  descendants  of  Richard  and  James 
Bailey  who  settled  in  Massachusetts 
prior  to  1630.  This  family  has  many 
members  who  "went  south"  and  "west" ; 
compiled  by  Dr.  J.  B.  G.  Bullock.  The 
Faxon   family,  by  Mrs.   Agnes  Croxall, 


779 


78o 


THE   PENN    GERMANIA. 


and  a  chart  of  the  Yale  family  compiled 
by  Robert  Atwater  Smith;  a  sketch  of 
Nicholas  Kern,  emigrant  to  Pennsylva- 
nia in  1727,  who  settled  in  Whitehall 
Township,  Northampton  County,  now 
Lehigh,  who  with  his  family  were  among 
the  earliest  Reformed  families  of  Egypt 
Church,  together  with  a  list  showing  all 
the  data  from  the  church  records  relat- 
inj,  to  th2  Kerns,  compiled  by  Judge  Jo- 
siah  Ouincy  Kern. 

The  Library  of  the  State  of  Indiana 
has  a  most  valuable  file  of  the  X^incennes 
Sun,  dating  as  early  as  1816. 

The  Colonial  Dames  of  the  State  of 
New  York  have  just  issued  a  518  page 
Catalogue  of  the  Genealogical  and  His- 
torical publications  in  their  library. 

The  National  Society  of  the  Daugh- 
ters of  the  Founders  and  Patriots  of 
America  have  just  issued  in  Washing- 
ton, D.  C.  their  Year  Book  for  191 1. 
being  the  thirteenth  of  the  Society. 

The  Register  for  191 1  of  the  Order  of 
the  Founders  and  Patriots  of  America 
is  noted. 

Also  the  Register  of  the  Order  of  the 
Pennsylvania  Society  of  Colonial  Gov- 
ernors, for  191 1. 

The  arrangement  used  for  the  Gene- 
alogy published  in  the  New  England 
Historical  and  Genealogical  Register  has 
now  become  recognized  as  the  standard 
system  for  arrangement  of  genealogies 
and  is  used  by  most  Genealogists  in  this 
country. 

The  Lutheran  Intelligencer,  founded 
in  1826,  by  Rev.  D.  F.  Schaeffer,  Fred- 
ericksburg, Md.,  contains  much  data. 

Volume  3.  Collection  of  the  North  Da- 
kota Historical  Society  is  in  press.  Like 
the  two  preceding  numbers  this  large 
book  contains  much  data  relative  to  the 
early  settlers  of  that  state  many  of  whom 
were  Pennsylvania  Germans. 

The  part  of  the  Archives  Heraldiques 
Suisse,  just  published  for  191 1,  con- 
tains among  other  matters  of  genealogi- 
cal interest    to    German  and  Swiss  stu^ 


dents  eleven  Coats-of-arms  as  large  illus- 
trations, and  107  smaller  coats  as  plates. 

The  Owl,  a  genealogical  quarterly 
published  by  the  Wing  families  of  Amer- 
ica, whose  ancestors  settled  in  Massachu- 
setts, announces  that  their  eighth  fam- 
ily reunion  is  to  be  held  in  Chicago  this 
year  will  be  their  nrst  held  in  the  west. 
Ancestral  reunions  generally  meet  in  the 
localities  settled  by  the  pioneers. 

The  Virginia  Magazine  of  History  and 
Biography,  for  July,  contains  a  list  of 
obituary  notices  compiled  from  early 
newspapers  of  Richmond,  Va.,  begin- 
ning with  April,  1786.  Club-fellows,  who 
will  be  the  first  to  send  similar  lists  from 
your  own  county  papers?  The  old  Ger- 
man papers  are  particularly  rich  in  vital 
statistics.  Let  us  compile  and  make 
them  known  without  delay. 

Moravian  Records  relative  to  the  mis- 
sionary work  of  this  church  among  the 
heathen,  i.  e.,  the  Indians,  are  being 
published  in  the  Ohio  Archaeological  and 
Historical  Quarterly. 

The  Berlin,  Somerset  Co.,  Pa.,  Rec- 
ord is  publishing  from  week  to  week  the 
Census  of  Berlin,  in  1800,  1810  and 
1820  compiled  from  Census  Reports  by 
Miss  Mary  C.  Ourseler,  of  Washington, 
D.  C,  a  native  of  Berlin. 

Queries 

Wanted,  information  as  to  the  emigra- 
tion of  Dr.  George  Zimmerman,  his  home 
prior  to  emigration,  his  first  location  in 
America,  and  name  of  his  first  wife.  As 
this  information  must  come  from  some 
of  his  descendants  it  is  earnestly  urged 
that  any  one  who  can  add  any  bit  of  in- 
formation to  the  above  will  do  so  at 
once.  Was  Dr.  George  Zimmerman  de- 
scendant of  the  George  Zimmerman  b. 
about  1690  in  the  Province  of  Schleis- 
wig-Hols'^ein  ? 

35.  Wilson.  Samuel  Engle  Oakford 
Wilson,  b.  early  in  the  i8oo's,  probabl> 
in  Baltimore;  removed  to  Cabell  Co., 
now  W.  Va.,  about  1830  to  1840.  One 
of  his  brothers  was  a  printer  in  Phila- 


THE    PENN    GERMANIA    GENEALOGICAL    CLUB 


781 


delphia,  and  he  may  have  Hved  in  that 
cky  for  a  time.    Wanted,  ancestry. 

36.  Lee.  Probably  Abel.  Lived  in 
Henry  Co.,  Va.,  about  1750,  had  four 
sons,  John,  William,  Abel  and  Thomas, 
and  five  daughters,  Mary,  Nancy,  Pen- 
inah  and  Damy.     His    wife    was  Mary 

— '■  of  French  descent.    John  and  the 

daughters  went  to  Cabell  Co.,  W.  Va. , 
this  family  were  Baptists,  and  John  Lee 
was  an  active  preacher  in  that  denomi- 
nation. Hannah  Lee  was  b.  Sept.  20, 
1778.  and  married  James  Beckette.  She 
died  Dec.  20,  1862.  John  lived  in  the 
Teay  valley,  W.  Va.,  and  later  in  Law- 
rence Co.,  O.  His  grandson  James  M. 
•Kelly  is  a  Baptist  minister. 

Peninah  Lee  married  James  Jordan ; 
Mary  Lee  married  Edward  Bramer ; 
Nancy   Lee   married    ist   Lewis   Collins, 

2d, Brawer ;  her  descendants  live 

near  the  Ohio  river,  in  Ohio  and  Ky. , 
in  and  near  Greenup  Co.,  Ky.  Damy 
Lee  married  Wm.  Fuston,  a  preacher  at 
Iron(?),  Ohio. 

Wanter  surname  of  wife  of  this  

Lee,  what  was  his  name  and  ancestry, 
when  and  where  were  they  married? 

37.  Jordan.     James  Jordan  of  Rock- 
bridge  Co.,   V^a.,  married   Peninah  Lee, 
was  a  native  of  Henry  Co.,  Va.     They 
had   two  children,  Thomas  and   Sarah 
The  town  of   Cerido,   Cabell   Co.,   Va. 
was  founded  on  land  owned  by  Thomas 
He  married  ist,  Malinda  Kilgore,  of  Ca 
bell  Co.,  their  children  were  Emma,  Rob 

ert   and  (  ?)      He  married  2nd 

Mary  Waring,  they  had  four  children 
their  names  and  locations  are  asked. 

Sarah  Jordan  married  Samuel  Engle 
Oakford  Wilson,  Oct.  18,  183 1,  in  Ca 
bell  Co.  They  removed  to  Hancock  Co., 
Indiana,  thence  to  Pottawatomie  Co., 
Kansas  Territory,  about  1859;  she  died 
at  St.  George,  Mar.  4,  1888.  Name  of 
wife  and  ancestry  of  James  Jordan 
wanted. 

38.  Meyers.  About  1822  Ephraim 
Spalding,  a  native  of  Connecticut,  and  a 
member  of  the  Spalding  family  whose 
ancestry  has  been  traced  from  1619-1620 
in  Virginia  and  Massachusetts,  married 


Sarah  Meyers,  possibly  in  Indiana,  pos- 
sibly in  Orange  Co.,  as  heir  first  child 
Elisha  Lathrop  (named  for  his  father's 
brother)  was  born  there  on  Nov.  11,. 
1824.  Sarah  Meyers  had  a  brother  Jo- 
seph. Her  family  were  Germans  from 
North  Carolina.  When  did  they  mi- 
grate to  Indiana,  from  whence  in  North 
Carolina,  and  when  and  where  from  in 
Germany  to  America?  Ephraim  and 
Sarah  (Meyers)  Spalding  had  six  chil- 
dren, two  daughters  both  died  young, 
four  sons,  two  now  living.  The  family 
moved  to  Knox  Co.,  111.,  there  Ephraim 
died  while  his  children  were  yet  small. 
The  widow  eventually  married  2nd  Wil- 
son Brown,  and  bore  him  children.  An- 
cestry of  Sarah  Meyers  wanted. 

35.  Ullrich.  Michael,  born  1713,. 
died  1759;  wife,  Anna  Elizabeth,  were 
among  the  first  communicants  of  Hebron 
Moravian  church,  founded  about  1742, 
in  South  Lebanon  Township,  Dauphin 
County,  Pa. 

Their  son  Michael,  born  Aug.  7,  1751, 
married  1772  Catharine  Borroway  or 
Burroway,  and  had  children.  She  died 
1794,  later  he  married  Susannah  C. 
Rouer,  no  children.  They  moved  to 
(now  LHrichsville),  Ohio  in  1803.  Have 
data  complete  since  then. 

Wanted:  (a)  Family  name  of  Anna 
Elizabeth  Ulrich.  (b)  Ancestry  and 
original  American  ancestors  of  Michael 
Ulrich,  1713-1759,  of  Anna  Elizabeth, 
his  wife,  and  of  Catherine  Borroway 
Ulrich.  N.  E.  P. 

36.  Poake  or  Pollock.  James  Poake 
alias  Pollock,  died  about  1799,  in  Read- 
ing Township,  Adams  County.  Pa.  An- 
cestry wanted.  I.  V.  P. 

37.  Willemin.  Can  any  of  the  read- 
ers of  Penn  Germania  help  me  trace 
the  ancestry  of  Thomas  Willemin?  He 
lived  about  the  time  of  the  Revolution. 
He  had  a  son,  Francis  Willemin,  and  a 
grandson,  Elias  Reninger  Willemin,  who 
was  born  in  Union  County,  Oct.  8,  1818. 
Francis  and  his  family  moved  to  Davies 
County,  Ind.  Thomas  must  have  emi- 
grated from  eastern  Pennsylvania. 

A.  E.  G. 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


Hessian  Item 

The  Historical  Society  of  Berks  Co.,  Pa. 
Reading,  Pa.,  Jul  lo,  1912. 

Very  interesting  to  us  is  the  copy  of 
the  Parole  of  the  German  Surgeons  wdio 
accompanied  the  Hessians  captured  with 
Burgoyne's  army,  and  who  spent  the 
last  years  of  their  captivity  at  Read- 
ing, Pa. 

Leaving  their  two  years'  camp  near 
Staunton,  Va.,  the  Hessians  arrived  at 
Reading.  June  16,  1781,  and  were  here 
until  the  close  of  the  war,  when  about 
one-third  of  their  number — say  about 
300 — were  returned  to  Germany,  the  rest 
remaining  in  this  country. 

An  account  of  the  Hessian  Camp  at 
Reading  was  printed  in  the  Pennsylva- 
nia German  Magazine  in  the  summer  of 
1910,  and  is  at  present — with  added  mat- 
ter— being  printed  with  the  proceedings 
of  our  Society.     Very  truly  yours, 

Andrew  Shaaber,  Librarian. 

Parole  of  German  Surgeons 

The^following  original  parole^of"the 
German  surgeons  who  were  surrendered 
with  General  Burgoyne's  Army  at  Sara- 
tog"a,  1777,  and  which  confined  thein  in 
a  circumference  of  ten  miles  around  tiie 
town  of  Reading,  Pa.,  was  given  to  IMr. 
IT.  M.  Calhoun.  Franklin,  W.  Va.,  by 
Judge  R.  W.  Dailey,  Romney,  W.  Va., 
a  great-grandson  of  a  brother  of  James 
Wood,  former  Governor  of  the  State  of 
Virginia,  through  whom  it  came  into  the 
hands  of  Judge  Dailey. 

Parole,  German  Surgeons. 

"We  Fred'k  Wm.  Lemmon,  ]\Iartin 
Enes.  William  Gutchart,  Surgeon  Mates, 
late  under  the  command  of  Lt.  Gen'l 
John  Burgoyne  and  under  the  Conven- 
tion of  Saratoga  do  promise  on  the  faith 
and  honor  of  gentlemen  not  to  say  nor 
do  anything  injurious  to  the  Untcd 
States  of  America  or  any  one  of  them 
directly  or  inrlirectly.  and  that  we  will 
conduct  ourselves  in  all  respects  as  gen- 
tlemen— that  we  will  not  exceed  or  de- 


part the  limits  of  ten  miles  in  circumfer- 
ence from  the  town  of  Reading. 

Given  from  under  our  hands  this  i7Lh 
day  of  July,  anno  Domni. 

(Signed)  F.  W.  Lehmann 
Martin  Jehns, 

W.  GotLschalck." 

Hessian  Ancestors 

Beginning  February  22,  1776,  nearly 
30,000  German  troops  were  sent  to  aid 
the  British  during  the  Revolutionary 
War ;  more  than  one-half  being  fur- 
nished by  the  Prince  of  Hesse-Cassel ; 
all  were  called  "Hessians"  by  the  Amer- 
icans, although  some  6,000  were  from 
Brunswick  and  7,000  from  other  smaller 
principalities.  Many  descendants  of 
those  who  remained  in  America  are 
among  the  leading  families  of  Pennsyl- 
vania and  Virginia ;  a  survey  of  their 
names  suggests  that  many  of  those  sent 
by  Brunswick  wfere  probably  of  Swiss 
ancestry,  and  may  throw  light  upon  that 
Duke's  cruel  decision  not  to  transport 
home  any  that  he  could  by  any  means 
avoid  paying  for. 

These  men  were  for  the  most  part 
serving  their  compulsory  military  terms 
in  the  German  armies  when  they  were 
sold  by  their  mercenary  rulers  and  sent 
to  fight  the  Americans. 

Many  were  of  superior  families,  and 
men  of  high  education  and  standing  at 
home;  some  were  mere  students.  Some 
married  in  Germany,  their  wives  and 
children  came  also,  some  married  while 
prisoners  in  Virginia  and  Pennsylvania, 
others  after  the  war. 

Two  thousand  four  hundred  and  thir- 
ty-one of  these  were  among  the  men  sur- 
rendered at  Saratoga  in  October,  1777, 
Gen.  Burgoyne  promptly  broke  the  terms 
of -the  "Convention"  he  himself  had  pre- 
pared. Canadians  paroled  and  sent  home 
were  compelled  to  enter  the  British  army 
again ;  Congress  realized  that  men  re- 
turned to  Europe  would  be  used  in  place 
of  soldiers  sent  to  America ;  attempts 
and  plans  for  the  release  of  the  prison- 
ers caused  these  men  to  be  sent  to  the 
interior   towns   and  kept   until   the    war 


THE    PENN    GERMANIA    GENEALOGICAL    CLUB 


783 


ended  unless   they     previously  took  the 
oath  and  entered  the  Patriot  army. 

November  9,  1778,  about  1200  of  them 
in  the  ragged  remains  of  the  clothing 
which  they  had  worn  for  upwards  of 
three  years  in  service,  started  on  the 
march  to  Virginia ;  later  some  went  to 
Staunton,  Winchester,  etc. 

In  June,  1781,  about  1000  reached 
Reading,  and  were  encamped  in  log 
huts  built  by  themselves  under  the  direc- 
tion of  the  best  instructors  available,  on 
10  or  12  acres  of  land  running  parallel 
with  the  Hill  Road,  around  the  famous 
Hessian  Spring ;  including  the  women 
and  children  about  1300  being  in  the 
camp.  Reading  at  this  time  had  only 
2194  inhabitants. 

TJrkunden  Quelle 

Der  Deutsche  Herold,  a  leading  news- 
paper of  Berlin,  Germany,  established  in 
191 1,  a  quarterly  "devoted  to  family 
and  church  news  (facts)  for  the  further- 
ance of  the  search  for  German  family 
trees,"  naming  it  "The  Source  of  Family 
Information"  (Urkunden  Quelle).  This 
is  sent  regularly  to  each  of  the  24,000 
German  clergymen,  Protestant  and  Cath- 
olic alike,  with  the  following: 

Greeting:  "Your  Reverences:  It  is  an 
undisputed  fact  that  investigations  of 
families  and  genealogical  trees  increase 
yearly. 

It  may  now  be  looked  upon  as  a  mere 
fad  or  hobby,  but  it  is  the  result  of  a 
more  and  more  triumphant  recognition 
of  the  very  hig-h  worth  of  genealogical 
kno\N-)ledge.     Where  a  family   record  is 
accustomed  to  be  kept,  there  the  union 
within  that  family  will     be     more  firm 
than   (in     a     family)   where  'a  common 
starting  point  is  entirely  unknown.     In 
addition  to  this  the   family  record  edu- 
cates the  individual  to  place  the  interests 
of  the  whole  family  above  his  own  per- 
sonal interests,  and  caring  by  this  means 
alone  for  the  moral  worth  of  the  large 
family,  to  be  extraordinarily  valuable  to 
the  State.     In  the  church  records  there 
are  inexhaustible  treasures  for  genealog- 
ical work,  the  most  of  which  unfortun- 


ately are  as  good  as  useless,  especially 
if  the  place  where  they  must  be  sought  is 
unknown.  The  individual  searchers  can- 
not write  to  the  offices  of  a  hundred 
clergymen.  To  all  of  these  shall  our 
paper.  The  Urkunden  Quelle,  reach  and 
shall  help  to  reveal  these  treasures.  On 
this  account  we  request  (all)  pastors 
and  other  keepers  of  church  records,  in 
the  interests  of  this  noble  national  affair, 
to  lend  their  aid  in  the  search  for  the 
wished  for  information,  for  which  they 
will  receive  the  thanks  of  all  genealogists 
and  especially  of  the  undersigned. 

W.  Brasch  &  Co." 
W^  9  Konigin  Augustastr.  13. 

With  the  further  statement :  The  noble 
clergymen  are  requested  to  give  their 
aid  in  this  search  for  the  news  (facts) 
to  the  business  office  of  W.  Brasch  & 
Co.,  which  gives  for  each  bit  of  general 
information  (reply  to  the  questions 
asked)  a  reward  of  Five  Marks." 

Among  its  queries  for  October,  191 1, 
was  one  for  data  as  to  Johanna  Sophia 
Biittner  (Bittner),  b.  about  171 5  to 
1735,  married  about  1748,  of  North  Ger- 
many ,and  another  relating  to  the  Zim- 
mermann  family,  of  the  Province  of 
Schlieswig-Holstein.  Marcus,  b.  about 
1655,  his  son  George  b.  about  1690,  who 
had  two  sons,  John  Casper,  b.  about 
1705,  and  Cornelius,  b.  about  1706.  This 
Marcus  Z.  was  Glasmeister ;  had  an  es- 
tate in  Holstein  and  one  in  Mecklenburg. 
In  1707  emigrated  with  his  family  to 
Neumark.  A  descendant  Marcus  Zim- 
merman was  b.  about  1785. 

Answers  to  ftueries 

33.  This  Jacob  Haws,  of  Coventry 
Township,  Chester  Co.,  Pa.,  executed  his 
will  Nov.  6.  18 16,  which  was  proved 
Nov.  9.  1816.  in  which  he  mentions  his 
wife  Elizabeth,  and  the  following  named 
sons,  John,  Samuel,  Henry,  Jacob  and 
David.  There  are  persons  living  -now 
in  that  locality  by  the  name  of  Haws 
who  are  no  doubt  descendants  of  Jacob, 
Geo.  F.  P.  W^agner, 

Pottstown,  Pa. 


IE  MUTTERSPROCH 

"  O,  Muttersproch,  du  bUt  uns  lieb.  " — A..  S. 


Brief  vum  Hussa  Sack. 

Some  of  our  readers  know  of  a  Hosen- 
sack  (Hussasack)  in  the  vicinity  where 
Lehigh,  Berks  and  Montgomery  Counties, 
Pa.,  touch.  A  noted  wit,  being  askea 
where  he  lived,  said  "Unnerm  Jackei; 
Sack,"  referring  to  said  Hosensack.  Our 
correspondent  "Hussa  Sack"  is  a  busy  man 
in  Minnesota.  We  make  this  remark  tc 
avoid  miscrediting  the  letter  and  to  show 
that  the  Penna.  "Dutchman"  is  ubiqui- 
tous.— Editor. 

Mister  Drucker: 

Ich  hob  schon  lang  dier  aw  en  brief 
schreiva  wella  ovver  ich  hob  gawiss  bong 
g'habt  du  kensht  es  net  lasa,  un  aw  well 
ich  ken  fedder  kot  hob  os  deitch  g'schriv- 
va  hot.  Ovver  do  der  onner  dag  hut  de 
Mam  g'sawd  ich  set  nunner  uf  de  avenue 
gea  in  der  Berta  ihrer  shtore  un  gucka  ep 
se  net  Deitcha  fettera  het.  Won  ich  dou 
denk  ich  kent  en  brief  schreiva  dos  eanich 
epper  leasa  kent.  Well  d'nu  hov  ich  my 
shoe  g'schmeared  un  my  hussa  traeger  uf 
g'shnalled,  un  de  Mam  hut  my  hals  un  ohra 
g'wesha  un  ich  hob  my  neia  hussa  un 
jacket  aw  un  en  banana  schnupduch  in 
my  Eock  gadue,  ovver  es  earscht  hob  ich 
de  tswea  cent  wu  de  Mam  mer  gevva  hut 
for  de  fetter  tsu  kaufa  mit,  ins  eck  fun 
dem  schnupduch  gebunna  so  dos  ich  se  net 
ferleer.  D'nu  bin  ich  runner  kumma  bis 
ons  eck  wu  ich  der  Joe  g'seana  hob,  un  ich 
hob  en  g'froaked  was  are  schoft.  "Ei,' 
sagt  are,  "Ich  bin  am  grumbeara  keffer 
fergifta.  Ich  hob  mohl  en  shtick  g'leasa 
in  der  P.  G.  wie  mer  de  kleana  rode  un 
geala  difel  ferdilga  kon,  un  ich  will's  bro- 
wera."  Dann  bin  ich  nunner  bis  on  der 
shtore  un  we  ich  nci  kumma  bin  is  de 
Sophie,  cans  fun  de  maed  wu  dort  schaft, 
kumma  un  hut  g'froaked  was  des  buvely 
gearn  het.  "Ei,"  hob  ich  g'sawd,  "Ich 
will  en  Deitcher  brief  shriva  ovver  mer 
hen  ken  Deitcha  fettera  un  de  Mam  hut 
mer  tswea  cent  gevva  un  hut  gsawt  ich 
set  do  runner  kumma  un  eahn  kaufa.' 
"Well  now,"  sagt  sie,  "du  musht  tsu  der 
Alice  gea,  sie  fershteat  mea  fun  deitcha 
fetera  ols  ich  du."  D'no  bin  ich  tsu  der 
Alice  gonga  un  hob  se  g'froked  ep  sie  mer 


en  Deitcha  fetter  ferkaufe  daet,  un  se  hut 
mich  uf  die  onner  side  fum  shtore 
g'shicked  wu  de  Tressie  war,  ovver  de 
Tressie  war  so  bissy  os  en  hexa  maeshter 
un  hut  mer  net  opworta  kenna.  Es  wara 
noch  onnera  im  shtore  ovver  sie  hen  net 
g'wist  was  en  Deitcha  fetter  is,  so  bin 
ich  tsum  loch  nous  un  bin  die  shtrose 
nunner  bis  ich  on  en  blatz  kumma  bin  wu 
so  en  Shtengel  war  mit  ma  balvier  messer 
in  der  hand  un  ich  hob  g'sawd,  "Andy, 
kansht  du  mer  sawga  wu  ich  en  Deitcha 
fetter  kaufa  kan?"  "Yaw,"  sagt  er,  "Du 
kansht  aeny  griega  druvva  uf  em  hivvel 
fum  Duckter  on  der  College."  Dort  hov 
ich  don  endlich  aeny  grickt  un  bin  widder 
haem  un  now  will  ich  schreiva.  Da 
frogsht  wie  mir  all  de  P.  G.  gleicha  mit 
iera  neia  glaeder  aw?  Die  alt  Pennsyl- 
vania Deitsch  (German)  tseiting  war  mir 
liever  os  de  nei  P.  G.  for  sie  hut  uns  mae 
shtickr  tsu  lasa  gevva  das  mier  ormy 
dumma  druppa  fershtea  hen  kenna,  un 
hut  uns  mae  Pennsylvcinia  Deitsch  gevva 
un  mae  neichkeita  un  history  tun  leit  in 
Pennsylvania.  Ovver  ich  gleich  de  P.  G. 
doch  arrick  feel.  Well,  de  Mam  hut 
g'rufa  un  ich  mus  gae  grumbera  ousmocha 
for's  mittag  essa.  Es  naeksht  mol  will  ich 
der  schreiva  fun  unserm  revver  und  dahl 
un  so  g'fraes  well  der  dockter  hat  mier 
g'saht  ich  kan  de  deitch  fetter  b'halta. 

HUSSA  SACK. 

Wos  Gebts  Mit  TJnsera  Boova. 

(Copyright  by  T.  H.  Harter,  Belief onte, 
Pa.) 

Hawsa  Barrick,  Pa. 

"Wos  gebts  mit  unsera  boova?"  hut 
mich  en  oldter  freind  g'frogt  der  onner 
dawg.  "Se  wara  oUa  yohr  shlechter,  un 
wons  nuch  a  wile  so  fardt  maucht  gait 
olles  tsu'm  divel."  "Now,  holdt  amohl," 
hov  ich  g'sawd.  "Denksht  du  de  weldt  is 
shlechter  wora  we  mere  yung  wora? 
Waisht  un  unser  boova  ma  u-bennich  dos 
se  du  net  we  es  wore  yohra  tsurick.  Won 
en  arn  ob  tsu  maucha  wore,  en  shire  off 
tsu  shtella,  odder  en  fendue  im  lond?  Doh 
is  es  net  druff  gagooked  warra  tsu'm 
mon  woo  de  besht  larnung  hut  g'hot,  od- 


784 


DIE  MUTTERSPROCH 


785 


der  de  shensht  bond  shriva  hut  kenna, 
awver  tsu'm  nion  woo  der  graisht  bully 
wore  un  hut  es  mensht  drom  drinka  ken- 
na. 011a  wile  won  en  karl  fecht  odder 
wardt  badrunka  don  doona  de  leit  sich 
shia  far  eme  un  de  maid  woo  gooter  fer- 
shtond  hen  gevva  eme  der  henshing. 
Meinsht  du  nuch  we  mere  em  Fridder 
Hoonswike  si  arn  ob  ga-maucht  hen  mit 
da  oldta  sichela  we  g'suffa  os  du  worsht? 
Of  course  du  waisht  nix  derwun.  Du 
worsht  tsu  g'suffa  far  ebbes  tsu  wissa, 
awver  we  mere  dich  hame  g'feared  hen 
husht  du  dinera  mommy  garoofa  far 
cooma  un  dich  ous  der  growd  soocha  so 
OS  de  onnera  hame  gae  kenta."  Es  hut  em 
oldta  kerl  en  farflompter  ribba  buffer 
gevva.  Luss  mich  ere  sawga,  des  ga- 
bloose  by  denna  oldta  chaps  we  goot  as  se 
wora  is  oil  wind.  Ich  denk  de  goota  boova 
sin  oil  g'shtarva  we  se  yung  wora.  Ich 
hob  anyhow  in  meim  laiva  ken  lavendich- 
er  g'sana,  awver  ich  lase  fiel  fun  ena  in  da 
Soondawg  Shool  bicher.  Ich  denk  se  sin 
oil  g'shtarva.  Es  hut  mich  shunt  uft  ga- 
woonered  dos  ich  so  oldt  bin  worra. 

De  grose  froge  is,  wos  wella  mere  unser 
boova  larna?  Mere  missa  se  arsht  far- 
shtay.  Won  aner  goot  is  om  gride  schueida 
don  set  are  es  ducter  hondwarick  larna, 
Vv^on  aner  sawga  con  eb  gile  feel  bovver 
grees'a  om  misht  don  set  are  en  veternary 
surgeon  gevva,  won  are  charga  con  we 
olle  sobberment  un  leega  we  der  dihenkei 
don  set  are  en  lawyer  gevva,  won  are 
laiva  con  we  en  engel  off  nix  don  set  are 
es  porra  hond-warick  larna,  un  won  are 
tsu  schwach  is  far  en  bower,  tsu  doom  far 
en  porra  un  tsu  arlich  far  en  lawyer,  derno 
set  are  es  drooka  larna. 

De  signs  doona  shier  ous  holda,  a  wake 
odder  der  onner.  Ich  hob  amohl  en  mon 
gakent  dos  si  boo  broveera  hut  wella  uff 
so  en  wake.  Are  hut  der  boo  in  en  shtoop 
g'shlussa  woo  nix  wore  os  en  Beevil,  en 
obble  un  en  dawler.  In  a  pawr  minutta  is 
are  in  de  shtoop  gonga.  Are  hut  si  mind 
uff  ga-macht  won  der  boo  der  obbel  est 
don  date  are  en  bower  gevva,  won  are  de 
Beevil  laist  don  date  are  en  porra  gevva, 
un  won  are  der  dawler  ga-numma  bet  don 
daid  are  en  banker  gevva.  We  der  fodder 
nei  cooma  is  hut  der  boo  uff  der  Beevil 
g'hucked,  der  obbel  gessa  un  der  dawler 
im  sock  g'hot.  Seller  boo  hut  en  first- 
class  politician  gevva.         01s  widder, 

GOTTLEIB  BOONASTIEL. 

The  Elser-Oberlin  Reunion. 

The  following  lines,  composed  by  L.  O. 
Hacker,  Lincoln,  Pa.,  illustrate  the  Pa. 
German  dialect  as  used  in  Lancastei 
County.  Following  our  custom  we  repro- 
duce the  lines  as  handed  to  us  and  as  read 


before  the  Elser-Oberlin  family  reunion  at 
hopeland,  Pa.,  Sept.  14,  1912. 

Es  is  you  now  shoon  zehe  yohr, 
Dale  sin  doe  as  nat  worra  dafore, 
Des  is  dar  dawg  unser  yarhlich  fesht, 
Es  earst  mol  wara  mir     in     Brickerville 
g'west. 

Der  Frank  hud  uns  all  shae  accommodate, 
Yung  un  alt  un  Boova  un  maid. 
Dale  mit  grayauga,  dale  mit  bunions. 
Sell  zeit  warra  gans  wennich  reunions. 

Es  war  de  Elser-Oberlin  Freundschaft, 
Fon  olle  directions  hen  sie  sich  by  g'schaft. 
Es  wora  drie  hunnerd  un  ebbes  may. 
Feel  worra  grose  un  feel  warra  gla. 

Dar  Cousin  Hen  wo  dard  hinna  g'seasht, 
Dar  war  der  schoenst  und  der  greast 
Heit  is  ar  nuch  a  bissel  schoenner 
Un  a  bissel  elder  avver  gar  net  glenner. 

Farleicht  deen  dale  gans  onnersht  mane, 
Ovver  gleicha  f.el  warra  sie  all  aug'sehne 
Im  a  shire  den  am  a  longa  dish 
Worra  mier  al  drum  rum  gasidst. 

Fiel  guty  socha  hen  mir  kat, 

Mir  hen  all  gessa  bis  mir  warra  sat, 

Un  exercises  hen  mir  kart, 

Sie  werra  warricklich  love's  wart. 

Ich  wase  gons  gut  wie  stultz  ich  war, 
Wile  my  nauma  uf  em  program  war. 
De  hinkle  sin  im  gringle  rum  spronga, 
De  wile  as  ich  hab  my  solo  schunga. 

De   haus  katz   is   au   die  same  zeit  aweck 

kuma, 
Un  es  haist  as  sie  hen  sie  heit  nuch   net 

g'funa. 
Mir  hen  al  unser  best  gabrovered, 
Und  alle  ains     hut     sich     immensely  ga- 

blessird. 

De  kinner     warra     mid     lodwarrick     fer- 

schmeerd 
Un  de  alta  leit  buds  ufgacheered, 
De  zeit  gaid  rum  mer  wase  net  wie 
Un  eb  mirs  gwist  hen  war  der  dawg  dahe. 

Mir  warra  aver  all  gleicha  g'sunna 

Fars  naecht  yohr  widder  an  Lititz  zomma 

kumma. 
Dale  hen  gsawd  mir  lusses  yusht  walda, 
Onnery  hen  gamaind  mer  seddes  uf  halda. 

No  hen  mir  fon  blatz  zu  blatz  rumschaft, 
Un  hen  der  dawg     avver     permanent  ga- 
macht. 
Un  zitter  hen  mir  ally  yohr  gameet. 
Dale  sin  kumma,  un  dale  warra  zu  meed. 

Des  war  blessier  unalloyed, 
Glae  un  grose  hens  all  enjoyed. 


786 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


Yetz  hen  mir  g'meed  fer  es  zehet  mole, 
Un  alles  seemed  harlich,  lustdich  un  wohl. 

Un  won  mir  denkt  ze  he  yohr  zurick, 
Dan  war  net  alles  prosperity  un  glick, 
Mer  maina  es  war  yo  gester  gwest 
Dale  sin  nimmy  do  as  selamoles  worra. 

De  Sunna  hut  net  immer  scheint, 
Net  alles  war  mit  silver  g'lined, 
Dreevy  wolka  sin  ivver  uns  gfawra, 
Dare  sin  nimmy  do  as  selamoles  worra. 

Gluick  und  freida  wor  unnich  uns  fardailt, 
Ovver  druvvel  un  ailend     hud  uns     au  net 

^  farfaild, 
Avver  ich  bin  nat  do  fer  eich  ledemeedich 

macha, 
Ich  will  leever  eich  sawya  fun  blesserliche 

sacha. 

Zehe  yohr  zurick  worra  fiel  fun  uns  glae, 
Ovver  heit  sin  mier  graeser  un  wochsa  als 

mae, 
Fiel  worra  shae  un  botsich  un  yung, 
Heit  sin  mer  weast  un  runslich  un  grum. 

Do  worra  mer  supple  un  spry  un  schmart, 
Heit  sin  mir  boberich  un  net  fiel  wart; 


Sella  mohl  worra  gans  fiel  nuch  leddich, 
Un  heit  sin  dale  funna  ols  noch  leddich. 

In  zehe  yohr  nuch  dem  glaubich  un  wed- 

dich, 
Do  sin  sie  zufridda  un  als  noch  leddich. 
Unless  der  Sam  wo  au  en  frau  kart 
Macht  sei  mind  uf  un  macht  der  start. 

Ovver  dale  fun  denna  worra  mae  gluch 
Se  sawga  kird  leava  is  na  gut  ganuch 
Des  war  shae  fer  der  nauma  polda 
Shust  kend  mer     yo     bald  ken     re-unions 
mae  halta. 

So  lust  uns  fralich     sie  un  gar     net  far- 

zaught, 
Uf  des  unser  zehed  anniversary  dawg. 
Lust  uns  de  alta  bakanta  sha  greeta, 
Un  de  wo  frem  sin  brovera  zu  meta. 

Don  kenna  mir  sawga,  O'  wie  fro, 
Dass  mir  fun  hame  sin  un  worra  do. 
Do  kenna  mir  net  bleiva  des  is  uns  bakont, 
Wer  nechst  yohr  do  is  des  waes  niemond, 
Luss  niemond     fun     uns     de     gelegenheil. 

nemma. 
Far  un  de  re-union  kumma     so     lang  as 

mer  kenna. 


®ur  Booh  XTable 

By  Prof.  E.  S.  Gerhard,  Trenton,  N.  J. 


MISS  BILLY'S  DECISION.     By  Eleanor  H. 
Porter,     author     of  "Miss     Billy,"  etc. 
Cloth,  12mo,  with  a  frontispiece  in  full 
color   from   a   painting      by      Henry   W. 
Moore.      364    pp.      Price    $1.25    net.      L. 
C.  Page  &  Company,  Boston,  1912. 
This   bok  is   the   direct   continuation   of 
"Miss  Billy,"  by     the     same     author.      It 
picks  up  the  story  where  the  other  left  off. 
Miss  Billy  Neilson  is  still  the  central  fig- 
ure of  the  story.     Many     of     the  former 
characters  are  introduced  again,  like  VT'il- 
liam   Henshaw,   Cyril  and    Bertram.      This 
book   also,    like   the   former   one,   contains 
an    embarrassing    situation      arising   from 
misjudging  the  bearer  of  the  name.  There 
are  also  several  new  complications  and  sit- 
uations notably  the  one  wherein  Bertram 
paints  the  portrait     of     a     beautiful  girl 
much  to  the  discomfiture  and  uneasiness  of 
Miss    Billy.      Whoever    has   read    the    first 
book   can  partly   guess  what   the  decision 
will  be. 

THE  PLEASURING  OF  SUSAN  SMITH. 
By  Helen  W.  Winslow,  author  of  "Peg- 
gy at  Spinster  Farm,"  etc.  Cloth  deco- 
rative, 203  pp.     Illustrated     by     Jessie 


Gillespie.  Price  $1.00  net.  L.  C.  Page 
&  Company,  Boston,  1912. 
Here  is  an  interesting  and  refreshing 
little  story  that  is  notable  for  its  origin- 
ality of  plot,  its  simplicity  and  brightness, 
and  its  wholesome  humor.  It  is  not  in  the 
least  burdened  with  any  so  called  "prob- 
lem" in  order  to  make  it  complicated. 

Susan  is  bright  and  original,  but  in  the 
little  village  in   Maine  where  she  has  al- 
ways  lived  she   has   never   had  an   oppor- 
tunity to  show  what  she  can  do.  Becoming 
an  heiress  she  goes  to  see  a  cousin  in  Bos- 
ton  and  another  one  in   New  York.      She 
thinks   the   latter   is  just   the  place.      The 
book   contains   many      amusing   situations 
and  ludicrous  episodes.        It     makes     one 
think  of  "Samantha  at  Saratoga."     There 
is  also  a  love  romance,  or  two. 
BLUE    BONNET'S    RANCH    PARTY.       By 
Caroline  Elliot  Jacobs  and  Edyth  Eller- 
beck  Read.      A  Sequel  to  A  Texas  Blue 
Bonnet  by  Caroline  Emelia  Jacobs.  Cloth, 
12  mo,  illustrated,  305  pp.     Price  $1.50 
net.     L.  C.   Page     &  Company,  Boston, 
1912. 
Here  is  another  one  of  the  many  popu- 


OUR   BOOK   TABLE 


787 


lar  books  for  girls,  that  this  firm  has  been 
publishing.  This  volume  belongs  to  what 
is  called  "The  Blue  Bonnet  Series.  There 
have  been  two  volumes  thus  far;  the  other 
volume  is  called  "The  Texas  Blue  Bon- 
net "  This  story  begins  where  the  first 
one  stops.  The  program  is  reversed;  the 
first  story  takes  the  Texas  girl  and  sets 
her  down  in  the  East;  and  this  takes  the 
Massachusetts  girl  to  the  immense  South- 
west, to  the  Lone  Star  State,  w^iere  Blue 
Bonnet  is  to  have  a  ranch  party. 

It  is  a  splendid  story  for  girls;  they 
cannot  help  but  love  the  heroine  of  the 
story  and  count  her  among  their  friends 
There  is  lots  of  humor  which  is  neither 
cheap  nor  trifling.  For  lively  and  unde- 
filed  girlishness  it  is  not  easily  surpassed. 

THE  D\Y   OF  THE    SAXON.      By   Homer 
Lea,   author  of  "The  Valor     of     Ignor- 
ance."    Cloth,  250  pp.     Price  $1.80  net. 
Harper  &  Brothers,  New  York,  1912. 
Here   is   a   somewhat   remarkable   book, 
remarkable  because  it     is     a  strange  but 
powerful  commentary  upon  the  subjects  ot 
Arbitration,   International  Peace,   and  the 
Disarmament     of     Nations,   advocated  for 
more  than     a     decade.     We  say  "a  silent 
commentary"    because    these    subjects    are 
barely    mentioned;    one   may    readily   pre- 
sume that  the  author's'  views  concerning 
them   are   not   optimistic  when     he     onlS^ 
makes  mention   of   the   "false   doctrine   ot 
Arbitration."  , 

It  was  the  counterpart  of  the  author  s 
other  stirring  book,  "The  Valor  of  Ignor- 
ance," which  was  written  for  the  purpose 
of  arousing  the  Americans  from  their 
fancied  security  of  invasion.  In  like  man- 
ner "The  Day  of  the  Saxon"  is  to  warn 
the  Britons  of  the  dangers  that  are  threat- 
ening more  and  more  the  "thin,  red  Sax- 
on line." 

The  book  might  virtually  be  called  a 
treatise  on  the  Inevitability  of  War  and 
its  Philosophy.  "War  is  a  part  of  life,  and 
its  place  in  national  existence  is  fixed  ana 
predetermined.  .  .  .  [It]  is  a  basic  prin- 
ciple in  national  progression.  ...  in 
future  wars  the  rages  of  kings  and  the 
schemes  of  their  ministers  will  play  no 
part,  their  origin  now  rests  in  the  con- 
tact of  nations  and  races  in  the  converg- 
ence of  their  expansion.  .  .  .  The  basic 
principle  of  war  has  been  the  same  for 
all  time  and  will  continue  so  until  the 
end  of  human  contention.  In  the  past  it 
was  the  individual  who  v/as  the  predom- 
inant factor;  today,  nations;  tomorrow, 
races."  It  is  race  preservation  and  race 
supremacy  that  is  to  bring  about  war  as 
sure  as  fate.  The  Saxon,  therefore,  faces 
the  greatest  danger  because  he  has  the 
whole  world  against  him  with  his  frontiers 
on  every  sea.     Alongside  of  the  Saxon,  put 


the  Teuton,  the  German,  with  his  im- 
measurable strength  that  will  and  must, 
if  the  race  is  to  endure,  some  day  break 
its  bounds,  and  you  will  little  wonder 
why  the  author  seems  to  see  here  the 
next  great  war.  In  fact,  while  we  are 
writing  there  is  rumor  of  an  Anglojler- 
man  war. 

It   is   a   masterful    book   written   by   one 
who    keenly   sees    the    nations    moving    on 
the    chess-board    of    the    world.      It    is    re- 
markable   for    its    condensation,    its    keen- 
ness, and  for  its  logical  reasoning.     Many 
of  its  statements  are  formulated  with  the 
precision   of    propositions    enunciating    the 
truths  of   an   exact  science.      To   quote   at 
random,    "Inferior    numbers   plus   military 
capacity   results  in   a  sum  of  actual   pow- 
er."     His    conclusions   are    the    results    of 
inevitable    logic,    and    they    close    up   with 
the  savage  clang  of  a  steel  trap;  and  they 
are  as  bitter  as  they  are  inevitable.      Oc- 
casionally there  is     a     ring  of  eloquence: 
"This   Saxon   line    has   crossed    every    sea; 
it   has  traversed      every      desert;      it     has 
sought     every     soliiude;      it     has     passed 
through    swamps    where    only    the    sacred 
ibis  fishes;    over  sands     that     have  never 
been    moistened;    over   snows      that      have 
never   melted.      There   has   been   no   storm 
it  has  not  encountered,  no  pain  it  has  not 
endured;    no  race   it   has   not  fought,   and 
no  disease  it  has  not  contended  with  .    .    . 
It  has  been  silent  in  its  dvity,  ignored  in 
its   achievements,    and  scorned   in   its   de- 
velopment;  yet  it  has  given  down  to  this 
now  neglectful  race  a  world  such  as  man- 
kind has  never  known   before;    an  empire 
over  which  the  sun     and     stars  shine  to- 
gether;  where  night  never  falls  nor  dawn 
begins." 

It  is  also  equally  epigrammatic  in  its 
style;  truths  are  uttered  with  aptness  ot 
epigrams,  any  number  of  which  could  be 
quoted.  "No  people  are  more  easily  de- 
ceived than  when  permitted  to  deceive 
themselves."  "There  is  little  in  life  that 
is  not  brutal  except  our  ideal."  "The 
common  man  loves  his  own  dunghill  bet- 
ter than  heaven."  "The  wisdom  of  the 
iiuman  race  only  finds  expression  in  tl*  > 
ignorance  of  the  individual."  "National 
greatness  is  based  upon  the  political  fu- 
ture; decadence  upon  the  present;  de- 
struction upon  the  past." 

It  is  a  masterful  book  that  is  well  worth 
reading,  and  one  that  demands  the  closest 
attention  while  one  reads  it.  It  affords 
something  to  think  about.  It  should 
arouse  every  patriotic  but  sluggish  Amer- 
ican as  well  who,  in  the  words  of  the  au- 
thor, lays  his  head  upon  the  pillow  of  his 
gods  and  arises  and  finds  himself  abon- 
doned  upon  a  savage  dawn,  stripped  and 
desolate. 


788 


THE    PENN   GERMANIA 


The  Flora  of  Northampton  County.  Pa. 

Mr.  Wilbur  L.  King,  who  contributed  to 
"The  Pennsylvania  German"  a  valuable 
list  of  Penna.  German  plant  names,  has 
favored  "The  Penn  Germania"  with  a  re- 
print of  a  series  of  papers  which  he  con- 
tributed May-September,  1912,  to  "Tar- 
reya,"  a  botanical  monthly  journal  under 
the  title  "The  Flora  of  Northampton  Coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania." 

The  pamphlet  covers  41  pages  and  shows 
that  the  flora  of  the  county  is  represent- 
ed by  128  families,  523  genera,  with  a 
total  of  1304  species.  Of  these  307  are 
introduced  species.  The  Graminae  and 
Compositae  are  the  largest  families  being 
represented  by  111  and  145  species  re- 
spectively. Mr.  King  is  a  public  benefac- 
tor and  deserves  public  honor  and  com- 
mendation for     his     services  which   must 


have  extended  over  several  years.  Why- 
should  not  a  botanist  like  Mr.  King  be  en- 
listed in  the  local  institute  work  of  the 
public  schools  of  Pennsylvania.  He  ought 
to  be  able  to  enthuse  students  in  the 
study  of  plant  life.  Mr.  King  can  be  ad- 
dressed at  443  Goepp  street,  Bethlehem, 
Pa. 

A  Veteran  Writer. 

Karl  Knortz,  Tarrytown,  N.  Y.,  issued 
in  July  of  this  year  a  list  of  his  writings, 
covering  in  time  two  score  years,  in  num- 
ber almost  one  hundred  (98)  and  in  sub- 
ject matter,  religion,  art,  literature,  folk- 
lore, education,  history,  insect  life,  Indian 
mythology,  tariff,  peace,  demonology,  or- 
nithology. His  is  a  versatile  pen.  He 
must  be  a  veritable  peripatetic  encyclo- 
paedia. 


Ibistorical  IRotes  anb  Bews 

Reports  of  Society  Meetings   are  Solicited 


Montgomery  County  Historical  Society. 

This  society  inserted  the  following  no- 
tice in  local  papers  at  the  opening  of  the 
present  school  year,  worth  imitating: 

At  the  beginning  of  the  school  year  a 
cordial  invitation  is  extended  to  Prof. 
Martin  and  to  the  teachers  of  our  county 
and  borough  schools  to  visit  the  Historical 
Society  rooms  on  the  Public  Square  at 
Penn  and  Swede  streets.  Open  every 
week  day  from  10-12  and  from  1-4.  Our 
library  and  museum  are  well  worth  a 
visit,  and  both  are  free  to  all  who  desire 
to  see  them.  We  would  be  glad  to  know 
if  our  library  could  be  made  available  for 
a  certain  class  of  school  work. 

Frances  M.  Fox,  Rec.  Sec'y. 

1 
Chester  County  Historical  Society. 

West  Chester,  Pa.,  Sept.,  10. — "Kornor 
Ketch,"  East  Brandywine  township,  the 
birthplace  and  home  of  the  poet,  painter, 
sculptor  and  patriot,  T.  Buchanan  Reid, 
was  today  the  center  of  interest  of  a  large 
committee  of  the  Chester  County  Histori- 
can  Society.  Their  mission  there  was  to 
erect  tablets  to  his  memory.  One  tablet 
was  placed  near  the  Brandywine  Baptist 
Church,  and  two  others  on  the  old  Reid 
home,  which  was  erected  in  17  85,  thirty- 
seven  years  before  Reid  was  born.  These 
tablets  tell  the     stories  of     the  home,  the 


birth  and  other  familiar   incidents  in  the 
life  of  the  poet. 

The  work  of  the  historical  society  will 
not  be  completed  until  suitable  tablets 
are  placed  to  the  memory  of  Bayard  Tay- 
lor in  Kennet  Square  and  points  nearby. 
The  committee  will  go  on  to  Paoli,  Chester 
Springs,  Valley  Forge,  Birmingham  and 
other  points,  interesting  because  of  their 
connection  with  Revolutionary  War  times. 

The  committee  in  charge  of  this  work 
is  composed  of  George  Winfield  Moore, 
county  superintendent  of  public  schools; 
Guyon  Miller,  president  of  the  Chester 
County  Automobile  Club;  Lewis  K.  Stubbs, 
treasurer  of  the  Chester  County  Historical 
Society;  George  F.  Townsend,  William  M. 
Potts,  Dr.  Edward  Kerr,  Jesse  E.  Phillips, 
Cedar  Croft,  chairman  of  the  historical 
society;  Charles  R.  Hoope,  Samuel  P. 
Becker  and  Franklin  Weaver. 

Barbara  Frietchie  Tribute  Is  Reiected  at 
Frederick. 

The  war  between  the  United  Daughters 
of  the  Confederacy  and  the  Barbara  Friet- 
chie Memorial  Association,  which  proposes 
to  erect  a  monument  over  the  grave  ot 
Barbara  Frietchie,  has  been  so  fiercely 
waged  that  the  board  of  county  school 
commissioners,  in  formal  session,  today  de- 
clined to  set  aside  a   date  to  be  observed 


HISTORICAL    NOTES    AND    NEWS 


789 


as  "Barbara  Frietchie  Day,"  in  the  schools 
of  the  county. 

The  memorial  association  has  sent  let- 
ters to  the  superintendents  of  schools  in 
each  state  in  the  Union  requesting  them 
to  set  aside  a  day  in  honor  of  the  heroine 
of  Whittier's  famous  poem.  They  sug- 
gested that  either  September  10,  the  fif- 
tieth anniversary  of  the  alleged  flag-wav- 
ing episode,  or  December  18,  the  fiftieth 
anniversary  of  the  death  of  Barbara 
Frietchie,  be  observed  generally  by  the 
schools  of  the  United  States  by  special 
exercises.  The  teachers  are  asked  to 
take  a  voluntary  contribution  from  the 
children  to  assist  toward  the  erection  of 
the  monument  in  Frederick. 

The  matter  was  presented  to  the  School 
commissioners  here  today.  The  sessions 
of  the  board  are  held  behind  closed  doors. 
It  is  known  that  quite  a  heated  argument 
took  place.  Two  members  of  the  board 
of  five  supported  the  proposition,  but  were 
opposed  by  the  remaining  members.  To 
quiet  the  body  and  gracefully  refrain  from 
taking  part  in  the  controversy,  it  was  de- 
cided that  no  action  be  taken. 

The  defeated  commissioners  say  they 
are  still  in  favor  of  an  observance  of  the 
old  woman's  heroism  in  the  schools  and 
are  certain  that  some  teachers  in  the  coun- 
ty will  act  upon  the  suggestion  of  the 
memorial  association,  and  hold  a  Frietchie 
celebration  upon  their  own  initiative. 

FACTIONS    ARE    AT   WAR. 

The  controversy  between  the  two  fac- 
tions in  Frederick  suggests  a  mild  imita- 
tion of  the  Civil  War.  The  episodes  rela- 
tive to  Barbara  Frietchie  and  Frederick 
are  literally  being  fought  over  and  much 
feeling  has  been  aroused  between  members 
and  officers  of  the  two  organizations. 

Soon  after  the  formation  of  the  Memo- 
rial Association  a  special  meeting  of  the 
state  body  of  the  Daughters  of  the  Con- 
federacy was  called  and  resolutions  were 
adopted  branding  the  oft-told  deed  of  Mrs. 
Frietchie  as  a  myth.  The  exact  words  of 
the  resolution  were: 

"It  is  an  untruth  and  impugns  the 
character  of  one  of  the  truest  Christian 
gentlemen  that  ever  lived;  and  we,  the 
Daughters  of  that  Confederacy  for  which 
he  willingly  gave  his  life,  will,  at  least, 
defend  his  memory." 

The  resolutions  quote  the  noted  Mary- 
land historian,  J.  Thomas  Scharf,  who, 
upon  the  authority  of  Dr.  Thomas  Tyler, 
the  biographer  of  Chief  Justice  Taney, 
says:  "  'Stonewall  Jackson  never  passed 
Barbara  Frietchie's  house,  but  passed 
down  Mill  alley  and  entered  Patrick 
street  west  of  Carroll  creek,  while  the 
Frietchie  house  is  on  the  east  side  of  the 


creek  and  about  a  square  from  the  en- 
trance of  the  alley  into  Patrick  street.  All 
that  relates  to  the  confederate  general  and 
his  troops  is  pure  fiction." 

NEVER    SAW    BARBARA. 

Major  General  Hy  Kyd  Douglas,  late  of 
Hagerstown,  was  riding  by  General  Jack- 
son's side  and  testifies  in  Scharf's  history 
to  the  fact  that  they  never  saw  Barbara 
Frietchie  nor  her  home,  as  does  Colonel  J. 
S.  Mosby  in  the  recent  number  of  a  current 
magazine. 

The  resolutions  contain  a  note,  still  in 
existence,  which  Jackson  himself  left  at 
the  Presbyterian  manse  for  Mrs.  Ross,  the 
wife  of  the  clergyman.  The  note  is  as 
follows: 

"Regret  not  being  permitted  to  see  Dr. 
and  Mrs.  Ross,  but  could  not  expect  to 
have  that  pleasure  at  so  unreasonable  au 
hour.  T.  J.  JACKSON. 

Sept.  10,  '62,  5.15  a.  m. 

The  resolution  continues: 

"There  is  nothing  more  needed  to  dis- 
prove the  general  theory,  it  seems,  except 
to  quote  Mr.  Whittier  himself.  I  deplore 
the  fact  that  through  erroneous  informa- 
tion given  me  by  Mrs.  Southworth,  I  gave 
to  the  reading  world  the  poem  of  'Bar- 
bara Frietchie.' 

"And  so  we  know,  beyond  a  shadow  of 
a  doubt,  that  the  order  to  'fire'  was  never 
given  for  two  obvious  reasons.  Barbara 
Frietchie  was  not  at  the  window  and  Gen- 
eral Jackson  passed  many  yards  to  the 
west." 

In  the  final  paragraph  of  the  resolution 
the  Daughters  take  a  thrust  at  Mrs.  Clara 
V.  Mott,  recording  secretary  of  the  memo- 
rial association,  who  wrote  a  version  of 
the  episode  adopted  by  her  organization  as 
the  true  one. 

"It  is  a  beautiful  description  of  Freder- 
ick and  the  surrounding  country,  but  an 
unjust  story  from  beginning  to  end.  His- 
tory is  a  narration  of  facts  and  it  savors 
of  the  ridiculous  that  an  alien  to  Freder- 
ick, with  strong  northern  sentiments, 
should  prepare  a  version  compiled  from  in- 
terviews with  those  who  seem  unable  to 
prove  their  evidence,  and  that  the  Barbara 
Frietchie  Memorial  Association  shall  scat- 
ter it  abroad  to  establish  pure  fiction  as 
real  history." — The  North  American. 

Lancaster  Countv  Historical  Society. 

The  spirit  of  historic  celebration  which 
slumbered  in  Lancaster  county  for  many 
years,  is  finding  full  expression  these  lat- 
ter days.  For  many  years  the  Historical 
Society  vainly  tried  to  arouse  general  pop- 
ular interest  in  its  useful  work;  and  the 
few  moving  spirits  in  it  found  little  ap- 
preciation   of    their    unselfish    efforts.      Of 


79° 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


late,  however,  it  has  been  coming  to  its 
own.  Its  monthly  proceedings  are  not 
only  well  attended  by  prominent  citizens, 
but  they  are  awaited  and  read  by  a  wid- 
ening circle  of  students  and  persons  who 
realize  the  economic  value  or  this  sort  oi 
culture.  The  annual  volumes  of  transac- 
tions regularly  published  have  come  to  be 
rare  and  valuable  books  and  contain  many 
articles  and  much  material  of  great  per- 
manent use  to  the  historian.  Especially 
do  the  broadly  scattered  citizens  of  Lan- 
caster county  and  descendants  from  its  old 
families,  resident  everywhere,  follow  this 
work  with  increasing  interest;  there  is 
constant  demand  for  exploration  in  new 
fields  of  research. 

The  annual  outdoor  and  public  celebra- 
tion of  some  event  or  notable  personage 
in  the  county's  history  has  come  to  be 
looked  for  by  the  community  as  an  edu- 
cational feature  of  common  concern.  In 
this  way  some  years  ago  a  memorial  pil- 
lar was  erected  in  "Rossmere,"  a  north- 
eastern section  of  the  city,  on  the  site  ot 
the  country  home  of  George  Ross,  signer 
of  the  Declaration,  and  Lancaster's  fore- 
most civilian  in  Revolutionary  days.  Rob- 
ert Fulton's  birthplace  was  tableted  in. 
1909,  with  a  great  popular  demonstration. 
A  year  later  the  two  hundredth  anniver- 
sary of  the  Pennsylvania  German  Men- 
nonite  settlement  was  celebrated,  and  a 
massive  boulder  was  set  up  on  the  lana 
where  they  first  dwelt  and  worshiped. 
Last  year  the  Christiana  riot  and  treason 
trials  of  1851  were  thus  signalized,  and  a 
fine  granite  shaft  records  the  events. 

The  celebration  of  Marietta  borough,  of 
the  centennial  of  the  town's  incorporation, 
was  attended  for  four  days  with  such  con- 
tinued enthusiasm  and  increasing  interest 
and  with  a  popular  attendance  and  pro- 
fusion of  decoration  as  have  never  at- 
tached to  anv  event  of  its  kind  in  this 
county.  "Old  Home"  week  in  Manheim 
during  this  summer  was  also  a  feature  of 
much  importance  and  historical  signifi- 
cance. Last  Sunday  Bellevue  Church,  at 
Gap,  dedicated  five  memorial  windows  to 
its  founders,  and  the  exercises  commanded 
marked  attention. 

Tbis  year  the  subject  of  "Lancaster  in 
the  Revolution"  forms  the  theme  of  the 
county  society's  work,  and  an  elaborate 
program  will  be  carried  out  at  William- 
son Park,  on  Friday  afternoon,  September 
20.  That  pleasure  ground,  the  generous 
gift  to  Lancaster  of  H.  S.  Williamson,  is 
a  rolling  tract  of  nearly  seventy  acres, 
with  beautiful  trees  and  rock  scenery,  on 
the  Conestoga.  It  is  attracting  much  at- 
tention of  late  by  its  nicturesqne  setting 
and  surrounding  the  thousands  who  have 
never  seen  it  will  be  attracted  bv  this 
celebration.  It  adjoins  Rockford,  the  for- 
mer home  of  General  Edward  Hand,  M.I)., 


the  adjutant  of  General  Washington  and 
his  close  personal  and  military  friend.  His 
achievements  and  the  story  of  his  life  will 
be  the  central  theme  of  the  occasion,  but 
it  will  include  the  commemoration  of  all 
Lancaster  county's  contribution  to  the 
war  of  1776, 

A  massive  granite  tablet,  fitly  inscribed, 
will  be  fastened  into  and  framed  by  the 
great  Indian  Rock,  along  the  highway 
bordering  and  overlooking  the  Conestoga, 
and  easily  read  by  the  passerby.  Oratory, 
music  and  history  will  be  united  in  praise 
of  the  Continental  heroes,  a  chorus  of  200 
school  children  contributing  their  share  of 
patriotic  songs.  The  usual  souvenir  pro- 
gram will  contain  a  genealogy  of  the 
Hand  family  and  a  very  complete  Chron- 
ology of  the  County's  Contribution  to  the 
Revolutionary  Cause.  These  historical 
monographs,  illustrated  and  tastefully 
published,  constitute  a  literary  series  of 
permanent  value  and  at  the  close  of  this 
year's  celebration  there  will  be  five  to  the 
society's  credit. 

A  more  elaborate  and  far-reaching  work 
is  planned  by  the  Historical  Society  and 
the  Women's  Iris  Club,  of  Lancaster,  for 
next  November,  when  they  will  unite  in 
an  exhibition  and  historical  review  of  the 
evolution  of  portraiture  in  Lancaster 
county,  where  eminent  artists  have  lived 
and  worked  for  more  than  a  century  in 
this  branch  of  artistic  activity.  The  date 
has  been  fixed  for  November  10  to  25,  and 
within  that  period  the  exhibition  will  be 
displayed  in  the  Iris  club  house.  The  His- 
torical Society  will  undertake  to  exploit 
the  work  of  Lancaster  portrait  painters 
and  of  Lancastrians  in  portraiture,  and  to 
procvire  and  publish  a  series  of  historical 
papers  relating  to  the  same.  The  joint 
committee  of  the  clubs  has  secured  the 
assistance  of  all  local  artists  and  other 
persons  interested  in  art  to  promote  the 
exhibition  contemplated  and  to  furnish 
contributions  to  the  same.  Public-spirit- 
ed citizens  will  raise  a  fund  to  provide  for 
the  necessary  police  protection  and  fire  in- 
surance of  art  work  loaned.  Owing  to 
limitations  on  the  hanging  space  the  dis^ 
play  will  be  rstricted  to  oil  and  water-col- 
or portraits,  metallic  and  plastic  figures, 
busts  and  medals,  miniatures  and  sil- 
hoiiettes;  and  its  purpose  shall  be  to  select 
the  best  specimen  of  each  artist's  work 
and  subjects  representative  of  Lancaster 
county  citizenship. 

Eichholtz,  who  was  native  of  and  lived 
in  Lancaster,  but  who  also  wrought  in 
Boston  and  Philadelphia,  will,  of  course, 
be  the  most  notable  svibject  for  treatment; 
but  many  other  local  celebrities,  scarcely 
less  known,  will  be  exploited.  Already 
the  wonder  grows  that  the  city  and  coun- 
ty are  so  rich  in  resources  available  for 
this  exposition. — The  North  American. 


TLhc  jforum 

The  Penn  Germania  Open  Parliament,   Question-Box  and 
Clipping  Bureau — Communications  Invited 


This  is  a  subscribers'  exchange  for  comparing  views,  a  what- 
not for  preserving  bits  of  historic  information,  an  after  dinner  loung- 
ing place  for  swapping  jokes,  a  general  question  box— free  and  open 
to  every  subscriber. 


Meaning:  of  Names. 

By  Leonhard  Felix  Fuld,  LL.M.,  Ph.D. 

(Editorial  Note. — Dr.  Fuld  has  kindly 
consented  to  give  a  brief  account  of  the 
derivation  and  meaning  of  the  surname  of 
any  reader  who  sends  twenty-five  cents  to 
the  Editor  for  that  purpose.) 

HERSHEY. 

Two  derivations  have  been  suggested 
for  this  surname.  In  most  cases  Hershev 
is  a  corruption  of  a  genitive  patronymic 
form  of  Herr,  and  means  the  son  of  the 
lord  of  the  manor.  It  is  however  certain 
that  in  at  least  some  cases  the  surname  is 
derived  from  Hirsch,  a  deer,  and  means 
the  son  of  Hirsch.  The  name  Hirsch  is  a 
complimentary  surname  given  to  a  digni- 
fied man  or  a  fleet-footed  man.  The  siii  • 
name  Hirsch  was  also  frequently  a  sur- 
name of  location  or  occupation,  meaning 
the  proprietor  of  the  shop  bearing  the 
"Sign  of  the  Deer,"  or  living  near  such 
a  shop. 

HUNSICKER. 

The  surname  Hunsicker  is  undoubtedly 
a  corruption  of  Hunziger,  which  is  a  nick- 
name derived  from  Hunzen.  It  was  given 
to  a  man  who  is  of  a  scolding  disposition 
— one  who  is  continually  repremanding 
and  abusing  others. 

A  Word  About  Comnanv  I. 

Bethlehem,   Pa.,  Aug.   10,   1912. 
The  Forum. 

Mr.  James  L.  Schaadt,  of  Allentown,  in 
"The  Penn  Germania"  for  July  gives  a 
memoir  of  Co.  I,  First  Penna.  Regiment  of 
its  service  for  the  Union  in  1861. 

In  this  article  he  states  that  Co.  I, 
minus  6,  was  the  only  company  that  was 
willing  to  remain  beyond  the  time  of  their 
enlistment  in  answer  to  Gen'l  Patterson's 
appeal  at  Charleston,  Va.,  on  the  19th  of 
April,  to  remain  just  one  week  longer,  and 


until  other  troops  which  were  on  the  way 
should  arrive  to  take  our  places.  Com- 
pany I,  however,  was  not  the  only  com- 
pany willing  to  remain.  Out  of  Co.  A, 
Capt.  Jas.  L.  Selfridge's,  12  refused  to  re- 
main beyond  the  time  of  their  enlistment. 
The  men  in  the  regiment  who  refused  to 
remain  numbered  237.  They  were  at  5.30 
a.  m.,  escorted,  July  21st,  to  the  outskirts 
of  the  town  by  the  band.  Major  Lynn  in 
command,  to  Harper's  Ferry  and  Lt.  Fre- 
nauff  to  Harrisburg.  Later  in  the  day  the 
whole  command  moved  to  Harper's  Ferry. 
I  was  a  member  of  Co.  A,  and  kept  a  mod- 
est diary  of  our  threemonths'  service.  I 
say  modest,  for  I  did  not  keep  the  record 
as  full  as  I  might  have  done.  I  of  course 
had  my  own  opinion  of  men  and  the  con- 
duct of  affairs  but  did  not  deem  it  pru- 
dent to  record  my  impressions  in  detail 
for  fear  the  record  might  fall  into  strange 
hands.  One  of  the  companies  of  our  regi- 
ment refused  to  a  man  to  remain  with 
their  captain  in  command,  but  signified 
their  willingness  to  remain  provided  they 
could  join  Co.  A.  Yours, 

Abraham  S.  Schropp, 
Co.  A,  First  Pa.  Regiment. 

Barbara  Hartman  Story. 

The  following  has  been  submitted  for 
publication.  Dr.  H.  is  Secretary  both  of 
the  Lebanon  County  Historical  Society  and 
the  Pennsylvania  Federation  of  Historical 
Societies. 

Prof.   Oscar  Kuhns, 

Wesleyan   University, 
Middletown,  Conn. 

My  Dear  Sir: — I  notice  in  the  May  in- 
stallment— Penn  Germania — of  your,  "The 
German  and  Swiss  Settlements,"  etc.,  p. 
416,  you  still  hold  to  the  Barbara  Hart- 
man  story.  In  a  paper  I  read  before  the 
Lebanon  County  Historical  Society  Aug. 
18,  1905,  entitled:  "A  Final  word  as  to 
Regina  The  German  Captive,"  it  was  in- 
controvertibly  shown  that  her  name  was 
not  Hartman  but  that  it  was  Leininger, 
that  is  Barbara  Leininger,  and  that  when 

91 


792 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


she  was  carried  into  captivity  she  resided 
with  her  parents  near  Penu  s  Creek  in 
Union  County,  and  neither  in  Lebanon  nor 
Schuylkill  County,  as  had  formerly  been 
claimed.  Furthermore,  it  was  not  Barbara 
Leininger  who  was  in  captivity  "many 
years,"  but  her  sister  Regina  who  was  so 
held  for  nine  years.  Nor  is  it  true,  as  now 
establislied,  that  Barbara  Leininger  and 
her  companion  friend,  Maria  Le  Roy,  were 
massacred  after  their  having  been  made 
captives.  The  latter  two  were  restored 
after  a  captivity  of  about  2i/^  years,  where- 
as that  of  Regina,  that  is,  her  restoration, 
was  effected  only  after  nine  years,  as  just 
said.  In  all  other  respects  their  story,  as 
usually  given,  is  correct. 

S.  P.  HEILMAN. 

Death  of  Samuel  Nordheimer. 

Mr.  Nordheimer  was  born  in  Memsdorf, 
Bavaria,  in  1824,  and  when  but  a  boy  he 
went  to  New  York,  where  he  completed  his 
education  at  the  New  York  University. 
For  a  time  he  was  apprenticed  in  law. 
Finding  office  work  not  congenial,  he  came 
to  Canada  in  1840,  and  with  his  brother 
established  the  firm  of  A.  and  S.  Nord- 
heimer in  Kingston.  Later  a  branch  was 
opened  in  Toronto,  which  afterwards  be- 
came the  headquarters  when  the  firm  was 
incorporated  as  the  Nordheimer  Piano  and 
Music  Company,  Limited. 

Not  only  was  Mr.  Nordheimer  the  pio- 
neer in  piano  manufacturing  in  Canada, 
but  he  was  connected  with  and  gave  valu- 
able assistance  to  the  Steinway  and  Sons 
Company,  of  New  York.  He  was  the  first 
to  introduce  the  upright  pianos  at  the  time 
when  all  the  pianos  used  were  square.  His 
brother,  Albert  Nordheimer,  died  in  1860, 
and  Mr.  Samuel  Nordheimer  became  the 
head  of  the  firm.  Under  his  direction  the 
business  of  the  company  steadily  grew,  and 
branches  were  established  in  various  cities 
throughout  Canada. 

Outside  of  his  own  business  many  insti- 
tutions owe  much  to  his  enterprise  and 
influence.  For  many  years  he  was  presi- 
dent of  the  late  Federal  Bank.  At  the 
time  of  his  death  he  was  vice-president 
and  the  sole  surviving  member  of  the 
original  board  of  directors  of  the  Canada 
Permanent  Loan  and  Savin^rs  Company 
He  was  also  director  of  the  Conferedation 
Life  Association  and  the  Toronto  General 
Trusts  Corporation  from  the  beginning  ol 
these  companies. 

"A  good  German  and  a  loyal  subject  of 
his  British  King."  was  the  final  charac- 
terization of  Mr.  Nordheimer  by  Rev.  Dr. 
Redderoth,  pastor  of  the  German  Luther- 
an Church,  who  preached  the  sermon,  in 
which   he  paid     high     tribute   to  the   de- 


ceased. Dr.  Redderoth  spoke  particularly 
of  the  restless  energy  and  activity  which 
v/ere  the  outstanding  characteristics  of 
Mr.  Nordheimer,  to  which  principally  he 
owed  his  great  success  in  life.  "His  re- 
creation was  hard  work,"  said  Dr.  Redder- 
oth. Dr.  Redderoth  spoke  of  having  vis- 
ited him  a  week  before  his  death,  and  he 
was  reading.  After  his  accident  some 
months  ago  the  doctors  prescribed  abso- 
lute rest  for  him,  but  he  could  not  remain 
in  the  house,  and  he  drove  downtown  to 
look  after  the  business.  In  this  respect,  the 
speaker  said,  Mr.  Nordheimer  resembled 
his  master,  the  Emperor  William  L,  who 
appointed  him  Consul. 

"Especially  we  Germans  are  proud  of 
him,  because  he  had  all  the  qualities 
which  make  the  Germans  good  citizens." 
In  recognition  of  his  services  he  had  been 
granted  by  the  German  Emperor  the  Cross 
of  the  Order  of  the  Red  Eagle. 

The  fact  that  Toronto  was  today  the 
musical  center  of  Canada,  that  over  1000 
students  of  music  were  gathered  here,  and 
the  great  success  of  Toronto's  great  choirs, 
Dr.  Redderoth  said,  could  all  be  traced 
back  to  the  pioneer  work  of  Samuel  Nord- 
heimer, the  "father  of  music  in  Canada." 

Mr.  Nordheimer  was  much  loved  and  re- 
spected by  the  Germans  of  the  Province. 
He  was  an  active  member  of  several  Ger- 
man societies,  including  the  Deutscher 
Verein,  the  Deutsche  Gesellschaft,  and 
the  German  Benevolent  Society.  He  was 
also  active  in  musical  circles  outside  the 
piano  business,  and  was  for  some  years 
President  of  the  Philharmonic  Society. 

By  this  shrewdness  and  great  energy 
and  activity  he  acquired  considerable 
wealth,  and  could  be  counted  among  the 
millionaires  of  Toronto. 

Mr.  Nordheimer  was  buried  July  2,  To- 
ronto, Canada." — ^Toronto  Globe. 

■I 
Local  History. 

Norristown,  Doylestown,  Germantown, 
Manheim,  Pa.,  are  but  a  few  of  the  his- 
toric places  that  have  been  holding  gath- 
erings of  their  citizens,  their  sons  and 
daughters.  These  with  the  scores  of  fam- 
ily reunions,  either  held  or  to  be  held,  can 
become  a  mighty  incentive  and  inspiration 
for  the  study  of  local  history.  A  good 
start  is  being  made  but  a  great  field  is 
open  and  being  opened  that  should  be  as- 
siduously cultivated.  Historians  should 
not  be  compelled  or  allowed  to  rely  on 
imagination  for  their  facts.  Let  us  collect 
and  make  available  all  the  historic  facts 
we  can  lay  hands  on  and  thus  help  the 
coming  historian  write  a  correct  history. 


^be  pcnn  (5ermania 

Vol  I  NOV.-DEC,  1912         No.  11-12 

OLD  SERIES  Continuing  THE  PENNSYLVANIA-GERMAN        .    VOL.  XIII,  No.  11-12 

^able  of  Contents 

PERSONAL  STATEMENT  BY  THE  MANAGING  EDITOR  _.  794 

CURRENT  LIFE  AND  THOUGHT . 795 

OUR  HISTORIC  HERITAGE 

Forest  Preacher  on  the  Schoharie  (continued) 804 

Newspaper    Gleanings    815 

The  Red  Rose  Rental  Custom 819 

Daniel  Kiefer    824 

The  Evangelical  Lutheran  Synod  of   Ohio 826 

The    Funkites    829 

The  Leinbach  Family 831 

Washington's  Christmas  at   Valley  Forge 839 

The  Santa  Claus  Myth   846 

Lititz,    Pa.,    During  Revolutionary  War     849 

The  Charter  Anniversary  of  F.  &  M.  College 863 

The  Prohibition  Question    871 

Family    Reunions      875 

The  First   American   Missionaries 884 

Marking  the  Braddock   Trail    887 

St.  Jacob's  (or  Reed's)  Church 889 

THE  PENN  GERMANIA  GENEALOGICAL  CLUB       895 

MUTtERSPROCH     902 

OURBOOKTABLE 906 

HISTORICAL  NOTES  AND  NEWS    909 

FORUM      911 


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A  PERSONAL  STATEMENT 

Another  year  in  the  history  of  this 
periodical  is  hereby  brought  to  a  close — 
a  year  that  has  been  to  me  personally 
a  noteworthy  and  eventful  one.  The 
widening  of  the  borders  of  the  magazine 
and  incorporation  of  THE  PENN  GER- 
MANIA  PUBLISHING  COMPANY  are 
the  consummation  of  a  purpose  formed 
several  years  ago  and  prepare  the  way 
for  the  accomplishment  of  greater  things 
in  years  to   come. 

I  desire  to  record  herewith  my  grate- 
ful appreciation  and  recognition  of  the 
services  of  all  who  have  in  the  past  in 
any  way  directly  or  indirectly  helped 
to  make  the  publication  of  THE  PENN- 
SYLVANIA GERMAN  or  THE  PENN 
GERMANIA  possible.  Without  their 
cooperation  the  journal  could  not  have 
maintained  its  existence. 

It  is  self-evident  that  the  mere  in- 
corporation of  THE  PENN  GER- 
MANIA PUBLISHING  COMPANY  will 
not  per  se  solve  publication  problems. 
A  field  and  machinery  have  been  provided 
— all  kinds  of  activity  are  essential  to  a 
realization  of  the  possibilities  of  the  field. 
I  urgently  request  all  readers  of  the  mag- 
azine to  give  it  their  cordial  support  the 
coming  year.  As  Managing  Editor  it 
will  be  my  pleasure  to  do  all  in  my  power 
to  promote  the  best  interests  in  THE 
PENN  GERMANIA  PUBLISHING 
COMPANY. 

H.  W.  Kriebel. 


URRENT  LIFE  AND  THOUGHT 

Illustrative  of  German- American  Activities 
J         Contributions  by  Readers  Cordially  Invited 


These  notes,  as  indicated  by  the  name,  reflect  what  the  Na- 
tion's citizens  of  German  ancestry  are  thinking  and  doing.  The 
items  must  of  necessity  be  brief,  representative  and  selective.  Sub- 
scribers who  can  serve  as  regular  or  occasional  contributors  to  the 
department  are  invited  to  write  us,  stating  what  special  field  they 
are  willing  to  cover.  Different  sections  of  our  country,  different 
aspects  of  human  endeavor,  must  be  represented  and  narrow,  sec- 
tional, clannish  viewpoints  avoided. 


Germany  The  October  issue  of 

and  Mittcilungen,  the  Bui- 

Religious  Faith  letin  of  the  National 
German-American  Alliance,  contains  ex- 
tracts from  an  address  delivered  by  Rev. 
Dr.  Julius  Hofman  of  Baltimore  at  a 
German  Day  celebration  held  under  the 
auspices  of  the  "Maryland  Unabhang- 
iger  Burgerverein."  A  free  translation 
follows : 

"The  (juestion  has  been  asked,  why  do 
we,  why  do  you  celebrate  Cierman  Day 
with  religious  services?  The  question 
was  asked  in  the  spirit  of  union.  Ger- 
man Day  should  not  be  opened  with  re- 
ligious services.  The  question  was  asked 
not  by  one  or  two,  but  by  many  and 
right  here  we  will  ask  another  question : 
why  was  German  Day  not  always  opened 
with  religious  services?  Answer  this 
question.  For  the  usual,  the  natural,  the 
self-evident,  the  normal  need  not  apolo- 
gize, but  the  stinted,  the  false,  the  un- 
natural, the  abnormal  nnist  justify  it- 
self and  its  manners  of  dealing.  1  ask', 
who  was  not  German  Day  always  and 
everywhere  begun  with  a  religous  ser- 
vice? Why  have  C^icrmans  nurtured  the 
fancy  that  man  can  be  true  without  God. 
I  wish  to  hear  a  re])ly  to  this — a  clear  and 
frank  reply. 


"We  liermans  arc  a  very  peculiar 
l^eople.  W^e  Germans  have  had  in 
America  a  remarkable  lot  and  this  re- 
markable element  of  our  character  and 
our  lot  in  part  explains  why  at  this  late 
day  we  begin  the  celebration  of  German 
Day  with  religious  exercises.  A  remark- 
able condition  and  a  remarkable  lot  meet 
here.  These  explain  our  present  situa- 
tion. We  nevertheless  affirm  that  being 
German  and  being  pious  belong  together 
— a  remarkable  lot.  The  handful  of  Ger- 
man immigrants  who.  called  and  led 
hither  by  William  Penn,  October  6,  1683, 
in  Germantown,  set  forth  in  an  unknown 
land  was  above  all  else  a  handful  of  pious 
people.  To-day  in  the  year  1912,  better 
1913.  we  will  erect  a  monument  to  Pas- 
torius,  the  leader  of  this  handful.  How 
ditlerent  the  multitude  that  will  crowd 
around  this  monument.  What  a  con- 
trast!  What  a  gulf  divides  the  Germans 
who  by  thousands  and  even  hundred 
thousands  will  stand  around  the  monu- 
ment from  the  men  whom  they  would 
honor  in  the  nK)nument.  This  is  what  I 
call  the  'remarkable  lot'  which  1  do  not 
hesitate  t.)  call  the  misfortune  of  the 
German.  I'ecause  he  disconnected  him- 
self from  the  original  roots  of  his  power, 
he  became  a  victim  to  his  libertv.  hence 


795 


796 


THE  PENN  GERMANIA 


the  German  has  been  and  had  to  be  vvith- 
'OUt  significance  because  he  had  no 
Heavenly  nor  earthly  Fatherland.  If  he 
"had  had  an  earthly  Fatherland,  it  might 
have  become  a  spur  to  his  power  which 
is  actuated  in  each  person  by  natural  ne- 
cessity. 

"But  the  earthly  Fatherland  was  not, 
and  the  Heavenly  was  lost.  The  German 
people  became  a  victim  to  the  fancy  that 
there  is  no  God.  In  Germany  this  view 
has  long  since  been  subdued ;  men  are 
ashamed  of  it  and  he  who  expresses  it 
becomes  a  laughing  stock.  But  here  in 
America  among  us  Germans  we  can  free 
ourselves  from  this  stinting  and  stunting 
and  mutilations  of  the  German  soul  which 
has  enthroned  human  reason.  Kneeling 
before  this  idol,  this  false  god,  the  Ger- 
man-American soul  has  become  impover- 
ished and  shrivelled.  And  yet  1  recall 
the  hymns  sung  at  the  Sanger f est  in 
Philadelphia.  I  can  not  believe  that  the 
6,000  or  7.000  singers  were  only  singing 
machines  who  do  not  know  what  they 
sing,  who  gave  forth  only  the  notes  with- 
out recognition  of  the  fact  that  the  word, 
religious  inspiration  bringeth  the  work  of 
art.  And  the  'Einsiedler  in  der  Nacht' ; 
is  not  this  sacred  music? 

"Do  not  let  us  ignore  the  religious  ele- 
ment in  our  life,  but  recognize  it  fully 
and  wholly,  my  friends  from  abroad.  We 
ask  patience.  Let  us  celebrate  our  Ger- 
man Day  in  the  spirit  of  union.  This 
i^  the  misfortune  that  out  of  lot  and  con- 
dition of  our  people  the  result  has  come 
that  the  Germans  stand  in  the  corner. 

■'They  have  lost  their  connection  with 
life  and  the  present.  The  man  who  is 
abusive  when  he  comes  home  has  lost 
connection  with  his  wife,  the  child  that 
daily  returns  home  soured  has  lost  con- 
nection with  the  home.  He  who  takes  up 
his  business  and,  pen  in  hand,  says:  "I  do 
not  care  a  straw  for  it."  has  lost  con- 
nection wiih  the  life  power  of  business 
and  the  so(jner  he  leaves  it  the  better. 
The  condition  of  the  German  is  similar, 
he  is  'cornered'  (in  einen  \\'in]<cl  gcr- 
aten )   (sidetracked?). 

"Wq  are  fully  convinced  that  on  this 


ground  the  contests  of  coming  genera- 
tions will  be  fought.  We  are  convinced 
that  the  destiny  of  the  world  rests  on 
the  New  World  and  on  the  new  race  of 
people  that  is  being  formed.  We  will 
never  be  allowed  to  add  a  decisive  word 
if  we  are  not  found  in  harmony  with  our 
times." 


Decay  of  the 

German 

Nobility 


France  has  abolished 
her  aristocracy  after 
decimating  its  num- 
bers by  the  guillotine ; 
England  has  deprived  her  peers  of  their 
most  powerful  legislative  weapon,  and 
is  clamoring  for  a  partition  of  their  broad 
acres  into  small  holdings,  and  now  we 
read  that  the  German  nobility  is  on  the 
downgrade.  This  is  the  confession  of 
one  who  himself  bears  a  title.  Count  Sieg- 
fried Bernstorf,  who  writes  in  the  Ber- 
liner Tagehlatt  to  ask,  What  is  the  mat- 
ter with  the  German  noblesse?  He  says 
that  altho  they  boast  of  having  made  the 
German  Empire,  they  are  little  by  little 
losing  their  predominance  in  the  Army 
and  Navy,  in  diplomacy,  and  in  Court 
circles.  They  are  too  poor  to  stand  the 
extravagant  gaiety  of  Berlin  life,  and 
retire  to  their  country  seats.  Their 
places  are  taken  by  the  bourgeois,  and  if 
they  ever  visit  the  Kaiser's  Court  they 
are  compelled  to  rub  elbows  with  people 
whom  it  is  the  fixt  tradition  of  their 
order  to  look  down  upon.  Plain,  even 
severe,  are  the  words  in  which  this  Ger- 
man aristocrat  describes  the  condition  of 
things  : 

"It  is  undeniable  that  the  German 
aristocracy  is  on  the  decline.  An  order 
of  men  which  somewhat  arrogantly,  cer- 
tainly unjustly,  boasts  of  having  founded 
the  Empire  now  feels  itself  in  its  death 
agony.  Once  upon  a  time  the  nobles 
reigned  supreme  at  Berlin ;  now  they 
spend  their  time  on  their  estates,  not 
finding  sufficient  money  in  their  coffers 
to  meet  the  immense  taxes  upon  their 
resources  demanded  for  the  support  of 
two  establishments,  one  in  the  country, 
the  other  in  the  town.  Once  upon  a 
time,    fair    weather    or    foul,    thev    fre- 


CURRENT  LIFE  AND  THOUGHT 


797 


quented  the  imperial  Court;  now,  if  the 
nobles,  from  time  to  time,  seat  them- 
selves on  the  steps  of  the  throne  they  feel 
themselves  compromised  as  they  say,  by 
associating  with  certain  men  of  trade, 
even  with  the  Chicago  dealers  in  salt 
pork,  the  sort  of  people  the  Kaiser 
esteems  highly  and  receives  cordially." 

The  free  air  of  life,  the  breadth  and 
openness  of  national  unity,  are  not  felt 
by  the  nobility,  who  if  unemployed  in  the 
public  service  are  isolated  from  the 
people  by  living  on  great  estates  in  the 
country ;  if  employed,  are  yet  separated 
from  the  real  hfe  of  the  nation  by  caste, 
which  reigns  throughout  the  Army  and 
the  administration.  The  principle  of 
caste  dwarfs  and  weakens  and  causes  de- 
cay. Count  Bernstorf  remarks  in  this 
connection : 

"The  activity  of  the  German  noble- 
man, however  real,  is  actually  stunted. 
Two  careers  are  open  to  these  gentlemen 
of  blue  blood — the  Army  and  the  ad- 
ministration of  the  Government.  But 
no  sooner  do  noblemen  take  possession 
of  high  ofifice  in  the  Army  and  the  ad- 
ministration than  castes  are  created, 
castes  which  cut  them  off  from  contact 
with  the  German  people,  its  life,  its 
labor,  and  its  hopes.  The  general  result 
is  that  those  nobles  who  work  in  public 
employment  remain  isolated  in  their 
pride,  each  in  his  official  environment, 
while  those  who  have  exchanged'  Berlin 
for  the  country  remain  equally  isolated 
on  their  estates.  Neither  of  these  two 
classes  really  mingle  in  the  current  life 
of  Germany ;  they  do  not  breathe  the 
open  air,  the  outside  air,  which  gives  life 
and  health." 

Those  who  have  broken  through  the 
aristocratic  traditions  of  caste  have  failed 
to  make  any  impression  on  others  of 
their  order  and  have  paid  the  penalty  of 
their  daring  experiment  in  other  ways. 
The  Count  answers  that: 

"There  are.  of  course,  exceptions  to 
the  case  of  those  who  are  thus  enclosed 
in  the  iron  bonds  of  caste.  Certain  genu- 
ine princes  of  Germany  have  wished  as 
ordinary  people  do  and  exactly  like  the 
simple  heroine  of  the  melodrama  'to  live 
their  own  life.'       They  have  gone  into 


business,  into  some  vast  business  con- 
cern, for  the  word  business,  despised  by 
the  nobility,  is  credited  with  a  singular 
virtue  and  a  character  almost  august 
when  it  is  preceded  by  the  adjective  vast! 
But  they  invariably  make  a  failure  of  it. 
They  lose  a  great  deal  of  money,  which 
is  not  the  most  important  feature  of  the 
matter.  They  sacrifice  also  their  pres- 
tige, a  serious  matter  for  noblemen,  and 
they  induce  no  one  to  follow  their 
example." 

They  must  then,  declares  the  Count, 
set  themselves  to  the  work  of  the  country 
as  the  sole  means  of  self-preservation. 
But  they  prefer  the  dilettante  life  to  that 
of  a  merchant  or  a  professor  of  learning. 
They  prefer  a  life  of  sport  or  trifling. 
modern  competition,  however,  does  not 
tolerate  the  dilettante,  he  remarks,  and  it 
is  time  for  the  German  nobles  to  fa- 
miliarize themselves  with  this  idea,  which 
has  nothing  feudal  in  it.  If  they  so  do, 
they  will  see  how  to  take  prudent  advan- 
tage of  the  transition  which  their  present 
condition  is  undergoing  and  recognize  a 
coming  change  which  they  should  see  will 
improve  their  position.  Otherwise,  he 
argues,  it  will  be  all  over  with  the  Ger- 
man aristocracy. — The  Literary  Digest. 


Germany  Scribne/s    Magazine 

and  the  for  November  begins 

Germans  a     noteworthy     series 

of  papefrs  on  "Ger- 
many and  the  Germans  from  an  Ameri- 
can Point  of  View,"  by  Price  Collier. 
The  estimate  of  these  articles  by  the 
magazine  itself  in  the  following  words  is 
fully  justified. 

"His  sentences  fairly  sparkle  with 
shrewd  wit,  but  while  he  treats  with  re- 
freshing candor  some  weak  spots  in  a 
nation's  pride,  there  are  always  in  evi- 
dence a  spirit  of  fairness  and  a  willing- 
ness to  give  full  credit  where  credit  is 
due.  Nothing  has  been  written  of 
modern  Germany,  or  of  the  Emperor, 
with  the  frankness  and  yet  with  the 
cordial  appreciation  and  good-will  of 
these  articles  or  with  the  same  disregard 
of  anything  but  what  the  author  believes 
to  be  the  truth." 


798 


THE  PENN  GERMANIA 


The  first  article  entitled  "The  In- 
discreet/' (referring  to  the  present  Em- 
peror), is  well  worth  reading.  A  few 
extracts  follow : 

"In  Germany,  wherever  he  turns, 
whether  it  be  to  look  at  the  army,  to  in- 
quire about  the  navy,  to  study  the  con- 
stitution, or  to  disentangle  the  web  of 
present-day  political  strife ;  to  read  the 
figures  of  commercial  and  industrial 
I)r()gross,  or  the  results  of  social  legis- 
lation; to  look  on  at  the  (lermans  at 
play  during  their  yachting  week  at  Kiel, 
or  their  rowing  contests  at  Frankfort,  he 
finds  himself  face  to  face  with  the  Em- 
peror." 

"He  so  ])ervades  German  life  that  to 
"write  of  the  Germany  of  the  last  twenty- 
five  years  without  attempting  to  describe 
\\'illiam  the  Second.  German  Emperor, 
would  be  to  leave  every  question,  insti- 
tution, and  problem  of  the  country  with- 
out its  master-key." 

"William  TI,  German  Emporer  and 
King  of  Prussia,  was  born  January  27, 
1850,  and  became  German  Emperor  June 
15.  1888.  He  is.  therefore,  in  the  prime 
•of  life,  and  looks  it.  His  complexion  and 
•eyes  are  as  clear  as  those  of  an  athlete, 
and  his  eyes,  and  his  movements,  and  his 
talk  are  vibrating  with  energy.  He 
stnnds,  T  should  guess,  about  five  feet 
eiglit  or  nine,  has  the  figure  and  activity 
of  an  athletic  youth  of  thirty,  and  in  his 
hours  of  friendliness  is  as  careless  m 
s])eech,  as  unaffected  in  manner,  as  lack- 
mg  m  any  suspicion  of  self-conscious- 
ness, or  of  any  desire  to  impress  vou 
with  liis  importance,  as  the  simplest 
gentleman  in  tlie  land." 

"He  l()\-es  his  jol).  In  liis  first  ])ro- 
clamation  to  his  people  he  declared  that 
he  had  taken  over  the  government  "in 
the  presenre  nf  thi-  King  of  Kings,  prom- 
ising God  to  be  a  just  and  merciful 
prince,  cnltix'uting  i)iet>'  and  the  fear 
of  G:od.  lie  has  proclaimed  liinisclf  io 
be.  as  did  b'rederick'  tlie  Great  and  Ids 
grandfather  l)efore  him.  the  servrmt  of 
his  i)eople.  Certainly  no  one  in  the  Ger- 
man l',mi:)ire  works  harder,  and  what  is 
far  more  difficult  and  far  more  self-  deny- 
ing, no  one  keeps  himself  fitter  for  his 
duties   than   he.     He  eats  no   red   meat. 


drinks  almost  no  alcohol,  smokes  very 
little,  takes  a  very  light  meal  at  night, 
gc>es  to  bed  early  and  gets  up  early.  He 
rides,  walks,  shoots,  plays  tennis,  and  is 
as  much  in  the  open  air  as  his  duties  per- 
mit." 

"The  German  Emperor  is  unham- 
pered, as  is  no  other  ruler,  by  considera- 
tions of  popular  favor,  and  at  the  same 
time  he  directs  and  influences  not  Rus- 
sian peasants,  nor  Turkish  slaves,  but  an 
instructed,  enlightened,  and  ambitious 
people.  This  environment  is  unique  in 
the  world  to-day,  and  the  Germans  as  a 
whole,  seem  to  consider  their  ruler  a 
valuable  asset  despite  occasional  vagarie:- 
that  bring  down  their  own  and  foreign 
criticism  upon  him." 

"He  has  pulled  Germany  out  of  dan- 
ger and  beyond  the  reach,  for  the  mo- 
ment at  least,  of  any  repetition  of  the 
catastrophe  and  humiliation  of  a  hun- 
dred years  ago.  This  is  a  solid  fact,  and 
for  this  situation  the  Emperor  is  largely, 
one  might  almost  say  wholh',  respon- 
sible." 

"It  has  been  said  of  him  that  he  is 
volatile ;  that  he  flies  from  one  task  to 
another,  finishing  nothing;  that  his  ar- 
tistic tastes  are  the  extravagant  dreams 
of  a  ?vIero :  that  he  loves  publicity  as  a 
worn  and  obese  soprano  loves  the  center 
of  the  stage ;  that  his  indiscretions  would 
bring  about  the  discharge  of  the  most 
inconspicuous  petty  official.  Others 
speak  and  write  of  him  as  a  hero  of 
mythology  as  a  mystic  and  a  dreaiuer, 
looking  for  guidance  to  the  traditions  of 
mediaeval  knighthood ;  while  others, 
again,  dub  him  a  modernist,  insist  that  he 
is  a  commercial  traveller,  hawking  the 
wares  of  his  comitry  wherever  he  goes, 
and  with  an  eve  ever  t<'>  the  interests  of 
r>remen  and  Hamburg  and  Essen  and 
Pforzheim.  Again,  you  hear  that  he  is  a 
Prussian  jmiker.  or  that  he  is  a  cavalry 
officer,  with  all  the  prejudices  and  limita- 
tions of  such  a  one  ;  while,  on  the  other 
hand,  he  is  eluded  for  enlisting  the  finan- 
cial hell)  of  ricli  Jews  and  industrials." 

"\\'hatever  the  reasons,  the  criticisms, 
or  the  causes,  the  mrm  whom  we  have 
been  describing  was  as  certain  to  dismiss 


CURRENT  LIFE  AND  THOUGHT 


799 


Bismarck  from  office  as  a  bird  is  certain 
to  fly  and  not  to  swim." 

"I  have  described  these  furious  indis- 
cretions, as  they  wci-e  called  at  the  time, 
together,  though  they  were  years  apart ; 
for  these  utterances,  and  the  constant 
I'epetition  of  his  sense  of  responsibility  to 
God  and  not  to  the  people  he  governs,  are 
the  heart  of  this  whole  contention  that  the 
German  Emperor  is  indiscreet,  is  indis- 
creet even  to  the  point  of  damaging  his 
own  prestige  and  injuring  his  country's 
interests  abroad." 

"The  English  are  thoroughly  and  com- 
pletely mistaken  about  the  attitude  of  the 
G.erman  Emperor  toward  them.  He  is 
far  and  away  the  best  and  most  power- 
ful friend  they  have  in  Europe,  and  I, 
for  one,  would  be  willing  to  forgive  him 
were  he  irritated  at  their  misunderstand- 
ing of  him.  Personally,  I  have  not  the 
shadow  of  a  doubt  that  had  France  or 
Russia  treated  the  German  Emperor  with 
the  cool  district  shown  him  by  the  Bri- 
tish, the  German  army  and  fleet  would 
have  moved  ere  this." 

"It  is  not  what  the  people  have  won 
and  then  shared  w^th  the  ruler,  but  it  is 
what  the  ruler  has  inherited  or  won  and 
shared  with  the  people  that  makes  the 
groundwork  of  the  constitutions  of  the 
various  states  and  of  the  empire  of  Ger- 
many. Xothing  has  been  taken  away 
from  the  people  of  Prussia  or  from  any 
other  state  in  Germany  that  they  once 
had ;  but  certain  rights  and  privileges 
have  been  granted  by  the  rulers  that  were 
once  wholly  theirs.  Bear  this  in  mind, 
that  it  is  William  II  and  his  ancestors 
who  made  Prussia  Prussia,  and  volun- 
tarily gave  Prussians  certain  political 
rights,  and  not  the  citizens  of  Prussian 
who  stormed  the  battlements  of  equal 
rights  and  made  a  treaty  with  their  sover- 
eign." 

"This  ruler  believes  it  to  be  essentially 
a  part  of  his  business  to  be  a  Lorenzo  de 
Medici  to  his  people  in  art,  their  high 
priest  in  religion,  their  envoy  extraor- 
dinary to  foreign  pe<-)ples,  their  watchful 
father  and  friend  in  legislation  dealing 
with  their  daily  lives,  their  war-lord,  and 
their  best  example  in  all  that  concerns 


domestic  happiness  and  patriotic  citizen- 
ship." 

"We  have  been  surfeited  with  peace 
talk  till  we  are  all  irritable.  One  hun- 
dredth part  of  an  ounce  of  the  same  qual- 
ity of  peace  powders  that  we  are  using 
internationally  would,  if  prescribed  to  a 
happy  family  in  this  or  any  other  land, 
lead  to  dissensions,  disobedience,  domes- 
tic disaster,  and  divorce.  Mr.  Carnegie 
will  live  long  enough  to  have  seen  more 
wars  and  international  disturbances,  and 
more  discontent  born  of  superficial  read- 
ing, than  any  man  in  history  who  was  at 
the  same  time  so  closely  connected  with 
their  origin.  Perhaps  it  were  better  after 
all  if  our  millionaires  were  educated!" 


Evangelical 
Messenger 


The  August  issue  of 
The  Searchlight 
Magacine  of  Phila- 
delphia contains  a  "character  sketch  of 
the  Great  Pennsylvania  Governor  His- 
torian and  Judge,  Hon.  Samuel  W. 
Pennypacker"  from  which  we  quote. 

''His  life  has  been  a  full  life,  and  he 
has  given  the  best  of  it  to  his  State.  His 
heart  is  a  good  heart,  and  he  has  shared 
its  generous  deeds  with  his  own  gener- 
ation. The  spirit  of  Pennsylvania  was 
sinking,  and  he  raised  it  to  dignity  and 
led  it  into  the  temple  of  fame.  His  high 
principles  never  relaxed  under  the  most 
specious  allurements,  his  lofty  industry 
was  never  daunted  by  the  most  difficult 
tasks  and  his  decorous  fortitude  was 
never  broken  by  the  strange  events  of  a 
long  and  eventful  life. 

"An  American  of  the  broadest  feel- 
ings, he  is  also  a  Pennsvlvania  Dutch- 
man.  His  pride  in  the  achievements  of 
his  own  flesh  and  blood  is  perhaps  the 
deepest  enthusiasm  of  his  life.  His 
philosophy  of  history  is  often  racial,  and 
liis  analysis  of  momentous  epochs  is  so 
passionately  earnest  as  to  thrill  the 
reader  or  listener  with  their  intensity  and 
their  truth.  In  an  address  at  the  Bi- 
Centennial  Celebration  of  Germantown 
he  threw  a  racial  light  upon  a  truth  which 
we  were  prone  to  forget;  'In  the  sixth 
century  a  tribe  of  Germans  found  their 


8oo 


THE  PENN  GERMANIA 


way  across  the  North  Sea  to  an  island 
which  they  called  Angleland.  Like  all 
of  their  stock,  the  men  of  this  colony 
grew  in  substance  and  developed  in  in- 
telligence; but  they  have  ever  since,  in 
times  of  trial  and  difficulty,  looked  back 
to  the  fatherland  for  guidance  and  sup- 
port. In  1 47 1  a  man  named  Caxton 
was  in  Cologne  learning  the  art  of  print- 
ing. He  returned  to  England  to  impart 
to  his  countrymen  a  knowledge  of  the 
new  discovery,  and  the  literature  of 
Chaucer,  Shakespeare,  Scott  and  Dickens 
became  a  possibility.  The  impulse  which 
Luther  gave  to  human  thought  beat  along 
the  shores  of  the  Atlantic,  and  the  revo- 
lution of  1688,  bringing  with  it  the  liber- 
ties of  Englishmen,  was  one  of  the  re- 
sults. Early  in  the  seventeenth  century 
an  English  admiral  went  to  Rotterdam 
for  a  wife.  The  son  of  this  Dutchman 
was  the  Quaker  William  Penn.  He  who 
would  know  the  causes  of  the  settlement 
■ — the  purest  and,  in  that  it  gave  the  best 
promise  of  what  the  future  was  to  un- 
fold, to  the  most  fateful  of  the  American 
colonies — must  go  to  the  Reformation  to 
seek  them.  The  time  has  come  when 
men  look  back  through  William  Penn 
and  George  Fox  to  their  masters,  Menno 
Simons,  the  reformer  of  the  Nether- 
lands ;  Casper  Schwenkfeld,  the  noble- 
man of  Silesia,  and  Jacob  Boehm,  the  in- 
spired shoemaker  of  Gorlitz.'  " 


Germans 

in 

Switzerland 


Four  years  ago  I 
spent  the  month  of 
August  at  G  1  i  o  n  , 
above  Mon  t  r  e  u  x — 
that  bit  of  paradise  beneath  which,  a 
thousand  feet  below,  lies  Lake  Geneva, 
surrounded  by  snow-capped  mountains 
white  at  noonday,  rose-colored  at  even- 
ing. This  is  French  Switzerland,  and 
Geneva  itself  lies  only  two  miles  from 
the  French  line.  But  the  pro]:)rietor  of 
the  Hotel  du  Pare,  at  Glion  spoke  Ger- 
man as  his  natural  tongue,  although  he 
could  speak  French  fluently.  As  a  mat- 
ter of  fact,  the  German  language  is 
rapidly  driving  the  French  language  out 
of  Switzerland.  How  can  it  be  other- 
wise.    For  there  is  hardly  a  square  mile 


of  either  earth  or  ice  in  Switzerland 
where  a  German  has  not  opened  a  hotel. 
And  whoever,  has  walked  over  a  pass 
has  had  it  inefifaceably  impressed  upon 
him  that  the  German  is  ubiquitous  in 
Switzerland.  On  any  road  one  meets 
the  German  tourists  all  day  long — red, 
sweating  and  dust  covered;  sturdy  men 
and  their  fat  Frauen,  carrying  huge 
knapsacks  on  their  backs  and  conquering 
Switzerland  peaceably,  as  once  they 
would  have  conquered  it  with  arms. 

Three  years  ago  I  was  in  Venice.  It 
occurred  to  me  to  desert  my  pension 
( German,  by  the  way,  and  in  the  old 
clock  tower  by  St.  Mark's)  for  one  even- 
ing and  dine  at  a  very  popular  and 
famous  Italian  restaurant,  to  which  I 
had  been  highly  recommended.  I  took 
my  seat  in  the  garden,  overlooking  a 
canal  through  which  gondolas  crept 
sleepily  by,  I  kriew  no  Italian.  English 
produced  little  result.  I  supposed 
French  would  be  understood  in  Italy,  but 
it  was  German  which  brought  the  deli- 
cious broiled  ham.  As  a  matter  of  fact, 
the  proprietor  of  this  Italian  restaurant, 
as  well  as  all  the  waiters,  were  German. 
— Frederick  Lynch  in  Congregationalist. 


The  Modern  The    Lttfheran    Oiiar- 

Pulpit  terJy,    of    July,    1912, 

contains  an  article  on 
'"The  Ministry  of  the  Word,"  a  lecture 
delivered  at  Gettysburg,  Pa.,  by  Caspar 
Rene  Gregory,  of  Leipzig,  from  which 
we  quote  the  following: 

To-day  the  excitement  and  the  whirl  of 
modern  life  has  laid  hold  on  the  pulpit. 
The  sermon  is  growing  shorter  and  short- 
er. A  half  an  hour  is  as  much  as  most 
people  wish  to  devote  to  a  sermon  and 
the  whole  service  is  arranged  upon  the 
basis  of  a  sermon  of  that  length.  Short- 
er sermons  are  not  uncommon.  Last 
autumn  I  heard  in  a  large  and  magnifi- 
cent Presbyterian  church  a  sermon  that 
was  just  thirteen  minutes  long.  I  scarce- 
ly think  that  I  need  to  express  any 
opinion  as  to  such  a  shortening  of  the 
time  devoted  to  preaching.  If  the  pro- 
cess continues,  the  pastor  may  finally, 
instead  of  a  sermon,  with  a  timid  voice 


CURRENT  LIFE  AND  THOUGHT 


801 


give  to  the  assembled  saints  a  brief  text, 
or  a  motto  even,  that  they  may  reflect 
upon,  if  they  can  possibly  find  time  in  the 
intervals  of  the  all-absorbing  bridge  and 
gossip. 

If  a  young  man  is  in  a  hurry  to  enter 
upon  the  work  of  the  ministry,  1  should 
say  to  him  :  "Away  with  you.  Go  break 
stone  on  the  turnpike.  That  you  can  do 
in  a  hurry,  although  an  old  stone-breaker 
could  teach  you  many  a  thing.  You  can- 
not learn  to  make  good  shoes,  or  hats, 
or  clothes,  or  clocks,  or  watches  in  a 
hurry.  Much  less  can  you  make  your- 
self a  good  preacher  in  a  hurry.  You 
may  learn  to  talk  in  a  loud  voice  and  to 
^ay  a  few  things  glibly,  and  to  get  a 
church  in  a  hurry,  and  to  get  ten  churches 
in  a  hurry — each  of  them  glad  to  get  rid 
of  you  in  a  hurry,  but  you  can  in  no  way 
under  the  sun  come  to  be  a  due  and 
proper  minister  in  a  hurry."  The  higher 
the  creature,  the  slower  is  its  develop- 
ment, the  more  time  it  needs  to  mature. 
A  simple  polyp  grows  quickly.  An  oak 
or  an  L-lcphant  does  not  mature  in  a  day. 
The  highest  office  open  to  man  is  the 
otifice  of  the  ministry  of  the  word  and  it 
is  the  otSce  which  demands  the  most  com- 
plete preparation. 


Growth  of  When    the    Synod    of 

Missouri  Synod  ^Missouri  was  organ- 
ized under  the  leader- 
ship of  Walther  in  April,  1847,  twelve 
congregations,  with  their  pastors  and 
ten  pastors  without  their  congregations, 
joined  this  new  organization.  One  con- 
dition of  membership  in  this  Synod  was 
and  is  today  the  acknowledging,  not  only 
of  the  Bible  as  the  inspired  Word  of  God, 
but  also  of  all  the  Confessions  of  the 
Evangelical  Lutheran  Church  as  a  correct 
and  true  exhibition  and  explanation  of 
this  Word.  It  was  freely  predicted  that 
on  such  a  confessional  basis  the  Synod 
could  not  thrive  and  become  a  power  in 
this  land  of  freedom.  In  ten  years  it 
would  come  to  an  ignominious  end. 

Rut  what  has,  under  God's  blessing, 
become  of  this  Synod?  When  Walther 
was  called  home,  in  May,  1887,  Synod 


numbered  1,424  congregations  and  544 
preaching  stations,  931  ministers  and  37 
professors  in  the  various  institutions  of 
the  Synod  ;  75,504  children  attending  the 
parochial  schools,  taught  by  620  teachers 
and  by  hundreds  of  pastors.  In  the 
seven  institutions  of  Synod,  ']']'/  young 
men  were  preparing  for  the  ministry  or 
for  the  office  of  school  teacher.  "The 
Lutheraner,"  the  official  church  paper  of 
Synod,  had  a  circulation  of  19,  500,  and 
"Lehre  und  Wehre,"  a  monthly  magazine 
of  theology,  was  published  in  1,800 
copies. 

And  what  of  the  Missouri  Synod  to- 
day? Walther's  spirit  is  still  very  much 
alive  among  us,  and  God's  blessings  ac- 
cordingly have  not  ceased  since  Walther's 
demise,  but  have  been  graciously  con- 
tinued and  increased.  The  Missouri 
Synod  to-day  is  by  far  the  largest  indi- 
vidual Synod  in  America.  At  present  it 
numbers  2,123  pastors  and  90  professors 
(most  of  them  theologically  trained)  in 
the  various  institutions  for  higher  educa- 
tion, the  number  of  students  being  1.817. 
Of  this  number  309  are  studying  for  the 
ministry  at  Concordia  Seminary,  St. 
Louis,  103  new  students  having  entered 
last  September.  The  Synod  has  another 
theological  seminary  at  Springfield,  111. ; 
furthermore  i8  colleges  and  academies, 
and  13  institutions  of  charity,  such  as 
hospitals,  orphanages,  homes  for  the  aged 
and  epileptics,  an  institution  for  the  deaf 
and  dumb,  and  a  sanitarium  for  con- 
sumptives. The  Missouri  Synod  to-day( 
numbers  2.737  congregations  and  1,031 
preaching  stations,  529,287  communicant 
members  and  2,130  parochial  schools. 
The  Synod  is  divided  into  22  Districts, 
one  of  these  being  an  English  district, 
and  has  churches  in  the  43  states  of  the 
Union,  also  in  all  the  provinces  of  Can- 
ada. One  district  is  in  Brazil,  South 
America.  A  number  of  pastors  are  in 
Australia,  New  Zealand,  England,  and  in 
Germany.  The  Synod  is  at  present  car- 
rying on  mission  work  in  this  country 
among  the  negroes,  Jews,  Slovaks,  Lithu- 
anians, Poles,  Finns,  Persians  and  In- 
dians, and  foreign  mission  work  in 
India.— Rev.  H.  H.  Walker,  in  The 
Lnlhcran  Quarterly. 


«o; 


THE   PENN    GERMANIA 


Germany  and  If  the^e  German- 
Temperance  .\mericans  who  form 
societies  for  a  p  - 
parentlv  the  sole  purpose  of  promoting 
the  welfare  of  the  Hquor  interests  would 
visit  Germany  these  days  they  would  be 
greatly  surprised  at  the  work  being  done 
to  liniit  and  restrict  beer  drinking  We 
think  such  German-Americans  who,  by 
the  way,  are  becoming  fewer  in  number, 
would  conclude  that  personal  liberty, 
about  which  they  say  so  much  and  know 
so  little,  is  being  given  .some  hard  pum- 
mel ing  in  old  Germany  and  in  many 
ways  that  beer-drinking  nation  is  ahead 
of  the  United  States  in  its  efforts  to  get 
out  from  under  the  evil  effects  of  intoxi- 
cants. 

Last  summer  there  was  a  great  inter- 
national exhibitii^i  in  Dresden  in  which 
was  represented  the  work  being  done  to 
promote  the  public  health  in  practically 
all  the  civilized  nations  of  the  earth. 
This  exhibition  cost  more  than  a  million 
dollars  and  was  visited  by  thousands  of 
persons  from  all  parts  of  the  world. 
Among  these  visitors  was  Prof.  Fisher, 
profes.sor  of  political  economy,  Yale  Uni- 
versity. Prof.  Fisher  has  for  years  made 
a  study  of  the  relation  of  health  and  dis- 
eases to  economics,  to  the  laboring 
classes  and  to  industry.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  committee  of  one  hundred  on 
national  health  appointed  by  the  Ameri- 
can Association  for  the  Advancement  of 
Science,  and  prepared  the  rejwrt  of  that 
committee  which  later  was  submitted  to 
President  Roosevelt  as  a  part  of  the  re- 
port of  the  Conservation  commission,  of 
which  Prof.  Fisher  was  a  member. 

In  an  address  before  the  sub-com- 
mittee on  excise  and  li(|uor  legislation  of 
the  Committee  on  the  District  of  Colum- 
bia, Prof.  Fisher  expressed  his  surprise 
to  find  at  the  Dresden  exhibition  that 
Germany  was  giving  .so  much  attention  to 
the  evils  of  alcohol.  He  also  fomid  that 
Fmi)eror  William  was  encouraging  tliis 
anti-alcohol  movement  in  Germany,  that 
the  Km])eror  had  spoken  against  alcohol. 
has  given  it  up  absolutely  in  his  own 
household  and  had  selected  the  univer- 
sity to  which  to  send  his  sons  on  the  basis 
largely   of  the   fact  that   that   university 


had  less  of  the  fashion  of  beer  drinking 
than  any  other  in  Germany. 

As  a  result  of  the  German  govern- 
ment showing  so  much  activity  in  the 
tight  against  alcohol  and  in  educating  the 
people  of  the  empire  against  over-in- 
dulgence in  beer  drinking,  Prof.  Fisher 
found  that  there  has  been  a  striking  de- 
crease in  the  use  of  alcoholic  beverages, 
including  beer,  in  Germany.  Quite 
naturally  along  with  this  decrease  in  the 
use  of  alcohol  there  has  been  a  decline 
in  the  death  rate  in  the  empire. — Evan- 
gelical .1  /  csscngcr. 


Moravians  '1  he  Moravian  Church 

Preaching  and  demands  of  her  minis- 
Instruction  ters  the  preaching"  of 
the  Word  and  the  instruction  of  the 
young  in  Christian  truth,  according  to 
her  ancient  fundamental  principles.''  So 
says  the  ]^K)ok  of  Order  of  our  Church. 

Because  we  are  a  Church  without  a 
rigid  creed,  in  the  ordinarily  accepted 
sense  of  the  word,  it  must  not  be  sup- 
posed that  we  are  loose  in  our  doctrine. 
"The  Moravian  Church  does  not  consider 
it  either  necessary  or  profitable  to  bind 
the  conscience  or  quench  the  spirit  of 
the  Church  by  laying  down  definitely 
formulated  creeds.  She  does  not  hold 
that  the  welfare  of  the  Church  obliges 
her  ministers  to  accept  creeds,  but  rather 
by  the  grace  of  God  and  in  the  spirit  of 
the  Church  to  preach  Christian  truth 
with  life  and  power."  On  the  other 
hand,  we  find  also  the  following  state- 
ment in  our  Book  of  Order:  "He  that  is 
unwilling  or  unable  to  believe  the  Bible 
and  submit  to  its  authority,  is  in  dis- 
agreement with  the  s])irit  of  the  Church 
and  is.  therefore,  not  qualified  to  instruct 
to  edification."  Hence  the  clear-cut  de- 
mand of  our  ministry,  contained  in  our 
opening  sentence. 

That  demand  means  just  what  it  sa}"s. 
(  )nr  ministers  have  no  right  to  iireach 
etliics  nierel\-,  or  literature,  or  sociolog-y. 
or  i:»t)litics.  or  for  entertainment.  The 
Bible  is  the  Word  of  God  and  our  Church 
demands  that  the  whole  counsel  of  God 
be    proclaimed    with    clearness    and    pre- 


CURRENT  LIFE  AND  THOUGHT 


80 - 


cision  and  without  fear  or  favor.  Tliat 
means  also  that  no  man  ha.s  a  rij:;ht  to 
select  tljis  or  that  s]>ecial  line  of  truth  and 
preach  that  to  the  exclusion  of  other 
equally  ini])ortant  truths.  We  believe 
that  our  ministers  are  all  faithfully  liv- 
ini^"  up  to  this  demand  of  our  Church. 
Our  lay  membership  has  every  reason 
to  be  grateful  for  this  state  of  "affairs  atid 
may  well  follow  the  leadershi]-)  of  their 
pastors. 

Can  we  be  just  as  conhdent  that  we  are 
all  fuliilling'  the  second  sentence  of  that 
<lemand  ?  '■'Phe  instruction  of  the  young' 
in  Christian  truth."  Our  forefathers 
were  experts  in  that  work.  To  a  con- 
siderable degree  their  wonderful  success 
must  be  ascribed  to  their  expertness  in 
this  respect.  Are  we  as  faithful  as  they? 
Are  we  as  expert?  Is  it  not  a  sad  fact, 
that  the  religious  training"  of  children  in 
the  home  is  almost  a  forgotten  art  ?  A 
lifeless  and  killing  formality  often  marks 
catechetical  instruction  ;  sometimes  it  is 
so  brief  that  not  much  good  can  be  ac- 
complished. The  instruction  of  the  Sun- 
<lay  SchcK^l  is  scMuctiiues  m^t  much  more 
than  lessons  in  Oriental  history,  geo- 
graphy and  customs.  The  great  work  of 
character-building  and  of  spiritual  up- 
lift is  made  sec(Midary.  if  not  forgotten. 
These  charges  dare  not  be  made  too 
general.  They  are  not  universally  true. 
But  there  exists  a  strong  and  entirely  too 
general  tendency  in  that  direction — Edi- 
torial in  The  Moravian. 


German  Farmers   in   many   lo- 

Co-operative  calities     and     country 

Societies  m  e  r  c  h  a  n  t  s   almost 

everywhere  m  i  g  h  t 
well  studv  the  Cerman  co-operative  so- 
cieties, the  object  f)f  which  is  to  mobilize 
personal  credit  as  distinguis^ied  from 
land,  or  mrrtgage.  credit.  There  are  the 
Raiffeisen  societies,  operating  mostly 
among  farmers ;  the  Schulze-Delitzsch 
societies,  ojierating  mostly  among  retail 
merchants,  artisans,  and  so  on  ;  and 
some  others.  lUit  the  basic  idea  of  aM 
is  the  .same — that  men  of  small  means  by 
combining     can     borrow     more     advan- 


tageously than  the  same  men  could  if 
each  acted  for  himself:  and  the  co-oper- 
ative principle  extends  beyond  credit 
transactions.  The  farm  societies  buy 
supplies  for  their  members,  while  the 
original  motive  for  the  Schulze-JJelitzsch 
societies  was  that  the  tradesmen  in  small 
towns  could  buy  to  better  advantage  by 
associating.  Each  member  subscribe'^s 
for  at  least  one  share  of  .stock — com- 
monly ten  marks,  or  two  dollars — and 
becomes  proportionately  liable  for  the 
society's  debts.  In  some  cases  the  lia- 
bility is  limited,  in  others  unlimited. 
With  the  united  strength  of  its  member- 
shi])  the  society  is  able  to  borrow  on  ad- 
vantageous terms,  and  it  makes  loans  to 
its  members  on  their  notes  of  hand,  the 
business  being  managed  by  directors  and 
a  president  elected  by  the  members. 
There  are  some  fifteen  thousand  such 
societies  in  Germany,  doing  a  credit 
business  that  runs  into  billions  of  marks. 
They  have  been  immensely  beneficial, 
but  something  besides  a  material  organi- 
zation has  been  necessary.  The  director 
of  the  central  bureau  was  asked:  "Will 
you  explain  why  a  leading  farmer  in  a 
given  community  would  accept  the 
presidency  of  a  local  societv.  which 
would  take  much  time,  when  there  is  no 
compensation?"  He  replied:  "We  fre- 
quently do  things  for  which  we  are  not 
paid." — Saturday  Evening  Port. 


Alfalfa  In       1857      Wendelin 

and  Grimm   brought    from 

German  Grit  his  home  in  the  grand 

duchy  of  Baden,  Ger- 
man}-, to  his  new  home  in  Minnesota,  a 
fifteen  pound  bag  of  alfalfa  seed.  The 
climate  of  Baden  is  much  milder  than 
that  of  Minnesota,  and  the  seed  nearly 
all  winter-killed ;  but  Grimm  declared 
that  he  could  yet  raise  alfalfa  in  Minne- 
sota as  he  had  in  Germany.  The  dis- 
couragements were  many,  but  to-da)' 
there  are  five  thousand  acres  of  Grimm 
alfalfa  growing  in  Minnesota,  and  the 
Department  of  Agriculture  hopes  in  a 
few  years  to  see  800.000  acres  of  the 
great  Northwest  green  with  this  valu- 
able crop. — Youth's  Companion. 


Articles  giving  information  about  the  history  of  the  Germans 
in  the  United  States  from  the  arrival  of  the  first  immigrant  to  the 
present,  of  whatever  section  of  our  country,  of  whatever  vocation  of 
life,  of  whatever  class  or  association,  of  whatever  period  in  a  man's 
life,  as  well  as  discussions  of  questions  of  the  day  so  far  as  Ger- 
man ideals  have  bearing  on  these,  are  to  appear  under  this  general 
head. 


The  Forest  Preacher  on  the  Schoharie 

A  Historical  Tale  of  the  Life  and  Customs  of  the  German 

Americans  of  the  Eighteenth    Century 

By   Frederick  Meyer. 

Translated  from  the  German  by  Professor  E   A.  Jacoby,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
(Continued  from  Sep.- Oct  Issue) 


Sir  Johnson  seemed  to  meditate  for  a 
moment,  then  arose,  and  in  solemn  tones 
slowiy  said:  "My  statement  is  simple. 
It  is  personally  distressing  to  me  that  i 
must  declare  well  founded,  that  this  bill 
of  sale  was  obtained  by  fraud  of  the 
vilest  kind.  My  official  position  de- 
mands that  I  recog-nize  no  person  as 
judge.  Therefore  I  declare  that  the 
sale  is  null  and  void,  that  the  land  re- 
main in  possession  of  the  Indians.  Fur- 
thermore let  no  one  dare  to  disturb  the 
German  tenants.  Constable,  adjourn 
the  court." 

The  bailiff  cried  out  according  to  the 
custom  of  the  country :  "The  court  is  ad- 
journed :  God  bless  the  king." 

The  Englishmen  glanced  angrily  at  Mr. 
Weiser.  The  Indians  thronged  around 
him.  Even  the  squaws  insisted  on  grasp- 
ing his  hand. 

v'^ir  Wm.  Johnson  had  mounted  his 
horse  and  ridden  away.    He  is  an  honest 


804 


man  but  like  the  rest  of  them,  lirst  of  all 
an  Englishman.  When  it  is  not  contrary 
to  his  interests  he  is  a  friend  of  the  Ger- 
mans. Mr.  Weiser  himself  admits  that 
he  is  the  best  magistrate  in  New  York. 

The  two  Livingstones  could  not  brook 
the  lecture  which  Weiser  pronounced 
upon  them  in  his  discourse.  After  Sir 
Johnson  had  ridden  away  they  rushed 
upon  Mr.  Weiser:  "We  will  remember 
you  in  this  affair,"  these  villainous  ras- 
cals began,  "The  governor  is  our  friend, 
and  we  will  keep  the  land.  Johnson 
neither  here  nor  there !  Your  father  was  a 
rebel  and  you  are  worse." 

I  never  saw  Weiser  angry  before. 
When  his  father's  name  was  mentioned, 
the  veins  on  his  forehead  swelled  with  in- 
dignation. With  flushed  face  he  glanced 
at  both  and  said:  "My  father  endured 
much  at  your  hands.  The  name  Living- 
stone, since  the  day  that  the  German 
Leisler  gave  up  his  life  in  New  York 
for  the  king  of  England  is  synonymous 


THE  FOREST  PREACHER  ON  THE  SCHOHARIE 


805 


with  the  one  the  bearer  of  which  we 
are  certain  went  to  hades,  namely  Judas 
Iscariot.  I  do  not  want  to  quarrel  with 
you."  His  expression  betrayed  his  art- 
ful nature.  "I  remained  here  in  order  to 
demand  justice  of  you  for  the  injustice 
you  did  to  my  father  and  for  the  innocent 
blood  you  shed  among  my  countrymen. 
T  knew  long  ago  how  shamelessly  the 
Livingstones  live.  Today  I  will  see  how 
bravely  they  can  die. 

"Mohawks,  these  two  men  threaten  me 
with  violence  at  their  hands  and  with 
punishment  by  the  governor,  because  I 
spoke  a  kind  word  for  the  red  man.  Will 
you  allow  Tarachawagon  to  die?" 

The  Indians  had  listened  to  the  con- 
versation, but  understood  nothing  be- 
cause it  was  conducted  in  the  English 
language.  Now  they  uttered  their  war 
cry.  I  trembled  with  fear.  The  blood 
froze  in  my  veins.  My  God,  are  these 
men  mad?  The  horses  broke  away,  and 
galloped  through  the  forest.  The  squaws 
screamed  and  drew  back.  Strong  arms 
grasped  the  Livingstones,  and  the  young 
men  who  had  signed  the  bill  of  sale  and 
who  had  been  angered  during  the  discus- 
sion attempted  with  bare  hands  to  pos- 
sess themselves  of  the  scalps  of  both. 
Others  had  ropes  and  tried  to  hang  both 
Livingstones  between  the  tops  of  two  fir- 
trees.  So  quickly  was  it  done  that  one 
could  scarcely  see  what  was  going  on  or 
properly  describe  it. 

Now  they  display  the  cowardice  of  the 
criminal.  They  fell  upon  their  kness. 
Their  faces  were  deathly  pale.  They 
"begged  for  their  lives.  They  promised 
everything  imaginable.  When  Mr.  Wei- 
ser  pretended  not  to  hear  it,  they  turned 
to  me  beseeching  me  to  plead  for  them. 
At  la.st  Mr.  Weiser  yielded. 

"I  will  not  anticipate  the  devil,"  he 
said,  "imt  do  not  forget  how  you  ad- 
dress me  again.  Go  home  and  be  asham- 
■ed  of  yourselves,  cowardly  curs." 

Never  before  did  I  see  men  mount 
their  horses  as  quickly  as  did  the  two 
Livingstones,  the  friends  of  the  governor. 

Chap.  XX. 

"They  will  let  us  alone  in  the  future," 
I  remarked  on  the  wav  home. 


"I  doubt  it,"  Weiser  replied.  "The 
colonial  aristocracy  is  the  worst  lot  of 
bloodsuckers  there  is.  They  are  worse 
than  the  German  princes  who  sell  to  the 
king  of  England  their  countrymen  as  food 
for  cannon." 

"Pardon  me,  but  the  Weisers  are  pes- 
simists." 

"Possibly  they  are,  pastor.  My  father 
had  good  reasons  to  be.  I  too  in  the 
service  of  the  colonial  governors  have 
observed  things  which  more  than  once 
produced  a  mist  before  my  eyes.  How 
shamefully  were  the  Moravians  treated 
by  Gov.  Clinton!" 

"Relate  it,  pray,  I  never  fully  compre- 
hended the  transaction." 

"The  most  serious  part  of  it  can  be 
told  in  few  words.  It  was  in  the  year 
1736  that  I  journeyed  on  a  mission  for 
the  governor  of  Penna.  to  the  Indians  in 
order  to  induce  them  by  personal  influ- 
ence to  bury  the  tomahawk.  On  this 
journey  of  about  500  miles  I  experienced 
great  hardships,  because  I  traveled  dur- 
ing a  hard  winter  through  deep  snow, 
across  creeks  and  through  floods,  and 
the  comfortless  wilderness  with  provi- 
sions on  my  back.  Two  Indians  accom- 
panied me  on  a  day's  journey.  When 
these  noticed  how  I  almost  succumbed 
to  the  hardships  and  my  courage  sank 
they  tried  to  comfort  me  with  the  words: 

"Be  comforted,  Tarachwagon,  through 
suffering,  man's  sins  are  washed  away." 

These  words  from  the  lips  of  the  sav- 
ages were  impressed  on  my  heart  and 
encouraged  me  to  renewed  efforts. 

Soon  afterwards  I  met  Bishop  Spang- 
enberg  of  the  Moravian  brotherhood  to 
whom  I  related  the  incident.  He  in- 
structed me  in  the  Moravian  doctrine. 
They  immediately  decided  to  send  mis- 
sionaries to  preach  the  gospel  to  these 
truly   blind    yet   thoughtful   heathen. 

"The  first  missionary  was  Rev.  Bittner, 
a  noble  pious  man.  Others  followed  him 
and  in  a  few  years  the  Moravians  had 
formed  a  congregation  of  Indians  at 
Shekomeko.  This  place  is  situated  about 
100  miles  from  New  York  not  far  from 
the  German  settlement  of  Rhinebeck. 

"When,  after  several  years  Count  Zin- 
zendorf  himself  came  to  America  with 


8o6 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


his  daughter,  Bettina,  then  indeed  the 
chief  Tshoop  was  baptized  in  Zinzen- 
dorf 's  presence.  This  caused  a  great  stir. 
"The  man,  who  formerly  resembled  a 
bear  in  appearance  became  like  a  lamb. 
One  could  not  look  at  him  without  being 
astonished  at  the  great  power  of  God's 
word  and  sacrament.  He  had  a  remark- 
able talent  to  illustrate  what  he  wished  to 
say  by  means  of  pictures.  When  he 
wished  to  illustrate  a  wacked  heart  with 
a  piece  of  charcoal  he  drew  a  heart  brist- 
ling with  spears  and  darts  and  said : 

'  "See,  this  is  the  heart  when  Satan 
possesses  it.  All  wickedness  comes  from 
within.  This  made  a  deeper  impression 
than  the  most  eloquent  speech."     . 

'"Are  you  a  Moravian?  Such  is  the 
report." 

"No  I  am  not.  But  in  comparison  with 
the  itinerant  preachers  the  Moravians  are 
the  purest  angels.  I  must  admit,  that 
the  labor  of  love  together  with  the  child- 
like trust  in  living  among  the  savages 
impressed  me  greatly.  I  accompanied 
Count  Zinzendorf  on  his  journey  to  the 
Indians  and  although  T  was  unable  to 
comprehend  his  far  reaching  plans  still 
his  religious  zeal  inspired  me.  The  con- 
version of  the  Indians  seems  to  me  like  a 
miacle   of  God." 

"Fiave  you  also  converts  among  the 
Indians  in  Shekomeko?" 

"Yes.  I  know  the  redskins  as  well  as 
any  one  in  the  country.  The  change  in 
the  savages  was  a  complete  one.'  In 
their  lives  there  was  a  change  as  from 
night  to  day.  Had  this  conversion  to 
Christianity  been  a  pretense,  themission 
would  be  in  existence  todav  because  to 
hypocritical  Christianity  England  never 
objected.  Their  conversions  were  indeed 
radical,  as  radical  as  the  zeal  of  the  mis- 
sionaries. Missionary  Post  even  married 
a  baptized  Indian  maiden  in  order  to  get 
closer  to  the  tribe  and  win  the  confidence 
of  the  savages  in  this  way. 

"Thus  far  all  was  well.  As  long  as 
the  colonized  aristocrats  thought  that  the 
Indians  would  murder  the  missionaries 
they  did  not  raise  a  hand.  But  when 
trade  in  whisky  with  the  Indians  dim- 
inished and  one  could  no  longer  buy  their 
squaws,  a  storm  of  indignation  arose. 


"What  insolence  was  this,  they  said, 
that  the  missionaries  should  teach  the  red 
men  to  farm,  and  make  craftsmen  out  of 
them?  Such  insolence  was  unheard  of: 
We  make  use  of  the  land.  We  live  to 
tiie  honor  of  God  and  the  king.  Who 
are  these  Moravians?  Foreigners, 
strangers  in  the  land,  who  do  not  even 
belong  to  the  Episcopal  church.  In  all 
earnestness  the  claim  was  made  that 
Count  Zinzendorf  was  a  Catholic  and  in- 
tends to  betray  the  colony  into  the  hands 
of  the  king  of  France. 

"To  be  brief,  pastor,  the  history  of 
Schoharie  was  repeated  at  Shehomeko. 
All  the  remonstrances  and  explanations 
of  the  missionaries  were  of  no  avail.  The 
aristocrats  were  embittered  by  the  in- 
struction of  a  better  life  to  those  baptized. 
Just  as  ni}'  father  with  hundreds  of  our 
people  emigrated  to  Pennsylvania  driyen 
out  by  Gov.  Hunter,  so  did  Gov.  Clinton 
drive  the  Moravians  out  of  the  state  of 
New  York.  In  the  vicinity  of  Bethle- 
hem, in  Penna.,  they  built  a  small  Indian 
village.  Not  all  of  those  baptized  reach- 
ed this  place.  Many  died  during  the 
flight,  others  were  attacked  by  drunken 
Indians  and  killed.  All  this  was  done  by 
Gov.  Clinton  and  his  followers  in  the 
name  of  civilization  and  Christianity. 

"They  persecuted  the  Palatines  and 
Swabians  because  these  did  not  wish  to 
become  heathen  but  free  prosperous 
farmers  and  colonists.  The  Moravians 
were  banished  because  they  wanted  to 
civilize  the  heathen.  It  is  the  same  story, 
everywhere  the  voice  of  Jacob  but  the 
hand  of  Esau." 

"Twice  the  Germans  were  banished 
from  New  York,  the  first  time  from 
Schoharie,  the  second  from  Shekomeko. 
For  this  reason  New  York  was  checked 
in  its  development.  Pennsylvania  reaped 
this  advantage, — it  surpassed  New  York 
in  wealth  and  population. 

"\\'e  will  not  have  freedom  until  a 
free  farming  class  is  free  to  govern  it- 
self." 

"And  you  are  no  Moravian?" 

"How  can  T  be^  My  eldest  daughter 
was  married  twenty  years  ago  to  Rev. 
Henrv  Melch'nr  Muhlenberg-,  a  talented 
man   whose    friends   in   Penna.   call   him 


THE   FOREST  EREACHER  ON  THE  SCHOHARIE 


807 


'the  father  of  the  Lutheran  church.'  Two 
of  his  sons  are  studying  theology.  By 
God's  will,  I  will  be  the  ancestor  of  a 
family  of  Lutheran  ministers.  That 
means  more  than  the  title  'Governor  of 
New  York.'  God  has  richly  blessed  my 
children  and  me.  When  I  reflect  upon 
my  past  life,  I  repeatedly  say:  'If  only 
my  father  had  lived  to  see  this.'  " 

He  embraced  me,  his  cheeks  wet  with 
tears,  then  he  rode  away.  We  were  agi- 
tated.    Neither  of  us  said  farewell. 

Soon  after  this  event  I  received  a  letter 
from   his   son-in-law.   Rev.   Muhlenberg: 

"It  was  father's  last  wish  that  1  should 
inform  )'ou  after  he  had  passed  away. 
He  realized  the  end  approaching.  He 
together  with  his  wife  selected  his  last 
resting  place  a  few  days  before  his  death. 
A  mile  below  Womelsdorf  toward  Read- 
ing, on  a  little  elevation  he  rests  and 
awaits  the  resurrection  morn.  We  erect- 
ed according  to  his  wish  a  red  sandstone 
as  a  tombstone  with  the  inscription  : 

"Conrad  Weiser,  Wurtemburg,  1696, 
died  1760." 

I  went  to  Gen.  Herkimer  with  the 
letter.  As  I  read  its  contents  to  him 
he  left  the  room.  WHien  he  returned  a 
half  hour  later  he  grasped  my  hand  and 
said :  "His  like  will  never  be  seen  again 
in  this  country."  His  eyes  were  red  with 
weeping. 

Chap.  XXI. 

There  is  a  restlessness  in  the  country, 
an  anxious  moving  to  and  fro  in  the 
valley.  One  does  not  know^  who  is  a 
friend  or  who  is  an  enemy.  Does  free- 
dom and  justice  beckon  to  us  or  will  all  of 
us  perish  by  the  scalping  knife? 

The  elder  W^eiser  and  his  contemporar- 
ies for  sixty  years  stood  sul)missively  and 
tremblingly  with  bared  heads  before  Gov. 
Plunter. 

Their  sons  and  grandsons,  grown  to 
maturity  in  the  freedom  of  the  forest 
stand  erect  like  oak-trees  before  the  gov-' 
ernor  with  clenched  fists  and  eyes  blazing 
with  anger  and  indignation.  They  bid 
defiance  to  the  king  of  Kngland  himself. 

The  storm  is  gathering  above  the  heads 
of  the  colonial  aristocrats.    The  injustice 


of  many  years'  duration,  barbarous'  op- 
pression, long  suppressed  wrath  broke 
forth  with  volcanic  violence. 

The  Schoharie  valley  became  an  armed 
camp.  We  have  the  revolution  at  our 
very  doors  with  all  its  horrors,  with  all 
its  hopes. 

"Liberty  or  death,"  these  words  of 
Patrick  Henry  uttered  in  the  state  house 
of  Virginia  became  our  battle  cry. 

We  at  the  Schoharie  greeted  with  loud 
ai)plause  the  announcement  of  our  inde- 
pendence from  English  despotism  which 
the  representatives  of  the  thirteen  colon- 
ies sent  to  the  king  of  England.  No  one 
comi:)rehends  its  significance  better  than 
we  Germans. 

The  storm  broke  ;  blood  flows  ;  the  can- 
non thunder;  the  oppressors  tremble. 
Justice  for  all,  privileges  for  none. 

At  first  unauthenticated  reports  pene- 
trated the  valley.  It  was  rumored  that 
Boston  had  revolted.  Then  outbreaks 
were  reported  to  have  occurred  either  in 
New  York  or  in  Philadelphia  and  Ger- 
mantow'n. 

At  last  Jonathan  Schmul  came  to  the 
Schoharie.  He  has  become  well  to  do. 
Instead  of  carrying  his  pack  he  drives 
about  with  a  horse  and  wagon. 

He  was  in  Boston  wdien  the  enraged 
citizens  emptied  the  chests  of  tea  into  the 
harbor.  He  heard  in  Faneuil  Hall  the 
inspired  orators  of  freedom.  John  Han- 
cock and  Dr.  Warren.  He  saw  the  doc- 
tor, one  of  the  first  to  fall  in  battle  for 
the  freedom  of  his  native  land.  The 
aged  Schmul  has  since  that  time  l)ecome 
young  again. 

"No  more  enslaved  Katharine  Weisen- 
bergs.  no  exiled  W^eisers,  no  more  scalp- 
ed women  and  children.  Air.  Pastor,  as 
sure  as  I  am  a  poor  Jew  who  makes  an 
honest  living."  he  cried  as  he  jiassed  out 
of  the  room.  "Have  our  poor  ])eople 
not  turned  the  wilderness  into  a  para- 
dise? Why  can  Germans  not  govern 
themselves?  German  magistrates,  Ger- 
man sherififs we  will  have  it!" 

The  inhabitants  of  the  valley  were  di- 
vided into  two  hostile  camps. 

The  descendants  of  the  seven  Dutch 
])artners  sided  with  England  and  with 
them  all  those  who  for  sixty  years  wish- 
ed to  reduce  the  Germans  to  slavery. 


8o8 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


It  grieves  me  that  Sir.  Wm.  Johnson 
should  also  have  become  a  traitor.  He 
is  the  most  influential  Englishman  in 
the  valley  and  is  related  to  more  than 
two  hundred  families.  He  completely 
separated  the  western  end  of  the  valley 
from  any  alliances  with  Albany  and  the 
eastern  end  of  the  valley.  In  this  way 
he  prevented  the  transportation  of  pow- 
der and  other  munitions  of  war  which 
we  so  sorely  needed.  His  brother-in- 
law,  the  Mohawk  chief,  Brandt  is  also 
on  his  side.  O !  the  tories  and  traitors 
are  shrewd.  They  sent  Brandt  to  Eng- 
land. By  a  personal  interview  with  this 
savage,  George  III  won  the  Indians  over. 
The  scalping  knife  threatened  the  Ger- 
mans again. 

However,  we  obtained  powder.  ]\Ir. 
Schmul,  the  Jew,  conveyed  it  through 
the  midst  of  Sir  Wm.  Johnson's  sentinels. 
They  mistook  the  freight  for  household 
goods.  It  certainly  is  an  advantage  that 
Mr.  Schmul  prospered  and  purchased  a 
wagon  for  himself.  It  is  unnecessary  for 
him  to  make  so  many  trips.  Every  one 
offers  all  his  property.  In  the  future 
many  will  offer  their  lives. 

Still  God  wills  the  right,  therefore  we 
will  be  victorious. 

An  assembly  of  all  the  people  was  held. 
The  aristocrats,  (The  tories  came  out 
in  large  numbers)  soon  showed  the  Judas 
hand.  They  could  accomplish  nothing 
among  the  Germans  with  money  or  prom- 
ises. For  this  reason  the  daughters  of 
the  rich  aristocrats  were  to  win  over  our 
young  men.  Up  to  this  time  these  ladies 
regarded  themselves  of  superior  rank  and 
looked  upon  us  with  contempt.  On  this 
occasion  the  noble  fathers  brought  their 
daughters  elegantly  dressed  to  the  meet- 
ing. They  had  planned  to  some  purpose. 
It  certainly  was  fortunate  that  I  was  pre- 
sent and  that  my  seventy  summers  did 
not  prevent  my  attendance. 

What  a  gathering  of  the  people!  As 
the  large  hall  could  not  hold  the  crowd, 
the  aristocrats  busied  themselves  among 
those  in  the  street,  in  exerting  their  in- 
fluence in  behalf  of  the  king  of  England. 
In  the  hall,  meanwhile,  an  orators'  battle 
had  begun.  I  began  to  think  my  presence 
nmnecessary    when    the    tories    produced 


their  weightiest  argument.  Sir  Johnson, 
old  and  gray,  was  scheduled  to  speak,  a 
man  who  could  always  command  the  at- 
tention of  his  German  neighbors. 

In  an  affecting  speech  he  reminded 
his  friends  and  fellow-citizens  that  he 
had  always  been  a  friend  of  the  Ger- 
mans, that  he  had  had  a  German  wife 
and  that  German  blood  flowed  in  his 
sons'  veins,  that  his  home  and  his  family 
life  did  not  lack  German  cordiality.  The 
king  would  always  be  our  debtor  if  we 
would  remain  faithful  to  him.  Neigh- 
bors should  not  fight. 

I  could  restrain  myself  no  longer.  I 
stepped  upon  the  platform.  On  every 
side  I  was  greeted  with  the  words :  "The 
forest  preacher  of  the  Schoharie !  Listen, 
Listen." 

"We  can  discuss  the  matter  with  Sir 
Wm.  Johnson,"  I  began.  "Fellow  citi- 
zens, with  whom  are  we  quarreling,  who 
has  oppressed  us?  Certainly  not  Sir 
Johnson  but  the  governor,  the  English 
governor  general,  the  king  of  England! 

"Shall  I  relate  our  experiences?  Is  it 
necessary?  You  remember  them.  It  is 
a  long  series  of  oppressions  and  infam- 
ous actions  with  wliich  wc  were  afflicted 
in  the  name  of  English  justice  and  of 
the  king  of  England. 

"Shall  I  remind  you  of  the  aged 
Weiser?  There  are  people  present  who 
forty  years  ago  met  in  an  assembly  of 
farmers  in  'Weiserdorf,'  who  looked  into 
the  face  of  the  aged  Weiser  who  was 
persecuted,  beaten,  bound  to  the  main 
mast  of  a  pirate  ship,  cast  into  a  debtor's 
prison  in  London,  and  finally  driven  out 
of  'Weiserdorf.'  Why?  Did  he  not 
serve  the  king  faithfully,  and  boldly  face 
the  enemy  under  England's  banner  as 
captain  of  the  Germans  during  the  wars 
with  the   French  and   Indians? 

"How  was  he  rewarded?  He  was 
deprived  of  his  home.  When  he  was 
old  and  gray  he  was  exiled. 

"Your  governor  did  it,  the  Living- 
stones, the  Dutch  partners,  the  colonial 
aristocrats  forced  Hunter  to  it.  They 
are  the  same  men  whose  daughters  are 
today  attempting  to  win  over  our  sons  to 
their  side  and  to  their  faith. 

"Sir  [ohnson  even  mentioned  the  name 


THE  FOREST  PREACHER  ON  THE  SCHOHARIE 


809 


of  his  deceased  wife.  He  may  know 
that  I  shielded  her  from  the  wicked  de- 
signs of  a  foreign  prince.  Who,  1  ask, 
shielded  her  from  American  slavery? 
Has  a  single  German  received  justice 
under  your  law  ? 

''Who  refused  us  title  to  our  land? 
Who  sent  into  our  houses  the  savages 
with    fire   brands? 

"God  demands  justice  and  we  will  ob- 
tain it.  You  have  refused  it  to  us.  God 
will  grant  it  to  us. 

"I  was  a  witness  when  our  men  were 
treacherously  murdered  by  the  Indians 
ten  years  ago,  our  wives  and  children 
taken  captives,  and  our  houses  and  har- 
vests burned  to  the  ground.  Why?  Be- 
cause the  English  commander-in-chief  at 
Albany  said :  'A  blood  letting  can  not 
hurt  the  Germans.' 

"In  a  moment  mute  Adam  Bauer  had 
stepped  to  my  side.  His  face  was  con- 
vulsed, and  bore  every  sign  that  we 
would  behold  a  tremendous  outburst  of 
passion.  I  grasped  him  and  cried  out, — 
'Fellow  citizens,  behold  this  man.  This 
is  the  work  of  England.' 

There  was  such  an  outburst  of  feeling 
that  I  can  not  describe.  When  at  last 
I  was  able  to  continue,  I  quietly  remark- 
ed: 

"Sir  Johnson  stood  beside  me  when 
I  drew  this  young  man  from  beneath  the 
body  of  his  mother  who  in  her  death 
agony  tried  to  protect  him.  I  raised  the 
boy,  and  was  a  witness  of  his  poverty  and 
misfortune.  Thus  England  rewards  Ger- 
man fidelity.  If  the  king  of  England  is 
victorious  on  this  occasion,  I  will  know 
w'hat  awaits  us.  Does  there  not  stand  be- 
side Sir  Johnson  his  excellent  brother-in- 
law,  the  Indian  chief  Brandt,  the  mur- 
derer of  our  men,  the   ravisher   of   our 


I  w^as  not  allowed  to  continue.  Such 
an  uproar  arose  as  threw  a  previous  oc- 
currence of  a  similar  kind  in  Weiser's 
barn  completely  in  the  shade.  It  was  a 
cry  of  pain  and  grief.  The  furious  Ger- 
mans threatened  Brandt  and  would  have 
killed  him  on  the  spot,  if  Gen.  Herkimer 
at  the  risk  of  his  own  life  had  not  de- 
fended him.  The  tories  trembled.  The 
cowardlv  brood  feared  for  their  lives. 


At  last  the  confusion  subsided  so  that 
I  could  be  heard : 

"No  violence  to-day!  Calmly  do  we 
want  to  consider  the  question ;  'Shall  the 
Germans  of  the  Mohawk  and  Schoharie 
side  with  George  III  or  George  Wash- 
ington? I  therefore,  move  that  we  ex- 
press our  feeling  by  sending  the  follow- 
ing resolution  to  the  American  Congress 
and  George  Washington :  'We  Ger- 
mans of  the  Mohawk  and  Schoharie  dis- 
dain the  slavery  imposed  upon  us,  and 
assigned  to  us  by  the  bonds  of  religion, 
nationality,  justice  and  patriotism  and 
have  determined  to  fight  for  freedom 
with  our  lives  and  our  property.' 

I  had  scarcely  pronounced  the  last 
word  before  the  presiding  officer  put  the 
resolution  to  a  vote.  Gen.  Herkimer 
w^as  commissioned  to  present  the  reso- 
lution to  the  proper  authorities.  With- 
out the  crowd  surged  to  and  fro.  The 
excitement  was  intense.  No  one  dared 
to  speak  out. 

For  several  weeks  the  tories  threatened 
that  in  the  event  of  a  meeting  for  declar- 
ation of  freedom,  blood  would  be  spilt  on 
the  spot.  It  seemed  as  if  the  shadow  of 
death  stalked  through  the  streets.  A 
single  shot  would  precipitate  the  struggle. 
It  was  an  unnatural  silence. 

Suddenly  Adam  Bauer  appeared  on 
the  roof  of  the  hall.  In  his  hand  he 
waved  the  first  American  flag  that  was 
raised,  the  stars  and  stripes.  Men  held 
their  breath  at  the  temerity  of  the  young 
man.  His  bosom  rose  and  fell,  and 
laboring  under  great  excitement  the  erst- 
while mute  stuttering  at  first,  then  began 
to  sing  loud  and  clear : 

'The   battle   hvmn    sounds   o'er  hill   and 

dale ! 
Do  you  hear  the  trumpet's  call? 
Eagerly  rush  into  strife  and  storm, 
God  will  grant  to  us  the  victory, 
For  the  right 

Men  are  striving  tried  and  true 
For  the  stars  and  stripes 
We  gladly  grasp  the  sword 
To  fight  for  freedom  and  right.'. 

The  effect  of  this  hymn  was  wonder- 
ful. The  men  bared  their  heads  in  honor 
to  the  starry  banner,  and  joined,  in  sing- 


8io 


THE   PENN  GERMANIA 


"O  Lord  our  God, 
Look  on  us  from  Heaven  above ! 
May  we  be  victors  in  this  fight, 
And  grant  us  soon  our  freedom, 
God,  protect  us  in  the  fight." 

"God  has  wrought  us  a  miracle,"  I 
said  to  Gen.  Herkimer;  "I  cannot  ex- 
plain it  in  any  other  way." 

Or  did  the  general  excitement  loosen 
the  vocal  chords  of  the  mute  Adam? 
During  the  night  he  rushed  out  into  the 
forest.     Since  then  I  have  not  seen  him. 

We  are  on  the  eve  of  a  decisive  battle. 
I  have  arranged  my  affairs.  May,  who 
since  aged  Urschel's  death  has  been  my 
housekeeper,  is  betrothed  to  John  Kreis- 
corn,  a  worthy  young  man.  She  is  good 
and  beautiful.  'Tis  better  so.  If  I 
should  die  she  has  a  protector.  She  had 
so  many  suitors,  that  I  was  frequently 
concerned.  I  never  told  her  her  mother's 
fate.  Why  should  I  disturb  her  happi- 
ness? 

As  for  Adam  Bauer,  who  knows 
whether  he  is  still  alive  or  not?  I  com- 
mit my  congregation  to  the  goodness 
and  mercy  of  God. 

CHAPTER  XXn. 

How  sultry  the  August  night  rests 
upon  the  valley.  Will  morning  never 
come? 

Westward  from  us  where  the  little 
Oriskany  flows  into  the  Mohawk  our 
soldiers  are  stationed  and  are  on  guard 
for  any  enemies  that  may  creep  stealthily 
from  the  forest. 

At  last  the  long  night  is  ended.  The 
rays  of  the  morning  sun  light  up  the 
forest.     The  day  will  be  hot. 

Gen.  Herkimer  formed  his  troops  in 
battle  array.  All  of  them  are  German 
volunteers.  Here  stand  the  sons  and 
grandsons  of  the  Palatines  and  Swabians, 
weapons  with  bayonets  in  their  right 
hands.  The  horsemen  carried  rifles.  All 
of  them  were  six  feet  tall,  strong  and 
sinewy.  The  eyes  of  the  Prussian  king 
would  beam  with  satisfaction  at  sight  of 
these  stalwart  troops. 

The  English  Gen.  St.  Leger  entered  the 
Alohawk  valley  from  the  west.  He  had 
orders   to  join   forces  with   the  Indians 


under  Brant  and  the  tories  under  Sir 
Wm.  Johnson,  defeat  the  Germans, 
ravage  the  valley,  the  granary  of 
America,  and  unite  with  Burgoyne  at 
Albany.  Then  to  descend  the  Hudson 
and  to  attack  Washington's  troops. 

The  first  part  of  this  plan  of  campaign 
was  about  to  be  carried  out  in  the 
Mohawk  valley.  For  this  reason  the 
German  settlers  were  stationed  here  to 
repel  the  intruders.  It  was  no  longer  a 
question  of  right  and  freedom,  but  of 
home  and  family,  of  property  and  church. 

Every  one  knows  that  the  enemy  con- 
cealed in  the  forest  awaits  our  advance. 
Nicholas  Plerkimer  hesitates.  Under  his 
command  there  are  barely  800  men,  while 
the  troops  under  St.  Leger,  including 
Tories  and  Indians  outnumber  him  three 
to  one.  Gen.  Herkimer  sent  a  messen- 
ger, Adam  Helmer,  to  Fort  Stanwix,  six 
miles  away  with  an  order  to  commander 
Gansvoort  to  make  a  sally  from  the  fort 
at  the  same  time.  Three  cannon  shots 
were  the  signal  for  commencing  the  fight 
whereupon  the  Germans  would  at  once 
begin  the  attack. 

The  Germans  await  the  signal.  The 
messenger  was  detained  on  his  round- 
about way  and  did  not  reach  the  fort  until 
noon.  Many  a  one  suspected  treachery. 
Should  they  wait  until  the  enemy  took 
them  by  surprise?  The  women  prepared 
couches  to  care  for  the  wounded.  They 
prayed:  "Almighty  God.  let  us  not  fall 
into  the  hands  of  the  Indians." 

Why  am  I  more  than  seventy  years 
old  ?  In  Pennsylvania  Conrad  Weiser's 
uncle  Rev.  Peter  Muhlenberg  announced 
to  his  congregation  during  the  service : 
"There  is  a  time  to  preach,  a  time  to 
fight  and  a  time  to  pray."  Thereupon  he 
removed  his  priestly  robe  and  stood  be- 
fore his  congregation  clad  in  an  officer's 
imiform  while  they  began  to  sing  with 
spirit  the  hymn:  "Ein  feste  Burg  ist 
unser  Gott"  (A  mighty  fortress  is  our 
God).  A  drum  beat  in  front  of  the 
church  and  in  a  short  time  Peter  Muhlen- 
berg has  enlisted  160  members  of  his 
congregation  as  soldiers. 

The  officers  and  soldiers  were  becom- 
ing impatient.  Gen.  Herkimer  could 
scarcely  control    them.        Still   no   news 


THE  FOREST  PREACHER  ON  THE  SCHOHARIE 


Sir 


from  Ft.  Stanwix.  The  heat  of  the  sun 
was  intense,  so  was  the  anger  of  the  Ger- 
mans. 

At  last  Gen.  Herkimer  gave  the  com- 
mand to  advance.  When  I  wanted  to 
take  my  place  at  his  side,  he  said:  "Pas- 
tor,  you  place  yourself  needlessly  in 
danger.  Go  to  Hawes  Hole.  There  are 
our  children  and  our  sick  ones.  They 
need  your  services."  Then  he  dis- 
mounted, knelt  before  me  and  said,  "Give 
me  a  blessing."  I  placed  my  hands  upon 
his  head. 

A  moment — the  storm  broke.  The 
cannon  roared.  The  Indian  war  cry 
sounded  loud  and  shrill.  Gen.  Herkimer 
put  spurs  to  his  horse  and  dashed  toward 
the  enemy  at  the  head  of  the  column. 
The  forest  was  alive  with  the  enemy.  The 
fight  was  terrible. 

In  Howe's  Hole  they  were  kneeling  and 
crying  out,  "Oh,  our  fields,  our  homes." 
The  conflict  came  nearer.  Our  men 
yielded  to  the  superior  force  of  the 
enemy.     In  the  cave  we  prayed  aloud  : 

"Out  of  the  depth  of  our  misery  we  cry 
unto  Thee  O  Lord,  hear  our  prayers." 

I  heard  a  groan  beside  me.  It  is  Jona- 
than Schmul.  Fle  was  in  the  agonies  of 
death.  He  knew  me.  Slowly  he  said : 
"I  wanted  to  reconnoitre  the  position  of 
the  enemy.  They  have  stationed  guards 
at  all  the  important  places  in  the  forest. 
As  I  was  returning  an  Indian  shot  me." 
The  blood  was  flowing  from  a  wound  in 
his  breast. 

"Beneath  my  bed  is  my  money.  Send 
it  to  Gen.  Washington.  He  needs  it  for 
our  righteous  cause.  No  more  women 
will  be  sold  into  slavery  like  Katherine 
Weisenburg"  —  He      stopped.  After 

awhile  he  said:  "Bury  me  (I  was  an 
honest  man)  with  my  head  toward  the 
East." 

I  prayed:  "O  Lord,  Thou  art  our 
refuge  for  evermore."  His  lips  moved. 
He  tried  to  speak.  I  held  my  ear  close  to 
him  but  could  not  understand  him.  It 
sounded  like  "Jerusalem." 

The  cannon  thundered.  Nearer  came 
the  battle.  I  could  not  remain  in  the  cave 
any  longer.  In  the  midst  of  the  forest 
the  conflict  raged.  The  Indians,  painted 
and   almost   naked   darted   out   from   be- 


hind the  trees.  The  chief,  Brant,  gave 
the  commands.  Their  force  outnum- 
bered ours. 

Gen  Herkimer  at  once  recognized  his 
dangerous  situation.  "There  is  only  one 
way  of  escape,  to  fight  and  resist  to  the 
last,"  he  called  to  his  officers.  He  him- 
self fought  in  the  first  rank.  A  terrific 
hand  to  hand  fight  was  taking  place  be- 
tween Germans  and  Indians.  In  the 
evening  after  the  battle  one  could  find  the 
dead, — the  one  hand  grasping  the  other's- 
hair  while  the  other  hand  held  a  knife. 

Our  situation  grew  desperate.  The 
superior  numbers  of  the  enemy  were 
overpowering  us.  The  flames  from  our 
homes  were  already  leaping  skyward. 
The  harvest  fields  were  on  fire.  Black 
clouds  covered  the  sky  as  if  the  sun  was 
hiding  its  face  from  the  terrible  carnage. 

Louder  grew  the  tumult.  The  cries  of 
the  wounded,  the  groans  and  curses  of 
the  combatants  were  frightful.  Besides 
the  heat  and  the  roar  of  the  flames  from 
tlie  burning  fields  added  to  the  horror. 

The  women  and  children  in  the  cave 
were  kneeling  down.  All  believed  that 
their  last  day  had  come.  They  sang 
psalms  and  hymns.  Shall  the  results  of 
the  labor  of  our  settlers  be  destroyed  in 
this  way?  I  again  went  to  the  scene  of 
the  battle.  If  we  are  defeated  I  want  to 
die  with  my  congregation. 

The  forest  grew  darker.  Lightning 
flashed  from  the  dark  clouds.  The 
thunder  of  the  skies,  the  shouts  of  the 
soldiers,  the  roar  of  the  flames  were 
louder  than  the  noise  of  the  cannon. 

The  Indians  and  Tories  attacked  us 
with  renewed  effort.  They  want  to  win 
the  battle  before  the  storm  breaks.  The 
redskins  discover  Gen.  Herkimer.  Their 
chief.  Brandt,  Sir  Wm.  Johnson's  famous 
brother-in-law  pointed  our  leader  out  to 
them.  With  shrill  cries  they  rushed 
towards  him.  I  too  was  drawn  into  the 
fight.  T  grasped  a  weapon  to  protect 
Gen.  Herkimer. 

Still,  my  brave  Germans  noticed  the 
danger  which  threatened  their  com- 
mander, and  strove  to  protect  him.  O 
God.  how  the  brave  youths  fall.  There 
the  vouthful  Peter  sinks  beneath  a  toma- 
hawk. He  leaves  a  young  wife  and  five 
little  children.       There  Gerlach's  young- 


■8l2 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


est  son  falls,  there — O.  would  that  I 
could  close  my  eyes.  How  desperately 
the  Germans  fight.  Soldiers  are  con- 
tinually falling  under  the  blows  of  the 
battle  axe.  A  bullet  struck  Gen.  Herki- 
mer in  the  foot.     We  are  lost. 

At  this  moment  my  Adam  Bauer 
dashed  like  a  madman  from  the  under- 
brush. He  rushed  straight  toward 
Brandt.  Wielding  his  sword  to  the  right 
and  to  the  left  he  struck  down  the 
Indians.  For  a  moment  they  hesitated 
and  retreated.  Then  Brant's  voice  was 
heard  giving  the  command  to  advance. 
The  savages  uttered  their  war  cry  and 
my  Adam  falls  beneath  a  tomahawk.  M}- 
senses  well  nigh  leave  me. 

A  fearful  clap  of  thunder — the  storm 
broke.  Heaven  opened  its  windows  and 
the  rain  poured  down  in  torrents.  The 
combatants  weary  with  the  conflict  were 
resting,  the  fire  was  extinguished,  and 
a  fresh  hope  seized  our  ranks.  At  last 
the  rain  ceased. 

Gen.  Herkimer,  although  wounded,  re- 
fused to  leave  the  battlefield.  His 
wound  was  bound,  his  saddle  was  taken 
from  his  horse  and  put  at  the  foot  of  a 
tree.  On  this  he  leaned.  "I  want  to 
look  the  enemy  in  the  face,"  he  replied 
as  I  besought  liim  to  protect  himself 
better. 

He  sfave  the  command  to  reform  the 
battle  line.  Herkimer  had  noticed  in  the 
morning  how  the  Indians  would  kill  with 
the  tomahawk  the  soldiers,  hidden  be- 
hind trees  after  they  had  fired  and  before 
they  had  an  opportunity  to  reload.  He 
stationed  two  men  behind  each  tree. 
These  tactics  worked,  and  the  savages 
fell  in  large  numbers. 

The  carnage  of  our  arms  was  fearful. 
The  red  skins  began  to  waver.  With  a 
loud  hurrah  our  men  charged.  T  was 
already  thinking  that  we  were  the  vic- 
tors. But  the  savages  received  imex- 
pected  assistance.  There  appeared  on 
their  side  a  regiment  of  Tories  organized 
bv  Sir  Wm.  Johnson  and  called  the 
''Royal  Greens,"  on  account  of  the 
trimmings  and  decorations  of  their  uni- 
forms. True  to  tlieir  character  the  faith- 
less and  treacherous  men  turned  their 
mantels  so  that  the  "Roval  Green"  was 


not  at  once  distinguishable.    We  thought 
at  first  they  were  our  own  men. 

These  men  were  for  the  last  fifty  years 
our  neighbors  in  the  IMohawk  and. Scho- 
harie Valleys.  The  sons  of  Catharine 
W^eisenberg  were  among  them,  also  the 
Livingstones  and  the  descendants  of  the 
seven  Dutch  partners.  The  crowd  con- 
sisted of  our  former  oppressors  and  re- 
cent traitors  in  the  valley — it  was  the 
aristocracy  and  at  the  same  time  the  mis- 
fortune of  the  colonists — our  neighbors 
advanced  openly  to  meet  us  and  truly, 
with  weapons  in  their  hands  in  league 
with  the  savages.  It  was  clear  to  me 
that  something  unusual  would  occur. 
The  Germans  had  scarcely  caught  sight 
of  these  traitors  before  their  anger  was 
aroused  to  the  highest  pitch.  As  in  the 
early  part  of  the  fight  it  was  necessary 
for  our  men  to  face  the  Indians  and  to 
sell  their  lives  as  dearly  as  possible,  so 
their  anger  smouldering  from  the  op- 
pressions of  half  a  century  was  aroused 
to  fury  at  sight  of  these  traitors.  The 
Indians  were  the  wild  beasts  whom  one 
slew  in  self-defense;  the  former  neigh- 
bor was  an  object  of  hate  and  abomina- 
tion while  he  was  in  league  with  the 
enemy. 

Our  men  had  endured  injustice  too 
long.  \Vhen  they  caught  sight  of  the 
traitors  they  threw  their  weapons  away. 
They  picked  up  stones  and  clubs  and 
hurled  them  at  the  men  of  Johnson's  reg- 
iment. They  (the  Germans)  grasped 
them  by  the  throat  and  literally  choked 
them  to  death.  A  shocking  contest,  a 
more  bitter  hand  to  hand  fight  possibly 
never  occurred  as  the  one  at  Oriskany. 
We  are  victorious.  The  enemy  is  com- 
pletely conquered,  their  leader  killed. 
Johnson's  own  brother-in-law  severely 
wounded,  the  rest  are  in  full  flight. 

The  day  of  the  battle  was  a  day  of 
settlement  of  old  scores  and  became  a 
day  of  reprisals.  Five  English  flags  and 
all  the  selected  presents  for  the  Indians 
fell  into  our  hands. 

We  have  won,  no  more  scalping  of 
women  and  children,  no  more  executions 
by  Livingstone  and  the  Dutch  partners. 
The  land  is  ours,  forciblv  obtained  from 


THE  FOREST  PREACHER  ON  THE  SCHOHARIE 


813 


the  forest  by  German  iiulustry,  protected 
from  the  enem\-  by  German  blood. 

But.  oh  !  the  dead  !  Every  home  at  the 
Schoharie  has  lost  at  least  one  loved  one. 
A  fourth  of  our  men  lie  dead  on  the 
field.  The  Schell  family  lost  nine  of  its 
members,  the  Wohlleben,  Kreiskorn, 
Bauman  and  Gerlach  families,  each  lost 
two. 

Among  the  dead  is  Gen.  Herkimer. 
Several  days  after  the  battle  he  suc- 
cumbed to  his  wounds.  He  was  cheered 
bv  a  letter  from  Geo.  Washington  in 
which  he  rendered  a  well  merited  ac- 
knowledgment to  his  services  and  that 
of  his  brave  troops  in  the  battle. 

AVhen  he  felt  his  end  approaching  he 
asked  for  a  Bible.  His  brothers  and 
sisters  were  at  his  bedside.  As  his  voice 
failed  him  I  lead  at  liis  request  the 
thirty-eiglith  Psalm :  "Lord,  punish  me 
not  in  thine  anger,  nor  chastise  me  in 
thy  wrath."'  When  the  death  struggle 
w^as  approaching  we  prayed:  "Christ, 
thou  Lamb  of  God,  who  bearest  the  sins 
of  the  world,  have  mercy  on  tis."  Then 
he  passed  into  his  everlasting  sleep. 

On  the  17th  of  August,  1777,  a  long 
funeral  procession  moved  toward  the 
Schoharie  hill.  ]\Iore  than  two  hundred 
coffins  were  carried  thither.  Every  man 
in  the  congregation  became  a  pallbearer. 
The  coffins  were  placed  side  by  side. 
Each  one  was  decorated  with  an  Ameri- 
can flag  and  a  crown  of  oak  leaves.  I 
took  for  my  text  the  words :  "The  brav- 
est have  been  killed  upon  Thy  hills.  How 
the  valiant  have  perished !"  Alluding  to 
(icn.  Herkimer  I  uttered  the  words:  "I 
am  filled  with  sorrow,  for  thee,  my 
brother,  I  had  great  joy  and  happiness 
with  thee." 

The  chorus:  "Jesus,  my  refuge,"  was 
played.  Xo  one  could  sing  to-day.  We 
are  overcome  with  grief  and  laimentation. 

CHAPTER  XXin. 

It  is  Christmas  even.  May  with  her 
young  companions  went  to  the  church  to 
decorate  for  the  Christmas  festival. 
Writing  becomes  difficult  for  me,  my  eyes 
are  growing  dim,  my  breath   fails  me. 


To-morrow   I   will   preach   my   last   ser- 
mon. 

We  have  entered  upon  a  new  era,  an- 
other generation  has  grown  up,  my  work 
is  finished,  I  will  withdraw.  Alay  will 
be  married  after  Easter.  Then  I  will 
pass  the  rest  of  my  days  with  the  young 
couple.  I  am  poor.  Even  the  log-house 
belongs  to  the  congregation.  Still  it  is 
hard  for  me  to  lay  down  my  work. 

We  intend  to  have  a  beautiful  service 
to-morrow.     We  have  great  need  of  the 
Christmas  spirit  in  the  midst  of  our  sor- 
row  for  the  dead.     I  had  sent  to  Ger- 
many for  a  certain  hymn  comjDosed  by 
one  Gellert.     It  began : 
"Dies  ist  der  Tag,  den  Gott  gemacht, 
Sein  werd"  in  aller  Welt  gedacht ! 
Ihn  preise,  was  durch  Jesum  Christ 
Im  Himmel  und  auf  Erden  ist." 

The  sermon  followed  the  singing  of 
this  hymn.  A  happy  feeling  possessed 
me.  Peace  on  earth,  peace  in  our  coun- 
try, peace  and  liberty  for  our  people.  We 
accomplished  everything  for  which  we 
strove.  Washington,  the  president,  is- 
our  friend.  A  monument  to  Gen.  Herki- 
mer shall  be  erected  at  the  expense  of 
the  government.  Both  the  judge  and 
the  sheriif  at  Schoharie  were  at  one  time 
my  pupils  and  catchumens.  The  pastor 
Muhlenberg,  the  grandson  and  great- 
grandson  of  the  two  Weisers  is  the  pres- 
ident of  the  American  Congress  and 
next  to  Washington  the  most  influential 
man  in  the  country.  When  I  think  of  the 
last  time  Conrad  Weiser  parted  from 
me  I  must  repeat  again  and  again  the 
words:  "If  only  Conrad  Weiser  had' 
lived  to  behold  this." 

Sir  William  Johnson  is  dead.  Many 
say  he  died  of  a  broken  heart.  We  have 
the  same  rights  as  the  other  people.  Hail 
to  our  men ! 

I  am  ready  to  die.  I  have  always  been 
a  stranger  in  my  new  home.  Not  a  day 
passes  that  I  do  not  think  of  the  old- 
home.  I  am  longing  for  the  home  my 
Father  has  prepared  for  me.  The  for- 
est preacher,  too,  shall  some  time  go  to 
this  home.  Still,  we  men  at  the  Scho- 
harie have  done  fairly  well.  Praise  be 
to  God  on  high. 


8r4 


THE    PENN    GERMANIA 


Thus  far  the  preacher  wrote  on 
Christmas  eve.  When  May  came  home 
with  her  betrothed  about  lo  o'clock  in 
the  evening  she  found  the  pastor  seated 
at  the  table. 

"O  uncle,"  she  said,  "to-iTiorrow  you 
will  celebrate  the  most  beautiful  Christ- 
mas of  all.  We  decorated  the  church 
beautifully." 

He  gave  no  reply.  As  she  drew  nearer 
she  saw  that  the  pen  had  dropped  from 
his  hand,  his  hands  were  folded,  his  face 
raised  toward  heaven  as  if  in  prayer,  a 
picture  of  profound  peace.  Life  had 
fled. 

The  flag  used  in  celebrating  peace  still 
waved  from  the  top  of  the  church  tower. 


It  was  put  at  half  mast.  Next  day  the 
door  of  every  house  was  decorated  with 
mourning  crepe.  The  women  wept  at 
the  mournful  news.  No  one  forgot  this 
Christmas  at  Schoharie. 

Two  days  later  we  carried  him  to  his 
last  resting  place.  The  deacons  of  the 
congregation,  the  district  judge  and  the 
county  officers  were  the  pallbearers.  The 
school-children  sang  his  favorite  hymn  • 
"Christ,  Thou  art  my  life." 

Not  a  member  of  the  church  was  ab- 
sent. As  the  coffin  sank  slowly  into  the 
cool  tomb,  there  was  buried  at  the  same 
time  a  portion  of  the  toil  and  suffering, 
yea,  the  history  of  the  German  colony  at 
the  Schoharie. 


THE  END 


-Acting  Governor         Robert    F.  Wagner, 
A  German  Newsboy    of  New  York,  pres- 
ident   pro    tem.    of 
the  Senate  was  acting  governor  of  the 
state  for  a  time  recently. 

"Bob"  Wagner — that's  his  only  name 
in  Yorkville — was  just  nine  years  old 
Av<hen  he  landed  at  Castle  Garden  with 
"his  parents.  He  could  talk  German  like 
the  native  he  was.  but  didn't  understand 
a  word  of  English.  While  attending 
public  school  he  sold  papers,  and  thev 
tell  you  up  Yorkville  way  even  now  that 
"Bob"  wasn't  stuck  often.     He  went  to 


City  College  after  leaving  high  school, 
and  was  graduated  as  the  orator  of  his 
class. 

Two  years  later  he  was  graduated 
from  the  New  York  Law  School.  He 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1900,  and  im- 
mediately matriculated  in  the  Tammany 
school  of  politics.  He  was  elected  to 
the  Assembly  three  times,  and  is  now 
serving  his  second  term  in  the  Senate. 
And  now  he  is  governor  for  ten  whole 
days.  Which  for  a  one-time  newsboy  is 
"sfoino-  some." — Nezv  York  Mail. 


Newspaper  Gleanings 

/^^NE  of  the  leading  papers  in  Mont-  Census. 
\^^     gomery    County,    Pa.,    for    many 

years  was  the  "Bauern  Freund,"  The  census  for  1830  gave  the  follow- 

])iiblished  for  a  time  at  Sumneytown,  and  ing  figures  for  the  county.     A  compari- 

latcr  at  Pennsburg.     Its  first  issue  was  son  with  the  figures  for  the  same  dis- 

(lated   August  6,    1828.     Its  motto  was  tricts  as  shown  by  the  latest  enumera- 

then :    "Niitzlichkeit  ist  unser  Zweck;  die  tion     will     prove    interesting.  By    the 

Richtschnur  Tugend ;  und  Freyheit  unser  census  of  1910  Norristown  alone  had  a 

Leben  !"  population  of  27,875. 

Among  the   items   appearing  the  first 

few  years  may  be  noted  the  following:     Abington,    1,524 

Cheltenham,    934 

Marriage  Notices.                        Douglass,    941 

Franconia, 998 

Notices  of  marriages  and  deaths  were     Friedrich, .  1,047 

read  with  interest  then  as  now.     In  the     Gwynedd,    1,402 

first  issue  the  publisher  said :  "Heyraths-     Hatfield, 835 

Anzeige   konnten   wir   diese   woch  keine      Horsham,    1,086 

mittheilen    weil    wir   keine    hatten.      Die     Limerick,     1,744 

prediger  haben  wenig  zu  thun  und  wur-     Nieder  Providence,   1,196 

<len  gem  Copulation  vollziehen  und  audi     Nieder  Salford,   880 

wohlfeil — fur   Cash — aber  niemand  will     Nieder  Merion,    2,524 

heurathen.    Ob  das  Wetter  nochzu  warm     Marlborough,    ,.  952 

ist  oder  was  die  Ursach  wohl  seyn  may     Montgomery,    911 

konen  wir  jetzt  nicht  sagen.     Wir  hofifen     Mooreland,    2,044 

€s  soil  besser  gehen  bis  Spatjahr."                   New  Hanover, i,344 

Norristown  Boro,   1,089 

Market  Prices.                           Norriton,     1,142 

Plymouth,    1,090 

The  market  prices  afford  an  interest-     Pottsgrove,    . 1,302 

ing  study.     In  an  early  issue  the  follow-  Schippack  and  Perkiomen,    .  . .  1,275 

ing  list  was  given :                                            Springfield,    663 

Towamensing,    669 

Article.                        Phila.  Sumneytown.     Ober   Providence,    1,681 

Flour,  Bbl.               $4.87           $5.00             Ober   Hanover,    . 1,300 

AVheat  Bu.                      95                 95             Ober  Dublin,    1,292 

Rye        "                        40                40             Ober   Salford,    1,103 

Corn      "'                        40                40             Ober  Merion,     1,618 

Oats      ''                         25                 25             Whitemarsh,     1,924 

Flaxseed  Bu.              1.06             i.oo             Whitpain,    i,i37 

Salt            "                     60                 75             Worcester,     i,i35 

Wiiiskey  per  gal                                               Pottstown  Boro.,   Gyy 

Corn  23  22  

Apple     "                         27                 25  39406 

r.utter  per  pound           10                   9  <r  1      ,         j  n-       1 

Plain                                  o                  o  Schools  and  Teachers. 

Bacon                               6                  7  A  glimpse  at  the  schools  and  teachers 

Yarn                                 12                  12  of  the  county  is  afforded  by  advertise- 

Eggs  p"r  dozen               8                   8  ments  which  appeared  in  the  paper  from 

•Rags                                 6                   6  time  to  time.     For  example : 

815 


8i6 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


Ein  Schullehrer  der  gut  deutsch  und 
Englisch  lesen  und  schrieben,  dabey  rech- 
nen,  die  Orgel  spielen  und  vorsingen  so 
wie  auch  ein  gutes  Zeugnisz  in  Hinsicht 
seines  Characters  aufweisen  kann  wird 
verlangt  von  der  Ev.  Luth.  Gemeine  in 
Falconer  Schwamm.  Ein  jeder  der  Lust 
zu  der  Stelle  hat,  melde  sich  behebigt  bey 
dem  Prasiden  oder  Prediger  der  Ge- 
meine. Auf  Order  des  Kirchenraths. 
Heinrich  Krebs — President  der  Gemeine. 

Ein  Schullehrer  und  Organist  wird 
verlangt  an  der  Neu  Goshenhoppen 
Kirche  in  Ober  Hanover  Township, 
]\Iontgomery  County.  Ein  man  mit  einer 
Haushaltung  wird  den  V^orzug  haben. 
Man  melde  sich  bey  den  Unterzeichneten 
Glieder  des  Kirchenraths  oder  irgendwo 
in  oben  gemeldeter  Gemeinde. 

Jacob  Huber 

Andreas  Graber 

Johannes  Ehl 

Daniel  Pannebecker 

Ein  Schullehrer  wird  Verlangt  An 
dem  neu  erbauten  Schulhause  nahe  bei 
Heinrich  Freyer  in  New  Hanover  Town- 
ship, Montgomery  County,  welcher  in 
Deutsch  und  englischer  Sprache  Unter- 
richt  geben  kann.  Fur  weitere  Nach- 
richt  beliebe  man  sich  zu  melden  vor 
oder  bis  den  12  ten  September,  nachstens 
bey  den  Unterschriebenen  Trustees. 

Peter  Dreesz 

Isaac  Edeman 
I  Heinrich  Reyer 

Libels  and  Slanders. 

That  in  the  "good  old  times"  neigh- 
bors sometimes  gave  too  free  reins  to 
their  tongues  must  be  inferred  from  no- 
tices like  these : 

Nach  dem  Original 

Einem  liegner  liegen  gutmachen. 
Georg  Schmith  in  Frederick  taunship 
Erglehre  ich  als  lunen  wahren  liegner 
und  kan  im  gut  machcn  mit  Mer  den  6 
pcrsohnen. 

Johannes  Bauer 

Ein  Lugner.     Ein  gewisser  Jeremias 


Roshong,  gebisz  und  Steigbiegel  macher 
von  Ober  Salford  Township,  Montgom- 
ery County,  hat  uns  den  Unterschrieb- 
enen Sachen  nachgesagt  welche  er  nicht 
behaupten  kan  so  halten  wir  ihn  fur  ein 
Character  Schander  und  Liigner  bis  er 
uns  gut  macht  was  er  uns  falschlich 
nachgesagt  hat. 
Jacob  Schlotterer,  John  Unterkoffler 

Rechtfertigende  Erklarung  und  Auf- 
ruf.  Sintemal  Jacob  Schlotterer  und 
John  Underkofiler  mich  als  einen  Lug- 
ner im  No.  28  des  Bauern  Freunds  pub- 
licirten  ohne  ihren  Frevel  durch  einen 
Beweisz  bestatigen  zu  konnen,  nothiget 
mich  mein  Ehrgefuhl  diese  Erklarung  an 
das  Publikum  und  dem  Aufruf  an  oben- 
nannte  Personen  ergehen  zu  lassen — 
indem  ich  genugender  Beweis  von  ihrer 
Dreistigkeit  berlange  mit  welcher  sie 
meinen  Character  zu  entwiirdigen 
suchten,  ohne  dasz  ich  ihnen  Anlasz  dazu 
gegeben   habe. 

Jeremiah  Rosgong 

Ein  Verlaumder  Da  ein  gewisser 
Enoch  Hummel  Pulver-Macher  meiner 
Frau  schandliche  Sachen  nachgesagt 
hat ;  die  er  nicht  behaupten  kann,  so 
erklare  ich  ihn  als  einen  offentlichen 
Lugner  bis  er  ihr  gut  macht  was  er  ihr 
ohne  Ursachen  nachgelogen  hat.  So 
viel  von 

Abraham  Wambold 

Jacob  May  u  George  May  werden  hier- 
mit  als  offentliche  Lugner  erklart  dis  sie 
mir  gut  machen  was  sie  mir  falschlich 
nachgesagt  haben  indem  sie  meinen 
Character  zu  schanden  suchen  ohne  den 
geringsten  Beweisz  ihre  Verlaum- 
dungen  zu  bestatigen. 
Heinrich  Neesz 

Promiscuous  Items. 

The  following  promiscuous  items  may 
be  of  interest. 

Snow  was  seen  falling  in  Upper  Han- 
over Township.  July   i,   1829. 

A  letter  was  left  uncalled  for  at  the 


NEWSPAPER  GLEANINGS 


■17 


Baltimore  Post  Office  addressed  to  John 
Ollenbockengraphcnsteincrstofen. 

In  July,  1829,  the  sickness  of  one  of 
the  printers  delayed  the  issue  of  the  pa- 
per one  week  and  prevented  it  entirely 
the  next  week. 

In  April.  1829.  announcement  was 
made  that  a  postoffice  had  been  opened 
in  Upper  Hanover  Township,  Montgom- 
ery County,  and  that  George  Hillegass, 
St.,  had  been  appointed  postmaster. 

The  State  Legislature  of  the  period 
was  made  up  as  follows :  In  the  Senate 
there  were  18  farmers,  7  lawyers,  2 
physicians,  2  innkeepers,  2  merchants,  i 
printer  and  1  mechanic ;  in  the  House,  46 
farmers.  17  mechanics,  15  lawyers,  8 
merchants,  4  physicians,  4  surveyors,  3 
innkeepers,  2  printers  and  i  private  gen- 
tleman. 

That  indentured  servants  at  times 
broke  their  contracts  is  evidenced  by  oc- 
casional  notices   like   these : 

Six  Cents  Reward :  Am  Sonntag 
Abend,  den  26  ten  dieses  Monats  entlief 
ein  verbundener  Junge  dem  Unterschrib- 
enen  in  Towamencin  Township,  Alontg. 
Co.  names  John  Newman.  Er  ist  stark 
gebaut,  ungefahr  18  Jahr  alt  und  trug 
bey  seinem  Weglaufen  eincn  blaues  Cass- 
inet  Kleid.  ()bige  Belohnung  soil 
demjenigen  der  ihn  zuriich  bringt  ge- 
geben,  aber  Keine  Kosten  bezahlt  wer- 
den.  Jederman  ist  ersucht  ihm  nichts 
auf  seine  Gefahr  zu  beherbergen. 
Friedrich  Wanibold 


Ein  Halb  Hufeisen  Belohnung:  Ent- 
lief dem  Unterschriebenen  in  Limerick 
Township,  Montgomery  County,  Don- 
nerstags  am  20  August  ein  Lehrjung 
zum  Schmidt  Handwerks  namens  Jo- 
seph EUinger.  Jederman  is  gewarnt 
ihm  nichts  auf  meinen  Namen  anzuver- 
trauen  indem  ich  nicht  willens  bun 
einen  Cent  fur  ihm  ze  bezahlen  und 
keine  weitere  Belohnung  fiir  seine 
Ziiruchbringung  als  einen  halben  Huf- 
eisen. 

Samuel  Pool. 


Rum  Poetry. 

Historians  tell  us  that  in  the  "good  old 
times"  whiskey  was  purer,  and  there- 
fore less  harmful,  than  at  present.  That 
it  had  a  bad  reputation  nevertheless  in 
spite  of  its  "purity"'  is  shown  by  the  fol- 
lowing lines  which  appeared  in  the 
Bauern  Freund  March  17,  1830.  It 
seems  these  lines  appeared  first  in  the 
Gazette  of  Hingham  (near  Boston, 
Mass.),  after  which  they  found  their 
way  to  Germany  to  be  translated  by  Dr. 
Daerman.  The  B.  F.  printed  the  orig- 
inal and  the  translation  in  parallel  col- 
umns. 

O  thou  invincible  Spirit  of  Rum!  If 
thou  hadst  no  name  by  which  to  know 
thee,  w'e  would  call  thee — Devil ! 

Let  the  devotee  extol  thee 
And  thy  wondrous  virtues  sum. 
But  the  worst  of  names  I'll  call  thee, 
O  thou  Hydra  monster.   Rum ! 

Pimple-maker,   visage-bloater, 
Health-corrupter,  idler's  mate. 
Mischief  breeder,  vice  promoter, 
Credit  spoiler,  devil  bait, 

Almshouse   builder,   pauper-maker, 
Truth-betrayer,  sorrow's  source, 
Pocket-emptier.   Sabbath  breaker. 
Conscience-stifler,  guilt's  resource : 

Xerve-en feebler,  system-scatterer, 
Thirst-increaser,  vagrant  thief. 
Cough-producer,  treach'rous  flatterer, 
Mud  bedauber,  mock  relief, 

Business-hinderer.  spleen  instiller. 
Woe-begetter,  friendship's  bane. 
Anger-heater,   bridewell-filler, 
Debt-involver,  toper's  chain ; 

Summer's  coaler,  winter's  w^armer. 
Blood  polluter,  specious  snare, 
Mob-collector,  man's  transformer. 
Bond  undoer.  gambler's  fare ; 

Speech-bewrangler.    headlong-bringer, 
\'itals-burner.  deadly  fire. 
Riot-mover,   firc-brand-flinger, 
Discord-kindler,  misery's  sire: 


8i8 


THE  PENN   GERMANIA 


Sinews  robber,  world's  depriver. 
Strength  subduer,  hideous  foe, 
Reason  thwarter,  fraud  continuer, 
Money-waster,  nation's  woe ; 

\i\e   seducer,   joy  dispeller. 
Peace-disturber,  blackguard  o-uest, 
Sloth-implanter.    liver-sweller, 
Brain-distracter,  hateful  pest, 

Pain-inflicter,  ex^s  infiamer. 
Heart  corrupter,  folly's  nurse, 
Secret  babbler,  body  maimer, 
Thrift-defeater,   loathsome   curse. 


Utterance-bog'gler,  stench  emitter, 
Strong'-man-sprawler,    fatal    drop, 
I'umult-raiser.  venom  spitter. 
Wrath  inspirer,  coward's  prop; 

Wit  destroyer,  joy-impairer. 
Scandal-dealer,  foulmouthed  scourge. 


Senses-blunter,  youth  ensnarer. 
Crime  inventor,  ruin's  verge; 

Virtue  blaster,  base  deceiver, 
Rag-e-displayer,  sob's  delight. 
Nerve  exciter,  stomach  heaver. 
Falsehood   spreader,   scorpion's   bite ; 

Quarrel-plotter,  rage-discharger, 
Giant-conqueror,  wasteful  sway, 
Chin  carbuncle,  tongue  enlarger, 
Malice-venter,  Death's  broadway. 

Tempest  scatterer,  window  smasher, 
Death's  forerunner,  hell's  dire  brink, 
Ravenous  murderer,  windpipe  lasher, 
Drunkard's  lodging,  meat  and  drink ! 

Let  the  devotee  extol  thee 
And  thy  wondrous  virtues  sum 
But  the  worst  of  names  Fll  call  thee, 
O  thou  Hydra-headed  monster,   Rum ! 

N.   P.   C. 


Dr.  Brumbaugh  on  Dr.  Brumbaugh,  su- 
Sehool  Fraternities  per  intendent  of 
schools  in  Philadel- 
])hia,  will  deserve  the  profoundest 
thanks  of  all  the  parents  in  that  vast 
community  if  he  succeeds  in  eradicating 
the  school  fraternity  infatuation  among 
the  pupils.  He  pronounces  these  secret 
organizations  undemocratic,  un-Ameri- 
can, and  contrary  to  the  spirit  of  public 
educational  institutions  where  every  pu- 
])il  is  supposed  to  stand  on  the  same  so- 
cial level  with  his  fellow.  He  offers  a 
substitute  in  the  form  of  clubs  open  to 
all  who  have  common  tastes  along  special 
lines,  such  as  an  aptitude  for  photo- 
graphy, journalism,  oratory,  athletics, 
and  the  like.     Such  organizations,  as  the 


Ledger  says,  would  not  conceal  "arrant 
snobbery  beneath  a  veil  of  sacrosanct" 
mystery,  where  there  is  really  nothing 
at  all  to  hide.  The  Ledger  further  says : 
"The  solemn  pretense  of  the  mummery 
of  some  of  these  societies  is  as  purpose- 
less as  all  other  features  of  their  exist- 
ence. They  are  likely,  when  remove! 
from  close  surveillance,  to  encourage 
idleness  and  dissipation.  Thev  encourage 
the  boy  who  gets  in  to  think  he  is  in 
some  way  a  little  better  than  the  boy 
who  is  left  out."  But  when  .it  speaks 
thus,  does  it  not  also  condemn  secret  so- 
cietyism  as  a  whole,  which  is  honey- 
combing our  social  life  in  America? — 
The  Lut!icra)i. 


The  Red  Rose  Rental  Custom 


//^NE  of  the  notable  days  in  Lancas- 
^^^  ter  County,  Pa.,  each  year  is  the 
giving  of  a  red  rose  as  rental  for 
a  piece  of  ground  in  Manheim.  Con- 
cerning this  custom  Historian  Frank  R. 
Diffenderfer  wrote  in  1901  : 

"One  hundred  and  thirty  years  ago 
Henry  William  Stiegel  gave  a  piece  of 
ground  to  a  Lutheran  congregation  in 
the  then  hamlet  of  Manheim,  in  this 
county,  for  the  sum  of  five  shillings,  to 
Tiiake  the  deed  gift  lawful,  and  the  fur- 
ther honorarium  of  one  red  rose  to  be 
ever  after  annually  paid.  When  the 
Council  of  Zion  Lutheran  Church  some 
twelve  years  ago  resolved  to  revive  the 
ancient  custom  of  rose  payments,  which 
for  more  than  a  century  and  a  quarter 
had  fallen  into  disuse,  the  event  received 
wide  notice  and  well-deserved  credit, 
and  praise  was  awarded  to  the  man 
whose  large-hearted  liberality  had  insti- 
tuted in  this  fair  county  a  practice  so 
beautiful,  so  praiseworthy  and  so  po- 
etical. 

For  twelve  successive  years  this  re- 
vived payment  has  been  made,  with  ever- 
increasing  interest  and  enthusiasm.  Men 
of  high  intelligence  and  culture  have'  on 
the  appointed  day  delivered  eloquent 
orations  on  the  man  who  made  the  cus- 
tom possible  and  bestowed  praise  with- 
out stint  upon  him  whose  poetijc  temper- 
ament conceived  so  simple,  yet  so  rich 
and  beautiful  an  honorarium  in  exchange 
for  his  most  generous  gift.  To  him  these 
eloquent  men  awarded  the  verdict  of 
conceiving  this  beautiful  'romance  of 
Christian  philanthropy.'  And  so  the 
case  has  stood  until  this  very  hour.  It 
is  true  that  a  custom  somewhat  similar 
was  known  to  our  provincial  history. 
Even  before  Stiegel's  time  men  and  wo- 
.men  in  Penn's  i:)rovince  had  been  doing 
charitable  things  along  this  line.  Old 
deeds  made  more  than  one  hundred  and 
fifty  years  ago  reveal  numerous  cases 
where  men  gave  away  tracts  of  land  for 
the  rental  of  "one  peppercorn  annually  if 
the    same    be    lawfullv    demanded,"    and 


again,  for  the  "rent  of  one  grain  of  good 
merchantable  winter  wheat  yearly  for- 
ever, if  the  same  shall  be  lawfully  de- 
manded." The  lawyers  tell  me  that  sim- 
ilar conditions  are  referred  to  in  the 
Commentaries  of  Blackstone,  so  the  prac- 
tice of  giving  lands  of  great  value  to 
friends  for  a  trifling  consideration  ante- 
dates Stiegel's  gift  by  many  years — how 
many  it  would  be  interesting  to  know, 
and  the  investigation   is  worth  making. 

It  seems  to  have  been  in  use  in  Penn's 
time.  He  brought  it  with  him  from 
England  or  Ireland.  Where  did  it  orig- 
inate? Was  it  a  customary  thing  when 
one  wished  to  make  a  gift  of  real  estate 
to  another  in  fee  simple  to  attach  this 
limited  fee,  to  legalize  the  transaction  ? 
It  is  not  improbable  that  the  idea  may 
have  had  its  origin  far  back  in  the  annals 
of  Great  Britain.  We  know  the  Lan- 
caster Plantagenets  adopted  a  red  rose 
as  their  SA'mbol  and  the  York  branch  a 
white  one.  If  access  could  be  had  to  old 
English  deeds  of  the  fourteenth  and  fif- 
teenth centuries,  it  is  possible  the  red 
rose  would  be  found  even  at  that  re- 
mote period  playing  the  same  part  which 
we  have  seen  it  did  in  the  seventeenth 
and   eighteenth   centuries." 

In  June,  1912,  Dr.  Sieling,  of  York, 
Pa.,  read  a  Historical  Sketch  of  the 
Manheim  "Feast  of  Roses."  which  is 
reproduced  here : 

"Of  all  the  church  institutions  of  mod- 
ern times  there  is  none  that  has  aroused 
more  enthusiasm,  sympathy  and  pathos, 
than  the  institution  of  the  'Feast  of 
Roses'  in  the  Zion  Evangelical  Luth- 
eran church,  of  ^Manheim,  Penn.sylvania. 

The  finding  of  the  stipulation  in  the 
(\Qe^\  to  the  plot  of  ground  upon  which 
the  church  stands,  'One  Red  Rose  An- 
nually in  the  month  of  June  forever,  if, 
the  same  shall  be  lawfully  demanded  by 
the  heirs,  executors  or  assigns,' — was 
heavenborn ;  a  legacy  far  beyond  money 
value,  food  for  orators  and  bards,  as  well 
as  the  anxious  lineal  descendants 
throughout  the  coming  ages. 


819 


820 


THE  PENN  GERMANIA 


This  indenture  was  written  in  1772, 
and  the  rose  was  twice  paid  to  the  Baron 
personally,  in  1773  and  1774.  When 
the  time  for  the  third  payment  arrived 
the  noble  benefactor  had  been  imprisoned 
for  debt  and  the  unique  innovation  was 
forgotten  even  by  his  sympathizers  in 
their  chagrins  and  griefs.  For  one  hun- 
dred and  twenty  years  that  clause  stood 
plainly  written  in  that  deed,  and  yet  it 
was  a  dead  letter.  One  generation  after 
another  passed  by  the  sacred  altar,  not 
even  dreaming  of  the  hiding  place  of  a 
thought  and  a  duty  graven  upon  that 
parchment,  that  gave  them  free  and  un- 
bounded right  to  participate  in  the  Holy 
sacraments,  regardless  of  authoritv  or 
landlords. 

The  writer,  in  his  youth,  had  been 
charmed  by  the  legends  of  Sleepy  Hollow 
and  ]\ip  V'an  Winkle.  It  can  well  be 
imagined  how  his  heart  and  mind  were 
charmed  and  enthused,  when,  in  1877, 
fresh  from  college,  his  lot  was  cast  as 
a  common  healer  with  authority  and  set- 
tled at  the  foot  of  Cannon  Hill,  close  to 
Elizabeth  Furnace,  where  he  met  the  sage 
of  the  town  of  Brickerville,  with  long 
gray  beard  and  silvers^  locks,  who  loved 
to  recite  the  legendary  history  of  Baron 
Stiegel,  not  unlike  a  fairy  tale  that  was 
told  many  times,  the  brilliant  equipage, 
etc.,  the  wonderful  undertakings,  fur- 
naces, cannon  on  the  liill  (the  natives 
call  it  'Stick-Berg')  Seg-Loch  just  be- 
yond, and  behind  the  hill  near,  Schaef- 
ferstown,  Thurmberg.  After  seven 
years  of  service  in  these  elysian  fields, 
fraught  with  local  history,  the  writer  cast 
his  lot  with  the  good  people  of  Manheim, 
and  found  that  his  idol  had  operated  in 
this  locality,  to  the  extent  of  laying  out 
and  founding  the  town  and  planting  a 
huge  glass  factory,  building  here  a  man- 
sion (whose  brick  had  been  imported 
from  England),  and  a  church. 

One  day  while  interrogating  a  vet- 
eran councilman,  he  incidentally  re- 
marked that,  when  the  Baron  lived,  he 
demanded  a  rose  ever\'  time  he  ])assed 
by  the  church  yard,  which  was  then  cov- 
ered with  the  old  beautiful  single  red 
rose,  which  he  said  was  brought  from 
England  by  the  Baron  on  one  of  his  busi- 


ness trips.  As  impossible  as  this  seemed 
on  the  face  of  it.  (  for  these  roses — beau- 
tiful in  their  simplicity — bloomed  only 
in  the  month  of  June,  )  it  was  enough  to 
start  any  inquiring  mind  investigating. 
The  old  dusty  church  records  were  care- 
fully gone  over,  and,  when  the  deed  was 
reached,  the  long  forgotten  clause  was 
soon  found  in  ])lain  words,  written  by 
the  Baron's  own  hand,  unmistakable  in 
its  diction  and  legitimacy.  'Five  Shil- 
lings' was  stipulated  to  make  the  deed 
lawful ;  but  instead  of  ground  rent  in 
money  value,  ( which  was  inserted  in  all 
the  deeds  of  town  lots.)  for  this  lot  alone,. 
No.  220.  upon  which  stood  his  infant 
church  edifice.  One  Red  Rose  was  the 
annual  rental.  W^hat  a  revelation !  The 
present  church  was  just  building  (1891). 
The  writer  proposed  the  idea  of  placing- 
a  memorial  Red  Rose  into  the  center  of 
the  circular  window  in  the  chancel  re- 
cess, which  was  done  that  it  might  be 
an  everlasting  reminder  to  all  the  people, 
as  well  as  generations  yet  unborn,  of  the 
generosity  of  the  founder  of  the  church, 
whose  pathetic  history  shall  be  heralded 
in  many  lands.  The  beauty  of  this  sen- 
timental act  of  placing  the  Red  Rose, 
struck  a  chord  in  the  minds  of  newspaper 
correspondents  and  editors,  and  the  first 
gush  of  sentiment  was  cast  abroad. 

It  was  supposed  that  no  descendants 
survived.  It  was  like  a  voice  coming 
from  a  country  from  whose  bourne 
travelers  seldom  return,  when  a  letter  of 
inquiry  as  to  the  meaning  of  all  this,  post- 
marked Harrisonburg.  A'irginia,  and 
signed  John  C.  Stiegel,  was  received. — 
The  surprise  can  better  be  imagined  than 
expressed.  Arrangements  were  immedi- 
ately made  for  Mr.  Stiegel  to  come  and 
get  the  Rose,  the  first  Sunday  in  June. 

On  Saturday  evening.  June  4.  1892, 
as  the  train  rolled  into  the  Manheim  sta- 
tion, and  Mr.  Stiegel,  accompanied  by 
his  esteemed  wife  was  aboyt^tq  alight. — 
"boom'-'^went  a  mighty  camion-^iwimi- 
tation  of  the  arrival  of  the  elder  Stiegel 
in  days  of  yore.  The  explosion  was  so 
great  a  surprise  to  the  waiting  multitude 
that  many  jumped  into  the  air  with 
shrieks. 

The   greatest   event   in   fair  old   Man- 


THE  RED  ROSE  RENTAL  CUSTOM 


821 


helm's  history  was  at  hand.  The  Stiegel 
Castle  Knights  of  the  Golden  Eagle  No. 
166,  headed  by  the  famous  Manheim  Lib- 
■erty  band  in  full  uniform,  stood  in  readi- 
ness on  the  town  side  of  the  station.  A 
pair  of  fine  black  chargers,  attached  to 
a  landau,  belonging  to  Mr.  George  H. 
Danner,  the  antic|uarian.  conveyed  the 
idol  of  the  hour  and  the  committee  of 
reception,  followed  by  notables  in  con- 
veyances, and  hundreds  of  the  exultant 
inhabitants  and  friends  fell  into  line  on 
foot.  The  procession  marched  over  the 
full  length  of  the  principal  streets  of  the 
town,  to  the  music  of  old  time  diction, 
combined  with  the  glittering  file  of  the 
imiformed  men ;  which  partly  took  the 
place  of  the  Elder  Stiegel's  entrance, 
upon  every  occasion,  witli  a  retinue  of 
four  (black  steeds)  in  hand,  postillions, 
blowing  of  horns,  and  the  barking  of  his 
and  the  town's  dogs. 

The  procession  moved  to  the  entrance 
•of  the  Knights  of  the  Golden  Eagle 
Hall,  where  the  Stiegels  alighted  and 
Avere  escorted  through  the  divided  ranks 
of  the  Sir  Knights,  to  the  music  of  'Auld 
Lang"  Syne,'  to  the  throne  room  where 
the  chief  burgess  of  the  town,  the  late 
M.  E.  P'omberger,  received  them  in  the 
name  of  the  citizens  of  Manheim  and 
gave  them  the  freedom  of  the  town.  Mr. 
Stiegel  was  almost  dumbfounded. — He 
said  he  was  'too  full  for  utterance,  and 
could  not  express  his  appreciation  in 
■words."  This  was  the  most  impressive 
reception  ever  given  anv  one  by  the 
imited  and  h()S])itable  i)eople  of  the  town 
since  its  founding.  The  next  day  was 
the  inauguration  of  the  'Feast  of  Roses' 
and  its  first  celebration. 

SL'xi).\>',  jrxE  5.  i8g2. 

From  early  in  the  morning  till  the 
going  down  of  the  sun,  multitudes  surged 
to  and  fro,  every  hitching  post  and  every 
conceivable  wavside  place  having  a  horse 
tied  to  it.  Hotels  and  families  ^vere 
eaten  out.  and  many  visitors  went  away 
with  eiupty  stomachs.  The  program 
consisted  of  a  memorial  sermon  by  the 
pastor  at  ten  o'clock  a.  m.  At  one  o'clock 
p.    m.,    the   grand    organ    pealed   out    its 


melodious  strains ;  voluntarily,  roses 
were  placed  upon  the  altar  by  the  mem- 
bers of  Stiegel  Castle,  K.  G.  E.,  who  at- 
tended in  a  body,  and  by  the  congrega- 
tion and  friends.  Recitations  and  songs 
followed,  the  most  noted,  a  poem  entitled 
"Raron  Stiegel,"  composed  by  Prof.  A. 
U.  Lesher,  now  principal  of  the  IJerwick. 
Pa.,  schools,  was  recited  by  Miss  Fritz, 
an  elocutionist  of  Lancaster.  The  pay- 
ment of  the  Rose  was  made  by  the  past- 
or, the  late  Rev.  J.  H.  Menges.  The  re- 
cipient was  Mr.  J.  C.  Stiegel. — Short  im- 
promptu addresses  followed,  which  were 
spicv,  impressive  and  to  the  point,  then 
the  doxology  and  benediction,  and  the 
work  of  the  day  was  done,  but  the  infiu- 
ence  only  began.  The  baskets  full  of 
beautiful  Red  Roses  were  sent  to  elee- 
mosynary institutions  at  Lancaster  and 
Columbia,  gladdening  the  hearts  of 
many  weary  and  oppressed. 

The  infant  celebration  was  truly  born. 
Sentiments,  started  that  day,  have  been 
echoing  and  re-echoing  throughout  the 
length  and  breadth  of  the  land.  The 
heraldings  of  this  unique  and  successful 
celebration  reached  the  notice  of  a  num- 
ber of  lineal  descendants,  the  most  noted 
being  Mrs.  Rebecca  Royer.  of  Harris- 
burg,  a  great-granddaughter,  and  the 
oldest  living  descendant :  who.  during 
the  remainder  of  her  days,  annually  re- 
ceived the  rose.  Miss  Martha  liorning. 
her  daughter,  of  Newport,  R.  I.,  is  at 
present  the  oldest  living  descendant ;  and 
is  the  recipient  of  the  rose  on  the  second 
Sabbath  in  J^mc,  annually. 

The  interest  in  these  occasions  is 
such,  that  their  coming  is  looked  forward 
to  by  the  town  people  and  community. 
Addresses  have  been  delivered  by  noted 
men  of  this  and  other  lands ;  among 
whom  were  ex-Governors  Stone.  Penny- 
])acker  and  Stewart.  Hon.  W.  U.  Hensel. 
Hon.  J.  Hay  Rrown.  Hon.  Mariott 
Rrosius.  Judge  Ashbridge,  and  many 
others.  Talented  men  and  women,  in 
evcrv  walk  of  life,  have  by  mouth  and 
])en  given  expression  of  approbalion  and 
exultation  that  would  fill  volumes. 

The  uniqueness  of  the  occasion  has 
brought   together  men  of  all   stations  in 


822 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


life   from   many   lands,   until    it   has   be- 
come the  Oberammergau  of  America. 

Many  useful  lessons  can  be  drawn 
from  the  doings  of  this  truly  great  man's 
noble  life;  but  the  greatest  of  these  was 
the  bestowal  of  the  plot  of  ground  for  an 
annual  floral  rental.  O'f  the  vast  for- 
tune, $200,000,  nothing  reverted  to  the 
iirst  or  succeeding  generations  save  the 
one  Red  Rose.  Of  all  his  investments 
and  enterprises — the  erection  of  a  fur- 
nace, a  forge,  a  glass  factory,  castles  and 
mansions,  nothing  remains  for  the  off- 
spring of  succeeding  generations,  but 
what  was  done  for  the  church,  at  the 
time,  in  his  mind,  the  least  of  his  enter- 
prises. Of  all  these  institutions,  of  great 
magnitude  and  splendor,  scarcely  a  ves- 
tige remains ;  but  the  insignificant  in- 
vestment in  the  little  log  church  has 
taken  deep  root,  and  many  hearts'  and 
hands  have  given  it  impetus ;  and  his 
only  reward  and  honor  and  legacy  to  the 
children  and  children's  children  have 
come  from  this  source  alone,  and  worth 
more  than  money  value.  The  seed  sown 
in  his  weakness,  has  proven  the  family's 
boon,  and  his  everlasting  crown  of  right- 
eousness. The  institution  of  the  Feast  of 
Roses  at  Manheim  has  not  onlv  glad- 
dened the  many  hearts,  and  afforded  en- 
tertainment for  curious  throngs,  but  it 
has  brought  together  the  scions  of  a 
noble  family ;  and  has  elevated  and 
brought  to  the  notice  of  the  world  the 
town  of  Manheim  with  its  2.500  inhabi- 
tants. Finally,  this  places  the  generous 
donor,  who  was  much  ridiculed  and  criti- 
cised for  his  (to  the  people  of  the  day) 
foolishness,  in  the  true  light  of  a  philan- 
thropist. 

_  Many  links  of  his  career  were  lost  to 
historical  preservation  and  only  reclaimed 
by  !uighty  researches,  there  being  no 
shorthand  writers  in  those  davs.  Moral : 
We  mav  not  have  opportunity  to  write 
our  names  on  tbc  roll  of  honor  in  the 
world,  but  we  can  all  be  heroes  in  Ciod's 
vineyard." 

The  folUnving  remarks  were  made  nn 
a  similar  occasion  at  the  Tulpehocken 
Refonucd  Churcli,  r)crks  Countv,  Pa.. 
June  8.  T()02.  by  Robert  C.  ^Toon.'M.  D.. 
of  Philadelphia,  Pa. : 


"How  all-pervading  and  magical  is  the 
influence  of  beauty !  The  very  thought 
of  a  "feast  of  Roses"  has  attracted  and 
transported  many  of  us,  from  distant 
points,  to  celebrate  it  in  this  historic- 
edifice  to-day.  We  must,  however,  look 
back  to  the  early  days  of  this  colony  and 
take  a  glance  at  the  originator  of  the 
rose-rental  idea.  Two  centuries  ago,  the 
city  of  Philadelphia  was  much  more  like 
the  'green  country  town'  that  William 
Penn  designed  it  to  be,  than  it  is  to-day. 
Many  of  the  houses  then  stood  in  their 
own  grounds  and  were  surrounded  by 
orchards  and  flower  gardens. 

One  morning  in  the  Autumn  of  1717,. 
you  might  have  seen  a  sturdy  young  for- 
eigner of  21,  walking  up  Arch  street  from 
the  river  side,  where  he  had  recently 
landed.  He  had  a  rifle  in  his  hand — an 
appropriate  companion  for  one  who  was. 
a  huntsman  by  profession.  Indeed,  he 
came  from  a  line  of  huntsmen,  for  he 
was  Casper  Wuster,  the  eldest  son  of 
the  Furst  Jager.  the  hereditary  hunts- 
man to  Carl  Theodore  of  Bavaria,  the 
Elector  of  Baden.  Casper  Wuster,  or 
Wistar,  as  he  soon  came  to  be  known  irt 
the  colony,  fired  with  youthful  enthusi- 
asm, had  crossed  the  great  waste  of  wa- 
ters to  .settle  in  America,  and  had  aban- 
doned all  the  prospects  of  advancement,, 
which  were  held  out  as  inducements  for 
him  to  stay  in  his  German  home  at  Hils- 
bach,   in  the  Electorate  of  Baden. 

Casper  Wistar  proved  himself  a  mart 
of  resource,  and  turned  his  attention  suc- 
cessfully to  various  occupations ;  the 
principal  being,  the  arts  of  button  mak- 
ing and  glass  making.  For  the  manufac- 
ture of  glass,  he  started  a  factory  in  the 
neighborhood  of  Salem.  N.  J.,  in  1729. 
He  had  not  been  long  in  Philadelphia  be- 
iorc  he  became  intimately  acquainted 
with  many  of  the  leading  inhabitants, 
who  were  ])rincipally  members  of  the  So- 
ciety of  Friends.  Among  them  were  An- 
thony Morris,  the  progenitor  of  the  fam- 
ily' of  that  name  in  Philadelphia,  and  the 
members  of  the  family  of  Johnson  in  Ger- 
luantown.  With  the  latter,  he  became 
connected,  by  his  marriage  in  1726  to 
Catharine  Johnson,  daughter  of  Dirck 
Jansen.     She  was  a  luember  of  the  So- 


THE  RED  ROSE  RENTAL     CUSTOM 


823 


ciety  of  Friends,  and  by  their  marriage 
in  the  Friends'  meeting  house  in  Ger- 
mantown,  Casper  Wistar  was  accorded 
the  privilege  of  membership — a  privilege 
which  he  highly  valued,  although,  by  his 
munihccnt  deed  of  gift  to  this  Reformed 
Church  in  1745,  we  are  impressed  with 
his  broadmindcdness  and  catholicity  of 
religious  spirit.  We  are  also  impressed 
by  his  fine  sensibility  and  judgment  in 
choosing  a  rose — a  red,  red,  rose — as  the 
only  payment  he  asked  as  rental.  Such 
a  manifestation  of  delicate,  refined  taste, 
must  surely  be  some  indication  as  to 
the  character  of  this  man.  He  was  a 
close  student  of  nature,  and  loved  to 
travel  over  the  highways  of  the  state, 
carrying  with  him  his  saddle-bags  well 
filled.  In  his  journeyings  he  passed 
through,  and  purchased  land  in,  this  re- 
gion, some  of  which  he  deeded  to  this 
church.  He  became  a  large  property 
holder  in  Philadelphia  and  in  the  state, 
but  at  the  comparatively  early  age  of  56 
he  succumbed  to  an  attack  of  dropsy. 
He  left  six  children — two  sons,  Richard 
and  Casper,  and  four  daughters,  Sarah 
Wistar,  Rebecca  Morris,  Margaret 
Haines,  and  Katharine  Greenleaf. 

About  four  years  prior  to  the  death  of 
Casper  Wistar,  a  young  Philadelphian 
had  joined  an  organization  which  has 
since  acquired  considerable  fame  as  the 
'State  in  Schuylkill  Fishing  Club,'  and 
of  this  body  he  afterward  .became  'Gov- 
ernor.'   At  that  time,  however,  he  might 


often  have  been  seen  sitting  upon  the 
banks  of  the  Schuylkill,  with  angle  ni 
hand,  attired  in  sober  gray  and  wearing 
the  broad  brimmed  hat  indicative  of  his 
connection  with  'Friends.'  He  was  a 
lover  of  all  out-door,  peaceful  sports,  and 
was  accustomed  to  the  saddle  and  the 
chase,  but  when  the  trumpet  sounded  at 
the  opening  of  the  Revolutionary  war, 
the  honest  fisherman  laid  aside  his  angle, 
and  casting  off  his  sober  garb,  he  buckled 
on  his  sword  and  as  captain,  heading  the 
First  City  Troop  of  Philadelphia,  he  led 
it  through  the  world  renowned  battles  of 
Trenton  and  Princeton,  and  afterwards 
he  returned  to  peaceful  avocations  as  a 
merchant  citizen.  But  in  the  midst  of 
the  years  between,  this  young  man  (Sam- 
uel Morris  by  name,  and  great-grandson 
of  the  Anthony  Morris  before  referred 
to)  became  enamored  with  the  charms  of 
Rebecca — a  daughter  of  the  departed 
Casper  Wistar,  and  their  marriage  was 
consummated  in  Christ  Church,  Phila- 
delphia, in  the  year  1754.  They  were 
blessed  with  ten  children,  several  of  whose 
descendants  are  present  here  this  day,  to 
join  in  this  interesting  celebration,  which 
has  been  most  appropriately  called  a 
"Feast  of  Roses."  Roses  indeed  are 
beautiful    things — 

"No  mortal  tongue  can  half  their  beauty 

tell. 
For  none  but  hands  divine  could  work  so 

well.'  " 


Daniel  Kiefer 


The  following  story  of  an  active  Teuton 
appeared  in  the  September  "American  Maga- 
zine."— Ed. 

/^T'HE  occupation  of  Daniel  Kiefer,  of 
v^  Cincinnati  is  set  down  after  his 
name  in  ''Who's  Who"  as  that  of 
a  poHtical  reformer.  A  decade  or  so  ago 
it  would  have  been  printed  as  clothino;' 
merchant,  and  clothing  merchants  do  not 
get  into  "Who's  Who,"  unless  they  sell 
enough  clothes  to  create  a  surplus  that 
will  enable  them  to  become  philanthro- 
pists. Daniel  Kiefer  was  born  and  reared 
in  Cincinnati,  and  in  that  city  and  in  Chi- 
cago he  had  been  successful  in  his  busi- 
ness, and  then  an  experience  befell  him ; 
he  read  "Progress  and  Poverty."  and 
after  that  he  had  a  new  concept  of  life. 
He  had  already  the  altruistic  spirit,  and 
that  generous  desire  to  help  the  outcast 
and  the  poor  which  is  the  human  basis 
of  genuine  reform.  But  with  the  new 
vision  he  had  caught  from  Henry  George 
he  set  himself  to  bring  to  pass  the  adop- 
tion of  the  single  tax.  in  the  operation 
of  which  he  perceived  the  possibility  of 
the  al)olition  of  poverty,  and  with  the 
concurrent  abolition  of  legal  privilege, 
the  dawn  of  real  democracy.  He  soon 
discovered,  however,  that  reform  is  a  vo- 
cation that  requires  leisure,  wealth  and 
energy,  and,  if  jjursucd  long  enough, 
Avholly  absorbs  all  three  elements.  It  is 
a  difficult,  dangerous  and  discouraging 
occupation,  owing  to  the  coiupetition  of 
other  reforms  with  that  in  hand,  and  to 
the  general  reluctance  of  a  stiff-necked 
generation.  Reform,  too,  has  a  dread- 
ful tendency  to  hurt  business,  and  Daniel 
Kiefer's  partners  in  the  clothing  trade 
complained  that  he  talked  too  much  of 
Henry  George.  Then  he  arranged  his 
affairs  as  a  man  going  on  a  long  jour- 
ney, and  prepared  to  give  all  his  time  to 
his  new  ideal.  Cincinnati  was  a  place  in 
which  it  would  seem  there  was  room  for 
reform  and  one  in  which  there  was  not 


so   much   competition   as   might   be   met 
with  elsewhere. 

Ever}^  leper,  says  Maarten  Maartens, 
likes  his  own  sores  best,  and  so  it  is  with 
reformers.  Each  one  is  sure  that  his 
own  reform  is  the  one  thing  needed  to 
set  the  old  world  right.  Thus  each  one 
learns  the  patter  of  his  own  programme, 
becomes  the  slave  of  its  cliches,  and 
spends  his  time  decrying  all  others.  Dan- 
iel Kiefer,  however,  had  few  illusions  as 
to  the  delays  and  difficulties  he  would  en- 
counter, or  the  hard  task  it  set  before 
him.  the  single  taxers,  anyway,  being  the 
most  opportunist  of  all  reformers.  Atid 
so  he  avoided  extremes,  partly  because 
he  has  that  kindly  human  feeling  toward 
all  men  that  makes  the  best  basis  for  a 
reformer,  partly  because  he  has  some  of 
the  shrewdness  of  the  politician. 

Thus  having  arranged  his  business  af- 
fairs so  that  he  might  give  all  his  time  to 
his  reform,  he  gives  his  life  to  it — evi- 
dence of  sincerity  and  of  faith,  the  kind 
that  moves  moimtains  and  the  world.  He 
set  to  work  in  his  own  town.  He  was 
one  of  those  who  helped  to  reorganize 
the  Democratic  party  in  Cincinnati  in 
1905,  and  that  year  they  overthrew  the 
old  Cox  regime  and  elected  Judge 
Dempsey  mayor.  There  was  a  reaction 
afterward,  of  course;  that  was  to  be  ex- 
pected, but  it  was  the  beginning  of  the 
movement  that  two  years  ago  elected 
Henry  Hunt  prosecutor  of  Hamilton 
County,  and.  last  fall.  Mayor  of  the  City. 
In  addition  to  this  Mr.  Kiefer  was  mana- 
ger, as  it  were,  of  the  Vine  Street  Con- 
gregational Church,  in  the  liberal  pulpit 
of  which  Herbert  F)igelow  preached  rad- 
ical political  doctrines  every  Sundav  to 
large  congregations  of  common  people. 
It  was  no  little  task  to  keep  an  institu- 
tion like  that  alive  but  Daniel  Kiefer 
kept  the  church  open  and  warm  and 
lighted,  and  later  on  made  an  arrange- 
ment— he  has  lost  none  of  his  business 


824 


DANIEL  KIEFER 


825 


ability — by  which  the  church  society  dis- 
posed of  its  property  on  Vine  street,  and 
created  a  fund  which  enables  it  to  hold 
its  meetings  Sunday  afternoons  in  the 
Grand  Opera  House.  Bigelow  calls  it  a 
"People^s  Church  and  Town  Meeting  So- 
ciety." Kiefer  calls  it  the  "People's 
Forum  for  Free  Speech." 

In  addition  to  this  Daniel  Kiefer  has 
for  years  been  carrying  much  of  the  bur- 
den—the drudgery  of  the  financial  de- 
tail— of  organizing  the  State  of  Ohio  for 
Direct  Legislation,  a  work  that  now  has 
come  to  its  fruition  in  the  adoption  of 
the  Initiative  and  Referendum  by  the 
Constitutional  Convention.  He  is  also 
treasurer  of  the  Joseph  Fels  Fund,  and 
in  the  midst  of  all  his  other  labors  he 
iinds  time  to  direct  the  financial  policy 
which  has  made  it  possible  to  sustain 
The  Public,  the  radical  weekly  published 
and  edited  by  Louis  F.  Post  in  Chicago. 

But  these  activities,  enough  to  wear 
out  ^ny  man,  are  all  subsidiary  to  the 
•great  purpose  Daniel  Kiefer  has  set  him- 
self in  life.  His  offices  in  the  Commer- 
cial Tribune  building  are  stacked  with 
printed  matter,  and  he  carries  on  an  im- 
mense correspondence  all  over  the  world. 


It  has  been  estimated  that  every  third 
man  in  those  countries  covered  by  the 
postal  treaties  receives  every  morning  a 
circular  letter  from  Daniel  Kiefer,  call- 
ing his  attention  to  the  philosophy  of 
Henry  George,  and  requesting  a  contri- 
bution to  some  one  of  the  causes  in  sym- 
pathy with  that  philosophy,  and  always, 
in  the  end,  pointing  out  the  single  tax  as 
the  hope  of  man.  He  was  thus  in  the 
budget  fight  in  England,  in  the  propa- 
ganda for  taxing  land  values  in  Oregon 
and  Canada  and  Australia,  in  the  direct 
legislation  campaign  everywhere.  This 
prodigious  labor,  carried  on  ceaselessly 
day  and  night,  year  in  and  year  out,  re- 
quires enormous  energy,  perseverance, 
devotion,  faith.  He  never  rests,  never 
takes  vacations,  has  no  other  interests, 
outside  his  family,  and  expects  to  carry 
on  the  work  all  his  life.  Since  he  is  ab- 
stemious in  his  habits  and  a  vegetarian, 
his  life  with  such  an  interest  and  purpose 
to  inspire  it  promises  to  be  long,  so  that 
his  correspondents  might  as  well  resign 
themselves  to  the  inevitable  and  remit 
now.  And  at  fifty-six,  Daniel  Kiefer 
looks  out  on  the  world,  a  happy  and  a 
hopeful  man,  giving  his  life  to  an  ideal. 


The  Evangelical  Lutheran  Synod  of  Ohio 


/T"HIS  Synod  was  the  principal  factor 
yj  in  preserving  for  "The  General 
Council"  a  very  considerable  part 
of  Western  Pennsylvania,  Ohio  and  In- 
diana, some  of  its  fruitage  being  found 
now  in  the  Pittsburg  and  Chicago 
Synods.  It  has  also  been  a  mighty  con- 
necting link  in  the  General  Council's 
westward  movement  and  single-handed 
and  alone  fought  its  fight  in  the  middle 
West  to  the  great  benefit  of  the  Chicago, 
Northwest  and  Pacific  Synods. 

The  Ministerium  of  Pennsylvania, 
organized  in  1748,  early  in  the  nineteenth 
century  interested  itself  in  the  spiritual 
well-being  of  the  many  Lutherans  that 
emigrated  across  the  Alleghany  moun- 
tains into  western  Pennsylvania  and  Ohio 
from  eastern  Pennsylvania.  New  York, 
New  Jersey,  Maryland  and  \^irginia 
and  from  Europe.  Congregations  were 
in  consequence  organized  in  the  principal 
centers  of  population  in  Westmoreland, 
Fayette,  Armstrong  counties,  in  Pennsyl- 
vania and  in  Tuscarawas,  Stark,  Wayne, 
Columbiana,  INTuskingum,  Fairfield. 
Franklin,  Perry  and  Montgomery  coun- 
ties in  Ohio.  Special  conferences  were 
held  within  this  territory,  181 2,  in  Wash- 
ington county,  Pa.,  181 3  at  Clearcreek, 
Fairfield  county,  Ohio;  1814,  in  Greens- 
burg,  Pa.;  1815,  in  Somerset,  Pa.;  1816, 
Lancaster,  Ohio;  1817,  in  New  Philadel- 
phia, Ohio,  when  and  where  the  synod 
was  formed.  Thus  the  eldest  daughter 
of  the  Ministerium  of  Pennsylvania  as- 
sumed the  name  "The  Evangelical  Luth- 
eran Joint  Synod  of  Ohio  and  Adjacent 
States." 

In  1834  this  body  was  divided  into  two 
district  synods  and  two  years  later  the 
"English  Evangelical  Lutheran  Synod" 
was  organized  within  the  bounds  of  the 
German  Synod  of  Ohio,  which  in  1840 
declared  it.self  free  and  independent 
becoming  the  East  Ohio  Synod  and  later 
uniting  with  the  General  Synod.  After 
a  period  of  conflict  "The  English  Evan- 
gelical Lutheran  District  Synod  of  Ohio 


and  Adjacent  States"  was  organized, 
August,  1857. 

The  members  of  this  Synod  did  not 
have  the  good  will  of  the  German  element 
and  were  frequently  greeted  with  the 
words :  "Deutsch !  deutsch  Wir  wollen 
deutsch  hoeren,"  if  they  attempted  to 
speak  English  at  its  sessions. 

The  German  and  English  elements  of 
the  churches  found  an  occasion  for  dis- 
putation and  disagreement  on  the  ques- 
tion of  Freemasonr}'  extending  over 
more  than  a  dozen  years  and  leading  to 
action  "to  say  the  least,  so  maliciously 
insinuating  and  insulting  as  to  make  it 
unworthy  of  any  respectable  body  of 
Christians."  The  pioneer  saints  were 
made  to  suffer  unjustly.  The  matter  was 
finally  satisfactorily  adjusted  in  1866, 
a  clear  and  final  settlement  of  all  the 
differences  and  conflicts  between  the 
English  District  and  the  Joint  Synod 
being  reached. 

"The  English  Lutheran  Synod"  de- 
cided to  unite  in  convention  for  the 
organization  of  the  "General  Council," 
December,  1866.  by  the  adoption,  in 
August,  1866,  of  the  following  resolu- 
tion : 

Resolved  I.  We  join  heart  and  hand; 
most  cheerfully,  with  her  (The  Synod  of 
Pennsylvania)  in  the  great  struggle  for 
the  faith,  and  respond  to  her  call  by  the 
appointment  of  six  delegates  (the  ratio 
suggested  by  the  address),  three  clerical 
and  three  lay,  to  represent  that  Synod  in 
the  proposed  convention,  and  pray  that 
the  Great  Head  of  the  Church  may  .so 
direct  the  delegates  of  the  several  Synods 
that  the  high  and  holy  purpose  of  said 
convention  may  be  accomplished. 

Its  delegates  were  received  at  the  or- 
ganization of  the  Council  and  the  Eng- 
lish District  Synod  was  recognized  by 
all  parties  as  an  equal  among  equals. 
Its  delegates  were  accorded  their  proper 
place  in  the  roll  of  Synods  at  the  or- 
ganization of  the  General  Council  No- 
vember 1867.    LTnsuccessful  efforts  were 


826 


THE  EVANGELICAL  LUTHERAN  SYNOD    OF   OHIO 


827 


made  during  the  next  few  years  to  wrest 
the  Synod  from  the  General  Council, 
final  separation  between  the  Joint  Synod 
and  the  English  District  Synod  taking' 
place  in  1870,  although  the  conflict  was 
continued   for  some  years. 

In  1871  the  state  line  of  Ohio  and 
Pennsylvania  was  made  the  boundary 
line  between  the  English  and  Pittsburg 
Synods.  In  1873  a  revised  constitution 
was  adopted  jn  which  the  name  of  the 
Synod  was  changed  from  "The  English 
Evangelical  Lutheran  District  Synod," 
to  ''The  Evangelical  Lutheran  District 
Synod  of  Ohio."  Incorporation  of  the 
Synod  took  place  in  1875  and  of  certain 
funds  in  1902.  At  the  close  of  the  year 
1910  the  Synod,  in  spite  of  th'e  congre- 
gations and  pastors  transferred  to  Pitts- 
burgh and  Chicago  Synods  numbered  53 
ministers,  87  congregations,  14.649  com- 
municants, 80  Sunday  Schools,  1,260  of- 
ficers and  teachers,  and  9,680  scholars. 
It  had  church  property  valued  at  $680,- 
552.73,  and  during  its  entire  existence 
raised  for  all  purposes  $1,450,559.03. 
It  furnished  68  young  men  for  the  min- 
istry, some  of  whom  have  risen  to  con- 
siderable importance,  enjoying  even  the 
distinction  of  having  a  national  reputa- 
tion. 

Among  the  noted  pastors  who  labored 
in  this  field  and  have  entered  into  their 
rest  may  be  mentioned :  Jonas  Mechling, 
.\ndrew  Henkel.  Julius  Luther  Stire- 
walt.  \V.  P.  Ruthraufif,  Charles  Witmer, 
John  Wagenhals.  Christopher  Albrecht. 
Dewald  Rothacker.  Joseph  Frederick 
Falls.  Franklin  Richards, — honored 
names   in   German-American   history. 

The  author  shows  in  his  introductory 
cha])ter  the  im])ortance  of  the  Synod  ;  we 
(luote : 

The  relation  of  the  District  Synod  of 
( )hio  to  the  ])reservation  of  the  conser- 
vative element  of  the  Lutheran  Church 
between  the  Allegheny  Mountains  and 
the  State  of  Illinois  was  throughout  very 
peculiar. 

It  was  from  its  organization,  the  chief 
connecting  link  with  the  Fathers,  who 
under  the  direction  of  the  old  and  historic 
Ministerium  of  Pennsylvania. — the  old- 
est Synod  in  the  United  States, — planted 


the   Lutheran   Church  west  of  the  Alle- 
ghenies. 

Helieving  that  our  Church  most  fully 
represented  the  teachings  of  the  Divine 
Word, — the  purest  part  of  the  Protestant, 
and  of  the  Church  Catholic, — this  Synod 
was  thoroughly  of  a  missionary  spirit. 
It  believed  that  its  commission  was  to 
preach  the  Gospel,  as  well  in  English  as 
in  other  tongues,  and  as  English  must 
become  the  language  of  America,  to  give 
special  attention  to  the  gathering  and 
development    of    English    congregations. 

To  accomplish  this  end,  it  was  neces- 
sary to  act  in  co-operation  with  all  Lu- 
theran bodies,  who  are  of  "the  same  mind 
and  the  same  judgment."  When,  there- 
fore, the  old  General  Synod,  for  want  of 
a  sound  Lutheran  bond  of  union,  based 
on  the  Confessions  of  the  Church,  after 
vain  efi^ort  to  combine,  at  one  and  the 
same  time,  "Confessionalism"  and  its 
very  opposite,  namely,  modern  exciting 
"Revivalism,"  began  to  disintegrate,  the 
District  Synod  of  Ohio  naturally  viewed 
very  favorably  the  effort  of  the  "Old 
Mother  Synod  of  Pennsylvania,"  to  or- 
ganize a  new  and  soundly  Lutheran  Gen- 
eral Body,  on  a  sound  Lutheran  basis, 
without  regard  to  any  particular  lan- 
guage, or  nationality,  in  a  somewhat  dif- 
ferent light  from  other  bodies,  in  the 
same  territory. 

It  would  have  been  suicidal  to  have 
stood  aloof  from  the  movement  which 
led  to  the  organization  of  "The  General 
Council"  which,  but  for  the  action  of 
this  Synod,  would  not  have  been  repre- 
sented in  a  very  consideralile  part  of  the 
Western  Pennsylvania.  Ohio,  and  also 
Indiana. 

This  Synod  was  the  princi]:)al  factor 
in    preserving   this    field    for   that   body. 

The  two  Synods.  Pittsburg  and  Chi- 
cago, have  shared  in  it  to  a  very  large 
extent.  The  former, — Pittsburg  Synod, 
— is  indebted  to  it  for  some  of  its  strong- 
est congregations,  as,  Brush  Creek, 
Greensburg.  Harold's  (St.  John's).  Mt. 
Pleasant.  Latrobe.  Derry.  Ligonier, 
Voungstt)wn,  Manor,  etc..  a  number  of 
which  are  among  the  stronger  congre- 
gations   of    Western    Pennsylvania,    and 


828 


THE   PENN    GERMANIA. 


these  are  an  inheritance  from  the  District 
Synod. 

The  Synod  of  Chicago,  formerly 
known  as  "the  Synod  of  Indiana,  received 
its  principal  congregations  (excepting 
Fort  Wayne),  as  its  nucleus,  from  the 
District  Synod  of  Ohio,  about  forty  in 
number.  If  the  District  Synod  had  self- 
ishly retained  all  the  congregations  it 
transferred  to  these  two  sister  Synods, 
it  would  show  much  greater  numerical 
strength  in  pastors  and  congregations 
than  it  now  does,  but  they  would  be  cor- 
respondingly weaker   to-day. 

Our  Synod  would,  surely,  then  number 
over  one  hundred  ministers,  and  from 
thirty  to  forty  thousand  members. 
Therefore,  let  those  who  estimate  the 
work  of  this  Synod,  not  close  their  eyes 
to  that  exceedingly  important  work,  as 
it  has  benefited  so  very  materially  these 
two  immediate  neighbors. 

It  has  given  them  very  liberally  in 
pastors  and  congregations,  and  yet  still 
retains  fifty-three  ministers,  eighty-seven 
congregations,  and  14,649  confirmed 
members.  Its  church  property  is  worth 
$680,552.73. 

It  has  supported  forty-five  missions  on 
its  own  territory,  sustained  thirty-seven 
students  for  the  ministry,  ordained  fifty- 
six  young  men,  and  furnished  ten  young 
men  who  were  ordained  by  other  Synods, 
or  a  grand  total  of  sixty-six  ministers. 

It  supports  the  "Ohio  Professorship" 
in  Chicago  Seminary. 

It  dismissed  to  other  Svnods  sixtv-six 


ministers,  and  received  eighty-one  (some 
for  only  a  short  time).  It  has  lost  from 
its  roll  thirty  ministers  by  death,  and 
dropped  five,  for  cause,  from,  its  roll. 

It  has'  established  flourishing  congre- 
gations in  some  of  the  principal  cities  oi 
Ohio,  as  for  example,  Columbus,  Day- 
ton, Lima,  Zanesville,  etc.,  and  in  To- 
ledo alone  has  six  English  congrega- 
tions. 

It  has  been  a  mighty  connecting  link 
in  the  General  Council's  westward 
movement  and  dev^opment.  and  single- 
handed  and  alone  fought  its  fight  in  the 
Middle  West,  and  the  Pacific  Synod  have 
been  free  and  untrammeled  to  organize', 
establish  and  develop  their  work,  without 
any  co'uflict  approaching  in  fierceness  or 
length  of  time  the  warfare  the  District 
Synod  has  successfully  passed  through. 
They  each  have  reaped  and  enjoyed  the 
benefits  of  the  victories  gained,  the  eccle- 
siastical position  taken  and  in  untram- 
meled manner  can  carry  on  their  noble 
w^ork,  whose  every  success  will  rejoice 
every  member  of  the  District  Synod, 
whose  Christian  love,  and  warm  fraternal 
interest  they  enjoy. 

These  notes  have  been  gleaned  from 
the  "History  of  the  Evangelical  Luth- 
eran District  of  Ohio,  covering  fifty- 
three  years,  1857-1910,"  by  Rev.  George 
Washington  Mechling,  D.  D.,  "Senior 
Ministerii  of  Lancaster,  Ohio."  for  sale 
at  the  General  Council  Publication 
House,  Philadelphia;  Pa.  Price."- paper 
cover,  50  cents ;  board,  75  cents. 


The  Funkites 

By  Elithabeth  D,  Rosenberger,  Covington,  O. 


a  BOUT  a  mile  and  a  half  northeast 
of  Harleysville,  Montgomery 
Co.,  Pa.,  you  come  upon  a  fam- 
ily burying  ground.  It  is  like  most  fam- 
ily graveyards  in  that  it  is  somewhat 
isolated  and  neglected.  It  is  larger  than 
most  family  burying  grounds,  and  an 
effort  is  made  to  keep  it  free  from  weeds 
and  briers.  To  many  of  us  the  place  is 
sacred  because  it  is  the  resting-place  of 
those  we  love.  Its  crumbling  headstones 
are  not  meaningless  to  us ;  over  the  low 
nioundb  and  biuken  tonibst6nes  the  long 
grass  grows  and  dies  and  grows  again 
from  time  to  time,  the  letters  are  fading 
and  the  inscriptions  of  a  forgotten 
people  are  lost ;  yet  we  remember.  But 
aside  from  any  sentiment,  the  place  is 
interesting  as  being  connected  with  the 
early  religious  history  of  the  Pennsylva- 
nia Dutch  of  this  locality. 

It  was  during  the  dark  days  of  the 
Revolutionary  war,  that  men  in  this  com- 
munity were  much  wrought  up  over 
many  things.  The  Mennonites  in  this 
community  claimed  to  be  non-resistant. 
But  for  some  reason  or  other  the  patri- 
ots looked  upon  them  as  Tories.  But 
they  were  peaceable  and  took  no  part  in 
the  strife,  they  escaped  persecution.  Al- 
though their  horses  and  cattle  were 
driven  away  and  some  of  their  grain 
taken  by  the  Continental  army.  There 
lived  here  Christian  Funk,  a  Mennonite 
preacher  who  was  expelled  from  their 
communion  at  this  time.  Christian  Funk 
was  an  educated  man,  he  and  Diehlman 
Kolb  were  appointed  by  their  church 
to  supervise  the  translation  of  Van 
Bracht's  "Martyr's  Mirror,  or  Der 
Blutige  Schauplatz"  from  Dutch  into 
German,  a  folio  of  1,514  pages  printed  at 
Ephrata  in  1748.  Christian  Funk  was 
also  the  author  of  several  religious  books. 
At  this  time,  the  people  of  the  Men- 
nonite church  began  to  talk  about  the 
war   and   its   outcome.      Some    declared 


that  King  George  would  win  and  others 
favored  the  colonial  side.  Christian 
Funk  declared  that  the  colonies  must  win 
in  this  struggle  for  liberty.  |  He  es- 
poused the  cause  of  the  American  Con- 
gress as  the  most  reasonable  side  of  the 
question,  he  knew  the  causes  of  the  war 
and  he  was  a  patriot.  He  lived  at 
Bechtel's  Mill  on  the  Indian  Creek,  his 
father,  a  bishop  in  the  Mennonite  church, 
had  come  to  that  place  in  171 9.  Look- 
ing backward,  we  can  see  that  boUi  par- 
ties, were  sincere  in  what  they  di«l ;  but 
we  must  record  the  fact  that  the  Men- 
nonite church  excommunicated  Christian 
Funk  for  his  espousal  of  the  colonial 
cause. 

After  he  was  expelled  from  the  church, 
he  and  his  followers  organized  them- 
selves into  a  church  which  was  known 
as  the  Funkites.  His  influence  extended 
•  over  a  considerable  district,  they  held 
their  meetings  in  private  houses  for  a 
time ;  then  over  near  Evansburg  in 
Lower  Providence,  a  church  was  built. 
Another  was  built  on  the  Skippack.  I 
worshiped  in  it  when  a  child.  A  third 
house  was  built  about  a  mile  north  of 
Harleysville  in  1814  or  1815.  The  mov- 
ing spirit  of  all  these  died  in  181 1  in  the 
eightieth  year  of  his  age.  He  was 
anxious  to  be  received  back  into  the 
Alennonite  church  before  he  died,  but 
we  are  told  that  the  officials  refused  to 
restore  him.  They  were  willing  to  re- 
ceive Christian  Funk  and  his  members 
but  not  their  ministers.  He  made  his  last 
plea  to  be  received  into  the  church  in 
1807.  He  made  a  statement  of  his  views 
and  the  disagreement  which  was  en- 
dorsed by  nine  men  who  were  well  known 
in  that  community.  Ten  years  after  his 
death  the  little  church  which  had  sprung 
up  out  of  sympathy  for  him,  began  to 
lose  members  and  about  the  year  1850  it 
was  extinct.  Christian  Funk  and  his 
wife    are    buried    at    Delp's    graveyard. 


829 


830 


THE   PENN  GERMANIA 


The  oldest  stone  there  bears  the  date 
1737.  The  Delp  graveyard  seems  to 
have  been  the  chosen  burial  ground  for 
the  Funkites. 

The  Funkite  church  north  of  Harleys- 
ville  was  next  used  by  John  Herr  who 
preached  for  the  Herrites  in  this  section. 
John  Herr  had  caused  much  trouble  in 
the  Mennonite  church  of  Lancaster 
county  and  then  he  came  to  this  place 
about  the  year  1820  and  preached  to 
large  crowds  of  people  from  all  de- 
nominations. He  incorporated  two  ar- 
ticles into  his  rules  of  discipline  which 
were  new  to  the  people.  One  was  that 
members  of  his  church  should  not  listen 
to  preachers  of  any  other  denomination. 
The  other  was,  that  if  any  member  was 
to  be  excommunicated  the  ban  of  avoid- 
ance was  to  be  put  upon  them.  The 
Herrites  and  Funkites  were  somewhat 
united  as  they  were  but  few  in  numbers 
they  worshiped  together  ]jart  of  the  time. 

Old  people  of  this  vicinity  say  that 
there  was  another  small  sect  known  as 
Moyer's  Folks  who  worshiped  in  this 
old  Funkite  meetinghouse  north  of  Har- 
levsville.     We  find  that  Christian  Mover 


and  his  brother  Abraham  Moyer  and 
several  of  their  sisters  were  followers  of 
Funk  so  it  may  be  that  was  the  reason 
for  the  term  "Moyer's  Folks." 

The  old  meetinghouse  where  so  much 
of  this  took  place  stood  about  forty  rods 
from  the  line  of  Franconia  township 
westward  from  the  tollgate  on  the  Sou- 
derton  turnpike.  It  was  built  of  stone 
and  it  was  used  also  for  a  public  school 
before  1850.  But  these  sects  were  dying 
out  and  in  1855  they  took  down  the  house 
and  removed  the  material  over  to  Delp's 
graveyard  in  Franconia  where  they  built 
it  up  into  a  small  church  which  is  still 
standing  for  the  accommodation  of 
funerals. 

The  church  is  rather  commodious,  and 
in  a  fair  state  of  repair.  It  has  a  long 
pulpit  where  about  eight  ministers  can 
find  a  place.  The  seats  are  oi  unpainted 
wood  and  have  no  backs.  It  is  all  very 
l)rimitive,  and  yet  its  doors  are  opened 
a  good  many  times  during  the  year  and 
a  silent  cortege  files  through.  A  short 
service,  and  another  one  is  laid  away  in 
Delp's  burying  ground. 


Death  of  Bern-  Bernhard  Ziehn,  fore- 
hard  Ziehm  most  authority  of  the 
century  on  musical  the- 
ory, died  September  8,  at  his  Chicago 
residence,  172  Eugenie  street,  after  a 
k)ng  and  painful  illness.  Lifelong  friend 
of  Theodore  Thomas,  a  teacher  of  such 
distinguished  musicians  as  William  Mid- 
delschulte.  Mrs.  Fannie  Blumfield- 
Zeisler,  Hans  von  Schiller,  Mrs.  Eleanor 
Everest  Freer.  Ziehn  left  a  marked  im- 
press on  the  nfusical  life  of  Chicago. 

His  influence  was.  however,  felt  more 
w.idely  in  Germany  through  liis  many 
contributions  to  the  musical  i^rcss  of 
that  country  as  well  as  through  his  sev- 
eral important  wDrks.  Of  these  the 
most  important  was  his  wnrk.  "Har- 
nionv  and  Modulation."  whicli  ])lac"(l  the 


study  of  musical  theory  on  a  genuinely 
scientific  basis.  Such  men  as  Hugo 
Kaun  and  Frederick  Stock  confess  that 
their  compositions  have  been  importantly 
influenced  by  the  study  of  this  work. 

As  a  critic  of  the  theorists  of  the 
nineteenth  century  Ziehn  performed  a 
significant  service  in  dissipating  the 
cloud  of  arbitrary  and  absurd  tradition 
which  cumbered^  the  progress  of  the  art. 
The  blunders  of  biographers  and  histori- 
ans were  assailed  by  him  with  equal  im- 
partiality, and  although  he  resided  mod- 
estly in  remote  Chicago,  he  became  a  rec- 
ognized authority  for  Germany  on  all 
questions  of  musical  historv  and  theory. 

Ziehn  was  liorn  in  Erfurt.  Germany. 
Janua'-y  20.  1845.  He  came  to  this 
coimtry  in   1868. — CIiica_Q;n  Tribune. 


The  Leinbach  Family 


The  following  account  of  one  of  the  promi- 
jieiit  families  of  Berks  County  appeared  in 
the   Reading  Eaylc,  of  August  25,   1912. 

^r  HE  Leinbach  family  had  its  early 
v^  home  in  the  district  of  Wetterau, 
Germany,  where  the  first  known 
ancestor  of  the  Berks  county  family, 
TIenry  Leinbach,  who  married  Barbara 
Lerch,  was  born  and  lived. 

Johannes  Leinbach,  Sr.,  son  of  Henry 
and  liarbara,  was  born  in  Langen-Sel- 
bold,  Wetterau,  on  March  9,  1674.  When 
an  infant  he  was  baptized  by  the  Re- 
formed pastor.  When  living  in  his  na- 
tive land  he  Served  as  an  organist.  On 
October  2.  1700.  he  married  Anna  Eliza- 
beth Kleiss,  who  was  born  in  Eidengup, 
Wetterau,  on  February  2,  1680,  and  was 
a  daughter  of  Adam  and  Elizabeth 
( Schillinger)  Kleiss.  She  was  baptized 
in  the  Lutheran  faith,  to  which  her  pa- 
rents adhered. 

Locates  in  Oley  in  1727,. 

The  first  Leinbach  to  settle  in  Penn- 
sylvania was  Johannes  Leinbach,  Sr., 
who  located  in  Oley  township,  this 
county,  on  September  11,  1723,  with 
his  three  sons:  Frederick,  John  Henry 
and  John  (Johannes,  Jr.),  and  two 
daughters,  Joanna  Alaria  and  Maria  Bar- 
bara. 

He  was  a  Deacon  of  the  Oley  congre- 
gation, into  which  office  he  was  inducted 
April  9,   1742. 

In  those  times  it  was  customary  to  ad- 
here to  old  family  names  and  there  was 
a  John  in  almost  every  family.  When 
one  member  of  the  family  died  his  name 
was  given  to  the  next  child  born. 

The  family  bought  a  tract  of  land  about 
iwi)  miles  south  of  Oley  (Friedensburg). 
From  whom  it  was  purchased  and  the 
>ize  of  the  farm  is  not  known.  The  set- 
tlers immediately  erected  a  small  house, 
containing  one  room,  a  small  attic  and  a 
basement.  This  house  was  built  along 
a  slope  from  which  gushed  forth  a  spring 
of   clear   water.      An    accompanving   cut 

«3 


shows  what  to  this  day  remains  of  the 
house,  189  years  old.  Next  a  barn  was 
erected  and  the  clearing  of  the  land  was 
started. 

Large  Land  Onmer. 

Among  the  people  who  lived  in  Oley 
township  at  that  time  were  the  Hochs, 
Yoders,  Booties  and  DeTurks.  A  record 
of  the  township  taxable  inhabitants  in 
1734  shows  that  Johannes  was  the  owner 
of  250  acres  of  land,  probably  the  original 
tract,  being  one  of  the  largest  land  own- 
ers. 

Because  there  was  a  John  and  a  John 
Henry  in  the  family,  the  latter  was  more 
frequently  called  Henry  and  was  so  listed 
in  the  assessment  list.  The  tax  levied 
in  1759  amounted  to  139  pounds.  The 
list  includes  Frederick,  Henry  and  John 
Leinbach. 

No  other  township  of  the  county  boasts 
of  greater  diversity  of  religious  thought 
and  freedom  of  opinion  regarding  doc- 
trinal usages  than  Oley.  Among  the 
very  earliest  settlers  were  a  number  of 
tiltra-religiouists,  and  during  the  first 
half  of  the  eighteenth  century  various' 
sects,  whose  doctrines  were  in  direct  con- 
flict with  the  beliefs  of  the  older  churches, 
fotind  adherents  in  the  township.  Some 
of  these  maintained  meetings  for  a  short 
period  in  Oley,  but  did  not  succeed  in 
efit'ecting  permanent  organizations.  At 
the  time  when  the  Leinbach  family  set- 
tled in  Oley  the  Brethren  or  Dunkards, 
were  quite  numerous,  but  no  effort  was 
made  by  them  to  establish  a  regular  place 
of  meeting. 

About  that  time  the  Moravians  ob- 
tained a  foothold  in  the  southwestern 
part  of  the  township  and  held  their  first 
general  meetings  in  the  barn  of  John  De- 
Ttirk.  In  this  building  a  general  meet- 
ing was  held  on  February  11,  1742,  which 
was  attended  by  Bishop  David  Nitsch- 
man  and  Count  Zinzendorf,  who  had  just 
then  arrived  in  America  and  who  there 
ordained    Christian    Henrv    Ranch    and 


832 


THE  PENN  GERMANIA 


Gottlieb  Beuttner  as  Deacons  of  the  Mo- 
ravian Church. 

The  Leinbachs  were  members  of  the 
Reformed  Church,  but  John  Daniel,  sec- 
ond son  of  Johannes,  Jr.,  left  the  church 
to  join  the  Moravians. 

He  became  a  great  friend  of  Count 
Zinzendorf  and  the  DeTurks,  and  was 
an  enthusiastic  church  worker.  In  1789, 
when  he  married  his  third  wife.  Alary 
Magdalena  Hartman,  who  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Reformed  Church,  he  returned 
to  his  old  faith. 

Johannes  Leinbach,  Jr.,  son  of  Jo- 
hannes, Sr.,  who  was  born  in  Hochstadt, 
Feb.  13,  1712,  accompanied  his  parents 
to  Pennsylvania  in  1723  and  became  a 
farmer.  On  Aug.  12,  1735,  he  married 
Catharine  Riehm,  of  Muddy  Creek.  They 
had  II  children,  one  of  whom  died  in  in- 
fancy, the  others  being  Frederick,  John 
Daniel.  Lewis,  Abraham,  Benjamin,  Jo- 
seph, Elizabeth,  Maria  Barbara,  Jo- 
hanna and   Catharine. 

John  Daniel,  the  second  son  of  Jo- 
hannes, Jr.,  was  born  in  1746  and  died  in 
Oley  on  April  8,  18 17,  aged  71  years  2 
months  and  19  days.  On  Nov.  9,  1768, 
he  married  Catharine  Graul,  who  died 
on  April  6,  1783.  Six  children:  Salome, 
Maria  Sybilla,  Susanna,  John  (Jo- 
hannes), John  Henry  and  John  Daniel, 
Jr.,  were  born  to  their  union.  His  sec- 
ond wife,  born  a  Lerch,  died  in  1788. 
They  had  two  children,  Abraham  and 
Catharine. 

In  1789  he  married  his  third  wife,  who 
was  Mary  Magdalena  Hartman.  The 
children  of  this  marriage  were :  Jacob, 
Christian,  Benjamin,  Joseph,  William, 
Samuel,  Maria,  Magdalena,  Thomas  H., 
Charles,  Salome,  Frederick  Solomon  and 
Rachel. 

Rev.  Thomas  H.  Leinbach,  son  of 
John  Daniel,  was  born  on  Jan.  18,  1802, 
and  died  March  31,  1864,  aged  62  years. 
He  became  a  clergyman  of  the  Reformed 
Church.  He  was  born  on  the  old  Lein- 
bach homestead  near  Spies'  Church,  in 
Oley  township;  was  reared  upon  the 
farm  and  was  educated  by  Rev.  Dr.  Her- 
man, of  near  Boycrtown.  Practically  he 
was  a  self-made  man,  as  were  many  of 
the  successful  workers  of  that  dav.     He 


was  a  man  of  strong  constitution  and 
fine  physique,  had  a  powerful  voice  and 
was  an  excellent  singer.  He  was  a  strong 
catechist.  A1x)ut  1825  he  settled  at  the 
parsonage  of  the  old  Tulpehocken 
Church,  near  Stouchsburg,  living  there 
until  his  death,  which  occurred  at  Mil- 
lersburg  (Bethel),  where  he  had 
preached  continuously  for  38  years. 

He  was  one  of  the  best  known  minis- 
ters of  Berks  county  and  was  highly  es- 
teemed. On  Aug.  24,  1824,  he  married 
Elizabeth  Seibert,  daughter  of  Michael 
and  Catherine  (Reiss)  Seibert,  of  near 
Womelsdorf.  She  died  on  April  14, 
1 89 1,  aged  84  years.  They  had  13 
children,  five  sons  and  eight  daughters ; 
Rev.  Aaron  S.,  who  lived  and  died  in 
Reading,  passing  away  at  Mie  age  of  71 
years ;  Maria  R.,  who  married  Dr.  Isaac 
Walbourn,  of  Myerstown ;  Elvina.  who 
married  Rev.  Joel  L.  Reber.  of  Berks 
county,  later  of  Hanover,  York  county, 
their  only  son,  Rev.  Thomas  N.,  being' 
a  minister  of  the  Reformed  Church; 
Sarah  M.,  who  married  Gen.  William 
Ullrich,  of  Herndon,  Va.,  who  was  a 
General  in  the  Civil  War;  Rev.  Thomas 
Calvin ;  Emma  L.,  who  died  at  Meyers- 
town,  Sept.  26,  1902;  Jane  P.,  married 
John  Uhrich,  of  Meyerstown,  and  died 
June  12,  1874;  Charles  H.,  died  Oct.  6, 
1891,  at  the  age  of  61  years;  Rev.  Sam- 
uel A.,  of  Reading;  Clara  N.,  who  mar- 
ried Reilly  J.  Dundore,  of  Myerstown, 
and  died  at  the  age  of  51  years. 

The  old  Leinbach  homestead  in  Oley 
township  is  now  owned  by  Jeremiah 
Hartman,  whose  son,  Seth,  resides  at  the 
place.  The  present  bam  was  built  in 
1 85 1,  the  stone  in  the  wall  bearing  the 
date  and  the  names  Thomas  and  Eliza- 
beth Leinbach,  Thomas  being  the  son  of 
John  Daniel. 

John  Leinbach,  eldest  son  of  John 
Daniel,  was  born  in  Oley,  April  3,  1778, 
died  in  i860,  in  his  83rd  year.  ,He  was 
a  farmer  and  married  Elizabeth  Kleiss. 
The  couple  had  five  children,  of  whom 
two  died  young.  The  others  were  :  Mary, 
married  to  George  Beecher;  David,  mar- 
ried to  Elizabeth,  and  John. 

The  last  named  son  of  John  Leinbach, 
also  John,  was  born  in  Exeter  township, 


THE  LEINBAOH  FAMILY 


835 


Jan.  16,  1814,  died  on  Sept.  26,  1900, 
aged  86  years.  He  owned  a  15-acre  truck- 
farm,  which  he  success'fnlly  conducted 
while  teaching  school.  He  was  one  of 
the  earliest  teachers  in  the  county,  con- 
ducting the  German  Pay  School  for  some 
years.  He  also  taught  in  the  old  ]\Iora- 
vian  School,  located  on  a  7-acre  plot  of 
ground  in  Oley  township.  After  the  es- 
tablishment of  the  public  school  system 
he  taught  for  several  terms  at  Spies' 
Church.  He  was  a  Whig  and  took  an 
active  interest  in  party  politics.  Later 
the  Leinbachs  became  and  are  to-day 
strong  advocates  of  Republican  prin- 
ciples. In  1839  he  married  Louisa  Kel- 
ler, daughter  of  Conrad  and  Catharine 
(Schmehl)  Keller.  They  had  these 
children :  T\ler,  living  at  Mt.  Penn ; 
Catharine,  married  to  Franklin  Hartman  ; 
Dallas,  married  to  Elizabeth  Babb; 
Llewellyn,  married  to  Elizabeth  Mar- 
quette ;  ]\Iary  Ann,  married  to  Oliver 
Hinnershitz ;  Amanda  died  in  1861,  aged 
8  years;  John  died  in  1858,  aged  i  year; 
Louisa,  married  John  Eisenbise,  of  Read- 
ing; Albert  died  in  1861,  aged  2  years; 
Ellen,  married  Henry  Young,  of  Read- 
ing. 

Tyler  Leinbach.  eldest  son  of  John  and 
Louisa,  was  born  in  Exeter  township,  on 
Sept.  19,  1841.  He  attended  the  schools 
of  Oley,  Exeter  and  Alsace  townships 
and  worked  among  the  farmers  until  he 
was  29  years  of  age.  When  the  Civil 
W^ar  broke  out  he  went  in  defense  of  his 
country,  enlisting  on  Aug.  22,  1861,  in 
Company  K,  93d  Pennsylvania  Volun- 
teer Infantry,  and  participated  in  the  en- 
gagements at  Williamsburg  and  Fair 
Oaks  (in  Virginia),  the  Seven  Days' 
Battle  and  Malvern  Hill.  He  then  be- 
came one  of  four  teamsters  of  the  Regi- 
ment and  served  in  this  capacity  until  he 
was  mustered  out.  A])ril  23,  1865.  After 
the  close  of  the  war  he  again  engaged  in 
farm  work  for  a  year  and  then  went  to 
Montgomery  county,  Ohio,  where  he  re- 
mained seven  months.  He  next  located 
at  Elkhart  county,  Indiana,  where  he 
made  his  home  until  1869,  when  he  re- 
turned to  Berks  county. 

On  Feb.  14,  1871,  he  married  Ann. 
daughter     of     Josiah     and     Cathawne 


(Maule)  Manwiller.  Mr.  Leinbach  and 
his  family  are  members  of  Spies'  Union 
Church,  of  which  he  has  been  a  Deacon 
and  Elder.  Since  tqo6  he  has  resided  in 
Mt.  Penn  borough,  where  he  occupies  a 
comfortable  home  on  Cumberland  street. 
He  is  now  living  retired  from  active 
work. 

Rev.  Thomas  Calvin  Leinbach,  late  of 
Womelsdorf,  was  born  in  Jackson  town- 
ship, Lebanon  county,  on  Dec.  31,  1837. 
His  boyhood  days  were  spent  on  the 
farm.  His  early  education  was  obtained 
at  the  Myerstown  Academy,  Myerstown, 
followed  by  a  preparatory  course  and 
Franklin  and  Alarshall  College,  gradu- 
ating in  1858.  The  following  September 
he  entered  the  Reformed  Theological 
vSeminary  at  Mercersburg,  Franklin 
county,  from  which  he  graduated  with 
honor  in  i860.  He  became  an  assistant 
to  his  father.  Rev.  Thomas  H.,  pastor  of 
the  Tulpehocken  charge.  His  last  charge 
was  that  of  Bernville,  consisting  of  St. 
Thomas',  of  Bernville ;  North  Heidel- 
berg ;  Zion's  at  Strausstown ;  St. 
John's',  at  Host ;  Christ,  in  Jefferson 
township  and  St.  Paul's,  at  Robesonia. 
He  remained  in  the  ministry  until  his 
death  on  May  i,  1909,  his  son.  Rev.  Ed- 
win Samuel,  assisting  him.  Rev.  Lein- 
bach preached  over  4,000  sermons,  of- 
ficiated at  the  funerals  of  2,535  people, 
baptized  4,435,  confirmed  950  and  mar- 
ried 1,425  couples.  He  was  a  member 
of  Williamson  Lodge,  No.  307,  F.  &  A. 
M. ;  was  recognized  as  one  of  the  ablest 
catechists  in  the  Reformed  Church  and 
ranked  among  the  best  German  preach- 
ers of  his  generation. 

On  Sept.  6,  1870,  Rev.  Leinbach  mar- 
ried Maria  R.  Seibert,  daughter  of  John 
and  Elizabeth  (Seidel)  Seibert.  farming 
people  of  Marion  township.  Mr.  Seibert 
was  a  county  commissioner  at  the  time 
the  present  Coi^t  House  was  erected. 
To  Rev.  and  Mrs.  Leinbach  were  born  1 1 
children,  four  of  whom  are  living,  three 
of  them  following  the  profession  of  their 
father.  They  are  Rev.  Paul  S..  Rev.  Ed- 
win S.,  Rev.  Elmer  G..  and  Oliver  E. 

John  Henr>^  Leinbach,  the  fifth  child 
of  John  Daniel,  was  born  in  Ole-y  town- 
bhip,  Aug.  29,  1780.     In  his  later  years 


834 


THE  PENN  GERMANIA 


he  settled  in  Miililenberg  township, 
where  he  cultivated  his  large  farm,  lo- 
cated on  the  present  site  of  Rosedale.  He 
married  Joanna  Herman  and  to  them 
were  born  a  number  of  children,  among 
whom  was  Jonas  Leinbach,  the  grand- 
father of  VVilliam  ().  Leinbach,  mer- 
chant in  Alt.  Penn  borough. 

Jonas  Leinbach  was  born  in  Muhlen- 
berg township  on  Nov.  30,  1820.  and 
died  Nov.  24.  1902.  He  was  a  wheel- 
wright for  some  years  and  for  eight  years 
worked  for  th'e  Philadelphia  &  Reading 
Railway  Co.,  later  occu])ying  a  farm  in 
Cumru  township.  Nine  years  later  he 
moved  to  the  farm  of  the  late  Judge 
George  D.  Stitzel,  in  Aluhlenberg  town- 
ship, where  he  remained  two  years, 
finally  settling  on  the  Judge's  large  farm 
in  Richmond  township,  where  he  lived 
for  25  years.  He  was  twice  married  and 
had  the  distinction  of  being  the  father 
of  more  children  than  any  other  luan  in 
Berks  county,  having  had  13  children  by 
each  of  his  two  wives.  His  first  wife  was 
Rebecca  Wentzel.  His  second  marriage 
was  to  Harriet  Lloyd. 

Percival.  the  father  of  William  ().. 
was  born  on  March  23,  1844,  in  Muhlen- 
berg township,  and  was  reared  on  his 
father's  farm,  on  which  he  continued  to 
reside  until  he  was  19  years  old,  when 
he  learned  the  blacksmith's  trade  with 
John  Becker,  of  Reading.  He  has  fol- 
lowed that  occupation  for  a  num,ber  of 
years.  For  a  number  of  years  he  lived 
in  Reading,  but  now  resides  in  Mt.  Penn. 
He  is  a  Democrat  in  [wlitics  and  served 
one  term  as  school  director  in  Lower  Al- 
sace township. 

Fraternally  he  is  connected  with  Castle 
No.  63,  K.  G.  E..  of  Reading.  He  is  a 
member  of  Grace  (Alsace)  Reformed 
congregation.  In  1865  he  married  Cath- 
arine Reifsnyder,  daughter  of  Samuel 
and  Judith  (Price)  Reifsnyder.  To 
this  union  were  born  three  children : 
Henry,  a  coal  receiver  for  the  Reading 
Railway  Company,  in  Reading,  married 
to  Sallie  Raudcnbush ;  \\'illiam  ()..  of 
.Mt.  Penn..  and  J<^mma.  who  died  at  the 
age  of  six. 

William  ( ).  Leinbach  was  born  on 
Nov.    16,    1867,    in    Reading,    and    was 


taken  to  Alsace  (now  Lower  Alsace) 
township,  when  a  mere  lad,  where  he  at- 
tended the  common  schools  until  15 
years  of  age.  When  16  yfears  old  he  be- 
gan to  learn  the  blacksmith's  trade  with 
his  father,  for  whom  he  worked  for  13 
years.  In  1897  he  secured  work  in 
Reading,  being  employed  for  two  years 
with  Harry  S.  Bard,  a  carriage  builder. 
Later  he  engaged  in  the  general  store 
business  in  Mt.  Penn  and  is  doing  a  good 
business.  Since  the  organization  of  the 
borough  he  has  been  serving  as  a  coun- 
cilman and  is  taking  an  active  part  in 
the  borough's  fire  company. 

He  is  a  member  of  Castle  No.  63,  K. 
(j.  E.,  of  Reading;  Camp  No.  230,  P.  O. 
S.  of  A.,  of  St.  Lawrence;  Wyomissing 
Council.  No.  1584,  Royal  Arcanum,  of 
Reading.  He  is  one  of  the  charter  mem- 
bers of  Trinity  Reformed  Church.  Mt. 
Penn,  and  has  served  as  janitor  since  its 
erection  in  1898.  He  has  been  Secretary 
of  the  Sunday  School  since  its  organiza- 
tion in  1890  and  has  missed  very  few 
Simdays  in  attendance. 

On  July  2'j,  1887,  he  married  Lizzie 
Stuber,  daughter  of  Jacob  and  Barbara 
Stuber,  deceased,  of  Reading. 

The  late  Dr.  Aaron  S.  Leinbach,  of 
Reading,  was  a  well-known  Reformed 
clergyman,  having  been  pastor  of  the 
Schwarzwald  congregation  for  40  years. 
During  his  pastorate  there  he  baptized 
1.523  people,  confirmed  1,012.  married 
484  couples  and  ofticiated  at  694  funer- 
als. His  funeral  was  attended  by  50 
clergymen  and  six  Reading  pastors  were 
bearers. 

Dr.  Leinbach  served  many  congrega- 
tions in  the  county  during  his  ministry 
and  was  one  of  the  most  distinguished 
members  of  this  well  known  family.  He 
served  the  First  Reformed  Church  of 
this  city  for  many  years.  Dr.  Leinbach 
was  an  eloquent  i^reacher  and  his  ser- 
vices were  alwa}'s  well  attended.  ( )ne 
son.  John  Hiester  Leinbach.  adopted  the 
ministry  as  his  chosen  i^rofession  and 
served  the  Amityville  charge  u]^  to  the 
time  of  his  decease  some  vears  ago.  Dr. 
Leinbach  was  the  founder  and  serv^ed  as 
the  first  pastor  of  St.  Thomas  Reformed 
Church  at  nth  and  Windsor  streets  and 


THE   LEINBACH    FAMILY 


835 


took  an  active  part  in  the  plans  for  the 
erection  of  this  house  of  worship.  His 
widow,  Mrs.  Ann  E.  Leinbach,  resides 
at  48  North  Fourth  street.  The  surv'iv- 
ing  children  are :  Mrs.  Adam  B.  Rieser, 
Airs.  Alice  L.  Schafl'er  and  Mrs.  John 
Armstrong-,  this  city. 

Llewellyn  Leinbach,  a  former  teacher 
and  merchant,  and  at  present  a  success- 
ful farmer  near  Oley  Line,  was  born  on 
Jan.  13,  1848,  and  was  a  son  of  John 
and  Louisa  Leinbach.  He  assisted  on 
the  home  farm  and  attended  the  public 
schools.  Later  he  pursued  his  education 
in  Freeland  Seminary,  now  L^rsinus  Col- 
lege, Collegeville,  and  was  licensed  to 
teach  by  I'rof.  John  S.  Ermentrout,  then 
County  Superintendent.  In  1869  he 
taught  his  first  term  in  Alsace  township, 
at  a  salary  of  $20  a  month,  the  term  con- 
sisting of  four  months.  He  taught  in  all 
four  terms,  two  in  Alsace  and  two  in 
Exeter,  and  then  began  his  mercantile 
experience  as  clerk  in  the  general  store 
of  B.  A.  Glase,  at  Friedensburg,  where 
he  remained  two  years.  He  then  came  to 
(^ley  Line  and  associated  with  O.  H. 
Hinn-ershitz.  engaged  in  the  general 
merchandise  business  and  at  the  same 
time  conducted  the  hotel.  This  partner- 
ship continued  for  four  years,  when,  ow- 
ing to  ill  health,  he  was  obliged  to  re- 
tire, his  partner  continuing  the  business. 
Mr.  Leinbach  moved  to  Amity  township 
and  there  lived  on  a  farm  for  seven  years, 
and  for  22  years  occupied  the  farm  of 
Mary  W.  Hains.  In  1891  he  bought  his 
present  home  farm  near  Oley  Line,  this 
being  the  homestead  of  his  father-in- 
law.  Samuel  Martjuette.  The  tract  con- 
sists of  88  acres  of  good  land.  He  de- 
votes considerable  time  to  raising  truck, 
which  he  mark-ets  in  Pottstoiwn.  In  poli- 
tics he  is  Republican.  His  family  be- 
long \(>  the  Reformed  congregation  at 
Amit\ville,  in  which  he  has  been  a  Dea- 
con and  Elder  since  1888.  In  1874  he 
was  married  to  Eliza  .\.  Maripiette  and 
they  had  six  children. 

The  only  two  Leinbachs  residing  in 
Oley  township  at  this  time  are  Benjamin 
F.  and  James  !'..  The  former,  who  since 
1898,  has  lived  retired  at  Friedensburg. 
was    long   one    of    the    ])rogressive    and 


prosperous  farmers  of  the  county.  He 
was  born  on  the  home  farm  of  his  grand- 
uncles,  John  an/l  Daniel  Hoch,  on  Jan. 
19.  1853,  son  of' Samuel  and  Mary  (Rep- 
pert )  Leinbach.  He  received  his  educa- 
tion in  the  district  schools,  the  Oley 
Academy  and  later  took  a  15- weeks' 
course  at  Prof.  Brunner's  Academy,  in 
Reading.  He  taught  school  five  terms  in 
Alsace  township,  beginning  in  the  fall  of 
1 87 1  and  received  the  salary  of  $30  a 
month.  He  was  early  trained  to  fann 
work  and  in  1882  he  began  farming  at 
the  place  where  he  was  born,  and  in  that 
same  year  bought  the  homestead.  This 
consisted  of  about  400  acres.  He  is  a 
member  of  Spies'  Church  and  an  ardent 
Democrat.  In  1874  he  married  Sarah  H. 
Voder,  daughter  of  Gideon  and  Mary 
(Houseman)  Yoder.  They  had  three 
children. 

James  B.  Leinbach,  a  retired  citizen 
residing  at  Friedensburg,  and  one  of  the 
best  known  musicians  in  Berks  county, 
was  born  in  ( )ley  township  on  July  10, 
1846,  son  of  Daniel  S.  and  Susanna  H. 
(Barto)  Leinbach.  He  obtained  his  ed- 
ucation in  Olev  Academv,  under  the  in- 
struction of  Dr.  D.  M.  Wolf.  In  1867, 
Prof.  John  S.  Ermentrout  licensed  him 
to  teach  and  he  was  for  12  consecutive 
terms  in  charge  of  the  Palm  school  in  his 
native  township.  When  only  10  years  of 
age  he  began  his  musical  studies  under 
Samuel  Fellen,  a  native  German  of  high 
ability,  and  later  he  passed  under  the  in- 
struction of  Frederick  Herman,  a  stud- 
ent of  Leipsic  University.  In  1867  he 
began  teaching  music  to  the  youtli  of 
his  district,  having  from  30  to  40  pupils 
from  Oley  and  surrounding  townships. 

Since  1863  he  has  served  as  a  Church 
(  )rganist,  beginning  that  year  at  Fried- 
en's  Church,  in  Oley  township,  and  in 
1871  entered  the  employ  of  the  Schwarz- 
wald  congregation.  He  will  retire  from 
active  service  next  month,  k^rom  1875 
to  1886  he  served  the  congregation  at 
Xew  Jerusalem,  in  Rockland  township. 
He  is  an  ardent  Sunday  School  worker 
and  since  14  years  of  age  has  served  in 
the  capacity  as  teacher. 

( )n  May  ly,  1875,  he  married  Amelia 
Sailer,  daughter  of  Adam  H.  and  Mary 


836 


THE   PENN  GERMANIA 


Ann  (Gring)  Sailer.  Mrs.  Leinbach 
died  some  time  ago,  leaving  two  child- 
ren. 

Rev.  Samuel  A.  Leinbach,  residing  in 
Reading,  is  one  of  the  best  known  Re- 
formed ministers  in  the  county.  He  was 
born  in  Jackson  township,  Lebanon 
county,  on  June  10,  1844.  He  graduated 
from  Franklin  and  Marshall  College  in 
1864,  and  from  the  Theological  Semin- 
ary at  Mercersburg,  in  1867.  After  his 
graduation  he  assisted  his  brother, 
Thomas  C,  for  one  year,  when  he  re- 
ceived and  accepted  a  call  to  the  Egypt 
charge  in  Lehigh  county,  which  he 
served  for  16  years.  In  1884  he  took 
charge  of  the  Leesport  charge  and  served 
until  Classis  reconstructed  the  charge. 
He  discontinued  preaching  at  Leesport 
and  Oernant's,  but  continued  to  serve 
the  Epler's,  Bern  and  St.  Michael's  con- 
gregations. In  1904  he  resigned  the 
two  former  congregations  but  retains 
St.  Michael's,  a  congregation  which  has 
been  served  by  the  three  brothers  and  a 
nephew  (all  members  of  the  Leinbach 
family),  continuously  for  a  period  of 
nearly  50  years. 

On  June  2'],  1872,  he  married  Mar- 
garet H.,  daughter  of  Dr.  Charles  W. 
and  Elizabeth  Everhart,  of  Sellersville. 
Thev  had  one  child,  Margaret  Grace. 
In  1879  he  married  his  second  wife, 
Marv  Catharine,  Daughter  of  William 
S.  and  Sarah  Long,  of  Durham.  They 
have  one  son.  Samuel  A.,  a  graduate  of 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  who  is 
a  practicing  physician  at  Quakertown. 

The  Leinbachs  always  were  and  are 
to-dav  enthusiastic  church  workers. 
Charles  H.  Leinbach  is  a  well-known 
and  prosperous  merchant  of  Reading. 
He  is  president  of  the  Berks  County 
Sabbath  School  Association,  a  member 
of  the  Reformed  Church  Publication 
Board  and  of  the  Board  of  Ministerial 
Relief.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of 
St.  Andrew's  Reformed  Sunday  School 
and  has  devoted  much  time  to  the  Sun- 
day School  work  as  Superintendent. 

He  is  a  son  of  Elias  A.,  who  for 
nearly*  50  years  was  Postmaster  at  Lein- 
bachs. Charles  H.  was  born  in  Bern 
township   in    1859,    attended   the   public 


schools,  the  Millersville  and  Keystone 
State  Normal  Schools,  and  for  some 
time  followed  the  profession  of  teach- 
ing. At  the  age  of  21  he  came  to  Read- 
ing to  enter  the  employ  of  his  uncles, 
Joseph  A.  and  George  A.  Leinbach,  who, 
under  the  name  of  Leinbach  and  Brother, 
conducted  a  clothing  establishment  at  851 
Penn  street  and  later  erected  the  build- 
ing at  the  northwest  corner  of  Eighth 
and  Penn  streets.  The  young  man 
showed  a  decided  aptitude  for  the  work 
and  in  1890  became  a  partner.  The  firm 
conducts  a  large  business  and  has  been 
very  successful. 

Rev.  Thomas  H.  Leinbach  is  a  well- 
known  Reading  minister,  pastor  of  St. 
John's  Reformed  Church.  He  is  a  son 
of  Elias  A.,  was  born  and  reared  at 
Leinbachs,  in  Bern  township,  educated 
in  the  public  scliools  and  picpared  for 
college  at  Keystone  State  Normal 
School,  Kutztown.  In  1891  he  gradu- 
ated from  Franklin  and  Marshall  Col- 
lege and  in  1894  from  the  Theological 
Seminary.  His  first  charge  was  what  is 
known  as  the  Great  Swamp  charge  in 
Bucks  county,  formerly  served  by  Dr. 
C.  Z.  Weiser.  He  was  serving  that 
charge  for  10  years  and  since  1904  is 
pastor  of  St.  John's,  Reading. 

In  1894  he  was  married  to  Miss  Kath- 
erine  E.  Miller,  of  Bernville,  and  they 
are  the  parents  of  these  children :  Theo- 
dore, Harold  and  Arthur. 

Rev.  Elmer  H.  Leinbach,  of  Kutz- 
town, also  a  son  of  Elias  K.,  is  pastor  of 
St.  John's  Reformed  Church,  Kutztown, 
and  St.  Peter's  Reformed  Church,  Rich- 
mond township.  He  was  educated  at 
Keystone  State  Normal  School,  Kutz- 
town, and  Franklin  and  Marshall  college 
and  Reformed  Theological  Seminary, 
graduating  from  the  seminary  in  1895, 
when  he  took  charge  of  his  present  pas- 
torate. <..Jn  1.901  he  was  married  to  Miss 
Sallie  Sailer,  of  near  Reading,  and  they 
are  the  parents  of  two  children :  Caroline 
and  Frederick. 

In  the  family  of  Elias  A.  Leinbach 
were  three  sons  and  three  daughters. 
Carrie  is  married  to  Rev.  Chas.  Schaef- 
fer.  of  Reading ;  Laura  is  wedded  to 
John  Z.  Reeser,  of  West  Leesport,  and 


THE   LEINBACH    FAMILY 


837 


Sallie  is  matron  of  the  Frick  cottage, 
Bethany  Orphans'  Home,  Womelsdorf. 

The  Tulpehocken  Refonned  Church 
.  ^  was  for  many  years  known  as  Leinbach's 
■*  *  Churchf  and  to  this'  da^-  the  older  people 
of  western  Berks,  who  knew  Revs. 
Thomas  H.  and  Charles  H.  Leinbach, 
successive  pastors  of  the  congregation, 
speak  of  it  only  by  this  name.  Mont- 
gomery's History  of  Berks  County  says 
of  this  church : 

"It  is  not  within  the  bounds  of  Berks 
count}',  but  it  is  so  near  the  western  line 
that  many  of  its  citizens  belong  to  its 
membership.  The  congregation  was  or- 
ganized some  time  before  1745,  when  the 
first  church  building  was  put  up  of  logs, 
on  the  south  corner  of  the  old  cemetery 
and  near  the  present  parsonage.  This 
house  was  in  use  until  1772.  when  a  new 
church  was  built  in  the  upper  part  of 
the  old  cemetery  and  on  the  south  side  of 
the  present  highway.  In  1853  the  pres- 
ent house  of  worship  was  built  on  the 
north  side  of  the  turnpike,  and  adjoin- 
ing the  new  cemetery,  which  was  opened 
in  1864.  It  is  about  two  miles  from 
Stouchsburg  and  on  an  elevated  site. 
The  building  is  of  stone,  spacious  and 
attractive,  and  accommodates  a  very 
large  membership.  In  1885  they  num- 
bered nearly  500. 

*'The  church  property  includes  two 
well-kept  cemeteries,  an  old  but  sub- 
stantial parsonage,  and  •  about  35  acres 
of  land.  The  Rev.  Michael  Schlatter 
was  one  of  the  pioneer  preachers  in  this 
place  in  1746  and  the  year  following: 
and  his  labors  as  a  missionary  were 
shared  by  Rev.  Rieger,  Boehm  and 
Weiss.  They  preached  at  irregular  in- 
terv^als.  varying  from  four  to  ten  weeks. 
The  rapid  settlement  of  the  country  and 
the  increased  interest  in  the  work  made 
a  regular  pastorate  possible,  and  such  a 
ministerial  service  began  in  the  summer 
of  1747.  Since  that  time  the  jiastors  of 
the  church  have  been  the  foUawing: 
Revs.  D..  r>artliolemae.  H.  W.  Story.  Jo- 
hannes W'aldschmidt,  Wm.  Otterbein, 
John  J.  Zutall.  J.  Wm.  Hendel.  Sr..  An- 
drew Loretz.  D.  Wagner,  W'm.  Hendel, 
D.  D.,  Thomas  H.  Leinbach.  Charles  H. 
Leinbach,  H.  J.  Welker." 


The  tracing  of  all  the  descendants  of 
Johannes  Leinbach,  Sr.,  (lx)rn  in  Ger- 
many March  9,  1674),  the  founder  of 
the  Leinbach  family  in  this  country, 
would 'fill  cjuite'a  volume,  on  account  of 
the  many  branches  of  the  family.  One 
of  his  descendants,  John  Daniel  Lein- 
bach, a  grandson,  was  married  three 
times  and  had  21  children;  and  another, 
Jonas,  had  26  children  by  two  wives. 

One  of  the  best  known  branches  was 
that  of  Frederick,  a  son  of  Tohn  Daniel, 
by  his  third  wife.  Four  of  Frederick's 
children  are  living  in  Reading.  Daniel 
G..  the  oldest  son,  now  in  his  83d  year, 
resides  at  639  Pine  street ;  i\lbert,  who 
recently  celebrated  his  77th  birthday  an- 
niversary, resides  at  415  North  Fifth 
Street;  Milton  A.,  aged  72,  at  311  North 
Fourth  street;  and  Mrs.  Mary  Levan, 
widow  of  James  Levan,  at  222  Douglass 
street. 

Jonathan  G.  Leinbach,  another  son  of 
Frederick,  who  at  his  death  was  the  head 
of  the  J.  G.  Leinbach  Company,  manu- 
facturers of  w^oolen  goods,  was  inter- 
ested in  many  public  enterprises.  The 
brothers,  above  mentioned,  were  engaged 
with  him  in  the  same  business,  and  their 
sons'  followed  in  their  footsteps.  A. 
Ellsworth  Leinbach,  son  of  ]\Iahlon  A., 
is  now  president  of  the  company,  and  his 
brother.  Charles  E.,  is  a  member.  Al- 
bert's son,  B.  Frank  Leinbach,  was  for- 
merly the  hea'd  of 'oiie' of  the  depart- 
ments ;  and  Ammon  E.  and  Charles  H. 
R..  sons  of  Peter,  a  deceased  brother  of 
Jonathan  G..  are  also  members  of  the 
company.  Charles  H.  R.  being  vice 
president. 

The  founders  of  the  clothing  house  of 
Leinbach  &  Bro..  Eighth  and  Penn 
streets,  viz.,  Joseph  A.  and  George  A. 
Leinbach,  were  sons  of  Christian  and 
grandsons  of  John  Daniel  Leinbach. 
Daniel  G.,  Albert,  Jonathan  G.  and  Mah- 
lon  A.,  mentioned  above,  were  their  first 
cousins. 

Christian  Leinbach  had  six  children. 
William  A.,  the  oldest,  was  the  fatb.er  of 
Wellington  M.  Leinbach.  of  this  city,  in 
the  real  estate  and  insurance  business, 
and  of  Peter  M.  Leinbach,  of  Bern  town- 
ship,   the    present   owner    of    the    Lein- 


838 


THE   PENN    GERMANIA. 


bach's  Hotel  property.  This  is  one  of 
the  oldest  hotel  stands  in  Berks  county, 
and  was  established  by  Christian  Lein- 
bach  nearly  100  years  ago.  Peter  M., 
the  owner,  is  living  retired  on  one  of  his 
farms. 

Other  well-known  members  of  the 
Ivcinbach  family  are  J.  Calvin  and  Calvin 
A.  Leinbach,  of  West  Reading.  The 
former  is  a  son  of  Christian  R..  who  was 
a  grandson  of  John  Daniel  Leinl)ach ; 
while  the  latter  is  the  son  of  James  T.,  a 
grandson  of  Jacob  and  great-grandson 
of  John  Daniel  Leinbach.  A  daughter 
of  Christian  R.  Leinbach  is  the  wife  of 
Benjamin  L   Shearer,  the  lawyer. 

Joseph  L.  Leinbach,  proprietor  of  the 
l)lumbing  establishment.  420  Xorth 
Sixth  street,  is  a  son  of  Jonas  L.  and 
grandson  of  Jonas  who  was  the  father 
of  26  children. 


Christian  Leinbach,  who  founded 
Leinbach"s  Hotel  and  store,  had  six 
children,  all  of  whom  are  deceased,  viz. : 
William  A.,  Elias  A.,  Richard  A.,  Jo- 
seph A.  and  George  A.,  and  ]Mary,  who 
was  the  wife  of  Harry  E.  Yslu  Reed,  and 
the  mother  of  Charles  L.  Van  Reed,  the 
paper  dealer,  206  North  Sixth  street. 
The  A  in  the  names  of  the  five  sons 
stands  for  Althouse,  their  mother's 
name,  she  having  been  Susan  Althouse, 
of   Bern  township. 

The  beautiful  claw- foot  Chippendale 
chair,  which  was  used  by  John  Daniel 
Leinbach  in  the  Colonial  Assembly,  of 
which  he  was  a  member  in  1735.  when  it 
met  in  Philadelphia,  is  now  owned  by 
George  Leinbach  Long.  Fifth  and  Oley 
streets,  the  grandson  of  George  A.  Lein- 
bach and  great-great-grandson  of  John 
Daniel    Leinbach. 


Blind  to  Declaring  that  the  scen- 

State's  Beauty  ery  of  Pennsylvania  is 
the  equal  of  any  in  the 
world,  J.  Horace  MacFarland,  president 
of  the  American  Civic  Association,  call- 
ed Pennsylvania  unpatriotic  because  they 
pay  so  little  attention  to  it,  in  an  address 
before  the  Geographical  Society.  He  said 
that  the  beauties  of  this  state  are  never 
advertised  and  are  practically  unknown. 
The  Susquehanna,  he  insisted,  is  as 
beautiful  as  the  Hudson  or  the  Rhine,, 
the  many  forests  equal  Black  Forest  of 
Germany,  and  the  mountains  as  majestic 
and  as  varied  in  character  as  any  in  the 


world.  ^\r.  MacF"arland  said  that  it  is 
all  the  fault  of  Pennsylvanians  them- 
selves that  these  things  are  not  known. 
School  books,  he  declared,  are  full  of 
descriptions  of  the  beauties  and  wonders 
of  other  parts  of  the  world,  but  shame- 
fully neglect  the  scenery  of  Pennsylvania. 
Children  grow  into  maturity  and  wan- 
der all  over  the  world  seeking  for  scenic 
beauty,  when  they  could  have  found  it 
right  at  their  doors.  He  advocated  wid- 
er advertising  of  these  things,  so  that 
the  world  may  know  of  Pennsylvania's 
greatness. 


Washington's  Christmas  at  Valley  Forge 


By  William  Perrine 


"I  am  now  convinced  without  a  doubt 
that,  unless  some  great  and  capital 
changes  shall  take  place  '■'  *  *  this 
army  must  be  inevitably  reduced  to  one 
or  other  of  these  three  things — starve, 
dissolve  or  disperse."  Such  were  the 
words  that  (icorge  Washington  uttered 
during  the  unhappiest  and  most  perplex- 
ing hours  of  his  life — the  Christmas  of 
1777.  It  was  his  message  of  despair  fly- 
ing over  the  snow-clad  hills  of  Pennsyl- 
vania from  the  frozen  camp  of  Valley 
Forge  to  the  Continental  Congress  in  its 
refuge  at  York.  Just  a  year  before  his 
heart  had  leaped  with  the  great  joy  of 
victory  when  he  crossed  the  storm-swept 
Delaware  on  Christmas  Day  and  fell 
upon  the  Hessian  veterans  at  Trenton. 
Now,  with  an  army  defeated  and  desti- 
tute, he  was  facing  the  most  desperate 
crisis  not  only  of  his  life,  but  of  the  coun- 
try's cause.  Never  had  there  been,  nor 
since  has  there  been,  a  Christmas  brought 
such  anguish  to  American  hearts  as  that 
Christmas  in  the  desolate  and  denuded 
hills  of  Valley  Forge.  Among  Washing- 
ton's officers,  intrigue  and  treachery 
were  plotting  for  his  overthrow  as  an  in- 
competent ;  some  men  were  sighing  for 
the  Christmas  cheer  of  their  far-off 
homes  or  meditating  desertion,  while  the 
couriers  that  came  into  the  camp  on 
Christmas  Eve  along  the  Skippack  Road 
could,  perhaps,  still  be  able  to  trace  the 
route  of  the  ragged  soldiers  in  the  week 
before  by  the  crimson  spots  on  the  snow 
where  the  blood  oozed  from  their  naked 
feet! 

Patriot   Soldiers    Who    Wore    the   Petti- 
coats. 

The  winter  had  set  in  early  that  year 
along  the  Schuylkill.  The  river  was 
frozen  over.  The  roads  were  covered 
with  snow  and  ice.  Washington  had 
given  orders  to  the  army  to  march  to 
\'alley  Forge  a  fortnight  before  Christ- 


mas Day.  Immediately  on  their  arrival 
he  directed  with  much  exactness  how 
they  should  construct  a  town  of  huts', 
how  the  men  should  be  divided  into 
groups  of  twelve  for  each  hut,  and  how 
the  huts  should  be  built  fourteen  by  six- 
teen feet  each,  of  logs  and  clay.  To  the 
first  group  in  each  regiment  that  com- 
pleted its  hut  he  promised  twelve  dol- 
lars, and  there  was  to  'be  one  hundred 
dollars  for  the  first  soldier  who  would 
devise  a  better  substitute  for  the  roof 
than  boards.  All  through  the  Christ- 
mastide  the  men  were  busy  chopping 
down  trees,  rolling  logs  through  the 
snow,  and  hammering  together  their  rude 
little  cabins.  At  night  they  lay  down  on 
the  wet  and  cold  earth,  or  sat  until  dawn 
around  their  blazing  fires,  shivering  in 
tattered  blankets  and  praying  for  the 
light  of  morning.  Sentinels  pacing  in 
the  snow  on  the  outposts  took  off  their 
caps  and  stood  in  them  to  save  their  feet 
from  freezing.  Here  and  there  could  be 
found  even  officers  in  a  sort  of  dressing- 
gown  made  of  old  woolen  bed-covers. 
The  stout-hearted  women  of  New  Jer- 
sey sent  their  quilted  clothes  as  Christ- 
mas presents,  with  the  patriotic  jest  that 
as  women  were  said  sometimes  to  wear 
the  trousers,  so  now  there  would  be  an 
excuse  for  men  who  might  wear  the  pet- 
ticoats. Washington,  who  never  exag- 
gerated, said  that  few  men  had  more 
than  one  shirt,  that  many  only  half  a 
one.  and  some  none  at  all.  Nearly  three 
thousand  men  were  barefooted,  and  oc- 
casionally might  be  seen  a  soldier  who 
was  all  but  naked ! 

]]'aslnngton  Dinini^  on  Potatoes  and 
Hickory-Xiifs. 

Sometimes  there  was  nothing  to  eat 
in  the  camp  but  rotten  salted  herrings. 
Men  were  known  to  snatch  at  the  dough 
of  half-baked  cakes  in  the  kitchens  of 
the  farmers'  wives.    The  contractors  and 


839 


840 


THE   PENN  GERMANIA 


the  commissary  agents  and  the  Conti- 
nental Congress  had  brought  twelve 
thousand  men  to  the  verge  of  starvation, 
and  the  Wood  of  General  Wayne  ran  hot 
with  rage  as  he  looked  on  his  poor  fel- 
lows weak  with  hunger.  Indeed,  there 
was  but  one  horn  tumbler  and  also  but 
one  wooden  dish  for  every  mess.  Wash- 
ington himself  dined  one  day  on  potatoes 
and  hickory-nuts.  "My  good  man/'  he 
said  to  the  sentinel  in  front  of  his  head- 
quarters, pacing  up  and  down  in  the  bit- 
terness of  a  cold  morning,  "have  you 
had  anything  to  eat?"  "No,  sir"  was 
the  reply.  "Give  me  your  musket,  then, 
and  go  inside  and  get  some  breakfast," 
and  the  tall  commander  gravely  walked 
up  and  down  as  guard  over  his  own 
house. 

Indeed,  Washington  would  not  enter 
his  house  during  Christmas  week.  He 
insisted  that  it  was  his  duty  to  remain  in 
his  tent  or  marquee  until  the  men  had 
finished  their  huts.  Then,  or  after  New 
Year's  Day,  he  made  his  headquarters 
in  the  home  of  Isaac  Potts — the  stone 
colonial  house  which  now  moves  the  vis- 
itor at  Valley  Forge  to  a  veneration  in- 
spired by  hardly  any  other  relic  of  the 
Revolution.  To  this  day  there  hangs  in 
the  ancient  homestead  of  many  a  pious 
family  in  the  great  valley  the  picture  of 
that  celebrated  scene,  which  tradition  has 
credited  to^Isaac.  l^otts,  and  which,  in- 
deed, has  become  a  national  memory.  He 
had  been  like,  many  of  the  farmers  near 
by,  either  lukewarm  in  the  Continental 
cause  or  Toryish.  He  heard  one  day  after 
the  arrival  of  his  enforced  guest,  a  deep 
voice  from  the  woods  in  the  rear.  It 
was  the  voice  of  the  General  in  a  solemn 
prayer.  The  heart  of  the  farmer  was 
most  profoundly  touched ;  he  rushed  to 
his  wife,  told  her  that  there  could  be  no 
failure  of  a  cause  led  by  such  a  man, 
and  henceforth  became  a  firm  and  de- 
voted adherent  of  the  patriots'  cause. 

The  Christmas  Plots  of  the  Conway 
Cabal. 

Whether  Washington  actually  prayed 
in  that  way  is  one  of  the  olden  tales  of 
Valley  Forge  which  the  judicious  in  after 


years  would  neither  afiirm  nor  deny.  But 
certainly  he  never  was  so  much  in  need 
of  more  than  human  wisdom  as  he  was 
in  Christmas  week  at  the  new  camp.  The 
cabal  under  Conway,  which  had ,.  been 
'  plotting  his  disgrace  and  overthrow  as 
commander  of  the  army,  was  still  con- 
spiring to  supplant  him  with  the  am- 
bitious Charles  Lee,  or  the  vacillating 
Horatio  Gates,  fresh  from  his  great  vic- 
tory over  the  veteran  Burgoyrie.  Wash- 
ington was  timid ;  he  was  over-cautious ; 
he  was  incapable ;  he  was  slow  and  dull ; 
he  was  ruining  the  anny  with  his  bhmd- 
ers;  he  had  "Fabiused"  affairs,  and  there 
should  be  a  popular  torrent  of  clamdr 
and  vengeance — these  were  some  of  the 
things  that  were  daily  charged  against 
him.  General  Conwa}',  General  Mifilin 
and  Dr.  Benjamin  Rush  had  labored  to 
force  the  resignation  of  the  General  or  to 
break  his  hold  upon  the  rank  and  file. 
Such  ofhcers  as  the  vainglorious  and 
flighty  Wilkinson  and  young  Aaron  Burr 
sympathized  with  the  scheme  of  getting 
rid  of  a,  commander  with  whose  prudence 
and  public  virtue' they  had  little  in  com- 
mon. Even  Wayne  and  Sullivan  were 
almost  led  into  expressions  of  dissatis- 
faction. Washington  passed  through 
this  season  of  jealousy,  criticism  and  con- 
spiracy with  marvelous  self-restraint. 

Foremost  amon^. Washington's  Christ- 
mas thoughts  "and  concerns  was  this  in- 
trigue, which  had  its  roots  in  Congress 
as  well  as  in  the  army.  "There  is  not  an 
officer  in  the  service,"  he  said,  "that 
would  return  to  the  sweets  of  domestic 
life  with  more  heartfelt  joy  than  I 
should,  but  I  mean  not  to  shrink  in  the 
cause."  Yet  when  he  discovered  the  du- 
plicity of  the  plotters,  at  a  time  when  he 
had  them  largely  at  his  mercy,  he  turned 
from  them  with  calm  and  generous  si- 
lence. Before  the  winter  was  over  the 
plot  had  melted  away.  Even  Conway 
was  struck  with  the  extraordinary  mag- 
nanimity of  the  man  he  had  sought  to 
"^ pull ■  down.  A'^Iittle  later  the  volatile 
Irishman  thought  a  wound  given  him  in 
a  duel  had  brought  him  to  the  point  of 
death.  His  thoughts  went  back  to  the 
cabal,  and  the  Christmas  at  Valley  Forge. 
He  called  for  a  pen  and  wrote  to  Wash- 


WASHINGTON'S  CHRISTMAS   AT   VALLFY   FORGE 


841 


ington  that  truth  and  justice  prompted 
him  to  declare  his  last  sentiment.  "You 
are,  in  my  eyes,"  he  said,  "the  great  and 
good  man.  May  you  long  enjoy  the  love, 
veneration  and  esteem  of  these  States 
whose  liberties  you  have  asserted  by  your 
virtues." 

ChrisUnas  Day  in  the  Snozv-Covered 
Huts. 

From  the  common  soldiers  the  plot- 
ters had  been  powerless  to  dislodge  faith 
in  the  General.  He  knew  it,  and  nobly 
did  he  requite  it.  "Without  arrog'ance  or 
the  smallest  deviation  from  truth,"  he 
declared,  "it  may  be  said  that  no  history 
now  extant  can  furnish  an  instance  of 
an  army's  suffering  such  uncommon 
hardships  as  ours  has  done,  and  bearing 
them  with  the  same  patience  and  forti- 
tude. To  see  the  men  without  clothes 
to  cover  their  nakedness,  without  blank- 
ets to  lie  on,  without  shoes,  and  almost 
as  often  without  provisions  as  with  them, 
marching  through  the  frost  and  snow, 
and  at  Christmas  taking  up  their  winter 
quarters  within  a  day's  march  of  the 
enemy,  without  a  house  or  hut  to  cover 
them  till  they  could  be  built,  and  sub- 
mitting without  a  murmur,  is  a  proof  of 
patience  and  obedience  which,  in  my 
opinion,  can  scarcely  be  paralleled." 
Amid  cold,  disease  and  hunger  they  felt 
that  the  heart  of  their  General  was  with 
them,  and  when  they  sang  around  the 
cpn-jpfires  to  keep  up  their  drooping 
spirits,  their  songs  were  still  of  war  and 
Washington. 

On  Christmas  Day  four  inches  of  snow 
fell.  The  valley,  the  hills,  the  frozen 
rivers  were  covered  with  piles  of  snow 
as  far  as  the  eye  could  reach.  From  out 
of  this  great  waste  of  dreary  whiteness 
rose  the  bare  forests  and  the  old  forge, 
the  smoke  of  campfires,  and  the  ruins  of 
the  mills  that  the  Hessians  had  fired  in 
the  autumn.  It  was  a  wilderness  in 
which  the  wolf  and  the  rattlesnake  could 
still  be  found.  Along  the  shores  of  the 
Schuylkill  it  was  said  that  upon  almost 
every  dead  tree  might  be  seen  a  fish  hawk 
and  an  eagle.  The  last  survivors  of  the 
Indians  had  hardly  ceased  to  inhabit  the 


woods ;  the  scream  of  the  wildcat  pierced 
the  air,  and  the  name  of  Mount  Misery, 
which  had  been  given  to  it  in  the  days  of 
Penn,  in  commemoration  of  a  mishap, 
only  served  to  heighten  the  gloom  of  the 
dismal  scene. 

The  Christmas  at  Valley  Forge  was 
full  of  rumors  and  alarms.  The  men 
were  uncertain  whether  Howe  would  not 
again  march  upon  them  from  Philadel- 
phia, as  he  had  done  at  Whitemarsh  early 
in  the  month.  They  had  just  heard  of 
the  massacre  of  a  little  party  of  Virginia 
troopers  surprised  by  Lord  Cathcart  in 
Roxborough,  near  Philadelphia,  and 
massacred  and  burned  in  a  barn.  Lord 
CornwalHs,  it  was  known,  had  been 
scouring  the  country  for  provisions,  and 
had,  indeed,  collided'  with  Sullivan's  van- 
guard on  the  way  to  Valley  Forge. 

The  Holiday  Brings  Neivs  of  a  Battle. 

On  Christmas  Day  some  Continental 
troops  fell  in  with  a  British  force  in 
what  is  now  the  southwestern  quarter  of 
Philadelphia ;  there  was  a  short  artillery 
fire,  and  several  men  were  killed  on 
either  side.  It  was  a  piece  of  Christmas 
news  that  stirred  t  he  men  at  Valley 
Forge,  who  were  impatient  for  another 
action.  Colonel  John  Bull  was  sent  down 
instantly  with  a  brigade  toward  Philadel- 
phia to  make  a  demonstration  against  the 
enemy's  lines.  The  British  in  Philadel- 
phia, hardly  over  their  Christmas  frolick- 
ing, were  surprised  to  hear  the  booming 
of  cannon  on  the  Ridge  and  the  Ger- 
mantown  Roads.  But  the  Continentals 
seem  to  have  contented  themselves  with 
the  Christmas  gift  they  made  the  enemy 
by  firing  a  ball  into  the  city  and  striking 
a  British  barracks.  Henceforth  they  re- 
mained in  camp,  except  when  they  started 
out  to  forage,  and  the  enemy  suffered 
only  from  the  dashing  onslaughts  which 
young  Allan  ^IcLane  with  his  rangers 
never  tired  of  making  on  the  British 
lines,  or  when  he  headed  off  the  farmers 
bound  for  the  city  with  many  a  wagon- 
load  of  food  to  exchange  for  gold. 

Most  of  the  Revolutionary  officers  be- 
havetl  with  fortitude  in  the  face  of  perils 
worse  than  the  battlefield.     General  Jo- 


842 


TJfB.  PPNN  GBRMANIA 


seph  Wheedon  shocked  the  family  in 
whose  house  he  was  quartered  by  treat- 
ing his  men  as  if  they  were  negro  slaves, 
and  they,  in  their  turn,  had  the  right  to 
steal  everything  within  reach.  But  this 
kind  of  conduct  was  exceptional,  and 
was,  indeed,  exaggerated  by  the  preju- 
dices of  the  Tories  of  the  valley. 

Story  of  Washington  and  a  Non-Com- 
batant  Miller. 

One  day  a  miller  who  had  been  drafted 
into  the  service  persistently  refused  to 
go  with  the  troops.  He  declared  that  his 
conscience  would  not  permit  him, 
grasped  a  small  Bible  in  his  house  and 
would  not  move.  The  men  tied  him  with 
ropes  to  a  horse.  When  they  reached 
camp  they  unbound  him.  He  rolled  on 
the  ground  while  they  whipped  him,  but 
he  still  clutched  the  sacred  Book.  Finally 
it  Avas  plucked  away  from  him,  and  he 
cried  out,  "Give  me  back  my  Bible !" 
Enraged  at  his  stubborn  cowardice,  the 
officer  in  charge  rode  off  to  ask  Wash- 
ington for  permission  to  hang  him. 
"Give  him  back  his  Bible  and  let  him 
go !"  is  said  to  have  been  the  General's 
quiet  reply.  But  the  tragedies  of  a  mili- 
tary camp  could  not  always  be  prevented. 
It  was  necessary  sometimes  to  hang  a 
spy.  A  New  England  Lieutenant  and  a 
Southern  officer  fought  a  duel,  and  the 
body  of  the  Lieutenant  was  laid  away  in 
a  Quaker  burial-ground. 

When  Baron  Steuben  came  from  Eu- 
rope to  discipline  the  troops,  according 
to  the  rules  of  war,  he  did  not  know  at 
first  whether  to  laugh  at  them  or  to  get 
angry  at  them,  and  the  valiant  old  man 
seems  to  have  done  both.  At  times  he 
would  trudge  up  and  down  the  snow  after 
having  given  an  order  to  the  line  of  mili- 
tary ragamuffins  before  him  which  they 
had  not  learned  how  to  execute,  and, 
pouring  forth  all  the  oaths  he  knew  in 
French  and  German,  and  the  smattering 
of  the  new  tongue  he  had  just  begun  to 
acquire,  would  call  in  a  half  good-natured 
frenzy  on  bystanders  to  swear  for  him  in 
English.  But  the  Baron  knew  the  good 
stufif  in  the  men.  and  after  he  got  through 
handling  them  at  Valley  Forge  they  never 


again  were  defeated  decisively  in  an  open 
engagement. 

The  Rays  of  Siinshi)ie  in  the  Christmas 
Clouds. 

But  here  and  there  a  ray  of  sunlight 
came    through   the   clouds   of   the   dark 
Christmastide  at  Valley  Forge.     It  was 
known  that  Franklin.  Deane  and  Arthur 
Lee  had  begun  the  negotiations  at  Paris 
which  w^ere  to  culminate  in  the  alliance 
with  France.     Indeed,  already  the  gov- 
ernment of  Louis  XVI  had  given  hope 
and   joy   to   the   soldiers   at  bay   on   the 
banks  of  the   Schuylkill.     On  the   Sun- 
day before  Christmas  Washington  con- 
gratulated the  army  on  the  arrival  of  a 
French  ship  at  Portsmouth.     France  had 
sent  them  forty-eight  brass  cannon,  nine- 
teen nine-inch  mortars,  twenty-five  hun- 
dred bombs  and  a  cargo  of  powder  and 
ball.     Then  it  was  they  felt  that  if  the 
French  King  should  be  with  them  there 
would  need  to  be  no  longer  any  thought 
of   falling  back  to   the   Susquehanna  or 
the  Alleghenies.     Down  in  Philadelphia, 
too,  during  Christmas  week,  the  British 
sentinels  on   the  wharves   of  the  Dela- 
ware  had    observed   barrels   of   powder 
floating   down    the    river.      These    were 
the  first  of  that  strange  flotilla  which  in 
New  Year's  week  threw  the  enemy  into 
consternation   lest  they  would  blow  up 
the   fleet   anchored    in   the    stream,    and 
which  the  witty  Francis  Hopkinson  com- 
memorated in  the  still  famous  poem  of 
"The  Battle  of  the  Kegs."    There,  too,  in 
camp  were  men  of  the  cloth  filled  with 
the  spirit  of  war.    The  gallant  "Fighting 
Parson,"  the  Rev.  David  Jones,  chaplain 
of   the    Pennsylvania   line,   had   left   his 
Baptist   church   in   the   Great   Valley  to 
exhort  the  soldiers  to  courage,  as  he  did 
all  through  the  Revolution.    He  loved  to 
give    them   homely   similes.      There   was 
just  as  much  likelihood,  he  would  say, 
that  a  shad  would  climb  a  tree  and  shake 
down    shellbarks   as   that   a    Continental 
soldier  would  turn  his  back  to  a  Brit- 
isher.  His  favorite  texts  at  Valley  Forge 
were  to  "be  found  in  the  book  of  Nehe- 
miah : 

"Yet  Thou  in  Thy  manifold  mercies 


WASHINGTON  S  CHRISTMAS   AT   VALLE>Y-  FORGE 


843 


forsookest  them  not  in  the  wilderness ; 
the  pillar  of  tiie  cloud  departed  not  from 
them  by  day,  to  lead  them  in  the  way; 
neither  the  pillar  of  fire  by  nig'ht,  to  show 
them  lig'ht,  and  the  way  wherein  they 
should  go." 

It  was  no  wonder  that  the  men  of  \  al- 
ley Forge  stood  their  ground  wlien 
preachers  like  Hugh  Henry  Breckinridge 
told  them  that  it  was  their  duty  "to  be  of 
the  mind  to  fight  from  hill  to  hill,  from 
vale  to  vale,  and  on  every  plain,  until 
the  enemy  is  driven  back  and  forced  to 
depart — until  the  tyrant  shall  give  up 
his  claim,  and  be  obliged  to  confess  that 
free  men — that  Americans — are  not  to 
be  subdued."  And  if  Christianity  were 
still  needed  to  give  to  their  cause  the 
sanctity  of  righteousness,  was  it  not  with 
them  in  the  person  of  General  John  Peter 
Gabriel  jNIuhlenberg?  In  his  little  church 
he  had  one  Sunday  gathered  his  congre- 
gation, told  them  that  there  was  a  time 
to  preach  and  a  time  to  pray,  but  that 
now  was  the  time  to  fight ;  and  then 
throwing  aside  his  gown  stood  before 
them  in  the  uniform  of  a  Continental 
soldier. 

Martha  lVa\sliin^ton  as  a  Soldiers  Wife 
ill  Camp. 

There  used  to  be  a  Christmas  holiday 
legend  that  represented  Washington,  and 
his  good  ^lartha  seated  on  the  pillion  of 
a  horse,  slowly  making  their  way  to  \'al- 
ley  Forge  in  the  snow,  like  a  militant 
Darby  and  Joan.  But,  although  it  was 
one  of  the  expectations  of  the  General 
that  his  wife  should  be  with  him,  as  she 
had  been  the  winter  before  in  the  camp 
of  Morristown,  it  was  not  imtil  after 
New  Year's  Day  that  she  left  Mount 
\>rnon.  The  part  which  she  played  at 
\'alley  Forge  has,  indeed,  seldom  re- 
ceived the  credit  which  it  deserves,  as  an 
example  of  the  virtues  of  the  women  of 
the  Revolution.  No  soldier's  wife  was 
more  faithful  to  her  husband  in  the 
midst  of  his  perils  and  hardsiiips  than 
simple-hearted  Martha  Washington,  one 
of  the  richest  women  of  the  Colonies. 
She  visited  the  sick  and  suflfering  in  their 
huts,  she  braved  the  dangers  of  the  small- 


pox ;  she  patched  trousers,  knitted  socks 
and  made  shorts  for  the  men,  and  his 
"dear  Patsy"  as  the  big  General  used  to 
call  his  plump  and  pleasant  little  wife, 
kept  the  ladies  of  the  camp  busy,  when 
they  called  on  her  at  the  stone  house, 
sewing  for  the  soldiers. 

Martha  Washington  was  then  forty- 
five  years  of  age,  and  those  who  went  to 
the  camp,  and  expected  to  find  her  ar- 
rayed in  gowns  which  they  had  supposed 
would  be  worn  by  the  General's  wife, 
were  disappointed.  "Whilst  our  hus- 
bands and  brothers  are  examples  of  pa- 
triotism," she  would  say  to  her  country- 
women, "we  must  be  patterns  of  indus- 
try." She  did  not  hesitate  t,o  wear  a 
brown  dress  and  a  speckled  apron  when 
receiving  fastidious  and  elegant  visitors 
at  Morristown.  It  was  said  afterward 
that  she  acquired  her  inveterate  habit  of 
knitting  in  her  zeal  at  Valley  Forge  to 
relieve  the  barefooted  men  around  her. 
On  every  fair  day  she  might  be  seen 
walking  through  the  rude  streets  of  the 
town  of  huts  with  a  basket  in  her  hand. 
Entering  the  hut  of  a  sergeant,  she  found 
him  dying  on  a  pallet  of  straw,  his  wife 
beside  him  in  the  anguish  of  a  final  sepa- 
ration. She  ministered  to  his  comfort 
with  food  prepared  by  her  own  hands'. 
Then  kneeling,  she  earnestly  prayed  with 
her  "sweet  and  solemn  voice"  for  the 
stricken  couple.  All  day  long  she  was 
busy  with  these  errands  of  grace,  or  in 
the  kitchen  at  the  stone  house,  or  in  urg- 
ing other  women  to  lend  a  helping  hand. 
And  when  she  passed  along  the  lines  of 
the  troops  she  would  sometimes  hear  the 
fervent  cry  of  "God  bless  Lady  Wash- 
ington !"  or  "Long  live  Lady  Washing- 
ton !"  Well,  indeed,  might  the  men  feel 
that  they  could  fight  to  their  very  last 
drop  of  blood  with  a  commander  whose 
wife,  who  was  formerly  the  belle  and 
leader  of  her  set  among  the  dames  and 
damsels  of  \''irginia,  was  not  ashamed  to 
be  seen  darning  his  and  her  own  stock- 
ings ! 

The  JJ'oineii  in  the  "Society"  of  J 'alley 
Fori^e. 

Other  women,  too,  were  there  to  share 


■844 


THE  PENN  GERMANIA 


their  husbands'  toils.  The  handsome 
young-  wife  of  Green,  although  she 
spelled  no  better  than  Mrs.  Washington, 
and  had  to  be  admonished  by  her  hus- 
band, who  did  not  want  her  to  suffer  in 
comparison  with  Mrs.  Knox,  was  leader 
of  the  little  society  that  circled  around 
the  house  of  Washington.  Lady  Sterl- 
ing and  the  wife  of  Colonel  Clement 
Biddle  were  some  of  the  other  ofTiccrs' 
wives  who  would  meet  two  or  three  even- 
ings in  the  week  in  the  only  two  or  three 
regular  houses  within  the  lines  of  the 
camp.  The  playing  of  cards  was  pro- 
hibited ;  they  could  not  dance  if  they 
wanted  to,  but  every  one  who  could  sing 
was  expected  to  give  a  song.  The  agree- 
able Frencliman  who  followed  the  youth- 
ful Lafayette,  together  with  other  for- 
eign soldiers,  like  De  Kalb  and  Pulaskie, 
and  such  spirited  young  American  offi- 
cers as  Alexander  Hamilton,  seem  to 
have  been  the  chief  props  of  society  at 
^''alley  Forge. 

De  Kalb,  sixty  years  old,  left  behind 
him  the  memory  of  a  pathetic  little  ro- 
mance. Tall,  polite,  fond  of  children, 
speaking  English,  and  his  mind  stored 
with  the  fruits  of  European  travel,  he 
was  a  delight  to  the  Woodman  family 
those  long  winter  nights  with  his  enter- 
taining stories  of  adventure.  He  would 
quite  frequently  play  with  the  children 
in  their  sports,  and  even  condescended  to 
"keep  house"  for  the  Woodmans  when- 
ever they  were  absent  from  home.  On 
leaving  them  he  took  from  his  breast  a 
ribbon,  to  which  was  fastened  the  star 
he  wore  as  the  badge  of  his  rank  as  a 
nobleman.  He  gave  it  to  a  little  girl  of 
nine  years,  and  bade  her  keep  itin  re- 
membrance of  him.  Two  years  later  the 
brave  De  Kalb  fell  in  the  battle  of  Cam- 
den, and  died  three  days  afterward. 

TJic  British    JViiitcy  of   Unbroken   Rcz'- 
clry. 

Tn  the  captured  capital  of  the  Colonics 
Howe  was  likened  to  a  British  Antony 
captured  by  a  Philadelphia  Cleopatra,  or 
as  Franklin  put  it  in  his  oft-quoted  bon 
mot,  ?he  British  had  taken  Philadelphia. 
but  Philadelphia  had  taken   the   British. 


Games  and  sports  of  all  kinds,  balls', 
pretty  women  and  theatricals  engaged 
the  attention  of  the  officers.  During  the 
holidays  they  had  begun  to  make  their 
preparations  in  the  theatre  for  a  season 
of  drama,  which  included  a  large  va- 
riety of  plays,  from  "A  Woman  Keeps 
a  Secret"  to  Shakespeare's  "Henry  IV." 
The  accomplished  and  attractive  Major 
Andre  was  foremost  in  these  diversions 
as  an  actor,  scene  painter,  verse  maker 
and  stage  manager.  The  loveliest  of  the 
Tory  belles  bestowed  their  smiles  upon 
the  gay  redcoat,  and  the  elegant  Duche, 
of  the  Church  of  England,  who  had  elo- 
quently besought  Washington  to  desert 
the  Continental  Congress,  to  place  him- 
self at  the  head  of  his  army,  and  to  ne- 
gotiate for  peace,  and  who  afterward 
passed  a  blighted  life  in  the  shadow  of 
his  error,  having  been  declared  a  traitor, 
was  their  favorite  in  the  pulpit. 

While  the  British  officers  were  living 
like  Princes,  the  subalterns  at  Valley 
Forge  would  give  "dinners"  at  which 
potatoes  formed  the  piece  de  resistance 
of  the  table. 

The  British  cannon  were  parked  in  the 
State  House  yard  in  the  shadow  of  the 
hall  where  the  Declaration  of  Independ- 
ence had  been  adopted,  and  on  the  very 
spot  where  only  a  year  before  it  had  been 
proclaimed  to  the  people.  The  American 
prisoners,  thrown  into  the  prison  in  the 
custody  of  the  infamous  Cunningham, 
were  forced  by  him  in  the  madness  of 
their  thirst  and  hunger  to  crawl  or  to 
fight  like  dogs  for  the  meat  he  would 
throw  among  them.  Tn  the  suburbs  the 
houses  of  seventeen  patriots  were  re- 
duced to  ashes  in  a  single  day. 

The  British  winter  of  gayety  came  to 
a  close  with  the  brilliant  festival  of  the 
Mischianza.  Andre  had  taken  the  name 
from  an  Italian  word  signifying  medley, 
and  had  planned,  together  with  his  fel- 
low-officers, a  magnificent  entertainment 
to  mark  the  farewell  of  Howe  on  his  re- 
turn to  England.  The  surpassing  beauty 
of  the  scene  has  been  often  described — 
the  regatta  on  the  river,  the  ballroom, 
with  its  eighty-five  mirrors,  its  wax 
lights,  its  flowers  and  its  pale  blue  dra- 
peries ;  the  jet  black  slaves  in  Oriental 


WASHINGTON  S  CHRISTMAS   AT   VALLEY    FORGE 


845 


garb,  with  silver  collars  around  their 
necks  and  silver  bracelets  on  their  naked 
arms;  the  triumphal  arches  of  the  grove, 
the  procession,  the  blaze  of  fireworks, 
and  the  tournament  in  which  the  officers 
as  the  Knights  of  the  Burying  Mountain 
and  the  Knights  of  the  Blended  Rose 
jousted  in  ancient  combat  before  the  fair- 
est women  of  Philadelphia,  attired  in 
Turkish  habits  and  wearing  in  their  tur- 
bans the  favors  of  their  knights.  Before 
the  revelry  was  ended  the  boom  of  guns 
was  heard  in  the  distance.  The  long 
roll  was  sounded.  The  gallant  soldiers 
assured  their  fair  charges  that  it  was' 
only  a  triumphant  salute  to  the  Mischi- 
anza.  But  it  was  the  dashing  McLane, 
who  had  made  up  his  mind  to  have  a 
hand  in  the  celebration  with  his  little 
troop.  Mile  after  mile  Howe's  dra- 
goons had  chased  them  until  the  hardy 
Captain  swam  his  horse  across  the 
Schuylkill  and  found  safety  in  the  hills. 

Washington's  Farezvell  to  Valley  Forge. 

In  the  meantime  the  spring  had  come ; 
the  waters  of  the  ice-bound  river>  again 
glistened  in  the  sun ;  the  hills  of  Valley 
Forge  were  once  more  green ;  and  the 
glad  news  from  France  caused  the  camp 
to  ring  with  the  shouts  of  thanksgiving. 
The  valley  resounded  with  the  roar  and 
rattle  of  the  guns  in  joyous  acclamation 
along  the  whole  line.  The  crisis  of  that 
awful  winter  was  over,  and  the  turning- 
point  of  the  Revolution  had  come.  "Long 
live  the  King  of  France!"  the  patriots 
shouted  with  one  voice  in  a  cry  of  halle- 
lujah. "Long  live  the  friendly  Euro- 
pean powers  !"  and  "Huzza  for  the  Amer- 
ican States !"  Soon  the  camp  was  in 
unrest.  Howe  was  about  to  evacuate 
Philadelphia.  Then  it  was  that  honest 
young  Andrew  Kemp,  a  private  in  the 
ranks,  sat  down  to  write  to  his  good 
mother  and   "the   folks."     "Tell   Sally," 


he  said,  "not  to  forget  to  knit  me  a  supply 
of  woolen  stockings  for  next  winter,  for 
I  dread  the  idea  of  another  Valley 
Forge."  Such  was  the  only  murmur  that 
came  from  many  a  patriot  as  he  thought 
of  the  ordeal  he  had  passed  through,  and, 
again  shouldering  his  musket,  marched 
away  from  Valley  Forge  in  the  hot  days 
of  June  to  pursue  the  British  across  the 
Delaware. 

Nearly  a  scoie  of  years  passed  away 
at  Valley  Forge,  when  one  summer  day 
a  tall  gentleman  of  advancing  years, 
dressed  in  black  and  riding  on  a  horse, 
was  seen  by  the  farmers  while  they  were 
working  in  the  fields.  Accompanied  by 
his  negro  servant,  he  alighted  from  his 
horse  by  the  roadside  and  began  kindly 
to  put  questions  to  one  of  the  farm- 
ers. He  told  that  he  had  been  in  the 
camp  of  the  Continentals,  that  he  ex- 
pected soon  to  leave  Philadelphia  for- 
ever, and  that  he  wanted  to  once  more 
look  upon  the  scene  of  the  sufferings  of 
his  comrades  in  arms.  He  was  pleased 
to  see  happiness  and  prosperity  now 
around  him.  He  would  stay  over  night, 
but  his  duties  required  him  to  be  at  the 
Capital.  When  the  farmer  heard  his 
name  he  was  astonished,  and  protested 
that  he  should  have  been  more  respect- 
ful. The  stranger  replied  that  the  sight 
of  his  companions  of  the  war  now  en- 
gaged in  the  happy  pursuits  of  peace 
gave  him  more  satisfaction  than  any 
homage  that  could  be  paid  his  person 
or  his  station  as  president  of  the  United 
States.  It  was  George  Washington, 
soon  about  to  bid  farewell  in  his  great 
office  to  his  countrymen,  and  as  he  rode 
away  forever  what  thoughts  must  have 
come  over  him  as  he  looked  back  in 
those  piping  times  of  peace  to  the  an- 
guish and  the  toils  and  the  despair  of 
that  dark  Christmas  at  Valley  Forge. 
— The  Ladies'  Home -Journal. 


The  Santa  Glaus  Myth 


A  in}'th  is  a  fiction  framed  uncon- 
sciously. In  the  myth  we  have  man's 
serious  endeavor  to  interpret  the  mean- 
ing of  his  surroundings  and  of  his  own 
actions  and  feeHngs.  Man  wondered 
before  he  reasoned.  Awe  and  fear  are 
quick  to  express  themselves  in  rudiment- 
ary worship  and  the  myth  at  the  outset 
was  a  theory. 

There  is  the  philosophical  myth,  the 
historical  myth,  myths  of  observation, 
nature  myths,  etc.  There  was  the  Ro- 
man myth  cf  Aeneas,  his  misfortunes, 
his  wanderings  and  his'  settlement  in 
Italy.  That  might  be  called  legendary. 
But  the  Santa  Claus  myth — well,  that's 
different — it  is  deeply  rooted  in  historic 
fact  and  we  must  uplift  it,  maybe  above 
even  the  class  of  the  so-called  myth.  In 
the  first  place  Santa  Claus  is  not  Santa 
Claus  in  all  climes  and  countries.  This 
kin^l  old  gentleman  is  Santa  Claus  in 
Holland,  but  he  is  Santi  Klaus  in  Switz- 
erland, Niklo  in  Austria.  Holy  Man  in 
Tyrol,  Knecht  Clobes  in  Flanders,  Sonner 
X'las,  Zanni  Klas,  St.  Nicholas,  the  Yule 
Swain  and  Befana  in  other  countries. 

Dawson,  writing  of  Santa  Claus,  says 
it  is  an  old  English  legend  that  was  trans- 
planted many  years  ago  on  the  shores  of 
America,  and  that  it  took  root  and  flour- 
ished with  wonderful  luxuriance,  con- 
sidering it  was  not  indigenous  to  the 
country.  Santa  Claus,  or  St.  Nicholas, 
the  kind  patron  saint  of  the  juveniles,  he 
says,  makes  his  annual  appearance  on 
Xmas  eve  for  the  purpose  of  dispensing 
gifts  to  all  good  children. 

This  festive  elf  is  supposed  to  be  a 
queer  little  creature  that  descends  the 
chimney  vicwlcssly,  in  the  deep  hours 
of  the  night,  laden  with  gifts  and  pres- 
ents which  he  bestows  with  no  sparing 
hand.  Rut  the  Lapps  take  no  such  small 
and  iiarnnv  view  of  their  Santa  Claus, 
although  a])j)arently  possessed  of  youth- 
fulness.  Their  Yule  Swain  is  1 1  feet 
high  and  rides  on  a  goat.  He  appears  on 
St.    Thomas'    day    (December    21)    and 


continues  his  visits  till  Xmas  even,  when 
he  disappears,  no  one  knows  where. 

It  would  never  occur  to  you  (would 
it?)  that  under  those  soft  azure  skies  of 
Italy  the  equal  suffrage  idea  flourished 
long  ago.  Despite  the  fact  of  their  fer- 
vent worship  of  the  Madonna,  it  was  a 
real  surprise  to  find  that  their  Santa  Claus 
was  a  woman.  Only  her  name  is  Be- 
fana. and  she  is  a  sort  of  wandering  Jew 
and  Santa  Claus  combined.  She  is  the 
good  fairy  who  fills  the  children's  stock- 
ings. But  there  is  also  a  tradition  that 
characterizes  her  as  an  earnest,  diligent, 
though  irreverent  housewife.  When  the 
three  wise  men  of  the  East  passed  on 
their  way  to  offer  homage  to  the  infant 
Savior,  she  was  too  busy  sweeping  to  go 
to  the  window,  and  said  she'd  see  them 
as  they  returned,  but,  unfortunately,  they 
never  returned,  but  went  another  way, 
-and  she  has  been  watching  for  them  ever 
since.  It  seems  too  bad  to  mix  a  Santa 
Claus  up  with  such  a  tale,  but  it  serves 
a  purpose,  for  they  say  she  is  alst)  used  as 
a  bugbear  for  the  little  ones  by  Italian 
mothers. 

Kris  Kingle  is  a  corruption  of  Christ 
Kindlein  (the  infant  Christ),  who  is  sup- 
posed to  descend  the  chimney  with  gifts 
for  good  children  and  birch  rods  for  the 
naughty.  But  the  name  by  which  the 
children  of  most  nations  revere  this  kind 
benefactor  is  St,  Nicholas.  All  countries 
do  not  celebrate  on  the  same  day.  Some 
take  St.  Nicholas  day,  December  5.  The 
children  of  southwest  Austria  call  it  the 
festival  of  St.  Nicholas ;  the  Austrian 
children  have  no  other  Christmas.  Their 
ceremony  is  unique.  A  youth  who  pos- 
sesses the  necessary  religious  knowledge, 
dressed  in  long  white  vestments,  with  a 
silk  scarf  and  furnished  with  a  miter  and 
crosier,  goes  forth,  accompanied  by  two 
angels,  young  men,  dressed  very  much 
like  English  choristers,  but  with  silken 
scarfs,  each  one  bearing  a  basket,  fol- 
lowed by  a  whole  troupe  of  devils,  with 
blackened   faces,  horns,  pig  snouts,   and 


846 


THE  SANTA  GLAUS  MYTH 


847 


any  other  monstrous  distortion  that  the 
ingenuity  of  boyhood  can  devise.  The 
troupe  are  girt  with  chains,  which  they 
shake  and  rattle  vigorously.  St.  Nicholas 
visits  the  houses  and  enters  with  the  an- 
gels, while  his  swarthy  followers  are  left 
to  play  their  pranks  outside. 

One  by  one  the  children  are  called  up 
and  examined  by  the  saint.  Simple  re- 
ligious questions,  suited  to  the  age  of 
each  child,  is  proposed,  and  afterward 
they  repeat  prayers  and  hymns.  If  a 
child  fails  it  must  step  aside,  and  if  it 
succeeds,  the  angels  present  it  with  nuts 
and  apples.  Then  the  devils  are  called 
in  and  allowed  to  tease  the  naughty  chil- 
<lren.  They  dance  and  cut  up  antics  and 
try  to  blacken  the  faces  of  the  elder  girls. 
When  the  children  go  to  bed  they  place 
dishes  or  baskets  on  the  window  sill,  in 
which  St.  Nicholas  leaves  gifts. 

This  x\ustrian  way  is  much  cleaner  and 
far  more  comfortable  and  convenient  for 
their  Santa  Claus  than  the  American  way 
of  ascending  to  the  housetop  and  coming 
down  a  sooty,  little  chimney,  through  the 
smoke  and  flames.  And  it  doesn't  re- 
quire nearly. so  much  exertion  on  the  chil- 
dren's part,  w^ondering  how  he  does  it, 
nor  on  the  parent's  part,  to  explain  a 
probable  way.    We've  all  been  there. 

In  Chambers"  "Book  of  Days"  he  tells 
us  who  this  St.  Nicholas  really  was.  He 
belongs  to  the  fourth  century  of  the 
Christian  era,  and  was  a  native  of  the 
city  of  Patara  in  Asia  Minor.  So  strong 
was  his  emotional  tendencies,  even  from 
infancy,  that,  we  are  gravely  informed, 
he  refused  to  take  his  Mellin's  food,  or 
whatever  he  fed  on,  each  Wednesday  and 
Friday,  the  fast  days  appointed  by  the 
church.  Perhaps  no  saint  has  enjoyed  a 
greater  popularity.  He  has  been  adopt- 
ed as  the  patron  saint  of  the  Russian  na- 
tion. In  England  no  fewer  than  372 
churches  are  named  in  his  honor.  One 
of  the  best  children's  magazines  in 
America  bears  his  name  to-day.  He  is 
the  especial  guardian  of  women,  children, 
sailors.  Scholars  are  under  his  protec- 
tion, and  he  even  is  said  to  be  honored 
among  thieves.  There  are  two  special 
celebrated  legends  regarding  this  saint. 
The  first  one  runs  thus :    A  nobleman  in 


Patara  had  three  daughters,  but  was  so 
sunk  in  poverty  that  lie  could  not  pro- 
vide them  with  marriage  portions,  and 
was  on  the  point  of  abandoning  them  to 
a  sinful  course  of  life.  St.  Nicholas,  on 
hearing  the  story,  went  at  night  to  the 
home  of  the  nobleman,  and  seeing  an 
open  window,  threw  a  purse  of  gold  at 
the  feet  of  the  father.  This  act  he  re- 
peated, till  the  third  night  he  was  caught 
by  the  nobleman,  who  fell  at  his  feet  with 
many  prayers  of  gratitude.  But  the  saint 
made  him  promise  to  tell  no  one — hence 
this  detailed  accovmt,  1600  years  after. 
(And  men  abuse  women  for  not  keeping 
a  secret,  j  From  this  act  of  his  sainted 
majesty  of  scattering  his  gold,  arose  the 
custom  of  the  elder  members  of  the 
family,  bestowing  gifts  on  the  children 
in  their  shoes  or  stockings  on  the  anni- 
versary of  St.  Nicholas'  birthday. 

The  other  legend  was  :  A  gentleman  of 
Asia  sent  his  two  sons  to  be  educated  at 
Athens,  but  in  passing  through  the  town 
of  Myra  told  them  to  call  on  the  arch- 
bishop (St.  Nicholas)  and  receive  his 
blessing.  The  young  men,  arriving  late 
in  the  evening  at  Myra,  deferred  their 
visit  to  St.  Nicholas  till  next  day,  and 
put  up  at  an  inn.  The  landlord  mur- 
dered the  boys  and  cut  up  their  bodies 
and  placed  them  in  a  pickling  tub  with 
some  pork  ,to  hide  his  guilt.  But  the 
archbishop  was  warned  in  a  vision,  and, 
going  to  the  inn,  accused  the  landlord, 
who  confessed  and  took  the  bishop  to 
the  pickling  tub.  The  bishop  prayed  and 
made  the  sign  of  the  cross  and  the  boys 
sat  up  alive  in  the  tub  of  brine  and  were 
restored  safely  to  their  father.  Is  it  any 
wonder  he  is  called  the  patron  saint  of 
children. 

On  St.  Nicholas  day  in  ancient  times 
a  singular  ceremony  used  to  take  place. 
This  was  the  election  of  the  boy  bishop, 
who  from  that  day  to  Innocents'  day,  De- 
cember 28,  exercised  a  burlesque  episco- 
pal jurisdiction.  It  prevailed  generally 
throughout  English  cathedrals.  Edward 
I.,  on  his  way  to  Scotland  in  1299,  is 
said  to  have  received  in  solemn  audience 
the  boy  bishop. 

St.  Nicholas  is  the  Santa  Claus  of  the 
Germans   and   Hollanders.      In   Holland 


848 


THE  PENN  GERMANIA 


his  day  is  December  6,  and  is  celebrated 
by  giving  gifts.  In  Germany  St.  Nichol- 
as is  supposed  to  be  the  servant  of  the 
Christchild,  who  appears  on  December  6 
to  inquire  of  the  behavior  of  the  children, 
giving  nuts  and  apples  to  the  good  chil- 
dren and  switches  to  the  bad. 

How  the  change  from  December  6  to 
December  25  came  about  has  very  many 
explanations,  one  of  which  deser\'es  men- 
tion for  its  curious  originality :  The  con- 
ception of  the  Virgin  Mary  was  supposed 
to  have  taken  place  on  the  day  corres- 
ponding to  the  creation  of  the  world, 
which  must  have  been  March  25,  as  on 
that  day  their  length  is  equal — "And  the 
evening  and  the  morning  was  the  first 
day." 

Before  Christianity  came  to  Britain 
December  was  called  Aerra  Geola,  be- 
cause the  sun  then  turns  his  glorious 
course.  The  pagans  then  held  their  fes- 
tivals of  rejoicing,  so  the  ancient  customs 
connected  with  these  feasts  and  frolics 
were  modified  and  made  subservient  to 
Christianity.  Some  of  the  English  even 
tried  to  serve  Christ  and  the  pagan  gods 
together.  Roedwald  had  a  Christian  and 
pagan  altar  facing  each  other  in  the  same 
royal  temple. 

Pope  Gregory  tried  to  accommodate 
the  ceremonies  of  the  Christian  worship 
as  much  as  possible  to  those  of  the  hea- 
then. And  now,  what  shall  we  tell  our 
little  ones  about  the  reality  of  Santa 
Claus?  "There  seems  to  be  a  period  in 
the  evolution  of  a  child  when  he  is  given 
to  personifying  his  ideas."  The  Christ- 
mas gifts  are  so  beautifully  real,  surely 
Santa  Claus'  is  real,  too.  It  is  an  ideal 
of  goodness  and  love  and  generosity  that 
cannot  but  make  them  better  children. 
If  they  ask  is  there  really  a  Santa  Claus, 
we  can  say,  "Some  people  say  there  is," 


but  do  not  let  them  beHeve  while  they  can, 
for  they  all  outgrow  it  soon  enough.  As 
has  been  written  "We  need  not  shock 
the  child's  mind  by  suddenly  disillusion- 
ing him.  The  child  will  overcome  in 
later  years  the  superstition  of  a  literal 
acceptance  of  the  story  and  will  preserve 
the  poetry  of  it."  To  take  away  his  be- 
lief in  a  Santa  Claus  is  to  rob  him  of  one 
of  the  greatest  joys  and  one  of  the  most 
democratic  ideals  of  childhood. 

To-night  within  my  lonely  den 

My  fancy  fain  would  have  me  soar 
Beyond  the  now  and  back  to  then — 

The  happy,  childish  nevermore — 
The  tales  I  used  to  linger  o'er, 

The  little  nursery  all  aglow, 
And  once  again  my  dreams  restore 

The  Santa  Claus  of  long  ago. 

His  world  was  beyond  my  ken, 

For  mine  was  just  the  nursery  floor. 
He  came,  they  told  me,  after  ten, 

And  never  through  the  open  door. 
I  cannot  tell  you  what  he  wore ; 

I  never  saw  his  form,  you  see. 
And  yet  he  gave  me  toys  galore. 

The  Santa  Claus  of  long  ago. 

Ah,  if  he'd  only  come  again 

As  once  he  came  in  days  of  yore 
'Ere  boys  grew  into  somber  men 

And  maidens  voted  dolls  to  love. 
The  world  would  have  no  dreary  war. 

And  life  no  dull  adagio. 
He  cometh  not  from  yonder  shore, 

The  Santa  Claus  of  long  ago. 

What  profits  that  a  man  deplore. 
Since  earth  is  not  a  heaven  below. 

He  can  not  come  as  heretofore. 
The  Santa  Claus  of  long  ago. 

-^Exchange. 


Extracts  from  the  Brethren's  House  and 


Congregation  Diaries  of  the  Moravian 

Church  at  Lititz,  Pa.,  relating  to  the 

Revolutionary  War 

Translated  literally  by  Abraham  Reincke  Beck,  Archivist 


1775- 

February  2/. 
Congress  having-  adopted  a  measure  re- 
garding the   use   of  tea,   which   is   now 
strictly   obeyed   everywhere,   it   was   re- 
solved to  sell  none  of  it  in  our  store. 

April   2g. 
To  our  consternation  we  received  news 
of  the  bloody  action  between  the  King's 
soldiers    and   the   Americans   at   Bunker 
Hill  and  Charlestown  near  Boston. 

June  2. 
Bishop  Seidel  wrote  us  from  Bethle- 
hem that  a  declaration  of  our  principles 
had  been  presented  to  Congress  by  Mr. 
Franklin  and  favorably  received. 

June  26. 
Owing  to  the  perilous  condition  of  the 
country  we.  too,  received  notice  to  ap- 
pear for  drill,  and  the  printed  order  set 
forth  that  whoever,  for  the  sake  of  con- 
science, could  not  do  so,  must  pay  a  fine 
of  i3-iosh.  The  most  of  our  young 
brethren  would  rather  drill  than  pay  so 
much  money.  They  were  therefore,  June 
27,  spoken  with  singly  by  Brother  Mat- 
theus  and  Bro.  I>reyspring  who  affec- 
tionately and  earnestly  pointed  out  to 
them  that  it  was  not  the  province  of  the 
Brethren's  Unity  to  take  part  in  these 
affairs ;  for,  by  an  act  of  Parliament  we 
have  been  made  exempt  therefrom ; 
therefore,  it  would  be  better  for  us  to 
free  ourselves  with  money  from  these 
obligations,  which  might  result  in  injury 


to  our  souls.    This  was  well  received  and 
fully  understood. 

July  20. 
Day  of  fasting  and  prayer  appointed 
by  the  Continental  Congress.  We  prayed 
to  God  our  Saviour,  for  ourselves  and 
the  whole  country  and  for  George  1 1 1 
our  king  and  his  government.  At  9  a.  m. 
prayer  and  litany.  At  10  O'Clock  a  ser- 
mon by  Bro.  Alattheus  (Hehl)  on  Is.  4:6. 
In  the  afternoon  a  second  sermon  by  Bro. 
Grube  from  Joel  2 :  12-27.  Following  this 
Bro.  Roesler  kept  a  Bible  lecture  from 
Daniel  9.  In  the  evening  a  singing  meet- 
ing by  Bro.  Mattheus. 

July  2p. 
There  was  held  a  meeting  of  all  the 
adult  brethren,  at  which  was  read  a  let- 
ter from  the  Committee  in  Lancaster 
stating  that  non-associators,  namely  those 
who  could  not  conscientiously  be^  arms, 
must  contribute,  according  to  their  means 
to  the  expenses  of  the  war.  Among  the 
married  brethren,  Bro.  Tannenberger  was 
appointed  collector  and  the  single  breth- 
ren were  allowed  to  make  the  collection 
among  themselves.  We  appointed  Chris- 
tian Leinbach  collector  in  our  house.  TJie 
contribution  in  money  we  regard  as 
purely  a  township  affair. 

August  26. 

The  wickedness,  the  impertinence,  and 

the  levity  of  our  young  people  have  been 

for  a  long  time  past  almost  unbearable. 

They  were  singly  and  affectionately  ad- 


849 


850 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


monished  and  acknowledging  their  fault 
promised  to  do  better  in  future. 

1776. 

July  3. 
A  meeting  of  all  communicant  mem- 
bers was  held  to  consider  the  affairs  of 
the  country.  As  the  intention  is  to  re- 
nounce all  allegiance  to  the  King  of  Eng- 
land, it  was  resolved  that  it  were  best  to 
remain  absolutely  inactive. 

Jioly  13. 
From  the  newspapers  we  learn  that  on 
the  4th  inst.  in  Philadelphia,  Independ- 
ence w^as  actually  declared  by  Congress 
and  all  provinces  made  free  states.  God 
help  us ! 

July  2/. 
By  order  of  the  Committee  in  Lancas- 
ter, the  brethren  had  to  deliver  all  guns 
in  their  possession  at  the  tavern,  receiv- 
ing a  receipt  therefor. 

August    14. 
The  township  company  that  had  been 
here  for  some  days  at  our  tavern,  having 
had  their  tents  made  here,  marched  off. 
Their  conduct  was  orderly. 

December  13. 
There  is  much  alarm  felt  and  great  ex- 
citement in  Philadelphia,  Lancaster,  and, 
indeed,  throughout  the  whole  country 
because  of  the  progress  of  the  British 
army.  The  Committee  of  Safety  has  or- 
dered all  the  militia  to  march  against  it ; 
but  for  that,  there  is,  with  many  of  them, 
little  inclination. 


February  28. 
A  party  of  Marylanders,  on  their  re- 
turn from  the  army,  arrived  and  staid 
here  over  night.  P)eing  half-starved  they 
went  into  the  houses  to  get  something  to 
eat,  and  were  given  loaves  of  bread  and 
a  quantity  of  meat,  which  they  accepted 
with  the  heartiest  thanks,  saying  that  in 
all  their  weary  march  they  had  been  no- 
where treated  so  well  as  here. 


April  23. 
After  the  evening  service,  in  our  chapel 
Bro.  r^Iattheus  declared  to  fourteen 
brethren  remaining  there,  that  in  regard 
to  the  enrollment  of  all  men  between  the 
ages  of  18  &  53  years,  we  positively  could 
not  agree  to  it ;  that,  as  it  is  not  only 
against  the  dictates  of  our  conscience,  but 
also  contrary  to  the  principles  of  our 
constitution,  it  would  be  better,  even  if 
it  causes  us  some  suffering,  to  have 
nothing  to  do  with  it. 

May  3rd. 
There  was  held  a  Township  Meeting 
at  Martin  Bucher's.  Upon  this  occasion 
the  constable  was  to  enroll  the  names  of 
all  men  between  18  &  53  ;  but  no  one  pre- 
sented himself  for  enrollment.  The 
brethren  Haller  and  Pohl  protested,  in 
our  name,  against  it. 

May  ijth. 
By  order  of  the  Committee,  blankets, 
linen  and  clothing  were  collected  in  our 
township  for  the  army.  We,  too,  must 
contribute  what  we  can  spare,  and  future 
payment  is  promised. 

May  i8ih. 

Brothers  Mattheus,  in  the  presence  of 
Bro.  Drey  spring,  spoke  with  Bro.  Lein- 
bach  in  regard  to  our  trombonists ;  that 
in  these  troublous  times'  they  should  be 
more  moderate  in  the  selection  of  the 
music  they  play ;  that  they  should  not 
go  outside  of  town  with  their  instru- 
ments to  "seek  an  echo ;"  neither  should 
they  play  in  the  saddler's  shop  without 
previously  mentioning  it  to  Bro.  Drey- 
spring;  it  were  better  to  practice  in  our 
chapel,  or  that  of  the  congregation, — 
or  in  our  summer  house.  Bro.  Lein- 
bach  must  see  that  the  practicings  are 
conducted  in  an  orderly  manner  in  fu- 
ture. 

July  211  d. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  brethren  over  18 
years  of  age,  Bro.  Mattheus  spoke  con- 
cerning the  bearing  of  arms,  and,-  more 
particularly  in  regard  to  the  abjuration 
of  the  king ;  saying  that  we  as  a  congre- 
gation could  in  no  wise  have  anything 
to  do  with  it.     The  brethren  should  have 


LITITZ,    PA.,    DURING    REVOLUTIONARY  WAR 


851 


an  opportunity  to  give  IJro.  M.  their  in- 
dividual opinions,  privately,  on  the  sub- 
ject. 

July  4tli. 

I'rother  Mattheus  conferred  with  the 
bretin'en,  singly,  today,  but  no  one  of 
them  was  found  willing  to  go  to  war  or 
forswear  allegiance  to  the  king.  They 
would  be  faithful  to  those  in  authority, 
who  have  power  over  us,  and  not  act 
"reasonably. 

July  16. 

As  a  conclusion  to  the  above  "speak- 
ing," Bro.  Mattheus  addressed  us,  em- 
phatically yet  kindly,  deploring  the  fact 
that  two  parties  exist,  not  only  among 
the  brethren  but  also  in  the  congregation  ; 
the  one  party  for  the  king,  which  they 
name  Tories,  and  the  other  the  Whigs, 
which  upholds  the  present  government. 
That  neither  party  has  hitherto  thought, 
spoken  and  acted  according  to  the  Sa- 
viour's wish,  nor  the  principles  of  the 
church ;  that  some,  even,  have  shame- 
fully slandered  the  king,  against  whose 
government,  especially  as  it  concerns  us, 
we  have  not  the  slightest  cause  to  com- 
plain. ( )n  the  6t\\QT  hand,  it  is  highly 
improper  to  speak  and  act  in  opposition 
to  the  present  government,  to  which,  as 
far  as  heart  and  conscience  will  permit, 
we  owe  obedience.  We  must  wait  solely 
Dn  the  will  of  God  !  For  it  is  not  pos- 
sible that  the  Saviour  will  look  graciously 
.ipon  such  thought  and  action  as  hitherto 
have  prevailed  among  us.  He  wished, 
therefore,  that  henceforth  this  charac- 
terizing of  "Whigs"  and  "Tories," 
which  occasions  only  misunderstanding 
and  loss  of  love  might  cease,  and  we  live 
together  again  in  peace. 

July  21th. 
I'ro.  Mattheus  made  an  impressive  ad- 
dres.s  to  our  "youths"  and  "great  boys" 
in  regard  to  their  present  irreligious 
thought  and  action.  Instead  of  remem- 
bering what  they  are  here  for,  they  take 
too  much  interest  in  the  war  and  the 
state  of  the  country. 

Aug.   1st. 
Bro.    Mattheus   went   to   Lancaster   to 


have   a   full   conference   with   Bro.    Billy 
Henry  about  national  affairs. 

Sept.  i6th. 

Master  mason  Haefer,  who  was  in  our 
employ  the  past  summer,  came,  as  lieu- 
tenant of  Militia,  to  our  house,  and  read 
to  us  the  names  of  the  brethren  drawn 
for  the  first  three  classes :  namely,  Re- 
natus  Keller,  Michael  Pizman,  Chr.  Lein- 
bach,  Martin  Hirte,  Greenbury  Petti- 
court,  Gottlieb  Youngman,  Peter  Kreiter, 
Christian  Blickensderfer  and  Matthews 
Zahm. 

Sept.  1 8th. 

The  above  mentioned  Haefer  came 
again  and  asked  each  one  whether  he 
wished  to  go  with  him  to  camp,  or  pro- 
vide a  substitute ;  but  all  answered  they 
would  do  neither. 

Sept.  20th. 
A  meeting  of  the  brethren  liable  to 
service  was  held  in  our  chapel,  because 
we  are  soon  to  be  forcibly  required  to 
do  military  duty.  The  brethren  were 
again  reminded  to  keep  their  word  not 
to  go  to  war,  nor  to  furnish, a  substitute; 
we  would  let  matters  take  their  course, 
and  see  what  they  can  do  to  us.  It 
would  be  a  sorry  act  for  one  or  another 
brother  to  break  his  resolve.  The  Sa- 
viour surely  will  help  those  who  put  their 
trust  in  Him. 

Sept.  2 ph. 
Yesterday,  Mr.  Laurens,  a  Congress- 
man, cajne  here   from   Philadelphia,   via 
Bethlehem.      He  knows   the  brethren   in 
Carolina,  and  is  our  good  friend. 

Sept.  2/th. 
To-da}'  there  came  from  Lancaster  a 
constable  with  a  list  of  the  names  of  all 
non-associators,  which  he  read  to  us,  to 
ascertain  whether  there  are  such  among 
us.  He  will  return  in  thirty  days  and 
collect  from  each  non-associator  £t,  ids. 

Same-  date. 

A  company  of  soldiers  came  to  take 

those  belonging  to  the  3rd  class.     We, 

however,    were   spared    this    time.      The 

young  people  in  our  neighborhood  have 


?^ 


852 


THE   PENN  GERMANIA 


run    away,    and    are    hiding    themselves 
mostly  in  the  woods. 

Sept.  28th. 
The  three  French  officers,  among  them 
a  German  baron,  who  had  been  stopping 
at  our  tavern  for  some  days,  left  in  haste 
for  York,  because  Congress  secretly  left 
Lancaster,  last  evening,  and  crossed  the 
Susquehanna. 

Oct.  3rd. 
The  French  Chevalier  Le  Colombe 
brought  us  a  letter  from  Mr.  Laurens, 
regretting  the  necessity  for  his  departure, 
so  soon,  from  our  neighborhood.  Con- 
gress having  been  suddenly  transferred 
to  York.  (Mr.  J.  W.  Jordan  writes  me 
as  follows:  "Chevalier  de  la  Colombe  en- 
listed as  volunteer  in  the  American  ser- 
vice ;  left  France  with  Lafayette  to  whom 
he  was  aid-de-camp.  He  was  breveted 
captain  by  Congress,  Nov.  i6th,  1779. 
Lafayette,  about  to  start  for  France, 
wrote  to  Washington  a  letter  to  recom- 
mend de  la  Colombe  and  ask  for  him  a 
brevet  of  Major.  At  the  end  of  the  war 
de  la  Colombe  returned  to  France  and 
was  employed  by  the  French  Republic. 
He  was  made  prisoner,  with  Lafayette  in 
1792,  by  the  Prince  of  Coburg,  and  shut 
up  in  the  citadel  of  Olmutz.  He  was  re- 
leased and  returned  to  Philadelphia.  I 
presume  that  he  returned  to  France  and 
died  there."    ^lay  25th,  1896.) 

Oct.  yth. 
The  brethren  of  the  5th  &  6th  classed 
have  been  ordered  to  prepare  to  march 
next  Thursday,  9th.  (Just  as  after  the 
Battle  of  P>randywine  Creek,  so,  to-day, 
after  the  engagement  at  Gennantown, 
many  soldiers  passed  through  Lititz. 
Grube.)  Bro.  Chr.  Blickensderfer  and 
Bro.  and  sister  Schmick  returned  from 
Bethlehem,  bringing  intelligence  that  af- 
fairs there  are  in  a  most  lamentable  con- 
dition ;  especially  in  the  l^rethren's 
House,  which  had  been  turned  into  a 
lazaretto,  and  where,  they  say,  the  out- 
rageous and  shameless  behavior  is  simply 
indescribable.  Some  of  the  brethren  had 
gone  to  Christian's  Spring  and  Nazareth, 


while  others  were  housed  with  Bethle- 
hem families. 

Oct.  2ISt. 
At  noon,  just  as  we  sat  at  dinner,  five 
or  six  militia  men,  fully  armed,  came 
into  our  house.  Proceeding  directly  to 
our  chapel,  one  of  them  read  from  a  list 
the  names  of  the  brethren  belonging  to 
the  I,  2,  3,  4  &  5th  classes,  and  each 
brother,  upon  answering  to  his  name, 
was  immediately  put  under  guard,  so 
that  he  might  not  escape.  The  fol- 
lowing brethren  were  called :  Chr. 
Leinbach.  Martin  Hirt,  Gottlieb 
Youngman,  Mattheus  Zahm,  Greenbury 
Pettycourt,  Henry  Oerter,  John  Muller, 
Michael  Kreater  and  Jacob  Gassier. 
These  brethren,  with  four  married  breth- 
ren, were  carried  off,  despite  our  pro- 
testations, to  five  miles  from  here  (Man- 
heim)  to  Capt.  Fetter,  with  the  promise 
that  they  should  be  returned  hither  in 
the  evening.  But  none  came  back ;  on 
the  contrary,  they  spent  the  night  in  the 
Captain's  house  under  guard.  The  next 
day  they  were  taken  to  Lancaster,  and, 
to  the  accompaniment  of  drum  and  fife, 
through  a  dense  mass  of  people,  with 
cries  of  "Tories"  from  every  side,  were 
marched  to  the  Quaker  Meeting  House, 
where  they  were  locked  up  with  many 
others  who,  like  themselves,  had  been 
thus  forcibly  dragged  together.  Here 
their  room  was  so  limited  that  they  could 
neither  sit  nor  lie  down ;  and,  besides, 
they  had  very  little  to  eat.  The  brethren 
and  sisters  of  Lancaster,  however,  did  all 
they  could  for  their  com  fort ;  particularly 
Brother  Hooson,  through  whose  influence 
they  were  released  from  their  prison  and 
quartered,  for  the  night,  among  our 
church  members.  Neither  must  they  re- 
turn to  confinement,  but  could  go  about 
the  city  freely,  Bro.  Hooson  having  given 
his  word  for  them. 

October  23rd. 
Upon  investigation  of  this  afifair,  and 
the  earnest  representation  of  the  Breth- 
ren Hooson  and  Bill,  Henry (Hehl) 

the  Committee  found  that  the  forcible 
seizure  and  shameful  usuage  of  the 
people  by  the  militia  officers  was  an  ir- 


LITITZ,    PA.,  DURING   REVOLUTIONARY  WAR 


853 


Tegular  and  unwarranted  proceedure  on 
their  part,  no  order  to  that  effect  having 
been  given  by  the  president  of  the  Com- 
mittee, the  mayor  of  the  city,  or  any 
other  person.  The  Committee  then  very 
kindly  and  politely  disniissed  the  breth- 
ren, Bro.  Wm.  Henry  adding  that  hence- 
forth they  need  listen  to  no  one  without 
he  came  express  from  them,  and  that 
now  we  could  go  home  in  peace.  This, 
after  thanking  the  brethren  and  sisters 
in  Lancaster  for  all  the  love  and  faith- 
fulness they  had  shown  us,  we  did ;  ar- 
riving there,  to  the  heartfelt  joy  of  our 
people,  whose  thoughts  and  prayers  had 
been  with  and  for  us  all  the  time,  well 
and  happy,  at  7  o'clock  in  the  evening. 

Oct.  2ISt. 
It  seems,  then,  that  we,  too,  must  suf- 
fer. For  help  we  can  depend  only  upon 
our  dear  Father  in  Heaven,  who,  in  this 
dreadful  time  of  war  and  confusion, 
must  shield  and  guide  us ;  for,  surely, 
He  knows  that  we  are  His  Son's  people, 
and  have  nothing  to  do  with  the  world 
and  its  quarrels. 

Same  Date. 
Dt;ring  the  evening  meeting  six  armed 
soldiers  entered  the  Sisters  House  with 
intent  forcibly  to  enter  their  dormitory 
and  press,  for  their  own  use,  the  blankets 
oft'  the  beds;  however,  they  had  the 
goodness  to  let  themselves  be  dissuaded 
from  their  purpose.  The  Sisters'  Diary 
has  it  thus :  "The  soldiers,  armed,  came 
under  the  pretence  of  getting  blankets, 
dreadfully  frightening  the  house-watcher 
Hiaus-wachterin)  and  the  few  sisters 
who  were  at  home  with  their  brutal 
.^wearing.  The  Brethren  Schmick  and 
Tranche  were  fetched,  coming  promptly 
to  our  assistance,  and  they  got  the  fel- 
lows away  before  the  meeting  was  over. 
We  thanked  our  dear  Lord  and  House 
Father  that  he  so  mercifully  preserved 
us,  and  that  only  the  fright  remained. 

Oct.  26th. 
We  hear  that   the  taking  of   men   by 
force    to    Lancaster    continues ;    conse- 
quently   a    general    lamentation    prevails 
among  the  pei^ple. 


Oct.  27th. 
The  brethren  belonging  to  the  first  five 
classes  subject  to  military  duty  were 
spoken  with.  They  were  unanimous  in 
their  determination  not  to  bear  arms  nor 
furnish  substitutes;  but  to  stand  by  our 
principles  regardless  of  consequences. 
All  agreed  that  it  would  be  well  to  hand 
in  a  petition  asking  a  mitigation,  because 
of  poverty,  of  our  heavy  fines. 

Oct.  31. 

Seven  brethren  were  ordered  to  re- 
port for  military  service,  next  Tuesday : 
nr.mely,  Andr.  Kreuter,  Gottfried 
Thomas,  John  Schank,  John  Weinland, 
Ludwig  Cassler,  Charles  and  Peter 
Ricksecker.  Pursuant  to  the  advice  of 
Bro.  AVm.  Henry,  they  did  not  go. 
November  2gth. 

In  our  neighborhood  the  soldiers  have 
pressed  many  teams  (our  own,  from  the 
farm,  among  them)  to  carry  provisions 
to  the  army. 

Dec.  3rd. 
Bro.  Kreuter,  sen.,  and, John  Muller 
were  sent  in  the  name  of  the  brethren  to 
Weinland's  Mill,  six  miles  from  here, 
where  a  Day  of  Appeal  was  to  be  held  by 
Mr.  Galbraith.  They  were  to  see 
whether  he  could  agree  to  come  and  hold 
an  Appeal  Day  here,  in  our  house,  for 
us;  but  he  refused,  fearing  that  he  might 
be  suspected  of  partiality  towards  us. 

Dec.  4th. 
All  the  brethren  went  to  the  above- 
mentioned  Weinland's  Mill,  where  iVlr. 
Galbraith  and  some  other  officers  were 
met.  They  were  questioned  as  to  pro- 
fession and  other  circumstances  and 
their  answers  recorded.  The  brethren 
declared  it  was  against  their  conscience 
to  go  to  war;  and  some  of  them  urged 
their  inability,  being  very  poor,  to  pay 
the  threatened  fine. 

Dec.  6th. 

The     brethren     who     lately     appealed 

were    informed   to-day   how   much   each 

one  would  be  fined  for  refusal  to  go  to 

war.    However,  the  Commissioners  mer- 


854 


THE  PENN  GERMANIA 


cifully  agreed  that  most  of  the  brethren 
should  pay  but  one  half  the  fine. 

Dec.  I4tli. 
A  doctor,  by  the  name  of  Canada 
(Kennedy),  brought  us  the  disagreeable 
news  that  by  order  of  General  Washing- 
ton, 250  sick  and  wounded  soldiers  must 
be  quartered  here.  Our  objections  and 
representations  were  of  no  avail !  He 
inspected  our  house  which  suited  his  pur- 
pose exactly,  and  ordered  that  it  be  im- 
mediately vacated,  for  we  might  expect 
the  first  of  the  sick  four  days.  We 
could,  however,  retain  kitchen  and  cellar 
for  our  own  use. 

Dec.  i6th. 
We  moved  out  of  the  Brethren's 
House.  Bros.  Dreyspring  and  Keller 
took  up  their  abode  in  the  two  lower 
rooms  of  the  school-house,  while  some  of 
the  brethren  and  youths  occupied  the 
upper  schoolroom.  The  tailors  and  shoe- 
makers went  to  the  store.  Bro.  Stark, 
with  one  of  his  stocking-weaving  looms, 
to  the  linen-weaving  shop ;  .some  of  the' 
brethren  and  youths  sleep  in  the  weaver's 
shop,  and  in  the  building  next  the  black- 
smith's. Wt  all  have  dinner  in  our 
kitchen. 

Dec.  1 8th. 
National     Thanksgiving    and     Prayer 
Day;    which    we,    also,    observed,    with 
blessing  to  our  hearts. 

Dec.  iQtIi. 
John  Muller.  Weinland  and  several 
more  brethren  ( married )  went  to  Lan- 
caster to  pay  the  County  Lieutenant  the 
tax  they  had  been  assessed  by  the  Court 
of  ai)peal.  It  came  in  most  cases  to  £24 
8  s.  6d.,  some  must  pay  £30.  After  din- 
ner arrived  the  first  of  the  invalid  sol- 
diers. 

Same  Date. 
About  80  sick  soldiers,  from  the  Jer- 
seys,  arrived   here   to-day.      It   certainly 
is  not  ea.sy  to  reconcile  ourselves  to  this 
enforced    surrender   of   our    houses    for 


such  use;  but,  like  our  dear  Bethlehem, 
we  must  accept  the  situation,  for  these 
are  troublous  times. 

Dec.  20th. 
There  came  15  wagons  full  of  sick  sol- 
diers ;  so  that  now  all  our  rooms  and  halls 
are  filled  with  them.  The  doctor  of  the 
lazaretto  took  Bro.  Renatus  Keller's 
room  middle  front  room,  second  story, 
and  the  Commissary  that  of  Bro.  Drey- 
spring. (Elders'  Conference — Bishop 
Hehl.  Diarist.)  The  question  arose, 
where  the  dead  shall  be  buried  if  any  in 
the  Lazaret.  Later,  after  consultation 
with  several  Brethren  of  the  Aufseher 
Collegium,  we  determined  to  set  apart  a 
corner  of  our  lower-most  field. 

Dec.  2ist. 
Also,    quite   late,    100   more    sick   and 
wounded,  but  as  the  hospital  was  quite 
full  they  were  taken  elsewhere. 

Dec.  28th. 
Yesterday  Bro.  Schmick  preached  to 
the  soldiers  in  the  Bros.  House  much  to 
their  satisfaction.  The  misery  in  the 
Lazaretto  can  not  be  described ;  neither 
can  it,  without  being  seen,  be  imagined. 
The  doctors  themselves  are  sick,  and 
have  the  attention  of  Bro.  Adolph  Meyer. 
Therefore  the  soldiers  are  without  medi- 
cine. Such  as  are  nearly  recovered,  fear- 
ing a  relapse  of  the  malady,  prefer  to  re- 
main out  of  doors  as  much  as  possible ; 
but  to-day,  because  of  the  continuous 
snow  storm,  they  were  forced,  much  to 
their  displeasure,  to  stay  in  the  house. 

Dec.  sist. 
Another  wagon  with  sick  soldiers  came 
fnMii   Reading. 

177S. 

Jan.  i.<;f. 
As  both  doctors  are  too  ill  to  attend  to 
their  duties,  a  third,  a  German,  from 
Saxony,  eanie  to  take  charge  in  their 
])lace.  Two  of  the  soldiers,  seven  of 
whom  have  died  already,  were  buried 
to-dav. 


LITITZ,    PA.,  DURING   REVOLUTIONARY    WAR 


855 


Jan.  jrd. 

In  the  event  of  our  lower-officer's 
death  we  would  expect  to  give  him  a 
more  honorable  burial  place  than  that  is 
where  all  are  huddled  indiscriminately 
underground  (wo  alles  hinein  gescharrt 
wird).  Therefore,  we  resolved  in  such 
a  case  to  do  as  they  really  have  done  in 
Bethlehem ;  to  set  apart,  in  our  grave- 
yard, a  row  for  strangers,  separated 
from  that  of  the  brethren  by  a  passage. 

Bro.  Sam,  Krouse  is  down  with  the 
fever. 

Jan.  4th. 
Greenbury  Pettycourt,  but  soon  recov- 
ered ;  do. 

Jan.  yth. 
Andrew   and  John   Kreuter  and   Chr. 
Leinbach  ;  do.  Jacob  Born. 

Jan.  Qth. 
Some  20  well  soldiers  left  the  hospital 
to  rejoin  the  army. 

Jan.  loth. 

Tobias  Hirte  and  John  Weinland. 
Hirte,  Weinland  and  Krouse  lie  to- 
gether in  the  sadler's  shop. 

(E.  C.  Hehl.)  Some  of  our  little 
boys  have  been  trading  things  with  the 
soldiers  receiving  in  exchange  car- 
tridges and  powder,  which  they  set  off 
in  the  barns.  Bro.  Schmick  gave  them 
a  sharp  talking  on  their  improper  and 
highly  dangerous  play  and  with  good 
results,-^but.  the  parents  must -be  more 
watchful  over  their  children !  No  one 
should  buy  from  the  soldiers  what  are 
at  any  rate  commonly  stolen  goods. 
There  is  no  reason  why  Tobias  Hirte 
should  have  bought  a  gun,  indeed,  on 
the  contrary  it  is  an  unseemliness !  What 
use  has  he,  as  a  schoolmaster,  for  a 
gun?  He  must  be  ordered  to  dispose 
of  it. 

Jan.  75///. 
Daniel  Gloz  ;  went  to  his  parent's  home. 

Jan.  1 6th. 
Martin   Hirte,  Ditto. 


Jan.  lyth. 
Bro.  Henry  Oerter  died,  31st  ult.,  after 
14  days'  sickness. 

Jan.  iSth. 
Dr.  Brown,  the  general  superintendent 
of  all  the  hospitals  in  this  section,  came 
from  Bethlehem,  bringing  with  him  a 
fine  letter  of  recommendation  for  us 
from  Bro.  Ettwein.  He  intends  to  bring 
his  family  hither  and  make  Lititz  his 
temporary  home.  (Dr.  Brown  was 
quartered  at  Tanneberger's ;  Dr.  Allison 
was  at  Blickensderfer's;  and  officers 
were  at  Geitner's  Clause  Coelns,  in  the 
former  Tshudy  house,  and  lasper  Taynes. 
A  Colonel"  at  the  latter  place  was  es- 
pecially objectionable  to  our  people,  be- 
cause of  the  wild  uproar  made  there  by 
his  many  visitors  from  Lancaster.  "Be- 
cause of  Bro.  lasper  Taynes'  age  and 
weakness,  it  would  be  well,  when  the 
Colonel  leaves,  for  the  prevention  of  fu- 
ture similar  occurrences,  to  ask  Dr.  Alli- 
son and  family  to  lodge  there.") 

Feb.  isf. 
P>ro.  Christoph  Pohl  died. 

Feb.  /th. 
In  the  evening,  the  brethren  who  have 
waited  upon  the   sick  had  a  love   feast, 
with  wine  and  biscuits  (zweiback). 

Feb.  T2th. 
We  had  a  disagreeable  visit  from  some 
officers,  who  came  here  from  Lancaster, 
in  sleighs,  and  made  a  disturbance  at 
the  tavern.  They  had  been  carrying  on 
high  revelry,  in  Lancaster,  for  several 
days  previous  and  had  liked  to  continue 
their  wantonness  here. 

Feb.  23tli. 
Bro.   Simon  Dang  is  in  bed  with  the 
fever. 

March  ist. 
Bro.   Schank  was  do.  but  soon  recov- 
ered. 

March  /.sV. 
About  60  well  soldiers,  from  the  three 


856 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


hospitals,  are  rendezvousing  here.  Their 
behaviour  is  pretty  wild  and  ill-man- 
nered. Dr.  Allison,  who  had  hitherto 
maintained  good  order  here,  has  gone  to 
Bristol  to  fetch  his  family  to  Lititz. 

April  8th. 
We  heard  from  Bethlehem  that  Lititz 
is  to  be  vacated  and  the  general  hospital 
located  here.  Bishop  Hehl  whites.  "It 
was  proposed  that  our  people  go  to  Beth- 
lehem and  Nazareth  for  after  all,  we 
were  all  one  family."  This  caused  us 
much  pain  and  serious  trouble.  As  this 
action  will  depend  upon  Dr.  Shippen, 
Conference  unanimously  determined  to 
send  him  a  petition  against  the  intended 
move.  They  did  so  on  the  9th.  In  reply 
Dr.  Shippen  stated  that  he  had  the  high- 
est esteem  for  the  Brethren's  Society, 
and  would  do  his  utmost  to  protect  it. 
Should  an  urgent  necessity  arise  to  place 
the  Gen.  Hospital  here — and  that  does 
not  now  seem  likely — he  would  first  con- 
sult with  the  brethren  upon  the  subject. 
Our  hearts  overflowed  with  thankfulness 
to  the  Saviour  that  he  heard  our  sighs 
and  prayers,  and  restored  to  us  our  peace 
of  mind. 

April  2 1  St. 
Arrived    9    wagons     with     sick     and 
wounded   from    Bethlehem,   Easton,   Al- 
lentown  and  Reading. 

April  nth. 
We  received  the  new  act  of  abjuration, 
•which  threatens  more  suffering  for  us ; 
the  Saviour  alone  can  help  us  through  it. 
Dr.  Brown,  Dr.  Allison  and  the  lieuten- 
ant, being  our  good  friends  may  be 
invited  to  our  Great  Sabbath  Lovefeast. 
Bro.  Francke  will  find  out  from  Dr.  Al- 
lison what  other  officers  of  distinction 
are  here,  so  that  none  is  overlooked. 

April  22nd. 
Day  of  Humiliation  and  Prayer  (Na- 
tional). 

May  7th. 
Some    of    the    young    people — among 
them  several  of  our  musicians —  are  in 
the  habit  of  indulging,  late  into  the  nisfht. 


in  merry  making  at  the  Big  Spring, 
where  Tobias  Hirte  has  laid  out  a  special 
place  for  that  purpose.  Soldiers  go 
there ;  also.  This  has  given  the  congre- 
gation and  ourselves  great  offence !  Yet 
what  is  to  be  done — seeing  that  Dr.  Alli- 
son was  there,  too,  and  that  this  place 
was  planned,  partly,  for  his  sake  (ihm 
zu  lieb).  But  Dr.  Allison  has  respect 
for  our  Congregation  Rules,  and  we  may 
not  hesitate  to  tell  him  why  we  are  op- 
posed to  this  rendezvous',  and  ask  him 
kindly,  for  love  of  us,  to  absent  himself 
from  it.  Tobias  Hirte  shall  be  sum- 
moned to  appear  before  the  Brethren  of 
the  Conference,  and  told  not  to  dare  in 
the  future  to  begin  such  a  thing  on  our 
land — for  he  is  much  given  to  sudden 
ideas  of  such  a  kind — especially  not 
without  permission ;  and,  secondly,  to 
leave  the  place  at  the  spring  as  it  now  is, 
and  do  nothing  more  to  it. 

May  i^th. 
Some  of  the  soldiers  left  here  for  the 
army. 

May  i6th. 
A  supplement  to  a  newspaper  was  sent 
us,  which  we  were  required  to  read  to 
the  congregation  when  assembled  for 
service.  It  was  an  address  by  Congress 
to  the  people.  That  we  should  have  to 
communicate  such  things  to  our  breth- 
ren and  sisters,  in  our  chapel,  was  a  most 
perplexing  demand  upon  us,  seeing  that 
we  do  not  have,  nor  wish  to  have  any- 
thing to  do  with  these  matters. 

May  i8th. 
Bro.   Mattheus  went  to  Lancaster  to 
ascertain     whether     Bro.    Ettwein     was 
there,   because   for   some   days   we  have 
been  w^ithout  knowledge  of  him. 

May  24th. 
Bro.  Ettwein  came  from  Lancaster, 
and  with  Bro.  Geo.  Rein  ..r.eturned  to 
Bethlehem.  We  heard  from  him  that 
our  nwmorial  had  been  accepted  by  the 
Assembly,  and  seriously  considered. 

May  31st. 
In    congregation    Council,    Bro.    Mat- 


LITITZ,    PA.,  DURING   REVOLUTIONARY  WAR 


857 


theus  communicated  to  the  brethren 
Bro.  Ettvvein's  account  of  his  endeav- 
ors' in  Cong-ress  at  York  and  also  in  the 
Assembly  in  Lancaster. 

Same  Date. 
To-day,  to  our  pain  and  grief,  we 
heard  that  the  following  brethren — who 
gradually  had  been  revealing  themselves 
— had,  all  warning  unheeded,  taken  the 
Oath  of  Allegiance  and  forsworn  the 
king:  married,  Tanneberger,  Cassler, 
Thomas,  Ranch,  Qaus  Collin,  Schoefel ; 
single,  W.  Cassler,  L.  Cassler,  Jacob 
Cassler.  David  Tanneberger,  Sr.,  Gott- 
fried Thomas,  Chr.  Blickensderfer,  John 
Muller,  Chr.  Leinbach,  Michael  Kreuter, 
Weinland,  Sam  Krouse,  lungman,  Hess- 
ler,  Zahm,  Tobias  Hirte  and  John 
Kreuter. 

June  2nd. 
Came  from  Lancaster  to  this  hospital 
160  soldiers. 

June  I2th. 
Gottleib  Youngman  left  for  Lebanon 
where  he  intends  to  enter  the  military 
service.  We  spoke  to  him,  the  evening 
before,  and  tried  to  dissuade  him  from 
his  purpose,  proposing  that  he  should 
visit  his  father  in  Bethlehem  and  con- 
sult with  him  as  to  his  intentions ;  but 
he  would  have  none  of  that,  his  desire 
being,  he  said,  to  join  the  militar)^  We 
could  do  nothing  with  him,  especially 
as  he  had  previously,  out  of  pure  wan- 
tonness, taken  the  Oath  of  Allegiance; 
so  we  dismissed   him. 


out  notice  to  any  one,  and  despite  the 
fact  that  the  congregation  had  presented 
a  memorial  setting  forth  the  fact  that  we 
could  not,  for  various  reasons,  take  any 
oath,  have  taken  the  Oath  of  Allegiance. 
To  most  of  US'  this  split  in  two  is  a 
source  of  deepest  grief  and  sorrow.  Sis- 
ters' Diary,  June  14th,  1778:  "In  the 
meeting  of  the  commynicant  members 
we  received  the  information,  not  unex- 
pected, yet  painful,  that  the  Holy  Com- 
munion would  be  discontinued  until  our 
usual  calm  is  restored.  The  merciful 
High  Priest  heal  us — we  are  in  need  of 
Thee ! 

July  8th. 
There   came   two  wagons   from  Lan- 
caster wath  sick  for  the  hospital. 

Aug.  ^rd. 
Bro.  Billy  Henry  came  to-day  from 
Lancaster  (Bro.  Mattheus  having  pre- 
viously conferred  with  him)  and,  visit- 
ing most  of  the  families,  spoke  particu- 
larly with  the  brethren  who  had  taken 
the  Test  Oath,  telling  them  that  they 
had  been  over-hasty,  and  hoping  that 
they  would  recognize  their  mistake;  just 
as  they  once  before  had  been  at  fault 
and  then  listened  to  reason.  What  ef- 
fect this  will  have  time  must  show. 

Aug.  6th. 
The  men  who  had  been  imprisoned  for 
two  months  have  been  honorably  dis- 
charged. Among  them  were  two  breth- 
ren from  Hebron.  For  this  we  are 
happy  and  thankful. 


June  2nd. 
This  has  been  an  unquiet  day  for  us, 
as  130  of  the  sick  and  wounded  have 
been  brought  hither.  We  had  had  some 
hope  that  deliverance  was  at  hand ;  but 
now  since  the  main  hospital  has  been  es- 
tablished here,  we  see  that  there  is  more 
trouble  in  store  for  us.  May  the  Lord, 
in  mercy,  stand  by  us. 

June  20th. 
We  can  not  celebrate  the  Lord's  Sup- 
per because  some  of  our  brethren,  with- 


Aug.  2 1st. 
We  hear  that  the  hospital  will  be  re- 
moved, for  certain,  next  week. 

Aug.  28th. 
At  last  came  the  anxiously  longed  for 
hour  when  the  hospital,  here,  broke  up. 
Some  of  the  sick  were  transported  to 
Yellow  Springs,  others  to  Lancaster. 
For  9  months  we  were  kept  out  of  our 
house,  and  during  that  time  120  soldiers 
died  there.  (9  mo.  10  da.  until  re-occu- 
pation.   Arch  S.) 


858 


THE  PBNN  GEKMANIA 


Same  Date. 

We  are  devoutly  thankful  to  the  Sa- 
viour that  the  heavy  burden  of  the  hos- 
pital in  our  midst  has  been  removed  in 
the  Lazaret.  Would  that  we  might  also 
be  freed  from  all  the  evil  that  has  crept 
in  amongst  the  young  people  especially, 
since  the  spirit  of  Liberty  has  taken  pos- 
session of  them.  no  soldiers  were 
buried  here.  Bro.  Grube  writes  in  the 
Memorabilia  of  1778.  We  thankfully 
rejoice  with  our  dear  single  Brethren 
that  they  could  occupy  again  their  choir 
House,  which  for  8  months  (and  13  days  ; 
9  months  10  days  until  its  re-occupation. 
A.  R.  B.).  They  had  to  give  up  for 
hospital  use,  displaying  thereby  not  a 
little  service   for  their   Country. 

It  certainly  cannot  be  denied  that  a 
number  of  our  young  people,  owing  to 
the  presence  of  the  hospital  and  the  un- 
settled state  of  the  Country,  have  ac- 
quired a  bad,  independent  World  Spirit, 
much  to  the  injury  of  their  souls ;  and 
which  can  be  remedied  only  by  their 
falling  at  the  feet  of  Jesus  for  absolution, 
and  the  cleansing  and  healing  of  their 
hearts  through  His  Blood  and  Wounds. 
Our  means  of  subsistence  during  these 
hard  times  came,  also, — like  a  present  to 
us — from  our  dear  Heavenly  Father;  so 
that  we  have  no  cause  of  complaint,  but, 
rather,  much  to  be  thankful  for. 

Six  brethren  and  three  sisters  went  to 
the  Saviour:  John  Jacob  Schmick,  Hein- 
rich  Oerter,  Christoph  Pohl,  Peter  Rick- 
seeker,  Chr.  Palmer  and  John  Ortlieb; 
Sisters  Catherine  Blickcnsderfer,  Eliza- 
beth Meichler,  Elizabeth  Ricksecker. 
(Those  in  italic  I  know  to  have  died  of 
the  camp-fever.     A.  R.  B.) 

Aug.  2gth. 
We  certainly  find  it  delightful  to  en- 
joy again  our  former  peaceful  life.  It 
must  be  said,  however,  that  Dr.  Allison 
maintained  order  and  discipline  to  the 
best  of  his  ability.  From  Sisters'  Memor- 
abilia, 1778:  The  soldiers  being  quar- 
tered so  near  us  we  were  subjected  to 
aM  manner  of  inconvenience  and  care, 
but  the  Lord  commanded  his  dear 
Angels  to  keej)  watch  over  us  and  to  sing 
"Sie   sollen  unverletzet   seyn."     In   this, 


Doctor  Allison,  the  chief  Doctor  of  the 
Hospital — so  influenced  by  the  Lord — 
was  of  much  assistance,  for  he  acted 
towards  us  like  a  father ;  and  would  not 
permit  us  to  be  incommoded  in  the 
slightest  degree  by  the  soldiers  or  their 
wives.  May  the  dear  Saviour  bless  him 
for  it  and  for  this,  too,  we  give  our 
special  thanks  to  our  dear  Saviour. 

1778. 

Sept.  Tjth. 
Our  dear  sisters  cheerfully  volun- 
teered to  scrub  our  house,  and  finished 
towards  evening.  To-day  28  sisters 
went,  as  volunteers,  to  scrub  the  Breth- 
ren's House  from  top  to  bottom.  All 
went  ofif  nicely  in  peace  and  love.  The 
sisters  at  work  were  visited  frequently 
by  Sr.  Marie  Magdlen  (Augustina), 
and  served  by  the  Brethren  Superintend- 
ents with  water  and  whatever  else  they 
needed.  In  the  afternoon  they  enjoyed 
a  little  lovefeast,  at  which  our  dear  Sr. 
Marie  Magdlen  was  present. 

Sept.  2=)th. 
Thankful  and  happy  we  moved  back 
into  our  house.  It  had  previously  been 
cleansed  of  all  dirt  and  rubbish,  the 
walls  were  newly  white  washed  and  the 
dear  sisters  had  scrubbed  the  floors.  All 
the  stoves  and  windows  needed  repairs, 
and  the  woodwork  everywhere  was 
freshly  painted.  Before  retiring  for  the 
night  we  had  a  blessed  evening  prayer 
in  our  dormitory ;  and  then,  with  happy 
hearts,  laid  down  to  sleep. 

Oct.  2nd. 
Bro.    Dreyspring    spoke    to    different 
brethren    to    get    their    opinion    as    to 
whether  in  case  the  Saviour  would  allow 
us  again  to  celebrate  the  Holy  Commun- 
ion they  could  ])articipate  therein  with- 
out  ill    feeling  towaiKls   those   who   had 
taken  the  oath.     This  was  for  each  one 
a   difficult   consideration ;  because   those 
who   so   erred   have   not,   as    far   as   we 
know,   as  yet   expressed  any   repentance 
or  sorrow  for  the  act :  at  the  same  time 
the  brethren  said,  they  would  not  on  that 
account  wish  to  be  deprived  of  the  sac- 


LITITZ,    PA,,  DURING  REVOLUTIONARY    WAR 


8S9 


rament,  and  would,  therefore,  leave  the 
matter  to  the  Lord. 

Oct.  24th. 
Bro  ^Nlattheus  Krause  came  from 
Bethlehem,  express,  with  a  m>emorial 
which  all  who  had  not  taken  the  Oath 
are  to  sign.  It  is  to  be  sent  by  Bro. 
Ettwein  to  the  Assembly.  It  asks  pro- 
tection against  the  severity  of  the  Law 
in  regard  to  the  Oath,  which  we  cannot 
take. 

Nov.  4th. 
Bros.  Nathanael  and  Schweiniz  were 
present  at  Elders'  Conference.  It  was 
unanimously  agreed  to  celebrate  again, 
on  the  13th  November,  the  Holy  Com- 
munion ;  that  the  past,  on  both  sides, 
should  be  forgiven,  and  all  shovdd  live 
as  formerly,  in  peace  and  love.  At  the 
same  time,  we  leave  it  to  each  one  as  to 
whether  he  feels  free  or  not  to  receive 
the  sacrament.  This  should  not  be 
openly  discussed,  but  left  to  the  Saviour 
who  knows  what  He  can  and  will  do 
with  each  heart. 

Nov.  i^th. 
At  this  festival  the  gracious  presence 
of  the  dear  Saviour  was  felt  by  every 
one ;  especially  during  the  Holy  Com- 
munion, which,  owing  to  the  past  ]5ain- 
ful  circumstances  had  not  been  cele- 
brated in  five  months. 

Nov.   13th. 
The  trombones,  were  played  this  morn- 
ing for  the  first  time,  after  a  long  silence, 
to  announce  the  festival. 

Dec.  14th. 
With  joy  and  thankfulness  we  learn 
from  the  Philadelphia  newspapers  that 
the  severity  of  ,the  former  Test  Act  has 
been  mitigated  and  that  our  memorial 
has  been  granted  by  the  Assembly, 
namely,  that  we  need  not  take  the  Oath, 
nor  pay  the  penalty  of  non-conforming; 
but  we  are  denied  the  right  of  suffrage, 
and  cannot  hold  office  or  serve  on  a 
jury — all  of  which  privileges  we  never 
troubled   ourselves   about. 


1779. 

Jail.  i6th. 
In  the  evening  the  masters  (trades) 
met  in  Bro.  Renatus  Keller's  (steward) 
room  and  efi  joyed  a  happy  love  feast, 
with  cakes  and  mulled  wine.  Bro.  Mat- 
theus  was  one  of  the  company,  and  en- 
tertained us  with  his  interesting  conver- 
sation. 

Dec.  8th. 
In  conference,  this  evening,  Bro. 
Reichel  advised  the  brethren  not  to  en- 
gage in  partisan  discourse  on  the  war; 
it  is  not  proper  for  a  brother,  and  in- 
variably leads  to  unhappiness  amongst 
us. 

May  13  th. 
Dr.  Brown  and  family  arrived  here 
to-day  from  Virginia.  He  was  very 
friendly  and  declares  himself  delighted 
to  meet  the  brethren  again.  He  wished 
we  had  a  settlement  in  Virginia. 

June  2ist. 
Dr.  Allison  and  family,  who  remained 
here,  by  our  consent,  after  the  removal 
of  the  hospital  left  for  Shamokin,  where 
he  will  have  a  similar  charge.  He  was 
ven,^  thankful  for  all  the  kindness  they 
received  here. 

1780. 

March  pth. 
Fifty  light  horsemen  came  here  to 
seek  quarters  for  the  night.  At  the  tav- 
ern they  permitted  Bro.  Danz  to  explain 
that  it  would  not  be  agreeable  to  him  to 
take  them  in,  but  then  they  went  into  the 
neighborhood,  where  they  behaved  out- 
rageously, robbing  and  taking  from  the 
people  whatever  they  could  lay  hands 
upon.  (We  understood  that  these  bad 
men  had  harbored  the  infamous  design 
of  visiting  the  Sisters'  House  at  night.) 

May  3th. 
Bro.  Ilem-y   Frey  must  pay  a  fine  of 
£200  for  refu-^ing  to  accept  the  office  of 
Collector  of  Taxes. 


86o 


THE   PENN  GERMANIA 


1 781. 

Jan.  iptJi. 
In  the  past  few  weeks  different  breth- 
ren had  to  pay,  as  last  year's  fine  for  not 
drilling  £140. 

May  5th. 
In  the  Elders'  Conference  was  dis- 
cussed the  case  of  young  David  Tanne- 
bergcr  who,  two  weeks  ago,  let  himself 
be  elected  a  lieutenant  of  militia  and  who, 
therefore,  can  remain  in  our  care  no 
longer.  His  father  confesses  that  he 
has  no  authority  over  him,  and  we  for 
the  present  know  not  how  to  get  rid  of 
him. 

June  2/ til. 
The  brethren  belonging  to  the  2nd  and 
3rd  classes  of  the  militia  were  called 
upon  to  mount  guard,  in  Lancaster,  for 
two  months;  or  else  pay  £11  5  s.  6d.  hard 
money.  They  handed  in  a  petition  to 
the  Warden's  College  praying  its  as- 
sistance in  bearing  this  heavy  burden. 
Elders'  Conference,  June  30th,  resolved 
to  help  such  of  the  brethren  as  live  in 
the  Choir-House. 

1782. 

August  i-ith. 

Our  county  tax  being  from  3  to  £5  for 
each  person,  Bro.  Honsch  went  to  the 
Court  of  Appeal,  in  Lancaster,  to  try  to 
obtain  some  diminution  thereof  for  such 
brethren  who,  by  reason  of  age  and  weak- 
ness caimot  well  pay  so  much. 

1783- 
Dec.   nth. 

A  day  of  Thanksgiving  ai^i^ointcd  by 
the  National  riovcrnment.  In  the  even- 
ing, for  joy  at  the  return  of  peace,  we 
illuminated  our  house,  the  trombonists 
playing  meanwhile  nuich  to  our  delight. 
Bro.  William  Henry,  who  was  here  from 
Lancaster,  took  dinner  with  us. 


1781.  ■  "■' 

June  2pth. 

That  two  English  prisoners  in  our 
town  were  roughly  and — one  can  say, — 
almost  inhumanly  handled  by  some  of 
our  people  a  few  days  ago,  was  only  a 
reprehensible  action,  but  something  not 
to  be  tolerated.  The  guilty  ones  must 
be  spoken  to  about  it. 

1782. 

Oct.  2ISt. 

Bro.  Simon  Danz,  at  the  tavern,  has 
English  prisoners  working  for  him.  As 
we  have  reason  to  fear  that  their  stay- 
ing here  any  longer  may  give  rise  to 
evil  results,  Bro.  Danz  must  be  advised 
to  consult  with  Bro.  Wm.  Henry,  in 
Lancaster,  in  regard  to  them  so  that 
they  may  be  dismissed — the  sooner  the 
better. 

1786. 

May  2nd. 

This  evening  the  brethren  who  last 
week  without  permission,  took  part  in 
the  drill,  were  spoken  to.  It  was  repre- 
sented that  we  scared}'  could  take  it 
amiss  of  them,  because  of  the  continuous' 
heavy  fines  laid  upon  them ;  and,  es- 
pecially, as  they  were  not  obliged  to 
appear  with  arms ;  at  the  same  time, 
because  of  the  evil  effect  it  might  have 
upon  the  congregation,  as  well  as  upon 
the  Brethren's  Unity ;  it  could  not  be 
permitted. 

May  yth. 

Notwithstanding  the  above  affection- 
ate representation,  two  of  the  brethren 
went,  secretly,  last  Friday,  to  drill.  They 
were  told  by  the  Elder'  Conference,  that 
if  they  persisted  in  doing  as  they  pleased, 
to  the  disadvantage  of  the  Saviour's 
cause,  they  could  stay  with  us  no  longer. 

They  promised,  with  tears,  not  to  do 
it    again.     Extract    from    Dr.    Brown's 


LITITZ,    PA.,  DURING   REVOLUTIONARY    WAR 


86 1 


letter  to  Sister  Becky  Langley,  dated 
Yellow   Springs,  August  25th,    1778. 

"I  congratulate  you,  and  all  the  mem- 
bers of  your  peaceful  Society  on  the 
prospect  we  now  have  of  the  termination 
of  warr  and  bloodshed  in  this  country, 
and  that  we  shall  soon  be  restored  again 
to  that  tranquility  and  domestic  paradise, 
which  were  enjoyed  in  this  country,  in 
its  infancy,  before  it  had  become  con- 
siderable and  wealthy  enough  to  attract 
the  attention,  or  excite  the  avarice  or 
ambition  of  tyrannical  princes  and  op- 
pressive, luxurious  and  corrupted  minis- 
ters of  state." 

From  the  same  to  Sister  Maria  Pensy : 

(Same  date).  "I  give  you  joy  of 
having  your  place  restored  again  to  its 
permitive  quietness  by  the  removal  of 
so  heterogeneous  and  disorderly  a  sett  of 
guests  as  our  soldiery  are  to  the  people 
of  your  society  and  I  hope  you  will  never 
be  disturbed  in  like  manner  again." 

(Bishop  Hehl's  declaration  of  the 
Brethren's  principles;  autograph  copy 
in  the  Lititz  Archives.) 

Addot  Episcopus  Alattheus,  Litizensis, 
Suo  nomine.  We  don't  seek  or  pretend 
to  a  dispensation  or  exemption  from  a 
solemn  affirmation  and  upright  assur- 
ance of  our  fidelity  and  obedience  to  the 
united  independent  States  of  America. 
We  only  decline  and  deprecate  the  for- 
mal abjuration  of  the  King  of  Great 
Britain,  his  heirs  and  successors'  forever. 

Our  principles  are  these :  We  preach 
among  Christians  and  Heathens  the  re- 
conciliation with  God,  through  our  Lord 
Jesus  Christ;  We  live  in  the  faith  of 
what  we  preach ;  consequently  we  are  all 
men's  friends  and  lovers,  even  of  those 
that  hate  and  persecute  us,  according  to 
the  rule  and  example  of  our  dear  Lord, 
who,  we  know,  has  dealt  so  with  us ; 
We  endeavor  to  do  good  services  to  every 
man  that  divine  Providence  has  brought 
near  to — and  enabled  us  to  assist;  and 
this  we  have  hitherto  proved,  to  be  fact 
in  many  respects,  also  under  the  present 
Government. 

How  can  we  then  with  a  good  con- 
science abjure  «iny  creature  under  heaven, 
except  Satan  and  all  his  works  and  do- 
ings?    How  can  we  engage  ourselves,  to 


be  declared  and  sworn  foes  of  any  of 
our  fellow  creatures?  How  can  we,  by 
a  binding  oath,  forever  renounce  a  King, 
who  was  once  a  great  benefactor,  to- 
gether with  his  heirs  and  successors ; 
consequently,  obliged  by  such  an  oath  to 
transmit  an  odium  hereditarium  to  our 
posterity?  The  fear  of  God  forbids  us 
to  think  so.  We  therefore  beg  toler- 
ance in  this  point  and  respect,  as  faithful 
subjects  who  nevertheless  are  not  minded 
to  serve  two  masters.  Lenity  begets" 
willingness'  and  friendly  subjection;  se- 
verity begets  ill  will  and  crj-ing  to  heaven. 
Should  our  lives  and  estates  be  deprived 
of  all  civil  privileges  and  exposed  to  the 
strongest  execution  of  the  law  and  con- 
nected penalties ;  we  cannot  help  it. 
Every  conscientious  man  knows — and 
human  nature  dictates  it;  that  religious 
persuasion  cannot  be  regu'ated  i-y  l?-'^, 
nor  altered  by  force,  but,  as  far  as  inno- 
cent, tolerated  by  moderation. 

Matthaeus  Hehl. 
L.  May  the  ith,  1778. 
Letter  from  Genl.  Washington  to  Bishop 
Ettwein.      (Copy  in   the   Lititz   Ar- 
chives.) 

Headquarters, 
28th  March,  1778. 
Sir: 

I  have  received  your  letter  of  the  2Sth 
inst.  by  Mr.  Hasse,  setting  forth  the  in- 
jury that  will  be  done  to  the  inhabitants 
of  Letiz  by  establishing  a  general  hospi- 
tal there — it  is  needless  to  explain  how 
essential  an  establishment  of  this  kind  is 
to  the  welfare  of  the  army,  and  you  must 
be  sensible  that  it  cannot  be  made  any- 
where without  occasioning  inconvenience 
to  some  set  of  people  or  other,  at  the 
same  time  it  is  ever  my  wish  2nd  aim  that 
the  public  good  be  effected  with  as  little 
sacrifice  as  possible  of  individual  interests 
— and  I  would  by  no  means  sanction  the 
imposing  of  any  burthens  on  the  people 
in  whose  favor  you  remonstrate,  which 
the  public  service  does  not  require — the 
arrangement  and  distribution  of  hospitals 
depends  entirely  on  Dr.  Shippen,  and  I 
am  persuacfed  that  he  will  not  exert  the 
authority  vested  in  him  unnecessarily  to 
your  prejudice — it  would  be  proper,  how- 


862 


THE  PENN  GERMANIA 


ever,  to  represent  to  him  the  circum- 
stances of  the  inhabitants  of  Letiz ;  and 
you  may  if  you  choose  it,  communicate 


the  contents  of  this  letter  to  him  I  am  Sir 
Your  most  obedt.  Servt. 

Go.  Washineton. 


"You  Cool 

Off  Better."  The  pohtical  pot  is  boiUng 
over,  at  any  rate  in  certain  parts  of  our 
country — thoug"h  the  pohticians  say  there 
is  a  i^reat  deal  of  apathy  on  the  part  of 
voters.  It  is  delightful  to  Hsten  to  a 
red-hot  political  argument — provided  you 
are  cold-blooded  enough  not  to  take  a 
hand  in  it.  The  biggest  fun  we  experi- 
enced since  as  a  boy  we  went  to  the  cir- 
cus was  to  hsten  to  two  country  Penn- 
sylvania Germans  debating  our  much- 
befuddled  political  situation.  Phrases 
flew  thick  and  fast — faster  than  a  wind- 
mill in  Holland,  and  they  made  more 
noise,  too.  "Deh  Taft,"  "Der  Rooze- 
felt,"  "Der  Yilson,"  "Stand-pat," 
"Trusts,"  "Standard  Oil,"  "Penrose," 
"Flinn,"  "Archbuld."  "Tarifif."  And 
several  times  the  said  "ge-busted,"  we 
are  quite  sure  of  that.  The  argument  be- 
came warm — ^they  swung  their  arms  and 
violently  clapped  their  hands  for  empha- 
sis. Then  it  became  hot — they  stamped 
their  feet.  Then  it  became  worse  yet — 
they  s^v^ore.  It  seems  the  Pennsylvania 
Germans  use  the  same  swear  words  that 
profane  Americans  use.  When  the  de- 
bate was  at  its  height  and  trouble  was 
imminent,  a  girl  of  school  age  said : 
"Pop.  you  cool  off.  better."  The  two 
men  laughed  and  all  danger  was  averted. 
We  may  all  take  the  girl's  advice.  The 
political  sitation  is  next  to  disgraceful. 
Our  professional  politicians  are  not  men 
of  a  high  order.  The  younger  voter-; 
certainly  have  never  seen  so  much  mud- 
throwing  and  so  much  demagogy  as  now. 
When  politicians  begin  to  take  "the  lid 
off,"  the  rest  of  the  world  must  stand 
aghast.  The  defamation  of  cliaractcr  i'-^ 
so  shameless  that  one  can  hardlv  think 
of  it  taking  ])lace  anywhere  in  the  world 
except  in  free  America.  A  persi.stent  at- 
tempt has  even  been  made  to  make  Ht" 


Colonel  a  verv  active  member  of  the  fa- 
mous Ananias  Club,  founded  by  himself ; 
Now  we  know  what  we  have  long  sus- 
pected, that  very  few  of  our  professional 
politicians  are  fit  to  be  entrusted  with 
the  dignity  and  responsibility  of  public 
office — not  those  that  are  in  office  and  not 
those  that  are  moving-  heaven  and  earth 
to  get  in. 

But  we  might  as  well  cool  off.  It  will 
be  a  long  time  before  our  public  ills  will 
all  be  cured.  The  independent  vote  must 
become  ver}^  much  .more  numerous  than  it 
is  now.  The  "people"  must  be  taught  to 
read  something  more  solid  and  to  think- 
more  deeply  than  they  do  now.  They 
must  not  be  led  to  the  polls  by  clap-trap, 
brass  bands,  full  dinner  pails,  red  ban- 
dannas, or  anything  of  that  sort.  Self- 
government  is  a  serious  business.  We 
are  the  greatest  nation  of  the  world  that 
is  trying-  to  do  it — and  we  have  not  tried 
it  very  long.  We  will  improve  after  a 
while — and  other  nations  will  envy  us 
our  liberty  much  more  than  they  do  now. 

We  can  remain  cool,  hecause  we  know 
that  no  matter  who  is  president,  things 
will  remain  pretty  much  as  they  are.  No 
cataclvsm  ■  will  follow  election.  The 
president  is  not  a  dictator.  He  does  not 
make  our  lav.'s.  No  candidate  can  enact 
the  laws  which  his  partv  platform  advo- 
cate.*^ — supposing  even  that  he  honestly 
wished  to!  After  the  election,  we  will 
have  the  same  old  story.  The  poor  will 
be  poor  and  will  have  to  work  just  as 
hard  as  now  for  a  living.  The  rich  will 
be  just  as  idle  as  they  are  now  and  give 
parties  for  their  poodles,  as  they  do  now. 
.So  let  us  keep  cool,  even  if  the  whole 
nation  becomes  politically  excited — but 
let  us  never  forget  that  political  policies 
never  "exalt"  a  nation,  but  righteousness 
does. —  Tlir   Morai'ian. 


The  Charter  Anniversary 


of 


Franklin  and  Marshall  College 


Tlic  Reformed  Church  Review  of  Oc- 
tober, 1912,  contains  the  various  ad- 
dresses delivered  in  connection  with  the 
charter  anniversary  of  Franklin  and  Mar- 
shall College,  Lancaster,  Pa.,  June,  1912, 
as  follows ; 
Municipal  Government  in  Germany, 

By  Count  Johann  Heinrich  von 
Bernstorff. 
A  Recall  of  Benjamin  Franklin, 

By  Hon.  Joseph  Buffington. 
The  Anniversary  Sermon, 

By  Ellis  N.  Kremer. 
Benjamin  Frawklin, 

By  Hon.  Geo.  F.  Baer. 
The  First  President  of  Franklin  College, 

By  R.  C.  Schiedt. 
Historical    Sketch   of   the   Beginning   of 
Franklin  College, 

By  H.  M.  J.  Klein. 
From  the  Addresses  and  the  Editorial 
Department   we   have   culled   a   few   ex- 
tracts as  follow^ : 

By 
Count   Johatin    HcinricJi   von   Bernstorff 

The  first  thing  that  will  strike  a  for- 
eigner in  German  cities  is  the  number  and 
variety  of  functions  with  whicli,  for  the 
benefit  of  the  citizens,  the  public  authority 
charges  itself. 

Most  town  councils  not  only  supply 
water,  gas  and  electric  lighting  and 
power,  and  make  a  good  profit  in  relief 
of  local  expenditure,  but  also  finance  all 
the  hospitals  treatment  of  phthisis,  and 
all  the  schools,  including  colleges  for  ad- 
vanced technical  instruction.  In  most 
places  the  municipalities  own  and  work 
the  tramways  with  very  low  fares  and 
very  high  profits ;  they  maintain  fire  sta- 
tions with  the  most  advanced  apparatus; 
thev  have  abbatoirs  regulated  bv  veterin- 


ary science  for  the  slaughter  of  animals' 
for  human  food ;  in  such  cities  as  Co- 
logne, Frankfort  and  Mannheim  they 
manage  enormous  docks  for  the  accom- 
modation of  fresh-water  navigation,  they 
maintain,  for  the  recreation  of  the  citi- 
zens, museums,  picture  galleries,v  parks, 
playgrounds,  baths,  bands  of  music,  and 
even  theatres. 

ij;  :i?  ^;  ^  :{;  ;};  ^ 

With  regard  to  the  city's  revenue,  its 
chief  source  is  a  supplementary  income 
tax,  which  often  exceeds  the  amount 
handed  over  to  the  government.  The 
state  levies  an  income  and  a  fortune  tax. 
The  city  levies  a  ground  tax  on  land, 
whether  built  on  or  not.  In  case  of 
land  not  built  on  however,  three-quarters 
of  the  value  is  taken.  The  effect  of  this 
taxation  of  vacant  land  is  naturally  to 
stimulate  building,  and  to  act  as  a  check 
on  the  rise  of  rents.  An  abatement  of 
half  the  value  is  allowed  on  the  ground 
tax  in  the  case  of  workmen's  dwellings 
let  at  low  rentals,  and  on  land  belong- 
ing to  mutual  building  societies.  Land 
has  to  bear  a  still  further  tax,  in  the 
form  of  a  transfer  duty  of  two  per  cent, 
on  the  value  of  the  land,  when  changing 
hands  through  purchase  or  exchange. 
The  municipality  draws  still  further 
from  the  burghers  in  the  shape  of  a 
trade  tax  on  every  one  engaged  in  a 
trade  or  industry.  There  is  a  special 
application  of  this  tax  for  large  stores 
dealing  in  more  than  one  class  of  goods, 
and  having  a  yearly  turnover  of  upwards 
of  4,000  marks.  The  higher  stores  tax 
then  comes  into  operation  and  is  levied 
on  a  special  scale. 

The  city  often  imposes  a  supplementary 
tax  on  the  transfer  of  land,  based  on  the 
increase  of  the  value  of  the  land,  and 
rising  according  to  the  amount  of  profit 


863 


164 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


and  the  period  of  possession  from  lo  to 
25  per  cent,  of  the  said  profit. 

The  cities  further  draw  revenue  from 
a  number  of  other  smaller  sources.  For 
instance  there  is  a  special  trade  tax  on 
license-holders,  public  houses,  beer  shops 
where  spirits  are  retailed.  The  rate  of 
this  traffic  tax  varies  from  10  to  100 
marks,  according  to  the  extent  of  the 
business.  There  is  also  a  tax  on  itiner- 
ary merchants  and  hawkers,  varying  from 
50  marks  per  day  to  50  per  week.  The 
municipality  fixes  an  additional  beer  tax 
beyond  the  government  brewing  tax.  It 
is  an  addition  of  50  per  cent,  to  the  gov- 
ernment tax.  It  also  levies  a  duty  of 
65  pfennige  per  hectoliter  on  beer  brewed 
outside  the  borough — a  kind  of  octroi 
duty.  In  most  cities  dogs  are  not  over- 
looked as  a  source  of  revenue. 

All  amusements — theatrical  perform- 
ances, concerts,  horse  and  bicycle  races, 
balls,  exhibitions,  etc. — have  to  pay  a 
tax,  where  tickets  are  issued  amounting 
to  10  per  cent,  of  the  value  of  the  ticket. 

House  owners  have  to  pay  drain  dues 
for  connecting  the  house  drains  with  the 
street  sewers,  at  the  rate  of  about  four 
marks  per  meter  in  length  of  the  front- 
age, and  one  mark  per  meter  where  the 
frontage  is  not  built  on.  Tenants  pay  6 
per  cent,  on  the  rent  of  their  houses  for 
the  removal  of  house  refuse ;  but  dwell- 
ings which  are  let  at  less  than  360  marks 
are  exempt. 

Dues  are  levied  for  sanctioning  and 
supervising  the  erection  of  new  buildings, 
structural  alteration,  etc.,  and  the  muni- 
cipality charges  for  20  pfennige  for  sup- 
plying the  citizens  with  information  as 
to  the  address  of  inhabitants,  etc.  The 
workmen's  insurance  laws'  have  had  a 
great  influence  on  the  German  cities  in 
giving  a  strong  impetus,  which  led  to  the 
creation  of  very  many  useful  institutions. 

By  lion.   Joseph  Biiffington. 

"When  the  real  history  of  the  founders 
of  the  American  colonies  shall  be  writ- 
ten it  will  be  found  that  in  broadminded 
outlook,  in  the  catholicity  of  humanity, 
in  just  appreciation  of  the  rights  of  all 
men.  there  was  no  founder  on  the  Ameri- 


can coast  to  compare  with  William  Penn. 
The  heart  of  humanity  everywhere  in- 
stantly responded  to  the  generous  spirit 
of  the  Quaker's  invitation.  The  English, 
the  Welsh,  the  Irish,  the  German,  the 
Dutch,  the  Scotch — all  responded  as  none 
of  these  races  had  ever  done  in  the  case 
of  any  other  colony.  Whole  communities 
of  the  old  world  were  depopulated  to 
create  replicas  of  the  old  mother  land  in 
the  several  counties  of  Pennsylvania. 
And  so  it  was  not  only  in  races,  but  in 
religions  also.  The  church  of  Rome,  the 
church  of  England,  the  follower  of  Lu- 
ther, the  adherent  of  Calvin,  the  Mora- 
vian, the  Dimkard,  men  of  all  religions 
and  men  of  no  religion,  found  for  the 
first  time  under  God's  sky  and  on  Ameri- 
can soil  what  real  religious  freedom  actu- 
ally was.  It  is  a  noteworthy  fact  that 
no  colony  had  up  to  that  time  attracted 
the  mighty  tracking  of  those  two  great 
strains  of  strong  blood,  the  German  and 
the  Scotch,  a  movement  that  made  whole 
sections  of  Pennsylvania,  another  Ger- 
many and  Scotland,  as  did  this  invitation 
of  Penn.  There  could  be  no  doubt  that 
such  a  colony,  whose  cornerstone  was 
that  freedom  of  thought  which  other  colo- 
nial builders  had  rejected,  would  foster 
intellectual  growth  and  progress  of  every 
kind.  In  this  colonial  atmosphere  of 
tolerance,  art,  science,  learning  rioted  and 
ripened  vmtil  Pennsylvania  became  the 
thought-leader  among  the  colonies."  p. 
458. 

By  Ellis  N.  Kremer 

"On  the  principle  of  Christian  educa- 
tion, and  with  a  full  sense  of  its  necessity, 
Franklin  College  was  founded  125  years 
ago.  United  with  Marshall  College  the 
institution  has  manifested  as  one  of  its 
most  distinctive  characteristics,  an  educa- 
tion centering  in  Jesus  Christ,  the  bright- 
ness of  the  Father's  glory^  and  the  express 
image  of  His  person.  In  addition  to  this, 
however,  there  was  another  distinction — 
it  was  an  institution  for  Germans.  In 
this  respect  the  institution  has  had  a  field 
of  usefulness  of  great  significance  to  the 
development  of  American  Christianity. 
The  Reformed  and  Lutheran  churches, 


CHARTER  ANNIVERSARY  OF  F.  AND  M.  COLLEGE 


865 


both  original  churches  of  the  reforma- 
tion, have  a  genius  and  spirit  much  ahke 
in  many  things.  They  dififered  from 
©ther  forms  of  Christianity  which  pre- 
vailed in  our  state  and  nation  a  century 
ago.  An  emphasis  on  the  sacraments,  on 
christian  nurture,  on  the  educational  prin- 
ciple in  the  christian  life  and  a  distinc- 
tive freedom  of  thought  and  investiga- 
tion, made  them  appear  to  other 
churches  a  peculiar  people.  "Book 
Christians''  they  were  sometimes  called. 
Especially  was  this  true  of  the  Re- 
formed church  in  the  early  period  of 
its  first  educational  institution.  These 
two  bodies  were  the  mediators  and  inter- 
preters of  German  Protestant  religious 
life  and  thought.  Not  by  translation  of 
German  systems  of  philosophy  and  dog- 
matics into  the  English  tongue.  In  this 
respect  their  work  was  less  efficient  than 
it  might  have  been.  But  they  had  the 
German  life  and  spirit  and  these  came  to 
be  expressed  by  these  denominational 
bodies  in  American  thought  and  life.  The 
old  spirit  of  the  German  reformation 
came  to  a  new  birth  on  American  soil. 
Only  thus  could  it  meet  the  full  need  of 
the  American  Church."     Ps.  495,  496. 

By  J.  S.  S. 

"The  celebration  of  the  one  hundred 
and  twenty-fifth  anniversary  of  the 
founding  of  Franklin  College  at  the  late 
commencement  of  Franklin  and  Marshall 
College  was  an  event  of  much  more  than 
ordinary  interest  and  possessed  more  than 
local  significance.  The  notable  addresses 
made  in  the  course  of  the  week  are  of 
historic  value  in  that  they  bring  vividly 
before  the  mind  of  the  present  generation 
the  springs  of  influence  which  formed  and 
shaped  our  institutions  of  higher  learn- 
ing, character  and  labors  of  those  who  di- 
rected these  early  educational  efiforts,  and 
the  successive  steps  by  which  the  advance 
was  made  from  these  enthusiastic  but 
comparatively  crude  beginnings  to  the 
conditions  of  conscious  power  and  influ- 
ence which  these  institutions  now  enjoy. 
Both  Franklin  College  and  Marshall  Col- 
lege were  fortunate  in  having  for  their 
founders  and  early  teachers  great  men, 


great  in  point  of  culture  and  scholarship, 
and  great  as  teachers  and  leaders.  And, 
what  is  perhaps  of  even  more  account, 
these  men  cherished  ideals  of  education 
which  were  fitted  to  give  tone  and  char- 
acter to  our  educational  development,  and 
proved  to  be  the  seeds  of  normative  forces 
which  bear  rich  fruit  in  the  present  day 
and  generation.  The  progress  cf  our  in- 
stitutions as  regards  numbers,  equipment, 
and  endowment  is  easily  traced,  and  it  is 
fitting  that,  at  such  a  time,  it  should  re- 
ceive careful  attention.  But  it  is  also 
fitting  that  due  attention  should  be  given 
to  the  inner  aspect  of  the  work  which 
these  institutions  have  in  hand,  to  see 
what  the  present  age  demands,  and  to 
bring  the  ideals  of  the  past  into  right  re- 
lation with  the  needs  of  the  future.  The 
life  is  more  than  meat,  the  body  more 
than  raiment,  the  spirit  more  than  the 
letter. ,  The  external  aspect  of  an  educa- 
tional institution  is  certainly  important. 
Pretentious  claims  of  excellence,  in  this 
practical  age,  will  not  cover  or  hide  de- 
fective equipment  or  slip-shod  teaching. 
But  the  inner  life  and  spirit,  the  ideals 
held  before  the  mind,  the  inspiration  and 
power  furnished  for  right  living,  these 
are  the  things  of  supreme  importance. 

"It  has  been  said  that  the  men  who 
founded  Franklin  College  were  scientists, 
and  those  who  founded  Marshall  College 
were  philosophers.  From  this  statement 
the  inference  might  be  drawn  that  the 
prevailing  spirit  of  Franklin  College  was 
scientific  and  that  of  Marshall  philoso- 
phic. The  statement  however,  is  too 
sweeping,  and  the  inference  would  give 
us  a  one-sided  view  not  justified  by  the 
history  of  either  institution.  Muhlen- 
berg, the  botanist,  and  Melsheimer,  the 
entomologist,  no  doubt  were  pre-eminent 
in  their  respective  departments ;  but  they 
were  also  men  of  broad  culture  and 
scholarship,  whose  educational  ideals 
were  by  no  means  contracted  or  one- 
sided. Ranch  and  Nevin  were  philoso- 
phers and  theologians,  but  they  were  men 
of  wide  learning,  and  their  scheme  of 
education  included  not  only  the  humani- 
ties but  also  mathematics  and  natural 
science.  In  both  cases  stress  was  laid  on 
well-rounded    and   harmonious    develop- 


866 


THE  PENN  GERMANIA 


ment,  looking  to  the  making  of  the  man 
rather  than  to  the  immediate  training  for 
a  profession.  At  last,  therefore,  the  at- 
tainments and  characteristics  of  these 
men  were  prophecies  of  what  should  he 
the  nature  of  the  educational  ideal  of  the 
future  rather  than  forces  consciously  at 
work  in  shaping  the  policy  of  either  in- 
stitution. The  end  aimed  at  was  ex- 
pressed more  particularly  hy  the  word 
culture.  Unfortunately  this  word  may 
be  used  in  more  than  one  sense,  and  in 
the  minds  of  some  it  came  to  mean  the 
ornamental  rather  than  the  useful,  the 
theoretical  rather  than  the  practical."  F. 
561-562. 

By  Hon.  Geo.  F.  Baer. 

"'How  does  it  come  to  pass  that  this 
great  man,  Franklin,  should  become  in- 
terested with  the  citizens  of  this  state  of 
German  birth  or  extraction  to  such  an 
extent  as  to  be  a  potential  factor  in  the 
endowment  of  a  German  College  and 
charity  school  denominated  'Franklin 
College.' 

"Franklin  was  a  typical  New  Eng- 
lander  and  when  he  moved  to  Pennsyl- 
vania he  perhaps  met  for  the  first  time 
the  Germans  who  had  migrated  from 
Germany  to  Pennsylvania.  He  neither 
understood  the  character  nor  the  lan- 
guage of  these  people,  and  he  jumped  to 
the  conclusion  that  they  were  ignorant 
boors.  On  several  occasions  he  joined 
with  the  English  colonists,  who  feared  the 
ultimate  supremacy  of  the  Germans,  in 
denouncing  them  as  a  class  of  people  who 
were  not  desirable.  In  one  of  his  ad- 
dresses he  said :  "Why  should  the  Pala- 
tine boors  l>e  suffered  to  swarm  in  our 
settlements,  and  by  herding  together  es- 
tablish their  language  and  manners  to 
the  exclusion  of  ours?" 

"Franklin,  in  a  very  short  time,  formed 
a  different  opinion  of  the  Germans;  and 
when  the  great  struggle  came  in  1776, 
his  appeal  to  the  Germans  to  join  in  se- 
curing the  Declaration  of  Independence 
was  not  made  in  vain,  and  the  Germans 
in  Pennsylvania  became  potential  factors 
in  securing  the  vote  of  Pennsylvania  for 
the  Declaration  of  Independence. 


"After  the  success  of  the  Revolution- 
ary War  he  fully  appreciated  the  worth 
of  the  Germans.  He  was  the  leader  in 
the  .movement  to  establish  a  German 
college,  and  contributed  a  considerable 
sum  of  money  to  its  endowment. 

"The  preamble  to  the  charter  clearly 
states  that  it  was  to  be  public  recognition. 
It  contains  these  words  of  high  praise: 
'Whereas  the  citizens  of  this  State  of 
German  birth  or  extraction  eminently 
contributed  by  their  industry,  economy 
and  public  virtues  to  raise  the  State  to  its 
present  happiness  and  prosperity.' 

"The  purjxDse  of  the  college  was  stated 
to  be : 

'The  preservation  of  the  principles  of 
the  christian  religion  and  our  Republi- 
can form  of  government  *  *  *  to  erlucate 
a  succession  of  youth  who  by  being  en- 
abled fully  to  understand  the  grounds  of 
both  may  be  led  the  more  zealously  to 
practice  the  one  and  the  more  strenuously 
to  defend  the  other.' 

"It  is  no  idle  boast  to  say  that  Frank- 
lin College  prior  to  and  since  its  consoli- 
dation with  jNIarshall  College  has  stead- 
fastly striven  to  maintain  these  high 
ideals.  The  progress  advocated  has 
been  one  of  evolution  and  not  revolution. 
Thoroughly  Americanized,  the  Pennsyl- 
vania Germans  nevertheless  respect  the 
birthplace  of  their  ancestors.  They  ap- 
preciate the  virtues  and  high  character  of 
the  Teutonic  peoples.  With  one  accord 
we  can  assure  his  Excellency,  the  distin- 
guished Ambassador  of  the  Great  Empire 
that  in  this  land  of  liberty  and  law  they 
have  not  lost  their  Teutonic  faith,  Teu- 
tonic reverence.  Teutonic  courage. — 503. 

By  R.  C.  Schicdt. 

"Gotthilf  Heinrich  Ernst  r^luhlenberg 
became  the  first  president  of  Franklin 
College  and  one  of  the  most  distinguished 
botanists  of  his  time.  The  choice  of  the 
first  president  for  Franklin  College  could 
not  have  been  more  auspicious.  On  the 
one  hand  strong  pressure  was  brought 
to  bear  on  the  German  population  of 
Pennsylvania,  numbering  then  at  least 
one-third  of  the  total  number  of  its  in- 
habitants, to  establish  a  first-class  insti- 


CHARTER  ANNIVERSARY  OF  b'.   AND  M.  COLLEGE 


867 


tutioii  of  learning  to  their  own  type  and 
after  their  own  racial  nu)clel,  because  it 
was  felt  not  only  by  the  best  English  but 
also  by  the  best  Cernian  element  that  the 
higher  training  of  the  mind  was  sadly 
neglected  among  the  Pennsylvania  Cicr- 
mans.  On  the  other  hand,  there  was  a 
young  man,  born  in  the  colonies  and 
trained  in  the  foremost  German  schools 
and  imiversities  of  his  time,  who  thor- 
oughly understood  the  needs  of  his  kin 
and  was  filled  with  the  high  ideals  and 
broad  humanitarianism  of  his  day. 

He  easily  stands  out  to-day  as  the 
most  dominant  figure  in  the  early  history 
of  Franklin  College ;  dominant  by  virtue 
of  his  personality,  his  scholarship  and  his 
international  reputation.     *     *     * 

\\'hat  the  first  president  as  a  scholar 
and  educator  was  to  Franklin  College 
can  hardly  be  estimated  by  the  poverty 
stricken  conditions  of  the  young  institu- 
tion or  by  the  curriculum  of  the  first 
years.  All  such  beginnings  are  obscure 
and  frequently  desi>erately  discouraging 
in  the  beginning ;  even  Harvard  and  Yale 
had  such  experience.  It  was  consider- 
ably more  so  in  a  community  and  among 
a  race  which  to  a  large  degree  was  op- 
posed to  a  higher  education  as  were  the 
majority  of  those  early  Mennonites  and 
Palatines.  The  es.sential  factors  in  the 
movement  were  after  all  the  men  who 
had  charge  of  it.  the  remarkable  faculty 
and  equally  remarkable  Board  of  Trus- 
tees, and  the  ideals  which  guided  them. 
Of  them  we  read  in  a  letter  from  Phil- 
adelphia in  1787:  "The  enthusiasm  and 
generosity  with  which  they  go  about  fur- 
thering every  object  having  reference  to 
their  nation  and  their  religion  cause  it 
to  be  hoped  that  this  college  will  within 
a  few  years  be  inferior  ^to  none  of  the 
oldest  colleges  in  America  in  wealtli  and 
public   regard."      310. 

By    H.M.J.  Klein. 

"In  the  foundation  of  Franklin  Col- 
lege, the  prime  movers  were  impelled  by 
at  least  four  distinct  motives.  The  first 
of  these  was  the  civic  motive.  The 
founders  of  the  nation  were  deeply  con- 
vinced that  the  kind  of  government  thev 


were  about  to  establish  in  the  formation 
of  the  American  constitution  could  be 
con.served  only  by  the  diffusion  of  knowl- 
edge, and  that  the  prosperity  and  happi- 
ness of  the  several  commonwealths  were 
dependent  uix)n  the  right  education  of 
youth.  They  felt  that  liberty  was  made 
safe  only  by  piety  and  learning.    *     *     =•' 

The  last  phrase  of  the  preamble  just 
(|uoted  brings  out  the  second  motive  in 
the  establishment  of  Franklin  College, 
namely,  the  humanistic  desire  to  enrich 
the  country  with  minds  that  were  liber- 
ally accomplished.  This  motive,  too,  is 
brought  out  in  a  strikingly  interesting 
letter  written  by  Dr.  Benjamin  Rush,  of 
IMiiladelphia,  to  the  first  president  of 
Franklin  College  and  dated  February, 
1788.  in  which  he  says:  'The  present 
turbulent  era  is  unfavorable  to  all  peace- 
able enterprises.  Nothing  now  fills  the 
mind  but  subjects  that  agitate  the  pas- 
sion. Let  us  not  despair.  As  soon  as 
our  new  governinent  is  established,  the 
public  spirit  of  our  country  will  be  forced 
to  feed  upon  undertakings  that  have 
science  and  humanity   for  their  objects.' 

Then  there  was  -the  religious  motive, 
coming,  however,  from  an  entirely  dif- 
ferent source.  Ever  since  the  early  part 
of  the  eighteenth  century  large  numbers 
of  settlers  of  the  Reformed  and  Lutheran 
faith  had  migrated  to  Pennsylvania. 
Their  .ministers  were  men  of  learning, 
educated  in  German  universities.  But 
they  were  few  in  number.  The  two 
leaders  of  these  denominations.  Schlatter 
and  ^Muhlenberg,  had  since  the  middle  of 
the  eighteenth  century  been  writing 
appeals  to  Europe  for  help  in  behalf  of 
the  educational  interests  of  the  Reformed 
and  Lutheran  ])eople  of  Pennsylvania. 
As  a  result  a  number  of  charity  schools 
were  organized  in  various  parts  of  this 
state.  But  it  was  soon  foimd  that  these 
were  not  adequate  to  meet  all  the  edu- 
cational and  religious  requirements  of 
the  day.  A  native  ministry  had  to  be 
educated,  if  the  churches  were  to  main- 
tain   themselves.     *     *     * 

The  reason  just  assigned  by  the 
stated  clerk  for  refusing  to  join  in  the 
establishment  of  Dickinson  College 
brings  us  to  the  fourth  motive  that  was 


868 


THE  PENN  GERMANIA 


in  the  minds  of  the  founders  of  Frank- 
lin College.  It  was  their  intention  to 
start  here  in  Lancaster  a  school  the 
specific  purpose  of  which  was  the  educa- 
tion of  the  Germans  of  Pennsjlvania 
who  at  that  time  constituted  one-third 
of  the  inhabitants  of  the  state.     *     *     * 

Out  of  these  several  motives  there 
came  as  early  as  December  ii,  1786,  an 
application  signed  exclusively  by  Phila- 
delphians  to  the  Legislature  of  Penn- 
sylvania, praying  for  a  charter  of  incor- 
poration, for  a  German  college  and  char- 
ity school  to  be  established  in  Lancaster, 
stating  also  that  there  were  prospects  of 
considerable  private  contributions  for 
carrying  this  design  into  effect  and  ap- 
plying for  a  donation  of  a  proportion  of 
the  lands  that  were  appropriated  by  a 
former  assembly  for  the  support  of  pub- 
lic schools.  A  general  plan  of  th''.  col- 
lege to  be  established  was  sent  with  this 
petition.  This  plan  stated  that  the  pe- 
titioners had  taken  into  consideration  the 
necessity  and  advantage  of  diffusing  lit- 
erature among  their  German  fellow  citi- 
zens and  had  made  choice  of  the  bor- 
ough of  Lancaster  for  the  establishment 
of  a  college  because  of  the  central  and 
healthy  situation  of  the  place,  the  charac- 
ter of  its  inhabitants,  the  conveniences 
with  which  students  of  ever}^  description 
might  be  accommodated  with  board  and 
lodging  and  the  probability  that  the  nec- 
essary buildings  might  be  secured  at  a 
moderate  expense. 

The  plan  further  suggests  that  the 
design  of  the  institution  is  to  promote 
an  accurate  knowledge  of  the  German 
and  English  languages,  also  of  the 
learned  languages,  of  mathematics, 
morals  and  natural  philosophy,  divinity 
and  all  such  other  branches  of  literature 
as  will  tend  to  make  men  good  citizens. 
The  institution  was  under  the  direction 
of  forty  trustees,  fourteen  from  the  Re- 
formed Church,  the  remaining  trustees 
to  be  chosen  indiscriminately  from  any 
other  society  of  Christians.  The  prin- 
cipals of  the  institution  were  to  be 
chosen  from  the  Refonned  and  Lutheran 
Churches  alternately,  unless  such  of  the 
trustees  as  belonged  to  these  societies 
should    unanimously    agree    to    choose 


some  suitable  person  from  any  other  so- 
ciety of  Christians.  From  a  profound 
respect  for  the  character  of  His  Excel- 
lency the  President  of  the  State,  the  in- 
stitution was  to  be  called  Franklin  Col- 
lege.    *     *     * 

Li  recognition  of  the  petition  referred 
to     the     Legislature     of     Pennsylvania 
granted   a   charter   to   Franklin    College 
on  the   loth  of  March,   1787.     The  sec- 
tion of  the  document  reads  as   follows : 
"Whereas,   the  citizens   of  this  state  of 
German   birth   or    extraction    have    emi- 
nently   contributed    by    their    industry, 
economy  and  public  virtues  to  raise  the 
state  to  its  present  happiness  and  pros- 
perity,  and   whereas,   a  number  of  citi- 
zens   of    the   above    description    in    con- 
junction  with  others,    from   a   desire  to 
increase  and  perpetuate  the  blessings  de- 
rived  to    them    from    the    possession    of 
property   and   a    free   government,   have 
applied  to  this  house  for  a  charter  of  in- 
corporation and  a  donation  of  lands  for 
the  purpose  of  establishing  and  endow- 
ing a  college  and  a  charity  school  in  the 
borough  of  Lancaster,  and  whereas,  the 
preservation    of    the    Christian    religion 
and  of  our  republican  form  of  govern- 
ment in  their  purity  depends  under  God 
in  a  great  measure  on  the  establishment 
and  support  of  suitable  places  of  educa- 
tion   for   the   purpose   of   training  up   a 
succession  of  youth,   who  by  being  en- 
abled   fully   to   understand   the   grounds 
of  both  may  be  led  the  more  zealously 
to  practice  the  one  or  the  more  strenu- 
ously to  defend  the  other;  therefore,  be 
it  enacted  and  it  is  hereby  enacted  by  the 
representatives   of  the   free  men  of   the 
commonwealth  of  Pennsylvania  in  Gen- 
eral Assembly  met  and  by  the  authority 
of    the    same,    that    there    shall    be    and 
hereby   it   is   enacted   and   established   in 
the  said  borough  of  Lancaster  and  the 
county  of  Lancaster  in  this  state  a  col- 
lege and  charity  school  for  the  instruc- 
tion  of  youth   in   the   German,   English, 
Latin,    Greek    and    other    learned    lan- 
guages, in  theology  and  the  useful  arts, 
sciences  and  literature,  the  title  and  con- 
stitution   of    which    college    shall   be    as 
hereinafter  set  forth,  that  is  to  say,  from 
a  profound  respect   for  the  talents,  vir- 


CHARTER  ANNIVERSARY  OF  b'     AND  M.  COLLEGE 


869 


tues  and  services  to  mankind  in  general 
but  more  especially  to  this  country  of 
His  Excellency,  Benjamin  Franklin, 
Esq.,  President  of  the  Supreme. E.xecu- 
tive  Council,  the  said  Collc.s^'e  shall  be 
and  hereby  is  denominated  Franklin  Col- 
lege." 

Then  follows  a  list  of  the  first  trus- 
tees of  the  college,  a  long  line  of  in- 
fluential men.  Four  of  them,  Rush,  Mc- 
Kean,  Clymer,  and  Morris,  had  been 
signers  of  the  Declaration  of  Independ- 
ence. A  number  of  them,  Muhlenberg, 
Mifflin,  Daniel  and  Joseph  Hiester, 
Chambers,  Farmer,  Crawford,  and 
others,  had  been  officers  in  the  Revolu- 
tionary War.  Mifflin,  McKean  and 
Joseph  Hiester  became  governors  of 
Pennsylvania.  Several  of  the  trustees 
became  senators  of  the  United  States,  a 
number  were  prominent  citizens  of  Lan- 
caster, Casper  Schaffner,  Jasper  Yeates 
and  others.  There  were  names  of  Re- 
formed, Lutheran  and  Moravian  minis- 
ters ;  the  Cathlolic  priest  of  Lancaster 
was  also  on  the  list.  These  trustees 
were  empowered  by  their  charter  to  take 
to  themselves  and  their  successors  for  the 
use  of  the  College,  "not  more  than  the 
yearly  value  of  £10,000,  vahiing  one 
Portugal  half  Johannes  weighing  nine 
penny  weight  at  three  pounds."    ■■'    *    * 

According  to  the  provision  of  the 
charter  a  meeting  of  the  trustees  was 
called  in  Lancaster,  June  6,  1787.  A 
printed  circular  was  sent  out  by  pastors 
Helmuth  and  Weiberg  announcing  that 
the  first  German  college  in  America  was 
about  to  be  founded.  The  circular  opens 
by  stating  that  agreeable  prospects  have 
been  opened  to  the  Gennan  nation  in 
this  western  land,  and  God  has  especially 
blessed  tiie  Germans  in  Pennsylvania, 
that  while  numbers  of  them  were  poor 
and  forsaken  when  they  came  to  this 
country,  their  industry  and  the  blessing 
of  the  Lord  had  i)laced  many  of  them  in 
prosperous  circumstances.  The  circular 
further  states  that  while  the  Germans 
have  hel])ed  to  make  Pennsylvania  the 
"Garden  Spot  oi  North  America"  they 
have  not  considered  that  a  true  republi- 
can must  also  possess  education  so  as 
to  take  part  in  directing  the  rudder  of 


government  and  to  give  its  children  an 
opportunity  of  rising  to  the  higher  levels 
of  republican  utility.  Now,  continues 
the  circular, ,  the  fortunate  moment  has 
arrived  for  the  Germans,  for  in  this  first 
German  college  in  America  not  only  the 
Germans  but  many  not  Germans  were 
deeply   interested.     '■=     *     * 

It  must  have  been  an  imposing  sight 
that  met  the  gaze  of  the  citizens  of  Lan- 
caster on  the  morning  of  June  6,  1787. 
The  procession  marching  from  the  court- 
house to  the  German  Lutheran  Church 
headed  by  the  sheriff  and  coroner  of  the 
county,  followed  by  pupils  and  faculty 
and  trustees  of  the  college,  and  officers 
of  the  Reformed,  Lutheran,  Presby- 
terian, Roman  Catholic,  Episcopalian 
and  Moravian  congregations  of  Lancas- 
ter, then  by  the  members  of  the  Re- 
formed Synod  and  Lutheran  Ministerium 
and  finally  by  the  officers  of  the  militia. 

In  spite  of  all  the  splendid  prepara- 
tions, however,  that  were  made  for  a  Ger- 
man college  in  Pennsylvania,  or  rather 
for  a  college  on  behalf  of  the  Germans, 
it  cannot  be  said  that  Franklin  College 
fulfilled  the  immediate  expectations  of 
its  well-meaning  founders.  German  in- 
fluence in  American  education  was  not 
yet  destined  to  be  either  consecutive  or 
lasting.  French  influence  seemed  to  be 
stronger  in  American  education  imme- 
diately after  the  Revolution  than  the 
German.     '■'•'■     *     '•' 

While  the  French  influence  was  to  be 
largely  supplanted  by  the  German  in  the 
American  educational  institutions  of  the 
nineteenth  century,  one  feels  that  Frank- 
lin College  was  born  almost  too  early  to 
get  the  full  benefit  of  all  the  impetus 
that  ought  to  have  come  to  it  from  the 
land  of  Schiller  and  Goethe,  of  Kant  and 
Fichte  and  Schelling. 

Yet  Franklin  College  was  not  a  fail- 
ure. It  was  a  prophecy.  We  have  no 
apologies  to  make  for  the  long,  hard 
^•ears  of  earnest  struggle  on  the  part  of 
the  friends  and  patrons  of  the  institution. 
It  fought  its  way  through  a  period  of 
deep  darkness,  almost  of  despair  at  times, 
but  in  1849  after  s^xty-t^^•o  years  of  ex- 
istence, the  board  of  trustees  could  with 


870 


THE  PENN   GERMANIA 


good  conscience  place  on  record  the  fol- 
lowing resolution :  "This  institution  is 
worthy  of  the  honorable  name  she  has 
assumed  and  will  retain  it.  Since  the 
year  1787,  under  adverse  circumstances, 
she  has  sustained  a  classical  and  mathe- 
matical school,  without  participating  in 
the  bounty  of  the  state.  It  is  true  she 
received  ten  thousand  acres  as  a  dona- 
tion in  waste  lands  from  the  state,  but  for 
manv  years  worthless  and  expensive  to 
the  corporation,  nevertheless  by  careful 
conduct  and  an  economical  policy,  she 
has  accumulated  a  capital  of  $40,000, 
whilst  other  sister  institutions.  aUhough 
sectarian,  and  receiving  the  full  bounty 
of  the  state,  have  failed." 

This  resolution  was  passed  while  ne- 
gotiations were  going  on  which  resulted 
in  the  agreement  that  "one-third  of  the 
money    belonging    to    Franklin    College 


should  be  transferred  to  the  trustees  of 
Pennsylvania  College  at  Gettysburg  to 
endow  with  it  the  Franklin  PrO'fessor- 
ship,  the  remaining  two-thirds  to  be  re- 
tained at  Lancaster  and  given  to  the 
trustees  of  Marshall  College  on  condition 
of  its  removal  to  Lancaster,  and  its  car- 
rying on  collegiate  operations'  under  the 
name  of  Franklin  and  Marshall  College." 
Another  reason  why  Franklin  Col- 
lege did  not  in  its  early  days  meet  all  the 
immediate  expectations  of  its  patrons  is 
perhaps  the  fact  that  it  was  not  really  an 
outgrowth  of  German  life.  It  stood,  as 
has  been  well  said,  "not  so  much  for 
what  the  German  citizens  of  Pennsyl- 
vania were  doing  for  themselves  educa- 
tionally as  for  what  was  being  done  in 
their  behalf  by  others."  It  was  a  move- 
ment impelled  from  without  rather  than 
from  within. 


The  German-  Our  remarks     on     the 

American  Press  failure  of  the  German- 
American  press  in  its 
cultural  mission  has  evidently  fallen  on 
fertile  soil.  We  have  been  assailed  for 
our  point  of  view,  but  we  have  at  least 
aroused  discussion — the  first  step  to  re- 
form. Some  German-American  news- 
papers, like  the  Louisville  Anzcii^cr,  at- 
tempt to  justify  the  pandering  to  so- 
cial snobbishness  in  the  columns  of  th'" 
German-American  press.  Others  are 
ashamed  of  it,  but  insist  on  its  necessity. 
The  Anzciger  also  points  to  the  splendid 
service  of  the  German-American  papers 
in  the  time  of  the  Civil  War.  and  still 
later,  when  they  were  actively  engaged 
in  defeating  Mr.  P>ryan's  argent  arith- 
metic. All  these  achievements,  however, 
lie  in  the  past.  Vcw  papers  adoi)t  the 
bovine  attitude  of  the  Chicago  ll'ochcu- 


blatt  which  complacently  declares  in  ef- 
fect:  'AVe  are  satisfied  with  German 
culture.  We  don't  care  for  American 
culture.'"  Such  a  statement  is  actual 
treason  to  the  ideals  of  the  New  World. 
The  German-speaking  press  has  the  su- 
preme task  of  making  better  Americans 
of  new-comers  to  this  country  and  of 
mediating  culturally  between  the  two 
countries.  The  German-American  press, 
as  we  have  stated  before,  is  frequently 
equally  false  to  our  ideals  as  well  as  to 
those  of  the  old  world.  Living  in  an  in- 
land island  intellectually,  a  large  ma- 
jority of  the  editors  deliberately  ignore 
the  ])rogress  of  the  world  outside  of 
their  own  ])etty  and  provincial  domain. 
They  fail,  because  they  fail  to  respond  to 
the  demands  of  their  readers  and  to  the 
demands  of  the  times. — The  Interna- 
tional. 


The  Prohibition  Question 


Argument  Delivered    by    C.  J.   Hexamer,   President   of   the  National 

German  American  Alliance,  at  a  Hearing  before  the  Committee 

on  the  Judiciary  of  the   Senate,  March  9,  1912. 

We  published  in  our  April  issue  an  invitation  for  communications  on  the 
question.  "What  in  view  of  German  history  and  ideals  and  the  best  interests  of 
our  Nation  should  be  the  attitude  of  citizens  of  German  descent  on  the  prohibi- 
tion of  the  liciuor  traffic?"  The  following  argument  delivered  before  the  committee 
on  the  judiciary  of  the  Senate.  March  9,  191 2  by  C.  J.  Hexamer  of  Philadelphia, 
Pa.,  states  the  attitude  of  the  National  Cxcrman  American  Alliance  on  the  question. 


Mr.  Chairman  and  Gentlemen  of  the 
Committee : 

As  the  President  of  the  National  Ger- 
man American  Alliance,  I  beg  leave  to 
thank  you  for  your  courtesy  in  granting 
us  this  iiearing.  Permit  me  to  state  that 
the  National  Gemian  American  Alliance 
is  a  patriotic  American  organization,  in- 
corporated by  Act  of  Congress,  the 
Branches  of  which  extend  into  every 
State  and  territory  of  the  Union,  with 
a  total  membership  of  over  two  millions. 
The  members  of  our  Alliance  have  no 
ulterior  motives  for  appearing  before 
you  ;  it  is  solely  in  behalf  of  good  Ameri- 
can citizenship  that  we  come  here  from 
our  homes  to  beseech  you,  not  to  pass 
any  "Prohibition"  measure.  For  these 
bills.  "To  prohibit  interstate  commerce 
in  intoxicating  liquors  in  certain  cases," 
are  rank  prohibition  measures. 

As  L\-man  Abbott  has  well  said  in  his 
book  ''America  in  the  Making"  (New 
Haven,  Yale  University  Press,  191 1,  page 
71,  etc.)  : 

"To  William  of  (Grange,  more  than  to 
any  other  man,  is  the  credit  due  of  dis- 
covering the  ])rinciple  of  religious  lib- 
ert}'  '^'  "  ■■'  It  is  for  the  twentieth 
century  to  apply  the  same  principle  to 
ethical  difTerences.  "*•'  *  *  The  total 
abstainer  has  a  right  to  demand  that  the 
saloon  shall  not  be  maintained  as  a  pub- 
lic nuisance ;  and  the  German  beer- 
drinker  has  a   right   to  demand  that  he 


^hall  not  be  banished  to  the  milk  dairy 
and  the  soda  water  fountain.  *  *  * 
Is  it  right  to  drink  wine  and  beer?  It 
is  right  for  each  individual  to  decide  that 
question  for  himself  and  for  the  com- 
munity to  put  such  regulations  on  the 
sale  of  wine  and  beer,  and  only  such,  as 
are  necessary  to  prevent  popular  ex- 
cesses and  public  disorder.  In  brief,  in 
a  community  in  which  religious  ideals 
differ,  religious  non-conformity,  with 
protection  of  the  common  right  of  all, 
has  been  found  to  be  the  solution.  In  a 
community  in  which  ethical  ideals  dift'er, 
ethical  non-conformity,  with  protection 
of  the  rights  of  all  will  be  found  the  so- 
lution. It  is  the  only  solution  possible 
in  a  self-governing  community." 

It  is  on  broad  general  principles  such 
as  these  that  we  protest  against  the  i:)as- 
sage  of  the  bills  before  you. 

The  following  resolutions  were  passed 
by  the  National  Executive  Committee  of 
the  National  German  American  Alliance, 
and  were  indorsed  by  the  Executive 
Council  of  each  State  Branch  in  every 
State  of  the  Union : 

"Whereas,  It  has  come  to  our  knowl- 
edge that  another  effort  will  be  made  to 
l)ass  an  interstate  liquor  bill ;  and 

Whereas,  Such  a  law  would  be  a  se- 
vere check  to  the  volition  of  sane  people 
and  an  encroachment  of  the  personal  lib- 
erty guaranteed  to  every  citizen  of  our 
land  bv  the  Constitution, 


871 


872 


THE   PENN    GERMANIA. 


Be  it  Resolved,  That  the  National 
German  American  AlHance  most  respect- 
fully petitions'  the  members  of  Congress 
not  to  vote  for  such  a  measure,  and  also 
to  use  their  best  endeavors  to«>def€at  any 
such  bill. 

Resolved,  That  a  copy  of  these  reso- 
lutions be  transmitted  to  every  member 
of  Congress." 

Similar  resolutions,  copies  of  which 
are  now  being  forwarded  to  the  House 
of  Representatives  and  to  the  Senate, 
were  passed  by, our  State  Branches  and 
by  about  8,500  associations  and  societies. 

We  respectfully  petition  your  Honor- 
able Body  not  to  pass  the  measure  now 
pending  before  you,  because  they  are  not 
only  prohibition  bills  pure  and  simple, 
but  also  because  they  would  foster  on 
the  Government  of  the  United  States 
duties  that  each  vState  should  perform  for 
itself.  They  would,  if  passed,  give  rise 
to  endless  friction,  creating  serious  dis- 
turbances, riot  and  bloodshed. 

Can  any  one,  who  has  studied  the 
drink  question,  actually  believe  that  men 
can  be  made  temperate  through  attempts 
at  prohibition?  Just  as  little  as  you  can 
make  men  good  and  noble  through  the 
enactment  of  laws,  just  as  little  can  you 
make  them  temperate  through  such 
agencies.  Education,  aimelioration  of 
surrounding  conditions,  physical  culture 
( for  the  man  or  the  woman,  who  has 
been  taught  to  take  care  of  the  body,  will 
be  careful  not  to  ruin  it  through  strong 
drink),  exercise,  fresh  air  and  sunshine 
through  proper  playgrounds  and  parks', 
w^holesome  recreation  through  free  lec- 
tures, moving  picture  shows  and  otlier 
free  amusements  for  the  masses,  will  in 
time  solve  the  problem.  While  attempts 
at  prohibition  will  cause  contempt  for 
the  law,  will  create  law-breakers,  will  be 
an  additional  incentive  to  try  "the;  for- 
bidden fruit,"  and,  in  prohibition  States 
will  drive  people  to  the  vile  stuff  of  the 
smuggler,  the  bootlegger,  the  speak- 
easy, the  blind  tiger,  the  gambling  houses, 
the  brothels  and  other  dens  of  vice.  By 
such  a  law  you  will,  in  my  humble  esti- 
mation, help  no  one.  but  you  will,  on  the 
contrary,  create  an  endless  source  of 
trouble. 


Hon.  James  C.  Carter,  for  many  years 
the  recognized  leader  of  the  American 
Bar,  prepared  a  series  of  lectures  to  be 
delivered  at  Harvard  University  on  "The 
-Lazv;  Its  Origin,  Grozvth .and  FunctiQus." 
His  sudden  death  prevented  their  deliv- 
ery, and  they  were  printed  by  G.  P.  Put- 
nam's Sons  in  book  fonn.  In  his'  discus- 
sion of  the  functions  of  legislation,  and 
particularly  of  laws  affecting  personal 
liberty  and  the  question  of  local  option 
and  prohibition,  he  uttered  these  wise 
words : 

"The  principal  danger  lies  in  the  at- 
tempt often  made  to  convert  into  crimes 
acts  regarded  by  large  numbers,  per- 
haps a  majority,  as  innocent — that  is,  to 
practice  what  is,  in  fact,  tyranny.  We 
all  are  ready  to  agree  that  tyranny  is  a 
very  mischievous  thing;  there  is  not  a 
right  understanding  equally  general  of 
what  tyranny  i  s.  Some  think  that 
tyranny  is  a  fault  only  of  despots,  and 
cannot  be  committed  under  a  republican 
form  of  government ;  they  think  that  the 
maxim  that  the  majority  must  govern 
justifies  the  majority  in  governing  as  it 
pleases,  and  requires  the  minority  to  ac- 
quiesce with  cheerfulness  in  legislation 
of  any  character,  as  if  what  is  called  self- 
government  were  a  scheme  by  which  dif- 
ferent parts  of  a  community  may  alter- 
nately enjoy  the  privilege  of  tyrannizing 
over  each  other." 

As  devoted  citizens  of  this  country,  we 
Americans  of  German  birth  or  descent 
hold  ourselves  second  to  none  in  our  de- 
votion to  the  cause  of  true  temperance 
and  to  all  that  makes  for  the  sanctity  and 
purity  of  the  home,  and  decency  and  or- 
der in  the  State ;  but  we  are  bitterly  op- 
posed to  the  passage  of  any  law  that  de- 
stroys our  rights  of  personal  liberty ;  and 
for  the  protection  of  those  rights  we 
stand  united  as  one  body.  As  free  and 
sovereign  members  of  a  free  and  sover- 
eign people,  we  believe  that  we  have  the 
right  to  regulate  our  lives  and  our  homes 
as  we  see  fit.  The  right  to  drink  our 
wine  and  our  beer,  and  to  import  if  we 
consider  as  absolute  an  attribute  of  hu- 
man  liberty  as  is  the  right  to  buy  any 
other  food.  The  divine  right  of  each  to 
pursue  his  own  good  in  his   own   way 


THE     PROHIBITION   QUESTION 


873 


should  not  be  sacrificed  to  the  fears  and 
the  fanaticism  of  those  who  regard  or 
pretend  to  regard  drink  as  a  crime.  We 
have  never  allowed  our  love  of  food  and 
drink  to  degenerate  into  intemperance  or 
to  interfere  with  the  good  of  the  com- 
munity, and  we  regard  these  bills  as  an 
unrighteous  invasion  of  our  manhood 
rights  and  of  human  freedom,  and  as  one 
of  the  most  misleading  and  iniquitous 
measures  ever  introduced  into  Congress. 
We  pray  for  its  defeat,  because  this  is 
the  overwhelming  sentiment  of  our  pop- 
ulation of  German  origin,  roughly  speak- 
ing, about  one-third  of  our  nation.  In 
proof  of  this  statement  I  beg  leave  to 
state  that  there  are  about  700  newspapers 
published  in  the  German  language  in  this 
country,  and,  as  far  as  I  am  aware,  these 
have  without  exception  approved  of  our 
stand.  We  Americans  of  German  birth 
or  extraction,  object  to  this  bill  because 
its  passage  would  be  a  sad  blow  aimed 
at  a  fundamental  principle  of  righteous- 
ness, sacred  to  every  manly  man — what 
is  at  stake,  and  let  us  not  close  our  eyes 
to  the  fact,  is  the  divine  right  of  indi- 
vidual liberty.  The  right,  as  the  great 
philosopher,  Herbert  Spencer,  tersely  put 
it,  that  "Every  man  is  free  to  do  that 
which  he  wills,  provided  he  infringes  not 
the  equal  freedom  of  any  other  man." 
The  strongest  plea  that  can  be  put  for- 
ward in  favor  of  this  iniquitous  measure 
is  that  it  would  enable  the  government  of 
Drohibition  states  to  prevent  persons  to 
bring  a  glass  of  beer  to  their  tables  be- 
cause a  prevailing  majority  in  such 
states,  desires,  or  pretends  to  desire,  this 
end.  Let  us  hope,  Mr.  Chairman,  that 
the  spirit  of  liberty  has  not  sunk  so  low 
in  this  our  beloved  Republic  that  national 
laws  can  be  enacted  to  crush  the  indi- 
vidual freedom  of  an  intelligent  minority 
in  states  that  cannot  enforce  their  own 
police  regulations. 

What  sliall  other  nations  think  of  the 
ethics  of  a  people  that  would  pass  a  law, 
like  the  Sheppard  Bill,  which  in  the  sec- 
ond section  contains  these  words : 

''Sec.  2.  That  there  shall  be  no  prop- 
erty right  in  or  to  any  such  liquor  while 
in  the  possession  of  any  railway  com- 
pany, express  company,  or  other  common 


carrier,  in  connection  with  an}'  shipment 
or  transportation  thereof  in  violation  of 
this  act." 

The  spirit  of  intolerance  is  one  repug- 
nant to  the  spirit  of  the  age  and  doubly 
so  to  every  student  of  history  and  to 
every  admirer  of  Republican  institutions. 
Especially  should  our  national  legislation 
be  jealously  guarded  against  the  influ- 
ence oi  the  hysterical  shrieks  of  fanati- 
cism. In  our  national  legislators  we 
should  have  a  stalwart  bulwark  against 
the  erratic  impracticable  experiments 
that  are  sometimes  tried  by  State  Legis- 
latures, laws  that  are  enacted  by  state 
legislators  goaded  on  by  the  pricks  of 
fanaticism. 

Let  us  frankly  ask,  what  has  prohibi- 
tion, in  favor  of  which  sane  beings  are 
now  also  to  be  bereft  of  their  volition 
by  national  legislation,  accomplished? 

The  answer  has  also  been  clearly  given 
by  a  commission  of  eminent,  unbiased 
men  of  national  reputation.  In  their  in- 
troduction of  the  results  of  an  investi- 
gation of  "The  Liquor  Problem,"  Charles 
W.  Eliot,  Seth  Low  and  James  C.  Car- 
ter have  over  their  signatures  stated: 
"There  have  been  concomitant  evils  of 
prohibitory  legislation.  The  efforts  to  en- 
force it  during  forty  years  past  have  had 
some  unlooked-for  effects  on  public  re- 
spect for  courts,  judicial  procedure, 
oaths',  and  law  in  general,  and  for  offi- 
cers of  the  law,  legislators,  and  public 
servants.  The  public  have  seen  law  de- 
fied, a  whole  generation  of  habitual  law- 
breakers schooled  in  evasion  and  shame- 
lessness,  courts  ineft'ective  through  fluc- 
tuations of  policy,  delays,  injuries,  neg- 
ligences, and  other  miscarriages  of  jus- 
tice, officers  of  the  law  double-faced  and 
mercenary,  legislators  timid  and  insin- 
cere, candidates  for  office  hypocritical 
and  truckling,  and  officeholders  unfaith- 
ful to  pledges  and  to  reasonable  public 
expectation." 

In  every  crisis,  in  Colonial  times  as 
well  as  during  our  national  existence, 
the  German  element  in  our  land  has  stood 
for  order  and  good  common  sense,  and 
has  always  counciled  well.  As  early  as 
1688  our  forefathers  at  Germantown 
passed  the  first  of  all  protests  against 


874 


THE  PENN:  GERMANIA 


slavery;  what  misery  would  have  been 
averted  had  their  advice  then  been 
heeded;  their  declaration  for  independ- 
ence at  Philadelphia  antedates  that  of 
Jefferson ;  they  fed  and  clothed  the  army 
of  Washington  at  V^alley  Forge,  they 
gave  the  cause  of  liberty  a  DeKalb, 
Steuben,  "the  Father  of  the  American 
Army,"  a  Herkimer  and  a  Muhlenberg, 
a  Strieker  and  an  Armistead  defended 
and  saved  Baltimore  in  1814,  about  200,- 
000  of  them  fought  and  bled  that  not 
one  star  should  be  torn  from  the  field  of 
blue  of  our  glorious  banner,  and  when 
the  fiat  money  craze  spread  over  the 
country  they,  regardless  of  party,  stood 
as  one  man,  for  national  honor  and  hon- 
esty, voting  for  sound  money.  We  plead 
again  to-day,  because  we  honestly  be- 
lieve that  the  passage  of  this  bill  would 
be  a  grievous  mistake,  creating  a  pre- 
cedent the  final  outcome  of  which  cannot 
now  be  foreseen,  and  because  we  feel 
that  it  would  be  an  irreparable  blow  to 
individual  liberty  and  the  sacred  institu- 
tions of  our  country. 


In  the  words  of  that  great  American 
jurist,  Hon.  James  C.  Carter:  "Any  leg- 
islation which  bears  the  characteristics 
of  tyranny,  as  I  have  defined  that  term, 
is  vicious  in  theory  and  has  never  yet 
succeeded,  and  never  will  succeed,  in 
gaining  its  avowed  end,  or  in  having  any 
other  than  an  injurious  effect;  and  I  ven- 
ture to  add  that  if  the  zeal  and  labors 
which  have  been  employed  by  what  are 
called  the  better  classes  of  society  in  ef- 
forts to  enact  and  enforce  laws  repres- 
sive of  liberty,  had  been  expended  in 
kindly  and  sympathetic  efforts  to  change 
and  elevate  the  thoughts  and  desires  of 
those  less  fortunate  than  themselves,  a 
benefit  would  have  been  reaped  in  the 
diminution  of  misery  and  crime,  which 
compulsory  laws  could  never  accom- 
plish. Moral  ends  can  never  be  gained 
except  by  moral  means.  All  the  advances 
in  civilization  and  morality  which  society 
has  thus  far  made,  are  due  to  the  culti- 
vation and  development  of  those  moral 
sympathies  which  find  their  activity  in 
co-operation  and  mutual  aid." 


Penna.  German  Washington,  July  10. — ■ 
Illiteracy  Some  of  the  experts  of 

the  bureau  of  education 
have  been  putting  in  the  hot  days  this 
summer  examining  the  signatures  of  old 
documents  of  colonial  days  to  see  how 
many  of  our  forefathers  could  wirite 
their  own  names.  They  found  an  as- 
tonishing amount  of  illiteracy  among  our 
best  people — that  is,  astonishing  to  us 
in  these  days  of  compulsory  education, 
but  not  so  astounding  considering  the 
difficulties  of  getting  an  education  200 
years  ago. 

After  counting  nearly  100,000  signa- 
tures and  marks,  the  experts  found  that 
the  people  of  Massachusetts  were  best 
educated,  and  those  of  Virginia  least. 
The  New  York  Dutch  and  the  Pennsyl- 
vania Germans  were  above  the  average 
in  education. 

In  IVLassachusetts  11  per  cent,  of  the 
men  who  attested  legal     papers     made 


their  marks  instead  of  signing.  In  the 
middle  of  the  seventeenth  century  58  per 
cent,  of  Massachusetts  women  could  not 
write  their  own  names.  By  the  end  of 
the  century  this  percentage  had  fallen 
to  38. 

In  Virginia  of  over  2000  men  who 
signed  jury  lists  in  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury 40  per  cent,  made  their  marks  and 
of  over  12,000  who  signed  legal  papers 
40  per  cent,  made  their  marks. 

An  examination  of  legal  papers  filed 
by  Pennsylvania  Germans  showed  that 
26  per  cent,  of  the  men  were  illiterate. 
Among  the  Dutch  of  New  York  illiter- 
acy declined  from  40  per  cent,  in  1675 
to  six  per  cent,  in  1738. 

In  all  the  colonies  women  possessed 
the  scantiest  educations.  In  Virginia  76 
per  cent,  of  the  w'omen  were  illiterate ;  in 
New  York  60  per  cent.,  in  Massachu- 
setts, 58  per  cent. 


Family  Reunions 


This  year  saw  the  usual  crop  of  fam- 
ily reunions ;  some  new  ones  springing 
up  taking-  the  place  of  others  that  do 
not  meet  annually.  While  among  some 
clans  enthusiasm  seems  growing,  among 
others  lack  of  interest  is  evident.  With 
some  families  these  gatherings  are  but 
a  passing  fad  to  be  dropped  when  they 
cease  to  amuse ;  w^ith  others  they  are  a 
serious  undertaking  demanding  the  most 
careful  attention. 

The  programs  for  such  gatherings 
vary  very  considerably  being  influenced 
by  the  motives  actuating  the  participants. 
A  random  study  of  reports  shows  that 
at  the  various  meetings  there  were 
speeches,  vocal  and  instrumental  music, 
amusements,  baseball,  dinner,  supper, 
camping,  recitations,  taking  pictures, 
gifts  to  youngest  and  oldest,  addresses 
in  "Penna.  Dutch,"  and  minstrel  shows, 
wheelbarrow,  egg  and  sack  races,  tugs 
of  war,  jumping,  foot  races,  recital  of 
family  history,  etc. 

We  give  below  stray  notes  respecting 
some  of  the  reunions,  culled  from  news- 
papers. 

If  each  family  were  to  gather  the  frag- 
ments of  their  history  and  piece  these  to- 
gether and  make  them  accessible  to  the 
writers  and  teachers  of  our  country's 
history  they  would  be  doing  the  cause 
of  general  history  a  great  service.  The 
need  of  co-operation  bv  those  working  in 
this  field  of  histpr}'  is  becoming-  more 
and  more  evident.  How  soon  will  the 
German  clans  organize  a  Genealogical 
Society?     Who  will  set  the  ball  rolling? 

TJCHTENWALXER  FA^IILY. 

Several  hundred  descendants  of  Jo- 
hannes Lichtenwalncr.  who  with  his 
good  wife  Barbara  and  one  son  arrived 
on  the  ship  "Samuel  of  London"  in  Phil- 
adelphia, on  August  17.  1733.  gathered 
August  8  in  their  eighth  annual  reunion 
at  Dorney  Park  where  the  ties  of  friend- 
ship were  more  firmly  cemented. 


It  has  been  discovered  that  a  descend- 
ant of  Johannes,  named  John  Lichten- 
walncr, born  in  Macungie  township  in 
1738,  served  as  a  first  lieutenant  under 
Col.  Geo.  Breinig  of  a  regiment  of  mili- 
tia in  the  Revolutionary  War. 

Johannes  Lichtenwalncr  settled  in  Ma- 
cungie township  in  1734  but  the  land  in 
that  section  was  not  productive  enough 
and  in  1738  found  him  settled  in  North 
Whitehall  township  where  he  took  up  a 
grant  of  over  400  acres  from  William 
Penn.  But  two  sons  of  his  were  known 
to  have  children  and  these  were  Johann, 
Jr.,  of  whom  the  branch  which  assem-^ 
bled  are  descendants  and  Abraham 
wihose  descendants  Ijve  mostly  in  Ohio. 
In  that  state  the  reunion,  which  is  held 
annually  on  the  fair  grounds  at  Cleve- 
land, attracts  thousands. 

DANIEL  WEIKEL  FAMILY. 

The  annual  gathering  of  the  family  of 
Daniel  and  Caroline  Weikel  near  Gowen 
City,  drew  together  their  seventeen  chil- 
dren. They  had  eighteen  children  and 
seventeen  are  living,  the  other  having- 
died  in  infancy.  The  father's  age  is  74 
and  the  wife's  64  years.  The  oldest 
daughter.  Frances  Weikel,  married 
Francis  Weikel  and  follows  close  after 
the  parents  with  a  family  of  fourteen. 
There  are  seventy-nine  grandchildren 
and  twelve  great-grandchildren.  Count- 
ing- the  husbands  and  wives  of  those 
married  the  entire  family  numbers  128. 

BLAUCH  FAMILY. 

At  least  3000  members  of  the  Blauch- 
Blough  family  met  near  Johnstown  .A-U- 
gust   T. 

The  original  John  Blau  probably 
settled  in  York  county.  He  died  in  1765 
leaving  his  widow  and  seven  children. 
Two  sons.  Daniel  and  Christian  Blanch, 
served  in  the  Revolution  and  it  is  un- 
doubtedlv  true  that  Samuel  Blanch,  who 


«7i 


876 


THE   PENN  GERMANIA 


was  also  a  soldier  in  that  same  war,  was 
an  older  son.  In  Carlisle  there  is  a  fam- 
ily of  Ploughs,  who  are  probably  de- 
scendants of  one  of  John's  sons.  There 
is. a  tradition  in  the  family  which  is  kept 
up  in  succeeding  generations  that  the 
oldest  son  be  named  John.  The  family 
is  no  doubt  a  direct  descendant  of  the 
original  Hans  or  John  Blau. 

Christian  Blau,  the  other  brother, 
went  to  Lebanon  township,  Lancaster 
county,  and  in  1761  there  is  recorded 
the  fact  that  he  bought  a  tract  of  land 
from  the  Penn  brothers.  There  are  no 
direct  records  of  this  brother  existing, 
but  many  of  his  family  are  yet  living  in 
that  section.  Most  of  these  belong  to 
the  Evangelical  and  L^nited  Brethren 
churches  and  probably  did  not  join  the 
Amish  and  Mennonite  churches  until  a 
period  later  than  the  Revolution,  for  sev- 
eral sons  of  Christian  Blau  fought  in 
that  war.  Christian  Blau  died  in  July, 
1786,  leaving  a  family  of  twelve  children. 

Jacob,  the  oldest  son,  married  .^nna 
Kauffman.  He  moved,  after  the  birth 
of  one  son,  David  Blouch,  to  Somerset 
cpunty,  in  1780.  He  located  on  Quem- 
ahoning  creek  and  is  generally  regarded 
as  the  founder  of  the  Ouemahoning 
branch  of.  the  Blauch-Blough  family.  It 
now  numbers  between  5000  and  8000 
persons  who  are  residents  of  almost 
every  state  in  the  I^nion  and  of  Canada.. 
John  Blc^uch.  one  of  his  .sons,  served  in 
the  war  'of  the  Revolution  and  another. 
s^in,  who  adopted  the  name  Plough,  be- 
came an  Indian  fighter.  It  is  supposed 
that  the  Ploughs  of  Texas  are  his  de- 
scendants. .\nother  son,  Abram 
Blanch,  was  probably  killed  by  the  Hes- 
sians during  the  Revolution. 

Christian  Blauch,  a  son  of  the  original 
Christian,  settled  in  Somerset  county  as 
early  as  1767.  He  died  at  the  age  of  34 
years,  leaving  his  widow  and  eight  chil- 
dren. He  was  a  native  of  Switzerland 
and  is  buried  at  Berlin,  Somerset  Coun- 
ty. David  Blauch,  the  youngest  son  of 
the  younger  Christian  Blauch,  emigrated 
to  Ohio,  where  he  founded  a  family,  now 


numbering  at  least  1000  people..  The 
Berlin  branch  of  the  Blauch-Blough  fam- 
ily undoubtedly  runs  into  the  thousands 
and  is  one  of  the  leading  branches  of  the 
western  Pennsylvania  clan.  It  is  rather 
well  scattered  now,  being  seen  in  all  the 
larger  cities  of  the  \\  est  and  Middle 
West. 

RENTZHEIMER  FAMILY. 

The  descendants  of  the  Rentzheimer 
family  gathered  at  Hellertown  for  the 
fourth  annual  reunion  with  slightly  more 
than  a  hundred  present,  among  whom 
wiere  the  oldest  living  members.  This 
family  contains  among  its  direct  descend- 
ants the  Rentzheimers,  Wagners,  Lau- 
bachs,  the  Mauchs  and  other  prominent 
people  in  the  social  life  at  Hellertown. 
At  Hellertown  and  vicinity  are  living 
l^ractically  all  the  present  descendants  of 
the  family,  very  few  having  migrated  to 
distant  parts  of  the  country.  The  pro- 
genitor, John  Karl  Rentzheimer,  came  to 
America  in  1774,  a  year  previous  to  the 
opening  of  the  Revolution.  He  joined 
the  colony  at  Germantown  after  landing 
at  Philadelphia.  The  spirit  of  independ- 
ence was  strong  in  his  veins  and  he  be- 
came a  member  of  the  army  a  year  later. 
He  fought  during  the  entire  struggle 
and  tben  became  the  stage  coach  drivei 
between  Bethlehem  and  Philadelphia. 
With  the  money  he  earned  and  for  his 
services  in  the  war  he  was  granted  a 
tract  of  soil  on  which  the  present  bor- 
ough of  Hellertown  was  later  built.  The 
tract  contained  almost  400  acres.  He 
was  very  active  in  church  and  other  pub- 
lic work.  One  of  his  grandsons,  John  F. 
Rentzheimer,  the  oldest  living  descend- 
ant of  the  old  name,  is  now  80  years  old 
and  was  present.  He  had  accomplished 
much  for  his  vicinity,  granting  land  on 
which  the  first  school  house  and  the 
Union  Church,  of  Hellertown.  were 
built.  His  cousin.  Tobias  Rentzheimer, 
of  PTellertown,  who  is  three  months 
younger,  was  also  there  and  the  old  men 
had  a  merry  chat  about  bygone  days. 
Mrs.  Thomas  Laiibach.  a  sister,  now  84 
years  old,  took  a  deep  interest  in  the  re- 
union. 


FAMILY  REUNIONS 


877 


REX   FAMILY. 

Between  700  and  800  members  and 
friends  of  the  Rex  family  whose  ances- 
tral connections  with  the  Lehig^h  Valley 
dates  back  to  an  early  period  in  the  set- 
tlement and  improvement  of  this  portion 
of  the  state,  and  whose  history  antedates 
the  beginnin^^  of  the  eig'hteenth  century, 
met  in  eleventh  annual  reunion  in  Ollie 
Moser's  park  at  Neffsville,  Au^'ust  31. 
This  branch  of  the  family  are  the  vle- 
scendants  of  the  pro,s^eny  of  on,^  of  two 
brothers  who  emigrated  to  this  country 
from  Germany  early  in  the  eighteenth 
century.  One  of  the  brothers  is  said  to 
have  settled  at  Germantow,n,  while  the 
other  appears  to  have  located  in  the 
northern  part  of  Washington  Township, 
along  Trout  Creek.  The  R.^xe>  early 
became  extensive  land  owner^.  One, 
Jacob  Rex.  in  1752,  built  a  large  stone 
house  which  is  still  standing  and  owned 
and  occupied  by  a  member  of  the  familv'. 
A  stone  set  in  the  wall  bears  the  inscrip- 
tion, "Anno  1752 — J.  R.,  M.  S."  Jacob 
Rex  was  born  in  1724,  married  Eliza- 
beth Ornerin  May  16,  1746,  lived  in  mat- 
rimony 36  years  and  died  in  1782,  leav- 
ing eleven  children,  fifty-five  grandchil- 
dren and  twelve  great-grandchildren. 
The  family  is  one  of  the  oldest  and  most 
honored  in  the  Lehigh  |VaP_ev,  and  are 
very  numerous  in  Upper  Lehigh  county 
and  in  Carbon  County.  The  Philadelphia 
branch  of  the  family  is  also  v^ry  strong 
and  meet  annually  in  reunion.  Xext 
year  a  joint  reunion  between  thes2  two 
branches  will  be  held,  the  place  and  date 
to  be  determined  arid  announce!  later. 

WILT  FAMILY. 

Held  the  first  reunion  at  Waldheim 
Park,  near  Allentown,  the  last  Saturday 
in  July.  O.  R.  Wilt.  Superintendent  of 
Schools,  of  South  Bethlehem,  Pa.,  spoke. 

Among  other  things  he  stated  that  the 
first  .\merican-born  child  of  the  familv, 
Joseph  Wilt,  was  l)orn  at  Maxatawny 
Township,  Berks  County,  during  the  lat- 
ter part  of  the  seventeenth  century.     It 


is  knowm  that  Joseph  Wilt  became  the 
father  of  at  least  two  sons,  Peter  and 
Jacob.  Peter  later  drifted  to  Virginia 
and  settled  there.  Jacob  became  married 
to  an  Engish  woman  by  the  name  of  Al- 
len, a  relative  of  the  Allen  after  whom 
Allentown  was  named.  Jacob  Wilt  served 
as  a  private  in  the  American  army  dur- 
ing the  Revolutionary  War,  serving  in  a 
French  division  of  the  army  under  Gen- 
eral Lafayette.  He  fought  in  a  numbei 
of  battles  and  was  present  at  the  stir- 
render  of  Cornwallis  at  Yorktown.  Jacob 
Wilt  was  the  great-grandfather  of  the 
speaker  who  through  his  father  came 
into  the  possession  of  many  pleasing  per- 
sonal reminiscences  of  the  life  of  the  es- 
teemed patriot  ancestor.  The  speaker 
also  touched  upon  the  life  of  one  of  the 
sons  of  Jacob  Wilt.  Joseph  bv  name,  vvho 
served  as  a  briga'^ier  general  p.tid  '"m- 
missioned  officer  in  the  American  army 
during  the  War  of  1812.  The  lineage  of 
the  family  down  to  the  present  genera- 
tion was  then  briefly  reviewed,  showing 
upwards  of  800  heads  of  Wilt  families 
scattered  over  the  United  States. 

NEWHARD  FAMILY. 

The  Newhards — also  Newhardt.  New- 
hard,  Neyhard  and  Neybart,  to  the  num- 
ber of  500  gathered  in  fifth  annual  re- 
union at  Dorney  Park,  August  21.  and 
enjoyed  an  interesting  and  entertaining 
program  of  exercises.  This  clan  enjoys 
an  uninterrupted  lineage  traceable  to  the 
year  1140  when  Conrad  Neuhardt,  of  the 
village  of  Neuhardt,  in  the  province  of 
Zweibruecken,  was  rewarded  for  his  skill 
as  an  armor  maker  by  Barbarossa,  the 
Red  Beard,  with  an  appointmeut  as  Sen- 
ator and  given  large  estates  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Zweibruecken.  The  American 
progenitors  of  the  Newhards,  Frederick, 
Michael  and  George,  came  to  this  coun- 
try in  1737  or  175  years  ago.  The  fan^- 
ily  history  teems  with  military  service, 
with  the  Newhards  in  the  Revolutionary 
War,  War  of  1812,  Mexican  War.  lb" 
Civil  War  and  the  Spanisih-American 
War. 


878 


THE   PENN  GERMANIA 


BENFIELD  FAMILY. 

..TJie  Benfields  in  customs,  dialect, 
residence  are  Pennsylvania  Germans,  al- 
though the  American  progenitor  was  of 
English  stock. 

The  Benfields  in  these  parts  are  de- 
scendants of  Thomas  Benfield,  an  Eng- 
lishman, who  probably  came  from  Dur- 
hamshire,  England,  in  1710  and  settled 
in  Oley.  Several  warrants  are  still  in 
existence  showing  that  the  progenitor 
"Wlas  the  possessor  of  several  tracts  of 
land  in  Oley  township  as  early  as  1728. 

His  family  consisted  of  seven  chil- 
dren, two  sons  and  five  daughters.  Of 
these  John  and  Samuel  lived  on  or  near 
the  old  'homestead  for  many  years. 
Later  John  moved  to  Virginia,  starting 
the  Virginia  and  North  Carolina  branch, 
while  Samuel  moved  to  Alban}'  town- 
ship and  became  the  head  of  the  North- 
ampton and  Lehig-h  branch,  which  later 
extended  west  into  Kansas  and  Missouri, 
until  now  his  lineal  descendants  arc 
scattered  over  27  states  of  the  Union  to 
ihe  Sandwich  Islands  and  Cuba. 

Part  of  the  family  of  the  progenitor's 
son,  Jacob,  a  son  Henry  K..  alone  re- 
mained east  and  was  married  to  Rebecca 
Becker,  a  native  of  Pike,  Berks  county. 
They  raised  a  family  of  eight  sons  and 
•  one  daughter,  five  of  whom  still  live. 
The  oldest  of  the  Benfield  clan  is  84 
years  of  age. 

The  descendants  of  Henry  K.  Ben- 
field and  'his  wife,  Rebecca,  now  num- 
ber about  350  persons  and  thev  are  scat- 
tered over  Berks,  Lehigh,  Montgomery 
;and  Lancaster  counties. 

HA.XS   FAMILY. 

l\Iet  ill  fifth  annual  reunion  at  Dorney 
Park.  It  appears  that  three  brothers 
came  from  Germany  to  this  coimtry 
about  1740  and  settled  in  Pennsylvania 
in  what  is  now  knowin  as  ITpper  Macun- 
gie  townshi]),  Leliigli  county.  1"heir 
names  were  Peter,  Jolni  and  Henry 
Haas.  Peter  Haas  later  removed  to 
Berks  county,  and  Henry  Haas  in  the 
part  of  this  county     in  what  is     known 


as  Haas'  Dale.  John  Haas  continued 
his  residence  at  the  original  place  of  set- 
tlement on  their  arrival  in  this  country 
and  from  him  was  descended  Philip 
Haas  whose  descendants  met  in  fifth  an- 
nual reunion  at  Dorney  Park. 

Philip  Haas  was  born  in  Northamp- 
ton county,  now  Lehigh  county,  in  Up- 
per Macungie  township  on  Sept.  10, 
1782,  and  died  on  November  14,  1862. 
He  retained  his  residence  in  the  same 
township  he  was  born  in  all  his  life,  and 
was  a  stone  mason  by  trade.  Lie  was 
married  to  Susanna  Grammes,  who,  too, 
was  born  in  Upper  jMacungie  on  July 
22,  1786,  and  died  March  14,  1863. 
Both  Philip  Haas  and  his  wife  are  buried 
on  the  Trexlertown  cemetery.  They  had 
ten  children,  two  sons  and  eight  daugh- 
ters as  follows :  Nautzlie,  Alariah,  John 
G.,  Catharine,  Mary,  Lydia,  Sallie,  Eliza, 
Peter  and  Susan  C.  Sallie  and  Lydia 
were  twins.  Peter  was  born  in  1825, 
and  was  married  to  Eliza  Mohr,  who 
lives  at  Pennsburg  and  is  the  only  liv- 
ing lineal  descendant  of  the  family  of 
Philip  l-laas,  and  the  sons'  wives  and 
daug'hters'  husbands,  all  the  others  of 
whom  are  dead  for  more  than  fifteen 
years.  She  is  the  one  who  lived  with 
the  grandparents  and  faithfully  nursed 
them  and  attended  to  their  wants  up  to 
their  end. 

BORTZ  FAMILY. 

Held  its  ninth  annual  reunion  at  Dor- 
ney Park,  August  16. 

The  ancestors  of  the  Bortz  family 
emigrated  to  America  from  Rotterdam, 
in  the  fall  of  the  year  1764.  Three  of 
the  Bortz  family  set  sail  at  that  time — 
George,  John  Jacob  and  Henry.  The 
last  named  finally  settled  within  the  lim- 
its later  known  as  Lehigh  county.  The 
Bortzes  who  met  at  Dorney  Park  were 
lineal  descendants  of  Henry  Bortz. 
Shortly  after  landing  at  Philadelphia, 
Henry  located  at  what  is  now  called 
Sicsholtzville,  Berks  county,  but  subse- 
ciucntly  ])rocured  a  mill  property  and 
valuable  land  at  the  head  of  Cedar 
Creek,  now  I'''pper  Macungie  township. 


FAMILY   REUNIONS 


879 


Lehigh  county.  Here  he  built  a  log 
dwelling  house  in  which  he  resided  Wiith 
his  family  until  after  the  Revolutionary 
War.  He  then  moved  to  what  is  now 
known  as  Wescoesville.  At  that  time 
there  was  only  one  building  in  the  vil- 
lage, a  one  story  stone  house.  In  1798 
he  built  a  large  stone  building  w^hich 
was  at  that  time  considered  a  huge 
structure.  The  stone  used  for  its  erection 
had  to  be  hauled  a  distance  of  more  than 
two  miles,  a  difficult  task  at  the  time. 
The  new  building  was  originally  erected 
for  use  as  a  hotel,  but  in  later  years  was 
converted  into  a  store  property,  yet  at 
the  present  time  is  again  used  as  a  hotel, 
being  known  as  the  Continental  Hotel. 

The  family  of  Henry  Bortz  consisted 
of  six  sons  and  four  daughters — John 
Jacob.  George.  Philip,  Henry  and 
Christopher. 

SCHAIOYER  FAMILY. 

This  family  held  its  second  reunion  at 
Dorney  Park,  August  i,  1912. 

The  American  progenitor  of  the 
Schmoyer  family  was  Philip  Schmoy- 
er,  who  emigrated  to  America  in  1733, 
arriving  at  Philadelphia  on  the  brigan- 
tine  Pennsylvania  on  September  18, 
that  year,  with  his  wife,  Maria,  and  two 
children,  Johann  and  Elizabeth.  Philip 
came  from  the  Palatinate,  either  from 
Zweibruecken  or  Alanheim.  He  settled 
in  what  is  now  Lower  Macungie  town- 
ship, Lehigh  county.  There  is  on  record 
at  Harrisburg  a  grant,  "Shmeyerhaus- 
en."  of  200  acres  of  land  to  Philip 
Schmyer  in  Lower  Alacungie,  dated  De- 
cember 3.  1735,  on  wdiich  it  states  that 
the  grantee  had  lived  two  years  on  the 
tract,  establishing  the  fact"  of  Philip's 
coming  to  this  section  soon  after  arrival. 
Philip  w^as  naturalized  on  April  11,  1743. 

?>esides  the  two  children  who  crossed 
the  ocean  with  Philip  and  his  wife,  there 
were  tern  to  the  couple.  Philip,  Peter, 
Daniel.  Christian,  Anna.  Margaretta, 
Michael  and  John  Schmeier. 

The  lineage  of  Elizabeth  has  not  been 
traced. 

John  Jacob  was     born     November  5. 


1728,  and  died  April  6.  1791.  He  was 
married  to  Watborga  Fegley  in  Decem- 
ber, 1753.  They  had  nine  children  as 
follows :  Jacob,  Susanna,  Maria,  Regina, 
John,  Daniel,  Anna,  Elizabeth  and 
Philip. 

Peter's  lineage  remains  untraced  of- 
ficially. 

Danel  was  born  1738,  and  died  18 12. 
He  was  married  to  Catharine  Barbara 
Reiser.  A  circumstance  might  indicate 
his  having  married  twice  with  two  sons, 
Daniel  and  Philip,  by  the  first  marriage, 
and  the  following  children  by  the  sec- 
ond marriage:  Maria  Catharine,  born 
June  25,  1771,  married  to  John  Butz; 
Peter,  born  June  18,  1778,  died  April  10, 
1850,  married  first  to  Maria  B.  Moser 
and  later  to  Maria  Lick ;  John  Schmeyer, 
born  July  20,  1779,  died  March  5,  1866, 
married  to  Sarah  Wetzel,  (no  issue)  ; 
Elizabeth,  born  April  25.  1788,  died 
May  20,  1866,  married  to  Peter  Butz. 

SAUL  FAMILY. 

The  Saul  Family  Reunion  Association 
held  its  tenth  annual  festival  at  Kutz- 
town  Park  on  Thursday,  August  8.  Ja- 
cob 1.  Saul,  of  Atlantic  City,  has  been 
busily  engaged  in  collecting  historical 
facts  in  this  and  other  countries  for  the 
last  several  years. 

He  discovered  that  the  first  members 
of  this  family  came  from  Alsace-Lor- 
raine in  Germany.  They  were  three 
brothers,  Johann  Nicholas,  Hans  Lenard 
and  Christian  Saul.  They  landed  in 
Philadelphia  in  1753.  The  first  settled 
in  Germantown.  The  second  made  his 
home  in  what  is  now  Maxatawny,  Berks 
county.  His  remains  lie  buried  in  the 
Griesemersville  burying  ground.  Chris- 
tian went  to  Dauphin  county  and  settled 
at  what  is  now  Progress. 

Johann  Nicholas  settled  in  Oley  town- 
ship. His  remains  are  buried  in  Swamp 
Church  burial  ground.  He  had  a  son, 
Nicholas,  who  was  buried  at  ]\IiolItown. 
The  latter  had  two  sons.  John  and  Jacob 
Saul,  to  ^yhom  most  of  the  present  de- 
scendants are  traced.  The  genealogical 
tree  runs  back  to  1608.     The  familv  is 


88o 


THE  PENN  GERMANIA 


greatly  scattered  throuo-h  this  and  neigh- 
boring-  states.  Rev.  J.  Elmer  Saul,  of 
Norristown,  is  the  president  and  holds 
the  office  with  commendable  efficiency. 

KRAUSE  REUNIONS. 

The  descendants  of  John  Krause. 
born  in  Germany,  171 2,  'have  been  meet- 
ing in  separate  reunions.  This  shows 
independence,  or  is  it  stubbornness?  It 
is  to  be  hoped  that  the  good  people  will 
get  together  and  'hold  a  common  re- 
union ;  why  not  ? 

WIEDER  FAMILY. 

The  descendants  of  Adam  Wieder 
held  their  first  reunion  thi<:  year. 

Adam  Wieder,  the  American  ancestor 
of  this  family,  lived  in  Salisbury  town- 
ship as  early  as  1758.  His  name  does 
not  occur  on  the  lists  of  arrivals  at 
Philadelphia  from  Rotterdam,  Holland, 
although  a  John  Christopher  Wieder  and 
a  Michael  Wieder  are  given,  arriving 
with  the  ship  Patience  on  September  9, 
175 1,  and  a  John  Leonhart  Wieder  on 
November  2,  1752,  on  the  ship  Phoenix. 
Adam  Wieder  was  assessed  ten  povmds 
in  Salisbury  township  in  1762,  and  in 
1772,  was  taxed  2  pounds,  9  shillings, 
6  pence,  on  120  acres  of  land,  2  horses 
and  3  cows.  In  1788  he  had  150  acres 
of  land.  He  lived  between  Mountain- 
ville  and  Emaus  on  the  south  side  of  the 
road  surveyed  in  1760  from  Bethlehem 
to  Emaus,  on  the  survey  of  which  his 
name  appears  as  an  adjoining  land 
owner. 

Adam  Wieder  was  born  October  31, 
1721,  and  died  July  16,  1798,  aged  76 
years,  8  months  and  16  days.  He  and 
his  wife  Anna  Margaret  Wieder  had 
ten  children :  John  Adam  Wieder,  born 
October  13,  1750;  Margaret  Wieder, 
Mary  Elizabeth  Wieder,  Eve  Wieder. 
Jdhn  Wieder,  Elizabeth  Wieder,  Michael 
Wieder.  born  April  7.  1763.  Valentine 
Wieder,  born  November  23,  1765,  John 
Caspar  Wieder.  born  March  29,  1767; 
Ludwig  Wieder,  born  March  i.  1770. 
Valentine  Wieder  had  five  sons,  Joseph, 


Thomas,  David,  Charles  and  Henry. 
The  eldest  son  of  Adam  Wieder,  John 
Adam  Wieder,  was  born  October  13, 
1750,  and  died  July  20,  1825.  He  mar- 
ried Christina  Dut,  who  was  born  April 
10,  1757,  and  died  September  13,  1836. 
They  are  buried  at  Western  Salisbury 
church.  They  had  6  sons  and  4  daug^h- 
ters.  John  Adam  Wieder  was  the  owner 
of  197  acres  in  Upper  Milford  township 
and  a  5  acre  tract  in  Upper  Saucon.  As 
early  as  1781,  he  had  removed  from 
Salisbury  to  Upper  Milford. 

Their  children  were : 

(i)  Adam  Wieder,  who  married 
Christina  Strassburger,  who  was  born 
December  11,  1785,  and  died  January  4. 
1823.  Their  children  were:  Caroline 
Saul,  Eliza,  May  and  Hannah  who  mar- 
ried rhomas  Egner. 

(2)  John  Wieder,  born  January  6. 
1784,  and  died  July  i,  1846.  His  wife 
Susanna,  was  born  November  i,  1785, 
and  died  July  31,  1846.  (John  and  Sus- 
anna W^ieder  were  the  grandparents  of 
Levi  A.  Wieder,  the  family  'historian,  of 
1 1 50  Turner  street,  Allentown.) 

(3)  Leonard  Wieder,  born  February 
27,  1786,  and  died  October  20,  1828.  FIc 
lived  in  Upper  Milford  on  a  farm  now 
owned  by  Joseph  Backenstoe.  His  wife 
Susanna  Steininger,  was  born  July  2. 
1794,  and  died  February  25,  1829.  Their 
children  were :  Andrew,  John  A.,  and 
Mary,  wife  of  Aaron  Erdman,  of  Ma- 
cungie. 

(4)  Magdalena  Wieder,  born  Septem- 
ber II,  1788,  married  Peter  Wickert. 
Among  their  children  was  a  son,  Peter, 
born  February  16,  1826. 

(5)  Henry  Wieder,  born  April  14. 
1792. 

(6)  Solomon  Wieder. 

(7)  Susanna  Wieder,  married  Corne- 
lius Reinbold. 

(8)  Leah  Wieder,  married  Michael 
Ilildebeitel. 

(9)  Sarah  Wieder.  married  a  Mr. 
Greber. 

The  second  son  of  Adam  Wieder  the 
first,  was  John  Wieder.  who  lived  in 
Salisbury  township.  He  and  Iii^  wif? 
Margaret  had  a  son.  Jolin,  born  Novem- 
ber 16,  1790. 


FAMILY   REUNIONS 


88i 


The  third  son,  Michael  Wieder,  was 
born  April  7,  1763.  He  and  his  wife 
Eve,  had  among'  other  children,  May 
Magdalena,  born  November  4,  1783, 
died  August  30,  1850.  She  married 
Henry  Guth  and  had  11  children.  They 
had  a  son,  John  Wieder,  born  February 

V,  1785- 

Valentine  \\'ieder,  the  fourth  son  of 
Adam  Wieder-.  the  first,  was  born  March 
23,  1765,  and  died  July  2-],  1848.  He 
married  Susanna  Knauss,  daughter  of 
Sebastian  Knauss,  who  was  born  No- 
vember 27,  1768,  and  died  Miarch  15, 
1840. 

Sebastian  Knauss  was  one  of  the 
early  settlers  of  the  nearby  section  of 
Lehigh  county,  early  in  the  eighteenth 
century,  known  as  Mackuntschi 
(Indian  for  ''feeding  place  O'f  the 
bears").  He  was  also  one  of  the  original 
members  of  the  Emaus  Moravian 
Church,  founded  in  July  30,  1747. 

Among  Valentine  Wieder's  children 
were  Valentine  Wieder,  Jr..  who  was 
born  July  30,  1788,  David  and  Thomas. 
They  lived  in  Upper  Milford.  Valentine 
Wieder,  Jr.,  married  Susan  Leibert  and 
had  12  children:  Henry,  Thomas,  Ed- 
ward, Joseph.  Ephraim,  Tilghman, 
Lydia,  married  James  Leibert,  Lottie, 
married  Isaac  McHose ;  Lucetta,  mar- 
ried Enos  Shoemaker,  Lucinda,  married 
Wm.  Meckley ;  Sallie,  married  Jesse 
Wasser,  and  Mary,  married  Wm.  Rice. 

John  Casper  Wieder,  the  first,  was 
born  March  29,  1767,  and  died  March 
23.  1844.  He  married  Catharine  Egner, 
who  was  born  March  29,  1760,  and  died 
November  28.  1855.  He  lived  in  Upper 
Milford  and  is  buried  at  Zionsville. 
.\mong  his  children  were :  Susanna 
Wieder.  born  1799;  Lydia  and  Joihn, 
horn  March  28.  1806;  Ludwig  Wieder, 
the  sixth  son  of  .\dam  Wieder.  the  first, 
was  born  March  i.  1770. 

The  daughters  of  Adam  Wieder,  the 
first,  were :  Margaret  W' ieder,  married 
Henry  Kern. 

Mary  Elizabetli  Wieder,  married  Do- 
rias  Eck. 

Eve  Wieder  luarried  Christian  Mey- 
berger. 


Elizabeth 
Tapper. 


Wieder      married      John 


BERTOLET  FAMILY. 

The  Bertolets  met  at  Friedensburg, 
Berks  County,  Pa.,  the  last  Saturday  in 
July.  The  association,  which  is  one  of 
the  largest  and  most  important  of  its 
kind  in  the  state,  is  composed  of  de- 
scendants of  Jean  and  Susanna  (de 
Haricourt)  Bertolet,  who  emigrated  to 
this  country  in  1726  and  settled  in  the 
Oley  Valley. 

Both  Jean  Bertolet  and  his  wife  were 
Huguenots  and  members  of  patrician 
families  wilio  fled  from  France  into 
Switzerland  after  the  revocation  of  the 
Edict  of  Nantes  in  1685  by  King^  Louis 
IV.  From  Chateau  d'Oex,  in  Switzer- 
land, where  they  lived  in  exile  for  14 
years,  the  Bertolets  migrated  to  the 
Lutheran  Palatinate  on  the  Rhine  River 
in  Germany,  from  whence  they  immi- 
grated to  America.  Jean  Bertolet  occu- 
pied a  position  in  the  Huguenot  Church 
analagous  to  bishop,  and  exerted  a 
strong  influence  over  the  early  settlers  of 
this  state. 

BERGEY  FAMILY. 

Held  its  thirteenth  reunion.  The  pro- 
genitor was  John  Bergey  who  came  from 
Saxony  about  1767.  It  is  said  that  there 
are  6000  descendants  scattered  over  the 
United  States. 

HALLMAN  FAMILY. 

The  "Globe,"  of  Toronto,  Canada, 
gave  the  following  report  of  a  Hallman 
reunion : 

Berlin,  Ont.,  June  26. — Over  six  hun- 
dred descendants  of  Benjamin  Hallman, 
who  was  born  in  Pennsylvania  in  1783, 
and  came  to  Waterloo  county  about 
1825,  held  their  second  reunion  at  Vic- 
toria Park  here  today,  the  first  reunion 
taking  place  at  Schneider's  Grove  in 
June  of  1905.  Representatives  of  this 
great  family  were  present  from  Penn- 
sylvania, Oklahoma,  i\Iichigan,  Montre- 


THE  PENN  GERMANIA 


al,  Toronto,  Hamilton,  and  various  parts 
of  Waterloo  county.  It  is  estimated  that 
there  are  over  2000  descendants  of  Ben- 
jamin Hallman  in  Canada,  and  over 
5000  in  the  United  States. 

The  picnickers  gathered  at  ten  o'clock 
this  morning-,  and  spent  several  hours  in 
reunion.  After  an  old-time  Pennsylva- 
nia Dutch  dinner,  the  picnickers  .gath- 
ered in  the  pavilion,  \vhere  a  program  of 
songs  and  addresses  provided  an  hour's 
entertainment.  J.  C.  Hallman,  New  Dun- 
dee, president  of  the  Hallman  Associa- 
tion of  Canada,  presided.  Prayer  was 
ofifered  by  Rev.  H.  S.  Hallman,  Berlin. 
The  chairman  delivered  an  address  of 
welcome  and  expressed  oleasure  at  the 
large  representation  of  the  family  at  the 
gathering.  Rev.  Wallace  Hallman, 
Philadelphia,  president  of  the  Hallman 
Association  of  the  United  States,  gave 
an  outline  of  successful  efforts  that  have 
'been  made  to  gather  the  descendants  of 
Benjamin  Plallman  into  one  strong  or- 
ganization. Rev.  H.  S.  Hallman  gave 
some  recent  historical  facts  regarding 
the  Hallman  family  in  Germany.  Elias 
Hallman,  secretary,  presented  a  report 
of  the  financial  affairs  of  the  organiza- 
tion. 

BAER  FAMILY. 

The  thirteenth  annual  reunion  of  the 
Baer  family  was  held  in  Kutztown  Park 
on  Saturday,  July  27.  This  association 
was  incorporated  June,  T909.  In  connec- 
tion with  'tthe  reunion  a  camp  was  held 
from  the  Tuesday  previous  to  the  re- 
union until  Monday,  July  29,  inclusive. 
This  feature  of  the  reunions  was  inau- 
gurated two  years  ago  and  the  commit- 
tee was  unanimous  in  making  it  a  per- 
manent feature  of  the  reunion.  Last 
year  the  Baer  circle  consisted  of  sixteen 
camps.  . 

RETNTTARD  FAMILY. 

Held  its  first  reunion  at  \\'al(lheim, 
near  Allentown,  Pa..  August  22.  The 
family  are  descendants  of  the  immigrant 
Johann  George  Reinhardt. 


BOYER  FAMILY. 

The  eighth  reunion  of  this  family  was 
held  at  RolUug^jGteeu..  Park,  .near  Sun- 
bury,  June  19.  This  family  claims  direct 
connection  with  the  wandering  tribes 
that  were  conquered  by  Julius  Csesar  be- 
fore the  birth  of  Jesus  Christ. 

The  early  Boyer  settlers  of  this  coun- 
try were  great  men  for  exploiting  the 
wilds  of  this  country ;  men  to  stand  up 
for  their  rights  and  the  rights  of  their 
country,  which  is  shown  by  their  war 
records.  The  Boyers  were  of  the  first 
to  respond  to  the  call  for  soldiers  during 
the  Revolutionary  War ;  men  who  fought 
bravely  and  stood  under  George  Wash- 
ington, the  father  of  our  country.  Now 
why  should  not  we  as  the  younger  ele- 
ment of  the  Boyer  tribe  feel  it  our  duty 
to  spend  one  day  in  a  year  in  commem- 
oration of  our  forefathers. 

The  name  Boyer  is  spelled  in  dift'erent 
ways :  In  Austria  it  is  called  Boiar,  in 
Germany,  Bayer,  Baier,  Beyer ;  in 
France,  Boyer,  in  England,  Bowyer. 
There  were  Bowyers  in  England  as 
early  as  1066.  These  Bowyers  began  to 
come  to  America  as  early  as  1607  and 
the  South  is  full  of  them.  The  east  and 
part  of  the  western  states  are  full  of 
the  Boyers,  who  came  with  religious 
refugees  into  Pennsylvania  as  early  as 
1700. 

The  American  Boyers  have  a  regular 
organization  with  constitution,  by-laws, 
etc.  Rev.  Dr.  C.  C.  Boyer  is  compiling 
the  family  charts. 

CLEWELL  FAMILY. 

The  fifth  reunion  of  the  Clewell  family 
was  held  at  Schoencck,  Pa..  Wednesday, 
August  21,   1912. 

At  the  reunion  of  191 1  a  resolution 
was  offered  directing  the  executive  com- 
mittee to  secure  a  memorial  tablet  in 
honor  of  Franz  and  George  Clewell.  the 
originators  and  founders  of  the  Schoen- 
eck  church.  The  executive  committee 
accordingly  secured  the  same  for  unveil- 
ing at  this  reunion.     It  is  a  brass  tablet 


FAMILY  REUNIONS 


883 


15  by  24  inches  and  was  i)laced  on  the 
walls  in  the  church.  The  tablet  contains 
the  following  inscription  : 

Franz  and  Georg'e  Clewell,  sons  of 
Francois  and  Louise  nee  Frache 
Clewell,  wlho  eniigrated     from     the 


Palatinate  in  1737  and  later  became 
the  founders  of  this  church,  which 
worshipped  in  the  home  of  Franz 
for  5  years  until  1762,  when  the 
first  church  building  was  completed. 
Presented  in  loving  remembrance 
by  the  descendants. 


High  Living  Mrs.  Berger,  as  described 
in  the  following  clipping, 
shows  how  to  solve  the  problems  of  high 
cost  of  living  and  cost  of  high  living.  Is 
she  less  good  to  herself  than  the  busy 
"society  lady"? 

]Mrs.  Annie  Berger,  wife  of  Thomas 
C  Berger,  an  tip-to-date  and  wealthy 
farmer  of  Beniville,  Berks  County,  is 
perhaps  the  only  real  feminine  agricul- 
turist in  Berks.  Mjrs.  Berger's  power  of 
endurance  is  wonderful ;  her  knowlege 
of  farming  is  of  a  scientific  trend ;  her 
skill  is  equal  to  that  of  any  man,  and  her 
life  as  a  farmer's  wife  is  apparently 
happy, 

During  the  last  season  ]\Irs.  Berger 
cut  fifty  acres  of  w^heat  and  thirty  acre-" 
of  oats.  She  is  an  expert  in  cutting  grain 
with  a  self-binder.  Besides  doing  this 
work  on  the  home  farm,  she  cut  fifteen 
acres  of  grain  for  a  neighl)or,  Levi  Lud- 
wig.  and  eleven  acres  for  S.  P.  Wilhelm. 
She  hitched  three  horses  abreast, 
changed  horses  every  three  hours,  using 
three  sets.  She  also  cut  all  the  grass  on 
"her  husband's  farm.  She  gets  up  early 
in  the  morning  to  serve  a  milk  route. 
She  harnesses  her  favorite  horse,  bitches 
him  to  the  wagon  and  serves  Bernville 
customers.  When  she  returns  home  she 
unhitches  the  hor.se,  puts  him  in  his  stall. 
removes  the  harness,  washes  the  milk 
■cans  and  after  finishing  her  household 
■duties  goes  to  the  field. 


She  is  also  a  splendid  cook.  She  is 
assisted  in  the  housework  by  her  mother. 
While  not  compelled  to  do  this  work. 
Mrs.  Berger  is  frugal  and  thrifty,  and 
looks  forward  to  the  time  when  she  and 
her  husband  may  retire  from  the  farm 
to  take  things  easy.  The  life  INIrs.  Ber- 
ger leads  will  seem  to  some  perhaps  as 
drudgery,  but  to  her  it  is  real  life.  She 
said: 

'T  live ;  some  only  exist.  This  is  not 
a  case  where  the  husband  is  lazy  and 
the  wife  industrious.  The  farm  contains 
164  acres,  and  there  is  plenty  for  both 
of  us  to  do.  ]\fy  husband  does  his  share. 
He  is  an  expert  farmer  and  raises  big 
crops." 

Mrs.  Berger  is  34  years  old.  She  is 
about  5  feet  4  inches  in  height  and 
weighs  about  160  pounds.  Frequently 
she  goes  to  work  in  the  fields  in  the 
morning  and  does  not  eat  a  bite  of  food 
until  nightfall.  She  asserts  that  many 
persons  eat  too  much.  She  likes  the  life 
she  is  leading  and  declares  that  nianv 
w^omen  be  healthier  if  they  worked 
harder.     She  said : 

"Too  many  young  women  only  want 
husbands  nowadays  who  can  afford  to 
keep  them  in  idleness.  That  is  not  liv- 
ing. I  call  that  only  existence.  Woman 
was  not  created  to  be  a  burden  to  a  man. 
but  a  helper.  I  never  saw  a  lazy  wo- 
man happy." — The  Xorth  American. 


The  First  American  Missionaries 


This  paper  ,  prepared  by  Rev.  W.  H. 
Romig,  appeared  in  "The  Moravian"  of 
September  12,  1912.  The  last  nve  uames 
were  submitted  by  Rev.  A.  Schultze  in 
"The  Moravian"  of  September  19.  In  view 
of  this  list  the  history  of  American  mis- 
sionary activities  must  be  revised  — The 
Editor. 

Statements  were  often  made  that  the 
first  American  missionaries  were  sent 
out  by  the  American  Board  of  Commis- 
sioners for  Foreign  Missions  in  1812, 
and  the  famous  missionaries,  Adoniram 
Judson  and  his  wife,  Ann  Hathway  Jud- 
son,  were  recognized  as  the  first  volun- 
teers. This  supposed  fact  pacsed  into 
the  missionary  Uterature  of  our  c.onv.try 
and  became  a  part  of  our  history,  it 
was  even  commemorated  in  monumental 
form  and  appeared  to  be  generally  ac- 
cepted and  beyond  dispute.  Howevei 
the  present  waiter  felt  certain  that  it 
was  a  mistake.  He  remembered  some  of 
the  lectures  of  the  late  Bishop  Edmund 
de  Schweinitz,  D.D.,  while  he  was  the 
Professor  of  Church  History  at  Mora- 
vian College,  and  recalled  in  particular 
his  story  of  the  life  of  John  Antes. 
He  ventured  therefore  to  call  in  ques- 
tion the  statements  of  the  well  known 
missionary  writer,  Miss  Belle  M.  Brain, 
in  the  Sunday  School  Times,  to  the  ef- 
fect that  Adoniram  Judson  and  his 
bride  were  the  first  American  mission- 
aries, and  was  naturally  promptly  chal- 
lenged for  proof.  This  was  hard  to 
furnish.  Although  the  historians  gave 
the  general  facts  of  Moravian  Mission- 
ary history,  yet  the  date  and  place  of 
birth  of  the  missionaries  was  not  given. 
Tn  this  dilemma  the  archivists  were  ap- 
pealed to  through  the  Rev.  Paul  de 
Schweinitz.  D.D.,  Secretary  of  Missions. 
Doctor  Josef  Mueller,  D.D.,  archivist  at 
Herrnhut,  Saxony,  furnished  a  list  of 
six  men  and  two  women,  born  in  Amer- 
ica, who  had  served  in  foreign  mission 
fields  in  the  eighteenth  century. 

These  names  were  published  in  the 
Argtis  and  the  Express  of  Easton,  Pa., 


as  the  first  American  missionaries.  This 
was  on  the  supposition  that  Dr.  Mueller 
had  certainly  included  the  first  mission- 
aries in  his  list.  When  this  was  pub- 
fished,  Dr.  John  W.  Jordan,  the  loyal 
Moravian  Secretary  of  the  Pennsylvania 
Historical  Society,  challeneged  its  cor- 
rectness. He  furnished  the  names  of 
several  American  missionaries  commis- 
sioned before  1769.  This  led  to  re- 
newed investigation  and  by  the  kindness 
of  Dr.  Jordan  and  Dr.  Mueller  I  am  able 
to  add  several  important  names  to  the 
list.  It  is  doubtful,  however,  whether 
the  fist  is  complete  even  yet.  There  may 
be  others  who  should  be  mentioned,  and 
there  are  many  details  of  the  noble  lives 
of  these  first  missionaries  to  be  brought 
to  light  by  further  investigation. 

1.  Susan  Elizabeth  Kaske,  m.n. 
Funk,  born  in  Germantown,  Pa.,  No- 
vember 18,  1721  ;  was  converted  under 
the  preaching  of  Count  Zinzendorf  in 
1741 ;  removed  to  Bethlehem,  Pa.,  in 
1743 ;  was  married  to  George  Kaske, 
missionary  to  Berbice,  British  Guiana, 
South  America,  May  18,  1746.  She 
served  in  this  mission  till  1763.  She 
died  at  Bethlehem,  Pa.,  July  28,  1804, 
Her  husband  died  at  Nazareth  in  June, 

1795- 

To  Susan  Elizabeth  Kaske  probably 
belongs  the  honor  of  being  the  first 
Protestant  American  Missionary  to  for- 
eign lands.  H  so,  the  honor  goes  to  a 
woman  w'hose  life's  story,  so  far  as  the 
writer  knows,  has  never  been  published. 
She  went  to  the  mission  field  sixty-six 
years  before  the  time  of  Adoniram  Jud- 
son and  his  wife,  Ann  Hathawiay :  and 
twenty-three  years  before  the  time  of 
John  Antes,  who  at  first  was  supposed 
to  be  the  first  American  Moravian  Mis- 
sionary. 

2.  Mary  Heap,  second  wife  of  Jo- 
seph Shaw,  a  member  of  the  First 
Church,  Philadelphia.  The  place  and 
date  of  her  birth  is  not  given,  but  she 
was  an  American.     She  perished  at  sea 


8S4 


THE    FIRST    AMERICAN     MISSIONARIES 


885 


with  her  husband  in  October,  1747,  on 
Iheir  way  to  St.  Thomas,  in  the  West 
Indies.  Joseph  Shaw  was  born  in  Little 
Ryder  street,  near  St.  James,  London, 
Eng-land.  He  came  to  Philadelphia 
from  London  on  the  ship  Caterine,  Capt. 
Thomas  Gladman,  arriving-  June  7, 
1743.  He  was  a  school  teacher  at  the 
Indian  Mission  at  Shecomeko,  1745- 
1746,  and  later  pastor  at  Walpack  in  the 
Jersey  A/Iinnesinks.  His  first  wife  was 
Mary  Jones,  of  the  First  Church,  Phila 
delpliia.  Their  sad  fate  in  s^mze  stor;>i 
at  sea  arouses  our  interest.  \Ve  would 
like  to  learn  more  of  them. 

3.  John  Levering,  born  in  Philadel 
phia,  in  December,  1723.  He  was  a 
grandson  of  Gerhard  Levering",  one  of 
the  Pioneers  of  Roxboroug^h,  Philadel- 
phia. He  entered  the  home  mission 
work  in  Pennsylvania.  In  June,  1756. 
he  was.  with  his  wife,  stationed  in  the 
^Moravian  School  at  Nazareth.  In  Feb- 
ruary. 17.S9.  he  sailed  for  Jamaica, 
AVest  Indies,  whece  he  died,  after  a 
short  service  in  the  mission. 

John  Levering  was  probably  the  first 
American  to  go  as  an  ordained  mission- 
ary to  the  heathen  in  foreign  lands.  He 
probably  belonged  to  the  w^ell  known 
Levering  family,  of  which  the  Hon. 
Joshua-Levering,  of  Baltimore,  Md.,  and 
the  late  Bishop  J.  M.  Levering,  D.D., 
were  the  most  distinguished  members. 

4.  Sarah  Bechtel,  wife  of  John  Lever- 
ing, was  the  daughter  of  John  Bechtel. 
of  Germantown.  Philadelphia,  who  unit- 
ed with  the  Aloravians.  under  Count 
Zinendorf's  ministry.  After  John  Lev- 
ering's  death,  she  remained  in  Jamaica 
and  in  1761  married  John  ]Merk,  a  mis- 
sionary and  native  of  Switzerland.  They 
returned  at  a  later  time  to  Bethlehem, 
Pa.,  where  John  i\ferk  died  in  1796. 

5.  John  Antes,  born  March  24,  1740, 
in  Frederick  Township,  Philadelphia, 
missionary  to  Cairo,  Egypt,  from  1769 
to  1782.  died  in  Bristol.  England,  in 
1811. 

John  Antes  was  a  famous  missionary ; 
he  belonged  to  the  pioneer  mission  to 
Egypt  which  failed  after  heroic  efforts, 
and  after   John  Antes  had  suffered  the 


tortures    of     the    Bastinado  which  made 
him  lame  for  life. 

It  is  noticeable  that  these  first  Ameri- 
can, missionaries  were  native  Philadel- 
phians.  The  city,  and  especially  the  Mo- 
ravian Church  of  Philadelphia,  is  hon- 
ored by  the  record  that  they  made. 

6.  Maria  Margaret  Auerbach,  m.  n. 
Zerb,  was  born  at  Tulpehocken,  Pa.,\Oc- 
tober  3,  1728;  was  married  to  her  third 
husband,  John  Christian  Auerbach,  in 
1769  and  served  with  him  in  the  Danish 
West  Indian  Misson  till  1792.  She  died 
at  Bethlehem,  Pa. 

7.  John  Brucker,  born  at  Nazareth, 
Pa.,  July  12,  1750;  missionary  to  the 
Danish  West  Indies  from  1771  to  1778- 
Died  October  12,11778,  on  the  island  of 
St.  Thomas. 

8.  Anna  Maria  Jungman,  wife  of 
John  Brucker,  born  at  Bethlehem,  Pa., 
'March  ■  10,  1746,  married  on  the  island 
of  St.  Thomas  in  March.  1775,  and  died 
at  New  Herrnhut,  St.  Thomas,  December 
29,  1782.  I 

9.  David  Beck,  born  near  Savannah, 
Georgia,  September  21.  i744-  From 
1773  to  1780,  missionary  to  the  Danish 
West  Indies.  Died  January  9.  1780,  at 
Friedrichsthal.  on  the  island  of  St. 
Croix.     His, wife  was  born  in  Greenland. 

TO.  John  Frederick  Schlegel,  born  at 
Nazareth,  Pa.,  June  9,  1753.  From  1785 
to  1 791,  missionary  on  the  islands  of  St. 
Croix  and  St.  Jan'  Died  May  30,  1805. 
at  Graceham,  Maryland. 

11.  Anna  Rosina  Mack,  wife  of  John 
F.  Schlegel,  was  born  at  Patchogue. 
Long  Island,  New.  York.  August  15. 
1761.  married  May  9,  1785,  and  died  at 
Bethlehem,  Pa.,  December  4,  1831. 

12.  Samuel  Steup,  born  /at  Gnaden- 
thal,  near  Nazareth,  December  19,  I757- 
From  1789  to  1791.  missionary  on  the 
island  of  Antigua.  Died  Augustas, 
1822,  at  Bethlehem.  Pa. 

13.  Anna  Krog.strup.  w-iie  of  Samuel 
Steup,  born  at  Bethlehem.  Pa..  March  15, 
1758;  married  at  Bethlehem.  April  28, 
1789:  died  before  her  husband,  but  date 
not  given.  1 

14.  Christine  Fritz,  m.n.  Loesch,  born 
in  Tulpehocken.  Pa.,  June  26,  1733,  mar- 


886 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


ried  to  John  Christian  Fritz-  in  1774  and 
served  with  him  in  the  mission  on  the  is- 
land of  Barbados,  from  1789  to  1793 
She  died  at  Nazareth,  November  22, 
1806. 

15.  Agnes  Reichel,  m.n.  Peters,  born 
at  Nazareth,  Pa.,  September  18,  1762. 
\\'as  married  to  John  Frederick  Reichel 
in  ]\Iay,  1791,  and  served  in  the  mission 
on  the  islands  of  St.  Kitts  and  Antigua 
until  her  death  at  Gracebay,  Antigua, 
January  2;^,  1798. 

16.  Susan  Catherine  Elizabeth  Schultz, 
m.n.  Loesch,  was  born  at  Nazareth,  Pa., 
July  31,  177 1.  She  was  married  in  Octo- 
ber, 1799,  to  Theodore  Schultz  and  served 
in  the  mission  in  Surinam,  South  Amer- 
ica, from  1799  to  1807.  She  died  at  Sa- 
lem, North  Carolina,  in  1855.  Her  hus- 
band died  at  the  same  place  in  1850. 

17.  Hannah  Pangballe,  m.n.  Warner, 
was  born  at  Gnadenhuetten.  Pa.,  in 
1771.  She  was  married  to  Thomas  Lan.2- 
balle.  missionary  to  Surinam,  in  1805, 
and  died  there  August  i,  1806. 

This  completes  the  list  of  American 
missionaries  who  served  in  [Moravian 
Mission  fields  previous  to  the  year  1812, 
as  far  as  I  know.  Nothing  is  noted  in 
it  concerning  our  Indian  Missions  or  for- 
eign born  missionaries.  Our  friends  of 
other  churches  have  a  noble  record  in 
the  first  .American  missionaries  sent  out 
by  the  American  Board.  We  would  not 
•take  away  their  honor  nor  diminish  it. 
Those  devoted  men  and  women  deserve 
even  wider  recognition  than  they  have 
receive^!.  Correct  history,  however,  will 
j)lace  the  American  missionaries,  of  the 
Moravian  Church,  in  point  of  time  at 
least,  in  advance  of  them. 

(Added  by  Rev.  A.  Schultze.) 
T.  Christina  Segner.  m.n.  I'>ey,  born 
in  Frederick  Township,  Montgomerv 
County.  Pa.,  in  1727.  She  came  to  Beth- 
lehem in  T747,  was  baj^tized  and  the  fol- 
lowing    vear     married     Henrv     Seoner. 


with  whom  she  served  three  years  in  the 
mission  on  St.  Thomas,  W.  I.,  and  after- 
wards at  Gnadenthal,  where  her  husband 
died  in  1763. 

2.  Christina  Piepenburg,  m.n.  Rubel, 
born  1730,  in  a  village  on  the  Brandy- 
wine,  Pa.  She  was  first  married  to  the 
Rev.  J.  H.  Senseman  and  served  witii 
him  among  the  Indians  at  Pachgatgoch 
and  among  the  Negroes  in  Jamaica, 
where  he  died  in  1772.  In  1774  she  mar- 
ried the  missionary  Adrian  Piepenburg. 
in  Jamaica,  who'  died  in  1781.  She  her- 
self attained  the  age  of  88  years. 

3.  Mary  Miller,  m.n.  Ashley,  born 
1734,  in  New  England.  She  was  the 
wife  of  John  Miller,  a  missionary  on  the 
island  of  Jamaica,  where  he  died  in  1781. 

4.  Anna  Rosina  Schlegel,  m.n.  Mack, 
born  at  Pachgatgoch,  the  Indian  Mission 
in  New  York,  1761.  In  1785  she  mar- 
ried the  missionary  John  Frederick 
Schlegel  and  served  with  him  in  St. 
Thomas,  ^W.  I.,  until  ^ler  husband's  im- 
paired health,  in  1791,  compelled  them  to 
return  to  the  States,  where  they  served 
in  Home  Missions  until  his  death  in 
1805.  The  widow  then  for  many  year.'> 
had  charge  of  the  Bethlehem  day  school 
for  girls. 

In  the  broader  sense  of  service  in  the 
cause  of  Foreign  Missions,  we  would 
name  also : 

5.  Nicholas  Garrison,  born  1701,  on 
Staten  Island,  a  sea-captain,  in  whose 
ship  Bishop  Spangenberg,  in  1736,  came 
from  the  West  Indies  to  New  York. 
After  joining  the  Moravian  Church  and 
bringing  many  ^Moravians  in  his  ship 
"The  Little  Strength"  to  America,  he 
took  c  jmmand  of  the  missionary  vessel 
of  the  P)rethren,  "Irene,"  and  continued 
to  serve  the  AFission  until  1756,  going  as 
far  as  Greenland  and  Surinam.  Gar- 
v\s<m  Street,  in  Bethlehem,  is  named 
after  him.     He  died  in   1781. 

A.  SCHULTZE. 


Marking  the  Braddock  Trail 


On  June  19,  1912,  the  "Great  Cross- 
ings" Chapter  of  the  Daughters  of  the 
American  Revolution,  of  Somerset 
County,  Pa.,  placed  a  boulder  with 
bronze  tablet  and  inscription  to  mark 
the  crossing  of  the  Youghiogheny  River 
by  Washington  and  Braddock  on  June 
24th,  1755.  Captain  Robert  Orme  in 
his  journal  kept  by  him  throughout  the 
Braddock  campaign,  says  they  left  their 
encampment  at  Squaw's  Fort  at  six  in 
the  morning  and  proceeded  to  the  *'Yoxi- 
Geni."  as  Orme  spells  it,  which  was  "h 
hundred  yards  wide,  three  feet  deep, 
with  a  very  strong  current."  As  this 
spot  was  about  half  a  mile  above  the 
spot  where  the  Chapter  placed  their 
niarker,  in  a  comparatively  inaccessible 
place  and  little  visited,  it  was  decided  to 
put  the  boulder  on  the  bridge  which 
spans  the  Youg'hiogheny  at  this  point 
and  over  which  many  pass.  This  bridge 
is  historic  in  itself,  being  built  in  1818, 
by  Kinkead,  Beck  and  Evans  when  the 
National  Road  was  laid  out  by  the  Gov- 
ernment. It  is  a  substantial  stone  struc- 
ture and  a  beautiful  example  of  the 
bridge  building  art.  The  Chapter  will 
mark  the  ford  itself  later  on  with  a  sim- 
pler marker  and  inscription. 

The  tablet  was  unveiled  by  Miss  Mary 
Endsley,  t'he  pretty  young  daughter  of 
Senator  and  Mrs.  Endsley,  and  is  of  the 
finest  bronze  thirty  by  twenty  inches 
firmly  embedded  in  a  boulder  of  sand- 
stone brought  from  beside  the  trail  itself 
and  set  up  on  one  of  the  middle  abut- 
ments of  the  bridge.  The  inscription 
reads : 

Great    Crossings 

"About  one-half  mile  above  this  point 

Ts  the  'Great  Crossings' 

Of  the  Youghiogheny  River  where 

George  Washington  crossed 

November   i8th.  1753,  when  sent 

As  envoy,  by  Gov.  Dinwiddle  of 

\"irginia  to   the   French   Commandant 

8S7 


At  Fort  Le  Boeuf. 

Washington,  on  his  Military 

Expedition  to  Ohio,  encamped 

There  with  his  forces.  May  i8th  to 

24th,  1754,  and  from  that  point 

Explored  the  Youghiogheny. 

There,  also,  Alajor  General 

Braddock,  with  his  army,  crossed 

June  24th,  1755,  on  his  march 

Against  Fort  Duquesne. 

This  Tablet  is  placed 

By  the  Great  Crossings  Chapter,  N.  S. 

D.  A.  R.  May  18,  19 12. 

The  tablet  has  on  it  below  the  date  the 
emblem  of  the  Society,  the  wheel  with 
the  thirteen  spokes,  signifying  the  thir- 
teen original  states.  This  insignia  is 
being  placed  all  over  the  land,  on  monu- 
ments, historic  structures.  Revolutionary 
graves,  etc.,  and  shows  tlie  remarkable 
work  done  by  the  D.  A.  R.  in  marking 
and  preserving  our  historical  associa- 
tions. 

A  large  and  representative  number  of 
people  were  present  from  Somerset 
County  and  other  localities.  The  Brad- 
dock Trail  crosses  the  beautiful  and  fer- 
tile farms  of  Somerset  and  Fayette 
Counties.  Properties  which  have  been 
in  the  possession  of  the  families  of  the 
present  owners  for  generations  and  nat- 
urally much  interest  is  being  displayed 
in  the  \vtork.  Such  families  as  are  com- 
]50sed  of  the  descendants  of  Captain 
Thomas  Endsley  and  Peter  Augustine, 
original  grantees  of  the  section.  Mr. 
Jasper  Augustine,  descended  from  old 
Peter  Augustine  was  the  fairy  godfather 
of  the  day  and  hired  a  brass  band  from 
Confluence  to  furnish  patriotic  and 
other  music. 

The  Rev.  Mr.  Eancaster  pronounced 
the  invocation  and  ]\Irs.  Jasper  Augus- 
tine, Regent  of  the  Cha;jter.  gave  the 
address  of  welcome  and  introduced  the 
various  speakers.  Mrs.  Endsley,  wife  of 
State  Senator  Endsley,  founded  the 
Chapter   three  years   ago :   was   its  first 


888 


THE  PENN  GERMANIA 


Regent  and  whose  term  of  office  has  ex- 
pired by  hmitation.  To  Mrs.  Endsley 
first  occurred  the  idea  of  marking  the 
Great  Crossings  and  rhe  successful  ac- 
compUshment  of  her  p'ojecv  resulted  in 
the  historic  ceremonies  of  June  19,  19 12. 
Mrs.  Endsley  is  State  Chairman  for 
Pennsylvania  of  the  Braddock  Trail 
Committee  of  the  National  Society  of 
the  D.  A.  R. 

James  Hadden,  Historian,  of  Union- 
town,  Pa.,  delivered  the  formal  address 
and  Mrs.  Morris  L.  Croxall,  State 
Chairman  of  the  Maryland  D.  A.  R. 
Commitee  on  Marking  the  Braddock 
Trail,  was  present  and  spoke  of  the 
work  of  the  organization  in  marking  the 
"Old  Trails"  oi  the  country. 

The  Rev.  Mr.  Dunlap,  a  Son  of  the 
American  Revolution,  represented  that 
society  in  a  stirring  patriotic  talk,  fol- 
lowed by  Mr.  J.  T.  Kennedy,  of  Union- 
town,  a  member  of  the  Braddock  Park 
Association,  who  spoke  of  the  work  of 
that  organization  in  creating  an  Inter- 
national Park  at  the  grave  of  General 
Braddock  on  the  National  Pike.  The 
Somerset  County  "Daughters"  and  the 
Park  Association  are  working  in  har- 
mony to  preserve  and  mark  the  historic 
route  of  the  Generals  Washington  and 
Braddock  through  the  State. 

Miss  Ethel  Holderbaum,  of  the  Great 
Crossings  Chapter,  in  an  appropriate 
manner  expressed  the  appreciation  of  the 
Chapter  to  all  who  had  taken  part  in 
the  exercises  and  to  those  wlho  had  ren- 
dered assistance  and  given  encourage- 
ment in  the  erection  of  the  tablet. 

The  wihole  assembly  sang  America 
at  the  close  the  doxologv.  ]\Tr.  and 
Mrs.  Jasper  Augustine  entertained  about 
fifty  guests  at  the  Somerfield  Hotel  at 
luncheon  at  the  close  of  the  exercises. 


The  following  Chapter  officers  were  in 
attendance  as  well  as  a  full  representa- 
tion of  the  Chapter  members  which  has 
a  total  roll  of  fifty-two;  the  representa- 
tive women  of  Somerset  County  who  are 
interested  and  enthusiastic  in  the  work 
of  preserving  the  historic  truths  of  our 
land,  Mrs.  Frederick  Biesecker,  Vice- 
Regent  of  the  Chapter,  and  Mrs.  George 
B.  Scull,  of  Somerset,  ex-Vice-Regent; 
Miss  Myra  L.  Ross,  Registrar,  and  Miss 
Emily  Parker,  Historian. 

Mrs.  Morris  L.  Croxall,  Chairman,  of 
Washington,  D.  C,  of  Maryland  Com- 
mittee D.  A.  R.  was  the  guest  of  Senator 
and  Mrs.  Endsley,  and  with  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Jasper  Augustine  motored  through 
Uniontown,  over  the  National  Pike  and 
visted  Braddock's  grave,  Fort  Necessity 
and  the  Great  Meadows  where 
Washington  and  Braddock  camped. 
The  jewelry  store  of  Mr.  Hunt  was 
a  point  of  interest  to  Mrs.  Augustine  and 
her  guests,  for  Mr.  Hunt  has  in  his  pos- 
session half  of  the  outer  case  of  General 
Braddock's  watch  which  was  dropped 
from  his  person  ndiile  the  dying  general 
was  being  carried  away  from  the  seen' 
of  his  crushing  defeat.  The  relic  is  of 
the  finest  gold,  twenty-four  carat,  and  is 
carved  and  embellished  in  the  highest 
style  of  the  goldsmith's  guild.  The  name 
of  the  maker,  Mosher,  of  London,  is  en- 
graved upon  it  and  the  time-piece  was  of 
that  type  where  the  outsde  case  enclosed 
an  inner  one.  The  scene  represented  in 
relief  figures  of  gold,  is  the  classical 
legend  of  the  "Judgment  of  Paris"  where 
Paris  is  according  the  apple  for  beauty 
to  "Helen  of  Troy"  while  Venus  turns 
in  disappointment  away.  Just  the  sort 
of  expensive  trifle  that  would  be  carried 
by  a  man  of  rank  and  fashion  of  those 
times. 


St.   Jacob's  (or  Reed's)  Church 


By  F.  B.  Musser. 


St.  Jacob's  Church,  Lutheran  and  Re- 
formed, also  known  as  Reed's  Church, 
is  located  in  what  is  now  Ralpho  Town- 
ship, Northumberland  County,  Pa.  It 
was  incorporated  in  1812,  among-  the  in- 
corporators were  Jacob  Reed,  Matthias 
Kershner,  Jacob  Fry,  Andrew  Fry,  An- 
drew Smith,  John  Smith,  Abram  Arter 
and  Solomon  Krick.  The  site  of  this 
church  was  one  of  the  earliest  schools 
in  this  district,  and  was  conducted  in 
an  old  log'  building.  The  first  teachers 
were  Charles  Stock  and  William  H. 
Muench,  the  latter  taught  for  a  period 
of  24  years,  and  his  descendants  still  re- 
side in  this  district.  The  first  church 
was  dedicated  on  the  14th  of  Aug"ust, 
1816;  it  was  two  years  in  course  of  erec- 
tion, as  the  cornerstone  was  laid  on 
28th  of  August,  1814.  The  ground  for 
the  church  edifice  was  donated  by  John 
Jones,  and  Casper  Reed  gave  the  ground 
for  the  cemetery. 

Jacob  Reed  was  the  largest  contribu- 
tor and  his  generosity  is  fittingly  re- 
membered and  recognized  in  the  popular 
designation  "Reed's  Church."  The 
present  building  is  a  two  story  building, 
seventy  feet  long  and  forty  feet  wide, 
with  a  tower  and  bell,  and  cost  seven 
thousand  dollars.  The  cornerstone  was 
laid  on  the  first  day  of  May,  1870.  and 
was  dedicated  November  20th,  187 1. 
Amo'^g  the  early  members  of  the  con- 
gregation were  Jacob  Reed,  Casper 
Reed.  Christian  Rauschlog,  Peter 
Swank.  Jacob  S^^''a^k,  Henry  Swank, 
C'^nrid  Yost.  William  H.  Muench. 
Abram  Arter.  Solomon  Krick,  George 
Krick.  John  Hirsh,  Jacob  Scholl.  John 
Vought,  Sr..  John  Voueht,  Tr  ,  Valen- 
tine Vouo^ht,  E.  H.  Vought.  Daniel 
Vought,  Sr.,  Daniel  VouHit.  Jr..  H.  H. 
Knoerle,  Samuel  Haas  a'^d  John  ]\Til1er. 
This  church  is  one  of  the  best  known  in 
the  Shamokin  Vallev. 


I  am  greatly  indebted  to  the  History 
of  Northumberland  County  by  Beers  & 
Wanner  for  church  history. 

Dates  taken  from  the  graveyard,  St. 
Jacob's  (Reed's)  Church: 

Vastine.  Hugh  R.  d.  April  2,  1864,  age 
51  yrs.  2  m.,  5  days. 
"     Jonathan,    d.    April    18,    1854,   age 

64. 
"     Anna,  wife,  d.  Dec.  24,  1852,  age 

63  y/-s. 
"     Amos,  b.  April  i,  1813,  d.  Nov.  15, 

1889. 
"     Susanna,  wife,  b.  Feb.  27,  1816.  d. 

July  12,  1888. 
"     W.  L.,  d.  1904,  56  yrs. 
"     John,    1 844- 1 906. 
"     Thomas,  b.  1847. 

Wife   Elizabeth,    1849-1907. 
Children,       Gertrude,      1874-1875 ; 

Charles,   1871-1876;    Lillie,   1876- 

1876. 
Reed,  Henrv.  b.  Sept.  7,  1839,  d.  March 

29,  1878. 
"     Sarah,  b.  March  24,  1833,  d.  Sept. 

25,  1905. 
"     Francis,  son  of  William  and  Sarah, 

d.  Dec.  17,  1861,  I  y.  6  m.  3  d. 
"     Lenorah,  daughter     of     Simon   P. 

and  Jane,  d.  Dec.  28,  1866,  7  y,  9 

m.  3  d. 
"     Josie,  son  S.  P.  and  Jane,  July  17. 

1862. 
"     Jacob.   Sr..   d.   April  6,    184^,  age 

62,  10.  26  d. 
"     Hannah,  wife,  d.  Oct.  5,  1864,  age 

64. 
"     David,  b.   June    15,    1797.   ^-    ^^^^c. 

20.  1869. 
"     Catherine,  wife,  d.  June   19.   1855, 

48  vrs. 
""     Jacob  A.,  d    Jan.  to,  1852,  40  yrs. 
"     EHzaboth.  i8,q';-i90-. 
"     Ca.sper  J.,  b.  Dec.  30    1809,  d.  Oct. 

22,  1886.  . 


Sqo 


THE  PENN  GERMANIA 


■  Alice,  wife,  b.  Dec.  30,  18 17,  d. 

Sept.  :-!,  1889. 
''  Jacob  J.,  d.  Dec.  18,  1892,  ago 

70  y. 
''  Susanna,  d.  Dec.  12,  1905,  age 

83  y-    ' 

'      Oliver  J.,  1866-1878. 

•'     Jesse,  d.  June  18,  1884,  age  yo  y. 

"     J.  Farley,  M.D.,  d.   1863,  age  21 

years. 
''     Charles,  1817-1866. 
"     John,  b.  June  5,   1780,  d.  August 

26,  1865. 
*'     Eve  G.,  wife,  d.  May  11,  1876,  age 

89  y. 
"     Jacob,  d.  May  30,  1828,  age  71  y. 
"     Elizabeth,   d.    Aug.   20,    1828,   age 

65  y. 

•'     Jacob,  b.  March  23,  1795,  d.  Oct. 

I,  1883. 
'*     Hannah,  wife,  b.  Feb.  2,  1801,  d. 

Sept.  9,  1835. 
■'     Jacob  H.,  1825-1877. 
Robins,  Elizabeth  Hufley,  wife  of  H.  S.. 

1840-1901. 
"     Galen,  .D.M,  d.  Oct.  9,  1856,  age 

26  y. 
"     Sabina,  1832-1908. 
"     Rebeccgi,  b.  Nov.  14,  1786,  d.  April 

14,  1867. 
"     L.  D.,  M.D.,  d.  Dec.  31,  1875,  age 

34  y. 
"     Addison  M.,  b.  Oct.  30,   1873,  d. 

Nov.  19,  1881. 
"     Joseph  C.,  M.D.,  b.  June  i,  1806, 

d.  Jan.  12,  1893. 
"     Leah  Shindle,  wife,  b.   1807-1881. 
Martz,  Solomon,     d.  Oct.  4,  1894,     age 

77  y- 

"     Hannah,    wife,   d.    Dec.    15,    1895, 

age  80  y. 
"     Isabella,  d.  1875,  age  31  y. 
"     Sophrania,  d.  1874,  age  23  y. 
"     Emma  M.,  d.     Jan.     7,  1902,  age 

42  y. 
Swank,  Anna,  wife  of     Ben.  d.  Jan.  4, 
^  1891,  age  65  y. 
"     Alice,  wife  of    Amos,  d.    Jan.  31, 

1892,  age  38  y. 
"      Peter,  son  of  Jacob  and  Mary,  d. 

Jan.  14,  1853.  age  22  y. 
"     Catherine,  wife  of  Morris     Emer- 


son, and  daughter  of  J.  and  Mary, 

d.  Jan.  17,  1846,  age  26  y, 
"     Barbara,  age  60  y. 
"     George,  age  70  y. 
"■    Simon,  b.  Alarch  8,   1820,  d.  June 

5,  1884. 
"     Catherine,  Anna,  wife  of  Simon,  d. 

Sept.  17,  1862,  age  35  y. 
"     John,  b.  Feb.  9,  1826,  d.  Sept.  26. 

1873- 
"     Daniel,  b.  Nov.  11,  1821,  d.  March 

10,  1883. 
"     Elizabeth,  b.  Jan.  26,  1815,  d.  July 

14,  1884. 
"     Daniel,  d.  Aug.  27,  1875,  age  61  y. 
"     Jacob,  b.  Oct.  16,  1791,  d.  July  14, 

1863. 
"     Mary,  his  wife,  b.  June  15,  1790. 

d.  Jan.  18,  1877. 
"     David,  b.  Aug.  6,  1832,  d.  Oct.  10, 

1868. 
"     Henry  H.,  b.  Oct.  22,  1820,  d.  Aug. 

19,  1890. 
"     Washington,     b.  July  4,     1823,  d. 

Dec.  10,  1868. 
"     Harriet,  d.  Nov.  25,  1895,  72  y. 
"     Mary,  wife  of  C.  W.,  d.  March  29, 

1877,  age  24  y. 
"     Nathan,  1849-1899. 
"     Sarah  Llewellyn,  wife,  1848-1891. 
"     William,  d.  1884,  age  68  y. 
"     wife  Lavina,  d.  1892.  age  75  y. 
"     William,  b,  Feb.  15,  1813,  d.  April 

14,  1886. 
"     Kaziah,  wife,  b.  Oct.   19,  1817,  d. 

Dec.  28,  1893. 
"     Peter,  d.  1848,  age  59  y. 
"     Elizabeth,  1784- 1873. 
"     Solomon,  1 814- 1849. 
Miller,  Hattie  L,  wife  of  O.  H.,  d.  1907, 

age  25  y. 
"     Jacob,  b.  Feb.  1786,  d.  1786. 
"     Virgie,  1882-1907. 
"     Elizabeth,     wife  of     John,     1789- 

1833. 
"     Amandus  S..  b.  Sept.  13.  1825,  d. 

Feb.  21.  1906. 
"     Hannah,  wife.  b.  Sept.  21,  1822,  d. 

Aug.  3.  J908. 
"     John,  1784- 1863. 
Teats.  Nancv.  b.  June  i,  1804,  d.  Nov, 

28,  1866. 
,"     Hugh.  b.  Sept.  13,  1801,  d.  Sept. 

19-  1877. 


ST.  JACOB'S  (OK   reed's)  C  aURCH 


891 


"     John,  d.  1865,  age  88  y. 
''     Martha,  wife,  d.  1850  ,age  71  y. 
Mutchler,  George,  b.  Aug.    19,   1801,  d. 

Aug.  4,  1884. 
"     Rachel,  wife  of  Geo.,  h.  July     22, 

1806,  d.  Feb.  14,  1844. 
"     Isaac,  d.  May  24,  1885,  age  60  y. 
"     Mary  Etta,  wife  of  I.,  1846-1899. 
*'     Susannah,  wlife  of  I.,  d.   Feb.   20, 

1864,  age  34  y. 
*'     Jonas,  b.  June  15,  1789,  d.  March 

"30,  1854. 
"     Sarah,  wife  of  J.,  d.  1863,  age  74  y. 
*'     Amos,  1832- 1874. 
Crowd.  Samuel  C,  d.  June  7,  1897,  age 
70  y. 
"     Eve,  wife  of  S.  C.,  d.   March  21, 

1870,  age  39  y. 
■'     Jane,  wife     of     S.  C.,  d.  April  17, 

*  1884,  age  46  y. 
"     Harriet,  wife  of  S.  C.,  d.  Sept.  25, 
1906,  age  7S  y. 
Zimmerman.   Henry,     d.   Oct.     9,    1889, 
age  69  y. 
"     Fronie,  wife    of     H.,  d.  March  4. 

1901,  age  75  y. 
"     Michael.  1824-1908. 
"     Clarissa,  wife  of  M.,  1831-1906. 
"     Savilla,  wife  of  John,   1829- 1860. 
"     Michael,  b.  Nov.  23,  1786,  d.  June 

23,  1863. 

"'     Catherine,  wife     of     M  ,  d.    1873, 

age  77  y. 
"     William  H.,  1846- 1867. 
"     Marv  A.,  wife  W.  H..  d.  Oct.   12, 

18S7,  age  28  y. 
"     Afatthias,  d.  Alarch     i,  1889,     age 

53  y. 
Hughes.   Morgan,  d.  Feb.    i,   1862,  age 

72  y. 
"     Martha     C.  wife     of   Morgan,  b. 

24.  17Q3.  d.  Aug.  4.  1873. 
Lake.  John  H  .  d.  1872.  aee  68  y. 

":\Iarv.    wife   of    T-    H..'  d.    1898,    age 

88  y. 
"     Hnnnah.   wife     of  William   Sober. 

1 834- 1 868. 
Pcnsyl.   Solomon,     b.  Oct.     2^.   183 1,  d. 

May  24.  1904. 
"     Jpremiah.   d.    ATay     7.      looo.   age 

64  V. 
"     Sarah,  d.  Sept.  1904.  acre  6t  y. 
wift'  of  Jacob  Pensvl. 


Epler,  Catherine,  b.  1766,  d.  1841. 
"     Jacob,  husband     of     Catherine,  b. 

1762,  d.   1847. 
"     Samuel,  b.  April    8,  1852,  d.  Jan, 

21,  1896. 

Muench,  Jacob  E.,  1823-1900. 
"     Lavina,  1862,  age  37  y. 
"'     \\'illiam  H.,  d.  1885  age  86  y. 
"     Elizabeth,  wife  of  W.  H.,  d.  1866, 

age  66  y. 
Bauschlag,  Christian,  b.     Dec.     7,  1796, 

d.  Dec.  2^,  1867. 
"     Elizabeth,  wife  of  C,  d.  Jan.  25, 

1887,  age  86  y. 
"     Jacob,  d.  Nov.  15,  1828,  age  77  y. 
"     Anna  Eve,  wife  of  J.,  d.  March  8, 

1820  age  63  y. 
"     Elizabeth,  b.  March     22.     1795,  d. 

Sept.  II,  1871. 
Shipman,  John,  d.  Sept.  5,  1887. 

"     Harriet  S..  b.     Aug.     30,  1836,  d. 

Aug.  20,   1905. 
"     John,  b.   Dec.  5,   1825.  d.   Sept.   5, 

"  1887. 
"     Ida,  b.  Feb.     i,  1865.     d.  July  28, 

1907. 
Schmeltz,  Reuben,  b.  Aug.  28,   1862,  d. 

Sept.   16,  1903. 
"     wife  of  Reuben,  d.  Jan.  22.   1888. 

age  25  y. 
"     Andrew,  b.  July   i,   1832,  d.  April 

22,  1895. 

Roadarmel.  Gideon,  b.  May  4.   1794.  d. 
Jan.   10,   1865. 
"     Leonard,  b.  Aug.  7,  1814,  d.  Feb. 

24.  1877. 
"     Han-:ah.  d.  Oct.  i,  1867,  age  54  y. 
Knoebel.  A.  J.,  d.  1888.  age  55  y. 

"     Mary,  wife  of  .\.  J.,  d.   1904,  age 

64  y. 
''     Daniel,  1831-1904. 
"     Susannah,  wife  of  D.,  1832-1880. 
"     Jacob,  d..  1895,  age  58  y. 

Hartman   H..  b.   in     Heppenheim, 
Hesse  Darmstadt,  1 794-1869. 
"     Catherine,  wife  H.  H.,  1797-1878. 
Hur.>^t.  Stephen,  d.  1857.  age  50  v. 
Daniel,  d.  1855.  age  43  y. 
Solomon.  1855.  (^^^^  age  7^,  y. 
"     John.  d.   1851.  acre  7.1  y. 
"     Jacob  R.,  d.  1826.  asre  25  y. 
"     John.  d.  1888.  age  82  y. 
"     Mary  A.,  d.  1890.  age  69  y. 


892 


THE  PENN  GERMANIA 


Schull,  Elizabeth,     wife  of     Casper,  d. 

Sept.  19,  1836,  age  24  y. 
Dengler,  Vincent,  d.  Sept.  9,  1840,  ago 

657. 
"     Mary  Leas,  wife  of  V.,  b.  1768,  d. 

1848. 
Hoover,  John,  d.  Oct.  11,  1854,  age  74  y. 
"     Mary,  wife  of  J.,  d.  Nov.  25,  1883, 

age  84  y. 
"     Margaret  d.     Nov.  11,     1828,  age 

44  y- 
"     wife  of  J. 

"     Thomas,  b.  Oct.  7,  181 1,  d.  Nov. 
6,  1880. 
Gulp,  Charles,  b.  April  14,  1831,  d.  May 
17-  1894. 
"     Elizabeth,  wife,  b.  Nov.  6,  1836,  d. 
Feb.  19,  1885. 
Reinhardt,  Anna  M.,  d.  March  14,  1903, 

age  88  y. 
Herb,  .  W.,  d.  June  21,  1902,  age  34  y. 
Growl,  Anna,  1882- 1904. 
"     Henry,  1804-1875. 
"     Samuel,  b.  Feb.  19,  1854,  age  75  y. 
Magdalena,  d.  Dec.  1832,  ag€  44  y. 
"     Catherine,  d.  1868,  aee  78  y. 
GelHnger,  Jeremiah,  d.  1858,  age  24  y. 
"     John,  d.  April  i,  1863,  age  S9  y. 
''     Judith,  wife,  b.  May  20,   1805,  d. 

Oct.  29,  1879. 
"     Henrv.   i83.'^-i86r. 
Haas,  William,  1825-1897. 
"     Margaret,  1825-1879. 
"     Charles,  1850-1900. 
"     Solomon  R.,  d.  Aug.  2,  1885,  age 

59  y. 
"     Samuel,  d.  Dec.  8,  1872,  aee  74  y. 
"     Anna,  wife,  d.  Jan.  30,  1867,  age 

68  y. 
Deibler.  J.  B.,  Aug.  27,  1887,  age  62  y. 
"     George,  d.  March     16,  1852,     age 

y^  y. 
"     Elizabeth,  1801-1879. 
Karshner.  John.  d.  Mav  21,  1864,  73  y. 
"     Hannah,    wife,    d.   June    19,    1889, 

age  88  y. 
Thomas  Evdia  Ann.  wife  of  Thomas  J., 

d   Feb.  2c;.  18^7,  age  39  y. 
"     Tosenh,  183^-190^. 
"     Rebecca,  wife,  1833-TOOO. 
"     Jame"?.  b.  Sept.  21,   1810,  d.   Sept. 

2,  1852. 


Lytle,  Mark     B.,  b.     Dec.  25,     1853,  d. 
Sept.  29,  1904. 
"     Alvaretta,  b.     Sept.  19,     1854,     d. 
Aug.  4,  1887. 
Yeager,  Rebecca,  wife  of  H.,  d.  Sept.  9, 
187 1,  age  59  y. 
"     Conrad,  b.  April  5,  1795,  d.  July 

18,  1853. 

Lerch,  Felix,  b.  Aug.   i,  1794,  d.  Aug. 

6,  1857. 

"     Catherine,  wife  b.  Sept.    12,   1796, 

d.  June  30,  1875. 
"     Jacob,    b.  Nov.   11,    1784,  d.  Feb. 

I,  1850. 
"     B.  F.,  d.  1878,  age  59  y- 
"     Hannah,  wife,  1896,  age  69  y. 
Barron,  N.  Margaret,     d.    Jan.  i,  1893, 

age  69  y. 
"     Daniel  W.,  d.  Jan.  28,   1877,  age 

20  y. 
"     Emma  L.,  d.  Aug.   11,   1879,  age 

25  y- 

Foreman,  Polly,     wife     of     Reuben,  b. 

Aug.  5.  1849,  d.  July  2,  1886. 
"     N.  R.,  wife  of  S.  D.,  d.  June  2. 

1892,  age  35  y. 
"     Jacob,  b.  Nov.  6,  1803,  d.  Dec.  2, 

1883. 
"     Marv.  wife  of  Samuel,  d.  May  4, 

i8q9,  ap^e  50  v. 
"     Samuel,  b.  April  24,  1803,  d.  Tar 

d.   Jan.  18,  1886. 
"     Lydia  M.,  wife  of     J.,  b.  Jan.   15, 

1807,  d.  Dec.  28,  1879. 
"     Andrew,  b.  Dec.  16,  1830.  d.  Dec. 

7.  1901. 

"     Elizabeth,  wife.  b.  April  26,   1826, 
d.  June  I,  1883. 
Grant.  U.\S.,  1868-1881. 
Fry,  Joseph,  b.  Feb.    19,   1797,  d.  May 

19,  1863. 

"     Hannah   Bover,  wife.     d.  Jan.   17, 

1878,  age  79  y. 
"     Lvdia  M.,  dnuehter  of  J.  and  H., 

b   Mav  d.  i8t7.  d.  Jnne  24.  T899. 
"     Marv.  wife  of  John.  d.  18^2. 
"     Hannah,  wife  of     David,  b.  Aug. 

26.  T826.  d.  Tan.  2.  1S67. 
Rohrbarh.  Mary  E  .     wife  of    Jacob,  b. 

Oct.  T-^.  t8c;6.  d.  Tnlv  12,  1904. 
"     John.  b.  Oct.   15,  1819.  d.  Aoril  2, 

1895. 


ST.  JACOB'S  (OR  reed's)  CHURCH 


895 


Persing,  Matthias,  b.     Dec.  2, -iSio, '4.      Schlegle,  Henry,     b.  May     20,  1849,  d. 


April  25,  1874 
"     Johannah,  wife,  b.  Jan.  22,  1820,  d. 
Feb.  17,  1872. 
llcfly,  Emma,  wife  of  A.  W  ,  i.  Match 
16,  1887,  age  39  y. 
"     George  W.,  son  of  Charles,  b.  May 
13,  1843,  d.  Feb.  19,  1907. 
Krick,  John,  b.  Aug.  14,  1834,  d.  June 
19,  1902. 
"     George,  b.  Feb.   14,   1804,  d.  Oct. 
15,  1888. 
Moore,  Tamar,  wife  Elisha,  d.  1856,  age 

44  y 


Aug.  10,  1878. 
"     Isaac,  1834-1893. 
"     Daniel  E.,  1900  died,  age  74  y- 
"     Rachel,  d.  1907,  age  68  y. 
Noecker,  W.  D.,  b.  Feb.  5,  1842,  d.  April 

14,   1871. 
"     John,  d.  Dec.  27,  i860,  age  78  y. 
''     Francy,  wife  of  J.,  d.  Jan.  29,  1860^ 

age  69  y. 
"     Jacob,  b.  Nov.  14,  1814,  d.  Oct.  28^ 

1879.  ^        ^ 

"     Sarah,  wife,  b.  Sept.  20,   1820,  d. 

^  y  Jan-  7,  1891. 

'     Elisha,  b.  Nov.   16,   1806,  d.  July  Kase,  John,  b.  Jan.  15,  1796,  d.  April  25, 

^j    I 88 I  ^^75- 

"     Esther    1804-1873.  "     Eleanora  DeWitt,  wife,     d.     April 

"     Samuel,  1840-1878.  .,       25,  1869,  age  73  y- 

Ent,  Lucy  Clayton,  wife  of  Samuel,  b.  Elizabeth   wife  of  S.  A.  Bergstres- 

Dec.  17,  1814.  d.  March  31,  1883.  ^  ^.     ^f '  d-  .1869,  age  45  y- 

"     Samuel,  b.  Feb.  13,  1813,  d.  Nov.  Robins,Ann,wife  of  S.  A.  Bergstresser, 

Q    i860  1838-1873. 

-'     E^izabS;,  daughter  of  S.,  d.  Nov.  ^^o"gl^,  Ella  M.   wife  of  E^  B.,  d.  1884. 

3,  1869,  age  31  y.  ^""^'^o  ^-  -^^"-     '9'  '^^^'  ^-     ^''• 

"     Ellen  S.,     b.     March  12,   1840,  d.  ^^     /\'.^^//-.,     ,     c     .  q  q     t 

Aug.  li,  1863.  S^'^^'^-  '''^'^  ^'-   S^P^-  23.   1818,  d. 

"     W.  C,  b.  Mav  13.  1843,  d.  Dec.  9.      ^  -•/";,? V,^\t  q      q 

jg^  .     o       -to'  y       Reppard.  W.  P.,  d.  Nov.  18,  1873,  age 


Brady,  Abraham,  d.   Aug.   5,   1889,  age 
72  y. 
"     Catherine,  wife,  Jan.  2,  1887,  died, 
age  66  y. 
Henrie 


.S3  y- 

Elizabeth,  wife  of  Peter,  d.  April 
0,  1854.  age  63  y. 
Jonas  W.,  h.  June  i,  18 14,  d.  July 
28.  1850. 


TT       ■      n     '  1    AT        xr-     tQ-,-,    ^rr^      Yost.  Jaue  A.,  wife  of  Peter,  d.  Oct.  6, 

Henrie.  George,  d.   May   15,   1837,   age  - 


32  y. 

Camp,  Ben.,  b.  Jan.  21,  1798,  d.  Feb.  17, 
1870. 
"     Magdaline,  wife,  d.  Nov.  26,  1858, 

age  57  y- 
"     Henry,  d.  Aug.  24,  1812.  age  37  y. 
Osmun.  Abraham,  b.  Aug.  21,  1818,  d. 

Feb.  16,  1859. 
Schwartz.  Francis  P.,  b.  Oct.  27.  1795. 

d.  Jan.   12,  1862,     soldier  of  tht 

War  of  1812. 
"     Juliann.  b.  June  22,  1809,  d.  Dec. 

24.  1891. 
Scholl.  J.  D..  Co.  F.  51st  Pa.  Inf 


1884.  age  55  y. 
"     Conrad,  b.  Dec.  26,   1794,  d.  Jan. 

20,  1875. 
"     Sarah,  wife  of  Conrad,  b.  Jan.  22, 
1799.  d.  March  31.  1883. 
Hartlein,  Anna,  b.  Oct.  7.  1797,  d.  Sept. 
19,  1872. 
"     George,  b.  Oct.  6.    1805,  d.  Aug. 
14.  1859. 
Flock,  Rebecca,  wife  of  J.  W.,  b.  April 

10.  1819,  d.  Dec.  8.  1875. 
Kerstetter.  Adam  P..  b.  April  25,  1875, 
d.  March  26,  1907. 
Robert,  d.  1896,  age  64  y. 


Deshay    Anthony  W.,  b.  Oct.  5.  1807.  d.  Gessner.  Wm.,   1842-1892.   Co.  G,   57th 
April  14,  1887.  Regt. 

Rebecca,  wife.  b.  Aug.  31,  1825,  d.  Hill.  Barbara,  wife    of  Jacob,     d.  1862, 
Oct.  22,  1895.  age  30  y. 


894 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


Startzel,  Catherine,  d.  1872,  age  70  y. 
Hoffman,  Jacob  B.,  1833- 1907. 
'•     Mlary,  his  wife,  1838-1898. 


Anthony,  Jacob,  b.  1720,  d.  1793,  aged 
"j-^  years,  supposed  to  be  first  per- 
son buried  in  Reed's  i:rrav2  \ard. 


An  Unf  ortuii-  There  are  more  than 
ate  Tendency  twice  as  many  marriages 
in  our  city  than  the  num- 
ber of  new  dwelHng-s  erected.  How  is 
this  to  be  understood?  Where  do  the 
married  couples  find  homes?  Over  one- 
half  of  them  neither  seek  nor  find  homes 
of  their  own.  Very  frequently  we  find 
the  statement  in  connection  with  the  re- 
ports of  marriages  that  the  young  couple 
will  reside  with  the  parents  of  either  the 
bridegrooms  or  the  brides.  This  seems 
unnatural.  Such  was  not  the  case  a  gen- 
eration ago.  Then  marriage  always  im- 
plied housekeeping.  Now  many  young 
couples  do  not  go  to  housekeepin.g  for 
several  reasons.  Many  young  women 
have  no  taste  for  house  work.  Some 
have  been  employed  in  factories  and 
?ome  continue  to  be  thus  employed  after 
their  marriage.  The  writer  knov/s  of  a 
number  of  instances  of  young  mothers 
working  in  factories,  notwithstanding 
that  their  husbands  are  also  employed. 
Then  many  marry  without  having  saved 
any  money  with  which  to  buv  furniture. 
For  the?e  and  other  reasons  they  fail  to 
establish  homes,  and  lean  upon  others, 
whicli  is  unfortunate.  The  home  is  at 
the  foundation  of  the  welfare  of  the  na- 
tion, but  at  the  present  time  the  tenden- 
cies arc  against  the  home.  Instead  of  .t 
genuine  family  life,  many  people  prefer 
to  lead  a  society  life.  They  do  not  wish 
to  be  bound  by  housework,  or  even  by 
parentage.  This  tendency  is  very  un- 
fortunate for  society. — D.  M.,  Reformed 
Church  Record. 


Bogus  The  most  tragic  form  of 
Ancestors  snobbery  in  a  country  place 
is  that  which  concerns  itself 
with  the  tracing-  of  a  pedigree.  In  my 
travels  I  came  upon  a  man  v/ho  confessed 
that  he  had  made  thousands  of  pounds 
out  of  the  conceit  and  snobbishness  of 
people  living  in  country  places,  and  es- 
pecially people  who  happened  to  pos  • 
sess  names  of  a  high  sounding  character. 
His  method  of  work  was  simple,  and 
onlv  the  ultra  snob  could  be  taken  in 
by  it. 

He  wculd  glance  through  a  local  di- 
rectory and  select  a  few  names  of  the 
Fitz-Blank  style.  A  short  visit  to  the 
town  would  help  him  to  determine  the 
character  of  the  person — a  snob  is  easily 
distin.P'ui'-hed,  and  be  would  return  to  his 
place  and  write  that  he  had  come  into 
the  possession  of  a  portrait  which  he  had 
every  reason  to  believe  was  that  of  an 
ancestor  of  'Mr.  Fitz-Blank. 

There  WiRild  be  a  few  quaint  liiero- 
glyphicr,  on  the  back  of  the  canvas  sliow- 
ing  that  the  original  was  a  native  of  the 
town  in  which  Mr.  Fitz-Blank  v.-as  re- 
siding. In  nine  cases  out  of  ten  that  pic- 
ture sold  at  a  price  which  meant  a  profit 
of  TOO  per  cent,  to  the  dealer  after  he 
had  i)aid  the  little  Italian  artist,  who 
turned  out  the  pictures  b)'  the  do.Tcn.  In 
many  a  country  house  today  there  is  g 
fine  old  full  length  portrait  of  an  ances- 
tor which  was  painted  in  a  niurky  studio 
soineTvhere  down  Whitechapel  way. — 
Marsraret  Ballantync  in  London  Satur- 
day Journal. 


XT  be  IPenn  Germania  Genealogical  Club 


ZTDITOR — Cora  C.  Curry,  1020  Monroe  St.    N.  W..  Washington.  D.  C. 

laZMBIiRSHlF — Subscribers  to  The  Penn  Germania  who  pay  an  annual  due  of  twenty- 
fi\e  cents. 

OBJECT To   secure   preserve    and   publish   what    interests    members    as.    accounts    of 

noted  family  incidents,  traditions.  Bible  records,  etc..  as  well  as  historical  and 
genealoBical  data  of  Swiss  German  and  Palatine  American  immiRrants.  with  date 
and  place  of  birth,  marriage,  settlement,  migration  and  deatih  of  descendants. 
Puzzling  genealogical   questions   and   answers    thereto   inserted    free. 

OFPICBKS — Elected  at  annual  meeting.  (Suggestions  as  to  time  and  place  are  invited. t 

BENEriTS Team   work,   personal    communications,    mutual    helpfulness,    exchange    of 

information  suggestions  as  to  what  should  be  printed,  contributions  for  publica- 
tion, including  the  asking  and  answering  of  questions. 


Q,uestions  and  Answers 

A  Few  Kiilpfal  S'Jt^^jssti.ns 

"Can  you  inform  nie  as  to  how  to  pro- 
ceed expeditiously  in  this  matter?  I 
have  looked  over  the  Pennsylvania  Ar- 
chives, but  get  little  help  there,  find  that 
the  name  I  want  is  quit^  common ;  many 
of  the  name  appear  between  1740  and 
1800,  in  Cumberland,  Northumberland. 
Washington,  Bedford,  Westmoreland 
and  other  counties,  but  I  cannot  find  out 
to  which  branch  I  belong."        T.  V.  P. 

A  Pew  General  Sug'gestions 

Work  from  the  known  to  the  un- 
known. Be  accrate,  methodical  and  per- 
sistent. Never. giv'^e  up.  First,  assemble 
the  facts;  make  up  a  statement  showing 
clearly  all  actually  known,  placing  the 
data  in  proper  order.  Then  assemble 
traditions,  but  Icccp  these  distinct  from 
"facts." 

Write  out  "possibilities"  as  each  de- 
velops, but  on  no  account  combine  these 
with  either  the  "facts"  or  the  "tradi- 
tions," as  they  are  to  be  used  as  "sug- 
gestions" which  may  be  "clews"  in  re- 
search, for  one  must  approach  this  work 
both  as  a  "detective"  and  a  historian. 

Second,  make  sure  of  the  geographi 


cal  and  historical  data  as  to  the  proper 
localities  to  be  searched. 

The  history  and  records  of  each  coun- 
ty begin  with  its  organization,  all  pre- 
vious records  belong  to  the  earlier 
county,  although  most  county  histories 
include  data  from  date  of  settlement 
therein.  One  may  have  to  search 
through  many  counties  in  folowing  the 
history  of  a  family  still  located  where  the 
emigrant  settled. 

Third,  In  questionings  be  sure  to  give 
enough  data  that  the  line  may  readily  be 
identified,  so  that  one  may  aid  you  even 
though  unable  to  answer  in  full,  as  much 
information  comes  through  the  female 
lin-s. 

Fourth,  Be  a  collector,  arrange  matter 
for  ready  reference.  Record  it  all,  .trust 
nothiiig  to  memoi-y.  Carding  is  easier 
and  better  than  book  records.  Keep  an 
address  book  with  dates  as  to  time  ad- 
dress was  secured.  Record  authority 
for  each  item  of  information.  Keep  list 
of  books  and  records  searched,  with  ref- 
erences for  data  found. 

I'ifth.  With  such  foundation  research 
in  the  locality  of  the  earliest  certain  data, 
and  in  the  ones  to  which  tradition  points 
most  strongly  should  bring  results. 
Never  throw  aside  as  useless  any  item 
regarding  any  of  the  names  sought;  it 
may  be  of  value  for  exchange.  Check 
nothing  as  "fact"  until  "proven." 


895 


896 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


Ctueries 

38 
Behm  or  Bohm.  Christian  Behm  (or 
Bohm)  born  near  White  Oak,  Lancas- 
ter Co.,  Pa.,  in  1766,  died  at  Campbell- 
town,  Lebanon  Co.,  Pa.,  August  4,  1841, 
married  Veronica  Hummer,  born  Aug. 
8,  1774,  died  Sept.  21,  1852.  Christian 
Behm  (or  Bohm)  had  a  brother  Abra- 
ham and  two  sisters,  M,argaret  and 
Elizabeth.  Wanted:  Names  and  dates 
of  parents,  whence  they  came  and  date 
of  arrival  in  this  country.       J.  W.  B. 

39 

Davidson,  (a)  Wanted  to  communi- 
cate with  some  member  of  the  Davidson 
family,  w^ho  is  living  in  Pennsylvania,  de- 
scendants of  either  of  the  two  brothers, 
John  and  George  Davidson,  who  had 
settled  near  Chestnut  Level,  Lancaster 
Co.,  Pa.,  but  later  emigrated  to  Center 
Church,  North  Carolina,  in  1748. 

(b)  Can  any  one  give  information 
concerning  a  Davidson  Society,  or  other 
organization  in  Pennsylvania.  L.  M.  B. 

iO 

Wise,  Weiss.  The  Wise  family  are  of 
German  descent.  Would  like  to  have  a 
reunion  next  summer  and  would  like  to 
get  all  the  information  that  it  is  possible 
to  secure. 

John  Adam  Weiss  arrived  in  Philadel- 
phia Sept.  7,  1748,  from  Rotterdam, 

John  and  Adam  Wise  were  living  in 
Augusta  County,  Va.,  after  1763. 

(a)  Were  they  brothers? 

(b)  Were  they  sons  of  the  above  emi- 
grant, John  Adam  Weiss. 

(c)  Names  and  data  wanted  as  to  all 
of  the  children  of  said  John  Adam  Weiss 
and  of  John  and  Adam  Wise,  of  Au- 
gusta Co.,  Va. 

(d)  Data  wanted  as  to  the  wife  of  said 
John  Adam  Weiss.  S.  H.  W.  B. 

41 

Wiest,  Wust.    Tradition  says  that  five 

(or  eight)   brothers  from  Germany  (on 

the  Rhine))  landed  1760,  in  Chester  Co., 

Pa.,  among  them  were  Jacob,  John,  and 


probably  Christian.  Three  settled  in 
Pennsylvania, 

Li  1767  Jacob  Wiest,  Sr.,  and  Jacob 
Wiest,  Jr.,  lived  in  Berks  Co.,  Pa. 

In  1783  Henry  Wiest,  with  a  family  of 
seven,  lived  in  York  Co.,  Pa. 

In  1790  Henry  Weast  lived  in  Balti- 
more Co.,  Md, 

John  Wiest,  from  Saxony,  settled  on 
the  Hudson  river  near  Albany,  was  a 
soldier  in  the  Revolutionary  War.  Some 
of  his  family  settled  in  Pennsylvania. 

(a)  Was  the  New  York  man  father, 
brother,  or  any  kin  of  the  Pa.  brotheis? 

(b)  Was  the  Md.  man  of  the  Pa. 
family? 

(c)  Was  Jacob,  Sr.,  of  Berks  Co.,  fa- 
ther or  brother  of  the  five  (or  ei.i;ht) 
brothers  ? 

(d))  Were  all  the  Wiests  of  common 
ancestry? 

(e)  Names  of  all  the  brothers  wanted. 

(f)  Want  the  location  in  Germany  of 
the  Wiest  ancestry, 

(g)  Would  like  to  correspond  with 
any  of  the  family  or  others  having 
knowledge  of  this  family  in  America  or 
Germany,  am  specially  desirous  to  know 
whether  my  ancestor,  Jacob  Wiesth, 
Wrest  or  Wiist,  was  entitled  to  arms, 
and  to  know  of  his  Coat-of-arms. 

(It  is  impossible  for  this  Department 
to  make  researches  abroad  or  to  deter- 
mine as  to  the  armorial  bearings  t:) 
which  any  family  might  be  entitled,  but 
will  be  glad  to  print  data  contributed  on 
these  points. — Ed.) 

I  have  been  wanting  to  join  the  P.  G. 
G.  C,  but  have  been  putting  it  ofif  until 
now,  here  is  my  25  cents.  Is  that  for 
one  question  a  month  or  a  year?  I  do 
not  want  to  impose  upon  your  good  na- 
ture. (Number  of  questions  is  limited 
only  by  the  amount  of  space  in  the  Mag- 
azine, but  members  should  tell  all  that 
they  know  so  as  to  be  helpful  to  others 
interested  in  the  same  lines  and  make  it 
possible  to  recognize  missing  links, 
—Ed.)  A,  N.  B.  W. 

Calhoun,  Calhoon.  David,  James  and 
John  Calhoun,  three  brothers  from  Lon- 


THE    PENN    GERMANIA    GENEALOGICAL    CLUB 


89; 


donderry,  Ireland,  came  to  New  York  in 
1 7 14;  David  settled  in  Conn.,  James  in 
Mlaryland,  and  John  in  South  Carolina. 
These  were  probably  the  first  of  the 
naniic  in  this  country. 

I"  ^733  James  Calhoun,  b.  about  1680, 
with  'his  wife,  Catharine  Montgomery,  b. 
1684,  and  six  children  settled  in  Bucks 
Co.,  Pa.,  from  Donegal,  Ire.,  viz:  i. 
James;  2.  William  (married  Oct.  19, 
1749,  Agnes  Long)  ;  3.  John;  4.  Cather- 
ine (married  in  Ireland,  John  Noble)  ; 
5.  Ezekiel  (b.  1720,  m.  Jane  Ewing  of 
New  Jersey)  ;  6.  Patrick,  b.  1727,  m.  ist, 
Miss  Craighill,  who  died  childless;  he 
m.  2d,  Martha  Caldwell,  of  S.  C. 

This  family  soon  went  to  Virginia, 
now  Wythe  Co.,  then  Augusta  Co.  The 
father  is  probably  buried  on  the  Ken- 
awha  river.  The  oldest  son  James  was 
killed  at  Braddock's  Defeat,  just  after 
which  the  family  with  six  other  families 
went  from  Augusta  Co.,  Va.,  to  Calhoun 
Settlement,  South  Carolina,  thence  soon 
after  to  Long  Canes,  96th,  District, 
Granville  County ;  the  family,  sons,  the 
daughters  and  their  families  and  the 
mother,  were  among  those  who  fled 
from  the  uprising  of  the  Cherokee  In- 
dians, the  mother  and  some  of  the  grand- 
children were  massacred  near  Patter- 
son's Bridge  and  two  daughters  of  Wil- 
liam were  among  those  taken  prisoners 
there,  Patrick  Calhoun  being  in  com- 
mand of  the  refugees.  Long  after  Pat- 
rick erected  a  stone  over  this  inscription  : 
"In  memory  of  Catharine  Calhoun,  aged 
76,  wlho  with  22  others  were  here  mur- 
dered by  the  Indians  on  the  ist  of  Feb., 
1760."  This  Patrick  was  the  father  of 
John  C.  Calhoun. 

William,  John,  Catherine,  Ezekiel  and 
Patrick  all  died  in  or  near  Abbeville,  S. 
C,  and  all  left  children.  (Editor  has 
several  generations  of  their  decendants 
in  all  lines.) 

Col.  Joseph  Calhoun,  son  of  William 
and  Agnes  (Long)  Calhoun,  was  born 
Oct.  22,  1750.  hence  it  is  presumed  that 
James,  the  older  brother,  killed  in  1755. 
left  a  family.  Was  he  the  father  of  the 
George  Calhoun  b.  in  Pa.  in  1750,  d.  in 
Davies  Co.,  Ky.,  in  July,  1813?  Married 


Susan  Cotton  in  Henry  Co.,  Ky.,  pa- 
rents of  Rev.  Samuel  Calhoun,  of  the 
Cumberland  Presbyterian  Church. 

Tradition  says  that  the  Calhouns  of 
Pendleton  Co.,  West  Virginia,  came 
from  the  north  of  Ireland  in  1733,  and 
that  their  ancestor  was  a  brother  of  Pat- 
rick Calhoun,  father  of  John  C.  Calhoun. 
This  family  settled  first  in  Pa.,  soon 
went  to  Augusta  Co.,  Va.,  where  in  1750 
James  was  Capt.  of  a  troop  of  horse. 

Were  they  descended  from  the  son 
James  killed  1755,  at  Braddock's  Defeat? 
Did  he  have  a  son  William? 

John  (said -to  be  the  son  of  William), 
(son  of  James),  b.  1765,  d.  1850,  m.  ist, 

Elizabeth ,  m.  2nd  in  1838,  Mary 

Schrader.  > 

Roan,  Calhoun.  Samuel  Calhoun 
(said  to  have  been  a  close  kin  of  Patrick 
Calhoun,  father  of  John  C.  Calhoun),  b. 
1740  in  Pa.,  d.  in  Tenn.  in  1833;  m.  in 
N.  C.  (place  and  date  wanted)  Nancy 
Neely,  b.  in  Pa.  1755,  d.  in  Tenn.  1825. 
They  had  nine  children,  among  them  was 
the  Rev.  Thomas  Calhoun,  pioneer  min- 
ister of  the  Cumberland  Presbyterian 
Church,  whose  dau.  Hanna  (b.  Aug.  24, 
1775,  d.  in  185 1,  m.  in  N.  Car.  1793, 
d.  Tenn.  in  1825).  Samuel  Calhoun  and 
Hugh  Roane  "were  both  of  the  Scotch- 
Irish  movement  from  Pa.  to  N.  C."  This 
Samuel  Calhoun  was  in  N.  C.  from  1760 
until  after  1790  when  he  went  to  Tenn. 
He  served  in  1775  as  a  commiteeman  for 
the  relief  of  the  poor  of  Boston  and 
other  colonies,  caused  by  the  British 
blockades. 

Ancestry  and  data  wanted  as  to  Hugh 
Roan,  also  of  Samuel  Calhoun. 


.  .Painter,  Penter,  Pander — i.  Jacob 
Painter  (Pander,  Penter)  said  to  have 
been  a  native  of  Mecklenburg,  Germany, 
settled  in  Rockhill  township,  Bucks  Co., 
Pa.,  about  1780  he  removed  to  West- 
moreland Co.,  Pa.  Wanted  the  names 
of  his  wife  and  children  ? 

2.  John  and  George  Painter  lived  in 
Westmoreland  Co.,  Pa.,  prior  to  1776, 
thought  to  have  been    the    sons  of  the 


898 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


above  Jacob.  Wanted  information  as  to 
their  ancestry  as  xyell  as  the  names  of 
their  wives  and  children. 

^  George  Painter,  son  of  one  of  the 
above  was  born  in  Westmoreland  Co., 
Pa  removed  taking  his  family  to  nortU- 
ern  central  Ohio  in  1810.  There  were 
three  sons  and  three  danghters  m  this 
familv,  viz:  John,  George,  William. 
Hannah,  Elizaijeth  and  ^largaret. 

\\' anted  information  as  to  his  arxestr) 
and  the  name  of  his  wife? 

(This  inquiry  shows  the  importance 
of  inchiding  with  questions  all  known 
dates,  places  and  intermarriages,  hema.^ 
lines,  out  of  the  name,  are  where  muci 
history  of  families  is  preserved.  Names 
are  invaluable  for  identification  purposes. 
Will  each  one  having  anv  knowledge  01 
persons  of  names  or  ancestry  similai 
please  communicate  at  once  with  me.— 

c.  C.  C.)  .    ,.^       ^.     ^ 

This  name  appears  mdifterently  a:, 
ainter,  Pander,  Panter,  Panther,  Pender, 
Pentcr  and  Penther  in  my  list,  90  items, 
which  includes  from  25  to  50  different 
men.  privates  in  the  Colonial  and  Revo- 
lutionarv  Wars,  and  are  from  eight  dif- 
ferert  counties  of  Pennsylvania,  viz.. 
Berks,  Bucks,  Chester.  Cumberland, 
Lancaster,  Northampton,  Philadelphia 
and  Westmoreland.  They  were  of  Ger- 
man nncc^try. 

A  Jacob  Painter  cnlistcrl  June  22. 
1757,  for  three  years  in  Capt.  Jame,:^ 
Patterson's  Company. 

Between  T744.  and  1765  a  Jacob  Pain- 
ter w'as  living  in  Heidelberg  Township. 

A   Jacob  Penter  enlisted  in  the  com- 
"panv  "of  Capt.  Andrew  Kechline,  Pock- 
hillCo.,  Bucks     Co.  .XsFociators,   Au'? 
TO.  T775.  from  Rockhill  'J^i) 

Jon  Penter  in  Sept.,  1781-1782,  wa- 
in  2nd  Bat.  Capt.  James  Mclvirlane, 
Tol.  Thomas  Gibson,  from  Cumberland 
Co. 

John  Painter  appears  in  tbc  list  .ot 
Westmoreland  Depreciated  Pay. 

At  least  two  different  localities  sent 
many  soldiers  into  the  Revolutionary 
armv  of  this  family,  one  branch  lived  in 
East    Bradford,   Chester   Co.,    while   the 


one  in  Lancaster  Co.  were  from  the 
west  end  of  Leacock  and  from  Rapho 
Townships. 

The  ancastors  of  Capt.  John  Painter, 
Rev.  War,  were  from  German  members 
of  this  family  removed  to  Nortl,iumber- 
land  and  to  Dauphin  Counties.  Alany  of 
his  descendants  still  live  at  Derry  and 
Sand  Hill,  Dauphin  Co. 

Answers  to  Queries 

F.  A.  B. — A  list  of  the  67  counties  of 
Pennsylvania,  the  dates  of  their  organi- 
zation and  the  counties  from  which 
fornied  will  be  found  in  3rd  Series,  Pa 
Archives,  Vol.  XXIV,  pg.  IV,  and  Vol. 
XXVII,  pg.  315.  It  is  necessary  for  the 
genealogist  to  have  these  facts  and  the 
changes  in  boundaries,  always  at  hand. 

Keblinger,  Daniel,  tradition  says  was 
the  first  of  this  branch  in  xVmerica,  his 
son  Adam  was  b.  Aug".  15,  1762,  in 
Shenandoah  Co.,  Va.,  enlisted  in  the  pa- 
triot army  in  Jan.  1779,  married  Oct.  22, 
1785.  Elizabeth  Prince,  dau.  Philip 
Prince  (Printz)  who  was  b.  hi  1765. 

Their  son  David  b.  1788,  d.  1869,  mar- 
ried a  dau.  of  W^illiam  Maupin,  of  Albe- 
marle Co.,  Va.,  whither  the  Keblinger 
family  had  removed  about  iSoo. 

William,  son  of  David,  b.  Dec.  7,  1816, 
(1.  Jan.  25,  1870,  m.  Mary  C.  Jarman ; 
their  children  were  Lucy  Francis,  Wil- 
bur Jarman,  Caddis  iSIaunin  and  Mary 
Keblinger. 

One  of  the  traditions  is  that  there  are 
always  just  four  children  in  every  Keb- 
linger family,  two  boys  and  two  girls, 
and  it  is  a  singular  circums'ancc  that 
thus  far  the  tradition  is  in  accord  with 
the  facts,  and  liolds  to  this  day. 

The  chUdrcn  of  David  were  William, 
Xdani.  i^lizabeth  Cm.  Wyant^l,  and  Mil- 
dred ( who  marled  her  first  cousin, 
Thomas  Maupin). 

Grctsin^er.  John  Grctsinger.  of  the 
.^rtillery  service.  Pa.  line,  during  the 
]■'? evolutionary  War,  later  removed  to 
Louisville,  Ky.,  there  lived  and  died.  His 
name  ai^pears  variously  in  the  lists,  i.  e., 
as  Grctsinger.  Gless-ing'^r,  Cralsinger, 
Gradsinger,  Gratzinger,  Gratsinger,  etc. 


THE    PENN    GERMANIA    GENEALOGICAL    CLUB 


899 


This  John  (Jrctsin,qcr  born  in  Lancas- 
ter Co.,  Pa.,  died  leavini>-  four  sons, 
three  of  whom  died  intestate  without  is- 
sue, beings  unmarried,  viz:  Josepih,  Jolm 
and  Conrad;  the  only  other  child  beint;; 
Georq;e  Gretsinger.  who  lived  and  dieil 
in  I.oir'svillc.  leavin<^  a  family. 

Jf'cr/.:.  Mrs.  J.  R.  M.  please  send 
further  inquiry,  with  detail  as  to  what  is 
known  and  what  desired.  The  names  of 
George  and  John  occur  in  most  W'ertz 
faiuilies  in  all  generations.  An  interest- 
ing statement  regarding  the  so-called 
W'ertz  fortune  will  appear  in  the  next  is- 
sue, with  the  latest  development  regard- 
ing the  same,  by  Mr.  Melvin  A.  W'ertz, 
Wasliington,  who  is  compiling  the  W'ertz 
Geneal"ogy.  Mr.  Wertz  relates  an  inter- 
esting incident  in  his  work  as  typifying 
the  need  for  genealogical  in(|uirers  Lo 
give  all  names  possible  of  intermarriages 
to  facilitate  identification,  thus : 

]^Irs.  ,  though  born  and  rearcil 

in  the  same  village  as  himself,  playmates 
and  friends  always,  only  lately,  through 
locathig  her  as  a  descendant  of  a  sister 
of  Paulus  Wertz,  was  it  discovered  that 
she  also  was  a  Wertz. 

Bickcl.  As  to  the  <.iriginal  form  of 
this  name,  the  July  Penn  GKiiM.\Ni.\ 
gves  the  name  as  from  Botger.  referring 
to  the  ancestry  of  those  from  Zurich  ^.nd 
East  Switzerland,  as  stated  by  Tobler 
M.eyer  in  his  Deutsche  Familiennamen 
and  C|u.')ted  hv  iProf.  Oscar  Kuhnn.  The 
following  will  be  found  of  much  inter- 
est, from  records,  tra(iitions,  and  family 
possessions  in  the  families  numerous  in 
Eastern  Pennsylvania,  parts  of  Ohio, 
In^iiana  and  Iowa,  in  wdiich  ihi  namt 
appears  today  as  Rickel.  Beckel  and 
Po:kel.  and  is  contributed  by  Mr.  Paul 
Tared  Pick -1,  row  of  Nev.'  York  City, 
anfl  cor''ohorpte'  by  i^Tr.  Claren.ce 
Beckel,  of  Bethl-.-heni,  tending  to  show 
that  there  were  at  least  two  sources 
from  which  this  name  is  derived. 

"T  do  not  profess  to  know  where  the 
name  Bickcl  itself  comes  from  or  if 
Bickel  is  the  original  form  of  the  name 
in  any  family.  There  appears  to  be  a 
German  name  Bickel  which  has  always 


been  Bickel,  but  so  far  as  api)lies  to  the 
Bickel  which  is  derived  from  Boecku 
etc..  as  most  of  the  Bickels  of  Pa.  seem 
to,  I  would  say : 

So  far  as  records  of  the  original  emi- 
grants are  available  it  appears  that  thj 
npme  wias  originally  spelled  Bockel  or 
Boeckel.  In  the  Moravian  records  at 
Bethlehem  the  name  is  si)elled  thus. 
With  this  spelling  the  meaning  appar- 
ently is  "a  little  goat,"  being  the  diminu- 
tive of  Bock,  the  German  for  goat,  and 
my  belief  is  that  this  is  the  real  deriva- 
tion of  the  family  name. 

This  theory  is  to  some  extent  support- 
ed bv  a  coat-of-arms  of  aj  Boeckel  fam- 
ily that  settled  in  York  County,  Pa., 
about  181 2.  Members  of  this  family 
have  in /their  possession  a  historical  ac- 
count that  goes  back  to  500  A.  D.,  from 
wb'ch  is  the  following: 

"The  first  ^of  this  name  was  Hereward 
Bo?ckel,  sitting  as  Chief  of  the  then 
powerful  W^agnes,  a  tribe  of  men  who 
were  at  thrt  time  the  conquerors  of  all 
the  tri'^es  who  opposed  them.  The  war- 
like Wagnes  lived  in  the  Riesen  Gebirge 
in  Silesia  and  Bohemia.  Here  Hereward 
Boeckel  lived  as  Chief  of  the  tribe.  His 
shield  or  coat-of-arms  represented  two 
male  goats,  which  interpreted  means 
cont'i'ntion,  ambition,  ready  to  fight.  This 
symbol  is  the  German  symbol  of  the 
God':Ie3s  of  War,  called  Zernbick,  mean- 
ing "war-like." 

I  have  seen  a  coat-of-arms  on  which 
are  tv/o  male  goats  in  the  possession  of 
a  Boeckel  family  of  Philadelphia,  whose 
tradition  is  that  it  had  come  down  >  from 
a  remote  past. 

From  the=e  facts  T  conclude  that  the 
Bickel  and  Bec'-el  which  originally  were 
Bnckel  or  Foeckel  mean  "a  little  goat," 
especially  taking  into  accomit  this  form 
of  the  name  as  our  ancestors  wrote  it. 

Mr  Cbrence  Beckel.  of  Bethlehem, 
who  has  done  considcrablciresearch  work- 
in  the  Moravian  Archives,  silpplied  some 
of  the  material  for  this  account  and  sup- 
ports the  above  iconclsions." 

Baltsly — Peter  Baltzli  came  to  Penn- 
sylvania from  Switzerland  in  1752.  His 
will   and  inventory     are     of     record  at 


THE  PENN  GERMANIA 


Reading.  His  son  John  Baltzly  was  in 
Capt.  John  Moore's  Co.,  3d  Bat.  Lancas- 
ter Co.  Militia,  1782. 

Jacob,  a  son  of  Peter  Baltzli  settled 
in  Virginia,  and  his  name  was  changed 
to  Polsley,  while  the  one  who  remained 
in  Pennsylvania  and  John  the  one  who 
wtent  to  Ohio,  spelled  it  Baltzly.  Jacob's 
youngest  son,  Daniel  Raymond  Paisley, 
was  the  first  Lieut.  Gov.  of  West  Va. 
under  the  reconstruction  government,  a 
member  of  Congress  and  Judge  of  the 
Circuit  Court.  He  married  a  niece  of 
Joseph  and  Philip  Doddridge  of  early 
Virginia  history. 

35.  Ulrich-Uhrich.  "Johann  Mi- 
chael son  of  Johann  Michael  and  Eliza- 
beth Ulrich,  b.  Smittopehille  (Hebron) 
Aug.  7th  and  bap.  Aug.  nth,  1751,"  C. 
E.  B.  writes,  "The  other  day  I  happened 
upon  the  above  in  the  baptismal  record 
of  the  Moravian  Church  (Bethlehem)." 

9.  Haigler.  William  Haigler,  b. 
about  1750,  an  early  settler  in  Augusta 
Co.,  Va.  (see  Penn  Germania,  Aug.. 
1912),  married  Magdahne  Whitezel, 
They  lived  at  Conastover,  Penn.  Their 
parents  came  from  Germany. 

Several  of  these  are  known  to  be  in 
existence,  the  one  published  in  the  Jour- 
nal of  American  History,  in  1908  and 
1909  issues,  includes  the  period  Aug.  5, 
to  Sept.  28,  1776,  inclusive,  has  much  of 
general  interest  to  genealogists.  In  the 
order  dated  Sept.  4,  1776,  it  is  provided 
that, 

"The  sick  of  the  several  Regiments  ot 
MiUtia  are  to  be  discharged  if  they  are 
well  enough  to  get  home  and  choosp  to 
be  discharged.  All  of  the  other  sick  are 
to  be  provided  for  in  such  manner  and  in 
such  places  as  the  Director  General  ot 
the  Hospitals  and  the  several  Regiment- 
al Surgeons  shall  think  best  for  them.  In 
giving  these  discharges  particular  care  is 
to  be  taken  by  the  Colonels  and  Gen. 
Woolcott  to  see  that  none  but  those  who 
are  really  sick  are  discharged  ,and  that 
the  discharges  be  given  in  writing,  by 
Gen.  Woolcott." 

A  Brigade  Guard  usually  included  2 
Captains,  7   Subalterns,  8   Sergeants,  i 


Corporals,  3  Drums,  and  3  Fifes  for  the 
main  guard  in  the  city. 

Mr.  Charles  Allen  Munn,  President  of 
the  Scientific  American,  an  authoritative 
antiquarian  has  Gen,  Washington's  first 
Order  Book,  at  the  time  he  took  com- 
mand of  the  Army  in  Cambridge.  Mr. 
Munn  owns  at  least  three  Order  Books. 

28.  N.  E.  P.  Uhrich,  Ulrich,  Urich, 
Ulrick,  Uhrick,  Urick,  Urig,  Uhrig,  Ul- 
lery,  Ulery,  etc.,  in  many  cases  are  from 
the  same  original  name  and  ancestry. 
This  name  appears  in  as  many  forms  as 
it  is  possible  to  formulate  in  the  same 
families  in  America.  It  is  possible 
therefore  that  the  names  you  quote, 
Erich,  Ihrich,  ec,  may  be  from  the 
same  stock. 

Uhrich. — Yes,  the  Michael  Ulrich,  b. 
Aug.  7,  175 1,  is  our  Michael  Uh,rich.  He 
emigrated  to  Ohio  with  his  second  wife, 
Susannah  C.  Rouse  and  five  children  in 
1803.  He  d.  Aug.  14,  1817,  at  Uhrichs- 
ville,  O.  I  never  could  find  a  Michael 
Uhrich  on  the  shipping  list,  but  it  is  all 
clear  now,  since  you  gave  me  the  name 
as  Johannes  Michael.  Johannes  Uhrich 
came  over  in  the  ship  resident,  Sept.  27, 
1732.  My  great  desire  is  to  learn  where 
the  first  Uhrich  came  from  in  Germany, 
so  that  I  can  hunt  up  some  records  on 
the  other  side  of  the  ocean.  I  also  want 
to  know  the  name  of  the  wife,  Anna 
Elizabeth,  and  the  date  of  the  marriage. 

Michael  Uhrich  III,  married  Mary 
Ann  Baltzly.  I  may  be  able  to  assist 
you  with  Baltzly  data,  if  wanted. 

Wiest. — I  heartily  thank  you  for  your 
recearches.  You  are  a  pioneer  in  open- 
ing up  this  new  field  (badly  needed) 
for  the  Pennsylvania  Germans.  I  once 
spent  two  months,  all  days,  looking  up 
and  reading  everything  that  would  bear 
on  the  Pa. -Dutch  and  the  Wiest  family. 
T  had  much  trouble  with  the  names 
Wiest,  Wust,  Wuest,  Wist,  West, 
Waste,  etc.,  and  was  often  led  into  fruit- 
less searches.  Since  then  I  have  found 
many  corrections  and  changes,  as  cannot 
be  helped  in  genealogy,  which  seem 
fathomless  and  is  full  of  mystery,  but 
grips  one  closely  with  its  fascinations 
and  rewards. 


THE    PENN    GERMANIA    GENEALOGICAL    CLUB 


901 


Wiest. — Christian  Wiist,  Wiest,  emi- 
grant 1760  (or  thereabouts)  from  Al- 
sace (or  Lorraine?)  to  Berks  Co.,  Pa., 
there  died  (aged  104-105  years,  accord- 
ing to  family  tradition).  Was  my  great- 
great-great-grandfather. 

During  the  Rev.  War  there  were  sol- 
diers named   Christian  Wiest  from   Co- 


calico  Tp.,  Lancaster     Co.,     and     from 
Paradise  Tp.,  York  Co. 

(a)  What  connection,  if  any,  between 
these  three  differently  located  families? 

(b)  Was   Christian  the  earliest  emi- 
grant, or  did  he  come  with  his  parents? 

(c)  Was  the  father's     name  Jacob  01 
Christian?     Where  did  he  locate? 


Instrumental  Gospel  Herald   (Men- 

Music  in  Worship  nonite)    recently     con- 
tained an  article  on  "Vo- 
cal and  Instrumental  Music  in  Worship" 
from  which  we  quote  extracts. 

We  are  opposed  to  the  use  of  musical 
instruments  in  Christian  worship  for  the 
following  reasons : 

1.  Neither  Christ  nor  the  apostles 
ever  authorized  the  use  of  musical  in- 
struments in  worship  either  by  precept 
or  example.  This  truth  is  of  great 
weight.  Sad  results  follow  where  God's 
order  of  worship  is  disregarded. 

2.  A  musical  instrument  is  as  help- 
less in  Christian  worship  as  was  Dagon 
in  the  house  of  Ashdod. 

3.  The  origin  of  musical  instruments 
does  not  commend  their  use  in  worship. 
The  history  in  brief  is  this :  Unto  Adam 
and  Eve  were  born  Cain,  Abel  and  Seth. 
The  sad,  short  history  of  Abel  is  well 
known.  Of  Seth's  descendants  it  was 
early  said,  "Then  began  men  to  call  upon 
the  Lord."  But  of  guilty  Cain,  a  fugi- 
tive and  a  vagabond,  it  is  said,  "He  went 
from  the  presence  of  the  Lord."  Of 
Cain's  descendants  we  have,  Lamech 
who  introduced  polygamy,  and  Tubal  the 
father  and  inventor  of  the  harp  and  or- 


gan. Having  departed  from  the  worship 
of  God  they  doubtless  sought  these 
means  as  a  balm,  in  their  alienated  con- 
dition. 

***** 

But  were  it  even  evident,  wliich  it  is 
not,  either  from  this  or  any  other  place 
in  the  Sacred  Writings,  that  instru- 
ments of  music  were  prescribed  by  divine 
authority  under  the  law,  could  this  be 
adduced  with  any  semblance  of  reason 
that  they  ought  to  be  used  in  Christian 
worship?  No;  the  whole  spirit,  soul 
and  genius  of  the  Christian  religion  are 
against  this ;  and  those  who  know  the 
Church  of  God  best,  and  what  consti- 
tutes its  genuine  spiritual  state,  know 
that  these  things  have  been  introduced  as 
a  substitute  for  the  life  and  power  of 
religion ;  and  that  where  they  prevail 
most,  there  is  least  of  the  power  of 
Christianity.  Away  with  such  porten- 
tious  baubles  from  the  worship  of  that 
infinite  Spirit  who  requires  His  follow- 
ers to  worship  Him  in  spirit  and  in 
truth ;  for  to  no  such  worship  are  those 
instruments  friendly."  (Clarke's  Com., 
Vol.  I,  p.  954.) — Tract  Published  by  the 
Brethren's  General  Mission  Board,  El- 
'Jn.  III. 


D 


IE  MUTTERSPROCH 

"  O,  Muttersproch,  du  but  was  lieb.  " — A.  S. 


DAS   GEISTLICHE    VOGEL-GESANG. 

Von  allerley  Voegeln,  was  dieselben  vor  Natur  und  Wesen  haben. 

For  the  following  interesting  "song"  our  readers  are  indebted  to 
Major  Nevin  W.  Moyer,  Morganza,  Pa.  The  original  is  printed  in  prose 
form  on  both  sides  of  a  sheet  10  14  by  16.  The  modified  letters  a,  o  and  u 
are  change  to  ae,  oe  and  ue.  Can  any  readers  give  particulars  as  to  com- 
position of  poem  and  printing  of  broadside? — Editor. 

Wohlauf  ihr  klein  Wald-voegelein,  alles  was  in  Luefften  schwebt; 
Stimmt  an,  lobt  Gott  den  Herren  mein,  singt  all,  die  stimm  erhebt. 
Dann  Gott  hat  euch  eschafen  zu  seinem  Lob  und  Ehr, 
G'sang,  Federn,  Schnabeln,  Waffen,  kommt  alles  von  ihm  her. 

Adler. 
Der  aller  Voegel  Koenig  ist,  macht  billig  den  anfang, 
Kom  Adler,  komm  herfuer,  wo  bist?  stimm  an  das  Vogel-g'sang, 
Der  Vorgang  dir  gebuehrt,  kein  Vogel  ist  dir  gleich, 
Drum  dich  im  Wappen   fuehrt,  das  heilig  Roemisch  Reich. 

Amsel. 
Die  Amssl  dicht  am  morgen  in  ihrem  gruenen  Haus, 
Ihr  Herr  thut  sie  versorgen,  er  wart  ihr  fleisig  auf, 
Er  laeszt  ihr  Taeglich  bringen  ihr  Tranck  und  frische  Speisz, 
Sie  darf  nichts  thun  als  singen  zu  Gottes  Ehr  und  Preisz. 

Bachsteltz. 
Die  Bachsteltz  thut  oft  schnappen,  und  faengt   der  Muecken  viel, 
Es  hoert  nicht  auf  zu  knappen  ihr  langen  Pfannenstiel, 
Den  Schweiff  thut  allzeit  schwingen,   sie  laeszt  ihm  keine  Ruh, 
Wenn  andre  Voeglein  singen,  gib;  sie  den  Tact  darzu.  ^ 

Canary-Voeglein. 
Das  lieb  Canary-voeglein  kommt  her  aus  fremden  Land, 
Es  singt  gar  schoen,  zart,  hell  und  rein,  wie  alien  ist  bekannt; 
Es  thut  so  haeuffig  mehren,  der  Jungen  bringt  es  viel. 
Gar  leicht  kan  mans  ernaehren,  wer  es  nur  haben  will. 

Dul. 
Die  Dul  wird  zahm  und  heimlich  gemacht  und  laest  von  wilder  Art, 
Fliegt  aus  und  ein,  kommt  heim  bey  nacht  zu  dem,  der  ihr  aufwart; 
Und  solt  der  Mensch  nicht  fassen,  die  edle  creatur, 
Dasz  er  die  suend  musz  hassen,  die  wieder  seyn  natur. 

Emmerling. 
Der  Emmerling  bis  zu  Abend  spat  singt  uebel  immerhin, 
So  langs  Feld  ehren  hat,  ich  auch  ein  Schnitter  bin, 
Im  Feld  thut  er  sich  nehren,  bleibt  Tag  und  Nacht  darauf, 
Was  ihm  Gott  thut  beschehren,  das  klaubt  er  fleisig  auf. 

9:12 


DIE  MUTTERSPROCH  905 

Eul. 
Die  Eul  in  ihreu  hoehleu  steckt,  unci  sclireyt  liu,  liu,  liu,  hu, 
Der  Guckguolt  manchen  sehr  ersclireclvt,  mit  seinem  gu,   gu,  gu, 
Die  Voegel  boyd  ilin  liassen,  und  lassen  ilim  kein  Ruh, 
Wann  sie  sicli  bliclien  lassen,  fliegen  sie  alle  zu. 

Finck. 
Zu  morgans  frueh,  zu  abends  spat,  der  Fnck  hat  kene  ruh; 
Die  Musas  in  das  gruen  er  ladt,  seyd  froelich,  reit  herzu, 
Frueh  ist   gar  gut  studiren,  wanns  still,   kuehl,  ruhig  ist, 
Steh  auf  und  thuts  probiren,  du  fauler  Simarist. 

Rother. 
Ein  Roether,  der  mir  wohl  bekant,  ist  schoen,  singt  doch  nicht  viel, 
Er  kommt  aus  deinem  Vaterland,  heist  Gimpel  in  der  still; 
All  thun  sich  seiner  schaemen,  well  er  ein  Gimpel  ist, 
Thu  ihn  zu  dir  einnehmen,  well  er  dein  Landemann  ist. 

Graszmueck. 
Die  Graszmueck  aus  der  maaszen  ziert  den  schoenen  Vogels  g'sang, 
Wann  die  nachtigall  ihre  Stimm  verliert,  singt  sie  hinaus  noch  lang, 
Sie  huepfft  allzeit  herumber,  sie  springt  und  wird  nicht  mued, 
Sie  singt  den  ganszen  Sommer  ihr  schoen  holdselig  Lied. 

Henn. 
Die  Henn  gar  froelich  gag,  gag,  gagt,  und  macht  ein  grosz  Geschrey, 
Die  Baeurin  weisz  wohl  was  sie  sagt,  sie  nimmt  ihr  aus  des  Ey. 
Der  Hahn  thut  frisch  aufwecken,  den  Knecht  und  faule  Magd, 
Sie  thut  sich  erst  recht  strecken,  und  schlafet  bis  es  Tagt. 

Immelein. 
Das  Honig-suese  Immelein  bemueht  sich  spat  und  frueh, 
Es  sitzt  auf  alle  Baeumelein,  verkostet  alle  blueth, 
Sehr  emsig  fliegts  herummer,  traegt  ein  mit  grosem  fleisz, 
Es  sucht  den  ganszen  Sommer  auch  vor  den  Winter  Speisz. 

Koeniglein. 
Das  wunderwitzig  Koeniglein,  wie  machts  es  sich  so  grosz, 
Wie  zwitzerts  mit  sein'm  Stimmelein,  merck  fleisig  auf  u.  losz. 
Gar  lieblich  thut  es  singen,  nach  wunsch  und  nach  begier, 
Wie  froehlich  thut  es  springen,  wie  huepfft  es  bin  und  her. 

Krammes-Vogel. 
Wann  d'  Krammes-voegel  streichen,   so  faengt   mans  haufenweis, 
Man  gibt  sie  nur  den  Reichen,  seyd  nicht  der  Armen  Speisze; 
Der  Anne  musz  sich  naehren  mit  wasser,  kaesz  und  Brod, 
Das  Blar  wird  sich  umkehren  im  Himmel  nach  dem  Todt. 

Lerchlein. 
Das  Lerchlin  in  den  Luefften  schwebt,  und  singt  den  Himmel  an, 
Im  gruenen  Feld  es  sich  erhebt,  und  troest  den  Ackermann, 
Gar  hoch  thut  es  sich  schwingen,  dasz  mans  kaum  sehen  mag. 
In  zirckel  thuts  singen,   lobt  Gott  den  ganzen  Tag. 

Meiszlein. 
Das  Meiszlein  hangt  am  Tannen-ast.  als  eb  es  sich  verberg, 
Es  singt  allzeit  was  gibst,  was  hast,  sein  alten  Zwitzelberg; 
Man  thut  ihm  lieblich  locken,  bis  auf  den  kloben  springt, 
Huepft  umher  unerschrocken,  bis  dasz  mans  gar  umbringt. 

Nachtigall. 
O  Nachtigall!   dein  edler  Schall  bringt  uns  sehr  grosze  Freud, 
Dein  stimm  durchstrcicht  all  Berg  und  Thai,  zu  schoener  Sommers-zeit, 


904  THE   PENN  GERMANIA 

Wenn  du  faengst  an  zu  zuecken,  all  Voegel  schweigen  still; 
Keiner  laeszt  sich  blicken,  keiner  mehr  singen  will. 

Omeisz. 
Du  fauler  Tropff,  du  muesig  bist,  die  Omeisz  scbau  wohl  an, 
Dein  meisterin  sie  worden  ist,  die  dich  viel  lehren  kan; 
Schau,  wie  sie  ist  ergeben  der  Arbeit  tag  und  nacht, 
Scham  dich  der  du  dein  Leben  mit  Schlentzen  zugebracht. 

Pfau. 
Der  Pfau  prangt  mit  der  wanen,  wann  er  den  Schwantz  ausbreit, 
Die  Fuesz  schwarz  wie  ein  Pfannen,  sein  hochmuth  ihm  verleid, 
Die  boffart  aufgeblasen,  ihr  thorheit  nicht  recbt  sieht, 
Bis  sie  beiszt  in  den  rasen,  u.  kommt  fuers  streng  gericbt. 

Rab. 
Der  Rab  thut  taeglich  singen  sein  groben  rauben  Basz, 
Heut  wills  ihm  nicht  gelingen,  drum  singt  er:   eras,  eras,  eras; 
Wer  sein  sach  scbibt  auf  morgen,  wills  nicht  verrichten  heut, 
Musz  sich  allzeit  besorgen,  es  wird  ihm  fehlen  weit. 

Rothele. 
Das  Roethele  gar  frueh  aufsteht,  es  thut  fein  bald  zur  singt 
An  die  liebe  more-enroeth,  hoch  oben  auf  dem  Dach, 
Und  du  wolst  nicht  erwachen,  du  groser  fauler  Tropf, 
Schau  besser  zu  den  sachen,  sonst  bleibst  ein  grober  Knopf. 

Rothbruestle. 
Rothruestle,  wie  bist  du  so  schoen,  wie  zierlich  ist  dein  Stimm; 
Teh  merck  dich  auf,  lasz  alles  stehn,  so  bald  ieh  dieh  vernimm; 
Wie  lieblich  ist  dein  Zuecken,  wie  blutroth  ist  dein  Brust, 
Mein  Herz  thust  du  erquicken,  ieh  hoer  dir  zu  mit  Lust. 

Spatz. 
Der  Spatz  sitzt  auf  der  Rinnen,  rufft  alle  Dieb  zusammen, 
Es  ist  nichts  zu  gewinnen,  wir  Ziehen  in  Boeheim, 
Wir    lassen    uns   nicht   schtrecken    den    wilden    Boehmer   Wald, 
Er  kan  uns  wohl  bedecken,  im  Winter  wann  es  kalt. 

Schwalb. 
Die  schwaetzig  Sehwalb  macht  alle  toll,  er  plaudert  bin  u.  her, 
Frueh  hut  er  Kist'und  Kasten  veil,  spat  ist  es  elles  leer, 
Frueh  morgens  eb  die  Sonn  aufgeht,  faengt  sie  zu  schwatzen  an, 
Zu  abends,  wann  sie  schlafen  geht,  noch  nicht  aufhoeren  kan. 

Staar. 
Der  Staar  schwaetzt,  schnadert,  pfeifft  und  singt, 
Er  ist  der  alles  kan,  in  seinem  kopff  er  alles  bringt, 
Was  er  hoert,  nimmt  er  an.     Er  thut  auf  alles  losen  ermerckt  auf  all's 

mit  Fleisz, 
Waescht  oft  die  schwarzen  hosen,  doch  werden  sie  nicht  weisz. 

Storch. 
Wann  der  Storch  hoert  das  qua,  qua,  qua,  spatzirt  er  auf  dem  mosz, 
I^nd  lobt  den  Sinerer  sub  aqua,  enge,  belle,  sophos, 
Er  zleht  ihm  ueber  die  ohren,  die  gruene  hoeszlein  ab. 
Die  schlacht  hut  er  verlohren,  der  gut  einfaeltig  Schwab. 

Steiglitz. 
Merk  auf  wie  lockt  so  lieblich  mir  der  schoene  Stieglisz, 
Heiszt  Dustlen  auf,  und  sticht  nicht.  er  hat  ein  grose  witz; 
Gar  wohl  ist  er  gaziehret,  schoen  gelb  und  roth  bekleidt, 
Sein  Stimm  er  nie  verheret,  singt  froelich  allezeit. 


DIE  MUTTERSPROCH  9^5 

Sittig. 
Sittig  schoeii  auser  lesen,  der  Federn  hast  du  viel, 
Wo  bist  du  so  lang  gewesen,  warum  schweigst  du  so  still? 
Die  Kinder  niich  jetzt  hassen,  den  icli  zuvor  war  lieb, 
Sie  schreyen  auf  der  Gassen,  heiszen  mich  Zucker-Dieb. 

Turtel-Taub. 
Die  Turteltaub  ohn  alien  Trost,  will  nicht  mehr  froelich  seyn, 
Wann  ihre  gesellen  der  Habicht  stoszt,  traurt  sie,  und  bleibt  allein. 
Wann  dir  dein  Mann,  wann  dir  dein  Weib,  der  Todt  nimmt  bin  mit  g'walt, 
Trau'r  und  dein  allein  vertreib,  vergisz  es  nicht  so  bald. 

Urhahn. 
Der  Urhahn  seinen  hennen  lockt,  wann  er  im  falszen  ist, 
Als  wie  ein  Stupor  er  da  hockt,  marckt  nicht  des  Weidmans  Lust. 
Viel  tausend  werden  g'fangen,  verliehren  Leib  und  Seel, 
Am  Weiber,  Nitz  sie  b'hangen,  es  zeucht  hinab  zur  Hoell. 

Wachtel. 
Die  Wachtel  laeufft  wans  schlagen  hoert,  und  meint  es  sey  ihr  gspan, 
Der  Weidman  sie  so  lang  bethort,  bis  dasz  ere  fangen  kan; 
Merck  auf  also  thut  fangen,  der  leidig  feind  sehr  viel, 
Bis  sie  am  Netze  hangen,  pfeifft  was  ein  jeder  will. 

Weidhopff. 
Der  Weidhopif  ist  sehr  wohl  geziert,  und  hat  doch  gansz  kein  Stimm, 
Sein  kron  er  allzeit  mit  sich  fuehrt,  steckt  doch  nichts  hinter  ihm; 
Wie  mancher  prangt  in  Kleider,  als  wann  er  waer  ein  Graff, 
Sein  Vatter  is  ein  Schneider,  sein  Bruder  huet  die  Schaff. 

Zeiszlein. 
Komm  her,  du  schoenes  Zeiselein,  komm  geschwind,  flig  her  behend, 
Sing  und  spring  auf  deim  Reifelein,  und  mach  dem  Lied  ein  End; 
Lob  Gott,  mein  und  deinen  Herrn,  d'  froelich  singen  ihm, 
Den  die  Vogel  all  verehren,  mit  ihrem  gesang  und  Stimm. 

Wohin  geht  dieses  dichten,  du  edles  Federspiel, 
Als  dasz  wir  uns  aufrichten  nach  meinem  end  und  Ziel; 
Wie  noch  der  mensch  viel  sorgen,  ihm  selber  machen  bang, 
Vielliecht  heut  oder  morgen  hoert  ers  letzt  Vogel-G'sang. 

Sag  an,  ihr  lieben  Voegelein  wer  ists,  der  euch  ernaehrt. 

Wo  fliegt  ihr  bin,  wo  kehrt  ihr  ein,  wenn  Schnee  im  Winter  faellt; 

Wo  nohmt  ihr  eure  Nahrung,  so  viel,  ihr  all  bequehrt? 

Es  Bringt  ja  de  erfahrung,  dasz  GOTT  euch  all  ernehrt. 

Ihr  habt  kein  Feld,  kein  heller  Geld,  nichts  das  die  Tasche  fuellt, 
Der  Tannen-baum  ist  euer  gezelt,  trusz  dem  der  euch  was  hielt; 
Eu'r  Pflug  ist  lustig  singen  stets  loben  Gott  den  Herrn, 
Das  Hehzmoecht  ein'm  zerspringen,  bis  zu  den  abends-stiern. 

Wer  ist  eu'r  Koch  und  Keller,  das  ihr  so  wohlgemut, 
Ihr  trinkt  kein  nimcateller,  und  habt  so  freudig  blud, 
Nichts  haben,  nichts  begehren,  ist  eure  Lberty, 
Ihr  habt  ein  guten  Herrn,  der  haelt  euch  all  Kost  frey. 

Gott  sey  mein  Sach  anheim  gestellt,  er  ists  ders  machen  kann, 
Wann  Sonn  und  Mond  vom  Hmmel  faellt,  er  ists  der  helffen  kan; 
Der  dem  Storch  setzt  seine  zeit,  der  Lerch,  der  Nachtigall, 
Der  fuehr  uns  all  zur  Himmels-Freud  aus  diesem  Jammerhal. 

C     R     D     C 


®ur  Book  XLable 

By  Prof.  E.  S,  Gerhard,  Trenton,  N.  J, 


Reginald  Wright  Kauffman's  "House 
of  Bondage,"  published  in  this  country  by 
Moffat,  Yard  &  Co.,  was  brought  out  in 
England  under  the  title  "Daughters  of 
Ishmael."  A  member  of  Parliament  has 
introduced  an  amendment  to  the  crim- 
inal law  amendment  act  of  1885  aimed 
at  the  men  who  are  conducting  the  "white 
slave  traffic."  Mr.  Kauffman  has  been 
elected  a  member  of  "Pass  the  Bill"  Com- 
mittee to  aid  in  the  agitation,  and  with 
others  is  working  hard  to  bring  about  the 
desired  reform.  The  book  has  been  wide- 
ly read  and  has  caused  an  awakening  of 
the  public  conscience. 

THE      PHILOSOPHY   OF   SCHILLER      IN 
ITS       HISTORICAL    RELATIONS.      By 
Emil   Carl   Wilm,    Ph.    D.,    Professor   of 
Philosophy  in  Washburn  College,  Some- 
time     Fellow   in      the   Sage   School     of 
Philosophy,   Cornell  University,  and   as- 
sistant  in   Philosophy   in   Harvard    Uni- 
versity.     Cloth,    183    pp.      Price    $1.50. 
John  Luce  &  Co.,  1912. 
Germany  can  boast  of  some  great  poets, 
of   whom   Goethe  is  one   and   Schiller   an- 
other;   Germany   esteems   the   former   but 
loves  the  latter  who  is   the  most  beloved 
and  the  most  popular  of  them  all,  because 
of  his   charming   personality,      his      noble- 
mindedness,  and  his  love  for  liberty.     He 
is   the   German   poet  of  liberty.      There   is 
no    modern    writer   whom    the   young   men 
of  Germany  love  more  than  they  do  Schil- 
ler and   to  whom  they  are  more  indebted 
than  they  are  to  him.      But  unfortunately 
the  charm  of  his  personality,  the  high  re- 
gard in   which   he  is  held,   and  his  purely 
literary    reputation    too    often   conceal    the 
fact  that  he  taught  a  simple,  progressive, 
and   deeply  ethical   philosophy.      But  who- 
ever  thinks  of  Schiller  as  a  philosopher? 
It  is  the  purpose  of  the  present  volume 
to  give  an  account,  fairly  intelligent  to  the 
non-philosophical      reader   of      the      main 
stages  of  Schiller's  reflective  thought,  the 
development    of    which    is    decidedly    his- 
torical.     It    is    very    important    that    one 
understands      this    historical    development 
and  the  historical  relations  of  these  stages 
of  his  reflective  thought  if  one  means  to 
form  a  comprehensive  idea  of  his  charac- 
ter    and   his  literary     work.     The  writer 


of  the  book  performed  no  easy  task;  but 
the  work  is  as  acceptable  as  it  may  have 
been  difficult.  All  lovers  of  Schiller  are 
indebted  to  the  writer  for  this  intelligent 
treatise  on  one  of  the  greatest  German 
poets. 

Seemingly  it  is  written  more  for  the 
literary  and  general  student  than  for  tue 
technical  philosopher.  It  is  popular  and 
yet  scholarly.  It  is  also  the  first  time 
that  this  side  of  Schiller's  life  and  work 
has  been  presented  in  English.  It  is  an 
interesting  and  well  written  book.  It  is 
stimulating;  it  is  the  sort  of  book  that 
arouses  in  the  reader  a  desire  to  know 
more  of  Schiller.  And  what  more  praise- 
worthy comment  can  be  expresspd  about 
any  work  than  to  say  that  it  arouses  in 
the  reader  the  desire  to  know  more? 

The  book  is  supplied  with  a  valuable 
bibliography,  and  with  an  analytical  table 
of  contents  that  is  also  valuable.  The 
first  chapter  is  an  able  and  discriminating 
discussion  on  the  difference  between 
Literature  and  Philosophy. 

THE  RISE  OF  THE  MODERN  SPIRIT  IN 
EUROPE.      A   Study   of    the    Pre-Refor- 
mation.      Age    in    its    Social,    Scientific, 
and  Literary  Aspects.      By  George  ButK, 
Ph.D.      Cloth,   8vo;    239pp.   Price  $1.25. 
Sherman,  French  &  Co.,  Boston,  1912. 
This  volume  contains  the  course  of  lec- 
tures  delivered  in  1911  by  the  author  on 
the    foundation    of   the    Swander    Lecture- 
ship   at   the   Theological    Seminary    of   the 
Reformed  Church   in  the  U.  S.  at  Lancas- 
ter,   Pa.      The    Foreword    Is    by    the    Rev. 
George  W.    Richards,   D.   D.,    Professor   of 
Church   History  in   the  same  institution. 

The  lectures  deal  mainly  with  the 
century  previous  to  the  Protestant  Refor- 
mation; this  latter  event  is  considered  by 
the  author  as  the  most  important  and 
most  far-reaching  since  the  birth  of 
Christ.  The  volume  is  therefore  a  study 
of  the  origin  of  the  ideals,  tendencies  and 
forces  of  the  modern  period.  By  choos- 
ing the  fourteenth  century  the  writer  has 
taken  a  suitable  date  from  which  to  pro- 
ceed; and  he  has  studied  this  period  from 
original  sources  with  the  utmost  care. 
The  best  Italian  and  German,  French  and 
English  authorities   on    this   subject   have 


906 


OUR  BOOK  TABLE 


907 


been  unusually  well  studied.  He  offers 
some  new  light  on  the  humanism  in  Italy 
and  Germany,  which  preceeded  the  Refor- 
mation. The  general  theme  of  the  whole 
course  of  lectures  is  virtually  a  reconcilia- 
tion between  Protestanism  and  Human- 
ism. He  concludes  his  view  of  past  prog- 
ress with  a  clear  note  of  hope  and  aspira- 
tion for  the  larger  and  nobler  unfoldings 
of  an  ever  increasing  purpose. 

The  w'ork  is  a  most  scholarly  one.  Its 
style  is  popular  without  being  unscholar- 
ly,  and  it  is  scholarly  without  being  ped- 
antic. As  a  treatise  it  is  scholarly,  as  a 
lecture  it  is  an  intellectual  talk.  It  is  an 
historical  sketch  that  is  the  outflow  of  a 
mind  filled  with  the  best  that  has  been 
said  and  done,  and  inspired  and  sustained 
by  its  devotion  to  History,  Literature  and 
Art.  Its  animated  style  and  itn  lockstep 
movement  enlist  the  interest  and  atten- 
tion of  the  reader  who  cannot  help  notic- 
ing the  wide,  boundless,  reading,  the 
clear  thinking,  the  keeness  of  discrimina- 
tion, and  the  admirable  literary  style.  It 
is  a  fine  piece  of  work  full  of  boundless 
resources  and  thought-giving  and  thought- 
provoking  power.  The  admirable  and  ex- 
haustive, and  yet  selective,  bibliography  at 
the  end  is  in  itself  worth  the  price  of  the 
book. 

DER   DEUTSCHE    LAUSBUB    IN    AMERI- 
KA.        Erinnerungen     und     Eindruecke 
Von      Erwin    Rosen.      Memorien    Biblio- 
thek.     Erster  Eeil;    Erste  Auflage.   300 
Seiten.      Preis  jedes  Teils,  in  Lwd.  geb. 
M.   6.   in  Halbfranz  M.   7.50.        Verlag: 
Robert   Lutz,    Stuttgart,    1912. 
"The     German  Tramp  in  America"     is 
really  a  unique  publication.     Freely  trans- 
lated,     the      word      "Lausbub"         means 
"tramp,"     but  he  is     not  the  tramp  of   a 
quarter  of  a  century  ago,  he  is  rather  the 
modern      "bum,"      who    "beats"   his   way. 
The  book  gives  the  author's  reminiscence 
and   impressions  of  an   experience   In  this 
country.     It  is  about  as  interesting  a  piece 
of   realistic   fiction   as   one   could   wish   to 
read.      It  is  seldom  that  a  book  has  been 
so   favorably  received   as  Rosen's   account 
of  his  adventures  in  America  whither  he 
was   deported   as  an   outcast  from  a  Gor- 
man Gymnasium.     An  account  of  his  ad- 
ventures can  easily  be  gathered  from  the 
titles  of  some  of  the  chapters:  The  Begin- 
ning of  the  Beginning;   Between  Decks;  A 
Day  in  New  York;  My  Last  Dollar;   In  the 
Realm  of  King  Cotton;      'Way     Down     in 
Texas;      Among  the  Romanticists  of     the 
Railway   Lines;    The    Poor   and    Wretched 
in  St.  Louis;  The  City  of  the  Golden  Gate. 


Extracts    might   be    taken    from    any    part 
of      the   work;      those    recounting   his    ex- 
periences in   a  restaurant  on   the   Bowery 
and  in  riding  a  bronco  'way  down  in  Texas. 
are  exceedingly  interesting. 

Harsh  realism  is  set  off  by  the  under- 
tones of  crude  romanticism.  It  is  really 
a  history  of  civilization,  though  it  reads 
like  a  romance.  It  might  be  taken  as 
some  sort  of  contribution  to  the  rather 
vague  and  indefinite  subject  of  Sociology; 
and  students  in  that  field  of  work  can 
well  afford  to  read  it.  It  is  virtually  an 
historical  document  of  the  first  kind;  the 
author  shows  himself  a  capable  historian, 
if  not  a  born  historian.  The  book  will  be 
read,  if  not  devoured,  with  the  greatest 
interest. 

The  book  is  notable  for  the  power  of 
expression,  the  vividness  of  description, 
and  the  liveliness  of  phraseology.  It  is 
written  in  a  plain  straitforward  style; 
there  is  nothing  pedantic  or  sophisticated 
about  it.  There  is  no  involved  sentence 
order;  nor  is  it  burdened  with  a  ponder- 
ous vocabulary;  it  is  therefore  easy  to 
read. 

The  second  volume  gives  the  author's 
experience  in  the  Spanish — American  War. 
It  tells  how  he  followed  along  with  a 
group  of  genuine  "Lausbuben,"  and  be- 
came an  American  soldier  in  order  to  go 
along  with  the  army  to  Cuba. 

WHERE    THERE'S    A    W^ILL.      By    Mary 
Roberts,   Author   of  the   Circular   Stair- 
case;   "The   Man   in  Lower  Ten;"   "The 
Window   at  the  White   Cat,"   etc.   Illus- 
trations    by  F.     Vaux  Wilson.      Cloth; 
352pp.      Price    $1.30    net.      The    Bobbs- 
Merrill    Company,    Indianapolis,    1912. 
The  scene  of  this  story  is  laid  in  Finley- 
ville,  a  small  town  in  southwestern  Penn- 
sylvania,     and  clusters     around  a     sana- 
torium     famous   because   of   its     sulphur 
spring.        One  is  not  quite  sure  at  times 
whether  to  take  the  novel  as  a  satire  on 
sanatoriums    or    not,    but    some    peculiar 
practices  seem  to  be  exposed. 

The  old  doctor  of  the  Institution  had' 
died  and  left  a  will,  according  to  which 
Richard  Carter  came  into  possession  of 
the  whole  estate;  he  had  to  be  on  the 
ground  and  take  possession  exactly  one 
week  after  the  reading  of  the  will.  He 
was  to  manage  the  affairs  for  two  months, 
if  successful  "the  property  became  his  for 
keeps."  Carter,  of  course,  has  a  checker- 
ed career  and  can  not  come  for  various 
reasons.  In  order  to  hold  the  property 
until  he  can  come,  another  young  man  5s 
called   in   under  the  name  of   Carter;    but 


9o8 


THE  PENN  GERMANIA 


this  young  man  likes  it  so  well  and  gets 
along  so  nicely  that  he  decides  to  stay. 
The  interest  is  fairly  maintained  until  the 
end,  though  it  is  almost  a  foregone  con- 
clusion that  Pierce  under  the  name  of 
Carter  will  stay  and  also  win  a  wife.  The 
plot  is  complicated  enough,  but  there  is 
no  mystery  about  it  as  there  is  in  "The 
Window  at  The  White  Cat."  As  a  sub- 
plot is  taken  the  opposition  afforded  by  a 
man  who  would  like  to  turn  the  sana- 
torium into  a  hotel. 

Even  though  the  story  is  told  by  one 
of  the  characters  there  is  still  hardly  any 
excuse  for  some  of  the  loose  forms  of  ex- 
pression: "What  with  worrying  and  being 
alternately  chilled  by  tramping  through 
the  snow  and  roasted  as  if  I  was  sitting 
on  a  volcano  with  an  eruption  due,  I  was 
about  all  in."  Remarks  of  a  similar  kind 
were  made  about  some  of  her  former 
books.  On  the  other  hand,  the  style  is 
original  and  "spicy"  e.  g.  "We  all  think 
we'll  leave  a  big  hole  behind  us  when  we 
go,  but  it's  just  like  taking  your  thumb 
out  of  a  bowl  of  soup.  There  isn't  even 
a  dent." 

The  book  affords  good,  wholesome  read- 
ing, especially  for  such  that  feel  jaded 
and  tired  out. 

DIE  SCHWENCKFELnER.  Roman  au- 
der  Zeit  der  Gegenreformation.  Von 
Fedor  Sommer.  Cloth;  307pp.  Price 
$1.70  net.  Richard  Muhlmann,  Halle 
Germany,   1911. 

It  is  rather  strange  that  two  novels  with 
two  of  the  greatest  reformers  as  their 
moving  spirit  should  appear  almost  simul- 
taneously. Soon  after  the  publication  r 
"Die  Schwenckfelder"  came  "The  Friar  r" 
Wittenberg."  by  Prof.  Davis,  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Minnesota.  The  period  of  his- 
tory portrayed  in  the  two  works  differs 
by  two  hundred  years.  "Trie  Friar  of 
Wittenberg"  covers  the  years  from  1517 
to  1522;  and  "Die  Schwenckfelder,"  in 
round  numbers,  the  years  from  1726  to 
1734.  The  former,  consequently,  takes 
in  Luther's  own  lifetime,  though  he  him- 
self occupies  an  insignificant  place  among 
the  characters  of  the  story,  and  covers 
the  most  controversial  period  of  the  Re- 
formation. The  latter,  on  the  other  hand, 
is  one  hundred  and  fifty  years  removed 
from  the  days  of  Schwenckfeld,  and  has 
for  its  theme  the  Counter-Reformation,  a 
time  when  people  began  to  reform  the 
Reformation.  Both  are  protests  against 
abuses  of  the  Church  and  against  religious 
persecution. 


"Die  Schwenckfelder"  is  a  piece  of  ro- 
mantic fiction;  to  those,  however,  who 
are  conversant  with  the  history  of  these 
people  it  is  very  realistic  fiction.  As  far 
as  history  is  concerned  the  story  is  about 
as  truthful  as  historical  novels  usually  are. 
The  scene  is,  laid  among  the  Schwenck- 
felders  in  Harpersdorf,  Germany,  and  in 
the  immediate  vicinity,  and  has  to  do 
with  the  years  immediately  preceding 
their  departure  for  America.  Many  of 
the  incidents  woven  into  the  story  are  im- 
portant and  familiar  ones  in  Schwenck- 
feldian  history.  Here  we  find  the  Luther- 
an minister  Neandcr,  the  bigotted  pastor 
of  the  Harpersdorf  church;  the  two  Jesuit 
missionaries,  Milan  and  Regent,  who  were 
sent  by  the  Court  to  convert,  prevent,  or 
annihilate  these  heretics,  the  Schwenck- 
felders.  Several  of  the  incidents  cluster 
around  the  historical  Viehweg.  A  very 
tragic  scene  is  laid  in  the  Catholic  Chapel, 
built  of  money  extorted  from  the 
Schwenckfelders  and  erected  on  the  es- 
tate of  Melchior  Meschter.  Probably  the 
most  touching  scene  takes  place  when  the 
little  band  of  worshipers  say  a  last  sad 
farewell  before  fleeing  for  protection  to 
Count  Zinzendorf,  of  Herrnhut. 

The  conversational  part  of  the  book  is 
frequently  written  in  the  Saxon  dialect, 
which  shows  little  discrimination  in  the 
use  of  consonants:  "Das  weesz  ma  schon." 
(Note  the  similarity  to  Pennsylvania  Ger- 
man). The  "d's"  and  "t's"  are  used  in- 
terchangeably, "Taube"  or  "Daube";  or 
these  consonants  may  be  entirely  omitted 
as  in  "nich"  for  "nicht."  It  is  interesting, 
but  none  of  the  easiest,  reading.  The 
book  has  occasioned  a  great  deal  of  in- 
quiry about  these  people  both  here  and 
abroad. 


Mr.  J.  J.  Hauser,  a  well  known  teacher 
and  historian  has  issued  "An  Outline  of 
the  History  of  the  United  States"  which 
will  doubtless  find  ready  sale.  It  is  an 
octave-sized  pamphlet  of  74  pages  cover- 
ing the  history  under  the  following 
epochs;  Aborigines,  Discoveries,  Settle- 
ments, Inter-Colonial  Wars,  Revolutionary 
War,  Constitutional  Period,  Civil  War,  Re- 
construction Period,  Development  of  the 
Country  since  1869;  United  States  as  a 
World  Power.  It  is  a  bare  outline  that 
might  have  been  made  more  attractive  by 
adding  a  little  fat  and  muscle  here  and 
there  and  paying  more  attention  to  typo- 
graphical arrangement.  The  author 
says,  "All  dates  should  be  memorized." 
We  doubt  the  advisability  of  memorizing, 
for  instance,  the  dates  of  the  terms  of  the 


OUR  BOOK  TABLE 


909 


members  of  the  cabinets  of  the  different 
presidents.  Price,  25  cents.  Address  of 
the  author,  J.  J.  Hauser,  Macungie,  Pa. 


Number  26    (1912)    of  the  Mitteilungen 
des  Deutschen  Pioneer-Vereins  von  Phila- 


delphia contains  interesting  papers  on 
"Der  Sozialistische  Turnerbund,"  "Louis 
Wagner"  and  "Der  Antheil  der  Deutschen 
an  der  Kolonisierung  Virginiens."  Well 
done.  Brother  C.  F.  Huch. 


Ibistorical  Botes  anb  "fflews 

Reports  of  Society  Meetings   are  Solicited 


LKHIGH      COUNTY      HISTORICAL      SO- 
CIETY 

The  Lehigh  County  Historical  Society 
held  its  Fall  Outing  on  Wednesday,  Octo- 
ber 2,  1912,  at  Neffs.  A  special  car  left 
Sixth  r,nd  Hamilton  street?  at  1''^0  'P.  M. 
Historic  points  of  interest  alons  the  route 
were  pointed  out.  The  meeting  was  held 
in  the  church,  where  the  old  relics  of  the 
congregation  were  exhibited,  and  historical 
addresses  delivered.  A  visit  was  made  to 
the  graves  of  Col.  Stephen  Balliet,  a 
Revolutionary  patriot,  William  Kern,  who 
supplied  Benjamin  Franklin  with  the  lum- 
ber to  build  Fort  Allen,  Margaret  Wotring, 
daughter  of  Henry  Frantz,  who  was  cap- 
tured by  and  lived  s€;ven  years  with  In- 
dians, and  others. 

THE  MORAVIAN  HISTORICAL  SOCIETY 

The  fifty-third  annual  meeting  of  the 
Moravian  Historical  Society  was  held  Sep- 
tember 28,  in  Nazareth.  Reports  show 
that  the  society  has  $5802.43  safely  in- 
vested and  has  a  total  membership  of  344 
of  whom  111  are  life  members.  Officers 
and  new  members  were  elected,  com- 
mittees appointed  and  papers  read,  and  ad- 
dresses made.  The  Society  is  in  a 
flourishing  condition. 

HISTORICAL  SOCIETY  OF  FRANKFORD 

The  Pamphlet  of  the  Historical  Society 
of  Frankford  for  1911  embraces  eighty-five 
pages  and  contains  the  papers  read  before 
the  society  and  the  seventh  annual  report 
of  the  society.  The  papers  read  bear  on 
local  subjects.  From  the  report  for  the 
year  we  learn  that  four  meetings  were 
held  during  the  year,  the  annual  meeting 
and  three  stated  meetings.  Two  outings 
were  arranged  by  the  society.  A  loan  ex- 
hibition of  portraits  of  former  residents 
was  held  at  which   over  800  photographs. 


daguerrotypes,  ambrotypes,  miniatures  and 
crayon  portraits  of  former  residents  of 
Frankford  were  shown.  Twenty  four  new 
members  were  elected  during  the  year, 
swelling  the  number  total  to  195  persons. 
The  Society  is  "at  home"  every  Tuesday 
evening  from  8  to  10  o'clock.  The  Society 
has  a  rip;at  to  rejoice  that  it  has  entfved 
the  childhood  of  its  existence  in  so  healthy 
a  condition,  and  we  prophesy  for  it  a  long 
and   vigorous  life. 


THE  LEBANON  COUNTY 
SOCIETY 


HISTORICAL 


This  society  has  issued  in  pamphlet 
form  the  paper  read  by  Captain  H.  M.  M. 
Richards  before  the  society  on  "Our  An- 
cestors in  the  British  Prisons  of  the  Revo- 
lution." 

THE  LANCASTER  COUNTY  HISTORICAL 
SOCIETY 

This  society  has  been  laying  its  plans 
for  a  portraiture  exhibition  of  which  re- 
port will  be  made  later. 

The  Ohio  Archaeological  and  Historical 
Quarterly  for  April — July  1912  contains 
an  interesting  and  valuable  paper  by 
George  A.  Katzenberger  on  Major  David 
Ziegler,  the  first  Mayor  of  Cincinnati, 
Ohio. 

THE  MONTGOMERY  COUNTY  HISTORI- 
CAL   SOCIETY 

made  its  annual  pilgrimage  October  19, 
through  Upper  Merion  and  Lower  Merion 
townships.  The  itinerary  compiled  and 
arranged  by  S.  Gordon  Smyth  touched  the 
following  points;  Swedes'  Ford,  Old 
Swedes'  Church,  Home  of  Wm.  B.  Rambo, 
Swedeland,  Swedes'  Furnace,  Walnut 
Grove,  Collegiate  Institute,  Poplar  Lane, 
Bird-in-handT  avern,  Old  Stone  Bridge, 
Site  of  John  Roberts'  Flour  Mill,  Home  of 


*9io 


THE   PENN  GERMANIA 


'Squire  Thomas  Lowry.  Hauging  Rock, 
Site  of  Gulph  Grist  Mill,  Gulph  Mills, 
Gulph  Christian  Church,  Farmers'  and 
Drovers'  Inn,  Stoke  Farm,  Mount  Moro, 
Penn  Mile  Stone,  Green  Tree  Hotel,  Har- 
rington Estate,  Lower  Merion  Baptist 
Church,  Bryn  Mawr  College,  Harriton 
Cemetery,  Harriton  Flour  Mill,  Black 
Rocks  and  Mill  Creek,  Ruins  of  Dove 
Paper  Mill,  Wynne  Mills,  Ancient  Cottage, 
Brass  or  Kettle  Mill,  McClenahan's  Mills, 
Pennhurst,  OMnda,  Wynnefield  Manor, 
Brookhurst,  House  of  Edward  Price, 
LK)W2r  Merion  Friends'  Meeting,  General 
Wayne  Hotel,  Federal  Springs,  Lower 
Merion  Academy,  Black  Horse  Tavern,  St. 
Charles  Borromeo,  St.  Paul's  Lutheran 
Church  Yard,  Ardmore,  Red  Lion  Inn, 
Home  of  Thomas  P.  Hunter,  Pembroke, 
Brookfield,  Prospect  Hill,  The  "Con- 
ahohockens,"  Matson's  Ford,  Conshohock- 
en.  Pretty  full  program  for  a  day's  out- 
ing, not  much  pleasure,  too  much  stren- 
uosity.  Strange  that  in  one  county  so  much 
may  be  seen  and  in  another  county  not 
enough  historical  taste  develops  to  even 
organize  and  keep  alive  a  historical  so- 
ciety. 

THE      PENNSYLVANIA      GERMAN      SO- 
CIETY 

The  Pennsylvania  German  Society  con- 
vened in  its  2  2nd  Annual  Meeting  in  St. 
John's  Reformed  church,  Riegelsville, 
Bucks  Co.,  Pa.,  Friday,  October  4,  1912  at 
11:30  A.  M.  and  was  called  to  order  by 
Its  President,  Capt.  H.  M.  M.  Richards, 
Litt.D.,  in  the  chair.  The  Society  was 
throughout  the  day,  and  in  almost  every 
way,  the  guest  of  Mr.  B.  F.  Fackenthal,  Jr. 
a  prominent  resident  of  Riegelsville,  and 
also  a  member  of  the  Executive  Committee 
of  the  society.  An  early  surprise  was  the 
large  attendance,  entirely  filling  the  large 
audience  room  in  the  church. 

After  prayer  by  the  Rev.  Scott  R.  Wag- 
ner, a  former  pastor  of  the  Riegelsville 
Congregation,  and  a  Prelude  on  the  organ 
by  Prof.  J.  Fred.  Wolle,  of  Bethlehem,  Mr. 
Fackenthal  addressed  the  Society  in  a  re- 
splendent paper  of  welcome,  the  leading 
theme  of  which  was  a  historical  presenta- 
tion of  the  place  of  the  township  of  Dur- 
ham, Bucks  county,  in  the  early  period  of 
that  section  with  an  account  of  its  iron- 
works, its  fauna  and  flora,  and  its  interest- 
ing geological  features.  Succeeding  this 
the  President  read  his  annual  address,  in 
which  he  elaborated  the  great  and  splen- 
did services  rendered  by  Pennsylvania 
'Germans  in  the  Wars  of  the  Nation,  cover- 


ing the  earliest  period  to  the  recent 
Spanish-American  conflict.  This  address 
was  replete  with  interest  from  the  begin- 
ning to  the  end,  and  was  a  masterly  pre- 
sentation by  an  expert  writer.  The  an- 
nual reports  by  the  Secretary,  Prof.  Geo. 
T.  Ettinger  Ph.  D.,  and  by  the  Treasurer, 
Julius  F.  Sachse,  Litt.D.,  each  in  their  way 
showed  the  Society  to  be  in  a  flourishing 
condition,  both  as  to  a  large  addition  to 
its  membership  during  the  year,  and  an 
excellent  condition  of  its  finances  with  a 
large  invested  fund  standing  to  the  good 
of  the  Society. 

On  due  nomination  announced  by  the 
Rev.  N.  C.  Schaeffer,  D.  D.,  State  Superin- 
tendent of  Public  Schools,  the  following 
were  elected  officers  of  the  society:  Presi- 
dent B.  F.  Fackenthal,  Jr.,  Sc.  D.,  Riegels- 
ville; Vice-President,  Albert  Percival  Smith 
and  the  Rev.  Geo.  W.  Sandt,  D.  D.,  both  of 
Philadelphia;  Secretary,  Prof.  Geo.  T. 
Ettinger,  Ph.  D.,  Allentown;  Treasurer, 
Julius  F.  Sachse,  Litt.D.,  Philadelphia,  Ex- 
ecutive Committee,  Porter  W.  Shimer, 
Easton;  Abraham  S.  Schropp  and  Prof. 
Albert  G.  Rau,  Ph.  D.,  both  of  Bethlehem. 

Under  reports  of  committees.  Dr.  S.  P. 
Heilman,  Heilmandale,  Pa.,  chairman, 
presented  a  further  report  from  the  com- 
mittee on  a  Bibliography  of  Pennsylvania 
German  Dialect  Literature,  supplemental 
to  the  first  report  by  that  Committee,  sub- 
mitted to  the  society  at  its  annual  meet- 
ing at  Harrisburg,  Oct.  20,  1911,  and  as 
published  in  the  Pennsylvania-German  of 
November,  1911.  This  report  comprised 
a  statement  of  the  work  so  far  accom- 
plished on  this  large  project  of  a  bibliog- 
graphy,  together  with  an  assurance  as  to 
its  near  and  early  completion,  the  latter 
impossible  of  announcement  at  this  meet- 
ing of  the  society  due  to  the  enlargement 
in  the  interim  of  the  scope  of  the  work  laid 
to  the  mind  of  the  Committee's  compiling 
editor.  Prof.  H.  H.  Richards,  Ph.  D.,  now 
at  Knox  College,  Galesburg,  Illinois.  This 
enlargement  of  scope  has  reference  to 
Part  Eight  of  the  projected  bibliography 
as  to  works  in  the  history,  fiction,  essayr,. 
magazine  articles,  etc.,  treating  of  or  deal- 
ing with  Pennsylvania  Germans,  and  more 
pointedly  to  an  enlargement  of  the  intro- 
ductory chapter  in  which  to  consider  the 
leading  men,  and  to  give  a  study  of  the 
more  active  forces  that  were  basic 
during  the  immigrant  and  colonial 
periods  towards  the  late  development  of  a 
distinctive  Pennsylvania  German  type  and 
a  Pennsylvania  German  status  as  now  in- 
terpreted and  understood. 

The  purely  literary  contribution  to   the 


HISTORICAL    NOTES    AND    NEWS 


9" 


meeting  was  a  Paper  on  "Quaint 
Old  Germantown,"  by  Dr.  Sacshe,  in 
which  many  of  the  historic  build- 
ings of  that  historic  town  were  de- 
scribed and  illustrated  with  lantern  slides 
thrown  on  a  large  screen. 

After  a  Postlude  by  Prof.  Wolle,  the 
Society  adjourned  to  the  spacious  lawn 
and  residence  of  Mr.  Fackenthal,  two 
blocks  away,  to  partake  of  a  most  boun- 
teous luncheon  served  there  by  the  day's 
host.  This  was  in  full  accord,  both  in 
quantity  and  excellence  with  the  well- 
known  and  generous  hospitality  of  Mr. 
and  Mrs.   Fackenthal,   and  their  keen   de- 


light was  in  evidence  in  having  so  many 
of  their  friends  to  meal."  Wer  mol  ebbes 
essa,"  was  the  word.  Mer  hen  gessa,  fer- 
los — dich — druf!  Somehow  that  punch 
and  the  feed  linger  in  our  memories — 
and  we  don't  mind  doing  what  you  said: 
"Kom  bal  widder." 

The  weather  of  the  day  was  ideal;  sun- 
shine and  a  balmy  air  were  contributing 
factors  to  a  day  at  Riegelsville  to  be 
remembered  as  one  of  the  most  enjoyable 
amongst  the  many  Pennsylvania  German 
Days  numbered  in  the  Society's  his- 
tory. 

REPORTER. 


^be  jForum 

The  Penn  Germania  Open  Parliament,   Question-Box  and 
Clipping  Bureau — Communications  Invited 


This  is  a  subscribers'  exchange  for  comparing  views,  a  what- 
not for  preserving  bits  of  historic  information,  an  after  dinner  loung- 
ing place  for  swapping  jokes,  a  general  question  box — free  and  open 
to  every  subscriber. 


MEANING  OF  NAMES 

By  Leonard  Felix  Fuld,  LL.M.,  Ph.D. 

(Editorial  Note. — Dr.  Fuld  has  kindly 
consented  to  give  a  brief  account  of  the 
derivation  and  the  meaning  of  the  sur- 
name of  any  reader  who  sends  twenty- 
five  cents  to  the  Editor  for  that  purpose.) 

SOHOLL 

The  surname  Scholl  means  a  clod,  a 
sod  or  a  lump  of  earth.  It  is  of  German 
origin  and  was  applied  as  a  surname  prin- 
cipally to  farmers  and  to  residents  in 
rural,   agricultural   districts. 

LEONARD   FELIX    FULD. 


WORDS 


OF   CHEER  FROM 
BEBS 


SUBSCRI- 


Albany,  N.  Y..  October  28,    1912 

Allow  me  to  congratulate  you  on  the 
bright  prospects  for  your  publication.  I 
shall  be  glad  to  do  whatever  I  can  for  you. 

Cristobal,  Canal  Zone,  October  21,  1912. 
I  have  been  receiving  THE  PENN  GER- 
MANIA regularly  every  month  and  enjoy 
it  immensely.  There  are  a  dozen  or 
more  Pennsylvania  "Dutchmen"  here  who 


ought     to  subscribe,     and 
"tackle"   them. 


I     intend     to 


Pottsville,  October  26,  1912. 
Best  wishes  for  your  success. 

Easton,  October,   26,   1912. 

The  announcement   is   very  excellent. 

Washington,  D.  C,  October  23,   1912. 

Enclosed  please  find — toward  subscrip- 
tion on  THE  PENN  GERMANIA,  read 
with  interest  both  by  my  wife  and  myself, 
and  contrary  to  our  general  rule  we  have 
saved  each  copy  of  the  magazine  that  we 
have  received.  With  best  wishes  for 
your  success  In  the  new  venture. 

Hartford,  Conn.,  October  22,   1912. 
Wishing    you    every    success.     Es    geht 
schlecht.   (True,  brother;  but  as  Saur  said, 
Hoffnung  besserer  Zeiten.  H.  W.  K.) 

Baltimore,  Md.,  Nov.    1,   1912 
I  want  to  do  something  for  your  worthy 
cause. 

Washington,  D.  C,  October  3,  1912 
I   rejoice   that   under  the   new   auspices 


^12 


THE  PENN  GERMANIA 


you  are  going  to  make  THE  PENN  GER- 
MANIA better  than  ever  before.  I  have 
been  greatly  interested  in  every  number 
of  the  magazine  since  my  subscription 
first  began  and  I  eagerly  await  the  arrival 
of  each  number. 

Washington,  D.  C,  October  28,  1912 
The  Announcement  is  pleasant  reading, 
and   it  is  hoped   that   the   results   will   be 
fully   gratifying   and    that   the  success    of 
the  magazine  is  assured  from  now  on. 

WEISER  QUERIES 

Not  long  since  Daniel  Miller,  of  Read- 
ing, published  a  statement  in  the  PENN 
GERMANIA,  and  elsewhere,  saying  that 
in  his  view  Conrad  Weiser  did  not  come 
to  the  Tulpehocken  region  with  the  first 
colonists.  He  might  have  made  his  posi- 
tion even  stronger  by  quoting  Conrad 
Weiser  himself. 

In  his  Autobiography  after  describing 
the  manner  in  which  the  poor  Germans  in 
the  Schocharie  region  had  been  wronged 
and   defrauded  he   says: 

"The  people  got  news  of  the  land  on 
the  Swatara  and  Tulpehocken,  in  Pennsyl- 
vania. Many  of  them  united  and  cut  a 
road  from  Schochary  to  the  Susquehanna 
river,  carried  their  goods  there,  and  made 
canoes  and  floated  down  the  river  to  the 
mouth  of  the  Swatara,  and  drove  their 
cattle  overland.  This  happened  1723. 
From  there  they  came  to  Tulpehocken, 
and  this  was  the  origin  of  the  Tulpehock- 
en settlement.  Others  followed  this  party 
and  settled  there,  at  first,  also,  without 
the  permission  of  the  Proprietary  of  Penn- 
sylvania, or  his  commissioners;  also 
against  the  consent  of  the  Indians  from 
whom  the  land  had  not  yet  been  pur- 
chased." Then  he  states  that  he  was 
married  November  22,  1720  in  his  father's 
house  in  Schochary.  This  is  followed  by 
an  account  of  the  birth  and  baptism  of 
his  four  oldest  children,  adding;  "These 
four  were  born  in  Schochary.  After- 
wards, viz.,  1729,  I  removed  to  Pennsyl- 
vania and  settled  in  Tulpehocken,  where 
the  following  children  were  born."  These 
would  be  strange  statements  if  he  had 
been  in  Pennsylvania  before. 

Some  of  the  statements  made  by  J.  J. 
Reitz,  concerning  a  well  known  line  of 
communication  between  New  York  and 
the  Minisink  region,  in  his  satisfactory 
sketch  of  Emanuel's  church,  brings  back 
some  serious  historical  questions.  Who 
was  Nicholas  Weiser,  the  father-in-law  of 
Alexander   Marshall,     whose   family     was 


massacred  by  the  Indians,  and  the  two 
sons,  William  and  Leonard  carried  into 
captivity?  'This  becomes  specially  inter- 
esting from  the  fact  that  Mr.  Reitz  implies 
that  Conrad  Weiser  at  one  time  had 
taken  preliminary  steps  to  purchase  land 
and  settle  in  that  section.  How  was 
Nicholas  related  to  Conrad,  if  related  at 
all?  A  careful  examination  of  the  history 
of  the  Schocharie  region  shows  most  con- 
clusively that  there  must  have  been 
more  than  one  Weiser  family  located 
there.  We  are  told  there  were  two 
Weiser's-dorfs,  an  upper  and  a  lower. 
This  could  hardly  have  occurred  if  there 
was  but  one  Weiser  family.  The  village 
existed  before  Conrad,  Jr.,  was  married, 
and  the  other  sons  were  bound  out  and 
resided  on  Long  Island. 

Another  Weiser,  although  in  the  record 
the  name  is  Weiser,  David,  arrived  at 
Philadelphia,  about  the  time  of  Conrad's 
death.  David  Weiser,  presumably  the 
same  man,  married  into  the  Butz  family 
in  Longswamp  township,  and  had  a  son 
David.  Was  he  of  the  same  family  in 
Germany?  We  think  that  H.  M.  M.  Rich- 
ards would  also  be  pleased  to  gain  the 
same   information. 

J.  W.  E. 

GERMAN    SOCIALISM 

Note.  The  following,  written  to  one  of 
our  subscribers  is  inserted  by  request. 
Readers  need  ■'not  be  reminded  that  the 
publication  of  articles  in  a  periodical  does 
not  signify  approval  of  the  same.  EDITOR. 

Your  favor  of  the  22nd  inst.,  is  at  hand. 
I  note  what  you  say  as  to  an  article  in  the 
PENN  GERMANIA  for  May  1912,  taken 
from  the  Lutheran  Observer.  I  note  also 
your  request  for  data  to  establish  the 
truth  in  this  matter. 

I  have  been  very  busy  but  now  take  up 
this  matter  with  you  and  would  say.  Yes, 
in  the  Christian  Socialist  for  April  4,  1912, 
I  find  on  the  first  page  an  article  on  "The 
Church  and  Socialism  in  Germany"  by 
Rev.  Paul  Burgess,  Marburg,  A.  L.  Ger- 
many, which  among  other  things  declare.s 

"The        membership      of     the 

Socialist  party  in  Germany  cannot  be  ac- 
cused of  being  over  friendly  with  the 
church.  However,  it  is  by  no  means  so 
far  removed  from  all  religion  as  is  some- 
times supposed.  Of  the  110  Socialist 
members  of  the  present  Reichstag,  22  be- 
long to  the  Protestant  established  church, 
4  are  Catholics,  7  are  Jews,  10  belong  to 
dissenting   religious   bodies,      7    belong   to 


THE  FORUM 


913 


free  religious  bodies,  52  belong  to  no 
church,  6  declare  they  have  no  religion 
whatever  and  two  refuse  to  tell  what  their 
religious  views  are.  It  is  probable  that 
among  the  rank  and  file  of  the  party  a 
large  proportion  of  Christians  would  be 
found.  It  cannot  be  denied,  however, 
that  on  the  whole  the  attitude  of  the 
party  is  hostile  to  Christianity." 

Rev.  Burgess  continues  to  say — "What 
is  however  more  interesting  to  us  is  the 
attitude  of  the  Church,  as  such,  to  Social- 
ism. In  spite  of  the  efforts  of  the 
Government  to  use  it  against  Socialism, 
the  church  has  gone  through  a  distinct 
evolution  in  the  right  direction.  Three 
distinct  stages  in  this  evolution  can  be 
distinguished.  The  first  was  the  time  of 
blind  and  bitter  opposition,  the  church  de- 
clared, "A  Christian  Cannot  be  a  social 
Democrat."  Rev.  Burgess  here  refers  to 
various  organized  efforts  on  the  part  of 
the  Church  to  defeat  Socialism  and  adds, 
"These  movements  have  very  largely  fizz- 
led out  as  they  should." 

"A  second  stage"  continues  Rev.  Bur- 
gess, in  the  development  of  the  attitude 
of  the  church  toward  Socialism,  might  be 
called  a  stage  of  armed  truce.  Many 
ministers  sought  to  win  back  the  Social- 
ists to  the  Church,  explaining  that  the 
church  stood  for  the  ethical  ideal  in  the 
individual  life,  that  she  wanted  to  keep 
out  of  politics  and  that  it  was  not  neces- 
sarily a  sign  that  one  were  doomed  to 
perdition  if  he  were  a  Socialist,  etc. 

"But  the  thing  could  not  rest  here. 
Many  leaders  of  the  Church  are  beginning 
to  see  that  the  Social  Democracy  is  not  an 
object  for  missionary  activity,  but  that  it 
is  a  movement  from  which  the  church  can 
learn  much.  Die  Christliche  Welt,  prob- 
ably the  most  influential  progressive 
Christian  weekly  of  Germany,  declares  in 
a  recent  number,  "Even  the  opposition  of 
the  Social  Democracy  to  religion  is  a 
work  of  preparation  for  true  religion.  It 
is  no  accident  that  the  Children  of  Social 
Democrats  are  often  the  best  and  most 
wide  awake  pupils  in  religious  instruc- 
tion and  confirmation  classes.  Only  after 
loud  Socialist  protests  against  war  have 
Christian  circles  had  the  courage  to  de- 
clare themselves  for  peace.  We  must 
remember  how  often  Socialism  has  been 
the  first  to  oppose  Alcoholism,  prostitution 
and  bad  housing  and  has  so  put  us  Christ- 
ians to  shame.  It  may  well  be  that  God 
has  used  this  great  socialist  movement  in 
order  that  He  might  get  us  sleepy,  aris- 
tocratic Christians,  who  have  been  hinder- 
ing his  work,  out  of  the  way." 


All  of  this  has  a  different  aspect  from 
the  article  in  the  Lutheran  Observer, 
which  I  read  and  for  which  I  pity  the 
Editor. 

EMINENT    SERVICES    RECOGNIZED 

Every  reader  will  rejoice  in  the  fitting 
words  of  the  following  letter  which  we 
quote  from  the  "Bulletin  of  the  American 
Iron  and  Steel  Association"  of  Nov.  1, 
1912.  Mr.  James  M.  Swank  is  proud  of 
his  being  a  scion  of  the  Schwenks,  who 
settled  in  Montgomery  county.  Pa.,  early 
in  the  eighteenth  century. 

Verein    Deutscher    Eisenhuettenleute, 
Dusseldorf,  Germany,  June   22,   1912. 
To   Mr.   James   M.   Swank,   American   Iron 

and  Steel  Association,  261  South  Fourth 

street,   Philadelphia. 

SEHR  GEEHRTER  HERR  SWANK: 
We  have  noticed  in  the  American  peri- 
odicals that  you  will  observe  your  80th 
birthday  in  the  near  future.  We  do  not 
wish  to  fail  to  do  our  part  in  extending 
to  you  our  sincere  and  heartfelt  greetings 
for  this  day,  together  with  the  wish  that 
an  unclouded  evening  of  life  may  be  grant- 
ed to  you! 

Together  with  the  whole  American  iron 
industries  we  take  this  opportunity  to 
thankfully  acknowledge  the  eminent  ser- 
vice that  you  have  rendered,  not  for  the 
United  States  only  but  also  for  the  iron 
industries  of  the  whole  world,  through 
your  exemplary  labors  in  the  collection  of 
the  statistics  of  our  products.  Your  name 
will  be  linked  for  all  time  with  this  ex- 
cellent collection   of  statistics. 

With   repeated  sincere  good   wishes   for 
your   birthday    we    remain,    with    the   very 
highest    esteem,    Verein    Deutscher   Eisen- 
huttenleute : 
The  General  Manager:      Dr.   E.  Schrodter. 

(Translated  from  the  German.) 

GERMAN  DAY  CELEBRATIONS 

A  California  subscriber  sent  the  follow- 
ing clipping  which  is  but  an  illustration  of 
what  German-American  societies  are  doing 
to  keep  aliye  the  memory  of  the  pioneer, 
Germans  of  the  United  States.  Shame  oa 
him  who  is  ashamed  of  his  fathers  and 
mothers.  Honor  to  those  who  keep  their 
memories  green. 

The  two  hundred  and  twenty-ninth  an- 
niversary of  the  settlement  of  Germans 
under  Pastorius,  when  they  landed  at 
Germantown,  Pa.,  October  6,  1693,  will  be 
celebrated  at  Shellmound  Park  today.  It 
is   expected   that   more   than    25,000    Ger- 


914 


THE   PENN   GERMANIA 


man-Americans  will  be  present,  members 
of  more  than  250  societies,  lodges  and 
clubs  of  San  Francisco  and  the  bay 
counties. 

The  celebration  will  be  under  the  au- 
spices of  the  German-American  Leagues 
of  San  Francisco  and  Alameda  county, 
branches  of  the  German-American  League 
of  California. 

The  park  has  been  extensively  deco- 
rated by  the  horticultural  society  "Hor- 
tensia,"  and  changed  into  a  veritable  fairy 
place.  Booths  and  headquarters  for  the 
different  societies  have  been  erected, 
among  others,  one  for  the  German  House 
Association,  headquarters  for  the  festival 
committee.  The  German  House  Associa- 
tion is  about  to  finish  the  "German 
House,"  the  beautiful  five-story  building 
at  the  corner  of  Turk  and  Polk  streets. 

Other  booths  will  be  for  the  Arion, 
Norddeutscher  Verein,  Order  of  Her- 
mann's Sons,  German  Red  Men,  Schles- 
wig-Holsteiner  Verein,  Verein  Eintracht, 
Harmonie,  Bayernbund,  Verein  Oester- 
reich  Verein,  "Deutsche  Foerster,"  Ger- 
mania  Club,  San  Francisco  Schuetzen 
Verein,  Freundschafts  Saengerbund,  San 
Francisco  Schwaben  Verein,  Deutscher 
Krieger  Verein,  San  Francisco  Gruetli 
Verein,  Veterannen  der  Deutschen  Armes 
and  many  others. 

There  will  be  prize  shooting,  bowling, 
races  and  games  for  young  and  old. 

VETERAN  TEACHERS 

At  a  recent  Lehigh  Counly  Teachers' 
Institute,  Allentown,  Pa.,  quite  a  number 
of  veteran  teachers  were  in  attendance — 
many  having  taught  over  twenty  years 
and  several  26,  31,  32,  33,  37.  and  38 
years  respectively.  Other  counties  could 
doubtless  make  an  equally  interesting 
showing.  Men  and  women  of  this  type 
are  the  mighty,  unobserved  and  unsung 
forces  that  are  shaping  the  world's  des- 
tiny. 

INCONSISTENCY  OF  HISTORIANS 

The  following  clipping  ought  to  make 
historians  ])lush  and  get  "mad."  Is  the 
erection  of  monuments  a  fad,  a  matter  of 
clan,  a  matter  of  faaliion,  or  of  graft? 
Why  could  not  the  "Old  Brick  Church" 
have  been  kept  in  repair  by  the  churches 
wor-hipping  there,  the  community,  the 
County  Historical  Society,  or  some  in- 
dividup.l  either  singly  or  unitedly  as  a 
most  eloquent  monument  of  the  past — 
thrown    on   the   rubbish    pile   for   a   paltry 


$80.00.  Why  spend  hundreds  on  a 
stone  and  for  four  score  dollars  tear  down 
a  priceless  reminder  of  the  past?     Why? 

READER. 

Something  most  unusual  in  the  line  of 
public  sales  occurred  when  "The  Old 
Brick  Church,"  at  Mainland,  which  is 
probably  the  most  familiar  landmark  in 
the  county,  was  offered  for  sale  to  the 
highest  bidder  and  sold  for  the  small  sum 
of  $80. 

The  Old  Brick  Church  was  used  by 
several  denominations  and  they  all 
claimed  an  interest  in  it,  but  had  out- 
grown the  home  of  their  infancy,  it  was 
sold  that  they  might  realize  their  interest 
in  the  property.  Since  the  sale,  many  of 
the  members  seem  to  think  that,  owing 
to  the  small  amount  realized  from  the 
transaction  the  property  should  remain 
undisturbed  as  a  relic  of  the  Colonial 
days.  It  was  here  that  some  of  the  vic- 
tims of  the  Washington  army's  severe 
winter  at  Valley  Forge  were  buried. 

The  church  has  been  the  one  object  of 
interest  in  this  community  for  more  than 
a  century,  and  is  known  to  tourists  from 
many  States.  The  old  pewter  pitcher 
used  in  communion  services  was  sold  for 
SO  cents,  while  the  old  baptismal  bowl 
was  sold  for  $2.  The  purchaser  of  the 
church  will  tear  it  down  and  sell  the 
lumber. 

A  SUCCESSFUIi  CIVIL  ENGINEER 

Edward  T.  Nuebling,  of  New  York,  who 
Is  a  civil  engineer  making  a  specialty  of 
water  works,  is  visiting  his  brother,  Emil 
L.  Nuebling,  superintendent  of  the  water 
department  at  Reading.  Edward  T. 
Nuebling  was  educated  for  civil  engineer- 
ing in  the  Polytechnic  School,  New  York. 
His  first  employment  after  graduating 
was  with  W^illiam  H.  Dechant,  of  Reading. 
Later  he  became  a  draftsman  and  survey- 
or in  Philadelphia  for  the  United  States 
Government.  Next  he  went  to  Wyoming, 
where  he  was  in  the  employ  of  a  railroad 
on  the  surveying  staff  for  three  years. 
Six  years  ago  he  located  in  New  York  and 
became  an  assistant  to  the  City  Superin- 
tendent of  Water.  Mr.  Nuebling  made 
these  advancements  in  10  years,  and,  as 
he  is  but  33  now,  is  likely  to  climb  still 
higher. — Reading,  Pa.,  Paper. 

A   SUCCESSFUL  EDUCATOR. 

The  PENN  GERMANIA  and  no  doubt 
its  readers  will  be  interested  in  the  suc- 
cess  which  has  attended   the  efforts   of   a 


THE  FORUM 


915 


young  man  from  Berks  County  at  the 
National  Capital.  This  man  is  Prof.  Eli 
Suavely,  Principal  of  the  Army  and  Navy 
Preparatory  school,  Washington,  D.  C.  The 
results  of  the  school  have  been  phenomen- 
al. Barely  ten  years  have  passed  since 
Prof.  Saavely  organized  the  school  and 
the  thoroughness  of  the  method  of  in- 
struction is  indicated  by  the  fact  that  of 
the  hundreds  of  students  attending  the 
school  since  its  beginning  but  one  has 
failed  in  passing  the  entrance  examina- 
tions for  admission  to  West  Point  Mili- 
tary Academy.  The  school  serves  a  noble 
purpose  in  that  it  "endeavors  to  teach  not 
only  what  to  study  and  how  to  study,  but 
also  to  develop  correct  principles  of  man- 
hood, and  in  general  to  lay  the  foundation 
of  future  usefulness." 

Prof.  Snavely  is  a  graduate  of  Lafayette 
College. 

H.  C.  B. 

THE   TRUE    "INDIAN    SUJLMER." 

Many  of  us  have  held  that  the  dreamy 
haze,  the  red  sun  and  the  charm  of  Oc- 
tober have  meant  "Indian  Summer."  But 
now,  to  dispute  this  theory,  comes  an  ageJ 
pioneer  preacher,  who  traveled  in  his 
early  days  through  southern  Indiana  and 
Illinois.  He  says  the  old,  primitive  sett- 
lers gave  him  this  tradition: 

In  the  pioneer  days  the  early  settlers 
felled  the  forest,  built  their  cabins,  clean- 
ed their  patches  and  planted  their  corn 
and  potatoes,  and  in  the  autumn  the 
women  watched  the  clearing  and  the  men 
stood  by  the  guns,  ready  to  attack  the  In- 
dians prowling  about  to  steal  the  ripened 
torn  and  vegetables. 

In  early  November  a  snowstorm  would 
come,  driving  the  Indians  off  to  their 
villages  and  wigwams,  making  it  no  long- 
er necessary  for  the  pioneers  to  watch  for 
them.  But  after  this  wintry  storm  there 
would  come  a  spell  of  warm  November 
weather  and  the  Indians  would  again  re- 
turn to  forage  upon  the  clearings,  and  the 
sturdy  settlers  were  again  on  the  watch 
with  their  loaded  guns.  Hence  these 
warm  days,  bringing  back  the  Indians, 
were  called  "Indian  Summer." 

Accordingly,  "Indian  Summer"  comes 
after  the  first  snowstorm  in  November. — 
The  Lutheran. 

CHRISTMAS    AT    LITITZ,    PA.,    1759 

Through  the  kindness  of  the  archivist 
of  the  Moravian  Congregation  at  Lititz, 
Pa.,  we  gain  a  glimpse  of  the  observance 


of  Christmas  in  1759  as  noted  in  various 
i-ecords  written  at  the  time. 

Christmas  Eve,  we  (Russmyers)  were 
invited  up  to  Lititz,  to  "einer  Kinder 
Freude,"  Brother  Mattheus  addressed  the 
children.  There  was  a  picture  of  Christ's 
birth  surrounded  with  greens;  also  an  il- 
luminated Christmas  verse.  The  child- 
ren were  very  happy,  and  received  cakes 
and  apples.   ("Pfefferkuchen.") 

Christmas  Day,  in  the  children's  love- 
feast  (W.  Lch.  N.)  there  were  100  pre- 
sent. Bro.  Mattheus  asked  them  to  re- 
peat their  last  year's  verses,  which  they 
did,  all  together,  and,  towards  the  end, 
so  out  of  unison  (so  durcheinander)  that 
it  sounded  like  a  lovely  twittering  of 
birds.  So  many  great  girls  and  women 
with  children  in  arms,  wished  to  have  the 
new  verses,  that  170  were  distributed. 
"Das  war  ein  Segens  Tag!" 

Dec.  25th  Christmas.  Children  had  a 
meeting  in  our  school  house.  Bro.  Hehl 
spoke  to  them.  Then  the  boys  and  girls,  al- 
ternately repeated  their  Christmas  verses 
of  last  year.  This  gave  them  and  us  much 
pleasure.  I  distributed  130  verses  among 
them,  and,  what  was  left  over,  to  their 
parents,  to  the  joy  of  every  one.  The 
Lititz  children  had  a  separate  meeting 
(up  in  Lititz)  and  Bro.  Mattheus  gave 
them  great  pleasure  by  presenting  to 
each  one  a  printed  English  verse.  Then 
they  were  given  cakes  and  apples. 

WEIT  BACH 

A  bright  summer  morning  in  Thuringen, 
Germany,  was  yawning  in  its  medieval 
sleepiness  when  little  Weit  Bach  rattled 
his  spoon  in  his  bowl  and  yodeled  child- 
ish notes.  The  mother  insisted  it  was 
wonderful  while  the  father  called  the 
neighbors.  The  good  people  smiled  at 
the  humor  fond  parents  so  often  display. 
They  acknowledged  the  child  had  an  in- 
telligent face  and  might  be  president  if 
he  migrated  to  America  and  lived  long 
enough;  but  the  evidence  was  purely  cir- 
cumstantial. 

This  was  in  1550.  Those  people  little 
thought  that  the  tinkling  of  the  spoon  in 
the  bowl  and  the  infantile  music  were 
auspicious  of  the  future.  Those  simple 
minds  little  knew  that  Weit  was  to  in- 
augurate a  line  of  descendants  which 
would  accentuate  one  of  cardinal  facts  of 
evolution — the  force  of  heredity. 

From  1550  to  the  middle  of  the  eigh- 
teenth century  the  descendants  of  Weit 
Bach  made  the  name  Bach  famous 
throughout  Europe.     The  Caruso  of  those 


9i6 


THE  PENN  GERMANIA 


days  was  a  Bach,  the  Paderewski  of  those 
times  was  another  Bach,  the  Victor  Her- 
bert of  that  period  was  the  great  Bach. 
There  were  twenty-nine  famous  musicians 
in  the  Bach  family  during  those  years. 
THE   OPEN   COURT. 

A  GIFT  WITH  A  THOUGHT  IX  IT 

There's  one  very  simple  way  out  of  the 
Christmas  shopping  problem;  don't  shop, 
but  sit  quietly  at  home  and  subscribe  for 
the  Youth's  Companion.  The  chances  are, 
too,  that  no  present  you  could  buy  for  the 
young  friend  or  the  family  you  delight  to 
honor  could  confer  so  much  pleasure  as 
this  gift  of  The  Youth's  Companion  for  a 
whole  round  year — fifty-two  weeks'  issues, 
and  the  fifty-second  as  keenly  anticipated 
and  enjoyed  as  the  very  first. 

There  will  be  stories  for  readers  of 
every  age;  sound  advice  as  to  athletics; 
suggestions  for  the  j^irl  at  college  or 
making  her  own  way  in  the  v/ovld:  good 
things  for  every  member  of  the  family — 
all  for  $2.00 — less  than  four  cents  a  week. 

The  one  to  whom  you  give  the  subscrip- 
tion will  receive  free  all  the  remaining  is- 
sues of  1912,  as  well  as  the  Companion 
Window  Transparency  and  Calendar  for 
1913,  in  rich,  translucent  colors.  It  is  to 
be  hung  in  the  window  or  over  the  lamp- 
shade. You,  too,  as  giver  of  the  present 
will  receive  a  copy  of  it. 

THE   YOUTH'S    COMPANION, 
144   Berkeley  St.,  Boston,   Mass. 
New  Subscriptions  Received  at  this  office. 

GUTEKUNST,      DEAN      OF      AMERICAN 
PHOTOGRAPHY 

In  his  studio  at  712  Arch  street,  where 
in  the  last  half  century  he  has  taken 
more  than  250,000  photographs,  Frederick 
Gutekunst,  grand  old  man  of  American 
photography,  celebrated  his  eighty-first 
birthday  yesterday,  quietly,  giving  his  per- 
sonal attention  to  the  business  that  has 
characterized  the  fifty-six  years  of  his  pro- 
fessional  career. 

He  said  a  concern  had  offered  him 
.$5-0,000  and  $50  a  week  for  the  remainder 
of  his  life  if  he  would  place  his  business 
in  its  hands  for  expansion  and  exploita- 
tion; but  that  his  business  ideals  and  love 
for  his  art  would  never  permit  him  to  sell 
the  good  name  he  has  built  for  money. 

"When  I  die,"  said  Mr.  Gutekunst,  "my 
business  will  die  with  me.  I  would  never 
intrust  the  name  of  my  house  to  another 
man.     I  have  endeavored  to  make  the  best 


pictures  possible  and  could  not  think  of 
leaving  my  business  to  another." 

During  the  day  Mr.  Gutekunst  received 
letters  of  congratulation  from  many  not- 
able men  and  women  whom  he  has  photo- 
graphed. Among  them  were  letters  from 
former  Governor  Stuart  and  Governor 
Tener. 

Mr.  Gutekunst  had  on  exhibition  a  pic- 
ture which  he  made  fifty  years  ago  and 
which  bears  no  more  trace  of  age  than 
photographs  he  took  last  week.  It  was 
the  likeness  of  William  J.  Duane,  who  was 
secretary  of  the  treasury  under  Jackson, 
and  who  prepared  the  will  of  Stephen 
Girard. 

"I  have  no  sympathy,"  said  Mr.  Gute- 
kunst in  speaking  of  modern  modes  of 
taking  portraits,  "with  the  photographer 
who  is  trying  to  ape  oil  painting  with 
vague  and  shado\i'y  effects.  I  am  a  tech- 
nician and  a  lover  of  detail  in  pictures  and 
believe  that  my  ideas  of  art  in  photog- 
rttphy   •"ill  iLiivive  ill  Liie  ioug  run." 

Duriiig  the  last  fifty  years  Mr.  Gute- 
kunst has  made  it  his  aim  to  obtain  a 
sitting  from  every  notable  American  or 
famous  foreigner  who  came  to  Philadel- 
phia. His  coUecti'Dn  today  is  a  veritable 
gallery  of  fame,  containing  all  the  great 
men  of  the  last  half  century. — -The  North 
American,  Sept.   25,   1912. 

MR.  PULITZER  AND  MAC 

The  late  Joseph  Pulitzer's  years  of 
blindness  gave  him  a  deep  sympathy  for 
any  creature  similarly  afflicted.  For  years 
he  had  a  saddle-horse  named  Mac,  of 
which  he  was  very  fond.  When  he  went 
abroad,  Mac  went  along,  too,  and  came  to 
know  Rotten  Row  and  Hyde  Park  Corner, 
Unter  den  Linden  and  the  Bois  de  Boul- 
ogne as  well  as  the  bridle-paths  at  Central 
Park  and  Riverside  Drive.  The  horse 
made  at  least  a  dozen  transatlantic  voy- 
ages with  its  master. 

"What  is  the  matter  with  Mac — he 
seems  to  go  strangely?"  asked  Mr.  Pul- 
itzer one  morning,  when  he  was  riding 
with  his  secretary  in  Central  Park.  The 
horse  was  not  so  sure-footed  as  it  had 
been  before,  and  Mr.  Pulitzer,  whose  other 
senses  were  the  keener  because  of  his 
blindness,  was  quick  to   notice   it. 

Investigation  showed  that  the  horse  was 
going  blind.  His  master  had  accidentally 
flicked  Mac  in  the  eye  with  the  leather  of 
his  riding-stock  some  time  before,  and  he 
was  deeply  affected  when  he  learned  the 
cause. 

"Poor   Mac!    poor   Mac!      To   think   that 


THE  FORUM 


917 


1  should  have  been  the  cause  of  his  blind- 
ness!" mourned  Mr.  Pulitzer.  He  had  the 
liorse  sent  abroad,  to  a  farm  near  Nice, 
where  he  might  end  his  days  happily  in 
Itnee-high  meadows,  under  the  azure 
skies  of  southern   France. 

'       ^  YOUTH'S' COMPANION.  , 

GETTING    THINGS   MIXED 

Sometimes  hearers  of  the  gospel  get 
things  badly  mixed.  We  have  in  mind  a 
Tiusband  who  was  in  the  habit  of  taking 
down  the  minister's  text,  but  seldom  re- 
membered little  or  anything  of  the  ser- 
mon. One  Sunday  he  could  not  go  to 
church  and  he  instructed  his  wife  to  be 
sure  and  remember  the  text.  When  she 
returned  she  repeated  the  text  as  she  re- 
membered it,  as  follows:  "Except  ye  pay 
your  rent  ye  shall  all  leave  the  parish." 
The  minister's  text  was,  "Except  ye  repent 
ye  shall  likewise  perish."  While  it  is 
good  to  remember  the  text,  it  is  better  to 
remember  the  sermon.  Take  heed  how 
you  hear.  We  call  to  mind  another  inci- 
dent. The  text  was  Isa.  6:6 — "Having  a 
live  coal  in  his  hand  which  he  had  taken 
"With  the  tongs  from  off  the  altar,"  it  was 
remembered  and  repeated  as  follows: 
■"Having  taken  a  live  colt  by  the  tail  he 
jerked  him  out  of  the  halter." 

REF.  CHURCH  RECORD. 
A  SCHWAB  STORY 

At  a  banquet  not  long  ago,  Mr.  Charles 
M.  Schwab  made  a  speech  on  the  develop- 
ment of  the  steel  industries.  In  the 
course  of  his  remarks  he  mentioned  a  few 
of  the  men  who  had  assisted  in  rolling 
mill  development.  One  of  them,  it  seems, 
was  on  his  vacation  when  he  fell  in  love 
with  a  handsome  German  girl.  Upon  his 
return  to  the  works,  he  went  to  Mr.  Car- 
negie and  announced  that  as  he  wanted 
to  get  married  he  would  like  a  little  fur- 
ther time  off.  Mr.  Carnegie  appeared 
much  interested.  "Tell  me  about  her,"  he 
said.  "Is  she  short  or  tall,  tall,  slender, 
willowy?" 

"Well,  Mr.  Carnegie,"  was  the  answer, 
^'all  I  can  say  is  that  if  I'd  had  the  rolling 
of  her,  I  should  have  given  her  two  or 
three  more  passes." 

LIPPINCOTT'S. 

OVERHEARD  IN  LANCASTER  COUNTY. 


Did  you  clean  good  bit  house  already? 
Make  yourself  up  once  and  write  me. 


3.  So  it  had  nothing  to  do  at  the  appe- 

tite. 

4.  Why  don't  you  call  us  still   up? 

5.  It  makes  me  now  purty  soon  mad. 

6.  That's  a  little  much. 

7.  It  was  so  much   nice. 

8.  Well,  I  were  away  a  few  days. 

9.  Auch,  that  goes  me  too  long. 

10.  There  you  hit  the  head  on  the  nail. 

11.  I  wanted   to  clean  me  a  little  house 
but  it  looks  me  too  cloudy. 

12.  M — Rings    Door   Bell. 

N — (From      second     story     window) 

"Did  you   bell?" 
M — "Yes." 
N — -"It  did  not  make." 

German  Politeness. 

In  a  recent  delightful  volume,  entitled 
"My  German  Year,"  the  author.  Miss  I.  A. 
R.  Wylie,  confesses  that  a  newcomer  in 
Germany  finds  it  hard  to  realize  that  the 
charmin?  manners  of  German  men  are  the 
sincere  expression  of  sincere  feeling,  and 
not  a  hollow  mockery  of  courtesy.  In  the 
author's    own    words: 

The  German  has  not  only  been  taught 
the  outer  courtesies,  but  he  has  been 
born  with  a  kindness  of  heart  and  instinc- 
tive consideration  for  others  which  make 
his  formalities  of  real  value.  The  man 
who  appears  to  have  a  fund  of  "small 
change  and  valueless  attentions  is  the 
same  man  who  will  go  miles  out  of  his  way 
to  do  you  a  favor  tomorrow." 

Only  a  few  weeks  ago  I  was  traveling  in 
the  same  train  with  a  young  lieutenant, 
whose  smooth  and  graceful  manners  had 
more  than  once  aroused  suspicion  in  my 
Enelish   soul. 

He  was  got  up  in  his  newest  and  finest 
uniform,  he  had  on  spotless  white  kid 
gloves,  an  eye-glass  thrust  in  his  eye;  he 
looked,  in  fact,  the  veriest  dandy,  who 
would   not   soil   himself  to   save   a   life. 

The  train  was  very  full,  and  presently 
an  old  peasant  fellow  came  in  with  his 
basket  of  vegetables,  and  looked  about 
helplessly,  treading  on  everybody's  toes  in 
the  meantime.  I  looked  on  my  military 
neierhbor  and  waited  for  the  storm.  The 
dandy  rose,  saluted  gravely,  offered  the 
weary  old  peasant  his  seat,  and  went  and 
stood  outside. 

If  there  is  anything  in  thought  telegra- 
phy, that  young  officer  must  have  heard 
me  apologizing  to  him  all  the  rest  of  our 
journey    together! 

This  is  only  one  example  of  the  many  I 
will  not  cite  for  fear  of  being  unneces- 
sarily tiresome.  I  only  assert  that  for- 
eigners can  enjoy  German  courtesy  with 
an  easy  mind — it  is  genuine. — Youth's 
Companion. 


9i8 


THE  PENN  GERMANIA 


Longest  Concrete  Bridge. 

The  contract  was  awarded  to  the  Allen- 
town  Bridge  Company,  Allentown,  Pa., 
June  25,  1912,  for  the  erection  of  a  $500,- 
000  solid  concrete  bridge,  2650  feet  long, 
120  feet  high  with  a  32  foot  roadway  and 
two  7  foot  sidewalks  and  requiring  48,000 
barrels  of  cement.  This  will  give  "Dutch 
Little  Lehigh"  the  longest  concrete  bridge 
in  the  world. 

Darf  Nix  Saaae. 

There  was  at  one  time  a  preacher  in  one 
of  the  Penn-German  counties  of  the  Key- 
stone State  who  had  a  large  excrescence 
on  his  nose.  One  of  his  visits  took  him  in- 
to a  family  with  the  proverbial  talkative 
"bad  boy"  whose  mother  duly  warned  him 
that  he  must  not  make  any  remarks  about 
the  minister's  nose.  At  the  dinner  table 
he  could  not  refrain  from  saying:  "0, 
Gott-noch-a-mol!  Was  en  Naas!  Un  derf 
nix  saage?" 

INTERESTED   READER. 

Bethlehem's  Bill  of  Fare. 

In  Bethlehem,  the  land  of  cake, 

Preserves,  jelly  and  pie. 

The  place  where  I  first  saw  the  light. 

And  would  live  till  I  die. 

Where  rivell  cake,  and  schnitz  and  knep, 

Molasses  cake  and  shpeck. 

Doughnuts   and   schmearkase   on   the   side. 

Those  things  I  love,  by  heck; 

And  apple  butter  and  rye  bread. 

With  sausage  nice  and  brown, 

Ponhaus  and  scrapple  on  the  dish, 

The  finest  in  the  town; 

And  home-cured  ham.  juicy  and  sweet. 

Fried  ee:srs,  golden  and  bright. 

No  storage  stock,  but  freshly  laid 

By  hens  during  the  night. 

Potato  soup  and  sweet,  dried  corn, 

Moravian  cake,  handt  kase. 

With   numerous  other  thiners  as  good, 

You'll  find  in  this  Dutch  place. 

Mark  Henry. 

Marriaffe  Announcement. 

Following  is  a  German  marriage  an- 
nouncement in  Lancaster  County.  Pa  . 
in  1852: 

Am  28sten  Martz.  durch  den  Ehrw. 
Herrn  Kohler,  Hr.  Samuel  Wenger,  von 
Earl  Taunship,  mit  Misz  Elisabetha  Witt- 
mer,  von  Ost  Earl  Taunschip,  in  diesem 
County. 

Nun,  's  ist  gut,  es  ist  vollbracht. 
Die  Beze  ist  zur  Frau  gemacht. 
Der  Seme  hat  gedenkt  bey  sich: 


Ich  musz  geh'n,  sie  schickt  fuer  mich, 
Es  ist  nur  die  grosze  Liebe — 
Beze,  thu  dich  net  betruebe 
Weil  es  thut  sich  so  verhalten, 
Drum,  Beze,  lasz  du  mich  nur  walten. 
Dem  Seme  macht  das  all  nichts  aus, 
Er  kann  jetzt  zu  der  Frau  ins  haus. 
Bez,  du  bist  mein,  und  ich  bin  dein, 
Wer  moechte  sonst  dagegen  seyn. 
Nau  lieb  die  Bez  und  sey  ihr  treu — 
Well  Sem,  was  ist  noch  mehr  dabey? 
Noch  was  zum  Zeitvertreib  dazu — 
Ein  dicker,  schoener,  fetter  Bu, 
Und  sollte  es  ein  Maedchen  seyn, 
So  leg'  es  in  die  Wieg  hinein, 
Schockel,  sing  das  lied  Bey — 0 — 
Bis  uebers  jahr  gehts  wieder  so. 
(Eingesandt.) 

A  Unique  WiU. 

The  following  will  made  by  Mary  New- 
hard  was  admitted  to  probate  September 
5,  1912,  in  Allentown,  Pa. 

"I  guess  it  is  about  time  that  I  want 
my  things  fixed  after  I  am  gone,  because 
I  have  nobody  to  depend  on  except  my  sis- 
ter. I  hope  they  see  to  things  and  do  the 
way  I  want  it  done.  It  is  a  great  task, 
but  it  cannot  be  fixed  otherwise.  They  al- 
ways helped  me  along.  I  want  them  to 
divide  my  clothes  among  them,  because  I 
have  no  children,  so  they  are  the  nearest. 
I  have  a  good  lot  of  things  that  have  to  be 
sold  for  expenses  and  then  I  guess  it  will 
reach  to  bury  me  decently. 

"Such  things  as  my  big  copper  kettle 
and  tubs,  washing  machine,  sewing  ma- 
chine, watch,  bedroom  suit,  bureau,  chest, 
trunk,  waiters  (two  nice  ones),  castors 
and  other  articles  are  to  be  sold.  There 
is  also  a  stove  pipe  on  the  garret  belong- 
ing to  the  parlor  stove,  a  dozen  sauce 
dishes,  I  believe  they  don't  need,  and  a 
white  gravy  bowl  I  paid  a  quarter  for  and 
two  big  glass  stands,  which  are  also  to  be 
sold.  His  bedstead  what  lays  in  the  gar- 
ret I  paid  a  dollar  get  it  stained  and  var- 
nished. He  can  keep  that  for  Mary  if  he 
want  to  keep  her  and  my  new  dough 
trough  I  also  want  sold.  I  owe  a  little  at 
Labach's  and  I  want  to  have  that  paid  if 
there  is  money  left.  I  can't  do  it  in  my 
lifetime  any  more.     Yours  in  hope. 

Won  Prize  of  $100. 

Elwood  F.  DeLong,  formerly  of  Topton, 
now  of  Philadelphia,  representing  the 
American  Seating  Co.,  won  first  prize  of 
$100  in  a  contest  in  which  all  the  repre- 
sentatives of  the  company  throughout  the 
United  States  were  entered.  There  were 
five  prizes  given.  The  men  wrote  an 
article  on  how  to  point  out  the  advan- 
tages of  a  new  school  desk  made  and  sold 


THE  FORUM 


919 


by  the  company  to  prospective  customers. 
Mr.  DeLoug  was  the  only  successful  con- 
testant in  any  of  the  officers  east  of  Chi- 
cago. The  American  Seating  Co.  is  the 
largest  company  of  its  kind  in  the  United 
States,  having  offices  in  all  the  larger 
cities  of  the  country.  Mr.  DeLong  is  a 
son  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Tilghman  DeLong,  oC 
Topton,  Pa. 

Remarkable  Old  Man. 

One  of  the  most  remarkable  old  men  of 
Lancaster  is  Michael  Eberly,  who  is  in  his 
ninety-fourth  year  and  appears  about 
three  score  and  ten.  For  forty-six  jears 
he  worked  at  carriage  building  with  the 
Alticks,  but  for  the  last  seventeen  yea  re 
has  been  engaged  in  canvassing  for  the 
sale  of  household  goods  and  travels  daily 
over  a  route  in  the  city,  ofttimes  walking 
as  many  as  sixty  squares  in  a  day.  He 
has  a  good  appetite,  with  perfect  diges- 
tion, and  sleeps  soundly  as  a  child;  has 
always  smoked  and  chewed  tobacco,  takes 
an  occasional  glass  of  beer,  and  votes  the 
Democratic  ticket  whenever  the  oppor- 
tunity presents  itself.  He  sidesteps 
trouble,  enjoys  a  hearty  laugh  and  has 
no  use  for  gloomy  people.  His  father 
lived  to  be  almost  ninety  and  his  grand- 
mother was  107  years  of  age  at  the  time 
of  her  death.  The  old  gentleman  has 
never  been  troubled  with  rheumatism 
and  declares  he  has  the  best  pair  of  legs 
ever  put  on  a  man.  He  sees  no  reason 
why  b<^  shouldn't  live  to  be  a  hundred,  and 
if  happiness  and  a  cheery  disposition  pro- 
mote longevity,  it's  1919  for  Michael 
Eberly. 

Meine  Kuh  ist  hin. 

Louis  C.  Elson.  the  music  critic,  tells  of 
a  younsr  soprano  who  attempted  Schu- 
bert's "Gretchen  am  Spinnrade"  wnicn  be- 
gins: "Meine  Rub'  ist  hin" — "My  peace 
is  eone."  Our  fair  compatriot  mistook  the 
"R"  for  a  "K"  and  loudly  and  cli^ar^y 
sang,  "Meine  Kuh  ist  hin" — "'My  cow  is 
dead!" — The   Boston   Transcript. 

Weather  Prosmostications. 

The  weather  prophets  of  Berks  County 
who  have  forecasted  the  weather  for 
many  years  here,  held  their  annual  con- 
vention at  Lobachsville,  Berks  County, 
and  bv  a  two-thirds  vote  it  was  agreed 
that  the  coming  winter  will  be  an  unusu- 
ally severe  one.  Weather  prognosticators 
from  all  sections  of  the  county  were  rep- 
resented at  the  meeting,  and  exchanged 
their  views  on  the  subject.  Many  are 
close  followers  of  the  veteran  goose-bone 
weather  prophet  Elias     Hartz,  who     died 


several    years   ago,    and   who   was   consid- 
ered one  of  the  best  of  his  day. 

The  annual  convention  of  the  weather 
prognosticators  was  an  interesting  one. 
Those  in  attendance  did  not  hesitate  to 
express  their  views.  Some  are  guided  in 
their  theories  by  the  actions  of  small  ani- 
mals such  as  reptiles;  others  pay  close  at- 
tention to  the  trees  and  shrubbery. 

Gideon  Keller,  of  Brecknock,  aged  82 
years,  said:  "We  will  have  a  cold  winter, 
and  it  will  not  start  late  either.  I  believe 
the  seasons  are  changing;  that  the  sum- 
mers are  becoming  shorter  and  cooler  and 
the  winters  longer  and  more  severe.  When 
did  we  experience  such  a  cold  winter  as 
last  year?  When  was  a  summer  cooler  than 
this  season?  The  leaves  on  the  trees  be- 
gan to  color  some  weeks  ago  and  have  al- 
ready started  to  fall.  This  is  an  indica- 
tion that  the  winter  will  be  cold. 

"The  apple  crop  this  year  is  earlier  than 
usual.  You  can  depend  on  nature  at  all 
times.  The  apples  are  ripening  earlier 
than  in  previous  seasons.  Another  sign  of 
a  cold  winter  is  the  fact  that  the  weeds 
are  very  tall.  Nature  permits  the  weeds 
to  grow  tall  to  make  provision  for  the 
birds  and  animals  relying  upon  this  food." 

Cyrue  E.  Schneck,  of  Garfield,  said:  "In 
my  opinion,  the  groundhog  is  the  most  re- 
liable weather  prophet  I  know  of.  At  the 
present  time  the  animal  is  busily  engaged 
in  digging  his  hole  deeper.  He  anticipates 
a  hard  winter  and  is  providing  a  worm 
home.  Even  the  chickens  and  the  ducka 
show  signs  of  a  severe  winter.  Not  for 
many  years  have  chickens  molted  their 
feathers  so  early  as  this  fall,  which  is  an- 
other sure  sign  of  bad  weather  ahead. 
During  the  past  summer  there  was  an 
exceptionally  large  rainfall,  which  is  an- 
other indication  that  the  winter  will  be 
cold,  with  little  rain,  much  wind  and  con- 
siderable rough  weather." 

John  Drake,  of  Muhlenberg  Township, 
whose  weather  predictions  of  last  fall  won 
for  him  a  widespread  reputation  as  a 
weather  prognosticator,  has  received  fifty- 
seven  letters  since  September  1  asking  him 
to  foretell  the  conditions  for  the  approach- 
ing winter.  On  December  21,  1911,  he 
predicted  a  green  Christmas  and  a  cold 
spell  on  January  3,  to  last  until  January 
18.  His  forecasts  were  so  exact  that  the 
people  regarded  him  as  an  authority  in 
his  line.     He  said: 

"The  coming  winter  will  be  a  cold  one, 
but  not  as  severe  as  last  year.  It  will  begin 
early  and  there  will  be  lots  of  snow.  Janu- 
ary will  be  a  cold  month.  Look  for  a  bliz- 
zard between  February  9  and  16,  and  feel 
assured  that  March  will  bring  zero  weath- 


920 


THE  PENN  GERMANIA 


er."  When  asked  how  he  made  his  predic- 
tions he  said:  "That  is  my  secret.  I  will 
tell  you,  however,  that  my  predictions, 
which  are  based  upon  the  body  of  the 
heavens,  have  never  failed.  On  July  13, 
at  2.30  a.  m.,  I  got  information  about  the 
blizzard  due- in  February.  'Of  course,  I 
had  to  do  some  figuring,  and  anybody 
makes  mistakes  in  his  calculations  some- 
times. During  the  night  of  August  15, 
while  watching  cerUin  planets,  I  reached 
the  conclusion  that  Janui'.ry  will  be  a  very 
cold  month.  1  am  so  wrapped  up  in  as- 
tronomy, that  I  never  found  time  to  get 
married.     That  is  why  I  am  a  bachelor." 

John  S.  Fritz,  of  Reading,  bases  his  pre- 
dictions on  the  planets  and  says  that  next 
winter  will  be  a  mild  one.     He  said: 

"From  September  28  to  October  10,  as 
we  approach  full  moon  we  will  again  be 
approached  by  a  warm  spell,  ag  Jupiter 
is  predominant  for  three  years  the  weath- 
er will  accordingly  be  warm.  Next  sum- 
mer will  be  featured  by  a  drought  and  in- 
tense heat.  Jupiter  embraces  au  area  of 
1000  miles,  which  territory  is  affected  as 
the  planet  moves.  Jupiter  is  movina-:  from 
the  east  to  the  west  and  the  weather  of 
the  latter  district  is  prevHiling  in  this 
section.  The  coming  winter  w^l  be  a 
mild  one." 

Henry  Walers,  of  SiesholtzvilLs  saicr 
"Farmers  are  preparing  for  a  hard  and 
long  winter  because  the  red  squirrels  and 
■chipmunks  have  become  very  busy  dig- 
ging deep  in  the  grounds  and  preparing 
their  nests  for  the  storage  of  food." 

H.  H.  Brown,  of  Exeter,  said:  "My  great 
grandfather  used  to  say  that  when  there 
Avas  a  good  crop  of  persimmG:is  the  In- 
dians would  provide  themselves  with  a 
good  supply  of  buffalo  meat  for  they  were 
sure  of  a  long  and  severe  winter.  The 
persimmon  crop  is  a  prolific  one  this  year 
and  we  can  look  for  a  hard  winter  " 

Cyrus  Delp,  of  Grill,  said:  "A  dry  sum- 
mer is  invariably  followed  by  a  winter 
Avith  lots  of  snow.  This  year  the  rain 
fall  exceeded  the  average  and  I  predict  that 
there  will  be  but  little  snow  and  that  the 
winter  will  be  mild.  A  wet  fall  means  an 
early  winter." 

Jackson  Peger,  of  Greenwich,  said: 
"Fifty  years  ago  Ember  day  weather  was 
very  closely  watched  by  every  household 
in  Berks  and  even  to  this  day  there  are 
many  persons  who  have  faith  in  these  old- 
time  prognostications.     The  belief  is  that 


if  it  rains  on  Ember  day,  there  will  be  a 
great  deal  of  rain  in  October.  If,  on  the 
contrary,  the  weather  is  fair,  the  outlook 
for  October  will  be  fair  with  hardly  any 
rain,  and  a  cold  winter  will  follow." 

..C-JuTua  E.  Hessig,  of  Palm,  said:  "I  am 
unable  to  make  a  prediction  until  after 
November  23  and  24,  If  on  the  former  ^ 
day  it  is  blustery  and  cloudy  then  Janu- 
ary, February  and  March  will  be  severe 
months.  If  it  is  clear  on  November  23, 
the  weather  will  be  mild.  If  it  is  blustery 
on  November  24,  the  winter  will  extend 
into  April  and  May." 

"Quite  a  number  of  oher  weather  pro- 
phets made  their  predictions.  It  was  re- 
ported in  substance  that  muskrats  have 
begun  building  early;  that  cornhusks  are 
thick,  with  the  stalks  leaning  to  the  west; 
that  geese,  ducks  and  chickens  are  grow- 
ing a  thick  down  under  their  feathers  and 
a  bony  substance  on  their  feet;  that  squir- 
rels are  prepared  to  lay  up  unusual  sup- 
plies of  provender;  that  toad  stools  on  old 
logs  have  many  wrinkles;  that  owls  have 
retired  to  the  woods  much  earlier  than 
usual  and  that  the  weeds  in  the  woods 
have  never  been  known  to  grow  so  thick  . 
in  the  fall,  all  of  which  are  sure  signs  of 
a  hard  winter. — Philadelphia  North  Amer- 
ican. 

-  .:iH 

What  P.  G.  Stands  For. 

A  Californian      in     sending  two  dollars 
for  a  year's  subscription  says: 
P.  G.  stands  for — • 
Pretty  Good 
Positively  Great 
Pennsylvania  Genius. 

Sixtv-Year-Old  Case  is  AuDealed. 

The  end  of  the  Camp-Snyder  feud  in 
Lynn  township  is  not  yet.  It  has  been 
fought  for  60  years  and  three  generations 
of  the  families  have  been  at  odds.  On- 
July  4,  1911,  it  broke  out  afresh  when 
Andrew  Camp  threatened  to  kill  with  a 
shot  gun  Mrs.  Mary  Snyder  and  her  har- 
vesters if  they  entered  one  of  her  wheat 
fields  through  a  lane  that  is  in  dispute. 
That  eruption  cost  him  a  $200  fine  in 
criminal  court  and  a  $1000  verdict  in  a 
civil  action.  Wednesday  he  notified  Pro- 
thonotary  Schantz  that  he  was  going  to 
appeal  to  the  superior  court. — Ex. 


«b 


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