UNIVERSmy
PENNSYI\5\NIA.
UBKARIES
IPenne^lvania:
THE GERMAN INFLUENCE
!N ITS SETTLEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT
H laarrative ant) Critical f)iston?
PREPARED BY AUTHORITY OF
THE PENNSYLVANIA-GERMAN SOCIETY
PART XXV
THE PENNSYLVANIA-GERMAN IN THE
SETTLEMENT OF MARYLAND
PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY
Ipublication Committee
JULIUS F. SACHSE, I,itt.D.
DANIEI, W. NEAD, M.D.
J. E. B. BUCKENHAM, M.D.
^mns^I^ania (German
in t()e
lettlement of J^ar^Ianb
BY
DANIEL WUNDERLICH NEAD, M.D. (Univ. of Pa.)
Member of the Pennsylvania-German Society ; the Historical Society of
Pennsylvania ; the Historical Society of Berks County ; the
Pennsylvania Society of Sons of the Revolution, etc.
" Forsan et haec olim meminisse juvabit."— VIRGIL
ILLUSTRATED BY JULIUS F. SACHSE, LITT.D.
Part XXV. of a Narrative and Critical History
prepared at the request of
The Pennsylvania-German Society
LANCASTER, PA.
1914
Copyrighted 1914
BY THE
penns^Ivania=(9ecman Society;
PRESS OF
THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANr
LANCASTER, PA.
FOREWORD.
r
^0R a century and a half
the term " Mason and
Dixon's Line" has been a
more or less familiar expres-
sion, and for the greater part
of the latter half of that
period it was frequently on
men's tongues. The lines
drawn on the earth's surface
by geographers or laid out by
the wisdom of statecraft are
often taken in too literal a
sense ; and so, in the course of time, it came to pass that
Mason and Dixon's Line came to be regarded almost as a
tangible barrier : the line dividing the North from the South.
Yet, as a mater of fact, were it not for the monuments set
up at stated intervals it would be impossible to tell where
the jurisdiction of one commonwealth ends and that of the
other begins. The mountains and valleys are continuous,
the fertile fields lie side by side, there is no difference to be
found in the people, and it not unfrequently happens that
a farm will lie partly on one side of the line and partly on
the other, and there are even houses through which the line
runs, one part of the house being in Maryland and the
other part in Pennsylvania.
vi \The Pennsylvania-German Society.
But outside of the question of contiguity there is a senti-
mental attachment between the states of Maryland and
Pennsylvania. Had the boundary between the two colonies
been fixed at the point where the respective charters appar-
ently placed it, the fortieth parallel of north latitude, a
considerable portion of the territory now included within
the state of Pennsylvania would belong to Maryland, The
fortieth parallel runs about on a line with Lehigh Avenue
in Philadelphia, so that had that meridian been decided on
as the dividing line between the two colonies the greater
part of the city of Philadelhia would now be situated in
Maryland. So too would be a strip of territory nearly
twenty miles in width, extending across the state and tak-
ing in such towns as West Chester, York, Chambersburg,
and all the fertile country surrounding those towns.
In the following pages an attempt has been made to
gather together in brief form what Is known concerning the
Influence of the Pennsylvanians In the settlement of the
western part of the colony of Maryland. There is no
claim of originality, but use has been freely made of the
results of other investigations. It Is very unfortunate that
there are but few records in existence concerning the period
under consideration, so that many points cannot be deter-
mined, but what is known has been put together in concise
form for convenient reference.
The writer wishes here to express his thanks to Dr.
Julius F. Sachse for preparing the illustrations, which add
materially to the Interest In the work, and also to Dr. Frank
R. Dlffenderffer for material assistance in searching old
records.
Reading, Pennsylvania,
December, 1913.
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I.
The Maryland Colony
CHAPTER 11.
The First German Settlers . . . .
12
CHAPTER III.
The Germans in Pennsylvania .
CHAPTER IV.
The Movement to Maryland . . .
CHAPTER V.
The Monocacy Road
CHAPTER VI.
The First Settlements
27
37
45
50
viii The Pennsylvania-German Society.
CHAPTER VII.
Home-Making in the Wilderness 66
CHAPTER VIII.
Mechanical Arts and Industries 80
CHAPTER IX.
The Religious Life 89
CHAPTER X.
Education, Redemptioners, Servitude 108
CHAPTER XL
The Border Troubles 121
CHAPTER XII.
The French and Indian War 141
CHAPTER XIII.
Fort Frederick 163
CHAPTER XIV.
The Pre-Revolutionary Period 176
CHAPTER XV.
Preparing for the Struggle 196
CHAPTER XVI.
The Flying Camp 205
Contents. ix
CHAPTER XVII.
The German Regiment 224
CHAPTER XVIII.
Service of the Maryland Troops 241
CHAPTER XIX.
Forwarding the Cause at Home 260
Index to Proper Names 272
Index to Subjects 299
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Archives of Maryland.
Banvard, Joseph. Pioneers of the New World, and the Old French War.
Chicago, 1880.
Bozman, John Leeds. The History of Maryland from its first Settlement,
in 1633, to the Restoration, in 1660. z vols. Baltimore, 18371
Browne, William Hand. Maryland, the History of a Palatinate. Boston,
1904.
Brumbaugh, Martin Grove. A History of the German Baptist Brethren in
Europe and America. Mount Morris, 111., 1899.
Colonial Records of Pennsylvania.
Doddridge, Joseph. Notes on the Settlements and Indian Wars of the
Western Parts of Virginia and Pennsylvania, from the Year 1763 until
the Year 1783. Wellsburgh, Va., 1824.
Eddis, William. Letters from America, Historioal and Descriptive.
London, 1792.
Griffith, Thomas W. Annals of Baltimore. Baltimore, 1824.
Harbaugh, Henry. The Life of Michael Schlatter. Philadelphia, 1857.
James, Bartlett B. The Labadist Colony in Maryland. Baltimore, 1899^
Johnson, John. Old Maryland Manors. Baltimore, 1883.
Kercheval, Samuel. A History of the Valley of Virginia. Woodstock,
Va., 1850.
Kuhns, Levi Oscar. The German and Swiss Settlements of Colonial
Pennsylvania. New York, 1901.
McCorraac, Eugene Irving. White Servitude in Maryland, 1634-1820.
Baltimore, 190*4.
McMahon, J. V. L. An Historical View of the Government of Maryland,
from its Colonization to the Present Day. Baltimore, 1837.
McSherry, James. History of Maryland. Baltimore, 1904.
xu
Bibliography.
Mereness, Newton D. Maryland as a Proprietary Province. New York,
190 r.
Neill, Edward. The Founders of Maryland as Portrayed in Manuscripts,
Provincial Records and Early Documents. Albany, 18761.
Pennsylvania Archives, First and Second Series.
Ridgely, David. Annals of Annapolis. Baltimore, 184-1.
Scharf, J. Thomas. The Chronicles of Baltimore. Baltimore, 1874.
History of Maryland from the Earliest Period to the Present Day. 3
vols. Baltimore, 1879.
History of Western Maryland, being a History of Frederick, Mont-
gomery, Carroll, Washington, Allegany and Garrett Counties. 2 vols,
Philadelphia, i88e.
Sioussat, St. George Leakin. Economics and Politics in Maryland, 1720^
1750. Baltimore, 1903.
Steiner, Bernard C. Beginnings of Maryland, 16131-1639. Baltimore,
1903.
Maryland under the Commonwealth. A Chronicle of the Years 1649—
r658. Baltimore, 1911.
Maryland during the English Civil Wars. Baltimore, 1906—7.
Western Maryland in the Revolution. Baltimore, 1902.
Schultz, Edward T. First Settlements of Germans in Maryland. Fred-
erick, Md., 1896^
Society for the History of Germans in Maryland. 16 annual reports.
Thomas, James Walter. Chronicles of Colonial Maryland. Baltimore,
1900.
CHAPTER I.
The Maryland Colony.
'TTHE settlement of Maryland
^ was the culmination of the
plan of George, Lord Baltimore,
to found a colony where the in-
habitants might worship God ac-
cording to the dictates of their
consciences.^ Sir George Calvert
was brought up a Protestant and,
enjoying the personal friendship
of James L, he obtained rapid ad-
vancement in the government service and was finally made
1 " It cannot with evident certainty be stated that Sir George Calvert, in
the settlement of either of his provinces, Avalon or Maryland, had in view
the formation of an asylum for English Catholics, although it is so stated
by several historians ; such intention of his being nowhere clearly expressed
by himself, unless it be in the before mentioned MS. account of Avalon, by
Sir George himself, still remaining in the British Museum, the contents of
which we have no opportunity of examining. With regard to Maryland,
the fact, ascertained in history, as well in the records of the province, that
most of the first colonists of that province were Roman Catholics, leaves a
strong inference that it was the original contemplation of Sir George
thereby to erect for such Catholics a place of refuge. In respect to
Avalon, however, we have not this fact, as a ground for such inference."—
Bozman's " History of Maryland," Vol. I., p. 242.
6 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
principal Secretary of State. In 1624 he became a Roman
Catholic and at once resigned his position as Secretary,
but the king kept him as a member of the Privy Council
and created him Lord Baltimore, of Baltimore, in Ireland.
At this time the laws of England were very severe
against the Roman Catholics and in order to escape perse-
cution Lord Baltimore determined to found a colony where
religious liberty would be secured to all the inhabitants.
For some years he had been interested in schemes for
colonizing America, having been one of the councillors of
the New England Company and a member of the Virginia
Company until its charter was revoked, when he was
appointed one of the council for the government of that
colony. He first turned his attention to New Foundland
and, securing a grant in that locality, he erected a province
which he named Avalon.^ After first sending a small
party of colonists, he went thither himself with his family,
but a residence of two years convinced him that that local-
ity was not suited for the successful planting of a colony,
and he sailed for Virginia.
The authorities in the Virginia colony would not allow
him to land unless he would take the oath of allegiance
and supremacy, and this his religious principles would not
allow him to do. He, therefore, sailed north and explored
the shores of the Chesapeake above the Virginia settle-
2 Bozman, Vol. i, p. 240, quotes Oldmixon's " British Empire in Amer-
ica," as follows: "This gentleman" (Sir George Calvert) "being of the
Romish religion was uneasy at home, and had the same reason to leave
the kingdom, as those gentlemen had, who went to New England, to
enjoy the liberty of his conscience. He therefore resolved to retire to
America, and finding the New Foundland company had made no use of
their grant, he thought of this place for his retreat; to which end he
procured a patent for that part of the island, that lies between the bay
of Bulls in the east, and cape St. Mary's in the south, which was erected
into a province, and called Avalon."
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 7
ment, and finding this territory suitable for his purpose he
returned to England and petitioned Charles L, who by
that time had succeeded his father, for a grant of land in
that locality. Opposition arose from the Virginia authori-
ties and, although the king was favorably disposed toward
Lord Baltimore, the matter was delayed, and before the
charter was finally granted, on June 20, 1632, Lord
Baltimore died, and the charter, when issued, was in the
name of his eldest son, Cecilius.
The charter granted to Lord Baltimore was the most
liberal ever granted by the English crown. It erected the
colony into a palatinate,^ and created the proprietary but
little short of a ruling sovereign. He was made " abso-
lute lord of the land and water within his boundaries, could
erect towns, cities, and ports, make war or peace, call the
whole fighting population to arms, and declare martial
law, levy tolls and duties, establish courts of justice, ap-
point judges, magistrates, and other civil officers, execute
the laws, and pardon offenders; he could erect manors with
courts-baron and courts-leet, and confer titles and dignities,
so that they differed from those of England; he could
make laws with the assent of the freemen of the province,
and. In cases of emergency, ordinances not impairing life,
3 The term Palatinate originated with the early Frankish or German
rulers who bestowed on an officer known as the " Count of the Palace "
(comes palatii, or palatinus) certain powers nearly equaling those of
royalty. Later these powers were bestowed on powerful vassals who, to
all intents and purposes, became kings, except that they acknowledged the
suzerainty of the appointing sovereign. In England certain counties were
made palatinates, and the charter granted to Lord Baltimore gave him
all the " rights, jurisdictions, privileges, prerogatives, royalties, liberties,
immunities and royal rights, and temporal franchises whatsoever ... as
any bishop of Durham, within the bishopric or county palatine of Durham,
in our kingdom of England, ever heretofore hath had, held, used, or
enjoyed, or of right could, or ought to have held, use or enjoy."
8 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
limb, or property, without their assent; he could found
churches and chapels, have them consecrated according to
the ecclesiastical laws of England, and appoint the in-
cumbents."
Having received his charter. Lord Baltimore immedi-
ately proceeded to organize an expedition to colonize the
territory which had been granted to him. He secured two
vessels, the Ark and the Dove, on which his party of
colonists embarked and sailed from Cowes on November
22, 1633. There were about two hundred in the party,
of whom about twenty were " gentlemen adventurers," as
they were called: men of fortune who took part in the
enterprise partly In a spirit of adventure, although, no
doubt, some of them sought a religious asylum, the bal-
ance of the company being made up of servants and crafts-
men of various kinds. Lord Baltimore had intended
accompanying the expedition, but his presence in England
being necessary he placed his brother Leonard in command
as governor. Early in the following spring they reached
the Chesapeake, and after stopping at an island near the
mouth of the Potomac, which they named St. Clement's,
where, on March 25, 1634, they celebrated their first mass
in the new world, Governor Calvert with a small party
started out to seek a suitable location for their settlement.
He had secured as guide Henry Fleete, an Englishman
who was well acquainted with that part of the country,
having spent several years among the Indians. But
although Fleete was thoroughly acquainted with the sur-
rounding country he was not the first of his countrymen
to visit it.
The first white man to visit the territory now embraced
within the state of Maryland was Captain John Smith, of
Virginia. Very soon after the foundation of the James-
THE PENNSYLVANI
./ViljcyjATANX-
CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH'S
5ERMAN SOCIETY
\P OF VIRGINIA, 1606.
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 9
town settlement that hardy pioneer turned his attention to
exploring the country to the north, and in the summer of
1608 he made two trips in an open boat, with a few com-
panions, and made his way as far north as the mouth of the
Susquehanna, exploring the different rivers and marking
them on his map with an accuracy that is scarcely exceeded
at the present day. He rowed up the Potomac river to a
point above the present site of Washington, as far as he
could go in his boat, and has given us a comprehensive
description of that part of the country. Of this expedition
Lossing says:^ "It was one of the most wonderful of
exploring expeditions, considered in all its aspects."
Under the guidance of Fleete the party went a short
distance up the Potomac, and at a point where an Indian
town already existed a tract of land was purchased from
the Indians and a tovv^n laid out which was named St.
Mary's. During their first year the colonists subsisted
largely upon supplies of food, chiefly Indian corn, obtained
from the Indians. The policy followed by Governor
Calvert in his treatment of the Indians was such as to gain
their friendship, and thus were avoided many of the dis-
asters which overtook colonists in other parts of the
country. The Maryland settlers, as a rule, were free from
attacks by hostile Indians.
It was evidently Lord Baltimore's intention to found an
aristocratic state, based on large holdings of land, the
land to be kept in the family of the original owner through
the law of entail. The first allotment of land to the
settlers was made with this end in view. In the proprie-
tary's instructions to his brother Leonard, who represented
him, he advises him that he is to
4 Quoted by Scharf, " Chronicles of Baltimore," p. %\
lO The Pennsylvania-German Society.
" make or cause to be made under our great seal of that our said
province unto every first adventurer for every five men aged between
sixteen and fifty years, which such adventurer did bring into our
said province to inhabitt and plant there in the year of our Lord
1633, and unto his heirs forever, a grant of two thousand acres of
land of English measure for the yearly rent of 400 lb. of good
wheat, . . .
And we do further will and authorize you, that every two thou-
sand acres, and every three thousand acres, and every one thousand
acres of land so to be passed or granted as aforesaid unto any adven-
turer or adventurers, be erected, and created into a manor to be
called by such name as the adventurer or adventurers shall desire."'
But this plan of Lord Baltimore's did not succeed.
While it was possible for a colonist, by bringing over a
large number of servants, to obtain a large grant of land,
it was unusual to find plantations containing more than one
thousand acres. Prior to 1700 there were few towns and
these did not grow very rapidly. The character and occu-
pations of the inhabitants militated against the growth of
towns. The colony of Maryland had been established by
Lord Baltimore as a religious asylum where the inhabi-
tants might worship God according to the dictates of their
consciences, and although he was a Roman Catholic, no
attempt was made to prevent those who belonged to
Protestant denominations from settling in the colony.
Indeed, it is probable that of the first colonists the greater
number were Protestants. Most, if not all, of the " gen-
tlemen adventurers " were probably Roman Catholics, but
of the servants and laborers there is no doubt that a very
large proportion were Protestants, although there is no
way of accurately determining this, as there is no record of
the names of all the colonists. These settlers were planters
6 Bozman's " History of Maryland," Vol. II., pp. 38^40.
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 1 1
and farmers and the plantations were, as a rule, spread
over a rather extended territory. There were no manu-
factories, and what manufactured goods were required
were brought over from England.
Following the example of the Virginia colonists, the
newcomers almost Immediately began the cultivation of
tobacco. Indeed more attention was paid to this than to
anything else. The chief aim of the planters was to raise
as much tobacco as possible, for, being the currency of the
colony, all other commodities were purchasable with It,
and a man's possessions were reckoned In accordance with
the amount of tobacco he could produce. The natural
consequence of this state of affairs was that the quality of
the tobacco soon began to deteriorate, while the growing
of corn and other necessaries of life almost ceased. As
early as 1639 ^^ ^^t was passed compelling every grower
of tobacco to plant and cultivate two acres of corn for
each member of his family. The next year another act
was passed limiting the culture of tobacco to so many
plants per head, but even these laws did not Improve
matters much. The colony did not grow very rapidly, the
settlers confined themselves almost entirely to the terri-
tory adjacent to tidewater, and It was not until the coming
of the German settlers, who by their thrift and Industry
showed the possibilities of the fertile fields, that the colony
began to make rapid strides forward.
CHAPTER II.
The First German Settlers.
TL
HERE is nothing in the
records to show that there
were any Germans among the
first party sent out by Lord Bal-
timore to found the colony of
Maryland, but it is extremely
probable that among that com-
pany of two hundred people,
consisting chiefly of servants and
artisans, there were a number of
Germans. The colony had been
founded as an English settle-
ment, and it is evident that foreigners were not desired, for
while there was no direct prohibition of the settlement of
foreigners in the colony, there was no inducement to lead
them in that direction. The terms upon which land was to
be granted to colonists was such as to lead to the formation
of an aristocracy, which was undoubtedly Lord Baltimore's
purpose, and naturally this aristocracy would be expected
to be made up of wealthy Englishmen who could take ad-
vantage of the conditions of plantation. According to the
12
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 13
instructions sent out by Lord Baltimore to his brother, in
1 636, any member of the first party of colonists who brought
over with him five men was to receive two thousand acres
of land subject to an annual quit-rent of four hundred
pounds of wheat. The same allotment of land was made
to those who came over in the years 1634 and 1635, bring-
ing with them ten men, but the rent was to be six hundred
pounds of wheat, and those who came over later, or
brought fewer men, were to be granted smaller amounts
of land.^ As Bozman says:''^ " It will be readily perceived,
that these instructions, or conditions of plantation, were
well calculated to induce men of some property in England,
who were able to bear the expense of transporting serv-
ants and dependents, to emigrate to this province. It is
true, that it was sketching out aristocratic features in the
future government of the province, which in other times,
might have been supposed to operate in discouragement of
emigration."
But it was evidently this class of people that Lord Balti-
more wanted, and foreigners were not even allowed to own
land nor had they any political rights. It was not until
1648 that foreigners were allowed to take up land. In
the commission of William Stone, lieutenant of the prov-
ince, accompanying the conditions of plantation of 1648,
and dated at Bath, August 20, 1648, Lord Baltimore
writes:
And we do hereby authorize and Require you till we or our heirs
shall signify our of their Pleasure to the Contrary from time to
time in our name and under the Great Seal of the said Province
of Maryland to Grant Lands within our said Province to all Ad-
venturors or Planters to or within the same upon such terms and
8 Archives of Maryland, Vol. Ill, p. 471
7 " History of Maryland," Vol. II., p. 38.
14 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
Conditions as are expressed in the said last Conditions of Planta-
tion bearing date with these presents and according to the forms
of Grants above mentioned and not otherwise without further and
special warrant hereafter to be obtain*^ for the same under our or
our heirs hand and seal at Arms and whereas we are Given to
understand that as well divers Frenchmen as some other People
of other Nations who by our former as also by these last Conditions
of Plantation are not Capable of having any lands within our said
Province and are already seated or may hereafter with our or you
our Lieutenants leave there for the time being seat themselves in
our said Province we do hereby Authorize you to make any Person
or Persons of French Dutch or Italian discent as you shall think
fit and who either are already planted or shall hereafter come and
Plant in our said Province Capable of our said last Conditions of
Plantation and do hereby Give you Power to Grant Lands there-
upon within our said Province unto them and every of them accord-
ingly as well for and in respect of themselves as for and in respect
of any Person or Persons of British or Irish discent or of any of
the other discents aforesaid which they or any of them and also
which any other Person of British or Irish discent shall hereafter
with our or you our said Lieutenants leave transport into the said
province in the same and in as ample manner and upon the same
terms and Provisoes as you are hereby or by our Commission to
you for the Government of the said Province authorised to Grant
any Lands to any Adventuror or Planter of British or Irish discent
within the said Province.^
The following year the conditions of plantation were
abrogated and new ones issued under date of July 2, 1649.
The new ones were practically the same as those issued the
year before except that they authorized an Increase in the
size of the manors to be granted. Lord Baltimore gives
as his reason for issuing the new ones that those of 1648
"were not like to give sufficient encouragement to many
8 Archives of Maryland, Vol. III., p. 222.
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 15
to adventure and plant there." Bozman seems to think^
that this action on the part of Lord Baltimore, in allowing
foreigners to take up land, was prompted chiefly by his
anxiety to increase the population of the province, and
that he was undoubtedly indifferent as to what sect of
Protestant religion his colonists belonged. Whether this
liberality on the part of Lord Baltimore led to any increase
in the number of Germans who settled in the colony is not
evident, but It Is extremely probable that it did have that
effect. There Is no doubt that from a very early period in
the history of Maryland the colony was constantly receiv-
ing additions from the neighboring colony on the Dela-
ware, which at the time of the founding of the colony of
Maryland was under the control of the Dutch. It is true
that these additions were not made up of a very desirable
class of people, consisting chiefly, as they did, of runaway
servants. The records of the Dutch and Swedish colonies
on the Delaware frequently mention occurrences of this
kind. In a letter from Director-General Peter Stuyvesant
to the directors of the Dutch West India Company, dated
September 4, 1659, he says:^*^
The City's affairs on the Southrlver are in a very deplorable and
low state. It is to be feared, that, if no other and better order is
introduced, it will be ruined altogether; it would be too long and
tedious, to report all the complaints brought from there, nor can
all be received (as true;) but it is certainly true, that the people
begin to run away In numbers, as for instance, while I write this,
there arrives from there an English ketch, which went there with
some provisions from Boston three weeks ago ; the skipper of it, a
well-known and trustworthy man, says that during his stay of 14
days at the Southriver about 50 persons, among them whole fam-
ilies, run away from there to Virginia and Maryland.
9 " History of Maryland," Vol. II., p. 342.
10 Pennsylvania Archives, Second Series, Vol. VII., p. 611.
1 6 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
Again, on the 17th of the same month Stuyvesant
writes :^^
We mentioned in our last letter the deplorable and bad state of
affairs in the City's Colony on the Southriver, caused by the deser-
tion and removal of the Colonists to Maryland, Virginia and other
places, which increases daily in such a manner, that hardly thirty
families remain.
It is very probable that the state of affairs was greatly
exaggerated by Stuyvesant, as there is no record of such
wholesale additions to the population of Maryland, and
the few stragglers who did make their way into that col-
ony were not in sufficient numbers to leave any records of
their doings. One of the first of the German settlers in
Maryland of whom we have any record, and the first who
may be called a Pennsylvania-German, was Cornelius
Commegys. He had formerly lived in the colony on the
Delaware, and after spending some time there had re-
moved to Maryland. The exact date of his arrival in the
latter colony is not known, but it was probably about 1661,
as he was naturalized on July 22 of that year. In the
same year Augustine Herman, writing to Vice-Director
Beekman, of the Dutch colony on the Delaware, says:
"Nothing could be done with Cornelius Comegys this
year, it must be done next year and some other instructions
sent from the Manhattans, which upon my return home I
shall help your Honor to procure. "^^ This would seem
to indicate that there was some trouble in connection with
Commegys's removal to Maryland. W^eishaar^^ says that
1^ Ibid., p. 617.
^2 Pennsylvania Archives, Second Series, Vol. VII., p. 697.
13 Report of the Society for the History of the Germans in Maryland,
Vol. XV., p. 19.
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. ly
on July 30, 1666, Commegys received a patent for 150
acres of land In Cecil county. Later on he obtained a
much larger tract of land, for the proceedings of Council
show^^ that on December 15, 1669, he was granted a
patent for 350 acres of land. There is very little known
of the history of Cornelius Commegys. Weishaar says :
"When in 1679 the two Labadists, Danker-Schilders and
Sluyter-Vorstmann visited Maryland, they found Com-
megys in possession of a large farm, and his son Cornelius
was about to buy a farm for himself. His first wife
Wilhemintye, however, had died, and he was married
again to an English woman."
It may be interesting to note the manner in which for-
eigners were naturalized at this time. It must be remem-
bered, however, that at that period there was not the same
distinction between the terms Dutch and German that
there is to-day. In fact, the term German was rarely used,
and the appellation Dutchman was indiscriminately applied
to the representatives of all the Teutonic races. Under the
heading " Denization of Swedes and Dutch," in the Pro-
ceedings of Council, appears the following paper :^^
" Caecelius Absolute Lord and Proprietary of the Provinces of
Maryland and Avalon Lord Barron of Baltemore &c To all per-
sons to whome theis shall come Greeting in our Lord God Ever-
lasting. Whereas Peter Meyor late of New Amstell and Subject
of the Crowne of Sweeden hauing transported himselfe his wife
and Children into this our Province here to Inhabite hath besought
us to grante him the said Peter Meyor leaue here to Inhabite and
as a free Dennizen freedome land to him and his heires to purchase
Knowe yee that we Doe hereby Declare them the said Peter Meyor
his wife and Children as well those already borne as those here-
1* Archives of Maryland, Vol. V., p. 59.
15 Ibid., Vol. III., p. 428.
i8
The Pennsylvania-German Society.
after to be borne to be free Dennizens of this our Province of
Maryland And doe further for vs our heires and Successors
straightly enjoyne Constitute ordeine and Command that the said
Peter Meyer be in all things held treated reputed and esteemed as
one of the faythful people of us our heires and Successors borne
within this our Province of Maryland And likewise and lands tene-
ments Revenues Services and other hereditam*^ whatsoeu"^ within
our said Province of Maryland may inherrite or otherwise purchase
receive take haue hould buy and possesse and them may occupye and
enjoye Give Sell alyen and bequeathe as likewise all libertyes fran-
chises and priviledges of this our Province of Maryland freely
quietly and peaceably haue and possesse occupye and enjoye as our
faythful people borne or to be borne within our said Province of
Maryland without lett Molestacon vexacon trouble or Greivance
of us our heires and Successo" and Custome to the contrary hereof
in any wise notwithstanding Giuen at Saint Marys vnder the Great
Scale of our said Province of Maryland this two and twentyth day
of July in the thirtyth yeare of our dominion over the said Province
of Maryland Annoq domini One thousand six hundred Sixty one
Wittness our Deare Brother Philip Calvert Esq"" our Leivetennant
of our said Province of Maryland."
Accompanying this paper is the following list of names
of persons who were to be included in this process of
naturalization :
Axell Stille
Peter Jacobson
Marcus Sipherson
Clement Micheelson
Hendrik Hendrickson
Andrew Clementson
Peter Montson
Hendrick Mathiason
Mathias Cornelison
John Wheeler
Bartholomew Hendrickson
Cornelius Urinson
John Urinson
Andreu Toreson
Paul Johnson
Gothofrid Harmer
Jacob Micheelson
Cornelius Comages
Michaell Vandernorte
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 19
While this naturalization apparently accorded to the
persons naturalized all the rights and privileges of
natural-born citizens, such was evidently not the case, for
at the meeting of the assembly thirteen years later, 1674,
a number of these persons along with others, presented a
petition asking that
they and every one of them shall from henceforth be adjudged
reputed and taken as natureall borne people of this Prouince of
Maryland and alsoe that they and every one of them shall and may
from henceforth by the same Authority be enabled and adjudged
to all intents and Purposes able to demand Challenge aske haue
hold and Injoy any Lands Tenements Rents & Hereditaments
within this Prouince as Heire or Heires to any of their Ancestors
by Reason of any discent in fee simple feetayle Generall or Speciall
or Remainder vppon and fee Tayle generall or speciall to come to
them or any of them by discent in fee simple feetayle Generall Spe-
ciall or Remainder vppon any Estate tayle as aforesaid or by any
other Lawfull Conveyance or Conveyances or meanes whatsoever
as if they and every of them had been borne within this Prouince
or were of Brittish or Irish discent as aforesaid and alsoe that they
and every of them from henceforth shall and may be Enabled to
prosecute maintaine & avow Justifie and defend all manner of
accons suites plaints or other demands whatsoever as Liberally
franckly freely Lawfully fully and securely as if all of them had
been Natureall borne within the Prouince of Maryland. ^^
The most distinguished German who at that period
made his home in Maryland was Augustine Herman.
Although he was born at Prague, Bohemia, it is very prob-
able that Herman was a German. He entered the service
18 Archives of Maryland, Vol. II., p. 400. The names in this petition
show how rapidly the process of anglicizing the names of foreigners pro-
ceeded. For instance, Hendrik Hendrickson had become Henry Hender-
son ; Hendrick Mathiason, Henry Mathews ; Andrew Clementson, Andrew
Clements.
20 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
of the Dutch West India Company and came to New-
Amsterdam, where he attained a position of prominence
and married a relative of Peter Stuyvesant. When the
trouble between the Maryland colony and the Dutch
settlers on the Delaware seemed to be reaching an acute
stage on account of the actions of Col. Nathaniel Utie,
who had been sent to the Delaware colony by Governor
Fendall, of Maryland, and notified the settlers there that
the territory in question belonged to Maryland and de-
clared that they must either leave or recognize the author-
ity of Maryland, Augustine Herman was sent by Stuy-
vesant as one of the commissioners to confer with the
Maryland authorities and try to bring about a settlement
of the difficulty. Their mission was a failure, but Herman
seems to have been very favorably impressed with the
locality and determined to make his home in Maryland.
The various boundary disputes had taught Herman the
importance of having a map of the territory, and he made
a proposition to Lord Baltimore to the effect that he would
make a map of the country if he were granted a certain
amount of land with the privilege of a manor. This prop-
osition was accepted, and in September, 1660, Herman
received a grant of four thousand acres of land, to be
selected where he saw fit. The tract chosen was on the
Elk river, and early In the following year, having bought
the land from the Indians, he settled on Bohemia Manor,
as he named his acquisition. He immediately went to
work on his map, which was completed in 1670. It
covered the whole section of country between North Caro-
lina and the Hudson river. In the acknowledgment of
the receipt of the map Herman was informed
That His Lordship had received no small Satisfaction by the
variety of that mapp, and that the Kings Majesty, His Royall
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 21
Highness, and all others commended the exactness of the work,
applauding it for the best mapp that ever was drawn of any country.
Herman was naturalized by act of assembly on Sep-
tember 17, 1763, it being the first act of this kind passed
by the assembly. It also included Herman's brother-in-
law, George Hack, Garrett Ruttzn and Jacob Clauson.
The record of this transaction in the "Assembly Proceed-
ings, September-October, 1663," is as follows :^^
Thursday Sep*^ 17*^
Then was read the pet° of Augustine Herman for an Act for
Naturalizacon for himselfe Children and his brother in Lawe
George Hack
Ordered that An Acte of Naturalizacon be prepared for the
Consideracon of both howses to naturalize Garrett Ruttzn and his
Children and Jacob Clauson ffreemen of this Province
Ordered likewise that an Acte of Naturalizacon be prepared for
Augustine Herman, and his Children and his brother in Lawe
George Hack and his wife and Children.
Herman attained considerable prominence in the colony
and filled various offices. He took an active part in the
quarrels arising over the boundary between Maryland and
Pennsylvania, and his house was named, in 1682, as the
place of meeting for Lord Baltimore and Governor Mark-
ham, of Pennsylvania, to discuss the question. It was also
on Herman's land that the Labadist colony was estab-
lished.^^ The Labadists were a pietistic sect founded in
Germany about 1669 by Jean de Labadie. Labadie, who
1^ Archives of Maryland, Vol. I., p. 462.
IS For a full account of the Labadists see " The Labadist Colony in
Maryland," by Bartlett B. James.
22 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
was born In 1610, had been educated as a Jesuit priest, but
his pronounced inclination towards mysticism, as well as
his eccentricities, made him objectionable to the Society of
Jesus, and he easily secured his release from that order
and became a free lance. His attacks on the Roman
Catholic church, and more particularly the Jesuits, led to
his persecution and he was driven by the authorities, civil
and ecclesiastical, from one place to another. About 1650
he adopted the Calvinistic doctrines and was ordained a
Protestant minister, but he soon found that, from his
viewpoint, the Protestant church also needed reformation,
and he attempted this reformation so vigorously that he
again antagonized both the civil and ecclesiastical authori-
ties and was finally deposed from the ministry. He then
established an independent church to teach the pure prin-
ciples and practices of the Christian faith, as he conceived
them. He attracted followers and located at different
places but was compelled to move, until finally, after the
death of Labadie, the colony located at Weiward, in
Friesland. The needs of the colony required more land
for their support than they could procure at Weiward, and
In 1679 the Weiward assembly sent Peter Sluyter and
Jasper Danckers to America to look for a location for a
new colony. These two men traveled under the names of
P. Vorstman and J. Schllders. While In New York they
made the acquaintance of Augustine Herman's son Eph-
raim and accompanied him to Maryland, where they met
the elder Herman. The two Labadists were much pleased
with the locality and Herman was very favorably im-
pressed with them. They were very anxious to secure
part of his land for their colony, but while he would not
agree to sell them any of It he became so entangled with
them that later on he was compelled by legal action to
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 23
transfer part of his estate to them.^^ The two commis-
sioners returned to Weiward to make their report to the
assembly, and in 1683 brought back with them the nucleus
for a colony and, through legal action, compelled Herman
to transfer to them nearly four thousand acres of land,
consisting of four necks of land eastwardly from the first
creek that empties into Bohemia river, from the north or
northeast to near the old St. Augustine, or Manor church.^o
The colony did not grow very rapidly and never amounted
to much more than one hundred persons. It was domi-
nated by Sluyter, who assumed the title of bishop, and who
gradually managed to secure title to most of the land. He
exacted rigid obedience from every member of the com-
munity, to whom was assigned some part of the work.
Some of them had to see to the cooking, others to the
housework. The fields had to be cultivated by some,
while others looked after the stock. " The different fam-
ilies had dwellings according to their needs, though, by
partitioning off the larger compartments, strict economy
of space was observed. All rooms were at all times open
to the pastors and to those who held oversight in their
name. Those who joined the community resigned into the
common stock all their possessions. Individuality in
attire was suppressed. Degrading tasks were assigned to
those suspected of pride. Samuel Bownas, a minister of
the Society of Friends, in the record of his visit to the
community gives a more particular account of their table
discipline than can be found elsewhere. He says: 'After
we had dined we took our leave, and a friend, my guide,
went with me and brought me to a people called Labadists,
where we were civilly entertained in their way. When
1^ James, "The Labadist Colony in Maryland," p. 35.
20 Ibid., p. 38.
24 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
supper came In, it was placed upon a large table in a large
room, where, when all things were ready, came in at a call,
twenty men or upwards, but no women. We all sat down,
they placing me and my companion near the head of the
table, and having passed a short space, one pulled off his
hat, but not so the rest till a short space after, and then
they, one after another, pulled all their hats off, and in
that uncovered posture sat silent uttering no word that we
could hear for nearly half a quarter of an hour, and as
they did not uncover at once, neither did they cover them-
selves again at once, but as they put on their hats fell to
eating not regarding those who were still uncovered, so
that it might be ten minutes time or more between the first
and last putting on of their hats. I afterward queried
with my companion as to their conduct, and he gave for
an answer that they held it unlawful to pray till they felt
some inward motion for the same, and that secret prayer
was more acceptable than to utter words, and that it was
most proper for every one to pray as moved thereto by the
spirit In their own minds. I likewise queried if they had
no women amongst them. He told me they had, but the
women ate by themselves and the men by themselves, hav-
ing all things In common respecting their household affairs,
so that none could claim any more right than another to
any part of their stock, whether In trade or husbandry.' "^^
According to the belief of the Labadists the church was a com-
munity of holy persons who had been born again from sin, held
together by the love of truth as it is in Jesus Christ. They laid
great stress on the power of the Holy Ghost, operating not only
through the scriptures and the administration of the sacraments,
but also by direct communication with the souls of the elect. The
presence of the Holy Ghost was indicated by the conduct of the
21 Ibid., p. i6.
THE PENNSYLVANIA
AUGUSTINE HERMa
RMAN SOCIETY.
^ MAP, 1670.
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 25
believer. They did not believe in infant baptism because it could
not be foretold w^hether the child would grow up in the fear of
God or in sin. To them baptism was the sealing of a new covenant
with God and insured the washing away of sins. They held that
the believers and unbelievers should be kept apart, and carried this
doctrine to such a length that they believed it was the duty of a
husband and wife to separate if either were not of the elect. They
held themselves as freed from allegiance to any law.
"Labadism," says James, ^^ "was essentially a mystical
form of faith, teaching supreme reliance upon the inward
illumination of the Spirit. And yet the works of the
Labadists disclose a high form of Christian faith and aspi-
ration. Whatever its defects, and the opportunities for
hypocritical pretence which it offered, Labadism was yet
a standard of faith and conduct which no one could con-
form to without at the same time exemplifying high Chris-
tian graces."
The Labadist colony on Bohemia river ceased to exist
as such shortly after the year 1720.
According to Weishaar,^^ other Germans who settled in
Maryland prior to 1700 were Martin Faulkner, who was
granted 150 acres of land in Anne Arundel county, Sep-
tember 23, 1680; Daniel Hast, Somerset county, August
30, 1680; Robert Knapp, September 22, 1681; Christo-
pher Geist, August 10, 1684; William Gross, October 24,
1684; Richard Schippe; John Leniger, October 10, 1683;
Rudolph Brandt, June 12, 1686; William Blankenstein,
about 1685 ; Jo^^ Falkner, 1685 ; Thomas Faulkner, June
12, 1688; William Gross, May 2, 1689; William Lange,
November 10, 1691 ; Robert Sadler, April 4, 1689.
22 " The Labadist Colony in Maryland," p. 14.
23 Report of the Society for the History of the Germans in Maryland,
Vol. XV., p. 20.
26
The Pennsylvania-German Society.
These are practically all the Germans who had settled
in the colony before 1700. Compared with those of
other nationalities they were few in number and were not
of sufficient importance to make any impression in consider-
ing the character of the inhabitants. Maryland was still
English in all respects and it remained so until the large
influx of Pennsylvania-Germans a third of a century later.
SPINNING WHEEL.
CHAPTER HI.
The Germans in Pennsylvania.
3f
ROM the time that Moses
led the hosts of Israel out
of Egypt toward the Prom-
ised Land history records no
such exodus of a people as
that which took place from
the Rhenish provinces of Ger-
many in the early years of the
eighteenth century. The op-
pressed and Impoverished In-
habitants went, not by scores,
nor even by hundreds, but
literally by thousands. In this day we can scarcely realize
the extent of the emigration which took place from Ger-
many at that time, nor the causes which brought It about.
These causes were varied, though It was the ruthless devas-
tation of the valley of the Rhine, commonly known as the
Palatinate, during the Thirty Years' War and those which
followed It, "mpre than any other cause that started the
great and steady stream of German blood, muscle and
brains to Pennsylvania's shores."-^
2* Julius F. Sachse, Litt.D., in Proceedings and Addresses of the Penn-
sylvania-German Society, Vol. VII., p. 172.
27
28 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
Almost with the opening of the Thirty Years' War, In
1620, the troops of the Emperor Ferdinand II. of Ger-
many, under Tilly and Maximilian, devastated the Protes-
tant lands and cities of the Palatinate, and began the
ravages which marlced that war. The Protestants retali-
ated, with the result that the country was almost depopu-
lated. Before this war the Palatinate was credited with
a population of half a million souls; at the close of the
struggle a census showed less than one third of the original
number.^^ It has been estimated that in the first half of
the seventeenth century two thirds of the people of Ger-
many perished from war, pestilence and famine. One of
the effects of the war was the destruction of almost all
trade and commerce. During the war Alsace, adjoining
the Palatinate, was so terribly devastated by the French
that the German Emperor found himself unable to hold it.
The population was greatly reduced in numbers and much
of the land was left uncultivated.
With the end of the Thirty Years' War the impover-
ished and destitute inhabitants of Germany hoped for a
respite from their troubles and for a chance to rebuild
their homes and rehabilitate their fortunes. But that hope
was in vain. In 1674, during the Dutch War, Turenne
pushed forward into the Palatinate, defeated the imperial-
ists at Sinzheim, and deliberately destroyed the whole
country. After the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, in
1685, large numbers of Huguenots left France and settled
in the Palatinate. The French king becoming angered
because the Palatine Elector gave shelter to these perse-
cuted people, sent Louvois with one hundred thousand
soldiers, with orders to destroy the Palatinate. "How
well this horde of murderers did his bidding," says Dr.
25 Ibid., p. 125.
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 29
Sachse, " is a matter of history. Even to the present day,
after the lapse of two centuries, the line of march may be
traced from the Drachenfels to Heidelberg. Crumbling
walls, ruined battlements and blown-up towers still remain
as mementoes of French vandalism. "^"^
But even this was not the end of their chapter of hor-
rors, for with the opening of the eighteenth century the
War of the Spanish Succession caused the country again to
be overrun, and what little the previous marauders had left
was destroyed by the flames and battles of another invasion.
The few people who were left were in the direst poverty.
Even those who a few years before were well-to-do, were
now no better off than their poorest neighbors, for with
their homes destroyed and their fields uncultivated they
had nothing, and no prospects of having anything.
But, as though the trial by the sword and flames was
not enough, nature did what she could to still further afflict
the stricken inhabitants of the Palatinate. The winter of
1708-9 was unusually severe. The cold was intense and
long-continued, and the half-starved and destitute inhabi-
tants were illy-prepared to withstand the rigors of that
unusually severe winter, so that many of them perished
from the cold. To the little remnant that was left it
seemed as though they had been forsaken by God as well
as by man, and they were ready to turn in any direction
that offered an escape from the terrible situation in which
they found themselves.
At this juncture the agents sent out by WilHam Penn,
and to a lesser degree by some of the proprietors of some
of the other American colonies, made their appearance
and distributed broadcast glowing accounts of the new
28 Proceedings and Addresses of the Pennsylvania-German Society, Vol.
VII., p. 170.
30 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
homes that might easily be founded in the land across the
sea. The poverty-stricken, starving people jumped at the
chance that was offered and rose en masse and made their
way as best they could to the nearest seaports and started
for England as the first stage in their journey to the new
home beyond the sea. They went literally by the thousand.
In May or June, 1709, the Germans began to arrive in
London, and by October between 13,000 and 14,000 had
come."" The coming into England of so large a number
of destitute people with no means of sustenance presented
to the English people a problem which had to be met
promptly. As Dr. Diffenderffer says, " Never before,
perhaps, were emigrants seeking new homes so poorly
provided with money and the other necessaries of life to
support them on their way as were these Palatines. . . .
From the day of their arrival in London they required the
assistance of the English to keep them from starving.
There was little or no work; bread was dear, and the only
thing to do was to bridge the crisis by raising money by
public subscriptions."
A large amount of money was collected and by direction
of Queen Anne one thousand tents were taken from the
Tower of London and set up in the country outside of
London. In these camps many of the emigrants were shel-
tered, while others were housed in barns and warehouses,
and some in private houses. The government took active
steps to get rid of the foreigners as quickly as possible,
and eventually they were disposed of. Nearly four thou-
sand of them were sent to Ireland,^^ where their descend-
2T Frank R. DiffenderflFer, Litt.D., in Proceedings and Addresses of the
Pennsylvania-German Society, Vol. VII., p. 266.
28 Dr. Diffenderffer is of the opinion that if these German colonists did
not actually establish the linen industry in Ireland they gave it such an
impulse as to make it the most important textile industry in that country.
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 3 1
ants live to this day. Many of the Roman Catholics were
returned to the places from which they had come, and a
large party, numbering over three thousand, was sent to
the New York colony, many of whom eventually found
their way down into Pennsylvania and settled in the Tulpe-
hocken region.
This was practically the beginning of the German emi-
gration to America, although the Crefeld colony under
Pastorius had made a settlement at Germantown in 1683
and Kocherthal, with his fifty-three companions, had
founded Newburg on the Hudson at the beginning of
1709. A constant stream of German colonists followed,
at first slowly, then in larger numbers, the greater number
going to Pennsylvania. By 17 17 so many of them had
arrived in that colony that alarm was excited in the minds
of the authorities. In that year Governor Keith thought
the matter of sufficient importance to recommend that the
masters of all vessels bringing in foreign passengers be
required to furnish lists of all such persons and that the
emigrants be required to take the oath of allegiance.
Through this recommendation being, at a later period,
enacted into a law a fairly accurate record of the number
of German emigrants who came into Pennsylvania has been
preserved. The exact number is not known, as many came
before the records were begun, in 1727, and some of these
records appear to have been lost, but Professor Oscar Kuhns
has gone over the lists very carefully and has figured out
that between 1727 and 1775 the number of Germans who
came to Pennsylvania was about 68,872.2^ The authori-
ties~of the province did not look kindly upon this influx
of German emigrants. Secretary James Logan was par-
ticularly outspoken in his opposition to them, and on a
29 " The German and Swiss Settlements of Colonial Pennsylvania," p. 57.
32 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
number of occasions wrote unfavorably concerning them.
On march 25, 1727, he wrote to John Penn: "We have
many thousands of foreigners, mostly Palatines, so-called,
already in y® Countrey, of whom near 1500 came in this
last summer; many of them are a surly people, divers
Papists amongst them, and y^ men generally well arm'd.
We have from the North of Ireland, great numbers yearly,
8 or 9 Ships this last ffall discharged at Newcastle. Both
of these sorts sitt frequently down on any spott of vacant
Land they can find, without asking questions; the last
Palatines say there will be twice the number next year, &
y* Irish say y^ same of their People."
The proprietaries were naturally influenced by the un-
favorable reports sent "to "therri concerning the German
emigrants and in consequence, although they were doubt-
less actuated by other motives, determined to have them
settle on the outlying lands: s6tti'aTthey might serve as a
bulwark between the inhabitants of the more-thickly
settled parts of the province and the hostile Indians. In
1729, John, Thomas and Richard Penn wrote to Secre-
tary Logan: "As to the Palatines, you have often taken
notice of to us, wee apprehend have Lately arrived in
greater Quantities than may be consistent with the welfare
of the Country, and therefore, applied ourself to our
Councill to find a proper way to prevent it, the result of
which was, that an act of assembly should be got or en-
deavoured at, and sent us over immediately, when we
would take sufllicient Care to get it approved by the King.
With this resolution we acquainted the Governour, by
Cap' Stringfellow, to Maryland, the 25*'' Feb"^ a Duplicate
of which we have since sent by another shipp, both w'^''
times we also enclos'd Letters for thee ; but as to any other
people coming over who are the subjects of the British
THE PENNSYLVANIA-GERMAN SOCIETY.
TALLOW CANDLE MOULDS.
FLAX HACKLES.
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 33
Crown, we can't Conceive it anyways practicable to pro-
hibit it : but supposing they are natives of Ireland & Roman
Cathollcks, they ought not to settle till they have taken the
proper Oaths to the King, & Promls'd Obedience to the
Laws of the Country, and. Indeed, we Can't Conceive It
unreasonable that if they are Inclinable to settle, they
should be obllg'd to settle, either Backwards to Sasque-
hannah or north In y^ Country beyond the other settle-
ments, as we had mentioned before in relation to the Pala-
tines; but we must desire Care may be taken that they are
not suffered to settle towards Maryland, on any account."^^
Not only did the provincial authorities feel apprehen-
sion concerning the large number of Germans who were
coming into the colony, but the same impression prevailed
among the English generally, and even as late as 1751
Benjamin Franklin said: "Why should the Palatine boors
be suffered to swarm into our settlements, and, by herding
together, establish their language and manners, to the
exclusion of ours? Why should Pennsylvania, founded
by the English, become a colony of aliens, who will shortly
be so numerous as to Germanize us, instead of our Anglicl-
fylng them, and will never adopt our language or customs
any more than they can acquire our complexion? " Frank-
lin later realized that he had made a mistake in speaking
so contemptuously of this element which formed so large
a proportion of the population of Pennsylvania, and tried
to smooth It over by trying to make It appear that he had
used the word " boor" in the sense of " farmer."
But in spite of the opposition to them the Germans con-
tinued to come in increasing numbers. It Is said that in
17 19 six thousand German emigrants came to Pennsylva-
nia, but as accurate records were not kept at that time It is
30 Pennsylvania Archives, Second Series, Vol. VII., p. 140.
3*
34 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
probable that this estimate is exaggerated. In 1727, when
fairly accurate records were kept, over twelve hundred
landed, while in 1732 the number was between two and
three thousand. As the eastern section of the country be-
came more thickly settled the Germans spread out to the
west and southwest and settled in the more remote parts
of the colony, often on land not yet purchased from the
Indians, as was the case with the party from Schoharie
county. New York, who made their way through the
unbroken forests, following the Susquehanna, and settled
at Tulpehocken. They were part of the party who settled
in Livingston Manor, in 17 10, and after spending some
years there had gone to Schoharie, whence they were again
impelled to move. The Indians naturally resented this
encroachment upon their lands and frequently assumed a
hostile attitude, making attacks on unprotected settlements.
The settlers appealed to the authorities for aid in repelling
these attacks, but, in addition to the fact that the Quaker
authorities were opposed to furnishing means for warfare
and bloodshed, they were almost continually having con-
troversies with the governors and proprietaries, and but
little was done in the way of furnishing protection, and the
inhabitants of the outlying sections were usually left to
their own devices.
The condition of these settlers is well illustrated in a
letter^^ written by Casper Wistar from Philadelphia,
under date of November 8, 1732 :
Being importuned daily by so many of our countrymen to re-
lieve them from the great distress, into which they have come,
partially through their own thoughtlessness, and partially by the
persuasion of others, and it being absolutely impossible to help all,
31 Quoted by Rev. Dr. Henry E. Jacobs, in Proceedings and Addresses of
the Pennsylvania-German Society, Vol. VIII., p. 142.
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 35
sympathy for the poor people still in the Fatherland, and who,
before undertaking such a journey, have time to reflect, constrains
me to give a true account of the conditions of things in this new
land. I make this particular request that these facts may be re-
ported everywhere, that no one may have the excuse for learning
them only from his own personal experience.
Some years ago this was a very fruitful country, and, like all
new countries, but sparsely inhabited. Since the wilderness re-
quired much labor, and the inhabitants were few, ships that
arrived with German emigrants were cordially welcomed. They
were immediately discharged, and by their labor very easily earned
enough to buy some land. Pennsylvania is but a small part of
America, and has been open now for some years, so that not only
many thousand Germans, but English and Irish have settled there,
and filled all parts of the country; so that all who now seek land
must go far into the wilderness, and purchase it at a higher price.
Many hardships also are experienced on the voyage. Last year
one of the ships was driven about the ocean for twenty-four weeks,
and of its one hundred and fifty passengers, more than one hun-
dred starved to death. To satisfy their hunger, they caught mice,
and rats; and a mouse brought half a gulden. When the sur-
vivors at last reached land, their sufferings were aggravated by
their arrest, and the exaction from them of the entire fare for both
living and dead. This year ten ships with three thousand souls
have arrived.
One of the vessels was seventeen weeks on the way and about
sixty of its passengers died at sea. All the survivors are sick and
feeble, and what is worst, poor and without means; hence, in a
community like this where money is scarce, they are a burden, and
every day there are deaths among them. Every person over four-
teen years old, must pay six doubloons (about 90 dollars) passage
from Rotterdam, and those between four and fourteen must pay
half that amount. When one is without the money, his only
resource is to sell himself for a term from three to eight years or
more, and to serve as a slave. Nothing but a poor suit of clothes
36 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
is received when his time has expired. Families endure a great
trial when they see the father purchased by one master, the mother
by another, and each of the children by another. All this for the
money only that they owe the Captain. And yet they are only
too glad, when after waiting long, they at last find some one will-
ing to buy them; for the money of the country is well nigh ex-
hausted. In view of these circumstances, and the tedious, expen-
sive and perilous voyage, you should not advise any one for whom
you wish well to come hither. All I can say is that those who
think of coming should weigh well what has been above stated,
and should count the cost, and, above all, should go to God for
counsel and inquire whether it be His will, lest they may under-
take that whereof they will afterward repent. If ready to haz-
ard their lives and to endure patiently all the trials of the voyage,
they must further think whether over and above the cost they will
have enough to purchase cattle, and to provide for other necessities.
No one should rely upon friends whom he may have here ; for they
have enough to do, and many a one reckons in this without his
host. Young and able-bodied persons, who can do efficient work,
can, nevertheless, always find some one who will purchase them
for two, three or four years; but they must be unmarried. For
young married persons, particularly when the wife is with child,
no one cares to have. Of mechanics there are a considerable num-
ber already here; but a good mechanic who can bring with him
sufficient capital to avoid beginning with debt, may do well,
although of almost all classes and occupations, there are already
more than too many. All this I have, out of sincere love for the
interests of my neighbor, deemed it necessary to communicate con-
cerning the present condition in Pennsylvania.
CHAPTER IV.
The Movement to Maryland.
2)
URING the first century of
Its existence the colony of
Maryland did not grow very rap-
idly and it was, relatively, of minor
importance. The territory actu-
ally settled consisted chiefly of a
narrow strip along Chesapeake
Bay, the colonists showing but little
inclination to locate very far from tidewater. This was but
natural, for everyone was devoting his energies to raising
tobacco, and to dispose of this it had to be shipped abroad,
and the numerous inlets along the coast afforded ample op-
portunity for this shipment, without the necessity of a long
haul to the port of lading. It is curious to note how every
settler devoted all his time and labor to the raising of
tobacco, without regard to reason, and to the exclusion of
the necessaries of life; but tobacco was the only medium
of barter and exchange, and all debts, public and private,
were settled in that commodity. Naturally, therefore,
everyone wanted to raise as much tobacco as possible, and
the result was that but little attention was paid to the
quality, and the consequent lowering of value of the prod-
37
38 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
uct brought the young colony into financial difficulties with
all the evils attendant on a depreciated currency. The
enactment of laws requiring the settlers to raise a certain
amount of corn and other commodities had scarcely any
effect, and it was not until 1748, more than a hundred
years after the founding of the colony, that an effective
law regulating the production of tobacco was enacted. It
was this restriction of the settlements to the neighborhood
of the coast and the evils arising from the unlimited culti-
vation of tobacco that undoubtedly limited the growth of
the colony, although the feudal system in force in the
tenure of land had something to do with it. The colony
was practically at a standstill. In 1689, fifty-six years
after its foundation, it had a population of but 25,000.
In the next twenty-one years, to 17 10, the population in-
creased but five thousand, and in 1733 the number of tax-
able inhabitants, including all males above the age of
fifteen, was but 31,470; but about this time the German
settlers began to come into Maryland from Pennsylvania,
although it was not until some years later that they came in
sufficient numbers to materially affect the progress of the
colony. When this movement reached its height the effect
was decidedly noticeable, and by 1756 the population had
increased to 130,000, and by far the greater number of
these were Pennsylvania-Germans. ^^
When the Germans began to arrive in Pennsylvania in
large numbers in the early part of the eighteenth century,
and spread out over that colony to the west and south, it
was but natural, in view of the unsettled condition of the
boundary between Maryland and Pennsylvania, that some
of them should get over the dividing line into Maryland.
32 Louis p. Hennighausen, in Report of the Society for the History of
Germans in Maryland, Vol. VI., p. 14.
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 39
As early as 17 10 this has been noted, for on October 27
of that year the journal of the Maryland House of Dele-
gates records that *
This House being informed several Palatines were come to
settle in this Province & being w^illing and desirous to encourage
those poor People in their Industry have resolved that those Pala-
tines vi'ith their Servants shall be free this present year from paying
any publick, County, or Parish Levy or Charge, to which they
pray the Concurrence of the Honble Council.^^
Butjhere was no marked movement of the Germans
from Pennsylvania into Maryland until the latter part of
the second decade of the eighteenth century, and then one
of the chief causes In bringing about this movement was
the indifference of the Quaker authorities of Pennsylva-
nia to the safety of the inhabitants of the back counties.
They were well satisfied to have these sturdy Germans on
the western frontier to serve as a barrier between them-
selves and the hostile Indians, but they were very unwilling
to go to any expense to provide the settlers with means
of protecting themselves. Among the numerous appeals
to the Pennsylvania authorities was the following petition
from a number of settlers in Colebrook Valley, asking for
protection from the attacks of the Indians who had already
attacked the settlers near Falckner's Swamp and Goschen-
hoppen :^*
To his Excellency Patrick Gordon Esqr Governor Generall In
chie(f) Over the Province of pencilvania And the Territoris
Belonging Bonbrenors township and the Adjacences Belonging
May ye 10*'' 1728
We think It fit to Address your Excellency for Relief for your
Excellency must know That we have Sufered and Is Like to Sufer
33 Archives of Maryland, Vol. XVIL, p. 524.
34 Pennsylvania Archives, First Series, Vol. I., p. 213.
40
The Pennsylvania-German Society.
By the Ingians they have fell upon ye Back Inhabitors about
falkners Swamp & New Coshahopin Therefore We the humble
Petitionors With our poor Wives And Children Do humbly Beg
of your Excellency To Take It into Consideration And Relieve
us the Petitionors hereof Whos Lives Lie at Stake With us and
our poor Wives & Children that Is more to us than Life There-
fore We the humble Petitionors hereof Do Desire An Answer
from your Excellency By ye Bearor With Speed So no More at
present from your poor Afflicted People Whose names are here
Subscribed
John Roberts
Jn Pawling
Henry Pannebeckers
Wm Lane
John Jacobs
Isaac Dubois
Israeli Morris
Ben i amen Fry
Jacob op den graef
Johannes SchoU
Richard Adams
George Poger
Adam Sollom
Dirtman Kolb
Martin Kolb
Gabriel Showier
Anthony halmon
John Isaac Klein
Hans Detweiler
William Bitts
Heinrich Rutt
Hubburt Castle
Henery Fentlinger
Christian Weber
Gerhart de hesse
Hen rich Kolb
John fret
Paul fret.
Wm Smith
Peter Rambo
David young
Christopher Schmit
Garret Clemens
Johannes Reichardt
Mathias Tyson
Peter Johnson
Jost hyt
Christian Alibock
bans Rife
Daniel Stowford
Abraham Schwartz.
Johann Vallentin Kratz.
John Johnson
Colly hafilfinger
Nickolas huldiman
Michal Sigler
Christian Stoner
Johannes Garber
John huldiman
Claus Johnson
THE PENNSYLVANIA-GERMAN SOCIETY.
dVMc-
^g;!^.,^^^^^ ^,^>^^^/^ ^3^6?^^^ ^^0^ Qp^ a^a^^^^o^ ^^^
9.^^
fiJ^^-
^^
^/
PETITION FROM THE SETTLERS IN COLEBROOK VALLEY, PA.
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 41
Lorentz Bingamon Nicholas hicks
Richard Jacob Johannes Lisher
Hermanes Kiisters Jacob Shimor
Peter Bun Michall Cross
Jacob Engners Peter Rife
Hans ■ George Rife
Conrad Cusson George Mire
Jacob Mernke Postron Smith
Christian Nighswanger Edward Scherer
Conrad Knight Jacob Crontor
Jacob Kolb Jacob Stoferd
hons Wolly Bergy Henrey Stoferd
John Mior Paul fret. Junior.
This appeal, like so many others of similar import,
brought no response from the authorities. Among the
signers of this petition was Jost Hyt, or Jost Hite, as he
Is generally designated In the Virginia records. Hite, who
appears to have been a man Imbued with the courage of his
convictions, apparently became disgusted with the manner
in which the rights of the Inhabitants were Ignored by the
authorities, and determined to seek a home In some other
locality where the safety of the settlers would not be a
matter of indifference to those In authority. Thus was
started a movement which resulted In the peopling of
a state.
In 1709 Franz Ludwig Michel and Baron Christopher
von Graffenrled, from Berne, Switzerland, established a
colony In North Carolina, but on account of the Indian
massacres, as well as the fact that the settlers were not
able to obtain land upon as favorable terms as they had
expected, most of the colonists removed Into the colony
of Virginia. Here they were favorably received by Gov-
ernor Alexander Spottswood, who established a colony for
42 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
them at Germanna, where he erected an iron-works in
which a number of the foreigners found employment.
This settlement, however, did not prosper and soon became
extinct, and the inhabitants located in other parts of the
colony. The presence of these Germans with their thrift
and industry naturally excited a desire to have more of
the same kind of people in the colony, and in 1730 Isaac
and John Van Meter, two Dutchmen whose father had
settled on the Hudson, obtained from the Governor of
Virginia a patent for 40,000 acres of land in that colony,
on condition that they would settle two hundred German
families on the land ceded to them. In looking for a place
where he might locate under more favorable conditions
than he had found to obtain in Pennsylvania, Jost Hite
made an agreement with the Van Meters and became a
partner in the plan to found a German colony in Virginia,
and in 1732, with his family, his son-in-law, George Bow-
man, Jacob Chrisman and Paul Froman, with their fami-
lies, and several others — sixteen families in all — left York,
crossed the Potomac, and settled near where Winchester
now stands. Although a little before this, as early as
1729, a few Germans had made their way down from
Pennsylvania into Maryland and settled near the Mono-
cacy river, this settlement of Hite's may be considered as
the entering wedge which started the great movement of
the Germans from Pennsylvania into Maryland and Vir-
ginia. In pursuance of their plan Hite and Van Meter
traveled through the German settlements to the north and
extolled the advantages of the territory they were exploit-
ing, and thus started the movement towards the south.
Charles, Lord Baltimore, becoming aware of this move-
ment, and desiring to obtain settlers for the unoccupied
THE PENNSYLVANIA-GERMAN SOCIETY.
ALEXANDER SPOTSWOOD,
GOVERNOR OF VIRGINIA. BORN 1676; DIED 1740.
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 43
western portion of his colony, issued the following proc-
lamation:" "
By the Right Honourable Charles Absolute Lord and Pro-
prietary of the Provinces of Maryland and Avalon Lord Baron of
Baltimore &'c
Wee being Desireous to Increase the Number of Honest people
within our Province of Maryland and willing to give Suitable
Encouragement to such to come and Reside therein Do offer the
following Terms :
i^' That any person haveing a ffamily who shall within three
Years come and Actually Settle with his or her Family on any of
the back Lands on the Northern or Western Boundarys of our
said province not already taken up between the Rivers Potomack
and Susquehana (where wee are Informed there are Several large
Bodies of Fertile Lands fit for Tillage, Which may be Seen aithout
any Expence) Two hundred Acres of the said Lands in ffee Simple
Without paying any part of the fforty Shillings Sterling for every
hundred Acres payable to Us by the Conditions of Plantations,
And without paying any Quit Rents in three Years after the first
Settlement, and then paying four Shillings Sterling for Every
hundred of Acres to us or our Heirs for every Year after the ex-
piration of the said three Years.
2^ To allow to Each Single person Male or Female above the
Age of Thirty & not under Fifteen One hundred Acres of the
said Lands upon the same Terms as mentioned in the preceding
Article.
S** That We will Concour in any reasonable Method that shall be
proposed for the Ease of such New Comers in the payment of their
Taxes for some Years And We doe Assure all such that they shall
be as well Secured in their Liberty & property in Maryland as any
of his Majesty's Subjects in any part of the British Plantations in
America without Exception And to the End all persons Desireous
to come into and Reside in Maryland may be Assured that these
Terms will be Justly & Punctually performed on our part Wee
44 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
have hereunto sett our hand and Seal at Arms, at Annapolis this
Second day of March Annoq Domini 1732.^^
This exceedingly liberal off er of land at a rental of about
one cent per acre per annum, with no rent to be paid for"
three years, naturally attracted the attention of the emi-
grants, and, as Hennighausen says,^® "the settlers on
their way to Spottsylvania, seeing the rich soil of Frederick
county offered to them on such liberal terms, did not pro-
ceed further, but stuck their spades into the ground right
then and there."
A little later another element that had considerable
weight in inducing many already settled in Pennsylvania
to go farther south was the fact that the winter of 1 740-1
was an Intensely cold one. Not only were there prolonged
periods of Intense cold, but an unusual quantity of snow
fell, so that there was a great deal of suffering all through
the settlements of Pennsylvania.^^ While the severe
weather prevailed over the most of America, and was
almost as marked In Virginia as It was In Pennsylvania,
many of the inhabitants of the latter colony, under the
Impression that farther south the climate would be less
rigorous, removed from the settlements already formed
In Pennsylvania, and went to Maryland and Virginia.
35 Archives of Maryland, Vol. XXVIII., p. 25..
38 Op. cit, p. 151.
3'^Blodget's "Climatology of the United States," p. 144, says: "It was
commonly called ' the cold winter.' "
CHAPTER V.
The Monocacy Road.
♦|i5 EFORE the coming of the
^^'^ white man the original own-
ers of the American continent had
made many paths, or " trails," as
they were called, running from
one section of the country to an-
other for the use of their war
parties, or on their hunting expe-
ditions. At first, before any roads
were cut, the settlers found It con-
venient to continue using these trails, as they were generally
the shortest route between any two points. They were suit-
able for travelers on foot or for pack-horses, but could not
be used for wagons, and as the needs of the settlers devel-
oped many of the Indian trails were widened Into roads,
and not a few of the well-known highways of to-day are but
the amplification of the by-paths over which the redman
found his way through the primeval forest. One of these
Indian trails started at a point on the Susquehanna river
near where Wrightsvllle now stands and extended through
the territory now forming parts of York and Adams
^' 45
46 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
counties, Pennsylvania, to a point on the Monocacy river
near the boundary between the provinces of Maryland and
Pennsylvania, thence to the Potomac river, crossing the
South Mountain through a gap known as Crampton's Gap.
It was over this trail that the first Germans went from
Pennsylvania to Maryland, in 17 10, and later when the
movement became more extensive the same route was used.
When communication between the settlements in Mary-
land and Pennsylvania became more frequent the neces-
sity of having better means of travel became urgent and
steps were taken to have a road properly laid out. In
1739 application was made to the Lancaster county court
for the appointment of viewers for such a road. The
record of this proceeding may be of interest. It is found
in "Road Docket No. i, from 1729 to 1742," and is as
follows :
" 1739. At a Court of General Quarter Sessions, held at Lan-
caster, the Seventh day of August, in the thirtieth year of His
Majesty's reign Anno Dom. before John Wright, Tobias Hen-
dricks, Thomas Edwards, Samuel Jones, Edward Smout, Thomas
Lindley, Anthony Shaw, Samuel Boyd, James Armstrong and
Emanuel Carpenter, Esqrs. Justices of our Lord the King, the
Peace of our said Lord the King, in the said county to keep, as
also divers fFelonys, tresspasses &c other misdeeds in the said county
committed to hear & determine assigned.
" Upon the Petition of Several of the Inhabitants of the town-
ship of Hallem, on the West side of Susquehanah, setting forth the
necessity of a road from John Wright's iferry, towards Potomac
river, and praying that persons may be appointed to lay out the
Same: Ordered by ye Court, that Joshua Minshall, Henry Hen-
dricks, ffrancis Worley Jun"", Christian Crowl, Michael Tanner &
Woolriclc Whistler view and, if they or any four of them se cause
that they lay the same by course and distance, ffrom the said fferry
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 47
to the line dividing the Provinces, and report ye same to ye next
Court."
At a Court of General Quarter Sessions held on the 5th
and 6th days of February, 1740, the following return of
the viewers was handed to the Court :
" The Persons appointed at the August Court last & continued
to November Court following do report that, pursuant to order,
they have viewed and laid out a road from Susquehanah river
South Westerly, towards the Province line, according to the
courses & distances following, viz. : Beginning at the said river, in
the line between the lands of John Wright Jun. and Samuel Tay-
lor; thence South 80 deg. West 430 per. 71 deg. West. 562 per,
to Crawl's run: South 70 deg. West, 430 per. to a marked white
oak. West 76 per. to the Canoe run ; South 68 deg. West 254 per.
to a black oak ; South 53 deg. West 540 per. to the West branch of
Grist creek; South 66 deg. West 280 per.; South 84 deg. West
264 perches; West 166 per. to Little Codorus creek; South 82
lor; thence South 80 deg. West 430 per. 71 deg. West. 562 per.
South 72 deg.: West 260 pr. to Big Codorus creek; continuing the
same course 360 per. to Perrin's run. West 246 per. to Springle's
field; South 72 deg. West 80 per: South-West 160 per; South 60
deg. West, 126 per. to the point of a steep hill: South 48 deg.
West 134 per. South 69 deg. West 200 per. South 58 deg. West
240 per. to Loreman's run: South, 57 deg. West 40 per.: South 71
deg. West, 166 per. to a black oak, by Chrn Oyster's South 55
deg. West, 172 per. South 40 deg. West 330 per. South 52 deg.
West 172 per. to Nicholas lougher's run: South 44 deg. West 380
per. South 58 deg. West 376 per.: South 22 deg. West 120 per.
to the West branch of the Codorus creek: South 30 deg. West 66
per.: South 36 deg. West, 60 per.: South 26 deg. West 66 per.;
South 104 per."
Here the court record of this proceeding concerning the
road ends, but from the fact that the road was constructed
48 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
It is quite probable that the report of the viewers was
confirmed.
By an act of the Maryland assembly this road was con-
tinued to the Potomac river. It practically followed the
old Indian trail and was known as the Monocacy Road.
It was over this road that Benjamin Frankhn, in 1755,
sent the 150 wagons and 200 horses he had secured in
Pennsylvania to General Braddock in preparation for
the ill-fated campaign against Fort Duquesne. Having
learned that Braddock had determined to send officers into
Pennsylvania to seize the horses and wagons needed, in
order to prevent such a catastrophe Franklin offered to
secure the necessary equipment, and, making his headquar-
ters at Lancaster, he sent the horses and wagons he was
able to obtain over the Monocacy Road to Braddock's
camp at Frederick.
This was the route over which the settlers in Maryland
sent their produce and manufactures to Philadelphia, at
first by pack-horses and later by wagons. At first the
wagons were home-made affairs, the wheels being sawed
from the trunks of the gum, or buttonwood tree. Later
came the well-known Conestoga wagon, ^^ with its blue
2^ It is remarkable how much misinformation is frequently crowded into
the so-called " Historical Novel " — misinformation which is made to
masquerade as fact. For instance, in " The Quest of John Chapman," by
Rev. Newell Dwight Hillis, D.D., on page 80, appears the following
remarkable explanation of the reason for building the Conestoga wagon
in the shape in which it was made:
" Not until they came to the Susquehanna did Dorothy appreciate the
meaning of these wagons, with the body built like a boat with prow in
front and curved behind. Coming to the edge of the river, the driver
drove the team into the stream until the wagon floated like a boat. Then
the horses and running gears were driven back to the land, and the
wheels and axles were placed in the body of the wagon which had now
become a boat. One driver poled or paddled, the other led the swimming
horses, until all were conveyed safely to the opposite shore."
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 49
body and bright-red running gears, drawn by four, six,
or even more horses. When the first wagons made their
appearance the owners of the pack-horses bitterly opposed
their use, just as, a few generations later, the wagoners
opposed the building of the railroads.
During the Revolution, when It was desired to transfer
the British prisoners from Reading and Lancaster to some
point farther In the Interior, they were conducted over the
Monocacy Road to the barracks at Frederick, Maryland,
and to Winchester, Virginia. It was by this same road
that General Wayne, In 178 1, led the Pennsylvania troops
to Yorktown. The Monocacy Road was macadamized In
1808, and, until the railroads were built, It was the main
thoroughfare between Maryland and the South and Phila-
delphia and the eastern section of the country.
4*
CHAPTER VI.
The First Settlements.
ir
'N studying the early history
of Maryland one is at once
Impressed by the fact that there
are but few records. Outside
of the Council and Assembly
proceedings there Is very little
on record to show the growth
and development of the colony
during the first half of the eigh-
teenth century. More particu-
larly Is this the case as regards the settlement of the western
part of the state, the section In which movement of the Ger-
mans from Pennsylvania was most prominent. Whether or
not there were such records, It Is Impossible to say, but It Is
scarcely likely that this was the case. It Is more probable
that the Pennsylvania-German settlers. Intent on preparing
their lands for cultivation and building their homes, wasted
no time on such matters; and so It happens that the history
of the first settlements In that section are shrouded In
uncertainty. While It Is known that a few Pennsylvania-
Germans came down Into Maryland during the first
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 51
quarter of the eighteenth century, there were not many of
them and they were so widely separated that there was no
attempt made to found a town or village. It was not until
after the year 1730 that any considerable number of them
settled in Maryland.
The territory now known as Western Maryland, the
part that was settled by the Pennsylvania Germans, was
originally part of Charles county, which was formed in
1638. There was very little settlement of the western
part of this county for nearly one hundred years, so that
there was no change made in the county lines, and it was
not until the Germans had come in numbers that a further
division was deemed necessary. In 1748 the western part
of the colony was erected into a county which was named
Frederick. It was in this section that the Pennsylvania-
Germans made their first settlements.
The first permanent settlement made by the Pennsyl-
vania-Germans was the village of Monocacy.^^ This vil-
lage which was the most important settlement in western
Maryland until it was outstripped in growth by its
younger neighbor, the town of Frederick, has disappeared
from the map, and even its site was unknown until the
investigations of Schultz definitely fixed its location. It
was situated on the west side of the Monocacy river near
where the Virginia road crossed that stream, and about ten
miles north of where Frederick was afterwards laid out.
This, as Schultz says, would locate it a little south of the
present town of Creagerstown. It was at Monocacy that
the first church was built by the Pennsylvania-Germans, a
log structure in which Henry Melchior Muhlenberg and
Michael Schlatter afterwards held services, and it may
30 " First Settlements of Germans in Maryland," by Edward T.
Schultz, p. 6.
52 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
rightly be regarded as the mother-church of the Lutheran
and German Reformed denominations in Maryland.
In his investigation to discover the exact site of the
ancient village of Monocacy Schultz enlisted the services
of Rev. George A. Whitmore, of Thurmont, Maryland,
and Mr. Whitmore's report, as given by Schultz, seems to
settle definitely the location. Says Mr. Whitmore:*''
*' From the information which I have been able to gather
from the oldest and most reliable citizens here, one of
whom is now ninety years old, and a man remarkably pre-
served in mind, Mr. W. L. Grimes, Sr., also Mrs. Michael
Zimmerman and Miss Melissa Myers, both of them
bordering on eighty years, and others, it seems that the
present Creagerstown is the site where the old log church
stood. These good people, who are all connected with the
oldest and most reliable families, remember quite well the
old weather-boarded log meeting-house which preceded
the present brick church, in 1834. Mr. Grimes helped
to tear down the old building and purchased some of the
logs and boarding, which he used in the construction of
some houses in the village, and they are there to-day.
From what I can learn from them, the church was origi-
nally built simply of logs, and that the weather-boarding
was supplied many years afterwards. The new brick
church was erected a few rods north of the old site on a
new lot containing one and a half acres, which, together
with the old location, is covered with graves. The first
graveyard lay immediately in the rear of the old church,
and contains also an acre and a-half, but not a tombstone
can be found, only the indenture of graves covered with a
mat of broom-sage, under which no doubt much history
is hidden.
*o Schultz, p. 21.
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 53
" Then, again, I have found traces in two instances, plain
and unmistakable, of the old Monocacy Road, passing
just below the village, in a southwestern direction and
crossing Hunting creek where, according to tradition, there
was an old tavern, and where there are now three or four
old dwellings. Tradition also says the Monocacy Road
crossed the river at Poe's Ford, which has not been used
for over a century. The road on both sides of the creek
lies in timber land of old sturdy oak."
At this late day it is impossible to determine the cause
of the decadence of the town of Monocacy and its passing
out of existence, but it is very probable that the laying out
of another town a short distance away and on land that
had a higher elevation, was one of the chief causes.
Schultz says: "John Cramer, a German, or a descendant
of a German, between 1760 and 1770 laid out a village
on grounds belonging to him, which was named in his
honor, Creagerstown. The site selected was a few rods
north of the old log church and little less than a mile from
the first settlement. The site selected for the new village
was on more elevated ground, which fact doubtless caused
it to expand to the detriment of the older village." That
the existence of Monocacy as a town was well known Is
shown by the following letter addressed to Benjamin
Tasker, esquire:
London, July the 9th 1752.
Sir: By the ship " Patience," Captain Steel, a number of Pala-
tines are embarked for Maryland to settle there, which being noti-
fied to me, and a Recommendation to you desired of me, in favour
of Messieurs F. & R. Snowdens & D. Wolstenholme, to whose
care they are consigned and recommended.
I therefore desire you will give such necessary Assistance to the
People on their Arrival, to forward them to Manockesy (which I
54 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
understand is in Frederick County) or where else they shall want
to go to settle within the Province, as in your Power, and that
they may be accomodated in a proper manner; But the charges
attending any such service to them must be done in the most mod-
erate manner in respect to the Proprietor and to answer their
requisites necessary to their service. The increase of People being
always welcome, your prudence would have supplied this Letter
in a kind Reception of them; nevertheless as particular occasions
may require your Favour I conclude my recommendation of them,
in giving them all possible satisfaction relating to the manner and
Place they shall choose to settle in Maryland. I am, Sir,
Your most obedient servant,
C^ciLius Calvert.
Washington in one of his letters also speaks of Mono-
cacy.
Another very early settlement was the village of Cono-
cocheague, near the present site of Clearsprlng. This was
a well-known place and is mentioned by Washington and
other letter writers of that period. Until after the French
and Indian War this was the most westerly settlement in
Maryland. One of the early settlers in that locality was
Jonathan Hager, who afterwards laid out Elizabeth-Town,
now known as Hagerstown. Jonathan Hager was un-
questionably a Pennsylvania-German. All writers on the
subject say that It is impossible to find out just when he
came to America, and Scharf says:'^^ " Capt. Hager came
from Germany about 1730." Yet the Pennsylvania
Archives*^ and Rupp's "Thirty Thousand Names "^^ both
give the time of his arrival in Pennsylvania as 1736. Ac-
cording to these records among the passengers on the ship
41 " History of V^estern Maryland," Vol. II., p. 1059.
42 Second Series, Vol. XVIL, p. 122.
43 Second Edition, p. 101.
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 55
Harle, which arrived at Philadelphia September i, 1736,
was Jonathan Heger, whose age is given as 22. The first
record of his being in Maryland was when he obtained a
patent for two hundred acres of land near the present site
of Hagerstown. This was on December 16, 1739, so that
it is probable that he spent about three years in Pennsylva-
nia. According to Scharf, "the earliest information of
Jonathan Hager, Sr., is found in the statement that he
received a patent of certain land on which a portion of the
city of Philadelphia now stands," but, unfortunately,
Scharf rarely gives authority for his quotations. After his
settlement in Maryland, at various times until 1765, Hager
obtained patents to different plats of land until his holdings
amounted to almost twenty-five hundred acres. He laid
out the town of Elizabeth-Town (Hagerstown) in 1762.
This was apparently a very successful undertaking, for ten
years later, under date of September 7, 1772, Eddis
writes:*^ "About thirty miles west of Frederick-town, I
passed through a settlement which is making quick ad-
vances to perfection. A German adventurer, whose name
is Hagar, purchased a considerable tract of land in this
neighborhood, and with much discernment and foresight
determined to give encouragement to traders, and to erect
proper habitations for the stowage of goods, for the supply
of the adjacent country. His plan succeeded: he has lived
to behold a multitude of inhabitants on lands, which he
remembered unoccupied : and he has seen erected in places,
appropriated by him for that purpose, more than a hun-
dred comfortable edifices, to which the name of Hagar's
Town is given, in honor of the intelligent founder."*^
*•*" Letters from America," p. 133.
45 Jonathan Hager was born in 17114. In 1740 he married Elizabeth
Kershner. He died November 6, 1775, from the effects of an injury, a log
56 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
The town of Frederick was laid out in 1745. The terri-
tory had been settled ten years before by a party of colo-
nists under the leadership of Thomas Schley, who was their
schoolmaster. There is nothing on record to show whether
Schley and his party came to Maryland by way of Penn-
sylvania or not, and it has been assumed that they landed
at Annapolis. The fact that their names have not been
found in the Pennsylvania records does not prove con-
clusively that they did not come to that colony first, as did
most of the emigrants of that period, for those records are
admittedly Incomplete.
It Is a fact that cannot be controverted that of the thou-
sands of Germans who settled in Maryland prior to 1760
and entirely changed the character of that colony, with
but very few exceptions they were Pennsylvania-Germans.
In fact, although there were some notable exceptions, the
number who came directly to Maryland from Germany
can be regarded as a negligible quantity. It is unfor-
tunate that there was no record kept of the arrival of emi-
grants at the ports of Annapolis and Alexandria, such as
was kept at Philadelphia; or, if there was such a record
kept, that it has disappeared, for owing to the absence of
a record of this kind there is no way of telling just what
number of Germans came directly to Maryland without
first stopping in Pennsylvania. It is true that all writers
who have touched upon this subject, and they are not a
few, state that, according to the records of the port of
Annapolis, from the year 1752 to 1755 German emigrants
to the number of 1,060 arrived at that port, but the evi-
dence presented is not sufficient. In my opinion, to prove
rolling on him and crushing him at a saw-mill where he was superintend-
ing the preparation of the lumber for the German Reformed church, in
the building of which he took a great interest.
THE PENNSYLVANIA-GERMAN SOCIETY.
BREAD BASKETS, DOUGH TROUGH SCRAPERS AND COFFEE MILL.
TAR BUCKET, TEA KETTLE, CAULDRON, SKELLET AND
"SETAUM LOFFELL."
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 57
conclusively that this is the case. The authority for this
statement is a paper read by Francis B. Mayer before the
Society for the History of the Germans in Maryland, on
October 21, 1890.**^ Some years ago Mr. Mayer saved
from destruction at a paper mill two parchment-bound
volumes entitled " Records of Arrivals and Clearances at
the Port of Annapolis," commencing in 1748. According
to this record, among the arrivals at that port were the
following:
September 18, 1752, Ship " Integrity," Jo. Coward, Master 150
tons, 6 guns and 14 men — the baggage of 150 Palatine passengers
from Cowes.
September 19, 1753, Ship "Barclay," J. Brown, Master, 120
tons, 12 men — baggage of 160 Palatines.
November 8, 1753, Ship "Friendship," baggage of 300 Palatine
Passengers.
January 16, 1755, Ship "Friendship," baggage of 450 Palatine
Passengers.
It is upon this record that Mr. Mayer bases the state-
ment that 1,060 Palatine emigrants arrived at the port of
Annapolis. He says : " Of the arrival of Palatine Passen-
gers, as the Germans were all known as Palatines, we have
no mention except in connection with their baggage." It
seems to me that this is rather significant, and it at once
raises a doubt as to whether the assumption that these ships
brought the passengers as well as their baggage is correct.
The story of the oppression and suffering undergone by
the German emigrants who sought a home in America two
hundred years ago is an oft-told tale; and standing out
prominently in the story are the accounts of the villainous
*^ Report of the Society for the History of the Germans in Maryland,
Vol. v., p. 17.
58 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
methods employed by the promoters, as they would be
called to-day; the Neulanders, as they were known then;
the men who by every means In their power tried to induce
as many as possible to take ship for America. It is a well-
known fact that these shipping-agents made a practice of
so arranging matters that frequently a family of emigrants
would find out too late that their baggage — all their house-
hold effects, their clothing, and often even all the money
they possessed — was not put on board the vessel on which
they had taken passage, but had been left behind on the
dock. When this fact was discovered the Neulander
would promise that the baggage would follow on the next
ship; but in very many such cases the owners never saw
their baggage again. It was a very common practice to
send such baggage to a port other than the one to which
the owner had gone, and when the latter was not on hand
to claim it when it did arrive it was usually sold and the
proceeds of the sale divided between the captain of the
ship and the shipping-agent, the Neulander.
Bearing this fact in mind, when we read of certain ships
bringing to Annapolis the baggage of over one thousand
Palatine passengers, with no mention of the passengers
themselves, the information that has come down to us con-
cerning the methods of the Neulanders is at least suffi-
cient to raise a doubt as to whether there were any German
emigrants brought by those ships; whether those different
lots of baggage were not some of that literally stolen from
the unfortunate emigrants, who, without their belongings,
and in many cases their money which had been carefully
put away in their chests, were not able to pay for their
passage and were sold as Redemptioners. This view of
the matter seems but the more likely when we consider the
fact that at least two of these ships, the Friendship and the
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 59
Barclay, and probably also the Integrity, were commonly
engaged In carrying German emigrants to the port of
Philadelphia. Considering all the circumstances of the
matter, it seems to me that there is more than a reasonable
doubt as to whether there were any emigrants landed at
the port of Annapolis from the ships specified.
The town of Frederick grew rapidly and soon out-
stripped the older villages, and three years after it was
"laid out, when the county of Frederick was organized, it
was made the county seat. In an address delivered at the
Centennial celebration held at Frederick In 1876, Dr.
Lewis H. Stelner said:
Frederick was laid out by an English gentleman, but Its lots and
the rich farms immediately surrounding it were soon taken up by a
host of honest, thrifty, laborious German emigrants, who fled from
the oppressive restrictions of their own fatherland to seek a refuge
here for themselves and their families, and whose names under-
went many a distortion and mutilation at the hands of the English
representatives of the Lord Proprietor, as they labored to write
them down from sound upon the pages of our early records. The
German was spoken one hundred years ago more freely and fre-
quently upon the streets of Frederick than the English, two of
their congregations had their sen^ice entirely in that language, the
children were Instructed In both languages In the schools, the style
of houses and barns introduced was that of German rather than
English origin, and, In various degrees of modification, had so held
its place here that strangers who have had the opportunity of
European travel Invariably notice how much Frederick resembles
a continental town. But these emigrants brought with them their
mother-tongue and familiar forms of worship and architecture.
They brought also German thrift, industry, and honesty, with
ardent love of home— wherever It might be, whether native or
adopted,— they brought laborious habits, virtuous lives, truthful
tongues, unflinching courage, and an intense longing to do their
duty to their families, the community, and the State.
6o The Pennsylvania-German Society.
Writing of Frederick in 177 1, William Eddis says:*"^
"The third place of importance in the province of Mary-
land, is situated about seventy miles west of Annapolis,
and is the capital of a most extensive, fertile and populous
county. Frederick Town is the name of this settlement.
Within fifty years, the river Monocacy, about three miles
to the eastward, was the extreme boundary of cultivated
establishments; and Mr. Dulany, father of the present
secretary of the province, was much censured for having
procured considerable tracts of lands, in the vicinity of that
river, which it was generally supposed could not even
repay the trifling charge of the purchase, for many succeed-
ing generations. The richness of the soil, and the salu-
briety of the air, operated, however, very powerfully to
promote population; but what chiefly tended to the ad-
vancement of settlements in this remote district, was the
arrival of many emigrants from the palatinate, and other
Germanic states. ... This place exceeds Annapolis in
size, and in the number of inhabitants. It contains one
large and convenient church, for the members of the estab-
lished religion : and several chapels for the accommodation
of the German and other dissenters. The buildings, though
mostly of wood, have a neat and regular appearance. Pro-
visions are cheap and plentiful, and excellent. In a word,
here are to be found all conveniences, and many super-
fluities."
The town of Baltimore was laid out in 1730 but it did
not at first, at least, attract the Germans from Pennsylva-
nia. They were, as a rule, farmers by occupation, and
they preferred to settle on the fertile lands in the western
part of the colony rather than make their homes on the
seaboard, particularly as the conditions of living in the
*' " Letters from America," p. 98.
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 6i
latter locality were very unfavorably influenced by the
fact that tobacco culture overshadowed all other occupa-
tions and produced a financial stringency that could not be
easily overcome. Among the first, if not the first, of the
Pennsylvania-Germans to settle in Baltimore were Leonard
and Samuel Barnitz, who came from York about the year
1748 and established the first brewery there. Other Lan-
caster and York county Germans who later followed them
were the DIffenderffers, the Leverings, the Steigers, the
Strickers, and others, but, at least until after the Revolu-
tTon, the additions to the population of Baltimore from
tills source were not of very great importance compared
with the number who. were filling up the western part of
the state.
" Shortly after 1745 a number of Germans from Pennsyl-
vania, chiefly Moravians, made a settlement at what is
now the village of Graceham, in Frederick county, about
twelve miles northwest of Frederick. Of these people
Schultz says:*^ "Its earliest settlers were Germans or
descendants of Germans, who drifted into Maryland from
the Pennsylvania settlements. Among them were the Har-
baughs. Boilers, Hens, Ebenhards, Kreigers, Reinekes,
Lydricks, Seiss, Schmidts, Utleys, Williards, Zahns, Her-
zers, Rosens, Renzands, Schaafs and Richters." The dis-
trict in which Sharpsburg is located was another section
settled chiefly by the Pennsylvania-Germans, although
there were also a number of English among them. Among
the early German settlers were the families of Cruse, Nead,
Sahm, Graff, Bartoon and others. There were a number
of other small settlements made by the Pennsylvania-
Germans but they did not become places of importance
before the Revolution, and after that struggle the number
*8" First Settlements of Germans in Maryland," p. 16.
62 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
of Germans who came to Maryland direct from the Father-
land increased rapidly, and there were numerous additions
as well from among the Hessians who had come to fight
and remained to be citizens, so that the Pennsylvania-
German influence was not so predominant as in the pre-
Revolutionary period.
The unceasing stream of Germans which flowed through
the province of Pennsylvania to the outposts of civilization
and formed a bulwark between the savage aborigines and
the older settlements, peopled a wilderness from which
they carved an empire. They found nothing there except
the fertile land. Whatever of material prosperity they
had they produced with their own hands and brain. They
were not an ignorant people and although mostly farmers,
yet following the German custom, every boy was taught
some trade, so that in their new homes with no one to
depend upon but themselves, after their homes were built
and their fields plowed and sowed they turned their hands
to whatever was necessary to be done. As Scharf says,*^
"It is a significant fact that nearly all the German immi-
grants who came into Maryland soon established them-
selves in permanent homes, and in almost every instance
took rank at once as thrifty and enterprising citizens. The
greater number were skilled in agriculture, but there was
a large percentage of first-rate mechanics, shoemakers,
paper-makers, butchers, watch-makers, bakers, smiths,
iron-workers, etc. It is a generally recognized fact that
the Protestant population of France and Germany sup-
plied the best class of workmen In the various branches
of manufacture. Thus we are told by the historian Lecky
that ' twenty thousand Frenchmen attracted to Branden-
burg by the liberal encouragement of the elector at the time
4» " History of Western Maryland," Vol. I., p. 63.
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 63
of the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, laid the founda-
tion of the prosperity of Berlin and of most of the manu-
factures of Prussia.' The same is true in a greater or less
degree of all the Protestant refugees, and it would be
difficult to overestimate the industrial value to our own
country of the successive immigration of whole communi-
ties from the different German states."
Nor did those in authority hesitate to give the Germans
credit for what they were doing. As early as 1745, Daniel
Dulany writing to Governor Samuel Ogle, says: "You
would be surprised to see how much the country is im-
proved beyond the mountains, especially by the Germans,
who are the best people that can be to settle a wilderness;
and the fertility of the soil makes them ample amends for
their industry." In 1773 Governor Eden, in a letter to
Lord Dartmouth, says of the Germans who had settled in
the western part of the state :^" "They are generally an
industrious laborious people. Many of them have acquired
a considerable share of property. Their improvement of
a Wilderness into well-stocked plantations, the example
and beneficent Effects of their extraordinary industry have
raised in no small degree a spirit of emulation among the
other inhabitants. That they are a most useful people and
merit the public regard is acknowledged by all who are
acquainted with them." Even the narrow-minded Eddis
whose British prejudice could find but little to praise in
the colony, had a good word to say of the Germans. In
one of his letters he says:^^ "These people who, from
their earliest days, had been disciplined in habits of indus-
try, sobriety, frugality, and patience, were peculiarly fitted
50 Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society, Fourth Series,
Vol. X., p. 694.
^"^ " Letters from America," p. 99.
64 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
for the laborious occupations of felling timber, clearing
land, and forming the first improvements ; and the success
which attended their efforts induced multitudes of their
enterprising countrymen to abandon their native homes,
to enjoy the plenteous harvest which appeared to await
their labors in the wild, uncultivated wastes of America."
Washington in his numerous journeys through western
Maryland had a good opportunity to note the manner in
which the Germans had developed that section, and he
was so favorably impressed with the evidences of their
desirability as colonists that when he was planning to
develop the lands presented to him by the British govern-
ment at the close of the French and Indian War, he seri-
ously considered the advisability of bringing over a number
of Germans to settle on his property. With this idea in
view he wrote the following letter to James Tilghman, of
Philadelphia :^2
Interested as well as political motives render it necessary for me
to seat the lands, which I have patented on the Ohio, in the
cheapest, most expeditious, and effectual manner. Many expe-
dients have been proposed to accomplish this, but none, in my judg-
ment, so likely to succeed as the importing of Palatines. But how
to do this upon the best terms, is a question I wish to have an-
swered. Few of this kind of people ever come to Virginia, whether
because it is out of the common course of its trade, or because they
object to it, I am unable to determine. I shall take it very kind
in you, therefore, to resolve the following questions, which I am
persuaded you can do with precision, by inquiring of such gentle-
men, as have been engaged in this business. Whether there is any
difficulty in procuring these people in Holland ? If so, from whence
does it proceed? Whether they are to be had at all times, or at
particular seasons only, and when? Whether they are engaged
62 Sparks' "Washington," Vol. II., p. 382.
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 65
previously to sending for them, and in what manner? Or do ships
take their chance after getting there? Upon what terms are they
generally engaged ? And how much for each person do they com-
monly stand the importer landed at Philadelphia? Is it customary
to send an intelligent German in the ship, that is to bring them?
Do vessels ever go immediately to Holland for them, and, if they
do, what cargoes do they carry? Or are they to go round, and
where? In short, what plan would be recommended to me, by
the knowing ones, as best for importing a full freight, say two or
three hundred or more, to Alexandria? In case of full freight,
how are the numbers generally proportioned to the tonnage of a
vessel ?
At the same time he wrote a letter to Henry RIddell, a
ship-owner, in which he offered to pay the traveling ex-
penses of the German emigrants to the Ohio river and to
provide the settlers with victuals until a first crop had been
gathered, and to exempt them from the payment of any
rent for a period of four years, if there was no house on
the property at the time of taking possession of it.
CANDLE-STICK, SNUFFERS AND HOUR-GLASS.
5*
CHAPTER VII.
Home-Making in the Wilderness.
HT this day It is difficult to
realize the task accom-
plished by the hardy pioneers
who, nearly two centuries ago,
left behind them all the advan-
tages of a civilized community
and went into the wilderness to
build themselves homes; into a
wilderness inhabited by wild ani-
mals of every description and,
still more to be feared, the savage Indians. It required
a courageous and Indomitable spirit, for every settler
literally took his life in his hands and as well the lives
of his loved ones. We have heard many tales of the
bravery and daring performances of these men, and,
now and then, some woman Is mentioned as having per-
formed some act which made her memorable; but the
silent woman, those unknown thousands of whom we do
not hear, are worthy of as much commendation and their
memory Is as much to be revered as is that of the men.
Their part In the building was as important and as strenu-
ous as that of the men, although, perhaps, not so plainly
66
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 6j
discernible. It was no easy matter for them to attend to
the ordinary routine of housekeeping with only the rudest
utensils to do it with. There was for them no spare time :
when there was nothing else to be attended to the spinning-
wheel and the loom must be kept busy. They were a
hardy race, inured to hard work and the lack of comforts,
yet the tombstones which have survived the ravages of
time and the church records tell us that even they could
not long bear up under the strenuous existence, but were
frequently cut off in what we would now consider the prime
of life. The advance of civilization and the improvements
in the mode of living have materially lengthened the span
of life, and on the foundations reared by those venture-
some pioneers their descendants to-day live to a far greater
age surrounded by comforts and advantages undreamed of
in those days.
The first thing the settler had to attend to after deciding
upon the place to locate was to provide a shelter. Some-
times natural caves afforded convenient temporary shelter,
but, as a rule, it was necessary to erect some sort of a struc-
ture. The first dwellings were very simple affairs, the
erection of more elaborate cabins and houses being de-
ferred until some of the land had been put under cultiva-
tion. The simplest shelter was made by planting two
forked poles at the proper distance apart and laying in the
forks another pole to serve as a ridge-pole. Against this
ridge-pole slabs cut from larger trees were placed, sloping
to the ground. One end was closed by other slabs, while
the other end was partly closed in the same way, the open-
ing left being covered by a rudely-constructed door or
sometimes merely covered by a blanket. Sometimes the
hard beaten earth was used as the floor, while at other
68 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
times the floor would be constructed of the split slabs
of wood.
The next dwelling was the cabin built with hewn logs,
with a roof of clapboards or plank, and in some cases of
shingles, and a plank floor. Until saw-mills were erected
all the planks used in building had to be cut from logs
with the whip-saw. Kercheval gives the following descrip-
tion of making planks with the whip-saw '?^
It was about the length of the common mill-saw, with a handle
at each end transversely fixed to it. The timber intended to be
sawed was first squared with the broadaxe, and then raised on a
scaffold six or seven feet high. Two able-bodied men then took
hold of the saw, one standing on the top of the log and the other
under it, and commenced sawing. The labor was excessively
fatiguing, and about one hundred feet of plank or scantling was
considered a good day's work for the two hands. The introduc-
tion of saw-mills, however, soon superseded the use of the whipsaw,
but they were not entirely laid aside until several years after the
Revolution.
The building of the log cabin required more extensive
preparations. Trees of proper size had to be selected and
cut down and hewn into logs with the broadaxe and prop-
erly notched, clapboards had to be split for covering the
roof and various other purposes, and when shingles were
to be used they had to be rived. In the more thickly
settled portions of the country a number of neighbors
would frequently join with the owner in building his cabin,
and in this way a very elaborate structure could be erected
in a short time. Dr. Doddridge thus describes the erection
of such a structure :^^
63 "A History of the Valley of Virginia," p. 134.
"* " Notes on the Settlements and Indian Wars of the Western Parts of
Virginia and Pennsylvania," p. 135 et seq.
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 69
The fatigue party consisted of choppers, whose business it was
to fell the trees and cut them off at proper lengths. A man with a
team for hauling them to the place, and arranging them, properly
assorted, at the sides and ends of the building, a carpenter, if such
he might be called, whose business it was to search the woods for
a proper tree for making clapboards for the roof. The tree for
this purpose must be straight grained and from three to four feet
in diameter. The boards were split four feet long, with a large
frow, and as wide as the timber would allow. They were used
without planing or shaving. Another division was employed in
getting puncheons for the floor of the cabin; this was done by
splitting trees, about eighteen inches in diameter, and hewing the
faces of them with a broadaxe. They were half the length of the
floor they were intended to make. The materials for the cabin
were mostly prepared on the first day and sometimes the founda-
tion laid in the evening. The second day was allotted for the
raising.
In the morning of the next day the neighbors collected for the
raising. The first thing to be done was the election of four corner
men, whose business it was to notch and place the logs. The rest
of the company furnished them with the timbers. In the mean-
time the boards and puncheons were collecting for the floor and
roof, so that by the time the cabin was a few rounds high the
sleepers and floor began to be laid. The door was made by sawing
or cutting the logs in one side so as to make an opening about three
feet wide. This opening was secured by upright pieces of timber
about three inches thick through which holes were bored into the
ends of the logs for the purpose of pinning them fast. A similar
opening, but wider, was made at the end for the chimney. This
was built of logs and made large to admit of a back and jambs of
stone. At the square two end logs projected a foot or eighteen
inches beyond the wall to receive the butting poles, as they were
called, against which the ends of the first row of clapboards was
supported. The roof was formed by making the end logs shorter
until a single log formed the comb of the roof; on these logs the
yo The Pennsylvania-German Society.
clapboards were placed, the ranges of them lapping some distance
over those next below them and kept in their places by logs placed
at proper distances between them. The roof and sometimes the
floor were finished on the same day as the raising.
In the mean time the masons were busy. With the heart pieces
of the timber of which the clapboards were made they made billets
for chunking up the cracks between the logs of the cabin and
chimney. A large bed of mortar was made for daubing up those
cracks. A few stones formed the back and jambs of the chimney.
As a rule the furniture used by the early settlers was of
the rudest sort, generally home-made. Sometimes there
might be a piece or two brought from their old home, and
these, of course, were highly prized, and some of them
have been handed down to the present day as heirlooms.
But the bulky nature of furniture precluded much of It
being carried on the journey to the wilderness. The lack
of regular furniture was made up by all sorts of make-
shifts. A table was usually made from a split slab, the
top surface smoothed off and four legs set In auger holes.
Three-legged stools were made In the same way, as were
also benches on which to sit at the table while eating.
Wooden pins driven Into the logs and supporting clap-
boards served as closets and shelves. Sometimes bed-
steads were made In this way: A single fork was placed
with Its lower end in a hole In the floor and the upper end
fastened to a joist. A pole was placed In the fork with
one end through a crack between the logs of the wall and
this was crossed by a shorter pole within the fork with Its
outer end through another crack. Sometimes other poles
were pinned to the fork a little distance above these for
the purpose of supporting the front and foot of the bed,
while the walls were the supports of Its back and head.
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 71
As the settler prospered and his possessions Increased,
sooner or later, the simple log cabin was replaced by a more
pretentious dwelling. This, too, was often built of logs,
but In that event the materials were better prepared and
the logs joined more evenly, and sometimes the outside was
covered with clapboards, and in some Instances with
plaster, producing the "roughcast" house. In regions
where limestone was plentiful the house was often built of
stone In a very substantial manner; so much so that some
of these houses built by the early settlers are standing
to-day. These houses were very much more commodious
than the first log cabin, generally being two stories in
height, with sometimes a garret, the floors being divided
Into several rooms, and having a cellar underneath. In
many Instances the largest room in the house was the
kitchen, on one side of which was a large open fire-place,
or hearth. These fire-places were quite an institution, in
which a great fire of oak or hickory cord-wood was made.
During the winter the kitchen was usually the living-room,
as In all probability it was the only room in the house in
which there was a fire. The family would seat themselves
about the fire, with, perhaps, no other light than that made
by the burning logs. The only means of producing light
was by the use of tallow candles or the fat-lamp, and many
a boy who later made his mark In the world learned the
letters of the alphabet and to read by the flickering light
from the blazing logs in the huge kitchen fireplace.
The cooking utensils were of the simplest kind. There
were no stoves and all cooking had to be done over the
open wood fire. Iron pots and pans were supported over
the coals by an iron tripod, or swung by chains attached
to a beam or iron bar set in the chimney. Later the chain
was superseded by iron pot-hooks which could be adjusted
72 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
to different lengths. Baking was accomplished in a Dutch
oven, a squat iron pot with an iron cover, over which the
hot coals could be heaped. This was succeeded by the
large arched oven built of masonry. Sometimes this was
detached from the house under a shed, but very often it
joined the house, the iron door of the oven opening into
the kitchen fireplace. Baking in these ovens was an inter-
esting process, a process rarely seen in private families, at
least, nowadays. The oven was large enough to take in
cord-wood, with which it was filled and the fire started.
When the wood was all consumed the ashes were scraped
out, and the floor of the oven swabbed with a wet cloth
on a pole, to remove any ashes remaining. The loaves of
bread were placed on the floor of the oven with the peel,
a broad, flat wooden paddle with a long handle. The
baked loaves were removed from the oven in the same
way. In preparing the bread for the oven each loaf as it
was shaped was set to rise in a bread-basket, made of
braided straw, similar to those shown in the illustration.^'^
Until the introduction of stoves the only way of heating
a house was by open wood fires, and, as a rule, but few
of the rooms were heated. One of the earliest contrivances
used was the Franklin stove, named from its inventor,
Benjamin Franklin, which was but a modification of the
open fireplace. It consisted of iron plates set into the fire-
place, a back-piece, with two sides and a top and bottom.
The bottom piece, or hearth, extended into the room some
distance from the chimney, and the top piece slightly so,
the latter forming a shelf upon which articles could be
placed to be kept warm. Sometimes instead of iron plates
^^ In the childhood of the writer bread-baskets exactly like those shown
in the illustration were used by the juvenile members of the family on
Christmas Eve, being set in the chimney-corner, in place of hanging a
stocking, in anticipation of the visit of the Kris-kingle.
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 73
slabs of soapstone were used in constructing the Franklin
stove. Later came the cast-iron stove, box-like in shape,
with its modification, the ten-plate stove, with its oven for
baking.
In the absence of refrigerators a spring-house In which
to keep milk and butter was almost a necessity, and
wherever it was possible such a structure was built. Some-
times the Ingenuity of the settler was exercised in construct-
ing a spring-house in the absence of a spring to flow
through It. The writer is well acquainted with one good
example of a spring-house of this sort, built some time
during the eighteenth century. There was no spring on
the property, but there was a deep well with an abundant
supply of cold water. The spring-house was built near by
the well. It was excavated to a depth of about two and
a half feet below the surface, and thick stone walls were
erected, surmounted by a heavy arch. Along one side a
heavy wooden trough was built from which an iron pipe
led to the well, where it was inserted into the pumpstock.
Every time the pump was used the surplus water remaining
In the stock, through siphonage and gravity, flowed into
the trough in the spring-house, keeping the latter con-
stantly filled with fresh cold water and answering all the
purposes of a spring, in which to set the milk cans and
butter pails. This building had a second story, the upper
part serving as the smoke-house for curing the meat. At
one corner on the outside, about five feet from the ground,
an iron fire-box was constructed in the wall, with a flue
leading up into the smoke-house. In smoking meat a fire
of hickory sawdust and chips was built In the fire-box, the
smoke being conducted up Into the room where the meat
was hung. Being on the outside at the ground level, the
fire could be attended to with but little inconvenience. The
74 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
substantial character of this structure is shown by the fact
that although during the Civil War the upper part of the
building was destroyed by fire, the arch remained intact
and is in as good condition to-day as when it was built a
century and a quarter ago.
During the first year or two the matter of providing
food for his family was a serious consideration for the
settler in a new country, particularly if he were located at
a considerable distance from the more thickly settled local-
ities. A family starting off to make a home In the wilder-
ness, even if the cost did not prevent, was not able to
carry with them sufficient food to last them until their
land could produce what they needed, and at times during
their first year there was not much variety in their food.
The streams provided them with fish, and the woods with
flesh and fowl, but very often their vegetable supply de-
pended upon whether wild tubers and edible roots could
be found in their locality. But after the first year, when
the land had been cleared and planted with corn and
wheat, and vegetable gardens provided, there was usually
an abundance of food. Indian com was one of their
staples, and to a less degree wheat, but with both of these
the difficulty lay in the grinding, if there was no mill near
by. Sometimes a hand-mill was used, and in the absence
of this a course meal was made by pounding the grain in a
large mortar improvised by burning a deep hole in a
wooden block, another block of wood providing the pestle.
Hominy was made in much the same way.
Beef was a rarity until a sufficient supply of domestic
cattle had been raised, but its lack was supplied by venison
and bear meat, of which plenty could be obtained in the
forests. They were usually well supplied with pork, as
the hogs were allowed to run loose in the woods, where
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 75
they found plenty upon which to feed. Every family
raised a lot of hogs, and about the beginning of winter
these were butchered and the meat cured. Butchering day
was quite an institution. The hogs were killed and cleaned
the day before, and early the next morning the butchers
started to work cutting up the carcases. The work called
for the assistance of all the members of the family as well
as that of what neighbors could be procured, to help to
cut up the fat to be rendered into lard. The hams and
shoulders were trimmed ready for putting into the brine,
to be cured for smoking, many yards of sausage was
stuffed, as well as liver-pudding {Lebermurst) . In pre-
paring the latter the liver and kidneys, with the tenderloin
and some of the head-meat, was put into a large iron
kettle and boiled until it was thoroughly cooked. It was
then transferred to the block and chopped fine and
stuffed into skins, like the sausage, or packed in crocks and
sealed with a layer of fat. The water in which the meat
had been boiled was used to prepare what was commonly
called Pon-hoss {P f annhase) ,tha.t is. Pan-rabbit. A great
many fantastic explanations have been given of the deri-
vation of this term, but it is simply one of the humorous
names similar to Welsh-rabbit, for a mixture made from
cheese, or Leicestershire plover, for a bag-pudding. Pon-
hoss was made by using the water in which the pudding-
meat had been boiled for making a corn-meal mush. This
was put into pans to harden and was then cut into thin
slices and fried. Sometimes a mixture of corn-meal and
wheat flour, or buckwheat flour was used. A somewhat
similar mixture is made nowadays in the larger cities, par-
ticularly Philadelphia, and is known as scrapple, but it is
not the pon-hoss of the early Germans.^^
58 " A University of Pennsylvania professor, whose home is in Vienna,
tells noe that nowhere on the continent of Europe did he ever eat anything
76 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
On Shrove Tuesday every German housewife cooked a
great dish of Fastnacht-cakes, or fastnachts {Anglice
Fosnot) as they were usually called, a cake made of a
modified bread-dough and fried in deep fat. These cakes
were a very common dish throughout the winter, in some
families almost entirely replacing the use of bread. There
were a number of dishes peculiar to the Germans, such
as "Sauer-Kraut und Speck," " Schnitz und Knopf," etc.,
which to those not to the manner born may seem strange,
but very often a stranger tasting them for the first time
found that they were not to be despised.
Coffee and tea were not for everyday use, nor was there
a plentiful supply of dishes and knives and forks for table
use. Very often wooden platters, or, in some instances,
pewter dishes and spoons, were used, and when individual
plates were lacking the members of the family helped
themselves from the general dish. Dr. Doddridge gives
an interesting account of the first time he saw cups and
saucers and tasted coffee :^'^
" I well recollect the first time I ever saw a tea cup and saucer,
and tasted coffee. My mother died when I was about six or seven
years of age. My father then sent me to Maryland with a brother
of my grandfather, Mr. Alexander Wells, to school. At Colonel
Brown's in the mountains, at Stony creek glades, I for the first
time saw tame geese. . . . The cabin and its furniture were such
as I had been accustomed to see in the backwoods, as my country
like scrapple. He is quite certain that it is of American origin. Nor can
he, excellent scholar in five languages as he is, and whose mother tongue
is German, explain just whence the name ponhaus. I venture to assert
that if you said ponhaus to a Philadelphia waiter or possibly to any ordi-
nary market man in this town he wouldn't know what you wanted. I am
equally positive that in certain sections of Berks, Lancaster, York and
Lehigh counties scrapple is a meaningless jumble of letters." — Philadelphia
Public Ledger, January 16, 1913.
""^ Op. cit., p. 110.
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 77
was called. At Bedford everything was changed. The tavern at
which my uncle put up was a stone house, and to make the change
still more complete it was plastered in the inside, both as to walls
and celling. On going into the dining room I was struck with
astonishment at the appearance of the house. I had no Idea that
there was any house In the world which was not built of logs ; but
here I looked around the house and could see no logs, and above I
could see no joists; whether such a thing had been made by the
hands of man, or had grown so of itself, I could not conjecture.
I had not the courage to Inquire anything about it.
" When supper came on ' my confusion was worse confounded.'
A little cup stood In a bigger one with some brownish looking stuff
in it, which was neither milk, hominy nor broth ; what to do with
these little cups and the little spoon belonging to them, I could
not tell ; and I was afraid to ask anything concerning the use of
them. . .
" It was In the time of the war, and the company were givmg
accounts of catching, whipping and hanging the Tories. The word
jail frequently occurred: this word I had never heard before; but
I soon discovered, and was much terrified at its meaning, and sup-
posed that we were in much danger of the fate of the Tories ; for,
I thought as we had come from the backwoods, it was altogether
likely that we must be Tories too. For fear of being discovered I
durst not utter a single word. I therefore watched attentively to
see what the big folks would do with their little cups and spoons.
I imitated them, and found the taste of the coffee nauseous beyond
anything I ever had tasted In my life. I continued to drink, as the
rest of the company did, with the tears streaming from my eyes,
but when it was to end I was at a loss to know, as the little cups
were filled immediately after being emptied. This circumstance
distressed me very much, as I durst not say I had enough. ^ Look-
ing attentively at the grown persons, I saw one man turn his little
cup bottom upwards and put his spoon across it. I observed that
after this his cup was not filled again; I followed his example, ^and
to my great satisfaction, the result as to my cup was the same."
78 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
Speaking of the use of table china ware, Dr. Doddridge
says: "The introduction of delft ware was considered by
many of the backwoods people as a culpable innovation.
It was too easily broken, and the plates of that ware dulled
their scalping knives; tea ware was too small for menj
they might do for women and children. Tea and coffee
were only slops, which in the adage of the day ' did not
stick by the ribs.' The idea was they were designed only
for people of quality, who do not labor, or the sick. A
genuine backwoodsman would have thought himself dis-
graced by showing a fondness for those slops."
The clothing worn by the family was all manufactured
in the home from the raw material. The wool or flax was
spun and the yam woven into cloth. A mixture of the
two, with flax for the chain and wool for the filling, and
known as linsey-woolsey, was the warmest and most sub-
stantial cloth that was made, and was quite commonly
used for clothing. Some of the women were expert
spinners and weavers, and produced linen of the finest
weave, and the heavy woolen bed-spreads spun and woven
by those pioneer women are much sought after even to-day.
One of these in the possession of the writer, spun and
woven in the family of an ancestor, still retains its colors
as bright as the day it was woven.
The settlers on the frontier were not slow to see the
advantage of some parts of the Indian costume, and soon
combined it with parts of the European style of dress.
The use of the hunting-shirt was almost universal. It was
generally made of linsey-woolsey, although some were
made of dressed deer skins, but these were very uncom-
fortable in wet weather. The hunting-shirt was a sort of
loose frock, reaching half way down the thighs, with large
sleeves, open before, and made so that when belted it
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 79
would lap over considerably. It usually had a cape, and
sometimes was fringed with a piece of cloth of a different
color, the edges of which were ravelled. The wide bosom
of the shirt was utilized for holding articles of food, or
anything else necessary to have convenient. From the
belt, which was tied behind, were suspended the toma-
hawk, the scalping-knife and the bullet bag. The feet
were usually covered with moccasins, made of dressed
deer skin. These were made of a single piece of skin, with
a gathering seam along the top of the foot, and another,
without gathers, from the bottom of the heel to a little
above the ankle-joint. Flaps were left on each side to
reach some distance up the legs. These were adjusted to
the ankles and lower part of the leg by thongs of deer
skin. In cold weather the moccasins were stuffed with
hair from the deer skins or dry leaves.
" In the latter years of the Indian war," says Dr. Dodd-
ridge, " our young men became more enamored of the
Indian dress throughout, with the exception of the match-
coat. The drawers were laid aside and the leggings made
longer, so as to cover the upper part of the thigh. The
Indian breech-clout was adopted. This was a piece of
linen or cloth nearly a yard long and eight or nine inches
broad. This passed under the belt before and behind,
leaving the ends for flaps hanging before and behind over
the belt. These flaps were sometimes ornamented with
some coarse kind of embroidery work. To the same belts
which secured the breech-clouts, strings which supported
the long leggings were attached. When this belt, as was
often the case, passed over the hunting-shirt, the upper
part of the thighs and part of the hips were naked."
niMjwMkiiuwBiiMMWioyiUMmwiiwuaiw
CHAPTER VIII.
Mechanical Arts and Industries.
©
NE great advantage to be
found in a settlement
made up of Germans was the
fact that every German boy, no
matter what his station in life
might be, was taught a trade;
a custom which prevails in Ger-
many to this day, but which,
unfortunately, was to a great
extent abandoned by the Ger-
mans in this country, about the
middle of the nineteenth century. As a result of all the
men being trained artisans the German settlers were able to
obtain many articles which otherwise they would have had
to go without, or else secure them from some of the older
settlements at an expenditure of considerable time and
money. While they were all skilled in agriculture, there
was a large number who were good mechanics, and those
who were not able to manufacture for themselves the
articles they needed had no difficulty in finding some one to
make them for them, and very often there was a trading
in this sort of service. One man would make some article
80
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 8i
for another, who would pay for it by doing in return some-
thing in which he was proficient.
At first, until the land was cleared, the fields prepared,
and the homes built, there was not much done in the way
of starting manufactories, but as the settlements increased
and villages and towns sprang up, creating a greater de-
mand for manufactured articles, a larger number of the
settlers turned their attention in this direction, leaving the
raising of crops to be done by others. There were few
trades that were not represented, in a greater or less de-
gree. There were expert cabinet-makers who, besides
making the ordinary household furniture, frequently
turned out beautiful specimens with lines modeled on the
work of Heppelwhite and Chippendale, some of which
have come down to this day.
As the only means of conveyance for passengers and
freight at that time was by horses, the wagon-makers' trade
was an important one. But few wagons were brought
from abroad, for without counting the original cost of
them, the freight for carrying them across the ocean would
have made their cost prohibitive. The first wagons used
were made entirely of wood, the wheels being sawed from
the trunk of a buttonwood or gum tree. But it was not
long before the iron mines were opened and forges set up
and after that a better class of wagons were obtainable.
There were expert wheelwrights and wagon-builders
among them, who turned out large numbers of substan-
tial wagons. The fact that Benjamin Franklin in two
weeks was able to obtain from the Germans of Pennsyl-
vania one hundred and fifty wagons for Braddock's expe-
dition shows how well supplied they were in this particular.
Transportation methods of this kind required the use
of large quantities of harness and saddles, so that saddlers
6*
82 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
and harness-makers were numerous. The manufacture of
leather was another very Important Industry. Leather was
needed for making boots and shoes as well as for harness
and saddles, and great quantities of it were used. As the
leather was all made by the old-fashioned process of tan-
ning, In which the skins were macerated In vats for many
months, a great many vats were necessary In order to keep
up the supply, so that some of the tanneries were very
large establishments. Shortly after 1753 Matthias Nead
established a tannery near Clear Spring, Maryland, which
was conducted by himself, his son and his grandsons for
about three quarters of a century.^^ Fastened with wafers
to the wall of this tannery was the following rhyming
notice, which has been preserved :
NOTICE.
Ye shoemakers, Cobblers, and others attend,
Just look at this Notice, it is from your friend ;
My Purse is so empty, tis light as a feather,
You have worn out your Shoes, and not paid for the Leather.
Now take my Advice and pay off the old score,
Before you get trusted for any skins more;
I have Sheep Skins, & Calf Skins, & Upper, and Soal,
I have all kinds of Leather, from an Ox, to a Foal;
I have leather that's green, and leather that's dry,
But pay down the Rhino if any you'd buy:
A hint to the wise is sufficient tis said,
Pay ! and take a Receipt from your good old Friend
Nead
Nearly every family made the soap they used. Soap-
making was an interesting process, a process still In use in
^8 It was quite common for a trade or business to descend from father to
son for several generations.
J
^I^^RUk
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 83
many of the families descended from the early German
settlers. The ashes from the hickory wood burned in the
open fireplaces or in the cast-iron stoves were carefully
saved, and in the early spring the lye for making soap
was prepared from them. This was done by means of the
ash-hopper, a V-shaped wooden structure raised from the
ground, the point downward, with a hole bored at the
bottom of one end opening on the trough-like board used
for the bottom. The hopper was lined with straw and
then filled with hickory ashes, after which a large amount
of water was poured in on top of the ashes. The water,
percolating through the ashes, extracted all the alkali and
came out at the bottom a dark brown liquid, the lye, ready
for soap-making. This was boiled in a large iron kettle
with the various kinds of fat and grease that had been
saved all winter, and the result was soap. Most house-
wives made both hard and soft soap.
Paper-making was another industry that the Germans
early established. With them linen rags was the material
used for making paper, but it was a descendant of one of
the early German settlers in Maryland who gave to the
world straw paper and straw-board, now so universally
used. The Shryock family came to Pennsylvania from
Germany and later went to Maryland shortly after 1730.
They settled in what is now Washington county. A de-
scendant of this family moved over the line to Chambers-
burg, Pa., in 1790, where he built a mill for the manu-
facture of banknote paper, with which he supplied the
United States government. His son, George A. Shryock,
succeeded him, and later discovered the process of making
paper from straw, with its allied products straw-board and
binders' board. Mr. Shryock has left an account of how
he came to engage in the manufacture of straw paper. It
84 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
appears that Col. William Magaw, who was a relative of
Mr. Shryock, was extensively engaged in the manufacture
of potash at Meadville, Pa. The potash was made from
ashes, the latter being leached just as in preparing lye for
making soap. While overseeing the work Colonel Magaw
was in the habit of chewing bits of the straw that had
been taken from the ash-hoppers when they were emptied.
He noticed that when this chewed straw was pressed in
the hand the softened fibers matted together, forming a
pulp very much like that from which ordinary wrapping
paper was made, and it occurred to him that the material
might be used for that purpose. He wrote to Mr. Shryock,
who was at that time engaged in the manufacture of rag
paper at the Hollywell paper mill, just outside of Cham-
bersburg, suggesting to him the advisability of investigat-
ing the matter, and later, in the summer of 1829, visited
Chambersburg for a test of the idea. "The experiment
was, at that time and place, made and proved a decided
success," says Mr. Shryock. " I was so well satisfied of
Its practicability that I bought a large cast iron kettle of
John V. Kelly, in Chambersburg, cribbed it with wood
staves so that I could boil from seven hundred to one
thousand pounds of straw at one filling, and made, for
.^ome weeks, from twenty to thirty reams per day. The
material used at that time in the preparation of the straw
was potash, exclusively. I abandoned the manufacture of
rag paper, and devoted my mill exclusively to the manu-
facture of straw paper for some months. In November,
1829, I visited the east to see a cylinder machine then in
operation in Springfield, Massachusetts, by Messrs. Ames.
On my way I accidentally met with Mr. Lafflin, of Lee,
Massachusetts, at Hays' Pearl Street House, New York,
and engaged him to build for me a small cylinder machine,
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 85
at Hollywell Paper Mill, near Chambersburg, Pennsylva-
nia. This was certainly the first machine that ever oper-
ated on that material. Within the first year I introduced
the grooved wood roll for the manufacture of binders'
and box boards, etc. These two manufactures were (as
far as has been ascertained) the very first use of straw
paper as a staple article in our world."
In the older settled parts of Maryland it was difficult
to induce the settlers to plant anything but tobacco, but
the German settlers did not require urging to induce them
to turn their attention in other directions. Flax was one
of their staple products, and large quantities of it were
grown. They used it for the manufacture of their own
clothing, they made thread from it for which they found
a ready market, and the seed commanded a good price.
To raise a good quality of flax required care and attention,
but it was needed, for at that period the amount of wool
they could raise was not sufficient for them to depend upon
it alone for their clothing. The seed was disposed of in
Philadelphia and Baltimore, many wagon loads of It
finding its way thither.
When the flax was ready to be harvested the stalks were
pulled from the ground by the roots and tied in small
bunches from which shocks were formed, to allow the
seed to dry. When the seed had been beaten out the stalks
were ready for the process of retting, or rotting. For this
purpose the flax-stalks were spread out in a field and
allowed to remain for several weeks, the action of the rain
and sun setting up a process of fermentation which loosed
the fiber from the woody portion of the stalk.^^ The flax
59 The best quality of flax was not produced by this process of retting,
" dew-retting," as it is called. The plan more generally pursued is to pack
the bunches of flax-stalks closely together in pools of water prepared for this
86 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
was then dried and was ready to be broken. The simplest
sort of a flax-break was made of two pieces of board,
hinged together at one end, so that they could be separated
and the sharpened edges brought together. Bunches of
the flax stalks were passed through the break, the upper
part being brought down sharply upon the stalks at many
places. In this way the woody portion was broken and
loosened from the fiber. When the flax had been well
broken it was ready for hackling. The flax hackle was
usually made by driving a number of long, sharp-pointed
nails through a piece of board so that they projected for
several inches. The flax was hackled by the operator
grasping a bunch of the straw and drawing it over the
hackle. This separated the tow from the flax proper.
The oftener the flax was hackled the finer was the quality
of the finished product.
The tow was spun and woven into a coarse cloth which
was used for making towels, bagging, and coverings of
various kinds, while from the flax itself linen of various
degrees of fineness was woven, and much of it was dis-
posed of in barter as thread. The spinning of the flax
occupied the winter evenings, and in a large family it was
no unusual thing to see several spinning-wheels at work
by the light from the kitchen fire, operated by a mother
and her daughters. Every young woman was taught to
spin. A Maryland German writing to his brother and
describing his situation says: " I shall now inform you how
I am Situated as it Respects the things of this world. I
have a small Farm of lOO acres of land and on it a Tan-
yard, and By Farming and Tanning a little we are able to
Support our selves. Our Soil is well adapted to Clover,
purpose, and allow the fermentation to take place in this way. In Ireland
much of the flax is retted in bog-holes.
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 87
Wheat, Corn & oats, and Fruit of all sorts. We have 3
sons and 8 daughters — 5 are able to turn the Spinning
wheel and throw the Shuttle."
There were many metal workers, particularly in iron
and copper. At an early date Dirck. Pennybacker, a
grandson of Heinrich Pannebacker, one of the early
settlers at Germantown, Pa., built an iron-works near
Sharpsburg, but about 178 1 it was destroyed by a freshet
and he removed to Virginia. The coppersmiths were
skilled workmen who fashioned various utensils, particu-
larly the large copper kettles, which were beaten by hand
from one piece of metal, and which were frequently made
large enough to hold a barrel of cider. There were many
other articles manufactured by the German settlers, and
their descendants were not behind those of other nationali-
ties in the products of their inventive genius. According
to Scharf it was a Frederick county German, Joseph
Weller, of Mechanicstown, who, in 1831, discovered the
process and manufactured the first friction matches made
in this country.
The Germans in Maryland did not establish any news-
papers at a very early date. According to Daniel Miller,^^
the first German newspaper in Maryland was established
by Matthias Bartgis at Frederick, in 1785. In 1795 the
publication of the Deutsch Washington Correspondent
was started at Hagerstown by John Gruber. Gruber was
born in Strasburg, Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, about
1778. He learned the printing trade in Philadelphia, and
in 1793 was in Reading, Pa., a member of the firm of
Jungman & Gruber who published Die Neiie Unpar-
theiische Readinger Zeitung. He did not remain in Read-
*o " Early German American Newspapers," in Proc. and Add. of the
Pennsylvania-German Soc, Vol. XIX., p. 96.
88
The Pennsylvania-German Society.
ing very long, as two years later he was located in Hagers-
town. In 1796, In addition to his newspaper he began the
publication of what has proved to be a monument to his
memory which bids fair to last indefinitely: The Hagers-
Town Town and Country Almanack. This almanac soon
attained a very large circulation which it retains to this
day, and in most of the homes in western Maryland and
southern Pennsylvania It was regarded as a necessity.
The farmers planted their crops according to the rules
and signs given in it, and it was always consulted before
any undertaking was begun. Until 1822 it was printed
only in German, but in that year the English edition was
begun. In 1836 Mr. Gruber obtained a series of crude
wood-cuts appropriate to each month, and from that time
to the present the "Almanack" has made its appearance
each year exactly as its founder designed it over three
quarters of a century ago.
DOOR-LATCH.
2>^r newe 9?or&^3lmrrfcatti((^c
t a i t mi 2 a n i
mm
1797
*
iKfro cnD <2S«J<nin9, ©onncn 5(uf* un6 Umcrgong,. t>a (^kbtngc^^wS Slofsong,
e/iI^rK*^ onb Uottrgong; txr QJenu* 5laf^ unD Untcrgang, eourtov 8«u^ <^
ti^^/^flfci imi ootKrc |u cukw ^alen&a flc1)6risc ©ucl^ ja fm&au
3«ra er^cnmal ^eiaa^gt ge&cs.
TITLE PAGE OF THE FIRST NUMBER OF GRUBER's HAGERSTOVVN ALMANAC.
CHAPTER IX.
The Religious Life.
MITH the exception of
Virginia, the English
colonies planted in America
during the seventeenth cen-
tury were founded for the
purpose of escaping religious
persecution. The ruling pow-
ers having determined that
the established church should
be paramount, allowed no
middle ground, and laws of
the greatest severity were
put into force against the
Roman Catholics, Puritans, Dissenters, etc. The colony
of Maryland was founded by Roman Catholics and until
the beginning of the eighteenth century the members of
that denomination were in the majority, yet a spirit of
religious toleration prevailed such as was scarcely to be
found in any other colony.^^ This is the more remark-
61 The excellent character which Cecilius, Lord Baltimore, is said to
have always borne, would prompt us to impute this proceeding to the
89
9© The Pennsylvania-German Society.
able considering the attitude of the Roman Catholics in
the mother country, particularly during the reign of Queen
Mary, and it is a curious side-light on the mutations of
human affairs that the only religious persecution that oc-
curred in the colony was directed against the Roman Cath-
olics, following the Puritan Revolution.
At some time previous to 1638 the governor of the
province had issued a proclamation prohibiting " all un-
seasonable disputations in point of religion, tending to the
disturbance of public peace and quiet of the colony, and
the opening of faction in religion," but when this was
issued is not known, for, as Bozman states, the proclama-
tion does not appear in the records. In 1648, in commis-
sioning William Stone as governor. Lord Baltimore in-
cluded in the oath of office to be taken by the governor a
provision that he would not molest or discountenance for
his religion any person professing to believe in Jesus Christ
and, in particular, no Roman Catholic, if he were neither
unfaithful to the Lord Baltimore, nor conspired against
the civil government; that he would not make a difference
of persons in conferring office or favors, because of reli-
gion, but would regard the advancement of Baltimore's
interests and the public unity and good of the province
most laudable motives — the liberal indulgence of all men in their religious
opinions. But, whoever is acquainted with the history of Europe, during
the seventeenth century, must know that no genuine Roman Catholic at
that time could entertain these liberal sentiments, or at least openly avow
them. All Protestants were deemed by them heretics, and liable to the
strong arm of persecution for their impious and presumptuous doctrines.
We must, therefore, unavoidably confess that this liberal and tolerant
measure of Lord Baltimore wears very much the appearance of that policy
of conduct, just herein before alluded to, which the English Catholics are
accused of having pursued, that is in joining the two great fanatic sects
— the Presbyterians and the Independents, in their united endeavours to
effectuate the destruction of the Church of England. — Bozman's " History
of Maryland," Vol. II., p. 336.
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 91
without partiality; and that if any person in the prov-
ince should molest any Christian for his religion he would
apply his power to protect the person so molested and
punish the person troubling him.^^
In 1649 the assembly enacted a law providing for reli-
gious toleration which was in force for nearly half a cen-
tury. During this time there was no established church;
each sect or denomination conducted its affairs as it saw
fit, and all support of churches and ministers was volun-
tary. But in 1692 the assembly passed an act malcing the
Protestant Episcopal church the established church of the
province, and imposing an annual tax of forty pounds of
tobacco per poll on all taxables for the purpose of building
churches and maintaining the clergy. This law was very
unpopular and many of the Dissenters, Quakers and
Roman Catholics paid their taxes in the poorest quality of
tobacco, so that the few ministers who came to the colony
under the provisions of the law received very light support.
This law remained in force until the Revolution, but there
was always more or less opposition to it so that there was
great difficulty in obtaining competent ministers.
The German settlers were a pious God-fearing set of
people, and their first thought, after settling in a locality,
was to provide means for the public worship of God.
After securing shelter for themselves the first public im-
provement was the erection of a building to be used as a
church. A history of these churches would be a history of
the people, but, unfortunately, in many instances the early
records of the churches have been lost or destroyed, so
that the history of these congregations has to be con-
structed from a few fragments, as well as it can be. The
settlers were chiefly members of the Lutheran and German
82 Steiner, " Maryland during the Civil Wars," Part II., p. io6.
92 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
Reformed churches, although there were a few Moravians
and other sectarians among them. Their greatest trouble
came from their inability to secure ministers. There were
very few regularly ordained ministers in the country and
those who were sent over from Germany, as a rule, re-
mained at the older settlements, where their services were
more in demand; and for many years the religious wants
of the outlying settlements were looked after by travelling
ministers, or missionaries, who were able to hold services,
baptize the children, and perform the marriage ceremony
at any given point only at long intervals. Then, too, the
people were often imposed upon by dissolute intemperate
men who posed as regularly ordained ministers, who, in
this capacity, secured control of the congregations. Some
of them were Indeed such : men who had at one time occu-
pied positions of honor In their churches, and had fallen
from their high estate; but many of them were unprin-
cipled adventurers who, in the dire needs of the different
congregations, saw a means of securing a livelihood with
the least possible expenditure of energy. A great deal of
the trouble which subsequently arose in the various congre-
gations was caused by men of this sort. It was not only
among the German settlers that these pretended ministers
were to be found, sowing their seeds of discord; they were
equally common in the English settlements. In the
absence of regular ministers religious services were usually
conducted by the schoolmaster, who would read sermons.
The church buildings erected were for many years used
jointly by the Lutheran and German Reformed congre-
gations, services usually being held by each congregation
on alternate Sundays.
Dr. Schmauk says^^ that the first Lutheran church in
«3 " A History of the Lutheran Church in Pennsylvania," in Proc. and
Add. of the Pennsylvania-German Society, Vol. XII., p. 381
THE PENNSYLVANIA-GERMAN SOCIETY.
SUBSCRIPTION LIST, MONOCACY LUTHERAN CHURCH.
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 93
Maryland was erected in what is now Cecil county by
Swedes from the settlement on the Delaware in 1649, but
what may unquestionably be regarded as the mother-
church of the Lutheran denomination in Maryland was
the little log church erected at the village of Monocacy
about 1730. It is unfortunate that nothing is now pre-
served which shows anything about the organization of
this congregation, and it is only in later years that we find
anything authentic concerning it. From the records of
Rev. John Caspar Stoever we get the names of a number
of the early members of the Monocacy congregation, as
on his numerous visits to that section of the country he
baptized the children of those attached to the congrega-
tion. Thus, in 1734, four children of John Jacob
Mattheis were baptized. In 1735 we find the names of
Heinrich Sinn and Michael Reusner; in 1736, John and
Balthasar Fauth, Matthias Roessell, Johannes Mittag,
George Lathy, John Jacob Hoof, Adam Baker and Henry
Prey; in 1737, John George Geiger and George Henckel;
In 1738, Heinrich Fortunee, Joseph Mayhew, Valentine
Mueller, Philip Ernst Grueber and George Spengel; in
1739, Wilhelm Dorn and Bernhardt Weinmer; in 1740,
John George Beer, Herman Hartman and Michael
Schauffle; in 1741, Jacob Verdriess and Jeremias Ellradt,
and in 1742 Peter Apfel. Other names of persons con-
nected with the Monocacy congregation at that period are :
Traut, Baum, Habach, Berg, Hutzel, Schweinhardt,
Schaefer, Schaub, Lein, Teufersbiss, Banckauf, Bruschel,
Bronner, Lehnick, Kuntz, Gump, Lutz, Lay, Schreyer,
Bischoff, Wetzel, Beyer, Rausch, Boltz, Ort, Kleeman,
Geyer, Rudisiel, Mausser and Kauth.
The chief sources of information concerning the early
history of the old church at Monocacy are the writings of
94 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
Rev. Michael Schlatter and Rev. Henry Melchior Muhlen-
berg, both of whom paid visits to the congregation. Mr.
Schlatter was the first to visit Monocacy. He had been
sent to America by the authorities of the German Re-
formed church in Holland as a missionary to the congre-
gations scattered through Pennsylvania and Maryland.
He arrived in Philadelphia in the autumn of 1746 and
made numerous journeys to the outlying settlements,
organizing congregations where there were none and
assisting in whatever way he could those already organ-
ized. Early the next spring he started on a visit to the
Maryland settlements. "On the 29th of April," he
says,^* " amid earnest prayers that the presence of God
might go with me, I undertook a great journey to Mono-
cacy and other places in Maryland, with a view also of
visiting the congregations on the borders of the Susque-
hanna, having before given notice to each congregation of
the time when I expected to be with them. On the first
day, I got as far as Lancaster, and the following day I
reached the Susquehanna, a distance of seventy-three miles.
This is the largest stream in the English colonies, which,
like all other streams, has received its name from the
Indians and until now has retained it. In like manner,
also, do the regions of country receive their names from
the streams which flow through them. Hence if, in what
follows, I shall mention any places not referred to before,
it must be remembered that then I have passed over some
larger or smaller stream, a matter which is frequently not
accomplished without great danger. At least, when I
crossed the Susquehanna it was greatly swollen, so that I
crossed it with twelve men at the oars of the boat, and
8* " The Life of Rev. Michael Schlatter," by Rev. H. Harbaugh, A.M.,
p. 152.
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 95
then only reached the opposite shores amid dangers which
threatened my life, the river being, at that time, about
two miles wide."
He reached York on May 2 and held services there and
then went on to Conewago, in Adams county, where he
also held services. He then goes on to say: "On the 6th,
I journeyed forty miles farther to Monocacy, where, on
the following day, I held preparatory service to the Holy
Communion, and baptized twenty-six children, and, on the
8th, administered the most excellent Supper of the Lord,
with peculiar interest and much edification, to eighty-six
members. After divine service was ended, I read my
instructions to the people. The congregation, anxious
after spiritual food, listened with tears of joy and with
gratitude to God, and forty-nine heads of families offered
to raise, for the support of a minister, in money and grain,
the amount of forty pounds, equal to 266 Dutch guilders.
If this congregation were united with another called
Connogocheague, lying thirty miles distant, these two
would be able to sustain a minister. Farther, I must say
of this congregation, that it appears to me to be one of
the purest in the whole country, and one in which I have
found the most traces of the true fear of God; one that is
free from the sects, of which, in other places, the country
is filled. For, on 7000 acres of land in that neighborhood
there were none but such as are of the German Reformed
faith."
Just seven weeks after Mr. Schlatter's visit to Mono-
cacy Mr. Muhlenberg arrived there. He had been met
at Conewago (now Hanover) by two men from the Mono-
cacy settlement and the three men starting out in a pouring
rain, " were compelled to ride all night through the wilder-
ness with the rain pouring down and the poor horses up to
g6 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
their knees in water and mire." In this manner the journey
of thirty-six miles was accomplished and Monocacy was
reached in the morning. He found the Lutheran con-
gregation divided into factions, through the efforts of
Moravian missionaries and of men who, while posing as
Lutheran ministers, were secretly trying to transfer control
of the congregation to the Moravians. Mr. Muhlenberg
called the congregation together and, as he says :
Before we began the service I had them give me the church book,
and I wrote in it, in the English language, several articles, among
others that our German Lutherans confess the holy Word of God
in the prophetic and apostolic Scriptures, and besides the Augsburg
Confession the other symbolical books; and, where it can be done,
they have the sacraments administered to them by regularly called
and ordained ministers, and, according to their rules, do not allow
open, gross, and persistent oifenders against the Ten Command-
ments and the civil laws to be regarded as members, etc. This I
read publicly to the congregation, and explained it in German, and
added that he who would be and would remain such a Lutheran
should subscribe his name.
This book in which Mr. Muhlenberg wrote the articles
for the government of the Lutheran church at Monocacy
is now in the possession of the Lutheran church at Fred-
erick. The articles, with the names signed to them are as
follows :
Whereas we the Subscribers, enjoy the inestimable liberty of
Conscience under the powerfuU Protection of our most Gracious
Sovereign King George the Second and His Representatives our
gracious Superiour of this Province, and have used this blessed
liberty since our first settling Here at Manakasy till this day in
Worshipping God Allmighty according to the protestant Lutheran
persuasion, grounded in the old and New Testament and in the
THE PENNSYLVANIA-GERMAN SOCIETY.
^4 c. /ci(.
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/ - /■ // /C?' ^,/, ■ '""/Jf"^ 0n^aa ^,.~//^//! O^^ xv3
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%
PAGE 1.— RULES FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF THE MONOCACY LUTHERAN CHURCH.
WRITTEN BY REV. HENRY MELCHIOR MUHLENBERG.
THE PENNSYLVANIA-GERMAN SOCIETY.
- ,^7^^^^ /\Z- r/li^^l^t-/^ /PjenA.-^LT^ a^'ci'-^ fl.^At<^^^^Jie^
,■«».- Wk ■ -•;■ «.
ir-.A:
5^
PAGE 2— RULES FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF THE MONOCACY LUTHERAN CHURCH.
WRITTEN BY REV. HENRY MELCHIOR MUHLENBERG.
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 97
invariata Augustana Confessione ceterisq. libris Symbolicis; We will
therefore endeavour to pray for our Most Gracious Sovereign and
all that are in Authority, that we may lead a peaceable and quiet
life in all Godliness and Honesty.
And whereas we are Several times disturbed by pretended Min-
isters that Style themselves Lutherans, but can not produce any
lawfuU Certificate or Credentials of their Vocation Ordination of
a lawfull Consistory or Ministry, and cause Strife, Quarrels and
Disputations among the Congregations, We the Subscribers, the
Church Wardens and members of the protestant Lutheran Con-
gregation, erect and constitute and agree and bind ourselves to the
following Articals imprimis
1. The Church we have erected and built at Manakasy and used
hitherto shall stand and remain and be for the worship of our
protestant Lutheran Religion according to our Confession, and
oeconomie as long the blessed acts of Tolerance and of our liberty
stand forever. And the Reformed Congregation shall have liberty
for their lawfull minister.
2. No Minister shall be admitted and permitted to preach or
administer the holy ordinances in our Church without a lawfull
Call and Certificate of His lawfull Lutheran ordination and Ex-
amination by a Lutheran Consistory or Ministry, and without
Consent of the Church Wardens.
3. Every Year shall be chosen four or more blameless Members
of our Congregation for Church Wardens, and they shall be
chosen per plurima vota.
4. The Church Wardens shall hold and preserve the Key of the
Church, the Vessels and Ornaments that belong to the Church and
Congregation and deliver every piece in time of Worship or when
Necessity requireth it.
5. Two of the Church Wardens shall keep an exact account of
the alms and be ready to lay at the end of the Year the Reckoning
before the rest of the Church Wardens and the Congregation.
6. Whenever a Member or Church Warden of our Congrega-
tion should turn to an other persuasion, or lead a notorious sinful!
7*
98
The Pennsylvania-German Society.
life against the ten Commendments or against the Constitutions
and laws of our most Gracious Superiours, He or they shall not be
accounted for a Member of our Congregation but be excluded. To
this before mentioned Articals, which only tend to promote peace
and Quietness we set our Hands this 24 day of June 1747, in the
21 year of the Reign of our most Gracious Sovereign King George
the Second, whom the Lord preserve.
Hans Georg Lay
Johannes Kritzman
Johan Michal Romer
Georg Michal Hoffman
Peter Apfel
Henry Sechs
Jacob HofE
Martin Wetzel
Georg Schweinhardt
Georg Hiitzel
Gabriel Schweinhard
Fillip Kiintz
Ludwig Weltner
Johannes Schmidt
Johannes Verdries
Martin Wetzel
Michell Reisner Johan Michal Romer I Church
Heinrich Sechs Georg Michal Hoffman j Wardens
Dieder Lehny
Johannes Stolmeyer
Johan Sechs
Hans Sigfried Guy
Valentine Verdries
Hans Georg Soldner
Johan Christoph Schmidt
Johannes Vogler
John Davis
Friedreich Verdries
Martin Wetzel Junior
Nicolaus Wetzel
Friedreich Willhaut
Georg Honig
Jerg Kolz
Johannes Schmidt
Accompanying these articles is a subscription list^^ to
which Is signed the following additional names :
Fredreich Sinn,
Adam Stoll,
Mateus Kesszele,
Adam Spach,
Baltzer Pfaut,
Jacob Mateus,
Jacob Bene,
Conradt Kiinz,
Joh. Battel Meyer,
Joh. Georg Gotz,
Joh. Georg Gump,
Jacob Faut.
«' Nahmcn der Persohnen welche zu Erkauftung und Einschreibung
dieses Kirchen buchs mit Noch werraogen beigetragen haben.
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 99
But in spite of the efforts of Mr. Muhlenberg there
continued to be more or less discord among the members,
and the congregation did not prosper, and about the time
that Rev. Bernard Michael Hauseal became pastor of the
Lutheran church at Frederick, in 1753, the Monocacy
congregation was absorbed by the former. This absorp-
tion was the final act which led to the decadence and disap-
pearance from the map of the village of Monocacy. The
Lutheran congregation at Fredericic, which was virtually
the successor of the one at Monocacy, was organized about
1735, the exact date not being on record. Among the
early members of the congregation were the families of
Unsult, Bechtel, Schley, Culler, Angelberger and Metzger.
For many years there was no regular pastor, services being
conducted at intervals by the ministers stationed at the
Lutheran church at Hanover, Pa. In 1753 Rev. Bernard
Michael Hauseal became the pastor of the congregation
and remained until 1758. From 1763 to 1768 Rev. John
William Samuel Schwerdtfeger was pastor, and he was
followed by Rev. John Christopher Hartwick. Other
ministers connected with the church were Rev. John
Andrew Krug, 177 1; Rev. John Frederick Wildbahn,
1796; Rev. Frederick Moeller, 1799. The first church
was a wooden one, built in 174 1-6, which was replaced by
a stone one, 1754-60. Among the members of the con-
gregation in 1777 were John George Lay, John Michael
Roemer, George Michael Hoffman, Peter Apple and
Henry Six, all of whom had been members of the original
congregation at Monocacy. The services were conducted
in German until 18 10.
The German Reformed congregation at Frederick was
organized before 1740. When Rev. Michael Schlatter
visited the place in 1748 he found a congregation of con-
icx) The Pennsylvania-German Society.
slderable size, although there was no regular pastor. He
preached In a new and unfinished church and administered
communion to ninety-seven persons. Rev. Theodore
Frankenfeld became the regular minister in 1753. He
was succeeded, in 1756, by Rev. John Conrad Steiner.
Other pastors of the congregation were: 1760, Rev. Philip
William Otterbeln; 1766, Rev. Charles Lange; 1768,
Rev. Frederick L. Henop; 1784, Rev. John Runkel, who
retired in 1801.
One of the historic churches in western Maryland was
the old Lutheran church near Sharpsburg. This section
was settled about the middle of the eighteenth century.
The church was built on ground donated by Col. Joseph
Chapline, who laid out the town of Sharpsburg. The deed
for this property is recorded in Liber L, Folio 179, of the
records of Frederick county, and is as follows :
At the request of Dr. Christopher Cruss the following Deed
was recorded the i6th day of March 1768.
This Indenture made this 5th day of March, One Thousand
Seven Hundred and Sixty Eight, between Col. Joseph Chapline of
Frederick County and Province of Maryland of the one part, and
Dr. Christopher Cruss, Matthias Need, Nicholas Sam and William
Hawker, Vestrymen and Church Wardens of the Lutheran Church
in the Town of Sharpsburg, in the County aforesaid, of the other
part.
Witnesseth that the said Col. Joseph Chapline, for and in con-
sideration of the religious regard which he hath and beareth to the
said Lutheran Church as also for the better support and main-
tenance of the said Church, hath given, granted, aliened, enfeoffed
and confirmed, and by these presents doth give, grant, bargain,
alien, enfeoff and confirm unto the said Dr. Christopher Cruss,
Mathias Need, Nicholas Sam and William Hawker, Vestrymen
and Church Wardens and their successors, members of the above
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. loi
Church, for the use of the Congregation that do resort thereto,
One Lot or portion of ground, No. 149, containing One hundred
and fifty-four feet in breadth and Two hundred and six feet, more
or less, in length, with all profits advantages and appurtenances to
the said Lot or portion of ground belonging or appertaining. To have
and to hold to them the said Dr. Christopher Cruss, Mathias Need,
Nicholas Sam and William Hawker, Vestrymen and Church
Wardens, and to their successors forever, to them and their own
use, and to no other use, intent or purpose whatsoever forever
yielding and paying unto the said Col. Joseph Chapline, his heirs
and assigns, One Pepper Corn, if demanded, on the ninth day of
July One Thousand Seven Hundred and Sixty Eight, and yearly
hereafter, and the said Col. Joseph Chapline for himself and his
heirs doth covenant and agree to and with them the said Dr.
Christopher Cruss, Matthias Need, Nicholas Sam and William
Hawker, Vestrymen and Church Wardens and their successors,
that them and they shall and may have, hold, and peaceably enjoy
and possess the said Lot or portion of ground and other the
premises, yielding and paying the rent aforesaid hereinbefore re-
served and any rent that may grow due to the Lord Proprietary
freely and absolutely, but with this reserve, that if the above
named Dr. Christopher Cruss, Matthias Need, Nicholas Sam and
William Hawker, Vestrymen and Church Wardens, do not build
or cause to be built on said Lot in the term of seven years then the
above lot to revert to Col. Joseph Chapline his heirs and assigns.
A log church was erected, thirty-three by thirty-eight
feet in size. A bell, which was said to be a very old one,
was swung from a pole on the outside. Later a cupola was
built on the church and the bell was placed in it. The
interior of the church was arranged, as nearly all of the
old churches were, with a very high pulpit, reached by
nearly a dozen steps. Over the pulpit was an umbrella-
shaped sounding-board. There was an elevated platform
for the elders and deacons, while the congregation sat in
I02 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
pews with very high backs. In 1849 <^he outside of the
building was rough-casted. During the battle of Antietam,
in September, 1862, the church was used as a hospital, but
as it was in the line of fire from the cannon it was so much
damaged as to be unfit for further use, and shortly after
the war it was torn down. The early records of the
church are all lost: probably destroyed during the war,
so that nothing is known of its early history. Among the
families connected with this church at an early date were
those of Roullett, Hovermale, Funk, Nead, Rohrback,
Gardenour, Sheeler and Harman.
The Germans did not settle in Baltimore in any con-
siderable number at a very early date, the greater number
of that nationality going to the rich farming lands in the
western part of the colony, yet it is evident that shortly
after the middle of the eighteenth century there was quite
a number of them there, sufficient to organize two con-
gregations: one Lutheran and the other German Re-
formed. The exact date when these congregations were
organized is not known, but it could not have been very
long after 1750. In the early records of the first Lutheran
congregation in the city is found the statement that "up
to the year 1758 both Lutherans and German Reformed
worshipped together, and great friendship and harmony
prevailed. In that year they resolved to erect a house of
worship in common, as each party was too weak to build
one alone; and it was at the same time determined that a
pastor should be called by either church, as might best
suit."^" At first there was no regular minister attached to
the congregation, services being held at intervals as the
presence of a minister would permit. According to
Scharf, Rev. J. S. Gerock was the regular minister in
88 Scharf's " Chronicles of Baltimore," p. 40.
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 103
1758, but this is evidently a mistake, as at that time Mr.
Gerock was pastor of the Lutheran church at Lancaster,
Pa., where he continued until 1767, when he removed to
New York city.^'^ It is probable that he occasionally
visited the church in Baltimore. In 1773 among those
connected with this church were the families of Linden-
berger, Wershler, Hartwig, Hoecke, Rock, Grasmuck,
Levely, Barnitz and Dr. Wiesenthall. In 1758 a lottery
was conducted to raise funds, with which the new church
was erected.
The first German Reformed congregation in Baltimore
was organized about the same time as the first Lutheran
one. According to a record in one of the books of this
congregation, dated January 25, 1769, "the first minister
of this congregation was John Christian Faber, bom in
Mosback on the Neckar, in the Pfaltz, in Europe. His
father was a preacher at Gimmeldingen on the river
Haardt. May the blessing of God attend this enterprise,
and may the church increase and flourish." Mr. Faber
was pastor of this congregation for about fourteen years,
but his pastorate was far from being a harmonious one.
Concerning Mr. Faber, Dr. Ruetenik says:®^ "He proved
cold and tedious in the pulpit, and his conversation under
the pulpit was devoid of salt — entertaining rather than
elevating." For this reason some of the members of the
congregation wanted a younger and more warm-hearted
minister, and advocated the claims of Rev. Benedict
Schwob, or Swope. This resulted in a division in the con-
gregation and a second one was formed in 1770 under the
leadership of Mr. Swope. Dissensions continued between
^'' Schraauk. " The Lutheran Church in Pennsylvania," in Proc. and
Add. of the Pennsylvania-German Societj', Vol. XI., p. 349.
*8 " The Pioneers of the Reformed Church in the United States," p. 97.
104 ^^^ Pennsylvania-German Society.
the two congregations, and in 1774 Mr. Swope retired and
was succeeded by Rev. Philip William Otterbein, who
remained in charge of the congregation until his death
in 1813.
In the first church Mr. Faber was succeeded by Rev.
George Frederick Wallauer, and he by Rev. Charles
Louis Boehme. One of the old books of the church
records that "after some time Mr. Boehme got into
trouble and at a meeting of the Rev. Synod held at Read-
ing, Pa., in 1782, he was dismissed from the ministry.
At the same time liberty was given to call another minister,
and they called Rev. Nicholas Pomp, who delivered his
first sermon on the first Sunday in September, 1783. At
this period Jacob Coberts, Frederick Meyer, Jacob Meyer
and Henry Zorah were the elders of the church; and
Philip Cruslus, Andrew Granget, and Philip Miller, the
deacons."^^
One of the early congregations established by the
Lutherans was the one at Middletown, where a church
was erected about 1755. Among the pastors of this con-
gregation were Rev. Frederick Gerresheim, in 1779; Rev.
John Andrew Krug, Rev. Jacob Goering, Rev. John
George Schmucker, and Rev. Johan George Graeber, who
was pastor in 1796.
The Rocky Hill church, near Woodsborough, was built
in 1768. It was a two-story log building and was occu-
pied by the Lutherans, German Reformed and Presby-
terians. Until 1830 preaching was in the German lan-
guage. "Apple's Church" was built near Mechanicstown
about 1765 by the Lutherans and German Reformed.
Among the first Reformed ministers of this church were
Rev. Jonathan Rahauser and Rev. Mr. Bassler. At a
** Scharf, " Chronicles of Baltimore," p. 42.
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 105
much later period the congregation was served by Revs.
S. R. Fisher and E. E. Higbee. One of the Lutheran
ministers who was pastor of this congregation was Rev.
Reuben Weiser.
St. John's Lutheran church in Hagerstown was organ-
ized in 1770. Its constitution was signed by sixty mem-
bers. Its first pastor was Rev. J. F. Wildbahn. From
1773 to 1793 Rev. John George Young was the pastor,
and he was succeeded by Rev. Dr. J. G. Schmucker. In
179 1 a lottery was held to raise money for the church.
The trustees and managers for the lottery were Peter
Hoeflich, Henry Shryock, Peter Woltz, Baltzer Woltz,
David Harry, Jacob Harry, William Lee, John Lee,
Rezin Davis, Alexander Clagett, Nathaniel Rochester,
Henry Schnebly, William Reynolds, Melchior Beltz-
hoover, John Geiger, John Protzman, Adam Ott, Michael
Kapp, George Woltz, John Ragan, Abraham Leider,
Robert Hughes, Henry Schroder, Henry Eckert, William
Van Lear, Jacob Miller, Frederick Stempel, Peter White-
sides, Andrew Kleinsmith, Philip Entlen and John Ney.
Rev. Jacob Weyman became the pastor of the German
Reformed church in Hagerstown in 1770 and remained in
charge until 1790. Among the members of the first con-
gregation were William Baker, William Heyser, Philip
Osten, Peter Wagner, Jacob Hauser, Jonathan Hager,
Ernst Baker, Yost Weygand, Esau Gnadig, Johannes
Karr, Frantz Greilich, Herman Greilich, Andreas Link,
Eustagines Jung, Wilhelm Conrath, Heinrich Doutweiler,
Jacob Fischer, Johannes Steincyfer, Frantz Wagner,
Ernst Dietz, Rudolph Bly, Johannes Oster, Michael
Eberhart, Matthias Saylor, George Herdic, George Cam-
pert, Johannes Nicholas Schister, Johannes Frey, Peter
Diller, George Frey, Conrad Eichelberger, Philip Klein,
io6 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
and Ernst Kremer. In 1774 the congregation erected a
substantial church building, and it was during the erection
of this structure that Jonathan Hager, the founder of
Hagerstown, was killed by a heavy timber falling on him.
One of the first Lutheran Churches in what is now
Washington county, Maryland, was the Antietam church,
situated on Antietam creek, about four miles from Hagers-
town. Rev. John G. Young, writing in 1786, says that
this church was built in 1756, but the will of Robert
Downing, who owned the land on which it was built,
speaks of the church as being in existence at the time the
will was made, in 1754. Mr. Young says: "About thir-
teen families of our church united, purchased ten acres
of land, and built a sort of church, as their circumstances
allowed." Rev. Bernard Michael Hauseal, of the Fred-
erick congregation, was the first minister to hold services
at this church. For a short time Rev. J. W. S. Schwerdt-
feger conducted services there, and when Rev. J. G. Young
became pastor of the Hagerstown church, in 1773, he
held services at the Antietam church every four weeks.
This he continued to do until 1785. At that time the
congregation consisted of from fifty-five to sixty families.
There were a number of Brethren located in that section
at an early date. Dr. Martin G. Brumbaugh says : " The
Antietam church was organized in 1752. William Stover
was the first elder. His parents were not members. He
was born about 1725 and died in 1795. He was assisted
in the ministry for some time by George Adam Martin
and was succeeded by his son Daniel Stover, who died
October, 1822. This church extended over a large terri-
tory and was a midway point for emigration from eastern
Pennsylvania to Virginia and the west. This church was
located in the famous Conococheague country. It was the
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 107
scene of many Indian depredations during the French and
Indian Wars and during the Revolution. The early mem-
bers suffered greatly, and some were ruthlessly murdered.
There was no meeting-house for the congregation until
1798, when Price's Church was erected. "^*^
'0" History of the Brethren," p. 512.
DUTCH OVEN.
CHAPTER X.
Education, Redemptioners, Servitude.
M
HEN the German emi-
grants began to ar-
rive in this country, and more
particularly in Pennsylvania,
in large numbers and it be-
came apparent that unless the
influx was checked the Ger-
man settlers would soon out-
number the English, the lat-
ter in no uncertain terms
voiced their objection to al-
lowing the Germans to come
in unlimited numbers, and
found all sorts of reasons for this objection. One of the
chief reasons advanced on all sides was the statement that
the Germans were a rude, ignorant and uneducated class
of people. This objection was frequently urged, and from
that day to this it has been the custom for those who
should know better to speak of the Pennsylvania-German
settlers as illiterate and uneducated. No doubt this was,
in some degree, due to the fact that the settlers did not,
as a rule, learn to speak the English language, but ad-
io8
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 109
hered to the use of their own language as well as to their
manners and customs. But in point of education, as that
term is generally understood, it is very probable that
among the German settlers there was as large a percentage
of educated people as among those speaking the English
language, if, indeed, the percentage was not greater.
At the period when the colony of Maryland was founded
it was not considered necessary for everyone to be edu-
cated and a very large proportion of the population, even
among the well-to-do, were not able to write. This is
plainly shown by the number of people who were com-
pelled to make their marks in signing legal papers.
Among the "gentlemen adventurers" who came over in
Lord Baltimore's first colony were many who came within
this category, and it was no unusual thing to find that
some of the servants brought over had considerably more
of an education than their principals. Indeed, it was quite
customary to bring over among the servants some who
were able to act as scrivener and letter-writer. The matter
of securing an education was considered of minor impor-
tance, and if it was thought necessary with some of the
younger generation, they were sent back to England for
the purpose of securing it; but what they considered an
education to be obtained in this way, was not so much a
knowledge of the liberal arts as it was of the manners and
customs of polite society, to be gained through visiting in
the families of their English relatives.
This being the case, there was little interest taken in the
matter of establishing schools, and it was many years
before there were any schools. There were a number of
causes which militated against the establishment of schools,
but outside of the lack of interest and the absence of a feel-
ing of necessity for an education, the chief cause was the
I lo The Pennsylvania-German Society.
scattered condition of the population. The raising of
tobacco was the chief occupation, and of necessity the
settlers were scattered over a wide extent of territory.
There was, in the early history of the colony, little to fear
from the Indians, owing to the founder's pacific treatment
of them, so that there was no occasion for the settlers to
gather together in groups for protection, and towns and
villages were unknown. So much so was this the case that,
as one writer has pointed out,'^^ if Maryland had had a
law similar to the Massachusetts law of 1647, which pro-
vided that every township of fifty householders should
appoint some one " to teach all such children as shall resort
to him to write and read," it would not have required the
establishment of a single school, as there was no portion
of the province thickly enough settled to have fifty house-
holders in an area equal to a New England township.
The earliest effort to establish an educational institution
was made in 1671, but the bill was amended by the lower
house of the assembly, which had a Protestant majority,
in such a manner as to render it distasteful to the Roman
Catholic upper house, and further consideration of it was
dropped. At frequent intervals other attempts were made
to found a system of schools, but they were generally un-
successful. There were a number of reasons for this lack
of success. In the first place, the country was so sparsely
settled that there was no locality in which a central point
could be selected for a school which would be convenient
of access for the children of the settlers. Then, too, as a
rule, the schools, if they were established, would be chiefly
for the children of the poorer class of settlers, for those of
means usually had their children taught by private teach-
ers, although it must be said that there was not much inter-
'1 Sellers, " History of Education in Maryland," p. r6.
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 1 1 1
est taken in the matter of education and very many of
the wealthier class of settlers had very little education,
even some of the judges being unable to write their names.
But the chief difficulty in the matter of providing schools
was the impossibility of finding suitable teachers. As a
rule the men who were secured as teachers were dissolute
and intemperate individuals who were unable or unwilling
to attempt to make a living in any other occupation.
Large landowners who brought over servants frequently
secured one who was competent to act as teacher for the
younger members of the family. In this way the questions
of education and servitude are, in a measure, related to
each other. Sometimes a ne'er-do-well son of a wealthy
English family was sent to the colony to get rid of him,
rather than with an expectation of his bettering himself,
and such an one frequently acted as teacher. There were
instances, too, where convicts who had been transported
to the colony were employed as teachers. In 1745 the
officers of the school in Talbot county offered a reward of
£5 currency for the capture of their Irish schoolmaster,
who had run away with two geldings and a negro slave.
In 1696 a law was passed providing for the erection of
a school in each county, but by 17 17 but one had been
erected, at Annapolis. Every few years a new law was
passed providing for the erection of schools, but from one
cause or another they proved abortive, and as late as
March 21, 1754, a writer in the Maryland Gazette com-
plained of the amount of money that was every year being
sent to the neighboring province of Pennsylvania for edu-
cational purposes. " On inquiry," he says, " it has been
found that there are at least 100 Marylanders in the
academy at Philadelphia, and it is experimentally known
that the annual charges for clothes, schooling, board, etc.,
112 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
amount (at least) to £75 Maryland currency, £50 sterling,
for each youth sent thither — that is, to be genteelly and
liberally educated. Hence it is evident that if this practice
continues but twenty years (at the moderate computation
of £5,000 sterling per annum) there must be remitted
from Maryland for the benefit of the Pennsylvanians the
round plumb or sum of £100,000 sterling. Besides this,
'tis well known that vast sums are every year transmitted
to France, etc., for the education of our young gentlemen of
the popish persuasion, etc. Though perhaps superior poli-
tics, interest and influence may render the saving the money
in the latter case (entirely lost to the province) impracti-
cable, yet certainly our Protestant patriots might contrive
ways and means for keeping within Maryland the cash
advanced (as aforesaid for the use of Pennsylvania), by
establishing a college on each shore, or one at Annapolis,
at which (if duly endowed and regulated by proper
statutes) our Protestant youth might be educated much
better, cheaper, and more conveniently accommodated, and
at the same time the cost expended would still circulate
within the province."
In 1763 Governor Sharpe wrote: "It is really to be
lamented that while such great things are being done for the
support of Colleges and Accademies in the Neighbouring
Colonies, there is not in this even one good Grammar
School. I should be glad if either by Donations or some
other Method the Fund or annual Income of our School
in this City could be augmented so as to enable us to give
such a Salary to a Master & Usher as would encourage
good & able Men to act in those Capacities. "^^
The matter of education was treated in a very different
manner by the German settlers. It was the usual custom
^2 Archives of Maryland, Vol. XIV., p. 115.
UJ
O <
z
i i
DC Q.
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 113
for a party of German emigrants starting out to form a
settlement to take with them a schoolmaster. One of the
first buildings erected was a schoolhouse, very often before
a church, and until the church building was provided the
schoolhouse was used for religious services. It was many
years before the different settlements and villages were
able to have a regular minister, and in the absence of a
pastor the religious services were usually conducted by the
schoolmaster. The latter was very often the most impor-
tant person in the settlement. He was usually well edu-
cated and generally he was the one to whom nearly every-
one went for advice on almost any matter. He was the
scrivener for drawing up legal papers or writing letters
for those who were unable to write, and generally being
an expert penman he was frequently called upon to draw
up marriage certificates or certificates of baptism, which
very often were executed in a very artistic manner. This
facility In using the pen was put to use in making Rewards
of Merit for the children in the school, usually comprising
pictures of flowers and birds, an example of which is
shown in one of the illustrations. These pen drawings
were colored with inks made from various vegetables. In
the original of the one illustrated the roses are colored
different shades of pink, the ribbon with which they are
tied is blue, and the eagle yellow. As a rule, though not
always, the schoolmaster was an elderly man and not un-
frequently, like Goldsmith's schoolmaster,
"A man severe he was, and stern to view;
I knew him well, and every truant knew:
Well had the boding tremblers learned to trace
The day's disasters in his morning face."
Sometimes in employing a schoolmaster the German
8*
114 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
settlers were deceived by an adventurer, for there was a
considerable number of unprincipled dissolute individuals
travelling about through the colonies seeking employment
wherever they could, sometimes even posing as ministers
and securing control of the churches; and as these men
were usually well educated they sometimes found employ-
ment as schoolmaster, though there were not very many
instances of this sort.
If the schoolmaster was unmarried and had no family
of his own he generally lived with the families whose chil-
dren came to his school. " Children were not merely sent
to school and their entire mental training left to the school-
master. Parents assisted their children in learning their
lessons at home, and when schools and schoolmasters were
wanting parents were the teachers of their children. . . .
The German ABC Book and Spelling Book were fre-
quently printed in this country, also Arithmetics, Readers,
including the New Testament, Psalter and other books.
The Catechism and Hymn-Book were also used In teach-
ing the young to read. In many homes children would
gather in the long winter evenings at the table at which
meals were served during the day, that parents might
assist them in learning their lessons."'''^
The best known of the early German schoolmasters of
Maryland was Thomas Schley, the progenitor of Admiral
Winfield Scott Schley, who. In 1735, settled In the locality
where ten years later the town of Frederick was laid out.
Mr. Schley is said to have built the first house in Fred-
erick. From all accounts of him he appears to have been
a man of considerable education, but his abilities were not
■^3 Rev. Dr. F. J. F. Schantz, " The Domestic Life and Characteristics of
the Pennsylvania-German Pioneer," in Proc. and Add. of the Pennsylvania-
German Society, Vol. X., p. 54.
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 115
confined to the teaching of the children, for he took an
active part in all the affairs of the settlement. Speaking
of him, Rev. Michael Schlatter says:'^* "It is a great ad-
vantage to this congregation Frederick that they have the
best schoolmaster that I have met in America. He spares
neither labor nor pains in instructing and edifying the
congregation according to his ability, and by means of
singing, and reading the word of God and printed sermons
on every Lord's day."
Another Pennsylvania-German schoolmaster who settled
in Maryland and took an active part in affairs was Ben-
jamin Spyker, Jr., a son of Peter Spyker, president judge
of the courts of Berks county, Pennsylvania. He was
born in Berks county in 1747 and was given an unusually
good education for those times. Shortly after reaching
his majority he went to Sharpsburg, Maryland, which had
been laid out about five years before, to become the school-
master of the German Reformed congregation of that
place. Steps were immediately taken to build a school-
house, and in 1769, by means of a lottery, the sum of six
hundred dollars was raised for this purpose and for com-
pleting the church. The managers for this lottery were
George Strecher, Christian Orndorff, Joseph Smith, Wil-
liam Good, Abraham Lingenfelder, John Stull, Michael
Fockler, George Dyson, and Benjamin Spyker.'^^ At the
outbreak of the Revolution Spyker raised a company and
served as captain in the Flying Camp and later in the
Maryland Line.
74 Harbaugh's " Life of Michael Schlatter," p. 177.
''^Maryland Gazette, June 8, 1769.
ii6 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
The first settlers of Maryland brought with them a
large number of servants, as according to the different
" Conditions of Plantation," the amount of land which a
settler was entitled to take up was determined by the num-
ber of servants he brought in. It has been estimated that
among the original emigrants the ratio of servants to free-
men was six to oneJ®
Later there were large numbers of Redemptioners, as
they were called, who came to the colony. These were
people whose services were sold to the settlers for a term
of years, in order to pay for their passage to the colony.
Some of the Redemptioners became so voluntarily in order
to obtain passage to the colony, but many were forced into
this involuntary servitude through misfortune or, as was
often the case, through the criminality of the captains and
owners of the ships which brought them to this country.
While the condition in which these people found them-
selves was one of servitude, they were, as a rule, not
treated badly, and many of them, when their term of
service was ended, became landowners themselves. For
many years, however, there were few Germans among the
Redemptioners who came to Maryland, for the reason
that very few German emigrants landed at Maryland
ports; but as the German settlers increased in numbers and
prospered and required additional help, it was no unusual
thing for them to obtain Redemptioners from Philadel-
phia. This was only natural, for it was at that port that
most of the Germans landed, and as the settlers naturally
desired those of their own nationality as servants, it was
necessary for them to go to that port to obtain them.
That there were a great many servants obtained in this
way is evident from the fact that in a record of Redemp-
'8 Johnson, "Foundations of Maryland," p. 173.
THE PENNSYLVANIA-GERMAN SOCIETY.
A SPINSTER OF THE OLDEN TIME.
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 117
doners bound out on their arrival at Philadelphia, cover-
ing a period of only two years/'^ twenty-two were sold to
residents of Maryland. This record is interesting as
showing the length of time these Redemptioners were to
serve, as well as the amount paid for their services. Their
names and the persons who secured their services are as
follows ;
October 8, 1771, William Harry, of " Hagars twp.,
Conecocheig, Md.," secured the services of Jacob Kreme-
wald for 3 years and 6 months for £22.8.7.
October 12, 177 1, George Burkhart, of Frederick,
Maryland, secured Johan Michael Smith and his wife for
3 years and 9 months at £39.9.1, and Rosina Trubb for
4 years and 6 months at £19.10.7.
October 16, 177 1, Baltzer Gole, of Hagar's-Town,
Frederick county, secured the services of Peter Drislaan
and his wife Elizabeth Barbara, for 5 years for £43.4.6.
According to the terms of the indenture they were to be
found all necessaries, and at the expiration were to have
one new suit of apparel, besides their old clothes.
The same day Nicholas Houer, of Frederick, obtained
the services of Johannes Kast and his wife, Rachel Bar-
bara, for 5 years, as servants, for £42.0.6.
October 29, 177 1, Michael Fockler, of Frederick,
secured Felix Meyer for 3 years for £16.11.6.
November 11, 177 1, Joseph Neide, of Bohemia Manor,
Cecil county, secured Christiana and Johannes Sappor, the
former for 5 years at £22, and the latter for 14 years, i
'''' " Record of Indentures of Individuals bound out as Apprentices,
Servants, etc., and of German and other Redemptioners, in the office of the
Mayor of the City of Philadelphia, October 3, 1771, to October 5, 1773," in
Proc. and Add. of the Pennsylvania-German Society, Vol. XV., p. 9 et seq.
ii8 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
month and 21 days at £23.10.10. It was also agreed that
Johannes should be taught to read in the Bible and write
a legible hand.
December 4, 1771, Michael Waggoner, of Pipe Creek
Hundred, Frederick county, obtained the services of
Michael Piltz and Barbara, his wife, for 3 years for £25 ;
Casper Piltz for 13 years for £10, and Rosina Barbara
Piltz for 7 years for £18.
December 11, 1771, Martin Rohrer, of Conecocheague,
Frederick county, obtained Peter Schleitz for 3 years and
6 months for £16.13, and Daniel Volks for 6 years for
£17.5.3. ^t the expiration of their terms of services each
was to receive, besides the usual two suits of wearing
apparel, an ax, a grubbing hoe, and a maul and wedges,
or 40 shillings in money.
December 17, 1771, John Innis, "near Conecocheig,
Frederick Town, Frederick co., Md.," obtained Johannes
Koch and Maria Eliza, his wife, for 4 years each, for
£40.16.6.
July 22, 1772, Jacob Kimberlin, Jr., of Elizabeth town-
ship, Frederick county, obtained Mary Matthews for 2
years at £10.0.0.
October 24, 1772, Jacob Bear, of Conecocheague,
Frederick county, obtained George Frederick Pindle for
II years for £14.0.0.
May 31, 1773, Benjamin Esteurn, of Kitochin Hun-
dred, Frederick county, obtained Catherine Manipenny as
a servant, for 5 shillings. No term was specified in this
case.
Negro slaves were owned in Maryland from a very
early period. The culture of tobacco required the services
of a large number of servants and this need was most
readily supplied through this source. As the German
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 119
settlers became more numerous and required more assist-
ance they naturally adopted the customs of their neighbors
and acquired negro slaves. Some of them had religious
scruples against slavery, but, as a rule, they followed the
custom of the country and continued owning slaves until,
at least, the early years of the nineteenth century, as
shown by the following advertisement in the Hagerstown
Herald of Friday, February 28, 1806, by the son of a
Pennsylvania-German who settled in Maryland at a very
early date :
TEN DOLLARS REWARD.
Ran away from the subscriber, living near the Big
Spring, about 12 miles from Hagerstown, in Wash-
ington county, Maryland, on Sunday, the i6th
inst. a Negro Woman named Dinah, about 5 feet
3 or 4 inches high, 23 or 24 years of age, squints
with the left eye; had on and took with her one
light calico gown, one blue and one dark; two
jackets, one blue and one light; a white petticoat,
two linsey jackets & two petticoats; two home made
shifts, one bonnet of lead colour trimmed with black,
and a new pair of shoes. Whoever takes up and
secures said runaway in any jail, shall have, if taken
up within 15 miles of home Five Dollars, and if a
greater distance the above reward, to which will be
added all reasonable charges if brought back.
Daniel Nead.
February 21, 1806.
It was not at all unusual for the Germans to free a
slave by giving him manumission papers, and much more
frequently they were freed by will, as was the case with
120
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Peter Hoeflich, one of the first settlers In Hagerstown,
whose will directed that " In relation to my negro man
Arnold, it is my will that he be emancipated in three years
from the ist day of May, A. D. eighteen hundred and
twenty-five, but he must make up all lost time during the
three years that is lost from my death until he becomes
free."
CHAPTER XI.
The Border Troubles.
"J^HE unfortunate contro-
^ versy between William
Penn and his heirs and the
Lords Baltimore over the
boundary between the colonies
of Maryland and Pennsylvania
had its foundation in the fact
that at the time the respective
charters were granted there
was no accurate map of the
country in existence. At the time the charter was Issued
to Lord Baltimore the territory It embraced was an un-
known and unexplored wilderness. At that time It was
not, relatively, of much importance to have the northern
boundary of the colony strictly defined, the question be-
coming a serious one only after William Penn had received
his charter, half a century later.
The map used in defining the boundary between the two
colonies was the one made by Captain John Smith, in
1606, and while this map was remarkably accurate, con-
sidering the difficulties under which It was made, yet it
was not absolutely so, particularly in the marking of the
121
122 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
various parallels of latitude; and It was this variation
which was the chief cause of trouble later on. The
charter granted to Lord Baltimore fixed the northern
boundary of his colony at the fortieth parallel of north
latitude, and the charter granted to Penn, fifty years later,
defined the same point as the southern boundary of his
demesne. Had this fortieth parallel been where It was
supposed to be, and where the maps of the period showed
It to be, there probably would have been no trouble. At
the same time, the wording of the Maryland charter Is
very far from being clear. According to It Maryland was
to extend "unto that part of the bay of Delaware on the
north, which lleth under the fortieth degree of north lati-
tude from the equinoctial." It will be noted that the
charter does not say that the province was to extend to
the fortieth parallel of north latitude, which was Lord
Baltimore's contention, but to the territory on Delaware
Bay "which lieth under the 40th degree." Now the
fortieth degree begins where the thirty-ninth ends: at the
thirty-ninth parallel of north latitude, so that a strict con-
struction of the letter of the charter would fix the northern
boundary of Maryland at the thirty-ninth parallel of north
latitude.
A great deal has been written on this controversy, most
of which Is so strongly tinctured with the partisan bias of
the writer, that it is difiicult to arrive at a correct under-
standing of the subject. It Is no doubt a fact that both
Penn and Baltimore honestly believed in the correctness
and justice of their respective claims; at the same time,
neither one can be absolved from the charge of Indulging
In sharp practices in their efforts to fortify those claims.
From the first settlement of the colony of Maryland
Lord Baltimore was more or less active in looking after
The Border Troubles. 123
his rights on the northern boundary of his colony, but the
question did not become acute until about the close of the
first quarter of the eighteenth century. Shortly after the
Dutch had captured the Swedish colony on the Delaware,
in 1659, the Maryland authorities sent Col. Nathaniel
Utie to notify Governor Alrichs, at New Amstel, that the
settlers on the Delaware must either acknowledge the
jurisdiction of Maryland over that colony or abandon the
settlement, threatening dire consequences in the event of
failure to comply with the notice. Col. Utie is said even
to have taken the trouble to serve similar notices on the
Individual settlers. However, the Dutch authorities, after
threatening to arrest Utie, paid little attention to the
notice and nothing came of it.
William Penn was hardly settled in the possession of
his colony when the same question came up. At a meeting
of the Provincial Council, on April 3, 1684, a letter was
received from Samuel Landis, High Sheriff of the County
of Newcastle. As the old record has it, " Samuel Lands'
Letter was read. Concerning Coll. Geo: Talbot's goeing
with three Musqueters to y® houses of Widdow Ogle,
Jonas Erskin & Andreis Tille, and tould them that if they
would not forthwith yield Obedience to y® Lord Balte-
more, & Own him to be their Propor, and pay rent to him,
he would Tourne them out of their houses and take their
Land from them."^^ This information caused consider-
able excitement, particularly as Sheriff Landis reported
that Jonas Askins had heard Col. Talbot say that if
William Penn himself should come into Maryland on his
way to Susquehanna Fort, he would seize him and retain
him, and Penn himself wrote out a com.mission to William
'8 Colonial Records of Pennsylvania, Vol. I., p. 113.
124 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
Welch, John Simcock and James Harrison to investigate
the matter and reportJ^ But outside of writing some
letters back and forth between the Pennsylvania and
Maryland authorities nothing was done.
Two years later, at a meeting of the Provincial Council,
on June 5, 1686, the record states that
" John White Informes this board that y® Marylanders have
Lately Reinforced their fort at Christina and y* they would not
suffer him to Cutt hay, but thrittend those he Imployed to do it
w**^ their gunns presented against them, and y*^ what hay they had
Cutt y® Mary Landers would not suffer them to Carry it away,
and if they did Cutt any more y® Marylanders sayd they would
throw it in to y® River. And further Informs that Majr English
a few Days past came in to y® County of New Castle with about
fourty armed horse men ; Left them at John Darby's whilst Majr
Inglish and a Mary Land Capt Came to New Castle, where John
White meeting him made Complaint to him of the abuses don
him by y^ Mary Landers at y® fort. Majr English tould him that
if Thou wilt say you Drunken Dogg, ned Inglish lett me Cutt
hay, I will give you Leave: Whereupon y® sd John White Re-
quested y® Councill's advice how he should behave himselfe in this
affaire. The Councill advised him to use no Violence, but bear
with patience, not Doubting but y® King will soon put an End
to all their hostile actions against his Collony."^"
The boundary between Maryland and Pennsylvania not
being clearly defined, and the authorities of both colonies
claiming jurisdiction over certain sections, It was but
natural that there should be frequent clashes and a gen-
erally unsettled condition of affairs. As both colonies de-
manded taxes from the settlers in the disputed territory the
latter scarcely knew what to do, although some of them
^* Pennsylvania Archives, First Series, Vol. I., p. 85.
80 Colonial Records, Vol. I., p. \%%\
The Border Troubles. 125
acknowledged allegiance to that province which seemed
most likely to further their own plans.
The lands lying to the west of the Susquehanna river
were among the most fertile to be found in either of the
two provinces and being, therefore, very desirable, every
opportunity was sought to gain access to and settle upon
them. When William Penn made his early treaties with
the Indians it was agreed that he should have the right
to take up lands in that section on either side of the
Susquehanna, but it was mutually understood that the lands
lying to the west of the Susquehanna should not be settled
until they had been formally purchased from the Indians.
There was no written agreement to this effect, at least none
has ever been found, but frequent references to it indicate
that it was in existence, at least verbally. The desirable
lands along the west bank of the Susquehanna within the
territory in dispute were eagerly desired, and It was in
connection with them that the chief trouble arose.
The controversy over the disputed territory became
prominent at an early date. At a meeting of the Provin-
cial Council of Pennsylvania, on February 15, 17 17,
" the Governr acquainted the Board that the Proprietors Com-
missioners of Property had lately Represented to him in Writing,
that certain persons from Maryland had, Under Colour of Rights
from that province, lately Survey'd out Lands not far from Con-
estogo, & near the thickest of our settlements to the Great Dis-
turbance of the Inhabitants there, and that for preventing the
Disorders which might arise from such Incroachments, they De-
sir'd that magistrates & proper officers should be appointed in those
parts in order to Prevent the like for the ffuture. The Governour
also imparted to the Board the Copy of a Letter which he had
wrote on this Occasion to Collo. Hart, Governour of Maryland,
and further added, that this Day the Secretary had shewn him a
126 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
Letter from Collo. ffrench, Informing of ffurther Designs of the
same kind, that the same persons from Maryland was Immediately
upon putting in Execucon; That hereupon he thought it neces-
sary fforthwith to Call the Council, as he now did, and Desired
their Advice what methods might be most proper to be taken in
the premises."*^
The members of the Council recognized the importance
of the matter and ordered that a commission be prepared
appointing Col. French ranger and keeper, with instruc-
tions to take such steps as might be agreed upon. It was
also decided to appoint magistrates for that section. But
the trouble was not to be so easily allayed. The settlers
from the south wanted those fertile lands and were de-
termined to have them, if it were possible.
It was not very difficult to prevent the Pennsylvania
settlers from crossing the Susquehanna and occupying
lands to the west of that river, but it was altogether dif-
ferent with those who came up from Maryland. The
authorities of the latter colony claimed jurisdiction over
the territory In dispute, and If they did not actually Issue
warrants for land in that section they at least made no
efforts to prevent the Maryland settlers from taking up
land in the territory which the Pennsylvania authorities
claimed to belong to that province. Although It had been
agreed between Penn and the Indians that no settlements
should be made to the west of the Susquehanna until the
land was actually purchased, the aggressive actions of the
Marylanders in taking up lands alarmed the Indians, who
complained to Governor Keith, of Pennsylvania, and the
latter, in the hope that further trouble might be avoided
by taking up the land, persuaded the Indians to allow a
81 Colonial Records of Pennsylvania, Vol. III., p. 37.
The Border Troubles. 127
large tract of land on the west bank of the Susquehanna to
be surveyed into a manor for the use of Sprlngett Penn,
and to be known at Springettsbury Manor. Writing to
the Pennsylvania Council from Conestoga on June 18,
1722, Governor Keith says:
"Finding the Indians, since I came last here, to be very much
alarmed with the noise of an intended survey from Mary Land,
upon the Banks of Sasquehannah, I held a Council with them at
Conestogoe, upon Tuesday & Saturday last, wherein I proposed
to them to Cause a large Tract of Land to be surveyed on the
Side of that River for the Proprietor, to begin from the Upper
Line of my new settlement six miles back, & extending downwards
upon the River as far as over against the mouth of Conestogoe
Creek.""
He went on to say that the Indians were pleased with
the proposition, and that having heard that the Mary-
landers proposed setting out for Pennsylvania on that day
he intended having the survey made at once. The land
was surveyed on June 19 and 20, 1722, but this action did
not have the efFect Intended, In keeping the colonists from
Maryland from settling on the land. In the following
year a number of people from Maryland took up land In
that locality, among them being Edward Parnell, Jeffrey
Summerfield, Michael Tanner and Paul Williams, who
settled near the Indian town of Conejohela. In 1728
these settlers were driven off by the Pennsylvania authori-
ties, and as no warrants for the land could be Issued, the
Proprietary land office having been closed from 17 18 to
1732, during the minorities of Thomas and Richard Penn,
and the land not having been purchased from the Indians,
Samuel Blunston, of Wright's Ferry, v/as authorized to
82 Ibid., p. 178.
128 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
issue licenses to settlers to take up land on the west of the
Susquehanna river. These licenses were promises to grant
the holders patents for the land they settled, and about
twelve thousand acres were taken up under these licenses,
and after the territory was purchased from the Indians, in
1736, the patents were signed by the Proprietary, Thomas
Penn, at Lancaster.^^
But even these proceedings could not keep back the
settlers from Maryland. In March, 1730, Thomas
Cresap received a grant from Maryland for the land from
which the Pennsylvanians had driven Parnell and others a
couple of years before, and settled upon it. With the
coming of Cresap the trouble among the settlers in the
disputed territory became more acute, and it was not very
long before it culminated in a condition of actual warfare
along the border. It is difficult at this day to form an
accurate opinion of the character of Cresap. According
to the Pennsylvanians he was a quarrelsome, lawless in-
dividual whose home was a rendezvous for criminals and
fugitives from justice and other disreputable characters,
who were banded together under the leadership of Cresap ;
while from the viewpoint of the Marylanders he was a
law-abiding citizen of that province who was continually
being interfered with in his efforts to develop the land
which had been granted to him. It is a pretty well estab-
lished fact, however, that either under an agreement with
Governor Ogle, of Maryland, or, at least, with the con-
nivance of the latter, Cresap made his advent and organ-
ized a body of followers numbering about fifty for the
express purpose of driving the settlers from the territory
along the west bank of the Susquehanna ; those settlers, at
least, who acknowledged the jurisdiction of Pennsylvania,
88 "History of Waynesboro," by Benjamin M. Nead, p. 25.
The Border Troubles. 129
and it is evident that whatever the character of Cresap may
have been he proposed to accomplish that end, no matter
what means might have to be employed. A campaign of
bluster was started and many of the settlers were ordered
to leave under threats of dire punishment in case they did
not heed the notice to leave.
A good idea of the state of affairs may be gathered
from a letter written to the Governor of Pennsylvania by
John Wright and Samuel Blunston, under date of October
30, 1732, in which they say:
" About two years Since, Thomas Cressop, and some other people
of Loose Morals and Turbulent Spirits, Came and disturbed the
Indians, our friends and Allies, who were peaceably Settled on
those Lands from whence the said Parnel and others had been
removed. Burnt their Cabbins, and destroyed their Goods, And
with much threatening and Ill-usage, drove them away; and by
pretending to be under the Maryland government (as they were
got far from their Laws, Sought to Evade ours). Thus they
proceeded to play booty. Disturbing the Peace of the Government,
Carrying people out of the Province by Violence, Taking away
the Guns from our friends, the Indians, Tying and making them
Prisoners, without any offence given; And threatening all who
should oppose them; And by Underhand and Unfair practices,
Endeavoring to Alienate the minds of the Inhabitants of this
Province, and Draw them (from Obedience) to their party.
Their Insolence Increasing, they Killed the horses of Such of our
people whose trade with the Indians made it Necessary to Keep
them on that Side of the river, for Carrying their Goods & Skins;
Assaulted those who were sent to look after them, and threatened
them Highly if they should Come there again. "^*
Among those who sought a refuge in Cresap's house
was Samuel Chance, a debtor of Edward Carthdge, an
8* Pennsylvania Archives, First Ser., Vol. I., p. 364.
9*
130 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
Indian trader. Cartlidge's son arranged to capture
Chance and bring him back. Cresap was operating a
ferry across the Susquehanna river and Chance was help-
ing him in running his boats. On one occasion, on the
last day of October, 1730, when Cresap and Chance were
called to the east side of the river, they found there a
party consisting of Edward Beddock, Rice Morgan, and a
negro belonging to Cartlidge. The party embarked in
the boat and when in mid-stream they attacked Cresap,
threw him overboard and rowed back to land with Chance.
Cresap succeeded in landing on an island in the river,
from which he was later taken by an Indian. He made
a report of this proceeding to the Governor of Maryland,
embodied in a deposition made before Benjamin Tasker,^^
in which he claimed that Chance was a debtor of hi« and
was working for him to discharge part of his indebtedness.
In sending this deposition to Governor Gordon, of Penn-
sylvania, the Governor of Maryland wrote that he had
been told by some Indians " that they were offered a good
reward by one Cartlidge, of Conestogoe, to drive Said
Cresap and his family off his land and bum his home."
Disturbances were continually breaking out, armed
parties coming up from Maryland and threatening the
settlers, and being met by armed posses of Pennsylvanians.
As a rule, these encounters were bloodless battles, although
not always was this the case. In the early part of 1734
John Emerson, a Lancaster lawyer who had been ap-
pointed ranger and keeper of Conestoga manor, went to
Cresap's house to arrest him. He took with him his
servant, Knowles Daunt, and five others. Cresap fired on
the party and Daunt received a wound from the effects
of which he died.
88 Ibid., p. 311.
The Border Troubles. 13 1
In July, 1735, Cresap came to the plantation of John
Wright with an armed party and announced that they had
come to fight, but his blustering attitude had little effect
upon Wright and the party retired without opening hostili-
ties. Shortly after this Governor Ogle, of Maryland,
ordered the militia of Baltimore and Harford counties,
under Colonels Rigsbe and Hall, to muster for the purpose
of going up into the disputed territory to distrain for the
Maryland levies which had been made among the inhabi-
tants of that region. Information to this effect having
reached the Lancaster county magistrates, they induced
Benjamin Chambers, of the Conococheague settlement
(now Chambersburg) , to go to the muster and learn all
he could concerning it. Colonel Chambers made the trip
and although he was at first regarded as a spy he was
finally allowed to depart, and hurrying to Donegal where
many of the settlers had gathered for a house-raising, he
reported the results of his investigations, and a large party
of armed men immediately left for Wright's ferry, where
they met the Marylanders, and the latter, considering
themselves overmatched, returned to Maryland.^^
In 1736, in a letter to the President and Council of
Pennsylvania, John Wright describes another invasion.
Under date of Tuesday, September 7th, he writes:
"After our Sheriff and People had waited some time in ex-
pectation of the Marylanders arrival, & were mostly Dispersed, on
Saturday night last, the Sheriff of Baltimore and the greater part
of their Military officers, with upwards of two Hundred Men,
arrived at Cressap's, and about noon on Saturdays came in Arms,
on horseback, with Beat of Drum and sound of Trumpet, to Hen-
dricks, their Sheriff, and several other Gentlemen, that afternoon,
at different times, came to John Wright, Jun., where about thirty
88 Pennsylvania Archives, First Ser., Vol. IV., p. 535.
132 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
of our People were Lodged, to Demand the Dutch who were some
of them in his house. Our sheriff sent them a written message,
desireing to know the Reason of their coming in that Hostile
manner, to threaten the peace of our Province, They Dated their
answer from John Hendricks, in Baltimore County. However,
Justice Guest, one of their Company, appointed ten o'clock the
next day to speak with some of our People; but about five that
evening, they left Hendricks with great Precipitation, and went
to Cressap's. Yesterday our Sheriff sent a written message that
he had orders to Command them peacably to Depart; But if
any of their Company would meet the Magistrates, and some other
Persons of our County, who were with him, and endeavour ami-
cably to settle those unhappy Differences at present subsisting in
these parts, they sho^ receive no Insults or 111 usage. To which
their sheriff return'd a Insolent and threatening answer in writing,
& much more by word of mouth. Soon after John Wilkins, one
of our Company, unknown to the rest, went down to Cressap's,
whom they took prisoner, upon pretence of his having been in a
former Riot, & sent under a Guard towards Maryland. Our
Magistrates sent them a Letter, to desire Wilkins might be suf-
fered to return home, which they refused to receive. 'Tis said
a messenger is sent down to their Governor, who is still waiting
in Baltimore County, and is expected up this day w*'* considerable
more force.
" Our Sheriff with about a hundred and fifty people, have been,
since Sunday evening, at John Wright's, Jun. No hostilitys have
as yet been Committed, except the taking of Wilkins; But they
have sent our People word this day to take care of their Buffs.
Had we arms & ammunition, of which we are almost Destitute,
we Judge, from the Disposition of our People, that we might come
of with Honour; But for want of them, they think it not safe
to wait upon such a number of armed men to the limits of our
promise; But to endeavor to Defend such of his Majesties peace-
able subjects, as are fled from their own Houses, and come to
them for Refuge. Sam^ Blunston came home from the other side
The Border Troubles. 133
the River in the night, last night, and Immediately return'd. He
desired this account might be sent to you; which for the want of
a better Hand to do it, I have very faithfully performed."^^
The Pennsylvania authorities finally came to the con-
clusion that matters had been allowed to drift long enough,
and decided to have Cresap arrested for the murder of
Knowles Daunt. A warrant, dated September 5, 1736,
was, therefore, issued by Jeremiah Langhorne and
Thomas Greeme, magistrates of Philadelphia.^^ This
was placed in the hands of Samuel Smith, sheriff of Lan-
caster county, and on the night of November 24, 1736,
with a posse of about thirty men, he surrounded Cresap's
house. Cresap's party at once opened fire on the posse
and In the fight one of the sheriff's party was wounded.
Finding that nothing could be accomplished In this way,
the sheriff ordered Cresap's house to be set on fire. This
was done, and when the fire had gained considerable head-
way the entire party rushed out, firing as they came. In
the confusion of their escape from the burning building,
Michael Relsner, one of Cresap's party, accidentally shot
and killed Lauchlan Malone, another of the party. As he
came from the house Cresap was overpowered, and with
several of his party was sent to Philadelphia, where he was
confined In jail. It Is said that when he was being taken
through the streets of Philadelphia he looked around and
said: "Why, this Is the finest city In the province of Mary-
land !"^^ He was confined In jail for over a year and
when finally released returned to Maryland and settled
at Antletam.
87 Pennsylvania Archives, Second Ser., Vol, VII., p. 213.
88 Pennsylvania Archives, First Ser., Vol. I., p. 489.
s'Scharf's "History of Western Maryland," Vol. I., p. 114.
134 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
About the same time the following communication was
sent to the Governor of Maryland :^*^
_, Lancaster County in Pensilvania
oir
The Oppression and ill Usage We have met with from the
Government of Maryland, or at least from such Persons who have
been empovuered thereby and their Proceedings connived at, has
been a Treatment (as We are well informed) very different from
that which the Tenants of your Government have generally met
with, which with many other cogent Reasons, give Us good Cause
to conclude the Governor and Magistrates of that Province do
not themselves believe Us to be settled within the real Bounds of
his Lordships Dominions, but we have been seduced & made Use
of, first by fair Promises, and afterwards by Threats and Punish-
ments to answer Purposes which are at present unjustifiable, and
will if pursued tend to Utter Ruin.
We therefore the Subscribers with many Others Our Neigh-
bours being become at last truly sensible of the Wrong we have
done the Proprietors of Pensilvania in settling on their Lands
without paying Obedience to their Government do resolve to re-
turn to our Duty and live under the Laws and Government of
Pensilvania, in which Province We believe Our selves seated.
To this We unanimously resolve to adhere 'till the Contrary
shall be determined by a legal Decision of the Disputed Bounds,
and Our honest and just Intention we desire may be communicated
to the Governor of Maryland or whom else it may concern.
Signed with Our Own hands this Eleventh day of August
Anno Dom. 1736.
Michael Tanner Jacob Welshoffer Charles Jones Nicholas Baun
Henry Lib Hart Henry Hendrix Jacob Lawnius
Martin Schultz Christian Crowler Francis Worley jun""
Tobias Fray Balthar Shambargier Jacob Seglaer his X mark
Martin Fray George Scobell Nicholas Birij Jacob Grable
Jacob Seglaer Philip Sanglaer Henry Stantz
Caspar Sanglaer Tobias Bright & al
»o Archives of Maryland, Vol. XXVIIL, p. 100.
The Border Troubles. 135
Two days later the following communication was sent
by the same persons and others to the Governor and
Council of Pennsylvania :^^
The Petition of most of the Inhabitants on the west side of the
Sasquehanna River, opposite to Hempfield, in the County of Lan-
caster, Humbly Sheweth, that your petitioners, two or three years
past, (Being many of us newly arrived in America,) and altogether
strangers to the Boundaries of the two Provinces of Pennsylvania
& Maryland, were, by many plausable pretences and fair promises,
persuaded to settle under the Government of the latter, supposing
from what we were then told, that these lands were within that
Province, And that the River Sasquehanna was the Division. But
after we were seated, finding the usage we received was very
different from that to the rest of the Government, and what small
substance we had, was made a pray to some persons impowered
by them. And th" we often made known our cause of complaint,
could have no redress, nor the promises, which had been first made
us, in the least Regarded. Being also lately told by some in
power there that we were worse than Negroes, for that we had no
Master, nor were under the protection of any laws, and since
informed by them, that the River Sasquehanna, could not be the
bounds, as we had been at first told, but that an East and West
Line would Divide the Provinces. And also, observing that the
People on the East side of said River, Inhabitants of Pennsylvania,
who live much more to the Southward than we Do, Enjoyed their
possessions peaceably, without any Disturbance or claim from the
Province of Maryland. We, from these reasons. Concluded we
had been imposed upon and Deluded, to answer some purposes of
the Government of Maryland, which are not justifiable, and
might, in the end, tend to our Ruin; and that we were not settled
within the true and Real bounds of that Province, as we had been
made to believe. And from a sense thereof, and of the wrong we
were doing to the Proprietors of Pennsylvania, in Living on their
*^ Pennsylvania Archives, Second Set., Vol. VII., p. 215.
136 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
Lands, (as we now conceive we are,) without paying the acknowl-
edgements due to them for the same, and in denying Obedience
to the Laws of your Government, Unanimously Resolved to Re-
turn to our Duty. Your Humble Petitioners, therefore, pray you
would Impute our late Errors to our want of better Information,
And would be pleased to Receive us under the Protection of your
Laws and Government. To which for the future we promise all
faithful obedience and submission and in Granting this our humble
Petition your petitioners as in Duty bound shall ever pray for
your Health and Prosperity. Signed with our own hands and
Dated the thirteenth day of August, one thousand seven hundred
and thirty-six.
The receipt of this paper, together with the knowledge
that a similar communication had been sent to the Presi-
dent and Council of Pennsylvania, angered the Maryland
authorities, and at a meeting of the Maryland Council,
held on October 21, 1736, it was put on record that the
Council had good reason to be assured that this action on
the part of the settlers in the disputed territory had been
Instigated and countenanced " by some who pretended to
be Magistrates and Residents of Pennsylvania." The
Council went on to say that such proceedings "may have
the most mischievous Consequences, not only to the Peace
of this Province, but also in the Example which may be
thereby given to any other of his Majestys Subjects dar-
ing to refuse Subjection to the Government in which they
live and reside. "^^ They, therefore, adopted a resolution
directing that a proclamation be Issued offering a reward
for the arrest of " all who have acted, countenanced or
abetted the Actors in any of the Matters aforesaid."
In accordance with this resolution, on October 21, 1736
Governor Ogle Issued a proclamation offering a reward of
»2 Archives of Maryland, Vol. XXVIIL, p. loi.
The Border Troubles. 137
one hundred pounds each for the arrest of Samuel
Blunston and John Wright, magistrates, Samuel Smith,
sheriff, and Edward Smoute; twenty pounds each for the
arrest of Michael Tanner, Christian Crowie, Mark Evans,
Charles Jones, the constable, and Joshua Minshall; and
ten pounds each for the arrest of the following persons:
Jacob Grabill, Jacob Seglaer, Conrad Lowe, Christian
Lowe, Jacob Seglaer, Jr., Michael Aringall, Philip
Seglaer, Dennis Myer, Hance Stanner, Tobias Spright,
Tobias Henricks, Leonard Immel, Balchar Sangar,
Michael Wallack, Michael Evat, Michael Miller, Jasper
Carvell, George Swope, George Philler, Nicholas
Butchlere, Andrew Phlavlere, Henry Stantz, Henry Lep-
hart, Peter Gartner, Jacob Lawnious, Nicholas Conn,
Conrad Strlcklaer, Henry Bowen, Francis Worley, Jun"".,
Martin Sluys, Jacob Hoopinder, Michael Raishlere,
Tobias Fry, Martin Fry, Henry Smith, Jacob Welshoffer,
Henry Henricks, Adam Byard, Godfrey Fry, Methusalem
Griffith, Bartholomew Shambarriere, Nicholas Hatchey,
Yorrick Cobell, Henry Young, Michael Waltz, Kelyon
Smith, Caspar Varglass, Martin Wyngall, Nicholas Peery,
Bryonex Tandre and Eurick Myer.
Michael Tanner, Joshua Minshall and Charles Jones
were arrested and confined In the jail at Annapolis.
In spite of these actions the disorder along the border
continued, and finally the matter was brought to the atten-
tion of the King, and by an order In council, dated August
18, 1737, the Governors of Maryland and Pennsylvania
were commanded to put a stop to the disorders and grant
no more warrants for land in the disputed territory until
the boundary question was settled. In 1738 an agreement
was made for the running of a provisional line between the
provinces which was not to interfere with the actual pos-
138 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
sessions of the settlers, but was merely to suspend all grants
in the disputed territory until the final settlement of the
boundary question.
This settled the border warfare, but some years later
another matter came up which, for a time, threatened to
drive a large number of the German settlers from western
Maryland. It was but natural that quite frequently some
of the settlers were not able to meet the payments of quit-
rents as they fell due and at length it became the custom to
turn these claims over to the sheriffs for collection, and
these officers frequently added such an exorbitant amount
as commissions and penalties, that it finally became a ques-
tion whether many of the Germans would remain in the
province. The matter was brought before the Council by
Governor Ogle at a meeting held on June 7, 1748. In
his statement he says:
" Sometimes Lists (which the People call Black lists) have been
Delivered to the Sheriffs of arrears of Rents due and when such
lists have been so Delivered, the Sheriffs have not only Charged
the People a Commission of Ten p Cent for Receiving the Money
but also a fee of 168 pounds of Tobacco, till Lately it has been
reduced to 126 or 15 shillings Altho the Money has been Paid
them and they never made any Distress; This has been Submitted
to by Several because they did not know but that the demand
was lust, and if otherwise they knew not how to obtain any Relief
without Puting themselves to a greater expence in seeking Relief
than the fees and ten p Cent were worth. But of Late these
particulars have been carried to so great a length that it has made
a great many People Resolve to Leave their habitations and the
Province, rather than to submit to such Impositions (as they have
been lately informed they were) and Several are actually gone,
and others Intend to follow as soon as they can dispose of what
they have, at any rate: The Present Sheriff having one of these
The Border Troubles. 139
Black Lists on or about the eighth day of March last past, an under
sheriff Summoned the Persons to attend the high Sheriff at Fred-
erick Town, which they accordingly did, and Paid down all that
was Demanded of them together with Ten p Cent (except Stephen
Ranspergen who did not Pay the ten p Cent) and every one of
them Paid fifteen shillings to the Sheriff."^'
The Governor also submitted the names of the follow-
ing persons who had paid the fifteen shillings penalty:
Jacob Foot, Peter Apple, Henry Trout, Melcar Wher-
field, Christian Thomas, Peter Hoffman, Christian Get-
soner, Stephen Ransbergen, Henry Roads, Conrad Kemp,
Francis Wise, Jacob Smith, George Lye, Isaac Miller,
Thomas Johnson, Joseph Browner, Henry Browner, Nick
Frisk, John Smith, John Browner, Jacob Browner, Ken.
Backdolt, Nicholas Reisner, David Delaitre, Martin
WIsell, Casper WIndred and Peter Shaffer.
In a deposition by Stephen Ransbergen, dated May 6,
1748, he says:
"A Great Number of the Germans and some others were
so much alarmed by the Sheriffs Proceedings, that Several of them
have already left the Province, and others have declared, that as
soon as they could sell what they are Possessed off, they would go
away, many of the Germans declaring that they being Oppressed
in their Native Country, Induced them to Leave it, and that they
were Apprehensive of being Equally oppressed here, and that there-
fore they would go away to avoid it."®*
Several other depositions to the same effect were read at
this meeting of the Council, and the sheriff of Prince
George's county and the farmer of quit-rents being present,
Governor Ogle Instructed the sheriff that he should be
»3 Archives of Maryland, Vol. XXVIII., p. 420.
** Ibid., p. 423.
140
The Pennsylvania-German Society.
very careful in exacting no fees from the people and in
doing nothing that was not warranted by law, and to the
farmers he said that " they should use all the lenity possible
in collecting the quit-rents from the people." This dis-
position of the matter seems to have settled the trouble, as
nothing further is heard of it.
The boundary question was not finally settled, however,
until the two English surveyors, Charles Mason and
Jeremiah Dixon, ran the line which has gone into history
as Mason and Dixon's Line. This survey was started in
December, 1763, and the surveyors were finally discharged
in December, 1767. This line was marked at intervals of
a mile by stone monuments, every fifth monument having
carved on the northern side the arms of Penn and on the
southern side the arms of Lord Baltimore.
CHAPTER XII.
The French and Indian War.
XT
HE amicable relations with the
Indians established by the first
colonists in Maryland continued for
more than a century. There was never
any trouble, at least with the southern
Indians, and the latter assisted the col-
onists in defending themselves when
the northern Indians became threaten-
ing. It was not until the redmen were
drawn into the quarrels between Eng-
land and France that trouble arose for
the Marylanders.
The war between England and France was ended by
the treaty signed at Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748, but that treaty
did not settle the question of the boundaries between the
colonies of the two countries in America. At that time
the territory under the control of England embraced only
a rather narrow strip along the Atlantic coast, and did not
extend very far to the westward, although the English
141
142 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
claimed the country westward to the Pacific ocean. In the
possession of France was Canada, on the north, and the
Louisiana territory, on the south, and the French claims
included all the territory between these two sections. It
was the design of the French to connect these two colonies
by a line of forts extending from the Bay of Fundy to the
Gulf of Mexico, by way of the St. Lawrence, the lakes,
and the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. As early as 1745
the Marquis de la Galissoniere, the Governor-general of
Canada, had begun putting this scheme into execution.
The British government naturally made its own prep-
arations to check this advance of the French, which would
cut off the English from pushing farther westward, and
in pursuance of its plans in 1749 made a grant of five
hundred thousand acres of land to the Ohio Company, an
association made up of a number of residents of Mary-
land and Virginia. The territory covered by this grant
lay on the south side of the Ohio river, between the
Kanawha and Monongahela rivers. According to the
terms of this grant a large part of the land was to be
settled immediately, one hundred families were to settle
upon it within seven years and a fort was to be erected and
maintained as a defense against the Indians.
When the Marquis Du Quesne de Menneville succeeded
the Marquis Galissoniere as Governor-general, in 1752,
he continued the policy of his predecessor and rapidly ex-
tended the fortifications along the lakes, and in 1753
erected a fort at Presque Isle, now Erie, Pennsylvania, and
one on the Riviere aux Boeufs, now French Creek. In
working out their plan the French endeavored as far as
possible to make friends with the Indians and turn the
latter against the English. In this design they were
largely successful, being aided by the fears of the Indians
The French and Indian War. 143.
on account of the encroachment of the English settlers on
the redmen's domain. Through the intrigues of the
French, on the one hand, and the spreading out of the
English settlements, on the other, it required but a small
spark to fire the train already laid and cause it to break
out into a fierce conflagration.
The Ohio Company proceeded to carry out the terms of
its grant and at the beginning of 1754 a small company of
militia furnished by Governor Dinwiddie, of Virginia,
started to build a fort at the Forks of the Ohio. The
officers of this company were William Trent, captain;
John Frazer, Lieutenant, and Edward Ward, Ensign.
On April 17, 1754, during the absence of both the captain
and lieutenant, Contrecoeur, the French commander at
Riviere aux Boeufs, made his appearance with a force of
several hundred men and compelled Ensign Ward to sur-
render. The Frenchman at once went ahead with the
erection of the fort, enlarging it and making it more
formidable, and named it Fort Du Quesne. At the time
of the surrender a body of three hundred militia, sent by
Governor Dinwiddle to garrison the fort, were on their
way to the Forks of the Ohio. These troops were under
the command of Colonel Joshua Fry and Lieutenant-
colonel George Washington. News of the surrender of
the fort by Ensign Ward reached these officers while at
Will's Creek, and they advanced very cautiously. Hear-
ing that a French force under Coulson de Jumonville was
not far away, Washington went out to meet them, and in
the fight that ensued de Jumonville and a number of his
men were killed and the rest of them taken prisoners. Not
long after this Colonel Fry being killed by a fall from his
horse, Washington became the commander of the expedi-
tion. When Contrecoeur, the commander at Fort Ehi
144 ^^^ Pennsylvania-German Society.
Quesne, heard of this fight, he sent a party of six hundred
men against Washington's force The latter hastily con-
structed a fortification at Great Meadows, which he called
Fort Necessity. Here he was attacked on July 3, 1754,
and not being able to hold the place against a superior
force, he was compelled to surrender. He retreated to
Will's Creek, now Cumberland, where his force went into
camp, and he returned to Virgina to acquaint Governor
Dinwiddie with the result of the expedition.
This was the beginning of the struggle that was to last
for years and to almost depopulate some sections of the
country. The German settlers of western Maryland were
nearest to the scene of hostilities and they were, for a time
at least, to endure all the horrors of a bloody warfare with
a savage foe. They did their part, too, in defending the
country against the invaders, in spite of the fact that
Governor Sharpe did not have much faith in their willing-
ness to do so. On November 3, 1754 he wrote:
"It is expected I apprehend from your letter that the Germans
who have imported themselves into these Provinces will be found
as ready as they are capable of bearing Arms on the Occasion, but
I can assure you that whatever Character they may deserve for
Courage or military skill I despair of seeing any of them so for-
ward as to offer themselves Voluntiers under my Command unless
the Enemy was to approach so far as actually to deprive them of
their Habitations & Possessions of which alone they are found
tenacious."^^
The provinces of Pennsylvania and Virginia were the
ones which were chiefly interested in holding back the
French, for the reason that French occupation of the terri-
tory along the Ohio would prevent their expansion to the
86 Archives of Maryland, Vol. VI, p. no.
The French and Indian War. 145
westward; and for this reason, because the territory be-
longing to Maryland was not involved in the contest, the
Maryland assembly was lukewarm in making preparations
for taking part in the war. The perennial controversy
between the upper and lower houses also had a great deal
to do with the negligence of the authorities in this respect.
On the part of all the colonies there was a feeling that
this was a war between England and France, although the
scene of it was on the western continent, and this being
the case, it was thought that the mother country should
provide for the expenses of carrying it on. The Mary-
land assembly put itself on record as being opposed to
helping in a war of conquest but was ready to do its part
in defending the province against invasion. The German
settlers on the frontier, however, knew only too well what
to expect, and at once made what preparations they could
to protect themselves, no matter what the attitude of the
authorities might be. Companies of riflemen and rangers
were organized and scouts were sent out to give warning
of approaching danger. Many of the settlers of the more
outlying sections abandoned their homes and with their
families went to the more thickly-settled regions
As soon as the news of the defeat of the provincials at
Fort Necessity reached the east Governor Sharpe called
the Maryland assembly into session on July 17th, and
asked for an appropriation for raising troops. The legis-
lature passed an act appropriating six thousand pounds to
be used by Governor Sharpe " for his majesty's use,
towards the defence of the colony of Virginia, attacked by
the French and Indians, and for the relief and support
of the wives and children of the Indian allies that put
themselves under the protection of this government."
Three companies were raised to be sent to Will's Creek,
10*
146 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
where Colonel Innes, who commanded the North Carolina
troops, had erected a fort which was named Fort Cumber-
land Besides the men from North Carolina the troops
under Colonel Innes' command consisted of three com-
panies from New York, one company from South Carolina
and a company of one hundred Marylanders, altogether a
little more than one thousand men.®®
In the autumn of 1754 Governor Sharpe was appointed
commander-in-chief of all the forces engaged against the
French on the Ohio, and he at once set out for Fort Cum-
berland, where he arrived in November He proceeded
to prepare for active operations in the spring and gathered
large quantities of military stores and provisions, although
he was greatly handicapped by the refusal of the assembly
to appropriate money to carry on the war, except under
such conditions as the Governor could not approve. In
December the assembly passed a law for levying troops
and provided that if in the service any citizen should be so
maimed as to be incapable of maintaining himself he
should be supported at the public expense There was no
difficulty in obtaining volunteers. The settlers in the
western part of the province promptly enrolled themselves,
and even in the eastern section calls for volunteers were
promptly met.
In February, 1755, Major General Edward Braddock ar-
rived from England to take command of the forces engaged
against the French. Braddock's plan of campaign was
laid out for him before he left England,^^ and on his
arrival he called a council of the colonial governors, which
was held at Alexandria, before which the plans were dis-
ss Archives of Maryland, Vol. XXVIII., p. 77.
s^ See secret instructions to Gen. Braddock from George III., Penn-
sylvania Archives, Second Sen, Vol. VI., p, z^s.
The French and Indian War.
H7
cussed and three expeditions were arranged for: the one
against Fort Duquesne, to be commanded by Gen. Brad-
dock, with the regulars, reinforced by troops from Mary-
land and Virginia; one against Niagara and Fort Fron-
tenac, to be led by Governor Shirley, of Massachusetts,
and one against Crown Point, under Sir William Johnson.
In preparing for his campaign Braddock made his head-
quarters at Frederick. The expedition started for the
Ohio on May 30, and after it had left large numbers of
Maryland troops marched to the frontiers to garrison the
posts and protect the settlers As the assembly failed to
appropriate money for maintaining these troops the ex-
pense was met by private subscription.
The details of the disastrous Braddock campaign are
outside the scope of this work and cannot be given here.
The effects of it were prompt and overwhelming. The
extreme western settlements of Maryland were abandoned,
the settlers flying for protection to more eastern points,
some of them, however, stopping at Fort Cumberland and
others at the block-house of Col. Thomas Cresap. Terror
and desolation reigned everywhere. Hostile bands of
Indians made raids on unprotected outposts, massacreing
the garrisons and such settlers as they were able to capture.
Even before the defeat of Braddock the Indian raids had
begun. On June 28 Governor Sharpe sent the following
message to the lower house :
I have just received letters from Col. Innes at Fort Cumber-
land, and from the back inhabitants of Frederick County, advising
me that a party of French Indians last Monday morning (June
23) fell on the inhabitants of this province, and killed two men
and one woman (who have been since found dead), eight other
persons they have taken prisoners and carried off. The names of
the persons who were murdered and left are John Williams, his
148 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
wife, and grandson, and with their bodies also was found that
of a French Indian. The persons carried o£E are Richard
Williams (a son of John who was murdered), with two children,
one Dawson's wife and four children. Richard William's wife
and two brothers of the young man that is killed have made their
escape. This accident, I find, has so terrified the distant in-
habitants that many of them are retiring and forsaking their
plantations. Another letter from Winchester, in Virginia, in-
forms me that a party of Indians have also attacked the back
inhabitants of that province, of whom they have killed eleven and
carried away many captives. Apprehending the French would
proceed in this manner as soon as Gen. Braddock and the troops
under his control should have passed the mountains, and being
confirmed in my opinion by an intimation in the general's letter,
I issued a proclamation near a month since, cautioning the distant
and other inhabitants of this province to be on their guard, and
unite for their common defence and safety. At the same time I
sent peremptory orders and instructions to the officers of the
militia of Frederick County frequently to muster and discipline
their several troops and companies, once a fortnight at least, and
in case of alarm that the enemy was approaching or had fallen on
the inhabitants, to march out and act either offensively or de-
fensively, and use all means to protect and defend the inhabitants
from the devastations of the French or Indians. However, I find
neither the proclamation nor instructions will be effective unless
the militia can be assured that they shall receive satisfaction, and
be paid for the time they are out on duty. I should consider it
highly proper for us to have about one hundred, or at least a
company of men, posted or constantly ranging for some time on the
frontiers for our protection. In this I desire your advice, and
that you will enable me to support such a number.
Shortly after this a party of settlers on their way to
Fort Cumberland was attacked and fifteen of them killed,
three escaping. The following account from the Mary-
land Gazette of October 9, 1755, gives some idea of the
state of affairs that followed Braddock's defeat :
The French and Indian War. 149
By a person who arrived in town last Monday from Col
Cresap's, we are told that last Wednesday morning the Indians
had taken a man prisoner who was going from Frazier's to Fort
Cumberland, and had also carried oflE a woman from Frazier's
plantation, which is four miles on this side Fort Cumberland.
The same morning they fell in with a man and his wife who had
left their plantations, and were retiring into the more populous
part of the country; they shot the horse on which the man was
riding, but as it did not fall immediately he made his escape. The
woman, it is supposed, fell into their hands, as neither she or the
horse on which she was riding have been seen since or heard of.
The same party of Indians also have carried off or killed Benjamin
Rogers, his wife, and seven children, and Edmund Marie, one
family of twelve persons, besides fifteen others, all in Frederick
County. On Patterson's Creek many families have within this
month been murdered, carried away, or burnt in their houses by a
party of these barbarians, who have entirely broke up that
settlement.
Another person, who left Stoddert's fort last Sunday, acquaints
us that the inhabitants in that part of the country were in the
greatest consternation. That near eight persons were fled to the
said fort for protection, and many more gone ofiE in the greatest
confusion to Pennsylvania. This, it seems, had been occasioned
by a dispatch sent to Lieut. Stoddert and the neighborhood by
Col. Cresap, advising them that a party of seventeen Indians had
passed by his house and had cut off some people who dwelt on the
Town Creek, which is a few miles on this side of Cresap's. One
Daniel Ashloff, who lived near that creek, is come down towards
Conococheague, and gives the same account. He also says that as
himself and father, with several others, were retiring from their
plantations last Saturday they were attacked by the same Indians,
as he supposes, and all but himself were killed or taken prisoners.
It is said that Mr. Stoddert, who has command of fifteen men,
invited a few of the neighbors to join him and to go in quest of
the enemy, but they would not be persuaded, whereupon he applied
150 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
himself to Maj. Prather for a detachment of the militia, either to
go with a party of his men in pursuit of the savages, or garrison
his fort while he made an excursion. We hope there will be no
backwardness in the militia to comply with such a reasonable re-
quest, especially as any party or person that shall take an enemy
prisoner will be rewarded with six pounds currency, and the person
who will kill an enemy, with four pounds, provided he can pro-
duce witnesses, or the enemy's scalp, in testimony of such action.
The whole country to the west was in a condition of
terror. Indian raids were constantly occurring, small
parties attacking the settlers whenever their unprotected
condition made it possible. Even the severity of winter
did not serve to lessen the danger. In a resume of the
operations of the French Governor-General Vaudreuil
writes :
"A detachment commanded by M. de Niverville came, after a
campaign of thirty-three days, within reach of Fort Cumberland,
and though it was impossible for him to approach it, in consequence
of the dread our Indians had of being surrounded, there being con-
siderable snow on the ground, he nevertheless, took four prisoners
in the settlements bordering on the river called Potomak, in
Virginia, about fifteen leagues from Fort Cumberland ; burned ten
houses and the like number of barns full of wheat; killed twenty
horses or cows. This trifling success ought to show the enemy
that the severest season of the year does not protect them against
our incursions."^*
With the opening of the year 1756 the attacks became
more frequent. Captain Dagworthy still occupied Fort
Cumberland, but the territory around it was almost de-
serted. In March, the commander at Fort Duquesne
sent a small force of Indians under Ensign Douville with
orders to " make it his business to harass their convoys and
88 Pennsylvania Archives, Second Scr., Vol. VI., p. 423.
The French and Indian War. 151
endeavor to burn their magazines at Canagiechuie [Cono-
cocheague] if possible. "^^ Commenting on this order,
Washington wrote to Governor Dinwiddie, on April 7,
" I have ordered the party there to be made as strong as
time and our present circumstances will afford, for fear
they should attempt to execute the orders of Dumas. "^""^
On the 1 6th Washington wrote:
All my ideal hopes of raising a number of men to scour the
adjacent mountains have vanished into nothing. Yesterday was
the appointed time for a general rendezvous of all, who were
willing to accompany me for that desirable end, and only fifteen
appeared. ... I have done everything in my power to quiet the
minds of the inhabitants by detaching all the men I have any com-
mand over to the places more exposed. There also have been
large detachments from Fort Cumberland in pursuit of the enemy
these ten days past, yet nothing, I fear will prevent the people from
abandoning their dwellings and flying with the utmost precipita-
tion."i
Again, on the 22d, he says:
The supplicating tears of the women and moving petitions of
the men melt me into such deadly sorrow, that I solemnly declare,
if I know my own mind, I could offer myself a willing sacrifice
to the butchering enemy, provided that would contribute to the
people's ease.^°^
The Maryland Gazette of March 1 1 contains the fol-
lowing letter from Isaac Baker, dated at Conococheague :
My last was of the 26th instant. On our march to Toona-
loways, about five miles this side Stoddert's Fort, we found John
Meyers' house in flames, and nine or ten head of large cattle
»9Ibid., p. 361.
io<> Ford, " The Writings of George Washington," Vol. I., p. 238.
101 Sparks's Washington, Vol. II., p. 138.
102 Ford's Washington, Vol, I., p. 250.
152 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
killed. About three miles and a half farther up the road we found
a man (one Hynes) killed and scalped, with one arm cut off and
several arrows sticking in him; we could not bury him, having
no tools with us for that purpose. Half a mile farther (within a
mile of Stoddert's Fort) we found Ralph Watson's house burnt
down, and several hogs and sheep killed. When we came to
Stoddert's Fort we found them all under arms, expecting every
minute to be attacked. From thence we went to Combe's Fort,
where we found a young man about twenty-two years of age
killed and scalped; there were only four men in this fort, two of
which were unable to bear arms, but upwards of forty women and
children, who were in a very poor situation, being afraid to go out
of the fort, even for a drink of water. The house caught fire
during the time the Indians were surrounding the fort, and would
have been burnt down, but luckily there was some soapsuds in the
house, by which they were extinguished. The young man men-
tioned above was one Lynn's son, and was sitting on the fence of
the stockyard with Combe's son, when they discovered the In-
dians, upon which they ran to get into the fort, and before they
reached it Lynn's son was shot down, and an Indian pursued the
other man with a tomahawk within thirty yards of the fort, but he
luckily got into the fort and shot the Indian. We searched the
woods to see if we could see where the Indian was buried (as
they supposed him to be mortally wounded). We found in two
places great quantity of blood, but could not find the body. We
saw several creatures shot, some dead, and others going around
with arrows sticking in them. About half a mile on this side Mr.
Kenney's (in Little Toonaloways) we found a load of oats and a
load of turnips in the road, which two boys were bringing to
Combe's, and it is imagined the boys are carried off by the Indians.
When we came to Mr. Kenney's we saw several sheep and cattle
killed. From thence we went to one Lowther's, about two miles
farther, where we found his grain and two calves burnt, two
cows and nine or ten hogs killed, and about fifty yards from the
house found Lowther dead and scalped, and otherwise terribly
The French and Indian War, 153
mangled ; his brains were beat out, as it is supposed, with his own
gun barrel, which we found sticking in his skull, and his gun
broken; there was an axe, two sc)'thes, and several arrows stick-
ing in him. From here we returned to Combe's and buried the
young man, and left ten of our men here to assist them to secure
their grain, which soon as they have done they purpose to leave
that fort and go to Stoddert's, from hence we went to Stoddert's
Fort, where we laid on Friday night and yesterday. On our way
down here we buried the man we left on the road.
The two houses of the legislature continued their
wrangling over appropriating money to carry on the war,
the lower house insisting that the estates of the Proprietor
should bear their share of the taxes, while the upper house
and the governor refused to consent to this, and the result
was that nothing was done. The settlers became ex-
asperated at this do-nothing policy, and finally a body of
armed men assembled at Frederick, under the leadership of
Col. Thomas Cresap, and threatened that unless the legis-
lature ceased wrangling and made some effort to provide
for the defense of the province, they would march to
Annapolis and compel action A bill was then passed ap-
propriating forty thousand pounds. Of this amount
eleven thousand pounds were to be used in building a fort
and several block-houses on the western frontier, and for
levying, arming, paying and maintaining a body of troops,
not exceeding two hundred men, to garrison these posts.
As Fort Cumberland was too far to the westward to afford
much protection to the settlers Governor Sharpe deter-
mined to build another fort nearer the frontier, and in
1756 Fort Frederick was erected, concerning which more
will be said later.
All through the summer of 1756 the Indians raids con-
tinued, many of the settlers being killed and others carried
154 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
off prisoners. On August 29, Washington wrote to Lord
Fairfax:
" It is with infinite concern, that I see the distresses of the
people, and hear their complaints, without being able to afford
them relief. I have so often troubled your Honor for aid from the
militia, that I am almost ashamed to repeat my demands; nor
should mention them again, did I not think it absolutely neces-
sary at this time to save the most valuable and flourishing part of
this county from immediate desertion. And how soon the re-
mainder part, as well as the adjacent counties, may share the same
fate, is but too obvious to reason, and to your Lordship's good
sense, for me to demonstrate. The whole settlement of Cono-
cocheague in Maryland is fled, and there now remain only two
families from thence to Fredericktown which is several miles below
the Blue Ridge. By which means we are quite exposed and have
no better security on that side, than the Potomac River, for many
miles below the Shenandoah; and how great a security that is to
us, may easily be discerned, when we consider, with what facility
the enemy have passed and repassed it already. That the Mary-
land settlements are all abandoned is certainly a fact, as I have had
the accounts transmitted to me by several hands, and confirmed
yesterday by Henry Brinker, who left Monocacy the day before,
and also affirms, that three hundred and fifty wagons had passed
that place to avoid the enemy, within the space of three days."^°^
Ten days later he wrote to Gov. Dinwiddle that the
frontiers of Maryland were abandoned for many miles
below the Blue Ridge, as far as Frederick.
Wherever it was possible the settlers raised companies
of rangers for their protection. At Conococheague a sub-
scription was raised and a company of twenty men, under
Lieutenant Teagard, was equipped. " Their services
were soon required," says Scharf,^*^^ " for on August i8th
103 Ford's Washington, Vol. I., p. 329.
10* History of Western Maryland, Vol. I., p. 97,
The French and Indian War. 155
the enemy plundered the settlers near Baker's Ridge, and
on the 20th attacked a funeral train, killing two persons,
George Hicks and Lodovick Claymour. They were fol-
lowed by a party of thirteen of Teagard's men, under
Luke Thompson, until they came within two miles of the
mouth of the Conococheague, on the Pennsylvania road,
when five shots were heard about three hundred yards in
advance, which threw the pursuing party into some con-
fusion; but Matthias Nicholls, a young man of eighteen,
insisted that they should run up and come upon the enemy
while their pieces were unloaded, and set off immediately.
The others, however, ran off, but he continued the pursuit,
and rescued William Postlewaite, who had been seriously
wounded by the Indians."
That the French looked with equanimity on the outrages
committed by the Indians is shown by a letter written to
his brother by the Rev. Claude Godfroy Cocquard, in
which he says :
" You will learn, first, that our Indians have waged the most
cruel war against the English; that they continued it throughout
the spring and are still so exasperated as to be beyond control;
Georgia, Carolina, Marrelande, Pensilvania, are wholly laid
waste. The farmers have been forced to quit their abodes and to
retire into the town. They have neither ploughed nor planted,
and on their complaining of the circumstance to the Governor of
Boston, he answered them that people were ploughing and plant-
ing for them in Canada. The Indians do not make any prisoners;
they kill all they meet, men, women and children. Every day
they have some in the kettle, and after having abused the women
and maidens, they slaughter or burn them."^°^
Up to this time the war had been allowed to drag along
in a desultory sort of way, no really active operations being
105 Pennsylvania Archives, Second Series, Vol. VI., p. 409.
156 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
undertaken, but in 1758 William Pitt became prime
minister and he determined that a very different sort of
campaign should be started. There had been great diffi-
culty In securing enough troops to carry on the war, and
in 1756 the British government decided to enlist a regi-
ment made up of the foreign settlers in the British posses-
sions in America, principally Germans. In order that
those who enlisted in this regiment might have over them
officers who were able to speak their own language, an act
of parliament was passed authorizing the king to grant
commissions to a certain number of German, Swiss and
Dutch officers This regiment, when formed, was known
as the Sixty-second, or Royal American Regiment of Foot,
and was made up almost entirely of Germans from Mary-
land and Pennsylvania. Later it was changed to be the
Sixtieth Regiment, and is in existence today. The first
battalion of the regiment was placed under the command
of Colonel Henry Bouquet,^"^ a native of Switzerland who
had settled in Pennsylvania. This battalion was made up
of Germans from Pennsylvania and Maryland.
At the beginning of the year 1758 plans were made for
an expedition against Fort Duquesne, under the command
of General John Forbes. The troops under his command
numbered between six and seven thousand and consisted
of provincials from Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia and
North Carolina, some Highlanders and the Royal Ameri-
cans. The expedition started from Philadelphia the latter
part of June, the Maryland troops, with those from Vir-
ginia and North Carolina, assembling at Winchester, Va.,
under Colonel George Washington. Colonel Bouquet
reached Raystown, now Bedford, Pa., early In July but
108 H. A. Rattermann in " Deutscher Pionier," Vol. X., p. 217', says that
Bouquet's real name was Strauss. ,
The French and Indian War. 157
the main body of troops did not arrive until September.
The details of this expedition cannot be entered into here,
but there was one engagement in which the Maryland
troops played a conspicuous part At the earnest solicita-
tion of Major James Grant, of the Highlanders, Colonel
Bouquet allowed the former to make a reconnoissance in
order, if possible, to discover the position of the enemy at
Fort Duquesne This expedition started on September 9,
and consisted of thirty-seven officers and 805 privates,
among whom were eighty-one Marylanders. With the
usual disregard shown by the British officers of the In-
dian methods of warfare, Major Grant allowed his force
to be led into an ambuscade, and on the 14th he was at-
tacked by the French and Indians with disastrous results,
270 of his men being killed and 42 wounded. As usual
under such circumstances, the British troops became de-
moralized under the Indian method of attack, but the
Marylanders conducted themselves gallantly. As one ac-
count of the affair gives it, " the Carolinians, Marylanders,
and Lower Countrymen, concealing themselves behind
trees and the bushes, made a good defence; but were over-
powered by numbers, and not being supported, were
obliged to follow the rest."^^^ Of the Maryland force of
eighty-one men, twenty-seven privates and one officer,
Lieutenant Duncan McRae, were killed.
The French, knowing that Colonel Bouquet's troops
were only the advance guard, determined to attack them
before the arrival of the main body, and on October 12 a
force of 1,200 French and 200 Indians attacked Bouquet's
camp at Loyalhanna. After several hours of hard fight-
ing the enemy was repulsed. In this attack the Mary-
landers had three men killed, Lieutenant Prather and two
lOTenna. Archives, Second Series, Vol. VI., p. 455.
158 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
privates, six privates were wounded and eleven were miss-
ing. General Forbes did not reach Loyalhanna until No-
vember. Numerous skirmishes followed, but the French
realizing that they could not hold Fort Duquesne, set fire
to it and abandoned it The English pushed forward, and
on November 25, 1758, took possession of the ruins of
Fort Duquesne, which was rebuilt and named Fort Pitt.
With the abandonment of Fort Duquesne by the French
the troubles of the settlers of western Maryland were
greatly modified, although there were occasional raids by
bands of hostile Indians until the end of the war, in 1763.
With the end of the war the settlers began to return to
their deserted homes and advance further toward the west.
Seeing this, Pontiac, an Ottawa chief, determined to pre-
vent it and drive the English from the western frontier.
With this end in view he secretly traveled from tribe to
tribe and formed an alliance, and without any warning the
blow fell upon the unsuspecting settlers. The savages
planned to attack the settlers during harvest and destroy
their crops and cattle and kill the men This plan was put
into execution in June, 1763. Bands of raiding Indians
spread over western Maryland, killing the settlers and de-
stroying their property. Describing the condition of
affairs at this time, in a letter to Robert Stewart, dated
August 13, 1763, Washington wrote :
" Another tempest has arisen upon our frontiers, and the alarm
spread wider than ever. In short, the inhabitants are so appre-
hensive of danger, that no families remain above the Conoco-
cheague road, and many are gone from below it. The harvests
are, in a manner lost, and the distresses of the settlements are
evident and manifold."^*'^
108 Sparks' Washington, Vol. II., p. 339.
The French and Indian War. 159
The condition of the settlers at this time is well shown
in a letter in the Maryland Gazette, written at Frederick,
under date of July 19, 1763, which says:
Every day, for some time past, has ofEered the melancholy scene
of poor distressed families driving downwards through this town
with their effects, who have deserted their plantations for fear of
falling into the cruel hands of our savage enemies, now daily seen
in the woods. And never was panic more general or forcible than
that of the back inhabitants, whose terrors at this time exceed
what followed on the defeat of Gen. Braddock, when the frontiers
lay open to the incursions of both French and Indians. While
Conococheague settlement stands firm we shall think ourselves in
some sort of security from their insults here. But should the
inhabitants there give way, you would soon see your city and the
lower counties crowded with objects of compassion, as the flight
would in that case become general. Numbers of those who have
betaken themselves to the fort, as well as those who have actually
fled, have entirely lost their crops, or turned in their own cattle
and hogs to devour the produce, in hopes of finding them again in
better condition should it hereafter appear safe for them to return.
The season has been remarkably fine, and the harvest in general
afforded the most promising appearance of plenty and goodness
that has been known for many years. But alas! how dismal an
alteration of the prospect! Many who expected to have sold and
supplied the necessities of others now want for themselves, and
see their warmest hopes defeated, the fruits of their honest in-
dustry snatched from them by the merciless attack of these blood-
thirsty barbarians, whose treatment of such unhappy wretches as
fall into their hands is accompanied with circumstances of in-
fernal fury, too horrid and shocking for human nature to dwell
upon even in imagination. We were so sensible of the importance
of Conococheague settlement, both as a bulwark and supply to
this neighborhood, that on repeated notice of their growing dis-
tress Capt. Butler, on Wednesday last, called the town company
i6o The Pennsylvania-German Society.
together, who appeared under arms on the court-house green with
great unanimity. Just as the drum beat to arms we had the agree-
able satisfaction of seeing a wagon sent up by his excellency
(whose tender care for the security of the province raised senti-
ments of the highest gratitude in the breast of every one present)
loaded with powder and lead, — articles of the greatest importance
at this critical juncture, when the whole country had been drained
of those necessary articles by the diligence of our Indian traders,
who had bought up the whole for the supply of our enemies, to be
returned, as we have dearly experienced, in death and desolation
among us. A subscription was then set on foot and cheerfully
entered into, in consequence of which twenty stout young men
immediately enlisted under Mr. Peter Grosh to march immediately
to the assistance of the back inhabitants, and with other volunteers
already there raised, to cover the reapers, in hopes of securing the
crops. Had not the Governor's supply arrived so reasonably it
was doubted whether the whole town could have furnished am-
munition sufficient for that small party, half of which marched
backwards in high spirits on Thursday, and the remainder on
Friday morning. And on Sunday subscriptions were taken in the
several congregations in town for sending up further assistance.
On Sunday afternoon we had the pleasure of seeing Mr. Michael
Cresap arrive in town with mokosins on his legs, taken from an
Indian whom he had killed and scalped, being one of those who
had shot down Mr. Wilder, the circumstances of whose much-
lamented murder and the success of Col. Cresap's family you no
doubt have received from other hands. Money has been cheer-
fully contributed in our town towards the support of the men to
be added to Col. Cresap's present force, as we look upon the
preservation of the Old Town to be of great importance to us,
and a proper check to the progress of the savages; but notwith-
standing our present efforts to keep the enemy at a distance, and
thereby shelter the whole province, our inhabitants are poor, our
men dispersed, and without a detachment from below it is to be
feared we must give way, and the inundation break upon the
lower counties.
The French and Indian War.
i6i
The Indian depredations continuing, early in 1764 two
expeditions were planned, one under Colonel Bradstreet,
against the Wyandots, Ottawas, Chippewas and other
nations near the great lakes; the other, under Colonel
Bouquet, against the Delawares, Shawnese, Mingoes,
Mohickans, and other nations between the Ohio and the
lakes. Colonel Bouquet's force was made up of part of
the Forty-second and Sixtieth Regiments, some troops
from Pennsylvania, and two companies of volunteers from
Maryland, riflemen from Frederick county, one com-
manded by Captain William McClellan, the other by Cap-
tain John Wolgamott These two companies were made
up as follows:
Captain.
William McClellan.
John Earl,
David Blair,
Joseph Hopewell,
Lieutenants.
James Dougherty.
Ensigns.
John Moran,
Edmund Moran.
Sergeants.
Henry Graybill.
David Shelby,
George Rout,
William Beadles,
John Dean,
Richard Arsheraft,
Nicholas Carpenter,
Thomas Vaughan,
II*
Privates.
James Ross,
Isaac Flora,
Richard Coomore,
William Sparks,
Thomas Clemens,
John Sealon,
John Doughland,
l62
The Pennsylvania-German Society.
Patrick O'Gullen,
Robert Ford,
Joseph Clemens,
James Small,
Joshua Young,
George Mathison,
Isaac Wilcocks,
William Hanniel,
John Dougherty,
William Colvin,
William Flora,
James Booth,
James Dulany,
William Fife,
William Dunwidie,
Peter Ford,
Thomas Davis,
David Johnson,
Thomas Edington,
James Bradmore,
William Lockhead,
James Ware,
Thomas Williams,
John Masters,
John Murray,
Felix Leer,
Bartholomew Pack,
Charles Hays,
William Polk.
Captain.
John Wolgamott.
Lieutenant.
Matthew Nicholas.
Ensign.
John Blair.
Privates.
Samuel McCord,
Robert Blackburn,
Abraham Enocks,
James Myers,
William Marshal,
James Fox.
The Indians did not make any resistance, but sued for
peace, and thus ended, for the time being, the Indian
troubles which for years had made the western frontiers
of Maryland the scene of terror and bloodshed.
CHAPTER XIII.
Fort Frederick.
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HEN the first settlement
was made by the Ohio
Company, about the middle of the
eighteenth century, upon the land
they had obtained under their
grant, in accordance with the
terms of that grant a minor forti-
fication was built at the junction
of Will's Creek with the Poto-
mac river, for the purpose of
affording protection to the settlers. At this time that sec-
tion of territory was supposed to be in the colony of Vir-
ginia. After the defeat at Great Meadows, Washington
retreated to Will's Creek, and while he went back to Vir-
gnia to report to Governor Dinwiddie, he left his force in
charge of Colonel Innes, who commanded several com-
panies of North Carolina troops. Acting under instruc-
tions from the Virginia government, during the autumn of
1754 Colonel Innes constructed a fort at this point, which
163
164 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
he called Fort Mount Pleasant. This fort was little more
than a blockhouse, and a series of stockades. About the
close of the year Governor Dinwiddle received Instructions
from England to build a fort at Will's Creek of such dimen-
sions and character of construction as the Importance of the
position seemed to require. These Instructions were trans-
mitted to Colonel Innes, who proceeded to build the fort.
The men engaged In its construction were three companies
from North Carolina, under Colonel Innes, two companies
from New York, one from South Carolina and one from
Maryland. When it was completed It was named, at the
request of General Braddock, Fort Cumberland, in honor of
the commander-in-chief of the British army. This fort
was under the jurisdiction of the Virginia government.
For some time it was the sole protection for the western
frontier of Maryland against the hostile Indians. The
Maryland settlement did not extend beyond the mouth of
the Conococheague creek, in what is now Washington
county, and this left a wide extent of territory, about sixty
miles, which was without protection.
After the defeat of Braddock the Indian raids became
more frequent and a number of blockhouses were built
between Fort Cumberland and the western frontier to
which the settlers could flee upon the raising of an alarm.
These, however, had but little effect in preventing the raids
or In affording protection to the settlers. As Judge Stock-
bridge says, " a period of terror and desolation ensued.
The borders of Maryland, Pennsylvania and Virginia be-
came one extended field of petty battles, murder und
devastation. The outposts were driven in, and some of
the smaller posts captured and their garrisons massacred;
and Frederick, Winchester and Carlisle became the
frontiers of the colonies. Fort Cumberland was still held
by the troops under Captain Dagworthy, but this Isolated
Fort Frederick. 165
fortress could afford no protection against roving bands
of savages who passed around it to seek their prey in the
settlements beyond. The panic spread by the flying
British troops spread even to the bay shore. Many of the
inhabitants of the interior fled to Baltimore, and there
preparations were made by the citizens to embark their
women and children on board the vessels in the harbor
preparatory to a flight to Virginia, while some of the
Virginians even believed that there was no safety short of
England itself."^^^
The need of further defenses was evident and Governor
Sharpe did all in his power to procure the means of secur-
ing them, but the assembly was slow in meeting the need
of the hour. Finally, in response to the appeals of the
Governor and the urgent demands of the people, on March
22, 1756, a bill was passed appropriating forty thousand
pounds for the defense of the colony, of which eleven
thousand pounds were to be used for the erection of a fort
and several blockhouses on the western frontier, and for
the levying, arming, paying and maintaining a body of
troops to garrison these posts. Governor Sharpe at once
proceeded to put into execution the plans he had formu-
lated. He purchased from Peter and Jacob Cloine a tract
of land consisting of about one hundred and forty acres,
in Frederick county, near where Hancock, Washington
county, now stands. The deed for the land is dated
August 19, 1756, but Sharpe was so anxious to provide
defenses that he secured possession of the land and began
the erection of the fort before the deed was executed. On
August 21, 1756, he wrote to Lord Baltimore:
As I apprehended that the French would e'er long teach their
Indian Allies to approach & set fire to our Stoccado or Wooden
100 « American Historical Register," Vol. II., p. 748.
1 66 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
Forts I thought proper to build Fort Frederick of Stone, which
steps I believe even our Assembly now approve of tho I hear some
of them sometime since intimated to their Constituents that a
Stoccado would have been sufficient & that to build a Fort with
Stone would put the Country to a great & unnecessary Expence,
but whatever their Sentiments may be with respect to that matter
I am convinced that I have done for the best & that my Conduct
therein will be approved by any Soldier & every impartial person.
The Fort is not finished but the Garrison are well covered &
will with a little Assistance compleat it at their leisure. Our
Barracks are made for the Reception & Accommodation of 200
Men but on Occasion there will be room for twice that number.
It is situated on North Mountain near Potowmack River, about
14 miles beyond Conegocheigh and four on this Side of Licking
creek. I have made a purchase in the Governor's Name for the
use of the Country of 150 Acres of Land that is contiguous to it,
which will be of great Service to the Garrison & as well as the
Fort be found of great use in case of future Expeditions to the
Westward for it is so situated that Potowmack will be always
navigable thence almost to Fort Cumberland, and the Flatts or
Shallows of that River lying between Fort Frederick and Conego-
cheigh. It is probable this Fortification will cost the Province
£2000, but I am told that one is raising at Winchester in Virg*
that will not be built for less than four times that Sum, and
when finished will not be half so good.^^°
This structure was named Fort Frederick in honor of
the proprietor, Frederick, sixth Lord Baltimore. Some
confusion has arisen from the fact that there were two
structures known as Fort Frederick. During the Revolu-
tion the general assembly of Maryland, in 1777, passed
an act providing that there should be erected " in or near
Fredericktown In Frederick County, a number of fit, con-
venient and proper barracks of plain brick or stone work,
110 Archives of Maryland, Vol. VI., p. 466.
Fort Frederick. 167
with a block house at each corner and ditched and palisaded
in, sufficient for the reception of two battalions, with
officers." Schultz says: "There is ground for the belief,
however, that there was a stockade fort, or something of
that character, on or near their site at the time of the
French and Indian Wars, similar to those erected by the
early settlers near the present Clearspring and Williams-
port, to which the women and children retreated when
the Indians became troublesome."^^ ^
Fort Frederick was built on a hill about one hundred
feet above the level of the Potomac and about one-third
of a mile from the river. From its position it commanded
the surrounding country. Describing its construction,
Scharf says :
"The old fort occupied an acre and a half of ground, and Its
massive walls of hard magneslan limestone are four feet thick at
the bottom, and two feet at the top. The stone, which Is mostly
in large, Irregular blocks, was brought from the mountain three
miles distant, and Is laid In such excellent mortar that nothing but
an earthquake or the hand of man will ever shatter the walls.
These are seventeen and a half feet In height at the highest point,
and are very fairly preserved. The greatest damage that has been
done was the cutting of a wagon-gate through the west curtain
sixty years ago, and now Nathan Williams, Its present owner, has
pulled down the west bastion to make room for his barn. The
fort Is square, with a bastion at each angle. The south bastion Is
the best preserved, but the whole structure Is very far from being
a ruin. The portal was twelve feet wide, and the immensity of
the gates may be judged by the fact that one of the iron hinges,
which Williams kept until a few years ago, weighed forty-two
pounds. There is not a piece of the old wood-work left, some
curiosity-seekers having carried off the last bit In 1858. Gen.
Kenly's First Maryland Regiment occupied the fort In 1861, and
m " First Settlements of Germans in Maryland," p. 56.
1 68 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
knocked a hole in the wall through which to point a gun for taking
pot shots at the Confederates across the Potomac. The original
armament of the fort was a gun in each bastion, worked en bar-
bette, and within the enclosure were the barracks."^^^
But Governor Sharpe's troubles over the building of
Fort Frederick were far from being ended. His original
estimate of the cost of building the structure fell far short
of the actual cost, and he was compelled to ask the as-
sembly for more money with which to complete it. Then,
too, the cost of maintaining the garrison and paying the
troops was no small item. The residents of the eastern
section of the colony, at a distance from the scene of the
Indian raids, did not realize just what they meant, and
could not see why so much money was required for the
protection of the western settlers. Their idea was to
keep down the expenditures as much as possible, so that
there were constant disputes between the executive and the
assembly on the question of providing means to carry on
the war. On December 15, 1757, the House of Delegates
made the following address on the subject of Fort
Frederick :
" Near the sum of £6000 has been expended in purchasing the
ground belonging to and constructing Fort Frederick, and though
we have not any exact information what sum may still be wanting
to complete it (if ever it should be thought proper to be done), yet
we are afraid the sum requisite for that purpose must be con-
siderable, and we are apprehensive that the fort is so large that, in
case of attack, it cannot be defended without a number of men
larger than the province can support, purely to maintain a forti-
fication."
On June 9, 1758, Governor Sharpe wrote to General
Forbes,"^ giving a detailed account of the trouble over
112 History of Western Maryland, Vol. II., p. 1298.
113 Archives of Maryland, Vol. IX., p. 1-98.
Fort Frederick. 169
the payment of the troops. Lord Loudoun had proposed
that Maryland should raise and support five hundred men
to garrison Fort Cumberland and Fort Frederick, but in-
stead of agreeing to this proposal the assembly included in
the bill which they passed a provision which prohibited the
Maryland troops from garrisoning Fort Cumberland, or
at all events, giving fair warning that if these troops did
go to Fort Cumberland they would not be paid by the
province of Maryland. Fuel was added to the flames of
the dispute by Virginia turning over Fort Cumberland to
Maryland. When the Virginia troops retired from the
fort it was necessary for their place to be taken by Mary-
landers, but the Maryland assembly absolutely refused to
agree to this. However, Governor Sharpe took the
matter into his own hands and sent Captain Dagworthy
with one hundred and fifty of his men from Fort Fred-
erick, to garrison Fort Cumberland. As the assembly
would not authorize the enlistment of more troops,
Governor Sharpe called for volunteers and his call was
promptly answered by the settlers of Frederick county, so
that Fort Frederick was soon garrisoned by a force of two
hundred and fifty hardy pioneers, under Captain Alexander
Beall. As the assembly refused to appropriate money to
pay and maintain the garrison, the cost had to be met by
private subscriptions. Writing to Sir John St. Clair, on
March 27, 1758, Governor Sharpe says:
I am obliged to you for encouraging General Forbes to enter-
tain a favourable opinion of me & of my Desires to forAvard the
Service, but I am much afraid that it will not be in my power to
confirm it. In short, I cannot promise him any men from this
Province unless He or General Abercromby will engage to pay
them & I have taken the Liberty to tell him as much in the Letter
I have now sent. It is well Capt Dagworthy & the Rest of our
170 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
Officers taught their men to live without Victuals last Summer;
otherwise they may not have found it so easy a matter to keep them
together 6 months without pay in the Winter. How much longer
they will be contented to serve on this Footing I cannot tell, but
lest Accidents should happen I hope some other Troops will be
ordered to Fort Cumberland as soon as possible.^^*
The difficulty about the payment of the troops was
partially overcome by taking some of them into the king's
service, and on one occasion General Forbes advanced
sufficient money to pay them something, although he said
that he could not undertake to take care of the arrearage.
The road between Fort Frederick and Fort Cumberland
was a rough and circuitous one, and several attempts to
remedy this were made. Writing to Governor Sharpe
from " Conlgogegh," on June 13, 1758, Colonel Bouquet
says:
As it will be of the greatest benefit to His Majesty's Service,
to have a road of communication open from Each of the Provinces
to Fort Cumberland I am under the necessity of requesting you
to have the straightest Road reconnoitred, leading from Fort
Frederick to Fort Cumberland: Recommanding to those you ap-
point to mark it out to report the time that 500 men will take to
cut it: any Expence you may be at shall be paid by Sir John S*
Clair; as he will be the nearest to you. Please to send him the
Report of it, that if found practicable he may send Troops to
work at it.^^®
Two days later Sharpe directed Captain Evan Shelby
to survey a route for a road and make a report as to the
cost and the time required to make it, and on the 25th
of the same month Captain Shelby reported that "Upon
11* Archives of Maryland, Vol. IX., p. 164.
116 Archives of Maryland, Vol. IX., p. 205.
Fort Frederick. 171
the whole, it is my opinion that a Road might be made
between the two Forts which will not be 60 miles in Length
& there will be no bad Pinches for Waggons to ascend
nor any bad Fords." The road was evidently not con-
structed at that time, for in the following December the
assembly appointed a commission to determine whether a
better road could not be built. This commission consisted
of Colonel Thomas Cresap, Joseph Chapline, E. Dorsey,
Josias Beall, Francis King and Captain Crabb. After
investigating the subject the commission reported as
follows :
Your committee have made an inquiry into the situation of the
present wagon-road from Fort Frederick to Fort Cumberland,
and are of the opinion that the distance by that road from one
fort to the other is at least eighty miles, and find that the wagons
which go from one fort to the other are obliged to pass the river
Potowmack twice, and that for one-third of the year they can't
pass without boats to set them over the river.
Your committee have also made an inquiry into the condition of
the ground where a road may be made most conveniently to go
altogether on the north side of the Potowmack, which will not
exceed the distance of sixty-two miles, at the expense of £250
current money.
Your committee are of the opinion that a road through Mary-
land will contribute much to lessen the expense of carrying
provisions and warlike stores from Fort Frederick to Fort Cum-
berland, and will induce many people to travel and carry on a
trade in and through the province, to and from the back country.^^®
This report was accompanied by an itemized account of
the distances and the probable cost of building each stretch
of the road. This road was eventually built, and, as the
commission's report had indicated, did prove of great ad-
vantage to the province.
11'' Scharf's " History of Western Maryland," Vol. II., p. 1328.
172 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
The erection and occupation of Fort Frederick gave the
settlers in that section the protection they needed. The
Indians soon learned to avoid the locality of the fort.
Writing to Lord Loudoun, on October 12, 1756, Gov-
ernor Sharpe says: "No Indians have been down among
the Inhabitants for a considerable time, nor appeared on
this side of Fort Frederick." After the fall of Fort Du-
quesne and the withdrawal of the French from the Ohio
river, the necessity for the continued maintenance of Fort
Frederick ceased. Governor Sharpe accordingly leased the
property on which it was built to Henry Heinzman, for
a rental of thirty pounds yearly. The lease was dated
December 25, 1762, and provided that "whereas there is
not any garrison or soldiers at the said Fort Frederick, and
several persons who live at or near the said fort do, and
if not prevented, will continue to make great waste and
destruction of the said fort and improvements by burning
the plank and other materials, "^^''' possession of it was
to be given, the Governor reserving the right to enter upon
the property and annul the lease at any time when he
might need the same for military purposes.
Scarcely had Fort Frederick been turned over to the
uses of peace when another war-cloud began to gather on
the horizon. The tension between the colonies and the
mother-country grew greater and greater, and finally the
cords which bound them together were broken and the
struggle was on; but still the tide of warfare did not
surge near the old fort. Its walls looked down upon
peace and quiet, for the German settlers in western Mary-
land were not slow in going to the defense of the liberties
of their adopted country, and many of the fields and
plantations in the neighborhood were almost deserted.
11'^ Stockbridge in " American Historical Register," Vol. II., p. 75+.
Fort Frederick. lyt
During the earlier years of the Revolutionary War the
British and Hessian prisoners were confined at various
points in Pennsylvania : Reading, Lancaster, York, Bethle-
hem and Lebanon, but after the occupation of Philadelphia
by the British, particularly as there were rumors of an
uprising among the prisoners, the War Office decided to
transfer some of the prisoners to some point further inland,
and Fort Frederick was investigated to determine whether
it would be a suitable place for the purpose. On Decem-
ber 1 6, 1777, the following letter was written to Colonel
Moses Rawlins:
As you are about returning home by way of Fort Frederick in
Maryland, the Board of War request you will take a view of
the situation of that place and represent the state you find it in
immediately. As it is proposed to send a number of prisoners of
war thither, you will examine it with a view to this design. You
will see how many men it is capable of holding, what repairs are
wanting, how soon those repairs can be made, whether workmen
can be procured in this vicinity to do the work, and whether
materials are within reasonable distance. You will also report
how many men you think it will be necessary to employ as guards
for the number of prisoners the place is capable of receiving, and
every other matter which shall occur to you as necessary for the
information of the Board.
Colonel Rawlins reported that the fort could easily
be put in condition for the confinement of the prisoners, and
the Maryland assembly directed that the necessary repairs
be made. The assembly also provided for a guard for
the prisoners. During part of the time this guard con-
sisted of Captain John Kershner's company. On July 27,
1778, this company was made up as follows:
174
The Pennsylvania-German Society.
Jno. McLaughlin,
Luke Sholly,
Martain Phipher,
Jacob Craver,
Jacob Barnt,
John Oster,
Michael Hartly,
George Stuart,
George Hudson,
Jno. Shriber,
Ellas Reeter,
George Carter,
Abraham Bower,
Captain.
John Kershner.
Lieutenants.
Peter Backer.
Ensign.
Wm. Conrod.
Sergeants.
David Wolgamot,
George Fanglar.
Corporals.
Peter Conn,
John Conn.
Drum and Fife.
Peter Lighter.
Privates.
Christlain Kirgery,
James Flack,
George May,
Chris. Shock,
Jno. Robinson,
Jacob Geerhert,
David Fosney,
Martain Harry (or Narry), Richd. Menson,
Andrew Miller,
Peter Haflegh (Hoeflich),
Fredk. Craft,
Henry Tyce,
Goodhert Tressel,
Peter Oster,
Thos. McCullim,
Casper Snider,
Peter Rough,
Adam Sydey,
Fort Frederick. 175
Jacob Binkler, Abraham Feeter,
Abraham Troxal, Jr., John Augusteen,
Jacob Rldenour, Jacob Rorer,
Peter Adams, Peter Sybert,
Abraham Leedy, Michl. Spesser,
Jno. Gable, Fredk. Deefhem (or Deef-
Mlchael Kernam, herr),
Danl. Kemmer, Fredk. Shackler,
Adam Coon, Phillip Criegh,
Jacob Adams, David Wirley,
Jno. FIche, Chrlstiain Nockey
Mathw. Williams, (or Hockey),
Wm. Allin, Jacob Tysher.
A number of prisoners from various points in Pennsyl-
vania were transferred to Fort Frederick. At first some
of the prisoners were allowed to work for the neighboring
farmers, but it was found that this plan had disadvantages
and in the autumn of 1778 the Board of War directed
Colonel Rawlins to *' call in all the prisoners In the neigh-
borhood of your post or its dependencies and, as the
practice of letting them out to farmers and suffering them
to go at large is attended with great mischiefs, you will in
future keep them in close confinement."
After the surrender of Cornwallls a large number of
the prisoners taken at that time were sent to Fort
Frederick.
In September, 1791, by direction of the Legislature of
Maryland, Fort Frederick was sold to Robert Johnson, of
Frederick county, for three hundred and seventy-five
pounds, ten shillings, since which time it has belonged to
a number of different people. For a short time during
the Civil War the fort was occupied by some of General
Kenly's command.
CHAPTER XIV.
The Pre-Revolutionary Period.
TO
ITH the end of Pon-
tiac's war and the sign-
ing of the treaty between Eng-
land and France peace and
quiet returned to the western
part of Maryland, and the
settlers returned to their de-
serted homes. Many of them,
however, were in almost a desti-
tute condition. Not only had
their crops been destroyed and
their domestic animals driven
off or killed, but, in many cases,
all their buildings with their contents had been burned.
Then, too, many of them had fallen in arrears in the pay-
ment of their rents, so that their situation was deplorable.
Their poverty was emphasized by the fact that there were
constant demands upon them for fees and taxes. The
British government, at the close of the French and Indian
The Pre-Revolutionary Period. 177
War, found itself staggering under an immense debt, and
as it had been incurred in a war in America, although the
underlying principles which led to it had their foundations
at home, it was speciously assumed that the colonies should
defray the expenses of the war, and steps were taken to
bring this about.
In March, 1765, the Stamp Act was passed. This pro-
vided that all bills, bonds, leases, notes, ships' papers, in-
surance policies, and legal documents, to be valid in the
courts, must be written on stamped paper. The passage
of this act was instantly resented by the colonists, and
nowhere were the indignation and determination to resist
the enforcement of the law more pronounced than among
the German settlers in western Maryland. Indeed, the
first open stand against the use of the stamped paper and
the determination to transact business without the use of
stamps was made in Frederick county, which at that time
Included the whole of western Maryland.
Zachariah Hood, a native of Maryland, and a mer-
chant of Annapolis, who was In England at the time, was
appointed stamp distributor for the province of Mary-
land. So Intense was the feeling of the Inhabitants of
Maryland that when Hood returned with the stamps and
a cargo of goods he was not allowed to land. Knowing
that the open threats of the people to burn the stamps if
they were brought on shore would be carried out, the
authorities deemed It advisable that no opportunity should
be given for such proceedings, and the stamps were kept
on board ship and finally taken to Virginia, where they
could be held under the protection of a British ship of war.
In the meantime business of all kinds was held up. There
were many legal papers which could not be issued except
on stamped paper, and there were no stamps In the colony.
12*
178 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
Indignation meetings were held everywhere and resolu-
tions were passed condemning the passage of the Stamp
Act and refusing to use the stamps, and in many places
Zachariah Hood, the stamp distributor, was burned in
effigy. The matter was brought to a head in Frederick
county. At a meeting of the Frederick county court, on
November 18, 1765, Judges Joseph Smith, David Lynn,
Charles Jones, Samuel Beall, Joseph Beall, Peter Bain-
bridge, Thomas Price, Andrew Hugh, William Blair, Wil-
liam Luckett, James Dickson and Thomas Beatty being
present, the following order was made :
Upon application of Michael Ashford Dowden, bail of James
Veach, at the suit of a certain Stephen West to surrender said
James Veach in discharge of himself, which the court ordered to
be done, and an entry of the surrender to be made accordingly,
which John Darnall, Clerk of the Court, refused to make, and
having also refused to issue any process out of his office, or to make
the necessary entries of the Court proceedings, alleging that he
conceives there is an Act of Parliament imposing stamp duties on
all legal proceedings, and therefore that he cannot safely proceed
in exercising his office without proper stamps.
It is the unanimous resolution and opinion of this Court that all
the business thereof shall and ought to be transacted in the usual
and accustomed manner, without any inconvenience or delay to be
occasioned from the want of Stamped Paper, Parchment, or Vel-
lum, and that all proceedings shall be valid and effectual without
the use of Stamps, and they enjoin and order all Sheriffs, Clerks,
Counsellors, Attorneys, and all officers of the Court to proceed in
their several avocations as usual, which Resolution and Opinion
are grounded on the following and other reasons:
1st. It is conceived that there has not been a legal publication
yet made of any Act of Parliament whatever imposing a Stamp
Duty on the Colonies. Therefore this Court are of opinion that
until the existence of such an Act is properly notified, it would be
The Pre-Revolutionary Period. 179
culpable in them to permit or suffer a total stagnation of business^
which must inevitably be productive of innumerable injuries to
individuals, and have a tendency to subvert all principles of civil
government,
2d. As no Stamps are yet arrived in this Province, and the in-
habitants have no means of procuring any, this Court are of
opinion that it v^^ould be an injustice of the most v^^anton oppres-
sion to deprive any person of a legal remedy for the recovery of
his property for omitting that w^hich it is impossible to perform.^^'
The clerk of the court, to protect himself, refused to
comply with this order, whereupon the Court ordered
That John Darnall, clerk of this Court, be committed to the
custody of the sheriff of this county for a contempt of the authority
of this court, he having refused to comply with the foregoing
order of this Court relative to the execution of his office in issuing
processes and making the necessary entries of the Court's proceed-
ings; and that he stands committed for the above offense until he
comply with the above mentioned order.^^^
On the issuance of this order the clerk submitted to the
order of the court, paid the costs and was discharged.
This was the beginning of the overthrow of the Stamp
Act, and on November 30 a celebration in honor of the
decision of the court was held at Frederick. The Mary-
land Gazette of December 16, 1765, gives an extended
account of this celebration, which is quoted by Scharf.^^o
The action taken in Frederick county was followed in other
parts of the province, so that so far as Maryland was con-
cerned the Stamp Act was absolutely disregarded. The
law was repealed on March 18, 1766.
The next year, however, a law was passed imposing
"8 Scharf's " History of Western Maryland," Vol. I., p. izz.
119 Ibid.
120 History of Western Maryland, Vol. I., p. i2Z.
i8o The Pennsylvania-German Society.
duties on glass, paper, pasteboard, white and red lead,
painters' colors, and tea imported into the colonies. The
passage of this act quickly revived the opposition of the
colonists, and associations were formed to oppose the col-
lection of the taxes, the members pledging themselves to
non-importation. These pledges were generally strictly
adhered to, although occasionally some merchant, seeing
a chance to make a good profit, violated the conditions of
the agreement. But the punishment for such actions was
swift and sure, and the instances of it were rare, " In
October, 1769, a number of wagons of contraband goods,
valued at three hundred pounds, were shipped from Penn-
sylvania to Frederick, and not being accompanied with
the proper certificates, they were stored at the risk and cost
of the owners."^^^
Meetings to protest against the imposition of these taxes
were held in all the counties. The Maryland Gazette gives
an account of a meeting held in Frederick county on August
28, 1770. The place of meeting was a school house, near
Troxell's mill, on Tom's creek. Among those present were
William Blair, James Shields, Sr., William Shields, Charles
Robinson, Patrick Haney, Robert Brown, Henry Hocker-
smith, William Elder, son of Guy, Samuel Westfall,
Moses Kennedy, Alexander Stewart, William Curran, Jr.,
Charles Carroll, William Koontz, Christian Hoover, John
Smith, Daniel McLean, John Faires, John Long, Arthur
Row, John Crabs, Moses Ambrose, George Kelly, Walter
Dulany, Thomas J. Bowie, James Park, Robert Agnew,
John Corrick, Frederick Troxell, Rudolf Nead, Octavius
S. Taney, George Ovelman, Dominick Bradley, Thomas
Hughes, Philip Weller, Jacob Valentine, William Brawner,
Thomas Martin, Daniel Morrison, William Munroe, and
121 Scharf's " History of Western Maryland," Vol. I., p. 124.
The Pre-Revolutionary Period. i8i
Henry Brook. At this meeting the following resolution
was adopted:
Resolved, by the inhabitants of Tom's Creek, Frederick County,
in the province of Maryland, loyal to their king and country that
we reaffirm the great Magna Charta of our Civil and Religious
Rights, as granted by Charles of England to Lord Baltimore and
the inhabitants of this colony, as reaffirmed on the first landing of
the Pilgrim Fathers of Maryland, that there shall be a perfect
freedom of conscience, and every person be allowed to enjoy his
religious and political privileges and immunities unmolested.
The opposition of the colonists to the imposition of
these taxes and the adoption of a policy of non-Importa-
tion were so general that the British government found it
impossible to enforce the law, and with the exception of
the tax on tea it was allowed to fall into abeyance. With
the destruction of the cargo of tea in Boston harbor and
the subsequent passage of the Boston Port Bill, in 1774,
the indignation of the colonists and their determination to
oppose the oppressive measures of the British government
became so Intense that the majority of the people were
ready to follow any one who would take a determined stand
against the unpopular measures. At that period the ma-
jority of the population of Maryland lived In the western
part of the province, within the limits of what was then
Frederick county, and of these by far the greater number
were the Germans who had come down from Pennsylvania,
and their descendants. These people had abondoned their
homes across the ocean and had come to America to escape
from just such oppression, and it was but natural, there-
fore, that they should quickly resent any attempts of the
British government to enforce what appeared to be unjust
laws, particularly in the matter of taxation. The Inhabi-
tants of Frederick county, therefore, generally took the
1 82 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
lead in proposing measures for the relief of the people.
Their action following the passage of the Boston Port BUI
was prompt. On June ii, 1774, the Inhabitants of the
lower part of Frederick county held a largely attended
meeting at the tavern of Charles Hungerford. They
elected Henry Griffith moderator and adopted the follow-
ing resolutions :
Resolved unanimously. That it is the opinion of this meeting
that the town of Boston is now suffering in the common cause of
America.
Resolved, unanimously. That every legal and constitutional
measure ought to be used by all America for procuring a repeal of
the act of Parliament for blocking up the harbor of Boston.
Resolved, unanimously , That it is the opinion of this meeting
that the most effectual means for the securing American freedom
will be to break off all commerce with Great Britain and the West
Indies until the said act be repealed, and the right of taxation
given up on permanent principles.
Resolved^ unanimously , That Mr. Henry Griffith, Dr. Thomas
Sprigg Wootton, Nathan Magruder, Evan Thomas, Richard
Brooke, Richard Thomas, Zadok Magruder, Dr. William Baker,
Thomas Cramphin, Jr., and Allen Bowie be a committee to attend
the general committee at Annapolis, and of correspondence for the
lower part of Frederick county, and that any six of them shall have
power to receive and communicate intelligence to and from their
neighboring committees.
Resolved, unanimously. That a copy of these our sentiments be
immediately transmitted to Annapolis, and inserted in the Mary-
land Gazette. Signed per oroer,
Archibald Orme, Clerk.^^'^
Nine days later, on June 20, a meeting was held In the
court house at Frederick, at which John Hanson presided,
and the following resolutions were adopted:
1^2 Force's " American Archives," Series IV., Vol. I., p. 403.
The Pre-Revolutionary Period. 183
I. Resolved, That it is the opinion of this meeting that the town
of Boston is now suffering in the common cause of America, and
that it is the duty of every colony in America to unite in the most
effectual means to obtain a repeal of the late act of Parliament for
blocking up the harbor of Boston.
II. That it is the opinion of a great majority of this meeting
that if the colonies come into a joint resolution to stop all imports
from, and exports to, Great Britain and the West Indies till the
act of Parliament for blocking up the harbor of Boston, as well
as every other act oppressive to American liberty, be repealed, the
same may be the means of preserving to America her rights, liberties
and privileges.
III. That, therefore, this meeting will join in an association
with the several counties in this province and the principal colonies
in America to put a stop to all exports to, and imports from, Great
Britain and the West Indies, shipped after the 25th day of July
next, or such other day as may be agreed on, until the said acts
shall be repealed, and that such association shall be upon oath.
IV. That we, the inhabitants of Frederick county, will not deal
or have any connections with that colony, province, or town which
shall decline or refuse to come into similar resolutions with a
majority of the colonies.
V. That no suit shall be commenced after the stop shall be put
to imports and exports for the recovery of any debt due to any
person whatsoever, unless the debtor be about to abscond, or being
appealed to shall refuse to give bond and security.
VI. That Messrs. John Hanson, Thomas Price, George Scott,
Benjamin Dulany, George Murdock, Philip Thomas, Alexander
C. Hanson, Baker Johnson, and Andrew Scott be a committee to
attend the general congress at Annapolis, and that those gentlemen,
together with Messrs. John Gary, Christopher Edelen, Conrad
Groth, Thomas Schley, Peter Hoffman, and Archibald Boyd, be a
committee of correspondence to receive and answer letters, and in
any emergency to call a general meeting, and that any six shall have
power to act.
184 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
Ordered, that these resolves be immediately sent to Annapolis,
that they may be printed in the Maryland Gazette.
Signed per order,
Archibald Boyd, CI. Com.'^^^
The inhabitants of the upper part of Frederick county
met at Elizabeth-Town, now Hagerstown, on July 2. The
Maryland Gazette gives the following account of this
meeting:
On Saturday, the 2d of July, 1774, about eight hundred of the
principal inhabitants of the upper part of Frederick County, Md.,
assembled at Elizabeth Town, and being deeply impressed with a
sense of the danger to which their natural and constitutional rights
and privileges were exposed by the arbitrary measures of the
British Parliament, do think it their duty to declare publicly their
sentiments on so interesting a subject, and to enter Into such Reso-
lutions as may be the means of preferring their freedom. After
choosing John Stull, Esq., their Moderator, the following resolves
were unanimously entered Into:
I. That the Act of Parliament for blocking up the harbor of
the Town of Boston is a dangerous invasion of American liberty,
and that the town of Boston is now suffering in the common cause,
and ought to be assisted by the other Colonies.
II. That the stopping all commercial intercourse with Great
Britain will be the most effectual means for fixing our Liberties
on the footing we desire.
III. That a general congress of Delegates from the several
colonies to effect a uniform plan of conduct for all America is
highly necessary, and that we will strictly adhere to any measure
that may be adopted by them for the preservation of our Liberties.
IV. That the surest means for continuing a people free and happy
is the disusing all luxuries, and depending only on their own fields
and flocks for the comfortable necessaries of Life.
123 Force's "American Archives," Series IV., Vol. I., p, 433,
The Pre-Revolutionary Period. 185
V. That they will not, after this day, drink any Tea, nor suffer
the same to be used in their Families, until the Act for laying
duty thereon be repealed.
VI. That they will not, after this day, kill any sheep under three
years old.
VII. That they will immediately prepare for manufacturing
their own clothing.
VIII. That they will immediately open a subscription for the
relief of their suffering Brethren in Boston.
After choosing John Stull, Samuel Hughes, Jonathan Hager,
Conrad Hogmire, Henry Snebley, Richard Davis, John Swan,
Charles Swearingen, Thomas Brooke, William McGlury, and Elie
Williams as a committee, they proceeded to show their disappro-
bation of Lord North's Conduct with regard to America by Hang-
ing and burning his Effigy, after which a subscription was opened
for the relief of the Poor of Boston. In consequence of the Fifth
Resolve, a number of mercantile Gentlemen solemnly declared that
they would send off all the Tea they had on hand and that they
would not purchase any more until the Act laying a duty thereon
be repealed, among which number was a certain John Parks.
A great deal has been written concerning the " Boston
Tea-party," but there were tea-parties in other parts of the
colonies which, while they may not have been so spectacular
as the one at Boston, were just as effective In the results
obtained. As McSherry says "Long before the destruc-
tion of tea In Boston harbor by disguised men the patriots
of Maryland calmly, openly, and In the presence of the
governor and the provincial officers discussed and set at
defiance this obnoxious act and prevented Its execution."^ 2*
The most spectacular occurrence of this kind In Maryland
was the destruction of the brlgP^^^y Stewart. In October,
1774, that vessel arrived at Annapolis having among its
1^* " History of Maryland," revised ed., p. ii6.
1 86 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
cargo several packages of tea consigned to Thomas Wil-
liams & Co. The vessel was owned by Anthony Stewart,
who paid the duty on the tea. As soon as this became
known a public meeting was called at which the greatest
indignation was expressed. The merchants who received
the tea were present at the meeting and publicly apologized
for having done so and agreed to burn the tea. But this
did not entirely satisfy the people, who openly made threats
against the vessel and its owner. Mr. Stewart, in order to
quiet the people, offered to destroy the vessel himself.
This proposition was accepted and Mr. Stewart, accom-
panied by the merchants to whom the tea was consigned,
went aboard the Peggy Stewart, ran her aground at Wind-
mill Point, and set fire to her in the presence of a great
crowd of people.
In the account given above of the meeting at Elizabeth-
Town "a certain John Parks" is mentioned. It seems
that Parks did not abide by the agreement not to buy any
more tea, and when it was discovered that he had a chest of
tea in his possession he was summoned before the Com-
mittee. He admitted the fact and agreed to deliver the tea
to the Committee. The Maryland Gazette of December
22, 1774, gives the following account of the subsequent
proceedings in this case:
The committee for the upper part of Frederick county, Mary-
land, having met at Elizabeth Town, on the 26th of November,
which was the day appointed for the delivery of John Park's chest
of tea, in consequence of his agreement published in the Maryland
Journal of the i6th ult. After a demand was made of the same,
Mr. Parks offered a chest of tea, found on a certain Andrew Gib-
son's plantation, Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, by the com-
mittee for that place, which tea he declared was the same he
promised to deliver.
The Pre-Revolutionary Period. 187
The committee are sorry to say that they have great reason to
believe, and indeed with almost a certainty, that the said chest of
tea was in Cumberland county at the time Parks said upon oath it
wzs at Christen Bridge.
After mature deliberation, the Committee were of opinion, that
Parks should go with his hat off, and lighted torches in his hands,
and set fire to the tea, which he accordingly did, and the same was
consumed to ashes, amongst the acclamations of a numerous body
of people. The Committee were also of opinion that no further
intercourse should be had with the said Parks. Every friend to
liberty is requested to pay due attention to the same.
Voted, the thanks of this committee to that of Cumberland
county, for their prudent and spirited behaviour upon this occasion.
Signed by order of the committee,
John Stull, President.
N. B. The populace thought the measures adopted by the com-
mittee were inadequate to the transgression, and satisfied them-
selves by breaking his door and windows.^^^
On November 18, 1774, a meeting of the qualified
voters of Frederick county was held at the court house In
Frederick and the following gentlemen were named to
represent the county, and to carry Into execution the asso-
ciation agreed upon by the Continental Congress: Charles
Beatty, Henry Griffith, Thomas Sprigg Wooton, Jacob
Hunk, Nath. Magruder, Richard Thomas, Evan Thomas,
Richard Brooke, Zadock Magruder, William Baker,
Thomas Cramphin, Jr., John Murdock, Thomas Jones,
Allen Bowie, Jr., William Deaklns, Jr., Bernard O'Neal,
Brook Beall, Edward Burgess, Charles G. Griffith, Henry
Griffith, Jr., Wm. Bayley, Jr., Samuel W. Magruder,
Nath. Offutt, Archibald Orm, Joseph Threlkeld, Walter
Smith, Thos. Beall of George, Richard Crab, William
125 Force's " American Archives," Fourth Series, Vol. I., p. 1009; Ridge Vs
" Annals of Annapolis," p. 164.
1 88 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
Luckett, William Luckett, Jr., Greenbury Griffith, Samuel
Griffith, John Hanson, Thomas Price, Thomas Bowles,
Conrad Grosh, Thomas Schley, Jonathan Wilson, Francis
Deakins, Casper Schaaf, Peter Hoffman, George Scott,
Baker Johnson, Philip Thomas, Alexander C. Hanson,
Archibald Boyd, Arthur Nelson, Andrew Scott, George
Strieker, Adam Fisher, Wm. Ludwick, Weltner Van
Swearengen, William J. Beall, Jacob Young, Peter Grosh,
iEneas Campbell, Elias Bnmer, Frederick Kemp, John
Haas, John Romsburg, Thomas Hawkins, Upton Sher-
edine, John Lawrence, Basil Dorsey, Charles Warfield,
Ephraim Howard, Joseph Wells, David Moore, Joseph
Wood, Norman Bruce, William Blair, David Schriver,
Roger Johnson, Henry Cock, Robert Wood, William
Albaugh, Jacob Mathias, Henry Crawle, Jacob Ambrose,
David Richards, William Winchester, Philip Fishbum,
William Hobbs, Thomas Cresap, Thomas Warren, Thos.
Humphreys, Richard Davis, Jr., Charles Clinton, James
Prather, George Brent, James Johnson, James Smith,
Joseph Chapline, John Stull, Samuel Beall, Jr., William
Baird, Joseph Sprigg, Christian Orendorf, Jonathan
Hager, Conrad Hogmire, Charles Swearengen, Henry
Snavely, Richard Davis, Samuel Hughes, Joseph Perry,
John Jugerhorn, Joseph Smith, Thomas Hog, Thomas
Prather, William McClary, John Swan, Eli Williams,
Stophall Burkett, and Thomas Brooke. ^^^ Any five of
them had power to act.
At the same time the following were named as a Com-
mittee of Correspondence : Charles Beatty, Thos. Sprigg
Wooton, John Hanson, Thomas Bowles, Casper Shaaf,
Thomas Price, Baker Johnson, Philip Thomas, George
Murdock, Alexander C. Hanson, Thomas Cramphin, Jr.,
William Bayley, Jr., Evan Thomas, Richard Brooke,
126 Force's " American Archives," Fouth Series, Vol. I., p. 986.
The Pre-Revolutionary Period. 189
Thomas Johns, Walter Smith, William Deakins, John
Murdock, Bernard O'Neal, John Stull, Samuel Beall, Jr.,
James Smith, Joseph Chapline, Joseph Sprigg, Charles
Swearengen, Rich. Davis, Jonathan Hager, and Joseph
Perry.
The following were also elected to attend the Provincial
Convention : Charles Beatty, Henry Griffith, Thos. Sprigg
Wooton, Jacob Funk, Evan Thomas, Richard Brooke,
Upton Sheredine, Baker Johnson, Thomas Price, Joseph
Chapline, and James Smith.
The Provincial Convention, which met on December
8, adopted resolutions recommending that the inhabitants
of the province, from sixteen to fifty years of age, form
themselves into companies of sixty-eight men, and elect a
captain, two lieutenants, an ensign, four sergeants, four
corporals, and a drummer for each company, and to use
their utmost endeavors to make themselves masters of mili-
tary exercise. It was also recommended that each man be
provided with a good firelock and bayonet fixed thereon,
half a pound of powder, two pounds of lead, and a car-
touch-box or powder-horn, and a bag for ball, and be in
readiness to act in any emergency.
When they had made up their minds to act, the citizens
of Frederick county were fired with enthusiasm, and in
order that all the necessary precautions might be taken
another meeting of the citizens of the county was called
to be held at the court house on Tuesday, January 24,
1775. At this meeting John Hanson was made chairman,
and Archibald Boyd, secretary. The association and re-
solves of the American Congress and the proceedings of
the last Provincial Convention were read and unanimously
approved, and the following resolutions adopted r^^"^
127 Force's "American Archives," Fourth Series, Vol. I., p. 1173.
190 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
I. Resolvedj That Messrs. Charles Beatty, Henry Griffith,
Thomas Sprigg Wooton, Jacob Funk, and Nathan Magruder,
Richard Brooke, Zadock Magruder, William Baker, Thomas
Cramphin, Jr., Alexander Bowie, Jr., William Deakins, Jr., John
Murdock, Thomas Johns, Bernard O'Neal, Brooke Beall, Edward
Burgess, Charles G. Griffith, Henry Griffith, Jr., William Bayley,
Jr., Samuel Magruder, Nathaniel OfiFutt, Archibald Orme, Joseph
Threlkeld, Walter Smith, Thomas Beall of George, Richard
Crabb, William Luckett, William Luckett, Jr., Greenbury Grif-
fith, Samuel Griffith, John Hanson, Thomas Price, Thomas
Bowles, Conrad Grosh, Thomas Archley, Jonathan Wilson, Francis
Deakins, Casper Schaaff, Peter Hoffman, George Scott, Baker
Johnson, Philip Thomas, Alexander C. Hanson, Archibald Boyd,
Arthur Nelson, Andrew Scott, George Strieker, Adam Fisher, Wm.
Ludwick, Weltner Van Swearengen, Wm. M. Beall, Jacob
Young, Peter Grosh, ^neas Campbell, Elias Brunner, Frederick
Kemp, John Haas, John Remsburg, Thomas Hawkins, Upton
Sheredine, Basil Dorsey, John Lawrence, Charles Warfield,
Ephraim Howard, Joseph Wells, David Moore, Joseph Wood,
Norman Bruce, William Blair, David Schriver, Roger Johnson,
Henry Cock, Robert Wood, William Albaugh, Jacob Mathias,
Henry Crawle, Jacob Ambrose, David Richards, William Win-
chester, Philip Fishburn, William Hobbs, Thomas Cresap, Thomas
Warren, Thomas Humphreys, Richard Davis, Jr., Charles Clinton,
James Prather, George Bent, James Johnson, James Smith, Joseph
Chapline, John Stull, Samuel Beall, Jr., William Baird, Joseph
Sprigg, Christian Orendorff, Jonathan Hager, Conrad Hogmire,
Charles Swearingen, Henry Snavely, Richard Davis, Samuel
Hughes, Joseph Perry, Joseph Smith, Thomas Hog, Thomas
Prather, William McClary, John Swan, Eli Williams, Christopher
Burkett, Thomas Brooke, Michael Raymer, Nicholas Tice, John
Adlum, Samuel Norwood, Bartholomew Booth, Jacob Boyer,
Michael Jacob Miller, Andrew Bruce, John Darnall, John Rems-
burg, William Dorran, John Key, John Beall, John McCallister,
Charles Beall, Lewis Kemp, John Stoner, Thomas Beatty, Thomas
The Pre-Revohitionary Period. 191
Gilbert, Abraham Hoff, P. Henry Thomas, Jacob Good, Westel
Ridgely, Samuel Carrick, Abraham Hosteter, Baltzer Kelcholumer,
Samuel Emmet, John Gary, Christopher Edelin, Amos Riggs,
John Grimber, Leonard Smith, Nicholas Hower, Richard North-
craft, John Herriot, Richard Smith, Zacharias Ellis, Azel Waters,
Martin Cassil, James Johnson, George Bare, Benjamin Johnson,
and Abraham Paw be a committee of observation, with full powers
to prevent any infraction of the said institution, and to carry the
resolves of the American Congress and of the Provincial Conven-
tion into execution ; that any seventy-five of those gentlemen have
power to act for the county, and any five in each of the larger
districts be authorized to act in any manner that concerns such
Division only.
II. Resolved, That the gentlemen appointed at the last meeting
of this County a committee of Correspondence be hereby con-
tinued, and that the duration of their authority be limited to the
second Tuesday in October next.
III. Resolved, As the most convenient and effectual method
of raising the sum of $1,333, being this County's proportion of the
$10,000 which the provincial convention has appointed to be raised
for the purchase of arms and ammunition, that a subscription be
immediately opened in every part of the County, and the following
gentlemen be appointed to promote such subscriptions in their
several Hundreds:
For Salisbury Hundred, Jonathan Hager, Henry Snavely and
Jacob Sellers.
For Upper Catoclin, Peter Bainbridge, Benjamin Eastburn,
Caspar Smith, and Thomas Johnson.
For the Lower part of New Foundland, Edward Burgess, Walter
Beall, Joseph Perry.
For Skipton, Thomas Cresap, Moses Rawlings, and Richard
Davis, Jr.
For Georgetown, William Deakins, Thomas Johns, Walter
Smith.
For Sharpsburg, Joseph Chapline and Christian Orendorf.
192 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
For Lower part of Potomack Hundred, William Bayley, Sam-
uel Wade Magruder, Andrew Hugh, and Charles Jones.
For Tom's Creek Hundred, William Blair, William Sheales,
and Benjamin Ogle.
For Catoclin Hundred, George Strieker, William Luckett, Jr.,
and Westel Ridgely.
For Upper Antietam Hundred, Jacob Funk, Conrad Hogmire,
Joseph Perry, John Ingram.
For Linton Hundred, Martin Johnson, and Joseph Flint.
For Cumberland Hundred, Charles Clinton.
For Middle Monocacy, Thomas Beatty, Mathias Ringer, Chris-
topher Stull, and T. Flemming.
For Rock Creek Hundred, Thomas Cramphin, Zadock Magru-
der, W. Baker, and Allen Bowie.
For Sugar Loaf Hundred, Francis Deakins, R. Smith, L. Plum-
mer, Z. Waters, and Z. Linthicum.
For Burnt Woods Hundred, Ephraim Howard, Charles War-
field, David Moore, John Lawrence, Henry Crowle, and William
Hobbs.
For Lower Antietam Hundred, Thomas Hog, Henry Butler,
and Thomas Cramphin.
For Linganore Hundred, John Beall, Charles G. Griffith, Nicho-
las Hobbs, Basil Dorsey, and William Duvall.
For Conococheague, David Jones Isaac Baker, and Jacob Friend.
For Piney Creek Hundred, Jacob Good, John McCallister,
Samuel McFarren, Abraham Hiter, and John Key.
For Lower Monocacy Hundred, Lewis Kemp, John Darnall,
Thomas Nowland, and Leonard Smith.
For Northwest Hundred, Samuel Harwood, Peter Becraft, and
Richard Beall, of Samuel.
For Marsh Hundred, Charles Swearingen, Eli Williams, James
Smith, Richard Davis, and George Swimley.
For Upper Part of Potomac Hundred, Brooke Beall, Samuel
West, Nathaniel Ofifutt, and Alexander Clagett.
For Seneca, Charles Perry, Richard Crabb, Gerard Briscoe.
The Pre-Revolutionary Period. 193
For Pipe Creek Hundred, Andrew Bruce, William Winchester,
David Schriver, and Nathaniel Norris.
For Manor Hundred, William Beatty, Joseph Wood, Jr., Azel
Waters, John Remsburg, Abraham Hoff, and Valentine Creager.
For Upper Part of Monocacy Hundred, Henry Cox, Roger
Johnson, Richard Butler.
For Upper Part of New Foundland Hundred, Henry Griffith,
Richard Brooke, and Henry Gaither, Sr.
For Elizabeth Hundred, John Stull, Otho Holland Williams,
John Swan, and John Rench.
For Fredericktown Hundred, Phil. Thomas, Thomas Price,
Baker Johnson, Peter Hoffman, and Ludwick Weltner.
For Fort Frederick Hundred, Ezekiah Cox.
For Sugar Land Hundred, ^neas Campbell, John Fletcher,
John Luckett, Alexander Whitaker, and Solomon Simpson.
The said gentlemen are instructed to apply personally, or by
Deupty, to every freeman in their respective Districts, and to
solicit a generous contribution.
They are ordered to state accounts of money received, and pay it
to the Committee of Correspondence, which is hereby appointed
to meet at Fredericktown, the 23d day of March next: and they
are further ordered to report to the said Committee the names of
persons (if any) who shall refuse to subscribe.
IV. That Messrs. Thomas Johnson, William Deakins, Charles
Beatty, George Murdock, John Stull, and John Swan, or any one
of them, be empowered to contract, in behalf of the Committee of
Correspondence, for any quantity of powder and Lead, to be paid
for on the said 23d day of March.
V. In order that a committee of observation may be more con-
veniently chosen, and a more proper representation of the people
may be had, the several collectors in each Hundred are desired to
give notice to those qualified by their estates to vote for Repre-
sentatives of some time and place of meeting in the Hundred, to
elect members for a Committee, agreeably to the following
regulation.
13*
194 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
When the number of taxables exceed two hundred, and amounts
to not more than four hundred, the District shall elect three mem-
bers. The Collectors are ordered to return such Representatives
to the Committee of Correspondence on the 23d day of March;
the Committee so chosen shall then meet, and the authority of the
present Committee of Observation shall be dissolved.
VI. Resolved, That Messrs. John Hanson, Charles Beatty,
Upton Sheredine, Baker Johnson, Philip Thomas, Jacob Funk,
Samuell Beall, Joseph Chapline, John StuU, James Smith, Henry
Griffith, Thomas Sprigg Wootton, Richard Brooke, William
Deakins, and Thomas Cramphine, or any five of them, shall repre-
sent this County to any Provincial convention to be held at the
city of Annapolis before the second Tuesday of October next. A
petition from the People called Dunkers and Mennonists was
read. They express a willingness freely to contribute their money
In support of the common cause of America, but pray an exemp-
tion from the Military Exercise on the score of their Religious
Principles.
Resolved, That this petition be referred to the Committee to be
chosen agreeably to the fifth Resolve. In the mean time it is
strictly enjoined that no violence be offered to the person or prop-
erty of any one, but that all grounds of complaint be referred to
said Committee.
Arch. Boyd, Clerk.
Although making preparations to be ready for any con-
tingency, the German citizens of Maryland were not, as a
rule, prepared to go to the length of severing their con-
nection with Great Britain. They considered that their
rights had been Invaded, but they also thought that this
matter could be adjusted by the British government with-
out going to the length of a separation of the colonies from
the mother country. In the latter part of 1774 the magi-
strates of Frederick county adopted the folowing address
to their representatives In the Provincial Convention :
The Pre-Revolutionary Period. 195
Address of the Magistrates of Frederick County, Maryland, to
the Honourable Matthew Tilghman, Thomas Johnson, Robert
Goldsborough, William Paca and Samuel Chase, Esquires.
We the Subscribers, Magistrates of Frederick County, sensible of
the disinterested services you have rendered your county on many
occasions, but particularly as Deputies from this Province to the
Continental Congress, beg leave to return you our sincere acknowl-
edgements. The vs^hole of the proceedings of that important As-
sembly are so replete w^ith loyalty to the King; with tenderness to
the interest of our fellow-subjects in Great Britain ; and above all,
reverential regard to the rights and liberties of America, that they
cannot fail to endear you to every American, and your memory to
their latest posterity."^
The magistrates who signed this address were chiefly of
English extraction, but at the same time the Grand Jury,
made up partly of German citizens, also forwarded an ad-
dress to the same representatives. In this address, after
endorsing the action of the Continental Congress, the Grand
Jury goes on to say: "Permit us, gentlemen, to observe,
that Councils tampered with such filial loyalty to the Sov-
ereign, such fraternal delicacy for the sufferings of our
friends in Great Britain, and at the same, with such un-
shaken zeal for the preservation of the inestimable privi-
leges derived from our admirable Constitution, cannot
fail to give weight and influence to the cause, and must
moderate and relax the minds of our most poignant
enemies."^ 2^
But, as Dr. Steiner says, "The 'most poignant enemy'
was King George, and when the men of Frederick dis-
covered that fact, all 'filial loyalty' was lost and they
girded themselves for the fray."
"8 Force's " American Archives," Series IV., Vol. I., p. 992.
i2»Ibid., p. 993.
w^f^i^
CHAPTER XV.
Preparing for the Struggle.
X'
EXINGTON and Bunker
Hill will always be bril-
liantly illuminted pages in the
history of America, and the
Minute Men who had the te-
merity to contest the advance
of Major Pitcaim and his reg-
ulars, and the farmer boys be-
hind the fence on Breed's Hill who twice drove back the
crack Welsh Fusileers, will always be entitled to their due
meed of praise. They were the advance guard in the
struggle with the mother country, and were steadfast in
the hour of need, and are justly honored for the part
they played. But after they had begun the contest and
others were needed to reinforce them and continue the
work, it was the sturdy Germans from the south: from
Pennsylvania and Maryland, who hurried to their aid.
The first troops from the other provinces to reach Cam-
bridge after the battle of Bunker Hill were the two com-
1 96
Preparing for the Struggle. 197
panics from Frederick county, Maryland, made up largely
of Germans. This was but the beginning, and although
many of these Germans were opposed to war and had come
to this country to escape from the burdens imposed upon
them by it, they left their homes and their untilled fields
and joined the bands of patriots, prepared to back their
desire for the freedom they had been promised with the
rifle and bayonet. It is impossible to estimate the full value
of their services, but considering the numbers of them who
served in the patriot army throughout the war, it can be
stated as an incontrovertible fact that without the aid of
the Germans from Pennsylvania and Maryland the issue
of the Revolutionary War would have been more than
doubtful.
The news of the fight at Lexington reached Annapolis
on the morning of April 26th, and couriers rapidly carried
it to all parts of the colony. The excitement produced by
the information that the war had been begun had scarcely
begun to subside when news was received of the battle of
Bunker Hill, which was fought on June 17, 1775. Three
days before the Continental Congress had adopted a reso-
lution providing for a battalion of riflemen, two companies
of which were to be raised in Maryland, two in Virginia,
and six in Pennsylvania. The two Maryland companies
were assigned to Frederick county, and it was ordered that
as soon as they were enlisted they were to be marched to
Boston. A meeting of the Committee of Observation for
Frederick county was held in the court-house at Frederick
on June 21, and at this meeting John Hanson, chairman of
the Maryland delegation to the Continental Congress,
read the resolution adopted by that body just a week
before. The committee at once adopted a resolution direct-
ing that the two companies of expert riflemen be forth-
198 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
with raised and named the following officers for the
companies :
First Company. — Michael Cresap, captain; Thomas
Warren, Joseph Cresap, Jr., and Richard Davis, Jr.,
lieutenants.
Second Company. — Thomas Price, captain; Otho Hol-
land Williams and John Ross Key, lieutenants.
These companies were promptly recruited from among
the expert riflemen of Frederick county, a large propor-
tion of whom were Germans. Unfortunately the muster
rolls of these companies have not been preserved, or at
least cannot be found, so that the names of these patriots
cannot be given. So prompt was the organization of these
companies that by the middle of July they were ready to
start on their march to Boston. The appearance of these
riflemen and their skill as marksmen attracted attention
everywhere. Writing to a friend In Philadelphia, under
date of August i, 1775, a gentleman In Frederick says:^^°
Notwithstanding the urgency of my business, I have been detained
three days in this place by an occurrence truly agreeable. I have
had the happiness of seeing Captain Michael Cresap marching at
the head of a formidable company of upwards of one hundred and
thirty men, from the mountains and backwoods, painted like
Indians, armed with tomahawks and rifles, dressed in hunting-
shirts and moccasins, and though some of them had travelled near
eight hundred miles from the banks of the Ohio, they seemed to
walk light and easy, and not with less spirit than at the first hour
of their march. Health and vigour, after what they had undergone,
declared them to be intimate with hardship and familiar with
danger. Joy and satisfaction were visible in the crowd that met
them. Had Lord North been present, and been assured that the
brave leader could raise thousands of such like to defend his Coun-
130 Force's " American Archives," Fourth Series, Vol. III., p. 2.
Preparing for the Struggle. 199
try, what think you, would not the hatchet and block have intruded
upon his mind? I had an opportunity of attending the Captain
during his stay in Town, and watched the behaviour of his men,
and the manner in which he treated them ; for it seems that all who
go out to war under him do not only pay the most willing obedi-
ence to him as their commander, but in every instance of distress
look up to him as their friend or father. A great part of his time
was spent in listening to and relieving their wants, without any
apparent sense of fatigue and trouble. When complaints were
before him he determined with kindness and spirit, and on every
occasion condescended to please without losing his dignity.
Yesterday the company were supplied with a small quantity of
powder from the magazine, which wanted airing, and was not in
good order for rifles ; in the evening, however, they were drawn out
to show the gentlemen of the Town their dexterity at shooting. A
clapboard, with a mark the size of a dollar, was put up; they began
to fire offhand, and the bystanders were surprised, few shots being
made that were not close to or in the paper. When they had shot
for a time in this way, some lay on their backs, some on their breasts
or side, others ran twenty or thirty steps, firing, appeared to equally
certain of the mark. With this performance the company were
more than satisfied, when a young man took up the board in his
hand, not by the end, but by the side, and holding it up, his brother
walked to the distance, and very coolly shot into the white ; laying
down his rifle, he took the board, ai.J holding it as it was held
before, the second brother shot as the former had done. By this
exercise I was more astonished than pleased. But will you be-
lieve me, when I tell you, that one of the men took the board,
and placing it between his legs, stood with his back to the tree
while another drove the centre. What would a regular army of
considerable strength in the forests of America do with one thou-
sand of these men, who want nothing to preserve their health and
courage but water from the spring, with a little parched corn, with
what they can easily procure in hunting: and who wrapped in their
blankets, in the damp of night, would choose the shade of a tree for
their covering, and the earth for their bed.
200 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
These two companies of riflemen marched from Fred-
erick on July 1 8, 1775, and although their journey of 550
miles was over rough and difficult roads, they reached
Boston on August 9, without the loss of one man. These
troops were the first from the south to reach Cam-
bridge, and they naturally attracted considerable attention.
Thatcher says:^^^ '* Several companies of riflemen, amount-
ing, it is said, to more than fourteen hundred men, have
arrived here from Pennsylvania and Maryland; a distance
of from five hundred to seven hundred miles. They are
remarkably stout and hardy men ; many of them exceeding
six feet in height. They are dressed in white frocks, or
rifle shirts, and round hats. These men are remarkable
for the accuracy of their aim; striking a mark with great
certainty at two hundred yards' distance. At a review, a
company of them, while on a quick advance, fired their
balls into objects of seven inches diameter at a distance of
two hundred and fifty yards. They are now stationed on
our lines, and their shot have frequently proved fatal to
British oflScers and soldiers, who expose themselves to view,
even at more than double the distance of common musket-
shot."
The next year these companies were incorporated in a
regiment of riflemen commanded by Colonel Stephenson,
of Virginia. Upon his death Moses Rawlings became colo-
nel of the regiment, and Otho Holland Williams, major.
Both of these ofllicers were from that part of Frederick
county which is now Washington county, Maryland.
Although, as has been said, a large number of the citi-
zens of Maryland were not in favor of a separation from
Great Britain, events were moving so rapidly as to compel
them to abandon this position. On July 26, 1775, the
131 « A Military Journal during the American Revolutionary War," p. 37.
Preparing for the Struggle. 201
Provincial Convention determined to take the government
of the Province into its hands, and adopted the following
declaration :
The long premeditated, and now avowed, design of the British
government, to raise a revenue from the property of the colonists
without their consent, on the gift, grant, and disposition of the
Commons of Great Britain; and the arbitrary and vindictive stat-
utes passed under color of subduing a riot, to subdue by military
force and by famine the Massachusetts Bay; the unlimited power
assumed by Parliament to alter the charter of that Province and the
constitutions of all the colonies, thereby destroying the essential
securities of the lives, liberties, and properties of the colonists ; the
commencement of hostilities by the ministerial forces, and the cruel
prosecution of the war against the people of Massachusetts Bay,
followed by General Gage's proclamation, declaring almost the
whole of the inhabitants of the united colonies, by name or descrip-
tion, rebels and traitors; are sufficient causes to arm a free people
in defence of their liberty, and justify resistance, no longer dictated
by prudence merely, but by necessity ; and leave no other alternative
but base submission or manly opposition to uncontrollable tj^anny.
The Congress chose the latter ; and for the express purpose of secur-
ing and defending the united colonies, and preserving them in
safety against all attempts to carry the above mentioned acts into
execution by force of arms, resolved that the said colonies be im-
mediately put into a state of defence, and now supports, at the joint
expense, an army to restrain the further violence, and repel the
future attacks of a disappointed and exasperated enemy.
We therefore inhabitants of the Province of Marjdand, firmly
persuaded that it is necessary and justifiable to repel force by force,
do approve of the opposition by arms to the British troops em-
ployed to enforce obedience to the late acts and statutes of the
British Parliament for raising a revenue in America, and altering
and changing the charter and constitution of the Massachusetts Bay,
and for destroying the essential securities for the lives, liberties,
and properties of the subjects in the united colonies. And we do
202 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
unite and associate as one band, and firmly and solemnly engage
and pledge ourselves to each other, and to America, that we will, to
the utmost of our power, promote and support the present opposi-
tion, carrying on as well by arms as by the continental association
restraining our commerce.
And as in these times of public danger, and until a reconcilia-
tion with Great Britain on constitutional principles is effected, (an
event we ardently wish may soon take place) the energy of govern-
ment may be greatly impaired, so that even zeal unrestrained may
be productive of anarchy and confusion, we do in like manner unite,
associate, and solemnly engage, in maintenance of good order and
the public peace, to support the civil power in the due execution of
the laws, so far as may be consistent with the present plan of
opposition ; and to defend with our utmost power all persons from
every species of outrage to themselves or their property, and to
prevent any punishment from being inflicted on any offenders other
than such as shall be adjudged by the civil magistrate, the Conti-
nental Congress, our Convention, Council of Safety, or Com-
mittees of Observation.
The Maryland delegates to the Continental Congress
had been forbidden, except under certain circumstances, to
agree to any declaration of independence, but it soon became
evident that the sentiment of that body was In favor of
such a declaration. Consequently, when a resolution to
that effect was Introduced the Maryland delegates were re-
called and the question was referred to the people so that
delegates to the Provincial Convention could be elected and
given Instructions upon the matter. The people of the
various counties held their meetings and elected delegates
to the convention and Instructed these delegates to repeal
the restrictions Imposed upon the delegates to Congress
and to allow them to unite with those of the other colonies
In declaring their independence and the formation of a con-
federacy. Less than a week before the adoption of the
Preparing for the Struggle. 203
Declaration of Independence the Maryland Convention
rescinded the restrictions placed upon their delegates, so
that the latter were able to join in voting for its passage.
The Maryland Convention, however, determined to put
itself on record, and on July 3, 1776, adopted the following:
A Declaration of the Delegates of Maryland.
To be exempted from Parliamentary taxation, and to regulate
their internal government and polity, the people of this colony
have ever considered as their inherent and unalienable right ; with-
out the former, they can have no property; without the latter, no
security for their lives or liberties.
The Parliament of Great Britain has of late claimed an uncon-
trollable right of binding these colonies in all cases whatsoever; to
enforce an unconditional submission to this claim the legislative
and executive powers of that State have invariably pursued for these
ten years past a steadier system of oppression, by passing many
impolitic, severe, and cruel acts for raising a revenue from the
colonists; by depriving them in many cases of the trial by jury; by
altering the chartered constitution of our colony, and the entire
stoppage of the trade of its capital; by cutting off all intercourse
between the colonies ; by restraining them from fishing on their own
coasts ; by extending the limits of, and erecting an arbitrary govern-
ment in the Province of Quebec ; by confiscating the property of the
colonists taken on the seas, and compelling the crews of their ves-
sels, under the pain of death, to act against their native country
and dearest friends; by declaring all seizures, detention, or de-
struction of the persons or property of the colonists, to be legal and
just.
A war unjustly commenced hath been prosecuted against the
united colonies with cruelty, outrageous violence, and perfidy;
slaves, savages, and foreign mercenaries have been meanly hired to
rob a people of their property, liberties and lives; a people guilty
of no other crime than deeming the last of no estimation without
the secure enjoyment of the former; their humble and dutiful
204 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
petitions for peace, liberty, and safety have been rejected with
scorn; secure of, and relying on foreign aid, not on his national
forces, the unrelenting monarch of Britain hath at length avowed,
by his answer to the city of London, his determined and inexorable
resolution of reducing these colonies to abject slavery.
Compelled by dire necessity, either to surrender our properties,
liberties, and lives into the hands of a British King and Parlia-
ment, or to use such means as will most probably secure to us and
our posterity those invaluable blessings, —
We, the Delegates of Maryland, in Convention assembled,
do declare that the King of Great Britain has violated his com-
pact with this people, and they owe no allegiance to him. We have
therefore thought it just and necessary to empower our deputies in
congress to join with a majority of the united colonies in declaring
them free and independent States, in framing such further con-
federation between them, in making foreign alliances, and in adopt-
ing such other measures as shall be judged necessary for the preser-
vation of their liberties; provided the sole and exclusive rights of
regulating the internal polity and government of this colony be
reserved for the people thereof. We have also thought proper to
call a new Convention, for the purpose of establishing a govern-
ment in this colony. No ambitious views, no desire of independ-
ence, induced the people of Maryland to form an union with the
other colonies. To procure an exemption from parliamentary tax-
ation, and to continue to the legislatures of these colonies the sole
and exclusive right of regulating their internal policy, was our
original and only motive. To maintain inviolate our liberties and
to transmit them unimpaired to posterity, was our duty and first
wish; our next, to continue connected with and dependent on,
Great Britain. For the truth of these assertions, we appeal to
that Almighty Being who is emphatically styled the Searcher of
hearts, and from whose omniscence nothing is concealed. Relying
on His divine protection and affiance, and trusting to the justice
of our cause, we exhort and conjure every virtuous citizen to join
cordially in the defence of our common rights, and in maintenance
of the freedom of this and her sister colonies.
^'iMi^':-
CHAPTER XVI.
The Flying Camp.
U'
HROUGHOUT the sum-
mer of 1775 the citizens
of western Maryland, compris-
ing chiefly the German element
of the population of the Prov-
ince, were actively engaged in
preparing for the war which
they now knew was inevitable.
Men enrolled themselves into
companies and perfected them-
selves in military tactics under
oflScers of their own choosing. Four of these companies
were officered as follows:
Captain, William Blair.
1st Lieutenant, George Hockersmith,
2d Lieutenant, Henry Williams.
Ensign, Jacob Hockersmith.
205
206
The Pennsylvania-German Society.
William Curran, Jr.
George Kelly,
Sergeants.
John Smith,
Christian Crabbs.
Corporals.
John Crabbs, Arthur Row,
George Matthews, James Park.
Drummer, Daniel McLean.
Captain, William Shields.
ist Lieutenant, John Faires. 2d Lieutenant, Michael Hockersmith.
Ensign, John Shields.
Charles Robinson,
James Shields, Sr.,
Sergeants.
Patrick Haney,
Robert Brown.
Moses Kennedy,
John Hawk,
Corporals.
John Long,
Thomas Baird.
Captain, Jacob Ambrose.
1st Lieutenant, Peter Shover. 2d Lieutenant, Henry Bitzell.
Ensign, John Weller.
Martin Bartz,
Frederick Schultz,
Sergeants.
John Gump,
Casper Young.
John Protzman,
Dominick Bradley,
Drummer, John Shaw.
Corporals.
George Kuhn,
Laurence Creager.
Fifer, Philip Weller.
Captain, Benjamin Ogle.
1st Lieutenant, Henry Matthews. 2d Lieutenant, George Nead.
Ensign^ James Ogle.
The Flying Camp. 207
Sergeants.
John Syphers, Peter Leonard,
Lawrence Protzman, Conrad Matthew.
Corporals.
Jacob Valentine, Adam Knauff,
Daniel Protzman, William Elder.
Drummer^ John Roche. Fifer, Daniel Linebaugh.
These companies, numbering over 250 men, were at-
tached to one of the battalions raised in Frederick county
and performed active service throughout the war.
On the first day of January, 1776, the Convention re-
solved to immediately put the Province in the best state of
defence and to raise an armed force sufficient for this pur-
pose. It was decided that this force should consist of
1,444 men, with the proper officers, and that It should be
divided into a battalion of eight companies of sixty-eight
men each, with officers, and the remainder of the troops
formed into companies of one hundred men each. On
January 14 this was changed so that there was to be a bat-
talion of nine companies, seven independent companies,
two companies of artillery and one company of marines.
The Council of Safety was empowered to order these
troops into Virginia, Delaware and Pennsylvania. Officers
for the battalion were elected as follows: Colonel, William
Smallwood; major, Thomas Price; paymaster, Charles
Wallace; clerk to colonel, Chrlstr. Richmond; ist Sur-
geon's mate. Dr. Michael Wallace; quarter master, Joseph
Marbury; acting adjutant, Jacob Brice. These companies
were enlisted chiefly in the eastern section of the Province,
and while there were many Germans among the officers
and privates there was no grouping of that nationality.
On June 3, 1776, the Continental Congress resolved
2o8 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
"That a flying camp be immediately established in the
middle colonies; and that it consist of 10,000 men; to com-
plete which number . . . the colony of Pennsylvania be
requested to furnish of their militia 6,000, Maryland of
their militia 3,400, Delaware government, of their militia,
600."
On the 2 1 St the Maryland Convention resolved "that
this province will furnish 3,405 of its militia, to form a
flying camp, and to act with the militia of Pennsylvania and
the Delaware government in the middle department."
These troops were to serve until the first of the following
December.
The organization of the companies for the Flying Camp
was promptly undertaken, and no class of citizens was more
prompt in enlisting than the German residents of Frederick
county. Some of the companies were made up almost en-
tirely of Germans, while in all of them there was a fair
proportion of that nationality. Following are the muster
rolls of the companies enlisted in Frederick county for the
Flying Camp :
Lower District, now Montgomery County.
Captain Edward Burgess' Company in the Flying Camp.
Captain, Edward Burgess.
jst Lieutenant, Thomas Edmonston.
2d Lieutenant, Alexander Estep.
Ensign, Zephaniah Beall.
Privates.
Nathan Orme, Miles Mitchell,
Richard Weaver Barnes, Thomas Wood,
Charles Gartrell, Charles Maccubin Reynolds,
Alexander Lazenby, Joseph Estep,
Edward Harden, John Tuckker,
The Flying Camp.
209
Zachariah Aldridge,
Samuel Beall White,
Nathan Waters,
Benjamin Fitzjarrald,
Gilbert Bryan,
Nathan Musgrove,
James Burgess,
Benjamin Burgess,
Arthur Legg,
Thomas Freeman,
John Sheekels, or Shukels,
John Ray,
Shadrach Penn, or Peen,
Zephaniah Browning,
George Fryback,
John Hanson WTieeler,
Samuel Wheeler,
Thomas Culver,
Henry Lazenby,
Jeremiah Beall,
John Harding,
Samuel Taylor Orme,
Thomas Wallis,
John Lashyear (Layzare),
Reson Hollon,
Alexcious Simms,
Thomas Nichols,
Laurance Hurdle,
William Crow,
Lenard Wood,
Saml. Carter,
Thomas Beall,
Kinsey Hanee,
Joseph Gartrell,
John Geehan, or Guhan,
14*
Jeremiah Ferrell,
Samuel Purnal,
Thomas Sheekels, or Shukels,
Thomas Gittings,
Archibald Hoskinson,
Alexander Barratt,
Owen Haymon,
Alexander Edmonston Beall,
John Beaden,
Alexander Tucker,
John Wilcoxen,
Richard Burgess,
John Fryback,
Daniel Lewis,
John Ryan,
Benj. Tucker,
Wevour Waters,
Morris Brashears,
Obed Willson,
Stephen Gatrell,
James Beall (of Roger),
John Elwood,
James Carter,
Josiah Harding (Harden),
Henry Clark,
John Nichols,
Alexander Robert Beall,
William Garten,
Solomon Dickerson,
William Young Conn,
Marthew Lodgeade,
Leaven, (Leven) Beall,
John Ferrell,
William Hicke,
Dennis Marhay,
2IO The Pennsylvania-German Society.
James Hurvey, John Crook,
Edward Trout, Samuel Taylor,
Samuel Solamon, William Blackburn,
William Hopkins, Richard Nicholsson.
Captain Leonard Deakins' Company in the Flying Camp.
Captain, Leonard Deakins.
1st Lieutenant, Thomas Nowland. 2d Lieutenant ^ Elisha Williams.
Ensign, John Griffith, resigned, Dennis Griffith.
Privates.
Lloyd Beall, James Gauff,
Zachariah Askey, John Yates,
William Lanham, Jacob Veatch,
Richard O'Daniel, William Longley,
David Green, Dennis Griffith,
John Taylor, Thomas Stewart,
Thomas Lightfoot, John Stewart,
James McDeed, William Walker,
Samuel Spycer, James McCulloch,
Bartholomew Edelin, William Lovet,
William Draper, Jessee Woodward,
Henry Allison, Nathan Wilson,
Leonard Hagon, Robert Wilson,
Charles Mahoney, Edward Jinkings,
John Baptis Gauff, William Hays.
Captain Benjamin Spykers Company in the Flying Camp.
Captain, Benjamin Spyker.
1st Lieutenant, Greenbury Gaither,
2d Lieutenant, Richard Anderson.
Ensign, Nicholas Scybert.
Privates.
Zachariah Rily, Thomas Wise,
John Gorman, William House,
John McDavid, Geor. Sybert (Scybert),
The Flying Camp.
211
Edward NorthcrafEt,
Neil Dogherty,
Michael Stanly,
William Carlin,
Peter Hoey (Hoy),
Strutton Hazel,
Henry Burton,
John Smith,
Archibald Trail,
Nathan Green,
John Currington,
William Murphy,
Joseph Crawly,
Edward Goodwin,
Timothy Maclamary,
John Turner,
William Glory,
John Reynolds,
William Hollands,
Allan Mackabee (Mockbee),
Francis Downing,
James Wilson,
Nathan Traill,
James Artis,
Aaron Wood,
John Keemer,
William Leitch,
William Baitson,
Charles Saffle,
Nicholas Gaither,
Lodowick Davis (Davies),
Bennett Herd,
Henry Mackee (Mackey),
Michael Rily (Riley),
Walter Nichols (Nicholl),
Nathan Roberts,
Stephen Harper,
John Cook,
Joseph Ross,
Patrick Murphy,
George Heater,
Dennis Clary,
Thomas Love,
Thomas Knowlar,
Abraham Booker,
Joseph Penny,
John Wilson,
Richard Short,
Thomas Chattell, (Chattle),
John Haymond Nicholls,
Richard Cooke,
Lewis Mullican,
James Pelly,
Eli Smith,
John Collins,
William Lowry,
Osborn West,
Leven Kersey,
William Jerbo,
John Lowry,
John Langton,
John Evans,
Henry Atchison ( Hutchingson ) ,
John Madding,
Robert Rickets,
Zachariah Evans,
Benjamin Holland,
Richard Kisby,
Michael Carter,
Thomas Sheppart,
212
The Pennsylvania-German Society.
Edward Waker,
Thomas Malloon,
John Gaskin,
Robert Drake,
Patrick Carroll,
William Pack,
John Cavenor (Cavernor),
Philip Hindon,
Stephen Warman,
George Heathman.
Captain Richard Smith's Company in the Flying Camp.
Captain, Richard Smith.
7^/ Lieutenant, Walter White. 2d Lieutenant, Thomas Hayes.
Ensign, Thomas Sprigg.
Privates.
Thomas Fanning,
Levi Hayes,
Henry Clagett,
John Patrick,
Matthias Henistone,
Andrew Hughes,
Jesse Harris,
William Summers,
Joseph Lewis,
John Davies,
John Smith,
Alexander Read,
Matthew Read,
William Norris, son of Benj°,
William Wallace,
Levin Hayes,
John Raynolds,
George WIndom,
Peter Night,
William Madden,
Henry Atcheson,
Andrew Keath,
Samuel Queen Windsor,
John Bennett,
John Hinton,
Ezeklel Harris,
Herbert Alex'" Wallace,
Robert Moore,
Henry Kuhnes,
Anthony Murphy,
Jacob Irlssler,
William Veal Steuart,
Michael Clancy,
James Long,
Charles Steuart,
James Nolland,
John Gibson,
William Sutton,
John Harriss,
John FItzgerrald,
John Carroll,
John Burgess,
Jeremiah Leitch,
Denmas Mannan,
Nicholas Rodes,
Zephenlah Wallace,
Nicholas Rodes, Jr.,
William Pruett,
The Flying Camp.
213
William Johnston,
John Bowen,
Robert Muckleroy,
William Pollard,
Jacob Hesse,
William Preston,
Alexander Mason,
James Jordan,
John Hennes,
Robert Robinson,
Thos. Hays.
Middle District^ now Frederick County.
Captain Philip Maroney's Company in the Flying Camp.
Captain, Philip Maroney.
ist Lieutenant, Elisha Beall. 2d Lieutenant, John Hellen.
Ensign, William Beatty, Jr.
Privates.
George McDonald,
Garah Harding,
William Jacobs,
John McCrery,
Daniel Shehan,
John Churchwell,
George Holliday,
George Hill,
William Gilmour (Gilmore),
Patrick Murphy,
Francis Quynn,
Samuel Wheeler,
John Shank,
James McKinzie,
Thomas Gill,
William Calvert,
John McClary,
William Skaggs,
John Marshall,
Bennett Neall,
John Test,
Thomas Kirk, Jr.,
Ninion Nichols (Nickols),
James Hutchcraft,
Jacob Holtz,
Henry Smith,
Richard Wells,
Elisha Rhodes,
Paul Boyer,
Samuel Busey,
John Kenneday,
William Chandler,
William Hilton,
Warran Philpot,
Christopher Wheelen,
James Buller,
John Jones,
James Carty,
John Hutchinson,
Luke Barnet,
William Barnitt,
Samuel Silvor,
Edward Salmon,
James McCoy,
214
The Pennsylvania-German Society.
William Cash,
James Burton,
Thomas Bayman,
Thomas Hillery,
James Beall (Ball),
John Brease (Breeze),
Patrick Scott,
William McKay (McKoy),
Zadock Griffith,
Henry Meroney,
Henry Clements,
Thomas Fenly (Finley),
James McCormack Beall,
Patrick Connan,
Chas. Philpott Taylor,
James Lowther,
Henry Barkshire,
John Maynard,
James Beckett,
James Tannehill,
John Miller,
James Bryant,
Michael Arran,
Jacob Barrack,
John Donack,
James Kelam,
John Sehom,
Robert McDonald,
Richard Tongue,
Herbert Shoemaker,
John Myer,
Richard Fletcher,
Joseph McAllen,
Thomas Harrison,
John Alsop,
Charles DuUis,
Joshua Pearce,
Jacob Rhodes,
George Kelly,
William Louden,
Christian Smith,
Frederick Beard,
Henry Fisher,
James Hudson,
Michael Hale,
John Rite,
William Byer,
Francis Freeman,
John Cash,
William Hollings,
Jacob Burton.
Captain Jacob Good's Company in the Flying Camp.
Captain, Jacob Good.
1st Lieutenant, John Baptist Thompson.
2d Lieutenant, John Ghiselln.
Ensign, John Smith.
Privates.
Christeen Clisce, Henry Brawner,
George Obalam, Patrick Money,
The Flying Camp.
215
Tobias Hammer,
George Rice,
Philip Fletcher,
Martin Fletcher,
Christeen Gobble,
Adam Keller,
John Dwyre,
John Billow,
John Chamberlin,
William Trace,
Jacob Freeman,
James Collins,
Thomas White,
Charles Freind,
James Estup,
John O'Bryan,
John Wimer,
George Gobble,
Henry Miller,
Ludwick Mober,
Peter Giddy,
Jacob Horine,
Philip Pepple,
Daniel Means,
George Free,
Daniel McTier,
Patric Mclntire,
Danl. Mclntire,
Danl. Merfey,
Thomas Adams,
John Sill,
Anthony Thomas,
Matthew King,
Joseph McClaine,
David Jones,
John Harrison,
John Money,
Peter Penroad,
James Campbell,
Leonard Macatee,
Thomas Anderson,
Jacob Bearae,
Philip Jacob,
William McClane (McClame),
Peter Havclay,
Philip Cenedy,
Patrick Deneley,
Joseph McCracken,
William Linch,
John Toughman,
Edward Pegman,
John Wart,
Michael Dodson,
Benj. Norris,
George Bonagal,
George Ettleman,
James Vaughan,
Wm. Brown,
Geo. Spunogle,
Peter Weaver,
Saml. Hamilton,
William Price,
Henry Fanslar,
William Boe,
Jacob Martin,
Jonathan McDonall,
Zachariah Ward,
John Slagel,
Danl. Benning,
John Robertson,
George Carroll,
John Henderson,
2l6
The Pennsylvania-German Society.
Fettea Stuffle,
Jacob Ridingour,
George B enter,
Joseph Ray,
John Duncan,
Patrick White,
John Test,
Robert McLeod,
Wm. Drome,
Wm. Brinsford.
Captain Peter Mantz Company in the Flying Camp.
Captain, Peter Mantz.
1st Lieutenant, Adam Grosh. 2d Lieutenant, Peter Adams.
Ensign, John Richardson.
Privates.
William Richardson,
John Shelman,
Andrew Loe,
Henry Bear,
Andrew Wolf,
John Kellar,
John Martin,
Andrew Speak,
Charles Smith,
John Newsanger (Neswangher),
John Gombare, Jr.,
Jacob Bayer,
George Siegfried,
Jacob Stevens,
William Mills,
Mathias Overfelt,
David Eley,
Henry Smith,
Peter Bell,
John Twiner,
John Netsley,
Geo. Mich. Hawk,
John Conrad,
Joseph Pinnall (Pannell),
Frederick Kallenberger,
John Snider,
John Lock,
Saml. Yaulet,
James Adams,
Peter Walts,
Henry Huffman,
Jacob Crapell (Creppell),
Mathew Rudrieck,
Christ. Stanley,
Thomas Stanley,
Chr. Kallenberger,
Jacob Kern,
George Hower,
David Nail,
George Tennaly,
Jonathan Jones,
Frederick Heeter,
Rudolph Morolf,
John Mouer (Mourrer),
John Dutterer,
Martin Heckentom,
Abraham Boucher (Bucher)
Philip Bowman,
George Stoner,
Henry Hulsman,
The Flying Camp.
217
Valentine Brunner,
John Foster,
Mich. Cramer,
Laurence Myers,
John Bennett,
John Gisinger,
Henry Teener,
John Striser,
Henry Myer,
John Shenlc,
John Smith, dyer,
Jos. Williams,
Philip Flack,
John Hendrickson,
Dennis Realley,
Thomas Smith,
Jacob Carnant,
Henry Grose,
George Plummer,
Peter Wagoner,
Thomas Tobiry,
Philip Aulpaugh,
Jacob Shade,
Peter Snowdenge ( Snowdeigel ) ,
Henry Berreck,
John Baker,
Daniel Hinds,
George Boyer,
Joseph Shame,
Michael Baugh,
Nicholas Becketh (Beckwith),
Jacob Bowman,
Andrew Ringer.
Captain Vallentine Creagers Company in the Flying Camp.
Captain, Vallentine Creager.
1st Lieutenant, Phillip Smith, Jr.
2d Lieutenant, George Need (Neat).
Ensign, John Parkinson (Pirkinson).
Sergeants.
Josiah Hedges,
Christian Cumber.
Corporals.
Charles Menix,
John Link.
Fifer, Peter Trux (Trucks).
Privates.
Thomas Edison, Edward Hossilton,
Christian Smith, John Smith,
George Dotts, Laurence Stull,
Jacob Bostion, Samuel Hulse,
Solomon Bentley,
Aquilla Carmack,
John Brattle,
Solomon Rowlins,
Drummer, Joseph Allsop
2l8
The Pennsylvania-German Society.
Matthias Andess,
John Springer,
Oliver Linsey,
Ludwick Moser (Mouser),
James Silver,
Michael Fox,
George Burrawl (Burrol),
Jacob Barrick (Barrack),
Jonothan Beard,
Christopher Cooper,
Patrick Daugherty (Daugerty),
Jacob Holtzman,
Peter Lickliter,
John Mortt,
William Slick,
Thomas Tumbleson (Tombleson),
Adam Russ,
Jacob Weyant (Wicant),
John Ciferd,
James Cammell (Campbell),
Henry Decamp,
James Buckhannon (Buchanan),
Peter Heveron,
Jacob Rignall (Rignell),
Peter Dick,
Cornelius Downey,
William From,
George Younger,
Lodwick Woller (Wooler),
Daniel Moore,
William Weier,
James Smith,
Joseph Smith,
Thomas Parkinson (Pirkinson),
Henry Fogle,
Henry Fox,
Frederick Hardman,
John Waggoner,
Adam Waggoner,
Adam Simmon (Simon),
George McDonald,
Henry Clice (Clise),
Thomas Nailor (Nalor),
George David,
Henry Reich,
Patrick Dayley,
James Branwood,
Thomas Cook,
Philip Greenv^'ood,
Robert Sellers (Sellors),
John White,
David Barrlnger,
Patrick Rowin,
George Serjeant,
Evan Morris,
William Preston,
Robert Parson,
John Langley,
Daniel Bryan,
Jacob Ringer.
Upper District, now Washington County.
Captain JEneas Campbell's Company in the Flying Camp.
Captain, /Eneas Campbell.
1st Lieutenant, Clement Hollyday.
2d Lieutenant, John Courts Jones.
The Flying Camp.
219
John Moxley,
Levi Walters,
George Hoskins,
William Frankline,
William Davis,
John Gillam (Gillum),
Henry Beeding (Beading),
Michael Hagan,
Daniel Moxley,
George Gentile (Gentle),
William Dixon,
Mark Chillon,
Martin Kiezer,
Shedereck Locker,
John Steel,
James Williams,
Samuel Lintridge (Lentarage),
Benjamin Osburn (Ozenburn),
William Veatch,
William Lucas (Luckas),
Charles Byrn (Burn),
William Housley (Owsley),
Notley Talbot (Talbort),
John Martin (Martain),
Charles Hoskins,
Barton Lovelass
(Charles Loveless),
Grove Toml in (Tamlane),
William Stallings (Stalion),
Thomas Gillam (Gillum),
John Henry,
Richard Lewis,
Aneas Campbell, Jr., cadet,
James Raidy,
Ensign, David Lynn.
Privates.
Ignatius Maddox,
William Carroll,
John Snowden Hooke,
Richard Sarjeant, Jr.,
James Weakley,
George Kingston,
John Simpson Aldridge,
Charles Thomas Philpot,
Jeremiah Fulsome,
John Heart,
Edward Cane,
Robert Beall Crafford,
Philip Tracy,
Henry Jones,
Thomas Chappell,
Jacob Mills,
Hezekiah Speake,
Walter Raley (Raleigh),
Zephaniah Mockbee,
John Higdon, Jr.,
William Lewis,
Henry Allison,
Nathan Thompson,
James Glaze,
Archibald Chappell,
Hugh Elder,
Arthur Cams,
William Windham,
Samuel Busey,
Alexander Adams,
Lewis Peak (Speake),
Stephen West,
Thomas Owen,
John Jeans,
220
The Pennsylvania-German Society.
John Williams,
John Compton,
Peter Boardy,
William Poland,
Cornelius Harling,
Josh. Harbin,
Charles Lucas (Luckas),
John Ellis,
Stephen Gentile,
Joseph Beeding,
Philip Sulivane,
John Ferrell,
Patrick Rine,
Benjamin Ellit,
William Lamar,
William Thompson,
Stephen West,
William Briggs,
Francis Kitely,
Nathaniel Glaze,
Peter Hardesty,
Thomas Barrett,
Daniel Ferguson,
John Self,
William Oliver,
John White,
Abraham Chapman.
Captain John Reynolds' Company in the Flying Camp.
Captain, John Reynolds.
1st Lieutenant, M.oses Chapline. 2d Lieutenant, Christian Orndorfl.
Ensign, Nathan Williams.
Privates.
William Walker,
Moses Hobbins,
John Ferguson,
Wm. Bradford, volunteer,
Jacob Hosier,
Thomas Fowler,
John Been,
David Grove,
Thos. Bissett,
Wm. Messersmith,
Wm. Patrick,
Archibald Mullihan,
Edward Pain,
Wm. CofFeeroth,
John Wade,
Thomas Stogdon,
Philip Wyonge,
Allexander Sparrow,
Christian Weirich,
Nicholas Weirich,
Peter Loar,
Jacob Long,
Nicholas Pinkely,
Mathias Wolf,
John Randle,
Michael Edelman,
Joseph Emrich,
Jacob Brunner,
Edward Kerny,
Nathaniel Linder,
Harmon Consella,
Nicholas Hasselback,
The Flying Camp.
221
Silus Tomkins,
John Class,
John Hurley,
Thomas Pitcher,
Edward Brown,
Henry Coonse,
George Deale,
Benedict Eiginor,
Edward Dumatt,
Daniel Murphey,
Ludowick Kiding,
Christopher Curts (Cortz),
Henry Knave,
Thomas McKoy, D. S. T.
Henry Saftly,
John Berry,
Rinear Bennett,
Francis Thornbourgh,
Peter Seaburn,
Thomas Sands,
James Cunningham,
James Nowles, D. S. T.
Edward Nowles,
Thomas Barrett, D. S. T.
Christian France,
Jacob Weisong,
Joseph Finch,
John Hood,
William Baumgartner,
George Baumgartner,
Teeter Waltenback,
James Thompson,
George Reynolds,
Philip Loar,
Nicholas France,
Thomas Wilkins,
George Flick,
George Bowersmith,
Robert Wells,
John Walker,
Garrett Closson,
Basil! Williams,
Simon McClane,
Joseph Carrick,
John Peirce Welsh,
John McKenny,
Benjamin Dye,
Jacob Forsythe,
Edward Gardner, D. S. T.
Joseph Moor,
Laurance Williams,
Bennett Madcalf,
Ephraim Skiles,
John Powell,
Michael Cortz,
Clement Howard,
John Teeter,
Jacob Teeter,
William Fanner,
John Iden,
William Kerney,
John Eove (Cove?)
Jacob Linder,
Rodger Dean,
James Stewart.
222
The Pennsylvania-German Society,
Captain Henry Hardmans Company in the Flying Camp.
Captain, Henry Hardman.
1st Lieutenant J Daniel Stull. 2d Lieutenant, Peter Contee Hanson,
Jona. Morris.
Ensign, John Rench.
Privates.
Paul Schley,
Chs. White,
Francis Fnimantle,
Daniel Matthews,
James Jordon,
George How,
Thomas West,
Jno. Kirk,
Maurice Baker,
Daniel Cline,
Jno. Newman,
Jno. Brown,
Livie Jones,
Thomas Fish,
John Lindsey,
Jno. Troxel,
Jno. Collins,
Thos. Smith,
Chas. Feely,
Abm. Miller,
George Colley,
Jno. Mowen,
Martin Rickenbaugh,
Pat. Ryley,
Robert English,
James Crale,
Jno. Stoner,
Jacob Hirsh,
Jno. Bemhart,
Jno. Grant,
Wm. Crale,
James Martin,
Danl. Fisher,
Phil. Flack,
James Green,
Isaac Hardey,
Wm. Casey,
Saml. Smith,
Wm. Wallis,
Thos. Jones,
Danl. Henderson,
John Ward,
George Morrison,
Chr. Hart,
Jno. Welsh,
Jno. Moor,
Jno. Aim,
Jno. Barry,
Stephen Preston,
Rhd. Noise,
Mathias Houks,
Stephen Rutlidge,
William Davis,
Thomas Collins,
William Divers,
Chr. Metts,
Danl. Wicks,
Jno. Dicks,
The Flying Camp.
223
Thos. Robison,
James Duncan,
Peter Haines,
Phil. Brugh,
Peter Fiegley,
Chr. Neal,
George Fiegley,
Phil. Berener,
Abm. Troxel,
Samuel Sprigg,
Barny Riely,
John Closs,
Peter Digman,
Chn. Berringer,
Thomas McGuyer,
Jacob Storam,
Saml. Richardson,
Conomus Acre,
Daniel Carry,
Rhd. Morgon,
Wm. Campian,
Isaac Barnet,
Chr. Fogely,
Michael Pote,
George Rismel,
Chr. Alinger,
Peter Splise,
Chr. Walker,
John Hager,
Jas Munn.
CHAPTER XVII.
The German Regiment.
'^'HE Continental Con-
^^ gress having consid-
ered the question of raising
a regiment to be composed
entirely of Germans, on
June 27, 1776, adopted
the following resolution :
That four companies of Ger-
mans be raised in Pennsylvania
and four companies in Mary-
land, to compose the said regi-
ment: That it be recommended to the convention, or in their
recess, to the council of safety of Maryland, immediately to appoint
proper officers for, and direct the inlistment of, the four companies
to be raised in that colony.
The Convention of Maryland promptly ratified this
action by directing that two companies of Germans be
raised in Baltimore county and two in Frederick county.
The officers for the German regiment named by Congress
224
The German Regiment. 225
were as follows: Nicholas Haussegger, colonel; George
Strieker, lieutenant-colonel; Ludwick Weltner, major.
The proceedings of Congress state that "the committee
appointed to settle the rank of the captains and subalterns
in the German battalion, reported the same as follows,
which was agreed to :
*' Captains, Daniel Burkhart, Philip Graybill, George
Hubley, Henry Fister, Jacob Bonner, George Keeports,
Benjamin Weiser, William Heyser, and David Woelpper.
" First-lieutenants, Frederick Rolwagen, John Lora,
Peter Boyer, Charles Bulsel, William Rice, Jacob Kotz,
Jacob Bower, Samuel Gerock, and Bernard Hubley.
" Second-lieutenants, George Hawbacker, Christian
Meyers, John Landenberger, Michael Bayer, George
Schaeffer, Adam Smith, Frederick Yeiser, William Hitter,
and Philip Schrawder.
"Ensigns, John Weidman, Martin Shugart, Christian
Helm, Jacob Crummet, Jacob Cramer, Paul Christman,
Christopher Godfrey Swartz, and John Landenberger."
Of the officers of the regiment. Lieutenant-colonel
George Strieker and Major Ludwick Weltner were from
Frederick county. The Maryland captains were William
Heyser, Philip Graybill, Henry Fister and George Kee-
ports, The Pennsylvania Archives^^^ state that Colonel
Haussegger deserted to the British after the battle of
Monmouth, but Dr. H. M. M. Richards has shown this
to be a mistake. "This is evidently false," says Dr. Rich-
ards, " as he returned to his home at Lebanon, where he
died in July, 1786. His heirs participated in the donation
land-grants, awarded by the State of Pennsylvania to its
meritorious and brave officers and soldiers of the Revo-
lution, which would not have been the case were he a
»32 Second Series, Vol. XI., p. 73.
15*
226
The Pennsylvania-German Society.
traitor. It is more probable that, on account of his age,
he became sick and incapacitated from active duty, and
was given a lengthy furlough, which he spent at his
Lebanon home."^^^
The Maryland Archives^^^ give the following as a por-
tion of the roster of the German regiment :
Jacob Alexander,
John Cole,
Richard Gaul,
Jacob Hose,
John Heron,
Charles Jones,
William Johnson,
Daniel Jacquett,
Jacob Keyser,
Philip Beam,
John Brieger,
John (or Jas.) Burk,
William Croft (Kraft),
Jacob Etter,
Bernard Frey,
Joseph Hook,
Drummer.
Thomas Hutchcraft,
John Roach (or Rock),
Michael Smith.
Levy Arrings,
James W. L. Ashly,
Sergeants.
Jacob Lowe,
John Ladder,
William Lewis,
Wm. Rummelson,
George Stauffer,
Christr. Stanty,
Frederick Sollers,
John Truck.
Corporals.
John Hochshield,
Patrick Kelly,
John Michael,
Thomas Polhouse,
James Smith,
S. Fredk Shoemaker.
Fifer.
John Brown,
Henry Ferrins.
Privates.
Daniel Kettle,
Francis Kerns,
133 '< Xhe Pennsylvania-German in the Revolutionary War," p. 399.
134 Archives of Maryland, Vol. XVIII., p. 184 et seq.
The German Regiment.
227
John Armstrong,
John Abel,
George Arnold,
Leonard Aberly,
George Bough (or Buck),
Saml. Bauswell,
Peter Backer,
Michael Benner,
Henry Bender (or Painter),
Jacob Bishop,
Jacob Beltzhover,
Danl. Baylor,
John Bower,
Michael Brodbech,
George Bantz,
Conrad Beam,
John Bennett,
Philip Bates,
Michael Bowerd,
Timothy Cahill,
Jacob Caufman,
Benjamin Cole,
George Crothorn,
Owen Curley,
Henry Cronise,
John Croft,
Thomas Clifton,
Michael Cambler (or Gambler) ,
Christopher Casner,
Rudolph Crower,
Michael Cowley,
Chas. Champness,
Jacob Cromer (or Cramer),
Michael Crush,
John Cline,
James Dyer,
Peter Koons,
Geo. Keephart,
Michael Kershner,
Jacob Kline,
Jacob Kentz,
Jacob Kaufman,
John Lecrose,
Thomas Larmore,
Charles Lago,
George Leithusier,
Fredk. Larantz,
Vend el Lorantz,
Fredk. Locker,
Martin Lantz,
Leonard Ludwick,
Gal fried Lawrey,
Henry Michael,
Fredk. Mongaul,
John Miller,
Jacob Miely,
Jacob Miller, Jr.,
Lewis McColough,
William Mummart,
Jacob Miller, Sr.,
Henry Martin,
Wm. Maunsel,
William Nerving,
John Nevitt,
Richd. O'Quin,
Thomas Proctor,
William Pointer,
Robert Porter,
Henry Painter,
William Rider,
Chas. Ronenberger,
Michael Ritmire,
228
The Pennsylvania-German Society.
John Dalton,
James Dunkin,
John Dretch,
Godlb. Danruth,
Benja. Elliott,
John Eissell,
Wolfgn. Ellsperger,
Paul Elsing,
John Etnier,
Jas. Ensey,
Peter Engelle (or Angel),
Bartel Engle,
John Fennell,
John FolHott,
Henry Fisher,
Charles Fulham,
Patrick Fleming,
John Franklin,
Jacob Frymiller,
Abram Frantz,
John Fleck,
Philip Fisher,
Fredk. Filler,
David Finch,
James Forney,
Philip Fisher,
Philip Fitzpatrick,
Michael Grosh,
John Grupp,
George Getig,
Francis Gavan,
Edward Gould,
Adam Gantner,
Corns. Grunlin (or Quinlln),
Peter Grice,
Michael Gambler,
Conrad Riely,
Edward Robinson,
Andrew Robinson,
Chs. or Chrisr. Raybert,
Jacob Ruppert,
George Rittlemeyer,
Henry Rumfell,
George Regalman,
Jacob Ricknagle,
John Richards,
Christr. Raver,
Bernard Riely,
John Smitherd,
John Shively,
George Silver,
Christian Smith,
Mathias Smith,
James Slite (or Fite),
John Stanton,
Robert Smith,
Chr. Settlemeyer,
John Smith,
Alexander Sealors,
John Shrayock,
Joseph Slreiter,
John Slife,
John Shotts,
Michael Shoemaker,
Philip Studer,
Philip Smith (or Smithly),
John Smith,
Henry Strome,
John Shark,
Jacob Shutz,
Mathias Shrayer,
Henry Smith,
The German Regiment.
229
Richd. Hazelfp,
Thos. Halfpenny,
Michael Hartman,
Jno. W. Hammersly
(or Amersly),
F. William Haller,
John Harley,
Joseph Hook,
Henry Herring,
Casimer Hull,
Jacob Haseligh,
Thos. Hazlewood,
Jacob Heffner,
Jonathan Hockett,
Peter Hewer (or Hoover),
Peter Hemerlck (or Emerick),
John Hatfield,
Conrad Hile,
Jacob Hoover,
James Hughes,
Conrad Hausman,
Dedrick Haninghouse,
James Johnston,
Peter Kruise,
Philip Kuntz,
John Kibber,
Mathias Keyer (Keiser),
John Kendrick,
John Kline (Cline),
Chresn. Keplinger,
Abram Kettle,
John Shaffer,
John Snider,
Adam Stonebraker,
Adam Shaffer,
Fredk. Switzer,
John Smithly (or Smith),
Henry Statler,
Michael Stoner,
Conrad Stoyle,
William Selwood,
Andrew Selas,
John Timblin,
Fredk. Tawney,
William Taylor,
James Tite,
Henry Wilstock,
John Wade,
Danl. Williams,
John Welty,
Saml. Wright,
John Walker,
Thomas Woolford,
Joseph Williams,
Michael Weaver,
Chrisr. Waggoner,
Ludk. Witsinger,
Jacob Wink,
George Wilhelme,
Jacob Wagoner,
Michael Yakely,
John Zimmerman.
230
The Pennsylvania-German Society.
Captain Henry Fister's Company in the German Bat-
talion, Commanded by Colonel Nicholas
Haussegger, 1776.
Captaitij Henry Fister.
Lieutenants.
Michael Bayer.
Ensign, Jacob Grommet.
Sergeants.
Philip Shopper,
George Wintz.
Corporals.
Jacob Tudderow,
Jacob Low.
Drummer, John Heffner.
Privates.
Adam Charles,
Charles Balzel,
John Balzel,
Philip Shroop,
George Hoover,
Fredk. Wilhite,
Henry Delawter,
Henry Hawk,
Fredk. Mittag,
Jacob Fantz,
Peter Copple,
Jacob Kuntz,
John Ridenhour,
Willm, Snider,
Adam Froshour,
Chrlstn. Sheafer,
Leonard Everly,
John Wachtel,
George Studdlemeier,
Philip Colour,
Valentine Shotter,
Henry Ziegler,
Jacob Tabler,
Mathias King,
Jacob Miller,
Philip Isingminger,
Abraham Fettle,
John Imfeld,
George Shrantz,
Adam Smeltzer,
John Bird,
Gottlieb Klein,
Peter Graff,
John Ringer,
Jacob Croumer,
Philip Stouder,
Peter Hoover,
Peter Americk,
Conrad Houseman,
John Klein,
Henry Hain,
Jacob Kurtz,
John Zimmerman,
Henry Smith,
Adam Gentner,
The German Regiment.
231
John Leather,
Henry Hilderbrand,
Anthony Miller,
Jacob Farber,
Michael Moser,
Ludwick Visinger,
Jacob Hammer,
Martin Watkins,
Nicholas Frye,
Jacob Weaver,
Jacob Eggman,
John Beckerson,
George Clinton,
Christopher Slender,
Michael Beiker,
Anthony Hamilton,
Jacob Sheafer,
Henry Cronies,
Leonard Ludwick,
John Snider,
Henry Herring,
Peter Kuntz,
Justinius Hogshield,
Edward Robertson,
John Shatz,
Michael Stiener,
John Able,
Michael Shoemaker,
Frederick Henninghouse,
Thomas Polehouse,
Bartle Engle,
John Klein,
John Miller.
Pay Roll of Capt. Michael Bayer's Company in the Ger-
man Regiment^ Continental Troops in the
United States.
Commanded by Lt. Col. Ludwick Weltner.
For the months of July, August, September and October, 1779.
Capt. Michael Bayer (Boyer), John Abel,
Polehouse,
-k Shoemaker,
Corp. —
Corp. —
Corp. — rew Robinson,
Corp. John Hoshied,
Corp. John Shotz,
Drum. Thomas Hatchcraft,
Drum. Henry Ferrins.
Privates.
Thomas Mahony,
George Kepphard,
Peter Kuntz,
Abraham Kettle,
Adam Gantner,
Jacob Miller, Sr.,
Jacob Cramer,
Leonard Ludwick,
Michael Shoemaker,
Peter Emerick,
Henry Herring,
Michael Moser,
Henry Cronise,
Phillip Fisher,
John Snider,
John Wachtel,
232
The Pennsylvania-German Society.
Henry Fisher,
John Foliott,
Owen Curley,
Charles FulHm,
James Johnson,
Wade,
Mallady,
Edward Robinson,
Ludwick Wesinger,
Rudolph Marolf,
Jacob Miller, Jr.,
Phillip Strider,
Jacob Riggnagle,
Casemar Hill,
Conrad Houseman,
Michael Stoner,
William Taylor,
John Zimmerman,
John Cline,
Peter Hewer,
Bartle Engle.
Muster Roll of Capt. Geo. P. Keeport's Compy. of the
First German Battalion Continental Troops.
Commanded by Colonel Nicholas Haussegger.
Philadelphia, Sept. 19, 1776.
George P. Keeports, Capt.,
Saml. Gerock, i Lt.,
Willm Ritter, 2 Lt.,
John Lindenberger, Ensign,
Jacob Smith, ist Serjt.,
Henry Speck, 2nd Serjt.,
John Keener, 3rd Serjt.,
Christn. Kearns, 4th Serjt.,
George Cole, ist Corpl.,
Fredk. Moppes, 2nd Corpl.,
Ulrich Linkenfetter, 3rd Corpl.,
Philip Bitting, 4th Corpl.,
Benja. England, Drummer.
Privates.
Michael Brubacher,
Michael Grosh,
Michael Dochterman,
Christn. Settlemires,
Peter Kries,
Peter Koefflich (Hoefflich),
John Weller,
Gotfried Loure,
Jacob Wagner,
Peter Bast,
Jacob Stein,
John Schorcht,
George Schesler,
Danl. Fuhrman,
Henry Traut,
Jacob Schiitz,
Peter Hahn,
George Miller,
Peter Anckle,
Jacob Wink,
Danl. Boehler,
John Harring,
John Franken,
John Cole,
Adam Schaeffer,
Mathias Schreler,
The German Regiment.
233
Adam Markel,
David Streib,
Joseph Carrol,
David Levy,
Willm. Trux,
Jacob Bigler,
Jacob Burk,
Conrad Reitz,
John Brown,
Fredk. Mongoal,
John Bauer,
Conrad Boehm,
John Miller,
John Smith.
Roll of Capt. William Heyser's Company.
Dated October 23, 1776.
William Heyser, Captain, Adam Smith, 2nd Lieut.,
Jacob Kortz, ist Lieut., Paul Christman, Ensign.
Sergeants.
David McCorgan (Morgan),
Jacob Hose,
Daniel Jaquet (or Jaques),
Jacob Miller,
George Gittin, Drum,
Corporals.
Andrew Filler,
Philip Reevenach,
Barnard Frey,
William Lewis,
Jacob Gittin, Fife.
Peter Sheese,
Henry Stroam,
Adam Stonebreaker,
John Fogle,
Jacob Klien,
George Miller,
Phillip Fisher,
Jonathan Hecket,
Henry Tomm,
Jacob Hoover,
Michael Cambler,
George Harmony,
Thomas Clifton,
Michael Boward,
Henry Wagner,
Privates.
George Buch,
Stuffle Reever,
George Wise,
John Michael,
John Robertson,
Adam Lieser,
Robt. Hartness,
Henry Be'nter,
John Armstrong,
Simon Fogler,
Jacob Grass,
Phillip Smithly,
George Wilhelm,
James Duncan,
John Breecher,
234
The Pennsylvania-German Society.
John Crafft,
John Shoemaker,
Mathias Gieser,
Mathlas Dunkle,
Frederick Filler,
John Kibler,
Stuffle Wagner,
Jacob Heefner,
Conrad Hoyle,
Balsor Fisher,
John Smith,
Michael Weaver,
Jacob Belsoover,
John Rothe,
Wentle Strayly,
John Flick,
John Mettz,
Henry Michael,
George Riggleman,
Nicholas Baird,
John Hottfield,
Jacob Greathouse,
Fredk. Switzer,
Jacob Fowee,
Thomas Burney,
John Itnier,
Phillip Greechbaum,
Jacob Bishop,
Alex. Sailor,
Martin Pifer,
Peter Gittin,
Frances Myers,
Melcher Benter,
Tobias Friend,
Jacob Heefner,
John Smithly,
Everheart Smith,
Godfrey Young,
Frederick Locher,
Michael Yeakly,
James Furnier,
Henry Queer,
Henry Statler,
John Cropp.
Captain Heyser's company, which was enlisted In Wash-
ington county, was arranged as follows on May 22,
j,^yy .135
William Heyser, Captain,
Jacob Kortz, First Lieut.,
Sergeants.
Adam Smith, Second Lieut.,
David Morgan,
Jacob Hose,
John Jaquet,
Jacob Miller.
Corporals.
Andrew Tiller, discharged by
the Surgeon,
Philip Reevenacht,
Bernard Frey,
135 Richards' " The Pennsylvania-German in the Revolutionary War," p.
225.
The German Regiment.
235
Henry Stroam,
Adam Stonebreaker,
John Flick,
Henry Michael,
Philip Fisher,
Jonathan Hacket,
Henry Tomm,
Jacob Hoover,
Michael Camler,
Henry Wagner,
Melchior Benner,
John Fogle,
Francis Myers,
Jacob Kliene,
John Michael,
Simon Fogler,
John Robinson,
Jacob Beltzhoover,
Peter Sheese,
George Harmony,
Michael Bawart,
John Croft,
Frederick Filler,
John Kibler,
John Smith,
Math's Keyser,
Michael Weaver,
Nicholas Beard,
John Hatfield,
Conrad Hoyle,
Christian Reaver,
Adam Lower,
Ph. Greechbaum,
William Lewis,
John Breecher.
Privates.
Frederick Locher,
Michael Yockley,
James Fournier,
Henry Quir,
John Cropp,
H'y Statler,
George Gitting,
Thomas Clifton,
George Riggleman,
Thomas Burney,
John Metz,
John Shoemaker,
Tobias Friend,
Adam Leiser,
Jacob Greathouse,
Robert Hartness,
Martin Piffer,
George Miller,
Christopher Wagner,
Mathias Dunkle,
John Roth,
Jacob Piffer,
George Bouch,
Henry Panthar,
Jacob Grass,
George Wilhelm,
George Wise,
Jacob Heffner,
Everhard Smith,
John Armstrong,
Godfried Young,
Peter Gitting, died March 18,
1777,
236
The Pennsylvania-German Society.
James Duncan,
John Etnier,
Philip Smithly,
Christian Sides,
Jacob Bishop,
Alexander Saylor,
John Smithley,
Archibald Fleegert,
Wentle Strayley, died January
15, 1777,
Balzer Fisher, died March 15,
1777,
Frederick Switzer.
ScharP^^ gives another arrangement of this company
from a roll in the possession of Captain Heyser's
descendants.
Pay Roll of Lt. Col. Weltner's Company in the German
Regt. of the Continental Forces of the United States.
Commanded by Lt. Col. Ludwick JVeltner.
July, August, September and October, 1779.
Capt. Philip Shrawder,
Serjt. William Lewis,
Serjt. Jno. Danl. Jacquet,
Serjt. Jacob Hose,
Corpl. James Smith,
Corpl. John Michael,
Michael Gambler,
James Ashley,
William Pointer,
Jacob Mosen,
Jonathan Hackett,
Henry Straam,
James Duncan,
George Wilhelm,
Melcher Benner,
Fredrik Schwidzer,
Michael Yockley,
Corpl. John Brucher,
Corpl. Adam Stonebraker,
Corpl. Bernard Fry,
Drum. Moses McKinsey,
Drum. Joshua McKinsey.
Privates.
Francis Gavin,
Jacob Kline,
John Kebler,
Mathias Keiser,
John Armstrong,
John Etnier,
Jacob Bishop,
Chris. Raver,
Philip Fisher,
Fredk. Locker,
Alex. Taylor,
"6 "History of Western Maryland," Vol. II., p. 1190.
The German Regiment.
237
Conrod Hoyle,
John Fliet,
Fredrik. Filter,
Michl. Weaver,
James Forney,
Jacob Beltzhoover,
John Groop,
George Getting,
John Hatfield,
Henry Michael,
Thomas Clifton,
John Craft,
Patrick Fliming,
George Regliman,
Henry Stalter,
Christopr. Waggoner,
John Smith,
Henry Benter,
Philip Smithly,
Jacob Heefner,
John Smithly,
Jacob Haver,
Henry Quier.
A Roll of Capt. Philip Graybell's Company. 1776.
Philip Graybell, Captain,
John Lohra (Lorah), ist Lieut.,
Christian Myers, 2d Lieut.,
Martin Shugart, Ensign.
Privates.
Ferdinand Lorentz,
Philip Miller,
Henry Millberger (Millburger)
Jacob Hoffman,
Charles Zarrell,
Charles Charles,
Joseph Procter,
Joseph Braeter,
Christian Apple,
George Myers (Myer),
Henry Willsdaugh,
John Freymiller (Frymiller), George Lighthauser, (Leithauser),
James Cappelle (Caple),
John Rick,
Lorentz Kneary,
Jacob Etter,
Peter Baker,
Rudolph Crower,
Adam Rohrbach (Rohhbaugh),
Rowland Smith,
John Shriock (Shryock),
William Rommelsem, Serjt.,
Jacob Striter,
Martin Lantz,
John Hearly (Harley),
Joseph Smith,
Henry Wilstock,
Henry Rumfield,
George Hyatt, Fifer,
Thomas Kimmel (Kemmell),
Anthony Miller,
Joseph Hook,
Jacob Miley,
Jacob Miller,
Frederick Heller, Serjt.,
Andrew Gorr (Gore),
William Speck, Corpl.,
Henry Hargeroder ( Hergeroder ) ,
38
The Pennsylvania-German Society.
Wolfgang Ettsperger,
Christopher Regele (Regie),
Frederick Wm. Haller,
John Moore,
Wendell Andrews (Andreas),
Michael Kearshner,
Wolfgang Ettzinger,
John Shaffer,
David Mumma (Muma),
Abraham Frantz,
Frederick Weger,
Henry Hartman,
Wendel Lorentz,
John Hartenstein (Hardenstein
William Altimus,
Jacob Burke,
Jacob Kintz (Keintz),
George Rittlemyer,
Philip Kautz,
Jacob Myer (Myers),
John Shlife,
John Machenheimer, Sjt.,
George StaufiFer, Corpl.,
Gottlieb Danroth,
Lorentz Danroth,
Henry Decker,
Michael Growley,
Frederick Sollers, Corpl.,
Nicholas Frey,
Jacob Kerns (Kearns),
Simon Rinehart (Reinhart),
Mathias Boyer (Byer), Corpl.,
Jacob Ruppert,
Nicholas Keyser,
John Welty,
John Summers,
Michael Huling,
John Eyssell,
William Litzinger, Serjt.,
), Fredk. Downey (Tawney),
William Cunius (Cunnius),
James Smith,
Peter Finley, Drummer,
John Smith,
John Bartholomew Deitch ( Dych ) ,
William Kraft,
Joseph Williams,
Henry Sprengle,
Henry Smith,
John Strieker, Cadet,
Peter Segman.
A List of Recruits belonging to the German Regiment,
Commanded by Lieut. Colonel Weltner.
White Plains, September 5, 1778.
Time of
Names Service.
John Kendrick 3 yrs.
James Champness War.
George Buch 3 yrs.
Adam Mussler do.
William Vincent do.
Time of
Names. Service.
William Johnston do.
John Richards do.
Albert Hendricks 9 moa.
Philip Bates do.
George Arnold do.
The German Regiment.
239
Time of
Names. Service.
Stephen McGrouch do.
William Neving War.
James Woolford 3 yrs.
James Stiles War.
Peter Batolomey do.
Richard Hazlip 3 yrs.
Robert Porter do.
William Mummard War.
Hugh McKoy do.
John Ammersly do.
John Stanton do.
John Bennet do.
John Roach do.
Benj. Elliott do.
Cornelius Quinlin 3 yrs.
Philip Fitzpatrick 9 mos.
Francis Cams 3 yrs.
Charles Jones War.
Samuel Barts War.
Mathias Smith do.
William Rider do.
William Malinia do.
Benj. Cole do.
Timothy Cahill do.
Robert Smith do.
Cornelius Vaughan do.
James Murphy do.
Christian Castner do.
William Pope do.
John Fennell do.
Jacob Kauffman 3 yrs.
Thomas Proctor do.
Richard Gaul do.
John Shively do.
Thomas Halfpenny do.
Thomas Hazelwood War.
Richard Hopkins 9 mos.
Christn. Murama do.
William White War.
James Connoway 3 yrs.
Time of
Names. Service.
Adam Mattrit, fifer War.
Michael Smith, drummer War.
John Malady do.
Thomas Mackall do.
Charles Fulhara do.
John Hughmore do.
Thomas Hutchcrofft do.
John Wade do.
Alexander Smith do.
Frederick Shoemaker do.
James Johnston do.
Casimir Hill 3 yrs.
Thomas Mahony do.
John Smadern do.
Jacob Dolton do.
John Timhen do.
Michael Hardraan do.
Henry Ferrins do.
James Dyer 3 yrs.
Henry Fisher do.
Jacob Alexander do.
Christian Kepplinger 9 mos.
Philip Hinkel do.
Thomas Polehouse do.
Abraham Miller do.
Bernhard Ridenhour do.
Levy Aaron 3 yrs.
Moses McKinsey do.
Joshua McKinsey do.
Jacob Moser do.
Richard O'Quin War.
James Ashley do.
James Smith do.
Thomas Rowlands 9 mos.
George Bantz do.
On furlough.
Remarks.
Died 7 July.
Died July 27, 'fi.
Was a Deserter from Carolina.
Ditto of Col. Chambers.
240 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
Time of ■ '
Name. Service. Remarks.
Thomas Holdup War. Ditto of Carolina.
Mathias Custgrove 3 yrs. Deserted.
John Waldon do. ditto.
Andrew Shuler War. ditto.
John Stout do. ditto.
Robert Barnet do. Sick, absent.
George Kephard 3 yrs. Deserted.
Edward Connoly do. Taken by the Virginia Artillery.
Frederick Stone do. Given up to the Laboratory.
John Weeguel do. Left at Frederick Town.
These rolls do not contain the names of all the Germans
from Maryland who served in the Revolutionary War.
Many of them were to be found in the different regiments
of the Maryland Line, some of the companies being made
up almost entirely of Germans. But they are so scattered
and their names are so changed in the spelling that it is
impossible to pick them out.
CHAPTER XVIII.
Service of the Maryland Troops.
W
'O every call for troops made
by the Continental Con-
gress the response from Mary-
land was prompt and enthusias-
tic, and, as a rule, that province
furnished more men than were
called for; indeed, in comparison
with the other colonies, Mary-
land contributed more than her
share. But there was very little call for the services of her
sons at home, as the fighting was all done in other sections
of the country, and the Maryland companies, as soon as
they were enrolled, were hurried to the point where they
were most needed.
After the evacuation of Boston General Howe con-
ceived the idea of dividing the country Into two sections,
the northern part from the southern, and with that end in
view quickly landed a large force on Long Island for the
purpose of capturing New York. The exact number of
i6» 241
242 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
men making up the British commander's army is not
known, but it was between 20,000 and 27,000. General
Washington's force consisted nominally of about 24,000
men, but of these about one-third were invalids and another
third were not properly furnished with arms and ammuni-
tion. Then, too, this force was scattered over a large
section of country, for while Washington knew something
of the intention of the British commander, It was not known
just where he would strike his blow.
The Maryland battalion had been placed under the com-
mand of Colonel William Smallwood and sent to join
Washington's army in the vicinity of New York. As
other companies were raised they were hurried forward
under orders to join Smallwood's command, so that by
August 20, 1776, the whole Maryland force was under the
command of that officer. They were attached to the bri-
gade commanded by Lord Stirling. The British troops
landed on Long Island between the 21st and 27th of Au-
gust. On the 20th the Maryland troops, with those from
Delaware, were ordered to advance. Colonel Smallwood
and Lieutenant-Colonel Ware were In New York as mem-
bers of a court-martial, and although they asked Washing-
ton to be allowed to join their command they were not
permitted to do so, and the troops went forward under the
command of Major Mordecal Gist.
The American army under Putnam was drawn out to
occupy the passes and defend the heights between Flatbush
and Brooklyn. During the night of the 26th General Clin-
ton, with the van of the British army, silently seized one
of the passes and made his way, about daybreak, into the
open country in the rear of the Americans. He was im-
mediately followed by another column under Lord Percy.
To divert the Americans from their left another division
Service of the Maryland Troops. 243
under Grant marched slowly along the coast, skirmishing
with the light parties on the road. Putnam being sur-
rounded Stirling was ordered with two regiments, one of
which was the Maryland regiment, to meet the army on
the route to the narrows. About break of day he took his
position advantageously upon the summit of the hills and
was joined by the troops driven in by the advancing columns
of the enemy. For several hours a severe cannonade was
kept up on both sides and Stirling was repeatedly attacked
by the brigades under Cornwallis and Grant, who were as
often gallantly repulsed. At length the left wing of the
American force having been completely turned by Clinton,
and the center under Sullivan broken at the first attack of
General De Heister, the position of Stirling's brigade on
the right became perilous in the extreme. The passes to
the American lines at Brooklyn were in the possession of an
overpowering British force; two strong brigades were
assailing him in front, and in his rear lay an extensive
marsh traversed by a deep and dangerous creek, eighty
yards in width at its mouth. Nearer its head, at the Yellow
Mills, the only bridge which might have afforded the bri-
gade a safe retreat had been burned by a New England
regiment under Colonel Ward in its very hasty retreat,
although it was covered by the American batteries. The
only hope of safety, therefore, for the gallant troops who
still maintained the battle and held the enemy at bay was to
surrender, or else to cross the dangerous marsh and creek
at its mouth, where no one had ever been known to cross
before. Colonel Smallwood, having arrived from New
York and learning of the perilous situation of his battalion,
applied to General Washington for some regiments to cover
their retreat. After a moment's hesitation as to the pru-
dence of risking more troops on a lost battle, unwilling to
244 ^^^ Pennsylvania-German Society.
abandon these brave men to their fate, he detached him
with Captain Thomas' independent company from New
England which had just arrived from New York, and two
field pieces, to take a position on the banks of the stream
and protect the remnant of the brigade in the attempt to
cross it.
The scene of the conflict was within a mile of the Ameri-
can lines, and while Smallwood was hastening to their aid
Stirling prepared to make a last effort to check the advance
of the enemy and give time to a portion of his command to
make good its retreat. For this purpose he selected four
hundred men from the Maryland battalion, under Major
Gist, placed himself at their head, and having ordered all
the other troops to make the best of their way through the
creek, advanced against Cornwallis' brigade. As they drew
out between the two bodies of the enemy it was thought
by those looking on from the camp that they were about to
surrender, but as with fixed bayonets they rushed to the
charge upon the overwhelming force opposed to them fear
and sorrow filled every heart, and Washington is said to
have wrung his hands and examined: "Good God! What
brave fellows I must this day lose."^^'^
The following account of the battle of Long Island was
sent to the Maryland convention by Colonel Smallwood:
Camp of the Maryland Regulars,
Head Quarters, October 12th, 1776.
Sir: — Through your hands I must beg leave to address the
Hon'ble Convention of Maryland, and must confess not without
an apprehension that I have incurred their displeasure, for having
omitted writing when on our march from Maryland to New
York, and since our arrival here; nor shall I in a pointed manner
urge anything in my defence, but leave them at large to condemn
137 McSherry's "History of Maryland," p. 16s.
Service of the Maryland Troops. 245
or excuse me, upon a presumption that should they condemn, they
will at least pardon, and judge me perhaps less culpable, when they
reflect in the first instance on the exertions necessary to procure
baggage wagons, provisions and house-room for 750 men, marched
the whole distance in a body, generally from 15 to 20 miles per day,
as the several stages made it necessary ; and in the latter I trust they
will give some indulgence for this neglect, for since our arrival in
New York it has been the fate of this Corps to be generally sta-
tioned at advanced posts, and to act as a covering party, which must
unavoidably expose troops to extraordinary duty and hazard, not
to mention the extraordinary vigilance and attention in the com-
mandant of such a party in disposing in the best manner, and hav-
ing it regularly supplied; for here the commanders of regiments,
exclusive of their military duty, are often obliged to exert them-
selves in the departments of Commissary and Quarter-Master
General, and even directors of their regimental hospitals.
Perhaps it may not be improper to give a short detail of occur-
rences upon our march to Long Island and since that period. The
enemy from the 21st to the 27th of August, were landing their
troops on the lower part of Long Island, where they pitched a large
encampment, and ours and their advanced parties were daily skir-
mishing at long shot, in which neither party suffered much. On the
26th the Maryland and Delaware troops, which composed part of
Lord Stirling's Brigade, were ordered over. Col. Haslet and his
Lieut.-Col. Bedford, of the Delaware Battalion, with Lieut.-Col.
Ware and myself, were detained on the trial of Lieut.-Col. Led-
witz, and though I waited on General Washington and urged the
necessity of attending our troops, yet he refused to discharge us,
alleging there was a necessity for the trial's coming on, and that
no other field-officers could be then had. After our dismission
from the court-martial it was too late to get over, but pushing over
early next morning, found our regiments engaged. Lord Stirling
having marched them ofiE before day to take possession of the woods
and difficult passes between our lines and the enemy's encampment ;
but the enemy over night had stolen a march on our generals, hav-
246 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
ing got through those passes, met and surrounded our troops on
the plain grounds within two miles of our lines. Lord Stirling
drew up his brigade on an advantageous rising ground, where he
was attacked by two brigades in front, headed by the Generals
Cornwallis and Grant, and in his rear the enemy's main body stood
ready drawn up to support their own parties and intercept the
retreat of ours. This excellent disposition and the superior num-
bers ought to have taught our Generals there was no time to be lost
in securing their retreat, which might at least have been affected,
had the troops formed into a heavy column and pushed their re-
treat ; but the longer this was delayed it became the more dangerous,
as they were then landing more troops in front from the ships.
Our brigade kept their ground for several hours, and in general
behaved well, having received some heavy fires from the artillery
and musketry of the enemy, whom they repulsed several times ; but
their attacks were neither so lasting nor vigorous as was expected,
owing, as it was imagined, to their being certain of making the
whole brigade prisoners of war ; for by this time they had so secured
the passes on the road to our lines (seeing our parties were not
supported from thence, which indeed our numbers would not
admit of) that there was no possibility of retreating that way.
Between the place of action and our lines there lay a large marsh
and deep creek, not above 80 yards across at the mouth — (the place
of action upon a direct line did not exceed a mile from a part of our
lines), towards the head of which creek there was a mill and bridge,
across which a certain Col. Ward from New England, who is
charged with having acted a bashful part that day, passed over with
his regiment, and then burnt them down, though under cover of
our cannon, which would have checked the enemy's pursuit at any
time ; other ways, this bridge might have afforded a secure retreat.
There then remained no other prospect but to surrender^ or attempt
to retreat over this marsh and creek at the mouth, where no person
had ever been known to cross. In the interim I applied to Gen'l
Washington for some regiments to march out to support and cover
their retreat, which he urged would be attended with too great a
Service of the Maryland Troops. 247
risk to the party and the lines. He immediately afterwards sent
for and ordered me to march down a New England regiment and
Capt. Thomas's company, which had just come over from New
York, to the mouth of the creek opposite where the brigade was
drawn up, and ordered two field-pieces down, to support and cover
their retreat should they make a push that way. Soon after our
march they began to retreat, and for a small time the fire was very
heavy on both sides, till our troops came to the marsh, where they
were obliged to break their order and escape as quick as they could
to the edge of the creek under a brisk fire, notwithstanding which
they brought off 28 prisoners. The enemy taking advantage of a
commanding ground, kept up a continued fire from four field-
pieces, which were well served and directed, and a heavy column
advancing on the marsh must have cut our people of?, their guns
being wet and muddy, not one of them would have fired, but hav-
ing drawn up the musketry and disposed of some riflemen conveni-
ently, with orders to fire on them when they came within shot;
however, the latter began their fire rather too soon, being at 200
yards' distance, which notwithstanding had the desired effect, for
the enemy immediately retreated to the fast land, where they con-
tinued parading within 800 yards till our troops were brought
over. Most of those who swam over, and others who attempted to
cross before the covering party got down, lost their arms and
accoutrements in the mud and creek, and some poor fellows their
lives, particularly two of the Maryland, two of the Delaware, one
of Attley's Pennsylvania, and two Hessian prisoners were drowned.
Thomas's men contributed much in bringing over this party. Have
enclosed a list of the killed and wounded, amounting to 256, offi-
cers inclusive. It has been said the enemy during the action also
attacked our lines; but this was a mistake. Not knowing the
ground, one of the columns advanced within long shot without
knowing they were so near, and upon our artillery and part of the
musketry's firing on them they immediately fled. The 28th, dur-
ing a very hard rain, there was an alarm that the enemy had
advanced to attack our lines, which alarmed the troops very much,
248 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
but was without foundation. The 29th it was found by a council
of war that our fortifications were not tenable, and it was therefore
judged expedient that the army should retreat from the Island
that night, to effect which, notwithstanding the Maryland troops
had but one day's respite, and many other troops had been many
days clear of any detail of duty, they were ordered on the advanced
post at Fort Putnam, within 250 yards of the enemy's approaches,
and joined with two Pennsylvania reg'ts on the left, were to remain
and cover the retreat of the army, which was happily completed
under cover of a thick fog and a southwest wind, both of which
favored our retreat; otherwise the fear, disorder and confusion of
some of the Eastern troops must have retarded and discovered our
retreat and subjected numbers to be cut off. After remaining two
days in New York, our next station was at Harlaem, 9 miles above,
at an advance post opposite Montresove's and Bohana's Islands,
which in a few days the enemy got possession of without opposition ;
from the former of which we daily discoursed with them, being
within two hundred yards, and only a small creek between. It
being judged expedient to abandon New York and retreat to our
lines below Fort Washington, the military stores, &c., had been
removing some days, when on the 15th Sept. the enemy effected a
landing on several parts of the Island below (and it is cutting to
say without the least opposition). I have often read and heard of
instances of cowardice, but hitherto have had but a faint idea of it
till now. I never could have thought human nature subject to
such baseness. I could wish the transactions of this day blotted out
of the annals of America — nothing appeared but flight, disgrace
and confusion. Let it suffice to say, that 60 light infantry upon
the first fire put to flight two brigades of the Connecticut troops
— ^wretches who, however strange it may appear, from the Briga-
dier-General down to the private sentinel, were caned and whip'd
by the Generals Washington, Putnam and Mifflin; but even this
indignity had no weight — they could not be brought to stand one
shot. General Washington expressly sent and drew our regiment
from its brigade, to march down towards New York, to cover the
Service of the Maryland Troops. 249
retreat and to defend the baggage, with direction to take possession
of an advantageous eminence near the enemy upon the main road,
where we remained under arms the best part of the day, till
Sergant's Brigade came in with their baggage, who were the last
troops coming in, upon which the enemy divided their main body
into two columns ; one filing off on the North river endeavored to
flank and surround us, the other advancing in good order slowly
up the main road upon us ; we had orders to retreat in good order,
which was done, our Corps getting within the lines after dusk.
The next day about 1000 of them made an attempt upon our lines,
and were first attacked by the brave Col. Knolton of New Eng-
land, who lost his life in the action, and the 3d Virginia regiment,
who were immediately joined by three Independent Companies,
under Major Price, and some part of the Maryland flying-camp,
who drove them back to their lines, it is supposed with the loss of
400 men killed and wounded. Our party had about 100 killed and
wounded, of the former only 15. Since which we have been view-
ing each other at a distance, and strongly entrenching till the 9th
October, when three of their men-of-war passed up the North
river above King's Bridge, under a very heavy cannonade from
our Batteries, which has effectually cut oflF our communication by
water with Albany. I must now break off abruptly, being ordered
to march up above King's Bridge, the enemy having landed 6000
men from the Sound on Frog's Point. 50 ships are got up there,
landing more troops — there is nothing left but to fight them. An
engagement is generally expected and soon. Have enclosed a copy
of a general return of the battalion and Veazy's company, being all
the troops I marched from Maryland, with the accoutrements and
camp equipage taken in Philadelphia, to be rendered the Congress,
together with our general weekly return. The Independents are
now about their returns of arms, accoutrements and camp equip-
age brought by them from Maryland, but not having time to
finish, they must hereafter be returned to Council of Safety. We
have upwards of three hundred ofl!icers and soldiers of the Mary-
land regulars very sick, which you will observe by the return ; and
250 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
I am sorry to say, it's shocking to humanity to have so many of
them ; this must hurt the service upon the new enlistments. Major
Price and Gist and Cap'n Stone are in the Jerseys very sick, and
Col. Ware and myself are very unfit for duty, though we attend
it; many more officers are very unwell. I am very respectfully,
Your obedient and very h'ble servant,
W. Smallwood.^^^
The loss sustained by the Maryland troops in the battle
of Long Island was unusually heavy. The killed and
wounded numbered 256. Captain Veazy and Lieutenant
Butlar were killed, and among the prisoners were Captain
Daniel Bowie, Lieutenant William Steret, William Ridgely,
Hatch Dent, Walter Muse, Samuel Wright, Joseph Butler,
Edward Praul, Edward Decourcy and Ensigns James Fer-
nandes and William Courts. The conduct of the battle of
Long Island has called forth a great deal of unfavorable
comment, taking in both officers and privates, but the
Maryland troops taking part in it have received nothing
but praise for their valor, in marked contrast to that of
some of the New Englanders. McSherry says^^^ "The
people of Long Island point out to strangers the spot where
half of the Maryland battalion stemmed the advance of the
whole left wing of the British army when no other troops
were left on the field," and Colonel Daniel Brodhead
wrote :^ ^° " No troops could behave better than the Southern,
for though they seldom engaged less than five to one, they
frequently repulsed the Enemy with great Slaughter."
At White Plains the Marylanders sustained their reputa-
tion and were in the thickest of the fight, where their loss
was over one hundred men. The Maryland battalion had
138 Scharf's " Chronicles of Baltimore," p. 148 et seq.
139 "History of Maryland," p. 166.
1*° Pennsylvania Archives, First Series, Vol. V., p. 22.
Service of the Maryland Troops. 251
become veterans. In three months it had fought three
battles, and it was the first organization to use the bayonet
against the British regulars. At the defence of Fort Wash-
ington they held their own against a vastly superior force
of Hessians. Washington had posted his army in three
divisions, Colonel Rawlings with his Maryland regiment
being stationed on a hill to the north of the lines. They
were attacked by General Knyphausen with five thousand
men. At the same time another division of the enemy
moved against Colonel Cadwallader, of the Pennsylvania
troops, who commanded within the lines, and a third divi-
sion crossed the East river in boats and landed within the
lines. The superiority of the British force drove Cadwal-
lader's men back into the fort, but the Marylanders, under
Rawlings, bravely maintained their position. *' Posted
among the trees, his riflemen poured in upon the advancing
column a murderous fire which they in vain endeavored to
sustain. The Hessians broke and retired. Again they
were brought to the attack and again repulsed with dread-
ful slaughter. The Maryland riflemen remembered the
destruction of their brethren of the battalion by the Hes-
sians at Yellow Mills and did not forget to avenge it. But
what could a single battalion of riflemen, even of such
matchless skill and courage, effect when opposed to five
thousand men armed with the bayonet ? Had every other
post been defended as theirs was, victory would have
crowned the American arms that day. But all the other
troops were already in full retreat. The three divisions of
the enemy were about to fall upon their rear while they
contended with a force in front of them far greater than
their own. At length, by sheer fighting and power of
numbers, the Hessians reached the summit of the hill.
Rawlings, perceiving the danger to his rear and learning
252 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
of the retreat of the Pennsylvanians, abandoned his posi-
tion, as no longer tenable, and retired under the guns of
the fort."i4i
As Colonel Magaw was unable to hold the fort against
such an overwhelming force he was compelled to surrender,
and twenty-six hundred men became prisoners. The British
lost nearly twelve hundred men, killed and wounded, more
than half of this loss being sustained by the Hessians in
their attack upon Rawlings' Maryland and Virginia rifle-
men.
A detailed account of all the battles in which the Mary-
land troops took part cannot be given here, but wherever
they were called upon — at Trenton, at Princeton, at Mon-
mouth, on the banks of the Brandywine, at Germantown —
they were always to be found at the forefront, and ac-
quitted themselves with glory. Many had been killed and
many more were disabled on account of wounds and sick-
ness. "In each succeeding action," says McSherry, "the
Maryland troops had been further reduced until Small-
wood's battalion and the seven independent companies,
which had entered the campaign fourteen hundred strong,
had been worn down to a mere captain's command." But
new men filled up the ranks and until the end of the
war the Marylanders continued to show their bravery on
many a hard fought field, a bravery that had been bred in
them through their arduous life on the frontiers of the
province.
One of the matters which caused considerable trouble
among the officers of the Maryland troops, as it did among
those of other states, was the determination of the rank of
the officers. When it became apparent that there would be
a war between Great Britain and the colonies, military com-
"1 McSherry's " History of Maryland," p. 171.
Service of the Maryland Troops. 253
panics were formed In all parts of the country, officers were
selected, and the companies were drilled in military tactics,
so that by the time that hostilities actually broke out there
were a number of these companies ready to march at a
moment's notice, and many of them did so and took an
active part in the early campaigns. Later on when the army
was being reorganized under the authority of the Conti-
nental Congress, the officers of these companies naturally
expected to be among the first ones promoted on account
of their having been early in the field. In many instances
these officers were disappointed in their expectation and
saw promoted over them officers who had entered the
service after they had. This naturally caused considerable
resentment and protests were made to those in authority.
Promises were made that the matter would be adjusted,
but progress in this direction was slow and the feeling
among those who felt that they were being slighted became
so intense that something had to be done. Early in 1779
the legislature of Maryland adopted resolutions requesting
General Washington to settle this question of rank. Upon
receipt of these resolutions Washington wrote to Governor
Johnson as follows.^ ^^
Head Quarters Middle Brook, 8th April 1779.
Sir
I have been honoured with yours of the 26*^^ March inclosing a
Resolve of the House of Delegates for the incorporation of parts
of the German Battalion and Rifle Corps into a Regiment, and
another for forwarding the recruiting service. I also at the same
time received from the president of the Senate and the speaker of
the House of Delegates two Resolves — one empowering me to
fully settle the Rank of the Officers of the Maryland line, the other
allowing half pay for life to such Officers as shall remain In the
service during the war.
1*2 Archives of Maryland, Vol. XXL, p. 339.
254 ^^^ Pennsylvania-German Society.
By an allotment of the quota of troops to be raised by said State,
made by Congress the 26*'* Feb^ 1778, the German Battalion was
wholly attached to the State of Maryland and considered as her
Reg* since which it hath done duty in that line. Had not this been
the case, the incorporation of such parts of that Regiment and
Rifle Corps as are deemed properly to belong to Maryland would
still be attended with the greatest inconveniences particularly in
regard to recruiting the Ranks of the Officers, Col° Rawlins and
most of his being elder than Col° Weltner and those of the GJer-
man would supersede them upon incorporation.
Indeed Col° Weltner would not only be superseded, but he must
be supernumerary. In short, the difficulties attending the measure
recommended are more than can be conceived, and I am convinced
by experience that it cannot be carried into execution without
totally deranging the German Regiment.
In January last Congress, to make some provision for Col"
Rawlins and his Officers, resolved that he should increase his
remaining men (who are not more than 70 or 80) to three Com-
panies to be commanded by him as a separate Corps. The times of
most of the old men are near expiring and whether they will rein-
list I cannot say.
I entertain a very high opinion of Col° Rawlins and his Officers,
and have interested myself much in their behalf. It is to be re-
gretted that they were not provided for in the States to which they
belong, when the Army was new modelled in 1776, but as they
were not, after a variety of plans had been thought of that above
mentioned was esteemed the most eligible, and indeed the only
one that could be accepted, as the introduction of those Gentlemen
into the line would have been impracticable.
I have, agreeable to the powers invested in me, appointed a
Board of General Officers to take into consideration and report to
me the rank of the Maryland line. I do not imagine that it will
be possible to give general satisfaction, but I am convinced that
the Gentlemen who have the Business in hand will pay the strictest
attention to the claims of all parties, and give the most disinter-
ested decision.
Service of the Maryland Troops. 255
Whatever the decision may be, I hope that it may be considered
by the State as definitive, and that they will not in future pay any
further regard to the importunities of those who may be discon-
tented with the arrangemenet which is about to be made.
The matter was one that was not easily arranged and
after several Boards of Officers had worked on it Wash-
ington wrote to Governor Johnson, on May 28, 1779,
giving the rank of the different officers as it had finally
been agreed upon. Instead of allaying the feeling of
resentment among the officers the report determining their
rank Increased it, and a number of them promptly resigned.
That their resignations were not due to any lack of patriot-
ism, but to a feeling that they were not being treated prop-
erly, is shown by the actions of one Pennsylvania-German.
Benjamin Spyker, Jr., a native of Berks county, Pennsyl-
vania, who had been teaching school in Maryland, enlisted
a company early in 1776, and upon the organization of the
Maryland Line his company became a part of the Seventh
Regiment. When the question of the rank of the officers
had been finally settled he resigned his commission and
went back to his home In Berks county, where he enlisted
as a private in Captain John Anspach's company, in the
Berks county militia.^ *^
But the settlement of the question of the rank of the
officers did not end the matter. On June 17, 1779, the
principal officers of the Maryland regiments In the field
addressed the following petition to the governor and the
members of the Senate and House of Delegates :^^*
We beg leave, most respectfully, to represent to your Excellency
and Honors that the several provisions hitherto made by the Legis-
1** Scharf's " History of Maryland," Vol. II., p, 35a.
^*3 Pennsylvania Archives, Fifth Series, Vol. V., p. 185.
256 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
lature for the subsistence of her officers, though liberal at the time
of being voted, have by no means been adequate to the exigent
expenses of their respective stations.
That a zeal for the public cause, and an ardent desire to promote
the happiness and interest of their country have, notwithstanding,
induced them to continue in the service to the very great prejudice
of their private fortunes; many of which being now entirely ex-
hausted, we find ourselves under the painful and humiliating
necessity of soliciting your Excellency and Honors for a further
support, and the disposition of a generous and grateful people to
reward the services of the faithful sons and servants of the State.
The very great depreciation of the Continental Currency renders
it absolutely necessary that some further provision should be made
for our support to enable us to continue a service in which nothing
but a love of Liberty and the rights of mankind can retain us ; and
we trust that it will be such as will support with decency and
dignity the respective ranks which our country has done us the
honor to confer on us.
The inconveniences and difficulties we suffer are various and
grievous, but we think it unnecessary to be particular or to point
out a mode of redress as the examples of the State of Pennsylvania
and others in providing for their officers and soldiers are the most
eligible and ample we desire or expect.
We beg leave to assure your Excellency and Honors with the
utmost candor and sincerity, that while we assiduously exert our
best abilities in a hardy opposition to the enemies of our country,
we earnestly wish the arrival of that period when our military
services will be no longer requisite, and, being at liberty individu-
ally to procure a peaceful competence, we may again be numbered
among the happy citizens of the Free and Independent State of
Maryland.
We have the honor to be with great respect,
Your Excellency and Honors most obedient humble servants.
Knowing the above representation to be a true state of the
Service of the Maryland Troops.
257
grievances of the officers in the Maryland line, on their behalf, and
in justice to them, I have subscribed to it. W. Smallwood.
John Carvil Hall, colonel 4th John James,
regiment ;
Otho H. Williams, colonel 6th
regiment ;
John Gunby, colonel;
R. Adams, lieutenant-colonel 7th
regiment ;
Thomas Wolford, lieutenant-
colonel 2d regiment;
John E. Howard, lieutenant-
colonel ;
John Stewart, major;
John Dean, major;
Archibald Anderson, major;
Henry Hardman, captain;
A. Grosh, captain ;
Thomas Lansdale, captain;
Harry Dobson, captain ;
William D. Beale, captain;
Jonathan Sellman, captain ;
Alexander Trueman, captain ;
Joseph Marbury, captain ;
Jacob Brice, captain ;
John Smith, captain;
William Wilmott, captain;
Alexander Roxburgh, captain;
Henry Gaither, captain ;
Edward Oldman, captain;
Richard Anderson, captain;
Edward Pratt, captain;
George Hamilton, captain;
Levin Handy, captain ;
Walker Mun, captain;
17*
John Carr,
Nicholas Gassaway,
Charles Smith,
R. N. Walker,
Lloyd Beall,
Richard McAlister,
James Brain,
Ed. Edgerly,
John J. Jacob,
James Ewing,
Wm. Lamar,
Wm. Woolford,
Charles Beaven,
John Hartshorn,
John M. Hamilton,
James Gould,
J. J. Skinner,
Richard Donovan,
John Gibson,
T. B. Hugan,
Gassaway Watkins,
W. Adams,
George Jacobs,
John Mitchell,
Philip Theid,
Edward Moran,
Thomas Price, engineer;
Henry Baldwin, quarter-master
and engineer;
John Gassaway, lieutenant 2d
Maryland regiment;
Samuel Hanson, ensign ;
2S8
The Pennsylvania-German Society.
James Woolford Gray, captain ;
John Gale, captain;
John Sprigg Belt, captain ;
John Smith, captain;
W. Beatty, captain;
J. C. Jones, captain ;
John Davidson, captain;
John Jordan, captain ;
James Somervell, captain-lieu-
tenant ;
Benjamin Price, captain-lieu-
tenant ;
Frederick Foird, captain-lieu-
tenant ;
George Armstrong, captain-lieu-
tenant; and lieutenants;
Francis Reveley,
Nicholas Mamges,
Samuel Farmer,
Osborn Williams,
Isaac Duall,
Hezekiah Ford, ensign;
John Dorsey, surgeon 5th Mary-
land Regiment;
Thomas Parran, surgeon 6th
regiment ;
William Kiltz, assistant sur-
geon 5th regiment;
John Hamilton, paymaster and
lieutenant, 4th Maryland
regiment.
Richard Pindell, surgeon, 4th
Maryland regiment;
Christopher Richmond, pay-
master and lieutenant;
Benjamin Garnett, engineer;
James Woulds, adjutant;
W. Warfield, assistant surgeon,
6th regiment;
Robert Denny, engineer and
paymaster, 7 th regiment.
The legislature met on July 22, and after considering
the address of the officers passed an act " relating to the
officers and soldiers of this State in the American army."
This measure provided that as the officers were bearing
the heaviest burdens of the war with a pay that scarcely
supplied them with the necessaries of life, and as most of
them were now so reduced in means as to be dependent upon
the gratuity of the state, each of the commissioned and
staff officers of the Maryland Line and of the state troops
in the Continental army was to be allowed every year dur-
ing the war, at a fixed price, " four good shirts and a com-
plete uniform, suitable to his station." They were also to
be allowed tea, coffee, chocolate, sugar, rum, soap and
Service of the Maryland Troops.
259
tobacco, in certain portions, to be dealt out by the day and
month. During that year, in lieu of these, they were to
receive $2,000. The non-commissioned officers and pri-
vates were also to be given an allowance in rum and to-
bacco, which, for the year 1779, was commuted at £20
currency for each man. The act also provided that those
who should enlist in a Maryland regiment to serve for
three years, or during the war, should receive, in addition
to the bounties provided by congress and the state, a hat, a
pair of shoes, stockings and overalls.
CHAPTER XIX.
Forwarding the Cause at Home.
TO'
HILE the Maryland
troops were upholding
the honor of the State in the
field, those at home, the non-
combatants, were doing their
part to forward the patriotic
cause. A feeling of patriotism
was manifested everywhere
among all classes, and in many
instances those who could not
very well afford it sacrificed
the necessaries of life to con-
tribute towards the support of
the troops in the field. Every-
thing that was possible was done to assist in the struggle
and privations were endured by those at home as well as
by those in camp. Patriotic sentiments were expressed on
all sides. Scharf^*^ gives a copy of a letter supposed to
1*5 "History of Western Maryland," Vol. II., p. 1035. The letter is as
follows :
To Capt. William Heyser, at the American Camp, Philadelphia.
Dear Father
Through the mercies of almighty God, I my Mamma, my brother and
260
Forwarding the Cause at Home. 261
have been written to Captain William Heyser by his son,
aged nine years. While the sentiments expressed in the
letter were no doubt those entertained by almost everyone
yet the letter itself Is scarcely one such as would be written
by a nine-year old boy.
Many of the German settlers in western Maryland had
conscientious scruples against war and these people were
averse to enlisting in the army and taking an active part In
the war, but they contributed of their means, many of them
liberally. Military stores, gunpowder, guns and cannon,
were manufactured at a number of places, and supplies of
various kinds also contributed. At a meeting of the Com-
mittee of Observation for that part of Frederick county
which is now Washington county, held at Elizabeth Town
(Hagerstown) on April 8, 1776, the following communi-
cation was received from the Council of Safety:
Sisters are well, in hopes these may find you enjoying these Felicities,
•which tend to happiness in life, and everlasting Happiness In Eternity your
long absence and great distance is the only matter of our trouble, but our
sincere Prayers, is for your V^elfare and Prosperity, begging that God may
prosper you, and your united Brethren, in your laudable undertaking, and
in the end crown you with the laurels of a Complete victory, over the
Enemies of the inestimable Rights, Liberties, and Privileges of distressed
America, and hand them down inviolate, to the latest Posterity. My Dear
father, my greatest Grief is, that I am incapable of the military Service,
that I might enjoy the company of so loving a father, and serve my country
In so glorious a cause, but tho' absent from you yet my constant prayer
is for your Safety, in the Hour of danger, your complete victory, over the
Enemies, of the united States of America, and your Safe Restoration to the
government of your family. I and my brother Jacob Continue at School,
and hope to give a full Satisfaction, to our parents, and friends in our
regular conduct, and Progress in learning, my Mamma, my brother and
Sister do join me In their Prayers and well wishes for you.
I am Dr. Father your most dutiful and obedt Son,
Hagers Town William Heyser
October 12th
1776
262 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
In Council of Safety, Annapolis,
March 23, 1776.
Gentlemen: — The great difficulty we find in providing blankets
for the regular forces raised for the defence of this province obliges
us to apply to the committee of observation for the several counties
and districts, earnestly requesting that they w^ould use their en-
deavors to procure from the housekeepers in their respective coun-
ties and districts all the blankets or rugs that they can with any
convenience spare, for which the council will pay such prices as
the committees shall agree on, as well as any expense that may
arise in collecting them together ; and when you have procured any
quantity, you will send them to Annapolis, to Col. Smallwood, or,
in his absence, to the commanding officer on this station, who will
receive the same, and give orders on the council for the payment
thereof.
We hope that the friends to our cause in the county will con-
tribute everything in their power to the comfortable subsistence of
the soldiery in this respect ; it will be an act of great humanity, and
render an essential service to the public.
We are, Gentlemen, your most O"*^ servants. By order.
Daniel, of St. Thos., Jennifer, P.
The proceedings of the Committee then go on to
In consequence of the preceding letter from the honorable the
council of safety of this province, we have, agreeably to their re-
quest, furnished them with what quantity of blankets and rugs the
inhabitants of this district can with any convenience spare, and a
price estimated on them by this committee as follows:
£ s. d. £ s. d.
William Baird, i blanket... o 17 6 John Ingram, i blanket o 15 o
John Parks, i rug o iz o Adam Grimer, 2 blankets i i& o
Andrew Rench, i blanket. ..0126 Wm. Douglass, 1 blanket. . . o 10 o
Simon Myer, " ... o 15 o Matthias Need, i blanket... o 12 o
i^^Scharf's "History of Western Maryland," Vol, I., p. 134.
Forwarding the Cause at Home.
263
Philip Ryraeby, j coverlets. .
2
10
0
Michael Ott, i blanket. .
..0 50
Geo. Fry, i blanket
0
7
6
John Feagen,
. . 0 i'6 0
Fclty Safety, i blanket
0
5
0
« i(
..0160
Jacob Lazear, "
0
12
6
Jerentiah Wells,
. . 0 10 0
Joseph Birely, i coverlet...
I
8
0
Joseph Rench,
..OHO
I blanket...
0
5'
0
Zach'h Spires,
. . 0 10 0
Richard Davis, "
0
10
0
Matthias Nead,
. . 0 10 0
Thos. Prather, "
0
18
0
Henry Startzraan,
. . 0 IiZ 0
Ch'n Rhorer,
0
10
0
George Swingly,
. . 0160
Leonard Shryock, "
0
12
0
George Hoffman,
. . 0 7' 6
Robert Guthrie, r coverlet. .
I
10
0
Jacob Brumbaugh,
. . 21' 3 0
Christian Miller, "
I
10
0
Michael Miller,
. .42 17 0
Jacob Prunk, r blanket
0
14
0
George Hartte,
. . 0 18 0
Jacob Rohrer, "
0
12
6
John Roltrer,
. .20 10 0
Ellen Miller,
0
9
0
Christ'r Burgard,
. . 0120
Chas. Swearingen, i blanket
0
10
0
Jacob Good, i rug
..0160
Ch'n Eversole, "
0
9
0
John Rench, i blanket. .
. . 0120
r quilt
0
15
0
John Stull,
((
. . 0 14 0
" " I coverlet. ..
0
17
6
Received of Conrad Sheitz forty-four blankets for the use of this
province, vv^hich were delivered him by the committee of Observa-
tion of Elizabeth Town district.
Received by me this I2th day of April, 1776.
Geo. Stricker.
While there were some of the inhabitants of Maryland
who remained loyal to Great Britain, the majority of them,
particularly among the Germans, were on the side of the
patriots, and they were ever on the alert to detect any
treasonable designs on the part of the Tories, and owing
to their vigilance they were frequently able to frustrate
well-laid plans which might have resulted seriously for the
American cause. One of the most notable of these was
that concocted by Dr. John Connolly, which was frustrated
by some of the Germans of western Maryland. Connolly
was a native of Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, where he
became a physician. After taking part in the French and
264 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
Indian War, he spent some time with various Indian tribes,
accompanying them on long marches into unexplored terri-
tory, and finally settled at Pittsburgh. When the Revolu-
tionary War began he remained loyal to Great Britain.
While at Pittsburgh he met Lord Dunmore, governor of
Virginia, and when the latter was making strenuous efforts
to help the royal cause he found an able ally in Connolly.
A plan was formed by which Connolly, through his inti-
macy with the Indians, was to incite them to a war upon
the frontiers, and to raise an army in Canada and the
western settlements. Dunmore sent Connolly to General
Gage, who commanded at Boston, with the following
proposals :
Proposals for raising an Army to the Westward, and for effectually
obstructing a Communication between the Southern and
Northern Governments.
As I have, by direction from his Excellency Lord Dunmore, pre-
pared the Ohio Indians to act in concert with me against his
Majesty's enemies in that quarter, and have also dispatched intelli-
gence to the different officers of the militia on the frontiers of
Augusta County, in Virginia, giving them Lord Dunmore's assur-
ances that such of them as shall hereafter evince their loyalty to
his Majesty by putting themselves under my command, when I
shall appear among them with proper authority for that purpose,
of a confirmation of titles to their lands, and the quantity of three
hundred acres to all who should take up arms in the support of the
constitution, when the present rebellion subsided, I will undertake
to penetrate through Virginia, and join his Excellency Lord Dun-
more at Alexandria early next spring, on the following conditions
and authority:
1st. That your Excellency will give me a commission to act as
Major-commandant of such troops as I may raise and embody on
the frontiers, with a power to command to the westward and
Forwarding the Cause at Home. 265
employ such serviceable French and English partisans as I can
employ by pecuniary rewards or otherwise.
2d. That your Excellency will give orders to Captain Lord on
the Illinois to remove himself, with the garrison under his com-
mand, from Fort Gage to Detroit, by the Aubache, bringing with
him all the artillery, stores, &c., &c., to facilitate which under-
taking he is to have authority to hire boats, horses, Frenchmen,
Indians, &c., &c., to proceed with all possible expedition on that
route, as the weather may occasionally permit, and to put himself
under my command on his arrival at Detroit.
3d. That the commissary at Detroit shall be empowered to
furnish such provision as I may judge necessary for the good of the
service, and that the commanding officer shall be instructed to give
every possible assistance in encouraging the French and Indians of
that settlement to join me.
4th. That an officer of artillery be immediately sent with me to
pursue such route as I may find most expedient to gain Detroit,
with orders to have such pieces of light ordnance as may be thought
requisite for the demolishing of Fort Dunmore and Fort Fincastle,
if resistance should be made by the rebels in possession of those
garrisons.
5th. That your Excellency will empower me to make such
reasonable presents to the Indian chiefs and others as may urge
them to act with vigor in the execution of my orders.
6th. That your Excellency will send to Lord Dunmore such
arms as may be spared, in order to equip such persons as may be
willing to serve his Majesty at our junction, in the vicinity of
Alexandria, &c., &c. If your Excellency judges it expedient for
the good of the service to furnish me with the authority and other
requisites I have mentioned, I shall embrace the earliest oppor-
tunity of setting off for Canada, and shall immediately dispatch
Lord Dunmore's armed schooner, which now awaits my com-
mands, with an account of what your Excellency has done, and
that I shall be ready, if practicable, to join your Lordship by the
twentieth of April, at Alexandria, where the troops under my
266 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
command may fortify themselves under the cover of the men of
war on that station.
If, on the contrary, your Excellency should not approve of what
I propose, you will be good enough to immediately honor me with
your dispatches to the Earl of Dunmore, that I may return as early
as possible.
General Gage approved the plan, and In October, 1775,
Connolly again joined Dunmore, who In accordance with
instructions from General Gage, gave him a commission as
lieutenant-colonel commandant of the Queen's Royal
Rangers, to be raised "In the back parts and Canada."
On November 13th Connolly left Dunmore and started
for Detroit. He was accompanied by Dr. John Smith and
Allan Cameron. The former was a Scotchman who lived
on Port Tobacco creek. In Charles county, Maryland.
Connolly had Induced him to accept a commission as sur-
geon In the proposed expedition. Cameron was also a
Scotchman who had left home on account of a duel and
had come to Virginia with the Intention of purchasing lands
In that colony. He served for some time as deputy Indian
agent In South Carolina, but having suffered much abuse
there for his loyalty to the crown, and having gained some
notoriety on account of a plan to Incite the Creek and
Cherokee Indians to fall on the colonIsts,i*^ ^g readily
engaged to join the party, being promised a commission as
lieutenant.
The party set out in a flat-bottomed boat. Intending to
go up the Potomac and disembark near the home of Dr.
Smith and from that point proceed on horseback. A
storm drove them into the St. Mary's river and from that
point they went forward on horseback. They had almost
1*'^ Steincr, " Western Maryland in the Revolution," p. 40.
Forwarding the Cause at Home. 267
passed the frontier when, on November 19, they stopped at
a tavern about five miles from Hagerstown. Here Con-
nolly was recognized and as information concerning his
plans had been received a day or two before through a
letter written by Connolly to a friend in Pittsburgh, the
party was placed under arrest. They were taken to Hagers-
town and the next day were brought before the Committee
of Observation who ordered them sent to the Committee
of Safety. They were taken to Frederick where their bag-
gage was thoroughly examined and incriminating papers
were found, although Connolly's commission and other im-
portant papers had been concealed in hollow pillion sticks
and thus escaped detection and were later destroyed by
Connolly's servant. Smith made his escape but was re-
captured, and on the order of John Hancock, president of
Congress, the three prisoners were sent to Philadelphia.
Connolly, in a " Narrative of the Transactions, Imprison-
ment and sufferings of John Connolly, an American Loyal-
ist and Lieutenant-Colonel in His Majesty's Service,"^^^
has left an account of this expedition, while Smith tells of
some of the incidents attending their capture.^^^ He says
that when they were taken to Frederick two musicians,
with drum and fife, marched ahead of them playing the
rogue's march. On reaching Frederick they were taken
before " a committee which consisted of a tailor, a leather
breeches maker, a shoemaker, a gingerbread maker, a
butcher, and two tavern keepers. The majority were Ger-
mans and I was subjected to a very remarkable hearing,
as follows :
" One said ' You infernal rascal, how darsht you make
1*8 Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. XII., pp.
310, 407; Vol. XIII., pp. 61, i'S3, 2S1.
"9 " A Tour through the U. S. of America," by J. D. F. Smyth.
268 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
an exshkape from this honorable committee ? ' ' Der
fluchter Dyvel,' cried another, ' how can you shtand so
shtyff for king Shorsh akainst dis koontry. ' Sacrament,'
yelled another, ' dis committee will let Shorsh know how to
behave himself,' and the butcher exclaimed, ' I would kill
all the English tieves, as soon as Ich would kill an ox or a
cow.' "
While there were a number of Tories among the citi-
zens of Maryland there were very few to be found among
the German settlers. These, as a rule, were ardent patriots,
and there were few instances where Germans were arrested
as Tories. There was, however, one notable exception.
In 178 1 another plan was formed by the British and
Tories for dividing the northern colonies from the southern.
According to this scheme Cornwallis was to march inland
from the Chesapeake and meet the bands of Tories which
were to be raised and armed in the interior. In maturing
their plans it was arranged that a disguised British officer
was to meet a Tory at a point in Frederick county to put
him in possession of all the plans of the conspirators. But
it so happened that an American officer was at the appointed
place and the Tory's papers fell into his hands, revealing
the plot and the names of the conspirators. The latter
were arrested. Among them were a number of Germans :
Peter Sueman, Nicholas Andrews, John George Graves,
Yost Flecker, Adam Graves, Henry Shett, and Casper
Fritchie. On July 25 these seven were placed on trial be-
fore a special court at Frederick, consisting of Alexander
Contee Hanson, afterwards Chancellor of the State, Col.
James Johnson and Upton Sheredine. The seven were
found guilty of high treason In " enlisting men for the
service of the king of Great Britain and administering an
oath to them to bear true allegiance to the said king, and
Forwarding the Cause at Home. 269
to obey his officers when called upon," Judge Hanson
then sentenced the men as follows i^^*'
Peter Sueman, Nicholas Andrews, John George Graves, Yost
Flecker, Adam Graves, Henry Shett, Casper Fritchie, attend. It
has been suggested to the court that notwithstanding your guilt has
been ascertained by an impartial jury, you consider the proceedings
against you nothing more than solemn mockery, and have adopted
a vain idea, propagated by the enemies of this country, that she
dare not punish her unnatural subjects for engaging in the service
of Great Britain. From the strange insensibility you have hereto-
fore discovered, I was indeed led to conclude that you were under a
delusion, which might prove fatal to your prospects of happiness
hereafter. I think it is my duty, therefore, to explain to you your
real situation. The crime you have been convicted of, upon the
fullest and clearest testimony, is of such a nature that you cannot,
ought not, to look for a pardon. Had it pleased heaven to permit
the full execution of your unnatural designs, the miseries to be
experienced by your devoted country would have been dreadful
even in the contemplation. The ends of public justice, the dictates
of policy, and the feelings of humanity all require that you should
exhibit an awful example to your fellow-subjects, and the dignity
of the State, with everything that can interest the heart of man,
calls aloud for your punishment. If the consideration of approach-
ing fate can inspire proper sentiments, you will pour forth your
thanks to that watchful Providence which has arrested you at an
early date of your guilt. And you will employ the short time you
have to live in endeavoring, by a sincere penitence, to obtain pardon
from the Almighty Being, who is to sit in judgment upon you,
upon me, and all mankind.
I must now perform the terrible task of denouncing the terrible
punishment ordained for high treason.
You, Peter Sueman, Nicholas Andrews, Yost Plecker, Adam
Graves, Henry Shett, John George Graves, and Casper Fritchie,
150 Scharf's " History of Western Maryland," Vol. I., p. 143.
270 The Pennsylvania-German Society.
and each of you, attend to your sentence. You shall be carried to
the gaol of Fredericktown, and be hanged therein; you shall be cut
down to the earth alive, and your entrails shall be taken out and
burnt while you are yet alive, your heads shall be cut off, your
body shall be divided into four parts, and your heads and quarters
shall be placed where his excellency the Governor shall appoint.
So Lord have mercy upon your poor souls.
Four of these men were pardoned, the other three being
executed in the court-house yard at Frederick. One of
those executed was Casper Fritchie, the father of John
Casper Fritchie, who was the husband of Barbara Fritchie,
the heroine of Whittler's poem.^^^
With the close of the Revolutionary War the inhabitants
of the western part of Maryland settled down to a peaceful
life, turning all their energies to the development of the
country. The population increased rapidly. Many of the
Hessians who had come to fight the colonists took up land
in that section and became their neighbors. Many emi-
grants came to Maryland from Germany without first stop-
ping in Pennsylvania, so that the additions to the popula-
tion lost the distinctively Pennsylvania-German type, but
the influence of the first settlers was never lost.
Two hundred years have passed since the first Germans
from Pennsylvania made their way through the trackless
wilderness of Maryland: two hundred years which have
seen that wilderness blossom into one of the fairest gardens
151 Barbara Fritchie was a Pennsylvania-German. She was born in
Lancaster, Pa., Decennber 3, 1766, the daughter of Nicholas and Catherine
Hauer. Although it has been conclusively shown that there is no founda-
tion in fact for the incident given in Whittier's poem, yet, like the equally
mythical story of Betsy Ross and the flag, the tale will no doubt continue
to find believers in its authenticity.
Forwarding the Cause at Home.
271
on earth. Through the trials and sufferings of those early
pioneers the foundations were laid upon which has arisen
an empire, than which no more enduring monument to their
memory could be erected. Their descendants have con-
tinued the work so well begun and have spread out and
helped to conquer new fields and make them add to the
wealth of the nation. To the south and west this stream
of emigration made its way unceasingly. It would be im-
possible to particularize, but there is no part of the country,
from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and from the Gulf to the
frozen borders on the north, where the descendants of
those early German settlers of Maryland cannot be found.
Many of them have set their mark high in the record of
the world's progress: in science, in art, in mechanics, in
whatever makes for the betterment of mankind, and in
reaching high honors themselves have honored the memory
of those brave men and women who, leaving behind them
all the comforts of civilization, and taking their lives In
their hands, carved out a home In the forests of the western
continent.
'AC^-^g^'
INDEX TO PROPER NAMES.
Aaron, 239
Abel, 221, 231
Abercromby, 169
Aberly, 227
Able, 231
Acre, 223
Adams, 40, 175, 215, 216, 219, 257
Adlura, 191
Agnew, 180
Aim, 222
Albaugh, 188, 190
Aldridge, 209, 219
Alexander, 226, 239
Alibock, 40
Alinger, 223
Allin, 175
Allison, 210, 219
Allsop, 217
Alrichs, 123
Alsop, 214
Altimus, 238
Ambrose, 180, 188, 190, 206
Americk, 230
Amersly, 229
Ammersly, 239
Anckle, 232
Anderson, 210, 215, 257
Andess, 218
Andreas, 238
Andrews, 238, 268, 269
Angel, 228
Angelberger, 99
Anspach, 255
Apfel, 93, 98
Apple, 99, 139, 237
Archley, 190
Aringall, 137
Armstrong, 46, 227, 233, 235, 236,
258
Arnold, 227, 238
Arran, 214
Arrings, 226
Arsheraft, 161
Artis, 211
Ashley, 236, 239
Ashloff, 149
Ashly, 226
Askey, 210
Askins, 123
Atcheson, 212
Atchison, 211
Attley, 247
Augusteen, 175
Aulpaugh, 217
Backdolt, 139
Backer, 174, 227
Bainbridge, 178, 191
Baird, 188, 190, 206, 234, 262
Baitson, 211
Baker, 93, 105, 151, 182, 187, 190,
192, 217, 222, 237
Baldwin, 257
Ball, 214
Baltimore, Lord, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 20, 21, 42, 43,
89, 90, 109, 121, 122, 123, 140,
165, 166, 181
Balzel, 230
Banckauf, 93
Bantz, 227, 239
Bare, 191
Index to Proper Names.
273
Barkshire, 214
Barnes, 208
Barnet, 213, 223, 240
Barnitt, 213
Barnitz, 61, 103
Barnt, 174
Barrack, 214, 218
Barratt, 209
Barrett, 220, 221
Barrick, 218
Barringer, 218
Barry, 222
Bartgis, 87
Bartoon, 61
Barts, 239
Bartz, 206
Bassler, 104
Bast, 232
Bates, 227, 238
Batolomey, 239
Bauer, 233
Baugh, 217
Baum, 93
Baumgartner, 221
Baun, 134
Bauswell, 227
Bawart, 235
Bayer, 216, 225, 230, 231
Bayley, 187, 188, 190, 192
Baylor, 227
Bayman, 214
Beaden, 209
Beading, 219
Beadles, 161
Beale, 257
Beall, 169, 171, 178, 187, 188, 189,
190, 191, 192, 194, 208, 209, 210,
213, 214, 257
Beam, 226, 227
Bear, 118, 216
Beard, 214, 218, 235
Bearse, 215
i8»
Beatty, 178, 187, 188, 189, 190, 192,
193, 194, 213, 258
Beaven, 257
Bechtel, 99
Beckerson, 231
Becketh, 217
Beckett, 214
Beckwith, 217
Becraft, 192
Beddock, 130
Bedford, 245
Beeding, 219, 220
Beekman, 16
Been, 220
Beer, 93
Beiker, 231
Bell, 216
Belsoover, 234
Belt, 258
Beltzhoover, 105, 235, 236
Beltzhover, 227
Bemhart, 222
Bender, 227
Bene, 98
Benner, 227, 235, 236
Bennett, 212, 217, 221, 227, 239
Benning, 215
Bent, 190
Benter, 216, 233, 234, 237
Bentley, 217
Berener, 223
Berg, 93
Bergy, 41
Berreck, 217
Berringer, 223
Berry, 221
Beyer, 93
Bigler, 233
Billow, 215
Bingamon, 41
Binkler, 175
Bird, 230
Bircly, 263
274
The Pennsylvania-German Society.
Birij, 134
Bischoff, 93
Bishop, 227, 234, 236
Bissett, 220
Bitting, 232
Bitts, 4Q
Bitzell, 206
Blackburn, 162, 210
Blair, 161, 162, 178, 180, 188, 190,
192
Blankenstein, 25
Blunston, 127, 129, 132, 137
Bly, 105
Boardy, 220
Boe, 215
Boehler, 232
Boehrae, 104
Boiler, 61
Boltz, 93
Bonagel, 215
Bonner, 225
Booth, 162, 190
Borker, 211
Bostion, 217
Bouch, 235
Boucher, 216
Bough, 227
Bouquet, 156, 157, 161, 170
Boward, 233
Bowen, 137, 213
Bower, 174, 225, 227
Bowerd, 227
Bowersmith, 221
Bowie, 180, 182, 187, 190, 192, 250
Bowles, 188, 190
Bowman, 42, 216, 217
Bownas, 23
Boyd, 46, 183, 184, 188, 189, 190,
194
Boyer, 190, 213, 217, 225, 231, 238
Bozman, 5, 6, 10, 13, 15, 90
Braddock, 48, 81 146, 147, 148, 159,
164
Bradford, 220
Bradley, 180, 206
Bradmore, 162
Bradstreet, 161
Braeter, 237
Brain, 257
Brandt, 25
Branwood, 218
Brashears, 209
Brattle, 217
Brawner, 180, 214
Brease, 214
Breecher, 233, 235
Breeze, 214
Brent, 188
Brice, 207, 257
Brieger, 226
Briggs, 220
Bright, 134
Brinker, 154
Brinsford, 216
Briscoe, 192
Brodbech, 227
Brodhead, 250
Bronner, 93
Brook, 181
Brooke, 182, 185, 187, 188, 189, 190,
193, 194
Brown, 57, 76, 180, 206, 215, 221,
222, 226, 233
Browner, 139
Browning, 209
Brubacher, 232
Bruce, 188, 190, 193
Brucher, 236
Brugh, 223
Brumbaugh, 106, 263
Bruner, 188
Brunner, 190, 217, 220
Bruschel, 93
Bryan, 209, 218
Bryant, 214
Buch, 233, 238
Index to Proper Names.
275
Buchanan, 218
Bucher, 216
Buck, 227
Buckhannon, 218
Buller, 213
Bulsel, 225
Bun, 41
Burgard, 263
Burgess, 187, 190, 191, 208, 209,
212
Burk, 226, 233
Burke, 238
Burkett, 188, 190
Burkhart, 117, 225
Burn, 219
Burney, 234, 235
Burrawl, 218
Burrol, 218
Burton, 211, 214
Busey, 213, 219
Butchiere, 137
Butlar, 250
Butler, 159, 192, 193, 250
Byard, 137
Byer, 214, 238
Byrn, 219
Cadwallader, 251
Cahill, 227, 239
Calvert, 5, 6, 8, 9, 54, 213
Gambler, 227, 233
Cameron, 266
Camler, 235
Cammell, 218
Campbell, 188, 190, 193, 215, 218,
219
Campert, 105
Campian, 223
Cane, 219
Caple, 237
Cappele, 237
Carey, 183
Carlin, 211
Carmack, 217
Carmant, 217
Cams, 219, 239
Carpenter, 46, 161
Carr, 257
Carrick, 191, 221
Carroll, 180, 212, 215, 219, 233
Carter, 174, 209, 211
CartHdge, 129, 130
Carty, 213, 223
Carvell, 137
Cary, 191
Casey, 222
Cash, 214
Casner, 227
Cassll, 191
Castle, 40
Castner, 239
Caufman, 227
Cavenor, 212
Cavernor, 212
Cenedy, 215
Chamberlin, 215
Chambers, 131
Champness, 227, 238
Chance, 129, 130
Chandler, 213
Chapline, 100, 101, 171, 188, 189,
190, 191, 194, 220
Chapman, 220
Chappell, 219
Charles, 230, 237
Charles I, 7
Chase, 195
Chattell, 211
Chattle, 211
Chillon, 219
Chippendale, 81
Chrisman, 42
Christman, 225, 233
Churchwell, 213
Ciferd, 218
Clagett, 105, 192, 212
276
The Pennsylvania-German Society.
Clancy, 212
Clark, 209
Clary, 211
Class, 221
Clauson, 21
Claymour, 155
Clemens, 40, 161, 162
Clements, 19, 214
Clementson, 18, 19
Clice, 218
Clifton, 227, 233, 235, 237
Cline, 222, 227, 229, 232
Clinton, 188, 190, 192, 231, 242, 243
Clisce, 214
Clise, 218
Cloine, 165
Closs, 223
Closson, 221
Cobell, 137
Coberts, 104
Cock, 188, 190
Cocquard, 155
Coffeeroth, 220
Cole, 226, 227, 232, 239
Col ley, 222
Collins, 211, 215, 222
Colour, 230
Colvin, 162
Coraages, 18
Combe, 152, 153
Commegys, 16, 17
Compton, 220
Conn, 137, 174, 209
Connan, 214
Connoly, 240
Connolly, 263, 264, 266, 267
Connoway, 239
Conrad, 216
Conrod, 174
Consella, 220
Contrecoeur, 143
Conrath, 105
Cook, 211, 218
Cooke, 211
Coomore, 161
Coon, 175
Coonse, 221
Cooper, 218
Copple, 230
Cornelison, 18
Cornwallis, 175, 243, 244, 246, 268
Corrick, 180
Cortz, 221
Courts, 250
Cove, 221
Coward, 57
Cowley, 227
Cox, 193
Crab, 187
Crabb, 171, 190, 192
Crabbs, 206
Crabs, 180
Crafford, 219
Crafft, 234
Craft, 174, 237
Crale, 222
Cramer, 53, 225, 227, 231
Cramphin, 182, 187, 188, 190, 192,
194
Crapell, 216
Craver, 174
Crawl, 47
Crawle, 188, 190
Crawly, 211
Creager, 193, 206, 217
Creppell, 216
Cresap, 128, 129, 130, 131, 133, 147,
149, 153, 160, 171, 188, 190, 191,
198
Cressap, 132
Cressop, 129
Criegh, 175
Croft, 226, 227, 235
Cromer, 227
Cronies, 231
Cronise, 227, 231
Index to Proper Names.
277
Crontor, 41
Crook, 210
Cropp, 234, 235
Cross, 41
Crothorn, 227
Croumer, 230
Crow, 209
Grower, 227, 237
Crowl, 46
Crowie, 137, 192
Crowler, 134
Grummet, 225
Cruse, 61
Crush, 227
Cruss, 100, 101
Crusius, 104
Culler, 99
Culver, 209
Cumber, 217
Cunius, 238
Cunningham, 221
Cunnius, 238
Curley, 227, 232
Curran, 180, 206
Currington, 211
Curts, 221
Cusson, 41
Custgrove, 240
Dagworthy, 150, 164, 169
Dalton, 228
Bankers, 22
Danker-Schilders, 17
Danroth, 238
Danruth, 228
Darby, 124
Darnall, 178, 179, 190, 192
Dartmouth, Lord, 62)
Daugerty, 218
Daugherty, 218
Daunt, 130, 133
David, 218
Davidson, 258
Davies, 211, 212
Davis, 98, 105, 162, 185, 188, 189,
190, 191, 192, 198, 211, 219, 222,
263
Dawson, 148
Dayley, 218
Deakins, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191,
192, 193, 194, 210
Deale, 221
Dean, 161, 221, 257
Decamp, 218
Decker, 238
Decourcy, 250
Deefhem, 175
Deefherr, 175
De Heister, 243
De Hesse, 40
Deitch, 238
Delaitre, 139
Delawter, 230
Deneley, 215
Denny, 258
Dent, 250
Detweiler, 40
Dick, 218
Dickerson, 209
Dicks, 222
Dickson, 178
Dietz, 105
Diffenderffer, 30, 61
Digman, 223
Dinwiddle, 143, 144, 151, 154, 163,
164
Divers, 222
Dixon, 140, 219
Dobson, 257
Dochterman, 232
Doddridge, 68, 76, 78, 79
Dodson, 215
Dogherty, 211
Dolton, 239
Donack, 214
Donovan, 257
278
The Pennsylvania-German Society.
Dorn, 93
Dorran, 190
Dorsey, 171, 188, 190, 192, 258
Dotts, 217
Dougherty, 161, 162
Doughland, 151
Douglass, 262
Doutweiler, 105
Douville, 150
Dowden, 178
Downey, 218, 238
Downing, 106, 211
Drake, 212
Draper, 210
Dretch, 228
Drislaam, 117
Drome, 216
Duall, 258
Dubois, 40
Dulany, 60, 63, 162, 180, 183
Dullis, 214
Dumas, 151
Dumatt, 221
Duncan, 216, 223, 232, 236
Dunkin, 228
Dunkle, 234, 235
Dunmore, Lord, 264, 265, 266
Dunwidie, 162
Du Quesne, 142
Dutterer, 216
Duvall, 192
Dwyre, 215
Dych, 238
Dye, 221
Dyer, 227, 239
Dyson, 115
Earl, 161
Eastburn, 191
Ebenhard, 61
Eberhart, 105
Eckert, 105
Eddis, 55, 60, 63
Edelen, 183
Edelin, 191, 211
Edelman, 220
Edgerly, 257
Edington, 162
Edison, 217
Edmonston, 208
Edwards, 46
Eichelberger, 105
Eggman, 231
Eiginor, 221
Eissell, 228
Elder, 180, 207, 219
Eley, 216
Elliott, 228, 239
Ellis, 191, 220
Ellit, 220
Ellradt, 93
Ellsperger, 228
Elsing, 228
Elwood, 209
Emerson, 130
Emmet, 191
Emerick, 229, 231
Emrich, 220
Engelle, 228
England, 232
Engle, 228, 231, 232
English, 124, 222
Engners, 41
Enocks, 162
Ensey, 228
Entlen, 105
Eove, 221
Erskin, 123
Estep, 208
Estewin, 118
Estup, 215
Etnier, 228, 236
Etter, 226, 237
Ettleman, 215
Ettsperger, 238
Ettzinger, 238
Index to Proper Names.
279
Evans, 137, 211
Evat, 137
Everly, 230
Eversole, 263
Ewing, 257
Eyssell, 238
Faber, 103, 104
Faires, 180, 206
Fairfax, 154
Falkner, 25
Fangler, 174
Fanner, 221
Fanning, 212
Fantz, 230
Farber, 231
Farmer, 258
Farnslar, 215
Faulkner, 25
Faut, 98
Fauth, 93
Feagen, 263
Feely, 222
Feeter, 175
Fendall, 20
Fenly, 214
Fennell, 228, 239
Fentlinger, 40
Ferdinand II, 28
Ferguson, 220
Fernandes, 250
Ferrell, 209, 220
Ferrins, 226, 231, 239
Fettie, 230
Fiche, 175
Fiegley, 223
Fife, 162
Filler, 228, 233, 234, 235
Finch, 221, 228
Filter, 237
Finley, 214, 238
Fischer, 105
Fish, 222
Fishburn, 188, 190
Fisher, 105, 188, 190, 214, 222, 228,
231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 239
Fister, 225, 230
Fitzgerrald, 212
Fitzjarrald, 209
Fitzpatrick, 228, 239
Flack, 174, 217, 222
Fleck, 228
Fleegert, 236
Fleete, 8, 9
Fleming, 228
Flemming, 192
Fletcher, 193, 214, 215
Flick, 221, 234, 235
Fliet, 237
Filming, 237
Flint, 192
Flora, 161, 162
Fockler, 115, 117
Fogely, 223
Fogle, 218, 233, 235
Fogler, 233, 235
Foird, 258
Foliott, 232
Folliott, 228
Foot, 139
Forbes, 156, 158, 168, 169, 170
Ford, 151, 154, 162, 258
Forney, 228, 2Z7
Forsythe, 221
Fortunee, 93
Fosney, 174
Foster, 217
Fournier, 235
Fowee, 234
Fowler, 220
Fox, 162, 218
France, 221
Franken, 232
Frankenfeld, 100
Franklin, Z3, 48, 81, 228
Frankline, 219
28o
The Pennsylvania-German Society.
Frantz, 228, 238
Fray, 134
Frazer, 143
Frazier, 149
Free, 215
Freeman, 209, 214, 215
Freind, 215
French, 126
Fret, 40, 41
Frey, 105, 226, 233, 234, 238
Freynoiller, 237
Friend, 192, 234, 235
Frisk, 139
Fritchie, 268, 269, 270
From, 218
Froman, 42
Froshour, 230
Frumantle, 222
Fry, 40, 137, 143, 236, 263
Fryback, 209
Frye, 231
Frymiller, 228, 237
Fuhrman, 232
Fulham, 228, 239
Fullim, 232
Fulsome, 219
Funk, 102, 189, 190, 192, 194
Furnier, 234
Gable, 175
Gage, 201, 264, 266
Gaither, 193, 210, 211, 257
Gale, 258
Galissoniere, 142
Gambare, 216
Gambler, 227, 228, 236
Gantner, 228, 231
Garber, 40
Gardenour, 102
Gardner, 221
Garnet, 258
Garten, 209
Gartner, 137
Gartrell, 209, 210
Gaskin, 212
Gassaway, 257
Gatrell, 209
Gaul, 226, 239
Gavan, 228
Gavin, 236
Geehan, 209
Geerhert, 174
Geiger, 93, 105
Geist, 25
Gentile, 219, 220
Gentle, 219
Gentner, 230
George II, 96, 98
George (King), 195
Gerock, 102, 103, 232, 235
Gerresheim, 104
Getig, 228
Getsoner, 139
Getting, 237
Geyer, 93
Ghiselin, 214
Gibson, 186, 212, 257
Giddy, 215
Gieser, 234
Gilbert, 191
Gill, 213
Gillam, 219
Gilmore, 213
Gilmour, 213
Gillum, 219
Gisinger, 217
Gist, 242, 244, 250
Gittin, 233, 234
Gitting, 235
Gittings, 209
Glaze, 219, 220
Glory, 211
Gnadig, 105
Gobble, 215
Goering, 104
Goldsborough, 195
Index to Proper Names.
281
Goldsmith, 113
Gole, 117
Good, 115, 191, 192, 214, 263
Goodwin, 211
Gordon, 39, 130
Gore, 237
Gorman, 210
Gorr, 237
Gotz, 98
Gould, 228, 257
Grabill, 137
Grable, 134
Graeber, 104
Graff, 61, 230
Graffenried, 41
Granget, 104
Grant, 157, 222, 243, 246
Grasmuck, 103
Grass, 233, 235
Grauff, 210
Graves, 268, 269
Gray, 258
Graybell, 237
Graybill, 161, 225
Greathouse, 234, 235
Greechbaum, 234, 235
Green, 210, 211, 222
Greene, 133
Greenwood, 218
Greilich, 105
Grice, 228
Griffith, 137, 182, 187, 188, 190,
192, 193, 194, 210, 214
Grimber, 191
Grimer, 262
Grimes, 52
Grommet, 230
Groop, 237
Grose, 217
Grosh, 160, 188, 190, 216, 228, 232,
257
Gross, 25
Groth, 183
Grove, 220
Grow ley, 238
Gruber, 87, 88
Grueber, 93
Grunlin, 228
Grupp, 228
Guest, 132
Guhan, 209
Gump, 93, 98, 206
Gunby, 257
Guthrie, 263
Guy, 98
Haas, 188, 190
Habach, 93
Hack, 21
Hacket, 235
Hackett, 236
Hafilfinger, 40
Haflegh, 174
Hagan, 219
Hager, 54, 55, 105, 106, 185, 188,
189, 190, 191, 223
Hagon, 210
Hahn, 232
Hain, 230
Haines, 223
Hale, 214
Halfpenny, 229, 239
Hall, 131, 257
Haller, 229, 238
Halmon, 40
Hamilton, 215, 231, 257, 258
Hammer, 215, 231
Hammersly, 229
Hancock, 267
Hanee, 209
Haney, 180, 206
Haninghouse, 229
Hanniel, 162
Hanson, 182, 183, 188, 189, 190,
194, 197, 222, 257, 268, 269
Harbaugh, 61, 94, 115
282
The Pennsylvania-German Society.
Harbin, 220
Harden, 209
Hardenstein, 238
Hardesty, 220
Hardey, 222
Harding, 209, 213
Hardman, 218, 222, 239, 257
Hargeroder, 237
Harley, 229, 237
Harling, 220
Harman, 102
Harmer, 18
Harmony, 233, 235
Harper, 211
Harring, 232
Harris, 212
Harrison, 124, 214, 215
Harriss, 212
Harry, 105, 117, 174
Hart, 125, 134, 222
Hartenstein, 238
Hartly, 174
Hartman, 93, 229, 238
Hartness, 233, 235
Hartshorn, 257
Hartle, 263
Hartwick, 99
Hartwig, 103
Harwood, 192
Haseligh, 229
Haslet, 245
Hasselback, 220
Hast, 25
Hatchcraft, 231
Hatchey, 137
Hatfield, 229, 235, 237
Hauer, 270
Hauseal, 99, 106
Hauser, 105
Hausraan, 229
Haussegger, 225, 230, 232
Havclay, 215
Haver, 237
Ha whacker, 225
Hawk, 206, 216, 230
Hawker, 100, 101
Hawkins, 188, 190
Hayes, 212
Haymon, 209
Hays, 162, 210, 213
Hazel, 211
Hazelip, 229
Hazlewood, 229, 239
Hazlip, 239
Heart, 219
Heater, 211
Heathman, 212
Heckentora, 216
Hecket, 233
Hedges, 217
Heefner, 234, 237
Heeter, 216
Heifner, 229, 230, 235
Heger, 55
Heinzman, 172
Hellen, 213
Heller, 237
Helm, 225
Hemerick, 229
Henckel, 93
Henderson, 19, 215, 222
Hendricks, 46, 132, 238
Hendrickson, 18, 19, 217
Hendrix, 134
Henistone, 212
Hennes, 213
Hennighausen, 38, 44
Henninghouse, 231
Henop, 100
Henricks, 137
Henry, 219
Hens, 61
Heppelwhite, 81
Herd, 211
Herdic, 105
Hergeroder, 237
Index to Proper Names.
283
Herman, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23
Heron, 226
Herring, 229, 231
Herriot, 191
Herzer, 61
Hesse, 213
Heveron, 218
Hewer, 229, 232
Heyser, 105, 225, 233, 234, 236,
260, 261
Hicke, 209
Hicks, 41, 155
Higbee, 105
Higdon, 219
Hilderbrand, 231
Hile, 229
Hill, 213, 232, 239
Hillery, 214
Hillis, 48
Hilton, 213
Hindon, 212
Hinds, 217
Hinkel, 239
Hinton, 212
Hirsh, 222
Hite, 41, 42
Hiter, 192
Hobbins, 220
Hobbs, 188, 190, 192
Hochshield, 226
Hochersmith, 180, 205, 206
Hockett, 229
Hockey, 175
Hoecke, 103
Hoefflich, 232
Hoeflich, 105, 120, 174
Hoey, 211
HofF, 98, 191, 193
Hoffman, 98, 99, 139, 183, 188, 190,
193, 237, 263
Hog, 188, 190, 192
Hogmire, 185, 188, 190, 192
Hogshield, 231
Holdup, 240
Holland, 211
Hollands, 211
Holllday, 213
Hollings, 214
Hoi Ion, 209
Hollyday, 218
Holtz, 213
Holtzman, 218
Honig, 98
Hood, 177, 178, 221
Hoof, 93
Hook, 226, 229, 237
Hooke, 219
Hoopinder, 137
Hoover, 180, 229, 230, 233, 235
Hopewell, 161
Hopkins, 210, 239
Horine, 215
Hose, 226, 233, 234, 236
Hoshied, 231
Hoskins, 219
Hoskinson, 209
Hosier, 220
Hossilton, 217
Hosteter, 191
Hottfield, 234
Houcks, 222
Houer, 117
House, 210
Houseman, 230, 232
Housley, 219
Hovermale, 102
How, 222
Howard, 188, 190, 192, 221, 257
Howe, 241
Hower, 191, 216
Hoy, 211
Hoyle, 234, 235, 237
Hubley, 225
Hudson, 174, 214
Huffman, 216
Hugan, 257
284
The Pennsylvania-German Society.
Hugh, 178, 192
Hughes, 105, 180, 185, 188, 190,
212, 229
Hughmore, 239
Huldiman, 40
Huling, 238
Hull, 229
Hulse, 217
Hulsman, 216
Humphreys, 188, 190
Hungerford, 182
Hunk, 187
Hurdle, 209
Hurley, 221
Hurvey, 210
Hutchcraft, 213, 226
Hutchcrofft, 239
Hutchingson, 211
Hutchinson, 213
Hutzel, 93
Hutzel, 98
Hyatt, 237
Hynes, 152
Hyt, 40, 41
Iden, 221
Irafeld, 230
Immel, 137
Inglish, 124
Ingram, 192, 262
Innes, 146, 147, 163, 164
Innis, 118
Irissler, 212
Isingminger, 230
Itnier, 234
Jacob, 41, 215, 257
Jacobs, 34, 40, 213, 257
Jacobson, 18
Jacques, 233
Jacquet, 233, 234, 236
Jacquett, 226
James, 21, 23, 25, 257
James I., 5
Jeans, 219
Jennifer, 262
Jerbo, 211
Jinkings, 210
Johns, 189, 190, 191
Johnson, 18, 40, 116, 139, 147, 162,
175, 183, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192,
193, 194, 195, 226, 232, 253, 255,
268
Johnston, 213, 229, 238, 239
Jones, 46, 134, 137, 178, 187, 192,
213, 215, 216, 218, 219, 222, 226,
239, 258
Jordan, 213, 258
Jordon, 222
Jugerhorn, 188
Juraonville, 143
Jung, 105
Kallenberger, 216
Kapp, 105
Karr, 105
Kast, 117
Kaufman, 227
Kauffman, 239
Kauth, 93
Kautz, 238
Kearnes, 232, 238
Kearshner, 238
Keath, 212
Kebler, 236
Keemer, 211
Keener, 232
Keephart, 227
Keeports, 225, 232
Keintz, 238
Keiser, 229, 236
Keith, 31, 126, 127
Kelam, 214
Kelcholumer, 191
Kellar, 216
Keller, 215
Index to Proper Names.
28s
Kelly, 84, 180, 206, 214, 226
Kcmmell, 237
Kemmer, 175
Kemp, 139, 188, 190, 192
Ken d rick, 229, 238
Kenly, 167, 175
Kenneday, 213
Kennedy, 180, 206
Kenney, 152
Kentz, 227
Kephard, 240
Keplinger, 229
Kepphard, 231
Kepplinger, 239
Kercheval, 68
Kern, 216
Kernam, 175
Kerney, 221
Kerns, 226, 238
Kerny, 220
Kersey, 211
Kershner, 173, 174, 227
Kesszele, 98
Kettle, 226, 229, 231
Key, 190, 192, 198
Keyer, 229
Keyser, 226, 235, 238
Kibler, 234, 235
Kiding, 221
Kieger, 219
Kiltz, 258
Kimberlin, 118
Kimmell, 237
King, 171, 215, 230
Kingston, 219
Kintz, 238
Kirgery, 174
Kirk, 213, 222
Kisby, 211
Kitely, 220
Kleeman, 93
Klein, 40, 105, 230, 231
Kleinsmith, 105
Klien, 233
Kline, 227, 229, 235, 236
Knapp, 25
Knauff, 207
Knave, 221
Kneary, 237
Knight, 41
Knolton, 249
Knowlar, 211
Knyphausen, 251
Koch, 118
Kocherthal, 31
Koefflich, 232
Kolb, 40, 41
Kolz, 98
Koons, 227
Koontz, 180
Kortz, 233, 234
Kotz, 225
Kraft, 226, 238
Kratz, 40
Kreiger, 61
Kremer, 106
Kremewald, 117
Kries, 232
Kritzman, 98
Krug, 99, 104
Kruise, 229
Kuhn, 206
Kuhnes, 212
Kuhns, 31
Kuntz, 93, 229, 230, 231
Kuntz, 98
Kunz, 98
Kurtz, 230
Kiisters, 41
Labadie, 21, 22
Ladder, 226
Lafflin, 84
Lago, 227
Lamar, 220, 257
Landenberger, 225
286
The Pennsylvania-German Society.
Landis, 123
Lane, 40
Lange, 25, 100
Langhorne, 133
Langley, 218
Langton, 211
Lanharn, 210
Lansdale, 257
Lantz, 227, 237
Larantz, 227
Larmore, 227
La shy ear, 209
Lathy, 9Z
Laurence, 190
Lawney, 227
Lawnious, 137
Lawnius, 134
Lawrence, 188, 192
Lay, 93, 98, 99
Layzare, 209
Lazenby, 208, 209
Lazear, 263
Leather, 231
Lecky, 62
Lecrose, 227
Ledwitz, 245
Lee, 84, 105
Leedy, 175
Leer, 162
Legg, 209
Lehnick, 93
Lehny, 98
Leider, 105
Lein, 93
Leiser, 235
Leitch, 211, 212
Leithauser, 237
Leithusier, 227
Leniger, 25
Lentarage, 219
Leonard, 207
Lephart, 137
Levely, 103
Levering, 61
Levy, 233
Lewis, 209, 212, 219, 226, 233, 235,
236
LibHart, 134
Lickliter, 218
Lieser, 233
Lighter, 174
Lightfoot, 210
Lighthauser, 237
Linch, 215
Lindenberger, 103, 232
Linder, 220, 221
Lindley, 46
Lindsey, 222
Linebaugh, 207
Lingenf elder, 115
Link, 105, 217
Linkenfelter, 232
Linsey, 218
Linthicum, 192
Lintridge, 219
Lisher, 41
Litzinger, 238
Loar, 220, 221
Locher, 234, 235
Lock, 216
Locker, 219, 227, 236
Lockhead, 162
Lodgeade, 209
Loe, 216
Logan, 31, 32
Lohra, 237
Long, 180, 206, 212, 220
Longley, 210
Lora, 225
Lorah, 37
Lorantz, 227
Loreman, 47
Lorentz, 237, 238
Louden, 214
Loudoun, 169, 172
Lougher, 47
Index to Proper Names.
287
Loure,, 232
Louvois, 28
Love, 211
Lovelass, 219
Loveless, 219
Lovet, 210
Low, 230
Lowe, 137, 226
Lower, 235
Lowry, 211
Lowther, 152, 214
Lucas, 219, 220
Luckas, 219, 220
Luckett, 178, 188, 190, 192, 193
Ludwick, 188, 190, 227, 231
Lutz, 93
Lydrick, 61
Lye, 139
Lynn, 152, 178
McAlister, 257
McAllen, 214
McCallister, 190, 192
McClaine, 215
McClame, 215
McClane, 215, 221
McClary, 188, 190, 213
McClellan, 161
McColough, 227
McCord, 162
McCorgan, 233
McCoy, 213
McCracken, 215
McCrery, 213
McCullin, 174
McCuIloch, 210
McDavid, 210
McDeed, 210
McDonald, 213, 214, 218
McDonall, 215
McFarren, 192
McGlury, 185
McGrouch, 239
McGuyer, 223
Mclntire, 215
McKay, 214
McKenny, 221
McKinsey, 236, 239
McKinzie, 213
McKoy, 214, 221, 239
McLaughlin, 174
McLean, 180, 206
McLeod, 216
McRae, 157
McSherry, 185, 250, 252
McTier, 215
Macatee, 215
Machenheimer, 238
Mackabee, 211
Mackall, 239
Mackee, 211
Mackey, 211
Maclamary, 211
Madcalf, 221
Madden, 212
Madding, 211
Maddox, 219
Magaw, 84, 252
Magruder, 182, 187, 190, 192
Mahoney, 210
Mahony, 231, 239
Malady, 239
Malinia, 239
Mallady, 232
Malloon, 212
Malone, 133
Mamges, 258
Mannan, 212
Manipenny, 118
Mantz, 216
Marbury, 207, 257
Marhay, 209
Markel, 233
Markham, 21
Marie, 149
Marolf, 232
288
The Pennsylvania-German Society,
Maroney, 213
Marshall, 162, 213
Martain, 219
Martin, 106, 180, 215, 216, 219,
222, 227
Mason, 140, 213
Masters, 162
Mateus, 98
Mathews, 19
Mathias, 188, 190
Mathiason, 18, 19
Mathison, 162
Mattheis, 93
Matthew, 207
Matthews, 118, 206, 222
Mattril, 239
Maunsel, 227
Mausser, 93
Maximilian, 28
May, 174
Mayer, 57
Mayhew, 93
Maynard, 214
Means, 215
Menix, 217
Menneville, 142
Menson, 174
Merfey, 215
Mernke, 41
Meroney, 214
Messersmith, 220
Metts, 222
Mettz, 234
Metz, 235
Metzger, 99
Meyer, 18, 98, 104, 117
Meyers, 15, 225
Meyor, 17
Michael, 226, 227, 233, 234, 235,
236, 237
Micheelson, 18
Michel, 41
Miely, 227
Mifflin, 248
Miley, 237
Millberger, 237
Millburger, 237
Miller, 87, 104, 105, 137, 139, 174,
190, 214, 215, 222, 227, 230, 231,
232, 233, 234, 235, 237, 239, 263
Mills, 216, 219
Minshall, 46, 137
Mior, 41
Mire, 41
Mitchell, 208, 257
Mittag, 93, 230
Mober, 215
Mockbee, 211, 219
Moeller, 99
Money, 214, 215
Mongaul, 227
Mongoal, 233
Montson, 18
Moor, 221, 222
Moore, 188, 190, 192, 212, 218, 238
Moppes, 232
Moran, 161, 257
Morgan, 130, 233, 234
Morgon, 223
Morolf, 216
Morris, 40, 218, 222
Morrison, 180, 222
Mortt, 218
Mosen, 236
Moser, 218, 231, 239,
Mouer, 216
Mourrer, 216
Mouser, 218
Mowen, 222
Moxley, 219
Muckleroy, 213
Mueller, 93
Muhlenberg, 51, 94, 95, 96, 99
Mullican, 211
Mullihan, 220
Muraa, 238
Index to Proper Names.
289
Mumraa, 238, 239
Mummard, 239
Muramart, 227
Mun, 257
Munn, 223
Munroe, 180
Murdock, 183, 187-189, 190, 193
Murphey, 221
Murphy, 211, 212, 213, 239
Murray, 162
Muse, 250
Musgrove, 209
Mussler, 238
Myer, 137, 214, 217, 237, 238, 262
Myers, 52, 162, 217, 234, 235, 237,
238
Nail, 216
Nailor, 218
Nalor, 218
Narry, 174
Nead, 61, 82, 102, 119, 128, 180,
206, 263
Neal, 223
Neall, 213
Need, 100, 101, 217, 262
Neet, 217
Neide, 117
Nelson, 188, 190
Nerving, 227
Neswangher, 216
Netsley, 216
Neving, 239
Nevitt, 227
Newman, 222
Newsanger, 216
Ney, 105
Nicholas, 162
Nicholl, 211
Nicholls, 155, 211
Nichols, 209, 211, 213
Nicholson, 210
Nickols, 213
19*
Nighswanger, 41
Night, 212
Niverville, 150
Nockey, 175
Noise, 222
Nolland, 212
North (Lord), 185, 198
Norther a ft, 191, 211
Norris, 193, 212, 215
Norwood, 190
Nowland, 192, 210
Nowles, 221
Obalam, 214
O'Bryan, 215
O'Daniel, 210
OflFutt, 187, 190, 192
Ogle, 123, 128, 131, 136, 138, 139,
192, 206
O'Gullen, 162
Oldman, 257
Oliver, 220
O'Neal, 187, 189, 190
Op den Graef, 40
O'Quin, 227, 239
Orendorf, 188, 191
Orendorff, 190
Orm, 187
Orme, 182, 190, 208, 209
Orndorff, 115, 220
Ort, 93
Osburn, 219
Osten, 105
Oster, 105, 174
Ott, 105, 263
Otterbein, 100, 104
Ovelnaan, 180
Overfelt, 216
Owen, 219
Owsley, 219
Oyster, 47
Ozenburn, 219
290
The Pennsylvania-German Society.
Paca, 195
Pack, 162, 212
Pain, 220
Painter, 227
Pannebacker, 87
Pannebeekers, 40
Pannell, 216
Panthar, 235
Parran, 258
Park, 180, 206
Parkinson, 217, 218
Parks, 185, 186, 187, 262
Parnell, 127, 129
Parson, 218
Pastorius, 31
Patrick, 212, 220
Paw, 191
Pawling, 40
Peak, 219
Pearce, 214
Peen, 209
Peery, 137
Pegman, 215
Pelly, 211
Penn, 29, 32, 121, 122, 123, 125,
126, 127, 128, 140, 209
Penny, 211
Pennybacker, 87
Penroad, 215
Pepple, 215
Percy (Lord), 242
Perrin, 47
Perry, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192
Pfaut, 98
Phlaviere, 137
Phi Her, 137
Philpot, 213, 219
Pifer, 234
Piffer, 235
Piltz, 118
Pindell, 258
Pindle, 118
Pinkely, 220
Pinnall, 216
Pirkinson, 217, 218
Pitcairn, 196
Pitcher, 221
Pitt, 156
Plecker, 268, 269
Plummer, 192
Poger, 40
Pointer, 227, 236
Poland, 220
Polehouse, 231, 239
Polhouse, 226
Polk, 162
Pollard, 213
Pomp, 104
Pontiac, 158, 176
Pope, 239
Porter, 237, 239
Postlewaite, 155
Pote, 223
Powell, 221
Prather, 150, 157, 188, 190, 263
Pratt, 257
Praul, 250
Preston, 213, 218, 222
Prey, 93
Price, 178, 183, 188, 189, 190, 193,
198, 207, 215, 249, 250, 257, 258
Procter, 237
Proctor, 227, 239
Protzman, 105, 206, 207
Pruett, 212
Prunk, 263
Purnal, 209
Putnam, 242, 243, 248
Queer, 234
Quier, 237
Quinlin, 228, 239
Quir, 235
Quynn, 213
Ragan, 105
Index to Proper Names.
291
Rahauser, 104
Raidy, 219
Raishierc, 137
Raleigh, 219
Raley, 219
Rambo, 40
Randle, 220
Ransbergen, 139
Ranspergen, 139
Rattermann, 156
Rausch, 93
Raver, 228, 236
Rawlings, 191, 200, 251
Rawlins, 173, 175, 254
Ray, 209, 216
Raybert, 228
Raymer, 190
Raynolds, 212
Read, 212
Realley, 217
Reaver, 235
Reeter, 174
Reevenach, 233
Reevenacht, 234
Reever, 233
Regalman, 228
Regele, 238
Regie, 238
Rcgliman, 237
Reich, 218
Reichardt, 40
Reincke, 61
Reinhart, 238
Reisner, 98, 133, 139
Reitz, 233
Remsburg, 190, 193
Rench, 193, 222, 262, 263
Renzand, 61
Reusner, 93
Reveley, 258
Reynolds, 105, 208, 211, 220, 221
Rhodes, 213, 214
Rhorer, 263
Rice, 215, 225
Richards, 188, 190, 225, 228, 238
Richardson, 216, 223
Richmond, 207, 258
Richter, 61
Rick, 237
Rickenbaugh, 222
Ricketts, 211
Ricknagle, 228
Riddell, 65
Ridenhour, 230, 239
Ridenour, 175
Rider, 227, 239
Ridgely, 191, 192, 250
Ridingour, 216
Riely, 223, 228
Rife, 40, 41
Rigglcman, 234, 235
Riggnagle, 232
Riggs, 191
Rigsbe, 131
Riley, 211
Rily, 210, 211
Rine, 220
Rinehart, 238
Ringer, 192, 217, 218, 230
Rismel, 223
Rite, 214
Ritmire, 227
Ritter, 232
Rittlemeyer, 228
Rittlemyer, 238
Roach, 226, 239
Roads, 139
Roberts, 40, 211
Robertson, 215, 231, 233
Robinson, 174, 180, 206, 213, 228,
231, 232, 235
Rob i son, 223
Roche, 207
Rochester, 105
Rock, 103, 226
Rodes, 212
292
The Pennsylvania-German Society.
Roemer, 99
Roessell, 93
Rogers, 149
Rohhbaugh, 237
Rohrbach, 237
Rohrback, 102
Rohrer, 118, 263
Roltrer, 263
Rolwagen, 225
Romer, 98
Rommelsem, 237
Romsburg, 188
Ronenberger, 227
Rorer, 175
Rosen, 61
Ross, 161, 211
Roth, 235
Rothe, 234
Rough, 174
Roullett, 102
Rout, 161
Roxburgh, 257
Row, 180, 206
Rowin, 218
Rowlands, 239
Rowlins, 217
Rudisiel, 93
Rudrieck, 216
Ruetenik, 103
Rumfell, 228
Rumfield, 237
Rummelson, 226
Runkel, 100
Ruppert, 228
Russ, 218
Rutlidge, 222
Rutt, 40
Ruttzn, 21
Ryan, 209
Ryley, 222
Rymeby, 263
Sachse, 27, 29
Sadler, 25
Safety, 263
Saffle, 211
Saftly, 221
Sahm, 61
Sailor, 234
Salmon, 213
Sam, 100, 101
Sands, 221
Sangar, 137
Sanglaer, 134
Sappor, 117
Sarjeant, 219
Saylor, 105, 236
Schaaf, 61, 188, 190
Schaefer, 93
Schaeffer, 225, 232
Schantz, 114
Scharf, 9, 54, 62, 87, 102, 104, 154.
167, 171, 179, 260
Schaub, 93
Schauffle, 93
Scherer, 41
Schesler, 232
Schilders, 22
Schippe, 25
Schister, 105
Schlatter, 51, 94, 95, 99, 115
Schleitz, 118
Schley, 56, 99, 114, 183, 188, 222
Schmauk, 92, 103
Schmidt, 61, 98
Schmit, 40
Schmucker, 104, 105
Schnebly, 105
SchoU, 40
Schorcht, 232
Schrawder, 225
Schreier, 232
Schreyer, 93
Schriver, 188, 190, 193
Schroder, 105
Index to Proper Names.
293
Schultz, 51, 52, 53, 61, 134, 167,
206
Schiitz, 232
Schwartz, 40
Schweinhard, 98
Schweinhardt, 93, 98
Schwcrdtfeger, 99, 106
Schwidzer, 236
Schwob, 103
Scobell, 134
Scott, 183, 188, 190, 214
Scybert, 210
Seaburn, 221
Sealon, 161
Sealors, 228
Sechs, 98
Seglaer, 134, 137
Segraan, 238
Sehora, 214
Seiss, 61
Selas, 229
Self, 220
Sellers, 191, 218
Sellraan, 257
Sellers, 218
Selwood, 229
Sergant, 249
Serjeant, 218
Settlemeyer, 228
Settlemirer, 232
Shackler, 175
Shade, 217
Shaffer, 139, 229, 238
Shambarriere, 137
Shame, 217
Shank, 213
Shark, 228
Sharpe, 112, 144, 145, 146, 147, 153,
165, 168, 169, 170, 172
Shatz, 231
Shaw, 46, 206
Sheaf er, 230, 231
Sheales, 192
Sheekels, 209
Sheeler, 102
Sheest, 233, 235
Shehan, 213
Sheitz, 263
Shelby, 161, 170
Shelman, 216
Shenk, 217
Sheppart, 211
Sheredine, 188, 189, 190, 194, 268
Shett, 268, 269
Shields, 180, 206
Shimor, 41
Shirley, 147
Shively, 228, 239
Shiife, 238
Shock, 174
Shoemaker, 214, 226, 228, 231, 234,
235, 239
Sholly, 174
Shopper, 230
Short, 211
Shotter, 230
Shotts, 228
Shotz, 231
S hover, 206
Showier, 40
Shrantz, 230
Shrawder, 236
Shrayer, 228
Shrayock, 228
Shriber, 174
Shriock, 237
Shroop, 230
Shryock, 83, 84, 105, 237, 263
Shugart, 225, 237
Shukels, 209
Shuler, 240
Shutz, 228
Sides, 236
Siegfried, 216
Sigler, 40
Sill, 215
294
The Pennsylvania-German Society.
silver, 218, 228
Silvor, 213
Simcock, 124
Simmon, 218
Simon, 218
Sirams, 209
Simpson, 193
Sinn, 93, 98
Sipherson, 18
Six, 99
Skaggs, 213
Skiles, 221
Skinner, 257
Slagel, 215
Slender, 231
Slick, 218
Slife, 228
Slite, 228
Slreiter, 228
Sluys, 137
Sluyter, 22, 23
Sluyter-Vorstmann, 17
Smadern, 239
Small, 162
Smallwood, 207, 242, 243, 244, 250,
257, 262
Smeltzer, 230
Smith, 8, 40, 41, 115, 117, 121, 133,
137, 139, 178, 180, 187, 188, 189,
190, 191, 192, 194, 206, 211, 212,
213, 214, 216, 217, 218, 222, 225,
226, 228, 229, 230, 232, 233, 234,
235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 257, 258,
266, 267
Smitherd, 228
Smithley, 236
Smithly, 228, 229, 233, 234, 236,
237
Smout, 46
Smoute, 137
Smyth, 267
Snavely, 188, 190, 191
Snebley, 185
Snider, 174, 216, 229, 230, 231
Snowdeigel, 217
Snowdenge, 217
Snowdens, 53
Solamon, 210
Soldner, 98
Sollers, 110, 226, 238
Sollom, 40
Somervell, 258
Spach, 98
Sparks, 161
Sparrow, 220
Speak, 216
Speake, 219
Speck, 232, 237
Spengel, 93
Spires, 263
Splise, 223
Spottswood, 41
Sprengle, 238
Sprigg, 188, 189, 190, 212, 223
Spright, 137
Springer, 218
Springle, 47
Spunogle, 215
Spycer, 210
Spyker, 115, 210, 255
St. Clair, 169, 170
Stalion, 219
Stallings, 219
Stalter, 237
Stanley, 216
Stanly, 211
Stanner, 137
Stanton, 228, 239
Stanty, 226
Stantz, 134
Startzman, 263
Statler, 229, 234, 235
Stauffer, 226, 238
Steel, 53, 219
Steiger, 61
Stein, 232
Index to Proper Names.
295
Steincyfer, 105
Steiner, 59, 91, 100, 195
Stempel, 105
Stephenson, 200
Steret, 250
Steuart, 212
Stevens, 216
Stewart, 158, 180, 186, 210, 221
257
Stiener, 231
Stiles, 239
Stille, 18
Stirling (Lord), 242, 243, 244, 245,
246
Stockbridge, 164, 172
Stoddert, 149, 151, 152
Stoever, 93
Stoferd, 41
Stogdon, 220
Stoll, 98
Stolmeyer, 98
Stone, 13, 90, 240, 250
Stonebraker, 229, 236
Stonebreaker, 233, 235
Stoner, 40, 190, 216, 222, 229, 232
Storam, 223
Stouder, 230
Stout, 240
Stover, 106
Stowford, 40
Stoyle, 229
Straam, 236
Strayley, 236
Strayly, 234
Strecher, 115
Streib, 233
Strieker, 61, 188, 190, 192, 225, 238,
263
Stricklaer, 137
Strider, 232
Stringfellow, 32
Striser, 217
Striter, 237
Stroam, 233, 235
Strome, 228
Stuart, 174
Studdlemeier, 230
Studer, 228
Stuffle, 216
Stuli, 115, 184, 185, 187, 188, 189,
190, 192, 193, 194, 217, 222, 263
Stuyvesant, 15, 16, 20
Sueman, 268, 269
Sulivane, 220
Sullivan, 243
Sumraerfield, 127
Summers, 212, 238
Sutton, 212
Swan, 185, 188, 190, 193
Swartz, 225
Swearengen, 188, 189
Swearingen, 185, 190, 192, 263
Swimley, 192
Swingly, 263
Switzer, 229, 234, 236
Swope, 103, 104, 137
Sybert, 175, 210
Sydey, 174
Syphers, 207
Tabler, 230
Taeter, 221
Talbort, 219
Talbot, 123, 219
Tamlane, 219
Tandre, 137
Taney, 180
Tannehill, 214
Tanner, 46, 127, 134, 137
Tasker, 53, 130
Tawney, 229
Taylor, 47, 210, 214, 229, 232, 236
Teagard, 154, 155
Teemer, 217
Tennaly, 216
Test, 213, 216
296
The Pennsylvania-German Society.
Teuferbiss, 93
Thatcher, 200
Theid, 257
Thomas, 139, 182, 183, 187, 188,
189, 190, 191, 193, 194, 215, 244,
247
Thompson, 155, 214, 219, 220, 221
Thornbourgh, 221
Threlkeld, 187, 190
Tice, 191
Tilghman, 64, 195
Tille, 123
Tiller, 234
Tilly, 28
Timblin, 229
Timken, 239
Tite, 229
Tobing, 217
Tombleson, 218
Tomkins, 221
Tomlin, 219
Tomm, 233, 235
Tongue, 214
Toreson, 18
Toughman, 215
Trace, 215
Tracy, 219
Trail, 211
Traill, 211
Traut, 93, 232
Trent, 143
Tressel, 174
Trout, 139, 210
Troxal, 175
Troxel, 222, 223
Troxell, 180
Trubb, 117
Truck, 226
Trucks, 217
Trueman, 257
Trux, 217, 233
Tucker, 208, 209
Tudderow, 230
Tumbleson, 218
Turenne, 28
Turner, 211, 216
Tyce, 174
Tysher, 175
Tyson, 40
Unsult, 99
Urinson, 18
Utie, 20, 123
Utley, 61
Valentine, 180, 207
Vandernorte, 18
Van Lear, 105
Van Meter, 42
Van Swearengen, 188, 190
Varglass, 137
Vaudreuil, 150
Vaughan, 161, 215, 239
Veach, 178
Veatch, 210, 219
Veazy, 249
Verdries, 98
Verdriess, 93
Vincent, 238
Visinger, 231
Vogler, 98
Volks, 118
Von Graffenried, 41
Vorstman, 22
Wachtel, 230, 231
Wade, 220, 229, 232, 239
Waggoner, 118, 218, 229, 237
Wagner, 105, 232, 233, 234, 235
Wagoner, 217, 229
Waker, 212
Waldon, 240
Walker, 210, 220, 221, 223, 229, 257
Wallace, 207, 212
Wallack, 137
Wallauer, 104
Index to Proper Names.
297
Wallis, 209, 222
Waltenback, 221
Walters, 219
Walts, 216
Waltz, 137
Ward, 143, 215, 222, 243, 246
Ware, 162, 242, 245, 250
Warfield, 188, 190, 192, 258
Warman, 212
Warren, 188, 190, 198
Wart, 215
Washington, 54, 64, 143, 144, 151,
154, 163, 242, 243, 245, 246, 248,
251, 253
Waters, 191, 192, 193, 209
Watkins, 231, 257
Watson, 152
Wayne, 49
Weakley, 219
Weaver, 215, 229, 231, 234, 235, 237
Weber, 40
Weeguel, 240
Weger, 238
Weidman, 225
Weier, 218
Weinmer, 93
Weirich, 220
Weiser, 105, 225
Weishaar, 16, 25
Wcisong, 221
Welch, 124
Weller, 87, 180, 206, 232
Wells, 76, 188, 190, 213, 221, 263
Welsh, 221, 222
Welshoffer, 134, 137
Weltner, 98, 193, 225, 231, 236, 254
Welty, 229, 238
Wershler, 103
Wesinger, 232
West, 178, 192, 211, 219, 220, 222
Westfall, 180
Wetzel, 93, 98
Weygand, 105
Weyman, 105
Wheelen, 213
Wheeler, 18, 209, 213
Wherfield, 139
Whistler, 46
Whitaker, 193
White, 124, 209, 212, 215, 216, 218,
220, 222, 239
Whitesides, 105
Whitman, 52
Wicks, 222
Wiesenthall, 103
Wilcocks, 162
Wilcoxen, 209
Wildbahn, 99, 105
Wilder, 160
Wilhelm, 233, 235, 236
Wilhelme, 229
Wilhite, 230
Wilkins, 132, 221
Willhaut, 98
Williams, 127, 147, 148, 162, 167,
175, 185, 186, 188, 190, 192, 193,
198, 200, 205, 210, 217, 219, 220,
221, 229, 238, 257, 258
Williard, 61
Willsdaugh, 237
Wilmott, 257
Willson, 209
Wilson, 188, 190, 210, 211
Wilstock, 229, 237
Wimer, 215
Winchester, 188, 190, 193
Windham, 219
Windom, 212
Windred, 139
Windsor, 212
Wink, 229, 232
Wintz, 230
Wirley, 175
Wise, 139, 210, 233, 235
Wisell, 139
Wistar, 34
298
The Pennsylvania-Gertnan Society.
Witsinger, 229
Woelpper, 225
Wolf, 216, 220
Wolford, 257
Wolgamot, 174
Wolgamott, 161, 162
Woller, 218
Wolly Bergy, 41
Wolstenholme, 53
Woltz, 105
Wood, 188, 190, 193, 208, 209, 211
Wooler, 218
Woolford, 229, 239, 257
Wooten, 182
Wooton, 187, 188, 189, 190
Wootton, 190
Worley, 46, 134, 137
Woulds, 258
Wright, 46, 47, 129, 131, 132, 137,
229, 250
Wyonge, 220
Yakely, 229
Yates, 210
Yaulet, 216
Yeakly, 234
Yockley, 235, 236
Young, 40, 105, 106, 137, 167, 188,
190, 206, 234, 235
Younger, 218
Zahn, 61
Ziegler, 230
Zimmerman, 52, 229, 230, 232
Zorah, 104
INDEX TO SUBJECTS
Allotment of land, 10
Almanac, Hagerstown, 88
Annapolis, Germans arriving at, 56
Antietam church, 106
Avalon, colony of, 6
Bake-oven, 72
Baker, Isaac, letter from, 151
Baltimore laid out, 60
Bayer, Captain Michael, 231
Blankets contributed for the army,
262
Blunston, Samuel, to issue licenses
to settle, 127 ; letter from, regard-
ing Thomas Cresap, 129; reward
offered for his arrest, 137
Border troubles, 123, 124
Boston Port Bill, resolutions against
passed in Frederick county, 182,
183, 184
Boundary controversy, 121
Bouquet, Colonel Henry, 156, 157
Braddock's campaign, 146
Brethren church, 106
Brewery established in Baltimore,
61
Burgess, Captain Edward, 208
Cabins, construction of, 67
Campbell, Captain ^neas, 218
Chance, Samuel, capture of, 129
Charter of Maryland, 7
Church, established, 91
Church, First Lutheran in Mary-
land, 92
Clauson, Jacob, naturalized, 21
Clementson, Andrew, naturalized,
18
Clothing, 78
Cold winter of 1740-1, 44
Cold winter in Germany, 29
Commegys, Cornelius, naturalized,
16, 18
Committee of correspondence for
Frederick county, 188, 191
Committee of Observation for Fred-
erick county, 190
Company rolls —
Capt. Michael Bayer's company,
231
Capt. Edward Burgess' company,
208
Capt. .^neas Campbell's com-
pany, 218
Capt. Vallentine Creager's com-
pany, 217
Capt. Leonard Deakins' company,
210
Capt. Henry Fister's company, 230
Capt. Jacob Good's company, 214
Capt. Philip Graybell's company,
237
Capt. Henry Hardman's company,
222
Capt. William Heyser's company,
233, 234
Capt. Geo. P. Keeport's company,
232
Capt. Peter Maroney's company,
213
Capt. John Reynold's company,
220
300
The Pennsylvania-German Society.
Company, Capt. Richard Smith's,
212
Capt. Benjamin Spyker's com-
pany, 210
Lt.-Col. Ludwig Weltner's com-
pany, 236
Conditions of plantation, 13, 14
Connolly's conspiracy, 263
Conococheague settlement aban-
doned, 153
Conococheague, village of, 54
Cooking utensils, 71
Costumes, 78
Creager, Captain Vallentlne, 217
Creagerstown laid out, 53
Cresap, Thomas, settles on the Sus-
quehanna, 128; warrant issued
for arrest of, 133
Daunt, Knowles, killed, 130
Deakins, Captain Leonard, 210
Declaration of the Provincial Con-
vention, 201, 203
Delaware colony, deserters from, 15
Dutch settlers on the Delaware, 20
Education of the Germans, 108
Elizabeth-town laid out, 54
Emigration, German, causes of, 27
Established church, 91
First colonists, the, 12
First German settlement in Mary-
land, 51
First German settler, 16
First Lutheran church in Maryland,
92
First visitor to Maryland, 8
Fister, Captain Henry, 230
Flax, preparation of, 85
Flying Camp organized, 208
Capt. Edward Burgess' company,
208
Capt. ^neas Campbell's com-
pany, 218
Capt. Vallentine Creager's com-
panj', 217
Capt. Leonard Deakins' company,
210
Capt. Jacob Good's company, 214
Capt. Henry Hardman's company,
222
Capt. Peter Mantz's company, 216
Capt. Philip Maroney's company,
213
Capt. John Reynold's company,
220
Capt. Richard Smith's company,
212
Capt. Benjamin Spyker's com-
pany, 210
Food, 74
Forbes, General, campaign of, 156
Foreigners allowed to take up land,
14
Foreigners not desired, 12
Foreigners, petition from, 19
Fort Cumberland erected, 146, 164
Fort Duquesne built, 143 ; expedi-
tion against, 156, 158
Fort Frederick erected, 153, 165;
Revolutionary prisoners at, 175
Fort Pitt erected, 158
Fort Mount Pleasant erected, 163
Fort Necessity, surrender of, 144
Fort Washington, surrender of, 251
Franklin's opinion of the Germans,
Frederick county troops at Cam-
bridge, 196, 200; two companies
to be raised in, 197
Frederick, German Reformed church
in, 99
Frederick, town laid out, 56; growth
of, 59
French, designs of, 142
Index to Subjects.
301
Furniture of the settlers, 70; manu-
facture of, 81
German colony in North Carolina,
41
German emigrants in London, 30;
lists of to be kept, 31; hardships
endured on the voyage, 35
German emigration, causes of, 27
German Reformed church at Fred-
erick, 99; at Baltimore, 103; at
Hagerstown, 105
German Regiment, organization of,
224; roster of, 226; list of re-
cruits in, 238
German Regiment —
Capt. Michael Bayer's company,
231
Capt. Henry Fister's company, 230
Capt. Philip Graybell's company,
237
Capt. Wm. Heyser's company,
233, 234
Capt. Geo. P. Keeport's company,
232
Lt.-Col. Weltner's company, 236
German settlement, first, in Mary-
land, 51
German settlers in Maryland, 25,
39, 50
Germans arriving at Annapolis, 56;
education of, 108
Good, Captain Jacob, 214
Graceham settled, 61
Graybell, Captain Philip, 237
Growth of the colony of Maryland,
38
Hack, George, naturalized, 21
Hager, Jonathan, arrives in Penn-
sylvania, 54
Hagerstown almanac, 88
Hagerstown laid out, 54
Hagerstown, Lutheran church at,
105 ; German Reformed church
at, 105
Hardman, Captain Henry, 222
Harmer, Gothofrid, naturalized, 18
Haussegger, Col. Nicholas, 225
Hendrickson, Bartholomew, natural-
ized, 18
Hendrickson, Hendrik, naturalized,
18
Herman, Augustine, naturalized, 21
Heyser, William, letter from, 260
Heyser, Captain William, 233, 234
Hite, Jost, starts movement south-
ward, 41
Home building, 67
Illiteracy of the settlers, 109
Indian massacres, 147, 148, 152
Indians, expedition against, 161
Indians, treatment of, 9
Ireland, German emigrants sent to,
30
Jacobson, Peter, naturalized, 18
Johnson, Paul, naturalized, 18
Jumonville, defeat of, 143
Keeport, Captain Geo. P., 232
Kershner, Captain John, 174
Kocherthal's settlement, 31
Labadist doctrine, 24
Labadist settlement, 21
Land, liberal offer of from Lord
Baltimore, 43
Landis, Samuel, complains of the
Marylanders, 123
Log cabins, building of, 69
Long Island, battle of, 242
Lutheran church, the first in Mary-
land, 92
302
The Pennsylvania-German Society.
Lutheran church at Hagerstown,
105; at Middletown, 104; at
Sharpsburg, 100
Lutheran church at Monocacy, rules
for the government of, 96
McCIellan, Captain William, 161
Magistrates of Frederick county,
address of, 195
Mantz, Captain Peter, 216
Map of the colony made, 20
Marie, Edmund, killed by Indians,
149
Maroney, Captain Philip, 213
Maryland, charter of, 7
Maryland colony, growth of, 10, 37;
population of, 38
Maryland, German settlers in, 39
Maryland officers, rank of, 252; ad-
dress of, 255
Maryland, the settlement of, 5, 8
Maryland troops on Long Island,
242; conduct of, 250
Mason and Dixon's Line, 140
Mathiason, Hendrick, naturalized,
18
Meyer, Peter, naturalized, 18
Micheelson, Clement, naturalized,
18
Micheelson, Jacob, naturalized, 18
Middletown, Lutheran church at,
104
Ministers, difficulty in securing, 92
Monocacy, church at, 93; Michael
Schlatter visits, 94; H. M. Muhl-
enberg visits, 95
Monocacy road surveyed, 46
Monocacy, settlement of, 51
Monocacy, site of, 52
Montson, Peter, naturalized, 18
Muhlenberg, Henry M., visits Mon-
ocacy, 95
Naturalization of foreigners, 17, 18
Newspapers, 87
North Carolina, German colony in,
41
Ohio Company, grant to, 142
Palatinate, devastation of, 28
Paper-making, 83
Parnell, Edward, driven off by
Pennsylvania authorities, 127
" Peggy Stewart," destruction of,
185
Petition of settlers near Falckner's
Swamp, 39
Petition from some settlers in Lan-
caster county, 134
Pon-hoss, 75
Pontiac's war, 158
Presque Isle, fort erected at, 142
Proclamation of Lord Baltimore
offering land to settlers, 43
Provincial convention, declaration
of, 201, 203
Provincial convention, Frederick
county delegates to, 189, 194
Rank of the Maryland officers, 252
Redemptioners, 117
Religious toleration in Maryland, 89
Reynolds, Captain John, 220
Road to Fort Cumberland surveyed,
170
Rocky Hill church, 104
Rogers, Benjamin, killed by Indians,
149
Roll of
Capt. Michael Bayer's company
in the German regiment, 231
Capt. Edward Burgess' company
in the Flying Camp, 208
Capt. ^neas Campbell's com-
pany in the Flying Camp, 218
Index to Subjects.
303
Roll, Capt. Vallentine Creager's
company in the Flying Camp, 217
Capt. Leonard Deakins' company
in the Flying Camp, 210
Capt. Henry Fister's company in
the German regiment, 230
Capt. Jacob Good's company in
the Flying Camp, 214
Capt. Philip Graybell's company
in the German regiment, 237
Capt. Henry Hardman's company
in the Flying Camp, 222
Capt. William Heyser's company
in the German regiment, 233,
234
Capt. Geo. P. Keeport's company
in the German regiment, 232
Capt. John Kershner's company,
174
Capt. William McClellan's com-
pany, 161
Capt. Peter Mantz's company in
the Flying Camp, 216
Capt. Philip Maroney's company
in the Flying Camp, 213
Capt. John Reynold's company in
the Flying Camp, 220
Capt. Richard Smith's company
in the Flying Camp, 212
Capt. Benjamin Spyker's company
in the Flying Camp, 210
Lt.-Col. Weltner's company in the
German regiment, 236
Royal American regiment, 156
Ruttzn, Garrett, naturalized, 21
Schlatter, Michael, visits Monocacy,
94
Schley, Thomas, schoolmaster, 114
Schoolmaster, 109; German, 113
Schools, establishment of, 109, 110,
111
Sharpsburg, Lutheran church at, 100
Sharpsburg settled, 61
Shrawder, Capt. Philip, 236
Sipherson, Marcus, naturalized, 18
Slavery among the Germans, 118
Smallwood, Col. Wm., account of
the battle of Long Island, 244
Smith, Capt. John, visits the country,
8
Smith, Capt. Richard, 212
Soap-making, 82
Springettsbury Manor surveyed, 127
Spring-house, 73
Spyker, Benjamin, Jr., schoolmaster,
115; Capt. Benjamin, 210
Stamp Act passed, 177; opposition
to, 178
Stille, Axell, naturalized, 118
Stoves, 72
Straw-board, manufacture of, 83
Summerfield, Jerry, driven oflf by
the Pennsylvania authorities, 127
Susquehanna, lands west of, 125
Swedish colonists on the Delaware
ordered to submit to the authority
of Maryland, 123
Tanner, Michael, driven off by the
Pennsylvania authorities, 127
Tanning, 82
Tea, destruction of at Hagerstown,
186
Thirty Years War, 28
Tobacco, culture of, 11, Z7
Toreson, Andrew, naturalized, 18
Tories, execution of, 268
Trade, German boys taught a, 80
Urinson, Cornelius, naturalized, 18;
John, naturalized, 18
Utie, Col. Nathaniel, visits the Del-
aware colony, 123
Vandernorte, Michaell, naturalized,
18
304
The Pennsylvania-German Society.
Wagon-making, 81
War, Thirty-Years', 28; of the
Spanish succession, 29
Ward, Ensign, surrender of, 143
Wheeler, John, naturalized, 18
Williams, John, killed by Indians,
147
Williams, Paul, driven off by the
Pennsylvania authorities, 177
Wister, Casper, letter of, 34
Wolgamott, Capt. John, 162
Women, part taken by, 66
Wright, John, letter from concern-
ing Thomas Cresap, 129; letter
from describing an invasion, 131 ;
reward offered for the arrest of,
137
M-719
(Form L-9)
) 198 01934 6860
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