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Title: Pennsylvania vegetable growers' news, v. 14
Place of Publication: State College, Pa.
Copyright Date: 1944

Master Negative Storage Number: MNS# PSt SNPaAg058.15

PENNSYLVANIA
VEGETABLE GROWERS' NEWS

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY— MARCH, MAY, JULY AND DECEMBER

Ten-Ton Tomato Club Report, Annually.
Market Growers Journal, Monthly, Contributed.

Vol. XIV

State College, Pa., March, 1944

No. 1

A Publication of The Pennsylvania Vegetable Growers' Association

Annual dues are $1.00, 80 cents of which is for subscription to the
Pennsylvania Vegetable Growers* News.

President Louis Orient, Bridgeville

Vice-President H. H. Hostetter, Sinking Spring

Sec'y-Treas Jesse M. Huffington, 625 Holmes St., State College

CONTENTS

Page

The Annual Meeting 4

Resolutions 5

Professof Plant Breeding Retires (C. E. Myers) 9

Pennsylvania Farm Labor Program in 1943, J. M. Fry 12

Farm Labor in Buck's County, Wm. F. Greenawalt 13

Experience in Using Unskilled Labor, G. S. Watts 17

Labor Saving Machinery. A. C. Thompson 20

Recent Advances in Fertility Practice, F. E. Bear 26

Seed Treatment Pays, R. S. Kirby 31

Vegetable Marketing Prospects 33

Growing Peas, H. S. Sloat 35

The European Corn Borer, J. O. Pepper 37

Cabbage Maggot Tests, L. E. Dills, et al 42

Home Built Freezer Lockers, G. J. Stout 47

Vegetable Varieties for Freezing, J. M. Huffington 49

Growing Snap Beans, Andrew H. Rosbough 51

A Personal Message from your President 52

Ten- Ton Tomato Growers, Late Arrivals 52

—3—

THE ANNUAL MEETING

Chestnut Street Hall, Assembly Room, Harrisburg, Pa.

January 19, 1944

The program as published in Vol. XIII, No. 4 of the News was
carried out approximately as scheduled.
About 250 persons attended each session.
Minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved.

Membership committee reported a goal of one thousand for 1944
A. C. Thompson was Chairman.

The Nominating Committee presented the following officers who
were unanimously elected:

President— Louis Orient, Bridgeville, Pa.

Vice-President— H. H. Hostetter, Sinking Spring.

Secretary— Jesse M. Huffington, State College.

Directors— Ray W. Wenker, Bustleton.

Mark S. Ladd, Waverly.

K. S. Philp, Pittsburgh (16).

Walter E. Peeling, Williamsport.

A. C. Thompson, Morrisville.

The Nominating Committee consisted of Harry Hopkins, A. C
Thompson, and K. S. Philps.

Motion was made by A. C. Thompson, and seconded, that $125 be
appropriated for office expenses of the Secretary.

Gilbert Watts commented on the publication of the News and
expressed a desire that members take an increased interest in this
publication.

Ray Wenker suggested that more time be spent on marketing
produce and that a greater proportion of the program be devoted to
this subject the next meeting.

The financial statement was presented in Vol. XIII, No. 4, De-
cember issue of the News and audited by William R. Whitacre and
W. B. Nissley.

Jesse M. Huffington, Secretary -Treasurer

A personal word of thanks goes from the Secretary of this Associa-
tion to all members, prospective members and all others who have
had dealings with us. Our troubles are so many that nobody wants to
listen any more. So let's just carry on.

— 4 —

[

RESOLUTIONS

The Pennsylvania Vegetable Growers' Association
Harrisburg, January 19, 1944

REGARDING SB897

WHEREAS, there may be disastrous delay in the 1944 distribution
of essential spray materials incidental to enactment of SB897 which
would require coloration of agricultural insecticides and fungicides
with possible incidental deleterious effects upon the materials or
the crops;

BE IT RESOLVED, that the Pennsylvania Vegetable Growers' As-
sociation approve in principle the matter of dying dangerous insecti-
cides and fungicides but urge that the time is too short before the
1944 crop season.

THEREFORE, it is recommended that a committee representing agri-
culture, entomology, pathology, public health and industry be estab-
lished to devise workable means and legislation.

FARM MACHINERY AND SMALL TOOLS

WHEREAS, our government has requested an increase in vegetable
production in 1944, making it all the more essential for growers to get
the maximum output from their restricted labor supply,
BE IT RESOLVED, that The Pennsylvania Vegetable Growers' As-
sociation hereby petition the War Production Board and War Food
Administration to approve the immediate release of steel, machine
bearings, and labor, together with allotments for material, and pref-
erence ratings that will enable manufacturers to produce the neces-
sary machinery, small tools and irrigation pipe in time to produce
crops in 1944.

SALVAGE OF USED CONTAINERS

WHEREAS, restricted manufacture has resulted in a severe scarcity
of containers for vegetables in 1944,

BE IT RESOLVED, that The Pennsylvania Vegetable Growers* As-
sociation requests the Container Division of the War Production
Board to encourage the saving and collection of containers for reuse
by growers.

STUDENT WORKERS

WHEREAS, school students generally worked satisfactorily on vege-
table farms in 1943, especially saving many crops in a critical harvest,
BE IT RESOLVED, that the school students, and their principals and
teachers, all of whom cooperated faithfully, be commended by The
Pennsylvania Vegetable Growers' Association,

— 5 —

BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED, that a communication be forward^H
to Dr. Francis B. Haas, State Superintendent of Public Instructio^
expressing the appreciation of The Pennsylvania Vegetable Growers'
Association for the cooperation and assistance of that Department
m making the student labor available. This labor contributed sub
stantially to the enlargement of our food suppUes. It is respectfully
requested that the governing regulations be continued for the dur/
tion of the National Emergency.

FARM LABOR

WHEREAS, the agencies aiding in providing farm labor in 194'^
generally functioned efficiently.

AND WHEREAS, the vegetable growing industry has been asked for
a 10 per cent increase in 1944.

BE IT RESOLVED, that the international, inter-state, and intra-
state and more local matters be handled entirely under the direc-
tion of the Agricultural Extension Service which did an excellent job
m 1943 and which can use without confusion the organization now in
existence and active.

SUBSIDIES

WREREAS, the earnings of factory workers have risen to 402 per
cent of the pre- World War I base while farm prices have risen to only
197 per cent and the retail prices of food to only 177 per cent.*

AND WHEREAS, subsidies directly promote inflation by giving more
to producers, by leaving consumers larger balances to spend, by add-
mg to the already dangerous public debt, and by absorbing for their
admmistration manpower otherwise applicable to production.

AND WHEREAS, subsidies paid with borrowed public moneys in
these years of unprecedently high income mean simply, that the na-
tion IS not paying its grocery bill today and that we must sometime
ask our soldiers and sailors who are now paying in blood to help pay
also in taxes for the cheap eating we now enjoy.

BE IT RESOLVED, therefore, by the Pennsylvania Vegetable Grow-
ers' Association that subsidies be opposed because they are unequita-
ble as between farm and industrial workers and in the nature of
class legislature; inflationary; dangerous to the independence of the
people; ari unnecessary added burden on manpower; and an evasion
of our obligation to pay ordinary food expense to-day and leave only
war expenses, and as little as possible of that, to later, financially un-
certain years.

• statistical Summary SS-14. Bureau of Agricultural Economics, U. S. D. A.

— 6 —

CEILINGS

WHEREAS, the production of perishable vegetable crops is hazard-
ous, yields being extremely variable on account of weather and other
uncontrollable factors, costs per unit being uncontrollable, therefore,

AND WHEREAS, abundant yields of some crops (as spinach and
celery in certain areas during 1943) have brought only prewar prices
with losses to growers,

AND WHEREAS, unavoidable small yields of other crops (as onions)
sold under ceilings have also failed to meet costs,

AND WHEREAS, the presence of ceilings without adequate enforce-
ment has fostered unscrupulous dealing which has removed much
trade from the normal channels with many consequential evils, un-
fair diversion of supplies and high prices to consumers without pro-
portional returns to producers, and lowering of grades and quality,

BE IT RESOLVED, therefore, that The Pennsylvania Vegetable
Growers' Association recommend that workable ceilings can be es-
tablished only at levels which will protect consumers from run-away
prices and which are yet high enough to protect the grower from
loss when yields are small. Since an effective floor is impossible of
establishment and application, it follows that equitable ceilings must
be reasonably above the average price. To assure adequate produc-
tion, the grower's losses from low prices on very large crops must be
recoverable with compensating prices when short crops occur.

AND WHEREAS, additional expense and hazards are involved in
producing various extra early crops in the north, as tomatoes, onions,
celery, cabbage, often started under glass, it is further resolved that
upward revision of ceilings for the period of protection of these early
crops is absolutely necessary before growers can plan for 1944 pro-
duction. Speedy action in all these ceilings is essential to encourage
adequate production as delay will tend to curtail crops.

SERVICE

To know what to do is wisdom, to know how to do it is skill,
to do the thing as it should be done is service.

ALBERT C. ROEMHILD

COMMISSION MERCHANT
Wholesale Fruits and Vegetables

Phone. Lombard 1000

122 Dock Street, Philadelphia, Pa.

7 —

f »

fif-'

RESEARCH

WHEREAS, our growers must look to the Pennsylvania Agricultur.i
Experiment Station and other public research agencies to snhl
.scientific and technical problems, ^

*^^^^^^^^^^^' w^^*™^ changes in conditions and materials are
added to the more permanent problems and post war problems miKt
be considered, ^^

BE IT RESOLVED, that the Pennsylvania Vegetable Growers' Asso
ciation approve continuation and support for the pertinent research
projects now m progress at the Pennsylvania Agricultural Experi
ment Station and the Eastern Regional Research Laboratory And
we request further research on regional markets and in the need for
and appHcation of minor or trace elements in fertilizers.

Gilbert S. Watts, Chairman Research and

Resolutions Committee.
Kenneth S. Philp
A. C. Thompson
Albert R. Roemhild

This trade mark on a bag of seed is your
ASSURANCE OF QUALITY

In the past 12 years of the All-American Trials

3 Gold Medals, 8 Silver Medals, 8 Bronze Medals

have been awarded to

ASGROW SEEDS

ASSOCIATED SEED GROWERS INC., MILFORD, CONN.

Professor of Plant Breeding Retires

The School of Agriculture of The Pennsylvania State College re-
cently honored Charles Emory Myers, Professor of Plant Breeding
since 1920, who retired February 29. On this date Dr. Myers com-
pleted 36 years of productive work for his alma mater, The Pennsyl-
vania State College.

Dr. Myers was born near Tivoli, Lycoming county, in 1882. He was
reared on a farm and attended rural school in his native township
which he later taught. He received a diploma from the Lycoming
county Normal School in 1903 and received the bachelor of science
degree from The Pennsylvania State College in 1908. Two years later
he entered Cornell University as a graduate student, where he studied
the newly developed science of genetics and its application to plant
improvement. He received both master of science and doctor of phil-
osophy degrees from Cornell University, the former in 1911 and the
latter in 1922. After completing his undergraduate work, Dr. Myers
was invited by Dean Emeritus Ralph L. Watts, then head of the
Department of Horticulture, to join the staff as an assistant to work
on the improvement of vegetables.

Dr. C. E. Myers in a field of
Penn State Ballhead Cabbage.

— 8 —

— 9 —

Dr. Myers' contributions to the field of plant breeding have been
the introduction of new and improved vegetable varieties and the
publication of reports, papers, and bulletins of his experiments. Note-
worthy examples of Dr. Myers' work are the Penn State Earliana
tomato, selected in 1911 and introduced in 1926 by Francis C. Stokes
and Company, for many years an outstanding strain of this variety;
the Penn State Ballhead cabbage, developed from selections made in
1912 and introduced in 1926 by Francis C. Stokes and Company, and
awarded the Silver Medal of the Committee on All-America Selec-
tions in 1934; the Matchum tomato, introduced in 1922; the Penn
State and the Pennheart tomatoes, early dwarf tomatoes, the former
introduced by Walter S. Schell in 1935 and awarded a Bronze Medal
by the Committee on All-America Selections in 1936, and the latter
introduced in 1943, reported to be very profitable by growers in many
states of the Union and in several foreign countries; and the Stem-
less Pennread and the Stemless Pennorange tomatoes, introduced
during the current winter and giving promise of being very worth-
while additions to the lists of vegetable varieties.

In addition to these productions. Dr. Myers has introduced several
superior strains of rhubarb, and has developed improved types of
peppers. He has also made notable contributions to methods of breed-
ing peppers and other vegetables.

In addition to numerous journal articles and contributions to an-
nual reports of the Experiment Station, these publications by Dr.
Myers have attracted wide attention: (1) Bulletin 119 — Strain Tests
of Cabbage, 1912; (2) Bulletin 154— A Variety Test of Cabbage, 1919,
with J. S. Gardner; (3) Bulletin 248— The Effects of Selection in the
Tomato, 1930, with M. T. Lewis; (4) Bulletin 430— The Penn State
Ballhead Cabbage, 1942, and (5) Bulletin 438— The Pennheart To-
mato, 1943.

Since 1920 and until his health no longer permitted it. Dr. Myers
taught a basic course in plant breeding to undergraduates and direct-
ed graduate students in this field. His students, now occupying im-
portant professional and commercial positions in genetics and plant
breeding, are eloquent tribute to this scholar.

There's Nothing Better!

4
/

— 10 —

NICOTINE SULFATE

ANOTHER "Stand-out" in the Orchard* Brand family . . .
Leaders in orchard performance:

"Astringent" Arsenate of Lead— with the "extra wallop."

Standard Arsenate of Lead — Foremost among commercial
growers.

Apple Dritomic* Sulfur — Fortified . . . especially for apple
scab.

Peach Dritomic* Sulfur— The peach grower's **01d
Reliable."

Spraycop* — Neutral copper with high residual value.

Filmf ast* — Spreader-sticker for maximum spray efficiency.

Stafast* — Controls pre-harvest drop.

GENERAL CHEMICAL COMPANY

40 Rector Street New York 6, N. Y.

12 South 12th Street Philadelphia 1, Pa.

Technical Service Offices in Principal Citiei

* Reg. U. S. Pat. Oflf.

s^.

Pennsylvania's Farm Labor Program in 1943

J. M. Fry*

The Emergency Farm Labor Program conducted in Pennsylvania
in 1943 was authorized by Congress under what is known as Public
Law 45. It placed the responsibility for "the recruiting, placement
and training workers" together with other related assignments with
the Agricultural Extension Service.

The assignment became operative about June L The State Exten-
sion Service organized Emergency Farm Labor committees in every
county. In 57 counties personnel known as Farm Labor Assistants
were appointed to conduct the program under the direction and su-
pervision of the County Agent. In 55 of these counties separate Farm
Labor offices were established during the most active period of the
year.

Very little skilled labor was available for placement. The program
became operative too late to be a big factor in the planting and culti-
vating of crops. Emphasis was placed, therefore, on recruiting and
making available such labor as could be mobilized — mostly unskilled
— to be sure that all crops grown during the year would be harvested.
In this objective the program was successful.

Records show that placements totaled 82,935. Of this number 1803
placements were for year-round work.

Most of the recruiting was for the harvesting of vegetables (in-
cluding the canning crop), peaches, apples, grapes and potatoes.

Eleven camps for farm labor were operated in the counties of Bucks,
Berks, Lancaster, Franklin, Wyoming and Potter counties. The total
number of persons housed in these camps was 1379. The length of
time these camps were in operation varied from three to ten weeks
depending on the need for workers in the places wher the camps
were located.

Records show that of the seasonal placements thirteen per cent
were men, eight per cent were women, 58 per cent were boys, and 21
per cent were girls.

Splendid cooperation in mobilization was given by school authori-
ties; youth organizations; civic organizations such as service clubs
and chambers of commerce; newspapers; radio stations; and city
business establishments.

* Director, Agricultural Extension Service, The Pennsylvania State College, State Col-
lege, Pa.

— 12 —

Many difficulties were experienced in administering the program.
Some of these were:

1. Late start of program which made it impossible to interview all

registrants properly for farm work.

As a result some persons were placed on farms without a knowl-
edge of what was required.

2. Unwillingness of some farmers to commit themselves on rates

of pay.

3. Lack of experience by farmers in the use of young and unskilled
workers.

4. Need for labor not anticipated in time.

5. Dry weather which reduced the size of crops anticipated earlier
in the year.

6. Inadequate supervision.

7. Insufficient time for training.

8. Long working hours.

9. Low rate of pay.

Legislation for the continuance of this program through 1944 is
under the consideration of Congress at the time this article is being
written. If it passes essentially as introduced, it is expected that the
1944 program will be conducted along the same general lines as in
1943 with such improvements as the experience of 1943 would indi-
cate. A start of the program earlier in the year should also be helpful.
To make the program as helpful and efficient as possible the Exten-
sion Service welcomes the counsel and suggestions of all growers who
have had experience with unskilled workers in the past.

Solving the Farm Labor Problem in

in Bucks County

William F. Greenawalt*

1943

In attempting at least a partial solution to the farm labor problem
of Bucks County, Pennsylvania, one must understand the factors
causing the problem, namely, crops and the season of their maturity.
Vegetable crops for market and canning cause the peak demands in
Bucks County. The harvesting of these crops call for a peak in May
and early June, then a slackening and a pick-up starting about Au-
gust 10, reaching the top demand the latter part of October and early
November. Too many folks assume that July is the height of harvest,
which it is for small grains and hays. Vacationists can be of tremend-

• County Agent, Bucks County, Pennsylvania.

— 13 —

ous help but as a group they can do more on vegetables than in hay
harvesting. Failure to fully appreciate the adaptability of these folks
and the months of need caused a great deal of confusion in the re-
cruiting work started during last winter.

The Emergency Farm Labor program deals with three groups:

1. Year-round help

2. Seasonal help

3. Day help

The only answer to year round help was to attempt to hold what
we had. In this respect we must give the Selective Service Boards
credit for doing a good job in Bucks County. The transportation of
folks from one section of the country into Bucks County as a remedy
for the need of year-round help did very little to relieve the situation
in 1943.

Seasonal help may be classed as semi-skilled. It consists of migra-
tory laborers, imported labor, vacationists and school children.

Normally about 1000 negroes come into Bucks County during the
summer months from the South. This year that number was less, per-
haps only 600, but was supplemented by 300 Jamaicans housed in a
private camp at King Farms. These men were under a contract be-
tween King Farms, the United States Government, and the British
Colony of Jamaica. They arrived in May and some stayed until No-
vember 15 (about 1/3 left at end of contract, September 30, which was
optional).

The American negroes were recruited in Florida by the Bucks Co.
growers and were either brought in by them at the beginning of the
season or the negroes worked north arriving about harvesting time.
Housing facilities were furnished by the farmers and either the
families did their own cooking or ate at the farm cafeterias. When
speaking of recruiting I mean contacting a foreman or boss who in
turn get the laborers together. This is not just as simple as it sounds.
It has many ramifications as for instance — bean pickers will be found
in different localities than celery harvesters. Also this help needs
special care in handling. Our growers deal almost entirely with the
bosses and not with the individuals.

School boys from Philadelphia wanting work for the summer
months were brought out and placed. About 50% of these boys worked
out fine, vhich for inexperienced boys is a pretty good survival. Those
that stayed worked out very well.

A few vacationists were placed but housing facilities usually in-
terf erred because men would want to bring their families along, n
farmers have the facilities, this has possibilities.

— 14 —

For about six weeks in the early summer we got some excellent help
from British and French sailors on leave for seven days at a time.
They were inexperienced but were willing and hard workers.

Day labor was the big activity. School children, both public and
private, volunteers, camp personnel and contract labor out of Phila-
delphoa did a magnificant job.

The amount of contract labor out of Philadelphia was considerably
less than normal but still was quite a factor. This consists of a contract
with a foreman for weeding and thinning carrots at so much per row,
picking tomatoes by the basket, etc. The foreman rounds up his gang
in the city and depending upon his agreement will transport them or
have them assembled for the farmers' truck. This group presents
quite a problem, however, in that they are opportunists. As an ex-
ample, they are usually not available for the first or last picking of
tomatoes, only during the best picking.

Newspapers, radio, etc. brought a limited number of folks to the
labor office to volunteer their help during the peak need. This help
will come forward only on special appeals for special emergencies.

Camps were important in concentrated areas of production. The
Emergency Labor office operated 3 camps; two for boys from August
16 to October 1. These were boys from Philadelphia ranging from 14-
16 years of age without farm experience but they did fine work after
the first two weeks. Work supervisors are advisable rather than de-
pending on the farmer for discipline, etc. One camp for adult vacation-
ists started August 16. This camp had to be closed due to the fact we
could not get enough vacationists to keep it operating. This type of
camp, however, has possibilities if vacationists willing to work will
arrange their vacations to fit the need for help. A camp for 100 boys
was operated by George School for 9 weeks. Recruiting and daily
placing of the boys was done by the school supervisors. These boys
did an excellent job. Of the 100 boys, 85 finished the 9 weeks of work.

The activities of our schools, both public and private, in the field of
farm labor was greater than anyone ever dreamed of. Of course school
help for vegetable harvesting is not new in Bucks County. For years
the asparagus growers have been using school children from 6 A.M.
to 10 A.M. during the months of May and June.

The school authorities recognized the value of this work and with
this experience a program was developed on a county wide basis that
I pass on to the State Vegetable Growers. A farmer needing help
calls the nearest school principal and makes his request. The principal
then selects a class or a section with the teacher as a supervisor and
assigns them to do the job. The volunteer system did not work for
various reasons. The advantages of the class plus a supervisor are:—
1. Students are not worried about missing classroom work and getting

— 15 —

behind in their studies; 2. Parents are not worried about their child-
ren getting behind in their school work; 3. Parents are not afraid of
their children being exploited by farmers; 4. Discipline.

Our school authorities like this system, our farmers like it.

By observation and by checking with teachers I make this state-
ment— The best workers on the whole whether picking tomatoes or
busheling carrots or picking potatoes, are the best students. I marvel
at the response and willingness of these youngsters to fill in on this big
emergency. Last November rain and cold weather sent the migratory
workers hurrying for warmer climates. Growers appealed to the
schools and a peak was reached November 18 when 1000 students and
teachers waded mud ankle deep to salvage the big carrot and ruta-
baga crops.

One principal reported his school enrollment as 235 and averaged
42 students on farm work every school day from Labor day to Thanks-
giving. One private school had as high as 200 students out of 400 on
farm work during the peak load.

I dot not know of any crop lost from lack of help. There are some
farmers, however, that need not count on school help in the future.
I really was amazed to learn of some farmers who did not even pro-
vide drinking water, or facilities for washing before eating lunch or
toilet facilities. We can't ask our boys and girls to work under such
conditions.

Keep in mind these school children did an emergency job. They
filled in when other sources of help did not materialize or disappeared.
Let's not conclude that because the school kids did such a fine job that
they can harvest a 15 or 20% increase in acreage. What is emergency
work? One week spinach was selling at 50-75 cents a bushel and the
growers were not talking help. The next week spinach was selling
for $2.00 and the requests for help stepped up. I ask what is emergency
help? Corn husking is another questionable request. We must ask our
farmers to use school help only in an emergency to save crops.

HYBRID SWEET CORN SEED

Spancross, Marcross, Carmelcross or Old Hickory, Lincoln, Golden
Cross Bantam, and Wilson. Plant all at the same time and secure
a nearly continuous harvest for home or market for a month. For
later corn make another planting of Carmelcross, Lincoln, and
Golden Cross. All seed Connecticut grown. Send for descriptive
list.

Huntington Brothers, Box H. Windsor. Conn.

Experience in Using Unskilled Labor

Gilbert S. Watts

Getting the work done with unskilled labor divides itself into four
main steps. If none of these is neglected, it has been our experience,
that the job is likely to move right along without serious difficulties.

Recruiting comes first. Enough help should be engaged to get things
done without the work dragging out. Youngsters, especially, are dis-
couraged to go into a field that appears impossibly large in proportion
to the number of workers. On the other hand, if too many are on the
field maybe there will not be enough work to make satisfactory in-
dividual earnings.

Of course, the best recruits of all are the good ones who worked
for us before. These can be found from names and addresses on old
time cards which are filed for the purpose. Additional hands often can
be secured best by asking the older workers to bring friends.

Another plan we have liked is to go to the school principals and have
him ask for pupils who would prefer to work on our farm. I think
many young people like to sign up for a definite place rather than
merely put their names in a pool.

Whether we find the workers ourselves or call on the County Farm
Labor assistant, we must be timely in making arrangements.

Instructing comes next. We try to show new workers what we want
and why, all very clearly. That done, we feel we should demonstrate
exactly how the thing can be done best and with least effort. If it is
bean picking, some of our former most skillfull workers, now serving
as foremen, show just how the vines can be parted and the ready beans
stripped off most speedily and easily. Actually there is nothing gained
and often time is wasted where the vines are pulled roughly about.
We must prove this to our workers and show them how good wages
can be made with really efficient motions.

With the right approach, most gangs can be sold on the idea that
they are destroying their own future wages when they unnecessarily
damage plants. Persistent offenders can be cured by assigning them
the same rows at the second or later picking. Ordinarily 4-inch pot
labels are handy to mark the rows.

Supervising is best done by natural leaders, either persons who
have grown up on the job or others. A good source of extra summer
supervisors for us has been high school teachers. The principals can
direct you to the right ones, those who are energetic and have no dis-
ciplinary troubles in school. Generally, the supervisor should not hoe

, .'

< ■

— 16 —

— 17 —

or pick a row himself. The job will go better and he will earn more for
the farm if he circulates constantly among the workers, making a
suggestion here, helping a worker out of a tough spot there, and keep-
ing tools sharp or baskets handy.

Plenty of good drinking water, facilities for comfort and a firm
policy of no fooling in the field but with appropriate periods for the
entire group to rest will generally maintain a lively, contented gang.

A convenient trick in handling many workers in a fiield of canning
tomatoes, is to mark out the whole field into smaller compartments.
One man can lay out 10 acres in an hour. Simply take a bucket of
hydrated lime, walk in from one end a distance of 50 or 75 paces along
the first row. Then go straight across the rows and future driveways
dropping a half-handful of lime between each two rows. When the
.last row is reached count off another 50 or 75 paces and go straight
across to the first row dropping lime as you travel. Soon the whole
field will be laid out, with driveways at intervals along the rows and
lime spots across. These neat compartments expedite assignment,
supervision, and crediting of pickers.

Paying, of course, is the spark that makes things go. We like to be
paid for our efforts and know our workers do too. So, even our year-
around men and foremen are paid by the hour, using a time clock so
everybody is sure and satisfied they get all the time they work In
winter, there will be only about 40 hours a week. In summer, it av-
erages 60 hours and may reach 80 hours.

Field hands are paid mainly on a piece-rate basis. We do not look on
piece work as a means of hammering down costs. Rather it is a means
of having a known costs and giving the good worker a chance to earn
more money. The tendency of greedy workers to go too fast and mess
up their rows is overcome with least trouble by an alert, firm foreman
who gets them going properly at the beginning and who calls them
back and sets them right very promptly, before they have gone many
feet with sloppy work.

Satisfactory paying must be based on an indisputable time keeping
system. It is not enough merely to pay everybody correctly. The work-
ers must have the feeling and know that an accurate system is in
force. All sorts of plans are possible: foreman's time book; pickers'
tickets punched by the foreman and held by the picker, maybe tied
fast to a button; pickers tickets punched in view of the worker and
held by the foreman; cash payment at the end of the day; weekly cash
or check payment and a lot of variation?. Each of us must figure out a
system to suit his own conditions.

— 18

THREE

/Reasons for Successful
Marketing

with Less Help

FELINS BUNCH
VEGETABLE TYER

TORRENT BUNCH VEGETABLE WASHER

• * *

FELINS

MILWAUKEE 6,
WISCONSIN

FELINS ROOT CROP
WASHER

Labor Saving Machinery for
The Vegetable Grower

BY Alvan C. Thompson

Production Manager — King Farms Co., Morrisville, Pa.

Presented to

Vegetable Growers Association of America

Thirty-Fifth Annual Convention

Hotel Sherman, Chicago, 111.
Dec. 14th-15th, 1943

I. Machinery Relieves Labor Shortage & Increases Food Production

The acute farm labor shortage in prospect for the season of 1944
makes it highly important that vegetable growers get the maximum
output of food production from the minimum amount of labor ex-
pended. This means that the grower must use machinery more effect-
ively in order to multiply his available manpower.

II. Soil Preparation. Larger Units Increase Output of Labor.

1. Larger Machine Units Mean Labor Economy, On the larger vege-
table farms crawler tractors pulling four, five or six fourteen inch
bottoms are common. The larger type can plow about two acres per
hour, and one man can do twice the work as with a three bottom plow,
and his labor output is doubled. This same thing holds true with
planters, cultivators, and other multiple row machines. Larger units
take less operators to perform a given amount of work, and usually
are more economical in cost of operation.

2. The Plow Packer Saves Extra Ground Fitting. During the plowing
operation it is well to fasten a small section of roller called a plow
packer behind the plow. This pulverizes and packs the freshly turned
furrows, thereby conserving soil moisture. Labor is also saved by
giving a preliminary ground fitting, that saves an extra discing which
precedes the usual broadcast application of lime or fertilizer.

III. Fertilizer & Liming Equipment.

1. Large Drills and Bulk Handling, Wide drills with large hoppers can
cross over a long field and speed up the job. Growers who have short
hauls from the car or central distributing point can save the labor
cost of an extra handling of lime by the use of an endgate lime spread-
er fastened on the tail end of the truck. The farmer can also save the
price of bags by handling the lime in bulk.

2. Attachments For Spreading Lime & Fertilizer. Sidedressing at-
tachments to be used for band fertilizing at planting time or for side-
dressing growing crops can be purchased from the machinery dealer
at the time the tractor is bought. Materials like Cyanamid when

— 20 —

plowed down with a cover crop can be applied with a special hopper
attached to the drawbar when plowing or with a separate drill to
spread it ahead of the plow.

3. Nitrate Application By Machine & Irrigation, Nitrate of soda used
as a top-dresser on a crop such as spinach is usually applied by hand.
By the use of a twelve foot Sowrite Fertilizer Distributor one man
can accomplish the work of three.

Nitrate of soda or other soluble fertilizers can also be readily ap-
plied to growing crops through irrigation systems and thereby save
the labor of application.

IV. Planting Equipment. Proper Stand Saves Labor of Thinning.

1. Accurate Seeders Necessary. The proper planting of seed offers a
great possibility for the later saving of hand labor that must be ex-
pended for thinning if the stand is too thick. It is important in mul-
tiple row gang seeders to see that all of the seeders drop evenly and
sow at the same depth.

2. Transplanting Machines. Plant setters are used for such crops as
tomatoes, broccoli and cabbage^ the machines usually planting two or
four rows at a time. Planter units may either be mounted on the
tractor or drawn behind. Machine setting of plants requires less labor
than hand setting and can also be done under drier soil conditions.
Machine set plants usually live and grow better because water is
used in the furrow and also plant starter solution can be applied in
the furrow.

3. Multiple Row Planting & Cultivation. Multiple row cultivation is
one way of quickly increasing the output of labor by going to wider

^. - ^

■'V'^<3^:<'?^'^

Sixteen foot weeder section used on four rows of asparagus

operated with powerlift

— 21 —

Labor Saving Machinery for
The Vegetable Grower

BY Alvan C. Thompson

Production Manager — King Farms Co., Morrisville, Pa.

Presented to

Vegetable Growers Association of America

Thirty-Fifth Annual Convention

Hotel Sherman, Chicago, 111.
Dec. 14th-15th, 1943

I. Machinery Relieves Labor Shortage & Increases Food Produclion

II. Soil Preparation. Larger Units Increase Output of Labor.

1. Larger Machine Units Mean Labor Economy. On the larger vege-
table farms crawler tractors pulling four, five or six fourteen inch
bottoms are common. The larger type can plow about two acres per
hour, and one man can do twice the work as with a three bottom plow,
and his labor output is doubled. This same thing holds true with
planters, cultivators, and other multiple row machines. Larger units
take less operators to perform a given amount of work, and usually
are more economical in cost of operation.

2. The Plow Packer Saves Extra Ground Fitting. During the plowing
operation it is well to fasten a small section of roller called a plow
packer behind the plow. This pulverizes and packs the freshly turned
furrows, thereby conserving soil moisture. Labor is also saved by
giving a prehminary ground fitting, that saves an extra discing which
precedes the usual broadcast application of lime or fertilizer.

III. Fertilizer & Liming Equipment.

1. Large Drills and Bulk Handling. Wide drills with large hoppers can
cross over a long field and speed up the job. Growers who have short
hauls from the car or central distributing point can save the labor
cost of an extra handhng of lime by the use of an endgate lime spread-
er fastened on the tail end of the truck. The farmer can also save the
price of bags by handling the lime in bulk.

— 20 —

plowed down with a cover crop can be applied with a special hopper
attached to the drawbar when plowing or with a separate drill to
spread it ahead of the plow.

3. Nitrate Application By Machine & Irrigation. Nitrate of soda used
as a top-dresser on a crop such as spinach is usually applied by hand.
By the use of a twelve foot Sowrite FertiUzer Distributor one man
can accomplish the work of three.

Nitrate of soda or other soluble fertilizers can also be readily ap-
plied to growing crops through irrigation systems and thereby save
the labor of application.
IV. Planting Equipment. Proper Stand Saves Labor of Thinning.

2. Transplanting Machines. Plant setters are used for such crops as
tomatoes, broccoli and cabbage, the machines usually planting two or
four rows at a time. Planter units may either be mounted on the
tractor or drawn behind. Machine setting of plants requires less labor
than hand setting and can also be done under drier soil conditions.
Machine set plants usually live and grow better because water is
used in the furrow and also plant starter solution can be applied in
the furrow.

3. Multiple Row Planting & Cultivation. Multiple row cultivation is
one way of quickly increasing the output of labor by going to wider

Sixteen foot weeder section used on four rows of asparagus

operated with powerlift

— 21 —

INTENTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURE

gang units, but the difficulty lies in getting enough flexibility in order
to do a good job of cultivating. Each individual gang unit should have
flexibility in order to compensate for variations in the ground surface.

4. Special Bed Planting Units. Some growers are using a Ford Tractor
with rear end bed making attachment for crops such as spinach,
lettuce, or beets. The wheel tread is 76" and the power lift raises the
bed maker at the end of the field. The bed maker is a modification of
the Meeker Harrow and leaves the soil in fine level condition for
planting. For spinach the planter sows six 11" rows, which are later
cultivated by a 6 row Planet Jr. 55-F Cultivator pulled behind the
tractor. The machine plants and cultivates at the rate of li to 2 acres
per hour. The cultivator has a seat on it for a man to ride and a steering
lever for him to operate which enables him to shave off weeds close to
the row, and do a job about equal to a hand wheelhoe, except that two
men are doing six rows instead of two, and travelling three times as
fast, which means increasing labor output nine times under favorable
conditions.

The International Harvester Co. has also developed a six row
planter and cultivator attachment for spinach and close row crops
which is attached to the Model A Farmall and suspended between
the front and rear wheels. This makes it a one man machine with a
further reduction in the labor requirement.

V. Cultivation Saves Weeding Labor.

1. Accurate Seeding Allows Close Setting of Cultivator Tools, Weed
control is the all important purpose in cultivation. A good close
job of cultivation done at the right time can save as much as one
hundred hours of hand labor per acre, and also increase the crop
yield by removing weed competition for moisture and plant food.

Six row trailer unit gang cultivator, capacity IJ acres per hour.

— 22 —

)

Six row unit planter mounted on

tractor and operated by one man —

Capacity li acres per hour.

•7

Cultivating and side dressing young

cabbage plants, two rows at a time —

Capacity 15 acres per day.

Cultivating tools must be set accurately and have individual flexi-
bility for each row.

2. Dirt Shields For Closer Working. Dirt shields and guards, especial-
ly the rotary type, fastened to the cultivator bars, control weeds
and save labor by permitting closer cultivation to the row without
burying the crop.

VI. Harvesting Machinery.

1. Harvesting Takes Most Hand Labor. It is in the harvesting of vege-
table crops where more labor is usually spent than on production
and where there is naturally a greater field open for saving labor
by the introduction of machinery. The development of satisfactory
harvesting machinery for vegetables has been rather difficult because
of the variation in the maturity of a crop, and because individual
judgment is needed in selection for quality at picking time. How-
ever, all growers know that it is in the harvest where a great deal
of the back breaking work occurs, and many of them have tried vari-
ous methods of making the job easier and speeding up the work.

2. The Spinach Harvester. The Nu-Way Harvesting Machine has been
used for harvesting spinach in Michigan and California for several
years. It is not adapted for cutting spinach below ground as re-
quired for market, but cuts the stems above ground as desired by
the canning factories. It has proven successful when operated un-
der favorable conditions and increases the output of labor several
times over hand cutting.

— 23 —

4. Special Bed Planting Units. Some growers are using a Ford Tractor
with rear end bed making attachment for crops such as spinach,
lettuce, or beets. The wheel tread is 76" and the power lift raises the
bed maker at the end of the field. The bed maker is a modification of
the Meeker Harrow and leaves the soil in fine level condition for
planting. For spinach the planter sows six 11" rows, which are later
cultivated by a 6 row Planet Jr. 55-F Cultivator pulled behind the
tractor. The machine plants and cultivates at the rate of I2 to 2 acres
per hour. The cultivator has a seat on it for a man to ride and a steering
lever for him to operate which enables him to shave off weeds close to
the row, and do a job about equal to a hand wheelhoe, except that two
men are doing six rows instead of two, and travelling three times as
fast, which means increasing labor output nine times under favorable
conditions.

V. Cultivation Saves Weeding Labor.

1. Accurate Seeding Allows Close Setting of Cultivator Tools. Weed
control is the all important purpose in cultivation. A good close
job of cultivation done at the right time can save as much as one
hundred hours of hand labor per acre, and also increase the crop
yield by removing weed competition for moisture and plant food.

Six row trailer unit gang cultivator^ capacity 1^ acres per hour.

— 22 —

Six row unit planter mounted on

tractor and operated by one man —

Capacity IJ acres per hour.

Cultivating and side dressing young

cabbage plants, two rows at a time —

Capacity 15 acres per day.

Cultivating tools must be set accurately and have individual flexi-
bility for each row.

VI. Harvesting Machinery.

— 23 —

INTENTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURE

3. Harvesting Root Crops. In harvesting root crops like carrots and
parsnips the old method has been to loosen them with a hand spading
fork which is slow and laborious. By using a beet lifter or pulling
attachment, or by using a two way plow which has had the mold-
boards removed and the units reversed, one man can loosen as many
roots as ten men hand forking.

Successful harvesting and topping machines have also been de-
veloped for beets, onions and potatoes. These machines often sort
and bag in addition to digging and topping.

4. Ditching Plow Saves Hand Shoveling In Burying Roots. Root crops
are commonly buried in long trenches or pits dug in the field, covered
lightly with straw, and then about a twenty-inch layer of soil shoveled
over the top of the straw. By using a Martin Ditching Plow pulled
with a crawler tractor to throw the dirt up, one man is equivalent
to about thirty men shoveling dirt by hand. The same ditching plow
can be used for opening out the trench.

1. Types of Sorting and Conveyor Belts. In the packing house a great
deal of hand labor is required for the bunching, trimming, washing,
sorting, packing, labeling, icing and loading of vegetables onto trucks
for market. Since such a large volume of vegetables must be handled
quickly it is important to have an efficient layout of sorting belts and
washers. Belts may be either of wire, rubber, or canvas. By placing
four boards on edge over a belt it may be separated into three divi-
sions for grades of quality such as number one, number two, and culls
or discards. Divided belts speed up the job of sorting crops like cu-
cumbers and root crops. In a modern packing house conveyor belts,
or chains, or rollers of various types are used to distribute empty
packages to the individual workers and convey finished packages
away from the machine to the end of the packing shed where they
are loaded onto trucks. Conveyor belts are also used for conducting
waste leaves, trimmings, and discards out of the packing shed and
elevating them into a waiting dump truck, or into a retaining hopper
under which a truck can be backed. This relieves congestion, speeds
up the work, and saves hand labor from forking out the waste refuse.

The future still hold great opportunities for the application of me-
chanical power to farming, and no doubt the present labor shortage
will hasten the development and use of new labor saving machinery
for the vegetable grower. By increasing and extending the use of
machinery vegetable growers will go a long way toward solving the
labor shortage and toward obtaining maximum food production.

— 24 —

for VICTORY CROPS!

TODAY, when U.S. farm crops must feed us and our armed forces
and help to sustain our allies and the countries we liberate. Victory
for our way of life in a free world depends on a better harvest from
every farm.

Your V-C Agent knows that you want to help win the War. He also
knows that you're up against a critical shortage of labor and equip-
ment . . . and he wants to help you.

His aim, and the aim of the entire V-C organization, is to help you
produce Victory Crops. See your V-C Agent today!

Virginia - Carolina Chemical Corporation

BALTIMORE 2, MD. CARTERET, N.J.

I, s

Recent Advances in Fertility Practice

Firman E. Bear*

Of the considerable variety of work that is now in progress under
the direction of the Department of Soil Chemistry at the New Jersey
Agricultural Experiment Station, I have picked out a few projects,
which appear to have the greatest possibilities in practice, for this
report.

Low-Nitrogen Organic Matter Troublesome In Soil

Some 25 years ago it was discovered that one important reason
why the plowing under of wheat straw, cornstalks, or mature rye
often had such bad effects on the crop that followed was because the
bacteria bringing about its decay needed more nitrogen than the
crude organic material supplied and they, therefore, entered into
competition with the crop for any available nitrogen in the soil.
We now know that one of several things can be done to overcome
this difficulty:

a. Leave the material lie on top of the soil and decay for some
months before it is plowed under.

b. Plow it under some weeks in advance of the time the next crop
is to be planted, to give it time to rot.

c. Put extra nitrogen on top of the material before it is plowed
under, or use more nitrogen in the fertilizer at planting time.

In our experiments, in which some 45 different organic-matter
systems are being studied, we have found that 20 pounds of nitrogen
per ton dry weight of straw or similar material, applied on top of
the material before it is plowed under, appears to be adequate to
meet the requirements of the soil bacteria and prevent their com-
petition with the crop. Thus for every 2? tons of straw, cornstalks,
salt hay, or shavings plowed under we add 50 pounds of nitrogen,
equivalent to 250 pounds of sulfate of ammonia or calcium cyana-
mide. Probably nitrate of soda or ammonium nitrate could also be
used equally well for this purpose, if desired.

The best crop source of organic matter we have found is cornstalks.
The introduction of a corn crop into the rotation and the plowing
under of the stalks of that crop, after the ears have been harvested
is, we believe, one of the best means of raising the organic matter
content of the soil and improving its crop-producing power.

♦ Head of the Soils Chemistry Department, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, N. J.

— 26 —

Resting Land One Year In Five Worth Trying

It seems probable that if one would farm only 75 per cent of his
cultivated land each year and rest the other 25 per cent by growing
the right plant to plow under he would come out ahead financially.
By this system he could have two winters and an intervening summer
for use in growing cover crops.

We now have four J-acre plots on which we are trying out such a
lend-lease program. The 4 plots are cropped as follows:

Plot 1 — Rye and sweet clover, the rye being clipped before it goes
to head.

Plot 2 — Rye and vetch, both being allowed to go to seed and fall
back on the land.

Plot 3 — Ryegrass and vetch, both being allowed to go to seed and
fall back on the land.

Plot 4 — Ryegrass and vetch, grown each winter and plowed under
each spring.

Plots 1, 2, and 3 are used for cultivated crops 3 years out of 4. Plot
4 grows a cultivated crop every year, but gets an extra dose of 40
pounds of nitrogen per year to make up for the nitrogen effect of the
legumes in the resting program. The question is, can we afford to rest
the land one year in 4 or 5 under conditions of intensive farming to
truck crops. No data are available on crop yields, the thought now
being merely to call the subject to your attention.

A Widespread Need For Boron In New Jersey

In dealing with the boron problem in soils it was found that the
turnip was one of the most reliable indicator crops for detecting any
deficiency of this element. If, on cutting them open, one finds dark-
brown water-soaked areas in the flesh of the turnips, a need for boron
is indicated. By seeding small lots of turnip seed on 156 farms in the
summer of 1941 to 1943, and checking up on the turnips each fall, 42
cases of boron deficiency were found.

On applying borax to some 450 test plots that were scattered over
the State, crop response was observed in 12 per cent of the cases.
Soils of the Sassafras and Lakewood series in South Jersey were in
greatest need of boron, but crops were frequently much improved on
the Penn, Merrimac, Gloucester, and Wethersfield series in Central
and North Jersey. Marked improvement in the yield of carrots, spin-
ach, and alfalfa hay were obtained by the use of 10 to 20 pounds of
borax per acre on boron-deficient soils, and the yield of red clover seed
was nearly doubled by the use of 40 pounds of borax per acre. Any soil
that does not contain more than 0.35 parts of water-soluble boron per

— 27 —

Uil

million of air-dry soil is classed as deficient. This is equivalent to
about 11 ounces of boron in the plow depth of an acre of land.

A check was made on the boron content of the fertilizers sold by 14
companies in New Jersey. It was found that, on the average, they
contain the equivalent to about h pound of borax per ton, but one
company's product contained over 5 pounds per ton. It is known that
that company adds 5 pounds of borax to every ton of fertilizer it
produces. On sandy soils, and for such crops as snapbeans, limas, soy-
beans, and sweet potatoes, the rate of application must be quite small
(around 10 pounds per acre, applied broadcast) or crop damage may
result. It is believed that every ton of fertilizer sold in New Jersey
should contain about 5 pounds of borax per ton. Where boron de-
ficiency is marked, however, applications of from 20 to 40 pounds of
borax per acre will have to be made to meet crop needs.

Most Eastern Soils are Acid All the Way Down

An examination of representative samples of 20 of the most import-
ant soil types in New Jersey, in their virgin state, revealed that 13
were strongly acid, not only to plow depth but way down below plow
depth as well, the pH values running mostly between 4.5 and 5.0. To
raise the pH values for the plow depth of these soils from 5.0 to 6.5
would require between 500 and 5000 pounds of limestone per acre,
depending upon the amount of clay and organic matter they contain.

The question arises as to whether we can meet the requirements of
crops by merely liming the plow depth of soil, or whether we should
consider two such depths, or the top 15 inches of soil.

Within recent years there has been a marked tendency to apply
liming materials to the land in advance of plowing, and we believe
that is the best procedure. Some farmers are going one step further
and dropping lime back of a chisel that is attached to the plow to
break up the plowpan in the bottom of the furrow. By this means the
lime is gotten down still more deeply.

LANCASTER BONE FERTILIZER CO. Inc.

Quarryville. Pa.
Manufacturers of ^^Conestoga Brand^^ fertilizers

Made in Pennsylvania for Pennsylvania soils.

— 28 —

Band Placement of Fertilizer Gives Best Results

Most modern planters are designed to place the fertilizer in bands
along the row at planting time. The best examples of such machines
are the potato planter and the corn painter. The vegetable grower,
however, is not so well taken care of in the machinery at his disposal.
If one wants to apply 1000 to 2000 pounds of fertilizer per acre for
vegetable crops, and his machinery will not apply the fertilizer and
plant the seed in one operation, where will he put the fertilizer when
he does apply it?

There are several possibilities. One can put the fertilizer on the
land before plowing, he can drop it on the bottom of the furrow at
plowing time, he can apply it on top of the seedbed by the use of
disc it in, or he can place it down deep in the seedbed by the use of
a disc drill.

Assuming that the soil is rich enough to start the crop off, or that
a small amount of fertilizer is placed near the seed to get the growing
plants under way, it would seem that deep placement of the remaind-
er of the fertilizer would be desirable as a means of encouraging deep
rooting, thus protecting the plant against drought. The International
Harvester Company manufactured some 2000 fertilizer distributors
for attachment to plows for use in 1943, and all of them were sold,
largely in the Central West. These machines drop the fertilizer in a
band on the bottom of the furrow.

Our experience to date has been limited to the corn crop on which
we have been using 800 pounds of fertilizer per acre, of which 200
pounds goes along the row in bands at planting time and the other
600 pounds is applied in one or the other of the 4 positions mentioned.
Our results to date favor placing this extra fertilizer in the seedbed
with a disc drill that locates it in bands about 4 inches deep and 7
inches apart. This is below the depth at which it is likely to be dis-
turbed by the cultivator shovels.

Liquid Fertilizers Highly Effective On Sandy Soils

The higher the content of sand in a soil the smaller its capacity to
store lime and fertilizer elements. Thus the amount of lime required
to raise the plow depth of an acre of sandy soil up to the optimum pH
value may be only a few hundred pounds, whereas several tons may
be needed for soils of the same pH but containing large amounts of
clay and organic matter.

There are various ways by which the storage capacity of such soils
can be increased. One is by plowing extra deeply from time to time,
turning up some of the heavier subsoil and putting it on top. Another
means is by adding large amounts of organic matter which, on rotting

— 29 —

in the soil, has an enormous capacity to absorb and hold both lime and
fertilizer.

More recently a good bit of work has been done on applying ferti-
lizers in liquid form from time to time during the crop season, and
the results have been surprisingly good on the sandier types of soil.
Thus by having a tank of liquid fertilizer attached to the cultivator
one can drop the solution back of the cultivator shovel where it quick-
ly sinks down to root depth on such soils. It is believed that this sys-
tem, or some modification of it, may ultimately be employed on a large
scale on the coastal-plain soils.

Granular Ammonium Nitrate is Now Available For Use

We have long been accustomed to using nitrate of soda, sulfate of
ammonia, and calcium cyanamide as our sources of extra nitrogen.
More recently, however, a considerable amount of sales pressure has
been put behind ammonium nitrate as a substitute for these older
standard materials. The reason for this lies in the fact that ammonium
nitrate is twice as concentrated as nitrate of soda and one need use
only half as much of it to accomplish his purpose. This means a great
saving in freight and handling costs. Thus if one has been accustomed
to using 300 pounds of nitrate of soda per acre as a top-dressing, he can
cut this down to 150 pounds per acre by using ammonium nitrate.

A good many comparative tests of these various carriers of nitrogen
have been made the results of which indicate that ammonium nitrate
is just as good a source of nitrogen as any of the others. It has the
advantage not only because there is only half as much material to
handle but because it carries its nitrogen in both the ammonia and
nitrate forms, and the results obtained should usually be about as good
as those resulting from the use of a mixture of ammonium sulfate and
nitrate of soda.

The primary problem involved with ammonium nitrate has been
that of overcoming its tendency to get hard. This has been solved by
granulating the product and coating the granules with materials that
greatly slow down the rate at which they absorb moisture from
the air.

Seed Treatment Pays

— 30 —

R. S. Kirby

Disease organisms carried with the seed are each year responsible
for a large proportion of the loss from vegetable diseases. The plant-
ing of properly treated seed will prevent much of the loss from
disease.

The ideal seed treatment, is one that will kill those disease or-
ganisms that the grower wishes to prevent, that will not injure the
seed, that is cheap and easy to apply and one that gives some protec-
tion to the seed against seed decay and damping-off.

The problem of seed treatment is complicated by the fact that cer-
tain kinds of seed are injured by heat while others can stand heat
treatments. Also certain kinds of seed are injured by certain chem-
icals while others are not. This means that only those treatments
v/hich do not injure the seed of a crop should be used on that crop.

The problem of seed treatment is further complicated by different
disease organisms living from year to year in different parts of the
seed. This necessitates the use of more and more complicated treat-
ments which will penetarte into the seed and kill even the deepest
seated disease organism. When the disease-causing organisms live
on the outside of the seed coat they are killed by applying chemical
dusts. These dusts also protect the seed from decay and the seedlings
from damping-off by organisms that may be in the soil. The applica-
tion of dusts to seeds is called a protectant dust treatment.

There are a number of vegetable diseases where the organism
causing the disease lives too deep in the seed coat to be entirely
killed out by dust treatments. These organisms can, however, be
killed by soaking the seed in solutions containing corrosive sublimate.
This chemical will severely injure seed unless it is washed off the
seed immediately after treating. To protect such seed from damping-
off it is necessary to dry the seed after a corrosive sublimate treat-
ment and then add a protectant dust treatment. When an organic
mercury like New Improved Ceresan is used in solution to treat
tomato seed or calomel is used to treat celery seed no injury will re-
sult when the solution is not washed off, and sufficient chemical will
then be left on the seed to check damping-off. The mercury soak
treatments are quite effective against many diseases which would
not be prevented by the dust or protectant seed treatments. A few
such diseases are black rot of cabbage, scab and anthracnose of cu-
cumber, anthracnose and bacterial spot of pepper and alternaria
canker and anthracnose of tomato. These chemical soak treatments
are called partial disinfectants because on several vegetable crops

— 31 —

mtmmmimi?' '• ~^

there are other disease-causing organisms which are not killed by
either chemical soaks or dust treatments.

A few disease-causing organisms live inside the embryo of the
seed and are very difficult to kill without injuring the seed in which
they live. The only effective treatment for this type of organism is
to soak the seed in hot water at a temperature which will kill the
disease-causing organism but will not materially injure the seed.
Since there is only about a two degree difference in temperature be-
tween one which will kill the disease organism and a temperature
which will kill the seed, hot water treatment must be considered
as an exact process which should only be undertaken by an experi-
enced operator who has adequate and very accurate equipment.
Treating seed with hot water, if properly done, will kill all organisms
on or inside the vegetable seed. Hot water treatment is therefore
called the complete treatment. Seed after treatment with hot water
have no chemicals on them to give protection against seed decay and
damping-off. Therefore, such seed should either be treated with a
protectant chemical dust or soaked in an organic chemical soak like
New Improved Ceresan. The complete or hot water soak treatment
is the only one which will kill the organisms causing the following
diseases: black leg and alternaria leaf spot on cabbage and related
crops, alternaria blight and Verticillium wilt of eggplant, downy
mildew of spinach, and bacterial canker and Septoria leaf spot of
tomato.

TREATING SEED.—

The most practical way to treat seed is to have the producer or
seedsman treat the seed so that the grower can buy his vegetable
seed already treated. Where a grower is unable to buy treated seed
he should either obtain certified seed free of disase or treat his seed.
It is good insurance to treat the seed of most vegetable crops.

Smaller gardeners should as a rule use only the protectant dust
treatments and the chemical soak treatments. In protectant dust
treatments three different commercial dusts are available; Semesan,
Arasan and Spergon. Spergon treated bean and pea seed usually pro-
duce crops yielding 10 to 20 per cent higher than crops from untreated
seed. For most of the other vegetable seed, growers may use either
Semesan or Arasan. Both of these materials may be purchased in
small packets costing only 10 to 20 cents.

Calomel, New Improved Ceresan and corrosive sublimate are the
poisons which are used for the soak treatments. Growers who use
these materials should carefully follow directions about dilutions and
time of treatments. These treatments control more diseases than the
dust treatments on plants of the cabbage family, celery, cucumber
family, pepper and tomato.

— 32 —

)

Vegetable Marketing Prospects

The following interesting remarks were made by Mr. Porter R.
Taylor, General Manager, Cooperative Fruit and Vegetable As-
sociation, Washington, D. C. at a joint meeting of The Pennsylvania
Fruit and Vegetable Growers' Associations in Harrisburg, Pa., Jan.
19, 1944:

There have been many predictions of tremendous quantities of
food which would be shipped to all parts of the world. For humani-
tarian reasons, the United States and other countries with available
supplies will probably provide as much food as can be spared to
countries released from Axis oppression. But the quantity of food
used for this purpose is not likely to be more than a few month's
supply to last until a crop can be planted, grown, and harvested. Pro-
viding methods for financing are available, fruit supplies are more
likely to be exported for a longer period because of the serious dam-
age which several winters have done to the fruit trees of Europe.*

If the war continues in all areas throughout the year, growers may
expect that demand for their products may be based upon a national
income at the highest level ever experienced, or about 150 billion
dollars per year, of which amount about 90 billion would be from gov-
ernment expenditures. Thus, if the war continues on all fronts
throughout the year we may expect the greatest consumer buying
power ever experienced, with the supply of civilian goods much be-
low consumer requirements.

But if the war in Europe should cease at some time during the year,
as is predicted, we must expect an immediate curtailment of such
public spending. One well-informed private source predicts that con-
tracts will be curtailed as rapidly as possible by a total of 30 to 40
billion dollars per year, or about one-fourth of the estimated total
national income. Such a retrenchment would immediately require
major adjustments in manufacturing, raw material, and employment
policies.

The beginning of such an adjustment has already occurred in the
case of ammunition factories which have closed and released their
employees. Much the same situation is likely to be true of plants pro-
ducing strictly military items for which further production is not
necessary. Cities with plants which can be quickly restored to peace
time uses, such as steel, textiles, and shoes should experience little
unemployment. But industries which must reconvert plants back to
peace time uses, such as automobiles, railroad equipment, refrigera-
tors, washing machines, and radios, are likely to have serious un-
employment for several months depending upon the time required
for reconversion.

— 33 —

I-

f»n

it^

1 1
1

Probably no one knows the answer with regard to the large ne^y
plants owned by the government, which have been built to manufac-
ture planes and ships for which there is no comparable commercial
demand or outlet, once they have served their purpose in military
production. When such plants curtail or close their doors, large num-
bers will be thrown out of employment with little chance of finding
a job where they are now living. Millions of people may find it neces-
sary to shift their homes to find new employment, and be willing to
accept peace time wages without overtime or bonuses. Many men will
return from the armed services when the war is over with assurance
of the jobs which they gave up to enter the military forces. Millions
of workers who left the farms will return to them, although many may
prefer other types of activity.

All of this means a period of market disturbance which will have a
marked influence upon demand for produce and the prices paid to
farmers. Producers of perishable crops which must be marketed dur-
ing such a period of disturbed conditions are very likely to suffer
substantial reductions in price because of the weakened demand for
their product, especially if the volume which must be marketed is
abundant. This may become serious to growers because the 1944 crop
is likely to be an expensive one to produce, and losses may be ex-
perienced very quickly and easily in a disturbed market. Commodi-
ties which may be stored for a longer period of time before marketing
are more likely to bring better returns if they can be held over until
normal peace time consumption can become effective.

DROP US A LINE FOR MAY
Too much "Eddacation" is a complaint lodged against our
annual meeting in Harrisburg. Oke, brother, send us
in your "plow sole" yarn by the last of ApriL please.

HABRIS' SEEDS

ARE BEST FOR THE NORTH
There is no doubt about it — Seed selected and grown for Northern
gardeners is the most vigorous growing and highest yielding.

Buy Direct From Our Farms

JOSEPH HARRIS CO., INC.

Moreton Farms Rochester 1 1, N. Y.

Ask for OUT Market Gardeners Wholesale catalog

— 34 —

Growing Peas for Canning and Quick Freezing

H. S. Sloat*

The contracting of peas for cannery production in Lancaster
County started in 1934 with about 350 acres in Kirkwood community.
The acreage has steadily expanded up to the present time. Seven
companies contracted approximately 4900 acres in 1943.

Peas respond to liberal fertilization, well prepared seed bed, and
early planting. Fertilizer tests over a period of years show best yields
are obtained with an application of 500 to 800 pounds commercial
fertilizer analyzing 3-5% nitrogen, 12-16% phosphorus aiid 4-7%
potash, in addition to liberal application of stable manure.

Two tests on plowing down fertilizer gave following results:

Yield per A.
Plowed
Down

2124 lbs.
885 lbs.

Seed treatments are very essential in cutting down root rot and
other diseases in the field. Because of mechanical difficulty in seeding,
and shortage of certain materials used for war purposes, some new
materials were tried the past three years. The best results were ob-
tained by dusting seed with Spergon. The results obtained during the
past three years on sweets and one year on Alaska were as follows:

Date

Variety

Planted

Alaska

April 3

Perfection

April 18

Yield per A.

Broadcast

after Plowing

1918 lbs.
978 lbs.

Increase

When Plowed

Down

206 lbs.
-93 lbs.

Year

1941
1942
1943

1943

No.
Farms

4
1

Spergon
Treated,
Yield

6888 lbs.
2874 lbs.
4928 lbs.

Check
Yield

5986 lbs.
2416 lbs.
4204 lbs.

Average
Increase

902 lbs.
458 lbs.
724 lbs.

CHECK ON ALASKA PEAS
1960 lbs. 1810 lbs. 150 lbs.

Increase

15.1
19.0
17.2

8.3

The cost of material for treating the seed for one acre is approxi-
mately 65c. Innoculation can be used on treated seed without serious
injury. No mechanical difficulties were encountered in seeding.^ ^
Insect control.

Aphid injury in the past has not been serious on early peas, except
in a few isolated farms. This year, due to shortage of seed, and more
companies contracting in this area, more sweets were planted. They
require a longer season to mature. Weather conditions during the
latter part of May and first week of June were cool and moist.

The weather was favorable to aphid development, and serious
outbreak threatened.

• Assistant County Agent, Lancaster County.

— 35 —

ill i

Part of the pea fields on three farms were dusted with a nicotine-
Rotenone dust. A power driven duster on a truck, to which was at-
tached a 10 foot apron was used in applying dust. The results were as
follows:

Farm

Stoltzfus, Elverson
Martin, East Earl
Lefever, Lampeter

Yield per acre
Treated Check

Plol Plot

1886

1887

885

1632

1938

645

Increase or
Decrease

4-254 lbs.
— 61 lbs.
+ 240 lbs.

The results show but slight return to grower above cost of dust and
cost of application.

Quality Pea and Bean Clubs Suggested

If you, along with some others, think a quality pea and bean club
project, similar to the ten-ton tomato club project, would be a good
idea, please drop a line to the Secretary, airing your views and sug-
gesting a chairman, secretary, and other persons to assume full re-
sponsibility.— J.M.H.

AVOID CROP SABOTAGE

BY PLANTING

CLICK'S IMPROVED

PENNA CERTIFIED
TOMATO SEED

Leading Varieties

Only a limited
Quantity is Available

VEGETABLE PLANTS

All Varieties

Wholesale Be Retail

Specializing in
Carolina Grown Tomato Planls

THE HOUSE OF CLICK

SMOKETOWN, LANCASTER COUNTY, PENNA.

5
i

— 36

The European Corn Borer is a Serious Insect Pest

In Pennsylvania

J. O. Pepper*

The single brooded corn borer has been present in Pennsylvania
since 1919, while the two brooded borer has only been present since
about 1936. The single brooded area is confined to the higher altitudes
and shorter growing seasons, which are mainly the central and west-
ern part of Pennsylvania. The two brooded borer is mainly confined
to about 20 southeastern counties. There are some counties in the
state that have both forms of corn borer. Of course, the injury is much
greater in the two brooded area due to the greatly increased popula-
tion of the insect. However, the corn borer is a serious pest, where-
ever it occurs and regardless of whether it is the one or two brooded
form.

Planls Attacked by the Corn Borer.— The insect is mainly a pest of
field corn and sweet corn, but can be found infesting most any large
pithy-stem plants, especially in the areas nearby corn fields. Last
year potatoes and tomatoes in a few sections were heavily infested
by the corn borer. Some damage was done to these crops. The corn
borer has possibilities of becoming a serious pest on potatoes, toma-
toes and perhaps other important agricultural crops. We know at
present that the corn borer can live and reproduce itself on about
200 different kinds of plants.

How to Recognize the Corn Borer.— The adult is a moth measuring
about one and one-half inches across the wings when spread in flight.
The color is dirty cream with darker markings. In Southeastern
Pennsylvania or in the two brooded area the first generation of moths
occurs in late May and June while the second brood moths emerge
in late July and August. The female moth lays on an average about
600 eggs. They are deposited in batches of 10 to 25 on the foliage of
corn or other host plants. These eggs hatch within three to five days
and the tiny caterpillar feeds at first on the foliage and gradually
works its way to the main stem of the plant. Then it eats its way
into the pith of the plant. From the place where it enters there is a
"sawdust" hke material pushed out which can be very easily ob-
served. Later one usually observes the broken-over tassels. The
worm continues to grow within the pithy stems of plants and may
come out and reenter the plant in several places, usually at the joints,
before it becomes mature. This tunnehng in the main stem of plants
is serious and in most cases causes the plants to break over. When
the worm is mature it is about one and one-quarter inches in length

* Associate Extension Entomologist, The Pennsylvania State College.

— 37 —

is,

■•'iiT'^'-'iriiiiiiiWl

by three-eights of an inch in thickness. It is dirty white in general
color with four dark spots on each segment or body division.

The caterpillars of the first brood transform into the pupa or
chrysalis stage within the plant stem and from this pupa the adult
moth emerges, starting the second generation. The worms of the
second brood overwinter in the pithy stems of plants, changing to
pupae, and adult moths the following spring.

The easiest stage for the average person to recognize is the borer
as it tunnels and bores in the stems of corn, potatoes and other plants.
Thre are a few other stem borers which might be confused with the
corn borer. Their numbers are relatively small compared with the
present population of European corn borer in southeast Pennsylvania.

Is Corn Borer Destructive. — If control measures are not put into
practice there is a great possibility that within a few years a farmer
will not be able to produce field corn profitably. Observations in
Southeastern Pennsylvania have already shown a 25 per cent yield
reduction in some cornfields. Some sweet corn growers have ex-
perienced a complete loss; that is, no marketable ears could be har-
vested, due to corn borer injury. Some fields of early potatoes were
damaged in 1943 by the corn borer. The ornamental flower growers
are also finding the corn borer to be a serious pest on many pithy
stem flowering plants. The injury and damages caused by the corn
borer should not be underestimated.

Control Suggestions on Field Corn. — It is almost impossible, or at
least impractical, to attempt control with chemical insecticides on
large acreages of field corn. Therefore, about the only effective con-
trol measure thus far developed consists in using cultural or farm
practices and mechanical and physical control measures. In other
words try to keep the corn borer population level low enough so that
field corn can be grown economically and profitably.

The following suggestions if practiced and put into effect by all
farmers wil aid greatly in keeping the corn borer population at a low
level:

1. Plant hybrid corn. Most hybrids stand up better than open
pollinated corn when infested by corn borer.

2. Cut field corn low and early.

3. Put all corn possible into the silo.

4. Shred or cut finely all stover, or burn unused portions of the
plant.

5. Plow all short stubble under 4 to 6 inches in fall or spring.

6. Pole down high stubble and standing stalks when ground is

— 38 —

> I

frozen and bare. In the early spring rake and burn, or plow
under all refuse 4 to 6 inches.

7. Clean up and burn or plow under all corn refuse before May 1st.

8. Shell ear corn and burn the cobs before May 1st.

9. Farmers carrying over a large amount of ear corn in cribs may
catch many moths emerging from cobs by screening the crib
tightly with ordinary fly screen.

10. Get rid of early sweet cornstalks in the fields or gardens im-
mediately after the ears have been harvested. This can be done
by putting them in the silo, feeding or by plowing them under.

11. Home and commercial ornamental flower growers should des-
troy the old stalks or parts of plant above the ground of all pithy,
thick stem plants. This can be done by collecting such refuse
and plowing it under or destroying it by burning before May 1st.

12. Community effort is necessary for the above control practices
to be most helpful. Encourage and help your neighbor in the
work.

Control Suggestions on Sweet Corn. — All of the suggestions made
for field corn are applicable to sweet corn. The destruction of early
sweet cornstalks after the ears are harvested is important in order
to reduce second generation on later planted corn. Observations
show that the earliest and latest planted sweet corn are the most
heavily infested.

On small fields or even large acreages of sweet corn grown for
market use and where a grower is equipped to do the work, satisfac-
tory control may be obtained by the use of insecticides. Two ma-
terials have given suitable results. One per cent rotenone dust and
four per cent fixed nicotine are recommended for this purpose. The
one per cent rotenone is permitted for use on sweet corn this year.
Any grower who plans to use it should place an order immediately
with his distributor or purchasing agency. The fixed nicotine is more
easily available and sold commercially as BL155. If purchased in
the concentrated form it should be reduced to a four per cent dust
for use on corn. The carriers or diluents for this mixture should be
walnut shell flour, talc or Gypsum. It is believed that if the growers
planning to use any of this material will place their orders imme-
diately, that the dealers may be in a position to supply the material
already prepared to use on corn.

The most encouraging results with either rotenone or fixed nico-
tine have been obtained on the earliest planted sweet corn. How-
ever, some work has shown that similar results may be secured
against second generation corn borer on late planted corn in that
area where it exists.

— 39 —

On early sweet corn the first application of dust should be applied
when the corn borer eggs start hatching. This is generally when
the cornstalks are about 12 to 15 inches high. Four or five applica-
tions at weekly intervals are required for efficient protection against
the borer. The materials should be blown down into the whorl of
the growing plants. About 30 to 50 pounds of the dust are required
per acre for each application, according to the size of the plants.
Growers using the material against second generation or on late
sweet corn will be supplied through their County Agricultural Ex-
tension Association office with information on the time of making the
first application.

Patronize our Advertisers

The information contained in our publications is made possible by
the support of advertisers and we solicit only firms considered re-
liable. You are invited to do business with our advertisers.

SEEDS

OUTSTANDING STRAINS FOR THE CRITICAL

MARKET GROWER

A FULL LINE OF FINE VEGETABLE SEEDS INCLUDING—

Hybrid Sweet Corn
Peas — Becms

Cucumber

Beet — Carrot

Radish

TAPPERSON SEED CO.

ALLENTOWN. PA.

— 40 —

BLACK LEAF PRODUCTS

HELP Protect THE NATION'S Food Supply

• BLACK LEAF 40 fills a special wartime need as a supplement and in partial re-
placement of imported insecticides which are restricted in supply. • • Used in
foliage sprays on vegetables and small fruits to control aphids, thrips, leafhopper and
other sucking insects. • As a dust, mixed with lime or other carrier, for the control
of the same types of insects. • Combined with other standard insecticides and fungi-
cides, and applied as a spray or a dust for a more complete control of plant enemies.

• • • By controlling aphids. Black Leaf 40 helps prevent the transmission of dis-
eases such as black rot of cabbage, and mosaic of cucumbers, cabbage, cauliflower,
mustard and beans.

NICO-FUME PRESSURE FUMIGATOR

Hand-Directed Fumigation with the Nico-Fume Pressure Fumigator is an excellent
fine saving plan to control aphis and thrips on vegetable plants being grown in green-
houses under sash, in hot beds and cold frames.
I&sure an ample supply of vegetable plants for your crops and your Victory Garden

Customers.

Known for many years
as a destroyer of cer-
tain types of insects,
BLACK LEAF 40 has
contributed to the food
supply of the nation In
war as well as in peace.
Again during the days
of this conflict BLACK
LEAF 40 carries on.

• Write for
Further Information

TOBACCO BY-PRODUCTS & CHEMICAL CORPORATION,
INCORPORATED • LOUISVILLE 2, KENTUCKY

LOOK FOR THE LEAF ON THE PACKAGE

)«

Cabbage Maggot Tests in 1943i

L. E. Dills, D. E. H. Frear and H. L. King^

In the spring of 1943, the scarcity and high price of mercury em-
phasized the desirability of testing a number of mercury substitutes
for control of the cabbage maggot. Field experiments were con-
ducted at the Pennsylvania State College to test some possible substi-
tutes.

Since facilities were limited and it was necessary to test a large
number of materials in a small space with a considerable degree of
accuracy, cabbage plants could not be used. Radishes* offered the
most practical solution of the problem, since they required little space
and were a host plant preferred by this maggot. The most apparent
disadvantage was that they are injured by some materials which may
safely be used on cabbage.

Thirty-five different treatments were used in two field tests. These
included 22 different materials, some at several concentrations. In
the first experiment most of the treatments were replicated six times.
In the second experiment all treatments were replicated seven times.
The plots were randomized to eliminate any differences in location.
Counts were made in 250 plots and approximately 9000 radishes
were cut and examined for maggots.

Only one application was made and with the exception of corrosive
sublimate and dichloroethyl ether all the materials were used as
dusts. All of the materials tests as dusts (except calomel) were im-
pregnated on bentonite. Calomel was used as mechanical mixtures
with lime and with bentonite. A 2-quart plunger type duster was used
in making the application. Dust was used in the tests because truck
growers have expressed a preference for dusts, and they have re-
quested specifically a material that can be applied to cabbage stems
before setting. Even effective materials that require two or three ap-
plications, especially of a liquid, may be of questionable practical use
under some conditions. It was with this viewpoint that these tests
were conducted.

In Experiment 1 white icicle radishes were used and the treat-
ments were made when eggs were being laid and the plants had one
pair of primary leaves. This is the usual time for making such ap-
plications.

Experiment 1

» Authorized for publication on February 28. 1944, as paper No. 1223 in the Journal Series
of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Experiment Station.

* Agricultural Experiment Station, The Pennsylvania State College.

• The radish and cabbage plants used in these experiments were supplied by Dr. W. B.
Mack and Dr. C. E. Myers of the Department of Horticulture,

— 42 —

Treatment

Plant Injury

Per Cent
Not Infested

Calomel 10%

Paradichlorobenzene 10%

Paradichlorobenzene 20%

Paradichlorobenzene 40%

Dichloroethyl ether 1-400

Dichloroethyl ether 1-800

Naphthalene 10%

Naphthalene 20%

Naphthalene 40%

Check (no treatment)

2-ethyl-pyridine sulphate 10%

2-n-hexyl pyridine sulphate 10%

2-mixed undecyl pyridine sulphate 10%

4-n-propyl pyridine sulphate 10%

4-n-amyl pyridine sulphate 10%

Quinoline sulphate 10%

Hexachlorethane 10%

Hexachlorethane 20%

Hexachlorethane 40%

Phenothiazine 10%

Phenothiazine 20%

(1) Mathieson alkali weed killer 10%

(1) Koppers dormant tar oil 10%

(1) Beta Naphthol 10%

(1) Penta capryl laurylamine tripolyphos-
phate 10%

(1) Kerosene phosphine sulphide 10%

(1) Chlorophenyl thiophosphonic acid 10%

(2) Cresylic acid 10% ^
(1) Potassium sulphide 10%

Least significant difference between treatments (6 plots) 16 per cent
(1) = 2 plots (2) = 4 plots

In Experiment 2 scarlet globe radishes were used and the applica-
tion was made almost a week later than Experiment 1. This was done
because growers frequently fail to apply the material at the proper
time and inquire as to the effectiveness of later applications.

— 43 —

None

84.7

Very slight

62.4

Very slight

45.1

Slight

48.8

None

74.8

None

65.5

Very slight

54.6

Slight

58.0

Slight

55.3

None

50.1

Very severe

94.6

Moderate

74.4

Moderate

73.4

Severe

65.4

Moderate

58.8

Slight

67.4

Very slight

58.2

Slight

47.0

Slight

49.8

Moderate

56.0

Severe

58.8

Slight

62.8

Very severe

100

Dead

100

Slight

60.3

None

48.3

Slight

47.3

Dead

100

Very slight

68.1

i «

il:

Experiment 2

Treatment

Per Cent
Plant Injury Not Infested

Calomel 4% with bentonite
Calomel 10% with bentonite
Calomel 4% with lime
Calomel 10% with lime
Dichloroether ether 1-200
Dichloroether ether 1-400
Corrosive sublimate 1-1000
Check

Phenothiazine 40%
Naphthalene 40%
Paradichlorobenzene 40%
Hexachlorethane 40%
Koppers dormant tar oil 5
Calcium sulphide 10%

None

Shght

None

Moderate

Very slight

Moderate

None

56.9

65.9

44.6

50.6

89.4

80.5

74.1

41.7

46.0

67.0

48.5

70.8

56.6

Least significant difference between treatments 10 per cent.

When applied early a 10 per cent calomel dust was the best safe
treatment used for radishes. When applied late it was much less effec-
tive. Bentonite and calomel gave much better results than lime and
calomel.

When applied late the best safe material used on radishes was
dichloroethyl ether. The results suggest that corrosive sublimate
solution is a better late treatment than calomel dust when apphed
one week later than the optimum date.

Paradichlorobenzene, hexachlorethane, phenothiazine, 4-n-amyl
pyridine sulphate, kerosene phosphine sulphide, Mathieson alkah
weed killer, pentacapryl laurylamine tripolyphosphate and chloro-
phenyl thiophosphonic acid at the concentrations used showed lit-
tle or no toxicity to the cabbage maggot. Although not signifi-
cantly toxic, potassium sulphide, and 4-n-propyl pyridine sulphate
appeared to have some effect at the concentrations used in these tests.
Naphthalene at 40 per cent in experiment two, 2-n-hexyl pyridine sui-

"HOLMES SEEDS

Are for the Critical Market Grower who desires
to get pure, high yielding strains."

HOLMES SEED CO., CANTON, OHIO

— 44 —

phate, 2-mixed-undecyl pyridine sulphate, quinoline sulphate, and
calcium sulphide showed considerable toxicity to this insect but did
not give satisfactory results. Koppers dormant tar oil and 2-ethyl
pyridine sulphate were found to prevent insect injury but caused
serious damage to the radish plants. Beta naphthol and cresylic acid
dusts at 10 per cent killed the plants so no reliable information could
be obtained.

Several of the new materials that had been found to be most ef-
fective in preventing maggot damage to radishes were given pre-
liminary tests on cabbage. Koppers dormant tar oil, 2-ethyl pyridine
sulphate and 2-n-hexyl pyridine sulphate dusts at 10 per cent were
applied to the dampened stems of late cabbage before setting. Rec-
ords kept for more than two months indicated that there were no
harmful effects.

These trials on both radishes and cabbage indicate that certain of
the materials tested show promise of being used as substitutes for
the mercury compounds. Further work will be necessary to estab-
lish the exact conditions for their most efficient use. Plans are being
made to continue this work in 1944.

Invite Your Neighbor to Join

The goal of 1,000 members has been reached and each member is
to receive the Market Growers Journal, this year, with the one dollar
membership. However, there is strength in numbers, and your neigh-
bor should not be overlooked. We need him; he needs us. No doubt,
he would be glad to send $1 to the Secretary, 625 Holmes St., State
College, Pa.

WM. H. STATES, JR

PRODUCE HAULING

BRISTOL, PENNA.

— 45 —

I ^

\ i

I t

VEGETABLE GROWERS

Attention Please !

You Have Read About the Very Valuable

New Extra Early Tomato

"PENNHEART

It is the newest scientific development in Tomato Breeding by Dr.

C. E. Myers, plant breeding expert of our Pennsylvania State College

of Agriculture.

Mr. William B. Kille, large, successful vegetable grower of New

Jersey, says:

"I harvested 200 five-eights baskets by July 7th and got
$3.00 per basket. This acre yielded a total of 866 bushels.
Now, if you want to see a picture in natural colors of a very magni-
nceni crop of this new Pennheart Tomato— then write for a free copy
of our new 1944 Market-Gardeners Catalogue. We show it on the
front cover as grown here on our own farm.
It is extra-early — It has size — It has color — It yields tremendously.

Don't Miss Starling Some New Pennheart In March for

Tomatoes for July 4th

An acre can easily make you a thousand dollars.

WRITE TODAY
FOR OUR CATALOGUE

It is full of good things you will want.

Try our Schell's Jet Black Strain of Black Beauty Eggplant.

They'll bring you a premium price.

All Our Strains Are Pure-hred High Yielding Strains.
They Bring Top Prices On All Markets.
It Pays To Plant SchelVs Quality Seeds.

They Yield Better

They Grow Better

SCHELL'S SEED HOUSE

QUALITY SEEDS

Tenth and Market Streets

Harrisburg, Pa.

1
1

What's Next — Home-Built Freezer Lockers?

G. J. Stout*

The freezing of fruits and vegetables on a commercial scale has
increased enormously during recent war years. That the home freez-
ing of these products, as well as meats, is destined to play at least an
equally great part in the food preservation program for the farm
family is no longer open to doubt. The public acceptance of frozen
foods, and the demands for frozen food lockers of rental or home unit
type all indicate that this relatively new method of food preserva-
tion is here to stay. However, since the method is so new to most
people, and the advantages and disadvantages of both the home and
centrally located rental lockers are still inadequately appreciated,
it is very much anyone's guess as to just where and how we shall be
storing our frozen products from the farm five years from now. Of
one thing we can be certain; changes are going to take place and
such changes may not only affect home gardens but may even affect
growers' marketing methods and the kind of produce which it is
profitable to grow. The home canning of vegetables for sale has
never attained any degree of popularity because bulky and expen-
sive equipment is required. This objection holds to a much smaller
degree in the case of freezing such products and there are those people
who believe that we may in the future expect to find a considerable
percentage of the small fruits, vegetables, meats, and poultry pro-
duced on farms for retail sale, frozen first and marketed in that con-
dition. Whether or not this will happen, time only can tell.

Unit freezers for home use have many advantages. Anyone who
has ever used one generally becomes an enthusiast. Their chief dis-
advantages are their high initial cost, as much as $600 to $700 for mod-
erate sizes and more for larger ones, and the inadequate size of these
boxes if maximum usefulness of this type of box is desired. Almost
universally users of home freezer units say they are "wonderful,
but too small."

Both the cost and size disadvantages have been very successfully
overcome at the University of Washington by the simple expedient
of building the large, well-insulated box, into the home and havmg
the refrigeration machinery installed by a competent mechanic. Not
only has this resulted in a box of adequate size but the first cost and
operating costs are much lower. Their recommendation is that farms
should have boxes no smaller than 50 cubic feet and from that to 90
or more cubic feet, roughly equal to space for from one to two tons
of frozen product. These boxes have operated successfully over a

* Vegetable gardening extension specialist. The Pennsylvania State College.

— 47— .

period of years on half the electrical energy cost of factory-built
boxes of only 15 cubic feet capacity.

The accompanying photograph shows a home-constructed freezer
box of 40 cubic feet net storage capacity, built alter the plans pro-
vided by the Washington State College, in the basement of the
writer's home in State College, Pennsylvania. Some items of equip-
ment for such a box are difficult to obtain at this time and the re-
frigeration machine or compressor is no exception. This problem
was solved by buying a second-hand ice-cream cabinet and rebuild-
ing the compressor, discarding the balance of the cabinet. The walls
consist of cement asbestos wall board with 12 inches of planer shav-
ings for insulation, and the top is insulated with an 8 inch thickness
of rock wool. The total cost of insulation was $3.30 and the cost of
the entire box $139.00 exclusive of owner's labor which amounted
to about 14 days time. Temperatures below zero are easily maintained
and records to date indicate that the cost of operation will be from
$1.10 to $1.25 per month. No provision for "quick-freeze" is made
since the users in western states have found that the quick-freeze
compartment in the ordinary freezer box has very little, if any, ef-
fect on the quality of the products stored and only complicates the
construction and increases the cost of the box while serving no use-
ful purpose.

Home-built freezer box of 40 cubic feet storage capacity.
The compressor is in an adjoining room.

. —48 —

Whether or not this type of equipment is destined to become popu-
lar in the future still remains to be seen. However, the writer, after
using such a freezer for some weeks, believes that the advantages
of this large box, which must be home built because it would be im-
possible to get such a box into a house if it were purchased ready built,
are so great that any farmer should seriously consider its possibilities
before investing too much money in a factory-built cabinet of the
inevitable inadequate size. It should not be difficult for any man rea-
sonably handy with tools to follow simple instructions in building the
box. If this is done, and a competent refrigeration mechanic engaged
to install the cooling equipment, the entire cost of a 50 or 60 cubic
foot zero freezing box should not be much above the $200 figure.

(Plans for such a freezer box are obtainable from your County
Agricultural Agent or from the Agricultural Extension Service, Penn-
sylvania State College, State College, Pa.)

Vegetable Varieties for Freezing

Varieties of vegetables suggested for freezing are listed in Leaflet
60, Vegetable Varieties for Pennsylvania, available from your County
Agricultural Agent and, also, in volume XIII, No. 4 of the News,
published in December, 1943.

Early Green Sprouting Broccoli, Goldencross Bantam Sweet Corn,
Hearts of Gold Muskmelon, Thomas Laxton Peas, and Fordhook Lima
Beans are among the preferred varieties. — Jesse M. Huffington.

— 49 —

specialization is the Key to Efficiency

It at once calls for concentration. Concentration fixes the emphasis
on planned objectives. In our tomato breeding we plan for Pro-
duction Strength, a factor which has come to be associated with
traditional Stokes quality. Tonnage-per-acre is another way of
saying it. If you hold a production job in America's 140 million
dollar tomato industry, the name Stokes is a good one to remember.

FRANCIS C. STOKES, LTD.

Breeders and Growers of Fine Tomato Seed

VINCENTOWN, NEW JERSEY, U.S.A.

TMI MARK Of TMI Hi '

STOKES
TOMATO

I^EEiy

VALIANT STOKESDALE MASTER MARGLOBE RUTGERS

Growing Snap Beans on Our Farm

Andrew H. Rosbough*

On our farm the people responsible for growing, harvesting and
packing snap beans are divided into three groups: the truck and
tractor drivers, harvesting crews, and packing house crew. Each
group is headed by a leader or supervisor and each supervisor is
delegated to carry out the part assigned to him.

The first group does the plowing, fitting, planting, dusting, culti-
vating, and so on. Each driver has a tractor assigned to him, and he
has that tractor to operate all season. For instance, the caterpillar
tractor operator does all the plowing, beginning in the fall to get a
good start, and when this man is not plowing he is overhauling equip-
ment. The next is a heavy John Deere tractor with rubber tires and
high speed, capable of doing 70 acres a 12-hour day, once over, with
a 6-foot double disc. This tractor does all the fitting and stays well
ahead of the bean planter.

Another three-wheel Silver King tractor is used to do the plant-
ing, with a four-row planter. The beans are planted in 30-inch rows,

Order Your 7945 Seecf Corn Now

We believe the 1944 acreage of Hybrid Seed Corn will be limited
by a shortage of labor. If you expect to use considerable quantity of
Hybrid Sweet Corn in 1945, you should order your seed now.

Seneca Dawn — Seneca 60 — Seneca 60XC13 — Seneca Golden

Seneca 92X28 — Carmelcross — loana
and Certified Golden Cross.

A Hybrid Sweet Corn for every purpose and every season.

Write today for 1944 Seed Catalogue.

ROBSON SEED FARMS

HALL. N. Y.

— 51

requiring IJ bushels of seed per acre. About 400 pounds of fertilizer
are used per acre, which is applied on both sides of the bean row.
This tractor does lots of other work, such as dusting and preparing
smaller fields for other crops. We start to plant beans the first of May
and end up August 10, planting around 30 acres per week.

When the beans are well out of the ground, they are cultivated
with a 4-row cultivator mounted on another tractor, which is used
only for that purpose — cultivating the beans about three times.

These four tractors keep up with all the work on bean production
in addition to fitting the soil and planting other crops on our farm.
We have another general purpose tractor that helps out when the
operator of any other one gets behind, or when one of the regular
tractors is broken down.

This brings us to the picking of beans, which is our big job, but
when properly organized is not such a problem. The pickers are
hauled out to the farm each morning in our trucks, and taken back
each afternoon. The foreman gives each picker two rows of beans to
pick. The best pickers are chosen to assist the foreman in seeing that
the beans are properly picked. As the beans are picked, they are
brought to the truck and checked. Pickers received, in 1943, 50 to 60
cents per bushel for picking.

As soon as a truck is loaded, it is hauled to the packing house,
where the beans are belt graded. This belt has some of the m.ost
modern features on it. One of them is reciprocating action, which
sprays water 9 times on each side of the bean. Another is the blower,
which blows leaves, dirt, dust and even under-size or small beans
out, in addition to the blossoms that cling to the beans during dry
and still weather. Cold water is pumped from deep wells to wash the
beans, which also pre-cools them somewhat. After this process 75
per cent of the beans are precooled in a cooler at the farm, most long
distance shipments being precooled.

♦ Commercial vegetable grower, Berea, Ohio.

Say, Snap Beans, not String Beans

A Personal Message From Your President

We are about to start another vegetable growing season with more
problems to contend with in addition to the usual ones with which
we have been confronted in the past.

There will be a shortage of experienced farm help, a scarcity of
machinery and an inadequate supply of vegetable containers. Now
is the time to order repair parts, purchase used containers and reg-
ister for seasonal farm labor at your local County Agent's Office.

You are called upon to produce to your limit in order to keep the
soldiers well fed in their far flung battle-fronts and the civihan popu-
lation working at top speed in order that we may soon have peace
with the world again. — Louis Orient.

Pennsylvania Ten-Ton Tomato Growers
Arrived too Late for the 1943 Report

Name • Address

Adams Counly Class Acres

Keefer, Lloyd L., York Springs, R. 2 A 4.05
Starry, Norman, York Springs, R. 1 A 5

York County

Bupp, W. E., Seven Valleys, R. 2
Diehl, Kenneth, New Freedom, R. D.
Keeny, Mark E., York, R. 2
Lowe, Clark A., Stewartstown, R. 3
McWilliams, C, New Freedom, R. 1

Tons

per

Acre

10.38
10.01

U. S. Grade
I's 2's Culls

73
76

27
26

0
0

B
B
B
B
B

Miller, J. Harvey, Stewartstown, R. 3 B
Miller, R./W. New Freedom, R. 1
Mundis, T. R., Stewartstown, R. 2
Ritz, Mont, Felton, R. 1
Sanders, C. A., Red Lion, R. 2
Snyder, C, 514 Linden Ave., York
Smith, Robert, Felton, R. 1
Wagner, G. H., New Freedom, R. 1
Wise, W. H., Red Lion, R. 2
Workinger, Edward, Windsor
Workinger, W. C, Red Lion, R. 1
Zeigler, Ira C, York, R. 6

B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B

1.5

1.25

3.5

4.5

1.5

Total, Late— 19; Previous Total— 977;

16.01
10.28
12.78
14.48
11.64
12.01
14.0
10.03
13.7
12.08
10.12
11.84
12.17
11.42
15.46
19.74
10.59
Grand Total— 996

— 52

—53—

i I

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growing plant and given back to you in larger, better fruits and
vegetables— fruits and vegetables rich in minerals.

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PENNSYLVANIA
VEGETABLE GROWERS' NEWS

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY-MARCH. MAY. JULY AND DECEMBER

Ten-Ton Tomato Club Report. Annually.
Market Growers Journal. Monthly. Contributed.

Vol. XIV

State College, Pa., May, 1944

No. 2

the

A Publication of The Pennsylvania Vegetable Growers' A«ociation
A Pub icaiion .^ ^^^ subscription to th

Annual dues ^-^Jl^'J^^^^'^iZ^ie Growers' News.

' .Louis Orient, Bridgeville

President jj jj Hostetter, Sinking Spring

VXrt^^. ■ '■ ■ JesseW. Huffington: 625 Holmes St., State College

CONTENTS

Page

A Personal Message from Our P'j-iJ^";- " ' / ; ; ; ; ; ; \ \ \ WW... 4

Farm Show Meetings, January 9, 10, U, !»« 4

1944 Support Prices for Spinach for Cannmg • • • • ^

Another Thompson Arrives. ■ ■■■- ■ •. ' 6

Wilkes-Barre Growers Organize and Join us ^

Statement of Ownership and Management ' •.;;;;;;;■.■. 8

Committees, 1944 ■ 12

Tomato Plants for Larger Yields - 15

Cutworms and Their Control on Tomatoes • • ^3

The Insect Pest Invasion in 1944. .^^^ 20

Fertilizer Placement, New York, 1943 •■•••• 3^

Beets and Carrots • • ■ ■ ■■ ■ ■■■■ 32

Sweet Corn, Large Yields of High Quality 3^

Say "Vegetable Crops," Not "Truck Crops .^^^_ 3^

Exemption of Key Agricultural Workers Urged ^^

Beans for Canning and Quick Freezing ^^

Fertilizer Placement Affects Beans 43

Prepare for Speedy Pea Harvest . --■■ " ' 45

N E Vegetable and Potato Council Meeting ^,

Planning Post- War Vegetable Markets ;;;■;.■.■.■.■.■■. 52

How to Manage in 1944 -^ .i^MjWr ^^

Fruit and Vegetable Program and the War ^^

Vegetable Research at E. Reg. Res. Lab. . . • -^ -^ gg

Co-operative Fruit and Vegetable Association • •

—3—

\i^

IRREGULAR PAGINATION

tmm

•I

• ;

A Personal Message From Our President

Adverse weather in April has again slowed up production of vege-
tables in Pennsylvania. Dark rainy weather has left the ground wet
and soggy. The slow growth of cover crops has presented a problem
in soil fertility that has to be ironed out.

Now is the proper time to plow for the main plantmg of vegetables
in order that the soil may be disced at intervals to kill weed growth
and insure a good seed bed. On the other hand two more weeks
growth of cover crop will add to the organic matter content of the
soil and help toward large crops. .

These problems, as they come up, must be dealt with m order that
we may produce the maximum amount of food that is needed to
feed our armed forces and those of our allies.— Louis Orient.

Farm Show Meetings January 9, 10, 11, 1945

Dates set for the 1945 Pennsylvania Farm Show Week are Tuesday,
Wednesday and Thursday, January 9, 10 and 11. There will be no
exhibits or contests in the Farm Show Building in Harnsburg. but
the plan is to devote the entire program to meetings of state-wide
organizations for the discussion of current problems of production,
management and distribution of food.

The dates set come at a time when the General Assembly usually
takes a week in recess following its organization.

1944 Support Prices for Spinach for Canning

The W.F.A., on May 3, announced the following prices for spinach

for c3.nn.ins*

Northern Pennsylvania $34 per ton cut above the crown

The rest of Pennsylvania . .

$ 70 per ton cut helow the crown

$100 per ton cut above the crown and trimmed

Another Thompson Arrives

The arrival of Carol Ruth Thompson, weighing 9 pounds and 3
ounces, on April 10, 1944, was announced by her parents. Hazel and
Alvan C. Thompson, MorrisviUe, Pa. The mother and baby (and
the papa) , we are glad to report, are doing fine. ^ , t, xu

We naturally are looking forward to the day when Carol Ruth
will be able to assist our capable membership committee chairman
in carrying on his splendid work. Congratulations, Tommy.

A frank statement

about the

Yellow CupROCide

situation

Thu .o»i„, «.». *. ".•» »f r^:^:£z ™" "i's

and damping-off. „«^^„« nxide will probably be

ment for Yellow Cuprocide a ^^.-ngive field testing. We hope

This new material -««-»fX?hisnrwfungrcide to growers, in the

that eventually we may be ""^ '« °«*'£Sy as^ther developments of

knowledge that it will serve them as eBectiveiy

Rohm & Haas agricultural research.

Until these tests are completed ^^gSft-^ , ,^j. ,. r^„ & H«..

— or until Yellow Cuprocide . \..MiauigBB^ con.po»r "'""" ""^'""^
is back on the market _ growers ^^^^ '^^^'^^^^

will temporarily have lO Secik VB^^^K^ CharlesUnnig& Company.

other fungicides from their \^

suppliers.

CUPROCIDE is a trade mark, «•«• U. S. Pat. Off.

ROHM& HAAS COMPANY

,„i.s///ny;70V sQiiiiiu rnnWEirnii .7, n.

Manufacturers of Ctr.m.cals incMi.e S,n,h.,ic^ l-,s.c.icide_s_. ^^^^^^^ ^^S^

:ir I

WILKES-BARRE GROWERS ORGANIZE AND JOIN US

Twenty-eight members joined the newly-organized Wilkes-Barre
Vegetable Growers' Association at a meeting on April 10, 1944. The
officers are F. H. Garrahan, Kingston, President; William Barney,
Kingston, Vice-President; and Oliver Williams, Nanticoke, Secretary-
Treasurer.

The first meeting was taken up with a discussion of O.P.A. ceiling
prices on tomatoes, improvement of local market conditions, and
local cultural and market practices.

Dues are $2.00 per year, one dollar of which goes to this Associa-
tion for affiliation. Our directors believe that this is a move in the
right direction and hope that more local associations and organiza-
tions will do likewise.

The president and vice-president represented the group at the
recent meetings of the Co-operative Fruit and Vegetable Association
and the North East Vegetable and Potato Council, April 21 and 22.

Growers Like The News

"One point I had wished to mention was to congratulate you upon
the outstanding job being done with the Vegetable Growers' News
in presenting the answers to so many important problems confront-
ing the grower."

STATEMENT OF THE OWNERSHIP, MANAGEMENT, CIRCULATION, ETC.. REQUIRED
BY THE ACTS OF CONGRESS OF AUGUST 24, 1912, AND MARCH 3, 1933

Of Pennsylvania Vegetable Growers' News published Quarterly at State College, Pa., for
September 20, 1943.
State of Pennsylvania I
County of Centre i^^-

Before me, a Notary in and for the State and county aforesaid, personally appeared
Jesse M. Huffington, who, having been duly sworn according to law, deposes and says that
he is the Editor of the Pennsylvania Vegetable Growers' News and that the following is, to
the best of his knowledge and belief, a true statement of the ownership, management, etc.,
of the aforesaid publication for the date shown in the above caption, required by the Act of
August 24, 1912, as amended by the Act of March 3, 1933, embodied in section 537, Postal
Laws and Regulations, to wit:

1. That the names and addresses of the publisher, editor, managing editor, and business
manager are: Publisher — The Pennsylvania Vegetable Growers' Association, State College,
Pa.; Editor— Jesse M. Huffington, State College, Pa.; Managing Editor— Jesse M. Huffing-
ton, State College, Pa.; Business Manager — Jesse M. Huffington, State College. Pa.

2. That the owner is: The Pennsylvania Vegetable Growers' Association, State College,
Pa.; Louis Orient, Bridgeville, Pa., President; N. H. Hostetter, Sinking Spring, Pa., Vice-
President; Jesse M. Huffington, State College, Pa., Secretary.

3. That the known bondholders, mortgagees, and other security holders owning or hold-
ing 1 per cent or more of total amount of bonds, mortgages, or other securities are: None.

4. That the two paragraphs next above, giving the names of the owners, stockholders,
and security holders, if any, contain not only the list of stockholders and security holders
as they appear upon the books of the company but also, in cases where the stockholder or
security holder appears upon the books of the company as trustee or in any other fiduciary
relation, the name of the person or corporation for whom such trustee is acting, is given;
also that the said two paragraphs contain statements embracing affiant's full knowledge
and belief as to the circumstances and conditions under which stockholders and security
holders who do not appear upon the books of the company as trustees, hold stock and
securities in a capacity other than that of a bona fide owner; and this affiant has no reason
to believe that any other person, association, or corporation has any interest direct or
indirect in the said stock, bonds, or other securities than as so stated by him.

JESSE M. HUFFINGTON

Sworn to and subscribed before me this 1st day of May, 1944, Preston A. Frost, State
College, Pa. (SEAL) My commission expires March 15, 1947.

—6—

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Eliminates second growth
Aids in harvesting crop

Dowspray 66 is a vine killer espe-
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are showing keen interest in ma-
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times when vine-killing has definite
advantages. Luxurious growth fa-
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crop is made prevents further de-
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lessens chances of infecting tubers.

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Potato and Vegetable Growers

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Recommended for use on cherries for
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CALCIUM ARSENATE— a Dow chem-
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DOW PARIS GREEN — Favorite ma-
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'Ml

The Pennsylvania Vegetable Growers' Assoc,

COMMITTEES 1

1944

Exhibit

Norwood A. Alburger, Jackson Rd., Ivyland, Pa.

Harold E. Wenker, Bustleton, Pa.

Steven Wohleber, 3064 Mt. Troy Road, N.S., Pittsburgh, Pa.

Farm Show

Emerson W. Kane, Washington Boro., Pa.

J. C. Long, 340 East Liberty St., Lancaster, Pa.

A. H. Mende, Bristol, Pa.

Legislative

Ray W. Wenker, Bustleton, Pa.

Joseph P. McKenna, Starkey Farms Co., Morrisville, Pa.

C. H. Haudenshield, 111 Noblestown Rd., Crafton, Pa.

Marketing

Rowland R. Comly, Bustleton, Pa.

K. S. Philp, Ridgefield Ave., Pittsburgh 16, Pa.

R. B. Donaldson, State College, Pa. (Advisory)

Membership

Alvan C. Thompson, Morrisville, R. 1, Pa.

William Barney, 140 Main Street, Kingston, Pa.

R. Bruce Dunlap, 3125 Chestnut St., Camp Hill, Pa.

Carl D. Huber, Lititz, R. 1, Pa.

Charles H. Humphreys, Torresdale, Philadelphia, Pa.

Emerson Kane, Washington Boro., Pa.

M. S. Ladd, Waverly, Pa.

W. E. Peeling, Williamsport, R. 1, Pa.

K. S. Philp, Ridgefield Ave., Pittsburgh 16, Pa.

L. J. Wagner, North East, R. 5, Pa.

Northeastern Vegetable and Potato Council

Ray W. Wenker, Bustleton, Pa.
William Barney, 140 Main Street, Kingston, Pa.
F. H. Garrahan, 100 S. Thomas Ave., Kingston, Pa.
R. B. Donaldson, State College, Pa. (Advisory)

Pennsylvania Council of Farm Organizations

Harry H. Snavely, Willow Street, R. 1, Pa.
Noah Hershey, Parkesburg, Pa.
J. J. Styer, Concordville, Pa.

Program

H. H. Hostetter, Sinking Spring, Pa.

L. J. Bender, Allentown, R. 4, Pa.

Walter Bock, Crafton, R. 5, Pa.

F. C. Brehm, Dilltown, Pa.

Frank K. Chestnut, Morrisville, R. 1, Pa.

Oliver P. Dudley, Torresdale, Pa.

* The first-named member of each committee and advisory committee is the chairman.

J. Homer Graybill, Manheim, R. 1, Pa.
Harold J. Kellett, Bristol, R. 1, Pa.

D. C. Paschke, North East, Pa.

J. B. Reynolds, West Chester, Pa.

R. B. Stutzman, Cramer, Pa.

G. G. Weinschenk, 419 Edgewood Ave., New Castle, Pa.

A. W. Wiggins, Clarks Summit, R. 2, Pa.

William H. Yerkes, Jr., Buckingham, Pa.

Advisory Members:

Canning, Quick Freezing and Dehydrating

Luther K. Bowman, Newville, Pa.
W. A. Free, Hungerford, Pa.
Clarence B. Gray, Bloomsburg, Pa.

E. W. Montell, Riverton, N. J.
Robert Pollock, Chambersburg, Pa.

C. L. Snavely, Penn & Liberty Sts., Lancaster, Pa .
James R. Stuart, Somerset, Pa.

Lime and Fertilizer

Kenneth Hankinson, Pennington, N. J.

Seedsm^en

W. Ray Hastings, Box 675, Harrisburg, Pa.
Ove D. Shifriss, Doylestown, Pa.

Agricultural Extension Associations

Henry R. Eby, 2 Court House, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Charles K. Hallowell, 303 Drexel Bldg., Philadelphia, Pa.

J. D. Hutchison, Court House Annex, Wilkes-Barre, Pa.

State Department of Agriculture

R. Bruce Dunlap, 3125 Chestnut St., Camp Hill, Pa.

Publications

Gilbert S. Watts, Bellwood, Pa.
Karl C. King, Morrisville, Pa.

Advisory Members:

J. O. Pepper, State College, Pa.
W. R. Whitacre, State College, Pa.
R. B. Donaldson, State College, Pa.

Research

E. J. Fleming, Andalusia, Pa.
Amos Funk, Millersville, Pa.
Harry Hopkins, Clarks Summit, Pa.
D. C. Paschke, North East, Pa.

Advisory Members:

W. B. Nissley, State College, Pa.
W. B. Mack, State College, Pa.

Ten-Ton Tomato Club

H. W. Huffnagle, Quarryville, Pa.

J. A. Benedict, Waynesboro, R. 2, Pa.

B. Snavely Garber, Willow Street, Pa.

Herman G. Heuscher, Ivyland, Pa.

Parker Lerew, York Springs, Pa.

R. C. Smozinsky, Lewisburg, Pa.

Myron Whitenight, 816 Market St., Bloomsburg, Pa.

-9—

]< <

Advisory Members (Processors, who participated in 1943):

Luther K. Bowman, The Juniata Cannery, Newville, Pa.

John Burgoon, The B. F. Shriver Co., Littlestown, Pa.

J. I. Burgoon, Burgoon & Yingling, Gettysburg, Pa.

L. D. Fero, H. J. Heinz Co., Chambersburg, Pa.

Walter R. Cameron, Gibbs Canning Co., Lancaster, R. 1, Pa.

William A. Free, Hungerford Canning Co., Hungerford, Pa.

Earl Gratzer, Standard Brands, Inc., The Loudon Division, Lititz, Pa.

H. F. Houser, The C. H. Musselman Co., Biglerville, Pa.

L. M. Hutchison, Shirley-Ayr Cannery, Mt. Union, Pa.

J. R. Keiser, Chef Boy-Ar-Dee Quality Foods, Inc., Milton, Pa.

Walter R. Knippel, Keystone Canning Co., Mt Holly Springs, Pa.

Charles O. Koller, Charles G. Summers, Jr., Inc., New Freedom, Pa.

R. Morgenstern, Welch Grape Juice Co., North East, Pa.

E. W. Montell, Campbell Soup Co., Camden, N. J.

A. E. Ennis, Penn's Manor Canning Co., Bristol, Pa.

Robert Kistler, G.L.F. Cooperative Farm Products, Bloomsburg, Pa.

Edw. F. Spiegel, Keystone Grape Cooperative Association, North East, Pa.

C. Glenn Taylor, Adams Apple Corporation, Aspers, Pa.

J. Keene Saulsbury, Mifflin County Packing Co., Reedsville, Pa.

Alan R. Warehime, Hanover Canning Co., Hanover, Pa.

J. B. Winebrenner, D. E. Winebrenner Co., Hanover, Pa.

Vegetable Growers' Association of America

Ray W. Wenker, Bustleton, Pa. (Advisory) .

^-^ FOR WOOD
PREVENTS ROT

For celery boards, cold
frames, mushroom beds,
flats and benches — wher-
ever rot or insect borers
cause decay — treat the
wood with Cuprinol. Ap-
plied by brush, spray or dipping.
Cuprinol treated wood is harmless
to vegetation. Thoroughly tested by
leading agricultural colleges. Send
today for information.

Cuprinol, Inc., 33 Spring Lane. Boston 9, Mass.

—10—

♦ l>

The Choice of Camiers and Growers

VHPF

Soluble Fertilizer with Soluble Hormones

for

TOMATOES - TOBACCO - EGGPLANT - PEPPERS - CABBAGE

and other transplanted and seed sown crops.

VHPF is not an ordinary starter fertilizer.

It is the result of extensive research work.

It leaves practically no sediment in the tank or bucket.

Speeds root growth — especially in cold soils.

Starts plants quickly — increases their vigor.

Does not burn.

Only a small quantity VHPF is required.

2 to 3 pounds for each 100 gallons water.

Can be applied with a transplanter, or with a sprayer,

or a bucket.

o—

Maryland Experiment Station says "VHPF significantly outyielded
other starter solutions used."

Delaware Experiment Station says "the tomato plants receiving
VHPF held more green fruit at the end of the season."
INCLUDE VHPF IN YOUR GROWING PROGRAM

It will pay you well

Secure your supply from your local dealer
or write us at once

MILLER CHEMICAL a FEBTILIZER CORP.

1000 S. Caroline Street
BALTIMORE - 31 - MARYLAND

Tomato Plants for Larger Yields

Jesse M. Huffington and R. S. Kirby
Increased yields of tomatoes with greater net profits per acre may
be obtained by the use of superior plants and careful attention to the
details of handling and setting them.

The best shipping and storage temperature for the prevention of
disease and the condition of plants is 55 to 65 degrees F., and never
above 70 degrees F. A combination of ventilation and refrigeration
in standard refrigerator cars will maintain the proper temperatures
during transit.

Speed in delivery and setting plants is essential. The shorter the
time between pulling and transplanting generally results in corres-
pondingly better plants.

Suggestions for Handling Plants

1. Protect plants from direct sun and drying winds as much as
possible at all times.

2. Prevent mosaic by always washing the hands with soap after
chewing or smoking or working around infected crops or weeds and
before handling tomato plants.

3. Transplant the plants at once, after arriving home, if at all pos-
sible.

The optimum temperature for the spread of destructive tomato
diseases is 70 to 80 degrees F. Where plants are stored at a tempera-
ture of 55 to 60 degrees F. the spread of disease will be checked.

4. Remove at least one-fourth (one-half would be better) of the
bundles from each crate or basket to allow air circulation through
the individual container.

5. If the roots become dry they may he dipped for a few minutes
in cold water. It should be deep enough to wet only the roots, so that
the stems and leaves are kept dry to prevent spread of disease. The
paper wrapping should be punctured to allow water to penetrate to
the roots. In damp, rainy weather good air circulation will be needed;
while in dry, windy weather the roots may need to be dipped in water.

6. Field planting in the afternoon is preferred if the sun is very hot.
In any case, the plants should he set deeply (4 inches for an 8-inch
plant) , watered in a dry season, and have the soil firmed about the
roots without injuring the stem.

7. Plant starter solution containing fertilizer may he used to good
advantage to moisten the roots before planting, and its use is highly
beneficial in watering plants when transplanting, particularly when
fertilizer is not applied along the row.

. —12—

<*!

* ^

Commercially prepared, quickly soluble, plant starter mixtures
should be used as directed.

8. The highest yielding tomato crops in Pennsylvania have been
spaced to allow 14 to 16 square feet per plant, 4 x 4, 3i x 4, or 3 x 5
feet apart. Many large yielding crops have had 16 to 18 square feet
per plant.

9. To give the plants a good start the soil should be in a good physi-
cal condition, with a large amount of organic matter, plowed early
and deeply with thorough preparation.

The broadcast application may be applied shortly after discing in
order to drill it in bands about 4 inches deep where it will be in the
root-zone of the plants and below the level of cultivation. If more
convenient, the broadcast application may be plowed down in the
bottom of the furrow but it is particularly important, if this method
is used, that an additional application of fertilizer be applied along
the row. In any case an application of about 250 pounds of fertilizer,
such as 3-12-6 or 4-16-4, be applied along the row 2 to 3 inches from
the plant and 3 inches deep in addition to a broadcast application
of about 750 pounds per acre.

10. Early replanting, and close careful cultivation will insure a
good stand and prevent competition from weeds.

♦ Abstract, Leaflet 108, The Pennsylvania State College Agricultural Extension Service.

ALLOW ENOUGH SPACE BETWEEN PLANTS

Ten -ton Tomato Crops are produced mostly from plants spaced 4 x 4, 3 x 5
or 3i X 4 feet apart, while some growers spaced plants 4x5 and 3i x 5 feet
apart. Plant starter produced better growth in left center row.

—13—

BLACK LEAF PRODUCTS

HELP ?Toi^ THE NATION'S Fooc( Supply

'J.

:'^j»-

• BLACK LEAF 40 fills a special wartime need as a supplement and in partial re-
placement of imported insecticides which are restricted in supply. • • Used in
foliage sprays on vegetables and small fruits to control aphids, thrips« leafhopper and
other sucking insects. • As a dust, mixed with lime or other carrier, for the control
of the same types of insects. • Combined with other standard insecticides and fungi-
cides, and applied as a spray or a dust for a more complete control of plant enemies.

• • • By controlling aphids. Black Leaf 40 helps prevent the transmission of dis-
eases such as black rot of cabbage, and mosaic of cucumbers, cabbage, cauliflower,
mustard and beans.

NICO-FUME PRESSURE FUMIGATOR

Hand-Directed Fumigation with the Nico-Fume Pressure Fumigator is an excellent
time saving plan to control aphis and thrips on vegetable plants being grown in green-
houses under sash, in hot beds and cold frames.
Insure an ample supply of vegetable plants for your crops and your Victory Garden

Customers.

Known for many years
as a destroyer of cer-
tain types of insects
BLACK LEAF 40 has
contributed to the food
supply of the nation in
war as well as in peace.
Again during the days
of this conflict BLACK
LEAF 40 carries on.

• Write for
Further Information

TOBACCO BY-PRODUCTS & CHEMICAL CORPORATION,
WCORPORATED • LOUISVILLE 2, KENTUCKY

LOOK FOR THE LEAF ON THE PACKAGE

Cutworms and Their Control on Large

Tomato Plantings

J. O. Pepper
There are a great many species of cutworms that occur in Penn-
sylvania, and they vary greatly in numbers from year to year. The
numbers also vary greatly in different fields or sections of the state.
They are usually most abundant in weedy or sod fields plowed down
and planted to tomatoes. If not controlled they can be very destruc-
tive to newly-set tomato plants.

The best and most practical control is the use of poison bran bait.

Forvdula
Bran ' lOO pounds

Paris Green or Sodium Fluoride or

Sodium Fluosilicate 4 pounds

Cheap Molasses 2 gallons

Water about 15 gallons

Mixing the Bait

1. Mix the dry poison and the dry bran thoroughly. It is important
to have each particle of bran carry some poison. For mixing use a
flat surface tool, such as a shovel or hoe, in somewhat the same man-
ner as mixing concrete or plaster. Stir the bran and at the same time
add the poison slowly so that the poison will be completely dis-
tributed through the bran. A careful job will repay the time and
effort in the greater effectiveness of the bait.

2. Dilute the molasses with about 10 gallons of the water.

3. Add the liquid mixture to the bran-poison mixture slowly,
stirring the bran continuously. After the batch is thoroughly mixed
add the remainder of the water or as much as may be needed to make
a flaky, crumbly mass. If this amount of water does not make the
mass sufficiently moist an additional amount of water should be
added. It should be borne in mind that not all bran will take up the
same amount of water. This is the reason why an exact amount of
water required is not stated.

Time to Apply Cutworm Bait
Cutworms being active at night feed on the bait at that time. The
best time to broadcast the bait is in the evening after the heat of
the sun is past. Since the bait is attractive only while in a moist con-
dition it should not be given time to dry before the cutworms start
feeding. The ground should have been plowed and the bait should
be used two or three days before plants are set in the field.

—15—

Method and Amount to Use
The best method of applying the bait is to broadcast by hand. The
growers who have used the poison bran bait for several years have
found that it requires about 20 pounds of the mixed bait to cover an

acre of ground.

Care of Poison Bait

The bait is poisonous to man and animals. If it is necessary to
store it for a few hours before using, place the poison bait where
children, irresponsible persons and animals cannot get hold of it.
When properly made and thinly distributed over fields the poison
bait will not be harmful to animals or birds that may happen to be
in these fields.

LET
FEENY DUSTERS

FIGHT
for VICTORY

on Your Farm or in Your Garden

because
Feeny Dusters are the Best Dusters Made

Take care of your duster until wartime restrictions
are lifted and you can get a new Feeny.

The Feeny Manufacturing Co.

MUNCIE, INDIANA

—16—

•;

4
«

•IV

.1^

-7

There's Nothing Better!

NICOTINE SULFATE

ANOTHER "Stand-out" in the Orchard* Brand family . . .
Leaders in orchard performance:

"Astringent" Arsenate of Lead — with the "extra wallop."

Standard Arsenate of Lead — Foremost among commercial
growers.

Apple Drltomic* Sulfur— Fortified . . . especially for apple
scab.

Peach Dritomic* Sulfur— The peach grower's **01d
Reliable."

Spraycop* — Neutral copper with high residual value.

Filmf ast* — Spreader-sticker for maximum spray efficiency.

Stafast* — Controls pre-harvest drop.

GENERAL CHEMICAL COMPANY

40 Rector Street New York 6, N. Y.

12 South 12th Street Philadelphia 7, Pa.

Technical Service Offices in Principal Cities

♦ Reg. U. S. Pat. Off.

The Insect Pest Invasion in 1944

"Adequate, timely planning and the proper execution of available
practical control measures," says J. S. Houser in the opening article
of Bimonthly Bulletin, March-April, 1944, Ohio Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, "will do much to avoid this (insect) waste which, if
unchecked, will certainly amount to several million dollars."

It is suggested that this may be a white grub year and that damage
is expected on land that is in sod at the present time. Also, more
damage to beans is anticipated from the Mexican bean beetle than
occurred last season and growers are warned to be prepared to act
promptly as soon as the beetles appear.

Is Your Sprayer or Duster in Working Order?

"There will be some shortages in spraying and dusting equipment,"
states Mr. Houser, "and replacement may not be possible in all cases;
therefore it is essential that the best care be given the machines on
hand. If a duster is being used and the hopper is partly full after the
job is finished, the remaining dust should be removed to a container
which can be closed tightly. In most instances, if there is a remnant
of liquid spray, it should be discarded because many liquid sprays
are likely to deteriorate upon standing after they are diluted for use.

Buy Insecticides Early

"Present indications are that reasonable supplies of the more im-
portant insecticides will be available for the 1944 season, with the
exception of those materials of which pyrethrum and rotenone are
the principal components. Some rotenone can be had for civilian use,
but pjrrethrum will indeed be scarce."

Timeliness and Thoroughness of Application

"If taken in time, outbreaks of many insects may be controlled with
comparatively little effort and the damage may be almost wholly
prevented. If neglected, even for a few days, the consequences may
be serious."

Extension entomologists of The Pennsylvania State College, work-
ing through local County Agricultural Agents, suggest timely ways
and means to control insect pests in Pennsylvania. If you are unable
to identify the insect attacking your vegetable crop, submit to your
County Agent a good, well-packed sample, telling the kind of damage
done and the crop attacked.

YJater is plentiful now but is likely to be very scarce later, when
crops are maturing. If water is available for irrigation, it is advisable
to consider its installation for improved quality and larger yields.

—18—

DUSTING WITH CRYOLITE TO CONTROL FLEA BEETLE

Cryolite dust, or a 20-80 calcium arsenate and talc dust, may be
applied in the field at the rate of about 40 pounds per acre after
transplanting tomatoes if Ilea beetle injury is serious. Plants
shipped from the south may be dusted with this material, but
should never be dipped or dampened before planting. Home-
grown tomato, and similar plants, may be sprayed about two days
before they are pulled for transplanting with a 4-2-50 bordeaux
mixture to which 2 pounds of calcium arsenate is added.

—19-

Results of Fertilizer Placement Experiments

1943, New York

The results of fertilizer placement tests on tomatoes, sweet corn
and cabbage in 1943 was reported by C. B. Sayre, New York Experi-
ment Station, Geneva, in a special mimeographed publication, "1944
Canning Crops Will Feed Our Boys All Over the World."

Of six placements compared on three widely differing soil types,
according to Doctor Sayre, three treatments were consistent on each
soil type and the remaining placements varied in their effects on
different soils but did not give significant differences in yield between
these three placements. One soil type was a slightly alkaline, rather
heavy loam, classified as Ontario loam, pH 7.2; the second a medium
acid, moderately light loam, classified as Palmyra stony loam, pH 6.0;
and the third a very acid, very heavy clay, classified as Fulton silty
clay, pH 4.8.

"One might expect different fertilizer responses," reports Dr. Sayre,
"under such widely different conditions of soil texture and soil acidi-
ty because the root development would be different (deeper and more
extensive on the lighter soil, shallower on the clay) , and the availa-
bility of the fertilizers would be different (more rapid fixation of the
phosphorus in unavailable form in the very acid, heavy soil, and
possibly more rapid loss of nitrogen and potash due to leaching on
the lighter soil) . The yields were lower than usual in all of these
tomato and corn experiments in 1943, probably because extremely
wet weather kept the soil too wet for planting until five weeks later
than normal.

"The outstanding feature of these experiments is that on all three
soils the same placement of fertilizer produced the largest yields.
This was the placement in which part of the fertilizer (one-half to
two-thirds) was applied in the bottom of the furrow and the re-
mainder of the fertilizer applied in bands close to the row with an
attachment to the transplanting machine. This combination place-
ment (first treatment. Tables 1, 2 and 3) was the most effective on
all three soil types and has been an outstanding placement in previ-
ous years.

"Another notable feature of these experiments is that an applica-
tion of a moderate amount of fertilizer in bands close to the row is
just as effective as two or three times as much fertilizer applied in
any other manner, except the combination placement described
above. ... In several years' tests the most effective way to obtain
large early yields and the largest total yield has been to apply a

liberal (600 to 800 pounds) amount of fertilizer either plowed down
or drilled deeply and a moderate amount (200 to 400 pounds) in
bands close to the row when the tomatoes are transplanted."

The very acid clay soil at Irving, having a very high capacity for
"fixing" phosphorus in a form unavailable to the crop, showed a
definite advantage from applying the fertilizer in a band on the
plow sole (Treatments B and F, Table 3) as compared to broadcast-
ing and plowing under. "Broadcasting and plowing under the fer-
tilizer would expose the phosphorus thus applied to a greater mass
action of the soil, whereas applying the fertilizer in a band on the
plow sole would reduce the fertilizer surface exposed and lessen this
unfavorable reaction." The other soils, not having such a high phos-
phorus fixing capacity, did not show any advantage from applying
the fertilizer in a band on the plow sole.

Fertilizer placements on sweet corn did not show significant dif-
ferences in yield, because of unseasonable planting and poor growth.

Fertilizer Placements for Kraut Cabbage

The results of two fertilizer experiments on kraut cabbage are
given in tables 5 and 6. The most effective treatment, where the fer-
tilizer was applied in the spring on fall-plowed land (table 6) , was
the combination in which two-thirds of the fertilizer was drilled
deeply and one-third, or 200 pounds, applied in bands to the side of
the row.

Side Dressings on Cabbage Not Effective

"Applying part of the complete fertilizer as a side dressing," re-
ports Doctor Sayre, " (D) was not as effective as applying the entire
amount before planting. Considerable root pruning of the plants
occurs when applying a side dressing deeply. This may account for
the poor results from this treatment. Although side dressings of
nitrogen fertilizers may be applied effectively on the surface of the
soil, phosphorus and potash fertilizers must be placed in the root
zone to be effective."

In the other comparison (Table 5) in which fertilizer was plowed
under for cabbage, the largest yield was obtained where the fertilizer
was applied with an attachment to the plow that deposited the fer-
tilizer in a band on the plow sole 8 inches deep. However, this was
not a profitable gain over the yield produced from one-half as much
fertilizer applied in bands with an attachment to the transplanting
machine. Band application of a moderate amount of fertilizer is very
effective in increasing yields of cabbage.

—20—

—21-

■:»:-x->x-:-x-:«v-!.!-!-x-!-!.v.!<

•.•^-•-".•.•-•-«

•>:•:•>:•>

W-'
■^ I

1 1

^^^^

•:•:•:•:•:•:•:•

Vl«rd

GRANULAR 'AERO' CYANAMID HAS BEEN
CALLED ''AGRICULTURE'S MOST USEFUL
FORM OF NITROGEN/'

High nitrogen content, plus 70% of lime, is a
most desirable combination where soil im-
provement and profitable crops go hand in
hand.

Furthermore, its granular form makes applica-
tion easy as well as economical. Runs freely,
distributes evenly, does not cake.

'Aero' Cyanamid, used year after year, im-
proves the soil. Just nitrogen and lime.

AMERICAN CYANAMID COMPANY

FERTILIZER DIVISION

TABLE 1

Effect of Placement of 5-20-5 Fertilizer on the Early and

Total Yields of Tomatoes. Geneva, N. Y., 1943

Ontario loam soil pH 7.2

Code

Fertilizer Placement

Average Yields 3 Replicates
1/32'acre plots
Tons per Acre

Early Gain Total Gain

F.
B.
E.
C.
A.
G.

400 lbs. in bottom of furrow* -f 200 lbs.

in bands 2i" side, 4" deep**
600 lbs. in bands 24" to side, 4 deep**
600 lbs. broadcast and plowed under
200 lbs. in bands 2i" to side, 4" deep**
600 lbs. drilled deep and not disturbed
600 lbs. in bottom of furrow*, 8" deep
No fertilizer (check)

3.25
2.36
2.70
3.18
2.79
2.35
2.53

.72
-.17
.17
.65
.26
-.18

10.14
8.98
8.62
8.39
8.37
7.33
5.77

Least significant difference Odds 19 to 1
Least significant difference Odds 99 to 1

.46
.64

4.37
3.21
2.85
2.62
2.60
1.56

.80
1.12

♦ Applied with attachment to plow that deposited fertilizer in band on plow sole 8 deep.
♦• Applied with attachment to transplanting machme.

In early yields D and E are significantly better than A. B. F. and G. D is also better

than C. ^ -rt ^ /-.

■^ There is no significant difference in early yield between A. B, C. F and ^•

Tv, fr^fni viPirt*: all treatments are significantly better than G. D is significantly better

'^hanan^o'lhe^ treats B a and / are all significantly better than A or G.

There is no significant difference between B, C, E, and F.

Rye cover crop plowed under May 24. Tomatoes transplanted June 11.

Cooperative experiment with the Bureau of Plant Industry. Soils and Agricultural Engi-
neering. U.S.D.A.. Washington. D. C.

Two Things to Remember

Only advertisers of good repute continue with us.

This is a publication of and for Pennsylvania vegetable growers
and we need your suggestions and ideas.

30 ROCKEFELLER PLAZA

NEW YORK 20, N. Y.

Three things to remember :

The vahie of time - the pleasure of working -

the obligation of duty.

ALBERT C. ROEMHILD

COMMISSION MERCHANT

Wholesale Fruits and Vegetables

Phone, Lombard 1000 122 Dock Street, Philadelphia, Pa,

—23—

I t

WHAT?
GROW Minerals?

Yes, indeed! The use of ES-MIN-EL puts into the soil the min-
erals you need in your body! These minerals are absorbed by the
growing plant and given back to you in larger, better fruits and
vegetables— fruits and vegetables rich in minerals.

Mineralize your soil with:

ES-MIN-EL

Essential MINeral ELements

Now available for Victory gardeners in convenient 5 lb. packages;
and in 100 lb. packages for large scale production of fruits and
vegetables.

WRITE TODAY FOR FREE BOOKLET
ABOUT ES-MIN-EL

The Mark of Quality

i f.

TCNNCSSCf CORPORATION

TEnnESSEE GORPORRTIOn

ATLANTA, GEORGIA

LOCKLAND, OHIO

TABLE 2

TTff^.t nt Planptnent of 3-12-6 Fertilizer on the Early and Total Yields of
Effect °fTPJ^^™|,°i*4ra stony loam pH 6.0, Marion, N. Y.. 1943

Average Yields 4 Replicates
1/48-acre plots
Tons per acre

Code

Fertilizer Placement

Early Gain Total Gain

K 600 lbs. in bottom of furrow* -f 600 lbs.

in bands 2h" side, 4" deep* *

A 1200 lbs. broadcast and plowed under

L 1200 lbs. in bottom of furrow* 8" deep

I 1200 lbs. disced in after plowmg

j'. 600 lbs. in bands 2^" to side, 4" deep*

H. No fertilizer (check)

3.06
2.82
2.54
2.60
2.80
2.40

.66
.42
.14
.20
.40

14.85
13.87
12.77
12.66
12.39
9.26

5.59
4.61
3.51
3.40
3.13

Least significant difference Odds 19 to 1
Least significant difference Odds 99 to 1

2.34
3.15

Red clover 16" tall plowed under June 9. Extremely wet weather prevented
land earlier Tomatoes transplanted by machine June 10.
♦ Applied with attachment to plow that deposited fertilizer m band on plow sole

*• AoDlied with attachment to transplanting machine. *^v.+;h,^t.

In totll yields all treatments produced significant ncrease oyer no fertilizer
kT also significantly better than J. but there is no significant difference

Th^' differences in early yields were not significant i" f ^y .^^oniparison^
Coop. Expt. with the B. P. I.. S. & Ag. Eng.. U.S.D.A.. Washington. D. C.

working
8" deep.

between

AVOID CROP SABOTAGE

BY PLANTING

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PENNA CERTIFIED
TOMATO SEED

Leading Varieties

Only a limited
Quantity is Ayailable

VEGETABLE PLANTS

All Varieties

Wholesale & Retail

Specializing in
Carolina Grown Tomato Plants

THE HOUSE OF CLICK

SMOKETOWN. LANCASTER COUNTY. PENNA.

—25—

!•

Research and analytical chemists
working in fully equipped labora-
tories keep constant check to
assure you highest quality in
every bag.

It's The Yeai To Be ALERT!

The need for super yields has never been greater. High nutritive
value is equally important in the vegetables you grow. Your grow-
ing skill and modern equipment play an important part in your
results. AND SO DOES THE BRAND OF FERTILIZER YOU USE!

Choose N/el for your special crops. It supplies the needed elements
for the fine big crops you want to make this year. Backed by years
of painstaking research, N/eL has proved its superiority under prac-
tical farming conditions over a period of years.

See the Authorized Swift Agent and get his recommendations for
your particular land and crops. He'll be glad to serve you.

SWIFT & COMPANY

Works

910 Court Square Bldg.,
Lexington and Calvert St.,

BALTIMORE, MD.

259 W. 14th St.
NEW YORK, N. Y.

TABLE 3

Effect of Placement of 3-12-6 Fertilizer on the Yield of Tomatoes

Fulton Silty Clay, pH 4.8. Irving, New York, 1943

Code

D.
B.
A.
F.
H.

Fertilizer Placement

Average Yields, 4 Replicates

1/28-acre plots

Tons per Acre

Total Yield Gain over Check

400 lbs. in bottom of furrow* + 400 lbs.

in bands 2i" to side, 4" deep**
400 lbs. in bands 2i" to side, 4' deep**
800 lbs. in bottom of furrow*
800 lbs. disced in after plowing
800 lbs. broadcast and plowed under
No fertilizer

7.91
7.52
6.61
6.38
4.82
3.02

4.89
4.50
3.59
3.36
1.80

Least significant difference Odds 19 to 1
Least significant difference Odds 99 to 1

1.23
1.65

• Applied with attachment to plow that deposited fertilizer in band on plow sole 8 deep.
♦♦ Applied with attachment to transplanting machme.

Old sod plowed under June 10. Tomatoes transplanted June 22

All treatments produced significant mcrease over no fertilizer (H).

C is significantly better than B. A. F, or H.

D, B, and A are significantly better than F. or H.

?2oMvreVpe"rirn?wUrme"Bur^ Industry. Soils and Agricultural Engi-

neering, U.S.D.A., Wasliington, D. C.

This trade mark on a bag of seed is your
ASSURANCE OF QUALITY

In the past 12 years of the All-Axnerican Trials
3 Gold Medals, 8 Silver Medals, 8 Bronze Medals

have been awarded to

ASGROW SEEDS

ASSOCIATED SEED GBOWERS INC., MILFGBD, CONN.

—27-

I I I

TABLE 4

Effect of Plowing Under 4-10-5 Fertilizer for Kraut Cabbage
Dunkirk Silt Soil, pH 7.1. Geneva, New York, 1943

Code

Fertilizer Placement

Average Yield, 3 Replicates

1/14-acre plots

Tons per Acre

Total Yield Gain over Check

C. 1000 lbs. in bottom of furrow 8" deep*
E. 500 lbs. in bands 2i" to side, 4" deep**

D. 1000 lbs. broadcast and plowed under

A. 1000 lbs. drilled deep

B. 500 lbs. drilled deep (check)

19.48
18.95
18.44
17.87
17.09

2.39
1.86
1.35
0.78

* Applied with attachment to plow that deposited fertilizer in band on plow sole 8" deep.
♦* Applied with attachment to transplanting machine.

No significant difference in yields from different methods of applying fertilizer or rates

of application.
Cooperative exoeriment with the Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils anS Agricultural Engi-
neering, U.S.D.A., Washington, D. C.

TABLE 5

Effect of Placement of 5-20-5 Fertilizer on Yield of Kraut Cabbage
Dunkirk Silt Soil, pH 7.1. Geneva, New York, 1943

Code

Fertilizer Placejnent

Average Yield, 3 Replicates
1/40-acre plots
Tons per Acre

Total Yield Gain over Check

C. 400 lbs. drilled deep -f 200 lbs. in bands

2i" to side, 4" deep*

E. 600 lbs. in bands 2^" to side, 4" deep*

F. 200 lbs. in bands 2^" to side, 4" deep*

A. 600 lbs. drilled deep and not disturbed

B. 600 lbs. drilled and disced in

D. 300 lbs. in bands ^" to side, 4 " deep* +

300 lbs. side dressed

G. No fertilizer (check)

17.96
17.40
17.09
16.75
16.26
15.93

13.45

4.51
3.95
3.64
3.30
2.81
2.48

Least significant difference Odds 19 to 1
Least significant difference Odds 99 to 1

1.60
2.25

♦ Applied with attachment to transplanting machine.
Each fertilizer treatment is significantly better than no fertilizer.
C treatment is significantly better than B or D.
No significant difference between E, F. A, B, or D.

Cooperative experiment with the Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils and Agricultural Engi
neering, U.S.D.A., Washington, D. C.

Transplanting machines save time. Gilbert Watts made his own
last year, using the shoe and covering attachments from A. B. Farqu-
har corn planter and other wheels, second-hand drums and pipes for
the frame. Four rows are planted at a time. Two rows are planted
from one watering mechanism, set ior three feet apart. Each two-row
unit can be varied in spacQ. Fertilizer is not applied, but plant starter

is used.

•'?'*»*:>.»•

Ten-Ton Tomato Yields Require Well-Grown Plants
Handled Carefully and Without Delay.

-28-

Row and Broadcast Applications of Fertilizer (Right) vs. Broad-
cast Alone (Left).— The application of 200 to 400 pounds of ferti-
lizer alongside the row, but not in contact with the plant, pro-
motes good early growth; and the liberal (750-800 pounds) broad-
cast application applied deeply before or after plowing help to
maintain countinued growth and high quality after the turst
picking.

—29—

) t

TABLE 4

Effect of Plowing Under 4-10-5 Fertilizer for Kraut Cabbage
Dunkirk Silt Soil, pH 7.1. Geneva, New York, 1943

Code

Fertilizer Placement

C. 1000 lbs. in bottom of furrow 8" deep*
E. 500 lbs. in bands 2^" to side, 4" deep**

D. 1000 lbs. broadcast and plowed under

A. 1000 lbs. drilled deep

B. 500 lbs. drilled deep (check)

Average Yield,

3 Replicates

1/14-i

acre

plots

Tons

per

Acre

Total Yield

in over Check

19.48

2.39

18.95

1.86

18.44

1.35

17.87

0.78

17.09

* Applied with attachment to plow that deposited fertilizer in band on plow sole 8" deep.
** Applied with attachment to transplanting machine.

No significant difference in yields from different methods of applying fertilizer or rate?,

of application.
Cooperative exneriment with the Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils and Agricultural Engi-
neering, U.S.D.A., Washington, D. C.

TABLE 5

Effect of Placement of 5-20-5 Fertilizer on Yield of Kraut Cabbage
Dunkirk Silt Soil, pH 7.1. Geneva, New York, 1943

Code

Fertilizer Placement

Average Yield, 3 Replicates
1/40-acre plots
Tons per Acre

Total Yield Gain over Check

E.
F.
A.
B.
D.

400 lbs. drilled deep + 200 lbs. in bands

2^' to side, 4" deep*
600 lbs. in bands 2^' to side, 4" deep-
200 lbs. in bands 2^' to side, 4" deep*
600 lbs. drilled deep and not disturbed
600 lbs. drilled and disced in
300 lbs. in bands T' to side, 4 " deep* +

300 lbs. side dressed
No fertilizer (check)

Least significant difference Odds 19 to 1
Least significant difference Odds 99 to 1

17.96

4.51

17.40

3.95

17.09

3.64

16.75

3.30

16.26

2.81

15.93

2.48

13.45

1.60

2.25

* Applied with attachment to transplanting machine.
Each fertilizer treatment is significantly better than no fertilizer.
C treatment is significantly better than B or D.
No significant difiference between E. F. A, B. or D.

Cooperative experiment with the Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils and Agricultural Engi
neering, U.S.D.A., Washington, D. C.

Transplanting machines save time. Gilbert Watts made his own
last year, using the shoe and covering attachments from A. B. Farqu-
har corn planter and other wheels, second-hand drums and pipes for
the frame. Four rows are planted at a time. Two rows are planted
from one watering mechanism, set lor three feet apart. Each two-row
unit can be varied in space. Fertilizer is not applied, but plant starter
is used.

—28—

Ten-Ton Tomato Yields Require Well-Grown Plants
Handled Carefully and Without Delay.

—29—

INTENTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURE

1 1 1

Beets and Carrots

Jesse M. Huffington

Soil. — Fairly deep, moist, well-drained fertile loam soil containing
a liberal amount of well decayed organic matter.

Fertilization. — The lime requirement for beets and carrots is high
(pH6.5).

Stable manure should be applied well in advance of planting un-
less it is well-rotted at the time of application. Well-rotted manure
may be applied at the rate of 20 to 30 tons per acre before planting,
but fresh manure should be applied to the previous crop.

From 1500 to 2000 pounds of 5-10-10, 4-12-12; or, on more fertile
soils, 4-12-8 or similar fertilizer may be applied per acre. About two-
thirds or three-fourths may be plowed down and one-fourth to one-
third drilled deeply before planting or the entire amount drilled
deeply.

Planting and Cultivation. — May 1 to June 30 is the period of plant-
ing but, for fall maturity and winter storage, June 15-25 is the pre-
ferred time.

Twelve to 18 inches between rows are standard distances for wheel
hoe or small tractor cultivation, but 24 to 30 inches is the spacing
when horses or tractor are used. Five to 10 pounds of beet and 2 to 4
pounds of carrot seed per acre, depending upon the space between
the rows, or one ounce of beet and one-half ounce of carrot seed to
100 feet of row is considered good practice.

The plants should be thinned as soon as they attain a convenient
size and before becoming crowded. Two to three inches in the row
is ordinarily allowed.

Frequent shallow cultivation should be used to control weeds
without injuring the root system. The knife attachments found on
hand cultivators and small tractors are efficient in killing weeds.
Many of the roots on beet and carrot plants grow very near the sur-
face and cultivation even at a depth of two inches may be quite
destructive to the root system.

Variety.— Detroit Dark Red beet. Red Core Chantenay or Canning
Chantenay carrot for canning or "cut-off," Supreme Danvers for all
purpose, and Imperator, and Bunching for bunching.

Harvesting. — Beets and carrots are pulled and topped as soon as
large enough for use. For storage and canning beets usually U to 2
inches in diameter are preferred, but carrots of 2 or more inches in
diameter are more desirable. They are stored in outside pits or a
cellar. A temperature of 32 to 40 degrees F. and 90 to 95 per cent
relative humidity. They may be kept in storage 4 to 5 months.

—30—

THREE

/Reasons for Successful
Marketing

with Less Help

FELINS BUNCH
VEGETABLE TYER

TORRENT BUNCH VEGETABLE WASHER

* * *

FELINS

MILWAUKEE 6,
WISCONSIN

FELINS ROOT CROP
WASHER

GROW LARGE YIELDS OF HIGH QUALITY SWEET CORN

For large yields of marketable sweet corn a well-drained, fertile
soil, containing a large amount of organic matter, is needed. Sod
ground, especially clover sod, is desirable when plowed early. Green
manure and winter cover crops, also, should be used in the rotation.

If the soil is sour (pH 6 or 1 ton lime requirement) lime should
be applied before planting and worked deeply and thoroughly into
the soil.

Up to 200 pounds of 4-12-4 or 3-12-6 fertilizer may be applied per
acre or 300 pounds if in parallel bands about 2 inches deep and
2 inches from the seed with one of the newer fertilizer attachments.
In addition, the application of 400 to 600 pounds of fertilizer drilled
deeply (or plowed down) before planting will result in better growth
when the ears are maturing, and is particularly desirable in the
lighter soils of lower fertility or without manure.

The hybrid varieties are more uniform and usually have greater
vigor and disease resistance than the ordinary open pollinated vari-
eties. Golden Cross Bantam produces ears that are excellent in quali-
ty, but other hybrids have been produced for special purposes. loana
produces large yields of attractive marketable ears fairly good in
quality in dry as well as wet seasons. Lincoln, Aristogold and Illinois
Golden No. 10 produce larger ears.

Only 6 pounds per acre of the small seeded hybrids are required.

Seed may be planted early in May to the first of July, in rows about
three feet apart and seed 12 inches in the row, or the equivalent in
hills.

Just before the corn appears above ground small weeds may easily
be killed and the crust broken by the use of a potato weeder or spike
-tooth harrow. Shallow cultivation, just deep enough to control
weeds, should always be the rule. Frequent cultivation, following
thorough harrowing before planting, usually prevents weed growth
and results in a larger number of marketable ears per acre.

When the ears have become well filled, before the kernels have
reached the dough stage, is the time to harvest. Quality is best if the
corn is picked in the cool part of the day and delivered for consump-
tion the same day. — Jesse M. Huffington.

Recommendations by extension specialists of The Pennsylvania
State College indicate that the ryegrass can be harvested either with
a combine, or can be cut with a windrower and threshed later with
a pickup attachment on the combine. Cornstalks in the ryegrass field
may interfere with the use of the combine, but these can be cut with
a mower to permit harvesting the ryegrass seed.

—32—

Here is ONE Solution to your Labor Problem

The American
HIGH PRESSURE Runch Washer

■'■ T

This Washer supplied from a BEAN Royal Enclosed oil bath pump

will do all of these things: —

1. Let women or girls do all bunch vegetable washing.

2. Leave your men in the fields or for other heavier work.

3. Allow you to shorten the time required in washing.

4. Help you put up cleaner, brighter bunch vegetables.

5. Help you put up more uniformly clean vegetables.

6. Reduce your labor costs.

Made in two sizes — capacities from 300 to 600 dozen

bunches per hour.

Write for circulars and prices. Available for early delivery.
JUllN BEAN MFGi CDi Lansing 4, Michigan

1 1

MP'

Say "Vegetable Crops", Not "Truck Crops''

My good friend Noah Hershey, Parkesburg, says it is good to use
the word "snap" instead of "string" for snap hearts. Yet, in the mean-
time, from the pen of one of our most learned professors I see the
word "string beans"; and a very practical County Agent apparently
grows only stringy beans because he says "string beans." Now, please
tell me, where do we go from here?

Well, Mr. Hershey says we should go one further and say "vege-
table crops," not "truck crops." . . . "And never answer the census
enumerator or crop reporters when asked how many acres of *truck
crops.' Insist that we do not grow 'truck' but Vegetables'."

Exemption of Key Agricultural Workers Urged

More than a hundred vegetable growers of Philadelphia County
met in Bustleton on April 18 and prepared and message to Colonel
Richard K. Mellon, State Director of Selective Service, Harrisburg,
Pa., urging that key workers, 18 years old, be retained on farms so
that production would not be curtailed by more than 1,000 acres.

These young men operate tractors each spring 14 to 16 hours a day,
and are able to take untrained Philadelphia school boys and girls
and get them to do some farm work.

Most of these 18-year-old boys started operating tractors when ten
and twelve years old and have continued to live with the farm man-
agement problem. All young men in that section who did not have
a real urge to farm left three years ago and went to work in nearby
industrial plants.

LANCASTER BONE FERTILIZER CO. Inc.

Quarryville, Pa.
Manufacturers of "Conestoga Brand^^ fertilizers

Made in Pennsylvania for Pennsylvania soils.

-34-

Your Best Bet
Against Vegetable
and Fruit Diseases

It's Copper Hydro! This stabilized copper fungicide is
mighty effective in controlling blights, leaf spots, downy
mildew, etc. It is particularly recommended for use on
potatoes and tomatoes.

Copper Hydro may be applied either as a dust or spray. Is
easy to mix and apply — may be combined with insecticides.
Needs no lime (except when used on certain fruits)— thus
avoiding danger of unhealthy, low yields of lime-sensitive
crops.

For better control plus bigger yields use —

COPPER-HYDRO!

also

CUBOR (Rotenone-Coated) DUSTS

All dust particles are coated with extracted rotenone. This
means that every particle, including the inert, has killing
ingredient on the outside surface . . . completely exposed and
available for dependable insect kill.

You'll get better results with Cubor Dusts than you ever
got with ordinary rotenone dusts.

Write for Literature

CHIPMAN SSJ'ii?^

Dept. D,

Bound Brook, N. J.

i lii

>Hl

Beans for Canning and Quick Freezing

Jesse M. Huffington

Beans grow best in a warm season with a relatively high humidity.
Low temperatures are unfavorable to leaf growth, while extremely
high temperatures may interfere with the setting of pods. Where
water and equipment is available irrigation is usually beneficial in
dry, hot seasons.

Seed-Bed Preparation

A fairly fertile loam soil, containing a good supply of organic mat-
ter and well-drained but retentive of moisture, should be selected for
beans.

Plow the bean land early, giving sod or crop remains a chance to
decay. Follow with a disk or harrow to prepare a fine, mellow seed-
bed. Thorough seed-bed preparation will kill germinating weeds and
lessen the necessity of later cultivation. Several harrowings before
planting may mean the difference between a predominance of weeds
and a clean field of beans at picking time.

Where the soil is fairly fertile or manure has been applied liberal-
ly, 4-12-4 at the rate of 600 pounds per acre usually is sufficient for
snap beans. Without manure a 3-12-6 may be applied at the rate of
800 pounds per acre. On sandy loam soils, especially for the early
market crop, 1000 pounds per acre of a 5-10-5 or 5-10-10 is not too much.

Lima beans are more exacting as to their soil and fertility require-
ments. A mellow soil is necessary for germination and early growth.
An application of about 1000 pounds per acre of a 3-12-6 or similar
fertilizer is suggested. Side dressings of available nitrogen fertilizer,
either about 200 pounds per acre of nitrate of soda, or 160 pounds of
sulfate of ammonia, or their equivalent, may be applied where the
crop is retarded in growth. However, too much vine growth and the
dropping of blossoms may occur with excessive applications of ni-
trogen.

The safest method is to apply most of the fertilizer before planting
deeply drilled, or partly drilled and the rest plowed down. Row
applications give best results when applied in bands one inch from
the seed and two inches deep. When only a small amount of fertilizer
is available, such as 150 to 300 pounds per acre, it would be much
more effective applied this way than broadcast.

A medium-acid soil, with a reaction of not less than pH 5.5 to 6.0
is satisfactory. Strongly acid soils should be limed before planting
the crop.

—36—

Make Boin WhOe The Sun Shines

;Mt

And Make Money While the Making Is Good

1944 will afford the best markets for

Vegetables and Fruits that we have ever seen

INSURE YOUR CROP YIELDS

BY USING A

CALCO PORTABLE RAINMAKER

and stop watching the winds and clouds.

Write for Illustrated Catalog and the name of the
nearest Rainmaker Dealer

California Corrugated Culvert Co.

7lh & PARKER STREETS

BERKELEY 2, CALIF,

'»,

Snap Beans

Giant Stringless Greenpod is a high-yielding round-podded variety.
Tendergreen and New Stringless Greenpod have smaller, straighter
pods. Keystonian is new and promising.

Round Pod Kidney or Brittle Wax is well suited for quick freezing,
the market, and canning.

The early crop of snap beans usually is planted in May as soon as
the soil warms up and dries out sufficiently for germination, and all
danger of frost is past. Seeding is done with a grain drill, having only
every third spout open, a corn planter with a special plate, or a special
bean planter. One inch usually is a sufficient depth to plant. One
bushel (60 pounds) of Giant Stringless Greenpod or other variety
with similar size per acre is sufficient. Spacing should be two to four
inches apart in the row.

The first cultivation should be as soon as the bean rows can be
followed and close to the row. Later cultivations should not be so
close to the row, and shallow to avoid cutting off feeding roots which
lie close to the surface. Avoid cultivating or working among the
beans when the vines are wet.

Picking

The pods are harvested before they are full-grown and when the
seeds are beginning to swell. Frequent clean pickings increase yields
and improve quality. A succession of plantings made every 2 or 3
weeks will give a continuous supply from early July to October.

Careful picking, clean grading, and leaving the picked beans in a
cool place to prevent wilting are steps needed. Only beans which are
fairly young and tender showing no advanced seed formation and
free from insects, diseases or decay should be delivered to the market.
Snap beans may be stored at 32 degrees F. and 85 to 90 per cent rela-
tive humidity to prevent wilting. They must be stored promptly and
in good condition. The containers must be packed so as to allow free
circulation of air.

Lima Beans

Fordhook bush lima is grown most generally but Henderson and
other small-seeded varieties are grown for canning. Baby Potato,
Early Baby Potato, and Green Seeded, Henderson or Cangreen are
small-seeded varieties thick and darker green in color than Hender-
son.

Seed is planted late in May or in June in rows 2-J to 3 feet apart
and usually drilled 3 to 5 inches apart. Planting not more than about
an inch deep is good practice. From 45 to 75 pounds of seed are re-
quired per acre, depending upon the size of seed.

—38—

Harvesting
The pods are picked for green-shell beans as soon as they have
become fairly plump and before they begin to turn yellow. This will
be as soon as the beans have attained a full size but before they turn

white.

The best conditions for keeping lima beans in cold storage are 6Z
degrees Fahrenheit and 85 to 90 per cent relative humidity.

Edible Soybeans

The production methods of edible soybeans is similar to that for
lima beans. About 45 pounds of seed is the amount needed for the
small-seeded varieties. They are planted 3 inches apart in rows 2 to

3 feet apart. , ^ j --..u

When grown for the first time the seed should be inoculated with

a pure culture of bacteria which may be purchased from seed firms.
The following list of varieties is taken from "Vegetable Varieties

of Soybeans," W. J. Morse, U.S.D.A.:

Very early (100 days or less):

Green vegetable— Giant Green, Sac.
Dry edible — Giant Green, Sac.

Early (101 to 110 days):

Green vegetable— Bansei, Chusei.
Dry edible — Bansei, Chusei.

Medium early (111 to 120 days):

Green vegetable— Emperor, Hokkaido, Jogun, Kura, Sousei,

Toku, Willomi.
Dry edible— Emperor, Hokkaido, Jogun, Sousei, Toku, Willomi.

Medium (121 to 120 days):

Green vegetable— Funk Delicious, Hahto, lUington, Imperial.
Dry edible— Funk Delicious, Illington, Imperial.

Medium late (131 to 140 days):

Green vegetable — Aoda.

Dry edible — Easycook.
For use in the green stage, soybeans should be harvested when the
beans are fully developed but before the pods have turned yellow.
At home, the mature green pods are boiled or steamed 3 to 5 minutes
before shelling. Commercially, green soybeans are harvested and
handled with equipment used for green lima beans.

Mature beans should be harvested as soon as the pods have changed
color and become dry to avoid shattering. The ordinary grain binder
has been used successfully, allowing the beans to cure in small shocks.
Threshing may be accomplished with the ordinary grain separator
alter making the proper adjustments.

—39—

' 4

i: il

hll

Compliments of

THE

AMERICAN

AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL

COMPANY

Makers of

AGRICO and
AA Quality Fertilizers

and

18% Normal Superphosphate

Baltimore, Md.

Buffalo, N. Y.

Carteret, N. J.

FERTILIZER PLACEMENT AFFECTS BEANS

The placement of row applications of fertilizer in bands 2 inches
to each side and 2 inches below the level of the seed is suggested by
M M Parker, Virginia Truck Experiment Station, where highly
soluble fertilizers are to be used in relatively large amounts.

Fertilizers mixed with the surface soil or placed in a band directly
beneath the seed at the time of planting usually proved harmful to
seed germination. The injury was most severe in the soils with the
lowest moisture content during the period of germination.

The lowest average yields were obtained when fertilizer was
placed in a band directly beneath the seed and from fertilizers mixed
with the surface soil at the time of planting (row application) . The
principal cause of these lower yields was due to injury to the ger-
minating young seedlings.

Side dressed fertilizers were relatively ineffective because of the
slowness with which the nutrients became available for plant growth.

AVOIDING WEEDY PEAS

Weeds and grass in pea fields most seriously reduce yields, accord-
ing to experts from New York and certain other states. Poor drainage
and root rot are reported as other outstanding causes.

It is suggested that, where weeds appear in a slowly germinating
field seeded to peas, that a light harrowing be planned 5 to 10 days
after planting. Some of the growers in MifBin County, Pennsylvania,
have been using a disc harrow set to go as shallow as possible, to
break the crust and allow the seedhngs to break the ground while
seeds are prevented by the same operation. Some few growers go
over with a light harrow or roller, even after the peas have emerged.

WM. H. STATES, JR.

PRODUCE HAULING

BRISTOL. PENNA.

—41—

■'Mi

I :

%i '

t r

"Htr

SCHELL'S QUALITY SEEDS

Nationally Known and Planted by Tens of Thousands of the Most
Successful Vegetable Growers in the United States of America.

WHY ARE THEY PREFERRED?

Because
They Grow Better - They Yield Better

WHY?

They Have It Bred In Them

If you are not now planting SchelFs Quality Seeds then send for a
free copy of our Market Gardeners' Catalogue and try Schell's Strain
Black Knight Beet; SchelFs Strain Golden Cross Bantam; Schell's
Firstin Earliest White; Schell's Strain Improved Stowell's Evergreen;
Schell's Strain Nantes Carrots; Schell's Strain Grand Rapids Lettuce;
Schell's Strain Imperial 44; Schell's Strain Wonderful Peas; and try
our Schell's Strain Bountiful Beans; and our Schell's Strain Fordhook
Bush Lima.

Prepare for Speedy Pea Harvest

They All Bring Top Prices On All Markets for

All Who Grow Them

SEND TODAY FOR OUR CATALOGUE

SCHELL'S SEED HOUSE

QUALITY SEEDS

Central Pennsylvania's Largest Seed Store
Tenth and Market Streets Harrisburg, Pa.

Reel with Tines for Pushing Peas back of Cutler Bar

Pea reels, similar to the one shown above, have created much in-
terest due to the saving in time and possible increase m quality and
price of peas for canning and quick freezing. The one shown above
is manufactured by Universal Harvester Company, Stockton Cali-
fornia, and is also being used in connection with a loading attach-
ment. In Pennsylvania, however, very little, if any, interest is bemg
shown in the loading devices and the peas are windrowed for loading
by hand or with a good, solid bottom hay loader.

The Universal Harvester Company also manufacture a self-pro-
pelled ''Universal Green Crop Harvester." The 'TractoR-Rower,
(manufactured by Hume-Love Co., Mendota, 111.) as illustrated, is
attached to a tractor, which is driven in reverse to cut and windrow
peas without clogging of the vines on the cutter bar. These are in use
in the Hanover section.

Another type of pea reel is distributed by Myron Whitenight,
Bloomsburg, Pa. Mr. Whitenight expects som-one to go a step fur-
ther and invent a pea combine, to cut and vine the peas in one opera-
tion. Why not? Mr. Whitenight, also, uses the long, swinging type
windrower on his tractor mower, which does a good job of wmdrow-
ing the vines.

Many growers start very early in the morning, getting their pea
harvesting equipment in order, but wait until the vines are fairly
dry before starting to cut, then work later in the evening.

—43—

• I'M

SCHELL'S QUALITY SEEDS

Nationally Known and Planted by Tens of Thousands of the Most
Successful Vegetable Growers in the United States of America.

WHY ARE THEY PREFERRED?

Because
They Grow Better - They Yield Better

WHY?

They Have It Bred In Them

If you are not now planting Schell's Quality Seeds then send for a
free copy of our Market Gardeners' Catalogue and try Schell's Strain
Black Knight Beet; Schell's Strain Golden Cross Bantam; Schell's
Firstin Earliest White; Schell's Strain Improved Stowell's Evergreen;
Schell's Strain Nantes Carrots; Schell's Strain Grand Rapids Lettuce;
Schell's Strain Imperial 44; Schell's Strain Wonderful Peas; and try
our Schell's Strain Bountiful Beans; and our Schell's Strain Fordhook
Bush Lima.

They All Bring Top Prices On All Markets for

All Who Grow Them

SEND TODAY FOR OUR CATALOGUE

SCHELL'S SEED HOUSE

QUALITY SEEDS

Central Pennsylvania's Largest Seed Store
Tenth and Market Streets Harrisburg, Pa.

Prepare for Speedy Pea Harvest

Reel with Tines for Pushing Peas back of Cutter Bar

Pea reels, similar to the one shown above, have created much in-
terest due to the saving in time and possible increase m quality and
price of peas for canning and quick freezing. The one shown above
is manufactured by Universal Harvester Company, Stockton Cali-
fornia, and is also being used in connection with a loading attach-
ment. In Pennsylvania, however, very little, if any, interest is being
shown in the loading devices and the peas are windrowed for loading
by hand or with a good, solid bottom hay loader.

The Universal Harvester Company also manufacture a self-pro-
pelled ^'Universal Green Crop Harvester." The 'TractoR-Rower,
(manufactured by Hume-Love Co., Mendota, 111.) as illustrated, is
attached to a tractor, which is driven in reverse to cut and windrow
peas without clogging of the vines on the cutter bar. These are in use
in the Hanover section.

Many growers start very early in the morning, getting their pea
harvesting equipment in order, but wait until the vines are fairly
dry before starting to cut, then work later in the evening.

—43—

i,«

'1.

INTENTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURE

^ .* ..««^r-^:i;:'&> ' y^:]^-/''w^

"TractoR-Rower" Cutting Peas in the Hanover section.

Quite popular in the Northumberland-Selinsgrove section is a pe«
reel made for use on a horse-drawn mower by Hume-Love Company,
Mendota, 111., who also manufacture the "TractoR-Rower.''

L. A. Wehler, Jersey Shore, Pa., made his own reel for a tractor
mower and attached tines to a second-hand grain binder attachment

As a rule, windrowers which deliver pea vines to the center, are
attached to horse-drawn mowers so the team and wheels can straddle
the windrow. The side-delivery swinging windrowers, as made by
Gaterman, Manitowoc, Wisconsin, are preferred on tractor mowers.

Vine-lifting, or pea and sickle guards, designed for medium to long
crops on uneven or stony soils, are attached in the place of or to every
third guard on the cutter bar. Six pea guards are used on a 5-foot,
8 on a 6-foot, and 9 on a 7-foot cutter bar.

Other guards, in between the vine lifters, are replaced with stub
guards, especially designed for crops having damp, tough and tangled
stems.

"Mower Adjustment and Repair" is the title of Circular 224, The
Pennsylvania State College, Agricultural Extension Service, which
may be obtained from your County Agent.

NORTHEASTERN VEGETABLE AND POTATO

COUNCIL MEETING

April 22, 1944

R. B. Donaldson

T Resolution was passed stating that the Council had once again
met and discussed price ceilings, and that again they cannot see any
Sution to the problem of price ceilings for fresh fruits and vege-
tables Therefore, the Council recommends that price ceilmgs on
nerishables be abolished; however, they should be subject to a
temporary freeze order. If the price on any particular product should
get out of line, the Office of Price Administration should mvoke a
temporary freeze order to control any abnormal price rise.

Other Comments Regarding Price Ceilings

I. Growers feel that historical basis for determining price ceilings
is unfair and should be discontinued.

2 Growers feel that single retail ceilings should be established,
rather than f.o.b. ceilings or ceilings at the grower level.

II. Five-day-week on New York market was discussed and was
opposed by members of Council. Resolution passed favoring a six-
day-week for perishables on the New York market. It was pointed
out that five-day-week is already in effect in Washington Street
market. It was decided that a committee of growers should meet
with a representative of the labor unions and the trade at the morn-
ing session of the next Council meeting to discuss the five-day-week
proposed.

Plow Adjustment is the title of Circular 259, The Pennsylvania
State College Agricultural Extension Service, and a copy may be
obtained from your County Agent.

iii«.

"HOLMES SEEDS

Are for the Critical Market Grower who desires
to get pure, high yielding strains."

HOLMES SEED CO., CANTON, OHIO

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n RIENS TILLER meets all requirements of the vegetable grower,
^ and can be operated in wet or dry season. The perfect all-purpose
OM^^ ^"d cultivating combine, it harrows as it discs as it plows. In
ONE operation the seed bed is properly prepared, thoroughly aerated
with pulverized soil, shredded and evenly mixed — no large chunks
of ground to retard seed growth and no plow sole. All weeds, plant
and insect life are chopped up and destroyed, leaving a perfect mois-
ture-retaining dust mulch. 3 models to meet
your requirements. Catalog and name of
nearest distributor upon request.

ARIENS
TRACTOR-
TILLER

Ariens Tractortiller, illustrated here, is decidedly an
implement for vegetable growers. It harrows, discs,
packs and levels the soil in ONE operation. Motor
driven or power-take off from suitable tractor. It does
a complete job of fitting the soil after plowing without
leaving wheel tracks on the field.

Ordnance banner awarded to us for meritorious production

October 30, 1943

Made standard
in two sizes—
4 ft. and 5 ft.

Planning Post-War Vegetable Markets *

Earl French

The return of peace to this war-torn world will launch an era of
exceptionally keen competition in the production and marketing of

food.

Wartime's unprecedented demand for fruits and vegetables results
from several causes— the needs of our armed forces and allies, the
record purchasing power of civilians, the intensive nutritional cam-
paign waged throughout the nation, and the shortages of other foods.
America's commercial growers have accomplished a seemingly im-
posible task by harvesting record-breaking crops in the face of short-
ages of manpower, machinery and supplies. This production was
supplemented in 1943 by Victory Gardens to the extent of an esti-
mated 8,000,000 tons, or about 40 per cent of civilian vegetable re-
quirements. This year Victory gardeners are being asked to produce
two million tons more, or ten million tons.

Let's consider what may take place when the war is over. Skilled
agricultural workers will return to their places in the food produc-
tion picture. Agriculture's mechanical revolution (invention of new
machines, and the like) , which were held in check by wartime re-
quirements, will break loose. Seed, fertilizer, containers and other
supplies will be plentiful again. And of course some victory garden
production will continue. Thus there will the potential capacity to
produce jar beyond present record amounts of fruits and vegetables.

While this war is still raging on its many fronts, I frankly feel that
the fresh fruit and vegetable industry should take stock of the future
and give serious thought to the careful planning needed for this post-
war period. Opinions vary as to how long after the peace a strong
foreign market will be maintained. But whether it is one year, three
years or more, sooner or later production of fresh fruits and vege-
tables will outrun demand, resulting in oversupplied terminals and
demoralized markets, unless some intelligent concerted action is
taken to prevent it.

I am fully aware of the obstacles involved in approaching this sub-
ject. I feel, however, that a group such as this organization, because
of its diversified membership — both in commodities produced and in
production areas represented — can be a vital factor in helping to
develop and put into effective operation a constructive postwar pro-
gram.

fh ^P^®^^ o^ the National Marketing Director. Atlantic Commission Company, before
ine annual convention of the Cooperative Fruit and Vegetable Association, Hotel New
Yorker, April 21. 1944.

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The first point I want to emphasize in connection with this problem
is: Growers, distributors, leading agricultural experts and govern-
mental agencies must pool their resources so that all the production
will find a market if there be a need and that this production will
reach these markets efficiently and economically. This means that
our present co-operative effort as distributors and retailers with state
colleges and departments of agriculture should be further extended
so that growers may plan — and I emphasize the word "plan" — their
production on the basis of a careful study of market conditions. Thus,
we would be enabled to improve our distribution and retailing ma-
chinery to better serve existing markets and widen them for the
maintenance of high production.

This is a tough problem for agriculture, as the postwar problems
will also be for industry. We must not drift along, which means in-
evitable economic distress — a hard taskmaster.

A second important point is the restoration of grade and pack
standards of many perishables and vast improvement of others.
Grade and pack standards will not only have to be restored but
greatly improved, if the fresh fruit and vegetable products are to
meet competition effectively, in the postwar battle for the consum-
er's food dollar.

Not only an improved grade of product must be turned out at
shipping point, which, of course, is the responsibility of the grower,
but also this better quality merchandise must be carried through all
trade channels and made available to consumers as near the original
quality as possible, a task which is the responsibility of transporta-
tion and distribution agencies.

Marketing in the postwar period won't be merely the turning over
of limited supplies of fruits and vegetables vigorously sought in trade
channels. Permanent markets will need to be built and maintained.
We may expect discriminating consumers again to determine the
kind, variety and quality of products that will win favor in the
market. With a chance of wide selection, you may be sure she will
choose the best among the offerings.

During the pre-war period, economic necessity was a prime mover
to many growers distant from markets to do a creditable job of
standardizing the grading and packing but wartime conditions dis-
rupted some of this fine work. It is, however, among the local growers
that this lack of standardization has been most prevalent. Too often
their products lack identity with respect to grade of content.

Distributors must assume an important role in maintaining this
quality through to the consumer. This will mean that better pro-

—48-^-

. . jnust be made for the protection of the products in transit and
^^^rade channels, better refrigeration, better packaging, expedited
Hdiveries and improved handling methods. Much research will need
to be done in these fields and we may expect some revolutionary

changes. ^ .

A third essential need for meeting postwar conditions is to bring
about further reduction in market spreads by using more efficient
transportation and distribution methods.

Unquestionably faster and perhaps lighter railway and truck
equipment will be developed after the war to cut down the trans-
portation time on fresh fruits and vegetables and better preserve the
products in transit. This will cut down losses from spoilage and trans-
portation costs. In many quarters there is much study being given to
the possibility of transporting fresh fruits and vegetables by air. All
these developments would tend to bring the grower and shipper
closer to their markets, which of course would aid in the more or-
derly and economical distribution of his products.

Important slashes can be made in the market spread, as more and
more of the produce tonnage is handled in direct-line distribution
channels, and less by circuitous, costly means. Marketing still COSTS
too much.

The ultimate in direct marketing, of course, is the farm-to-store
delivery.

A fourth point to be considered is the development of closer team
work between growers and distributors in order to carry out a
vastly-improved merchandising and promotional program during
the postwar period.

Shortages of certain items during the war together with the great
emphasis on nutritive values have changed and are changing many
eating habits. Also millions of men and women in the armed forces

HARRIS' SEEDS

ARE BEST FOR THE NORTH

There is no doubt about it — Seed selected and grown for Northern
gardeners is the most vigorous growing and highest yielding.

Buy Direct From Our Farms

JOSEPH HARRIS CO., INC.

Moreton Farms Rochester IL N. Y.

Ask for our Market Gardeners Wholesale catalog

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*»:

SEEDS

OUTSTANDING STRAINS FOR THE CRITICAL

MARKET GROWER

A FULL LINE OF FINE VEGETABLE SEEDS INCLUDING--.

Hybrid Sweet Corn
Peas — Beans

Cucumber

Beet — Carrot

Radish

ALL AMERICAN WINNERS
that will make you extra profit

CUCUMBER MARKETER Outstanding for first early market.
Of superior shape and dark green color. Very prolific. Bronze
Medal 1943

Quarter Pound $1.10 . . Lb. $3.25

CUCUMBER CUBIT A main crop companion to MARKETER.
Equally prolific, of outstanding color, and somewhat longer.
Bronze Medal 1944

Quarter Pound $2.35 Lb. $7.00

For a complete list of Asgrow All-American winners and other out-
standing strains of vegetable seed, send for our catalog FREE

TAPPERSON SEED CO.

ALLENTOWN. PA.

have become accustomed to many new varieties of fresh fruits and
vegetables. The whole problem must be approached intelligently if
we are to keep these new friends of good nutrition and win additional
ones for expanded markets. Certainly with the high purchasing
power and the increased use of fresh fruits and vegetables, there's
a bigger domestic market awaiting us in the postwar period than we
had before the war if we are ready to capitalize on it. This is aside
from a great potential vitamin market which can be supplied in a
natural way through fresh fruits and vegetables instead of through
drug products.

After turning out the best possible product, growers should estab-
lish its identity by some trade mark which is a true criterion of
quality. This should be done in such a manner, when possible, to
permit identification at point of sale, such as stamping the trade
mark on each item or by consumer packages. This would give grow-
ers, as well as retailers, an opportunity to achieve the best merchan-
dising job through advertising and other sales promotion.

Cooperation of organized retailers and organized growers have
demonstrated repeatedly that they can be of great assistance in
moving surplus crops of fruits and vegetables. It would be well in
the postwar period if a way could be developed to bring greater
numbers of the nation's growers and retailers into this job of pro-
moting the use of foods which are in over-abundant supply. In addi-
tion to stimulating larger current use this type of cooperation could
widen demand through campaigns to bring to the attention of con-
sumers the importance of buying products for home canning or quick
freezing at times when the particular items hit a peak in supply.

The fifth and final point I want to suggest is the need for develop-
ing new uses and outlets for fruits and vegetables in quick-freezing,
dehydration, processing and industrial channels. This will call for

HIGH QUALITY SEEDS DON'T JUST HAPPEN

We are now starting production of the seed from which you will
grow your 1946 crop of cabbage, beet, carrot, onion, and parsnip. The
breeding of many of our hybrid corn varieties started ten years ago.

The production of high quality vegetable seed requires a carefully
thought-out farsighted breeding program. Has your seedsman such
a program?

ROBSON SEED FARMS

HalL New York
Box P

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great exploration through research. Some progress already is being
made in developing new uses for agricultural products.

In closing I would like to summarize the five points which I feel
should be considered in developing a postwar program for the fresh
fruit and vegetable industry:

(1) The need for pooling resources of growers, distributors, lead-
ing agricultural experts, to plan intelligently for postwar production
and marketing; (2) Restoration of grade and pack standards of many
products and improvement of others; (3) Further reduction of mar-
ket spreads by more efficient transportation and distribution methods; i|
(4) Development of closer team work between growers and distribu- ■
tors to accomplish a vastly-improved merchandising job, and (5) .;
Exploration through research of new outlets for fruits and vegetables. \

Just as cooperative effort is winning the wartime food battle, all- [
out team work can help in winning a postwar victory for the fresh 'l
fruit and vegetable industry. And now is the proper time to get
started on this job.

How To Manage In 1944

A safe program for 1944 is what farm management specialists of
The Pennsylvania State College suggest in the following points:

1. Maximum production using up-to-date production methods
and practices, growing crops you are equipped for and ex-
perienced with, securing maximum yields per acre.

2. Pay all debts as rapidly as possible.

3. Eliminate or postpone any expense that is not absolutely
essential.

4. Purchase War Bonds.

5. Set aside some funds for repairs and replacements after the
war.

6. Do not speculate.

7. Plan your business definitely for next year.

8. Grow more home-grown foods and feeds.

9. Plan your business for the next few years.

10. Keep some accounts of all receipts and expenses together
with an annual inventory.

Farm records should be the basis of all important decisions in your
business and they furnish the information for a complete analysis
at any time.

—52—

Fruit and Vegetable Program and The War

ThP following are excerpts from an address made by E. A. Meyer
Aiociate Chief, Fruit and Vegetable Branch of WFA, at the annual
meeting of the Cooperative Fruit and Vegetable Association in New
York City, April 21:

"The requirements of both the armed forces and our allies for
processed fruits and vegetables, with the exception of frozen foods,
have jumped considerably over last year.

"The War Food Administration will need the full cooperation of
its industry advisory committees if we are to obtain full production
of fruits and vegetbales this year.

"The picture in regard to containers for fruits and vegetables is
neither bright nor assuring.

"A survey made in the eastern states last winter may be indicative
of what the supplies of wooden containers will be this year. At that
time decreases under the 1943 production were indicated by approxi-
mately 10 per cent in the case of round stave baskets and about 25
per cent in hamper production. Moreover, there is little reason to
believe that the production of crates and boxes for fruits and vege-
tables will exceed that of 1943. A carryover of supplies may help
somewhat to alleviate a generally tight container situation.

"The War Food Administration for nearly 2 years has been carry-
ing on a campaign program to promote the conservation and salvage
of used containers, particularly in the larger markets. Detailed in-
formation as to the success of this campaign is limited, but there is
reason to believe that a representative portion of all re-usable wooden
fruit and vegetable containers which are shipped into these markets
are being reclaimed. The percentage varies, of course, with the dif-
ferent types of containers. The campaign apparently has been more
effective in encouraging the re-use of the nesting or collapsible types
such as baskets and wire-bound crates, while less effective in en-
couraging the salvage and re-use of nailed types of crates and boxes.
Nevertheless, it has been found that the extent to which any type of
container is salvaged depends largely upon whether there is an
assured market for it. Thus, we are placing increased emphasis upon
the salvage and re-use of nailed lettuce crates, tomato lugs, citrus
fruitboxes, and similar bulky containers. We are depending on you
and other segments of the industry to help us make the used con-
tainers salvage program work.

''The outlook for paper containers is almost as bad as that for
wooden containers. However, this may improve as the season pro-
gresses.

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Results Of Vegetable Research At The
Eastern Regional Research Laboratory

Edward G. Kelley and Monroe E. WalU

Studies on vegetables at this Laboratory included a survey of the
carotene (provitamin A) and the riboflavin (vitamin Bo) contents of
some 80 vegetables, their availability as packing house or cannery
wastes, and the extraction of carotene from dried vegetable leaf
wastes. A report of this survey was made at the Vegetable Growers'
Association meeting in Pittsburgh in December 1942.2 Since then
work has been done mainly on the extraction of carotene from leaf
wastes and the use of vegetable wastes as animal feeds.

The carotene-extraction procedure is largely chemical. Briefly,
certain vegetable leaf wastes, when concentrated by separation of
the leaf blades from the stems, contain large proportions of carotene,
which can be extracted with organic solvents. Methods have been de-
vised for the efficient and economical removal of the green plant pig-
ment, chlorophyll, and the yellow-orange pigment, xanthophyll, from
the extracts. The process is now ready for the pilot plant, and the
equipment is being assembled as rapidly as possible.

The carotene and riboflavin contents of certain vegetable leaf
wastes indicated that they might be good sources of these vitamins
for animal and poultry feed mixtures. Furthermore, most of them
were surprisingly high in protein. Accordingly, Irom the 80 different
vegetables we picked 13 of the most promising for more detailed
study. These were all leafy tissues which could be dried and pre-
pared in the form of leaf meal concentrates of rather high nutritive
value. A brief article in ' 'Feedstuff s"'^ last spring called attention to
their possibilities.

Since the feed concentrates were intended for poultry mixtures to
supplement the diminished supplies of good alfalfa leaf meal, one of
our major aims was to prepare meals with low crude fiber content.
This has been accomplished by a relatively simple procedure, which
we believe has commercial possibilities. In drying leaf wastes the
thin leaf blade becomes brittle before the thicker, tougher stem does.
By removing the material from the dryers at the stage when the leaf
blades were brittle and tumbling it in a rotary screen with stones, a
high-grade leaf meal can be separated effectively from low-grade stem
material.

^ Eastern Regional Research Laboratory, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania— one of four Region-
al Research Laboratories operated by the Bureau of Agricultural and Industrial Chemistry,
Agricultural Research Administration, United States Department of Agriculture.

=» Annual Report, Vegetable Growers' Association of America, 1942, pp 62-68

aFeedstuflfs, vol. 15, no. 26. pp. 18-21, June 26, 1943.

—54—

■-*.

S T O K E S

TOMATO SEED

Specialization is the Key to Efficiency

FRANCIS C. STOKES, LTD

Breeders and Growers of Fine Tomato Seed

VINCENTOWN, NEW JERSEY, U.S.A.

TMI MARK. OF THI BIST

STOKES
TOMATO
^EEiy

PRODUCING SINCt 1882

VALIANT STOKESDALE MASTER MARGLOBE RUTGERS

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About 2 tons of various leaf meal concentrates were prepared dur-
ing the past season by our Engineering Division. Considerable data
were obtained on the drying characteristics of the various vegetable
wastes.

Again this year we have had splendid cooperation from the vege-
table growers in giving us fresh vegetable wastes for drying. King
Farms Company and Starkey Farms Company of Morrisville, Penn-
sylvania, and Seabrook Farms of Bridgeton, New Jersey, have been
particularly kind.

On October 19 the first lot of dried leaf meals was sent to the Dela-
ware Agricultural Experiment Station where the Director, G. L.
Schuster, and A. E. Tomhave of the station staff had worked out a
program to test the meals on growing chicks. In the first experiment
1400 1-day-old chicks were fed an 8 per cent level of leaf meal in the
mixed ration in place of 8 per cent of alfalfa. An alfalfa control and
a negative control, consisting of the mixed ration without alfalfa or
leaf meals, were tested simultaneously. Leaf meals from pea vines,
lima bean vines, carrot tops, broccoli, and turnip tops were used. This
experiment is still not complete, but we have made a number of in-
teresting observations.

All of the leaf meals tested appear to supply factors similar to those
found in alfalfa. The growth of chicks was the same when fed alfalfa,
limabean, carrot, or turnip leaf meals. Growth was definitely better
with broccoli but not quite so good with pea vines. The latter result
was expected, since the drying procedure used during the early part
of the summer scorched the material, with consequent loss of nutri-
tive value.

NEW HYBRID SWEET CORN

LINCOLN the most popular new variety for the market grower.
OLD HICKORY a larger-eared Carmelcross.
WILSON a late hybrid of Stowell's Evergreen.

All three developed at the Conn. Ag. Exp. Station.

Also, Spancross, Marcross, Carmelcross, and Golden Cross Bantam.
Free descriptive list for home and market Growers.

Huntington Brothers, Box H, Windsor, Conn.

We had expected that the chxckens would not like the broccoli leaf
meal because of its strong odor or taste, but they did, and from the
start of the experiment they grew more rapidy on it than on any of
the other meals. The shanks of the broccoli-fed birds, particularly,
were so yellow they could not be estimated on the average color scale,
and a new chart had to be used. Since good shank color is desirable
in broilers in some parts of the country, this pigmentation factor
should be a good sales point.

The young chicks did not relish the turnip leaf meal mixture, but
after a month they no longer objected to it and subsequently gained
weight rapidly enough to equal and even surpass the alfalfa-fed
chicks.

These experiments indicate that in a high a concentration as 8 per
cent the leaf meals are palatable, are lacking in any toxic factors, and
have the factors necessary for good healthy growth.

Is it practical to dry these waste products for feeds? We do not
have the complete answer to that question yet; only commercial ex-
perience will give the final answer. It is understandable that the
vegetable grower will want to obtain as high a price as possible for
his wastes; otherwise why be bothered with any changes? The con-
sumer will wish to know how these vegetable leaf meals compare in
cost with alfalfa per pound of meat produced. Right now any avail-
able high-grade product is valuable because of the great need for feed
supplements. We do not know what the situation will be after the

war.

Feeding tests with individual meals and mixtures of the meals are
to be undertaken soon to find the level of leaf meal needed for good
chick growth and for good laying and hatching. Kale, spinach, and
other available wastes will be dried and tested during the coming
season. Beet leaf meal, also a volume product, has been prepared but
remains to be tested for its feed value.

Meals from which the carotene has been extracted will be tested
as feed supplements, since it is apparent that the carotene content
of several of them is greatly in excess of that needed for optimum
growth. Carotene concentrates of various degrees of purity are also
being prepared for feed supplements. Both a petroleum ether ex-
tracted broccoli meal and the cencentrated extract will be tested on
the same groups of chicks.

Eventually we shall study the economics of growing crops such as
broccoli, kale, and turnip tops for feed purposes. The leaf meals from
these crops are so high in vitamin factors that it might prove feasible
to grow them as late season crops to extend the season for a dehydra-
tor located where it would have access to pea vines, lima bean vines,
alfalfa, and the late growing vegetable crops. Mustard greens may

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be another good crop for this purpose since, according to Mac Gilli-
vray's tables, it is the richest in vitamins of any of the California
vegetables tested.

Please be assured we are not trying to tell the grower to change to
other crops, but are only doing the research which will help him to
decide whether he could benefit by such changes. The function of the
vegetable research program of the Eastern Regional Research
Laboratory is to show how vegetable products can be made more valu-
able. And at all times we hope that you vegetable growers will feel
free to suggest and advise us in our work.

Cooperative Fruit and Vegetable Association

Ray W. Wenker

The weekly news letter and annual report of the Cooperative
Fruit and Vegetable Association show that this organization, with
Porter R. Taylor, Manager, Munsey Building, Washington, D. C,
deserves the more general support of grower and distributor mem-
bers in this state. The Philadelphia Vegetable Growers' Cooperative
Association, Trevose, is affiliated with that organization, along with
five other members in Pennsylvania. The annual report contains
much information of value. A few matters are mentioned here briefly.

Price ceiling regulations have been entirely too complicated to be
understood and carried out and much difficulty has resulted from
the delay in issuance of regulations.

Quick-freezing of fruits and vegetables is expected to assume much
greater importance after the war than in the past. While this may
reduce the use of competing canned products somewhat, it is more
likely to result in a larger total volume because of the widened outlet
created through the expansion of consumption. Because of the special
adaptability of certain varieties of produce to the freezing process
there may be need to be some modification of production to meet the
new demand.

The Washington office represents the views and interests of grow-
ers and shippers of fruits and vegetables in matters relating to the
government. Cooperation with the retailer groups is considered de-
sirable, especially at the end of the war, to protect producers from
low prices during the period of economic disturbance which is ex-
pected at that time.

—SB-

PENNSYLVANIA
VEGETABLE GROWERS' NEWS

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY— MARCH, MAY, JULY AND DECEMBER

Ten-Ton Tomato Club Report, Annually.
Market Growers' JournaL Monthly, Contributed.

Vol. XIV

State College, Pa., July, 1944

No. 3

A Publication of The Pennsylvania Vegetable Growers' Association

Annual dues are $1.00, 80 cents of which is for subscription to the

Pennsylvania Vegetable Growers' News.

President Louis Orient, Bridgeville

Vice-President H. H. Hostetter, Sinking Spring

Sec'y-Treas Jesse M. Huffington, 625 Holmes St., State College

CONTENTS

Plan Your Annual Meeting

Page
. 4

Pea Production Practices 4

Join Now for 1945 ^

Scranton Farmers* Market 8

Getting Farm Labor 10

Early Market Tomato 10

Domestic Ryegrass 12

Weather Conditions 14

Fl Hybrid Tomatoes 19

Lettuce Breeding and Varieties 22

Hail Insurance 25

Howard N. Dudley 29

Pennsylvania Canners Achieve "A" Awards 31

Membership-Subscription List 35

Late Notes 53

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IRREGULAR PAGINATION

PLAN YOUR ANNUAL MEETING

The Program Committee wishes to know your preferences
regarding the Annual Meeting of The Pennsylvania Vegetable
Growers' Association, the second week in January, 1945, Har-
risburg, Pa.

1. Do you prefer the room we used in the Market House in 1944,

seating 250 to 300?

2. Number of days and subjects desired.

Tuesday A.M P.M

Wednesday A.M P.M

Thursday A.M P.M

3. Subjects of greatest interest:

Adjustment Problems

Crops for —

Greenhouse or Forcing Trade; Home Gar-
den; Local Market; Shipment; Can-
ning; Quick Freezing or Dehydration.

Diseases

Insects

Marketing

O. P. A. and Government Regulations

Plant Growing

Soil Management and Fertilizers

Varieties

4. Speakers preferred:

Name Subject

5. Do you like, particularly, movies , colored slides ,

or other special illustrative (or entertaining) material

6. Do you prefer discussions lead by selected persons or talks by
well-informed speakers?

7. Remarks:

Please fill out and return to:

The Pennsylvania
Vegetable Growers' Association

Office of the Secretary
625 Holmes Street, State College, Pa.

KEEP A RECORD OF THIS YEAR'S PEA CROP
FOR A BETTER ONE NEXT YEAR

County, Pea Production Practices, 1944

Address

Grower

Contractor Address

Yariety ^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ variety) ^

Total Tons , per Acre. . ., % Fancy.. .,Ex.Std , Std , Sub

Seed: Treatment? Inoculated? Bu. per A. Seeded. . . .

Soil: Rotation: 1941 1942 1943

Plowed in Fall Winter Spring , Depth

Lime: When Applied

Kind Tons per A.

Manure: When Applied Tons or Loads per A.

Fertilizer: Analysis Lbs. per Acre

How applied

Preparation: Times Disced Harrowed Rolled/Drag.

Seeding: Date Depth Soil Condition

Did you have difficulty in drilling proper amount?

Seeding followed by Roller , Drag or

Was the soil packed by heavy rain after seeding?
Followed by harrow or disc or

Stand: Good

Fair Poor Weedy or Clean?

Insects: Was the crop infested with plant lice?

Was the crop sprayed or dusted?

Materials Used? Results Obtained?

Nurse Crop: Was clover seeded with the peas? Grass?

Following Peas: What crop was planted in 1944?

Remarks:

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JOIN NOW FOR 1945
ONE DOLLAR OFFERS YOU

1. A Year's Membership in the one and only Association of
vegetable growers in Pennsylvania giving you the privilege
of joint action with about 2,000 other growers and a source of
timely information on all problems related to your industry.

2. Four issues— The Pennsylvania Vegetable Growers' News.

3. The Ten-Ton Tomato Club Report.

4. Pea Production Practices for Quality and Yield. A special
December News feature is being planned.

5. Twelve full issues of the Market Growers Journal dealing
with timely matters of national interest to vegetable growers.

6. An Annual Meeting where other growers are met and the ex-
perts are consulted.

7. Representation by your Committee Chairman on matters
vital to the industry.

8. A reliable list of advertisers from whom to purchase de-
pendable supplies.

ONE DOLLAR FOR ONE YEAR

FIVE DOLLARS FOR FIVE YEARS

The Pennsylvania
Vegetable Growers' Association

Office of the Secretary
625 Holmes St., ' State College, Pa.

New crop protection

with

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Scranton Farmers' Market

(One of Pennsylvania's Successful Farmers' Co-operative

Night Markets)

Serving consumers from the Scranton area, this market has oper-
ated successfully as a farmers' co-operative for the past four years.
During 1943, fifty-seven growers attended this market three nights
a week during the summer months, and did approximately $100,000
worth of business. Since the first year of operation, when only thirty-
four growers supported the market, the primary aims of the growers
has been to give the consumer a fresh, well-graded product, at a price
which would encourage her to continue to patronize the market.
Growers on this market have been rather fortunate in having the
support of the Scranton Branch of the League of Women's Voters
and much of the success of this market has been due to the fine
publicity and promotion given by these groups. One feature of the
market this past year was an "Information Booth," from which was
distributed timely information regarding canning and the nutritional
value of vegetables. The Board of Directors for the present market-
ing season are Mark Ladd, President; Frank Coon, John Klipple,
George Goodrich and A. E. Seaman.

AVOID CROP SABOTAGE

BY PLANTING

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— 8 —

pot^

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The rotting of potatoes in storage is especially costly
in these days when food is so vital to victory.

One of the principal causes of this wasteful rotting is
the spread of spores from potato vines infected by late
blight. These attack the tubers at digging time and the
result is potatoes that rot in storage.

But — thanks to Dowspray 66 — potato growers can re-
duce or stop blight loss in field and storage.

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WATCH THESE

DANGEROUS

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New York •

Stop sdvere blight spread in
the field — knock down weeds
and vines to ease the har-
vesting of the crop — market
potatoes earlier — spread the
harvesting of the crop.

Dowspray 66 is a noncorro-
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to water. Available in 6-lb.
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bag. Ask your dealer about
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THE DOW CHEMICAL
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Getting Farm Labor to Do the Job

The farm labor situation is still serious over the state, according
to C. P. Lang, assisting in the Emergency Farm Labor Office, Agri-
cultural Extension Service, The Pennsylvania State College. Adults
of draft age who are essential are generally being deferred by Selec-
tive Service. Not many other adults are available. Most of the extra
harvesting help will have to come from older men and women and
youth, either boys or girls. York, Bucks, Adams and Franklin coun-
ties either have or are making plans to use some Jamaicans, some
300 to Bucks, 250 to York and 200 to Adams and Franklin.

Some prisoners of war will be used in Adams and York counties
This will relieve the shortage in these areas but the great bulk of the
work will have to be done by people recruited locally. Camps for
cherry pickers are being opened the first week in July in Adams and
Erie counties.

Groups of young people with a supervisor, who has helped recruit
them, m charge, are working in many places. Satisfactory supervision
IS most important when using youth. Many of these youth are in-
experienced and must be taught to do the job the way the farmers
want It done. Four steps are important in doing this*

First, prepare the worker by putting him at ease, find what he
knows, get him interested and put him in the correct position to do
the work.

Second, present the operation by showing and stressing the im-
portant points one at a time, but no faster than he can master them.

Third, try him out by having him perform the job and tell you
and show you how. Have him stress the important points Ask him
ques ions and correct his errors until you feel that he knows the ^ob

Fourth, give some follow-up instructions. Put him on his own let
him work by himself but check up on him occasionally un 1 v^u are
sure he is doing his job correctly. Tell him how to get help ii he neeJs
It. Give some recognition and praise for work well done

Early Market Tomato Looks IVomisiiiLr

oMHu\-ie;'r„ rr^r^H— zsi--i: tf ^^^^^^^

Continued on page seventeen

— 10 —

Compliments of

THE

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COMPANY

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Domestic Ryegrass Is Number One Cover Crop

W. B. NiSSLEY*

In approximately eight years Domestic Ryegrass advanced from
scratch to first place among Pennsylvania vegetable growers as the
favored cover crop. There must be some good reasons for this popu-
larity. Here are some:

1. Ryegrass produces and saves more organic matter in less time
than other cover crops.

2. No cash crop is sacrificed. It fits into the vegetable growers*
schedule of short rotations, either broadcast in midsummer to late
summer following a spring or summer crop or seeded between rows
of summer crops at the last cultivation.

3. Its most rapid growth is made during late fall after frosts have
occurred, thus not interfering with cash crops.

4. It will prevent winter erosion better than any other crop.

5. It is not expensive— about $3 per acre for seed, easily broadcast
by hand or with a grass seeder and produces a cover similar to the
sods essential to maintenance of soil condition in a general farm
rotation.

Ryegrass may follow early crops such as cabbage, beans, beets,
carrots and others maturing from the middle of July to August 1st
in which case the soil is disced or harrowed shallow and from 20 to
25 pounds of seed broadcast per acre. Covering the seed is not always
necessary if moisture conditions are favorable, however if conditions
are dry and no rain falls within a reasonable time covering lightly
with a weeder or cultipacker is desirable. It is more necessary and
easier to cover the seed lightly when seeded as described above than
when seeded between rows of growing crops where there is partial
shade.

Ryegrass may also he seeded betweeii rows of vegetable crops at
the last cultivation, such as late cabbage, sweet corn, peppers, cauli-
flower, broccoli, beans and other crops planted in rows. The best
time is during August, generally, and early September, in southern
Pennsylvania. Whether to seed preceding or following a light culti-
vation depends upon weather conditions. Growers follow both prac-
tices. If a light cultivation is made many prefer seeding in advance.

Schuylkill County vegetable growers seed more acres to ryegrass
than any other county. This is partly due to less manure being avail-
able smce It is not a dairy or livestock county. In a recent trip to the
Rmgtown Valley a survey shows that about 90 per cent of the farm-
ers growing early wide-row crops use ryegrass.

* Vegetable Gardening Extension, The Pennsylvania State College.

— 12 —

Make Rain While The Sun Shines

t : I

And Make Money While the Making Is Good

1944 will afford the best markets for
Vegetables and Fruits that we have ever seen

INSURE YOUR CROP YIELDS

BY USING A

CALCO PORTABLE RAINMAKER

and stop watching the winds and clouds.

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Write for Illustrated Catalog and the name of the
nearest Rainmaker Dealer

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BERKELEY 2. CALIF.

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Possible Weather in Pennsylvania
For The Summer Of 1 944

William S. Clarke, Jr.*

Man is ever attempting to foretell the future, and in this respect
he turns some of his attention to the weather. Forecasts of the weather
for a few days are generally successful, but for a whole season they
have not been so accurate. Some of the long-range forecasters have
based their predictions on the moon and other astronomical pheno-
mena, most generally without striking success. In recent years some
progress has been made in predicting the trends of the weather for
longer periods of time by a study of the trends in air circulation in
different parts of the world. Much of our winter weather in Penn-
sylvania is influenced by the movements of air masses from north-
western Canada, and our summer weather is affected by movements
of air masses over the Atlantic Ocean about the latitude of Bermuda.
At the present time information about the movements of such air
masses is not so readily available to amateur forecasters.

Other attempts have been made to forecast the weather by a study
of past records. The weather manifests a certain rhythm. A wet period
follows a dry one; a warm spell may follow a cold wave; one season
follows another. In certain seasons the wet weather predominates;
m others, the dry; in some, the temperature is colder than the aver-
age; in others, it may be warmer. A study of the average monthly
rainfall records for Pennsylvania for a number of years shows that
there is a definite rhythm in the amounts recorded. At certain times
the fluctuations are rapid; an excessively wet month will be followed
by a very dry one, and then comes another wet month. At other times
the wet and dry periods each last for several months. The wettest
month may come about the middle of the wet period, and the driest
month about the middle of the dry period. On a few c ccasions several
months would pass with the rainfall near normal, i:nd without any
marked fluctuations in amount.

A study of the rainfall records of recent months shows that the wet
and dry periods have been following one another in waves a few
months apart, as may be seen from the accompanying table For in-
stance the months from January to March, 1943, were all drier than
normal, with the least rainfall in February. Then April, May and
July were wetter than normal, though June showed a deficiency May
^^^ ^^^ ^^t^^st month. August and September were both dry,' Sep-

* Instructor in Pomology. The Pennsylvania State College.

— 14 —

tember being the drier. Then October was wet, and November was
about normal. From December, 1943, to February, 1944, the rainfall
was much below normal. Then in March and April it was again ex-
cessive. In May some parts of the state were wet, and other parts
were dry. Probably for the state as a whole the amount of rainfall
would be near normal. At the date of writing (June 17) the month
of June would seem to be wetter than normal.

If the same rhythm that has held for the past year and a half con-
tinues, the rainfall will probably decrease about July and August
and again become more abundant about September or October. Dry
weather might then reasonably be expected in the middle or latter
part of the summer, and irrigation of vegetable crops may be de-
sirable where it can possibly be done. The rainfall may come largely
in local showers, so that possibly some regions in the state may have
sufficient rainfall.

The monthly temperature deviations from the average are also
shown to fluctuate with a certain rhythm, but they are much more
erratic and far less predictable than the rainfall fluctuations. In 1943
the months from January to March were near normal. April was
very cold. May about normal, and June quite hot. July and August

This trade mark on a bag of seed is your
ASSURANCE OF QUALITY

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ASGROW SEEDS

ASSOCIATED SEED GROWERS INC., MILFORD, CONN.

It 1

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— 15 —

were about normal, and the months from September to December
were well below normal. Then January and February of 1944 were
somewhat above normal, and March and April much colder than
usual. May, in contrast, was about the hottest on record for the state.
June, up to date, seems to be about normal.

TEMPERATURE AND RAINFALL RECORDS FOR
PENNSYLVANIA, 1943 AND 1944

Monthly Temperature

Deviations from Monthly Rainfall, Deviation
Normal, Degrees F.

January, 1943 —0.1

February

+1.5

March

—0.4

April

—5.5

May

+0.7

June

+4.8

July

+0.4

August

+0.5

September

—2.8

October

—2.5

November

—2.6

December

—3.0

January, 1944

+2.3

February

+ 1.0

March

—3.2

April

—3.1

Inches

FROM Normal

2.68

—0.50

1.71

—1.11

2.74

—0.76

3.97

+0.55

6.08

+2.23

3.33

—0.79

4.47

+0.18

2.72

—1.48

0.72

—2.61

5.63

+2.35

2.87

+0.01

1.12

—1.96

2.12

—1.06

2.00

—0.82

4.69

+ 1.19

4.06

+0.64

Note: These monthly temperature deviations from normal for Pennsyl-
vania and the monthly rainfall have been compiled from the records of the
United States Weather Bureau, as published in "Climatological Data" for the
Pennsylvania Section.

Usually there is a certain amount of excessive hot weather in a
summer. Sometimes it comes early in the summer, sometimes in the
middle of the summer, and sometimes late. This year some of it
occurred in May. If the present rhythm continues, we may look for
cooler weather during July and August, and possibly one or both
months may be below normal in temperature. Weather warmer than
normal may set in again some time near the end of the summer or
in the fall.

The predictions just made are the guess of the writer, but he warns
his readers not to place too great a reliance on them. The course of
the weather is affected by many things, and the rhythm of recent
months can be interrupted by one or more of them. For instance, the
temperatures over the earth are sometimes lowered by volcanic
activity, the great amount of dust in the air cutting off some of the

— 16 —

heat of the sun from the earth. Unseasonable frosts and cold years
have at times followed big volcanic eruptions. Whether the recent
eruptions of Vesuvius in Italy and the new volcano, Paracutin, in
Mexico, will affect the weather in the United States is at present
hard to determine.

The rainfall over the state is also subject to considerable variations,
so that in some months parts of Pennsylvania may have abundant
rainfall, while other parts may be dry. The averages quoted in this
article have been figures from the records of all the weather stations
over the state, and the predictions just made apply to the state as a
whole. The passage of a tropical hurricane along the Atlantic Coast
may also cause heavy rain in eastern Pennsylvania and relieve the
drought in an otherwise dry summer. Such a storm may affect this
state once in an average of two to three years.

In summary, a forecast of the weather for the summer of 1944,
based on the rhythm of the weather for the past few months, would
indicate that it may be drier than normal through midsummer, with
heavier rains again expected in late summer or during the fall. At
the same time the temperatures will probably be mostly near or below
normal, with a possibility of hot weather again about the end of the
summer.

EARLY MARKET TOMATO VARIETIES—

Continued from page ten

Market variety has led when the combination factors of earliness
and market quality are considered, although the growers think it
best to plant only a portion of their crop to this variety until it is
better known.

The Early Market was designated as No. 6, when discovered four
years ago. The only seed source, at present, is Glick Seed Farms,
Smoketown, Pa. — J.M.H.

Getting along with people means making promises
sparingly and keeping them faithfully, no matter
what it costs you.

ALBERT C. ROEMHILD

COMMISSION MERCHANT
Wholesale Fruits and Vegetables

Phone, Lombard 1000 122 Dock Street, Philadelphia, Pa.

— 17 —

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GRANULAR 'AIRO^ CYANAMID HAS BEEN
CALLED "AGRICULTURE'S MOST USEFUL
FORM OF NITROGEN/'

High nitrogen content, plus 70% of lime, is a
most desirable combination where soil im-
provement and profitable crops go hand in
hand.

Furthermore, its granular form makes applica-
tion easy as well as economical. Runs freely,
distributes evenly, does not cake.

•Aero' Cyanamid, used year after year, im-
proves the soil. Just nitrogen and lime.

AMERICAN CYANAMID COMPANY

FERTILIZER DIVISION

30 ROCKIf lltm PIAZA • NIW YOIK JO, N, Y.

The Possibilities of Increasing Greenhouse
Tomato Production by Use of Fl Hybrid Lines

R. E. Larson*

Growers of greenhouse tomato crops have long realized the neces-
sity of producing the maximum of quality fruits in order to compete
with the shipped-in Southern or Western product. As Professor Bar-
rons has pointed out (I) considerable research has been done in the
fields of insect and disease prevention and in the proper use ot ter-
tilizers, and that if advantage is taken of our present knowledge of
production methods there appears to be little a grower can do to
increase production with present forcing varieties.

It is well known that hybrid vigor as measured by yields occurs
quite often in crosses of tomato strains. Several researchers have
reported on the advantages of using hybrid tomatoes for forcing pur-
poses Growers have not been entirely receptive probably because
commercial Fl hybrid tomato seed has not been offered for sale by
seed houses. Increasing interest is being shown, however, and re-
ports have been received of several greenhouse men now producing
hybrid seed for their own use (1,2).

Although several hybrid combinations have been suggested, ac-
tually the work has just begun in determining the better hybrids for
greenhouse purposes. One Fl hybrid has been introduced, by K. C.
Barrons of the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station, and is
known in the trade as "Spartan Hybrid." This Fl line stems from
a cross of Michigan State Forcing X Cooper's Special and has much
to commend it as a Spring crop. Fruits of Spartan Hybrid average
4.5 to 5.0 ounces in weight and have a slightly flattened globe shape.
In tests at the Michigan Station this hybrid, as a Spring crop, yielded
an average of 15.6 pounds per plant as compared to U.l pounds per
plant of the Michigan State Forcing. As a fall crop the hybrid yielded
an average of 5.6 pounds per plant as compared to Michigan State
Forcing yield of 4.7 pounds per plant.

In a preliminary test at the Rhode Island Agricultural Experiment
Station a hybrid of Waltham X Redcap produced 7.6 pounds of mar-
ketable fruit per plant as a fall crop (3) whereas the inbred forcing
strain with which it was compared averaged 5.2 pounds of market-
able fruit per plant. Spartan Hybrid, which was included in this test,
averaged 6.1 pounds per plant.
The Pennsylvania Agricultural Experiment station has just begun

* Department of Horticulture, The Pennsylvania State College.

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-19 —

f '

similar studies but much work needs to be done before definite hy-
brid recommendations can be made. However, considermg the con-
trolled conditions of most greenhouse ranges it might be suggested
that the two mentioned Fl lines may have higher yieldmg capabili-
ties in this locality also.

Since the commercial seed houses have not started to produce
hybrid tomato seed, due to the unavailability of personnel and high
cost of production, it is the responsibility of the individual interested
m such a plan to produce his own. This can be done in a relatively
inexpensive manner by setting aside a small area of the range for
crossing work. Two or three plants of the pollen parent will be suffi-
cient for considerable crossing. The number of plants of the female
strains to be grown depends on the amount of seed that is desired.
Estimating a set of six crossed fruits per plant and 35 seeds per fruit
would give about 210 seeds per plant. On this basis four or five plants
of the variety to be used as the female parent would produce suffi-
cient seed for trial purposes. A planting of fifty should be sufficient
to produce about 10,000 seeds or enough for a good sized greenhouse
range.

As stated before the use of Fl greenhouse forcing hybrids is in its
infancy, but it has potentialities of becoming a promising young man.

1. Barrons, Keith C. 1943. Spartan Hybrid— A First Generation Hybrid To-
mato for Greenhouse Production. Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 42:5i24-Z».

2 Burgess, Iva M. 1941. Hybrid Vigor in Some Tomato Crosses. Proc. Am.
Soc. Hort. Sci. 38:570-72.

3. Unpublished data.

INVITED TO VISIT VARIETY TRIALS AT PENN STATE

Dr. M. L. Odland, who is in charge of variety trials at The Pennsyl-
vania State College this year, suggests that the middle to latter part
of September will be a good time to visit sweet corn and tomato
variety tests, as well as a number of other things of interest.

HIGH QUALITY SEEDS DON'T JUST HAPPEN

The production of high quality vegetable seed requires a carefully
thought-out farsighted breeding program. Has your seedsman such
a program?

ROBSON SEED FARMS

Hall, New York
Box P

— 20 —

WHAT?

W^ '^^^^^mt' ^^m

Minerals?

Mineralize your soil with:

ES-MINEL

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Now available for Victory gardeners in convenient 5 lb. packages;
and in 100 lb. packages for large scale production of fruits and
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WRITE TODAY FOR FREE BOOKLET

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Lettuce Breeding at State College

M. T. Lewis*

JUS. a year ago the lettuce ^-f ^^Sel'^o-^rndaS w:S
"^^atrtaTietTwS P^n^yS: gTwers n,ight find it
r.lwhn: tlCSr m4. The espial at^nt^^f^growers-

-r^ '° faVi; reSrin ™t1iSl^d whSrwas'J.ed h^

lettuce was started in the greenhouse and _«,^ ^f ° *^,"^^^^^^
April 25 with harvest dates from June 13 to July 1, following a season
of excessive rainfall. The fertilizer application consisted of 1200 lbs.
of 4-12-4 per acre.

Cosbia 40 was the earliest variety to show marketable heads fol-
lowed cloeely by New York 55. By doubling the amount of fertilizer
in m4U was noted that Cosbia was inclined to bolt or to form poorly
shaped heads, whereas New York 55 responded favorably to the
higher amount of fertilizer. A similar condition was noted in a home
garden known to be high in nitrogen. Imperial 44 produced typical
heads but with some tipburn, maturing a week to ten days earlier
than the larger and less firm Imperial 847. Seedsmen's strains of these
two latter varieties are now uniform.

Great Lakes is a variety which has very definite promise of future
value However, as it comes from seedsmen today it is not uniform.
Seed obtained from five commercial sources gave approximately
similar results, showing variability in foliage type and in heading
habit. In spite of the present shortcomings of this variety, growers
should be encouraged to continue to plant it because of its ability to
form heads under adverse conditions, though the cutting percentage
may be somewhat low due to variability. Seed growers are working
to fix the type and better commercial strains may be expected. Im-
perial 456 is a very similar variety and under local conditions may
perform better than Great Lakes, even in mid-summer. It will be
more widely listed in 1945 catalogs and may be expected to be more
uniform than Great Lakes. Both of these varieties appear to respond
favorably to soils with an abundance of nitrogen.
The breeding work at Penn State has resulted in the development

* Department of Horticulture, The Pennsylvania State College.

— 22 —

of a superior strain of Great Lakes by a method known to the breeder
as 'straight line selection.' This involves the saving of seed from
superior plants and conducting progeny tests to isolate the best lines.
The plants in the Penn State strain of Great Lakes are more uniform
in all characters than the present commercial strains and the heads
are exceptionally large and solid, many weighing one and one-half
pounds Seed is now being increased at State College so that exten-
sive trials may be made in 1945. Great Lakes has also been used as
one parent in a number of crosses and excellent fourth and fifth
generation hybrid lines are now under observation which show great
uniformity of heading, freedom from tipburn and unusual solidity.
These new varieties will be available later as members of the Penn-
berg series. One other Pennberg to be released for trial is a cross of
Imperial 44 and Cosberg, producing very uniform, early, hard heads
of general excellence.

Efficiency in Dusting and Spraying

Quick Application With Large Units. In insect and disease control
timeliness is often important and it is easy to see that large capacity
machines and wide booms cut down the number of fillings and in-
crease the acreage covered in a given time. Several of our spraying
and dusting materials are still scarce and expensive, and we must
prevent waste by timely, careful and thorough application. Drift
dusters having a large blower can be used instead of the nozzle type
under quiet conditions and do a good job. Drift dusters can cover
as much as 40 to 50 acres per hour.

Efficient harvesting of sweet corn is the thought William Yerkes.
Buckingham, Bucks County, had in mind when he constructed a
new type sweet corn harvester for use this year.

Holmes Seeds

Are for the Critical Market Grower who desires
to get pure, high yielding strains.

Holmes Seed Co., Canton, Ohio

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— 23 —

There's Nothing Better!

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NICOTINE SULFATE

ANOTHER "Stand-out" in the Orchard* Brand family . . .
Leaders in orchard performance:

"Astringent" Arsenate of Lead— with the "extra wallop."

Standard Arsenate of Lead — Foremost among commercial
growers.

Apple Dritomic* Sulfur— Fortified . . . especially for apple
scab.

Peach Dritomic* Sulfur— The peach grower's **01d
Reliable."

Spraycop*— Neutral copper with high residual value.
Filmf ast* — Spreader-sticker for maximum spray efficiency.
Stafast* — Controls pre-harvest drop.

GENERAL CHEMICAL COMPANY

40 Rector Street New York 6. N. Y.

12 South 12th Street Philadelphia 7, Pa.

Technical Service Offices in Principal Cities

• Reg. U. S. Pat. OfT.

What About Hail Insurance?

There is some hail every year, but generally the areas seriously
damaged are small and hail is likely to be looked upon more or less
like lightning — only the unlucky being hit. Whether or not a vege-
table grower takes Hail Insurance is often dependent on how good
a salesman the insurance agent happens to be, or whether there was
any serious hail damage in the locality the preceding year. Then
after the grower has taken Hail Insurance for two or three years
during which there was no hail, he decides he doesn't need such in-
surance and all too often that is the year hail strikes.

The writer has had the opportunity to observe vegetable growers'
experiences with Hail Insurance for several years. It would seem
that some conclusions drawn from these experiences might be help-
ful to others. A grower should always bear in mind that in the long
run you cannot ''make money" on Hail Insurance any more than you
can on fire or life insurance. Money spent for Hail Insurance is pay-
ment for protection only, and should be viewed only in that light.

First: Decide whether you NEED Hail Insurance. If you have a
good-sized bank account and the chief effect of the loss of your crop
will be to reduce or wipe out your year's income, then you certainly
can't be said to need the insurance except possibly to relieve your
mind so you can sleep better at night. If, on the other hand, you are
financially only a few leaps ahead of the sheriff, with so many debts
and mortgages against you that the loss of the season's crop by hail
would result in the loss of your home or farm through foreclosure,
then you are a very hardy gambler if you don't take Hail Insurance,
even though in such a case you are probably the grower with the
least money to spend on insurance. You are the only one who can
decide whether or not you need insurance.

Second: Once having decided that you should take Hail Insurance,
plan to take it every year. The farmers who take out Insurance one
year and drop it the next and so on, are almost certain to suffer dis-
appointments sooner or later. The hail loss seems to work a much
greater hardship on someone who formerly carried Hail Insurance
but no longer does, than on someone who has never paid any money
for Hail Insurance at all.

Third: Insurance companies offer three types of Hail policies. You
can obtain the complete coverage type which is the most expensive,
or the 10 per cent Combination Deductible or Premium Deductible
types which are much cheaper. The man most in need of insurance
generally has the least money to spend on premium and for him the
cheaper policies are the most satisfactory. For example, the complete

— 25 —

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BLACK LEAF PRODUCTS

HELP Protect THE NATION'S Food Supply

m BLACK LEAF 40 fUls a special wartime need as a supplement to, and in partial re-
placement of, imported insecticides which are restricted in supply. • • Used in
foliage sprays on vegetables and small fruits to control aphids, thrips, leafhopper and
other sucking insects. • As a dust, mixed with lime or other carrier, for the control
of the same types of insects. • Combined with other standard insecticides and fungi-
cides, and applied as a spray or a dust for a more complete control of plant enemies.
• • • By controlling aphids. Black Leaf 40 helps prevent the transmission of dis-
eases such as black rot of cabbage, and mosaic of cucumbers, cabbage, cauliflower,
mustard and beans.

NICO-FUME PRESSURE FUMIGATOR

Hand-Directed Fumigation with the Nico-Fume Pressure Fumigator is an excellenl
time-saving plan to control aphids and thrips on vegetable plants being grown in green-
houses under sash, in hot beds and cold frames.
Insure an ample supply of vegetable plants for your crops and your Victory Garden

Customers.

Known for many years •
as a destroyer of cer-
tain types of Insects,
BLACK LEAF 40 has
contributed to the food
supply of the nation in
war as well as in peace.
Again during the days
of this conflict BLACK
LEAF 40 carries on.

• Write for
Further Information

TOBACCO BY-PRODUCTS & CHEMICAL CORPORATION,
INCORPORATED • LOUISVILLE 2, KENTUCKY

LOOK FOR THE LEAF ON THE PACKAGE

coverage Hail Insurance rate on tomatoes insured for $100 per acre
is $4.00 per acre in Pennsylvania. In case of a 10 per cent loss, the
grower will get $10.00 per acre and if a 75 per cent loss, he will get
$75 00. However, the same $4.00 will buy almost $145.00 worth of
insurance (rate $2.80 per $100) if he takes a cheaper policy. Then
if he only has light damage, the insurance payment will amount to
very little or nothing depending on the type of policy, but if he has
heavy damage, as for example 75 per cent, he will receive 75 per cent
of $145, or $108.75. In other words, the grower is protected against
what he fears most— a very serious loss— if he takes the cheaper
policy. Rates vary according to crops; some crops can be insured for
as little as $1.40 an acre per $100 insurance.

Fourth: If you take Hail Insurance and have a loss from a hail-
storm, an adjuster will be sent by the insurance company to deter-
mine the extent of your damage. Adjusters are men of wide agri-
cultural experience; most of them are connected with state agricul-
tural colleges or experiment stations. Some growers take the attitude
that the adjuster is sent there to keep the insurance company from
having to pay any loss. This is far from the case. Insurance companies
know that their business is dependent upon the good will of growers,
and their best advertisement is a satisfied policy holder. When you
have a hail loss they are doubly anxious that you be fairly treated
and satisfied, and their instructions to the adjuster are that "in case
of doubt, always give the grower the benefit.'^ It is very important,
however, that losses not be over-paid, for this will greatly increase
the insurance rates and growers as well as the insurance company
will lose if the rates are unnecessarily high. It is the adjuster's busi-
ness to see to it that you are paid every dollar that is coming to you
and no more, so the grower's co-operation when the adjustment is
made is as much to the grower's advantage as to the insurance com-
pany.— G.J.S.

WM. H. STATES, JR

PRODUCE HAULING

BRISTOL. PENNA.

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PEnn iRuiT CO

PROMOTING

HOWARD N. DUDLEY

The death of Howard N. Dudley on May 7th was a shock and a
loss to his many friends in the Pennsylvania Vegetable Growers'
Association. He was a leader in organizations to improve the business
of the vegetable growers. He was one of those who made the break
several years ago, and established the present Pennsylvania Asso-
ciation. He was one that saw to it that the Pennsylvania vegetables
were on display each year at the Farm Show.

With a few other vegetable growers in Philadelphia County,
Howard N. Dudley organized the Philadelphia Vegetable Growers'
Co-operative Association during 1921, and was the first president of
that Association. Up to the time of his death, he was recognized as
an honorary director, his son, Oliver P. Dudley, having replaced him
as an active director.

It was Howard Dudley's far-sightedness as a grower of celery,
spinach and other vegetables that caused his fellow growers to make
numerous trips to his farm to see how Dudley's crops were progress-
ing. More than 20 years ago, he led the way in using heavy applica-
tions of lime and superphosphate on soil used for intensive vegetable
growing.

Spinach was grown throughout the entire season on the Dudley
farm many years ago. He made numerous changes in both produc-
tion and marketing practices. He contributed much to the business
of growing vegetables, and will long be remembered as an outstand-
ing leader in community and state vegetable growers' affairs.

NEW HYBRID SWEET CORN

LINCOLN the most popular new variety for the market grower.
OLD HICKORY a larger-eared Carmelcross.
WILSON a late hybrid of Stowell's Evergreen.

All three developed at the Conn. Ag. Exp. Station.

Also, Spancross, Marcross, Carmelcross, and Golden Cross Bantam.
Free descriptiye list for home and market Growers.

Huntington Brothers, Box H, Windsor, Conn.

— 29 —

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Here is ONE Solution to your Labor Problem

The American
HIGH PRESSURE Runch Washer

)(

I *

This Washer supplied from a BEAN Royal Enclosed oil bath pump

will do all of these things:—

1. Let women or girls do all bunch vegetable washing

2. Leave your men in the fields or for other heavier work
6, Allow you to shorten the time required in washing

4. Help you put up cleaner, brighter bunch vegetables

5. Help you put up more uniformly clean vegetables.'
b. Keduce your labor costs.

Made in two sizes— capacities from 300 to 600 dozen

bunches per hour.

Write for circulari and pricei. Available for early delivery.

JOHN BEAN MFG. CO. ^..^..

Pennsylvania Canners Achieve "A" Awards

Twenty years ago the vegetable processing industry was in its
infancy in Pennsylvania. Today the state is recognized as having
the soils, climate, and growers unsurpassed for the production of
large yields of a variety of high quality vegetables for canning, de-
hydration, and quick freezing— in addition to the fresh market. While
canned products are a staple product and canning procedures are
being improved to maintain still more of the fresh, nutritious and
palatable quality of vegetables in the can, quick freezing is destined
to develop into a much larger field among commercial establishments,
market gardeners and home gardeners. In any case, the identity of
Pennsylvania-grown vegetables to the tables of our own millions of
consumers will be an asset to growers and dealers so long as we can
maintain efficient standards of production and marketing to insure
a dependable supply of high quality garden-fresh products.

"A" awards have been made to several Pennsylvania canners in
the last year by the War Food Administration, and we like to think
that these were made possible by the outstanding efforts of growers
to "deliver the goods" in the first place. The Hanover Canning Com-
pany probably best represents companies both patronizing growers
in a number of areas of the state and using a number of different
vegetables! Illustrations show the present management, headed by
Alan R. Warehime; and the physical development of the plant in 20
years. The total pack of this company in 1923 was only 18,890 cases
of peas, beans and tomatoes; while in 1943 a total of the equivalent
of 535,933 cases of No. 2 cans of fresh vegetables were packed— an
increase of 27 times in 20 years.

All of the Hanover Canning Company growers receive the Penn-
sylvania Vegetable Growers' News.

Among the other Pennsylvania firms known to have received the
*'A" award are D. E. Winebrenner Company, also in Hanover; Hun-
gerford Packing Company, Hungerford (York County) ; Charles J.
Somers, Jr., Inc., New Freedom; Chef Boiardi Company, Milton;
and H. J. Heinz Company, Chambersburg.

Out-of-state canners, operating in Pennsylvania, known to have
received the "A" award, include Campbell Soup Company, Camden,
N. J.; B. F. Shriver Co., Westminster, Md.; Gibbs Canning Company,
Baltimore, Md., and Phillips Packing Company, Cambridge, Md.

Many other canners, who pack only one or two food items, also, are
worthy of recognition. As a whole, they are a healthy condition by
sticking to their contracts and not patronizing temporary "gyp"
markets.

— 31 —

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Save Your Flats With

In a recent report on CUPRINOL wood preservative the New
York State College of Agriculture, Department of Floriculture
and Ornamental Horticulture says:

"We have tried Cuprinol on flats and there appears to be no
injury from it under greenhouse conditions. It contains no
material which will give off toxic fumes. It comes at a time
when a good wood preservative for flats, bench boards, and
stakes is really needed.

"This Spring we nailed together 100 flats of cypress, planed
on one side, 13i" x 19}" x 2}" (Inside). It required 20 minutes
with two men to dip these flats, or less than i minute for
each flat. The 100 flats required 18 quarts of material.
"The manufacturer of this material says the wood will last
three times as long as when untreated. We haven't had it
long enough yet to know, but we treated pine excelsior and
mixed it in rose soils, two years ago. We could pull the
excelsior threads from the soil at the end of a year, whereas
excelsior not treated was gone in three months.
"With the scarcity of lumber, you will probably have to use
poor material this year. Treating should be a good invest-
ment. ... If nails are driven after dipping, be sure to paint
over them and the cracks caused with Cuprinol.'

CUPRINOL, Inc., Mfrs.

33 Spring Lane, Boston 9, Mass.

The Pennsylvania Vegetable Growers' Association
Membership Subscription List — 1944

Adam, Alfons, Strasburg, R. 1, Pa.
Adams Apple Products Corporation, Aspers,

Adams Co., Pa.
Adams County Fruit Packing & Distributing

Co., Inc., Biglerville, Pa.
Adams, E. C. Spring Grove, R. 2, Pa.
Adams, Fred, Tamaqua, R. 1, Pa.
Agricultural Library, The Pennsylvania

State College, State College, Pa.
Ake. Walter, Camden, Del.
Alburger, Norwood A., Jacksonville Rd.,

Ivvland, Pa.
Alexander, M. W., Cochranville, Box 53, Pa.
Allaman. R. P., Harrisburg, R. 1, Pa.
Allen Company, Agricultural Chemicals,

Pittstown, N. J.
Altland, Elmer. Spring Grove, R. 3, Pa.
Altland. Emory. Spring Grove, R. 1. Pa.
Altland. Norman, Spring Grove, R. 3, Pa.
Alwine, Robert H., Hanover, R. 2, Pa.
Ambroslus. Arthur. Brodbecks, R. 1, Pa.
Ament, Paul R., Conestoga. R. 2, Pa.
American Cyanamid Company (Mr. M. V.

Bailey). 30 Rockefeller Plaza, New York,

20. N. Y.
American Cyanamid Company (Director of

Agricultural Research), 30 Rockefeller

Plaza. New York, 20. N. Y.
American Potash Institute, Inc. (Catherine

M. Schmidt. Librarian), 1155 Sixteenth

Street. N. W.. Washington. 6. D. C.
Anstine. J. L., Spring Grove. R. 2, Pa.
Ardrey. H. G., Howard. R. 1. Pa.
Armstrong. Ralph C. Drumore. R. 1. Pa.
Arnold, Elijah H.. Lebanon. R. 5. Pa.
Arnold. Harry. Beaver Falls, R. 1, Pa.
Arnold. J. C, Jarrettown, Pa.
Arnold, J. P., Beaver Falls. R. 1. Pa.
Artley. Larue. 339 Cherry St., Montours-

ville, Pa.
Atha. Roy. Ivyland. Pa.

Auchey, David D.. Spring Grove. R. 2, Pa.
Auchey, John. Spring Grove, R. 2, Pa.
Auker. T. R.. Mifflintown. Pa.
Babb & Sons. Fred. Rosemont, Pa.
Baer, Charles. Bair, Pa.
Baer, N. N.. Salunga, Pa.
Bair, Daniel S., Hanover, R. 3, Pa.
Bair. George E.. Spring Grove. R. 3. Pa.
Bair. Luther C, Hanover. R. 1, Pa.
Baker, Chester, Market St., Lititz. Pa.
Baker. John C, Dillsburg. R. 1. Pa.
Baker, Lloyd, Millersville, R. 1, Pa.
Baker. O. W.. Commodore. Pa.
Balmer. Abram G.. Myerstown. R. 2. Pa.
Balmer. Harry W.. Manheim. R. 2. Pa.
Balsbaugh, Amos J.. Lebanon. R. 1. Pa.
Balsbaugh, Paul A.. Myerstown. R. 2. Pa.
Bange, Aaron N.. Hanover, R. 4. Pa.
Bange. Edward L.. Brodbecks. R. 1. Pa.
Bankert. A. P.. Hanover. R. 3. Pa.
Bankert. Elwood C. Hanover. R. 2. Pa.
Bankert. Leroy J.. Hanover. R. 1. Pa.
Bankert, Paul M., Hanover. R. 3. Pp.
Bankert, Ravmond C. Hanover. R. •^. Pa.
Bard, Eohraim G.. Columbia. R. 1. Pa.
Bare, Charles N.. York, R. 1. Pa.
Bare. Earl S.. Leacock. Pa.
Barney, Lesko. 140 Main St.. Kingston, Pa.
Barnev. William. 140 Main St.. Kingston. Pa.
Barr. Morris Abner. Phoenixville. R. 2. Pa.
Bartley. C. L., Bellefonte, R. 2, Pa.

Barthomew, Ray, Clarks Summit, R. 2, Pa.
Basara, Stephen, Bristol, R. 1, Pa.
Bastian, Douglas, Williamsport, R. 1, Pa.
Batdorf, Adam, Lebanon, R. 5, Pa.
Baublitz, Noah, Spring Grove, R. 3, Pa.
Bauer, Allen H., Botany Bldg., State Col-

lege Pa.
Baugher, Paul, Brodbecks, R. 1, Pa.
Baumgardner, Claude, Hanover, R. 2, Pa.
Baumgardner, Elmer J., Spring Grove, R. 3,

Pa.
Beach, J. F., Woodbury, Pa.
Bean Mfg. Co., John, P. O. Box 840, Lan-
sing 4 Mich.
Beattie. Samuel J., Hallowell, P. O. Box 5,

Pa.
Beatty, Joshua W., Hatboro, R. D., Pa.
Beatty, Robert H., 243 Cross Hill Road. Penn

Wynn, Pa.
Beccari, Peter, Hickman, Box 61, Pa.
Beck. Newton, Mechanicsville, Pa.
Becker, H. Stanley, Route 132, Becker

Farms, Croydon, Pa.
Becker, Mervin L., Abbottstown, R. 1, Pa.
Becker, Norman E., 846 York St., Hanover,

Pa.
Becker, N. T., Seven Valleys, R. 1, Pa.
Becker, Ralph, Spring Grove, R. 3. Pa.
Becker. Stanley Q., Route 132, Becker

Farms, Croydon, Pa.
Bedner. S.. Bridgeville. Pa.
Beiler. Aaron E., Gao. R. 1, Pa.
Beiler, Andrew D., Bird-in-Hand, R. 1, Pa.
Beiler. Ben B.. Gordonville, R. 1. Pa.
Beiler, Ben S., Paradise, R. 1, Pa.
Beiler, Elias R., Gordonville. R. 1. Pa.
Beiler. John M.. Ronks. R. 1. Pa.
Beiler, Leon. Narvon, R. 2. Pa.
Beiler. Samuel U., Gap. R. 1, Pa.
Beiler. Samuel Y.. Ronks. R. 1. Pa.
Beinhart. E. G.. 705 Wyndmoor Ave.. Phila-

delnhia, 18. Pa.
Bellville. W. E.. 506 Bellevue Ave.. Lang-

horne. Pa.
Bender. L. J.. Allentown. R. 4. Pa.
Benham. J. F., Penna. R. R. Sta., Richmond,

Ind.
Bensinger, C. E., Tamaqua, R. 1, Pa.
Bentz. Earl W. L.. Dillsburg, R. 1, Pa.
Bentzel. Arthur J.. York. R. 4. Pa.
Bergh. Margery Ann. 66 E. Eagle Rd., Upper

Darby, Pa.
Berkheimer, Jacob M., Mechanicsburg, R. ,2

Pa.
Berkheimer, W. C, Hanover, R. 2, Pa.
Bernhard, Howard W.. Florin, Pa.
Bethany Orphans' Home, Womelsdorf. Pa.
Bicksler. H. J.. Robesonia. Pa.
Biddle. Thomas F.. 8700 Bustleton Ave.,

Bustleton. Philadelohia. 15. Pa.
Binner. Harry W.. Dillsbure. R. 1. Pa.
Bittinger. John A.. 537 S. Queen Street,

Littlestown. Pa.
Black. Glenn. Gettysburg. R. 1, Pa.
Blank, John S., Leola. Pa.
Bloomfield. Joseph E.. Oakford. R. D.. Pa.
Bobbin. Henry, 140 Garfield Ave.. Nanti-

coke Pa
Bock. Walter. Crafton. R. 5. Pa.
Boeckel, William. Spring Grove. R. 1. Pa.
Boettcher. Ernst. York. R. 4. Pa.
Boll, David, Manheim, R. 2, Pa.

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Bollinger, Edward K., Lititz, R. 1, Pa.
Bollinger, Harold G., Sheridan, R. 1, Pa.
Bollinger, Irwin E., Myerstown, R. 2, Pa.
Bomberger, John S., Lebanon, R. 1, Pa.
Bonitz, John T. & Anthony, Progress Val-
ley Farms, Progress, Pa.
Booker, G. L., The Rain and Hail Insurance

Bureau, 90 John Street, New York, 7, N.Y.
Borovies, Joseph, Hellertown, R. 1, Pa.
Bortner, Ervin M., Thomasville, R. 1, Pa.
Bortner, John L., Hanover, R. 2, Pa.
Bowman, David, Thomasville, R. 1, Pa.
Bowman, J. Oscar, Myerstown, R. 2, Pa.
Bowman, Lather K., The Juniata Cannery,

Newville, Pa.
Boyd, William I., Wyoming, Del.
Boyer, George H., Spring Grove, R. 2, Pa.
Boyer, Ira C, 212 North Broad Street, Sel-

insgrove. Pa.
Brackbill, Harry G., Malvern, Pa.
Braucher, Samuel W., Fleetwood, R. 2, Pa.
Bream, A. F., Gardners, R. 1, Pa.
Brehm, F. C, Dilltown, Pa.
Brehm, Raymond, Johnstown, R. 1, Box 83,

Pa.
Breiner, Frank J., Tamaqua, R. 1, Pa.
Breneman, J. W., Willow Street. R. 1. Pa.
Brenneman, Aaron R., Millersville, R. 1. Pa.
Brenneman, Harry R., Washington Boro,

R. 1, Pa.
Brenneman, Mark, Manheim, Pa.
Brenneman, Ray, Seven Valleys, R. 2. Pa.
Bnckajlik, John, Sellersville, R. 1, Box 35,

Pa.

Bricker, H. E., Brodbecks, R. 1, Pa.
Bricker, J. R., Brodbecks, R. 1. Pa
Brillhart, George, Spring Grove, R. 2, Pa.
Brmker. William, Chalfont, R. D., Pa
Bmck, O. C, 2703 Bird Drive, Wessleyville,

Brodbeck, Paul, East Berlin. R. 2, Pa.
Brough, Vance, York Springs. R. 1. Pa
Brown, Arthur E. & W. T., Nottingham. R. 2.

Brown. Claude P., Hanover, R. 2. Pa
Brown Henry G., Bethel, R. 1, Pa.
Brubaker, Abram A., Myerstown, R. 2, Pa
Brubaker, Daniel A., Ephrata, R. i, Pa.
Brubaker. Elam R.. Mt. Joy. R. 1. Pa.
Brubaker. Henry E., Mt. Joy, R. l. Pa.
Brubaker. Isaac M., Lititz. R. 2. pk
Brubaker, Jacob G., Manheim, R. l. Pa
Brubaker, J. N.. Lancaster, R. 2, Pa
Brubaker, Noah M., Lancaster, R. l. Pa
Brubaker, Roy G.. Manheim. R. 2. Pa
Brubaker. Spencer. Lititz. R. D Pa '
Bruckhart. Graybill G.. Manheim, r' 1 Pa
Bruckhart. John F., Manheim, R l Pa
Brumgard. William, Hanover. R 3 Pa
Buchanan, John. Honey Brook. R D Pa
Bucher, J. B.. Lititz, R. 2. Pa
Bucher. Mark J.. Schaefferstown. Pa
Bucher. Miles K.. Lebanon. R. l pI'
Bucher. Rufus. Quarryville. Pa.
Bucher. Wayne. East Berlin, R. l, Pa
Buckman, Ernest L.. Buckingham. Pa
Buckman. Ernest L.. Doylestown Pa
Buchman. R. v.. Brodbecks. rT. Pa"
Buckwalter. Quentin Lititz,' R. 3 Pa."
Erie Pa ^^"^"""'"al Extension Assn..

Bunting. Fred, Langhorne. R. 2. Pa
Burger. Elmer. Honey Brook. R 2 Pa
Burkey. Wilmer S.. East Earl. Pa.*
Burkhart. John D., Manheim, R 1 Pa
Burkholder. Anna M.. New Holland. *R. 1.

Burkholder. Jacob. New Providence Pa
Burkholder, John D.. Lititz, R. 3, Pa. '

Burkholder, Raymond M., Myerstown, R. 2
Pa.

Burkholder, Titus K., Willow Street, R 1
Pa.

Burpee Co., W. Atlee, Attention: J. F. Simp-
son, Hunting Park Avenue at 18th St
Philadelphia, 32. Pa.

Burrell Seed Growers Co., D. V., Rocky
Ford, Colorado.

Burris, Ray. Marietta, R. 1, Pa.

Butterwick, R. A., 523 N. Leh St., Allen-
town, Pa.

Cadzou, Dr. Donald A., 3518 Montour St

Harrisburg, Pa.
California Spray-Chemical Corporation

Elizabeth, N. J.
Cameron, Mrs. W. R.. Lancaster, R. 1, Pa.
Campbell, L. Graham, 354 Stockton Street

Hightstown. N. J.

Carter, J. W. & Waldo W., Langhorne, R. D.,

Pa.
Carter, Russell F., Yardley, Pa.
Cashman, Elmer, York Springs, R. 1, Pa.
Cassel, Jeremiah, Manheim. R. 1, Pa
Chapman. Harry. Bristol. R. 1, Pa.
Charles, Amos B., Lancaster, R. 2, Pa.
Charles, David H., Lancaster, R. 2, Pa.
Checchia. Rose M., Bristol. R. 2, Pa.
Chestnut. Frank K., Morrisviile, R. 1, Pa
Chicchia Bros.. Bristol, R. 2. Pa.
Clapper, Charles. Spring Grove. R. 3, Pa.
Clapper, Dewey, Dillsburg, R. 2, Pa.
Clarke. Jr., William S., State College, P. O

Box 167. Pa.
Clark. Fred C. Gibsonia. R. 1. Pa.
Clear Spring Farms. Dillsburg. R. 1. Pa
Clemson, Leonard G.. Halifax. Pa.
Clme. John F.. Brodbecks, R. 1, Pa.
Clymer, John. Quarryville. Pa.
Cobb, George R., Salisbury, Maryland.

Cockerham. Wilbur L.. Lincoln University.
R. 1. Pa.

Cole. Ray M., 710 E. Second St.. Bloomsburg.

Coles. W L.. West Chester. R. 1. Pa.
Collms, Charles E., 301 Cherry Street, Dun-
more, Pa.

Comly, J. Byron, Bustleton, Philadelphia,

Conily Rowland R., Bustleton. Pa.
Coniglio, Joseph, 42 Filbert St., Swoyer-
ville, Pa.

Consumers Ice & Coal Co.. Attention: Mr.
C. L. Snavely, Penn & Liberty Sts., Lan-
caster, Pa.

Cool. J. E., Spring Grove. R. 2. Pa.

Cooper, C. F., Hanover. R. 2, Pa.

C(Kabaugh. William. Clarks Summit. R. 2.

Ccxm. F. H.. Clarks Summit, R. 2. Box 106.

Corl, Fred. Bellefonte, R. 2. Pa
Gorman, Ray E.. Bellefonte, R. 2, Pa

fJ^\\\ ^^^^ P- G^»"d View Farm. Feas-
terville. Pa.

Cornell. Norman S.. Warrington. Pa.
r?«o^Ji^"^\!I' Woodrow P.. Chalfont. Pa.
r^!!"'%' Marcus L.. Horsham. Pa.
Creasy. Luther P.. Catawissa. Pa.
cregar. Lemuel C. Yardlev R D Pa

"^■gSn* la°"' ^°"'^- " S- "-^' Avenue.

rfXi.' -Joseph. lianover, R. l, Pa.
cutler. Jesse, Drumorc. Pa.
cutler, Joseph. Drumore, Pa.

— 36 —

SEEDS

OUTSTANDING STRAINS FOR THE CRITICAL

MARKET GROWER

A FULL LINE OF FINE VEGETABLE SEEDS INCLUDING—

Hybrid Sweet Corn

Peas

Beans

Cucumber

Beet

Carrot

Radish

We are now booking orders for seed out of 1944 crop.
Send us a list of your requirements for quotation. We are
pleased to offer a special pre-season discount of 5%
on all orders placed before December. MAKE 1945 a
BETTER YEAR WITH ASGROW SEEDS.

TAPPERSON SEED CD

ALLENTOWN. PA.

I"! S !

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♦ :

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M I

Daegan, Jesse. Hanover, R. 3, Pa.
Danenberger, Elmer P., Huntingdon Valley,

Pa
Davi'es, James R., 519 Northampton Street,

Kingston, Pa. ^ „. t^. *

Davies, R. J., 61 S. Landon St., Kmgston,

Pa
Davis, George W., Dillsburg. R. 1, Pa.
Davis, H. E., Mgr., Agricultural Chemicals

Division, Grasselli Chemicals Department,

E. I. duPont de Nemours & Company,

Wilmington, Delaware.
Davison, Mary Louise, Edgeworth, Sewick-

ley, Pa. „ « „

Deardorff, Jacob R., Hanover, R. 3, Pa.
DeCamp, F. P., Mercersburg, Box 144, Pa.
Deemer, John M., 41 N. Charlotte St., Man-

heim, Pa. « « „

Dehoff, Daniel D., Hanover, R. 2, Pa.
DeLashmutt, W. F., King Supply Company,

Morrisville, Pa.
Delp, Robert, Lititz, R. 1, Pa.
Denlinger, C. H., Columbia, R. 2, Pa.
Denlinger, Earl S., Paradise, R. 1, Pa.
Denlinger, Paul B., Ronks, R. 1, Pa.
Denny, Grayn L., Beaver Falls, R. 2, Pa.
Dettling, Mrs. Bertha K., Venetia, R. 1, Pa.
Detwiler, C. L. & Son, Hatboro, R. D., Pa.
Dick, Scott A., Dillsburg, R. 1, Pa.
Dickson, Wilson. 99 George St., Hanover,

Pa.
Diehl, LeRoy D., Spring Grove, R. 1, Pa.
Diehl, Paul, Spring Grove, R. 3, Pa.
Dietz, David, York. R. 4, Pa.
Digirolomo, Joseph, Eddington, Pa.
Doan, Duane D. & Marcus P.. Yardley, R. 1,

Pa.
Donaldson, R. B., State College. Pa.
Donovan. Francis, Bellefonte, R. 2, Pa.
Dourte, Monroe S., Manheim, R. 2, Pa.
Drager, Adolph H., Yardley, R. 1. Pa.
Drager, Walter, Columbia, Pa.
Drennen, William, Cochranville, R. 2, Pa.
Drumm, Ira J., Holtwood, R. 2, Pa.
Dubble, Nathan G., Myerstown, R. 2. Pa.
Dubs. Roy, Hanover, R. 3, Pa.
Duddle, John R., Lebanon, R. 1, Pa.
Duddle, Wayne G., Myerstown. R. 2. Pa.
Dudley, H. N., Red Lion Rd., Torresdale,

Philadelphia, Pa.
Dudley. Oliver P.. Torresdale. Pa.
Duh. Stephen. Hellerstown, R. 1, Pa.
Dunkelberger, George R., Bernville, Pa.
Dunlap, R. Bruce. 3125 Chestnut St.. Camp

Hill. Pa.
Dusman, George H., Hanover, R. 2, Pa.
Dusman, J. W., Hanover, R. 2, Pa.
Dusman, Leroy, Hanover. R. 2. Pa.
Dutweiler, Ira K., 36 North 8th Street. Leb-
anon, Pa.
Dybiak, Stephen, Sellersville, R. 1, Pa.

Eastern States Farmers' Exchange, Spring-
field, P. O. Box 1482, Mass.

Ebersol, LeRoy B., Bareville, R. 1, Pa.

Ebersole. Harry L.. East Berlin. R. 1. Pa.

Eberts, Ida M.. Andreas. R. 1, Pa.

Eby, George. Elizabethtown, R. 3. Pa.

Eby, Henry R., 2 Court House, Pittsburgh,
Pa.

Eby, Menno, Gap, R. 1, Pa.

Eck, Bernard, Thomasville, R. 1, Pa.

Eck, Howard, 313 E. Seventh Ave., South
Williamsport, Pa,

Eck's Sons, J. J., 327 Church St., South Wil-
liamsport, Pa.

Eckman, Park, Lancaster, R. 6, Pa.

Eckrote, O. K., Conyngham, Pa.

Edgerton, Charles, King Farms Co., Morris-
ville, Pa.

Edwards, Furman A., Ivyland, Pa.
Edwards, G. Marcus, Prospectville, Pa.
Edwards, Harold, Clarks Summit. Pa.
Edwards, Russ, 1213 Pond St., Bristol. Pa.
Eichelberger. Jacob, Manheim, R. 1, Pa.
Eisenhart, Clark E., York, R. 4, Pa.
Elwvn Training School. Elwyn. Pa.
Enders, J. Harry, Lancaster, R. 1, Pa.
Erb, James M., Pequea, R. 1. Pa.
Erb. Roy B., Lancaster, R. 3, Pa.
Esbenshade, Aaron M., New Holland, R. 2,

Pa.
Esbenshade, Jacob E., New Holland, R. 2,

Pa.
Esbenshade, Ross, New Holland, R. 2, Pa.
Esch, Samuel M., Ronks, R. 1, Pa.
Eshleman, Howard M., Willow Street, R. D.,

Pa.
Eshleman, J. Daniel, Manheim, R. 2, Pa.
Eshleman. John F., Lancaster, R. 6, Pa.
Evans, W. H., Plainsville, Box 5, Pa.
Fagan, F. N., Hort. Bldg., State College, Pa.

Fair, David, Harrisburg, R. 1, Pa.

Feeser, Estella C, Hanover, R. 3, Pa.

Feeser. Roy R.. Hanover. R. 3. Pa.

Fenstermacher, John W., Mertztown, R. 1,
Pa.

Fero, L. D., H. J. Heinz Company, Cham-
bersburg. Pa.

Ferry Bros., 798 Third Ave., Bristol, Pa.

Fetrow, J. Gilbert. Etters, Pa.

Fetter. Allen T.. Richland. R. 1. Pa.

Fetterman. J. Gordon. Media. R. 1. Pa.

Fetterman. Lorenzo. Catawissa. R. 2. Pa.

Fetterolf, Raymond A.. 240 Penn Street.
Bloomsburg, Pa.

Fickel, C. W., Gardners. R. 1. Pa.

Fiedler. Edwin. Bellefonte, R. 2, Pa.

Findlev. H. Steele, Cramer, Pa.

Fink, Mathias, Newtown. R. D.. Pa.

Fisher. Amos H.. Ronks, R. 1, Pa.

Fisher, Benjamin B., Ronks. R. 1, Pa.

Fisher, Christ E., Paradise, R. 1, Pa.

Fisher, Elam S., Gordonville, R. 1, Pa.

Fisher, Fred M., Wernersville, Pa.

Fisher, John K., Kinzer, R. 1. Pa.

Fisher. Noah H.. Ronks. R. 1. Pa.

Fisher. H. Ray. Dalton, R. 1, Pa.

Fissel, C. W., York. R. 5. Pa.

Flatt. Stanley T., Corydon. P. O. Box 1. Pa.

Fleming, Charles, Dillsburg, R. 1., Pa.

Fleming, E. J.. Andalusia. Pa.

Fleming, T. Herman, Andalusia, Pa,

Flora Orchard Company. Wrightsville. Pa.

Folcomer. Harry C. Seven Valleys. R. 1. Pa.

Ford. James E., Hanover, R. 2, Pa.

Forrey, Charles, Elizabethtown, R. 1, Pa.

Forry, Alvan D.. Hanover. R. 3. Pa.

Forry, Benjamin. Manheim. R. 2, Pa.

Forry, Daniel G., Mt. Joy. R. 1, Pa.

Forry. Harry. Spring Grove. R. 2. Pa.

Forry. Irvin. Manheim. R. 2. Pa.

Forry, L. S., Spring Grove. R. 3, Pa.

Forry, Rudy G., Manheim. R. 2. Pa,

Fouracre, R. R.. 5029 duPont Bldg,. Wil-
mington, Delaware.

Frank. H. B,. Quarryville. Pa.
Frank. Irvin W.. Elizabethtown. R. 1. Pa.
Frankhouser. John M., Honey Brook. Pa.
Frankhouser, J, R., Goodville, Pa.
Frantz, Charles P„ Seven Valleys, R, 2, Pa.
Frantz, Raymond P., Spring Grove, R. 1. Pa.
Free. William A., Hungerford, Pa.
Frey, Armor P., Conestoga, R. 2, Pa.
Frey Brothers. Conestoga, R. 2. Pa.
Frey, Harold T., Elizabethtown, R. 3, Pa.
Frey, J. Mowery, Lancaster, R, 4, Pa.
Frey, Samuel A., Hanover, R. 2, Pa.
Fritz, A. H. & C. W„ Quarryville. Pa.

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'•"C

114

Fritz, John I., Lancaster, R. 5, Pa.

Froehlich, D., Jamison, Pa.

Fry, Harry H.. Lebanon, R. 1, Pa.

Fry, H. K., Lancaster. R. 2, Pa.

Fuhrman, Robert C, Hanover, R. 3, Pa.

Fuller, Ralph, Turbotville, Pa.

Fulmar, W. Carl, Johnsville, Pa.

Fulmer, Elmer E., 1818 Fulmer St., Bustle-
ton, Philadelphia, Pa.

Funk, A. H., Millersville, Pa.

Funk, Mildred M., Washington Boro, R. 1,
Pa.

Funk, Milton, Washington Boro, Pa.

Funk, Welker W., King Farms Co., Morris-
ville, Pa.

Furman, N. J., Montandon, Pa.

Gaenzle, L. E., Fleetwood, R. 1, Pa.

Gallagher, Paul, Spring Grove, R. 3, Pa.

Gancarz, J. S., Morrisville, R. 1, Pa.

Gantz, William W., Lancaster, R. 2, Pa.

Garber, B. Snavely, Willow Street, Pa.

Garber, Jay Clarence, Lancaster, R. 6, Pa.

Gardner, Charles W., York Springs, R. 1, Pa.

Gardner, Park, Gardners, R. 1, Pa.

Garges, Howard, Chalfont, R. D., Pa.

Garges, Howard S., Hilltown, Pa.

Garner, Oscar W., York Springs, R. 1, Pa.

Garrahan, F. H., 100 S. Thomas Ave,, Kings-
ton, Pa.

Garretson, Donald, Aspers, R. 1, Pa.

Garrett, Charles J., West Chester, R. 3, Pa.

Garrett, Ralph, Spring Grove. R. 3, Pa.

Garrison, H. J., 204 E. Holly Ave., Pitman,
New Jersey.

Gaugler, George, Port Trevorton, R, 2, Pa.

Gehman, Allen, Ronks, R, 1, Pa,

Gehman Dairy Farms, Macungie. Pa,

Geisler, George L., McKees Rocks, R. 1, Box
85 A, Pa.

Geissinger, Clarence L.. Quakertown, R. 2,
Pa.

George, Harry J., Churchville, Pa.

George, Jr., John, Spring Grove. R. 3, Pa.

Gersch. August T., Second St. Pike, South-
ampton, Pa.

Gessner, Norman A,, Paxinos, R. 1, Box 269,
Pa.

Getz, Rohrer. Mt. Joy. R. 1. Pa,

Gibble, Graybill G., Manheim, R. 1, Pa.

Gibble. J. H., Myerstown, R, 2, Pa,

Gibbons, John A., Hanover. R. 2, Pa.

Gilbert A, F„ Millersburg, Pa,

Gillan, C, Frank, St. Thomas. Pa,

Gingrich, Herman A„ Lebanon, R. 5. Pa.

Gingrich, William H., Elizabethtown, R. 3,
Pa.

Ginter, D. L., Williamsport. R. 1. Pa.

Given. Luther J.. Honey Brook. R, 1. Pa,

Gladfelter, Charles E., Hanover, R. 3. Pa,

Glatfelter. Harry A„ Spring Grove, R. 1,
Pa.

Glass R, J,. Bulger. Pa.

G. L, F. Columbia Farm Products Co-oper-
ative. Inc., Bloomsburg. Pa.

Glick. Adam B.. Millersville. R, 1, Pa.

Click. John L,. Boyertown. R. 2. Pa.

Glick. Robert B.. Millersville. R. 1. Pa.

Glick, Samuel Roy. Narvon, R. 1, Pa.

Gobrecht, William D., Hanover, R. 2, Pa.

Gochenauer, Robert H., Willow Street, R. 1,
Pa.

Gocolinski, Frank, Langhorne, R. 2. Pa.
Godshall, Oliver C. Barnesville. Box 22. Pa.
Goll. Fred M.. Academy & E. Comly Rds.,

Torresdale, Pa.
Golomb. Henry, Plainsville. Box 123. Pa,
Good, Elmer V., Lititz, R. 1, Pa.
Good, Ira M., Bainbridge, R. 1, Pa.
Good Co., James, 2111 E. Susquehanna Ave,,

Philadelphia, 25, Pa.

Goodfellow, Guy R., Hanover, Pa.

Goodrich, George. Olyphant, R. 1, Pa.

Goshorn, Roy W., M.D., Acting Superinten-
dent, Hollidaysburg State Hospital, Hol-
lidaysburg. Pa.

Gosser & Co., H. J., 142 Dock St., Philadel-
phia, Pa.

Gossler, Paul M., Vence & Red Lion Rds..
Bustleton, Philadelphia, Pa.

Graham, Harold, Elkins Park, 17, Pa.

Grasse. J. M., Blooming Glen, Pa.

Gratzer, Earl, Lititz, Pa.

Gray, C. B., Bloomsburg Packing Company,
Bloomsburg, Pa.

Gray, Charles W., Jr., Davisville, Pa.

Gray, Ray W., Hanover, R. 3, Pa.

Graybill, J. Homer, Manheim, R. 1, Pa.

Graybill, J. M., Mohnton, R. 2, Pa.

Green, Charles A., & Son, Inc., 1236-40 North
Ninth St., Philadelphia, Pa.

Greenbaum, Raymond, Allentown State
Hospital, Allentown, Pa.

Greenberg. Albert, Doylestown, R. 2, Pa.

Gregory, Harold, Dalton, R. 2, Pa.

Greider, Benjamin L., Mt. Joy, R. 1, Pa.

Greiner, H. S., Manheim, R. 3, Pa.

Greystone Poultry Farm, Gibsonia, R. 2,
Box 245, Pa.

Griest, Joel R., York Springs, R. 1, Pa.

Griest, John L., New Oxford, R. 1, Pa.

Griest, Peter J., York Springs, R. 1, Pa.

Grim, Dr. H. B., Hampton, Pa.

Grimshaw, H., N. Girard, Pa.

Groff, Amos M., Lancaster, R. 2, Pa.

Groff. Earl L., Strasburg, R. 1, Pa.

Groff, Elias H., Lancaster, R. 6, Pa.

Groff, Joseph M,, Christiana, R. 1. Pa.

Groff. Landis. S.. Strasburg. R. 1, Pa.

Groft, William J., Hanover, R. 4, Pa,

Groover, Calvin S,, Harrisburg. R. 1. Pa.

Groscost. Harry, Gettysburg, R. 5, Pa.

Gross, Clair, York, R. 1, Pa.

Gross, Maurice. Narvon, R. 2, Pa.

Gross, Jr., Robert L., Thomasville, R. 1, Pa.

Grote, A. E., Brodbecks, R. 1. Pa.

Grove, Clyde M.. Dillsburg, R. 1, Pa.

Grove, W. E,, York Springs, Pa,

Grove, W. E., 120 N. 6th St., Chambersburg,
Pa.

Grumbine, Lee J., Myerstown. R. 2, Pa.

Guise, Clyde D.. Dillsburg. R. 1. Pa.

Guise, John W., Gardners, R, 1, Pa.

Guise, Willis J., York Springs, R. 2, Pa.

Guyer, David, Thompsontown, Pa.

Guyton. T. L., 2310 Chestnut St., Harris-
burg, Pa.

Guzikowski, Edward. Woodside. Pa.

Guzikowski, Marjan, Yardley, R. 1, Pa.

Haar, George F., Spring Grove, R, 2, Pa.

Haar, Harvey S,, Menges Mills, Pa,

Haar, William C, York Springs. R. 1. Pa.

Habecker. Charles C. Lancaster. R. 2, Pa.

Hafer, George H., Yellow House. Pa,

Hafer & Son, Roy, Fayetteville, R, 1. Pa.

Haines, Henry, Norristown, R, 1. Pa.

Haist, Matthew M,, Byberry Road. Torres-
dale. Philadelphia, Pa,

Hall, James M,. East Springfield, Pa.

Haldeman, B, Harrison, Danboro, Pa.

Halderman, J. H., Pottstown, R. 1, Pa,

Hallowell, C. K., 303 Drexel Bldg., Phila-
delphia, 6, Pa.

Hammer, Ralph, Fairview, R. 1, Pa.

Hancock, Arthur. 26 Swetland Ave.. Wyo-
ming, Pa.

Hankey, D. L., York Springs. R. 2. Pa.

Hankey. Kenneth, York Springs, R. 2, Pa

Hankinson, Kenneth, Pennington, N. J.

Harbold, Elmer, Wellsville, R. 1, Pa.

— 39 —

•'. ■

»■ ^•

; ,•

STOKES TOMATO SEED

TMf MAKKOF THi Bt<.T

STORES
TOMATO
^SEEDy

PRODUCING SINCE 1862

An Invitation

Francis C. Stokes Limited is producing in excess of one quarter of
the tomato seed used by the Tomato Industry of the United States.
Our Summer Proving Grounds, at Vincentown, N. J., is the focal
point for this effort.

Here on Friday, August 11th, our breeding plots and our single
plant selections (several are now over twenty generations) will
be in their prime. Also several of our new hybrids, as well as
tomato strains from twelve other sources will be at maturity. In
addition, we are conducting independent projects on anthracnose
control, irrigation influences, size factors, maturity data, etc.

Any member of the tomato industry who can profit by a study of
these things is cordially invited to come to Vincentown during
August. We are 40 minutes by car from either Philadelphia or
Trenton.

FRANCIS C. STOKES, LTD.

Breeders and Growers of Fine Tomato Seed

VINCENTOWN, NEW JERSEY, U.S.A.
VALIANT STOKESDALE MASTER MARGLOBE RUTGERS

■ ^'^■WtfT'^

Harbold, Ervin. York Springs, R. 1, Pa.

Harbolt, William H., York Springs, R. 1, Pa.

Harlacher, D. B., York Springs, Pa.

Harlacher, Jr., D. B., York Springs, Pa.

Harner, Paul, State College, R. 1. Pa.

Harnish, A. Huber, Conestoga, R. 2. Pa.

Harnish. Christ B., Myerstown, R. 2, Pa.

Harnish. Christ C, Willow Street. R. 1. Pa.

Harnish, Clarence H., Lancaster, R. 4, Pa.

Harnish, Clayton C, Willow Street, R. 1.
Pa.

Harnish, J. Lloyd, Lancaster, R. 6, Pa.

Harpster, James F., State College, Pa.

Harris, W. T., 4644 Richmond St., Philadel-
phia, Pa.

Harrison. Hartley, Westtown, Pa.

Harrold, Robert & Paul. Spring Grove, R. 1,
Pa.

Hartenstine, Charles R., Lititz, R. 3, Pa.

Harter. Allen, Bellefonte, R. 2, Pa.

Hartman, M. M., York, R. 6, Pa.

Hartman, M. T., Agricultural Extension As-
sociation, Gettysburg, Pa.

Hartmann, Mrs. Amelia, Bellevue, R. 3, Pa.

Hartz, Ira, Elverson, R. 2, Pa.

Harvey, H. R., Harvey Hills Orchards. Fox-
burg, Pa.

Hastings, Paul, Cochranville, Pa.

Hastings, W. Ray. Harrisburg, Box 675. Pa.

Haudenshield, C. H., Ill Noblestown Road,
Crafton, Pa.

Haug. Mrs. Frank M., 1950 E. Third Street,
Williamsport, Pa.

Haug. James H., 1017 Sheridan Street, Wil-
liamsport, Pa.

Haverstick. Paul E., 1254 Lititz Pike. Lan-
caster, Pa,

Hawkins. W. Leroy. Southampton, Pa.

Hawkins, William J.. Southampton, Pa.

Heagy, A. B., Manheim, R. 1. Pa.

Heckel, F. P., 1265 Lititz Pike, Lancaster.
Pa.

Heebner. Curtis. Worcester. Pa.

Heffner. Norman K.. Pine Grove. R. 2. Pa

Hegyi. Joe. Conneautville, R. 1, Pa.

Heiney. Samuel C. Pequea. R. 1, Pa.

Heins. Henry, Narrowsburg, R. 1, N. Y.

Heisey, Calvin. Millersville. Pa.

Heisey, David Z., Middletown. R. 1, Pa.

Heisey. Elam W., Columbia. R. 2. Pa.

Heisey. Henry W., Washington Boro. Pa.

Heisey, Howard, Lititz, Pa.

Heisey, Laban W., Lancaster. R. 1, Pa.

Heisey, Leroy R., Mt. Joy, R. 1, Pa.

Heisey, Mark W., Lebanon, R. 5, Pa.

Heisey. Paul, Millersville, Pa.

Heisler. Arthur S.. Tamaqua, R. 1. Pa.

Heitmuller Co., W. Charles. 1310-14 Firth
Street. N.E., Washington. 2. D. C.

Heller. Clarence E.. Willow Street. R. 1. Pa.

Hengst. Presto E.. York, R. 6. Pa.

Heppe. Raymond. Davisville. Pa.

Herman. Albert S.. Selinsgrove. R. 1. Pa

Herman. Joseph, Riegelsville, Pa.

Herold. Ray, Wilkes-Barre. Box 164. R. 1,
Pa.

Herr, Clarence B., Lancaster. R. 4. Pa.
Herr. David S., Lancaster, R. 6, Pa.
Herr, David S., Lancaster, R. 2, Pa.
Herr, Emma F., Holtwood, R. 2, Pa.
Herr, Frank S.. Washington Boro. R. 1. Pa.
Herr, H. Elvin, Willow Street, R. 1, Pa.
Herr. Henry, Lancaster. R. 6, Pa.
Herr, I. H., Lancaster. R. 6, Pa.
Herr, Ira L.. Willow Street, R. 1, Pa.
Herr. Ivan B., New Holland, R. 2, Pa.
gerr. John H., Lancaster, R. 2, Pa.
gerr, Jr., John H., Holtwood. R. 2. Pa.
gerr, John R., Millersville. R. 1, Pa.
Herr, R. G., Millersville, Pa.

Herr, Richard, Lancaster, R. 6, Pa.

Hersh, Henry, Spring Grove, R. 2, Pa.

Hersh, Jesse, Codorus, Pa.

Hersh, Stewart, Seven Valleys, R. 1, Pa.

Hershey, D. P.. Lititz. R. 1, Pa.

Hershey, Graybill, Manheim, R. 1, Pa.

Hershey. I. Leaman, Gap, R, 1, Pa.

Hershey, Milton L., Manheim, R. 3, Pa.

Hershey, N. G., Lititz, R. 2, Pa.

Hershey, Noah, Parkesburg, R. D., Pa.

Hershey, Walter H., Lancaster, R. 6, Pa.

Hershey, Wilson E., Spring Grove, Pa.

Hertzler, D. R., Richland, R. 1, Pa.

Hess, Charles H., Pequea, R. 1, Pa.

Hess, Christ G., Lititz, R. 3, Pa.

Hess, D. Avery, Washington Boro, R. 1, Pa.

Hess, David L., Mt. Joy, R, 1. Pa.

Hess, Jr., David L., Mt. Joy, R. 1, Pa.

Hess, Henry, Lititz, R. 1, Pa.

Hess. H. M., Mt. Joy, R. 1, Pa.

Hess, Henry R., Willow Street, R. 1, Pa.

Hess, Jacob, Willow Street, R. 1, Pa.

Hess, Jacob G., Lancaster, R. 6, Pa.

Hess, James H.. Willow Street, R. 1, Pa.

Hess, Maris W., Conestoga, R. 1, Pa.

Hess, Melvin, Lancaster, R. 3, Pa.

Hess, Paul A., Willow Street, R. 1, Pa.

Hester. Dr. J. B., Campbell Soup Co., River-
ton, N. J.

Heston. Isaiah Y., Heston Hall, Woodside,
Pa.

Hetherington, John C, Ringtown, Pa.

Hetrick, Cletus E., Brodbecks, R. 1, Pa.

Hetrick, Edward J., Brodbecks, R. 1, Pa.

Heuscher, Herman G., Ivyland, Pa.

Heuscher, Philip. Ivyland, Pa.

Hiestand. Jr., C. J., Bainbridge, R. 1, Pa

Hiester, Charles, Strausstown, Pa.

Hiester, Charles E., Strausstown, Pa.

High. Levi G., New Holland, R. 2, Pa.

High, Mahlon H., Lancaster, R. 4, Pa.

Hinkel. Morris, Spring Grove, R. 2, Pa.

Hinkle. W. O., Aspers, R. 1, Pa.

Hill. I. P.. Seven Valleys. R. 1, Pa.

Hitz. Landis G., Lebanon, R. 1, Pa.

Hockman, John H., Bellefonte, R. 2, Pa.

HofT, Chester C, Hampton. Pa.

Hoffman, H. A., Bridgeville, R. 2, Pa.

Hoffman, Michael R., Maytown, Pa.

Hoffman. Roy. Mt. Joy, Pa.

Hoguet, Jr., A. W., 312 Clearbrook Avenue,
Lansdowne, Pa.

Hoke, Casper, Spring Grove, R. 3, Pa.

Hoke. Jr., Casper, Spring Grove, R. 3. Pa.

Hoke. H. H., Est., Spring Grove. R. 1, Pa.

Hoke, Milton, Spring Grove. Pa.

Hoke. Spurgeon, York, R. 4, Pa.

Holbein, Walter B., Lancaster, R. 1, Pa.

Holder, T. D., American Can Co.. Lincoln-
Alliance Bank Bldg.. Rochester, N. Y.

Hollabaugh, Charles, York Springs, R. 2,
Pa.

Hollinger, Harry B., Lititz, R. 1. Pa.

Hollinger. Noah. Goodville. Pa.

Holzer, John. 1520 E. Third St.. Williams-
port. Pa.

Homan. Charles T., State College, R. 1, Pa.

Hood, Brinton L., West Grove, R. 1, Pa.

Hoover, C. Oscar, Claysburg, Pa.

Hoover, Frank B., New Holland, R. 1, Pa.

Hoover, Harry O., Bareville, R. 1, Pa.

Hoover, Joseph O., Myerstown, R. 2, Pa.

Hoover, William, East Berlin, R. 2. Pa.

Hopkins. Edward, Clarks Summit, R. 2, Pa.

Hopkins, Harry W., Clarks Summit, R. 2,
Pa.

Hopkins, Robert, Dalton. Pa.

Home, William David. Butler, Star Route,
Box 56, Pa.

Horning, David H., Myerstown, Pa.

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Horst, Allen G., Sheridan, R. 1, Pa.
Horst, Ammon G., Myerstown, R. 2, Pa.
Horst, Harry S., East Earl, Box 4, Pa.
Horst, Miles, Secretary of Agriculture, Har-

risburg. Pa.
Hostetter, H. Herman, Sinking Spring, P.O.

Box 83, Pa.
Hostetter, Harvey M., Lancaster, R. 2, Pa.
Hostettler, Lewis, Johnstown, R. 7, Pa.
Hostetter, Paul H., Lancaster, R. 3, Pa.
Hottinger, M. E., York, R. 1, Pa.
Houck, Christian W., Paradise, R. 1, Pa.
Houser, Elizabeth H., Lancaster, R. 4, Pa.
Houser, H. F., Lancaster, R. 4, Pa.
Hovis, E. C, York, R. 6, Pa.
Hovis, Raymond S., 23 Kready Ave., Mil-

lersville. Pa.
Howell, Raymond, Bloomsburg, R. 4, Pa.
Hubbs, Calvin, Conestoga, R. 1, Pa.
Huber, Carl D., Hope Farm, Lititz, R. 1, Pa.
Huber, Ross N., Lancaster, R. 4, Pa.
Huff, Warren C, Ithaca, R. 2, N. Y.
HufiRngton, Jesse M., State College, Pa.
Hufnagel, U. A., 9 Creek Road, McKees

Rocks, Pa.
Huffnagle, H. W., Quarryville, Pa.
Hull, Jr., Mrs. Arthur H., 2909 North Front

St., Harrisburg, Pa.
Humbert, Elmer, Columbia, R. 2, Pa.
Hurnphreys, Charles H., Torresdale, Phila-
delphia, Pa.
Hunsberger, Rachel D., Chalfont, Pa.
Hunsberger, William K., Norristown, R. 2,

Pa.
Hurff Co., Edgar F., Swedesboro, N. J.
Hutchison, J. D., Agricultural Extension

Assn., Wilkes-Barre, Pa.
Hutchison, L. M., Shirley-Ayr Farms. Mt.

Union, Pa.

Ibach, Burnell B., Lititz, R. 4, Pa.
Imswiller, John, West Chester, Pa.
Inskip, Granville L., Hampton, Pa.
Ivens, Merrill L., Milford, Del.

Jackson, Andrew, Yardley, Pa.
Jackson, John G. & Andrew J., Yardley, Pa.
Jackson. William F., Morrisville, R. 2. Pa.
Jacob, H. R., 205 E. Lancaster, Ave.. Ard-

more. Pa.
Jacob, H. R., 715 Ardmore Ave., Ardmore.

Pa.
Jacob, J. Melvin, Thomasville, R. 1, Pa.
Jacobs, Albert I.. Spring Grove, R. 1, Pa.
Jacobs, Ernest E., Abbottstown, Pa.
Jacobs, William B.. Narvon, R. 2, Pa.
Jaman. John, Bethlehem, R. 1, Pa.
James, D. M., Camp Hill, Pa.
Jehle. E. H., North Girard. Pa.
Jersey Package Company. Inc., Bank St..

Bridgeton. N. J.
John, Harry G.. Bloomsburg. R. 3. Pa.
Johnson, George. York Springs. R. 1, Pa.
Johnson, Lewis, York Springs, R. 1, Pa.
Jordan, Norman S., Bellefonte, R. 2, Pa.
Jorgensen, Kenneth F.. Beechnut Packing

Co., Canajoharie, N. Y.
Julius, R. E.. Spring Grove, R. 1, Pa.

Kaltreider, Mahlon. Spring Grove, R. 2, Pa
Kaltreider, Paul, Brodbecks, R. 1, Pa.
Kaltreider, Urias. Brodbecks, R. 1, Pa.
Kaltreider, Woodrow M., Spring Grove, R.
2, Pa.

Kane, Emerson W., Washington Boro, Pa
Katona, Louis, Langhorne, R. 2, Pa.
Kauffman, John G., Columbia, R. 2, Pa
Kaunas. Ed, Perkasie. R. 3. Pa.
Kaylor, Roy, Elizabethtown, R. 3, Pa
Kayser. Jacob, Gettysburg, R. 5. Pa'
Keagy, C. A., 135 Broadway, Hanover Pa

Keck, George, Columbia, R. 2, Pa.
Keck, Harold M., Bethlehem, R. 4, Pa.
Keebler's Feed & Farm Supplies, Montours-

ville. Pa.
Keefer, Guy L., Hanover, R. 2. Pa.
Keefer, Harry P., & Sons, Shippensburg,

Pa.
Keefer, Lloyd D., Hanover, R. 2, Pa.
Keefer. Lloyd L.. York Springs, R. 2, Pa.
Keenan. John, 9533-35 Bustleton Avenue,

Philadelphia, Pa.
Keener, Allen G., Sheridan, R. 1, Pa.
Keener, Clayton A., York, R. 6. Pa.
Keener, Ralph E., York, R. 2, Pa.
Keiser, Allen L., Hanover, R. 2, Pa.
Keiser, J. R., Milton, Pa.
Kelius, William J., Pottstown, R, 4. Pa.
Keller, A. Rohrer, Lititz, R. 2, Pa.
Keller. Frank P., Bellefonte, R. 1, Pa.
Kellett, Harold J., Bristol. R. 1, Pa.
Kemper. William. Littlestown, R. 2, Pa.
Kendra, Adam, Sellersville. Pa.
Kenne, Victor A., Quarryville, R. 3. Pa.
Kennedy, C. E., East Berlin, R. 2, Pa.
Kennel, A. M., Honey Brook Manor Farm,

Honey Brook, Pa.
Kennel, Aaron M., Honey Brook. R. 1. Pa.
Kerr, George A., Virginville. P. O. Box 37.

Pa.
Kerr. Mentlll K.. Virginville. Box 66. Pa.
Kerstetter, Lewis, Bellefonte. R. 2. Pa.
Kerstetter. Paul. Bellefonte. R. 2. Pa.
Kessler. Charles E.. Spring Grove. R. 2. Pa.
Kessler. Ralph D., Brodbecks, R. 1, Pa.
Kilheffer, Abram K.. Lancaster. R. 2. Pa.
Kimbel. Jr.. E. L., Rushland, Pa.
Kincaid, S. C. Blawnox. Pa.
King. Abner M., Honey Brook, R. 2. Pa.
King. Charles W.. York Springs. R. 1, Pa.
King, Daniel B.. Gap, R. 1. Pa.
King, Emery D., Malvern, R. 2, Pa.
King, Karl C, General Manager. King

Farms Company. Morrisville. Pa.
King. Samuel B., Honey Brook. Star Route,

Pa.
King, Samuel B.. Ronks. R. 1. Pa.
Kinzer. William S., Hillside Farm, Paradise.

R. D., Pa.
Kirby, R. S., Buckhout Laboratory. State

College, Pa.
Kirk. Amos K.. Newtown. Pa.
Kirk. Leslie F.. Newtown. Pa.
Kitchen, Ed., 51 Madison Ave., New York

City, N. Y.
Kitten. Harry B.. Ivyland. Pa.
Klaus. Elmer E.. Willow Street. R. 1. Pa.
Klenk. Howard H., Southampton. Pa.
Kline. Carl, Shickshinny. R. 3. Pa.
Kline, E. Samuel, Lititz, R. 1. Pa.
Kline. H. J.. Kintnersville. Pa.
Kline. Ida. Myerstown. R. 2. Pa.
Klingensmith. Donald E.. 2350 Derry Street.

Harrisburg. Pa.
Klipple. J. W.. Clarks Summit. R. 2. Pa.
Knauer. George G.. Sheridan. R. 1, Pa.
Knauer. Harry G., Sheridan. R. 1. Pa.
Knauss. Joseph A.. 550 Anderson Rd.. Pitts-
burgh. 15. Pa.
Kniesly, Abram, Lancaster, R. D, Pa.
Knode, J. H., Agricultural Extension Assn..

Chambersburg, Pa.
Kobel. Nick, Comly Road, Torresdale. Phil-
adelphia. Pa.
Kohr. Archie. York. R. 4. Pa.
Koller Fertilizer Co.. Coatesville. Pa.
Koller Fertilizer Co.. Room 50, Hartman

Bldg., York. Pa.
Kolodziejski, Ludwig. Perkasie. R. 3. Pa.
Konkle & Son, George A., Montoursville,

R. 2, Pa.

— 42 —

Here Is Ten Dollars ($10.00) For YOU

Please accept it with our compliments or let us say accept it as
you would our "Calling Card" if we were calling on you personally.

THIS IS WHAT WE MEAN . . .

Here are nine popular varieties of Vegetables you will very likely

grow for your fall crops Now we have such very excellent strains

of each of these that we are very anxious for you who have not grown
crops from our seeds to grow them this time from our seeds, and
see for yourself what Schell's Quality Strains will produce for you.

HERE IS $20.00 WORTH OF OUR SEEDS

WE WILL SEND YOU FOR $10.00

(During July and August Only)

Try Them So You Know By Experience How Very Good They Are

Item

1.— 1 lb. Beet, Schell's Black Knight $2.75

2. — i lb. Carrot, Schell's Nantes 2.00

3.— 1 lb. Carrot, Schell's Chantenay 3.50

4.— i lb. Endive, Schell's Golden Heart 1.25

5.— 1 lb. Lettuce, Schell's White Boston 2.50

6.— 1 lb. Radish, Schell's Pearl Forcing 1.50

7.— 1 lb. Radish, Schell's Early Scarlet Globe 1.50

8.-2 lbs. Turnip, Schell's Purple Top White Globe . . 3.00

9.-5 lbs. Beans, Schell's Strain Bountiful 2.00

$20.00
Our "Present" to you for trying our strains 10.00

You send us just $10.00

AFTER YOU GROW THEM WRITE US WHAT YOU THINK OF THEM

SCHELL'S SEED HOUSE

QUALITY SEEDS
They Grow Better — They Yield Better

Central Pennsylvania's Largest Seed Store
Tenth and Market Streets Harrisburg, Pa.

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Koontz, Grover, Gettysburg, R. 4, Pa.
Koser, Clarence A., Carlisle, 4, Pa.
Krall, Warren A., Myerstown, R. 2, Pa.
Kramlick, George J., Dover, R. 2, Pa.
Kreider, J. Lloyd, Strasburg, R. 1, Pa.
Kreider, Lloyd H., East Petersburg, Pa.
Kreider, Mahlon H., Lancaster, R. 3, Pa.
Kreidler, E. H., Spring Grove, R. 2, Pa.
Kreiner, Mrs. Maria S., Elizabethtown, R. 3,

Pa.
Krenzer, Charles, Hanover, R. 3, Pa.
Krout, Edward C, Spring Grove, R. 3, Pa.
Krug, E. H., Kanover, R. 2, Pa.
Kucowski, J. S., Morrisville, R. D., Pa.
Kulp, C. Rudolph, Pottstown, R. 1, Box 122,

Pa.
Kupp, Landis, Lebanon, R. 1, Pa.
Kurtz, Abram E., Elverson, R. 2, Pa.
Kurtz, David B., Myerstown, R. 2, Pa.
Kurtz, Herbert F., Womelsdorf, R. 1, Pa.
Kuykendall, Roy H., Gettysburg, R. 4, Pa.

Ladd, M. S.. Waverly, Pa.

Lancaster, Jr., Charles E., Bristol, Pa.

Lancaster Co. Natinoal Bank, &o A. G.
Bucher, Manager, Farm Relations, Lan-
caster, Pa.

Landenberger, J. H., 416 Highland Avenue,
Clarks Summit, Pa.

Landis, Christian L., Ronks, R. 1, Pa.

Landis, Jr., Eli, Christiana, R. 1, Pa.

Landis, Elvin M., Lancaster, R. 5, Pa.

Landis, Harry, Brodbecks, R. 1, Pa.

Landis, Ira D., Lititz, R. 3, Pa.

Landis, John E., Lancaster, R. 5, Pa.

Landreth Charles H., Bristol, Pa.

Landreth Seed Company, D., Bristol. Pa.

Landsidel, C. W., Dalton, R. 2, Pa.

Lang, Joseph, Yardley, R. D., Pa.

Laning, E. Roland, 1109 Morgan Ave., Pal-
myra, N. J.

Lansberry, D. W., Centre Hall, Pa.

Lapp, Amos S.. Lancaster, R. 4. Pa.

Lapp, C. G., Lancaster, R. 5, Pa.

Lapp, Daniel S., Quarryville, R. 3, Pa.

Lapp, Grant, New Britain, Pa.

Lapp, John S., Ronks, R. 1, Pa.

Lapp, Norman, New Britain, Pa.

Lapp, Jr., Samuel, Gap. R. 1, Pa.

Largent, Frank, Ivyland, R. D., Pa.

Larson, R. E., Horticulture Bldg., State Col-
lege, Pa.

Lau, Norman, Spring Grove, R. 1. Pa.

Lau, R. M., Spring Grove, R. 2, Pa.

Lauchman, Harry A., East Berlin, R. 2. Pa.

Laudermilch, Franklin, Lebanon. R. 4. Pa

Lauer, Kurv W., Dept. of Agriculture. Har-
risburg. Pa.

Laughman, Milton. Hanover, R. 1, Pa.

Lay. George B.. York Springs. R. 2, Pa.

Leaman, Clayton D., Narvon. R. 2. Pa.

Leaman, Paul R. Lancaster. R. 5, Pa.

Leaman. Ross G.. Ronks, R. 1. Pa.

Leaman, Tobias G.. Lancaster. R. 4, Pa.

Lecrone, Kurvin. Spring Grove. R. 2. Pa.

Leer, Raymond, York Springs, R. 1. Pa.

Leese, H. C, Brodbecks. R. 1. Pa.

Lefever, Harold. Quarryville. Pa.

Lefever. Isaac H.. Lancaster, R. 3. Pa.

Lefever. Victor M.. Bird-in-Hand. Pa.

Lehigh Portland Cement Co.. Stetlersville
Pa.

Lehigh, Samuel. Hanover, R. 3, Pa.
Lehman, Jesse. Myerstown. R. 1. Pa.
Lehman. Milton H.. Conestoga. R. 2. Pa.
Lehman. Paul. York Springs. Pa.
Lehman, Stewart, Dillsburg. R. 1, Pa.
Leiby, Daniel F., Tamaqua, Pa.
Leiper, Jackson, Peach Bottom, R. 2. Pa
Lengel, Paul H., Pine Grove, Pa.

Lenox. Daniel L., Washington Boro, R. i,

Pa.
Lentz, C. E.. York, R. 2, Pa.
Lentz. Erney, York. R. 6. Pa.
Leo. Orlando. Monongahela. R. 1, Pa.
Leonard & Wesley. Holtwood, R. 2, Pa.
Leppo, Claude L.. Hanover. R. 2. Pa.
Lerew. Frank L.. York Springs. R. 1, Pa.
Lerew, P. A., York Springs, R. 1. Pa.
Lerew, Paul B.. York Springs, R. 1, Pa.
Leschey-Myers Mfg. Co., Commerce Street,

Hanover, Pa.
Lesher, H. V., Northumberland, R. 1, Pa.
Lett, E. R., 12 S. 12th St., Philadelphia, Pa.
Levengood, Ralph E., Douglassville, R. 2,

Pa.
Lewis, Edward W., 1200 Almond St., Wil-

liamsport. Pa.
Lewis, M. T., State College, Pa.
Lewis, Jr., William H., Perkasie. R. 3. Pa.
Lichty. Harry R.. East Earl, R. 1, Pa.
Lightner, William, Spring Grove. R. 3. Pa.
Lindner, Frank J., Ringtown, Pa.
Little. J. Harold. Hanover, R. 3. Pa.
Little, John R., Hanover, R. 3, Pa.
Livingston. Donald, Thomasville. R. 1. Pa.
Livermore, K. C, Honeoye Falls, N. Y.
Livezey, Horace, Davisville, Pa.
Lloyd, Ernest S.. Pottstown. R. 2. Pa.
Loch, Anthony, Fallsington. Pa,
Lojeski. Alfred J. & Stanley T.. Doyles-

town. R. 2. Pa.
Loller. Roy. Johnsville, Pa.
Long. Charles. Royersford. R. 1. Pa.
Long, J. C, 340 East Liberty St.. Lancaster.

Pa.
Long. James & C. H.. Drumore, R. 1, Pa.
Longacre, H. R.. Quakertown. R. 2. Pa.
Longenecker, Elam B., Manheim, R. 1, Pa.
Longenecker. Paul G., Strasburg. R. 1. Pa.
Longnecker, A. B.. Elizabethtown. R. 1. Pa.
Longnecker, P. B., Elizabethtown, R. 1, Pa.
Lott. R. C. Aspers. R. 1. Pa.
Lovett. H. L., Bristol. R. 1, Pa.
Lovett, William. Bristol, R. 1, Pa.
Lowery, Sherlock, Bellefonte. R. 2. Pa.
Luckenbaugh. Harry, Hanover, R. 2, Pa.
Luckenbaugh, John A., Spring Grove, R. 2,

Pa.
Luckenbaugh, Lester, Hanover, R. 2, Pa.
Lyons, Arvil & A. E. Brown. Nottingham.

R. 2. Pa.

McCauslin, Theodore R.. York Springs. R. 1.

Pa.
McCleary. C. E.. American Can Company.

Lincoln-Liberty Bldg.. Philadelphia. 7.

Pa.

McClelland. W. B., Canonsburg. R. 2. Pa.

McCoury, D. E.. Spring Grove. R. 3, Pa.

McCoury, G. C. Thomasville, R. 1. Pa.

McCrabb. Charles, Quarryville. R. 2. Pa.

McCrabb, Frank, Quarryville. R. 2. Pa.

McEvoy. Dr. William J.. East State Street.
Doylestown, Pa.

McEwen. R. K.. Pittsburgh. R. 9. Box 49.
(16). Pa.

McKenna, Joseph P.. Starkey Farm Com-
pany. Morrisville. Pa.

McLallen. Gerald O.. Cambridge Springs.
R. 2, Pa.

McLaughlin. W. G.. Pitcairn. R. 1, Pa.

McLean, Robert W.. Supervisor of Voca-
tional Agriculture. Pine Grove, Pa.

McMinn, Stewart. Kirkwood. R. 1. Pa.

McMinn, Jr., Walter C. Lancaster, Box 509,
Pa.

McNew. George. Gardners. R. 1, Pa.

McPherson. H. C, McPherson Bros.. Bridge-
ton, Pa.

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McWilliams, H. C, Ebensburg. Pa.

Mack, W. B., State College. Pa.

Mackey, Raymond S.. West Grove. R. 1, Pa.

Madison. F. K., Spring Grove, R. 1. Pa.

Malin, George G., Malvern, R, 2, Pa.

Mann, Ira C, Mt Joy, R. 1. Pa.

Manns Seed Co., J., Forrest and Ensor Sts.,

Baltimore. Md.
Markey, R. E., York, R. 2, Pa.
Markle. David H., York, R. 6. Pa.
Markle. Jacob H., Seven Valleys, R. 1, Pa.
Markle. J. Fred. Boalsburg, Pa.
Marshall, Jr., William J., Lionville, Pa.
Martin, Carpenter W., Bird-in-Hand, R. 1,

Pa.
Martin. Clayton M., East Earl, R. 1, Pa.
Martin, Earl F., Bird-in-Hand, R. 1. Pa.
Martin, Elam K., Narvon, R. 1. Pa.
Martin, Eli W., New Holland, R. 1. Pa.
Martin, Elwood. Spring Grove. R. 3, Pa.
Martin, Ezra S., Lebanon. R. 2, Pa.
Martin. Henry N., Narvon, R. 2, Pa.
Martin. Hershey L.. Spring Grove. R. 3. Pa.
Martin. H. S. Weaver, New Holland. R. 1,

Box 177. Pa.
Martin. Isaac N., New Holland, R. 1, Pa.
Martin, Jeremiah. New Holland. R. 1, Pa.
Martin. J. Percy, Holtwood, R. 1, Pa.
Martin, Lester C, East Earl. R, 1, Pa.
Martin. Moses M., East Earl. R. 1. Pa.
Martin. Noah K.. New Holland, R. 1. Pa.
Martin, Paul F.. Hanover. R. 2. Pa.
Martin, Weaver, Jackson St.. New Holland,

Pa.
Martin. W. H., Menges Mills. Pa.
Martin. W. S.. Thomasville. R. 1. Pa.
Martis. Stephen, Millvale. R. 4. Box 136, Pa.
Martz. Homer H., KDKA. Westinghouse

Radio Stations, Inc.. Pittsburgh. 19, Pa.
Marvil Package Co., Laurel, P.O. Box 111.

Del.
Masemer. Maurice H., Hanover. R. 2, Pa.
Masemer, Mervin, York Springs. R. 1, Pa.
Mast. C. Z.. Elverson. R. 2. Pa.
Mast. Elam E.. Elverson. R. 2, Pa.
Mast. Ethan A., Narvon. R. 2. Pa.
Mast. Jacob Edwin. Elverson, R. 2, Pa.
Mast. Samuel K., Boyertown, R. 2, Pa.
Masteller. A. H.. 1639 Wyoming Ave., Forty

Fort. Pa.
Masteller, Kenneth, 1633 Wyoming Ave.,

Forty Fort. Pa.
Masteller. W. E., 1641 Wyoming Ave., Forty

Fort. Pa.
Masters. Arthur S.. Pittston. R. 1. Pa.
Mastin. E. O.. Mastin Farms, Quakertown,

R. 2, Pa.
Meckley. Paul A.. Spring Grove. R. 2. Pa.
Melhorn. J. E.. Mt. Joy. R. 1. Pa.
Melhorn. John. Mt. Joy. Pa.
Melsky, Sr., John. Newtown, R. 1. Pa.
Mende. A. H.. & Son. Bristol. R. 2. Pa.
Menges. William. Spring Grove. R. 3. Pa.
Messersmith. Clayton. Brodbecks, R. 1. Pa.
Messersmith. M. G.. Seven Valleys. R. 1. Pa.
Metzler. Clarence R.. East Petersburg. Pa.
Meyer. C. L.. 3668 Celina Place. Corliss Sta.,

Pittsburgh. 4. Pa.
Meyers. Walter. Leechburg. Pa.
Miguelez, Andres, South Langhorne, Box

211. Pa.
Miller, Andrew N., Manheim. R. 2. Pa.
Miller, Charles, 1208 Broadway, Hanover,

Pa.
Miller. Charles W.. 1228 Sherman St.. Wil-

liamsport. Pa.
Miller, C. L.. Lewisburg, R. 3. Pa.
Miller, Clair C, Spring Grove. R. 2. Pa.
Miller. Claude D.. Conestoga. R. 1. Pa.
Miller, Curvin J., Brodbecks. R. 1. Pa.

Miller. Emory S., Spring Grove, R. 1, Pa.
Miller, Dr. Fred D., 1122 Twelfth Ave., Al-

toona. Pa.
Miller, G. E., York Springs, R. 2, Pa.
Miller, George R., Spring Grove, R. 2, Pa.
Miller, Graybill, Manheim, R. 1, Pa.
Miller. Herbert, Richfield, Pa.
Miller, Joe. Clarks Summit. R. D., Pa.
Miller, John, Strasburg, Pa.
Miller, John W.. Howard, R. 2, Pa.
Miller, Levi E., Spring Grove, R. 1, Pa.
Miller, Max, Hublersburg, Pa.
Miller. Mervin, Bainbridge. Pa.
Miller, Raymond N., Lancaster, R. 1, Pa.
Miller, Paul H., Spring Grove, R. 2, Pa.
Miller, Ray, Brodbecks, R. 1, Pa.
Miller, S. R., Spring Grove, R. 2, Pa.
Miller. William M., Spring Grove, R. 3, Pa.
Milnor, Jr., William H., Bath Road, Bristol,

Pa.
Mineo, Tom, Pittston, R. 1, Sutton Creek,

Pa.
Minnich. R. S., York. R. 6, Pa.
Miscoski, Frank, Bristol, R. 1, Pa.
Mitman. Herbert A., 1540 Northway Road,

^VilliamsDort Pa
Mobus, Mabel C., 303 W. Main St., Everett,

Pa.
Molison, Glenn, Hanover, R. 3. Pa.
Moll. Frank, Chalfont, R. 1. Pa.
Molof. A, J., 15 South State St., Vineland,

N.J.
Montell, E. W., Riverton, N. J.
Mood. Jonas. Kellers Church, Pa.
Moore, Charles S., Sunbury, R. 1, Pa.
Morrell. John, Bristol, R. 1. Pa.
Morris, L. V.. Bristol, Pa.
Mosebrook, James, Spring Grove, R. 2, Pa.
Moser, George. Ringtown. Pa.
Moser, R. L.. Ringtown. Pa.
Moul. Carl E., York. R. 6, Pa.
Moul, Clayton, Spring Grove, Pa.
Moul. Edward H.. 208 Stock St., Hanover,

Pa.
Mowery, Landis, Willow Street. R. 1. Pa.
Moyer. Edwin H., Center Valley. Pa.
Moyer. Edwin H. & Edwin O. S., Center

Valley. Box 182, Pa.
Moyer. Lewis D., Andreas. R. 1, Pa.
Moyer, William H., Schaefferstown. Pa.
Mummert. Nelson, Hanover. R. 3, Pa.
Mummert. Paul E., Hanover, R. 2, Pa.
Mundry, John, 292 Logan Street, Doyles-
town. Pa.
Murren. Francis J., Hanover. R. 4. Pa.
Murrin. William L.. Butler. Box 733. Pa.
Musselman Company. The C. H., Biglcr-

ville, Pa.
Musser. A. K.. Columbia, R. 2. Pa.
Musser. Charlotte R.. Bellefonte, R. 2. Pa.
Musser, Elias Z., Mt. Joy. R. 1, Pa.
Musser. Harry G., Honey Brook. R. 1. Pa.
Musser. J. Foster. State College. R. 1, Pa.
Myer. Aldus N., Lititz, R. 3. Pa.
Myer. F. W.. Agricultural Extension Assn..

Sunbury, Pa.
Mver. Claton P.. Manheim, R. 2, Pa.
Myer. S. N., Lititz, R. 3, Pa.
Myers. Albert. Spring Grove. R. 1. Pa.
Myers. Allen E.. Spring Grove, R. 1, Pa.
Myers, Amos, Spring Grove, R. 1, Pa.
Myers, C. E., 316 W. Fairmount Ave.. State

College, Pa.
Myers, Clarence, Spring Grove. R. 1. Pa.
Myers, Clarence M., Chalfont. R. D., Pa.
Myers. D. A.. Spring Grove, R. 2, Pa.
Myers, Elmer F., Croydon. R. 1, Pa.
Myers, Ernest A., Spring Grove, R. 1. Pa.
Myers, Ernest R.. Gettysburg, R. 5, Pa.
Myers, Herman, New Oxford, R. 1, Pa.

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I <

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i to

THREE

Reasons for Successful
Marketing

with Less Help

,»

FELINS BUNCH
VEGETABLE TYER

TORRENT BUNCH VEGETABLE WASHER

FELINS

MILWAUKEE 6.
WISCONSIN

FELINS ROOT CROP
WASHER

Myers, Irvin, Hanover, R. 2, Pa.
Myers, John J., Lancaster, R. 3, Pa.
Myers, Linton D., Bareville, R. 1. Pa.
Myers. Luther S., New Oxford. R. 1. Pa
Myer, Nettie M.. Bird-in-Hand. R. 1, Pa
Myers, Ralph N., Hanover, R. 2, Pa.
Myers, Richard J., Spring Grove, R. 2, Pa.
Myers, R. J., York Springs, Pa.
Myers, T. A.. Gettysburg, R. 5, Pa.
Myers. Walter. Leechburg. Pa.
Myers, Wilfort, Brodbecks, R. 1, Pa.
Mylin, Clyde K., Willow Street, R. 1, Pa
Mylin, N. Robert, Willow Street, R. 1, Pa.

Nace, John A.. Spring Grove. R. 1, Pa.

Nace, Oscar F., Hanover, R. 2, Pa.

Nace, R. G., Hanover. R. 2. Pa.

Nace. Valentine, Hanover, R. 2, Pa.

Nafziger, Ira, Columbia, R. 1, Pa.

National Lime Association. 927 15th St
N.W.. Washington, 5, D. C.

Nauman. Norman W.. Manheim, R. 3. Pa

Neff, Cyrus L.. Lancaster, R. 2. Pa.

NefT. Roy, Millersville, Pa.

Nesbitt, Charles M., 606 Bendermere Ave
Interlaken, Asbury Park. N. J

Nester. Lyman, Dillsburg, R. 1, Pa

Newbold, Russell, Langhorne, Pa

Newcomer, Paul K.. Spring Grove. R 3 Pa

Newman. Jr.. O.. c/o Miller Chemical Fer-
tilizer Co.. 1000 S. Carolina St., Baltimore
Md.

Newswanger, Paul S.. New Holland, R. 1,

Nicodemus. V. Ross, Martinsburg. Pa
Niell. H. E., Bellefonte. R. 2. Pa
Niesley, P. G.. Bloomsburg, Pa
Niner, David E.. Sewickley, P. O. Box 244.

Nissley. Ira, Honey Brook. Pa
Nissley. Raymond. Bainbridge. Pa
Nisslev. W. B.. State College. Pa
Noll. B. H.. Rohrerstown, Pa.
Nolt, Christian. Richland. R. 1. Pa
Nolt. Phares S.. Lebanon. R. 1. Pa.
Noving, S., Allison Park, R. l. Pa
Null. C. A., Hanover. R. 1, Pa.

Oaks^^I-^J. 518 Raymond St.. Hyde Villa,

Ober. M. B.. Lititz. R. 3. Pa.
Oberholtzer. C. S.. Lititz. R. 1. Pa.
O Brien. James T., Captains Walk. Milford.
Conn.

Odland. M L.. Horticulture Bldg.. State

College. Pa.
Ohlinger. Emeline. Honey Brook. R. 1. Pa.
Olsewski. Adam. Sellersville. R. 1. Pa

n S"U9r;^^2.''^^- ^^ Charles L. Packard.

R D. 124M. Roaring Spring. Pa.
urient, Louis. Bridgeville. Pa.
Ostapowicz, Anthony. Bristol. R. 2, Pa.
Osthoff. Walter. Bridgeville. Pa.
Ott, Elmer. Hatfield. R. 1. Pa.
Otto. C. H., Carlisle. R. 5. Pa.
Otto. William H.. Mt. Holly Springs. Pa
Ovicic. Matt. Bellefonte. Pa.

p?f^^''*l;,^^^''^«s L.. Roaring Spring. Pa.
Ha^zer. Elmer W., Torresdale. Philadelphia.

Park Eugene B.. Hatboro. Pa.
Paschke. D. C. North East, Pa.

u^Jl' ?"^"^ !^' Harrisburg State Hospital,
Harrisburg, Pa.

t'atton, Thomas H.. 209 Agriculture Bldg.,

State College, Pa.
^avelchak. Andrew S.. Woodside, Pa.
^ayne. James, Brodbecks. R. 1, Pa.
^'eelmg. W. E.. Williamsport, R. 1. Pa

Peiper. A. S.. 15 Carpenter Lane. Philadel-
phia. (19), Pa.

Peindl Jay. Box 983. Pittsburgh, 15. Pa.

Perm State Seed Company, 1121 Wyoming
Ave., Forty Fort, Pa. "^ . ®

Pepper. J. O., State College, Pa.

Permar. Samuel S.. Richboro. Pa.

Perna, Paul. Dalton, R. 2. Pa.

Peters, Wayne, Manheim, R. 2. Pa

Petersheim, Barbara. Elverson. R. 2. Pa

Petryk, Tony, Coopersburg. R. 1. Pa.

Philhpy. Rufus. Sheridan. R. 1. Pa.

Philp, Kenneth S., 682 Morrison Dr.. Pitts-
burgh, 16. Pa.

Pitzer N. E.. New Oxford. R. 2, Pa.

Pitzonkas Walter W.. Bristol. Box 211. Pa.

Poetker. W. A., Lititz, Pa.

Podehl. J. M.. 75 Enterprise St., Plains. Pa.

Pojokiewicz. Joseph, Weisel, Box 40, Pa.

Pollana. John. Burgettstown. R. 4. Pa.

Pollock, H. H.. Berwick. R. 1. Pa.

Poorbaugh. H. J., Agricultural Extension
Association. Pottsvllle. Pa.

Poorbaugh, Ray A., Quakertown, Pa.

Porter, D. R., Research Dept., Campbell
Soup Company, Riverton, N. J.

Potter. Lawrence. Bristol. R. 2, Pa.

Powell, Frank, Bellefonte, Pa.

Powell. Lawrence, King Farms Co.. Morris-
ville Pa

Poyner. Ernest R., 4117 Kathland Ave.. Bal-
timore, Md.

Preston, Sam D., 448 W. Leicester St., Win-
chester, Va.

^^\^^' \^t^^^' ^- Landon Ave.. Kingston, Pa.
Price, Thaddeus, Plainsville. Box 43. Pa
Price. Victor. 432 Northampton St., Kings-
ton, Pa.

Price & Son, William J.. 1405i Wyoming
Ave., Forty Fort, Pa.

Prock, Harry A.. Camp Hill Rd.. White-
marsh. Pa.

Prosser, E. C, York Springs, R. 1. Pa.

Quackenbush. Mrs. E. F.. 611 Third St.. New

Cumberland. Pa.
Quackenbush. Helen, 611 Third St.. New

Cumberland. Pa.
Quinn, T. D., North Girard. R. D.. Pa.

Rabenstine, Charles, Spring Grove, R. 3, Pa.
Rahn. Robert M., Geigertown. Pa.
Ranck. Elvin D., Quarryville, R. 3. Pa
Ranck. Mrs. Esther A.. Washington Boro.

R. 1. Pa.
Ranck. Wenger. Lancaster. R. 4. Pa.
Rank. Ira S., Lancaster, R. 3. Pa.
Rapp. David. Easton. R. 3, Pa.
Reaver. R. B.. Littlestown. R. 2, Pa.
Reber. Mrs. Vena R.. New Oxford. R. 1. Pa
Reed. Frank, 85 Fairview Ave.. Morrisvillc

Pa. '

Reed. Guy S.. Summit Station, R. 1. Pa.
Reeder. Joseph T.. Catawissa. R. 2. Pa
Rees. L C, 438 N. George, Millersville. Pa.
Reese, C. G.. 1158 Broadway. Hanover Pa
Reeser. Norman K.. Bird-in-Hand. R. 1, Pa
Reichart. Ray V.. Littlestown. R. 2. Pa.
Reilly, L. D.. 917 S. 17th St.. Harrisburg. Pa.
Reinecker. C. D.. York Springs. R. 2. Pa
Reinhart Brothers. Wild Hyacinth Farms.

Norristown. R. 4. Pa.
Reinhold, Clarence H.. East Petersburg, Pa
Renoll, Robert, Spring Grove, R. 2, Pa
Resser. R. W.. Spring Grove, R. 3, Pa.
Reynolds, A. Brinton, West Chester, R. 4

Pa. '

Reynolds. John W.. Willow Street. R 1 Pa
Reynolds, M. Cloud, Kennett Square. R. l'
Pa. '

Rhoads. Walter D.. Boyertown, R. 2, Pa.

— 47 —

■. t-

•if

(

'»".!

. 1

1 1 1.

L5/§r^f\t7^^*ZfcT^

Rhodes, Arthur, York Springs, R. 2, Pa.

Richards, Thomas B., 3516 Montour Street,
Harrisburg, Pa.

Rickert, Peter, Chalfont. R. D., Pa.

Riehl, Jesse B., New Holland, R. 2, Pa.

Riley, Clarence S., Hanover, R. 3, Pa.

Rinehart, L. M., Brodbecks, R. 1, Pa.

Rinehart, Lewis F., Spring Grove, R. 2, Pa.

Rinker, Dave, East Berlin, R. 2, Pa.

Rishel, Edward E., York, R. 4, Pa.

Risser, Abram M., Manheim, R. 2, Pa.

Rivinus, Mrs. E. F., 416 West Moreland Ave.,
Chestnut Hill, Pa.

Roberts, Byron T., Marlton, N. J.

Roemhild, Albert C, 122 Dock St., Phila-
delphia, Pa.

Rohrbach, A. C, Catawissa, R. 2, Pa.

Rohrbaugh, D. A., Spring Grove, R. 3. Pa.

Rohrbaugh, Earl, Spring Grove, R. 2, Pa.

Rohrbaugh, Edward, Hanover, R. 2, Pa.

Rohrbaugh, George W., Brodbecks, R. 1, Pa.

Rohrbaugh, J. A., Spring Grove, R. 3, Pa.

Rohrbaugh, Samuel S., Brodbecks, R. 1, Pa.

Rohrer, B. Frank, Columbia, R. 1, Pa.

Rohrer, Elvin M., Lancaster, R. 5, Pa.

Rohrer, J. Norman, Manheim, R. 2, Pa.

Rohrer, P. L., Smoketown, Pa.

Rohrer, Wilmer D., Lancaster, R. 5, Pa.

Rohs, Stephen J., Hilltown, Pa.

Poland, Elmer, Elizabethtown, R. 1, Pa.

Rosbough, A. H., Engle Rd., Berea, Ohio.

Rosenberger, Henry G., Chalfont, R. 1, Pa.

Ross, P. A., 140 W. Corydon St., Bradford,
Pa.

Rossotti, Charles C, Rossotti Lithograph-
ing Co., Inc., North Bergen, N. J.

Roth, John, Spring Grove, R. 1, Pa.

Roth, Jr., John A., Spring Grove, R. 1, Pa.

Rothsville High School, Rothsville, Pa.

Rowe, D. G., Boonsboro, R. 2, Md.

Rowe, Paul, 206 Miller St.. Strasburg, Pa.

Royer, E. R., Lancaster, R. 3, Pa.

Ruby, John, Menges Mills, Pa.

Rudisill, Ralph, Spring Grove, R. 3. Pa.

Rudisill, W. S., Spring Grove, R. 1, Pa.

Rum, Andro. Yardley, Pa.

Runninger, Ralph E., 643 E. Orange Street,

Runyan, Fuller *S., 425 Walnut St., Milton,

Pa.
Rupp, L. J., York Springs, R. 1, Pa.
Rupprecht, Amos, Spring Grove, R. 3, Pa.
Ruppert, John L.. Spring Grove, R. 3, Pa.
Rutecki, William, Bristol, R. 2, Pa.
Ruth, John F., Stouchburg, Pa.
Ruth, William A., Spring Grove. R. 1. Pa.
Rutt, Clarence, 133 Prince St., Millersville.

Pa.
Rutt, Norman, Elizabethtown. R. 1. Pa.

Sadler. I. L., Gardners. R. 1. Pa.

Sampsel, Harold. Bellefonte. R. 2, Pa.

Sampson, Theo J., The Retreat Farms, Re-
treat, Pa.

Samuels, Herman. Warrington. Pa.

Sanders, Guy S., Gettysburg, R. 5, Pa.

Sanger, Paul E., Myerstown, R. 2, Pa

Sangrey, J. Clayton, Lititz. R. 2, Pa.

Sansoni, Romano, Hatboro, Pa

Sapitowicz, John J.. 279 Plains Rd., Milford,
Conn.

Sarandrea, Joseph, Hulmeville Rd., R 1

Croydon, Pa.
Sauder. Amos H., Ephrata, R. 2, Pa.

^S,^.^^^ Robert F., Harrisburg, P.O. Box
248, Pa.

Schantz, Louis, Orefield, Pa
Schapansky, H. D., Cochranville, Pa
Schell, Inc., Walter S., 10th & Market Sts.,
Harrisburg, Pa.

Schiefelbein, William F., Coraopolis, R. 2,
Pa.

Schlegel. Paul N., Boyertown, R. 2. Pa.

Schneider, Edward, Box 935, Mt. Troy Rd.,
Pittsburgh, 15, Pa.

Schneider, Naomi C, New Providence. R. 1,
Pa.

Schock, John M., Washington Boro, R. 1, Pa.

School of Horticulture, Ambler, Pa.

Schram, Mrs. L. A., Allison Park, R. 1, Pa.

Schram, L. A., Allison Park, R. 1, Pa.

Schue, C. W., 110 Pleasant St.. Hanover, Pa.

Schuldt, J. Carlton, Masonic Homes, Eliza-
bethtown, Pa.

Schultz, A. A., Reading Bone Fertilizer Co.,
Box 232, Reading. Pa.

Schuman. Curvin B., Spring Grove, R. 2, Pa.

Schuman, Ralph D., Hanover, R. 3, Pa.

Scott Company, The I. W., Pittsburgh, Pa.

Scott. Joseph C, Oakdale, R. 1, Pa.

Scudder, H. G., Yardley, R. 1, Pa.

Seamans, Kenneth, Factoryville, Pa.

Seaton, H. L., Continental Can Company,
Inc., 4645 West Grand Ave., Chicago, 39,
Illinois.

Sechrist, William, Brodbecks, R. 1, Pa.

Seigrist, J. Henry, Manheim, R. 1, Pa.

Seitz, John B., Rohrerstown. Pa.

Seniowski, John, Orange, Conn.

Sensenick. Abram. Lititz, R. 3, Pa.

Sensenig, Elmer M., New Holland, R. 1, Pa.

Sensenig, Harry, Lancaster. R. 2. Pa.

Shadel. John E., Williamsport. R. 1, Pa.

ShafTer. David H., West Point, Pa.

Shaffer, Edman, Spring Grove, R. 2. Pa.

ShafTer, Elmer H., Manheim. Pa.

Shaffer. Herbert W.. Hanover. R. 1, Pa.

Shaffer, I. M., Line Lexington, Pa.

Shaffer, Mrs. Marie M., Valencia, R. 1, Box
59. Pa.

Shaffer, Milton R., Dillsburg, R. 1, Pa.

Shaffer. R. E.. Hanover. R. 3. Pa.

Shaffer, Raymond J., Seven Valleys. R. 1,
Pa.

Shaffer, Vernon L., Brodbecks. Pa.

Shallcross. Clarence. Bustleton Avenue.
Frankford. Philadelphia. Pa.

Shank, Amos, Masonic Homes, Elizabeth-
town, Pa.

Shank, Amos, Hanover, R. 3, Pa.

Shank, D. W., York Springs. R. 1. Pa.

Shank. Jacob D.. Hanover. R. 3. Pa.

Shank. Walter L.. Lancaster. R. 6. Pa.

Sharer. Ray J.. Centre Hall. Pa.

Sharp. E. F.. York. R. 6, Pa.

Sheaffer. Abram R.. Lancaster. R. 2. Pa.

Shearer. Edwin B.. Spring Grove. R. 1. Pa.

Shearer. Elmer. Mt. Joy. R. 1. Pa.

Shearer. G. Edward. Mullica Hill. N. J.

Shearer, J. Warren, 426 W. Penn Ave., Wer-
nersville. Pa.

Shearer. M. J.. Spring Grove. R. 1. Pa.

Shellenberger. Daniel L.. Columbia. R. 2. Pa.

Shellenberger. Seiber. McAlisterville. Pa.

Shenberger. George H.. York. R. 4, Pa.

Shenk, Clayton H., Lancaster, R. 6. Pa.

Shenk. D. W.. Conestoga Terrace. Lancas-
ter. R. 6. Pa.

Shenk, H. Martin. Manheim. R. 1. Pa.

Shenk. John S.. Lancaster, R. 6, Pa.

Sheppard, R. H., Hanover, Pa.

Sherer, Elam, Manheim, R. 2, Pa.

Sherer, Simon, Mt. Joy, R. 2. Pa.

Shertzer, Aaron N., Lancaster, R. 2. Pa.

Shertzer, Landis M., Lancaster, R. 2, Pa.

Shifriss, Ove D., W. Atlee Burpee Co.,
Doylestown. Pa.

Shirk. Harry J., East Earl, R. 1. Pa.

Shirk. Weaver W., East Earl, R. 1, Pa.

Shisler Bros., Glen Olden, Pa.

,1 '

— 48 —

The Services of the

QUALITY LIME INSTITUTE

are available today,
as they have been for
the past sixteen years.

The Institute was organized in the year 1927 for the purpose of
maintaining high standards of Liming materials produced by its
members and providing a dependable source of information re-
garding the qualities, uses, and economic values, of Lime for Agri-
cultural purposes. In carrying out the above plan it has co-operated
with County Agents, teachers of Vocational Agriculture, Granges,
and other Farm organizations, as well as with individual farmers!

The Institute Seal
of High Quality

MEMBERS OF THE QUALITY LIME INSTITUTE
1420 WALNUT STREET, PHILADELPHIA, PA.

Aimville Lime Company h. E. Millard

J. E. Baker Company

S. W. Barrick and Sons, Inc. National Gypsum Company

G« & W. H. Corson Steacy and Wilton Company

M. J. Grove Lime Co. Thomasville Stone 8c Lime Co.

Legore Lime Company ^„„„ Company

': <;•

I, »l

I •

^H«

f ■ '

'fit 'I'

Shirk, Amos M., Columbia, R. 2, Pa.
Shive, Martin L., Seven Valleys, R. 1, Pa.
Shive, Theodore, Spring Grove, R. 2, Pa.
Shoemaker, E. H., Bristol. Pa.
Shorb, Harry, Hanover, R. 2, Pa.
Shorb, Paul, Hanover, R. 2, Pa.
Shroyer D. K., Sales Manager, H. E. Mil-
lard, Annville, Pa.
Shultz, Clair H., Holtwood, R. 2, Pa.
Shultz, Lizzie B., Carlisle. R. 6, Pa.
Shutt, G. LeRoy, Chalfont, Pa.

i&"H' 9- J?- 3^5 York St.. Hanover, Pa.

Shutt, J. F., Centre Hall, Pa.

Siegrest, Jason B.. Lancaster, R. 6, Pa.

Siegrest, Norman H., Columbia, R. 1, Pa.

S gman. Daniel M.. Mt. Joy, R. 1, Pa.

Simons. Jr John W., Knights Rd., Torres-
dale, Philadelphia. Pa.

Simpson. John, FinleyviUe, R. 1. Box 33, Pa.

Slack, Josephine E.. Forest Grove. Pa

Slade, Joseph E., 2735 Greenleaf St., Allen-
lovirn. Fa.

Slegel, Harry W., Birdsboro, R. 1. Pa.

ter Pi ^°^ ^°^^ ^^^® ^^^^- Lancas-
Smeltzer, Lee, Bellefonte, Pa.

c }:{}• ^P- ^^^ Mae, Mountville. Pa.
amith, Clemon A., Nescopeck. R D Pa

lUJ mJ' ?3^^" I'rry''^^ Springs, R. 2,' Pa!
i"^J!u' 5^^i'^^^ T- ^'ew Oxford. R. 2, Pa
Im I^ S- ^- Bethlehem. R. 4. Pa '
%^\lu' garper Gardners. R. 1. Pa.
Sm th. Harry M., Bellefonte, R. 2. Pa
Is fK* T°u"' J°i:i^ Springs. R. 2. Pa.
Im Jh' i°^? ?•• S^^dners. R. 1. Pa.
Im f^ ^^""^ A., York, R. 6, Pa.
ImJIS' ^u^y^'^J^-i 'SP^*"^ Grove. R. 1. Pa.

Im fH' ?^^ ^V Lebanon, R. 5. Pa.
i <!£?• 5,1"^"®^ "•' Cochranville. R 2 Pa
^m\ ^n^"'?^ L Miller Chemical Corp..
qm??),^\;5^^[?^'2^ ^^- Baltimore. 31. Md.
Smith. W. H.. Spring Grove R ? Pa
Smozinsky. R. C*.. Lewisburg. R 3 Pa
Smucker. Amos B.. East Earl R l p|'
Smucker, Samuel B.. New Holland' R 2 Pa
Snavely. Harry H., Willow Street r' 1 ' ?a*
Snavely. Menno G.. Manheim. R 2 Pa
Sneeringer. Paul. New Oxford, r' 2 Pa
l^y^e^' George D.. Perkasie. R ? Pa '
Snyder, George W., Brodbecks R 1 Pa
Snyder. John B.. Columbia Rl Pa
Snyder. Lloyd P.'. Brodbecks Rl^Pa
Snyder, Robert J., Lebanon r' i Pa '
Snyder Victor C.,' Pitman Pa^* '
Solly. Walter J.. Ivyland. Pa
Sonnen. Glenn A.. Richland, R l Pa
Sowers. Firmen. East Berlin R i Pa
Spahr Morgan E., Thomasvi if R* i Pa

pnlll?; ?o1?n^^^^Sp^r?nT& ^^^
'^SdS^p^^%r ^-^ 'Ro^^ar^o^re^dril;
Spencer. Carl. Dalton. Pa.
Spertzei. Paul. York Springs. R l Pa

ISrnn?^^' ?^''^' ^^^^^s Mills. Pa
Sprout, J. Lamar. Christiana R i Pa

|r,^y. William. McDonald^ r; 2 Pa ^•

lf!?J^^°''A^^' ^^^*^"^ H.. Yardley. Pa
Stalder. Anna, Ivyland. Pa.

'Sra%?^?>l^^ V..^4120V^/irRd^: ^hi^l-

i{a?kev Farmi"?^' Pittston. R. 1. Pa.
5ffl4^ J^u ."^^J?°"^P»"y. Morrisville Pa
Starr. Chester. Three Springs Pa

it'f rr?' ?• S- :5;°^i! SPr^ngTil ?.• Pa.
Stiuffer R r ^Wo^ Springs. R. 2, Pa.
oiauner. r. c., Hanover, R. 3, Pa.

Sterner, Burnell. Spring Grove, R. 3. Pa
Sterner, Gordon. Hanover. R. 2. Pa
Sterner, Mrs. Sadie T., Hanover, R.2 Pa
Stearns, Guy, Bellefonte, R. 1, Pa.
Stevenson, H. F., Waverly, Pa.
Stewart. M. M., State Director, State Farm

Insurance Companies, Payne Shoemaker

Bldg., Harrisburg, Pa.
Stirling, R. F., Manheim, R. 2, Pa.
Stitzel, G. Vance, Gardners, R. 1, Pa
Stoker. William. Torresdale, Red Lion Rd

Philadelphia, 14, Pa.
Stoltzfus, Amos E., Elverson, R. 2, Pa.
Stoltzfus. Amos U., Ronks, R. 1, Pa.
Stoltzfus, Benjamin E., Elverson. R. 2, Pa
Stoltzfus, Benjamin F., Elverson, R. 2. Pa"
Stoltzfus. Chester Z., Talmage, Pa.
Stoltzfus, Daniel M., Narvon, R. 1, Pa
Stoltzfus, David, Elverson, R. 1, Pa
Stoltzfus, David E., Honey Brook, R. 1. Pa
Stoltzfus, David M., Elverson, R. 2, Pa.
Stoltzfus, Elam G., Myerstown. R. 2, Pa
Stoltzfus. Elam S., Gap, R. 1. Pa.
Stoltzfus, Fred D., Elverson, R. 2, Pa.
Stoltzfus, Job, Elverson, R. 2, Pa.
Stoltzfus, John E., Narvon, R. 1, Pa.
Stoltzfus. John F., Elverson, R. 2. Pa.
Stoltzfus. Jonas S.. Suplee, Pa.
Stoltzfus. Levi E.. Narvon, R. 1. Pa
Stoltzfus, Levi M., Elverson, R. 2, Pa.
Stoltzfus, Samuel F.. Morgantown. Pa
Stoltzfus. Samuel J.. Honey Brook. R. 1. Pa
Stoltzfus. Samuel L., Gordonville, Box 3,

Pa.

Stoltzfus. Stephen E., Elverson. R. 2. Pa
Stoltzfus. Stephen H.. Joanna. Pa.
Stoltzfus. Sylvan F., Gordonville. R. 1. Pa
Stoner, Alvin P. & Clarence B., Ephrata, R.

2, Pa.
Stoner, John L., Lancaster, R. 4. Pa.
Stoner, Ray R., 27 N. 16th St., Harrisburg.

storey, C. M.. 10th & Market Sts., Harris-
burg. Pa.

Stough. W. H., York, R. 1. Pa.

Stough, William J.. Thomasville. R. 1. Pa.

Stout. C. F. C, President. The Pennsylvania
Horticultural Society. Room 601. 1600 Arch
St., Philadelphia. 3. Pa.

Stout. G. J., State College. Pa.

Stover. Allen. Spring Grove. R. 1. Pa.

Stover, J. Philip, Bellefonte. R. 2. Pa.

Straley, H. N., Littlestown, R. 2, Pa.

Straley. Paul, Littlestown, R. 2, Pa.

Straley. Vernon, Littlestown, R. 2. Pa.

Strausbaugh, George S.. Hanover. R. 3. Pa.

Strausbaugh, Norman H., Hanover, R. 2. Pa.

Stremmel Joseph. Spring Grove. R. 2, Pa.

Strock, Clark S., Springtown. Pa.

Strock. G. Weir. Mechanicsburg, R. 2. Pa.

Strub e. Clyde. Bellefonte. R. 1. Pa.

Struble. Jay. Bellefonte. Pa.

Stump. Robert, York. R. 5, Pa.

Stutzman. Doyle. Jr.. Homer City. R. 1, Pa.

Stutzman, Guy. Indiana. R. 4. Pa.

Stutzman, Louis, Homer City, R. 1. Pa.

Stutzman, R. B., Cramer, Pa.

Styer. J. J. gg Son. Concordville, Pa.

Summers & Mimm. Quarryville. R. 3. Pa.

Sunday. W. P.. York. R. 4. Pa.

Sunday. Walter R.. Kutztown. R. 3. Pa.

Surgent Bros.. Freehold. R. 3. N. J.

Sutter. John, 47 Owens St.. Forty Fort. Pa

Swarey. Menno D.. Kinzer. R. 1. Pa.

Swartz. C. M., Gardners, R. 1. Pa.

Swartz, John, Spring Grove. R. 3. Pa.

Swartzentruber. Allen. Mertztown. R. 1. Pa.

Sweigart. D Wayne. Mt. Joy. R. 1. Pa.

l^*^4v®^A ^^^J^" A- Marietta, R. 1, Pa.
Sytnik, Carl, Yardley. Pa.

— 50 —

Taylor, Lauren, Gardners, R. 2, Pa.

Teal, Ralph. New Oxford, R. 3, Pa.

Tebbs, Jr., Fred, Montgomery, R. 1, Pa.

Tebbs Son's, Harry M., Williamsport, R. 1,
Pa.

Thoman, Earl, Spring Grove, R. 3, Pa.

Thomas, Clayton N., Lancaster, R. 6, Pa.

Thomas. A. L., East Berlin, R. 2, Pa.

Thomas, Lester, Spring Grove. R. 3. Pa.

Thompson, Alvan C, Morrisville, R. 1, Pa.

Thompson. Charles R.. Newtown. Pa.

Thompson, John C, Newtown. Pa.

Thompson, Nelson H., Williamsport, R. 1,
Pa.

Thompson, W. R. & H. J., Williamsport, R. 1,
Pa.

Toews, Jacob, Manheim, R. 1, Pa.

ToUinger, Robert, Peach Bottom. R. 2, Pa.

Tomlinson, Robert K., Westtown, Pa.

Tomlinson. Samuel F.. Newtown, Pa.

Trauger, H. A., Torrance, Pa.

Trax, R. L., Library, Pa.

Treichler, Newton E., Barto. Pa.

Tressler, Harrison, Bellefonte. R. 2, Pa.

Trimble & Son, P. T., Lititz. Pa.

Trone. Arthur H., Spring Grove, R. 2, Pa.

Twining. N. Stanley, Newtown. R. 1. Pa.

Twist. Frank S., 464 Third St., Northumber-
land, Pa.

Tyson, Alan H., 602 Washington Lane, Jen-
kinstown. Pa.

Tyson, Edwin C, Flora Dale, Pa.

Tyson, Henry, Lititz, R. 3, Pa.

United States Ehnployment Service, c/o Tru-
man B. Thompson, Rural Industries Su-
pervisor, 1835 N. Third St., Harrisburg,
Pa.

Utz, Raymond, Hanover, R. 2, Pa.

Vandenberg, G. B., Rohm and Haas Co.,

Bristol. Pa.
Van Hise, Jr.. Albert, Washington Crossing,

Pa.
Van Tuyle, Harold. Pittston. R. 1. Pa.
Vargo, Jr., Stephen, Newtown. R. D., Pa.
Vasey, J. Howard & Jacob H., Doylestown.

R. 2, Pa.
Veith. Adam, Falls, Pa.
Vonada. Miles. Bellefonte. R. 2. Pa.

Wagner. Curvin E.. Spring Grove, R. 2, Pa.
Wagner. Clark, Dillsburg, R. 1, Pa.
Wagner. L. J.. North East. R. 5. Pa.
Wagner, Willis C. Gettysburg, R. 4. Pa.
Wagner, Woodrow W.. Hanover. R. 2, Pa.
Wagoner, R. K.. New Florence, R. 2. Pa.
Wagoner & Furches, Quarryville, R. 2, Pa.
Walk, Earl, Conestoga. Pa.
Wall. Dr. M. E., 509 Meadow Lane, Oreland,
Pa.

Walter Bros.. Kennett Square, Pa.
Walters, John H., Williamsport, Proctor

Star Route, Pa.
Walters. Woodrow W., Seven Valleys, R. 2,

Waltersdorff, Norman W., Menges Mills, Pa.
waltz. R. G., Agricultural Extension Assn.,

Norristown, Pa.
Wanner, Harvey, Zions Grove. Pa.
Warehime. Alan. Hanover. Pa.
Warner, Clark, Hanover. R. 2, Pa.
Warner. George A.. Hanover, R. 2. Pa.
Warner, J. Henry, State Hospital, Danville.

Warner. Milton M., Brodbecks, R. 1, Pa.
Warner. Ralph. Brodbecks, R. 1. Pa.
Wasson. Sgt. James, 32484687. 11th Weather
Sqdn., A.P.O. 980. c o P. M.. Seattle, Wash.
Watkins, R. G., Wilkes-Barre. Box 128. Pa.
Watts. Gilbert S., Bellwood. Pa.

Watts, James M., Woodville State Hospital,

Woodville, Pa.
Watts, R. L., 225 E. Foster Ave., State Col-
lege, Pa.
Weaver, Arthur C, Limeport, Pa.
Weaver, Elmer P., Lampeter, R. 54, Pa.
Weaver, Harmon, Peach Bottom, R. 2, Pa.
Weaver, Ivan G., Lebanon, R. 5, Pa.
Weaver, Levi M., Lancaster, R. 3, Pa.
Weaver, L. O., Buckhout Laboratory, State

College. Pa.
Weaver, Merril, Bellefonte, R. 2, Pa.
Weaver, Mervin, Littlestown. R. 2, Pa.
Weber, Charles E., Hollidaysburg, R. 1, Pa.
Weber, George G., Federal Bldg., York, Pa.
Weidman, Amos, Columbia, R. 2, Pa.
Weight, George E., BeUefonte, R. 1, Pa.
Weik, Eugene H., Kleinfeltersville, Pa.
Weikert, M. D., Gettysburg, R. 5, Pa.
Weinschenk, G. G., 419 Edgewood Ave.,

New Castle Pa
Weinschenk, J. I.*, New Castle, R. 1, Pa.
Weinschenk, W. H., New Castle, R. 1, Pa.
Weiss. Howard S., Boyertown, R. 2, Pa.
Weitzel, Harry M., Mechanicsburg, R. 3, Pa.
Welty, Richard, Smithburg, Box 104, Md.
Wenger, Allen W., Lebanon, R. 1, Pa.
Wenger, Edwin G., Richland. R. 1, Pa
Wenger, Frank, Lancaster, R. 4, Pa.
Wenger, John N., Ephrata, R. 2, Pa.
Wenger, Norman F., Manheim, R. 2, Pa.
Wenker, Harold E., Bustleton, Pa.
Wenker. Ray W., Bustleton, Pa.
Wentz Bros., Ambler, Pa.
Wentz. George A., Manchester, R. 1, Md.
Wentzel. Foster E.. Sehnsgrove, Pa.
Werner, Ralph F., Brodbecks, Pa.
Wertman, Charles L., Coopersburg, R. 2, Pa.
Westtown School, Westtown, Pa.
Wetzel, Harry, Hanover, R. 2. Pa.
Wheeland, Chester C, 1400 Northway Rd.,

Williamsport, Pa.
Whitacre. William R., 424 Shephard St..

N. W., Washington, D. C.
Whitcomb, Paul H., York, R. 4, Pa.
White. Caleb H.. Lebanon. R. 1, Pa.
White, W. R., 734 McKee St., State College.

Pa
White. William & William B., Comwell

Heights, Pa.
Whitecraft, George. Eddington, Pa.
Whitenight, Harold A., Bloomsburg. R. 1,

Pa.

Whitenight. Myron, 816 Market St., Blooms-
burg, Pa.

Whiteside, John, Holsham. Pa.

Wiggins, A. W., Clarks Summit, R. 2, Pa.

Wiggins, R. J., Holtwood, R. 1, Pa.

Wildasin, Charles H., Spring Grove, R. 1,
Pa.

Wildasin, Charles L., Hanover. R. 2, Pa.

Wildasin. Ezra, Hanover. R. 3. Pa.

Wildasin. Harry M.. New Oxford. R. 1, Pa.

Wildasin, Henry, 286 W. Walnut St., Hano-
ver, Pa.

Wildasin, J. Earl. Hanover. R. 2, Pa.

Wildermuth, Harry J., Pine Grove, R. 2, Pa.

Williams. A. B. C, York Springs. Pa.

Williams. Harry. Bainbridge, R. 1, Pa.

Williams. L. A., York Springs. R. 1, Pa.

Williams, Oliver S., Wilkes-Barre. R. 1. Box
165. Pa.

Williams. Percy S.. Camp Hill. R. 1, Pa.

Wills, R. W., Buffalo Mills. Pa.

Willson. John M.. Fayette City, Pa.

Wilson, Earl F., Lancaster. R. 6, Pa.

Wilson, Irvin L.. Hanover. R. 2. Pa.

Winebrenner Company. D. E.. Hanover, Pa.

Winters. E. Oliver. Columbia. R. 2. Pa.

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Winters, Oscar, 998 Carlisle St., Hanover,

Pa
Winters, Jr., Oscar, 998 Carlisle St.. Hano-
ver, Pa. , ^
Wise, J. Harvey, Commodore, Pa.
Witherite, Rubin, Bellefonte, R. 2, Pa.
Witmer, Elam W., Ephrata, R. 2, Pa.
Witmer, Elmer R., East Earl, R. 1, Pa.
Witmer & Hess, Mt. Joy, R. 1, Pa.
Witmer. Jonas, Millersville, R. 1, Pa.
Witwer, George R., Narvon, R. 2. Pa.
Witwer, Walter S., Gordonville, R. 1. Pa.
Wohleber, Stephen, 3064 Mt. Troy Road,

N.S., Pittsburgh, 12, Pa.
Wolf, Harold E., York Springs, R. 1, Pa.
Wolfe, Wendell R., Mifflinburg, R. 1, Pa.
Wolff, Paul R., Myerstown, R. 3, Pa.
Wolgemuth, C. M., Mt. Joy, R. 1, Pa.
Wolgemuth, Joseph M., Mt. Joy, R. 1. Pa.
Wonder, Ralph H., Hanover, R. 3, Pa.
Wonder, George E., Hanover, R. 3, Pa.
Woodruff & Sons, F. H., Inc., Milford, Conn.
Woods, E. Wilmer, Connellsville, R. 2, Box

232 A Pa.
Woodward, Charles R., Bristol, R. 1. Pa.
Worley, Charles H., Hanover, R. 4, Pa.
Worley, George R., Hanover, R. 4, Pa.
Woznock, Andrew R., Berwick, R. 1, Pa.
Wright, Dr. F. W., 113 Eichelberger Street.

Hanover. Pa.
Wright, Jasper H., Huntingdon, Star Route,

Pa.
Wright, Sidney, 517 Northampton Street,

Kingston, Pa.
Writer, Richard, McAllisterville, Pa.

Yalick Bros., 250 Union St., Luzerne. Pa.
Yeagle. John P., Bristol. R. 2. Pa.
Yeagle, Walter, Bristol, R. 2, Pa.

Yeagy, R. E., York Springs, R. 2, Pa.
Yearick, Nevin A., Howard, Pa.
Yerger, Claude R., Apollo, R. 3, Pa.
Yerkes, Jr.. William H.. Buckingham. Pa
Yingling, H. E., Spring Grove, R. 3, Pa.
Yoder, Harold O.. Mechanicsburg, R. 2. Pa
Yoder. Ira L.. Middleburg. Box 117, Pa.
Yohe, J. W., Dillsburg, R. 1, Pa.
Yohe, William J., Spring Grove, R. 3, Pa.
Yohn. S. H., Dillsburg, R. 1. Pa.
Young. Clarence E., Lancaster, R. 2, Pa.
Young, Gilmore, Spring Grove, R. 1, Pa
Young, Reeder M., Washington Boro, Pa.

Zartman, Ervin, Spring Grove, R. 2, Pa.
Zehner, Clyde A., Agricultural Adjustment

Agency, 928 N. Third St., Harrisburg, Pa.
Zeigler, William, Spring Grove, R. 1. Pa.
Ziegler, Abraham H., Richland, Pa.
Zimmerman. B. F., Ringtown, Pa.
Zimmerman, Harry A., Ivyland, Pa.
Zimmerman, M. M., Stevens, R. 1, Pa.
Zimmerman, Phares S., Narvon, R. 2, Pa.
Zimmerman, Roy F., Bellefonte, R. 2, Pa.
Zimmerman, Rudolph, Huntingdon Valley,

R. D., Pa.
Zimmerman, William, Easton Rd. & County

Line, Hallowell, Pa.
Zinc. George, Palmyra, N. J.
Zinn, Chester A., York, R. 6, Pa.
Zook, Aaron J., Honey Brook, Star Route,

Pa.
Zook, Amos K., Gordonville, R. 1, Pa.
Zook. Jacob K., Gap, R. 1, Pa.
Zook, Jr., Morris, Honey Brook, R. 1, Pa
Zuck. Norman E.. Lebanon. R. 5. Pa.
Zook, Omar, Manatawny, Pa.
Zumbrum, Ammon W., Brodbecks. R. 1. Pa.
Zumbrum, Samuel, Brodbecks. R. 1, Pa.

NEW MEMBERSHIPS FOR 1945
Eleven from Wilkes-Barre; one from Bristol.

MEMBERSHIPS RECEIVED AFTER THIS DATE ARE
CREDITED TO 1945, THE DECEMBER ISSUE

BEING SENT FREE.

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LANCASTER BONE FERTILIZER CO. Inc.

Quarryville, Pa.
Manufacturers of ''Conestoga Brand'^ fertilizers

Made in Pennsylvania for Pennsylvania soils.

— 52 —

LATE NOTES— O.P.A. CONFERNECE

W. E. Grove, 120 N. 6th Street, Chambersburg, Pa., reports that he
represented the Association at a meeting called by O.P.A. in Harris-
burg, June 9. Nothing concrete is said in his letter, excepting that
he had a good pea crop and his tomatoes and beans are looking good,
but we'll bet you fifty cents (or a lull membership) that we were
well represented. Just so nothing radically unreasonable is planned
and growers are consulted and listened to beforehand!

PICKING TOMATOES EFFICIENTLY

^'Making Movements Count in Picking Tomatoes" is the title of
Leaflet 258, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana. A few simple
rules in the leaflet are easy to remember:

I. Use a handle on the hamper.

II. Pick with both hands.

III. Pick as many tomatoes as possible in each hand before moving
the hands to the hamper.

IV. Pick two rows across the field and keep the hamper in front
of you.

OUR PRESIDENT IS BUSY— AND SO ARE YOU

Your Secretary didn't receive the usual message from our Presi-
dent and we know he's delivering the goods and— maybe— repairing
the damage from the hurricane. It really was a bad one, with orchards
and barns transported.

HOW DO YOU LIKE THE COVER

For some time your Editor has fussed about the front cover, but
the advisors all said it was a very good "identification" and he de-
cided to let well enough alone. However, the vegetable industry in
Pennsylvania really is not static. It is making healthy, steady prog-
ress. So — it was decided to venture out with a scene of local interest,
showing what some "of the other boys" are doing. Now, you're next.
What have you? Let's make the December issue one really worthy
of the name. Thank you! (P.S.— Yes, I'm really busy too. Won't you
lend a hand, please?)

FERTILIZER GRADES RECOMMENDED BY WFA FOR 1944-45

Pennsylvania— 0-12-12, 0-14-7, 3-9-12, 3-9-15, 3-12-6, 4-12-8, 4-8-12,
4-12-4, 5-10-5, 5-10-10, 7-7-7, 10-6-4.

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FERTILIZER IS CHEAP TODAY

"Because fertilizer is cheap today in relation to the prices of farm

products, now is the time to buy in large quantities The demands

made on the soil of America by the wartime need for more and more
food has had a depleting effect on the fertility of the land. It is the
part of wisdom to prepare lor the inevitable lowering of farm prices
when the present abnormal demand for food slacks off. . . . The one
who looks ahead will have his soil in such shape that his high crop
yields will cut his production costs to the point where he can stand
a period of low prices. The purchase and application of fertilizer
during the next year or two is one of the safest investments a farmer
can make." These statements are from an editorial from the "South-
ern Agriculturist" for July, 1944.

FERTILIZER DEMONSTRATIONS SHOW RESULTS

Pea fertilizer demonstrations, arranged by County Agents in Mif-
flin and Chester counties, this year gave profitable increases in yield
at 750 pounds per acre. No difference was observed between plowing
down and drilling the fertilizer deeply before seeding at this rate,
but greater increases were obtained with definitely larger vine
growth when 500 pounds per acre were plowed down and 500 drilled
deeply before seeding. Lancaster County report not yet ready.

Plowing down fertilizer alone for sweet corn resulted in retarded
early growth when row applications were omitted, in Somerset
County. The same was strikingly noticed in a demonstration on
tomatoes in Chester County.

ESTIMATES OF PLANTED VEGETABLE ACREAGES

The acreage of tomatoes planted for processing, according to a
preliminary estimate by WFA, in 1944 is 605,650 acres, which is less
than 1 per cent more than the 1943 planted acreage of 602,430 acres.
No reduction of acreage occurred in Pennsylvania, but a reduction
of nearly 40 per cent occurred in the Arkansas, Kentucky and Ten-
nessee area.

A total of 406,460 tons of green peas for processing is indicated for
1944— about 1 per cent less than the 1943 production of 410,670 tons
and about 56 per cent above the average production of 260,260 tons
obtamed in the preceding 10-year (1933-42) period. Pennsylvania,
as a whole, appears to have obtained an average crop, although cer-
tam areas were spotty.

Green lima bean acreage for canning and freezing has been in-
creased greatly in Pennsylvania this year and the estimated total
acreage lor 1944 over 1943 is 3 per cent-64,220 to 66,090 acres.

— 54 —

PENNSYLVANIA
VEGETABLE GROWERS' NEWS

PUBLISHED— JANUARY, MARCH, MAY, JULY AND DECEMBER
Market Growers' Journal, Monthly, Contributed.

Vol. XIV

State College, Pa., December, 1944

No. 4

A Publication of The Pennsylvania Vegetable Growers' Association

Annual dues are $1.00, 80 cents of which is for subscription to the

Pennsylvania Vegetable Growers* News.
Single Copy — 25c

President Louis Orient, Bridgeville

Vice-President H. H. Hostetter, Sinking Spring

Sec'y-Treas Jesse M. Huffington, 625 Holmes St., State College

Change of Frequency Notice

Beginning with volume XV, January, 1945, the Pennsylvania
Vegetable Growers News will be published in January, March, May,
July and December, instead of March, May, July and December in
volumes XII, XIII and XIV. The Pennsylvania Ten-Ton Tomato Re-
port will be included in the January issue.

Vegetable Growers Association of America

Consolidation with Cooperative Fruit and Vegetable Association
rejected. Left open for further consideration. Attendance over 450.
Twenty-two states represented; juniors — 300, twenty states. 1945
convention planned for Boston but not yet official. Will submit report
at January meeting — E. J. Fleming.

* -k it

Please Send Your $1 Membership Dues to the Secretary Today

if if it
COMING

The Annual Meeting — see program, pages 4-6.

Ten-Ton Tomato Report in the January Issue. Send your tomato
story in today.

How Well Supplied with Vegetables Are We?

The Great Opportunity in Irrigation.

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CONTENTS

Page

Annual Meeting Program 5.7

Lancaster Tomato and Pea Meeting 8

Vegetable Plant Growers' Short Course 9

Howard Henry Zimmerly 10

Pennsylvania Pea Club Winners 11-16

Pea Production Practices, Jesse M. Huffington and G. J. Stout. . . 17-30

Varieties of Peas to Grow 32

Soil Management for Cannery Peas, R. L. Cook 42

Recent Studies of Peas, R. E. Larson 49

Pea Seed Treatment, R. S. Kirby 53

Push in Your Choke, Fred D. Miller, D.D.S 55

Peas for Canning and Freezing, C. B. Raymond 65

The Pea Aphid and Its Control, J. O. Pepper 72

Potent Pointers on Pea Growing 79

Peas, J. R. Stuart 82

Inoculating Pea Seed y 84

Growing Laxton Peas, C. B. Gray 86

Pea Growing in Columbia County 88

Profitable Production Practices for Peas, Wilson C. Dickson 90

Profitable Pea Production, James B. Winebrenner 92

Sweet Peas in Pennsylvania, Frank App 94

Pea Production Pointers, H. L. Seaton 97

Grading Cannery Peas, D. M. James 99

Transporting Shelled Peas, A. W. Butcher 101

Vegetable Varieties at State College, 1944, M. L. Odland 104

What's New in the Catalogues 107

The Co-op. Auction Method of Marketing, W. F. Mielcke Ill

Index to Advertisers 117-118

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The Pennsylvania Vegetable Growers' Association

Annual Meeting

JANUARY 9, 10, and 11, 1945
Chestnut Street Hall, Assembly Room, Harrisburg, Penna.

Tuesday, January 9
Morning:

New Developments, Disease and Insect Control, Cucumbers.
Chairman: E. J. Fleming, Andalusia, Pa.

Observing the Time Schedule: H. H. Hostetter, Chairman,
Program Committee, Sinking Spring, Pa.

9:50 a.m Building Our Organization, A. C. Thompson, Chairman,
Membership Committee, Morrisville, Pa.

10: 00 a.m. Finding New Facts for Vegetable Growers, F. F. Lininger,
Director of Research, The Pennsylvania State College, State Col-
lege, Pa.

10:30 a.m. Keeping Up-to-date, E. R. Junginger, Editor, Market
Growers* Journal, Louisville, Kentucky.

11:00 a.m. The Vegetable Disease Situation, L. O. Weaver, Exten-
sion Plant Pathologist, The Pennsylvania State College.

11:15 a.m. Preparing for Vegetable Insect Control in 1945, John Deal,
Extension Entomologist, The Pennsylvania State College.

11:30 a.m. Cucumbers: A Disease, Insect and Production Program,
John H. Book, Lancaster, R. 4, Pa.

12:00 Noon Lunch.

Afternoon: Soil Management.

Chairman: Kenneth Hankinson, 1420 Walnut St., Philadelphia, Pa.
Introducing the Cow Bell Time Clock, H. H. Hostetter.

1:20 p.m. Planning Our Program Together, Frank K. Chestnut,
Morrisville, Pa.

1:30 p.m. Using Idle Soils Profitably, Fred V. Grau, Extension Ag-
ronomist, The Pennsylvania State College.

2:00 p.m. Getting the Best Results in Applying Fertilizers, George
D. Scarseth, Director, Farm Research Associatoin, 300 Schultz
Bldg., Lafayette, Indiana.

2:30 p.m. Soil Fertility Practices That Pay, Firman E. Bear, Head,
Soils Department, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, N. J.

3:00 p.m. Recent Developments in Irrigation Equipment and Prac-
tices, A. C. Thompson, Morrisville, Pa.

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IRREGULAR PAGINATION

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Wednesday, January 10

Morning: Marketing, Freezer Storage Developments

and Adaptations.

Chairman: Rowland S. Comly, Bustleton, Pa.

The Cow Bell Sales Announcer, H. H. Hostetter.

9:50 a.m. Reading the "News," Your Publication, Gilbert S. Watts,

Bellwood, Pa.
10:00 a.m. Developing New York Market Facilities, H. Crouch, Bu-
reau of Markets, Albany, N. Y.
10:30 a.m. Discussion: Charles K. Hallowell, Philadelphia County
Agent, 303 Drexel Bldg., 5th and Chestnut Sts., Philadelphia, Pa.
11:00 a.m. Home Freezers — Present and Future, Donald K. Tressler,
Manager, Consumers Institute, General Electric Company, 1285
Boston Avenue, Bridgeport, Conn.
11:30 a.m. Pennsylvania Possibilities in Vegetable Storage, G. J.
Stout, Vegetable Gardening Extension Specialist, The Pennsyl-
vania State College, and Grant Noll, Lancaster, R. 1, Pa.
12:00 Noon Lunch.

Afternoon: Business Meeting, Sweet Corn, and Vegetables for Pro-
cessing (Movies).

Chairman: Louis Orient, Bridgeville, Pa.

The Cow Bell Alarm Clock, H. H. Hostetter.

1:20 p.m. Winning With Affiliated Organizations, R. W. Wenker,

Bustleton, Pa.
1:30 p.m. Business Session.
2:00 p.m. Frozen Foods (Sound Movie in Color), General Electric

Company.
2:30 p.m. Delivering High Quality *'Dew-Kissed" Sweet Corn for
Dinner, Wm. Yerkes, Buckingham, Pa., and Charles H. Humph-
reys, Torresdale, Philadelphia, Pa. (Illustrated).
3:00 p.m. Modern Methods of Harvesting and Processing Vege-
tables (Sound Movie in Color) , C. C. Barnard, Martinsburg, Pa.

HARRIS SEEDS

ARE GROWN BY

PROGRESSIVE MARKET GARDENERS

Have you a copy of our 1945 Market Growers and Florists Price List?

It contains accurate descriptions of the newest and

best vegetables and flowers.

Send for it today

JOSEPH HARRIS CO., Inc.

ROCHESTER 11, N. Y

MORETON FARM

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Thursday, January 11
Morning: Tomatoes.

Chairman: W. E. Grove, York Springs, Pa.
The Cow Bell Time Clock, H. H. Hostetter.

9:50 a.m. Canner-Grower Organizations Working Together, L. K.
Bowman, Newville, Pa.

10:00 a.m. Teaching Better Tomato Production and Marketing the
4-H Club Way, C. D. Morley, Assistant County Agent, Court
House, Pittsburgh, Pa., and Earl Shenot, 4-H Club Leader, Wex-
ford, Pa.
10:30 a.m. Ten-Ton Tomato Awards, Hon. Miles Horst, Secretary of
Agriculture, Harrisburg, Pa.
$25 U. S. War Bond for Highest Quality
$25 U. S. War Bond for Largest Yield

The Pennsylvania Canners" Association.
$50 for Cash Awards

Campbell Soup Company.
$50 for Cash Awards
H. J. Heinz Company.
11:00 a.m. Better Tomato Plants and Production Practices, V. A.
Tiedjens, Olericulturist, Agricultural Experiment Station, New
Brunswick, N. J.
11:30 a.m. Solving Tomato Picking and Delivery Problems, G. E.
Miller, Assistant County Agent, Lebanon, Pa., and John Gibble,
Myerstown, R. 2, Pa.
12:00 Noon Lunch.
Afternoon: Peas and Beans.

Chairman: J. R. Stuart, Somerset, Pa.
Telling Time With a Cow Bell, H. H. Hostetter.
1:20 p.m. Teaming Up for Quality Production, D. M. James, Bureau
of Markets, Harrisburg, Pa.

1:30 p.m. Large, Fancy Quality Pea Yields, Jesse M. Hufiington,
Vegetable Gardening Extension Specialist, The Pennsylvania
State College; Field Service Men, and Winning Pea Growers.

2:00 p.m. The Truth About Pea Aphis, Hugh Glasgow, Professor,
Division of Entomology, New York State Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, Geneva, N. Y.

2:30 p.m. Adjusting and Repairing Equipment for Planting and
Harvesting Peas and Beans, R. J. McCall, Agricultural Engineer-
ing Extension Specialist, The Pennsylvania State College, and
Field Service Men.

3:00 p.m. Using Equipment for Planting and Harvesting Peas and
Beans, George H. Gaugler, Port Trevorton, R. 2, Pa., and Manu-
facturers' Service Men.

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Lancaster Tomato and Pea Growers Meeting

HOSTETTER^S PLAY BARN

Five Miles East of Lancaster on State Highway Route No. 340

Ample Parking Space
Wednesday, January 31, 1945
Morning Session. Chairman: Snavely Garber, Willow Street.
9:30 Invocation. Rev. Phares J. Forney, Lancaster, R. 1.
9:35 Opening Remarks. H. S. Sloat, Ass't County Agent, Lancaster.
9:40 Controlling Diseases of Southern-Grown Tomato Plants: In
the seed-bed, during shipment and after arrival at your farm
C. M. Haenseler, Assoc. Plant Pathologist, N. J. Ag. Exp. Sta.
10:30 Peas: Preparing the Soil, Applying Fertilizer and Handling.
An average yield of 2.1 tons per acre on 49.5 acres for 3 years
Harvey Chase, Oxford, R. 2.

10:50 Tomato Plants: Proper Care and Handling for a Good Start.
Large yields and high quality obtained on a large acreage
Armor P. Frey, Conestoga, R. 2.

11:00 Tomato Production: Soil Management, Fertilizer, Culture.
An average yield of 10 tons per acre for the past 10 years
Milton L. Hershey, Manheim, R. 3.

11:10 Economic Outlook: Planning Our Crop Program for 1945.

Kenneth Hood, Agric. Econ. Ext., The Penna. State College.

11:45 Luncheon. 50c, Cafeteria style. BE SURE your reservation is

m by January 20. Nearest place to eat, 5 miles.
Afternoon Session. Chairman: John E. Melhorn, Mt. Joy, R. 1.
1:00 Tomato Growers Quartet

Earl Musser, Mt. Joy, R. l;Lester Wolgemuth, Mt. Joy, R. 1;
Paul Hess and Lester Hess, Elizabethtown, R. 3.
1:15 Group Singing.

1:20 Controlling Pea Aphids, Tomato Cutworms and Flea Beetles.
John O. Pepper, Extension Entomologist, The Pennsylvania
State College.

1:40 Tomato Cultural Practices and Harvesting Methods (Movie).
A comparison of tomato yields and quality from Southern-
grown, cold frame and direct seeded plants.
Rosco Eraser, Tomato Specialist, Purdue University.

2:40 Profitable Practices in Growing Peas and Tomatoes, Jesse M.
Huffington, Veg. Gardening Ext., The Penna State College.

3:10 Awards to Four Growers for Large Yield and High Quality.

^90 n ^-."^ff^^gle, Quarryville, Chmn., lO-Ton Tomato Comm.

^.^0 Questions and Answers.

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Vegetable Plant Growers' Short Course

JANUARY 24 and 25, 1945

The Pennsylvania State College, School of Agriculture, will offer
a short course in vegetable plant growing, designed primarily for
commercial plant growers and producers of plants for canning acre-
age, but serving the needs also of home plant growers, on Wednesday
and Thursday, January 24 and 25, 1945. Instruction will be presented
through demonstrations and practice, by the Departments of Horti-
culture, Botany, and Zoology and Entomology in co-operation. Sub-
jects of demonstrations include soil selection and preparation, com-
posts, equipment, seed selection, seed and soil treatments for control
of plant diseases and insects, plant growing structures and their man-
agement, methods of sowing and transplanting, and care of plants
up to the time of field planting.

The course is open to all who are interested in plant growing, and
is offered without fees or charges. Lodging at State College may be
reserved directly by those who wish to take the course, at the Nit-
tany Lion Inn ($3.30-$3.85 single, $6.60 double (twin beds) all with
bath; the State College Hotel (single with connecting shower, $2.50-
$2.75, single with private bath $3.00-$3.85, double with connecting
shower $4.50, double with private bath $5.50-$7.00) ; the Colonial
($2.00 single, $2.00 and $3.00 double, running water) ; the Autoport
for those traveling in cars (rooms with bath, with double bed $2.00,
with twin beds $3.00 for two persons) . Meals are obtainable in several
restaurants and hotels in State College.

The schedule of demonstrations is as follows:

January 24

9:00 a.m.-12 m. Composts, soil preparation, plant growing structures,
seed selection, sowing, and transplanting.

1:30-5:00 p.m. Control of insects and other animal pests in plant
growing.

January 25 ^ ^

9:00a.m.-12:00m. Seed and soil treatment for disease control; other
methods of disease control in plant growing.

1:30-5:00 p.m. Care of plants; transplanting; starter solutions; man-
agement of plant growing structures.

The first meeting will be at 9:00 a.m. in Room 104 Horticulture
Building. For further information, address Professor A. L. Beam,
Director of Short Courses, School of Agriculture, The Pennsylvania
State College, State College, Pa.

_9~

' I li

► '

is;

HOWARD HENRY ZIMMERLY

The death of Dr. H. H. Zimmerly on October 15, 1944, at Norfolk,
Virginia, came as a shock to many Pennsylvania vegetable growers
who knew him, personally and by reputation. Dr. Zimmerly was a
native of Erie County, Pennsylvania, was graduated from The Penn-
sylvania State College in 1912, received his Doctor of Philosophy
degree from the University of Maryland and Honorary degree of
Doctor of Science from Clemson College, South Carolina.

As Director of the Virginia Truck Experiment Station near Nor-
folk, Virginia, he conducted experiments which led to the improve-
ment of the quality and yield of crops which play an important part
in the Pennsylvania vegetable industry. His development of blight-
resistant varieties of spinach is of incalculable value to those who
grow this crop. He was interested in all forms of agriculture. He was
a keen student of all things that grow. He appreciated the esthetic
as well as the material side of the work to which he had devoted his
life. He had the capacity to encourage others to follow where he led.

Many bulletins and scientific papers bear his name. He was active
in various committees.

MADE FOR PENNSYLVANIA VEGETABLE GROWERS

Perfect

Blend

Insecticide and Fungicide Dusts

Double Mixed and Thoroughly Blended in a
High Speed Attrition Mill Blender, . . . They
Assure (1) Better Control and (2) Greater
Economy

Try F.B. "Perfect Blend" Dusts in 1945
— They Have No Superior —

PENNSYLVANIA FARM BUREAU
COOPERATIVE ASSOCIATION

3607 Derry Street Harrisburg, Pa.

Owned and Controlled by Pennsylvania Farmers

— ID-

HIGHEST QUALITY SWEET PEAS HARVESTED IN 1944

( H, or more, tons per acre)

Name and Address

Acres

Tons
per Acre

Fancy

First — Columbia County

Shuman, Frank A., Bloomsburg, R. 3

1.42

100

Second — Columbia County

Welkom, Sr., John, Catawissa, R.D.

1.26

100

Third— York County

Grote, E. E. Brodbecks, R. 1

1.32

fourth — York County

Sandruk, Harry A., Hanover, R. 1

2.8

1.26

Fifth— York County

Brumgard, William, Hanover, R. 3

1.25

LARGEST YIELDS OF SWEET PEAS HARVESTED IN 1944

Name and Address

Acres

Tons
per Acre

%
Fancy

First — Mifflin County

Peachey, Jr., David E., Belleville

2.33

Second — York County

Myers, Guy, Seven Valleys

2.29

Third— York County

Myers, Irvin M., Hanover, R. 2

2.22

Fourth — York County

Diehl, Paul and Lester, Spring Grove, R. 3

1.1

2.13

Fifth— York County

Nace, Raymond W., Hanover, R. 1

8.1

2.08

PROCESSORS ASSISTING WITH QUALITY-YIELD

RECORDS IN 1944

Bloomsburg Packing Company, Bloomsburg
Campbell Soup Company, Camden, N. J.
Consumer Packing Company, Lancaster
Deerfield Packing Corporation, Bridgeton, N. J.
Gibbs Canning Company, Baltimore, Md.
Hanover Canning Company, Hanover
Mifflin County Packing Company, Reedsville
The Somerset Canning Corporation, Somerset
Charles G. Summers, Jr., Inc., New Freedom
The L. A. Wehler Company, Jersey Shore
D. E. Winebrenner Company, Inc., Hanover

Fieldmen of all processors and winning growers are expected at
Ihe Annual Meeting, Harrisburg, Pa., Jan 11, 1:30 p.m. Production
records of winners are to appear in a later issue.

— 11 —

, iff

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HIGHEST QUALITY ALASKA PEAS HARVESTED IN 1944

di, or more, tons per acre)

Name and Address

Pirsl— Lancaster County

McKelney, Joseph S., Holtwood, R. 2

Second — York County

Bankert, Paul M., Hanover, R. 3

Third — York County

Shank, Amos D., Hanover, R. 3

Fourth — York County

Hinkel, Morris, Spring Grove, R. 2

Fifth— York County

Brumgard, William, Hanover, R. 3

cres

per Acre

% Extra
Stand-
ard

1.72

1.37

1.70

1.25

1.59

LARGEST YIELDS OF ALASKA PEAS HARVESTED IN 1944

Name and Address

Acres

% Extra
Stand-
per Acre ard

First — Lancaster County

McKelney, Joseph S., Holtwood, R. 2

Second— York County

Shank, Amos D., Hanover, R. 3

Third — Adams County

King, Charles W., York Springs, R. 1

Fourth — York County

Brumgard, Wilham, Hanover, R. 3

Fifth— York County

Myers, Irvin M., Hanover, R. 2

7
1
5

1.72
1.70
1.63
1.59
1.54

88
84
75
83

QUALITY— YIELD PEA RECORDS BY COUNTIES IN 1944

Adams 14

Berks 3

Centre 6

Chester .' 3

Columbia 21

Dauphin 1

Lancaster 17

Lebanon 2

Lycoming

Mifflin 2

Northampton

Union

York

Pennsylvania

163

Educational information given and records obtained by County
Agents, with the assistance of fieldmen, have made this report pos-
sible.

12 —

Pennsylvania Yield — Quality Pea

Growers in 1944^

Name and Address

Variety Acres

Tons

per Fancy^
Acre Ex. Std.

Adams County — 14

Clapper, Dewey, Dillsburg, R. 2
Dayhoff, Bernard F., Hanover, R. 4
Delone, C. J., Estate Farm,

Hanover, R. 4
Fickel, C. W., Gardners, R. 1
Gardner, Charles W., York Springs, R. 1
Griest, P. J., York Springs, R. 1
Grove, W. E., York Springs
Hinkle, John B., York Springs, R. 1
King, Charles W., York Springs, R. 1
McNew, George E., Gardners, R. 1
Murren, Paul, Hanover, R. 4
Myers, Ernest R., Gettysburg, R. 5
Sheaffer, Milton R., Dillsburg, R. 1
Smith, Paul J., New Oxford, R. 1

Berks County — 3

Graybill, J. Mervin, Mohnton, R. 2
Kurtz, Omar A., Oley, R. 1
Ruth, John T., Stouchsburg

Centre County — 8

Burkholder, M. A., Centre Hall
Dutrow, Claude, Centre Hall
Kocher, J. K., Pennsylvania Furnace
Metzger, L. K., State College
Reish, Decker, Centre Hall
Wasson, E. G., State College

Chester County — 3

Hertzler, David M., Elverson, R. 2
Pfahler, Clarence, Honey Brook, R. 1
Stoltzful, John J., Elverson, R. 1

* U, or more, tons per acre.

'Per cent Fancy Sweets. Extra Standard Alaskas.

Sweets

1.25

92%

Sweets

5.2

1.67

Sweets

1.53

Sweets

IJO

Sweets

2.06

Sweets

1.46

Sweets

1.52

Sweets

1.25

Alaskas

1.63

Sweets

1.58

Sweets

6.4

1.55

Sweets

1.60

Sweets

1.42

Sweets

1.24

Sweets

1.23

Sweets

4.5

1.38

Sweets

1.35

Sweets

1.8

Sweets

1.5

Sweets

1.5

Sweets

1.8

Sweets

1.6

Sweets

1.75

Sweets

1.24

Sweets

1.35

Sweets

1.62

B. MEIER & SON, Inc.

FOOD BROKERS
Representing some of America's finest canners.

REPRESENTATION FOR ONE OR TWO REPUTABLE

ACCOUNTS SOLICITED

209 Bronx Terminal Market
New York 51, New York

— 13 —

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t...

Pennsylvania Yield — Quality Pea Growers in 1944 — (Continued)

Name and Addrp.ss

Tons
per Fancy^
Variety Acres Acre Ex. Std.

Columbia County — 21

Adams, Lloyd E., Catawissa, R. 2
Bangs, Uriah M., Orangeville, R. 1
Berkheimer, Frank G., Danville, R. 5
Dent, Harold T., Bloomsburg, R. 5
Fairchild, J. A., Berwick, R. 2
Feese, Samuel C., Catawissa, R. 2
Fetterman, Lorenzo, Catawissa, R. 2
Hess, Doyle F., Orangeville, R. 2
Hobert, Harry M., Catawissa, R. 2

(Creek Falls Farm)
Keszkowski, Stanley, Bloomsburg, R. 3
Kline, Doyle P., Orangeville, R. 1
Kreisher, Lester, Catawissa, R. 2
Krum, Clyde W., Danville, R. 4
Layos, Paul, Bloomsburg, R. 3
Malewski, Mike, Catawissa, R. 2
Shuman, Frank A., Bloomsburg, R. 3
Shuman, Homer, E., Bloomsburg, R. 3
Shuman, Myron P., Bloomsburg, R. 5
Smith Brothers, Nescopeck, R. D.
Snyder, Roy, Catawissa, R. 2
Welkom, Sr., John, Catawissa, R. D.

Dauphin County — 1
Gingrich, Clayton C, Hershey, R. 2

Lancaster County — 17

Barr, J. Nelson J., Quarryville, R. 1
Brown, Veryl, Peach Bottom
Byers, Roy W., Drumore
Carmon, Herman G., Peach Bottom
DeLong, Edgar, Peach Bottom
Forry, Daniel S., Columbia, R. 2
Gross, Maurice E., Narvon, R. 2
Heller, Lloyd B., Narvon, R. 2
Hilton, Leroy, Holtwood, R. 2
McKelney, Joseph S., Holtwood, R. 2
Moore and Swift, Peach Bottom
Newswanger, David S., Narvon, R. 2
Null, M. S., Holtwood, R. 2
Phipps, Verner, Peach Bottom, R. 1
Reed, J. R., Peach Bottom
Thomas, Clayton, Lancaster, R. 6
Warfel, B. S., and Son, Drumore

Lebanon County — 2

Grumbine, Lee J., Myerstown, R. 2
Lapp, John K., Myerstown, R. 2

Lycoming County — 4

Ayres, N. L., Trout Run
Bonnell, Irvin, Trout Run
Connelly, Clyde, Trout Run
Hillyard, W. E., Trout Run

— 14-

Sweets

1.68

Sweets

1.36

Sweets

1.39

Sweets

1.39

Sweets

1.93

Sweets

1.26

Sweets

1.72

Sweets

1.35

Sweets

1.25

Sweets

1.25

Sweets

1.48

Sweets

1.50

Sweets

1.25

Sweets

1.56

Sweets

1.27

Sweets

1.42

100

Sweets

1.50

Sweets

1.50

Sweets

1.47

Sweets

1.31

Sweets

1.26

100

Sweets

1.49

Sweets

1.65

Sweets

2.25

1.42

Sweets

1.42

Sweets

1.90

Sweets

2.25

1.86

Sweets

2.5

1.25

Sweets

1.25

Sweets

1.76

Alaskas

1.45

Alaskas

1.72

Sweets

1.38

Sweets

1.41

Sweets

1.57

Sweets

1.41

Sweets

3.5

1.46

Sweets

1.59

Sweets

1.82

Sweets

1.43

Sweets

1.44

Sweets

1.49

Sweets

1.26

Sweets

1.67

Sweets

2.5

1.35

Pennsylvania Yield — Quality Pea Growers in 1944 — (Continued)

Name and Address

Tons
per Fancy^
Variety Acres Acre Ex. Std.

Mifflin County — 21

Byler, Jesse W., Belleville
Colyer, Lawrence, Mifflintown
Detwiler, Sam Allensville
Fleming, John F., Belleville
Glick, Sam G., Belleville
Hartzler, Ezra J., Belleville
Kanagy, Aaron D., Belleville
Kanagy, Isaiah D., Belleville
Kanagy, Jonas J., Belleville
Miller, Andrew M., Reedsville
Peachey, Jr., David E., Belleville
Peachey, Jesse E., Belleville
Peachey, Joe Y., Reedsville
Peachey, Noah L., Allensville
Peachey, Rufus A., Belleville
Smith, M. C, Mill Creek
Spicher, Jonas P., Reedsville
Yoder, I. N., Mill Creek
Yoder, Irvin R., Belleville
Yoder, Levi S., Belleville
Yoder, Rudy J., Belleville

Northampton County — 1

Keck, Minnie M., Bethlehem, R. 4

Union County — 7

Beaver, A. D., Bicksburg
Kostenbader, Jacob H.,
New Columbia, R. 1
Ritter, Ernest E., Winfield, R. 1
Ross, B. C, Lewisburg, R. 2
Smozinsky, Ray. C, Lewisburg, R. 3
Snyder, Roy, Lewisburg, R. 2
Wert, Harry E., Lewisburg, R. 1

York County — 63

Arentz, John W., Hanover, R. 1
Bankert, Paul M., Hanover, R. 3
Barnhart, Walter, Hanover, R. 2
Becker, Harry J., Hanover, R. 2
Becker, Ralph E., Spring Grove, R. 3
Berwager, Paul, Hanover, R. 1
Blocher, Horace, Hanover, R. 2
Brumgard, Claude, Hanover, R. 1
Brumgard, William, Hanover, R. 3

Diehl, Leroy D.. Spring Grove, R. 1
Diehl, Paul and Lester, Spring

Grove, R. 3
Dubbs, I. v., Brodbecks, R. 1
Dubs, Roy, Hanover, R. 3
Feeser, Roy M., Hanover, R. 2
Fox, Wm. A., York, R. 3

Sweets

1.50

Sweets

1.25

Sweets

2.0

Sweets

1.75

Sweets

2.0

Sweets

2.0

Sweets

2.0

Sweets

1.5

Sweets

1.8

Sweets

1.25

Sweets

2.33

Sweets

2.0

Sweets

2.0

Sweets

2.0

Sweets

1.75

Sweets

1.6

Sweets

1.8

Sweets

1.5 •

Sweets

1.5

Sweets

1.5

Sweets

2.0

Sweets

8.5

1.57

1.28

Sweets

1.57

Sweets

4.5

1.44

Sweets

2.5

1.40

Sweets

1.56

Sweets

1.33

Sweets

1.32

Sweets

3.2

1.47

Alaskas

1.37

Sweets

25.2

1.60

Sweets

1.24

Alaskas

1.44

Sweets

1.40

Sweets

1.23

Sweets

1.41

Alaskas

1.59

Sweets

1.25

Sweets

1.46

Sweets

1.1

2.13

Sweets

1.70

Sweets

1.47

Sweets

1.55

Sweets

1.29

Alaskas

1.27

*w-

1 1 i

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— 15 —

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Pennsylvania Yield— Quality Pea Growers in 1944--(Continued)

Name and Addrpss

Variety Acres

Tons
per Fancy*
Acre Ex. Std.

York County — (Continued)

Gable, I. T., Dallastown
Gable, Paul, York, R. 2
Garrett, Ray H., Hanover, R. 2
Gerbrick, S. L., Glen Rock
Gobrecht, William D., Hanover, R. 2
Grote, A. E., Brodbecks, R. 1
Hinkel, Morris, Spring Grove, R. 2
Hoke, Casper, Spring Grove, R. 3
Krentler, Roy E., Hanover, R. 1
Kindig, Levi, Hanover, R. 1
Lau, Paul, Seven Valleys
Lecrone, John A., Spring Grove, R. 1
Little, John R., Hanover, R. 3
Markle, David H., York, R. 6
Martin, Paul F., Hanover, R. 2
Masemore, Z. C. and John, Freeland
Miller, Earl, A., Seven Valleys
Miller, *George R., Spring Grove, R. 2
Miller, Raymond, Glen Rock
Miller, Ross B., York, R. 3
Minnich, R. S., York, R. 6
Mummert, S. L., Glen Rock
Myers, Guy, Seven Valleys
Myers, Irvin M., Hanover, R. 2

Myers, Curvin J., Spring Grove, R. 2
Myers, Ralph N., Hanover, R. 2
Nace, Raymond W., Hanover, R. 1
Rebert, Stewart and Burnell,

Hanover, R. 2
Rohrbaugh, C. B., Seven Valleys, R. 2
Rohrbaugh, J. A., Spring Grove, R. 3
Rudisill, Ralph, Spring Grove, R. 3
Ruth, William A., Spring Grove, R. 1
Sandruck, Harry A., Hanover, R. 1
Shaffer, Edman, Spring Grove, R. 2
Shank, Amos, D., Hanover, R. 3
Shank, Jacob D., Hanover, R. 3
Sharp, E. F., York, R. 1
Shive, Martin L., Seven Valleys, R. 1
Shuman, Dora, Maryland Line, Md.
Spahr, Morgan E., Thomasville, R. 1
Sterner, Burnell, Spring Grove, R. 3
Sterner, E. Clinton, Hanover, R. 1
Sterner,, William A., Hanover, R. 1
Stine, John H., Seven Valleys
Tracey, J. Earle and J. M. Hoshall,

Freeland, Md.
Warner, Clark, Hanover, R. 2
Wildasin, J. Earl, Hanover, R. 2

Pennsylvania, Total Number Recorded —

Sweets

1.31

Sweets

1.53

Sweets

6.4

1.42

Sweets

3.5

1.39

Sweets

1.63

Sweets

1.32

Alaskas

1.25

Sweets

1.58

Sweets

1.58

Sweets

1.49

Sweets

1.53

Sweets

1.52

Sweets

1.44

Sweets

1.63

Sweets

1.40

Alaskas

2.75

1.42

Sweets

1.85

Alaskas

4.5

1.44

Sweets

1.57

Sweets

1.41

Sweets

1.97

Alaskas

1.26

Sweets

2.29

Sweets

2.22

Alaskas

1.54

Sweets

5.6

1.45

Alaskas

1.25

Sweets

8.1

2.08

Sweets

2.8

2.00

Alaskas

1.45

Sweets

1.87

Sweets

1.28

Sweets

1.33

Sweets

2.8

1.26

Sweets

1.77

Alaskas

1.70

Alaskas

1.25

Sweets

1.25

Sweets

2.5

1.63

Sweets

2.02

Sweets

1.54

Alaskas

1.37

Sweets

1.50

Sweets

1.57

Sweets

1.27

Sweets

1.5

1.34

Sweets

1.48

Sweets

1.5

1.56

163.

— 16 —

Profitable Pea Production Practices — 1944

The weather, weeds and aphids, usually, are charged with the
failure of pea crops. However, records obtained from 150 pea fields
indicate that growers may modify the soil condition and fertility,
treat the seed and inoculate it, check and repair their equipment be-
fore seeding and harvesting, and follow through certain practices
with the carefulness of a professional gardener and efficiency of an
engineer and obtain large yields of high quality peas in most cases.

Rotations

Sod, preceding peas, gave lower yields than when cultivated crops
preceded this crop, according to records obtained. However, previous
years have shown sods, particularly legume sods, to give the largest
yields of peas. In most years, it appears safer to plant peas after a cul-
tivated crop; but legume-sod crops should be included in the rota-

tion.

Fertilizer

No differences could be observed, considering all the records, when
all the fertilizer (500 or more pounds per acre) was plowed down or
drilled deply. However, demonstrations and tests, this year, showed
that it is desirable to have some fertilizer drilled near the peas to
help them become well established before hot, dry weather. In light
soil, low in fertility plowing down treatments have more frequently
shown better results, but in fertile soil, well-limed, applications
drilled deeply have come out ahead every time.

The two-ton plus yields were obtained with an average application
of 725 pounds of 4-12-4, or 3-12-6 fertilizer per acre.

Varieties Grown

Alaska, Surprise, Thomas Laxton, Topper, Pride and Canner King
were the varieties most commonly grown.

A Good Stand is Required for Large Yields

Growers reporting a good stand (1 plant every 2 inches) obtained
an average of 1.22 tons per acre, a fair stand — 1.07 tons, and a poor
stand — .86 tons. Good stands require viable seed, soil of garden mel-
lowness and condition (not worked when wet), drilling uniformly
about li inches deep and 2 inches apart, no contact with fertilizer,
and early plowing to avoid the rush at planting time.

* Vegetable Gardening Extension, The Pennsylvania State College.

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THE LAXTON GROUP

THOMAS LAXTON

GLACIER

TETON

The original Thomas Laxton has long been superseded by our dark
podded strain, one of the finest varieties for fresh use or freezing.
Glacier and Teton are very similar but wilt-resistant. These and
other modern varieties were developed at our pea breeding station,
Hamilton, Montana — one of the eight Asgrow breeding stations con-
tinually at work to make available for growers a full line of high
quality vegetable seeds. Ask your dealer for ASGROW SEEDS. He
has them or can readily get them from us.

Associated Seed Growers, Inc,

Breeders and growers of vegetable seeds since 1856
Wholesale branch for Pennsylvania - - - Milf ord. Conn.

What Is Early Planting?

Alaska peas, planted in March, gave an average yield of 1.31 tons
per acre, April 1-15—1.14, 15-30—1.36, and May— .94 tons. Pride peas
planted in March produced an average of 1.00 ton per acre, April 1-15
—1.19, 15-30—1.05 and May— 1.35. The answer seems to be that Alaska
peas may be planted in cold wet soil with much greater safety than
the sweet varieties and actually do better in cold soils. The Pride
variety, however, did not start off well in the cold soil in March, and
the wet period April 15-30 was worse than the more seasonable
weather the first of April.

Not Much Is Done About Aphids

Although about half the growers reported aphid infestation very
few of them reported having sprayed or dusted the crop for them.

Peas Used As a Nurse Crop

Central Pennsylvania growers like to use peas as a nurse crop for
clover or alfalfa, while the Southeastern growers more frequently
plant another crop the same year. While this may increase the cash
income in one year, long rotations are required with sod crops to
maintain soil fertility.

GROWER TO CONSUMER

Our policy for over fifty years

The consumer is quality and grade conscious and
through our 2000 stores we offer a desirable out-
let and a direct connecting link between the
grower and the consumer for quality products.

WE ARE IN THE MARKET FOR GOOD QUALITY, WELL
GRADED PENNSYLVANIA FARM PRODUCTS—

Write, wire or telephone your offerings.

AMERICAN STORES CO.
ACME SUPER MARKETS

424 North 19th St., Philadelphia 30, Penna. Telephone LOCust 4000

— 19

i V

!<•

THE LAXTON GROUP

THOMAS LAXTON

GLACIER

(Asgtow)

TETON

Associated Seed Growers, Inc

Breeders and growers of vegetable seeds since 1856
Wholesale branch for Pennsylvania - - - Milf ord. Conn.

INTENTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURE

What Is Early Planting?

Alaska peas, planted in March, gave an average yield of 1.31 tons
per acre, April 1-15—1.14, 15-30—1.36, and May— .94 tons. Pride peas
planted in March produced an average of 1.00 ton per acre, April 1-15
—1.19, 15-30 — 1.05 and May — 1.35. The answer seems to be that Alaska
peas may be planted in cold wet soil with much greater safety than
the sweet varieties and actually do better in cold soils. The Pride
variety, however, did not start off well in the cold soil in March, and
the wet period April 15-30 was worse than the more seasonable
weather the first of April.

Not Much Is Done About Aphids

Although about half the growers reported aphid infestation very
few of them reported having sprayed or dusted the crop for them.

Peas Used As a Nurse Crop

GROWER TO CONSUMER

Our policy for over fifty years

The consumer is quality and grade conscious and
through our 2000 stores we offer a desirable out-
let and a direct connecting link between the
grower and the consumer for quality products.

WE ARE IN THE MARKET FOR GOOD QUALITY, WELL
GRADED PENNSYLVANIA FARM PRODUCTS—

Write, wire or telephone your offerings.

AMERICAN STORES CO.
ACME SUPER MARKETS

424 North 19th St., Philadelphia 30, Penna. Telephone LOCust 4000

— 19

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INOCULATE YOUR
PEA SEED

EASY TO APPLY — AS ILLUSTRATED BELOW

Improves
Stand

Increases

Yield

Adjunct to

Quality

Used for

Past
Decade

In
Pennsyl-
vania

Jelly Type

SHAK& VIGOROUSLY

OVEP

SEED

Insures a
quick catch
of nodules.

MIX THOROUGHLV
WITH SE.^0

Gives sta-
mina and
resistance
to the
plants.

PLANT AT
ONCE

Adds

nitrogen

to the

soil.

Humus Jel

for treated

seeds.

SUPERYIELD LABORATORIES

FIFTEEN SOUTH GAY STREET BALTIMORE, MARVLAKP

Select a well-drained, fertile soil that is uniform;
plow early and apply lime if it is sour.

Prepare the soil as for other garden crops.
Never work it when it is too wet.

— 21 —

• *\

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»'.

m.:

n%\ i

ijutiij|t

;i'

APPLY ENOUGH FERTILIZER

From 500 to 800 lbs. per acre have been used on most of the *>«««' f^?P«-
Never apply in contact with the seed, but drill separately, before seedmg.
and deeper than the seed. (Somerset Co. Ag. Ext. Dem.)

H-as

\_!^^e)JiMi2mmm

USE COMPLETE FERTILIZER

A common analysis is 4-12-4, since 4-16-4 is no 1°«9" »^?"*^i*d S^o's
3-12-6 is used in larger amounts on the I'^hter. less fertile so sa„d5^u
and 5-10-10 on sandy loam and sandy soils. The 4-8-8 resuUed »" P^ '
filled pods, while the super-phosphate alone gave poor quality. (Chester
Co. Ag. Ext. Dem.)

— 22 —

Schell's "Wonderful" Pea

Enormous Pods Five and a Half Inches Long — ^Filled With
Nine to Ten Very Large Peas — Schell's "Wonderful"

Peas are Wilt Resistant

It is adapted for your quality market trade,
for canning and for freezing.

Schell's "Wonderful" Pea is not a new variety, — no it has been the choice
of thousands of our Market Gardener customers ever since we introduced
it years ago. We sell thousands of bushels of seed of it and the demand
increases annually as more learn of its very desirable qualities.

Schell's "Wonderful" Pea is ready to pick in about seventy days after plant-
ing, with normal growing weather. The plants, twenty inches high, re-
quiring no support, are heavily covered with their mammoth pods filled
and rounded out from end to end with nine and ten big, deliciously
sweet flavored peas.

To You Who Have a Quality Trade,— here is a variety that will please that
trade, bring you top prices and increased sales.

To You Who Have Not Yet Grown It.— We say try it,— try it with a liberal
quantity, 10 lbs., 50 lbs, 100 lbs., or a 1000 lbs.— you will have only one
regret, — that "if I only had planted more."

Prices: 10 lbs. $4; 25 lbs. $7.50; 50 lbs. $13; 100 lbs. $26, prepaid. Send for a free
4 copy of our very beautifully illustrated Market Gardeners Catalogue, it
is full of other good things you will want.

SCHELL'S SEED HOUSE

WALTER S. SCHELL, INC.

QUALITY SEEDS

They Grow Better — They Yield Better

They Are Preferred By Successful Gardeners and

Farmers Everywhere

Tenth and Market Streets Harrisburg, Pa.

Central Pennsylvania's Largest Seed House

, • •

\ K

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i .

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i t
J

%^m^^

^nT^

So q S;^/^

APPLY ENOUGH FERTILIZER

From 500 to 800 lbs. per acre have been used on most of the better crops.
NevTr apply in contact with the seed, but drill separately, before seeding,
and deeper than the seed. (Somerset Co. Ag. Ext. Dem.)

USE COMPLETE FERTILIZER
A common analysis is 4-12-4, since 4-16-4 is no longer available. AUo.

^zTiTused in Lger amounts on the "g^'t-.^l^Vrl resSedTn poo 1
and 5-10-10 on sandy loam and sandy soils. The 4-8-8 resulted »" P° '
filled pods, while the super-phosphate alone gave poor quality. (Chester
Co. Ag. Ext. Dem.)

— 22 —

Schelfs ''Wonderfur Pea

Enormous Pods Five and a Half Inches Long — Filled With
Nine to Ten Very Large Peas — ScheU's "Wonderful"

Peas are Wilt Resistant

It is adapted for your quality market trade,
for canning and for freezing.

ScheU's "Wonderful" Pea is not a new variety, — no it has been the choice
of thousands of our Market Gardener customers ever since we introduced
it years ago. We sell thousands of bushels of seed of it and the demand
increases annually as more learn of its very desirable qualities.

ScheU's "Wonderful" Pea is ready to pick in about seventy days after plant-
ing, with normal growing weather. The plants, twenty inches high, re-
quiring no support, are heavily covered with their mammoth pods filled
and rounded out from end to end with nine and ten big, deliciously
sweet flavored peas.

To You Who Have a Quality Trade, — here is a variety that will please that
trade, bring you lop prices and increased sales.

To You Who Have Not Yet Grown It.— We say try it,— try it with a liberal
quantity, 10 lbs., 50 lbs, 100 lbs., or a 1009 lbs. — you will have only one
regret, — that "if I only had planted more."

Prices: 10 lbs. $4; 25 lbs. $7.50; 50 lbs. $13; 100 lbs. $26, prepaid. Send for a free
copy of our very beautifully illustrated Market Gardeners Catalogue, it
is full of other good things you will want.

SCHELL'S SEED HOUSE

WALTER S. SCHELL, INC.

QUALITY SEEDS

They Grow Belter — They Yield Belter

They Are Preferred By Successful Gardeners and

Farmers Everywhere

Tenlh and Markel Slreels Harrisburg, Pa.

Central Pennsylvania's Largest Seed House

' (

I r

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INTENTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURE

In Ihe garaen, lerinizer is appiiea m uan^o *jt:x^v%>».», *nw
double rows of peas. Spaced 6 inches apart.

Rolling the field after seeding to leave it level for harvesting.
Stones should be picked before seeding.

Vine lifters, stub guards and windrower (long, swinging type) attached to cut-
ter bar. Start cutting as soon as the vines have dried off in the morning.

There is a Dow Product
for Practically Every
Spraying and Dusting Need

Proven in stale experiment stations — proven by growers — that's
the story behind every Dow insecticide and fungicide. You can ^
rely on these effective Dow products for complete control:

e Dowspray 66 — Prevents clogging of digger by killing potato
vines and knocking down heavy weeds; minimizes blight loss.

• Dow Special Potato Spray — Quickly kills potato bugs, resists
blight and leaf hoppers, increases yield.

• Dow Calcium Arsenate — Effective worm control for most vege-
tables.

e Bordow — Copper fungicide for most fungous diseases.

• DN — Dust No. 5 — For leaf hopper on beans and potatoes.

e Dow Paris Green — Kills potato beetles, grasshoppers, cutworms,
sugar beet web worms.

• Dowspray 9 — Controls com ear worm.

Consult your dealer or county agent or write us for more information.

INSECTICIDES

There's a Dow Product for prac-
tically every spraying and dust-
ing need. For complete informa-
tion, see your dealer or state
Experiment station or write us.

Dow

CHEMICALS INDISPENSABLE
TO INDUSTRY AND VICTORY

THE DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY

MIDLAND MICHIGAN

New York • Chicago • Houston • St. Louis

•I

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..ij

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'',;

In the garden, fertilizer is applied in bands between the
double rows of peas. Spaced 6 inches apart.

Rolling the field after seeding to leave it level for harvesting.
Stones should be picked before seeding.

■^

Vine lifters, stub guards and windrower (long, swinging type) attached to cut-
ter bar. Start cutting as soon as the vines have dried off in the morning.

There is a Dow Product
for Practically Every
Spraying and Dusting Need

Proven in state experiment stations — proven by growers — that's
the story behind every Dow insecticide and fungicide. You can
rely on these effective Dow products for complete control:

• Dowspray 66 — Prevents clogging of digger by killing potato
vines and knocking down heavy weeds; minimizes blight loss.

• Dow Special Potato Spray — Quickly kills potato bugs, resists
blight and leaf hoppers, increases yield.

• Dow Calcium Arsenate — Effective worm control for most vege-
tables.

• Bordow — Copper fungicide for most fungous diseases.

• DN — Dust No. 5 — For leaf hopper on beans and potatoes.

• Dow Paris Green — Kills potato beetles, grasshoppers, cutworms,
sugar beet web worms.

• Dowspray 9 — Controls corn ear worm.

Consult your dealer or county agent or write us for more information.

INSECTICIDES

There's a Dow Product for prac-
tically every spraying and dust-
ing need. For complete informa-
tion, see your dealer or state
Experiment station or write us.

Dow

CHEMICALS INDISPENSABLE
TO INDUSTRY AND VICTORY

THE DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY

MIDLAND MICHIGAN

New York

Chicago

Houston

St. Louis

»i

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• I

' i

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INTENTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURE

Green crop loader picking up peas from a windrow, promptly after cutting.

Trailers hauled by a tractor speed up deliveries and improve quality.

In this case, dump trucks are used to economize in equipment.

— 26 —

ORDER ARMOUR'S

BIG CROP NOW!

To the experienced vegetable grower, there's no more reas-
suring sight than a season's supply of Armour's BIG CROP
Fertilizers, stored away in the barn against the time when
it will be needed. Preparedness like this insures ample ferti-
lizer for your requirements. This season's vegetable crop is
vitally important to provide food for America, for our Armed
Forces, and for our fighting allies. To Make Every Acre Do Its
Best is a No. 1 war job, and Armour's BIG CROP Fertilizers
can help you. See your agent, order, take delivery early.

ARMOUR FERTILIZER WORKS

BALTIMORE, MARYLAND

• 1 1

•I

.«•

t •

!• »

Green crop loader picking up peas from a windrow, promptly after cutting.

Trailers hauled by a tractor speed up deliveries and improve quality.

In this case, dump trucks are used to economize in equipmenL

— 26 —

ORDER ARMOUR'S

BIG CROP NOW!

ARMOUR FERTILIZER WORKS

BALTIMORE, MARYLAND

"1 .'

»",

.4.

INTENTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURE

liiiK'

■if'f ': ■ f

Feeding the peas into the viner requires steady* careful work to have
all the peas shelled. Care is required, also, in planting schedules, acreage
adjustment and varieties grown to avoid congestion at the viner station.

^:^^'i;jir:«^':^ - * ^^"^ •*-■

Taking pea vines home lo fill the silo.

^- -> A *

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•»

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h:-- --

*«»v .••».■

Pea vine silage in a stack at the viner. being used after pea season.

— 28 —

STOKES T OMATO SEED

Specialization is the Key to Efficiency

1945 Calls for tomatoes of high production and high
quality. These factors start with finely bred tomato
seed. Tomato Plants grown from Stokes Tomato seed
offer an assurance of production and quality. Our two-
generation-per-year breeding program is at your service.

FRANCIS C. STOKES, LTD.

Breeders and Growers of Fine Tomato Seed

VINCENTOWN, NEW JERSEY, U.S.A.

TMt MARK Of TMI BIST

STORES
TOMATO

PRODUCING SINCI 1887

VALIANT STOKESDALE MASTER MARGLOBE RUTGERS

t«

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.41

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Peas cut when ready usually result in high quality.

Peas on wet spots or dry knolls^ or cut too late are poor in quality.

>y ashing and cooling quickly as soon as vined saves quality.

— 30 —

Dont Wafch The Clouds

and

Pray

for

Rain

in the growing
season

Have a

CALCO

Portable
Rainmaker

and provide rain

whenever and

wherever you

need it.

Vegetables and fruits, clover and alfalfa, peas, beans, tomatoes,
sweet corn and all row crops thrive mightily under Overhead Irriga-
tion intelligently applied through the Calco Rainmaker. Get the
benefits of brisk markets and high prices.

• • •

Write us for Full Information and the name of your nearest dealer.

California Corrugated Culvert Co.

7th & PARKER STREETS

BERKELEY. CALIF.

I
«

»fc

V . '

••I

T -

Peas cut when ready usually result in high quality.

Peas on wet spots or dry knolls, or cut too late are poor in quality.

Washing and cooling quickly as soon as vined saves quality.

— 30 —

Dont Watch The Clouds

and

Pray

for

Rain

in the growing
season

Have a

CALCO

Portable
Rainmaker

and provide rain

whenever and

wherever you

need it.

• • •

Write us for Full Information and the name of your nearest dealer.

California Corrugated Culvert Co.

7th & PARKER STREETS

BERKELEY. CALIF.

' '

!• .

f i

INTENTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURE

•If

':ii

Varieties of Peas to Grow

When the time arrives for one to decide which variety of peas he
wishes to grow for the coming season, several factors must be taken
into consideration.

If the crop is destined for canning, interest will center almost
entirely around the varieties known as canning peas, which are
identified mainly by the light green color of the edible or immature
peas But if the grower is a home or market gardener, or if his crop
is for quick freezing, he will be interested primarily in what are
commonly called garden varieties, distinguished chiefly by peas of
darker color.

Second in importance is probably adaptability, because a variety
cannot be grown economically if it is not reasonably well adapted
to the conditions under which it will be grown.

Third in importance is usually maturity. Some people like to
plant more than one variety in order to have a sequence of maturity.
Others are interested only in early-maturing varieties, and still others
are interested in either mid-season or late maturing varieties.

By turning either to the catalogs of prominent seed houses or by
inquiring of our County Agent, one can readily determine what
class a particular variety falls into, and also learn its relative ma-
turity.

A brief description of some of the varieties which have performed
well in Pennsylvania is given here, arranged in order of maturity.

Canning Types

ALASKA— This is an old variety that is used in great quantity by
canners who want to pack a smooth-seeded pea of early maturity.
The variety is so well known that it probably does not need des-
cribing. The plant is usually about 2-2i ft. tall the pods are rela-
tively small, blunt ended, and borne singly. Super laska and HF30
are selections of Alaska.

RESISTANT SURPRISE— This variety has many of the good
characteristics of regular Surprise, and in addition is resistant to
fusarium wilt. The vine is something like Alaska in respect to height
and the way the pods are borne. The dry seeds, however, are wrinkl-
ed and the quality is considered by most people to be superior to the
smooth seeded types.

EARLY SWEET 103— Is a high yielding strain of Early Sweet can-
ning peas which will mature to prime canning quality two to three
days later than Alaska types. It has consistently proven to be a
quality product for the canner. In 1944 a farm field trial in Pennsyl-
vania yielded 3000 pounds.

— 32 —

/ I"

Early Harvest

» 1

•ii

Mammoth

Early

Canner

(Thomas Laxton season,
vine and pod type; light
green, large berry.)

•/

i .

— 33 —

»',

Varieties of Peas to Grow

When the time arrives for one to decide which variety of peas he
wishes to grow for the coming season, several factors must be taken
into consideration.

If the crop is destined for canning, interest will center almost
entirely around the varieties known as canning peas, which are
identified mainly by the light green color of the edible or immature
peas. But if the grower is a home or market gardener, or if his crop
is for quick freezing, he will be interested primarily in what are
commonly called garden varieties, distinguished chiefly by peas of
darker color.

Second in importance is probably adaptability, because a variety
cannot be grown economically if it is not reasonably well adapted
to the conditions under which it will be grown.

A brief description of some of the varieties which have performed
well in Pennsylvania is given here, arranged in order of maturity.

Canning Types

ALASKA— This is an old variety that is used in great quantity by
canners who want to pack a smooth-seeded pea of early maturity.
The variety is so well known that it probably does not need des-
cribing. The plant is usually about 2-2^ ft. tall the pods are rela-
tively small, blunt ended, and borne singly. Superlaska and HF30
are selections of Alaska.

— 32 —

Early Harvest

0 I

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-^ mi.

m^^SlSf

^ShS^^V:

^L '

|Lj

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A Mi

% t^

Mammoth

■

-jl^H

Early

f-'.W^^^

^^^^^^^^^^Bf^^

V-;w^^|

Canner

(Thomas Laxton season,
vine and pod type; light
green, large berry.)

_^^k!^— —

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.> mil, 1 aim

■ P^k . - .

. ^«*k.«*.

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— 33 —

INTENTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURE

►
o

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O

c
c

(d
O

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— 34 —

EARLY HARVEST— Is of a Surprise type and also is resistant to
fusarium wilt. It is somewhat more vogorous than Resistant Sur-
prise, having a little taller plant and maturing about 2 to 3 days
later.

PRIDE — This variety has become extremenly popular because it
seems to have a rather wide range of adaptation and yields well even
under adverse conditions. In contrast to Surprise, the Pride variety
produces a high percentage of double pods on a vigorous vine about
2i ft. high. The berry is much larger than Surprise but not as large
as some of the garden varieties.

PRIDE No. 507 — Is a special selection from this variety. It is a
medium-height vine of mid-season maturity coming in two or three
days after Superlaska or the early sweet group. This variety is par-
ticularly suitable to assist the canner in extending the season in
which he can can since it bridges the gap between the early varieties
and late varieties.

CANNER KING— Although mainly a canning variety, has been
used as a garden variety to some extent in Pennsylvania. The green
peas are relatively large and of good quality. The plants are me-
dium tall and resistant to fusarium wilt.

WILT-RESISTANT PERFECTION— For many years a favorite
among canners because of its good quality and high-yielding char-
acteristics. It is one of the latest of canning varieties. In latitudes
where it will come to good canning stage before hot weather strikes
it, it is very desirable for extending the canning season.

STUART PERFECTION — A somewhat higher yielder in Penn-
sylvania than regular Perfection and is from one to three days earlier
which is a distinct advantage, since this one to three days may keep
it from hitting hot weather.

PRINCE OF WALES — One of the late varieties inclined to be some-
what viney, but producing a large percentage of large-sieve sized
peas which will still make good quality if taken at the right time. This
variety is suitable for giving the canner a late opportunity to get
large-sieve sized peas of good quality, in altitudes of 1500 to 2000 feet

above sea level.

Canning - Freezing - Garden Types

THOMAS LAXTON: May be described as the standard main crop
variety for quick freezing or the garden, with medium high plant,
well-shaped blunt pods and large peas of first class texture and
flavor. Two newer varieties of the same general type but resistant
to Fusarium wilt are Glacier and Teton, the latter deservedly a win-
ner of the All-American Silver Medal.

TOPPER (Woodruff's) (Wilt resistant)— This is a later maturing
variety with long, straight, plump, blunt, well-filled pods, borne

— 35 —

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11

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4-4

•+4

i-H

•fN

•X3

•p4

(d
O

iijnim'i'i'r'M'i'p'i ■ i

— 34 —

CANNER KING — Although mainly a canning variety, has been
used as a garden variety to some extent in Pennsylvania. The green
peas are relatively large and of good quality. The plants are me-
dium tall and resistant to fusarium wilt.

STUART PERFECTION— A somewhat higher yielder in Penn-
sylvania than regular Perfection and is from one to three days earlier
which is a distinct advantage, since this one to three days may keep
it from hitting hot weather.

PRINCE OF WALES— One of the late varieties inclined to be some-
what viney, but producing a large percentage of large-sieve sized
peas which will still make good quality if taken at the right time. This
variety is suitable for giving the canner a late opportunity to get
large-sieve sized peas of good quality, in altitudes of 1500 to 2000 feet

above sea level.

Canning - Freezing - Garden Types

TOPPER (Woodruff's) (Wilt resistant)— This is a later maturing
variety with long, straight, plump, blunt, well-filled pods, borne

— 35 —

. <

INTENTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURE

i 1*?E

1 I

.1 I

♦ ii

Glacier

^ 4

Teton (lefl)

Topper (below)

Thomas Laxton
A trio of a new line.

B^ JrL±lEl

i.iA : I iAA.i^id i

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k '

Glacier

Telon (left)

' I

Topper (below)

Thomas Laxton
A trio of a new line.

%*•

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INTENTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURE

'iiPi {'

b^-jf

Topper

CHARLES G. SUMMERS, JR., Inc

CANNERS & DEHYDRATORS OF
SUPERFINE VEGETABLES

NEW FREEDOM. PENNSYLVANIA

I
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8

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— 38 —

— 39 —

CHARLES G. SUMMERS, JR., Inc.

CANNERS & DEHYDRATORS OF
SUPERFINE VEGETABLES

NEW FREEDOM, PENNSYLVANIA

— 38 —

I
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— 39 —

73
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INTENTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURE

mostly double, containing 6 to 8 peas. The peas are medium large,
dark green, excellent in flavor and quality. The vines are 24-28 mches
tall, dark green, with fairly heavy foUage. The dry seeds are me-
dium large, wrinkled, green. It is a good yielder.

Garden Types
LITTLE MARVEL— Though far from new, one of the best dwarf
varieties, popular for its quality and yield, though the pods are some-
what on the short side.

GRADUS— An early, medium tall variety with broad pointed pods
and large peas of good quality. Rather better than World's Record,
which is of the same general type. Montana Monarch is a special
selection of World's Record type which has shown up well in trials
at The Pennsylvania State College.

LAXTON'S PROGRESS— A popular dwarf type with large point-
ed pods, well favored for home and market gardens. Greater Prog-
ress is a new selection which looks very promising.

HUNDREDFOLD— Has long been known as a garden and ship-
ping variety with medium plants and large pods. A new and much
later crop, with medium sized vines resistant to Fusarium wilt and
a heavy yield of very large attractive pods.

STRIDE, WYOMING WONDER, No. 40— One of the best for the
later crop. With medium sized vines resistant to Fusarium wilt, with
large handsome pods and peas of excellent quality.

ALDERMAN, also known as TELEPHONE— The best-known of
the tall late type, resistant to Fusarium wilt, with large handsome
pods and peas of excellent quaUty. There is also a Dwarf Alderman
with similar pods but no earlier in season.

Alderman or Telephone
— 40 —

loana Hybrid Sweet Corn

SEEDS

Bred for the critical grower

SPECIALTIES
FOR 1945

Guaranteed to be genuine
originator's strains.

MARKETER CUCUMBER All-American Winner 1943. Color of ^ju^!? — ^
rich dark green. Size— Eight inches long, mediuni slender. Season— 65 days.
Vines are vigorous and very productive. Rapidly becoming the standard
variety because of its high quality and productivness.

Ounce— 35c J Pound— $1.10 Pound— $3.25 Postpaid.

lOANA HYBRID SWEET CORN All-American Winner 1940. loana has be-
come established among leading growers as the best. Ear Size— 12 to 14 rows,
eight inches long. Color— Attractive light-yellow with fresh green hu^s.
Season— 87 days. Stalks are vigorous and strong with ability to make a crop
in extreme heat and drought.

Pound— 55c 3 to 24 lbs. per lb.— 48c 25 to 99 lbs. per lb.— 44c

Bag lots (100 lbs.)— 41c per lb. Freight paid.

RED CORE DANVERS CARROT A vastly improved strain of Danvers. More
uniform in shape, of better color, but retaining the strong top growth and
vigor of the old Danvers. For either bunching or bushelmg we mvite com-
parison.

Ounce— 35c J Pound— $1.20 Pound— $3.50 Postpaid

Our 1945 Market Grower catalog will soon be ready.

Write for your free copy now. v

TAPPERSON SEED COMPANY

ALLENTOWN, PA.

40 NORTH SEVENTH STREET ' PHONE 2-1762

• ■(

^ ■ '

Ill

Soil Management for Cannery Peas

R. L. C00K+

Gross returns of $75.00 to $150.00 per acre may be expected from
the production of cannery peas. The crop has a relatively short grow-
ing season and is one which requires a minimum ol hand labor. It is
for these reasons a very desirable crop to grow and the acre value is
sufficiently high to warrant the use of the best soil crop and the great-
est possible care in the culture and fertilization of the crop.

Peas grow best on well-drained, fertile loam, silt loam, and clay
loam soils. It is essential that the soil be uniform in texture and topo-
graphy, in order that soil moisture conditions may favor uniform
maturity.

The seedbed should be firm, smooth, and moist to insure quick and
uniform germination and subsequent evenness in maturity. Such a
seedbed is easiest to obtain on fall plowed land. Since peas arc usually
grown on level soils, fall plowing may be recommended. Spring plow-
ing should be as early as possible and must be followed by very thor-
ough fitting to obtain a firm seedbed.

Soils should be kept well supplied with organic matter through the
use of manures and green manures. Peas are very responsive to im-
proved fertility. The importance of commercial fertilizer has been
shown by six years of experimental work at the Michigan Experi-
ment Station. The work was started in 1938 and has been conducted
in cooperation with G. A. Cumings and staff oi the Division of Agri-
cultural Engineering, Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils, and Agricul-
tural Engineering of the United States Department of Agriculture.
The Bureau supplied a special type grain drill equipped to place the
fertilizer in bands to the side of and below the seed. The same dri 1
was used for placing the fertilizer in contact with the seed and drill-
ing it in before planting, the usual methods of application in Michi-
gan. Studies to the effect of fertilizer analyses on the yield of the
peas were included in the experiments.
Four different methods of fertilizer placement were tried:
1 1. Fertilizer in contact with the seed.

2. Fertilizer placed in bands J inch to the side and IJ inches
below the seed.

3. Fertilizer placed in bands 2 inches to the side and li
inches below the seed.

4. Fertilizer drilled in deep with a grain drill before planting.

tSoil Science Department, Michigan State College.

— 42 —

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Fertilizer in contact with the seed is very likely to be >n]""«»^- J^*
healthy plants at the left came from a plot where the *e>-t;l»«.>^^^ ^tl^rA
a band beside the seed. Those at the right came from a plot ^herethe ferti-
Uzer was placed directly with the seed. Note the absence of the seeds n the
right hand plants. Apparently the fertUizer had hastened disintegration of
the colyledons. '

— 43 —

I-

If'

The fertilizers used in the experiments were 4-16-4, 0-20-0, 0-16-8
and 4-16-8 at the rate of 300 pounds per acre for all the mixtures and
a? 240 pounds per acre for the 0-20-0. The lower rate of 0-20-0 pro-
V ded an amount of phosphate equivalent to that applied m the mixed

'rhe^vL of seeding was four bushels per acre. Early varieties,
Alaska, Surprise, and Wisconsin Early ^weet were planted respe^
tivfelv in 1938, 1939, and 1940. Late varieties, Roger s Ace Surprise,
Perfection, and Roger's Famous were grown in the respective years
1941, 1942,' and 1943.

The experiments were conducted on four different farms during
the cix years. The soils on the different farms are evel lake bed soils
of the Brookston series, ranging in texture from loam to clay loam,
all tile drained.

In 1938 the tests were made on the R^lP^Vandermark farm near
Unionville Where 4-16-4 fertilizer was applied m bands to the side
and below" the seed there was a slight improvement in stand and a
marked increase in yield as compared to the stand and yield on the
unfertilized plots. The increases in yield amounted to 861 and b6b
nounds respectively for the "2-inch out" and the "i-inch out" place-
Lent^ WhTet^e ^Ltilizer was placed in contact with the seed both
Se stand and the yield were significantly reduced. The stand was
reduceTapproximately 50 per cent and the yield which resulted was
328 pounds per acre less than that obtained on the unfertilized plots
and it was only about one-half that obtained on the plots where the
fertilizer was placed in side bands.

Experiments on the Lincoln Horst farm, Akron in If^ «"« J^
Jake Gremmel farm, Sebewaing, in 1940 confirmed the 1938 results
so far as the advantages of side placement were concerned. The pMs
which received the fertilizer in contact with the seed averaged 1729
pounds per acre in 1939 and 1427 pounds in 1940. The corresponding
yields ior the plots where the fertilizer was placed m a side band
2 inches out frL the seed were 1879 and 1827 pounds respectively,
and where the distance out to the fertilizer was only i mch, the re-
spectTve yields for the two years were 2110 and 1947 pounds. Thus it
was seen that the fertilizer should not touch the seed but that it should
be as close to it as possible.

The final stand on the contact plots was better in 1939 and 1940
than in 1938 but there was a noticeable delay in emergence caused
by the fertilizer in contact with the seed. An examination of the roots
of the injured plants showed that the fertilizer in contact with the
seed had restricted root development and had, to a considerable ex-
tent, prevented the formation of nodules on the roots by the nitrogen

fixing bacteria.

— 44 —

£.i^

Fertilizer in contact with the seed of cannery peas may result in a poor
stand, as happened on the plot shown in the upper picture. In the lower pic-
ture the fertilizer, 4-16-8, was placed in bands beside the seed. The resulting
stand was very good.

-45-

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The fertilizers used in the experiments were 4-16-4, 0-20-0, 0-16-8
and 4-16-8 at the rate of 300 pounds per acre for all the mixtures and
ar240 pounds per acre for the 0-20-0. The lower rate of 0-20-0 pro-
vided an amount of phosphate equivalent to that applied m the mixed
fertilizers.

- The rate of seeding was four bushels per acre. Early varieties,
Alaska Surprise, and Wisconsin Early Sweet, were planted respec-
tively in 1938, 1939, and 1940. Late varieties, Roger's Ace Surprise,
Section, and Roger's Famous were grown in the respective years
1941, 1942,' and 1943.

The experiments were conducted on four different farms during
the ^ix years. The soils on the different farms are level lake bed soils
of the Brookston series, ranging in texture from loam to clay loam,
all tile drained.

In 1938 the tests were made on the Ralph Vander mark farm near
Unionville Where 4-16-4 fertilizer was applied in bands to the side
and below the seed there was a slight improvement in stand and a
marked increase in yield as compared to the stand and vield on the
unfertilized plots. The increases in yield amounted to 861 and b3b
pounds respectively for the "2-inch out" and the "i-inch out" place-
ment= Where the fertilizer was placed in contact with the seed both
The siand and the yield were significantly reduced. The stand was
reducerapproximately 50 per cent and the yield which resulted was
328 pounds per acre less than that obtained on the unfertilized plots
and it was only about one-half that obtained on the plots where the
fertilizer was placed in side bands.

Experiments on the Lincoln Horst farm, Akron in 1939 and the

Jake Gremmel farm, Sebewaing, in 1940 confirmed the 1938 resul s

so far as the advantages of side placement were concerned. The plots

which received the fertilizer in contact with the seed averaged 1729

pounds per acre in 1939 and 1427 pounds in 1940. The corresponding

vields lor the plots where the fertilizer was placed in a side band

2 inches out from the seed were 1879 and 1827 pounds respectively,

and where the distance out to the fertilizer was only i '"f 'l'?';/^;

spective yields for the two years were 2110 and 1947 pounds Thus it

was seen that the fertilizer should not touch the seed but that it should

be as close to it as possible.

fixing bacteria.

— 44 —

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INTENTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURE

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..:The results from the fertilizer analysis studies ^^owed ^^^^^^^^^^^

SupSXhate alC^^^ reduced the yield in 1939 but caused

fvoSound increase in 1940. The addition of potash to the fertilizer
making an 0-16-8, resulted in yields greater by 656 pounds m 1939
"nd So pounds in'l940 than those obtained where the f ertihzer analy^
sis was 0-20-0 The most economical fertilizer was 4-16-8 m 1939 and

0-16-8 in 1940. ,, , , ^ , .

In 1941 the experiments were moved to the Harold Gremmel farm,
Sebewaingand another treatment was added to the experiment,
oneln wMch the fertilizer was drilled in 3 inches deep wtih a grain
S^uTt before planting. The yields obtained where the f er i hzer
tSs so appUed were lower than those obtained where the fertilizer
was SaceH bands, i inch to the side and li inches below the seed.
Sn Sous years fertilizer placed in contact with the seed injured
germination and did not materially increase the yields.

In 1942 and 1943 the fertilizer experiments were simmered down
to ? comparrson between the "i inch out" band placement and the
"driUedT' placement. Marked benefits from fertilizer were not ob-
taSed during those years but it was evident that the band p acement
at planting Ime was superior to the pre-planting time application.

SUMMARY
Tn an experiment conducted cooperatively, over a period of six
years between the Soil Science Department of the Michigan Experi-
ment Station and the Division of Agricultural Engineering Bureau
S Tlant Industry, Soils and Agricultural fng-f^-^^;^^/^^^^^^^^^
npnartment of Agriculture, peas were treated with three fertilizers
placS S foufdifferent locations with respect to the seed. A complete
flrtmzS, one containing nitrogen, phosphorus, and potash, resulted
on an average in the highest yields but they were not appreciably
Wher than?hose resulting from a fertilizer containing only phos-
phate and potash. Phosphate alone did not give evidence of bemg a
satisfactory fertilizer for cannery peas.

Better results were obtained from side band applications than from
contact or "drilled in" applications. Fertilizer in contact with the
seed injured germination and failed to increase yields in most in-
stances Of the two band placements, the location i inch out from
the seed was superior to the location 2 inches out.

RECOMMENDATIONS
Fertilizers for cannery peas should not be placed in contact with

Fertilizers should be placed in bands approximately i inch to the

— 46 —

side of the seed and U inches, or more if possible, below the seed.
It is hoped that machinery manufacturers will soon supply the tarm-
ers with a drill which will place the fertilizer in this manner. Until
such machines are available, the next best method is to drill in the
fertilizer 3 inches or more deep just prior to planting. Do not disturb
the fertilizer by deep tillage operations alter it is drilled into the soil.

X'j

Fertilizer in contact with the
seed of cannery peas may re-
tard bacterial action and sub-
sequent fixation of nitrogen.
Note very few nodules on the
roots of the plants at the left
from a plot where 300 pounds of
4-16-8 feriiiizer was applied
directly with the seed. The
plants on the right were taken
from a plot where the same
fertilizer was applied in a band
at the side of the seed.

Please Mail your $1 Membership renewal to the Secretary, J^^J^^""^^'
vania Vegetable Growers' Association, State College, Pennsylvama, today
loTthe January NEWS and TEN-TON TOMATO REPORT.

READING BONE FERTILIZER CO

READING, PA.

Manufacturers of "QUALITY FERTILIZERS-

for Vegetable Crops

Distributors of "DOW Spray Materials"

' nT^Ht

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•I I '

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EPHRATA. LANCASTER COUNTY. PENNSYLVANIA

TELEPHONE 678 DISTHIBUTORS P. O. BOX 178

Penntylvania. Delaware. Virginia. North Carolina. Maryland. D. of C.

Recent Fertilizer Placement, Spacing, and

Variety Studies of Peas

R. E. Larson*

Fertilizer Placement. The question of how to apply the fertilizer
to field-grown peas is of considerable interest to growers. Research
workers at the Maryland Experimnt Station have found that best
results were obtained when a fertilizer, containing either 5 or 10
ner cent nitrogen, was applied in a band U inches from the seed This
was superior to banding at 2h or 3i inches from and seed and was
also superior to drilling, plowing down the fertilizer or applymg the
fertilizer in the plowsole 8 inches deep. They concluded that since
oeas are a shallow-rooted, short season crop deep placement ot fer-
tilizer is not effective but rather peas should have an ample supply
of readily available nutrients near the seed. The Minnesota Valley
Canning Company research men obtained quite similar results m
Minnesota. Using 250 pounds of 3-12-12 fertilizer they found that
Dlacing the fertilizer one inch to the side and U inches below the
seed was the only treatment producing higher yields than the check
plots. Interestingly enough they found also that 300 pounds of 2-12-
12 applied in contact with the seed resulted in lowered yield. This
was attributed to decreased stands caused by injury to the seed.

The Pennsylvania Agricultural Experiment Station at Hanover
in 1944, compared results obtained from (1) drilling 750 pounds of
4-12-4 per acre, (2) applying 500 pounds to the plowsole and drilling
250 poinds of 4-12-4 per acre, and (3) using no fertilizer. Best yield
results were obtained by drilling all of the fertilizer; the yield, how-
ever, was not substantially greater than that obtained from the other
two treatments. Considerable steer manure had been applied to this
field and it was evident that the basic soil fertility of this field was
high.

Now then, it appears that banding in close proximity to the seed
is the most efficient method, but there is a .fawback inasmuch as
equipment to do this is not as yet readily available. Unjil such equip-
ment may be obtained, drilling the fertilizer appears to be the most
effective method.

Seeding or Spacing. Due to the large variation in size of seed of
various varieties of peas, it is necessary to use care m P^^^^'^SJO^I
not to over or under seed the crop. Tests conducted near Hanover
this past season indicated that the effect of seed spacing or rate of
seeding was quite pronounced. Pride peas seeded at rates of 3, 4.5,

• The Pennsylvania State College.

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and 6 bushels per acre produced 3172, 3867, and 3933 pounds of shelled
peas per acre respectively. Increasing the seeding rate from 3 to 4.5
bushels resulted in a substantial yield increase; at 6 bushels per acre,
however, the yield increase was negligible.

Similarily it has been found that with market peas, using a spacing
of 3 feet between rows, best results were obtained with a spacmg of
1 inch between peas in the row. To give an example of seed size dif-
ferences it would take 2.2 bushels of Blue Bantam or 1.4 bushels of
Nott's Excelsior peas to plant an acre at the previously mentioned
spacing distance.

VarieHes. During the period of June 15 to July 5 records were
taken daily at State College on 72 varieties and strains of peas for
market, freezing, and canning purposes. It is impossible to present
here all of the data; the complete report, however, will soon be re-
leased and may be obtained upon request. Only a few strains will be
mentioned in this report.

The table gives some results obtained from last season's trial.
Alaska, the only smooth-seeded canning variety in the tests, reached
harvesting maturity in 57 days and produced relatively good yields.
Mid-season and late canning varieties, however, generally produced
greater yields than either Alaska or the early sweets. This difference
apparently did not exist between early and late market varieties,
neither group of which out-yielded the other.

As a reference to quality of some canning varieties, Professor E. J.
Delwiche of Wisconsin, in a five-year trial, determined quality by
having a committee of ten, made up of two representatives of The
American Can Company and eight canners, judge the canned pro-
duct Quality was determined on the basis of texture, flavor, and
color. Average scores of 83, 87, 86, 84, 89, 87, and 89 were obtained for
Alaska, Wisconsin Early Sweet, Pride, Early Perfectah, Canner King,
Early Wales, and Major respectively. All were in classes of good to
excellent as canned products.

The market varieties shown in the table appear to be of good
quality. A market gardener visiting the experimental plots this past
season was particularly interested in three strains which had the
color, size, and shape of pods desired for his purposes. They were
Laxton's Progress, Laxtonian, and Improved Gradus, all of which
are old-established varieties.

Numerous wilt resistant strains were included in the test and
appeared to good advantage.

■K

RESULTS OF PEA VARIETY TRIALS AT STATE COLLEGE

1944

Variety and Source

•d

CO
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tl)

lac en
CO o;

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o
Wo

< a

(1
o

two

B o
GX

CO <S

19.0

1. Alaska (Rogers Bros. Seed Co.)

2. Wisconsin Early Sweet (Rogers)

3. Pride (Assoc. Seed Growers)'

4 Early Perfectah

(Washburn- Wilson)

5. Canner King

(Assoc. Seed Growers)

6. Lincoln (Joseph Harris Co.)

7. Early Wales (Rogers Bros.)

8. Pride 507 (Crites-Moscow)

9. Perfection (Rogers Bros.)

10. Major (Assoc. Seed Growers)

11. Little Marvel (Landreth)

12. Greater Progress (Harris)

13. Laxton Superb (Landreth)

14. Laxtonian

(F. H. Woodruff & Sons)

15. Laxton's Progress (Burpee)

16. Improved Gradus (Burpee)

17. S219 (Washburn- Wilson)

18. Miracle (F. H. Woodruff & Sons) 18.7

19. Alderman (Washburn-Wilson) 12.7

57 2140 40.5 2.4
57 1280 38.2 2.4
64 2600 25.6 2.8

4.8
5.2
5.9

C
C
C

17.6 68 2340 36.1 2.0 4.9 C

17.3

18.0

23.0

14.3

17.7

16.3

19.7

14.0

16.3

17.0
16.6
19.3
20.3

69 2600

71 2600

72 2040
72 3020
75 2720
75 2280
63 3060
63 2880
65 2720

68
69
69
75
75
77

3600
3740
2020
2500
3180
2380

35.5

42.0

57.4

34.7

37.0

39.5

22.5

16.1

24.4

22.4
22.2
51.9
46.1
54.3
58.2

3.1

2.4

2.6

2.4

2.7

2.5

3.3

3.1

3.1
3.5
3.1
2.8
2.4
3.2

5.0

5.8

3.8

5.9

3.8

3.9

5.3

F,M

6.1

5.0

F,M

6.3
5.2
4.3
5.4
6.3
6.6

M
F,M
F,M
F,M

M
F,M

• Calculated from duplicate 50-foot rows.

"There is no place like HOLMES for SEEDS"

Write for free catalog—

a complete list of vegetable and flower seeds
including special strains.

The Holmes Seed Company

SEED GROWERS

Dept. T

Canton 2. Ohio

— 51 —

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WHAT?
OW Minerals?

Yes indeed! The use of ES-MIN-EL puts inlo the soil the min-
erals you need in your body! These minerals are absorbed by the
growing plant and given back to you in larger, better fruits and
vegetables— fruits and vegetables rich in minerals.

Mineralize your soil with:

ES-MIN-EL

Essential MINeral ELements

Now available for Victory gardeners in convenient 5 lb. packages;
and in 100 lb. packages for large scale production of fruits and
vegetables.

WRITE TODAY FOR FREE BOOKLET

ABOUT ES-MIN-EL

The Mark of Qtmlity

i 1.

TCNNCSSCC COBPORATIOM

TEnnESSEE CORPORRTIOn

ATLANTA, GEORGIA

LOCKLAND, OHIO

Pea Seed Treatment A Profitable Type ,

of Crop Insurance

R. S. KiRBY*

Treating pea seed in Pennsylvania during the past four years with
an organic fungicide has resulted in an average increase m stand of
26 7 ptr cent and an average increase in yield of 546 pounds of shelled
neas per acre. When one considers that the per acre cost of seed treat-
ment is about seventy cents for materials and about fifty cents for
labor and machinery to apply the dust, it means that an fPfditure
of about $1.20 resulted in an average increase of 546 pounds ot sheiiea

peas.

What Seed Treatment Does

A high-producing pea plant is one that utilizes the food stored in
the seed, thus starting vigorously and developing into a strong plant.
In most soils several fungi are present which under certam condi-
tions either prematurely rot the seed or attack the seedling as it
starts to sprout and either kill the seedling before it can emerge
from the ground, or so weaken the roots that the pea plant is always
sickly and a poor producer.

Treating pea seed consists of covering the seed with fine particles
of a chemical dust. This dust must be able to stick to the seed durmg
planting. It must also be able to largely prevent the soil fungi from
prematurely rotting the seed and to materially reduce the ability of
these fungi to attack the seedling.

Seed treatment, however, is not a cure-all. There are in addition
to the fungi causing seed decay many others which live too deep m
the seed to be killed by seed treatment, or live in the soil and attack
the plants after they are up and beyond the range of protection from
seed treatments. Thus seed treatment seldom reduces the true root
rot diseases or the blights. Seed treatment is just one step in a pea
disease control program which, to be complete, should also include
obtaining seed free of destructive diseases, destroying or deeply
plowing down diseased crop refuse, and practicing a three-year

rotation.

When Does Seed Treatment Pay?

Many factors influence the amount and severity of seed decay
Anything that speeds up fungus growth or slows up seedling growth
will promote seed decay. Soil moisture between planting and seed-
ling emergence is an important factor. Soils with over 30 per cent

• Plant Pathology Extension, The Pennsylvania State College.

— 53 —

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moisture have the greatest loss from decay. The activity of the fungi
decreases as the moisture is reduced until below 23 per cent the
fungi become inactive and seed treatment gives smaller and smaller
increases in stand. In four years of testing the smallest increase in
yield was 3.5 per cent and the largest increase was 40.2 per cent.
Growers should understand that seed treatment may not give an
increase in yield in every case. Seed treatment will protect the
stand and yield in years when conditions are favorable for seed
decay. It is a worthwhile insurance every year since who can predict
the conditions which will occur next year?

Does It Pay to Treat All Varieties?

In the seed treatment trials in this state, treating Alaska type peas
has resulted in an average increase of 5.6 per cent in stand and 150
pounds of shelled peas per acre, as compared to an average for the
other varieties of 29.8 per cent increase in stand and an average of
602 pounds of shelled peas per acre.

In this and adjoining states it has been found that practically all
strains of the Alaska type, such as Alaska, Superlaska, wilt resistent
Alaska, etc., are more resistant to seed decay and need seed treatment
only when conditions are very favorable for decay such as when peas
are planted in a field which had peas the previous year or where soil
moisture is almost certain to be high.

Amount and Kind of Maternal to Use in Treating Pea Seed

The best results have been obtained from treating seed with a
proprietary compound called Spergon. This compound contains 99
per cent tetrachloro-para-benziquinone and comes as a dust which
adheres tightly to the seed and does not materially retard the pas-
sage of seed through the drill.

Spergon can also be applied to seed before or after inoculation
without reducing the effect of either material.

Research work shows that yields increase with increased amounts
of Spergon until between U and 2 ounces are applied to one bushel
of seed. Spergon should be applied to seed at the rate of 2 ounces per
bushel or J ounce to ten pounds of seed. With the more resistant
Alaska types the dosage may be reduced to one ounce per bushel.

In treating pea seed with Spergon, stand and yields increase with
thoroughness of applying the dust. Commercial seed treaters do a
very effective job of treating. The double-acting home-made wheat
seed treater also does an effective job.

Results to date indicate that, with the possible exception of the
Alaska types, pea seed treatment will, over a period of time, be a
form of insurance paying high dividends on the investment.

— 54 —

Push In Your Choke

Fred D. Miller, D.D.S.*

During the first draft for Selective Service in World War II of
the first 2,000,000 examinations, 900,000 were rejected because of phy-
sical defects. Of this number 188,000 were rejected because they could
not meet the dental requirements. These were later re-exammed and
most of them reclassified. Later when it was found that Uncle Sam
Wouldn't get an army if these dental requirements were rigidly ad-
hered to, they had to throw out the teeth -™-;^^^^^^
by somebody that now they take a man m the army if he has an

upper and lower jaw.

That is a sad commentary on the general physical well-being of
the average American boy. So, Uncle Sam has taken into the various
servkes £^^ Marines, about 20,000 dentists. Of this nunriber

:ZTlim Jere taLn from active, established P-ctices, and a^^^^^^
5 000 direct from dental schools. This leaves the civilian population
about 45,000 dentists to take care of about 120,000,000 citizens.

These dentists in the Service have put into the mouths of our
11 500 000 soldiers, sailors and marines about 35,000 000 fillings, con-
stmcted about 1,500,000 dentures (or artificial sets o^eeth) a^^^^^
made about 65,000 bridges or partial dentures. That i^/ ^^^ ,f ^^^^^^^^^^^
work that has been accomplished in the past two and a half years.

But here are a few things to think about: Well how did we get
that way' Why do civilized man's teeth decay? Why are they lost?
What i'^ factors that contribute to this --^ P^^^^^^^^^^^^
known to man? Why do 98 per cent of the people of this country have

decayed teeth *^

Somebody said, "If you want to have good teeth you should select
your^randparents wUh great care." Well, you and J Y°LJ heaUh
just can't be done and while heredity does play a '^^^fj^^fj^^^f^^
and good teeth, the most important smgle environmental factor is
good food All the permanent teeth are built after birth so good
food h^bUstarly in'life, starting with breast feed ng and then good
food through childhood and adolescence will build and maintain

good sound teeth. t„„ „n

What do I mean by good food l^abits?-A dietary that s^^^^^^^^^
of the tooth and bone building materials, that is, vegetables fruity,
milk, especial emphasis on green, leafy vegetables whole gram br^^^^^
4 or 5 eggs a week, meat three or four times a week, organs once or
twice a week.

♦1122 Twelfth Avenue, Altoona, Pennsylvania.

— 55 —

n\ ''it

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• •'.

ii*

'ii

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• A

. •

JIMMY CHEW is big and
bold

He*s bom when you are
six years old

Keep him clean and treat
him good

Then all your life he'll
chew your food

i*^

TOOTH BRUSH WILLIE
bristle head

Handle pink or green or
red

Cleans our teeth both day
and night

Keeps our teeth both
clean and bright

(The original idea of the
health posters accompanying
this article was that of Ida
Mae Stilley and they were
made by the boys at the
Conley Trade School in Pitts-
burgh, Pa. Dr. L. M. Smith,
Director of the Department of
School Health Service, wrote
the jingles.)

That sounds rather simple, doesn't it? Well, it really is not com-
plicated. You farmers know the value of good food for your live
stock, you know that they require all parts of plants, the roots, stems
and seeds, and that cattle do better on green pasturage, that their
milk production is better. Well, the same basic ideas of properly
feeding yourself and your family apply.

What are some of the foodless foods that do not contribute to the
building of sound teeth and bones and a fine health disease-resistant
child or woman or man? Well, here is a list of them, foods that have
been deprived of some of their minerals and vitamins by processing
or refining, so they are deficient foods. Just as you can not grow good
crops on soils that are deficient, neither can you grow good healthy
people on deficient foods: Cereals, which because of modem milling
processes, have deprived them of their essential elemnts. This list
includes all white flour products, white bread, crackers, biscuits,
pastries and pies, bolted corn meal, polished rice, pearl barley.

Use whole wheat bread and whole grain products exclusively.

Refined sugar is not an essential part of the diet so cut down (or
out) on this list: Refined sugar, candy, chocolates and confectionery,
sulphured molasses and corn syrup.

Use instead, honey, pure maple syrup, or brown sugar for sweet-
ening. Also use fresh and dried fruits and nut confections instead of
candy. Avoid hard candies and soft drinks.

Use fresh fruit juices or fresh fruits.

At this point I wish to call your attention to the October issue of
the Ladies' Home Journal on pages 24 to 29. You will find a most en-
lightening and interesting article beautifully illustrated in color. The
title of the article is, "Has Your Child Half a Hog's Chance?" This
is a splendid article and will give mothers a real insight into the
important role that correct human nutrition plays and what it will
do for your own and your children's future physical well-being.

You know, folks, dentists and physicians are busy caring for the
people who are suffering and sick, and really we want you to stay
free from pain and keep well. It isn't so important what you do a few
times a week — it's what you do at each meal 18 or 20 times a week
that is important to your future dental and physical well-being.

So, take time out to teach the children correct daily habits. It may
add a lot of comfortable years to your child's life. Learn what some
of the deficiency diseases are: pellegra, scurvy, beriberi, rickets.
Learn about the effect of food deficiencies on the eyes, posture; how
they contribute to rheumatic fever and tuberculosis, and of the
effect of good food on intelligence.

In my own practice I have two boys who have been fed properly

— 57 —

«i

I «

»'' •

i4ii

,1 1

for 20 years, that is the oldest boy, the other boy for 19 years. These
boys rate first class in all nutritional status tests made by The Penn-
sylvania State College and one of the outstanding things about these
two fine physical specimens aside from the fact that they have not
had any decayed teeth, is the I. Q. tests, the older boy's being 153
(average being 90 to 110), and the second boy's being 156, which is
the highest I. Q. of any boy or girl who ever graduated from our
Altoona, Pennsylvania, public schools.

This is actually a 20-year feeding experiment and that is a long
time. The mother of these two boys has been very conscientious; she
has baked every loaf of whole wheat bread the boys have eaten, and
has been very particular to prepare the juices of steamed vegetables
by paper bag cooking, plus seeing to it that these boys had loads of
fresh fruit, green leafy vegetables and milk. Their only sweets have
been honey, maple sugar and dried fruits. It surely has paid her
because there have been no bills either for dental services other than
periodic cleaning of the teeth and X-ray check-up, and no pyhsician's
bills. That is really worth all the effort, don't you think?

If you want to find out for yourself and want to waste a few chick-
ens or pigeons, just put a few in a pen and feed them nothing but
white bread or polished rice for about three weeks and see what
happens to them. Or better still, get your ten- or twelve-year-old boy
or girl to conduct this feeding experiment.

It may open their eyes and it may be easier for them to understand
that in order to build and maintain a sound healthy body with sound
healthy teeth and strong bones, that the simple foods that nature
supplies in their natural form, contain all of the physiologically active
elements that are necessary to maintain normal health. You won't
need any vitamin pills.

Of course regular tooth brushing habits and a periodic check-up
with your dentist, and the early dental attention of small cavities by
simple fillings, will be essential and will prevent a lot of future
trouble. But allow me to let you in on a secret— The best thing that
I know of to keep your teeth clean is always to end your meal with
a fruit, such as an apple or a pear or a whole orange (these are clean-
ing foods), not with some sticky dessert that adheres to your teeth,
but end your meal with a fruit. Think that over.

Here is another experiment that you may try— the next time you
are driving your car or truck or tractor, while you are running along
gradually pull out the choke. What happens you already know, the
mixture of gas will be too rich and your car will slow down and finally
stop because the mixture is too rich. It requires a careful adjustment
of your carburetor with just the right quantity and quality of gas
and a properly adjusted spark to keep the car running smoothly.

— 58 —

BANANA JIM is long and slim

With food beneath a yellow
skin

This creamy fruit with flavor
sweet

Will help teeth grow in straight
and neat

<«

CELERY NELL is green and
white

She's good for boys and girls

She makes you healthy, strong
and bright

And teeth as white as pearls

I 'i

psvw^nmniv¥w^t<ii^>.<f '^■'■iw^ T-^^TTTfT'j-TKTT -

» *

SUNNY CARROT long and slim

Pink with solid rumpled skin

Fine to eat for boys and girls

Makes good teeth and glossy
curls

:» •

. ' ; t'j

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■#

LOTTIE LETTUCE leaf is green

Helps to keep teeth bright and
clean

Eat a salad every day

Keeps you healthy bright and
gay

JOHNNIE APPLE large and
round

Helps your teeth grow strong
and sound

Cheeks are red with food be-
neath

Fine for health and good for
teeth

TOMMIE TOMATO is fat as
can be

Filled with red goodies and
vitamin C

When gums are inflamed some-
thing is wrong

Eating tomatoes makes gums
and teeth strong

1 1"

• »

COLOR PLATE

« ifiH

• » »

PINEAPPLE PETE is goodie
eat

With fruit and juice he's plum]
and sweet

He wears a shaggy head so ga

Our teeth grow stronger dayt
day

TILLIE ORANGE in the golden
skin

Has luscious fruit and juice
within

The sunshine in her golden
food

Will make your teeth grow
strong and good

BROWN BREAD JACK is
round and neat

Called "staff of life" and
made of wheat

Is fine for boys and girls
as food

To make teeth strong and
make health good

MILK BOTTLE SUE from
dairy farm

Helps protect our teeth
from harm

Brings us milk for food
and drink

Makes our gums a healthy
pink

I .■

TIGHT BINDING

f>*

The same thing applies to your own nutrition— a properly bal-
anced diet without either food deficiencies or food excesses to keep
the human machine functioning properly.

Think that over, Push in Your Choke, plan your daily habits of
living.

"The six best doctors, you will agree and no one can deny it, are
sunshine, water, rest, air, exercise and diet."

Remember, "It's nice to have money and the things that money
can buy but it's a good thing to stop and check up now and then to
see that you are not losing some of the things that money can't buy."

Money can't buy health or sound healthy teeth.

It's a funny thing, someone told me the other day that farmers
grow all sorts of vegetables but they don't eat them. Strange, isn't it?

FANNIE EGG is oval
white

A shell with food that will
delight

And keep you healthy
bright and gay

And make your teeth
grow night and day

— 64 —

Peas for Canning And Freezing

By C. B. Raymond"*"

Peas grown on eleven of the cost account farms in 1942 had an
average yield of 2,199 pounds per acre. The returns were $1,97 per
hour of man labor. For the last four years for which cost account
records have been summarized, the returns for man labor on cannery
peas have been $1.03 an hour. Both the four-year average and the
1942 returns are higher than for the average of any other crop on the
cost account farms. Records of recent years show an average of less
than 20 hours of man labor used to grow and harvest an acre of peas

Costs to Grow

On 110 farms in Western New York in 1941 it cost an average of
about $40.00 an acre to grow peas and approximately $8.00 more to
harvest them. Forty per cent of the cost was for seed, with man labor
the second largest item, running from 12 to 15 per cent of the total.
The seed cost an average of $4.05 a bushel and labor was figured at
from 37 to 39 cents an hour. With seed probably costing at least $6.50
a bushel this year, it will be more important than ever before to take
all possible precautions to avoid poor stands or loss of a crop. Pea
seed prices are probably the highest that most people have ever
known. Fortunately, very little man labor is required to grow and
harvest peas.

Field Choice and Preparation

Records of the industry show that there is considerable pea acreage
abandoned every year, some years as high as 7 per cent. Besides the
abandoned acreage there are many fields harvested where the crop
does not pay for the seed. In 1942 when New York growers had the
best pea crop since 1930 the reports from about three-fourths of the
pea processing plants in the State recorded 19 fields abandoned, total-
ing 70 acres, and 184 additional growers had 576 acres that yielded
less than 1000 pounds an acre, not averaging enough to pay for seed
and fertilizer. Reports from both the canners and the growers indi-
cate that much of this loss was due to the choice of the field or the
preparation and handling of the soil, particularly such factors as poor
drainage, root rot, weeds and soil of low fertility, and drilling fer-
tilizer with the seed.

The need for good drainage is doubtless more important for peas
than for most other crops. There are several reasons for this: first,
because peas are planted earlier than most other crops; second, the
seed is more expensive; third, the seed and the young plants are more

t Department of Vegetable Crops, Cornell University.

— 65 —

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sensitive to damage by water; fourth, the soil does not dry off as
quickly after rains at pea planting time as it does later in the season
when the weather is warmer.

In general the pea yields are highest when the crop is grown after
a cultivated crop. It is not wise to attempt to grow peas more than
^ once in every four or five years or on any field where pea vinery
waste or silage has been spread. With the unusually high price of
seed this year, the fields that showed any root rot within the past
10 years should be avoided.

Weeds are a major factor in reducing the yields of peas. Barnyard
grass, quack, mustard and a few other annuals in fields of peas make
the crop unprofitable just because of too much weed competition.
The desirability of early planting of peas is generally recognized.
On the other hand, where weeds are likely to be a serious competitor,
a week or ten days delay in planting is desirable, up to about the first
of May. During this period, an additional harrowing will kill another
crop of weeds. An alternative is to harrow after the peas have been
planted.

Uniformity of soil conditions is highly desirable. Variations in
moisture, type of soil, fertility level, or most any other unevenness
causes a difference of from one to several days in maturity. As the
peas must be harvested before the more advanced ones become too
old, any that are a day or two younger will reduce the yield. This is
one good reason why it is best to apply stable manure for the previous
crop, also why care must be taken to have fertilizer distributed uni-
formly.

Seed and Seeding

The treating of all varieties of pea seed is now recommended. This
can be most efficiently and economically done by the processor as
most of them have large-size, power-operated treating equipment.
If treated seed is to be inoculated, the inoculant should be applied
as shortly before drilling as possible, preferably by mixing it with
the seed in tubs in the field so that the seed may be put directly into
the drill after it is inoculated.

Experiments and growers' production records have repeatedly
shown that peas are particularly sensitive to fertilizer injury. Appli-
cations of as little as 150 pounds an acre of a complete fertilizer drilled
with the seed caused serious reductions in stands. Growers' results,
as well as experiments, have also shown that applications up to 600
pounds of a complete fertilizer are well justified lor peas. The 5-10-10
analysis is recommended for light soils and the 4-12-4 for loam or silt
loam soils. Fertilizer for peas should always be drilled separate from
the seed and preferably deeper than the seed. A 600-pound rate of
fertilizing frequently helps to overcome any residual effect of band

— 67 —

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— 68 —

applications to previous crops, which might otherwise result in un-
even growth and maturity.

Processors regularly recommend leaving at least two feet of space
between varieties, and this is none too much. Failure to do so gen-
erally means ruining part of the later variety in cutting the earlier
one, thereby losing more than would be lost by leaving the space.
Thorough cleaning of the drill between varieties avoids waste of seed
and mixing of the crops, but even if the drill is to be cleaned, it is
preferable that the late varieties be drilled first.

Every hag or part hag of seed should have a tag attached on which
is given the variety of peas and the approximate percentage germina-
tion together with the year that the germination test was made. This
information is for every grower's guidance and should avoid dis-
appointment caused by mixing varieties. The size of the seed, the
percentage germination, and the treatment on the seed may have
influence on the desirable set of the drill to deliver the proper stand.
The drill setting for one variety or lot of seed may not be correct for
another lot. The depth of planting may well depend upon the type
of soil and its moisture condition.

The handling of the pea field after planting depends on the type
of soil and the weather. If the seed is covered as it should be, and
there is plenty of moisture, the soil surface may well be left un-
touched. If, on the other hand, the seed is not well covered, or the
soil is very dry and is not subject to crusting, it may be desirable to
go over it with a smoothing harrow or a roller. Leaving the field with
the ridges that develop from drilling will facilitate breaking any
crust that may have formed and at the same time make it easier to
control weeds by harrowing. Should a crust start to form or weeds
be a problem, a spike-tooth harrow, a smoothing harrow, a weeder,
or a rotary hoe will be helpful for either purpose. Don't be afraid
of killing a few pea plants. It will be far better to lose a few at this
time than to have the crop ruined by a soil crust or by too much com-
petition with the weeds. With a bad start from either of these causes,
there is little to be lost and much that may be gained by harrowing.

This harrowing may be done at any time until the peas are 3 or 4
inches tall, at which time it will be desirable to roll the field, if there
are stones or other roughness that later are going to bother with the
harvest. Harrowing for weed control is most effective before the
weeds are more than 1 inch tall.

Pea Aphis

The pea aphis is practically always present, but fortunately not
generally in sufficient numbers to cause serious damage or to justify
applications of control measures. Beginning shortly before blossom-

— 69 —

'iiJ

'«f

« »

.' .1 •

ing, it is wise to watch for them, and if the population seems to be
increasing to serious numbers, the processor should be advised so
that he may watch the conditions carefully and, if necessary, start
some method of control. If in doubt about the practicability of using
control measures, consult the County Agricultural Agent. Generally
the danger period only lasts 7 to 10 days. Special equipment and ma-
terials are needed for aphid control and unless the person attempting
the control measures is experienced or is guided by someone with
experience little benefit is likely to result. On the other hand, a few
hours of labor and a few dollars' worth of material may save several

acres of good peas.

Harvesting

Unevenness in development is most readily seen as the first bloom
appears throughout the field. Unevenness at this time is almost cer-
tain to carry through to maturity. Noting the unevenness at this time
may be a means of considerable increase in the yield without any re-
duction in quality by delaying the cutting of the later peas. Peas gain
in weight rapidly as they develop from small to large size, after which
they likewise may deteriorate in quality very rapidly, particularly
in hot, dry weather. When the weather is cool and there is plenty of
moisture in the ground, the rate of change is much slower.

Generally the processor prefers to have both the grower and his
field representative watch the development of a crop with final re-
sponsibility for the time of harvest left to the processor who must
give consideration not only to the maturity but the quality desired,
the factory capacity, weather conditions, and the size of the planting.

The use of vine lifters and windrowers is generally accepted as
being helpful in increasing the yield and saving labor. Each year
more people are coming to use the hay-loader, both to save time and
hard work. Unless the peas have to be unloaded onto a platform, the
use of platform dump trucks will save still more labor.

Why Grow Peas?

Besides the cash returns there are several good reasons for grow-
ing peas for processing. An important reason this year is that canned
peas are very generally liked by our men in the armed services
wherever they are all over the world. Other reasons which are al-
ways with us are: (1) they leave the soil enriched, (2) the early and
other short-vined varieties are an excellent nurse crop for seeding
clover, alfalfa, or grasses, (3) they fit easily into most crop rotations
and do not compete seriously for labor except for alfalfa harvest,
(4) the vinery waste makes a high-quality ensilage at a reasonable
cost, and (5) some people are able to grow a second crop on the land
the same season.

— 70 —

BLACK LEAF PRODUCTS

HELP Protect THE NATION'S Food Supply

f BLACK LEAF 40 fUls a special wartime need as a supplement to. and in partial re-
placement of, imported insecticides which are restricted in supply. • • Used in
foliage sprays on vegetables and small fruits to control aphids, thrips, leafhopper and
other sucking insects. • As a dust, mixed with lime or other carrier, for the control
of the same types of insects. • Combined with other standard insecticides and fungi-
cides, and applied as a spray or a dust for a more complete control of plant enenues.
• • • By controlling aphids. Black Leaf 40 helps prevent the transmission of dis-
eases such as black rot of cabbage, and mosaic of cucumbers, cabbage, cauliflower,
, mustard and beans.

NICO-FUME PRESSURE FUMIGATOR

Hand-Directed Fumigation with the Nico-Fume Pressure Fumigator is an excellent
time-saving plan to control aphids and thrips on vegetable plants being grown in green-
houses under sash, in hot beds and cold frames.
Insure an ample supply of vegetable plants for your crops and your Victory Garden

Customers.

Known for many years
as a destroyer of cer-
tain types of Insects
BLACK LEAF 40 has
contributed to the food
supply of the nation in
war as well as in peace.
Again during the days
of this conflict BLACK
LEAF 40 carries on.

• Write for
Further Information

TOBACCO BY-PRODUCTS & CHEMICAL CORPORATION,
INCORPORATED • LOUISVILLE 2, KENTUCKY

LOOK FOR THE LEAF ON THE PACKAGE

'*'.[

TIGHT BINDING

« >

1«

The Pea Aphid And Its Control

J. O. Pepper*
The pea aphid is by far the most destructive insect pest of peas in
Pennsylvania. Observations for the last few years have shown that
fhe daSe caused is from 10 to 40 per cent reduction m the pea crop.
TWiSinJury is to the plant stem, l-ves fwers ^d pod^^In
direct damage to the pea crop is from diseases that may be trans
mSed b^^the aphids or from machines that are used m control
Sactices The ordinary dusting or spray equipment used will on an
average damage the crop about 3 per cent.

Dust Mixtures Used in Control
m RoTENONE- The dust mixture should contain at least 0.5 per
^^ cent actual rotenone derived from ground derris or cube roots.
The addWon of a 1 per cent oil to the dust helps its effective-
ness. The following formula is suggested:

Derris or cube powder (4% rotenone content) ^6i pounds

Pyrophyllite or talc ^^^^

SAE 10 lubricating oil ^^^ ^.^^^^

(2) Rotenone-thiocyanate: Some states have ^epo'^tf^^g^^f^!*"

suits with a mixture containing 0.4% rotenone; 2% thiocy-

anates and 1% SAE 10 lubricating oil. The thiocyana^^^^ are

<jnlH under such tradenames as "Lethane, Loro, etc.

^3^ Rotenone NTC^^^^^^ This dust mixture should contam

^^ S rotenone; 2% free nicotine; and 15% sulfur. The following

formula is suggested:

Derris or cube powder (4% rotenone content)

Nicotine alkaloid (BL 10)

Sulfur

^^Sfstarticlfdu.. formula has been used in Pennsyl-
vania and seemed to give good aphid control.
(4) NiIoJine: The dust mixture should contam 4% nicotine. The
following formula is suggested: rounds

Nicotine sulphate (40';^, nicotine) J pounds

Monohydrated copper sulphate ^^ ^^^^^^

Hydrated lime

Armlications oj Dust Materials
The amount of dust to use for one application is 30 to 40 pounds
per acre The dusting machine should travel at a speed of wo o
?hree miles per hour. A trailer or dustmg curtam 25 to 50 feet

♦Extension Entomologist, The Pennsylvania State College.

— 72 —

61 pounds
10 pounds

7i pounds
25 i pounds

.•.•;;••!•■.••• ' '

• > •». ••1.

i"rf

, *
i

« I

New designs, new models, new
methods of application are in store
for buyers of Myers Sprayers. Ask
your Myers dealer about the
stepped-up speed and coverage
and saving in manpower that will
be offered by Myers. Also talk with
him about your present sprayer
needs and the many advancements
included in the complete Myers
line of orchard and row crop
sprayers now available.

THE F. E. MYERS & BRO CO.
Dcpt. A-122. Ashlond. Ohio

^.i

1.1 1"?.,- .,fi«;'iii'y} "Nwyiwwr^-

II 1

IMlMJiLn^-Ji^^k&^LLjSL'iS'Ai ■'''■'^^''^''^' ■^^*^'">^'^'' -ft'' ''•' ''■>'■"' •^•^'' 'n

Courtesy, Dr. Hugh H. Glasgow, Geneva Ag, Ex. Sta.

A Type of sprayer for applying insecticides especially for pea

aohid control. Covers 18 ft.

' V'

X '

Courtesy, Dr. Hugh H. Glasgow, Geneva Ag. Ex. Sta.

tag mUer ordinarily i. reduced to from 20 to 40 feet m length.

— 74 —

BEAN

,.. ^ .^v/«^•v^^!j^:JS!j^fW«!j!:^^^.^••■S<■

-^^

FOR 1945 BEAN WILL BUILD:

Bean Potato Sprayers
Bean Rubber Spool Potato Graders
Bean Rubber Roll Potato Cleaners

Wf DISTRIBUTE:

American Bunch Vegetable Washers

with

BEAN High Pressure Pumping Unit

Send for Catalogs

John Bean Mfg.

Div. Food Machinery Corp.
LANSING 4. MICH.

•I

■1^

>.i

.■I'!

f : ^

(2)

Spray Mixtures Used in Control
(1) Rotenone: Powdered derris or cube root containing 4% rote
none used at the rate of 3 to 4 pounds in 100 gallons of water
plus a suitable wetting agent has given good results

^InT''^'' f" 'f Y consisting of IJ pints of nicotine sulphate
(40% nicotine plus 5 pounds of soap in 100 gallons of water
has given good results.

Application of Spray Materials
Sprays should be applied at the rate of 125 to 200 gallons per acre
The pump pressure should be at least 300 pounds and the speed of
the sprayer should not exceed 3 to 4 miles per hour.

^imZu^^'f ''°?*''°^ by sprays is seriously handicapped due to the

Vaporized Nicotine as a Control
The vapo-fumer which vaporizes nicotine is one of the most suc-
cessful methods of controlling pea aphids. This method uses 3 pounds
of 80% free nicotine per acre. A gas-proof cloth trailer of 100 feet or
more m length should be used behind the machine.

The serious drawbacks with this method is cost, slowness and
ciTrt^n turning around in small fields with the long trailer

Timing Insecticide Applications
Examinations of pea fields for aphids should begin when the plants
are about 3 inches high. If at this time one can find an average o
one aphid per plant a treatment should be made or the field watched
closely for further development. waicnea

When the vines get larger or before blossoming the aphid infesta-

^Turu ™°'^ ^^'n^ ""^^^ ^y "'^"S an ordinary insect sweeping
net. When one can collect on an average of 30 to 40 aphids per sweep
this means that the field should be treated immediately

From observations made in Pennsylvania during the last' few years
It IS believed that most pea fields will not require more than one
treatment for aphid control. As a usual rule this treatment will need
earlfe ^ ^"^* ^^ *^^ ^^^* blossoms start to open or a short time

Cultural Practices as an Aid in Control

Plant peas as far away as possible from alfalfa and clover sod land
since the insect overwinters on these crops.

— 76 —

In selecting fields for planting keep in mind soil types, moisture
conditions and good soil fertility. There are some indications that
vigorously growing peas somewhat counteract aphid damage.

Plant early as some instances have been observed where the crop
is made before being heavily attacked by aphids.

Literature Cited

1. "The Pea Aphid on Peas and Method for Its Control"

U.S.D.A. Farmers' Bulletin No. 1945.

2. "Pea Aphid Studies in Maryland"

Maryland Agr. Exp. Station Bulletin No. A24.

3. Reports of Eastern States Pea Aphid Conferences.

'i:^ii

Courtesy, Dr. Hugh H. Glasgow, Geneva Ag. Ex. Sta.

One type of machine for applying concentrated sprays for pea aphid control.
Uses either oil or water as carrier. Covers spread of 22 feet.

— 77 —

♦ »

There's Nothing Better!

ill

;l'

I \

NICOTINE SULFATE

ANOTHER "Stand-out" in the Orchard* Brand family . . .
Leaders in orchard performance:

"Astringent" Arsenate of Lead— with the "extra wallop."

Standard Arsenate of Lead — Foremost among commercial
growers.

Apple Dritomic* Sulfur— Fortified . . . especially for apple
scab.

Peach Dritomic* Sulfur— The peach grower's **01d
ReUable."

Spraycop*- Neutral copper with high residual value.
Filmf ast* — Spreader-sticker for maximum spray efficiency.
Stafast* — Controls pre-harvest drop.

GENERAL CHEMICAL COMPANY

40 Rector Street New York 6, N. Y.

12 South 12th Street Philadelphia 7. Pa.

Technical Service OMcec in Principal Cities

• Reg. U. S. Pat. Off.

Potent Pointers on Pea Growing

One point emphasized by Dr. Fred W. Geise, Crop Production,
American Can Company, is the important part the canners' field-
men may play in the production of peas; particularly in the matter
of grower relationship. First, it is important that the proper land
or field be selected for growing the peas, this to be followed with the
careful field service and close cooperation so that the peas may be
harvested at the proper time as to attain the highest quality.

Earl De Hoff, Jr., Field Supervisor, Miflflin County Packing Com-
pany, Reedsville, Pa., says, "We find in the central part of Pennsyl-
vania the best method of growing peas is to use a piece of ground
that has been used in a cultivated crop the year before, and one that
is well drained.

"Plow about seven to eight inches deep, apply ten tons of manure,
harrow the ground about four or five times, and roll about three
times. Apply about 500 to 700 pounds of 4-12-4 fertilizer, getting it in
the ground three to four inches deep because it should be under the
peas. We get better results by letting the fertilizer lay in bands in
the soil instead of harrowing it in the ground. Apply about 4i bushels
of pea seed per acre, getting them into the ground about U to 2
inches deep. Roll or cultipack after sowing the peas."

A. Brinton Reynolds, West Chester, Pa., says, "Reasonably early
planting when the soil is in workable condition, with liberal amounts
of fertilizer (up to 1,000 lbs. of 4-12-4), drilled deep before planting
peas, or plowed down, is best. Harvesting at the proper time is most
important as quality and yield decrease very rapidly and the peas
dry out and lose weight fast when too old."

Cornered in the lobby of the Yorktown Hotel at the Pennsylvania
Canners Association Convention, some statements were squeezed out
of Irving W. Courtice, with the Crites-Moscow Growers, Inc.

"Peas are a garden crop. The nearer the seed-bed comes to being a
garden, the better the pea crop.

"Failure to thoroughly clean out drills between varieties loses the
canner money on grade of the canned peas.

"You deliberately throw away 12i% of the productivity of a field
with every drill row missed by poor drilling with an 8-row drill.
Watch the drill laps. See that every spout is flowing. Many a busi-
ness has failed because of a loss of 3%. Can you afford 12%?

"Pea seed buried too deeply uses up all its energy trying to get a
sprout up to the light.

"Pea seed is better in the bag than in a poor seed bed.

"Every row of peas lost because of a broken guard or section of

— 79 —

: m

♦ »

1 ' j
4

' 1 1.

' pi

w' ■ '

the mower was grown for a loss. Keep cutters in repair. With a 6-foot
mower this means 8% loss. Would you throw away 8% interest*?
Loose stones break sections and farmers.

*Teas left in windrows for hours loose weight and sugar.

"Peas gain weight up to a certain maturity and then lose it from
there on. Cut at peak quality.

"Cheap pea seed is very expensive."

Dr. F. L. Winters, Plant Breeder for Associated Seed Growers, Inc.,
also, was at the York Convention, following up the progress and de-
velopment of various seed strains of vegetables for market, freezing
canning and home use in Pennsylvania. We are fortunate to have
such outstanding men with this and other seed companies today
The canned or frozen product is no better than that delivered to the
processor and the crop is no better than the seed delivered to the
grower; but seedsmen, as well as the rest of us, really are having
their troubles today. They are doing a magnificent job— all of them.

From the University of Wisconsin, Professor K. C. Berger, sends
suggestions. "We strongly recommend," he says, "liming any pea
soil below pH 6.5. We do this because we get better nodulation from
our inoculation. Secondly, we strongly advise peas in a four or
five-year rotation, rather than one of shorter duration."

J. KEENE SAULSBURY. President
A. ROLAND THOMPSON, Secretary A. REED HAYES, JR., Treasurer

MIFFLIN COUNTY
PACKING CO.

PENNSYLVANIA PACKED VEGETABLES

REEDSVILLE, PA.

— 80 —

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with

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a complete replacement for pyrethrum,
rotenone, nicotine in contact dusts

Latest product of Rohm & Haas synthetic insecticide research,
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it gives low-cost all-round pest control.

THIS LABEL IDENnFIIS
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uisni\(m>\ sQi iKi:. run. ii>i:iriii i r^ n.

Manufacturers of Chemicals including Synthetic Insecticides . . . Fungicides . . . Plastics
Enzymes . . . Chemicals for the Leather. Textile. Enamelware. Rubber and other Industries

,'(»

♦ : t.

• i

I ' •

•

Peas

James R. Stuart*

To insure a high-quality production, one must of necessity start
at the source and follow diligently every stage until the production
IS finally in its completed form. This is particularly true of canned
peas.

Assuming that the seed source is satisfactory, the first step is care-
ful selection of soil and proper planting. Generally speaking, as most
everyone realizes but often neglects, peas grow better on ground
that has been in a cultivated crop the preceeding year. It is usually
wise to plow pea ground in the fall in order to secure early planting
and retention of moisture. The soil should be of the type that retains
moisture, free as possible from stones, and void of wet and doubtful
crop producing areas. There are always enough natural growing
hazards without risking expensive seed and fertilizer on soil that
has an initial handicap.

In preparing the soil for planting, it is well to remember that peas
are a garden crop and should be treated accordingly. After the soil is
prepared for planting, an ample supply of the proper fertilizer for
your locality should be applied. If at all possible, it is well to drill
the fertilizer deeper than the peas and under no consideration drill
the peas and the fertilizer at the same operation. After the peas are
sowed, the large stones should be removed and the ground rolled or
dragged with a light slab drag. This operation will save time and
trouble at the time of harvest. When sowing several varieties in the
same field, it is very important to thoroughly clean the drill between
each variety and also helpful to leave a 2 ft. or 3 ft. separating strip
between each variety.

In order that the grower deliver high quality peas, the coopera-
tion between the canner and the grower must be mutual and effec-
tive. The canner's field service should start well in advance of har-
vest date and every effort should be made by the canner to promote
better handling methods by the grower. It is also logical that high
quality peas should be bought on a premium basis as it is too much to
expect the grower to deliver high grade peas at the run of mine
prices. In buying peas on a premium or graded basis, it is highly im-
portant to maintain, insofar as possible, an impersonal and unbiased
system of determining the quality of peas purchased. After the peas
are vined and graded by the grower, it is still absolutely necessary
to prevent these high-quality peas from losing their identity while
passing through the various production stages of canning. If this
precaution is neglected, the final outcome will certainly be disap-
pointing and most of the preceeding work up to this stage will be
lost.

— 82-^

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GRANULAR 'AERO' CYANAMID HAS BEEN
CALLED ''AGRICULTURE'S MOST USEFUL
FORM OF NITROGEN/'

High nitrogen content, plus 70% of lime, is a
most desirable combination where soil im-
provement and profitable crops go hand in
hand.

Furthermore, its granular form makes applica-
tion easy as well as economical. Runs freely,
distributes evenly, does not cake.

'Aero' Cyanamid, used year after year, im-
proves the soil. Just nitrogen and lime.

AMERICAN CYANAMID COMPANY

FERTILIZER DIVISION

30 ROCKEFELLiR PLAZA

NEW YORK 20, N. Y.

rlr,

'. ►

In summation, the following are some of the conditions essential to
obtain high quality peas:

1. Healthy, consistent growth of peas in the field.

2. Proper maturity at harvest.

3. Prompt delivery to the viner after harvest.

4. Prompt vining, cleaning, washing and canning,

5. Careful segregation of the high-quality peas from those of lower
grade during the actual canning operation.

* Somereset, Pa. — Canner and Grower.

Inoculating Pea Seed

It IS essential that the pea inoculating cultures be fresh, active
viable and of types that produce satisfactory nodulation under any
growmg conditions with the accompanying increase in yield and qual-
ity. When cultures are grown on a jelly medium, each bottle should
be examined before delivery.

When inoculation is applied to the seed it should be done with
just sufficient water to uniformly and evenly moisten the seed coat
When seeds are properly inoculated they do not have the tendencv
to bridge over in the drill so that an uneven stand is averted. The ap-
pHcation of the inoculum to the seed should be followed by imme-
diate planting. It is essential that the seed should go into the
ground while the organisms adhering to them are moist and viable
If the seed is allowed to dry completely before it is planted many of
the organisms are dead when the seed goes into the soil.

The above ideas were expressed by Roy Strasburger of Stras-
burger and Siegel in Baltimore. He also added that their cultures
are prepared only on order so that they may be delivered to the grow-
er for use when the cultures themselves are at the height of their
activity.

Specialists for Fertilizers for

CANNING CROPS

PEAS — BEANS — SWEET CORN — TOMATOES
Insure your crops this year with UNION Field tested fertilizers

UNION FERTILIZER CORPORATION

Main Office— Pikesville. Maryland . . Factory— Baltimore, Maryland

— 84 —

fruit storaye room treated with Cuprinol,
Penrtsylvania State College.

Stops Mildew

in
Produce Storage

The rooms of the Apple Storage Building at Pennsylvania State College
were treated during the Summer of 1943 with Cuprinol.

Filled with fruit that Fall, there has been no evidence of mildew in
these rooms since the Cuprinol treatment. Consequently no mildew re-
moval has been necessary, no white washing or painting called for.

You, too, can prevent mildew in storage rooms by Cuprinol treatment
of all wood walls, ceilings and floors. Easily applied by brush or spray
. . . and the Cuprinol treated wood, which eliminates mildew, has no
harmful effect on the stored produce.

Also recommended is Cuprinol treatment
for flats and greenhouse benches. New
York State Agricultural College reports that
Cuprinol is an exception among wood pre-
servatives tested by them in that it has
proven non-toxic for greenhouse use.

With brush application in storage rooms,
allow 1 gallon for 400 square feet.

For prices, names of distributors, and
other information, write

CUPRINOL, Inc., 33 Spring Lane, Boston 9, Mass.

S)'

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*l I

Growing Laxton Peas

C. B. Gray*

In 1934 I decided to pack some Thomas Laxton and Laxton Prog
ress peas. When I mentioned this to some of my canner friends they
thought I had gone completely out of my mind, and told me these
varieties were for market and freezing; however, they were sowed
grown and packed and now the real job was at hand: sell them.

By 1936 most buyers appreciated the quality of Laxtons and we
had no more sales resistance on account of size and color; in fact our
production was below what we could readily sell.

We discontinued growing Laxton Progress peas in 1936 not be
cause of yield or quality but due to the fact the vines were so short
It was almost impossible to harvest them unless they were mowed
with a scythe or pulled by hand. The Thomas Laxton is a very hardy
variety, does well in any soil that is not wet or sour, on land that is
plowed in the fall or early spring, but I believe a better crop can be
grown following a cultivated crop such as sweet or field corn.

The ground should be prepared early in the spring but not worked
when wet and the land must be well drained. When the seed bed is
prepared and the ground is warm, sow the peas U to 2 inches deep
about five (5) bushels per acre. We use pea Spergon and inoculation'
The ground should be rolled or cultipacked after drilling so it will
be level for mowing. If the soil forms a crust after drilling we find
It good practice to use a cultipacker or weeder before or after the
peas come through. It is very essential to have a good field man to
watch the peas and get them at the right stage for canning and the
grower must cut his peas when told by the field man, to get fancy
prices.

Never sow peas in a field where the water stands for over an hour;
don't sow peas when the ground is wet. Cut them when you are told
and get them to the viner at once. Never put peas in small stacks
and leave them in the field for any length of time. Use a windrower
and green crop loader. Don't let the peas stay on a truck or wagon
over night, before vining.

We have always bought on a graded basis. Grading was worked
out with Mr. D. M. James of the Bureau of Markets of Pennsylvania
in 1934 and we have never changed our method. We use the touch
or squeeze method, along with brine and a Texture Meter. Our Lax-
tons run well over 75 per cent fancy. In 1944 the average grades were

i/U~0~0.

• Bloomsburg Packing Company, Bloomsburg, Pa.

— 86 —

CompUments of

THE

AMERICAN

AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL

COMPANY

• I

Makers of

AGRICO and
AA Quality Fertilizers

and

\S% Normal Superphosphate

Baltimore, Md.

Buflfalo, N. Y.

Carteret, N. J.

1^,

• »♦

I *

\Vi

Pea Growing Practices In Columbia County

1. Seed varieties and sources— The best varieties for this section
seem to be Thomas Laxton for early and Pride and Canner King for
the later season. Our seed is all Northwestern grown.

2. Preceding crop— It appears that peas generally should follow
some cultivated crop.

3. Soil preparation and seeding— The best crops were invariably
grown on soil thoroughly prepared and well pulverized by culti-
packer and harrow. Early seeding was found to be best provided
however that the soil was in proper condition. Soil condition wa^
lound to be a major factor in the successful growing of peas

4. Fertilization— While peas being a leguminous crop require a
sweet soil and liming was found to be advisable. A moderate applica-
tion of a well-balanced fertilizer is essential to a good crop, but thev
also show that too heavy an application of nitrogen has a tendency
to cause the vmes to make too vigorous a growth with a light set of
pods.

^■L.F. Columbia Farm Products Cooperative, Inc., Bloomsburg, Penna.

Treat Your Vegetable Seed With

■ Mtw. V. a. fM. Off. d I

Seed Protectant

Your state experiment stations have proved its value in increasina
stands and yields

ADVANTAGES:

Non-poisonous and non-irritating to opera-
tor when applying to seed

Makes planting easier— seeds slip through
drill

Overdosage not harmful to seed

Does not deteriorate with age — may be ap-
plied long in advance of planting
Especially advantageous for treating peas

For names of distributors and lllerature write to

1230 Sixth Avenue
Rockefeller Center

ER COMPANY

Naugatuck Chemical Division
New York 20. N. Y.

— 88

SPRING IS CANNING TIME!

■ I ;
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•1 '•■',,.-•»

•

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TO most of us fall spells the time when the can-
neries hum with activity. But canning, whether
it be fruits or vegetables, really begins in the spring.
It is then that orchardists and crop growers start to
protect the coming crop. Even before the sap rises,
dormant fruit trees are sprayed — killing secreted
eggs of insects waiting to hatch. And when the first
green leaves of vegetable crops begin to sprout —
spraying and dusting with specialized materials must
be carried out to insure a bumper crop for market-
ing and canning.

Niagara scientists have worked closely with fruit
and vegetable growers — giving them new and better
materials to combat the persistent attack of insects
and diseases. So, remember, canning time really
begins with these protective measures to assure a
maximum harvest.

The Niagara Organization is prepared to assist your
every effort in solving insect and disease problems,
and to recommend the proper dust or spray, as well as
the mechanical apparatus for applying it, so that you
may achieve maximum production at minimum cost.

^WlHYOUBlJ)'

mgan

NIAGARA SPRAYER
AND CHEMICAL CO., INC.

MIDDLEPORT, NEW YORK

San Francisco, Calif. Jacksonville, Fla.

Canadian Associate:
Niagara Brand Spray Co., Ltd., Burlington, Ont.

( I

K^7xvra.i^2ac: ..

• ':

,;i»

■ *

Profitable Production Practices for Peas

Wilson C. Dickson*

This past season pressed home once again a fact in pea growing
which sometimes causes considerable worry to the growers; worry
which IS often exaggerated beyond what it should be.

That fact is the time for sowing the pea seed. The aim is usually to
plant the first week of April. This year owing to weather conditions
the large majority of farmers in South Central Pennsylvania could
not plant until the last two weeks of April. These late planting dates
caused considerable apprehension to many of the concerned people

However, toward the last of April when it really warmed up and
the ground dried out, the peas came up in a hurry and started grow-
mg with a bang. May was a month for ideal growing conditions fol-
lowed by a June which outdid itself for excellent pea maturing
weather, that is, cool and moist. The result was a bumper pea cron
both in quality and yield. ^ ^

The lesson pointed out this year is that a cool, moist June has far
more to do with making a pea crop of good yield and high quality
than does the time of planting— that is, within reason.

* Hanover Canning Co., Fieldman, Hanover, Pa.

For Greater Profits

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?orr*tli 11 ^f i^ ^''T ^ell-g'-own plants it has produced large yields te"

S[ clusters'oflaiYv tfr^^H^"- ^^'^y' ^'^.^""""^ f°"^«« protects the dosdy
Ind excllw fllvn/Jtl^^'*'*^^?; fii™' scarlet tomatoes. Small seed cavities

ucts Ha.^hnwn n^ ^ Jj^ '\ "^f " ^""W^!^ *? Canning, especially strained prod-
ucts. Has shown up particularly well in dry weather.

ONLY A LIMITED SUPPLY AVAILABLE
Advise quantity needed. Particulars free.

CLICK'S SEED FARMS CLICK'S PLANT FARMS

SMOKETOWN. LANCASTER COUNTY. PENNA

— 90 —

NO WORRY ABOUT STAND

WITH

THIS RUNNER-TYPE PLANTER

If you want a runner type
Planter that will plant rows of any
particular spacing RIGHT UP TO
THE END OF THE FIELD— then
you want to try an Oliver 1095
Mounted Planter on that new lit-
tle "world of power/' the Oliver
"70" Tractor.

You will find the Oliver method
of midship mounting a real ad-
vantage. Your Planter is right in
front of you where, without turn-
ing or twisting out of your form-
litting cushion seat, you can watch
every operation.

Oliver Planters follow the con-
tour of the ground — plant accu-

rately at an even depth on uneven
as well as level ground, even in
tough soil.

THINK of the sort of job you
want YOUR planter to do — of the
sort of field it is going to have to
operate in. Talk to Oliver Owners
and find out how Oliver Planters
are performing for them.

This Planter can be equipped
with both the regular corn and
cotton planter and the planter
with twin inclined plates in each
hopper for special planting of sor-
ghum, Mio Maize, peas, various
types of beans, peanuts, etc.

THE OLIVER CORP

HARRISBURG, PENNA.

«>

♦ ; ».

Profitable Pea Production in York County

James B. Winebrennerf

Fields plowed in the Fall have enabled growers to prepare their
seed bed early in the Spring, however, planting should not take
place when the ground is too wet and cold and the weather unsettled.

Growers have discovered that in hilly fields a hoe drill will cover
the seed better, thus insuring a better stand. Disk drills are entirely
satisfactory on more level fields.

Plantings should not be made with indications of a rainy spell to
follow. Too much moisture after seeding has caused seed to rot be-
fore sprouting. Also, rain followed by high winds have created
crusts on fields which many of the young sprouts cannot penetrate.
It IS mevitable that this situation will occur at times. Many growers
have overcome this problem by running over the field once with
either a rotary hoe or disk harrow set almost straight. This opera-
tion should only be considered at the stage where only a few, if any,
sprouts are above ground, otherwise more harm than good can be
done.

As to the control of the pea aphids, unless heavy infestation is indi-
cated, many growers in this area are not convinced that spraying or
dusting pays. For best results the treatment should take place not
later than at the end of full blossom or just about the time the pod is
forming. Growers in this area have learned that it is generally too
late to help the crop if treatment is undertaken after this period.
Also the dusting equipment driven over the field shortly before har-
vest time has caused injury to the young pods, resulting in a drying
up of the young peas in the injured pods. Then there is not a uniform
quahty when the peas are threshed. Up to this time pea aphids in
this locality have not created too serious a problem. Let's hope this
situation continues.

Generally speaking, peas have been a very satisfactory crop for
many of us in York County. This year a large percentage of the
growers were able to produce over a ton per acre of high quality
peas. The fact that it is a short growing crop (58 to 75 days in this
area) permitting the producer a second crop in the same season and
the fact that in recent years the canners in the State have been able
to pay good prices, peas have been a very popular and profitable crop.
Pea production is not a new experiment to the growers in this section
of the State. They have profited by long experience. They still seek
improved methods. Therefore they will continue to be among the
leaders in profitable production of high quality peas in the State of
Pennsylvania.

t Farms Manager, D. E. Winebrenner Co., Hanover, Penna.

— 92 —

The Originators

SUPERLASKA

Offer You Sv/eef Varieties

Bred for

PENNSYLVANIA PACKERS

Crites-Moscow Growers

Incorporated.

'MOSCOW, IDAHO

.>.■-«« <»i<jimmpjiii9ii

i»

♦ } \t

Sweet Peas A Profitable Farm Crop

in Pennsylvania

Frank App*

The production of peas for quick-freezing on Southeastern Penn-
sylvania farms adds a profitable cash crop to the farm rotation and
furnishes excellent forage for the farmer who wants high grade
ensilage for his livestock.

Peas are exacting in their soil requirements. Every grower should
understand what these requirements are and provide for them. Abun-
dant supplies of lime, organic matter and fertilizers are essential for
good crops of peas. In order to determine how much lime should be
applied, it is necessary to have a soil analysis. Soils having a pH under
6 or showing an average calcium under 1500 lbs. per acre should be
limed to bring the pH up to a range of 6 to 6.5. The lime should be
applied before plowing so that it is well distributed throughout the
entire plow depth.

The organic matter can be supplied and maintained through the
use of manure on livestock farms or through the use of cover crops
and sods for farms not having livestock. When ample amounts of
manure are used, it is desirable to use fertilizer that will balance up
the fertilizing elements supplied in the manure. These are nitrogen
and potash with a smaller amount of phosphorus. Thus the fertilizers
that are used with manure would be higher in phosphorus. Fertili-
zers used without manure but with sods and cover crops should have
a higher ratio of nitrogen and potash. The amount of fertilizers used
by the growers for producing sweet peas for quick-freezing ranges
from 400 to 1200 lbs. per acre. The best crops are obtained with the
higher amounts of fertilizer. Peas are delicate feeders and for best
production require an excess supply of plant nutrients.

We find our best results for peas are obtained when we fertilize
the peas sufficiently to grow the pea crop and the crop following peas.
The growers who produce both peas and lima beans for quick-freezing
should supply sufficient lime and fertilizers to the pea crop so that no
additional lime or fertilizer is required for the beans. This amount
should usually be no less than 1,000 lbs. per acre. This not only pro-
duces better pea crops but requires less labor and is a much more
efficient use of fertilizers. Both fertilizer and lime should be applied
early in the spring before plowing. The roots of the peas penetrate
deeper than the plow depth. They will seek food as far as they pene-
trate. If the fertilizers are placed on the top and harrowed in, they

•*

* Seabrook Farms Co. and Deerfield Packing Corp.

— 94 —

OUR HYBRID SWEET CORN SEED IS BRED AND PRODUCED
IN THE NORTHEAST BY US FOR NORTHEASTERN GROWERS

ROBSON SEED FARMS
Box P. Hall N. Y.

1945 FARM AND GARDEN SEED CATALOGUE READY
JANUARY Isi. WRITE FOR YOUR COPY TODAY.

remain on the top few inches of soil. If the season is dry, the pea roots
cannot draw on the fertilizers in this upper zone. Consequently they
suffer much more from under-nourishment when there is a low rain-
fall.

The success of the growers who produce sweet peas for quick-
freezing is represented in their average yield as well as the highest
and lowest yields. The average yield for 1944 in Pennsylvania was
2,549 lbs. per acre; in 1943, 2,023 lbs. per acre. The highest yield in
1944 for any grower was 4,775 lbs.; the lowest, 690 lbs. In 1943, the
highest yield for any grower was 3,111 lbs.; the lowest 634 lbs. These
higher yields were obtained by growers who were more careful to
provide the necessary amounts of lime, fertilizer and organic matter
along with the careful preparation of the seed bed before seeding the
peas. It is expected that the demand for quick-frozen sweet peas by
the consumer will continue to expand. Consequently the growers
have an opportunity of adding a cash crop to their farm rotation
which, at the same time, furnishes feed for livestock and raises the
fertility of the farm.

You cannot build character and courage by taking
away man^s initiative and independence.

ALBERT C. ROEMHILD

Commission Merchant
Wholesale Fruits and Vegetables

Phone, Lombard 1000

122 Dock St., Philadelphia, Pa.

— 95 —

]ti

Mil'

«l "•

' i l

I >

^'1

i i

The Services of the

QUALITY LIME INSTITUTE

are available today,
as they have been for
the past sixteen years.

The Institute was organized in the year 1927 for the purpose of
establishing and promoting high standards of Liming materials
and to provide a dependable source of inform*ation regarding the
qualities, uses, and economic values, of Lime for Agricultural pur-
poses. In carrying out the above plan it has co-operated with County
Agents, teachers of Vocational Agriculture, Granges, and other Farm
organizations, as well as with individual farmers.

The Institute Seal
of High Quality

MEMBERS OF THE QUALITY LIME INSTITUTE

1420 WALNUT STREET, PHILADELPHIA, PA.

Annville Lime Company H. E. Millard

National Gypsum Company
Sleacy and Wilton Company
Thomasville Stone & Lime Co.

J. E. Baker Company

S. W. Barrick and Sons, Inc.

G. & W. H. Corson

M. J. Grove Lime Co.

Legore Lime Company

Warner Company

Pea Production Pointers For 1945

H. L. Seaton*

With the goal for the 1945 pea pack in Pennsylvania set at a high
level canners, their fieldmen, and growers can do much to help in
reaching or even exceeding this goal by giving careful consideration
to those practices which have been shown to result in high yields.
Where peas are harvested at the proper stage of maturity, handled
promptly at the viner and canning factory, they are like other can-
ning crops in that quality and high yields are generally closely asso-
ciated. With this in mind, the 1945 program should not only mclude
provisions for increased acreage but should be set up to give emphasis
to getting high yields from all of the acreage planted. The followmg
suggestions are offered as a means of accomplishing these purposes:

Soils and Rotations —

Rich well drained loams, nearly neutral or only slightly acid in
reaction (pH 6.0 to 7.0) should be selected. The high water require-
ment of peas along with their shallow root system emphasizes the
extreme importance of soil with a high organic matter content.
Special attention should be given to avoid fields with variations in
soil type, slope, drainage and fertility as these conditions lead to un-
even maturity and losses in yield and quality.

Peas fit well in most farm rotations but usually yield best when
they follow a cultivated crop that has been well fertilized. Plant them
after tomatoes, corn, potatoes or similar crops. If legume sod is used,
it should be plowed in the fall in order that the material will be
sufficiently rotted in the spring for preparation of a good seed bed.
Peas are generally considered a good nurse crop for alfalfa and clover
—much needed these days with the nitrogen fertilizer shortage. Ro-
tations of four to six years are considered one of the best methods of
controlling root rots.

Fertilizers and Inoculation —

From 500 to 800 pounds of commercial fertilizer, high in available
phosphorus, should be used. Injury to seedlings is apt to occur if seed
and fertilizer are drilled together. The safest method is to drill the
fertilizer three to four inches deep as a separate operation before the
peas are seeded.

Artificial inoculation of pea seed with nodular forming bacteria
is necessary on most soils and should not be omitted. Inoculate just
before the seed is planted.
Seed Treatment

On soils normally cold and wet, treatment of the seed with Spergon

* Chief Crop Consultant, Research Department, Continental Can Company.

— 97 —

«'

,"i

• ' t

I I

will greatly increase stands and subsequent yields. Indications are
that Spergon may be used along with inoculation materials with
satisfactory results. All varieties may be treated.

YarxetxQ^ —

Many new varieties have been recently introduced. Plant only
those types known to be well adapted to your section.

Seeding and Cultivation —

Peas are a cool season crop and should be planted as early as the
soil can be prepared in a good condition. Best yields of both early and
late varieties are usually from early planted fields. At least four
bushels of seed per acre should be planted. Do not plant deeper than
one and one-half inches. After seeding, smooth down the drill marks
with a roller, cultipacker or light board drag.

The use of a weeder, rotary hoe, or spike tooth harrow before the
peas are up, will break the crust and aid in controlling weeds. On
weedy land it may be desirable to go over the field two or three times
or until the peas are about 3 inches high. No other cultivation is
necessary or desirable.

Harvesting —

Peas are usually ready to harvest about 21 days after the first blos-
soms appear. Harvesting at the proper time is very important if
quality is to be obtained. The cannery field men will tell the growers
when to cut for maximum yields of quality peas. These instructions
should be followed closely as one day's time may make a large differ-
ence in the crop returns.

The usual practice is to cut the peas with a mowing machine equip-
ped with special attachments for the mower bar to lilt the vines and
pods above the cutter blades. A swather or windrower back of the
cutter bar puts the vines in a windrow for easier loading. The pea
vines are loaded directly from the windrows with a green forage
loader or by hand with forks into trucks for delivery to the viner.

It is important to handle the peas promptly after cutting in order
to obtain good quality in the canned product.

Yields —

Yields of peas vary widely depending upon the variety, climatic
conditions, soil conditions, harvesting methods and other factors, ine
average yield for the United States is approximately 1500 pounds per
acre. In Pennsylvania the average yield over a rtumber of years has
been approximately 1 ton per acre.

Aphis Control —

If observations show a need for dusting, the canner should have
materials and machines on hand to do this when it is most effective.

— 98 —

Grading Cannery Peas in Pennsylvania

D. M. James*

Federal-State Inspectors were located at 22 receiving points in
Pennsylvania in 1944 to classify peai for processing and at only
five inspection points the previous year. Approximately Hi million
Dounds were graded in 1944, more than double the 1943 tonnage.
Although peas have been graded at a few Pennsylvania canneries
for the past 10 years, it was not until 1944 that purchasing peas on
the basis of State grades under Federal-State inspection became the
general practice. In order to train the large crops of inspectors neces-
sary to handle the work at 22 stations, arrangements were made with
the Maryland Department of Agriculture to hold an inspection school
at Fruitland, Maryland, where peas are cut 10 days prior to the
Pennsylvania harvest. This school was quite effective as the work
of the inspectors later proved. Pea inspection was started in Pennsyl-
vania in 1935 when approximately one million pounds were graded.
Improvements in grading methods have been incorporated into the
service as they have been found to be helpful to more accurately
determine quality of peas. The system now used has proven accurate
with numerous check tests made with the raw peas and the same lots
of peas after being processed. This consists of a Mechanical pressure
test to crush the peas, together with a finger crushing test which re-
veals, in addition to the toughness of skin and cotyledon, the starchi-
ness, moisture, color and succulence, which are all factors of quality
in peas. The mechanical pressure test alone is not sufficient because
each test gives one dial reading of one factor— hardness of the peas,
and it is possible for any lot to contain four different grades. The
inspector can more accurately determine starchiness, moisture, color,
etc., however, than he can determine the degree of pressure to crush
the peas.

♦ Bureau of Markets, Harrisburg, Pa.

Training Inspectors

Inspecting for Grade

— 99 —

♦ \¥

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VEGETABLE PLANTER

16 PAGE CATALOG

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A Method for Transporting Shelled Peas from
Distant Viner Stations to The Cannery

A. W. DUTCHER*

As the pea canning industry has grown in certain areas, it has
become necessary for the ambitious canner to lengthen his raw
product transportation lines and to place his viner stations at loca-
tions farther removed from his cannery. This expansion has brought
many new problems to the canner. All canners believe that peas
should be canned as soon after vining as possible, in lact most can-
ners have experienced a definite drop in quality due to prolonged
time intervals between vining and canning when stored or trans-
ported in the usual manner.

The Hanover Canning Company has been interested in the long-
distance handling of peas for some time but has been dissatisfied
with the results obtained with the usual method of transportation.
The problem which confronted this Company was that their peas
were to be vined and hauled 120 miles to the cannery. This trip by
truck consumed 5 hours' road time without counting loading and
unloading. This loading and unloading time was estimated to add
another 5 to 6 hours' delay before canning.

It was necessary to develop a satisfactory method of holding the
peas in good condition during the long haul. The packer was inter-
ested only in the quality of the canned product and not particularly
concerned at this time with a study of the physical and chemical
changes of peas under various storage conditions. With these factors
in mind, the following method was developed after some preliminary
tests.

Trucks were fitted with large water-tight tanks on their beds.
These tanks were equipped with baffles and covers to prevent load
shifting and splashing during transit. The peas were vined, cleaned,
washed immediately, and flumed to the truck tank. The dirty wash
and flume water was screened off, and fresh water plus ice chipped
to i-pound size was added along with the peas. The tank was flUed
with peas, and only sufficient water added to cover them. The amount
of ice added was governed by the water temperature, pea tempera-
ture, and length of haul. The primary object in this ice addition was
to maintain a tank temperature of 45' F. to the point of destination.

It was found by comparative tests that peas handled in this man-
ner can be held for periods of 12 hours, and possibly longer, without

* Research Dept., Customer Service, Continental Can Co., Inc., Baltimore
District.

— 101 —

¥ '• I

r ' ■ I

LANCASTER BONE FERTILIZER CO. Inc.

QuarryvillO/ Pa«
Manufacturers of "Conestoga Brand^^ fertilizers

Made in Pennsylvania for Pennsylvania soils.

materially affecting general quality; that is, color, texture, and flavor
of the final canned product.

Dr. M. G. Vivach of The Pennsylvania State College, Department
of Biochemistry, tested peas directly from the viner and after soaking.
He found that there was approximately 90 per cent Vitamin C reten-
tion after a 6-hour ice water soak.

NEW SWEET CORN HYBRIDS

OLD HICKORY and WILSON.

Also Spancross, Marcross, Carmelcross, Lincoln, and

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102 —

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Vegetable Varieties at State College — 1944

M. L. Odland*

Vegetable variety trials are conducted annually at The Pennsyl-
vania State College. The performance of the varieties in the trials
is evaluated from notes taken in a systematic manner in the field
and from an analysis of the yield data. The data are compiled and
published so as to be available to those interested. Several crops,
including sweet corn, snap beans, lima beans, peppers, tomatoes, and
carrots were tested in 1944. Following are some comments on prom-
ising varieties of the first four mentioned crops. Tomatoes and peas
will be considered elsewhere.

Thirty-eight strains of lima beans were included in the trials.
Weather conditions were favorable and a good crop was obtained.
Fordhook 242, which was awarded a bronze medal by the All-America
judges, looked very good. This lima is of the Fordhook type with
large thick seeds, good quality, and is comparatively easy to shell.
The plants are good-sized and were very uniform in this trial and
production was excellent. Another lima that looks promising is Early
Market. It is a fiat-seeded type that produces a heavy crop several
days, to a week or ten days, ahead of Fordhook. In maturity, it was
noticeably ahead of any other varieties in the trial. This prolific
variety produces beans that remain fairly green. The pods are about
4 inches long, dark green in color, and tend to be curved.

The new variety Florida Belle looked good in the snap bean variety
trial gardens where eighty-eight strains of beans were tested. This
variety bears a somewhat flattened type of pod that is long and
fairly straight. In color, the pod is a bright attractive green. It yielded
well in the trial. A refugee type of bean grown in the trials as
vegetable No. 11 proved to be exceptionally promising. It is half-
runner in type, bearing a bountiful crop of typical refugee pods.

The pepper trials included the old standard varieties such as Cali-
fornia Wonder, World Beater, Early Giant, Cal Wonder, etc., together
with more recent introductions. Selections developed by Dr. C. E.
Myers at State College looked very favorable in comparison. These
selections produce fruit that somewhat resembles the pimento type.
The plants are medium-sized, producing an abundance of smooth,
thick-fieshed fruit. Certain of these selections have consistently out-
yielded the standard varieties, especially in the early season as they
have been selected especially for earliness. Seed is being increased
and the most promising one will be released sometime next fall.

♦ Associate Professor, Department of Horticulture, The Pennsylvania State
College.

— 104 —

Ninety-seven lots of sweet corn were on trial; however, due to the
hot, dry weather during the growing season, an entirely satisfactory
yield was not obtained. Goldengrain, a promising new hybrid, looked
very good. The plants were noticeably vigorous and uniform. The
ears are fairly thick, twelve to eighten rowed, and the kernels are
deep. An excellent yield was obtained in approximately 94 days.
Earligold and North Star were again rated high as early hybrids.
Lincoln, Golden Cross Bantam, and loana were outstanding in their
respective maturity classes. Magnagold performed very good.

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— 105 —

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What's New in the Catalogues

Novelties appear to be few in the 1945 catalogues, but nevertheless
there will be listed a few new names representing breeding work
started long before the manpower shortage was anticipated.

1945 All- America Selections

Bush Lima Bean, Fordhook 242, is a Fordhook type, large, thick
seeded, 3 to 4 beans to the pod, of finest flavor, rather easy to shell
and a market type. It won a bronze medal in the All-America entry.
Early and total yield seems heavier, and a distinct advantage is its
reputed ability to set basal pods in hot dry weather.

Bush Lima Bean, Early Market, also, won a bronze medal. This is
a large flat-seeded variety, producing a heavier set of pods four to
ten days earlier than Burpee Bush Lima. This variety does not stand
the heat as well as Fordhook 242 but is very prolific and has the ad-
vantage of extra earliness and the green seed coat looks fresh even
when fairly old. The pods are very attractive — smooth, almost
straight, dark green, with mostly three seeds.

Honorable mention was awarded to Goldengrain sweet corn. The
deep kernel, vigorous growing habit and unblemished ears appeal to
sweet corn growers. Commodore Bush Snapbean is another to receive
honorable mention.

Burpee Hybrid Cucumber looked good in the trials at the Ford-
hook breeding grounds this year. High resistance to bacterial wilt,
mosiac and downy mildew are the outstanding attributes of this new
hybrid white spine, slicing type cucumber. The well formed fruits
were 8 in. long, 2i in. wide, square at both ends with medium seed
cavity and crisp, white flesh of excellent quality, maturing in about
60 days.

Fordhook Hybrid Tomato is a new early, wilt resistant hybrid
tomato noted for its uniformly shaped, smooth fruits, and the very
heavy yield of the vigorous vines which begin to bear early and con-
tinue to produce throughout the entire season. The fruits are of me-
dium size (about 5 ozs.); oblate to globular in shape and an even scar-
let-red in color, mildly acid sweet in flavor. Plants are strong grow-
ing, spreading, semi-upright.

Burpee's Red Tampala is reported to be better than spinach.

Click's Seed Farms report lively interest in a new Early Canner to-
mato, selected from a cross originally made at the Illinois Agricul-
tural Experiment Station, known as 12c. The vines are semi-determi-
nate, setting a large number of clusters close together, early in fhe
season. Vigorous foliage protects the ripening fruit and improves
the color. The shape is oblate to globe, size is large, and the quality
excellent, especially for strained products. The color is between

— 107 —

TIGHT BINDING

\\\

Marglobe and Rutgers in intensity. It does best on well drained soil,
set out very early, using well-grown plants.

Early Market, also a Glick introduction, has performed outstand-
ingly well in trials of early tomatoes during the last few years.

Joseph Harris Company seems to like their New Long Tendergreen
Bean, which is simply Tendergreen with longer pods.

North Star, Northern Cross, Carmelcross and Lincoln sweet corns,
also, receive prominent places in the Harris catalog. Carmelcross is
noted for quality and number of ears per acre.

Great Lakes and Imperial 456 Lettuce are leaders, but we agree
that Cornell 456 appears to do better, on uplands as well as their
mucks. Seed is short.

Greater Progress Pea, Harris claims, are earlier and have more
uniformly larger pods than ordinary Laxton type, and we like them
very much in our garden.

The Holmes Seed Company will feature, in 1945, Fordhook No.
242 Bush Lima Bean, Summer Pascal Celery, Ohio Gold Hybrid Sweet
Corn. Imperial 456 Lettuce, Grand Rapids Tip Burn Resistant Let-
tuce, Globe Strain A Tomato ( a pink variety for green house), and
their own type of thick, blocky Hungarian Wax Pepper.

Huntington Brothers feature quality hybrid sweet corn; Spancross,
Marcross, Carmelcross, Old Hickory, Lincoln, Golden Cross Bantam
and Wilson.

Robson Seed Farms have a right to be proud of their catalog, which
is more than just a price list because it contains accurate descriptions
of varieties. Their Honey Cream watermelon is a leader, and really
is good to eat. Sweet Corn is one of their specialties and their breed-
ing work is well done.

In the 1945 Catalogue of Walter S. Schell, Inc. is featured Perm
State Railhead Cabbage, Pennheart Tomato, Kentucky "Bibb" Let-
tuce, Royal Wonder Tomato and many other leading varieties.

They are offering two new Yellow-podded bush beans, ''Yellow
Surprise/' a round stringless, very straight and gracefully slim pod
5J inches long, ten days earlier than Brittle Wax. It yields very heavy
at the first picking.

The other is "Record Early" a white-seeded extra-early stringless
flat yellow pod 6i to 7 inches long, slightly curved and a heavy yielder.
Their new green pod "Victory Bean" is a round stringless tender pod
six inches long and follows the early varieties.

They feature a special Jet black strain of Black Beauty Eggplant.

From Francis C. Stokes comes this statement, "The Stokes strains
of Stokesdale, Master Marglobe and Rutgers have given satisfactory
results in Pennsylvania. All are State certified. All are treated with
New Improved Ceresan. All are sold under certificate of germina-
tion." Keep up the good work, Francis, you have pioneered in a num-
ber of good practices in your lifetime and we take this opportunity
to say that you are, in addition, a gentleman.

Burpee Hybrid Cucumber
— 108 —

Fordhook Hybrid Tomato

109 —

:m\

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Marketer Cucumber

Tapperson Seed Company offer three varieties which appear to
have a place in Pennsylvania. They are described briefly.

Marketer Cucumber was rated the best variety of all entered in
the 1943 Ail-American trials. The fruits are of a rich deep-green
color, about eight inches long, and slightly tapered at each end. The
heavy yield of Marketer is because of its unusual habit of settmg a
much greater number of female blooms and fewer males thus each
plant sets many more fruits and other varieties of this type.

loana Hybrid Sweet Corn, has received an award for excellence
in the All- American trials. loana is highly praised by growers every-
where because of its excellent appearance, good size, vigor, and re-
sistance to adverse conditions. The ears are 12 to 14 rowed, about
8 inches long, and are well filled with attractive light-yellow ker-
nels. The color both of husk and the kernels holds welUjnaking for a
fresh appearance. The stalks are vigorous and sturdy and about »
feet in height. Season is medium, 87 days.

Red Core Danvers Carrot is said to combine the vigor and strength
of the old Danvers strain with a more uniform and attractive root ot
finer color both exterior and interior and better eating quality. Red
Core Danvers is adapted to both busheling and bunching. Tops are
strong and large for tying and protection from green root-tops. Roots
are blunt ended, broad of shoulder, medium-long and of a fine brigm
color. Season, 75 days.

— 110 —

The Cooperative Auction Method of Marketing

William F. MiELCKEt

Cooperatives are not essentially American: they were first formed
in foreign countries. Denmark in particular became outstanding in
putting this movement into practice. However, cooperatives have
become important in American agriculture. The producer-owned
and producer-controlled cooperative has been developed as a vitally
important means by which the American farmer preserves and
exercises his right of free enterprise. The two main reasons coopera-
tives were created are still today the two main reasons for keeping
them going: One — The farmers banded together to be in a position
to purchase cheaper. . . . Two — They banded together to be better
able to sell in competition with large concerns and still make a profit.
The theory those first farmers put into practice is still proving prac-
ticable today.

There are several different types of cooperatives. The one we are
most concerned with today is the cooperative auction market. Some
thirty-five years ago the first cooperative auction market was started
in the South. This was a stock organization and not too successful as
it soon came under the control of the buyers instead of remaining
farmer-controlled. In New Jersey cooperative markets date back
approximately fifteen years. At that time a group of South Jersey
farmers consulted with the State Department of Agriculture and
County Agricultural Agents to see if a plan could be devised where-
by they could start a cooperative auction market. They were dissatis-
fied with selling at terminal or regional markets, which brought poor
returns, caused loss of sleep, and caused considerable wear and tear
on their trucks, and left their farm work to be done most of the time
without proper supervision. When these farmers made their appeal
they found that Warren W. Oley, Chief of the New Jersey Bureau of
Markets, was already well-acquainted with their marketing prob-
lems. He was well-advised about other sales cooperatives selling for
the farmer and the methods needed to counteract the possibility of
buyers getting control of auctions. He set up a plan whereby these
organizations could be made farmer-owned and farmer-controlled
without any issuance of stock.

No cooperative organization can be successful unless the farmer
realizes that he is a part of the organization and also an owner. So
niany farmers do not get this feeling of ownership since their stake,

* Presented before the Philadelphia Vegetable Growers' Cooperative As-
sociation, September 2, 1944.

t Tri-County Cooperative Auction Market Ass'n., Inc., Hightstown, N. J.

— Ill —

..«

I'«

)''

Marketer Cucumber

Tapperson Seed Company offer three varieties which appear to
have a place in Pennsylvania. They are described briefly.

Marketer Cucumber was rated the best variety of all entered in
the 1943 All-American trials. The fruits are of a rich deep-green
color, about eight inches long, and slightly tapered at each end. The
heavy yield of Marketer is because of its unusual habit of settmg a
much greater number of female blooms and fewer males thus each
plant sets many more fruits and other varieties of this type.

loana Hybrid Sweet Corn, has received an award for excellence
in the All-American trials. loana is highly praised by growers every-
where because of its excellent appearance, good size, vigor, and re-
sistance to adverse conditions. The ears are 12 to 14 rowed, about
8 inches long, and are well filled with attractive light-yellow ker-
nels. The color both of husk and the kernels holds wellmaking for a
fresh appearance. The stalks are vigorous and sturdy and about 8
feet in height. Season is medium, 87 days.

— 110 —

I
I

The Cooperative Auction Method of Marketing

William F. MiELCKEt

No cooperative organization can be successful unless the farmer
realizes that he is a part of the organization and also an owner. So
inany farmers do not get this feeling of ownership since their stake,

* Presented before the Philadelphia Vegetable Growers' Cooperative As-
sociation, September 2, 1944.

t Tri-County Cooperative Auction Market Ass'n., Inc., Hightstown, N. J.

— Ill —

INTENTIONAL 2ND EXPOSURE

i! ,.

}'■

'VI

inil

or ownership, is only a nominal membership fee, and while this
nominal amount is a fundamental of the cooperative and is an ad-
vantage to the member, it is a disadvantage to the association. At
the Hightstown auction the $1.00 membership fee entitles a pro-
ducer to sell either produce, eggs or poultry, any two, or all three.
Outside of getting the farmer to see for himself that the organization
means just as much to him as though he had put many times that
amount in his right to sell through the association, his interest can
be held by all-around service, and thus his loyalty gained. In fact
much of the success of the cooperatives has been due to the way they
answer the needs of the farmers.

For example, our auction at Hightstown started out as a produce
auction. Next poultry and egg sales were added. In the second year
of operations the package business was added. These four are still
the main services, but there are many little ways that were added
as the need became apparent. Realizing that many of the farmers j
could not spend an afternoon in having their produce sold, a plat- ,
form was built so that any farmer who so chooses can bring his pro- j
duce in before a specified time, set a minimum price if he likes, and
leave the produce to be sold in the platform sale, which is held im-
mediately after the line sale. For two years we packed 10- and 15-lb.
units of potatoes. In the Fall of 1942 orders were set forth by the
Office of Price Administration regulating the sales and packaging of
potatoes and it was no longer practical to package in small units.
Now the equipment is used by the farmers for grading 100-lb. bags.
We also have a potato cellar they can use for storage. Since the war
many cooperatives have inaugurated used machinery auction sales,
thus acting as a centrally located swapping point for the farmers.

In this way, adding services as the need for them arises, the farmers
grow to depend on the association. I have been very surprised by
some of the problems members have brought to me, but glad, too, to
know they realized they could turn to us. All-around service is im-
portant. Conditions and needs change. To, be at its best, like any other
business organization, a cooperative auction must keep up with the
times, and, if possible, even anticipate the changes.

There has been much propaganda put out against the farmer co-
operatives, especially so since the new income tax law requiring
certain non-profit organizations to file returns even though they are i
still exempt. Farmer cooperatives do pay taxes, generally the same
as any other business, but as long as they are truly a service organi-
zation there is no income to tax. What is left after actual costs are
covered belongs to the farmer-member and is returned to him inis
includes the margin, too. The farmer, himself, however, has to repon
all income he receives through cooperatives, including all equities

— 112 —

which may be credited to his account on the books of a cooperative.
Farmers set up their cooperatives to provide themselves with needed
services— services that in most cases would not be practical for the
individual farmer to provide for himself on his own farm. Farmer
cooperatives are for service, not for profit.

To follow through this idea of returning the margin to the member
we have been working for the past six months compiling informa-
tion and statistics for the ratable and equitable distribution of pat-
ronage dividends. After much thought, consideration, and discussion
we have found that basing our dividends on the total amount of fees
that each farmer paid to the association is much more fair than
trying to base it on the gross value of the sales that he made through
the organization. This is especially true in our particular case as we
sell eggs, poultry, and produce for the farmer and the basis of com-
mission for each commodity is different: the charge for handling and
selling eggs is 40c per 30-dozen case; poultry is sold at 50c per coop;
and all produce is sold on a 5% commission basis.

You have, no doubt, been wondering how the auctions have been
affected by the price control regulations. Needless to say, ceiling
prices do not fit into a system where the buyer is the highest bidder.
From the time of the first price control regulations in 1942 we of the
auctions and other farmers' markets have had to fight for recogni-
tion of our methods of marketing. At a hearing held in Washington
in February of this year, I had the opportunity to present to the
O.P.A. officials the operations of an auction market and why it is
necessary for this type of organization to have a mark-up over ceil-
ing prices for themselves. So far this year on all commodities coming
under ceiling at our point, we have been permitted a mark-up over
ceiling. Although it is small, it does help, as in many cases we are
in a position to net the grower the same price he could receive at
his farm. Most of the growers are willing to bring their produce in
to the auction providing they can net the same at the auction as they
could at the farm because they realize the importance of a sales
organization such as they have in their cooperative auction market.
They probably also realize that they will need the association much
more in the future than they do right now and that they must con-
tinue to support it now to have it when they will need it more than
they do at present. And that time is sure to come.

Speaking of "time to come" brings us to the currently popular
subject of post-war planning. Like all thinking Americans we, too,
have been thinking about post-war conditions, particularly in the
field of agriculture. It is my belief that aeroplane transportation will
be one of the most important factors in agriculture after the war.
It is not hard to realize the change this will make in the distribution

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of farm products. Now-distant points of the United States will be-
come only a few hours away from our large eastern termmal mar-
kets. Aeroplane companies claim they will be in a position to carry
freight for one-half the present cost. To the farmers of perishable
crops in the South and West this will be very important. It will also
be important to the farmers of the Northeast, but in a different way.
These states now stop shipping here when near-by produce comes in
season due to the high cost of transportation which leaves them no
profit after they have met the competition of local produce. With a
greatly reduced freight rate, it will be possbile for them to compete
the year around. For many years the growers of the Northeast have
been able to commercialize on garden-fresh, vine-ripened fruits and
vegetables. Our Western and Southern shippers will be in a position
to use this same "vine-ripened" slogan when the time element is no
longer of prime consideration.

These shippers have long been packing perishable commodities
under brands which are familiar to the trade and in a good many
instances these brands are seen on buyers' markets from "i^e to t^n
months of the year. Many of your farmers have already labeled their
products so the brand names are familiar to the trade throughout
The Northeast and the South. Keeping the pack standard enough to
be branded is going to be more important than ever I believe that
after the war the trade will go to a small, fancy pack ready for the
consumer. The housewife of today has become accustomed to the
self-service way so I believe a pack with "eye-appeal put up under
a brand with which she has become familiar will be the one to sell
Buying by brand is the only way the house-wife can be sure of what
she is getting when she buys in a packaged unit. This standardization
has already been accomplished in the egg business. Only a few years
ago the Pacific Coast and Mid-West producers were supplying almost
the entire New York trade. The farmers saw the need for standard
state grades as the cooperatives developed, and they appealed to he
state agricultural officials to establish a uniform set of grades which
all the cooperatives within the state would sell. Now the East is in
a position to have top place in supplying itsel . State grades and
state-sponsored labels are used by all the New ^^'^^y^'^^fl'^^l
The label, however, allows for the name of the individual coopera
tive. Packers could greatly benefit from this standardization in pro-
duce as buyers could 'phone or wire bids on brands with assurance
of what they would get.

It may be that after the war all cooperative marketing organiza-
tions should have quick-freeze plants. I think this would be very
beneficial to the farmers in the glut season. The tremendous peaK
volume could be handled through processing, which should oe

— in-

definite help in maintaining a decent price level through this period.
Food could be fully prepared for distribution to the ultimate con-
sumer at the cooperative center. Off-grade produce could be pre-
pared for industrial purposes cooperatively, too: for example, using
potatoes to produce commercial alcohol.

I think cooperatives will have a wonderful opportunity for service
to farmers who could not grade and pack at home so well as it could
be done for them by their cooperative. This would mean an associa-
tion brand for the organization. At the present time most of the cen-
tralized grading and packing plants are in the South and West.
However, Maine cooperative associations are now grading potatoes
cooperatively. Pennsylvania potato growers likewise have made
much progress along this line.

In planning for post-war conditions cooperatives should remem-
ber they have an important responsibility and opportunity not avail-
able to the private operator in the investment of money, energy, and
time in developing long-term, improved methods of production and
marketing. Individual private middlemen cannot be held responsible
for accomplishing these improvements because usually they lack the
opportunity to benefit from the results accomplished.

From time to time I have been confronted by members of your
Board of Directors as to what I thought of the advisability of starting
a cooperative auction market in your section. I feel that such a ven-
ture would have every opportunity to succeed and that it would be
wise for you to consider the possibilities of this method of marketing.
When I first visited your section, it was amazing to me to find the
vast amount of perishable vegetables grown. We have nothing like
this in Central Jersey. However, the methods employed are similar
to those of the northern and extremely southern sections of New
Jersey although the acreage is much lower per farm than m your
section This sizeable acreage constitutes a volume and that means
buyers can be assured of solid loads— a distinct advantage to them.
It is my understanding that icing facilities are available at your
present location. This is also a big advantage to those interested in
making purchases from you.

Probably your biggest natural advantage is your accessibility by
highway. Truckers can quickly be directed to your location on

Route 1.
To complement these natural advantages, I would suggest putting

into practice the following ideas:

First- Put up a branded package of quality with a registered trade
name I have already stressed the importance of dependable brands
in mentioning post-war planning. However, I might add at this time

— 115 —

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' \

as another thought on the subject that such a brand would have an
appreciable advertising value.

Second: I would suggest that if an auction is started in your sec-
tion that sales be started early in the morning, opening about 9:00
o'clock. This would draw in buyers from distant points. These buyers
are very likely to make sure of getting solid loads each trip. An early
sale here would mean they v/ould have an opportunity to reach their
own terminals the same day even though they had to spend many
hours on the road to get home.

Third: I suggest that all merchandise offered for sale should be
sold and not drawn for at least the first week. My reason for this is
that if an offering is not sold the buyers become discouraged and
may not return the following day. I have often said that many of the
auctions make a mistake in permitting farmers to draw their loads
or call "No Sale" ac this tends to discourage the buyers who may
have come many miles to make their purchases. If farmers are per-
mitted to draw their loads it is not unlikely that they will use the
market as a testing point for price. Probably for several days after
the auction is started those who bring produce may take low prices,
but it will not be long before growers receive the quotations listed
daily by the New York and Philadelphia markets. I will agree that
there are many times in a sales cooperative when prices may go
below city quotations. Occasionally the patrons are influenced by
these times and break away from the auction for awhile, but if these
same persons would bring in their produce on a year around basis
they would find their average higher than city quotations. This is
a proven fact.

Fourth: I would suggest building a large clientele from the inde-
pendent wholesale trade and smaller chains because these concerns
will pay fair market price and in many instances, premium price.
At the same time keep in close association with the large chains with
whom you are now doing business because they can handle large
volumes. It has been instilled in the minds of farmers lor many years
that the buyers are "dogs," as the expression goes. In order to operate
successfully they also have to make a profit as well as the grower
or otherwise they will discontinue patronizing your organization.
Before opening I would suggest that effective, wide-spread adver-
tising be done so the buyers would be familiar with your location
and the anticipated volume of the various commodities in season at
that time. I would further suggest keeping in touch with the whole-
salers through a card system of announcing commodities coming in
in volume. To establish a mailing list, information can be obtained
through Red Book or any other produce guide. Also, make regular
check-ups on buyers through personal contact. In other words they

— 116— .

need you as much as you need them. Call them in and get beneficial
as far as gammg their good will goes. oenenciai

Fifth: Publish prices daily. Do this through local papers yes- but
more important, publish them in a metropolitan daily JorTh/buVer^^
benefit. The price quotations should also be broadest by rad^f

In summarizing the outlook of your organization as a possible *co
operative auction marketing association I find: you arHentra^^^^^
located m the heart of a highly productive section, easUy accSe
by highway; your growers are adequately equiDned wft^^n^^^^^
machinery for production, and extensive i^aSl ",^^L^^^^^^^^
ties; your grounds, I understand, consist of approximaterfwpn^^^^^
five acres, which allow ample room of expaE;^T^^^^^^^^
cons ruction of your administration building and warehouse sho^^^^
conclusively that your Board of Directors has ^^^[2^^ tnZ
growth of the organization. All these are valufw^^^^^^ ^^!

know of any cooperative that has all these fratu^e^^^^^^^^^^
-features which you already have.

I have offered suggestions which, I sincerely believe when addeH

mark" The'ln^T-''^^^ 7T'^ '"^'^ >^°" ^" outstaAdTng auc«o'
Zr ! ^^.^<=°oP«^at'°n and loyalty received from the members o^

nwn.rT"^*r ''' '^^ P^^* "^^^^ly i"<li^«tes that the^fSl thei
ownership in their organization so I am sure you would receive thi

Canner. ^^^^^ *^ AdvertiserS

Phfri'' ^^''e ^^ ^^^^^^S Company ' «^

Charles G. Summers, Jr., Inc. ... ,[ ^^

Commission Merchanl ^^

Albert C. Roemhild

Farm Equipment ^^

A. B. Farquhar Company .

The Oliver Corporation ....[ 100

FertUizers ^^

Am^H^o^'*'^^'' Agricultural Chemical Company 07

American Cyanamid Company ^ ^ H

Armour Fertilizer Works ^^

Lancaster Bone Fertilizer 'Company ^7

Miller Chemical & Fertilizer Corp.^ }^l

Reading Bone Fertilizer Company .'.. }2o

Soilex ^ ^ 102

Tennessee Corporation 52

Union Fertilizer Corporation .' I?

Food Brokers ®^

B. Meier & Son., Inc.

— 117 —

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INDEX TO ADVERTISERS— (Continued)

Food Stores

American Stores Company 19

Hauling

Wm. H. States, Jr ^^^

Insecticides & Fungicides

The Dow Chemical Company 25

General Chemical Company . .- • • '»

Pennsylvania Farm Bureau Cooperative Association lU

Niagara Sprayer & Chemical Company • 89

Rohm & Haas Co • • • • ^\

Tobacco By-Products & Chemical Corporation a

U. S. Rubber Company 88

Inoculum

Superyield Laboratories • 20

Insurance

G. L. Booker, Superintendent, Hail Department Inside back cover

Irrigation Supplies

Buckner Manufacturing Company 105

California Corrugated Cluvert Co ^l

Hamilton & Company ^^

Lime

Quality Lime Institute ^^

Preservatives

Cuprinol, Inc ^^

Seed and Plants

Associated Seed Growers, Inc ;• * : ; * V. ' * : >; ' ^^

W. A. Burpee Company Inside Front Cover

Crites-Moscow Growers, Inc ^^

Glick's Seed & Plant Farms ^^

Joseph Harris Company ^

Holmes Seed Company ^

Huntington Brothers * ''^ * i nfi

D. Landreth Seed Company " ' oq

Schell's Seed House ^^

Francis C. Stokes, Ltd f'l

Stump & Walter Company l^^

Tapperson Seed Company '' \"A'

F. H. Woodruff & Sons Back Cover

Sprayers

John Bean Mfg. Co l^

The F. E. Myers & Bro. Co ''^

Washers

John Bean Mfg. Co J^l

Felins * ^^^

WHAT'S YOUR NUMBER?

Answer: If it's for 5 years it's only $5, or for 1 year $1, the News
5 times a year and the Market Growers' Journal 12 times a year.
Today!— The Pennsylvania Vegetable Growers' Association, 625
Holmes Street, State College, Pa.

— 118 —

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