PUBLICATIONS OF THE PHILOLOGICAL
:CN SOCIETY
is
II
3NOLOGY £ GRAMMAR
OF
MODERN WEST FRISIAN
WITH PHONETIC TEXTS AND GLOSSARY
BY
P. SIPMA
TEACHER AT THE GYMNASIUM AND THE SECONDARY SCHOOL AT
SNEEK, FRIESLAND
Price 10s. 6d. net
PF
(-197
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
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PUBLICATIONS OF THE PHILOLOGICAL
SOCIETY
II
PHONOLOGY & GRAMMAR
OF
MODERN WEST FRISIAN
WITH PHONETIC TEXTS AND GLOSSARY
BY
P. SIPMA
TEACHER AT THE GYMNASIUM AND THE SECONDARY SCHOOL AT
SNEEK, FRIESLAND
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
LONDON AMEN CORNER EC . EDINBURGH . NEW YORK
TORONTO • MELBOURNE . BOMBAY
PF
IHQ1
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
LONDON EDINBURGH GLASGOW NEW YORK
TORONTO MELBOURNE BOMBAY
HUMPHREY MILFORD M.A.
PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY
PREFACE
ON the publication of this book, it is a pleasant duty for me to
express my sincere thanks, in the first place to the Philological
Society for having considered it worthy of inclusion among its
issues, and in the second place to the authorities of the Clarendon
Press for the excellent manner in which it has been printed.
But most of all I feel indebted to Dr. W. A. Craigie, President
of the Philological Society, whose advice and assistance have made
the publication of this work possible. He has revised the English
of my manuscript, and has translated into English such Frisian
words as are explained in the Phonology and Grammar. And
lastly he has kindly lent a helping hand in the correction of the
proof-sheets.
May his example be followed by many in showing an interest
in the study of my native language, which has been overlooked
and neglected for too long a time.
P. SIPMA.
SNEEK, FRIESLAND,
April, 1913.
CONTENTS
PRODUCTION
PAGE
1
PART I. PHONOLOGY
Table of Frisian Speech-sounds 8
Vowels :
General Remarks .9
Vowels in detail 9
Diphthongs and Triphthongs :
General Remarks . . .11
Diphthongs in detail 11
Triphthongs in detail . . . . . . . . .13
Consonants :
General Remarks 14
Consonants in detail 15
Semi-vowels 17
Inverse Sounds .18
Stress 19
Stress Changes in Diphthongs. (Breaking) 21
Assimilation
Complete assimilation .... .... 22
Voicing 25
Unvoicing 25
Change of Articulation 26
Modification of Articulation 27
Nasalization 28
Reduction :
Reduction of Vowels . • . . . . - . . . . 29
Reduction of Diphthongs . .31
Reduction of Consonants 32
Reduction in half-stressed and unstressed syllables . . .33
Reduction to Syllabic Consonants 35
Frisian Dialects . . 37
vi CONTENTS
II. SPELLING
Notation of Speech Sounds : PAGE
Vowels .... 43
Diphthongs ... 45
Triphthongs 46
Consonants 46
Values of Written Letters . 49
PART II. GRAMMAR
III. ETYMOLOGY
I. The Declinable Parts of Speech :
1. Noun . . . 55
A. Strong Genitive (in -s, -es) of Class Nouns . . .58
B. Strong Genitive (in -s, -es) of Proper Nouns . . .59
2. Article 60
3. Adjective
Inflexion of Adjectives 60
Comparison of Adjectives . 62
4. Numerals 63
5. Pronouns . 65
6. Verbs 68
II. The Indeclinable Parts of Speech :
1. Adverbs . . . . 75
2. Prepositions .... . ...... - . -77
3. Conjunctions . . . . . . . . . .77
III. Composition and Derivation . . . . . .78
IV. SYNTAX
1. The Word-group .82
2. The Sentence . . 82
3. The Sentence-group 86
Means of expressing the Different Relations . . . .88
Concord 89
Modality 89
Order of Words 90
CONTENTS
vn
PART III. TEXTS AND GLOSSARY
V. TEXTS (West Frisian with Phonetic Transcription)
PAGE
1. De liepe skieppedief 94
2. De koal 96
3. C. Wielsma. Waersiik . . . . . . .100
4. H. S. Sytstra. Baes Piktried 102
5. J. H. Halbertsma. Utfenhus by de boer .... 104
6. 0. H. Sytstra. De sliep . ... 106
7. J. J. Hof. Wmtersinneopgong 108
8. «/. J. Hof. It Moaije .... . . 110
9. Matth. 7, 1-5 112
10. Matth. 22, 34-40 .... . . 112
11. Matth. 25, 31-40 112
12. W. Dykstra. Simmermoarn 114
13. E. Halbertsma. Skipperssankje 116
14. L. C. Murray Bakker. Winternocht 118
15. W. Faber. De Berne wrald 120
16. H. S. Sytstra. Swelleaang .120
17. P. J. Troelstra. Maerteblommen 126
18. J. L. van der Burg. It Heitelan 128
19. J. B. Schepers. Simmerjounsbyld 130
20. P. Sipma. Tsjuster 130
VI. GLOSSARY 134
INTKODUCTION
THE study of Frisian, it may safely be said, does not occupy the
place it deserves. It is true there are hopeful indications, and
as well in its own country as abroad the interest for it is growing ;
it must be acknowledged, too, that more and more is being
written about Frisian, but much has still to be done.
Frisian is of great interest, from a general point of view, for
the study of language, certainly not less so than many other
languages, as it admits of being traced over a period of many
centuries, during which it has experienced remarkable fortunes,
and especially as it presents a certain number of phenomena fully
worthy of the student's attention.
Modern Frisian is capable of throwing much light upon Old
Frisian. It appears, for instance, from the present West Frisian
sound-combination sk, which very regularly occurs at the begin-
ning and in the middle of words, that the Old West Frisian
orthography sc, sell, which holds its ground until well into the
nineteenth century, also has to be taken as sk.
Old Frisian exhibits a remarkable interchange of the prefixes ur
and for. The present-day language has preserved some traces of
this : forlibje and oerlibje ; forkomme and oerkomme ; forginne beside
oerginst ; forgrime, forbolgen beside oergrime, oerbolgen (the last two
used by Gysbert Japix in the seventeenth century). The inter-
change of the prefix ont with omt (§ 112. 4) seems to present
a similar case.
That Germanic u before the consonant-combination nd in West
Frisian is only partly lengthened, is indicated by the modern
interchange of u with o, ou, and oa (§§ 155-7).
The change of ft to cht is, as appears from the modern language,
oubtedly Frisian (§ 113) ; it occurs late, however.
But still more noteworthy is the fact that Frisian is of special
importance as a sister-language of English.
From time immemorial English and Frisian have had in
common a certain number of peculiarities in their system of
1466-2 B
2 • MODERN WEST FRISIAN
vowels and consonants : these must have been proper to the
original Anglo-Frisian language.
Besides, both languages have in many respects followed a
similar development for a long time after they had become
It may be taken for granted that the tribes which in the fifth
century left the Continent to settle in the land of the Britons,
and the neighbouring Frisians (who were equally divided into
several tribes), spoke a group of dialects which bore a very close
relationship to each other, and which, by certain peculiarities,
formed a distinct branch in the Germanic family of languages.
Even a comparison of modern English and Frisian vocables is
sufficient to show the close relationship.
To ancient connexion go back, for instance :
ENGLISH FRISIAN
1. sack, dell, mesh sek, del, mesk
2. sleep, seed, deed, steel, sheep, ear, sliepe, sied, died, stiel, skiep, ier,
year, mead jier, miede
3. street strjitte
4. moon moanne
5. five, goose, other, dust fiif, goes, oar, dust
6. brought, thought Irocht, tocht
7. cheese, chaff, church tsiis, tsjef, tsjerke
8. yield, yester, yarn, 'ye, you, jilde, jister, jern, jy, jo, jinder
yonder
9. day, way, rain, nail dei, wei, rein, neil
English and Frisian also show a number of remarkable analogies
in their vocabularies ; for instance : l
ENGLISH FRISIAN
tooth, tusk, tine [toth2], tosk, tine
key kaei
frizzle frissel
wet wiet
among mank
[AS. meox], dung mjuks, dong
1 I do not, of course, mean to suggest that all these words occur in English
and Frisian only.
2 Now obsolete in West Frisian.
INTRODUCTION
ENGLISH
lane, loan
dangle
gnaw
cleanse
left
J)oy
[AS. wraxlian]
FRISIAN
leane, loane
dangelje
gnauwe
lofter
loi
tvrakselje
Finally, many parallels could be cited with regard to shortening,
lengthening, breaking, diphthongization, &c.
[odern West Frisian (exclusively treated here) is spoken in the
Netherland province of Friesland, and on the islands Schiermon-
nikoog and Terschelling, with the exception, however, of that part
of the province lying south of the Kuinder or Tjonger, of a
triangle to the south of the Lauwerszee, and of Het Bildt.
Moreover, in the larger towns (Leeuwarden, Dokkum, Franeker,
Harlingen, Bolsward, Sneek, Heerenveen) Frisian is not spoken as
a rule, even though they count hundreds of inhabitants who can
speak it, and hundreds more who understand it.
Outside the province too, in several towns of the Netherlands,
there live many Frisians, who partly have formed national
societies. Among these there is generally a strong feeling for
Frisian, even though the second generation is usually lost for the
language.
The number of those who speak Frisian has undoubtedly been
on the increase in the last century, and may now be safely esti-
mated at 250,000.
If the dialects of the southern part of Friesland and those of the
islands are excepted, modern West Frisian shows relatively few
dialectical differences (§§ 149-76). Nor has the language, as
appears from the writings of the last century and a half, changed
very much, except perhaps in some phonetic points which are
not at all, or imperfectly, rendered by orthography ; it is a well-
known fact that such changes may be noticed even within a
generation.
Among the characteristic features of Frisian are the adoption
of new words even for very ordinary ideas,1 the very strong
1 For instance, ' smell *, l to smell ', Mod. W. Fr. rook, ruke, is Old W. Fr.
hrene, hrena ; 'right', 'left', Mod. W. Fr. rjuchter, — lofter, linker, is Old W. Fr.
B2
4 f MODEKN WEST FEISIAN
influence of analogy, the very easy manner of forming compounds
and derivatives, the recasting of foreign words in accordance with
the native sound-system, the tendency to diphthongize, and the
great loss of flexion-endings.
One circumstance which tells greatly against Frisian is the
custom, on the part of many educated people, of not using the
language. Their language, and that of the School, the Church,
and the Government, is Dutch. The consequence of this is that
the vocabulary is mainly restricted to the daily language of the
country people, or at any rate does not keep abreast of the
progress in science and the arts. The strong influence of Dutch,
to which in former times it has already lost ground, is becoming
no less dangerous : the means of communication steadily increase,
and the settling of non-Frisians in the province becomes more
and more frequent. This influence makes itself felt daily, both
on the vocabulary and on the syntax.
To enable Frisian to hold its ground as much as possible
against these influences, strong efforts have been made in the last
decades to extend the use of the language. Especially the
' Selskip for Fryske tael en skriftenkennisse ' (founded in 1844) has
done much in this respect by means of books, meetings, lectures,
fixing of the orthography, grammars, and even, of late, by means
of teaching. These efforts have not been unsuccessful.
West Frisian literature goes back as far as the fourteenth
century, and continues practically without interruption up to the
present day. The oldest writings consist almost exclusively of
laws, charters, and deeds. In the sixteenth century the first
efforts to produce real literary work appear. Especially after the
French domination, however, when the feeling of nationality
clearly manifests itself and the social conditions become more
favourable, Frisian literature begins to flourish. In the last
century — after 1844 especially under the direction of the * Selskip
for Fryske tael en skriftenkennisse ' — the number of books and
periodicals published in Frisian has been very large. It must be
admitted that true literary art is rarely met with in these
writings, but the popular type of literature is all the more
extensive, And this is what was needed in the first place.
ferre, fore, — winster. Note also Mod. W. Fr. tosk tooth, mule mouth, heit father,
mem mother, &c.
INTRODUCTION
In this survey of the language the principal rules of its
grammatical inventory have been gathered. It is in the first
place intended for England, where the cognate dialects are
spoken, the study of which is now being pursued with so much
assiduity, but it is also designed for all those who take an interest
in the study of languages and especially of Frisian. At the same
time I have tried, as far as possible, to satisfy the requirements
of the Frisians themselves.
For these reasons it contains a concise general treatment of
modern West Frisian, more particularly of the main dialect (my
own, slightly normalized). It lays claim only to describe this
with sufficient exactness and completeness. The elaborate work
of Th. Siebs (in Paul's Grundriss), crammed with historica land
local details, rendered, for this very reason, such a treatment
not superfluous.
In order to enhance its usefulness as much as possible, a rather
detailed phonetic description and phonetic texts were necessary ;
the more so because the Frisian sound-system is extremely compli-
cated and the spelling often illogical.
On behalf of those who do not wish to have an intimate know-
ledge of Frisian phonetics, I have tried to give in the following
survey, approximately and with the omission of many details,
the hints which are absolutely necessary. If these are mastered,
the reader who prefers it may, to begin with at any rate, skip
Chapters I and II (on phonetics and spelling) partly or entirely.
CONSONANTS
1. The written letters &, d, f, g (when initial), h, Jc, I, m, n, ng,
p, s, t, v, z have the same, or almost the same, values as in
English.
2. g (when not initial) and ch are voiced and voiceless fricatives
as in Dutch and German.
3. ; = Eng. y.
4. w is bilabial after d, t, s, Jc ; labiodental in other positions.
5. r is usually fully rolled.
6. r before dental consonants, I in the combinations did, alt,
and h (as a rule) before j and w, are mute.
7. n before s, z, and some other consonants is nasalized.
' MODERN WEST FRISIAN
VOWELS
8. a before n, t, s, I in closed syllables — o in Eng. hot.
9. a before other consonants in closed syllables = Eng. a in ask
(but short), or as the first element of the diphthong in Eng. fly.
10. a in open syllables = Eng. a in ask. So also ae.
11. a = Eng. a in fall, or Eng. o in lord. Similarly 6.
12. e in closed syllables almost as in Eng. man, but less open.
13. e in open syllables as ai in Eng. day, but a little less
diphthongized. So also ee, e.
14. e as Eng. e in there, without (or at least with slighter)
diphthongization.
15. eu as 6 in German lose.
16. i in closed syllables a little more open than Eng. i in fit ;
almost as Scottish i in dim, din.
17. i in open syllables as Eng. ee in meet (not diphthongized),
short or long. So also y (short) and ii (long).
18. o in closed syllables as Eng. o in hot or as Eng. o in rope
(but short and without diphthongization).
19. o in open syllables as Eng. o in rope. So also 00.
20. w in closed syllables is much more close than Eng. u in
but ; rather almost like Eng. e in unstressed syllables as in the,
tower.
21. u in open syllables = German u in Hutte, grim, short or long.
Similarly u.
22. w = Eng. u in #w£, or = 00 in food, short or long. So often
also oe. (But see 26 and 29.)
23. In unstressed syllables e, i, u have the value of the in-
distinct vowel in Eng. the.
DIPHTHONGS AND TRIPHTHONGS
24. ai, aei, ei, ij, oai, oei, ui have i as last element as Eng. y
25. au, eau, ieu, iuw have u at the end as in Eng. how.
26. ea, eu, oa, oe, u, ue end in the indistinct vowel e as in Eng.
poor.
27. ai (and el), ie, oe (and u) are pronounced almost as the
diphthongs in Eng. fly, here, poor ; the first element of ui is Eng.
u in but.
INTKODUCTION
28. The first element of the diphthongs ij, oai, oei, ieu, ea, oa, ue
is respectively the sound described in 12, 19, 22, 17, 16, 19, 21.
29. The rising diphthongs l ea (also written je), ie (also written
ji), and the triphthongs eau, iuw have as first element a weak i
or y ; the rising diphthong oe, u and the triphthong oei begin with
an unstressed u or w ; the rising diphthong oa and the triph-
thong oai with an unstressed o. The stressed elements of these
sounds are as in 12, 16, 19 (short), 22, 19 (short), 19 (short), 19
(short).
1 The rising diphthongs of Frisian usually occur before two or more
consonants.
PAET I. PHONOLOGY
CHAPTER I
TABLE OF FRISIAN SPEECH-SOUNDS l
Bilabial
Labio-
dental
Linguo-
dental
Palatal
Velar
Glottal
-2
Explosive
P b
t d
k 9
P
s*
a
Nasal
m
n
J1
*)
g
Lateral
1
§
Rolled
r
Fricative
w
f V U
s z
j
x s
h
Rounded
Front Mixed Back
Closed
TT "\T*
u u:
i i:
y y: u u:
.2
Half-closed
0:
6
o o:
-"'
e: 0:
i 600:
a
Half-open
o o:
£ e: oe o o:
Open
a d:
Semi-vowels
I u 6
1
Falling
Rising
ai ei cei ui a*i o*i u*i
cm ou ou o-u ru
i-e ye u-a i-e 6-a o-a
ii io ie io io 6a 6a: iio
Triphthongs
iou iou iuw 6ai 6a-i iioi
1 The phonetic symbols of the International Phonetic Association are employed.
Cf. Paul Passy, Petite Phonetique comparee des principales langues europeennes. Leipsic
et Berlin, 2nd ed. 1912. The Principles of the International Phonetic Association,
obtainable from the editors : Paul Passy and Daniel Jones.
VOWELS
VOWELS
General Remarks
1. In Frisian the articulation of the lips is relatively small, the
mouth-opening relatively great.
2. Closed vowels are generally more tense than open ones, long
vowels generally more than short ones, front vowels more than
back ones, stressed vowels more than half-stressed and unstressed.
3. There is a perceptible difference in vowel-length, as, for
instance, between the corresponding vowels a and a:, o and o:, i
and i:,1 and so on.
4. Long vowels often show a tendency to become slightly diph-
thongized, thus e:1, 0:j, i:1, o:u, u:Q, O:% o:% e:9. We may say
that e:, o:, and 0: are regularly a little diphthongized when final.
5. There is frequent interchange between long (or half-long)
and short vowels in different forms of the same word. Many
instances of shortening and reduction are met with in Frisian
(see §§ 120-2). For the Frisian semi-vowels see §§ 74-82.
Vowels in detail
6. i closed front tense unrounded.
Examples — dik (dyk) 2 dike, ita (ite) to eat.
i: a lengthened i.
Examples — ti:d (tiid) time, ri:za (rise) to rise.
7. y closed front tense rounded.
Examples — nyt (nut) nut, slyta (slute) to close.
y: a lengthened y.
Examples — dryiv (druf) grape, sy:var (suver) pure.
8. e: half-closed front tense unrounded. This vowel is long;
the corresponding short vowel does not occur in Frisian (i is
more open than short e3). e: tends to become slightly diph-
thongized, especially when final, thus ei*. The diphthongization,
however, should not be exaggerated. For the practical purposes
of this book the phonetic symbol e: is employed in all cases.
Examples — re:k (reek) smoke, deile (dele) to share, se: (se) sea.
1 Letters in thick type are phonetic symbols.
2 The phonetic transcription is in thick type, followed by the ordinary
spelling in italics.
3 e: followed by r is a lowered variety of e:, and has exactly the quality of
lengthened i (see § 10).
10 'MODERN WEST FRISIAN
9. 0: half-closed front tense rounded ; long only, with a
tendency to become slightly diphthongized, especially when
final, thus 0:1. (Cf. the preceding section.)
Example — d0:n (deun) close.
10. i half-closed front tense unrounded. This vowel is gener-
ally a lowered variety of e, very short, and rather half -tense than
tense.
Examples — ik (iJc) I, site (sitte) to sit
11. e half-open front lax unrounded.
Examples — fet (fet) fat, vessel, seta (sette) to set.
e: a lengthened e.
Examples— be:d (bed) bed, leiza (leze) to read.
12. a open mixed lax unrounded.
Examples — pak {pak) pack, stapa (stappe) to step.
a: a lengthened a. Except in length there is no perceptible
difference between a and a:
Examples — fa:k(/ae&) often, raiza (raze) to rage.
Note. Many speakers retract a and a: to the open back position.
13. oe only occurs as the first element of the diphthong cei ;
see § 29.
14. e a very indistinct vowel, most often half-open mixed lax
unrounded. Besides occurring independently in unstressed sylla-
bles, this vowel forms the second (unstressed) element of diph-
thongs (see §§ 24, 42, 43):
Examples — da (de) the, an (in) a, an, at (it) it, rina (rinne)
to run.
15. 6 half-closed mixed lax slightly rounded. Practically this
vowel may be treated as a stressed a with slight lip-rounding.
Examples — not (nut) usefulness, hod (hird) hard.
16. o half-open back lax rounded.
Examples — top (top) top, kot (kat) cat.
o: a lengthened o.
Examples — ro:t (rot) rat, so:n (sdn) sand.
17. o half-closed back lax rounded, very short.
Examples — op (op) up, tosk (tosk) tooth.
o: a lengthened o with a tendency to become slightly diph-
thongized, especially when final, thus o:u. The diphthongization,
however, should not be exaggerated ; for this reason the phonetic
symbol o: is used in this book in preference to o*u (cf. §§ 8, 9).
Examples — ro:k (rook) scent, smell, doiga (doge) to do well.
VOWELS
11
In some words a half-lengthened variety of o, thus o», is heard.
In such words there is no tendency to pronounce a diphthong.
Examples — to-be (tobbe) tub, do-ba (dobbe) pit, pool (Scottish
dub).
18. u closed back lax rounded.
Examples — hup (hoep) hoop, buk (buk) belly, run (roun) round,
u: a lengthened u.
Examples — sku:g (sJcoech) shoe, huid (hud) hide, cju:la (gule)
to cry.
DIPHTHONGS AND TRIPHTHONGS
General Remarks
19. There are a large number of falling and rising diphthongs
in Frisian, i. e. diphthongs in which the stress falls on the first or
on the second element respectively.
20. The unstressed element of Frisian diphthongs is generally
a semi-vowel i,1 ti, 6, or in other cases a.
21. In some cases there is hesitation as to stressing the first or
the second element. This principally happens in the sound ii,
which, however, is ordinarily pronounced i*a or Ii.
22. The stressed element of diphthongs may be short or half-
long. There are only a few cases in which it is very long. It is
not necessary to distinguish long and half -long in this book.
23. In different forms of the same word we often find inter-
change of falling and rising diphthongs (see §§ 96-8).
24. The sound a (see § 14) varies slightly as the second ele-
ment of different diphthongs ; a difference is, for instance, clearly
audible between i-a and u-a, or between ya and o-a.
25. The same remark may be made with regard to i as the first
element of different diphthongs, e. g. ii and le, or io and io.
Diphthongs in detail
26. Falling diphthongs in which the first element is short, and
the second element is the semi- vowel i, are the following :
ai, ei, cei, ui.
27. ai. The first element is not exactly the same vowel as
described in § 12, but a sound intermediate between a and e,
inclining to the side of a.
Examples — laitsja (laitsje) to laugh, halt (heit) father.
1 This semi-vowel is lax (cf. § 6).
12 'MODERN WEST FKISIAN
28. ei. The first element is the sound described in § 11.
Examples — frei (frij) free, sneia (snije) to cut.
29. cei. The sound ce is half-open mixed lax unrounded. It
occurs only in this diphthong.
Examples — jcei ( jui) riot, revelry, drceia (druije) to dry.
30. ui. In this diphthong u. is the same vowel as that in § 18.
Example — bluisal (bloeisel) blossom, bloom.
31. Falling diphthongs ending in I with half-long first element
are the following :
a-i, o»i, U'i.
32. a-i. The first element is a half-lengthened a. This vowel
is strictly a sound intermediate between a and e, but nearly a.
Examples — ka»i (kaei) key, ua»ia (waeije) to blow, ra*i (raei)
grass-stalk.
33. O'i. The sound o* is a half-lengthened o (see § 17).
Examples — mo»i (moai) pretty, lo*itsja (loaitsje) to look.
34. u»i. The first sound is a half-long u as in § 18.
Examples — plu»ia (ploeije) to plough, liria (loeije) to pile up.
35. Short falling diphthongs ending in the semi-vowel u are :
an, ou, ou.
36. au occurs only in the interjection au ! The first element
is exactly a (see § 12).
37. ou consists of o (see § 16) and ii.
Examples — cjoud (goud) gold, hout (hout) wood.
38. ou. The first element is the sound described in § 17. It
is very short.
Examples — kou (kou) cow, nou (nou) now, dou (dou) thou.
39. Diphthongs in ii which have a half-long vowel as first
element are :
O'U, ru.
40. o*u is a slightly lengthened variety of ou. This diphthong
is generally heard when followed by 9.
Examples — ro*ua (rouwe) mournings, do-ua (dauwe) dew.
41. i'U. The first element is a half -lengthened i (see § 6).
Examples — i-u (ieu) age, century.
42. Falling diphthongs ending in the indistinct half-open mixed
unrounded vowel a (see § 24) are the following :
i-a, ya, u-e, i-a, 6-a, era.
43. The first element may be a closed vowel i, y, u (see §§ 6, 7,
VOWELS
13
18), or a half-closed one i, 6, o (see §§ 10, 15, 17), but only with
half-long quantity.
The sound a should not be exaggerated.
Examples —
i*a bi-an (Uen) bone, li-ana (Hem) to lend.
ya flyaz (flues) fleece, slyara (sluere) to slide.
u-a cju-ad (goed) good, fu»at (foet) foot.
pa rpad (read) red, ni*at (neat) naught.
6-a sno-an (snjeon) Saturday, glo-an (gleon) glowing,
cjo*ar (geur) scent.
o«a bo*at (boat) boat, no-az (noas) nose, o*ar (oar) other.
44. Eising diphthongs having as their first element the semi-
vowel i (see § 25) are :
ii, io, ie, io, io.
45. The second (stressed) elements i, 6, e, o and o are the sounds
described in §§ 10, 15, 11, 16, and 17.
Examples —
ii fiild (fjild) field, gim (gjin) no.
16 midks (mjuks) dung, liork (Ijurk) lark.
ie hiest (hjerst) harvest, friemd (frjemd) strange.
io lioxt (Ijocht) light.
io siorja (sjonge) to sing ; stiorjka (stjonfce) to stink.
46. A rising diphthong (6a) consisting of the semi-vowel 6 as
first, and the sound a (see § 12) as second element, is often heard in
Frisian.
Examples— t6ar (toar) dry, sk6ala (sJcoalle) school, mdana
(moanne) moon.
A lengthened variety, thus 6a:, is heard in the plural form
hddizn (hoaszeri) hose.
47. Finally, Frisian has a diphthong uo, consisting of the semi-
vowel ii and the same sound as that described in § 17.
Examples — spuon (spoen) spoon, miiora (murre) wall.
Triphthongs in detail
48. The following triphthongs are met with in Frisian :
iou, iou, iuw1; 6ai, 6a-i; iioi.
49. The first and the last elements of these triphthongs are
1 For practical purposes the phonetic symbol iuw is chosen instead of iuu
or iuu.
14 'MODERN WEST FRISIAN
semi-vowels. The middle (stressed) elements o, o, u, a are the
sounds described in §§ 16, 17, 18, and 12.
Examples —
lou f iouar (fjouwer) four.
lou lloua (leauwe) to believe, skrioua (skreauwe) to cry,
riou. (reau) apparatus.
iuw lluw (liuw) lion, bliuwa (bliuwe) to remain.
6ai b6ai (boi) boy, 16aikja (loaifcje) to idle.
dO'i k6a-i (Jcoai) nest-egg, b6a*iam (boaijem) bottom.
uoi miioika (moeiJce) auntie, miioia (moeije) to vex.
CONSONANTS
General Remarks
50. Perceptible differences in the length of consonants scarcely
occur in Frisian.
Through emphasis, however, consonants often become
lengthened ; e. g. :
so 'sm:6arg oz at (t)sr is ! (Sa smoarch as it der is !)
at iz arj 'gr:i:z ! (It is in griis !)
me sunn 'glio-an uoda ! l (Men scoenen gleon ivirde !)
rn:et urar ! 'ol: rrar ! (Net wier! Al wierf)
j:a! n:e| (Ja! Ne!)
s: ! (is often used to express astonishment).
51. The friction and explosion are relatively small.
52. Voiced consonants are pronounced with weaker friction or
explosion than the corresponding breathed consonants.
53. Devocalized consonants regularly augment the force of
friction or explosion ; vocalized consonants diminish it.
54. The pronunciation of the uvular R and the nasal twang are
very rare in Frisian, and are regarded as defects of speech.
55. Syllabic liquids m, n, rj, 1, r frequently occur in ordinary
speaking (see §§ 142-8).
Complete and partial assimilation is often met with in Frisian
(see §§ 99-119).
1 In cases like these one also hears such forms as samoarg, geriiz, gelo-an,
with insertion of the indistinct vowel 9 between two consonants, when the
second of them is a liquid.
CONSONANTS
Consonants in detail
15
56. p breathed (or voiceless) bilabial explosive.
Examples — pi:p (piip) pipe, hpa (lippe) lip.
b the corresponding voiced bilabial explosive.
Examples — bak (bak) tub, krob (krol>) beetle.
57. t breathed dental (or rather linguodental) explosive, formed
by the tip of the tongue against the upper gums.
Examples— tin (tin) thin, treia (trije) three, nyt (nut) nut, tsjef
(tsjef) chaff.
d the corresponding voiced consonant, with exactly the same
articulation as t.
Examples — dai (dei) day, du (do) then, striida (stride) to fight.
58. k breathed velar explosive.
Examples — kd:m (kaem) comb, tsjuk (tsjuk) thick.
cj the corresponding voiced velar explosive. This consonant
only occurs initially.
Examples — cjou (gau) quick, cjri-an (grien) green.
59. P glottal explosive. Uttered before a stressed vowel or
diphthong beginning the word, when used separately. In careful
speaking this sound is also heard between an unstressed and a
strongly stressed vowel (or diphthong).
Examples — Pran (ien) one, da Pi-ana (de iene) the one, da
Po-ara (de oare) the other.
60. m voiced bilabial nasal. Sometimes syllabic, especially in
careless speaking, when the ending an is preceded by a bilabial
(see § 143. 2).
Examples — mon (man) man, toma (tomme) thumb.
61. n voiced dental nasal. Often syllabic (see § 143. 1), or
nasalized (see §§ 116-19).
Examples — ne: (ne) nay, lo:n (Ian) land, rina (rinne) to run.
62. ji voiced palatal nasal, always occurring medially between
vowel-sounds.
Examples — uejia (wenje) to dwell, broijia (branje) firewood.
63. i) voiced velar nasal, only occurring medially or finally.
Sometimes syllabic in careless speaking (see § 143. 3).
Examples — sarj (sang) song, tirjka (tinke) to think.
64. 1 voiced dental lateral with u-articulation. Often syllabic
(see § 144).
Examples— lag (lang) long, stral (stiel) steel, uola (wolle) to be
willing.
16 'MODERN WEST FRISIAN
65. r voiced dental fully rolled. Often syllabic (see § 145),
assimilated (see §§ 100, 101), or reduced (see §§ 126, 127).
Examples — rik (ry~k) rich, mar (mar) lake, skiiora (sMrre)
barn.
66. w voiced bilabial, slightly fricative. This consonant only
occurs preceded by d, k, s, t.
Examples — dwa-n (dwaen) to do, kwail (Jcwael) pain, swon
(swan) swan, two: (two) two.
67. f breathed labiodental fricative.
Examples— fet (fet) fat, fi-ar (fier) far, stof (stof) stuff.
v voiced labiodental fricative. The corresponding voiced form
of f, with exactly the same articulation. This consonant only
occurs when intervocalic, or preceded by r, or followed by j.
Examples — iivar (iver) zeal, erva (erve) to inherit, fervja
(fervje) to paint.
u voiced labiodental, slightly fricative. This consonant only
occurs initially followed by a vowel (or diphthong) or by r.
Examples — uin (wyri) wind, urak (wralfc) wreck.
68. The difference between w, u, and v is this : w is a bilabial
pronounced with slight lip-rounding, and has much similarity to a
vowel (u, see § 18), especially to a semi-vowel (ti, see § 76) ; u and
v are labiodentals pronounced without lip-rounding. The friction
of w and u is very small ; v is more fricative than w and i?.
Thus u is a consonant intermediate between w and v.
69. s breathed dental fricative, formed by the tip of the tongue
against the upper gums.
Examples — sma (sinne) sun, ris (rys) rice, misa (misse) to miss.
z voiced dental fricative, with the articulation of s. This conso-
nant does not occur at the beginning of words.
Examples— leiza (leze) to read, bi/azam (biezem) besom, liza
(lizze) to lie.
70. j voiced palatal fricative. The friction, however, is very
small ; the likeness to i and especially to I is great.
Examples' — jorj (jong) young, ju-ad (hjoed) to-day, jiska (yeske)
ashes.
71. x breathed velar fricative, formed by the back of the
tongue against the soft palate. This consonant does not occur at
the beginning of words.
Examples— lioxt (Ijocht) light, axt (acht) eight, slax (slack)
stroke.
SEMI-VOWELS 17
g voiced velar fricative ; the corresponding voiced form of x-
This consonant does not occur at the beginning of words.
Examples — loiga (loge) flame, pluiga (ploege) plough, drd:ga
(drage) to draw.
72. h breathed glottal fricative, occurring only initially.
Examples — ho:n (Mri) hand, hu:z (hus) house, hral (heal) half.
73. In some words a very slight h, or rather a simple aspiration,
is sometimes heard before r, 1, u, j (see § 131).
Examples — hrrak (reafy rick, hnr) (ring) ring, hliepa (Ijeppe)
to spring by means of a pole, hlaitsja (laitsje) to laugh, hixi: (hwa)
who, hja (hja) she, they.
Semi-voivels
74. In many diphthongs and in all triphthongs the unaccented
elements are semi-vowels. The following are met with in Frisian :
i, ft, 6.1
75. 1 occurs as the last element of diphthongs and triphthongs
(in this book simply indicated by the phonetic symbol i 2), and as the
first element of some rising diphthongs and triphthongs (phonetic
symbol i), mostly, but not always, interchanging with other
sounds (see § 98. 1, 2, 5).
76. u occurs as the last element of diphthongs and triphthongs
(phonetic symbol u2), and as the first element of tio, iioi (indicated
by ii), interchanging with tra, ui (see § 98. 4, 7).
77. 6 appears only as the first element of 6a, 6a:, 6ai, tfcri
(phonetic symbol always 6), generally interchanging with the
diphthongs era, o-i (see § 98. 3, 6).
78. i as the last element of diphthongs and triphthongs is
always a semi-vowel (see § 25). As the first element of diph-
thongs and triphthongs it may practically be treated as j, the
friction of this consonant being always very small. But one
hears a difference between these two sounds, e. g. in such words as :
lloxt (Ijocht) light — jos (jas) jacket,
cjim (gjw) no — jita (jiette) to pour,
biist (bjist) beestings — jild (jild) money.
rioxt (rjucht) right— j or) (Jong) young.
79. In many words, however, 1 has really become j, e. g. in the
following :
1 They are veiy lax.
2 But in the texts and glossary, for the sake of clearness, i, u are employed.
18 MODERN WEST FRISIAN
jirad l (hjoed) to-day, jouar 1 (hjouwer) oats, jelt 1 (hjelt) hilt, jeln
(jelne) ell, jenn (earnen) copper, jerm, sometimes heard instead of
rarm (earm) arm, jeta (earte) peas, jet (eart) offal, jun (joun) evening,
djip 2 (djip) deep, dju-ar 2 (djur) dear, djuia 2 (djoetje) to play,
dje-ra (djerre) yolk, sjeid (sead) sod, fju-ar QJwr) fire, rjo (rju) rife,
sjo (sjucli !} see ! njo (nju) pleasure.
80. ii and 6 are real semi-vowels in all cases. They must be
carefully distinguished from the bilabial fricative consonant w
(although its friction is very small), and of course also from the
consonant v, which is labiodental. Thus the difference is clearly
audible between such words as :
ruot (roet) soot — uol (wol) well.
uuolja (woelje) to wind — i?ola (wolle) to be willing.
t6ar (toar) dry — two: (two) two.
k6at (koart) short — kw:al (Jcwael) torment.
mdaist (moaist) prettiest — uai (wei) way.
kdcri (Jcoai) nest-egg — ua*ia (waeije) to blow.
81. In some words, however, the semi-vowel has become w or
even u. The principal are :
rot8 (hwet) what, i?d:3 (hwa) who, uont3 (hwent) for, uo'nrar3
(hwennear) beside hu'nrar (honear) when, uer 3 (hwer) where,
uerra 3 (hwerre) where, dwa'n, dwan (dwaen) do.
In the pronunciation of children this change is often heard in
other words as well.
82. Semi-vowels disappear in some cases (see Reduction of diph-
thongs, §§ 123, 124).
Inverse sounds
83. It is a matter of course that in Frisian sounds are regularly
produced by expiration. In some cases, however, sounds are
made by inhalation. This often happens with the words j*a* and
n*e* (with expiration mostly pronounced ja:, ne:). Besides these,
we find in Frisian (among others) the following inverse sounds :
m* (short) used to express alarm,
m* (long) to express amazement or pleasure.
f * in case of a sudden pain.
t* t* t* to express pleasure ; also, with or without lip-rounding,
to silence or to allure dogs.
1 In these words the initial h has dropped, or is reduced to a slight
aspiration (see §§ 73, 131).
2 In these words the initial d often drops (see § 129).
8 In these words the initial h has dropped.
STRESS 19
t* 1* with a and u-resonance, to draw the attention of little
children.
t* r* to incite horses.
Stress
84. In Frisian, stress is generally subject to the same rules as
in other Germanic dialects. For this reason a complete treat-
ment seems superfluous here. The following short indications are
sufficient for the purposes of this book.
85. Syllables have the stress on the vocalic part. For syllabic
consonants see §§ 142-8. Diphthongs may be stressed on the first
or on the second element (falling and rising diphthongs, see
§§ 19-47). There are only a few cases of level-stressed diphthongs,
especially ii, which, however, is mostly spoken i*a or ii. In
triphthongs the 'stress regularly falls on the middle part (see §§ 48>
49), but in loii (mostly spoken ioii) the first two parts sometimes
show level stress. For interchange between falling and rising
diphthongs see §§ 96-8.
86. In word-stress it is easy to distinguish various degrees.
Three of these, however, are sufficient : the different syllables of a
word may be stressed, half-stressed, or unstressed.
87. Simple words, i.e. words which are not compound or
derivative, have the stress on the first syllable. This does not
always apply to words of foreign origin.
88. In derivative nouns with the prefixes ant-, oar-, on-, and in
verbs derived from such words, the prefix is stressed, the second
syllable is half -stressed. The prefix ge- is unstressed.
Examples — 'ontuod (antwird) answer, 'ontuodzja (antwirdsje)
to answer, 'o*ade:l (oardeel) judgement, 'o-adeila (oardele) to judge,
'6ua:r (onwaer) storm, 'ouairja (onwaerje) to be stormy, cp'lok
(geloJc) luck.
Note. Adjectives with the prefix on- have the stress on the
same syllable as the radical.
Examples — 6'slioxt (onsljucht) unsmooth, o'reistag (onrestich)
unrestful, om/bruksam (oribruksum) unusable, ofa'stondag (onfor-
standich) unintelligent, orjcja'maklak (ongemaldik) uncomfortable.
89. In verbs formed with the prefixes U-, ge-, for-, ont-, to-, and
in nouns or adjectives derived from such words, the stress falls on
the second syllable, i. e. on the first syllable of the simple word.
Examples — ba'krara (bikeare), ba'krarlirj (biJcearling), cja'uoda
c2
20 'MODERN WEST FRISIAN
lita (gewirde litte), ga'bit (gebyt), fa'krapja (forkeapje)^ fa'krap
(forkeap), ont' hoida (onthdlde), ont'ho:d (onthdld), ta'skuora (to-
skurre), ta'skiiod (toskurd).
90. The suffixes -inne, -aezje, -es, -ier, -ij, (-rij, -erij, -nij), -eare
(-earje) are full-stressed ; the suffixes -dom, -heit, -skip, -achtich, -loas
(•leas), -lei are half-stressed ; the other suffixes and all declension
and conjugation endings are unstressed.
Examples — bu-a'rma (boerinne), kle-'da:zja (kledaezje), pri'ses
(primes), cja'ni-ar (genier), baka'rei (bakkerij), cjrita'nei (gritenij),
ava'srara (aveseare), la'vierja (lavearje); 'freidom (frijdom),
'gro-athaid (greatheid), 'betarskip^e^ers^^/benaxteg (bernachtich),
'axtalo-az (achteloas), ^reidarlai (tredderlei).
91. The suffixes -ich, -liJc, -sum have the peculiarity of being able
to retract the stress a syllable backwards, when this syllable is
half -stressed * in forms without the suffix, e.g. :
'iermu-ad (earmoed) — ler'mtradag (earmoedich)
'fo-ade:l (foardeel)— fa'deilag (foardelich)
'i-afoid (ienfdld)— i-a'foidag (ienfdldich)
'fro-askip (frjeonsMp) — fro-a'skiplak (frjeonsTciplilc)
'arbaidzja (arbeidzje) — ar'baitsam (arbeidsum).
92. For compound words it is not possible to give distinct and
simple rules. Some have the stress on the first, others on the
second element. Cf. rse:mon (seman) with se^dik (sedyk).
93. Level stress of ten. occurs in compound words in the follow-
ing cases :
1. When the word contains a comparison.
Examples — 'pik'swat (pikswart), 'dra'stil (deastil).
2. When the first part serves to express a high degree.
Examples— 'sti:f feist (stii/est), 'stoik'blin (stolcUyn), .1'swi-at
(ynswiet), 'tro'wi-at (trochwiet), 'u-er'bliid (ocrMid).
3. When the first part serves to modify the signification of the
second part.
Example — 'lioxt'blou (Ijochtblau).
94. Some words have, besides their main form, another, when
they are strongly stressed, either in the sentence or isolated. The
principal are :
dit (dit)—6ite (ditte) this,
der (der) — deira (derre) there,
rer (hwer) — ue:ra (hwerre) where.
1 In the word grou'ueileg (grouwelich) it is even an unstressed syllable
which has thus acquired full stress.
1SS-CHANGES
Mir (hjir) — hiira (hjirre) here,
uot (hwet) — rota (hwette) what.
95. In half-stressed and unstressed syllables sounds may be
reduced (see §§ 133-41).
Stress-changes in diphthongs. (Breaking)
96. Stress-changes in diphthongs (and triphthongs) are fre-
quently met with in Frisian between words which are simple or
undeclined and their lengthened, i. e. declined, compound or deri-
vative, forms. In such forms the stress falls on the second
element instead of on the first.
97. In consequence of the analogy of these lengthened forms
the stress sometimes varies in the unlengthened ones ; the opposite
also occurs in some cases. Hence two pronunciations may be
heard of some words, as :
ru-at — rtiot (roet) soot.
spu-an — spiion (spoen) spoon,
fi-ala— fiila (fiele) to feel.
spi-ala — spiile (spiele) to wash,
hi- era (heare) — hiera (hear re) to hear,
mi-ala (meale)— miela (mealle) to grind,
cjo-ata (goate) — cjdata (goatte) gutter.
do-ara (doare) — d6ara (doarre) to dare.
gu-ad (goed)-<$aod (gud).1
98. In this matter the following varieties may be distin-
guished :
1. Interchange of i'a and 11, e.g. :
sti-an (stien) stone — stiinan (stienneri), stiintsja (stientsje)
ui'at (wiet) wet — ulita (wiette), riitsja (wietsje)
si-ad (sied) seed — siidzja (siedzje), slidirj (sledding)
sni-a (snie) snow — 'sniiflok (snieftok).
Note. Level stress sometimes occurs, as in hei cjiit (hy giet)
he goes, hei stiit (hy stiet) he stands.
2. Interchange of i*a and le, e. g. :
bi-am (beam) tree — bieman (beammen), biemka (beamke)
li^an (lean) reward — liejia (leanje)
fi-ar (fear) feather — fierja (fearje), fieran (fearren).
1 In this case the two forms have acquired different senses : gu-ad means
'real or personal property', guod means 'things', or 'texture', or
'medicines'.
22 MODERN WEST FRISIAN
3. Interchange of era and 6a, e.g. :
skrcrar (skroar) tailor — skr6aran (slfcroarren), skrdarja
(skroarje)
mo'an (moarri) morn — /m6antid (moarntiid).
4. Interchange of U'9 and iio, e. g. :
fu-at (foet) foot— fiiotan (foetteri)
cju-ad (goed) good — cjiiodlak (goedlik).
5. Interchange of ya and id, e.g. :
fju-ar, fyar (fjur) fire— fiorka (fjurke), fiorja (fjurje)
slyara (sluere) to slide — sliorkja (sljurkje).
6. Interchange of o-i and 6ai, e.g. :
mo'i (moai) pretty — m6aiar (moaijer), m6aiaz (moaijens)
lo-i (loai) lazy — Idaikja (loaikje).
7. Interchange of ui and iioi, e. g. :
ruia (roeije) to row — ruoikja (roeikje)
ASSIMILATION
99. There are a great many kinds of assimilation in Frisian.
The principal are :
Complete assimilation
100. Assimilation of r before dental consonants (t, d, n, 1, s,
z, z).1
Examples — swat (swart) black, hundat (liundert) hundred,
bod (bird) beard, be:n (berri) child, kel (kerl) grain, dwos (dwars)
cross, cje:z (gers) grass, feizan (ferzen) frozen.
Note. This assimilation occurs even in conjugated verbal
forms, e. g. : hei li-at (% leart) he learns, hei hat li-ad (hy hat
leard) he has learned ; but not in unstressed syllables of such
forms as at torjart (it tongert) it thunders.
101. r is often assimilated, at least in ordinary speaking :
1. In the words /oar-, wer-, oer-, wjer-, used as the first part of
compounds, when followed by a consonant, even by j, but especially
before dental sounds.
2. In the prefixes oar-, for-, under the same circumstances.
3. In the adverbs and prepositions for, foar, oer, wer, hjir, der,
hwer, when followed by a word beginning with a consonant and
belonging to the same breath-group.
1 This belongs partly to the historical grammar.
ASSIMILATION 28
4. In the adverb and conjunction mar, under the same cir-
cumstances.
Note. Not in very careful speaking, and never before a vowel
sound or h.
Examples — 'fdado-ar (foardoar), 'uejam (werjaen), 'u-adwa-n
(oerdwaen), 'uielioxt (ivjerljoclit) ; 'o-alox (oarlock), fa'ja:n (forjaen) ;
dot is f6a jou ! (Dat is for jo !), f6a skdaltid (foar sJcoaltiid), ira
fiivan (oer fiven), ue koma (wer Jcomme), hii bliuwa (hjir Uiuwe),
ue mast hma ? (hwer moast Jiinne ?), de ma 'delseta ! (der mar
delsette !).
102. 1 is assimilated before t and d, when preceded by the
sound o:.1
Examples — so:t (salt) salt, hoida (hdlde) to hold.
103. t is assimilated :
1. Before st in the superlative degree.
Examples — cjrost (greatst) greatest, list (lytst) smallest, k6ast
(koartst) shortest.
2. Between s and j in verbs and in diminutive forms.
Examples — hdasja2 (hoastje) to cough, kisja (Jcistje) small
chest.
3. After s followed by an unaccented syllable.
Examples — leisn (lesten) lately, flisn (fiersten) by far, hiesmas
(Jijerstmes) in autumn, neslja (nestelje) to nestle.
Note. Not in the combination of verbal forms and the enclitic
pers. pron. 2nd sing., as e. g. doxsta (dochste) dost, uosta (wolste)
wilt, masta (moaste) must.
104. d is assimilated, but not always, in the following cases :
1. After r in the words uorg (wirch) worthy, uora (wirde) to
become, airag (aerdich) nice, also spoken rodag (wirdich), uoda,
aidag (see § 100).
2. Before n in the verbal forms hi-ann (hienen) had, su-ann
(scoenen) should, uirann (woenen) would, ku*ann (Jcoenen) could,
di-ann (dienen) did, lainn (leinen) laid, sainn (seinen) said, sti-ann
(stienen) stood.3
1 The above belongs properly to the historical grammar. There are, how-
ever, Frisian dialects which still pronounce the 1 in this case, e. g. the dialect
of Hynlippen (Hindeloopen).
2 Also in all the forms of such verbs.
3 These forms are the weak imperfect plurals (for hieden, scoeden, woeden,
Jcoeden, dieden, leiden, seiden, stiederi) of the verbs hawwe, settle, wolle, kinne (and
Jcenne), dwaen, lizze, sizze, stean.
24 • MODERN WEST FRISIAN
3. After n in the following present participles used as adjectives :
meian (mijen) shy, hu-adn (hoeden) careful, diman (dimmen) quiet,
stiorjkan (stjonken) stinking, liban (libben) living, eftar'hoidn
(efterMlden) reserved.
4. In the word honlja (handelje) to trade, also pronounced
hondalja.
5. Before 1 in the words rilak (ridlik) honest, dailak (daedlik,
dalik) at once, nola (nidle) needle, cjola (girdle) girdle.
6. In the word ar (er) there, an unstressed form of the adverb
der.1
105. The article da (de) is assimilated to a (e) :
1. After prepositions ending in a consonant.
Examples — in a uin (yn de wyn, also written yn 'e wyn) in the
wind, fon a mo-an (fen 'e moarn) this morning.
2. Sometimes even after the prepositions mai (mei\ nai (nei).
Note. In some cases two forms are used, e. g. :
f5a da (foar de) and f6ar a (foar 'e)
ira da (oer de) and u-ar a (oer 'e)
tro da (troch de) and trog a (troch 'e).
106. The final consonant of the adverb nox, nog (noch) yet, is
often assimilated in the combination with net, nt (net) not, thus :
nog net and no net, nognt and nont (noch net).
107. The final consonant of the adverbs and prepositions trog
(troch) and o:v (of) is* usually assimilated before a consonant
(except h) in compound words and before the article da (de).
Examples —
tro ua:r e uin (troch waer en ivyri)
'troreid (trochreed), 'trodriuwa (trochdriuwe)
'o-ari'ada (ofriede), 'o-agi-an (ofgean)
tro da slrat (troch de sleat), o-a da sktfala (of de skoalle).
Note. The preposition and adverb o:v is by a great many
speakers in all cases pronounced o*a or ou.
108. The final consonant of some much-used verbal forms is
often assimilated (especially in careless speaking), when a personal
pronoun is enclitically appended to them. Such forms are :
uo k (wol ik), si k (soil ik), do k (doch ik), ma k (moat ik)
vo m (wolle wy), si ui ( settle wy), do o?i (dogge wy\ ma ui (moatte ivy)
1 Others unstressed forms are der, dp (der).
ASSIMILATION 25
t>o ja (wolUjy), si ja (settle jy), do ja (doggejy), ma ja (moattejy)
uosta (wolste), sista (scilste), [doxsta (doc/as£e)], masta (woasfe).
Not with the enclitic personal pronoun ar, r (er).
Voicing
109. Voicing, i.e. change from breath to voice, occurs in the
following cases among others :
1. From k to g before a voiced consonant.
Examples — icj bin (ik bin) I am, icj dox (ik doch) I do.
2. From p to b in the same case.
Examples— obdwa-n (o^vaen) to open, ob ba'zita (op Usite)
on a visit.
3. From s to z in the words is (is), and os (as) before a word
beginning with a vowel or a voiced consonant and belonging to
the same breath-group.
Examples —
iz ar der? (Is er der?)
oz ik kom (As ik Jcom)
iz dr ran ? (Is der ien ?)
lik oz ni:z (Lyk as niis).
4. From s to z in the enclitic personal pronoun sa after a word
ending in a vowel or a voiced consonant.
Examples —
di-a za dot ? (Die se dat ?)
mm za mai ! (Nim se mei !)
5. From t to d sometimes before a voiced consonant.
Example — 'ydbuid (ufboeid) bandy-legged.
110. Unvoicing, i. e. change from voice to breath, is met with in
various cases in Frisian, such as the following :
1. From v, z, g, to f, s, x before t in verbal forms as hei bu:xt,
•ue:ft, leist (% Mgt, weeft, lest), from the verbs buiga (huge) to
bend, ueiva (weve) to weave, ls:za (teze) to read.
2. From d to t in the article da (de), the personal pronoun del,
di (dy\ the demonstrative pronouns dot, di (dat, dy\ and the
adverbs der, deira (der, derre), when the preceding word ends in a
breathed consonant and belongs to the same breath-group.
26 MODEKN WEST FKISIAN
Examples —
mai ik tot ? (M ei ik dat ?)
stek ti net ! (Stek dy net !)
rot doxt (t)i mon ? (Hwet docht dy man ?)
stek ta pi:p o-an ! (Stek depiip oan !)
mat (t)a frou ek uot ha ? (Moat de frou eJc liwet lia ?)
sioxst (t)ot (t)e:ra P (Sjuchst dat derre ?)
111. There is also unvoicing :
1. From b, d, v, z, g, to b, d, v, z, g at the end of a word after
long vowels, falling diphthongs, and triphthongs ; also after the
liquids m, n, n, 1, r.1
Examples— kraib (Jcraeb), said (saed), dry.v (druf), erv (erf],
tsi:z (tsiis), i-eg (each), berg (berch), tiemz (tjems), sti-z (stins),
'alliijz (einlings), li-az (lears).
2. From vd (written fd) to vd and from gd to gd at the end of
words in the same cases as above.
Examples— ueivd (weefd), dra:vd (draefd), ervd (erfd), bu:gd
(bugd\ d0:gd (deugd).
3. From xs to gz sometimes in the word dogz, also spoken
doxs (docks).
4. From d to d and from g to g at the end of words when the
final syllable is unstressed.
Examples — rinand (rinnend), uolmi-enand (wolmienend), jrreg
(jierrich), lineg (Imich).
Change of articulation
112. The principal varieties of this form of assimilation are :
1. The change from n to m before the bilabials b, p, m.
Examples — om'biidag (onbidich), 'impaka (ynpakke), 'o-am-
prala (oanpiele), o-am mei (oan my), ^^maxt (onmacht).
2. The change from n to rj before the velar consonants g and k.2
Examples — on'cjeiv (ongeef), i-arj ki-ar (ien hear).
3. The unaccented ending an becomes in careless speaking :
(a) m after the bilabials b, p, m.
Examples — to*bm (toliben), rapm (iepen\ imm (immen).
1 r before ^ and z is then assimilated (see §§ 100, 101), n before z nasalized
(see § 116).
2 The word farjka (farike) shows the change from m to rj. This form is as
frequent as farnka (famke), but has another signification. Both forms are
diminutives from fa:m (/am)
ASSIMILATION 27
(&) r) after the velar sounds k, g, x> rj.
Examples — brakrj (beaken), siigrj (sigen), sang (sangen).
Note, The changes mentioned under 3 do not occur in very
careful speaking.
4. A curious change occurs in the prefix ont, which is mostly
pronounced omt.
Examples — omt'hoida (onthdlde), omt'jam (ontjaen).
113. The combination ft sometimes or regularly becomes xt in
the following words :
kre:ft— kraxt (Jcreft, kracht), kraft — kraxt (kraft,kracht), loft —
loxt (loft), skoft— skoxt (skoft), kloft— k!6xt (JducJit), kloftag—
kloxtag (Muftich), stiftsja — stixtsja (stiftsje), swifta — swixta
(sivichte), lofts — k>x(t)s (lofts), eftar, aftar— axtar (efter, achter), at
huft — at huxt1 (it hoeft, it hoecht), gar oft — cjaroxt (geroft), nift
— nixt (nift, nicht).
Note. The existence of two such forms beside each other has
brought about the opposite transition in some cases, as e.g. toxt
—toft (tocht, past part, of tinJce), noxt — noft (nocht, noft), noxtarn
— noftarn (nochteren, nofteren).
114. See also the chapter on nasalization (§§ 116-19) and syllabic
consonants (§§ 142-8).
Modification of articulation
115. This kind of assimilation occurs in Frisian in the following
cases:
1. g sometimes becomes g between vowel sounds.
Examples — bacjima — bagiina (bigjinne), 'naicjran— 'naigran
(neigean), tacju-ada — tagu/ada (to goede), tagie:ra — tagierra
(togearre).
2. g often becomes x after t, k, p, s.
Examples —
at giit — at xlit (it giet) it goes.
ig gran — ik xi'9n (ik gean) I go.
'obcjran — 'opxi'an (opgeari) to open.
— busxot (busgat) placket.
1 This form is the source of the new infinitive huge (hoege), which is not
unfrequently heard instead of hu:va (hoeve). It has a complete conjugation ;
the past participle is hu&d (hoegd).
The transition vd — gd, however, also appears in the word badruivd
(bidroefcf) t also pronounced badru:gd.
28 MODERN WEST FRISIAN
3. d often becomes r in the words :
ho:da — ho:ra (hdlde) to hold.
no-adag — no-arag (noadich) needful.
si-ada — si-ara (siede) to boil.
sta:dag — stairag (stadich) steadily.
hlida— hiira (hjidde) hards (of flax).
i?ioda— uiora (wjudde) to weed.
Note. The opposite transition appears in the words :
ri-ara — ri-ada (riere) to stir.
ru-ara— ru:ada (roere) to move, touch.
Nasalization
116. In Frisian nasalization is a kind of assimilation. Vowels
followed by ji or by n with s, z, z, f, u, j, 1, r x are more or less
nasalized. So are diphthongs in the same cases, but principally
in their final element. The n disappears.
117. Although the nasalization is comparatively small, a Frisian
hears immediately the difference in such words as the following :
tsiin (tsjm) and tsiijia (tsjinje)
uena (wenne) and ueist (wenst)
bina (line) and biistr (bynster)
jintr (jinter) and jiisn (jinsen).
118. The nasalization of short vowels is the most perceptible ;
before ns they are also lengthened. That is obvious, if we com-
pare such words as :
hindr (Jiynder) and hiist (hynst)
ik kin (ik Mn) and dou kiist (dou kinst)
mon (man) and moisk (mansk).
119. In the following list the principal nasalized sounds occur-
ring in Frisian are enumerated :
i e. g. ^liza (yrilizze), dijia (dynje)
i: „ ui:sk (wynsk), Mist (hynst)
1 That is to say, a lateral, a rolled, or a fricative consonant, with the
exception of w, v, x, and g, which do not follow n. The nasalization also
appears before nh, but only when this combination is followed by a rising
diphthong. Cf.
'inhi'ora (ynhiere) and 'ihiekja (ynheakje}
'crenhoide (oanhdlde) and 'o'eliiere (oanhearre).
DEDUCTION
29
y e. g. klyjia (Jcltinje), hylak (Mrili]
y: „ dyisk (dunsty, hyista
g: „ l@:g (Uns), meiska
&: „ ge:st (ginst), keist
i „ tsjijia (tsjinje)
i: „ ji:sn (jinseri)
e ,, uejia (wenje)
e: „ beisk (bernsfy, ueist (wenst)
& „ frSjia (franje)
a: „ ha:z (Hams), ^aizdi (TFoaws^ee)
a ,, lilkaz (lillcens), be:skaz (bernskens)
o: „ gloiz (gldns), moisk
o: ., 'toizdi (Tongersdei)
u: „ jiiiz (jowws), guizja
i-a „ i-az (iens), i-alak .
6 -a „ fro-alak (frjeorilik), sno-az (snjeotis)
ai „ snaiz (snems)
6a ,, moa'z (moarns)
u-a „ gu*az (^oes) goose ; also cju-az unnasalized.
KEDUCTION
120. In Frisian there are frequent examples of reduction.
For practical reasons various kinds are here mentioned together,
although they may have different causes.
Reduction of vowels
121. Long vowels may be reduced in words which are lengthened
by a syllable in consequence of declension, composition, or deriva-
tion. This reduction ordinarily affects the quantity of vowels in
such a manner that long vowels become shortened. But some
vowels also undergo changes in quality.1
122. The principal cases which may be distinguished are the
following :
1 It sometimes happens that the reduced and unreduced forms of a word
have influenced each other. Hence two pronunciations, as sik — si:k (siik),
sikjo— siikja (siikje), riide— rida (ride), gliide— glide (glide), buk— bu:k (toft),
duk— du:k (dock), bruk— bruik (broek).
The most usual forms are those given first.
30 ' MODERN WEST FRISIAN
1. Reduction (or shortening) from i: to i,
Examples —
ui:v (wiif) — uifka (ivyfke)
ti:d (ttid)— tidlak (tydlik)
bliid (Wid)— blitskip (Uydskip)
si:k (siik) — sikta (syUe\ sikaz (sikens)
ni:d (niid) — nidag (nidich).
2. From y: to y.
Example — sky.v (skuf)— skyfka (sMfke).
3. From e: to i.
Examples—
he:g (heech)— hixte (hichte)
re:k (reek) — nkja (rikje).
4. From e: to e.
Examples —
cjleiz (gles) — cjleska (gleske)
steid (stedt— stetsk (stedsk)
bleid (bled}— 'bletsida (bkdside)
le:st (lest) — lestag (lestich).
5. From a: to a.
Examples —
fa:m (faem)— fa man (fammeri), famka (famke)
la:m (laem) — Ionian (lammeri), lamka (lamke)
la:pa (lape) — lapan (lappen), lapja (lapje)
hoist (haest) — ha stag (hastich).
6. From o: to o.
Examples —
loin (Ian) — lonan (lannen)
hom (hdn) — honan (hannen), hondag (handich)
so:n (saun) — sontjan (sauntjin), sontag (sauntich)
stoik (stole) — stokan (stokken), stokja (stokje).
7. From o: (or cr) to o.
Examples —
kno:p (knoop) — knopka (knoopke)
to'ba (tobbe) — tobka (tobke)
sto-ba (stobbe) — stoban (stobben).
KEDUCTION 31
From u: to u.
Examples — mu:z (mus)— muzan (muzen), muska l (musJce).
9. From u: to y.
Examples—
hu:z (Ms)' — hyzan (liuzen), hyska (huske)
mu:z (mus) — myska * (muske).
Note. In some of the above cases the short vowel is the
original one, so that they are only apparent examples of reduction.
Reduction of diphthongs
123. This is also met with in some cases. It usually consists
in shortening the stressed element, or in dropping the semi- vowel
which composes the unstressed element in such diphthongs as have
the stress on the second part,2 or in some cases on the first.
124. The following cases may be distinguished :
1. a*i is reduced to ai, e. g. :
a*i (aei) — aika (aike)
k«ai (kaei) — kaika (kaiJce)
ma-ia (Maeije) — 'maitid (maitiid)
a-ia (aeije) — aikja (aikje).
2. U'i is reduced to ui, e. g. :
blu'ia (bloeije) — bluisal (Uoeisel), 'bluitid (bloeitiid)
cpiria (groeije) — gruisam (groeisum).
Note. In consequence of this change a great many speakers
also pronounce bluia (Uoeije), cjruia (groei/je), with ui instead of iri.
3. le is reduced to e in :
belt (helt), hekalja (lieakkelje), swel (sweal), sweltsja (swealtsje),
kel (kel, kjeT) ;
and sometimes in frsmd, hekan, hekal, hekja, ketirj, ketlirj,
rema, which are also pronounced friemd (frjemd), hiekan (heaJcJcen),
hlekal (heakM), hlekja (heakje), kletir) (Jceatting), kietlii) (Jceatling),
riema (reamme).
4. ii is reduced to i in :
twira (twjirre), twilirj (twjilling), rtwibak (twiebak), swidar
(sivierder), swist (swierst).
1 These two reduced forms differ in signification : musko (muske) means
' little mouse ', myske (muske) has the transferred meaning « rogue ', ( urchin '.
2 This especially occurs after the consonants h, u, r, m.
32 • MODEKN WEST FRISIAN
5. 6a is reduced to a in :
mate (moatte), /mandi (Moandei), 'uaizdi1 (Woansdei).
6. 6'd is reduced to 6 in :
cjrotar (greater), grost (greatst).
7. rd is reduced to i in :
irj, also spoken rarj (eang).
8. u-a is often reduced to u in :
ik ku, uu, su, but also ik ku-a, uu/a, su-a 2 ($ &oe, woe, scoe).
Reduction of consonants 3
125. This reduction ordinarily consists in a weakening of the
articulation, followed in some words by complete dropping of the
consonant. The most common cases are the following :
126. r, a full-rolled consonant sound in other positions, is often
reduced to a half-rolled devocalized r at the end of words, when
the preceding sound is a diphthong ending in the weak indistinct
vowel sound a.
Examples — hi/ar (hier), mrar (wear), smo*ar (smoar).
127. In this position r has dropped in the singular of the
imperfect tense of the verb ue:za (weze) to be : ik, hei ui-a (ik, liy
wier) I, he was.
128. d, which becomes d (with slight explosion) at the end of
words after long vowels and diphthongs (see § 111. 1), often drops
when preceded by a diphthong ending in a.
Examples —
ri-ad, ri-a (ried, rie) counsel
di-ad, di-a (died, die) deed
si-ad, si-a (sied, sie) seed
rrad, rra (read, red) red
di-ad, di-a (dead, dea) death
kwra (Jcwea) evil
bn-a (brea] bread
Ira (lea) limbs
cju'ad, cju/a (sometimes) (goed, goe) good
1 With nasalization ; see § 116.
2 The imperfect tenses of the verbs kinne can, wolle will, settle shall.
3 For devocalization, which is of course also a form of reduction, see
§§ 110, 111.
REDUCTION
33
ik hi-a, dra l (ik Me, die)
ik uu*a, ku-a, sira, bra, sra2 (ik woe, koe, scoe, bea, sea).
129. d as initial consonant is reduced and often drops in dju-ar,
•ar (djur), djip, jip (djip), djuia, juia (djoeije).
ISO. k often drops in the suffix -sk.
Examples— mo:sk, mo:s (mdnsk), folsk, fols (falslc), m§:ska,
mS:s (minske, mins), frisk, fris (frysk).
131. h is always a little reduced before rising diphthongs.
Examples — hlir (hjir), hiit (hjit), h6ata (hoarte), h6ana (hoanne),
huotsja (hoedtsje), hiest (hjerst), hiera (hearre).
h is reduced to a slight aspiration or has completely dropped :
1. In some words beginning with r or 1 (see § 73).
Examples —
n-ak (redk), rirj (ring), ropa (roppe)
liepa (Ijeppe), laitsja (laitsje).
2. In some words beginning with j or v> (see §§ 79, 81).
Examples —
rot (hwet), uont (hwent), uer (hwer)
ju-a^. (hjoed), jouar (hjouwer).
132. j often drops as initial consonant in the word :
ji-ar (jier), also spoken i-ar.
Reduction in half-stressed and unstressed syllables
133. Generally it may be said that sounds in half-stressed or
unstressed syllables have not the same value as in full-stressed
ones. It is indifferent whether the unstressed or half-stressed
syllable precedes the stressed one or follows it.
134. When a half-stressed syllable immediately precedes or
follows3 a stressed one, long vowels and diphthongs may be
reduced ; e.g. :
1. o: is reduced to o.
Example — ho:v (hof) — 'tsjerkhof (tsjerkhof).
2. e: is reduced to s.
Example — steid (sted)— stedz'huiz (stedsMs).
1 The imperfect tenses of the verbs hawwe, dwaen.
2 The imperfect tenses of the verbs wolle, kinne (and kenne), settle, bidde (and
biede), siede.
3 When an unstressed syllable comes between, the reduction does not
appear.
1466-2 D
34 MODERN WEST FRISIAN
3. i: is reduced to i.
Example — ti:d (tiid) — 'oltid (altyd).
4. u: is reduced to y.
Example — hu:z (hus) — 'tixthys (tichtMs).
5. ai is reduced to i.
Examples —
dai (del) — 'midi (middei), 'mandi (Moandei), 'tiizdi (Tiisdei)
uai (wei) — 'hielui (liealwei).
6. ei is reduced to i.
Example — nei (nij) — nis'kiirag (nijsgierrich).
7. ii (with stress-change from i*a) becomes ia, ja.
Examples —
stran (stien) — 'skdaslan (skoarstien)
tsi-an (tsien) — rtretjan (trettjin).
135. In ordinary talk it is common in the above cases for the
reduced sound to become a ; e. g. :
fek (fek)— 'hiefak (heafek)
fet (fet)— 'diefat (deafet)
fol (fol)— 'hoifal (Mnfol)
kos (Teas) — 'kli-arjkas (Jdeankas)
uai (wei) — 'hielua (healwei)
hi-ak (heafy— 'potak (putheaJc)
kou (Jcou) — kaz'itn (Jcousiten)
mo«an .(moarri) — man'i-ar (moarnier)
116 (ljue)— 'froilia (frouljue).
136. In a great many words of foreign origin the same reduc-
tion appears in the unstressed syllable as described in the preced-
ing section.
Examples — fa'brik (fdbryk), ma'sina (masine), da'zin (dozyn),
ka'slain (Jcastlein), pa'tei (partij), br'ta:! (bretael), ma'ki-ara
(mekeare).
137. In such cases a has often dropped ; e. g. :
kronta (Jcrante), kro'an (kroari), krekt (Urekt}, kraft, kra\t
(kraft), klots (Mots), klo-ar (Jdeur), klin (Myn\ blain (Uein), knin,
ka'nin (Jcenyn).
138. Curious forms are :
pa'pi'ar, pamrpi'ar, pom'pi'ar (papier, pompier)
ka'fo-ar, ka'fo-ar, ko'fo-ar (komfoar)
ha'lo-azja (haloazje), a'fisja (afysje), ba'zita (bisite)
kama'net (kammenet), istr'mint (ystermint), kla^ots (klabats).
REDUCTION 35
139. The prefix mis- is pronounced mis and mas, when the
stress falls on the following syllable.
Examples —
mis'koma, mas'koma
mis'siza, mas'siza (missive)
miz'dwcrn, maz'dwcrn
140. The following suffixes have two pronunciations :
-heid is spoken haid and hit
•skip „ skip „ skap
•UJc „ lik „ lak1
-nis „ nis „ nas
-ing „ irj „ arj
-ling „ lirj „ larj.
141. In enclitic or proclitic words, as for example the personal
pronouns, and in words occupying lightly-stressed places in the
sentence, vowels and diphthongs also may be reduced.
Examples —
ik — k i?u*a lievar ! (Uc woe Ijeaver !)
at— uol t net ? (Wol it net ?)
rei — ha ui net mi-ar ? (Ha wy net mear ?)
del — ik kin di net helpa (Ik Mn dy net helpe)
mei— jou mi dot ! (Jow my dat !)
sei — cjiit sa mai ? (G-iet se mei ?)
jou — sjo ja uol ? (Sjuch jy ivol ?)
Note. It is of course also possible for the original sound to
remain in certain cases.
Reduction to syllabic consonants
142. In Frisian the unstressed syllable which ends in one of the
sounds^n, 1, r is often reduced to a syllabic consonant, i. e. to m,
n, rj, 1, orr2.
1 The sound Q in this suffix has dropped in the word lilk (7t7fc), and some-
times drops in moilk, moigtek (mooglik\ skrelk, ski'Qlsk (skielik^ da:lk,
dailek (dalik\ rilk, nlek (n'dWfc), kwi-alk, kwi-elek (kwealik}.
In the suffix ox, e£ (-ich~) the indistinct vowel also drops in some words, as
u6r|; (wircti), smoarg (smoarcti), tsim(tyu 6rg (tsjlnwirdicti).
2 The opposite of reduction appears in words ending in rm or 1m preceded
by a long vowel or a diphthong. In such words m often becomes syllabic ;
e.g. uairin (waerm), I'srm (earm), sks:rm (sfcmw), viirm (wjirwi), stoarm
(stoarm), foarm (Joarm), go:lm (gdlni), and with insertion of a even uairem,
i'9ram, and so on.
D2
36 MODERN WEST FRISIAN
143. The ending ~en, in careful pronunciation spoken an, is
reduced 1 :
1. To n when the preceding sound is one of the labiodental or
linguodental consonants f, v, t, d, n, 1, r, s, z.
Examples — efn (effen\ tiidn (tiden\ sinn (sinen), jeln (jelne).
2. To m after the bilabial consonants p, b, m.
Examples — i-apm (ieperi), libm (libben), imm (immen).
3. To rj after the velar consonants k, rj, g.
Examples — rekrj (reMen), dirjr) (dingeri), twiigrj (twigeri).
144. The ending -el, in careful speaking el, is reduced to 1 after
consonants.
Examples — lepl (l&ppel) cjdivl (gavel), kriigl (krigel), irjl (ingel).
145. The ending -er, in careful speaking ar, is reduced to r
after consonants.
Examples — e:kr (eker), a:mr (amer), torjr (longer).
146. The suffix -ens (English -ness) is pronounced :
1. nz after t, d, n, 1.
Examples — ritnz (witens), gu-adnz (goedens), blinnz (Uinens),
fralnz (fealens).
2. mz or ez after p, b, m.
Examples —
tsjepmz or tsjepaz (tsjeppens)
dommz „ domez (dommens).
3. rjz or az after k,.g, rj.
Examples —
lilkrjz or lilkaz (lilkens)
slugrjz „ slugez (slugens)
irjrjz „ irjaz (eangens).
4. ez after the consonants s, z, and after vowels or semi- vowels.
Examples — litsaz (tytsens), krrezaz (kreazens), reiaz (rijens).
147. The word-combinations ho'n ien, sa?n ien, gjin ien are
generally reduced to hunn, sann, glinn.
148. The negative abverb net (net) is reduced to nt when enclitic
or proclitic.
Examples —
ik 'uit nt (He wit net)
ntui-ar?2 (Netwier?)
1 For practical reasons these and the following rules are mentioned here
all together, although they partly belong to the chapter on assimilation.
2 From this form comes the pronunciation ent ui'er? which is not un-
frequently heard in ordinary speaking.
DIALECTAL VAKIATIONS 37
FRISIAN DIALECTS
149. In this work no proper treatment of the various West
Frisian dialects can be attempted. This would not only be
undesirable for the present purpose, but also impossible, as the
researches made into this matter are still very incomplete.
150. What is dealt with here is only the most common dialect.
This is understood tolerably well over the whole Frisian territory,
not only in the districts where another dialect is spoken, but even
for the most part in the towns, where as a rule the natives do not
speak Frisian.
151. Some of the principal differences which exist in this dialect
are given below.1 No account, however, is here taken of other
dialects, such as those of the South and South-west, of which that
of Hynlippen (Dutch form : Hindeloopen) is very interesting, or
those of Skilinge (Dutch: Terschelling) and Skiermuntseach
(Dutch : Schiermonnikoog).2
152. e — a. Some words which normally have e are locally
pronounced with a. For instance :
net, beta (herte), smet, smeta (smerte), ken (kern), hena (herne),
dwes (dwers), fesk (fersk), pesa (perse), knesa (knerse), mesa (merse),
hesaz (hersens), berm (berm), 'herberga (herberge), merka (merke),
perk (perk), ferva (ferve), sker (sker), lef (lef), eftar (efter), extar
(echter), gre:ft (greft), kreift (kreft), klem (Mem), menag (mennich),
rejia (wenje), are also pronounced hat, smat, kan, hana, dwas,
fask, pasa, knasa, masa, hasaz, barm, 'harbarga, marka,
park, farva, skar, laf, aftar, axtar, graft, kraxt, klam, manag,
153. e — i. Words variously pronounced with e or with i are,
for instance : kena (kenne), bakend (bikend), en (en), vena (wenne),
ek (ek), skel(a) (skel, skelle), skrepa (skreppe), grepal (greppel).
Also pronounced kina, bakind, in, uina, ik, skila, skripa,
gnpal.
154. ei — il. Words spelt with ij are generally pronounced with
ei, but the pronunciation ii is also current in some parts.
1 The following sections are not entirely based on the personal researches
of the author, a few examples being taken from the Friesch Woordenboek (Lexicon
Jrisicum'), bewerkt door Waling Dykstra, etc. Leeuwarden, 1900-1911.
2 An exact demarcation of Frisian dialects must also be postponed to
another occasion.
38 MODERN WEST FRISIAN
Examples— frei (frij), nei (nij), lei (lij), rei (rij), leia
meia (mije), ueia («wje), sneia (sw)'e), treia (trije).
Also pronounced fnl, nil, lii, ni, lila, mria, uiia, sniia,
triia.
155. u — o. A dialectal difference is found in such words as :
undar (under), uundar (wunder), sundar (sunder), sunt (sunt),
bunt (bunt\ hundat (hundert), puntsjar (puntsjer), tuna (tunne),
un (un), tuna (tunge), rum (rum), dum (dum), krum (krum), plum
(^Zww), prum (prum). skum (sMw), tuma (tume), tumalja
(tumelje), juk (jw&), jukja (jukje), tuka (£w&e), tsjuk (tsjuh),
tsjuksal (tsjuksel), which are also pronounced ondar (onder),
uondar (wonder), sondar (sonder), sont (sont), bont (bont), hondat
(hondert), pontsjar (pontsjer), tona (tonne), on (on), torja (tonge), rom
(row), dom (dom), krom (Arom), plom (_ptom), prom (prom), skom
(s&ow), toma (tomme), tomalja (tommelje), jok (joA;), jokja (joJcje),
toka (fe^e), tsjok (tsjoty, tsjoksal (tsjolcsel).
Note. The prefixes on-, ont- (omt, see § 112. 4) also occur in
the forms un-, unt-.
156. u — ou. The following words are pronounced with u or
with ou :
bun (boun), spun (spoun), run (roun), run (woun), imn (woun),
fun (foun),1 nun (houn), jun (joun), grun (groun), sun (soiw), run
(roun), un (o«m), pun ( poun), jun ( joww 2).
Also pronounced boun, spoun, roun, uoun, uoun, foun,1
houn, joun, groun, soun, roun, oun, poun, joun 2.
Note. The word cjuma is also pronounced gouna (goune).
157. u, ou — 6a. Instead of run, roun and run, uoun the pro-
nunciation r6an (roan), u6an (woan)s is also heard in some
districts.
158. 6 — i. This difference exists in such words as :
spol (spil), 161k (Ulk), mol (mil), brol (bril), 'broloft (brilloft),
nola4 (nidle), dot (dit), strota5 (strjitte), sostar (sister), jostar
(jister), mont (mint), jofar (jiffer), which are also pronounced
spil, lilk, mil, bril, 'briloft, nila, dit, strita5, sistar, jistar,
mint, jifar.
1 The imperfect tenses and past participles of the verbs bine, spinne, rinne,
wine, winne, fine.
2 The past participle of the verb jaen.
3 The imperfect tenses and past participles of the verbs rinne, winne.
4 Also pronounced nodal, n6dl. 5 Usually pronounced striite.
DIALECTAL VARIATIONS 89
But in some of these words the pronunciation with 6, in others
that with i, has fallen into disuse.
159. iuw — lou. The words bliuwa (Uimve), driuwa (driwwe),
rluwa (riuwe), trluwa (triuwe), prluwa (priuwe), pluwa (piuwe),
skriuwa (skriuwe), uriuwa (wriuwe), lluw (liuw), kiuw (kiuw),
mluw (miuw), are also pronounced blioua, drioua, rloua, trloua,
prioua, pioua, skrioua, urloua, llou, kiou, miou.
Note. This pronunciation is even the most common.
160. ra — e:. Words pronounced with ra or with e: are (among
others) the following :
urak (weak), rrak (reak), kn*akja (kreakje), hrak (heak),
brakan (bedken\ ni-akan (neaJcen), rag (each), rragja (reagje),
vi*agja (weagje), pli-agja (pleagje), bi-aga (hedge), fli-ag (fleach1),
si-eg (seach 1).
Also occurring with the pronunciation re:k, re:k, kreikja, he:k,
bsikan, ne:ken, e:g, reigja, ue:gja, pleigja, beiga, fleig \ se:g J.
161. ra — e:. There are a few words pronounced with i-a or
with e: ; e. g. :
rag (each), ki-ap (heap), ki-apja (Jceapje).
Also pronounced e:g, ke:p, ke:pja.
162. e: — ei. This difference occurs in the words :
beital (betel), ue:garja (wegerje), terkan (teken), te:kanja
(tekenje), ste:gar (steger), cjamemta (gemeente), which have also the
pronunciation beital (beitel), reigarja (weigerje), teikan (teilcen),
teikanja (teikenje), steigar (steiger), gameinta (gemeinte).
163. e: — i-a. In the following words the sounds e: or i-a are
employed : ;
he:l (heel), kfeil (keel), ge:l (geel), de:l (deel), de:la (dele).
In other districts : hi-al (Mel), ki-al (Met), gi-al (giel), di-al
(diel), di'ala (diele).
164. i-a — i:. This dialectal difference occurs especially in some
imperfect tenses ; for instance :
brrak (briek), di-ak (dieJc), ri»ak (riek), spri'ak (sprieTc), strak
(stiek), stri-ak (strtek), tri-ak (trieJc)* bri-av (brief), di-av (dief).
Also pronounced bri:k, di:k, ri:k, spri:k, sti:k, striik, tri:k,2
bri:v, di:v.
1 The imperfect tenses of the verbs Jleane, sjen.
2 The imperfect tenses of the verbs brekke, dekke, rekke, sprekke, stekke, strike,
trekke.
40 ' MODERN WEST FRISIAN
165. pa — 6'a. There are some words pronounced with pa which
in other places have 6*a. Such are :
cjrrat (great), bralag (bealich), bralagja (lealigje), krakalja
(JceaMje), drala (deale), dralaz (deales), fadrald (fordeald), koma-
'drara (kommedeare), which also occur with the pronunciation
gro-at, bo-alag, bo-alagja, ko-akalja, do-ala, do-alaz, fado-ald,
koma'do-ara.
166. 6-a — iou — loti. These three pronunciations are met with
in the following words :
blo*an (bleaim), dro-an (dreaun), skro-an (skreauri), uro'an
(wreaun), pro-an (preaiw), ro»an (reauri), tro-an (treaun),1 klo-ana
(kleaune) ; also blioun, drloun, skrloun, urioun, prioun, rioun,
trioun,1 kliouna ; and blioiin, drioun, skrioun, unoun, prioun,
noun, trioun,1 klioiina (with level stress, see § 85).
167. u — uo. A dialectal difference u — iio exists in the following
words :
mula (mule), butar (Mter), mutsa (mutse), pul (pul), busa
(Mse), which are also pronounced muola, biiotar, miiotsa, puol,
buosa.
168. o: — o*a. Words pronounced with o: or with o*a are, for
example :
no:t (not), Qro:t (grot), po:t (pot), ro:t (rot), proila (prolle),
foila (fole).
Also pronounced no-at (noat), gro-at (groat), po'at (poat), ro-at
(roat), pro^ala, prbala (proale, proalle), fo-ala, f6ala (foale, foalk).
169. a — cr. In some words a short a is heard in some districts
and a half-lengthened a* in others, thus : fara (farre), tara (tarre),
bora (larre), smara (smarre), jin uara (yen warre) ; but also fcrra,
ta*ra, bcrra, sma*ra, jin ua^ra.
170. 6a — uo. Some words are pronounced with 6a or with iio.
Thus: f6at (foart), mtfata2 (moatte), andar (inoar), pdana (poanne),
rbatal (woartel).
Also pronounced fuot, miiota, aniior, piiona, uiiotal.
171. 16 — io. Two pronunciations, namely with io or with io,
are heard in such words as :
ulok (wjuk), pick (pjuk), mioks (mjuks), mioksja (mjuJcsje),
beside uiok, plok, mioks, mioksja.
1 The past participles of the verbs bliuwe, driuwe, skriuwe, wriuwe, priuwe,
riuwe, triuwe.
2 This pronunciation may be said to be antiquated ; it is now mate (see
§ 124. 5).
DIALECTAL VAKIATIONS 41
Similarly, but differently distributed :
slioxt (sljucht), rioxt (rjucJit), sioxt (sjucM), spioxt (spjucht),
spioxtag (spjuchtich), slog (sjuch), 6'siog (onsjuch), fioxtsja (fjuch-
tsje), niorjkan (njunJcen), beside slioxt, rioxt, sioxt, spioxt,
spidxtag, siog, 6'siog, fioxtsja, niorjkan.
172. ai, a*i — ei. Words spelt with ei have various pronuncia-
tions. The most common is ai. or in some cases, especially when
followed by a, a half -lengthened variety of this diphthong, namely
a*i. Another pronunciation, however, is si, also heard in a great
part of the Frisian territory. Besides the retracted and lowered
variety ai, a-i is not unfrequently heard in some districts, whilst
in others the sound is raised so that it becomes nearly e-i. Such
words are, for example :
faint (feint), rain (rein), halt (heit), saiz (seis), flaiz (fleis),
kla*ia (Meije), ta-ia (teije), fa'ia (feije), and so on.
Also pronounced feint, rein, heit, seiz, fleiz, kleia, teia, feia.
173. re — a:. This difference occurs, for example, in the words :
si-aga (seage), sragja (seagje), i?raga (weage), fli-ana (fleane),
which are also pronounced saiga (sage) saigja (saegje), uaiga (wage),
flaina (flane).
174. o-a— ra. The suffix lo-az (-loas) also occurs in the form
Iraz (-leas). The first pronunciation is by far the most common.
175. ja, ia — i. In some places the verbal ending ja (or ia) is
pronounced i ; e. g. :
uidzja (widzje), heilja (heelje), helja (helje), and so on.
Also pronounced uidzi, herli, hsli.
176. The same difference is met with in the diminutive ending
(t)sja or (t)sia, which is also pronounced (t)si ; e. g. :
stiioltsja (stoeltsje), hiiotsja (hoedtsje), stiintsja (stientsje),
netsja (netsje), and so on.
Also heard with the pronunciation stuoltsi, huotsi, stiintsi,
netsi.
CHAPTEK II
SPELLING
177. For a long time there was no unity in the spelling of the
Frisian language. The systems devised by Dr. J. H. Halbertsma
(1834) and by H. S. Sytstra (1856) were generally followed, but
with great freedom. In the year 1876 the ' Selskip for Fryske
tael en skriftenkennisse ' endeavoured to settle the matter once
and for all. A board of spelling appointed by this society finished
its work in 1878. In the next year this was published (De Fryske
Boekstavering, Hearrenfean, 1879). The system of spelling con-
tained in this little book was somewhat extended by Mr. Ph. van
Blom in his Beknopte Friesche SpraaMunst (Joure, 1889).
178. This system is the one still in use. It is based partly on
phonetic, partly on etymological and historical principles.1 Its
originators have also tried as far as possible to bring the different
Frisian dialects together under the same spelling. Hence the
Frisian orthography is in itself very inconsistent, and moreover is
often applied with equal inconsistency.
179. There are a great many anomalies in the system. It
often happens that the same sounds are represented in different
ways, or that the same letters are used to represent different
sounds. Simple sounds are often expressed by two letters and
complex sounds sometimes by single letters. In various cases
the written letters are not pronounced. The spelling of the
diphthongs and triphthongs especially is not all that can be
desired. The spelling of the sounds u, u:, ira, iio, for example,
is a muddle. The consonant spelling is much better.
180. For a simple survey, and for the practical purposes of this
work, the following compendium may serve.
1 It also exhibits the influence of Dutch spelling.
SPELLING
43
181.
NOTATION OF SPEECH-SOUNDS
Vowels (see §§ 6-18)
Phonetic
symbols
b^
«3 &
II
Rules !
Examples
i
y
i
in closed syllables
„ open „
ryk, wyt, ryp, syl
ite, bine, gripe
i:
ii
i
in closed syllables
„ open „
Hid, wiis, wiif
rise, iver, sige
y
ti
u
in closed syllables
„ open „
nut, tun, us
slute, hune
y:
u
u
in closed syllables
„ open „
druf, suzje
druven, suver, tuge
e:
ee
e
e
in closed syllables
„ open „
when final
reek, heech, leech
frede, spegel
se, ne,fe
0:
eu
always
deun, leu, smeule
i
i
e
in closed syllables and before ch
archaic in the words
ik, libje, kinne, richel
yen, yeske, yester, yet, yette,
yettik
e
t
always
fet, les, brekke
e:
e
e
always
only in the word
sted, rech, seft, leze, brege
bern
a
a
oa
in closed syllables and before ch
also in the open monosyllables
only in the words
par, acht, sang,pakke, kachel
ta, sa, ha, hja
moatte, Moandei (§ 124. 5)
a:
ae
a
in closed syllables
„ open „
also in the words
slaen, haed, jaen
twa, drage, pake
barne, warle (§ 100)
e
e
i
0
u
y
in a great many unstressed
syllables, as
in unstressed prefixes and suf-
fixes
in the unstressed prefixes
in the unstressed suffix -sum
sometimes in the words
-e, -je, -zje, -elje, -erje, -ke,
-tsje, -er, -el, -em, -en,
-ens, ge-
bi-, -ich, -lik, -is, ~nis, -igje
for-, to-
bruksum, hansum
jy, wy (§ Ul)
1 In some cases it is not possible or not necessary to give rules.
• MODEKN WEST FRISIAN
Phonetic
symbols
Ordinary
spelling
Eules
Examples
0
U
in closed syllables and before ch
nut, guds, hutte, kuche
also in the open monosyllables
ju, hju, rju, sju, nju
i
in the past participles
britsen, ditsen, litsen, ritsen,
spritsen, stritsen, tritsen,
mirken
also in the words
nidle, mil, silver, hilde,
ginne, wirk, swirk, wirch,
jister, sister, dit ; wird,
hird, bird, mird, stirt,
swird, skirte, wirde, girdle
0
0
in closed syllables, not repre-
lot, kop, God, lof
senting older a
a
from older a before n, I, s, t
man, al, jas, kat
au
only in the words
saunljin, sauntich (§ 122. 6)
e
» » » j>
det (conj.), hwet , hwent,fen,
den
o:
6
when not representing older a
hof, stok, rolje, boge
a
from older a before n, I, (l)d, (C]t
hdn,wdl; did, salt (§ 102)
au
only in the words
saun, naule
aw
„ „ „ past participle
hawn
ou
„ „ „ word
frouljue
0
0
always
dom, tosk, wolle,folk
o*
0
always
tobbe, dobbe, stobbe, klobbe
o:
00
in closed syllables
rook, doop, hoopje
0
„ open - „
doge, romer, smoke
u
oe
when the Dutch equivalent has
droech, hoep, Jioek
o, oe
u
when the Dutch equivalent has
buk, bruke, mule
u, ui, eu
ou
from older u before n(d)
houn, groun, poun (§ 156)
ow
only in the past participle
jown
0
only in the words
do, ho
u:
oe
when the Dutch equivalent has
skoech, boek, doek
o, oe
u
when the Dutch equivalent has
buge, tuzen, bugel
u, ui, eu
ou
only in the word
goune
SPELLING
182.
Diphthongs (see §§ 26-47)
Phonetic
symbols
Ordinary
spelling
Kules
Examples
ai
ai
laitsje, aike
ei
in words which are also pro-
wein, meitsje, rein, ein
nounced with ei
ei
ij
in words which are also pro-
frij, nij, snije, trije
«/
nounced with ii
y
only in the words (also pro-
hy, wy, my, dy, by
nounced with i)
cei
ui
always
stuitsje, struije, druije
ui
oei
always
bloei, groei, bloeije
a'i
aei
kaei, daei, waeije, klaeije
ei
in words also pronounced with
kleije,feije, meije
ei
O'i
oai
always
moai, roaije, ploaitsje
u*i
oei
always
ploeije, loeije
au
au
only in the interjection
au ! •
ou
ou
•
goud, hout, ton, moude
au
gau, nau, blau
ou
ou
always
dou.j kou, nou, skouwe
o-u
ou
rouwe, mouwe
au
dauwe
i-u
ieu
always
ieu
i-a
ie
always
ten, skiep, wiet, Mere
ya
ue
always
flues, natuer
u»a
oe
when the Dutch equivalent has
hoed, bloed, goes, koer
o, oe
u
when the Dutch equivalent has
sur, ure
u, ui
*
ra
ea
always
hea, beam, read, weak, heal
6-a
eu
before r
geur, kleur, steure
eau
in past participles as
dreaun, skreaun, bleaun (§
166)
(j)eo
in the words
frjeon, snjeon, gleon
o-a
oa
always
roas, moal, doar, oar
ii
ie
interchanging with ra
miette, siedzje, triedden
jN
in other cases
fjild, bjinne, hjir, gjin, njirre
io
ju
always
wjuk, bjuster, ljurk
jue
only in the word
ljue
46
• MODERN WEST FRISIAN
Phonetic
symbols
Ordinary
spelling
Rules
Examples
ie
ea
interchanging with ra
beammen, weakje
Je
in other cases
Ijeppe, stjerre,frjemd
10
jo
always
Ijocht
lo
jo
only in
sjonge, stjonke
ju
always
sljucht, rjucht, fjuchtsje,
njunken
6a
oa
always
doarren, hoanne, doarp
da:
oa
only in the word
hoazzen
iio
0
when the Dutch equivalent has
hoedden, koerke, boerkje,
o, oe, eu
skoerre
u
when the Dutch equivalent has
murre, skurre, durje
u, ui
183.
Triphthongs (see §§ 48, 49)
iou
jou
in the word
fjouwer
ion
eau
in words also pronounced with
loft (§ 85)
raw, kauwe, skreauwe
ieu
mieu
iuw
in words also pronounced with
iuw (§ 159)
bliuwe, skriuwe, driuwe
1UW
iuw
especially in verbs as
wriuwe, priuwe (§ 159)
6ai
oai
oi
always interchanging with o-i
only in the word
moaijer, moaist
boi
6a-i
oai
in the words
koai, boaijem
iioi
oei
always
moeike, moeije, roeikje
184.
Consonants (see §§ 56-73)
p
^
peal, piip, pong, top
pp
medially after short vowels and
lippe, groppe, Ijeppe
rising diphthongs
I
when assimilated before a
tobke, klibke, sobkje
breathed consonant
b
I
baen, bliid, flibe, skob
U
medially after short and half-
ebbe, skobben, tobbe, krebbe
long vowels, rising diph-
thongs, and after s:
P
when assimilated
opdien, opgean
b
I
finally after long vowels, diph-
kraeb, slaeb
o
thongs, and triphthongs
SPELLING
47
Phonetic
symbols
Ordinary
spelling
Kules
Examples
t
t
tinke, ite,foet
it
medially (see above)
sitte, hjitte, stjitte
also in imperfect tenses as
staette
dt
in third persons as
riedt, redt
and in past participles
redt, bkdt
d
when assimilated
redsum, litdat!
d
d
dicaen, wedzje, lid
dd
medially
Ijedd&r, redde, krodde
t
when assimilated
utbringe, utdoar
d
d
after long vowels, diphthongs,
laed, tried, reid, himd
triphthongs, and voiced con-
sonants
k
ft
kdld, wike, skoalle, fisk
ft
medially
stekke, rikke
g
0
always initially
goed, grien, gnob, gled
*
when assimilated
ik bin, ik die
p
not indicated in ordinary spell-
(§59)
ing
m
m
man, seame, fiem, laem
mm
medially
simmer, reamme
n
when assimilated (§ 112. 1)
oaribiede, ynpakke
m
en
see§§ 143.2; 146.2
libben, immen
m
see § 142, note
waerm, earm, wjirm
n
n
namme, bine, lean
nn
medially
kinne, moanne
n
en
see §§ 143. 1 ; 146. 1
linnen, buten
Ji
nj
only medially (cf. § 116)
brdnje, tsjinje, tsjernje
*)
ng
medially or finally
sjonge, lang, dong
n
before k and g
inket, klank, yngean
a
en
$ee §§ 143. 3 ; 146. 3
rekken
1
I
Idn, slaen, dive, role
11
medially
telle, wolk, settle
r
r
rane, narje, mar, leare
rr
medially
karre, skjirre, skurre, stjerre
w
w
after d, k, s, t
dwaen, kwael, suriet, twa
f
f
fier, lofter, wif
ff
medially
treffe, straffe
V
V
only medially
gnuve, iver,fervje
f
before -de in imperfect tenses
gmifde. draefde
48
MODEKN WEST FKISIAN
Phonetic
symbols
£«>
II
?!
o »
Rules
Examples
V
/
finally after long vowels and
voiced consonants
also before d in past participles
skeaf, toalf, erf
erfd, biskaefd
D
w
ww
medially in the verb
waer, wyn, wjirje, wrine
hawwe
8
s
ss
sc
medially
in the verb settle and its forms
soan, skjin, buse, bosk
passe, misse
scil, scoe, scitten
Z
Z
zz
s
mostly medially
finally in
medially after short vowels and
rising diphthongs
before -de in imperfect tenses
ease, gnize, eidzje, reizgje
ik siz, liz, sis !
lizze, sizze, hazze, goezzen,
kiezzen
uriisde, raesde
Z
s
Z
finally after long vowels and
voiced consonants
also before d in past participles
finally in the imperatives
Us, goes, stins, tjems, gers
misd, raesd
wez, lez
j
j
y
initially and in some combina-
tions and endings
only in the words
jong, jister, tsjerke, helje
yen, yet, yeske, yester, yettik
X
Gil
9
medially after short vowels,
finally, and before t
also in irregular verbal forms
before t
in regular verbal forms before t
kachel, slack, sluch, nocht
mocht, brocht, tocht, docht
hy bugt, draegt
g
g
99
medially
medially after short vowels
mage, togje,furge
dogge, flagge, bigge
g
h
ch
9
h
finally after long vowels and
voiced consonants
finally in regular verbal forms
only initially (cf. §§ 73, 131)
each, flick, berch
ik bug, draeg
houn, hiem, hus
185.
SPELLING
Values of written letters
49
bD
fll
HT:
Pro-
nounced
Rules i
Examples
a
O
in closed syllables before n, t, s, I
kanne, latte, passe, bal
0
in closed syllables, when not
jak, nacht, garje, sang
followed by n, t, s, I
a
in the open monosyllables
ta, sa, ha, hja
a:
in open syllables
tale, pake, twa
a:
before rn, rl (r is assimilated)
barne, warle
ae
a:
always
waer, paed, tael, maet
aei
a*i
?j
aei, raei, faei, haeije
m
at
»
laitsje, aikje
au
au
only in the interjection
au!
ou
mostly
gau, flau, nau, blau
O'U
when followed by we
dauwe, snauwe
D
only in the words
sauntjin, sauntich
o:
?> » » >»
saun, naule
aw
o:
only in the past participle
hawn
d
o:
always ; only occurring before
sdn,stdl, wrdld, salt (§ 102)
n, I, Zd, Z<
b
b
in various positions
bien, bruke, kliber, gib
b
finally after long vowels and
kraeb, slaeb
diphthongs
P
by assimilation before breathed
tobke, slabke, klibke
consonants
to
b
medially
ribbe, libben
ch
X
medially, before t, finally after
rache, tichelje, nacht, sluch
short vowels
g
finally after long vowels, diph-
weach, kraech, wirch,
thongs, triphthongs, and
smoarch
voiced consonants
d
d
in various positions
del, eide, droech, lid
d
finally after long vowels, diph-
steed, sted, tsjoed, frjemd
thongs, triphthongs, and
voiced consonants
t
by assimilation (§ 110. 2)
dat derre
mute
always in
ridlik, nidle, girdle (§ 104.
5)
sometimes in
wirdich, wirde, aerdich (§
104. 1)
sometimes in the article
de (§ 105)
dd
d
medially
midden, widdou, hjidde,
redde
dt
t
in verbal forms as
redt, ledt, bledt, riedt
1
H66-2
In some cases it is not possible or not necessary to give a rule.
50
• MODERN WEST FRISIAN
M>
£
M'-S
£
Pro-
nounced
Rules
Examples
e
e:
in open syllables
redens, dele, eker
i
only in the words
yen, yet, yeske, yester, yettik
e
in closed syllables
gek, let, sjen, tsjen, wet
e:
only in the word
bern
0
only in the words
del (conj.), hwet, Invent, fenr
den
a
in unstressed words and syl-
de, witte, spegel
lables
ea
i»a
generally in open syllables or
followed by a single consonant
kream, kwea, sleat, read,
hear
ie
generally when followed by two
or more consonants
reamme, beamke, fearje
eau
6»a
especially in past participles as
bleaun, dreaun (§ 166)
lou
in other cases
reau, greau, leauwe
ee
e:
always
reed, bleek, reek, heel '
ei
a-i
generally when -je follows (cf.
feije, leije, teije
§173)
ai
in other cases (cf. § 173)
neil, feint, Jleis,mei, heine
eo
d-a
in the words
frjeon, snjeon, gleon
eu
6-a
before r
fleur, kleur, steure
0:
in other cases
bleu, beuke, deugd, deun
e
e:
finally
se, swe,fe, ste
e
e:
always
gles, bled, rech, mes
f
f
in various positions
fjouwer, feint, loft, dof
V
before the- ending -de
skaefde, erfde, draefde
V
finally after long vowels, diph-
hof, skeaf, erf, skelf
thongs, triphthongs, and r, I
mute
generally in the word
6/(§107)
fd
vd
finally, e.g. in past participles
mtft
weefd, draefd, erfd
ff
f
HB
medially
skaffe, trejffe, ploffe
9
9
initially
gdns, gnoarje, glei, grien
g
medially after vowels and voiced
beage, bergje, priizgje, walgje
consonants
also before the ending -de
doogde, siigde
X
in regular verbal forms before t
hy sugt, bugt, draegt
after t, k, p (§ 115. 2)
utgean, opgean
gd
fed
finally
doogd, siigd, jeugd
99
g
medially
rogge, wy dogge, sjugge
It
h
only initially
helje, hjir, honear
mute
before .;' and w in the words
hjoed, hjelt, hjouwer, hwar
hwent, hwet, hwer, hwen-
near
also in the words
the, thus
SPELLING
51
CO
a
"1
Pro-
nounced
Rules
Examples
i
I
in closed syllables and before ch
winne, sitte, richel
i
in open syllables, usually before
bite, wike, trime, wine, gripe,
t, k, m, n, p, I
sile
i:
in open syllables, usually before
bibel, glide, tige, fiver, rize
b, d, g, v, z
a
in various unstressed syllables
bi-, -ich, -lik, -is, -nis, -igje
in the articles
it, in
6
before rd, ri (r is assimilated) in
wird, bird, hird, girdle,
mird, swird, wirde, skirte
before ts in the past participles
britsen, ditsen, litsen, ritsen,
spritsen, stitsen, stritsen,
tritsen
in some other words as
ginne, kinde, ivirk, swirk,
mirken, wirch, mil, silver,
hilde, jister, sister
ie
i*a
generally in open syllables or
rie, fiele, miene, grien
followed by a single consonant
ii
generally when followed by two
miette, gierrich, siedeje
or more consonants
ieu
i-u
always
ieu
ii
i:
always
wiid, griis, piip
ij
ei
always (cf. § 154)
nij, lij, mije, krije
iuw
iuw
always (cf. § 159)
wriuwe, skriuwe, bliuwe
i
j
in various positions
jaen, tsjerke, meitsje, bitelje
mute
in the words
frjeon, snjeon, Ijeaf, njuet,
hjar
also when inserted after diph-
jeije, struije, bloeije, waeije,
thongs and triphthongs end-
goaije, loeije
ing in I
Je
ie
always in stressed syllables
frjemd, kjeld, Ijeppe
ft
ii
always (but cf. § 79)
fjild, djip, Ijirre, strjitte
jo
io
in the word
Ijocht
io
in the words
sjonge, stjonke
ju
io
in the words
wjuk, pjuk, sjud, wjudde,
mjuks, ljurk, sljurkje,
bjuster
io
in the words
rjucht, sljucht, fjuchtsje,
sjuch, njuggen, spjucht,
njunken
jue
id
in the word
ljue
k
k
in various positions
klean, tiksel, flaeks, skjin
9
before voiced consonants
blykber
M
k
medially
hikke, wjukkelje
I
1
in various positions
longe, Ijisk, stiel, kjeld
mute
in the combinations did, alt
kdld, fdld, hdlde, sdlte
11
1
medially
tilky tjilling, skoalle
E2
;
^MODERN WEST FRISIAN
4
Pro-
nounced
Rules
Examples
m
m
in various positions
meane, rame, daem
m
finally after long vowels or
waerm, earm, shewn, gdlm
diphthongs + r or I
mm
m
medially
komme, klimme, tomme
n
n
in various positions l
nest, line, lean
m
before b, p, m
yribine, oanprange, oanmei-
tsje
*)
before k, g
winke, blank, anker
ng
g
always
wringe, bringe, hingje
nn
n
medially
linnen, spanne
0
0
in closed syllables, but not
kop, lof, lot, God, socht, hok
always
0
in closed syllables, always be-
skob, dogge, dom, tonne, jong,
fore b, g, m, n, ng, ks
okse
and sometimes before other con-
focht, dof, kop, hok, folk
sonants
0'
generally before bb
tobbe, klobbe, stobbe
o:
in open syllables
doge, dope, stove
u
only in the words
do, ho
3
in the adverb and preposition to
for-, to-
and the prefixes
oa
o-a
generally in open syllables or
kroade, doare, smoar, moal
followed by a single conso-
nant
6a
generally when followed by two
hoanne, boarre, stoarm
or more consonants
6ai
only in the plural form
hoazzen
a
in the words
moatte, Moandei
a:
only in the word
Woansdei
oai
o-i
mostly
moai, koaitsje, koaije
6ai
interchanging with O'i
moaijer, moaist, moaijens
6a-i
only in the words
koai, boaijem
oe
u
droech, hoep, poes
u:
skoech, hoef, kloek
ira
hoed, moed, poel, koer
uo
generally before two or more
skoerre, koelje, floerje
consonants
oei
ui
mostly
bloeije, groeije, skroeije
U'i
when g has dropped
ploeije, loeije
iioi
interchanging with ui
tnoeite, moeike, moeije
oi
6ai
only in the word
boi
00
o:
always
rook, roof, loom
Nasalization is not mentioned here (see §§ 116-19).
SPELLING
53
M
G
S|
Pro-
nounced
Kules
Examples
ou
OU
mostly
tou, grouj bou, /row, smout
O'U
usually when -we follows
mouwe, rouwe
OU
especially in the words
dou, kou, nou, jou, strou,
hou ! stouwe, skouwe
o:
only in the word
frouljue
u
before n, when d has dropped
sown, houn, roun
(§ 156)
u:
only in the word
goune
ow
u
in the past participle of the
jown (§ 156)
verb jaen
ou
in other forms of this verb
ik jow
6
o:
always
noch, rok, strot, bbgejble
P
P
in various positions
peal, piip, gripe
b
before voiced consonants
opdyk, opbod, opgong
PP
P
medially
skoppe, sjippe
r
r
in various positions (cf. § 126)
rij, skriuwe, ier
mute
before dental consonants (§ 100)
wird, wart, jern, hjerst
in other assimilations (§ 101)
wjerljocht, f oar jaen
in the verbal form (§ 127)
ik (hy) wier
rr
r
medially
sfjerre, jarre, murre
s
s
in various positions
rest, sterk, hise, okse
z
sometimes in the words
is, as, se (§ 109. 3, 4)
o
also before the ending -de
uriisde, easde
z
finally after long vowels, diph-
wiis, heas, lears, stins
thongs, and voiced conso-
nants
sc
s
only in the verb
settle, scoe, scillen
sd
8<J
finally
raesd, kniesd
ss
8
medially
plasse, misse
t
t
in various positions
terp, twinge, tsjen, bite, lyts
d
before voiced consonants (§ 109.
foartbanne, utgean
5)
mute
when assimilated (§ 103)
mestelbank, nestelje
tt
t
medially
jiette,forjitte, sette
u
6
in closed syllables
guds, nut, tsjuster
y
in open syllables, generally be-
hune, slute, kruse, tule, rude
fore n, t, s,l,d
y
in open syllables, generally be-
snuve, tuge, suze
fore v, g, z
3
in unstressed syllables
hdnsum, langsum
ue
ya
always
kuer, flues, sluere
ui
oei
always
bui, stuit, bruije, skuile
54
MODERN WEST FRISIAN
9
~i
Pro-
'nounced
Rules
Examples
u
y
in closed syllables, generally
brim, nut, grus, hul
before n, t, s, I, d
y-
in closed syllables, generally
druf, skuf, tuck
before v, g (/, cti)
u
u
ruch, sluch, buk, ful, rup
u:
such, hud, krud, mus
ira
before r
stur,fjur, ure
iio
generally before two or more
munts, durje, burman
consonants
V
V
always
weve, stiivje, erve
w
w
after dt k, s, t
dtoylje, kwea, swe, twer
u
initially
uwjf, wan, weach, wetter
mute
when inserted after diphthongs
klauwe, skouwe, houwe,
and triphthongs ending in u
mouwe, fjouwer, leauwe,
bliuwe
ww
13
only in the word
hawwe
y
i
in closed syllables
un/t, ryk, bryk, skyn
ei
only in the words (also pro-
hy, wy, my, dy, by
nounced with i)
a
sometimes in
jy,u>y
z
z
always
frieze, eaze, siz!
z
finally after long vowels
wez! lez!
zz
z
medially
dizse, sizze, lizze, hazze
PAET II. GEAMMAK
CHAPTEE III. ETYMOLOGY
I. THE DECLINABLE PAKTS OF SPEECH
1. NOUN
186. In Frisian there are three genders: masculine, feminine,
and neuter. Nouns of the neuter gender are recognizable by the
article it ; both masculine and feminine nouns take the article de,
but the former are indicated by the personal pronoun % (he), the
latter by the personal pronoun hja or sy (she) in the singular.
187. Neuter nouns are :
1. The geographical proper names, as Frysldn, Ingeldn.
2. The names of metals, as goud, silver, izer.
3. The substantival infinitives, adjectives, pronouns, adverbs,
and phrases, as it fortrouwen (confidence), it kwea (evil), it ho en
htvet (how and what), it wolkom (welcome).
4. The diminutives (see § 265. 7).
5. The nouns ending in the suffix -sel, derived from verbs, as
bdksel (what is baked), wynsel (bandage).
6. The collective nouns with the suffix -fe, derived from sub-
stantives, as beamte (trees).
7. The verbal stems with the prefixes bi-, for-, ge-, ont-, as
bidriuw (act), forrin (course), geMei (complaint), ontMld (memory).
188. Nouns of the feminine gender are :
1. The names of female persons, as boerinne (farmer's wife).
Except wiif (wife), frouminske, frommis, minske (woman), famke,
farike (girl), which are of the neuter gender.
2. A large number of material nouns, as molhe (milk), yettik
(vinegar), reamme (cream). Except the names of metals and some
others, as hout (wood), sdn (sand), wetter (water), bier (beer), moal
(meal), smoar (grease), salt (salt), fet (fat), which are of the neuter
gender.
56 ^ODERN WEST FRISIAN
3. The abstract nouns denoting quality, property, or stater
especially those which end in the suffixes -heid, -ens, -de, -te, -nis,
-skip, as wierheid (truth), goedens (goodness), Ijeafde (love), tviette
(wetness), minis (knowledge), blydsMp (joy).
189. For the remainder it is not possible to give clear and
simple rules. It is apparent from those above mentioned that the
masculine gender has acquired great extension in Frisian. Even
the names of female animals are masculine, as Jcou (cow), hat (cat),
teef(biich), dou (dove). Besides, the gender of the nouns mentioned
in § 188. 2 and 3 is not quite clear, because they are often indicated
by the demonstrative pronoun dy (having in this case the significa-
tion or the function of a personal pronoun of the third person), the
indication by the personal pronoun hja or sy falling more and more
into disuse.
Compound substantives usually have the gender of the last
part. Except de bank m. (bench), it finsterbarik n. (window-seat) ;
it boat n. (boat), de stoomboat m. (steamboat).
190. A few nouns have a different gender when the significa-
tion is different. The principal are :
de board m. (collar) ; it board n. (board, brim, seam).
de, it bosk m. or n. (wood) ; it bosk n. (bundle).
de bout m. (bolt, pin) ; it bout n. (leg of sheep or calf,
drumstick of fowl).
de, it ein m. or n. (end, extremity) ; it ein n. (part, piece, distance).
defal m. (fall) ; itfal n. (hatch).
de minske m. (man, human it minske n. (wife),
being) ;
de moed m. (courage) ; it moed n. (mind).
de sin m. (signification, phrase) ; it sin n. (humour, temper, long-
ing).
de Skrift m. (Holy Writ) ; it storift n. (writing, writing-
book).
de soal m. (sole) ; it soal n. (navigable lane in ice).
de stoff. (matter, texture) ; it stofn. (dust).
191. There are two numbers in Frisian, the singular and the
plural. The modes of forming the plural are the following :
A. First mode, by adding the termination -en to the singular
form.
1. When that is a monosyllabic word, as boek (book), boeken.
THE NOUN 57
2. When the word ends in an accented or half-accented suffix,
as -ij, -dom, -skip, -ing, -an.
Note 1. The suffix -Jieid is changed into -Jieden in the plural, as
nierlieid (truth), wierheden.
Note 2. Only -n is added when the singular form ends in the
indistinct vowel -e, as greide (grass-land), greiden.
B. Second mode, by adding -s to the singular. This is the case
when the singular ends in an unaccented suffix as -el, -em, -en, -er,
-ert, -mer, -ter, -ster, -je, -tie, -sje, tsjc.
192. A few words exhibit particular forms of the plural, which
may be called irregular :
1. The singular remains unchanged in ~beane (bean), earte (pea),
bern (child), sJciep (sheep).
2. The nouns Jcou (cow), goes (goose), skoech (shoe), foet (foot),
beest (beast), have the plurals Jcij,gies, skoen, fiet, bisten, but gies, fiet
have become antiquated and are usually replaced by goezzen, foetten.
3. Dei (day) and wei (way) are changed into dagen, wegen ; the
plural of deihier (day's wage) is dagenhier.
4. The plurals of reed (skate), lears (boot) are redens, learzens.
5. Alder (parent) has the plural dlden.
6. Man (man) and frou (woman) form the plurals manljuef
frouljue, which are more common than mannen, frouwen.
7. Compound nouns ending in -man, as Mrman (neighbour),
timmerman (carpenter), fisherman, also change man into ljue, thus
burljue, timmerljue, fiskerljue.
193. The plural of nouns denoting a quantity, number, measure,
weight, or price is often the same as the singular. Such nouns
are hop (head), seJc (sack), snies (score), pear (pair), foet (foot), jelne
(ell), poun (pound), ons (ounce), goune (florin).
194. Material nouns as izer (iron), goud (gold), liout (wood),
wetter (water), weet (wheat), and abstract nouns having the
character of material nouns, as Uydskip (joy), Ijeafde (love), are only
used in the singular. When they acquire the character of ordinary
class nouns, the plural is formed in the common way. Peculiar
plural forms of this kind are lijouwers, weten, flaeksen, i. e. fields of
oats, wheat, flax.
195. Some words are only used in the plural. The commonest
are affaers, faksen, grypsjes, grysjes, gritsen, harsens, ynhalden,
ynliouten, Mean, Jcosten, lea, ljue, oanslaggen, raenjen, skriften, spitsen,
trouwers.
58 , MODERN WEST FRISIAN
196. As a general rule nouns no longer have different cases in
Frisian, with the exception of the genitive. This case is formed
by adding -s or -e to the undeclined form. In some expressions we
still find the full termination -es. Some nouns ending in the
indistinct vowel -e are not changed in the genitive.
197. Of the s-genitive we may distinguish the following cases : *
A. Strong genitive (in -s, -es) of class nouns.
1. A partitive genitive is formed from adjectives used substan-
tively, e. g. hwet goeds, folle goeds, hwet moaijes, hwet nijes (something,
or much, good, beautiful, new).
2. A possessive genitive from nouns (singular or plural, masc.,
fern., or neuter) denoting personal names, e. g. burmans leed
(neighbour's sorrow), masters Ms, fervers (the dyer's) Sjoukje,
rikeljues gebruk (rich folk's ways), syn wiifs mem (mother), myn
dochters man.
Note the indeclinable form of the possessive pronoun in the last examples.
3. An elliptic genitive from personal names, when the substan-
tive hus (house) or a noun denoting possession is understood,
but not expressed, e. g. by masters (at the schoolmaster's), &«/ domenys
(at the pastor's), by de bakJcers, ~by de fervers, dat is heites (father's),
memmes (mother's).
Note that the definite article in such cases is indeclinable.
4. A possessive genitive of personal names is sometimes com-
bined with the prepositional genitive, for instance : de tun (garden)
fen masters, it hof (garden) fen domenys, de jonge (lad) fen de bakJcers.
5. In expressions as der is gjin Uteljens ein oan, der is gjin
riedens ein oan, the infinitive used substantively stands in the
genitive.
6. In less common speaking, and in writing, such genitives are
met with as Maitiids myldens (mildness), Idns ivolfeart (prosperity).
7. Adverbial genitives are very common in Frisian, e. g. moarns,
jouns, dels, nachts, wyks, jiers, maitiids, simmers, hoJckerdeis, de iene
tvyks, de oare wyJcs, dy dels, meastentiids, goedmoeds, underweijes,
Mtentiids.
1 In the written language other genitives than those given in the following
rules may occur. As a rule such forms are completely antiquated or taken
from the Dutch.
THE NOUN 59
B. Strong genitive (in -s, -es) of proper nouns.
1. From personal names to denote the possessor, the maker, and
so on, e. g. Sytema's reed (road), Waling DyJcstra's skriften (writings).
Note. This genitive is not formed from monosyllabic proper nouns.
2. From personal names to denote the father or the mother, e. g.
Anne Piers, Jan Arikjes.
3. In elliptic use (cf. A. 3), e.g. % Sytses, l)y Sipma's, dat is
Sytses, Euerdes, or in combination with the prepositional genitive
(cf. A. 4), e. g. de feint (servant) fen Euerdes, fen Wytsma's.
4. From geographical proper nouns, e. g. Fryslans marren
(meres).
198. A weak genitive in -e, or without termination when the
substantive ends in the indistinct vowel, is met with in the
following cases :
1. From the class nouns heit (father), mem (mother), pake (grand-
father), beppe (grandmother), omke (uncle), moeike (aunt), all denoting
a family relation, e.g. heite Mean (clothes), memme soargen (sorrows),
pake hoed (hat).
2. From monosyllabic personal names ending in a consonant,
and from those which end in -e, to denote the husband, as JRuerde
Tryn, Anne Grytsje.
199. There are two kinds of periphrastic genitives in Frisian :
1. With the aid of the preposition fen (prepositional genitive),
as it hus fen us burman (our neighbour).
2. With the aid of the possessive pronoun syn, hjar, as heit syn
Mean, Jan syn mem, us famke (girl) hjar boeken, dy ljue (people)
hjar drokte (activity).
200. The genitive may also be expressed with the aid of the
suffixes -er, -ter, -ster, -mer placed after geographical names, e. g. de
Snitser wetterpoarte (the water-gate of Sneek), Frjentsjerter merke,
(Franeker market), de Eypster toer (tower), de Hegemer mar (mere).
201. Kemains of the old dative form (in -e) are found in the
adverbial expressions to goede (to good), to Idnne (to land), to neate
(to nothing), to rjuchte (to rights).
202. A vocative is met with in the apostrophe-form heite and in
the exclamation Heare, both used in familiar speaking, e. g. kom hjir
ris, heite ! (just come here, lad !), Heare, hivet die er it mal ! (Lord,
how madly he did it !).
60 .MODERN WEST FRISIAN
2. ARTICLE
203. Frisian has the following articles :
1. The definite article de, used before masc. and fern, nouns in
the singular and before nouns of all genders in the plural.1
2. The definite article it, used before neuter nouns in the
singular.
3. The indefinite article in, only used before singular nouns of
all genders.
4. The negative article gjin, used before nouns of all genders
and numbers.
Note. In the written language we still find the negative article nin used in
the same sense as gjin. This article, however, has fallen into disuse in
speaking.
204. Some isolated forms excepted, all these articles are inde-
clinable.
Of the definite article there still exist the following forms :
1. An old accusative masc. sing, in op 'en ~baen (Jcomme, weze,
bringe), op 'en dur, troch 'en tiid, ta 'n ein.
2. An old dative fern. sing, in by der em, by der hdn, fen der
Mn, in der iivicliheid net.
3. An old dative neuter sing, in yn 'e Ms, ut 'e Ms.
4. An emphatic case answering to the old ace. masc. sing, in for
den divel, for den donder.
205. The article also remains undeclined in such cases as de
boers hof, de frous mem, it Idns regear, by de boers, nei de Jcupers,
de deis, de oare deis, de snein-to-jouns (see § 197, A. 3, 4, 7).
3. ADJECTIVE
Inflexion of adjectives
206. In Frisian, adjectives have still the following inflexional
forms :
The stem-form without termination.
The stem-form with the termination -e.
The stem-form with the termination -en.
The stem-form with the termination -er.
1 For the assimilation of this article see § 105.
THE ADJECTIVE
61
207. The undeclined form is met with in :
1. All the adjectives used predicatively, as de wet is lang (the
way is long), it waer is moai (the weather is fine).
2. The adjective used attributively :
a. When it stands before neuter nouns in the singular and
no other determining word precedes, as salt wetter (salt water).
b. In the same case, when the preceding word is the indefi-
nite article in, as in cljip wetter (a deep water) ; the negative article
gjin, as gjin farsk brea (no new bread) ; the numerals ien, elk, ider,
mannich, as ien brun hynder (one brown horse) ; a possessive or
interrogative pronoun, as myn nij boek (my new book), hokker Jieech
Ms (which high house ?).
c. When it ends in two unaccented syllables, as in izeren
stek (an iron railing), dy izeren brege (that iron bridge).
d. When it is derived from a proper noun by means of -er,
as de Ljomverter skipper (the Leeuwarden captain).
e. When it is one of the words rjuchter, lofter, linker, as de
rjuchter hdn, de lofter side, de linker kant.
f. When it stands in the comparative degree, provided that
it is not preceded by a definite article or a demonstrative pronoun,
as greater hus, heger toer, moaijer listen, oan leger ival (but de
mindere man, beside de heger ein).
g. Sometimes when it is used before names of male persons,
especially before man, and before nouns denoting a trade or pro-
fession, but only when the indefinite article precedes, as in goed
(frjemd, nuver) man, in great dichter.
h. When it is one of the words did, jong, lyts, great, used
before one of the personal names man, frou, feint, faem, boer, baes,
master, and some others, or before names of animals and things, so
that a single idea is expressed, as de did boer, de did frou, it jong
hynder (horse), dot aid Ms, dy aid skurre (barn).
208. The stem-form + e stands :
1. Before masc. and fern, nouns when no other word precedes,
as goede man, Ijeave mem.
2. Before masc. and fem. nouns when preceded by. a definite
or indefinite article and by other determining words (but see
§ 207. 2 c-h), as de hege toer, in goede heit.
3. Before neuter nouns when preceded by the definite article or
by a demonstrative pronoun (but see § 207. 2 c-e), as it (dit, dat)
djure Ms.
62 'MODEKN WEST FEISIAN
4. Before plural nouns with or without other preceding words,
as djippe wetters, hege beammen.
209. The stem + en is found :
1. As an emphatic form in such cases as it is in dreg en baes (he
is a stout fellow).
Note. Instead of this the stem + e may also be used.
2. Before ien used substantively, as dat is in greaten ien, in raren
ien, in moaijen ien, and also when the word ien is omitted, it is in
raren, in nuveren, in aide jas (coat) en in nijen, in swarten ien en in
brunen.
210. The stem + er is used :
1. In some isolated expressions which are remains of old geni-
tives and datives, as alkrhande, allerlei, goederjowsk, ut goeder best.
2. In combination with noch, as langernoch, moaijernoch, likernoch.
Note. Properly speaking it is not the termination -er which appears in
such expressions. Originally the adjective was undeclined, and the following
word was enoch. The r is thus merely a later insertion.
Comparison of adjectives
211. The comparative degree of adjectives is formed by adding
the termination -er to the positive, e. g. lieecli — heger, great — greater.
When the positive ends in I, n, or r, a d is inserted before the
comparative ending, as mdl (foolish) — malder, tin (thin) — tinder, toar
(dry, lean) — toarder.
This insertion, however, does not always occur when the
adjective ends in an unaccented syllable, as el, en, er, e. g. himmel
(neat) — himmeler, but also himmelder, tofreden (content) — tofredener,
Jielder (clear) —helderer, but oftener helderder.
212. The superlative degree is formed by the addition of -st to
the positive, as lieecli — Jieechst, skjin (clean) — slcjinst.
When the adjective ends in d, t, ts, these consonants are assimi-
lated to the s of the superlative termination, e. g. red (quick) — redder
—redst, fet (fat)— fetter— fetst, lyts (little)— lytser—lytst, let (late)—
letter — lest.
Adjectives in st are not changed in the superlative, e. g. fest (fast,
firm)— fester— (it) fest.
213. The following adjectives and adverbs are irregular in the
comparative and the superlative :
NUMERALS 63
goed (good) — better — lest,
folle (much) — mear — meast.
ier (early) — carder — earst.
graech (willing) — Ijeaver — Ijeafst.
"But goed = good-natured, and graech = desired (as in gragewaer),
have regular degrees :
goed — goeder — goedst.
graech — grager — graechst.
214. The superlative may be strengthened by prefixing aller-,
alder-, e. g. allerheechst, alderljeafst, alderbest.
215. The following comparative forms have the signification of
positives : rjuchter (right), lofter, linker (left), skoander (excellent).
216. The superlative may be preceded by the article it when
used predicatively, e. g. liy is greatst or hy is de greatste, or liy is it
greatst(e).
217. As a general rule the comparative is not declinable in
Frisian (see § 207. 2/).
The attributive superlative is declined like the positive ; the
predicative superlative has the forms mentioned in the preceding-
section .
4. NUMERALS
218. The Frisian cardinal numerals are :
1. ten (1), twa (2),'trye (3), fjouwer (4), /*/(5), seis (6), saun (7),
acht (8), njuggen (9), tsien (10), dive, alf (11), toalve, toalf(l2);
trettjin (13), fjirtjin (14), fyftfin (15), sechstjin (16), sauntjin (17),
achttjin (18), njuggentjin (19) ;
tweintich (20), tritich (30), fjirtich (40), fyfticli (50), sechstich (60),
sauntich (70), tachtich (80), njuggentich (90) j1
ien-en-tweintich (21), twa-en-tweintich (22), . . . njuggen-en-tweintich
(29);
Mndert (100), twa-Mndert (200), . . . njuggen-hundert (900) ;
tuzen (1,000), twa-tuzen (2,000) ; . . .
alf-hundert (1,100), toalf-lmndert (1,200), . . . njuggentjin-Jmndert
(1,900); . . .
miljoen (1,000,000), tiva-miljoen (2,000,000) . . .
2. alle (all), leide (both), elk (each), ider (each), folle (many),
forskate (various), ienich, ienichst (only), inkele (single), ytlike (some),
1 Alftich (110) and tool/tick (120) = Old Frisian *alftich, tolftich, are no longer
in use.
64 » MODERN WEST FRISIAN
mannicli (many, some), understate (various), sommige, somlike (some) ;
gam (whole), genocli (enough), liioet (somewhat), rju (abundant, rife),
gjin (no).
219. The ordinal numerals are formed from the cardinal
numerals by adding -ste, -te, or -de (except earste, foarste, oarde).
earste or foarste (first), twadde or oarde (second), tredde, fjirde,
fyfte, sechste, saunde, achtste, njuggende, tsiende ;
alfte, toalfte ; trettjinde . . . njuggentjinde ;
tweinticJiste, hundertste, tuzenste, miljoenste.
220. Fractions : in heal (%),in tredde (part) (J), in fjirde (%), trije
fjirden (f ), and so on from the ordinal numerals ; oardeJieal or
oardel (1|), treddelieal or treddel (2£), fjirdeheal orfjirdel (3|), fi/fte-
heal orfifel (4^), sechsteheal or sechel (5J), saundeheal (6|), achteheal
(7^), and so on.
221. Collective numerals to denote being or belonging together :
twaresom, trijeresom, fjouweresom, fivesom, seizesom, and so on.
Multiplicative numerals : diibel (double), trijediibel (threefold),
fjouwerdubel, and so on.
222. Numeral adverbs :
1. To denote order : earst orfoarst, tivad or oard, tred, fjird, fyft,
sechst, saund.
2. To denote l once ', ' twice ', ' three times ', and so on : ienkear
(ienmel, ienris), twahear (twaris), trijeJcear (trijeris), and so on.
223. Numeral adjectives to denote ' of two, three sorts ', and so
on :
twadderhande, tredderhande, . . . allerhande ; ienderlei, twadderlei,
tredderlei, . . . allerlei.
224. Numerals may take the ending -en, when used substan-
tively :
1. To denote time : foar ienen (before one o'clock), oer twaen
(after two), twisken trijen en fjouweren, Icertier (a quarter) oer fiven,
liealwei seizen (half-past five).
2. To denote being together : mei ienen, ly twaen, hja luieren mei
lijar trijen (= there were three of them), ivy binne mei us achten
(= we are eight).
3. To denote a division into groups or parts : yn twaen, trijen.
4. To denote a great number : ~by tsienen, l>y hunderten, by
tuzenen.
5. To denote one of a number : ien fen tivaen, ien fen beiden, fen
PKONOUNS
65
225. The numerals elk and ider have the genitives elks, iders,
e. g. elks oardeel, iders miening ; elkmes is a dative form, e. g. jow
hjar elkmes hwet (give each of them something).
Alle shows the form al when separated from the noun by the
definite article or a pronoun, e. g. al it folk.
Folle, inkele, sommige take the ending -n, when used for persons.
5. PRONOUNS
228. In Frisian there are the following pronouns :
Personal
Demonstrative
Relative
Interrogative
Indefinite
Reflexive
Reciprocal
Substantive
1. ik, 2. dou, jo (jy), 3. hy, er ;
hja, sy ; it
1. wy, 2. jimme, 3. hja, sy
dizze, dy, dit, dat
soks, dy-, dat-, itjinge
de-, it-, dy-, datselde
sels, oar
dy('t), dat, der('t), hwet
hwa, hwet
men, it, immen, nimmen, eat,
neat, alles
hwet, hwa, guds, gudden
elk, ider, gjin ('n), ien
elk-en-ien, ider-en-ien, mannich-
ien
ien en oar, it ien en 't oar
1. minen, mines, 2. dinen, -es,
jouwes, 3. sinen, -es ; hjarres
1. uzes, 2. jimmes, 3. hjarres
1. my, 2. dy, jo, 3. him ; hjar
1. us, 2. jimme, 3. hjar
yen
mekoar, malkoar, elkoar, inoar
Adjective
dizze, dy, dit, dat
hok, hokker, hwet, ho'n
1. »nyn, 2. dyn, jou, jins,
3. syn ; hjar
1. us, 2. jimme, 3. hjar
227. The Personal Pronouns have the following forms :
f Nominative case : 1. ik 2. dou, jo 3. hy ; hja, sy ; it
\ Objective case : my dy, jo Mm ; hjar, se ; it
_.. (Nominative case: 1. wy 2. jimme 2. hja, sy
Jr luraH /-V! ... .. 7 • 7 •
( Objective case : us jimme hjar, hjarren, se
Genitives as in § 197, A. 3 : by jimmes (at your house), ~by uzes.
Enclitic forms are : 2.-st(e), accented -stou, 3. er. They are used
after verbs and after conjunctions and relative or interrogative
pronouns, as as, det, dat, der, dy, do, htver, hwet, nou, nei ; e. g. Hiest
dat wol tocht ? (Would you have thought it ?). As er mei (as he may).
Hy kin dwaen, hwet er wol (he can do what he likes).
1466-2
66 • MODERN WEST FRISIAN
Unaccented forms are :
Nominative : 1. 'k 2. je 3. se, 't ; 1. wi, we 2. jim 3. se
Objective : mi, me je se, 't ; jim se
These forms are not always used in writing.
A vocative form of the second person singular is ju, only used
in familiar speaking, e. g. Hark ris, ju ! (I say, you !).
Some pronouns may be lengthened by adding the plural noun
ljue (folk), e. g. wyljue, usljue, jimmeljue.
To denote a person with his family such forms as Jan-en-hjar,
Jieit-en-hjar, us burman-en-hjar are very common.
228. In ordinary speaking the objective form jo has replaced
the nominative jy, which has fallen into disuse. Jy, however, is
often employed in the written language.
Dou (in other dialect du) is the familiar form, jo the polite form
of the second person singular ; a pronoun lying between these, i. e.
neither too familiar nor too polite, is men ; children are often
spoken to with the pronouns of the third person Jiy, sy, even in
the imperative, e. g. Kom hy hjir mar ! (just come here !). To denote
obedience or a higher degree of politeness jo, je is often replaced by
nouns which may be used as vocatives, e. g. Sell ik Belt hwet helpe ?
Wol mynhear effen sitten gean ?
Hja belongs to another dialect than sy.
229. The Demonstrative Pronouns dizze and dy are used in the
masc. and fern, singular and in the plural ; dit and dat are the
forms for the neuter gender in the singular.
The demonstratives are for the most part indeclinable. Dizze,
deselde, dyselde, dyjinge, and sokke take -n in the plural when they
refer to persons.
Sok(ke) is in the singular only used before material nouns (sok in
the neuter gender) ; before class nouns the expression scCn is used
in the sense of sok ; the adjective plural form is sokke, e. g. sok
Her (such hair), sokke reamme (such cream), sa'n Ms (such a house),
solcke wemen (such wains).
Sels is a demonstrative denoting that every other noun or
pronoun except that which is mentioned is excluded, e. g. Der giet
neat foar de man sels. Ik sels. Hy wol it sels dwaen.
The family is denoted by such expressions as lieit-en-dy, Sjoerd-
en-dy, which may be used in the genitive, e. g. heit-en-dy'sfe, ly heit-
en-dy's (Ms 'house ' is understood).
PRONOUNS 67
Dy shows a periphrastic genitive, as dy syn Ms, dat is dy sinen
(sines), dy hjarres.
230. The Relative Pronoun dy('t) refers in the singular to
masc. and fern, antecedents, in the plural to nouns of all genders ;
dat may have only a neuter singular antecedent.
Hwet is used only when the antecedent is one of the words al,
alles, neat ; der('t) as relative has fallen into disuse, except in some
expressions, as Raltkert, derste biste ! (Wretch that you are !).
The relatives were once demonstratives, as the present-day usage
still shows. In Frisian we may say Ik ha in man sjoen, dy hie in
yak op 'e skouders and dy't in juJc op 'e sJcouders hie. The 't is the
relic of the conjunction det which once followed the demonstrative
with a relative function.
231. The Interrogative Pronoun hwa refers to persons, hwet to
things. Hwa has the genitive hwa's, hwaens, e. g. Hwa's (hwaens)
skild is dat ? A periphastic genitive is hwa syn, hwa hjar, when a
noun follows, as Hwa syn loek is dat ?, and hwa sinen, hwa sines, hwa
hjarres, when that is not the case.
Hwet is indeclinable. It is not only substantive, but also
adjective, and in this case it is used before all genders and
numbers. Hwet docht (does) dy man? Hwet ljue Unne dat?
(What folks are these?).
The adjective pronoun hofc is used before neuter nouns. When
followed by for or for in it may be also used before the masc. and
fern. The plural form is hoJcke.
232. The Indefinite Pronouns are for the most part indeclinable,
but immen, nimmen, elk, ider have genitives in -s. The pronoun
men is only used in the nominative ; it has a genitive form yens,
and an objective form yen, both from the numeral ien (formerly
written yen), used in an indefinite sense.
Examples — Tens wird moat men hdlde (one must keep one's
word). Soksjowt yen netfolle (such a thing does not give one much).
233. The Possessive Pronouns are no longer declined in Frisian.
The substantive pronouns of the singular show two forms, in -en
or -es, except jouwes which is properly plural.
For the use of dyn and jou, dmen (dines] and jouwes the same rules
may be given as for the pers. pron. of the 2nd person (cf. § 228).
The pronoun jms, ordinarily belonging to the indefinite pron.
men, is only used in the case mentioned in § 228, and in the
written language. Then it seems more polite than jou.
68 » MODERN WEST FRISIAN
234. The Reflexive Pronouns are indeclinable. Naturally they
only occur in the objective form, as Ik skamje my. Hy wasket him.
The reflexive belonging to the indef. pron. men is yen (cf.§ 232),
as Men moat yen redde (one must save oneself).
235. The Reciprocal Pronouns do not occur in the nominative.
They have genitive forms in -s.
Examples — De bern pleagje elkoar. Men moat hwet for inoar
oer ha. Mekoars lesten drage.
Sometimes a form in -en is met with, as Men moat mekoarren
hwet tajaen. Wy ha elkoarren yn long net sjoen.
6. VERBS
236. The Infinitive of Frisian verbs has two forms. When it
belongs to the predicate, as when it is accompanied by an auxiliary
verb, the infinitive ends in -e (as fiele, drmke), with the exception
of the following monosyllabic verbs : dwaen, jaen, slaen, sjen, tsjen,
gean, stean. But when the infinitive is preceded by a preposition
(to, om to), or when it is used as a verbal noun, or- when it stands
with an accusative (the ace. with inf.), it ends in -en (the mono-
syllables are not changed), e.g. It bern bigjint to rinnen. Rinnen
is m soun wirk. Ik seach him rinnen.
237. The Present Participle of all verbs is formed by adding
-ende to the stem, or -de to the infinitive when this ends in -n, e. g.
miene — mienende, dwaen — dwaende.
238. The Past Participle of weak verbs is formed by adding -d,
-t, or -e to the stem. The ending -e appears when the infinitive
ends in -je(libje — libbe) ; the past participles of other weak verbs have
•t when the stem ends in a voiceless consonant (skreppe — skrept), and
•d when the stem ends in a voiced consonant, a vowel, diphthong,
or triphthong (knieze — kniesd, waeije — waeid, moeije — moeid).
The past participle of strong verbs ordinarily ends in -en, or in -n
when it is contracted or when the infinitive is monosyllabic
(komme — kommen, bliuwe — bleaun, stean — stien).
239. There are two finite moods in Frisian, the indicative and
the imperative ; subjunctive forms are no longer used.
The Indicative has two simple tenses, the present and the
imperfect.
The Present Tense of weak and strong verbs has the following
personal endings :
VEKBS
69
Infinitive in -e
(miene, to think)
Infinitive in -je
(easkje, to ask)
(
1. — ik mien
1. -je
ik easkje
Singular -I
2 ( -st dou mienst1
' \-e jy miene
*.|*
dou easkest
jy easkje l
I
3. -t hy mient
3. -et
hy easket
1
1. -e wy miene
1. -*
wy easkje
Plural
2. -e jimme miene
2. ->
jimme easkje
1
3. -e sy (hja) miene
3. -je
sy (hja) easkje
240. The Imperfect Tense of weak verbs is formed by adding
the following endings to the stem :
Infinitive in -e
Infinitive in -je
(
1. -de
ik miende
1. -e
ik easke
Singular J
2 \ -ste dou mienste
| -den jy mienden
2 j -este dou easkeste
{ -en jy easken
I
3. -de
hy miende
3. -e
hy easke
(
1. -dew
wy mienden
1. en
wy easken
Plural J
2. -dew
jimme mienden
2. -en
jimme easken
3. -den
sy (hja) mienden
3. -en
sy (hja) easken
241. The following is the conjugation of the strong verb nimme
(to take) in the imperfect, serving to show the endings which are
common to all strong verbs in this tense :
ik naem
-ft
Singular
Plural
2"-ew
3. —
1. -en
2. -en
3 -en
dou naemst
jy namen
hy naem
wy namen
jimme namen
sy (hja) namen
242. As a general rule the imperative of all verbs has one tense
(the present) and one form :
Sing, and Plural
Infinitive in -e
2. - mien
Infinitive in -je
2. .je easkje
Note 1. The verbs hawwe and weee have an imperfect tense of
the imperative in such phrases as : Hie dot earder sem. Wier der
den hiwie gien.
Note 2. In some cases, as for example in speaking to children,
a third person singular of the imperative is met with which is
similar to the second : Wez hy mar stil. Kom sy hjir mar.
1 See § 228.
70
MODERN WEST FRISIAN
243. The Perfect tenses are formed with the auxiliaries hawwe
and weze. As a rule verbs denoting an action, or the fact of
being in some state, are conjugated with hawwe ; verbs denoting
a coming into some state take weze.
The Future and Conditional tenses are formed with the auxiliary
scille.
244. There are two voices in Frisian, the active and the
passive. The latter is formed by prefixing the auxiliary verbs
wirde or weze to the past participle of the verb. Wirde is used in
the present and the imperfect, weze in the other tenses.
245. In accordance with what is said in §§ 238-41, there are two
classes of weak verbs in Frisian, those which end in -e and those
which have the ending -je (-gje, igje, -Ttje, ~sje, -zje, -elje, -erje) in the
infinitive.1 Verbs in -sje, -zje drop s and z of the ending in the
2nd and 3rd person singular of the present, in the imperfect and
in the past participle, e. g. :
Infinitive Present
wytsje ik wytsje,^dou witest, hy witet,
(to whiten) wy wytsje (§ 239)
Imperfect
ik wite (§ 240)
Past p.
wite
ik eidzje, dou eidest, hy eidet,
(to harrow) wy eidzje (§ 239)
ik eide (§ 240) eide
246. The following weak verbs show vowel or consonant
mutations in the 2nd and 3rd persons singular of the present, in
the imperfect and in the past participle :
Infinitive
liede (to lead) :
sMede (to part)
spriede (to spread)
stjitte (to push)
deije (to kill)
bliede (to bleed)
briede (to roast)
liede (to ring)
riede (to guess)
sliepe (to sleep)
fortriette (to vex)
moete, mette (to mee
lije (to suffer)
feije (to sweep)
jeije (to chase)
1 The infinitive of strong verbs ordinarily ends in -e. For exceptions see
§247.
* These forms are often or even commonly replaced by the analogical
regluar forms (liedst, liedt, and so on). Some of the forms are restricted to the
written language.
Present
Imperf.
Past p.
lied 2. laest* 3.
laet* pi. liede
laette
laet
skied
skaest*
skaet* „ skiede
skaette
skaet
spried
spraest*
spraet* ,, spriede
spraette
spraet
stjit
staest*
staet*
stjitte
staette
staet
dei
daest*
daet*
deije
daette*
daet*
blied
blest*
blet*
bliede
blette
blet
bried
brest*
bret*
briede
brette
bret
lied
lest*
let*
liede
lette
let
ried
rest*
ret*
riede
rette
ret
sliep
slepst*
slept*
. sliepe
slepte*
slept*
—
—
fortret
fortrette
fortret
moet*
mest*
met* „ moete*
mette*
met*
lij
list*
lit* „ lije
litte*
lit*
fei
fagest
faget „ feije
fage
fage
jei
jagest
jaget „ jeije
jage
jage
VERBS
71
Infinitive
Present
Imperf.
Past p.
kleije (to complain) 1. klei 2. klagest 3. klaget pi.
kleije
klage
klage
krije (to get)
krij
krigest*
kriget* „
krije
krige
krige
swije (to be silent)
swij
swigest*
swiget* ,,
swije
swige*
swige*
loeije, loegje
loei*
loegest
loeget ,,
loeije*
loege
loege
(to pile up)
plocije, ploegje
ploei*
ploegest
ploege t ,,
ploeije*
ploege
ploege
(to plough)
koaije, kogje
koai*
kogest
koget „
koaije*
kdge
koge
(to chew)
toaije, togje (to tug)
toai*
tdgest
toget „
toaije*
toge
toge
laitsje (to laugh)
laitsje
lakest
laket
laitsje
lake
lake
meitsje (to make)
meitsje
makkest
makket ,,
meitsje
makke
makke
smeitsje (to taste)
smeitsje
smakkest smakket „
smeitsje
smakke
smakke
reitsje (to reach)
reitsje
rekkest
rekket „
reitsje
rekke
rekke
weitsje (to watch)
weitsje
wekkest
wekket ,,
weitsje
wekke
wekke
koaitsje, kokje
koaitsje*
kokest
koket ,,
koaitsje*
koke
koke
(to boil)
loaitsje, lokje
loaitsje*
lokest
loket „
loaitsje*
loke
loke
(to look)
ploaitsje, plokje
ploaitsje
* plokest
ploket „
ploaitsje
* ploke
ploke
(to pluck)
247. The following is a survey of the classes and sub-classes
into which the Frisian strong verbs may be divided, and of the
vowel-gradation in these verbs. As appears from this list, the
influence of analogy has been very great, and it often happens that
a verb has passed from one class into another. There is no longer
any difference between the root-vowels of the imperfect singular
and plural.
Class I
a. Infin. i: ; imperf. i/a — i/a ; past p. i: : l
glide (to glide) ; glied, glieden ; gliden.
Similarly : ride (to ride), stride (to strive).
b. i ; i*a — i*a ; i :
ite (to eat) ; iet, ieten ; iten.
So also : bite, Jcrite, slite, smite, splite, wite.
c. luw ; Ion — Ion ; 6*a :
bliuwe (to remain) ; bleau*,2 bleauwen* ; bleaun.
Similarly: driuwe, Uiuwe, priuwe, riuwe, skriuwe, triuwe, wriuwe.
d. si ; ai — ai ; ai (ra) :
snije (to cut) ; snei*, sneijen*, snein (snien).
spije (to spit) ; spei, speijen ; spein.
swije (to be silent) ; swei*, sweijen* ; swein* (see § 246).
1 The vowel- gradation is given in phonetic symbols.
2 Weak forms are very common instead of these and the following marked
with *.
72 f MODERN WEST FRISIAN
Class II
a. Infin. i-a (i:) ; imperf. ra — ra ; past p. re (e:, e) :
Uede (to bid) ; bea, beae'n ; bean.
siede (to seethe) ; sea, seaen ; sean.
frieze (to freeze) ; frear, — ; ferzen.
Meze (to choose) ; keas, keazen ; keazen.
forlieze (to lose) ; forlear, forlearen ; forlern.
lige (to tell lies) ; leag*, leagen* ; leagen*.
1). ii(i, y); re— re; e (i) :
jiette (to pour) ; geat, geaten ; getten.
forjitte (to forget) ; forgeat, forgeaten ; forgetten.
sjitte (to shoot) ; skeat, skeaten ; sketten.
miette (to measure) ; meat, meaten ; metten.
bidde (to pray) ; bea, beaen ; bidden.
slute (to shut) ; sleat, sleaten ; sletten.
c. re (Ie) ; re — re ; ai (u-a) :
fleane 1 (to fly) ; fleag, fleagen ; flein.
tsjen 2 (to draw) ; teag, teagen ; tein.
sjen 3 (to see) ; seag, seagen ; sjoen.
Class III
a. Infin. i (i) ; imperf. ou — on ; past p. ou (see §§ 156, 157).
Mne (to bind) ; boun, bounen ; boun.
Similarly : fine, fordwine, wine ; Ugjinne, rinne, spinne, ^vinne.
b. e ; 6—6 ; 6 :
bergje (to secure) ; birg, birgen ; birgen.
Similarly : kerv e, merke, swerve, werpe.
c. ie ; era — o-a ; o-a :
Udjerre (to spoil) ; bidoar, bidoaren ; bidoarn.
So also : fordjerre, stjerre.
d. e (i, io) ; o— o ; o :
treffe (to hit) ; trof, troifen ; troffen.
Similarly : melke, helpe; glimme, Mimme, swimme, Jcrimpe, Jcringe,
lifinge, minge, springe, twinge, wringe, hingje, hinkje, UinJce, drinJce,
Jdinke, sinJce, skinlce, slinke, wirike, jilde4; sjonge, stjonke, rfuchte.
e. 6 ; a: — a: ; 6 :
wirde (to become) ; waerd, waerden ; wirden.
1 Present tense : ik fljuch, dou tijuchst, hy fljucht, wy fleane.
» M j> tsjuch, ,, isjuchst, „ tsjucht, „ tsjugge.
» ,, „ sjuch, ,, sjuchst, ,, sjucht, ,, sjugge.
jilde (to yield) ; gou, gouwen ; gouwen.
VERBS 73
Class IV
a. Infin. e (i) ; imperf. i-a — i-a ; past p. 6 (see § 164) :
~brekke (to break) ; briek, brieken ; britsen.
So also : dekke, rekke, spreMe, stekke, strekJce, trekJce ; strike.
b. 1(0); a: (o:)— a: (o:) ; o:
nimme (to take) ; naem (nom), namen (nomen) ; nommen.
Tcomme (to come) ; kaem (kom), kamen (komen) ; kommen.
Class V
a. Infin. e: (i, e) ; imperf. i-a — re ; past p. e: (i, e) :
leze (to read) ; lies, liezen ; lezen.
stelle (to steal) ; stiel, stielen ; stellen.
sitte (to sit) ; siet, sieten ; sitten.
frette (to eat) ; friet, frieten ; fretten.
b. i ; a*i — a-i ; ai :
lizze l (to lie) ; laei, laeijen ; lein.
Class VI
a. Infin. a: (ra) ; imperf. u: — u: ; past p. a: (u:, ai) :
drage (to draw) ; droeg, droegen ; dragen (droegen).
grave (to dig) ; groef, groeven ; graven (groeven).
weage (to weigh) ; woeg, woegen ; woegen.
slaen (to strike) ; sloeg, sloegen ; slein.
1). a ; ire — U'8 ; i-a :
farre (to go) ; foer, foeren ; fearn.
c. a: ; u — u ; u :
waekse (to grow) ; woeks, woeksen ; woeksen.
d. e ; u:— u: ; e: :
skeppe (to scoop) ; skoep, skoepen ; skepen.
e. o: ; u-a — u-a ; o: :
falk (to fall) ; foel, foelen ; fallen.
Class VII
a. Infin. Ii (i) ; imperf. i-a — i*a ; past p. ii (i) :
hjitte (to be called) ; hiet, hieten ; hjitten.
litte (to let) ; liet, lieten ; litten.
1 Present tense : ik liz, dou Jeist, by leit, wy lizze.
74 , MODERN WEST FRISIAN
6. a (o, o) ; o (o:)— o (01) ; o :
fange (to catch) ; fong, fongen ; fongen (antiquated, finzen).
waskje (to wash) ; wosk, wosken ; wosken.
rqppe (to shout) ; rop, ropen ; roppen.
c. o: ; ou — ou ; o: :
Mlde (to hold) ; houd, houden ; halden.
248. The following verbs have a mixed conjugation; though
the imperfect shows strong (as well as weak) forms, the past
participle is weak :
Uike (to appear) ; bliek*, blieken* ; blykt.
So also : gripe, knipe.
duke (to duck) ; doek*, doeken* ; dukt.
So also : glupe, krupe, ruke, slupe, strupe, supe.1
stappe (to step) ; stoep*, stoepen* ; stapt.
skouwe (to shove) ; skau*, skauwen* ; skoud.
stouwe (to raise dust) ; stau*, stauwen* ; stoud.
249. The irregular verbs include in the first place the following
preterite presents :
Infin. Present Imperfect Past p.
kinne 1. kin 2. kinst 3. kin pi. kinne koe, koenen kinnen
(to be able)
kenne2 ken kenst ken „ kenne koe, koenen kennen
(to know)
settle (shall) scil scilst scil „ scille scoe, scoenen scillen
meije mei meist mei ,, meije mocht, mochten meijen
(may) (mocht)
doare doar doarst doar „ doare doarst, doarsten doaren
(to dare) (doarst)
witte9 wit wist wit „ witte wist, wisten witten
(to know)
moaite moat moast moat ,, moatte moast, moasten moatten
(to be obliged)
doge dooch doochst dooch(t) pi. doge doogde, doogden doogd
(to be of use)
250. Other anomalies are met with in :
Infin. Present Imperfect Part p.
bringe 1. bring 2. bringst 3. bringt pi. bringe brocht, brochten brocht
(to bring)
tinke tink tinkst tinkt „ tinke tocht, tochten tocht
(to think)
keapje keapje keapest keapet ,, keapje kocht,4 kochten 4 kocht 4
(to buy)
1 But luke (to draw) ; loek*, loeken* ; litsen.
2 Although the written forms of this verb differ from those of kinne, the
pronunciation is the same.
3 Also : wite ; wyt, wyst, wyt, wite ; wist, wisten ; witen.
4 Sometimes yet : koft, koften, koft.
ADVERBS
75
Inlin.
Present
Imperfect
Past p.
siikje
1. siikje 2.
sikest
3. siket
pi. siikje
socht, sochten
socht
(to seek)
pliigje
pliigje
pligest
pliget
„ pliigje
plichte, plichten
—
(to practice)
wolle (to be
wol
wolst
wol
„ wolle
woe, woenen
wolle n
willing)
ha(wwe)
ha(w)
hast
hat
„ ha(wwe)
hie, hienen
hawn
(to have)
weze*
bin
bist
is
„ binne
wier, wieren
west
(to be)
dwaen
doch
dochst
docht
,, dogge
die, dienen
dien
(to do)
jaen
jow
jovvst
jowt
„ jowe
joech, joegen
jown
(to give)
gean 2
gean
giest
giet
„ geane
gyng3, gyngen3
gien3
(to go)
stean 4
stean
stiest
stiet
,, steane
stie5, stienen5
stien
(to stand)
lizze 6
liz
leist
leit
,, lizze
lei, leinen
lein
(to lay)
sisse9
siz
seist
seit
,, sizze
sei, seinen
sein
(to say)
II. THE INDECLINABLE PARTS OF SPEECH
1. ADVERBS
251. According to their meaning we may distinguish :
1. Adverbs of time, as hjoed, moarn, jister, do, den, noch, yet,
hwennear, honear.
2. Adverbs of place, as hjir(re), der(re), hwer(re), jinsen, earne,
nearne.
3. Adverbs of arrangement, as earst, oard, twad, tred.
4. Adverbs of occurrence, as ienris, twaris.
5. Adverbs of manner, as sa, ho.
6. Adverbs of degree, as tige, hast, folle, meast, to.
7. Adverbs of cause and consequence, as dertroch, derom, sa-
dwaende.
8. Adverbs of affirmation and negation, as ja, al, wol, fest, silver,
ne, net, nea.
252. According to their formation we may distinguish :
1. Simple adverbs which are not recognizable as being com-
pound or derived, as nou, do, sa, ho, to, ek, hjir, den.
1 Imperative : w£z. 2 Imperative : gean.
3 Also : gong, gongen ; gongen. 4 Imperative : steane
5 In the written language also : stoe, stoenen.
6 Imperative : liz, siz (sei).
76 , MODEEN WEST FRISIAN
2. Compound and derived adverbs. These are partly oblique
cases of nouns, e. g. adverbial genitives, as moarns, deis, wiles, niis,
hokkerdeis, underweijes, underhdns', adverbial datives, as torjuchte,
toldnne, faken ; partly combinations of nouns and preceding adjec-
tives, as hieltyd, altyd ; of nouns and prepositions, as bitiid, nei-
tiid, foartiid, biside, tobek, tMs ; of adverbs and prepositions, as
tonei, foarut, foardel • of verbs with any other word, as miskien,
sabeare ; partly derivatives by means of the suffixes 1 :
-lik(s), as ynlik, uterlik, skielik, einliks.
-lings, as kruslings, tydlings, roedlings.
-kes, -(t)sjes, as seftkes, swietsjes, suntsjes.
As a rule adjectives may also be used as adverbs without any
change.
253. According to their syntactical function there are also
pronominal adverbs which fill the place of a pronoun preceded by a
preposition, e. g. derta (to it), dernei (after that), hjirfen (from this),
hjirmei (with it), Jiwerut (from what), hweryn (wherein), liwertroch
(whereby). These adverbs consist of two other adverbs, of which
the first is one of the words der, hjir, Jiwer. The two parts are
separable.
Examples — Hwerta moat dat brukt wirde ? also : Hwer moat
dat ta 'brukt wirde ? (For what must that be used ?).
254. Some adverbs admit of degrees of comparison. The
suffixes are -er and -est. m
Examples —
gau, gauwer, gaust.
faek, faker, faeJcst.
fier, fierder, fierst.
The superlative may be expressed by means of the definite
article and the possessive pronoun, with or without preposition.
Examples — Hy rint Mrdst ; ~hy rint it Mrdst ; hy roun syn best ;
~hy skriuwt op syn moaist.
Note the following irregular forms :
goed (wol) — better — best,
folle (tige) — mear — meast.
graech (jerne) — Ijeaver — Ijeafst.
ier (bitiid) — earder — earst.
1 The adverbial suffix -e still appears in some adverbs of degree preceding
adverbs or adjectives (usually without nouns), as matte skoan, wondere moat,
aeklikefier, heislike raer, nuvere frjemd, in hele lang& rek.
CONJUNCTIONS 77
2. PREPOSITIONS
255. The principal Frisian prepositions are the following :
achter, after, Toy, Uhalven, Unne(n), ~boppe, Mte(n), echter, efter, fen,
foar, for, yn, jin, mank, mei, neffens, nei, neist, nest, njunken, oan,
oant, oer, of, om, op, sint, sont, sonder, ta, to, troch, tsjin, tusJcen,
twisken, under, ut.
Most of the above words are adverbs as well as prepositions.
256. The prepositions indicate in the first place relations of
place, time, and causality. Ordinarily the same preposition may
be used in more than one of these relations. Besides, they often
occur in metaphorical relations after verbs, adjectives, and expres-
sions denoting mostly a thought or feeling, e. g. tirike oer, great
mei, Jioopje op, langst hawwe nei.
Prepositions no longer govern cases in Frisian, the noun before
which they are placed being always undeclined (see, however,
§ 197, A. 3, 4 ; B. 3).
3. CONJUNCTIONS
257. Co-ordinative conjunctions are :
1. Copulative : en (and), sawol ... as (both . . . and), net
allmne . . . mar ek (not only . . . but also).
2. Alternative : of, ef (or), of ... of (either . . . or), noch
(nor), noch . . . noch (neither . . . nor).
3. Adversative : mar (but).
4. Conclusive : dus, dos (so, thus).
5. Causal : hwent (for).
258. Subordinative :
1. Simple : dat, det (that), oft, eft (if).
2. Temporal : do't (when), nei't (after that), ear't (before that),
mei't (immediately after that), nou't (now that).
3. Causal : omdet, om't (because), trochdet (because).
4. Conclusive : det (so), sadet (so that).
5. Conditional : mits (provided that).
6. Hypothetical : oft, eft (if), as (if).
7. Concessive : howol (though), alhowol (although).
8. Comparative : as (as, than), dan, den (than).
259. Conjunctions may be formed from prepositions and adverbs
by suffixing the simple subordinatives dat, det, and oft, eft, e. g.
foardet, meidet, sonderdet, sont det ; ho eft, hwennear eft, wiles eft.
78 f MODERN WEST FRISIAN
Pronouns, adverbs, and even word-groups also become connective
words or expressions when the conjunctions det, eft, and as are
suffixed, e. g. hwet eft, liwa eft, lyk as, sa as, for sa fier as, yn ho fier
as, sa gau as, ~by hivennear eft (det).
The enclitical words det and eft are often reduced to simple 't,
which in some cases may also be completely omitted, e. g. do't,
deft, dy't, ho't, wylst ; sont, mits.
III. COMPOSITION AND DERIVATION
260. In respect of the different relations in which the parts of
compound words stand to each other, we may distinguish the
following kinds of composition in Frisian :
1. Co-ordinating composition, when the parts are co-ordinated,
asfyftjin, doofstom, hiisfroufaem, prikstok, sudwest, ruilebutsje. In
compound words of this kind the co-ordinative conjunction en
(and) sometimes appears, as ien-en-tweintich, hynder-en-wein, molke-
en-wetter, ier-en-bitiid, slop-en-taei, smeule-en-dtvaen, wech-ende-wear,
helendal.
2. Subordinating composition, when
a. The first part modifies the meaning of the second, as
leeclilCin, stedshus, wrdboek.
b. The second part modifies the meaning of the first, as
Setsljeaf, krupyn, Mnfol; deimennich.
The former of these classes is the most common kind of composition in
Frisian. See the following sections.
3. Doubling composition, which consists in the repetition of
the same syllable, without or with vowel-difference, as sa-sa, wier-
wier, rykrak, liymphamp, tvilewalje.
Note. In this case the composition is alliterative. The rhyming form of
composition may also be mentioned here, as grodzemods (dregs), rikketik.
4. Coupling composition, when the relation is different from
those above mentioned, as togearre, utfenhus, foartiid, miskien,
foardet
261. The principal compound words belonging to the subordi-
nating form of composition, in which the first part modifies or
limits the meaning of the second, are :
1. Compound nouns. In this case the second part is naturally
a noun ; the first is :
COMPOSITION 79
a. A noun, as skoalbern, kleankas, nutebeam, Idnsman.
~b. An adjective, as lytsfeint, hegeskoalle, langskorik \
c. A numeral, as fjouwersprong, twastriid, trijekleur l.
d. A verb of which the second part may be the subject, as
spylman, draeihikke, or the object, as bakmoal, or an adverbial
adjunct, as lesboek, terskflier, waskwetter.
e. An adverb, asfoardoar.
2. Compound adjectives. The second part is an adjective ;
the first part is :
a. A noun, as sniewyt, spikerfest, striemin.
6. An adverb, as troclnviet, ynswiet, Ijochtgrien.
3. Compound verbs. The second part is a verb ; the first is :
a. A noun which may be the object of the second part, as
hushdlde, or an adverbial adjunct, as hynsteride.
~b. An adjective which qualifies the subject of the second
part when that is an intransitive verb, as deagean, frijtotsje, or the
object of the verb when it is transitive, as losmeitsje, frijlitte.
c. An adverb, as trochsette, omgean, oerjaen, weromkomme,
misdwaen.
262. When in the compound words mentioned in the preceding
section the first part is a noun, it appears lindeclined, as skoalboek,
stedman, or it shows a connecting letter, which is mostly a geni-
tive or plural ending, as bernsbern, nutsdop, nutebeam, boekekas.
When the first part is an adjective, it is undeclined, as dldfaem,
or it ends in the termination -e, as hegeskoalle.
263. In compound verbs as treated in § 261 the component
parts are always inseparable, as hushalde, toudounsje, or they may
be separated from each other. This is the case only in the present
and imperfect tenses of principal sentences, as Ik hdld lyk, ik Iwud
lyk, but Ik leau, del ik lykhald (lykhoud), infinitive lykhdlde, past
participle lykhdlden.
264. Derivative nouns are formed by means of the prefixes :
ant- : as in antwrd, antlit.
oar- : oardeel, oarloch.
on- : onwaer. onrest.
ge- : gemoed, genamt, gegei, geskrep.
265. The principal noun suffixes are the following :
1. To denote male persons :
-er, -der: bakker, skriuwer, rinder, spylder.
1 Note these so-called possessive compounds and cf. readhud, swartrok.
80 , MODERN WEST FRISIAN
•ert : leffert, slugert, lompert.
-ner: widner.
2. To denote female persons :
-ster : sjongster, ts'joenster, arbeidster.
-inne : boerinne, baJckerinne.
-ske : masterske, Jceapmanske.
3. To denote origin (both male and female persons) :
-er : Snitser, Dokkumer.
-ster : Crrouster, Hypster.
-mer : Hegemer, Sleattemer.
4. To denote instruments :
•sel: Mnsel.
-er : feger, bjinder.
-el : skoattel, betel, heakkel.
5. To form material or collective nouns :
-sel: styfsel, baksel.
-te, -t : beamte, fugelt.
6. To form abstract nouns :
-dom : frijdom.
-held: wierheid.
•skip : dellissMp, frjeonskip.
-ens: goedens, smoargens.
-nis : groetenis.
-de : Jcinde, Ijeafde.
-te : djipte, waermte. '
-me : brukme, eangstme.
-ing : sJcieding, achting.
-ij, -(d)erij : batikerij, foermanderij, boarterij.
-aesje, -aezje : ergewaesje, lekkaezje.
7. To form diminutives :
-je : boekje, eachje.
-ke : blomke, Jcmske, dobke, dripke, brief Jce, sturke.
-tsje : fugeltsje, hantsje, hoedtsje.
266. Adjectives are formed by means of the prefixes :
ge- : as in gelyh, gemien.
on- : as in onsljucht, ongeef, onbidich.
267. The principal adjective suffixes are :
-achtich, (-aftich) : bernacliticli.
-ich, -ericli : nidich, bloedderich.
-er, -ster, -mer : Snitser, Harns(d)er, Grouster, Hegemer.
DERIVATION 81
-sk, -s : greatsk, steds(k), Frys(k), boers(k).
-en : gouden, stiennen.
-s : lekkens, duffels.
-ber : earber, brukber.
-loas, (-leas) : achteloas, sinloas.
-lik : hearlik, noedlik, forjitlik.
•sum : iensum, bruksum.
-el : himmel, mutel, brukel.
-en : dimmen, skruten.
-er : wekker, dipper, kwikker, diger.
268. Derivative verbs may have the following prefixes :
bi- : biriede, bispylje.
for- : forsiikje, foroarje.
ge- : gewirde, gebiede.
ant- : ontlialde, ontnimme,
to- : tobrekke, toskoerre, tobite, toknieze.
wjer- : wjerhalde, wjerstean, wjerkogje.
269. Verbs may be formed from nouns, adjectives, adverbs,
and other verbs, by means of the suffixes :
-je : eagje, iepenje, himmelje.
-gje, -igje : priizgje, tiergje, biskildigje.
-sje, -zje : wytsje, jachtsje, eidzje.
-kje : boerkje, driuwkje, gnyskje.
-elje : nestelje, kantelje, driuwkelje.
-erje : wynderje, snjitterje, uterje.
-earje, -eare : wirdearje, redeneare.
CHAPTER IV. SYNTAX
1. THE WORD-GROUP
270. The relations between words brought into connexion with
each other are of two kinds : co-ordinative and subordinative.
271. The co-ordinative relation is :
1. Copulative, as in % en ik, it foar en tsjin, wiet noch droech,
saend noch maend, it ien sawol as it oar.
2. Alternative, as in hy ofik, lipe of pipe.
3. Adversative, as in lyts mar Jcrigel.
272. The subordinative relation is :
1. Attributive, existing between a substantive word and a
determining word or word-group (attributive adjunct), as in moai
Ms, de krante fen jister, de man sels, waer as side (see § 287).
2. Adverbial, existing between a word or word-group which is
not substantive (in the main a verb, an adjective, or an adverb)
and another (adverbial adjunct), as rjuchts hdlde, tige min, op bed
gean, tsiere as hingers (see § 288).
3. Objective, i. e. between a verb and a direct or indirect object,
as in brief skriuwe, in. oar sines jaen.
4. Predicative, existing between a verb and a substantive word
denoting in the main the doer of the action, the person or thing in
(or coming into) the state expressed by the verb. The predicative
relation is :
a. Direct, when the verb is in a finite form, as De sinne skynt.
b. Indirect, when the verb is in the infinitive (accusative and
infinitive), as Ik seach Mm rinnen.
2. THE SENTENCE
273. When a finite verb is related to a substantive word as
described in the preceding section, the grammatical whole built up
in this manner is called a sentence, the two parts of which are the
subject and the predicate. Each of these may be (1) a single word,
or (2) a word-group, as has been said in § 271. Besides these,
(3) adjuncts or objects (§ 272) may be added.
In the two latter cases the sentence is called enlarged.
SYNTAX 83
274. The subject of a sentence is :
1. A noun, as De fugels sjonge.
2. A substantive pronoun or numeral, as Dat mei net. Alles is
op en wei.
3. Any other substantive word or expression, as Myn ja is like
goed as syn ne.
4. An infinitive (§ 236), as Sizzen is neat, mar dwaen is in ding.
5. A (substantive) clause, as Hivet tvier is, mei sein wirde.
275. There are sentences without a subject. The principal are
the imperative sentences in which as a general rule the subject is
unexpressed. Example : G-ean dyn gong mar. But the subject
may also be expressed, as Gean dou dyn gong mar. SJcriem sy mar
net mearl Doch Heit dot effen. In this case it is a personal
pronoun of the 2nd or 3rd person (§ 242), or a noun (§ 228).
When the verb stands in the passive voice, the subject is often
omitted, as Der wirdt sJcetten.
A subject is impossible in sentences containing an impersonal
passive voice (i. e. when an intransitive verb, on the analogy of
transitive ones, is put in the passive voice), as Der wirdt op 'e doar
kloppe.
276. The indefinite pronoun it is subject when the verb or the
predicate denotes :
1. A natural phenomenon, as It rreint. It friest. It is moai
waer.
2. A corporal or spiritual sensation or state, as It steJct my yn 'e
side. It brekt Mm op. It sJcimert my foar de eagen. It rint him
troch.
3. In such expressions as It sit hjir goed. It wennet der moai.
It rint Jijir swier.
277. The predicate consists of any finite verb, either single
(simple predicate, as De Mole slacht) or, when it is a verb of incom-
plete predication, accompanied by other words (complex predicate,
as Hy hat fallen. De loft is lilau. Ik die de doar iepen).
In the latter case the predicate has a complement, which may
be subjective or objective.
278. A subjective complement stands :
1. With the auxiliaries of time hawwe, weze, scille (§ 243), and
those of voice, wirde, weze (§ 244). In this case the complement is
naturally a past participle or an infinitive.
2. With the copulas weze, wirde, Uiuwe, lykje, hjitte (see § 279).
84 MODERN WEST FRISIAN
3. With other verbs of incomplete predication, as Urine, meije,
settle, moatte, wolle, doare, lykje, skine, blike, sitte, rinne, stean, gean,
komme, reitsje, bigjinne, bliuwe, siikje, pliigje (see §§ 280, 281).
279. In the case named under 2 in the preceding section the
complement is :
1. A noun, as Tiid is jild.
2. A substantive pronoun, as Ik bin it. Dat is uses.
3. An adjective or numeral, as Hy waerd siik. Dat is to folle.
4. A participle, as Wy binne mei us wirk dwaende. It wirk is
dien.
5. An infinitive, as It is bigjinnen en qphdlden. Also with the
preposition to, as Dat wirk is net to dwaen. Heit-en-dy binne to
melken.
6. An adverb, as It sell is del. De baes is foart.
7. A prepositional expression (noun or infinitive with preposi-
tion) as Dit Ms is to Jceap. Hy is oan 't wirk. De bern binne oan 't
boartsjen.
8. A clause, as Hy bliuwt, hwet er is.
280. When the predicate is one of the verbs Jcinne, meije, settle,
moatte, wolle, doare, the complement is an infinitive without
preposition and ending in -e, as Hy kin tige leare. Hy mei Jcomme.
Hy doar it weagje.
This infinitive is often omitted, when the sense is clear enough
without it, as Ik scil nei sted. Hy doar alles. It moat en it
Mn net.
281. The other verbs mentioned in § 278. 3 may take as
complement an infinitive preceded by the preposition to, as Hy
liket wol net goed to wezen. Hy sit to skriuwen. Hy rint to suteljen.
Hy rekke to fallen. Hy bliuwt by us to iten. Hy plichte hjir folle to
Jcommen.
282. An objective complement occurs with transitive or re-
ciprocal verbs denoting a bringing into some state or a taking for
something, as Hy liet de houn los. Hy sJcept it fet fol. Hy wasket
him slcjin. Ik hold Mm for dom. Dat neam iJcfalsJc.
It is possible for intransitive verbs to be similarly used in a
transitive or reciprocal sense, as Hy rint syn skoen bryk. Hy fait
him sear. Also for transitive verbs to change their signification in
such a manner that they take another object from their usual one,
as Hy sJcriuwt syn fingers krom. Hy yt him sed.
283. The objective complement may be :
SYNTAX 85
1. A noun, as Hja neame hjar stiemmoer moelke.
2. A noun preceded by a preposition or conjunction, as Ik hold
Mm for de ivirkmaster fen it stik. Men Mneamde him ta tsjerkfoud.
Wy haiuwe him as lytsfeint woun.
3. An adjective, as Hy skept de ~bak leech. Dat achtsje ik forkeard.
Also preceded by a preposition, as I/c hold Mm for earlik. Hy
fortelde it us for ivier.
4. A participle, as Ik haw it wirk dien.
5. An infinitive, as Dat neam ik hottefyljen.
6. An adverb, as Dat relcJcenje wy nou mar foarby.
284. An indirect predicate, i. e. an infinitive dependent on an
accusative, occurs with the verbs sjen, hearre, harkje, fiele, hazvwe,
wiite, litte. Examples : Ik sjuch Mm gean. Hark it ris ivaeijen.
Hy fielt de koarts Jcommen. Hy hat hjir Ian lizzen. Ik wit him net
to ivenjen (with the prep. to). Sy litte de ~bern mar rinne (infinitive
in -e).1
285. The direct object is :
1. A noun or substantive pronoun, as It hynsder lukt de wein.
Hy wit it net rjmht mear.
2. Any other word or expression used substantively, as Hy
naem in ivolkom-thus for my mei.
3. An infinitive, as Hy leartfytsen. Ik hearde tikjen op 'e doar.
4. A clause, as Hy seit, det er it net wer dtvaen scil. Nimmen ivit,
hwet er dochL
286. The indirect object is :
1. A noun or substantive pronoun, as Ik joiv it mynfrjeon. Ik
jow him dat. Sjuch my dat ris oan !
2. The same preceded by one of the prepositions oan, for, tsjin,
jin, as Ikjoech it oan him. Hy keapet it for my. Hy seit it tsjin elk
dy't it hearre wol.
3. A clause, as Dy't freget, jowe wy hwet.
287. The attributive adjunct is :
1. Any adjective word (article, adjective, numeral, pronoun), as
De wyn draeit. Moai ivaer. Hy isjong stoarn. Trije kear is skippers
rjucht. De njuggende dei. Dy ljue. De man sels.
. 2. A noun without case-ending or preposition (apposition), as
Gale skroar, ~baes kuper, us burman Jan, dou rakkert ! m gles wetter,
in poun tsiis, in snies aeijen, it seis-ure-folk, in tredde-klas-wein.
1 The passive voice is also in use : De bern wirde mar rinne Utten. The verb
litte tends to become an auxiliary.
86 , MODERN WEST FRISIAN
3. A noun in the genitive case, as Memme sMrte, htvet
4. A noun or substantive pronoun in the periphrastic genitive,
as de pleats fen us pake, de boer syn feint.
5. A noun or substantive pronoun preceded by a preposition, as
in hoed mei fearren. Hy liat der for feint ivenne.
6. A noun preceded by the conjunction as, e. g. Ik kom as frjeon.
Hwet wierst as jonge in huntJieijer. In Jcearel as in beam.
7. A present or past participle, as rinnend wetter, sjongende
fugels, getten izer, in bidoarn bern.
8. An infinitive with the prep, to, om to, as in net to sizzen
blydskip, gud om yn to jaen.
9. An adverb, as dy toer derre ; also with a preposition, as de
krantefen hjoed.
10. A clause, as it Ms, dat ik sette litten ha.
288. As adverbial adjuncts serve :
1. Adverbs, as Hy komt moarn. Hjir stiet it.
2. Nouns or subst. pronouns, either without preposition, as Hy
bliuwt in del, It jildt in goune ; or preceded by a preposition, as
Hy wennet yn 'e sted. Hy wirdt Ijeafstfen my tsjinne. Itfamke komt
of de skoalle. Sometimes an adverb follows, as Hy giet it paed Ions.
Hy roun by de dyJc del.
3. Nouns in the genitive case, as Sneins wirdt der net arbeide.
4. Infinitives preceded by a preposition, as Hja hdldtfen pronkjen.
Hy giet om dokter to heljen. Hy docht it om hwet to fortsjinjen. Hy
sei it sonder der by to iinken.
5. Present participles, as kritende djur, opheappende fol, oerrin-
nende fol, onwitende fier, springende lilk, fleanendc drtik.
6. (Adverbial) clauses, as As it reint, bliuwe wy thus. Do't er it
sein hie, spiet it him. Hy hat gelyJc, tinkt my.
289. Words standing outside of the sentence are :
1. Interjections, as Hin, hwet is dat ?
2. Nouns in the vocative case, as Heit, mei ik dat ?
3. The vocative form of the pers. pronoun of the 2nd person,
>ju (see § 227).
THE SENTENCE-GROUP
290. Sentences may be related to one another. The relation is
either co-ordinative, when it exists between two or more indepen-
dent sentences, or subordinative, when the group contains a
principal sentence with one or more dependent clauses.
SYNTAX 87
291. The co-ordinative relation is :
1. Copulative, as It lock is wei en it bliuwt wei.
2. Alternative, as Hy wit it net, ofhy wol it net sizze.
3. Adversative or restrictive, as De doar stie iepen, mar der wier
gjin ien thus.
4. Conclusive, as Hy wier der net by, dos hy Jcin it net dien ha.
5. Causal, as Wy bliuwe thus, hwent it waer stiet us net oan. Hy
is siik, derom kin er net Jcomme.
292. Dependent or subordinate clauses are of three kinds : sub-
stantive, adjective, and adverbial.
Substantive clauses do duty as :
1. Subject, as Dy't it wit, moat it sizze. Hwet er seit, is wier. It
is jammer, det it forkeard ofroun is. Ho't dat kin, is net utmakke.
2. Direct object, as Doch, hwet dy hjitten wirdt. Nimmen wit,
hwer't er hinne gien is. Elk freget, oft it wier is. Hy sei: ' Ik scil
it dwaen.' Hy sei, det er it dwaen scoe. Hy sei, hy scoe it dwaen.
Ik wit, hy hat it dien.
3. Indirect object, as Hy jowt it (oan) hwa't der rjucht op hat.
Dy sinen it is, scil ik it weromjaen.
4. Attributive adjunct (apposition), as Hy joech my de rie : doch
dat net wer. Wy hienen de forhoping, det it better wirde scoe. Do
kaem de fraech, ho't it oanlein wirde moast.
5. Adverbial adjunct, as Ik leau net oan hwet er seit. Der is folk
wierheid yn hwet er sei. Hy wirdt skoudere om hwet er foartiid
dien hat.
293. Adjective clauses serve as attributive adjunct, as It boek dat
ik lezen ha. It hus der't wy yn wenje. It plak der't er wei is. De
tiid det wy lyts wieren. Dat is krekt sa'n boek as ik ha. It binne
deselde ljue as dy't by uzes wieren.
294. Adverbial clauses serve as adverbial adjunct, as Ik doch it,
omdet it net oars kin. Hy kaem, do't alles ofroun wier. Sa't it is,
scil it bliuwe. Hy rop, det elk-en-ien it hearre koe. Oft it wier is, scil
it der raer by stean. It is net sa slim, as wy tochten. Prate as hy
docht, kin ik net. Hy wier der net by, det hy km it ek net meidien ha.
Al fortsjinnet erfolle, hy kin alles op. Hwet er ek seit, it komt altyd
oars ut. Hy laket der om, hwet ik siz. Bist it der sed, kom den hjir
mar. Elk moat him sels redde, tinkt my.
295. It often happens that sentences are incomplete. In this
case they are :
1. Contracted, as Hy giet hjoed foart en komt moarn werom. Hy
leart for dokter en syn brocr for domeny.
88 MODERN WEST FRISIAN
2. Elliptical, as Neat to redden. lerikear en net wer. It Jms Jdear
en de man dea.
In comparison the word or word -group preceded by the com-
parative conjunction as may be regarded as an incomplete sentence,
because they also occur in the complete form. Examples — Hy is
greater as ik. It is nou better slagge as lesten.
296. The co-ordinative and subordinative relations may be
repeated in a sentence-group. Two or more dependent clauses
may be co-ordinative to each other. In a dependent clause we
may also have other subordinate clauses. Examples — As 't net kin
sa 't moat, den moat it mar sa 't kin. Hwet scil in oar sizze, as it
bikend wirdt, hwet lijir foarfallen is ? As ivy it sa fier hienen, del dit
klear wier, lieten wy den ris sjen, liwet wy farder koenen.
A particular form of sentence appears in the following examples,
sometimes used in ordinary speaking, in which the same
part belongs to two sentences : Wy hienen do in famke ut 'e sted
wier J)y us utfenhus. It wier sa'n aerdich lyts huske stie der foartiid.
It is sa'n moaije, heldere glans leit der oer.
In such sentences as Dat Unne dingen dy't ik wit det lard Unne,
the demonstrative pronoun %, though belonging to the second
dependent clause, stands in the first and with the remains of the
conjunction det acquires the function of a relative.
MEANS OF EXPRESSING THE DIFFERENT RELATIONS
297. The relations described in the preceding sections are
expressed in the first place by means of the signification and the
accent. It is apparent from the examples given above that the
simple placing next each other suffices in many cases.
Besides this there are also the following means :
1. Prepositions (§§ 279. 5, 7 ; 281 ; 283. 2, 3 ; 284 ; 286. 2 ;
287. 4, 5, 8, 9 ; 288. 2, 4 ; 292. 3, 5).
2. Conjunctions (§§ 271 ; 283. 2; 287. 6; 291; 292. 1, 2, 4;
293 ; 294 ; 295).
3. Adverbs. The adverbs sa, net sa, like, even, mear, minder help
to express the degrees of comparison. Derom, dertroch are used as
connective words in the co-ordinative relation (§ 291. 5) ; al may
introduce an adverbial clause (§ 294). Conjunctions are often
formed from adverbs by suffixing det, eft (§§ 259 ; 292. 1, 2, 4).
4. Relative and interrogative pronouns (§§ 292. 1-5 ; 293 ; 294).
SYNTAX 89
5. The inflexion of substantive and adjective words (see the
sections relating to this in Chapter III).
6. The concord of the verb (see § 298).
7. Expletive parts of a sentence. The demonstrative pronoun
is expletive in phrases as Heit dy wol it net lije. Hwa't it sein hat,
dy moat it wier meitsje. The personal pronoun it may be provisional
subject or object, e. g. It is goed, det it waer omslein is. Hy wit it,
soJcs mei net wer barre. Adverbs show the same use, e. g. Moarn
den soil ik wer oarikomme. As ik kin, den soil ik dy helpe. Hy praet
der fen, det erforfarre wol.
CONCORD
298. The principal kind of concord which still exists in Frisian
is that of the verb, which as a general rule must have the same
person and number as its subject. The following remarks must
be made :
1. When the subject is a plural denoting a whole of some kind,
the verb is singular, as Fyfticli goune is in bulte jild. Twa Jcear twa
isfjouwer.
2. The indefinite pronoun men sometimes takes the verb in the
plural, as Men scoenen sizze.
3. In sentences as It bmne us alden, Dat wieren goede dagen,
Dit wirde us burljue, the verb agrees with the complement instead
of with the subject.1
4. In sentences as It reinde appels fen de beam, It reinde
lokivinsken op myn jierdei, the original impersonal verb agrees with
the indefinite pronoun and not with the plural noun which is
properly the subject.
5. When two subjects in the singular are joined by the conjunc-
tion en, the verb is in the plural ; when one of the conjunctions
of, nocJi, satvol as, mar ek is placed between them, the verb is in the
singular.
6. But when the subjects joined by the conjunction en are
treated as a whole, the verb is in the singular, as Lyts en great
moat der by tveze.
MODALITY
299. Modality (i.e. the particular kind of predicative relation
according to the idea of the speaker) is expressed in different ways.
1 Also : Dit bin ik. Dat Ustou. Cf. Ik Un it.
90 t MODERN WEST FRISIAN
To denote certainty, probability, possibility, affirmation, negation,
desirability, a question, a wish, an order, and other shades of
meaning, the following may be used :
1. Intonation, as Settle wy mar gean? (rising intonation in the
interrogative sentence). De stoarm hat gans skea dien (falling
intonation in the communicative sentence).
2. Word-order, as De rekken is bitelle. Is de rekken bitelle ? In
oar gelyk jaen docht er net. Moarn kom ik wer. (See §§ 300-4.)
3. Adverbs, as Kom mar yn. Hy komt net, al, grif, fest, wol
Hast it soms, faeks, forgetten ?
4. Verbs, as Ik lean, det it wier is. It liket wier to wezen. Hy
scil wol to let kommen weze.
5. Tenses and voices of the verb, as Dock dynplicht en lit de ljue
rabje. Hie ik dat witten ! Scoe it wier weze? As wy sa fier wieren,
lieten wy den ris wer sjen. Deist ek net wiser wierste. Hie dat
Ijeaver sa dien. Der wieren wy al !
6. Adverbial clauses, as t inkt my, tink ik, leau 'k, woe 'k ha, bin 'k
bang, ha 'k soarch, sa 't liket, nei't se sisze. Examples — Dat koe wol
oars, tinkt my. Der is neat oan to dwaen, sa 't liket.
7. Interjections, as Ei, doch dat effen ! To, siz it my !
ORDER OF WORDS
300. In the following paragraphs a survey is given of the
principal rules of word-order in Frisian.
1. In communicative sentences the subject stands before the
verb, as Hy komt moarn by uzes.
2. When, however, another part of the sentence by emphasis is
placed first, the order of subject and predicate is inverted, as Wier
is it. Dat scoe ik net for kar nimme. Moarn komt er by uses. In
oar seit er alles en my neat. Jong is dat bern al bidoarn. Hinne kin
men tsjinwirdich net mear. Do't er dat sein hie, gyng er by us wei.
Bisletten is it, dat wit ik klear.1
3. To emphasize the verb standing in a simple tense, the
auxiliary dwaen is necessary. Cf. Hy skriuwt us hast net mear and
Skriuwe docht er us hast net mear.
4. Questions open (1) with the predicate, or (2) with an inter-
1 Observe the word-order in such sentences as Praten hold ik net fen. De
aide ljue wirdt net nei harke. In nij stik klean kin men net oan ta komme. In such
sentences the emphatic word opening the sentence is separated from its
preposition.
SYNTAX 91
rogative pronoun or adverb. In the latter case the subject is also
put after the verb. Examples — Kom jy ek ris wer ? Honear scoe
er Jcomme ? Hwa wit der it rjuchte fen ? Op hokker plak scille wy
sitte?
5. When the verb is in the imperative, it opens the sentence ;
the subject, if present, is put after it. Example— SteJc (jy) dat
jild yn 'e buse.
6. When the sentence contains an unrealizable wish, and when
the exclamatory words ho and hwet open the sentence, the subject
follows the predicate, as Wieren wy mar thusUeaun. Hie ik dat
earder witten ! Ho koest der ek sa raer by komme ! Hwet hat er syn
best dien.
7. This is also the case when the principal sentence is paren-
thetic or post-positive, especially when the verb is one of the words
sizze, rqppe, tinke, leauwe, miene, or their synonyms, as Men moat,
seit de Skrift, yens evenminske Ijeaf hawwe.1
301. As a rule the subject stands immediately before or after
the predicate. Exceptions :
a. In cases of inversion adverbial adjuncts sometimes separate
the subject and the predicate, as Der komt hjir sneins net folk folk
yn tsjerke. By uses wirde alle dagen de blommen bigetten.
b. Also in interrogative sentences other parts may be put
between predicate and subject, as Hat hjir jister ien oan 'e doar
c. In dependent clauses, see § 304.
302. Subjective and objective complements, objects, and adver-
bial adjuncts, are as a rule put after the verb, when it is in a
simple tense, and after the auxiliary, when the verb is in a com-
pound tense.2 They mostly precede the infinite verb. Examples —
De sinne giet jouns yn it westen under. Wy binne mei inoar op rcis
gien. Ik soil him moarn syn jild weromjaen. Ik seach him de hdn
yn 'e buse stekken.
The indirect object stands before the direct object, except (1)
when the latter is a personal pronoun, and (2) when the indirect
1 In this case the sentence has the tendency to become an adverbial clause,
because the original dependent clause contains the principal idea (§ 299. 6).
2 For exceptions see §§ 300, 301. The direct object and the indirect object
with the preposition also, though less frequently, follow the whole compound
tense, as Hy hat my sjen litten de priis dy't er woun hie. Earst hie er ofbitelle de helt.
Ik hie it Ijeaverjown oan ien fen myn
92 , MODEKN WEST FEISIAN
object is preceded by a preposition. Examples — Wy jowe elk hwet
Ontkrij Mm dat. Ik joech us lieit dat boek. Ik joech it Mm. Ik joech
dat boek oan us heit.
303. Attributive adjuncts are placed partly before, partly after,
the substantive word to which they belong (see § 287).
Some, however, are often put elsewhere in the sentence, as sets,
allinne, beide, togearre, allegearre. Examples — Hy sels hat it measte
wirk dien. Hy hat it measte wirk sels dien.
As a rule articles and adjective pronouns precede all other
adjective words, but they stand after the numeral al, and the
indefinite article follows the interrogative pronoun Invet and the
adverbs sa, ho, as al it jild, al us hern, hwet in wille, sa 'n wirk, ho 'n
boek.
The adjective clause may be separated from the antecedent, e. g.
Ik ha him it boek iverbrocht, dat er my liend hie.
304. In dependent clauses beginning with a connective word
the subject and the predicate are separated by the other parts,
e. g. Ik woe wol, det ik dit wirk mar bitsjen litte koe.
But they have the word-order of the principal sentence (§ 300) :
1. In quotations, as Hy sei : 'Ik sell it noch mar ris weagje.'
' Kom gau ris werom ! ' waerd my taroppen.
2. When in the principal sentence the predicate denotes an
observation, a thought or sentiment, as Ik seach, Tiy koe him allinne
net redde. Hy sei, liy scoe it net werdwaen. Ik soargje, it sell ^vol wer
mis iveze. But with the conjunction : Ik seach, det er him allinne
net redde koe. Hy sei, det er it net tverdtvaen scoe. Ik soargje, det it
wol iver mis wese sell.
3. When an adverbial clause relates to condition, as Der moat
hwet oan dien tvirde, sell it better tvirde. But Der moat hwet oan
dien wirde, oft (as) it better wirde soil.
4. When a conclusive adverbial clause begins with the conjunc-
tion det, as Ik ha him yn lang net sjoen, det hy scil wol net goed weze.
5. When the adverb al opens the adverbial clause, as Al is us
hus hwet lyts, it is tige geryflik.1
6. When the conjunction of, e/(not to be confused with oft, eft)
opens a dependent clause, as Hy komt hjir net Idns, ofhy sjucht effen
by us yn. Ik ivit net better, ofhy hat itjister tsjin us sein.
1 No inversion in the principal sentence.
TEXTS
WEST FRISIAN WITH PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTION
TEXTS (OEDINARY SPELLING)
1. De liepe skieppedief.
(In aid folksteltsje)
Der wier ris in feint dy't jierren lang mei stellen oan 'e kost
kommen wier. Hy wier sa liep, det nimmen hie him yet pakke
kinnen. Mar op 't lest bigoun er it dievelibben sed to wirden, it
stellen en taken wearzge him en hy woe wer in earlik man wirde.
Do gyng er fier foart en hy kaem op 't lest by in boer der't er
him as feint bistelde. Mar al stiel er net langer, hy koe it dochs
net litte om tsjin syn boer oer syn liepens en oer de fiten dy't er
lithelle hie to praten. Dy woe der lykwols neat fen leauwe : de
feint wier sa earlik en bidaerd en hy die syn wirk sa goed, det it
woe de boer net oan det der sokke flinken yn sieten. Hy sei, hy
scoe den sa 'n liepe set wol ris fen him sjen wolle. En dat gyng
njunkelytsen oan.
Op in dei kaem der in slachter dy't in fet skiep fen de boer koft.
Do't er der mei nei hus ta teach, sei de feint tsjin de boer, hy koe
de man dat skiep wol ontstelle sonder det dy der hwet fen fornaem.
De boer joech him der frij ta. Do naem er gau in pear skoen en
roun de slachter, dy't troch in bosk hinne moast, efternei en in
sydpaed lans foarut. Midden op 'e wei smiet er do de iene skoech
del en in ein fierder, in bocht om, de oare.
Do't de slachter mei syn skiep by de earste skoech kaem, krige
er dy op en sei er yn him sels : Hwet in griis det de wjergeade
der net by is, den scoe ik in pear goede skoen ha, mar mei ien kin
ik neat bigjinne. En do smiet er de skoech wer foart. Mar do't er
in hundert tred ef hwet fierder de oare foun, spiet it him det er de
earste lizze litten hie. Hy boun it skiep oan in beam en do
werom om dy to heljen. Dat wier it krekt hwet de feint tocht
hie : hy it skiep los en dermei foart. En do't de slachter werom
kaem, wier der gjin skiep mear to bikennen en moast er wol wer
nei de boer ta om in oaren ien to keapjen. Dy die krekt eft er
nuver opharke en forkoft it selde skiep wer.
TEXTS (PHONETIC TRANSCEIPTION) *
1. da li-apa 'skiipadrav.
(an o:d 'folksteltsja.)
dar ura raz 9n faint dit jiran laij mat stsilan o-an a kost
koman ui-a. hsi ura sa li-ap, dot niman hra m jit paka
kinan. mar op t ls:st ba'gun ar at 'dravaliban ss:d ta uodan, at
stsilan sn taikan urazga him sn hsi uu*a usr an ralak mon uoda.
du gig ar frar fuot sn hsi ka:m op t ls:st bsi am birar dst ar
him os faint ba'stslda. mar ol stral ar nst larjar, hsi ku-a t dogz
net lita om tsji sim bu*ar u*a si Irapaz sn u*a da fitan dit ar
'ythsla hi'a ta praitan. di uu*a dar /likuolz nrat fo lioiia: da
faint ura sa i*alak sm ba'daid sn hsi di-a si uork so gu»ad, dot at
uu'a da birar nst o-an dot ar soka fligkan i sratan. hsi sai, hsi
sira don sa li^apa sst uol ras fon am sis uola. sn dot girj
niorika'litsan o-an.
op an dai ka:m dar a slaxtar dit a fst ski-ap fon a birar koft.
dut ar dsr mai nai hus ta trag, sai da faint tsjin a btrar, hsi ku*a
da mon dot skrap uol ont7sts:la sondar dot (d)i dar uot fo fa'naim.
da bu-ar jug am dsr frsi ta. du norm ar gou am prar skuon s
run da slaxtar, dit trog am bosk hina moast, sftar'nai sn a
'sidpa:d lo:z far'yt. midan op a uai smi-at ar du da rana sku:g
dsl sn an ai fiidar, am bo\t om, da o*ara.
dut (d)a slaxtar mai si ski'ap bei da rasta skuix ka:m, krig
ar di op s sai in am sslz : uot ar) griiz dot (d)a /uisrgitada
ds nst bsi iz, do su*a k am pi-ar gu-ada skuon ha, mar mai i-an kin
ak nrat ba'giina. sn du smi-at ar da sku:g usr fuot. mar dut ar
an hundat trsid ov uot fiidar da o-ara fun, spi-at at him dot ar da
rasta liza litan hi*a. hsi bun at ski-ap o*an am bram sn du
usr'om om di ta hsljan. dot ui-a t krskt uot (d)a faint toxt
hi-a : hsi at skrap los sn 'dsrmai fuot. sn dut (d)a slaxtar usrrom
ka:m, ura dar gii skrap mrar ta bakinan sm moast ar uol usr
nai da bu*ar ta om an o*aran ran ta krapjan. di di*a krskt ot ar
nyivar ropharka s fa'koft at sslda ski*ap usr.
1 Note that the sound a in diphthongs is very slight (§ 43), and that al, dm,
m, &r are often reduced to syllabic consonants (§§ 142-8).
96 , WEST FEISIAN
Nou, sei de feint, naem er oan oni it de slachter for de tvvadde
kear kwyt to meitsjen en de boer, dy't net bigripe koe, ho't de feint
sa liep en de slachter sa sleau weze koe, sei : eft er dat klear spile,
den mocht er it beste fette skiep for him sels lit 'e keppel siikje.
Do roun de feint sa hird as er koe it bosk wer yn en tichte by it
ste der't it skiep weiwirden wier roun er under de beammen troch
en rop : be, be, al mar oan. Der harke de slachter forheard fen op,
mar hy wier dochs ek bliid, hwent hy tochte nou it skiep dat er
kwyt wier wer to krijen. Dat er oan it tou hie waerd wer — en
nou goed tocht him — oan in beam boun en do hy it lud efternei
dat er hearde. Mei in omwei roun de feint do nei it plak der't it
skiep festboun wier, dat sa gau as 't koe los en do wer nei hus ta.
In tocht letter kaem de slachter der ek wer oan, lilk det er sa
forrifele wier, hwent hy tocht nou net oars ef hy wier foar 't
soaltsje halden. De boer lake tige, mar makke it do wer goed mei
de man en de feint hie mei syn liepens in best fet skiep fortsjinne.
2. De koal.
(Yet in teltsje)
Der wieren ris in boer en in arbeider, dy wennen tichte by
inoar. De boer hie fjirtich kij op stal en al it oare wier der
neffens en de arbeider hie oars neat as in geit en in pear bije-
koerren, dy't under in aid f orfallen ofdakje stienen. Hy hie ek in
lyts lapke groun, in pear koarte smelle ekerkes en dy laeijen
njunken in stik bou fen de boer dat greater wier as in moargen.
Der wier mar in smelle furge twiskenbeiden.
Hwet woe nou it gefal ? Der stie in grouwe wite koal op de
arbeider syn gerjuchtichheid en dy hong sa fier oer 'e furge hinne
det er mear as heal boppe de boer syn Ian wier. En do krigen my
dy twa de greatste ruzje, hwa syn koal dat nou einliks wier. De
boer sei : Dou hast my al sa faek bistellen, det dou krigest dit
kear nou ris gjin gelyk. En de arbeider sei : It is mar sa, it fet
wol altyd boppe driuwe en wyljue moatte altyd de minste weze.
Mar der slacht de deale troch, ik jow nou ris net ta. Gjin ien woe
syn ein slupe litte, it roun op 't lest sa hoi, det se waerden fjur-
slachs deilis en se wieren mekoar hast oanflein.
Do sei de boer : Wiste hwet, wy scille it sender kreauwen en
PHONETIC TRANSCKIPTION 97
nou, sai da faint, na:m er o-en om et (d)e slaxtor foa do twade
ki'or kwit t9 maitsjon sn da buw9r, dit net bg'gripg ku*e, hut (d)e faint
so li'op sn do slaxter sa sliou us:z9 ku'9, sai : ot er dot klrer spil9,
dom moxt er 9t bsiste fste ski'9p foar em sslz yt 9 kspel si:kJ9.
du run d9 faint sa hod oz 9r ku-e 9t bosk usr in sn tixte bsi 9t
ste: dst 9t ski-ep 'uaiuoden ui-e run 9r under 9 bismen trox
e ro:p : bs:, bs:, ol mar o*9n. dsr harke d9 slaxt9r fer'hred fon op,
mar hsi ui*e dogz sk bliid, uont hsi toxt9 nou 9t ski*ep dot 9r
kwit ui'9 usr t9 krsi9n. dot 9r o-9n 9t tou hi-9 uair usr — en
noii gu-9d toxt 9m — o-9n 9m bi'9m bun sn du hsi 9t lu:d sftgr'nai
dot 9r hisdg. mai 9n 'omuai run d9 faint du nai t plak dst 9t
ski'9p 'fsistbun ui'9, dot sa gou os t ku*9 los sn du usr nai hus ta.
9n toxt Ister ka:m d9 slaxt9r dsr sk usr o*9n, lilk dot 9r sa
fe'rif9l9 ui-9, uont hsi toxt nou nst o-9z of hsi ui-9 foa t
so*9ltsJ9 hoidgn. d9 bu*gr laikg tig9, mar makg 9t (d)u usr gu*9d mai
d9 mon sn d9 faint hi'9 mai si li-gpaz 9m bsist fst ski*9p
2. da ko-al.
(jit 9n tsltsjg)
dgr ui'en rgz 0m bu-9r sn 9n 'arbaidgr, di usngn tixt9 bsi
enuor. d9 buT9r hi*9 fiitgg ksi op stoil sn ol 9t o*9r9 ui*9 ds
nsfez sn d9 rarbaid9r hi* 9 o*9z ni*9t oz erj gait sn 9m prer /bsi9-
kuorgn, dit under en o:d fe'foilen ro-edakJ9 sti-en. hsi hi*e sk e
lits lapke grun, 0m prer koate smsle Xe:k9rk9z sn di laien
niorjken a stik bou fon e bu*er dot grotgr: u-9 oz 9n moargen.
der ui'9 mar 9 smsl9 fuorg9 twiskgn^aidgn.
uot uu*9 nou t gg'fol? der sti*e eg grou9 uite ko'gl op e
'arbaider sir) ge'rioxt9xhaid sn di horj sa fi-er u-er 9 fuorg9 hm9
dot 9r rni'9r oz hi-9l bop9 d9 bu-9r si loin ui'9. sn du krig9n mi
di twa: d9 grost9 ruizje, ua: sir) ko-el dot nou 'ailgks ui'9. d9
bu-er sai : dou hast mi ol sa fa:k be'sts:l9n, dot (d)oii krigest dit
ki-9r nou rgz giir) gg'lik. sn d9 'arbaider sai : et iz mar sa, et fst
uol 'oltid bope driuwe s 'usilio mate oltid de miiste usrze.
mar dsr slaxt (d)e do-ele trox, ik jou noii rsz net ta. gim i*9n uu-9
sin ain slupe lite, et run op t Isist sa hoi, dot se ua:ren xfio-
dailez e se ui-9n mg'ko^r hast ^-eflain.
du sai d9 bu*er : uiste uot, ui sile t sender kriouen s
1466 2 H
98 , WEST FRISIAN
sender slaen utmeitsje. Wy settle der om lige en dy't it best lige
kin, dy scil de koal ha. Dat wier de arbeider goed ; hy sei, de
boer scoe den mar earst.
Dy bigoun : Dou moast witte, us pake, aide Gjalt Sweitses, wier
boer lyk as ik. Mar hy hie gans hwet greater bislach as mines.
Syn rigele kij der wier de ein fen wei. Saun jier op *e kop of hie
er wirk om se to tellen en hwet it frjemdste wier, hy koe se
allegearre by de namme. Aide Ale is eris as lytsfeint bigoun mei
de groppe op to striken en do't er amperoan dien hie, moast er der
by wei, hwent do wier it lottersdei en hy moast hird rinne om op it
gritenijhus to kommen, hwent hy hie do de jierren ek det er lotsje
moast. En us pake wier in man, dy triek him alles sa oan. Op
in dei stoar de underste kou en do wier er suver fen 'e wize.
Nou, sei de arbeider derop, dat kin heel sa wol weze. Mar us
pake dy hie in bijestal, dat wier sa 'n greaten ien as der sont net
wer west hat. Der stienen safolle bijekoerren yn, det hy hie saun
jier wirk om se to tellen. En dochs koe er alle bijen by de namme.
En as der hwet miskearre, den triek er him dat sa oan, det den
wier er alheel fen *e wize. It mei my tinke, det der ris ien fen
syn bijen wei wier. Pake mirk it al ridlik gau, hwent hy wier
mear by syn lyts fe as yn 'e hus. Do waerd ik der op ut stjurd
om it forlerne skiep wer to siikjen. Nou, dat wier in hei-krewei.
Ik gyng by alle hynste- en skieppeblommen lans, mar ik foun him
net. Hele fjilden koalsied en reade klaver socht ik of, it joech neat.
En sadwaende dwaelde ik mar oan en mar wei, der gyngen wiken
mei hinne en ik rekke altyd mar fierder fen hus of. Do kaem ik
om Alderheljen hinne by in greate boerepleats, ik koe net sizze det
ik der earder west hie. Om to sizzen sa't it wier, ik wier it paed
bjuster. De buthiisdoar stie iepen en ik seach in rigele kij, sa
lang, sa lang, ja wol hundert kear sa lang as Berltsum. De feint
wier dwaende en striek de groppe op. Hy hie in gol en blier
wezen, ik tochte : kom, ik gean der effen yn, licht kin dy my to-
rjuchte wize. En sjuch je wol, de underste stal wier leech, mar ik
seach dochs dalik, det der us bijke staid wier. It hie in nijach-
tich hoarntou om. Ik houd my lyk eft ik fen neat wiste en sei
tsjin de feint: Goede goant, hwet is dat, det jimme der sa'n
frjemd beest op stal ha. — Ei ju, sei er, der ha 'k sa'n fortriet fen ;
dou moast witte, dat hat myn boer, dy aide nepert fen in Gjalt
Sweitses, yn 't hof oantroifen en do hat er it mar nadere en op 'e
ienichste lege stal set dy't der noch wier. Hy koe fest oars neat
PHONETIC TKANSCKIPTION 99
sondar slam 'ytmaitsjo. ui silo dor om li:go en dit ot be:st li:go
kin, di sil do ko-ol ha. dot ui-o do 'arbaidor gu*od ; hei sai, do
bu'or su'O dom mar rost.
di bo'gun : dou mast uito, ys pa:ko, o:do *giolt *swaitsoz, uro
bu-or lik oz ik. mdr hei hi-o go:z uot grotor bo'slax oz minoz.
si rigolo ksi der ui-o d ai fo uai. so: ji-or op o kop 0*0 hi-o
or uork om zo to tslon e uot ot frismsto ui-o, hsi ku-o zo
'ologisro bsi do namo. o:do *a:lo iz oroz oz 'litsfaint bo'gun mai
do gropo op to strikon sn dut or 'ainporo-on di-on hi-a, moast or dor
bsi uai, uont du ui-o t xlotozdai sn hsi moast hod nno om op ot
grito'nsihys to komon, uont hsi hi-o du do jiron sk dot or lotsjo
moast. sn ys paiko ui*o n mon, di trrok om olos sa O'on. op
on dai sto-or do undosto koii sn du m*o or syivor fon o uiizo.
nou, sai do Arbaidor dsrrop, dot km he:l sa uol usizo. mar ys
paiko di hi-o om 'bsiosto:!, dot m-o sarj groton i-on az dor sont nst
usr usst hat. dsr sti-on 'safolo ^siakuoron in, dot hsi hi-o so:
ji-or uork om zo to tslon. sn do\s ku-o r olo bsion bsi do namo.
sn oz dor uot mis'kisro, don tri*ok or om dot sa o-on, dot do
ui'O r oPhe:! fon o ui:zo. ot mai mi tirjko, dot or oz iwon fo
sim bsion uai ui-o. pa:ko mork ot ol nlok x^>u> uont hsi ui*o
mi'or bsi si lits fe: oz in o hu:z. du ua:r ik tor op yt stju*od
om ot foxlsno ski-op usr to si:kjon. nou, dot ui-o n xhai-krouai.
ik xit) bsi olo hi:sto- s 'skiipoblomon lo:z, mar ik fun om
nst. he:lo fiildon 'koalsi-od s ri-odo kla:vor so\t ok o*a, ot jug m-at.
s sa'dwamdo dwa:ldo k mar O'on sm mar uai, dsr girjon uikon
mai hmo sn ik rsko 'oltid mar fiidor fon hu:z O'a. du ka:m ok
om oldor'hsljon hmo bsi or) groto bu-oro'pli-ots, ik ku-o nst size dot
ak dsr isdor usst hi-o. om to sizon sat ot ui-o, ik ui-o t paid
biostor. do butyz'do-or sti-o i-opon sn ik si-eg 9 rigolo ksi, sa
larj, sa larj, ja uol hundot ki-or sa larj oz bslsom. do faint
ui-o dwamdo s stri-ok do gropo op. hsi hi-o arj gol sm bli-ei
us:zon, ik toxto: kom, ik XI-QU dor sfon in, li\t km di mi ta-
xrioxta ui:zo. s sio jo uol, do undosta sto:l ui-o le:g, mar ik
srag dogz da:lak, dot (d)sr yz bsiko sto:ld ui-a. ot hi-o on xnsiax-
tog 'hoantou om. ik houd mi lik ot ok fon ni-ot uista s sai
tsjm o faint : gu-odo goant, uot iz dot, dot jimo dsr sa
frismd be:st op sto:l ha. — a-i jo, sai ar, dsr ha k sa fo'tri-ot fon ;
dou mast uito, dot hat mini bu-or, di o:do neipat fon or) *giolt
*swaitsoz, in t ho:v /o-antrofon sn du hat ar at mar na:daro en op a
imoxsta le:go sto:l sst dit ar nog ui-o. hei ku-o fe:st o-az ni-at
H2
100 WEST FKISIAN
mear fine, hwent dit hele skoandere bislach f6, der't hast gjin
trochkommens ein oan is, hat er by inoar stellen. . . .
Dat lygste, sei de boer, dy't him al lang bidimme moatten hie,
mar it nou dochs net langer uthalde koe.
Den haw ik it woun, sei de arbeider, de koal is mines.
3. Waersiik.
Jilke siet yn 'e hus mei de han oan 'e nolle en in gesicht as in
Turk. Ja, dat siz ik nou al, mar ik ha by myn witten noait in
Turk sjoen, libben noch dea. De miening is det er swart seach,
sa swart as in toerre ; dat ding kin men yen foarstelle. Nimmen
koe him hwet nei 't sin dwaen, it wiif net, de faem net, nimmen
net. En for goede wirden krigen de husgenoaten sims in hounsk
biskie werom. De frou socht him to troaijen en del to bedzjen ;
hja wier tige goedlik, hja wist syn skeel wol en rekkene det der
ridlik gau betterskip komme scoe, as ...
Mar de faem briek hjar de holle net mei 't gefal. Dy sei yn
hjar sels : Ik tsjuch it my net oan, hear ! As de boer lilk weze
wol, lit him den mar lilk weze. En wol er wer goed wirde, den
moat er mar wer goed wirde ; oars bliuwt er mar lilk. Ik ha de
man neat gjin omkromte bylein. En hja helle ris fiks fleurich op.
De boer wier onreedlik en dat kaem foart lit syn kwael : it gyng
him as Sije, hy wier waersiik. Dy kwael iepenbiere him net yn 't
knis ef de teannen, it waer doogde net for syn holle, it wier him
lang net nei 't sin, al yn dagen net. Mei boerkerij hie dat lykwols
neat lit to stean. De faem neamde him wol boer, mar dat gyng
sa lit alder wenst. Jilke wier boer-rintenier, hy hie de skiepkes
op it droege. Hy hie lang en kras boerke en de foardielige tiid
tige mei hawn ; sadwaende siet er der nou fiks waerm by. Hy
biwenne in kreas hus, dat er sels sette litten hie, in eintsje buten
de burren. De frou houd in faem, dat mocht hjar wol barre en it
kaem hjar ek wol ta : it minske hie net fen fierren stien yn 'e
dagen do't der for 't frouljuesfolk by de boer mear to dwaen foel
as tsjinwirdich. Dy ljuwe hiene dos eigentlik de wrald op in
boerdtsje. De man stie ek net bikend for sa dwers en koart-
kearich ; elk koe 't ornaris skoan mei him birinne, mar nou net.
Nou hie er hast in heale wike op kop en earen yn 'e hus sitte
moatten, hwent it wier dei oan dei sa bidroefde onlijich, det
it kaem oan in kuijerke net ta. Der waerd er swiersettich under.
PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTION 101
mrar fina, uont dit heila sko'endero ba'slax fe:, dst hast giin
'trokomSz am o-on iz, hat 9r bsi 9nuor stsilgn . . .
dot lixste, sal do bu-ar, dit 9m ol larj b9'dini9 mat9n hra,
mar at nou dogz net Iarj9r 'ythoida ku-a.
don hav ik 9t uun, sai d9 'arbaidar, d9 ko?al iz mines.
3. 'ua:rsi:k.
*jilka srat in 9 hu:z mai da horn O'9n 9 hol9 sn arj g9'sixt oz 9n
to"rk. ja:, dot siz 9k nou ol, mar ik ha bsi mi uitgn no-it 9n
tork sju*9n, libgn nog di'9. da mrangrj iz dot 9r swat si*9g,
sa swat oz 9n tiior9 : dot dirj kim me ji 'foastste. nimgn
ku-9 m uot nai t sin dwain, 9t ui:v net, d9 fa:m net, nim9n
nst. s foa gu'9d9 vodgn kriggn d9 'hyzggno^tgn S9mz 9n hii:sk
bg'ski-g usr'om. d9 frou soxt 9m t9 tro-ign sn del ta bs:dzJ9n ;
hia ui'9 ti:g9 guodl9k, hia uist si ske:l uol s rsk9n9 dot
9r nlgk xou 'bstgrskip koma su*9, oz . . .
mar d9 farm bri-9k har d9 hol9 nst mai t ggfol. di sai in
har sslz : ik tsjog 9t mi nst o*9n, jsr ! oz d9 bu-9r lilk us:z9
uol, lit 9m dom mar lilk us:z9. s uol 9r usr gu-9d uod9, don
mat 9r mar usr gu'9d uod9 ; o*9z bliuwt 9r mar lilk. ik ha da
mon ni?9t giin 'omkromtg /bsilain. s hia hsl9 rgs fiks fl0'9r9g op.
d9 bu*9r ui'9 oxre:dl9k sn dot ka:m fuot yt sir) kwail : 9t \ir)
9m os *ssi9, hsi ui-9 'uairsiik. di kwail i-gpm'brgra him nst in t
krys ov d9 tisn9n, 9t ua:r do:gd9 nst foa sin hol9, 9t ui^a am
larj nst nai t sin, ol in da:g9n nst. mai buork9/rsi hi-9 dot 'likuolz
nr9t yt t9 sti*9n. d9 farm ni*9md9 m uol bu*9r, mar dot \u)
sa yt o:d9r us:st. *jilk9 ui*9 bu'9r-rmt9/ni-9r, hsi hi*9 d9 skiipk9z
op 9t drug9. hsi hi*9 larj srj kros biiork9 sn dg f9'di'9l9g9 ti:d
ti:g9 mai horn ; sa'dwamda si' at 9r d9r noii fiks ua:rm bsi. hsi
b9xusn9 9rj kri-9z huiz, dot 9r ssls sst9 Iit9n hi-9, 9n aintsj*9 but9n
d9 buor9n. da froii hoiid 9 fa:m, dot moxt har uol bara sn at
ka:m har sk uol ta : at miiska hra nst fo fiiran sti-an in a
da:gan dut ar foa t 'fro:ljasfolk bsi da bu-ar mrar ta dwa fu-al
os tsjixuorg. di lioua hi-an dos 'aigantlak da uroid op am
buotsja. da mo stra sk nst ba'kind foa sa dwss sq koat-
'ki^arag ; slk ku*a t o'nairas sko*9n mai 9m b9'rm9, mar nou nst.
nou hi-9 9r hast 9n hi-9l9 uik9 op kop sn i-9r9n in 9 hu:s sita
ma tan, uont at ui-a dai o'an dai so ba'druivda o'lsiag, dot
9t ka:m ow9n 9rj kcei9rk9 nst ta. dsr ua:d 91* swi'9rrsst9g und9r.
102 WEST FRISIAN
Hy wier mei de tiid forlegen, hy roun de frouljue om 'e barmen
en him sels yn 'e wei. It wier slim.
Mar dat giet dochs ek hwet fier, tinke jimme, sa forkeard en
onpesjintich to wezen, allinne omdet it waer yen net noasket. Ik
mien it ek. Dy't him net leart to skikken nei 't waer, dy hellet him
sels al in aeklik lot op 'e hals, hwent it waer skikt him grif net nei
lis. Jilke scoe forstandich dien hawwe, as er hwet bitocht hie om
binnendoar oanslach to finen op tiden det er buten net bankje koe.
Mar binne der dochs net in boel minsken, dy't in aerdtsje fen de
man syn kwael beet hawwe ? C. WIELSMA.
4. Baes Piktried.
Jimme hawwe wol ris heard fen in kearel as Karst, en det
Karst in kearel as in stikelbosk wier ? Nou, sa'n kearel as Karst
wier baes Piktried ek, to sizzen : 'stick in fikse ju de earm ut, den
koe hy der sahwet likernoch sonder kantroeren under troch rinne :
hy wier derby sa meager as in range, hy hie in kleur as in skyl-
fisk en in lud as in pikelhjerring. Sa'n mantsje wier baes Pik-
tried ; in spjirring wier 't, mar hy hie gans smoar nei det it in beest
wier, en gjin amerij hie baes Piktried rest. Syn pokdobbige
troanje, der't de noas mei in optik ta litstiek, en syn griis hier,
sweefden altyd hinne en wer ; syn lytse eagen flikkeren oan ien
wei rjuchts en lofts. Der ontkaem him gjin ding, hy hie rounom
hwet op to lekskoaijen, en hy wist it altyd best. As er oer 'e
burren gong, den slingere en sloech er mei syn earmen, krekt eft er
mei beide hannen roun to siedzjen, en ienkear pompte er in faem
dy wetter toge sa tsjin de iene amer oan, det hy der sels fen
bipoezze rekke. ' Ezelskyn ! ' rop er, wylst er him ofskodde as in
wetterhoun, ' koest den net sjen, det ik dy fen efteren ynkaem ? ' —
Op in oar tiid rekke er der net better of : do sloech er yn syn iver
krekt yn in tine fen in eide, dy't op in ierdkarre laei, det it bloed
der nei roun. ' Men scoe nou den ek by mooglikheid sizze, ho
kinne se sa 'n ding sa mids yn 't paed stean litte,' sei er, ' men kin
ommers de burren langer net ongeskansearre lans komme ! '
Hy wier in skoenmakker fen syn hantwirk, en as er arbeide,
den helle er de tried sa fuleindich lit, det er elk dy't net fierder-
noch fen him ofbleau, de fust jin 5t liif oan sloech. Gjin feint
bleau langer as in moanne by him, hwent hy hie op it beste wirk
altyd yet hwet to sizzen. Den wieren de stekken net egael, den
PHONETIC TEANSCEIPTION 103
hei ui-9 mai da ti:d fa'leigan, hei run da fro:lJ9 om 9 honan
en 9m selz in 9 uai. at ui-a slim.
mar dot \iit dogz ek uot frar, tirjka jima, sa fa'krad en
ompa'sjint8x ta ue:zan, o'lma om'dot 9t ua:r jin net noaskat. ik
mran at ek. dit 9m net Irat t9 skikan nai t ua:r, di hel9t 9m
selz ol 9n aiklgk lot op 9 holz, uont 9t uair skikt 9m grif net nai
ys. jilk9 su*9 f9'stond9g di'9n hav9, oz 9r uot b9'toxt hi-9 om
bin9n'do'9r 'o-dslax ta fhi9n op ti:d9n dot 9r but9n net barjkJ9 ku-9.
mar bin9 dgr dogz net 9m bu*9l mi:sk9n, dit 9n aitsjg fon da
mo sir) kwail be:t hav9 ? se: 'uralsma.
4. ba:s */piktri-8d.
jim9 hav9 uol r9z hied fon 9rj ki'9r9l os *kast, en dot
*kast 9r) ki'9r9l oz 9n 'stikglbosk ui'9 ? nou, sag ki*9r9l os *kast
ui'9 ba:s */piktri-9d ek, t9 sizgn : sti-9k 9 fiks9 jo d9 i'9rm yt, dor)
ku-9 hei d9r 'sauot likgr'noig sond9r kontru-9r9n und9r trog rina ;
hei ui-9 der'bei sa mi-9g9r oz e rarj9, hei hi'9 9rj k!0'9r oz 9 'skil-
fisk en 9 lu:d oz 9n /pik9lhier9rj. sam montsjg ui*9 ba:s */pik-
trr9d ; 9 spiirgrj ui-9 t, mar hei hi*9 go:s smo'9r nai dot 9t am be:st
ui-9, erj giin ani9/rei hi-9 ba:s */piktri*9d reist. sim 'pokdobega
troajia, det (d)9 no-9z mai 9n 'optik ta 'ytsti-ak, e sirj griiz hi*9r,
swe:vd9n 'oltid hm9 e uer ; si litsg i'9g9n flikgrgn o^9n i-9
uai rioxs e lofts, dgr ont'kaim 9m giin dirj, hei hi'9 /runom
uot op t9 'leksko'ign, en hei uist 9t 'oltid beist. oz 9r u*9r 9
buor9n gorj, do slirj9r9 e sluig 9r mai si iermgn, krekt ot 9r
mai baid9 honan run ta siidzjgn, en 'i'grjkrgr pompt9 r 9 farm
diuetgr to:g9 sa tsjin da i-ana a-mar o-an, dot hei dar sels fon
ba'puozg rek9. </e:z9lskin ! ' ro:p 9r, uilst 9r 9m 'O'gskodg oz 9
7uet9rhun, *ku*9st (d)on net sien, dot ak ti fon eftar9n ^rjkaim ?' —
op 9n O'9r ti:d rek9 r d9r net betar 0'9 : du slu:g 9r i sin iivar
krekt in an tina fon an aida, dit op 9 'iitkara lai, dot 9t blu?9d
dgr nai run. 'ni9 su*9 nou don ek bei 'moigtokhaid siz9, hu
km9 Z9 son dirj sa midz in t pa:d sti*9 Iit9,' sai 9r, ^mgrj km
oni9z d9 buorgn larjgr net orjggsko'zierg lo:z kom9 ! '
hei ui-9 9 'skuo^makar fo sin xhontuork, en oz ar 'arbaida,
don hela r da tri-ad sa ful'aindag yt, dot ar elk dit net 'fiid9r
no:x fon 9m '0'9bliou, d9 fust jin t li:v o*9n slu:g. gii faint
bliou Iarj9r oz 9n moang bei him, uont hei hi'9 op 9t be:st9 uork
xoltid jit uot t9 siz9n. do ui'9n d9 stekgn net e-'gail, dp
104 , WEST FRISIAN
wier de iene skoech langer as de oare, den wieren de hakken
ongelike heech, den wier it lear net genoch kloppe, altyd wier der
hwet. En as se hjar fordigenje woene, den rop er : i Sa't ik siz,
sa is 't, en tsjinpraten wol 'k net ha : hwet net goed is, kin 'k ek
net goed neame, en 'k scoe my skamje, as ik it yn 'e sliep wei net
better meitsje koe ! ' H. S. SYTSTRA.
5. Utfenhus by de boer.
De moarntiid.
It Ijocht brekt troch de griene gerdyntsjes. De klok slacht
healwei fiven. De wylde fugels tsjirmje oer 't fjild. De hoanne
kraeit en de Ijipkes liepe yn 'e finne. De protters kwele en
tsjotterje op it uleboerd en de skoarstien. De earrebarre klap-
halzet. De ljurken sjonge oer 'e skurre. De aide niem heart de
klok : Bouk ! seit se, dou moast der of komme, fanke ! en roppe
Hidde en de feint, den kin de aid boer yet hwet lizzen bliuwe. —
Goed, seit Bouk, en wriuwt eris yn 'e eagen en strykt oer de reade
roune wangen. Se skout oer 'e bedsplanke, klaeit hjar oan en
ropt Hidde en de feint.
Dermei is alles yn 't spier. De feint jowt de kij earst in lyts
jeft hea en Hidde bigjint to mjuksjen. Bijke, dy't de hele nacht
op de aid boer syn broek lein hat, rekt him lit en de buthusdoar
utgeande, snuffelt er op it hiem om en siket de onganzen op.
Bouk set nou fjur oan en hinget it tsjernwetter oer : mar wy
moatte ek hwet Ijocht ha, seit se, en skout it ramt op en smyt de
finsters iepen, det se tsjin 'e murre stuitsje. Nou stekt se hjar
tsjeppe troanje yn 'e loft en sjucht mei in pear frjeonlike eagen
oeral yn 'e blide dage om. It Ijochte grien fen "e simmer-
krite skimert troch de tsjuke dauwe. It jonggud haffelt yn
'e lizen om. De ropeintsjes wraggelje nei hjar ta en lang-
halzje om in hanfol beane. De aide mem lit it molken yn 'e tine
rinne. Se is in minske fen sechstich jier en dochs tilt se de tine
mei op, det hjar de lidden knieze en set him op 'e tsjerne en lit it
molken der ut rinne, det it brust. Dermei wirdt de spatskutel der
op lein, it tsjernlid festkile, de pols oanslein. De aide loaije bunte
wirdt fen 'e stal helle en bigjint to tsjernjen, det it hus dreunt en
de bynten kreakje.
Nou it oar folk sit to melken bigjint de aid boer him ek to rissen.
Hy stiet op en klaeit him oan en snijt for it folk elkmes in tsjuk
PHONETIC TKANSCEIPTION 105
ui'a da rana sku:g larjar oz da O'era, do uran do hakon
'orjgalika he:g, do ui*9 t Irar net ga'noix klopa, 'oltid ui*a dar
uot. sn os so har fa'di:g9nJ9 uu'9n, do ro:p 9r : ; sat ik siz,
sa is t, sn 'tsjimprcutgn uo k net ha : uot nst xu'9$ Iz> kit) k sk
net \\i-Qd nr9ni9, sq k su mi skamja, o k 9t in 9 sli-ap uai nst
bst9r maitsja ku-a ! ' ha: ss 'sitstra.
5. ytfan'huiz bei da birar.
da 'mdantid.
9t lioxt brskt tro da gri-ana ga'dintsjaz. d9 klok
'hislui fi:v9n. d9 uilda fugalz tsjirmJ9 u-a t fiild. d9 hoan9
kra*it sn da Iiipk9z Ii*9p9 in 9 fin9. d9 protgs kwe:l9 sn
tsjotgrjo op 9t 'ulgbu-ed sn d9 skoasjan. d9 Xisr9bar9 'klap-
holz9t. d9 l!6rk9n sior)9 u-9r 9 skuorg. d9 o:d9 msm hist (d)a
klok. *bouk! salt sa, dou mast ar o-a koma, farjka, s ropa
*hida sn da faint, dor) kin da o:d bu-ar jit uot hzon bliuwa.
gu'ad, salt *bouk, s uriuwt araz in a ragan s strikt u-a da rrada
runa raqan. sa skoiit u-ar a bsts'plarjka, kla*it har o*an s
ropt *hida sn da faint.
xdsrmai iz olaz in t spi-ar. da faint jout (d)a ks! i-ast e lits
jsft hi-9 sn *hid9 bg'gimt t9 mioksjgn. *bsik9, dit (d)9 he:l9 naxt
op 9 o:d birar sim bruik lam hat, rskt am yt sn da butyz'do-ar
ytrxi'9nda, snofalt ar op at hram om s sikat da ror)go:zan op.
*bouk sst iiou fju*ar o*an sn hirjat at 'tsjsustar u-ar; mar usi
mata sk uot lioxt ha, sait sa, s skout at ramt op s smit (d)a
fi:staz i'9p9n, dot S9 tsjin 9 muor9 stoeitsJ9. noii stskt S9 har
tsjspg troaji9 in 9 loft s sioxt mai am pi-ar fr0-elak9 i'9g9n
'u-9rol in 9 bli:d9 da:g9 om. 9t Iioxt9 gri-9n fon 9 'sini9r-
krit9 skimgrt tro d9 tsjukg do-u9. 9t 'jorjguod hafglt in
9 Ii:z9n om. d9 'ropaintsjgz urag9lJ9 nai har ta s ^ar)-
holzJ9 om 9n hoifol bi-gna. da o:da msm lit at molkan in a tsjsna
ring. S9 iz en mi:sk9 fo sskst9g ji*9r 9n dogz tilt S9 d9 tin9
mai op, dot har d9 Iid9n kni*9Z9 s sst 9m op 9 tsjsn9 s lit 9t
molkgn dar yt rina, dot at bruist. 'dsrmai uot (d)a 'spotskutal dar
op lain, at tsjs'lid 'fsistkilg, d9 polz 'o-eslain. d9 o:d9 Io-i9 bunt9
uot fon 9 sto:l hsl9 sm bggiint t9 tsjsji9n, dot 9t hu:z dr0:nt sn
d9 bintgn kri'gkjg.
nou at o*ar folk sit ta mslkan ba'gimtfdja o:d bu-ar him sk ta nsan.
hsi stilt op srj kla*it am o*an s snsit foar at folk slkmaz an tsjuk
106 WEST FRISIAN
stik brea. As dat dien is, faget er it mes of en stekt it yn 'e skie.
Hy nimt de bril lit it finsterbank en bigjint to lezen yn de reis
nei it himelske Jeruzalem.
It melken is dien. It folk komt by de bird. De aide man nimt
syn roun-breed-skade hoedtsje of en bidt. De feint gobbet efter
de hoed wei en giizjende tsjin Bouk trapet er hjar underwiles op
'e teannen, det se it laitsjen ek net ynhalde kin. Elk nimt syn stik
brea, leit it op 'e knibbel en yt der fen. De aide mem is bang det
it waer foroarje scil, sa hat it hjar jisterjoun yn 't krus stitsen.
De aid boer klaget ek, oer jicht en de slimme tiid. Hy biskrobbet
it jongfolk, det se sa oerdwealsk net weze moatte, hwent det hjar
de earen yet wol bikoge wirde kinne. Dermei, as de kopkes en
pantsjes opbirgen binne, biredde de frouljue de tsjerne en bjinne de
tinen en aden ut. De manljue geane oan 't seadriden ef leikje de
simmerdykjes op. De aid man bliuwt yn 'e hirdshoeke om de
fuken to lapjen en bisjucht de kobbe mei de bril op 'e noas . . .
J. H. HALBERTSMA.
6. De sliep.
't Is joun. Stil is 't rounom. De nacht komt en lukt syn
tsjustere gerdinen gear om 'e ierde, en alles makket him klear om
syn soan, de ingel fen de sliep, wolkom to hjitten. Dy sweeft
nou de ierde oer, en alles hwer't er syn wjukken oer utslacht,
forjit de droktme fen"'e dei yn swiete slomme. —
Mar net alles, net allegearre meije hjar forbliidzje yn in bisiik
fen dy woldwaende ingel. 't Is wier, mannich earme bodder,
dy't de deis yn it swit fen syn antlit it brea for syn wiif en
berntsjes fortsjinne, hat er bileanne mei in swiete rest, mannich
brave libbet de lokkichste uren fen syn wolbisteld libben yetris
troch yn nochlike dreamen, mar. . . . Der binne filantropen, dy't
it hjar plicht achtsje yn it lijen en de earmoed fen hjar mei-
minsken to foarsjen, mar ho follen — en ho follen dy't hjar help
faek it nedichst wieren — wirde troch hjar foarbygien. Sa'n filan-
troop scoe men de sliep ek hast neame kinne, hwent in bulte
jowt er rest, mar ek in bulte dy't forgees langhalzje nei syn
komste. 't Is as wol er net roppen wirde. As er in hert hat, dy
ingel fen 'e sliep, den is it hird as in stien ; hwent ho mannich
earme stumper, dy't op syn siikbed kreunt fen pine, lit er onge-
treast yn syn smert, en ho follen, dy't de wrald en it needlot
PHONETIC TKANSCKIPTION 107
stik brra. oz dot di-an iz, faigat ar at me:s 0*8 e stekt at in a ski- a.
hei nimt (d)a bril yt at 'fiistarbarjk em ba'gimt ta le:zan in da raiz
nai at 'himals(k)a ja'ryzalem.
at melkan iz dran. at folk komt bsi da hod. da o:da mon nimt
si run-bre:t-ska:da huotsja o*a em bit. da faint gobat sftar
da hirad uai eg giizjanda tsjim *boiik tra:pat ar har undar'uilaz op
a tienan, dot sa t laitsjan ek net 'inhoida kin. elk nimt si stik
bri-a, lait at op a knibal en it ar fon. da o:da mem iz bar) dot
at ua:r far'o-arja sil, sa hat at har jostar'jun in t krys stotsan.
da o:d bu-ar klaigat ek, u-ar jixt en da slima ti:d. hei ba'skrobat
at 'jorjfolk, dot sa sa u-a'dwrals(k) net ueiza mata, uont dot har
da raran jit uol ba'koiga uoda kina. xdermai, oz da kopkaz em
pomtsjaz 'o(b)borgan bina, ba'reida da froilja da tsjena em bnna da
tinan en a:dan yt. da mo:lja gi-ana o-an t 'sjeidri-.dan ov laikja da
'simardikjaz op. da o:d mon bliuwt in a hodz'huka om da
fukan ta lapjan em ba'sioxt (d)a ko-ba mat da bril op a no*az.
je: ha: xholbatsma.
6. da slrap.
t iz jun. stil is t runom. da naxt komt e lukt sin
tsjostara ga'dinan gi-ar om a i-ada, en olaz makat am klrar om
si so*an, da irjal fon da slrap, 'uolkom ta hiitan. di sweift
noii da i'ada u*ar, en olaz uet ar si mokan irar 'ytslaxt,
fa'jit (d)a droktma fon a da! i swi'ata sloma. —
mar net olez, net ola'giera mala har fe'bliidzja in am ba'siik
fon di xuoldwa:nda irjal. t iz ui-ar, manag i-arma bodar,
dit (d)a daiz in at swit fo sin 'ontlit at bn»a foa si 'ui:v em
bentsjas fa'tsiina, hat ar ba'liena ma! 9 swi-ata reist, manag
braiva libat (d)a lokaxsta u-aran fo si 'uolbasteld liban jitras
trog in noflaka dri*aman, mar . . . dar bina filon'troipan, dit
at har plixt axtsja in at leian en da 'iermu-ad fon har 'mai-
miiskan ta fallen, mar hu folan — en hu folan dit har help
fa:k at neidaxst ui-an — uoda trog har fa'beigi-an. sa filon-
'troip su-8 man da sli-ap ek hast nrama kma, uont am bolta
jout ar re:st, mar ek am bolta dit fa'geiz 'larjholzja nai sirj
komsta. t iz oz uol ar net ropan uoda. oz ar an het hat, di
irjal fon 9 sli*ap, don iz et hod oz a stran ; uont hu manag
rerma stompar, dit op si xsikbe:d kr0:nt fom pina, lit er 'orjga-
tri'est i si smet, en hu folan, dit (d)a uroid en at
108 WEST FRISIAN
jimmer dwers wieren, lit er mei iepene eagen yn 'e tsjustere
nacht sjen, sender se him ienkear to sluten en yn Ijochte dream-
bylden him dat tsjuster forjitte to litten. En wirdt er fen sokken
net meast oanroppen ? O. H. SYTSTBA.
7. Wintersinneopgong.
In froastige winterdei daget oer 'e Suderse en de iggen dy't er
bispielt.
De lege bank, dy't yn 't easten mei syn swartens skieding
makket twisken it skiere skimerjen fen 'e loft en it grounich-
grien opjaen fen it dynjende wiet, kriget in Ijochte ranne. Al
breder en breder, al bloedriger en bloedriger wirdt er. Den brekt
yn-ieneii de wintergreate sinne heal boppe dat bloedgerdyn lit en
stjurt syn kjelderich reade wjerskyn nei 't westen, mei de weagen
dy't fen 'e froastkening syn siken tsjin 'e stiennen bear fen it
Krabbersgat oanjage wirde. De ienlikens fen dat wide wetter-
fjild dijt aloan en forliest geandewei syn grinzen.
0 dy pracht fen it sinne-opkommen, simmers great en great by
't winter ! O dy liifdracht fen 'e dage, simmers goud en winters
poarper, simmers read en winters reader! O dat wiken fen it
nachtskaed, simmers swart en winters swarter, foar de sinne'
goudne pylken !
Loaits! de romte tynt, nou't it easten Ijocht jiet yn syn
donkere djipten, sa't se tynt as me ut in delte it dun bikliuwt en,
kliuwende, omsjucht!
Loaits ! de wrald wirdt great en greater, nou't syn breid hjar
poarte ontskoattelt, butedoar komt yn hjar breidspronk, en hjar
earmen for him iepent ! Hastich, red en redder, riist er ut nachts
fierten hjar tomiette, oer it tapyt fen sinnestrielen dat hja foar
syn net utrollet ! Langst nei Ijeafde is yn syn haestjen, langst
nei resten oan hjar herte !
Loaits ! de se, de onwiten wylde ; loaits ! it breinroer, brinz-
gjend munster, dat de skippen brekt en brizelt, dun en dyk tomealt
oan brokken ; loaits ! de se, de woeste, oerstjure, hwa't nin teame
haldt, noch helter, draegt de wjerskyn fen 'e dage, draegt hjar
poarper op syn weagen, draegt de moarnsbreid op syn skouders ;
jowt him op, sa seft, sa mijen, sa't in heit him seftkes opjowt
under 't Ijeaflik bern dat hoarsriidt op syn rech, en it mijen
foartdraegt ! J. J. HOF.
PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTION 109
jimar dwss vran, lit 9r mai rapana ragan in 9 tsjostara
naxt sisn, sender Z8 him i'-arjkrar t9 slytan sn i lioxta 'drram-
bildan him dot tsjostar fa'jita ta Iit9n. s uot 9r fo sokan
net mrast 'o-eropan? o: ha: 'sitstra.
7. umtar'smaopxorj.
e fro-astaga 'umtardai da:g9t u-ar 9 *sydar'se: sn d9 ig9n dit 9r
ba'spralt.
d9 Ie:g9 barjk, dit in t rastan mai si swatnz skradarj
makat twrskan 9t skrara skim9rj*9n fon 9 loft sn at gruna§
gri*an 'opjam fon 9t dijigndg ui*9t, kriggt 9 Iioxt9 rom9. ol
breidgr sm bre:d9r, ol bliiodr9g9r em bliiodrgggr uot er. dom brskt
in i-onon de 'umtargroto sino hi-01 bopa dot 'blu'edgedin yt s
stju-et sir) kisldraj ri-ede 'uisskin nai t usstan, mai do ui-9g8n
dit fon Q 'fro'8stk0:norj si siken tsjin 8 stiinen bi*ar fon at
*krabaz'got O'ejarge rode, do 'i'elekez fon dot uiide 'ustar-
ftild dsit olo-0n e fe'li-est 'gi'andeuai sirj grirzen.
oil di praxt fon et 'sine-opkomen, simez gro-at srj gro-et bsi
t umter! ou di 'liivdraxt fon 9 daigo, simoz goiid s uintos
poarper, simez ri-ed s uintaz ri'eder! ou dot uiken fon at
'naxtskaid, simes swat s uintas swater, foa da sina
goudna pilkan !
lo-its ! da romta tint, nout at i-astan lioxt jit i sin
dorjkara djiptan, sat sa tint oz m(a) yt an delta at dyn ba'kliuwt sn,
kliuwanda, 'omsioxt !
lo-its! da uroid uot gro-at srj grotar, nout sim braid har
poata ont'skoatelt, buta'do'er komt in har 'braidzprorjk, en har
isrman foar him i-apant ! hastag, rs:d s rsidar, ri:st ar yt naxts
fiitan har ta'miita, u*ar at ta'pit fo 'sinastri'alan dot hia foa
si fi*at 'ytroilat ! larjst nai li-avda iz i sin haisjan, larjst
nai rsistan o-an har hsta !
lo-its ! da se:, da o'uitan uilda ; lo-its ! at 'bramrar, briiz-
gjand m0:star, dot (d)a skipan brskt sm briizalt, dyn sn dik taxmislt
o*am brokan ; lo'its ! da se:, da uu*asta, u*a'stju'ara, ua:t nin ti*ama
ho:t, nox hsltar, dra:xt (d)a 'uisskin fon a da:ga, dra:xt har
poarpar op si ui-agan, dra:xt (d)a moa:zbraid op si skoudaz ;
jout 9m op, so ss:ft, sa mstan, sat an hait am ss:ftkaz 'opjout
undar t Iravlak bs:n dot ''hoasri^ op si rs:§, sn at msian
'fuo(t)dra:xt ! je: je: hof.
110 WEST FRISIAN
8. It Moaije.
Hin ! it Moaije is allyk it not dat me mei it tsjef yn it sou
skept. De arbeider skoddet it sou en it tsjef forstout foar de
wyn, mar it goe-not follet de sekken.
Yetteris is it Moaije allyk in ruge diamant, dy't fen 'e dolders
yn ierdryks yngewant foun wirdt. En de dolders sjugge net,
noch witte net, hwent de diamant is ruch en in koarste modder
sit der omhinne. Mar de wasker wasket en de sliper slipet ; den
wirdt de diamant as de jounstjer dy't oan ?e loft blikert en de
minsken bigeije syn pracht en sizze: der is in skat foun yn it
ierdryk en de nacht hat it Ijocht berne dat yn syn skerte wier !
Alweroan is it Moaije allyk siekerlen dy't fen it fugelt falle
litten wirde yn in forgetten herntsje. Hwent de maitiid komt en
de sinne pattet dat herntsje, det de siekerlen waerm wirde en ta
waeksdom komme. En de mylde simmerwyntsjes streakje it
libben dat de ierde ontgiet, det der langst nei memmewille
ontstiet yn 'e kliene stallen en frucht tynt yn hjar bugende ieren.
Den scil dy neisimmers goud weagje op dat forgetten herntsje,
en it ripe not scil roppe om de man dy't de risping biredt.
En einlings en to'n lesten is it Moaije allyk it goe-woan hea,
dat me simmerdei yn 'e skurre riidt. It bisakket yn 'e gollen,
mar wirdt net wei ; it broeit, mar it barnt net, noch forliest syn
helm, hwent de broei is licht, om't it hea woan is, do't de ljurk
heech kleau en de sinne onbihindere syn strielen oer it med geat.
En as de dagen komme, det it greate each fen 'e ierde of sjucht
en de sinne hjar bern skoudert ; as de skaden lang bliuwe en de
stoppel net wer litrint ; as de beamtuke hinget, mar net fen
frucht ; it med wyt is, mar net fen dauwe, den scil it syn nut
dwaen. Den scil de husman de seine priizgje dy't fen 'e mier
yn 'e swinge hongen is, en de haeijer greatsk weze op it yl yn
syn hannen, as er de riuwe twisken 'e tekspierren lizzen sjucht.
Hwent in hiel bislach bisten tart op 'e frucht fen hjar flitigens en
wirdt sed.
Wez den op dyn iepenst, det nin swym dyn each ontkomt,
noch nin klank dyn ear foarbygiet. Swylje gear al hwet foar dyn
net leit en biwarje it yn 'e skurren fen dyn onthald, det dyn
moed net toar wirdt en dyn herte to ninter tiid om tinzen
forlegen weze mei, noch dyn mule om wirden. Hwent de dagen
komme det de siedder net rispje scil, det de mier net meant, noch
PHONETIC TEANSCRIPTION 111
8. at mo'ia.
hin ! at mo* 19 iz o(l)'lik at no:t dot ma mai at tsjsf in at sou
skspt. da 'arbaidar skodat at sou sn at tsjsf fa'stout foa da
uin, mar at gu-a'noit folat (d)a sskan.
jitraz iz at mo-ia o(l)'lik a ruga dia'mont, dit fon a doldaz
in 'i-adriks 'iqgauont fu: uot. sn da doldas sioga net,
nog uita net, uont (d)a dia'mont iz rux sn ar) koasta modar
sit ar om'hma. mar da uoskar uoskat sn da slipar slipat ; do
uot (d)a dia'mont oz da 'juistisr dit (ran a loft blikart sn da
mirskan ba'gaia sim praxt s siza : dar iz 3 skot fun in at
'i-adrik sn da naxt hat at lioxt bsna dot i si sksta ura !
ol'usro-an iz at mo-ia o(l)'lik 'si-aksln dit fon at fugalt fo:la
litan uoda in 9 fa'gstan hsntsja. uont (d)a 'maitid komt sn
da sina patat (d)ot hsntsja, dot (d)a 'sraksln ua:rm uoda sn to
'uaiksdom koma. sn da milda 'simaruintsjas stri*akja at
liban dot (d)a rada ont'xiit, dot ar larjst nai 'msmauila
ont'stiit in a kli-ana stoilan s froxt tint in har buiganda raran.
do sil di ^aisimaz goud ui*agja op tot fa'gstan hsntsja,
sn at ripa no:t sil ropa om da mon dit (d)a nsparj ba'rsit.
sn ''ailarjz sn ta Isistan iz at mo*ia o(l)xlik at 'gu'auoan hi*a,
dot ma simar'dal in a skuora ri:t. at ba'sakat in a golan,
mar uot nst uai ; at bruit, mar at bamt nst, nox fa'li-ast sin
hslm, uont (d)a brul iz hxt, omt at hra uoon iz, dut (d)a liork
he:x kliou sn da sina omba'hindara si strralan u*ar at ms:d gi'at.
sn oz da da:gan koma, dot at grota i*ag fon a rada o*a sioxt
sn da sina har bsm skoudart ; oz da skaidan lar) bliuwa sn da
stopal nst usr rytnnt ; oz da 'bismtuka hirjat, mar nst fo
froxt ; at ins:d uit iz, mar nst fon do*ua, do sil at sin not
dwa:n. do sil da 'hyzmon da sama pri:zgja dit fon a mi-ar
in a swirja horjan iz, sn da ha-iar grotsk us:za op at il i
sin honan, oz ar da rmwa twiskan a 'tskspiiran lizan sioxt.
uont an hi-al ba'slag bis(t)an tat op a froxt fon har 'flitagez s
uot ss:d.
us:z don op tin rapast, dot ni swim din rag ont'komt,
nog nirj klaijk din i-ar fa'bsigiit. swilja grar ol uot foa di
fi*at lait sm ba'uarja t in a skuoran fon din ont'ho^, dot (d)im
mil' ad nst toar uot sn din hsta ta nintar ti:d om ti:zan
fa'leigan usiza mai, nog dim mula om uo'dan. uont (d)a daigan
koma dot (d)a siidar nst rispja sil, dot (d)a mi-ar nst mrant, nog
112 , WEST FKISIAN
de haeijer net haeit, en it ierdryk syn skerte ta haldt. Den scitte
dyn each seinje om't it opmirk en dyn ear om't it harke.
J. J. HOF.
9. Matth. 7, 1-5.
1. Oardeel net, det jimme net oardeeld wirde.
2. Hwent mei it oardeel der't jimme mei oardele, scille jimme
wer oardeeld wirde, en mei de selde miette der't jimme mei
utmiette, scil jimme wer tametten wirde.
3. Hwet dochs sjuchstou de splinter dy't yn dyn broers each sit,
en merkste de balke net yn dyn eigen ?
4. Ef ho kinste oan dyn broer sizze : Lit my de splinter lit dyn
each helje, en hin, der is in balke yn dyn eigen ?
5. Dou skynhillige, luk earst de balke lit dyn eigen each, en
sjuch den hoste de splinter lit dyn broers each helje scilste.
10. Matth. 22, 34-40.
34. De Farisieuwen nou hearrende, det er de Saddusieuwen de
mule snoerre hie, kamen by inoar :
35. En ien fen hjarren, in wetgelearde, frege, him tantsjende en
sizzende :
36. Master, hwet is it greatste gebod yn 'e wet ?
37. Jezus nou sei -tsjin him : Dou scilste God Ijeaf hawwe
mei heel dyn hert, en mei heel dyn siele, en mei heel dyn
forstan.
38. Dat is it earste en it greate gebod.
39. En it twadde, deroan gelyk, is : Dou scilste dyn evenminske
Ijeaf hawwe as dy sels.
40. Oan dy twa geboaden hinget de hele wet en de profeten.
11. Matth. 25, 31-40.
31. As de soan fen de minske kommen is yn syn hearlikheid
en al de hillige ingels mei him, den scil er sitte op 'e troan fen
syn hearlikheid.
32. En alle naesjes fen 'e ierde scille foar him by inoar komme,
en hy scil hjar fen inoar skiede lyk as de harder de skiep skiedt
fen de bokken.
PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTION 113
ha-iar net ha- it, sn at 'i-adrik si sksta ta ho:t. do sit 9
lin rex saijia omt at 'opmork en din rar omt 9t havk9.
je: je: hof.
9. *ma'te*9z so:n, fes i-an o-ant fi:v.
1. 'o-ade:l net, dot jima net 'o*ade:ld uoda.
2. uont mai 9t 'o-adeil dst jima ma! 'o-ade-la, silg jim9
usr 'o-ade:ld uoda, sn mai d9 sslda miita dst jim9 mai
'ytmiita, sil jima uer 'tamstgn uodg.
3. uot dogz 'sioxstou d9 splinter dit in din bru-9z i*9x sit,
sn msrkst9 da bolkg nst in din aig9n ?
4. of hu ki'st9 o*9n din brirgr size : lit mi da splintar yt din
i»9§ hs!J9 sn bin, d9r iz 9n bolkg in din aigan ?
5. dou skin/hil9g9, luk rest de bolka yt din aig9n i'9g, s
don hust9 da splmtgr yt din briraz i-ag hslje sista.
10. *ma/te-az 22, 34-40.
34. da fari'si'9u9n nou rhisr9nd9 dot ar da 'sadysreuan da
mula snuora hi* a, kcr.man bsi anuor :
35. sn i-e fon haran, an xustgalrada, fre:ga, him 'tontsjanda e
'sizanda :
36. mastar, uot iz at grosta ga'bod in a ust ?
37. jeizaz noii sai tsjm him : dou sista god li-av hava
mai he:l din hst, sn mai he:l di si-ala, sn mai he:l di
fa'stom.
38. dot iz at rasta en ot grota ga'bod.
39. sn at twada, xdsro'an g8/lik, iz : dou sista din 'eivanmiiska
Irav haua oz di sslz.
40. o-an di two ga'bo'adan hirjat da heila ust sn da pro'fe-tan.
11. ^a'te-ez 25, 31-40.
31. oz da so-an fon da mi-ska koman iz i sin 'hi'arlakhaid
sn ol do hilag9 irjalz mai him, do sil ar sita op a tro-an f5
sin 'hrarlakhaid.
32. sn ola naisjaz fon a i-ada sila foar him bsi anuor koma,
sn hsi sil har fon anuor ski-ada lik oz an hadar da ski-ap ski-at
fon da bokan.
114 , WEST FKISIAN
33. En de skiep sell er skikke oan syn rjuchterhan, mar de
bokken oan syn lofter.
34. Den sell de kening dy't oan syn rjuchterhan steane sizze :
Kom harren, seinen fen myn heit, ervje it keninkryk dat jimme
fen 'e grounlizzing fen 'e wrald tatocht is.
35. Hwent ik hie honger, en jimme hawwe my iten jown ; ik
hie toarst, en jimme hawwe my drinke litten ; ik wier frjemd, en
jimme hawwe my opnommen.
36. Neaken wier 'k, en jimme hawwe my klaeid ; ik wier siik,
en jimme hawwe op my tasjoen ; ik siet finzen, en jimme hawwe
my forsocht.
37. Den scille de rjuchtfirdigen him anderje, sizzende : Honear
seagen wy jo hongerjen en joegen jo iten, ef toarstich en lieten jo
drinke ?
38. Honear dochs seagen wy jo as frjemdling, en namen jo op ?
Ef neaken, en klaeijden jo ?
39. Honear dochs seagen wy jo siik ef yn 'e finzenisse en
hawwe jo forsocht ?
40. En de kening scil anderje en tsjin hjar sizze : Sikersonk siz
ik jimme, sa hwet jimme dien hawwe oan ien fen dizze myn lytste
broerren, dat hawwe jimme my dien.
12. Simmermoarn.
Hwet bistou Ijeaflik
Kizende Simmermoarn!
Jt Opgeande sintsje
Laket my oan.
't Hoantsje kraeit : kukelu !
't Douke ropt : rukuku !
Ik wol ek sjonge
Fleurich fen toan.
Alles hwet libbet
Docht der nou sines by :
Foltsjes en kealtsjes,
Hynsders en kij ;
Goeskes dy snetterje,
Skiepkes dy bletterje,
Lamkes dy springe
Nuvere blij.
PHONETIC TRANSCKIPTION 115
33. en da ski-op sil ar skika (re si 'rioxtarhom, mar da
bokan o-a si loftar.
34. do sil da k0:nar) dit o-a si 'rioxtarhom strana size :
kom haran, sainan fon min halt, srvja at 'k0:nai)krik dot jima
fon 9 'grulizaij fon 8 uro:d 'tatoxt iz.
35. uont ik hi*a horjar, e jima haua mi itan jun; ik
hi-8 to-est, e jime haue mi drirjka liten ; ik ui-8 frismd, e
jime haua mi 'opnomsn.
36. nrsken ui-o k, e jima haua mi kla-id ; ik ui*8 si:k,
e jima haua op mi xtasju-an ; ik si-at fiizan, e jima haua
mi fa'soxt.
37. do sila da rioxt'fodagan him ondarja, sizanda : hu'nrar
si-agan ui joii hoqarjan s jugan jou itan, of to-astag e li-atan jou
dnrjka?
38. hu'm-ar dop si-agan ui jou os 'frismdlirj, sn naiman jou op ?
ov nrakan, erj kla'idan jou ?
39. hu'nrar dogz si'agan ui jou si:k ov in a 'fiizamsa sn
haua joii fa'soxt ?
40. sn da k0:nai) sil ondarja sn tsjin har siza : sikarrsor)k siz
ik jima, sa uot jima di'an haua o*an i-an fon diza mi lista
bruoran, dot haua jima msl di*an.
12. 'simermo'an.
'uot bistou 'li-avlak
'riizanda 'simarmo-an !
t 'opxranda 'sintaja
'laikat mi 'o»an.
t 'hodntsja kra-it : 'kukalu: !
t 'douka ropt : 'rukuku: !
'ik uol sk 'siorja
'fl0-arag fon 'to- an.
'olaz uot 'libat
'doxt ar nou 'sinaz bsl :
'foiltsjaz sr) 'kisltsjaz,
'hindaz sg 'kei;
'guoskaz di 'snstarja,
'skiipkaz di 'blstarja,
'lamkaz di 'spriija
'nyivara 'blsi.
i2
116 ' WEST FEISIAN
't Ljurkje yn 'e wolken,
?t Eintsje yn Jt lizich wiet,
't Moskje en 't swealtsje,
Elk sjongt syn liet.
Eabarren klapperje,
Ljipkea wjukwapperje,
Skries, op 'e hikke,
Ropt : grito-griet !
'k Woe for gjin goune
Det 'k yet to sliepen laei :
't Is my sa noflik
ler op 'e del.
Protters dy tsjotterje,
Eksters dy skotterje,
Alles is fleurich
Ik bin it mei.
W. DYKSTRA.
13. Skipperssankje.
Forjit my net, as bolle wyntsjes waeije
En ik oan 't roer myn sankje sjong ;
As kroeze weagen 't gledde skip omaeije ;
Forjit, forjit my net!
Forjit my n'et, as millioenen stjerren
En 't frjeonlik moantsje my biskynt,
En dou swietdream hast yn 'e sefte fearren;
Forjit, forjit my net!
Forjit my net, as wylde touwerfleagen
My slingerje der't God it wol ;
As ik ompolskje mei de dea foar eagen ;
Forjit, forjit my net !
Forjit my net, as wreed de stoarmen bylje,
En 't libben hinget oan in tried ;
As wy forslein oan 't needtou ride en fylje ;
Forjit, forjit my net !
Forjit my net, as swarte tommelweagen
Oertruzelje it warleas skip,
En alle eleminten tsjin us teagen ;
Forjit, forjit my net!
PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTION 117
t 'l!orkj(9) in 9 'uolkan,
t 'amtsj9 in t 'Ii:z9g ui-9t,
t 'moskje en t 'sweltsjo,
'elk siorjt si 'li-9t.
'iebar9n 'klap9rJ9,
'llipkez ulok'uap9rj9,
'skri-9z op 9 'hik9
'ropt : gritou-'gri'9t !
k 'uu'9 foar giiij 'guma
'do k jit t9 'sli*9p9n lal :
t 'iz mi sa
'i^r op 9 xdai.
'prot9z di
'skstoz di xskot9rJ9
'Ol9Z IS /fl0'9r9g
'ig bin 9t 'mat.
ue: Mikstra.
13.
for' jit mi 'net, oz 'bolg xuintsJ9z Xua*i9
sn 'ik o*9n t 'ru'9r mi 'sarjkja 'sior/ ;
os 'kru-.za /ui'9g9n t 'gleido 'skip om'a'19 ;
fgr'jit, f9r'jit mi 'nst !
fer'jit mi 'net, oz mili'u^ngn 'stisrgn
sn t 'fro-etek 'moantsJ9 'mei bg'skint,
en 'doii swi'8(t)'dri'em hast in 9 'ssifte 'fisr9n;
fer'jit, fgr'jit mi rnst !
for'jit mi 'net, oz 'uild9 'tougr'fli-gggn
met 'sliggrjg det 'god 9t 'uol ;
oz ik 'ompolskjo mal d9 'di*9 foar 'i-9g9n;
f9r'jit, f9r'jit mi net !
f9r'jit mi 'net, oz 'ureid d9 'stoarm9ii ^iljg,
en t 'Iib9n 'hir)9t o-9n 9n 'tri'9d ;
oz uel fo'slain o-9n t 'ne:(d)tou 'ri:d(9) e 'filJ9 ;
fgr'jit, f9r'jit mi 'net !
for'jit mi 'net, os 'swat9 'tom9l'ui-9g9n
u'9r'try:z9lJ9 9t 'uarli-es 'skip,
en 'ola e'le'mmtgn 'tsjm ys 'ti-9g9n;
f9r'jit, fgr'jit mi 'net!
118 , WEST FRISIAN
Forjit my net, as we einlings yet forsinke,
En teare yn 'e djippe se :
Wol den mei triennen oan my tinke ;
Forjit, forjit my net !
E. HALBERTSMA.
14. Winternocht.
Oer hus, oer klus, oer finne
Leit leeljeblank en wyt
Wer winters snietapyt,
Hweroer Gods goudne sinne
Mei bliere strielen glydt ;
Mei speeglich iis bifloerre
Is mar en poel en wiel ;
Oan tuken, toer en skurre
Blinkt eptich iisjuwiel.
Hwer't oars de weagen geane,
Swiet wiggelje op en del,
By riten rou en fel
Nei 't swirk opstouwe en fleane,
Der rinkelt slide en bel.
Der riidt nou kreaze Sytske,
In faem as molke en bloed,
Op 't- holts je in tillich kypske,
Sa swierich mei hjar Sjoerd.
Hwa tinkt om tersk, om tsjerne?
It iis dat is sa moai !
Hwa sit nou klomsk en loai
To stinnen yn hirdsherne?
Elkien giet oan 'e goai.
't Is nocht yn greidhoek, walden,
Yn boukant, wetterlan,
Gjinien is thus to hfdden,
De skeaf boarst lit 'e ban.
Aldgroun ! wez jamk biferzen,
Swaei, ruge Jukelbird,
Al d' ieuwen roun jou swird,
Tsjoen blommen op us glezen,
Tsjoen blommen oan us hird ;
PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTION 119
mi 'net, oz u(e) 'ailirjz jit fe'sirjka
en 'tr9r9 in 9 'djip9 'se: :
uol 'don mai 'triman o-en mi 'tirjke ;
fgr'jit, fgr'jit mi 'net!
e: 'holbetsma.
14.
u*ar 'hu:z, u'ar 'kluiz1, u-ar
lait 'Ie:lj9'blarjk e 'uit
uer 'umtas 'sni-ata'pit,
uer'u*ar godz 'goudna 'sin9
mai 'blrara 'strralan 'glit;
mai 'speiglag 'i:z b9'fluora
iz 'mar em 'pirel e 'ui'ol ;
o*9n 'tukgn, 'tu»9r e 'skuora
blinkt 'ept9g 'i:zJ9ui*9l.
uet 'o»9z d9 'ui*9g9n 'gi'9n9,
swi-9t 'uig9lj(9) 'op en 'del,
bei 'ritan 'rou e 'fel
nai t 'swork op'stou(a) e
der 'rirjkalt 'slid(a) em 'bel.
der 'ri:t nou 'kri'9Z9 *'sitsk9,
a 'fa:m oz 'molk(9) em 'blu-9d,
op t 'holtsj(9) 9n 'tilax 'kipska,
sa 'swi*ara§ mai har *'sju-9d.
ua: 'tiijkt om 'tesk, om 'tsjen9?
9t 'i:z dot is sa 'mo*i!
i?a: sit nou 'klomsk e 'lo'i
t9 'stin9n in hodz'hen9 ?
'elkran giit o-an 9 'go*i.
t iz 'noxt ir) 'graidhuk, 'uoidon,
im 'boukont, 'uetgrlom,
n is 'tys ta 'hoidan,
d9 'ski'9v bast yt 9 'bom.
o:d'grun! ue:z 'jdmk ba'fe:z9n,
swa-i, 'rug9 'jukalbod,
'ol d i'uan 'run jou 'swod,
tsju*an 'bloman op yz 'glerzan,
tsju-an 'bloman o-an ys 'hod ;
120 WEST FKISIAN
Hear Fryske boikes praten
Oer frouljue, waer en wyn,
En tapje frjeon en maten
Jou 'boerekofje' yn !
L. C. MURRAY BARKER.
15. De Bernewr&ld.
De bernewraid, sa tear, sa fyn,
Der leit de hele takomst yn.
De lytse berntsjes, gol en blier,
It binne bledtsjes wyfc pompier ;
Der skriuwt men op, al hwet men wol,
It hele wite bledtsje fol ;
En ho't men letter triuwt en wriuwt,
It wol net ut : it measte bliuwt.
Us jonges, manljue yn 'e dop,
Us famkes, frouljue yn 'e knop,
Wirdt gau hjar lytse wrald to nau,
Den slagge hja de wynsels ou!
Den draegt it soantsje heite pak,
Sit memme pop op memme plak,
En — wirde wy al stram en aid —
Sa halde wy in nije wrald.
0, Ijeave berntsjes fen us Lan !
Hald jimme us aide eare yn stan.
Biskamje nea us hope net :
Bliuw Frysk fen holle en Frysk fen hert!
W. FABER.
16. Swellesang.
Wjuk, wjuk, troch de loft,
Meitsje neat gjin geroft,
Doch in swaei en in swier
As in flitse sa flink,
Fljuch nou ritsdy en swink,
Nim sa red wer in gier,
Snap in michje yn 'e flecht,
Den in swier en in swaei,
Mei in gier en in draei
Op 'e goate wer del
En sjong der den de sang fen de swel :
PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTION 121
hisr 'fris(k)e 'boaikes 'pra:ten
u-er 'froilje, 'uair s 'uin,
sn 'tapje 'fro- en sm 'ma:ten
jou bu'ere'kofje in !
si se: more: baker.
15. da 'b£nauro:d.
o
de 'bsne'uro:d, sa 'trer, sa 'fin,
ds(r) lait (d)e 'he:le 'takomst in.
de 'litsa 'bsntsjez, 'gol sn 'blrer,
et 'bine blstsjez 'uit pom'prer ;
ds(r) 'skrmwt men op, 'ol uot ma 'uol,
et 'he:le 'uite 'blstsje 'fol;
sn 'hut ms 'Ister 'triuwt s 'uriuwt,
et uol 'nst yt : et 'mi-este 'bliuwt.
yz 'jonez, 'mo:lje in e 'dop,
ys 'famkez, 'fro:lje in e 'knop,
uot 'xou har 'litse 'uroit te 'nou,
do 'slage hia de 'ui:selz 'ou!
don 'dra:xt et 'soantsje 'haite 'pak,
sit 'msme 'pop op 'msme 'plak,
en— 'uode 'us! ol 'stram sn 'o:d —
'sa ho:de usi en 'nsie 'uro:d.
ou, 'li-eue 'bsntsjes fon yz 'lorn!
ho:d 'jim(e) yz 'oide 'i-er(e) i 'stom.
be'skamje 'nre ys 'ho:pe 'nst :
bliuw 'fris(k) fon 'hol(e) s 'fris(k) fon 'hst !
ue: fa:ber.
16. 'swelasarj.
uiok, 'uiok, tro de 'loft,
maitsje 'ni-et ginj ge'roft,
dog s 'swa-i sn s 'swi'er
oz a 'flitse sa 'fliijk,
fliog nou 'ritsti s 'swirjk,
mm sa 'rs:d usr ei) 'gi-er,
snap en 'mixj(e) in e 'flsxt,
don a 'swi-er sn a s'wa-i,
mai erj 'gi-er sn en 'dra-i
op e 'go*ete usr 'dsl
s slorj 'dsr don de 'sag fon e 'swsl :
122 WEST FEISIAN
'Forline jier,
Do't ik hjir wier,
Wier dit fek fol,
En dat fek fol,
En nou is Jt allegearre tiere Here Here Here 1 . . e . . e . . ch.' 1
As it gaeike us tsjilpet : It nestke moat klear,
Den tsjugge w' er flitich mienskiplik oer gear,
Wy wietsje en wy knetsje hwet Hem en hwet klaei,
En foegje Jt en loegje 't mei 'n strieke ef in raei,
En strike 't en plakke 't, nei foechsum bistek,
Goe sljuchte torjuchte mei poatsjes en bek.
As 't mitseljen dien is, biklaeije w' op 't lest
Mei moas en mei plomkes de boaijem fen 't nest.
Sa sitt' wy by nachttiid, by onwaer ef wyn,
Den koeskes en smoutsjes mei 't wyfke deryn,
En hawwe, as us seis-, sauntal berntsjes yet komt,
Wy for utfenhuzers noch gasten gjin romt'.
Jin 'e tsjerke oan der wenje wy b£st nei us sin,
Det ek in goe wird us birikke yet kin.
Boppe al, stiet in freedlik from man it us ta,
Wolle w' under syn hiistek us wente graech ha.
Doch oars, as it hjirsa noch dersa net wol,
Jaen w' ek under tillen en breggen us dol.
Hast', burman, "in klutsje? jow dat mar oan my,
Ik ha hjir hwet ruchte, dat 's gading for dy :
As ien sa hwet oer hat, in oar hwet to koart,
Wy helpe mankoaren burskiplik mei foart ;
Sa reitsje wy handich mei 't nestke op stel,
En sjonge ris froalik de sang fen de swel :
* Forline jier,
Do't ik hjir wier,
Wier dit fek fol,
En dat fek fol,
En nou is 't allegearre tiere Here Here Here 1 . . e . . e . . ch.'
Komt in mosk op us ta,
Om it nest, dat wy ha,
Us skelmsk as in kaper t' ontsetten,
1 Sa, seit it sizke, sjonge de swellen.
PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTION 123
f9'lin9 'ji*9r,
dut 'ik hiir 'ui-9(r),
ui-9 'dit fsk 'fol,
sn 'dot fsk 'fol,
sn 'nou is t 'otegisrg ti-grg Irera Irgre Irera 'leig.1
oz at 'ga-ikg ys 'tsjilp9t: 9t 'nssk9 mat 'klrer,
don 'tsjog9 u er 'flit9§ mi'e'skiptok 11*9 'giT9r,
ui 'uiitsj(9) s ui 'knstsje uot 'li/em e uot 'kla'i,
e 'fu:gja t e rlu:gJ9 t mai a rstri'9k(8) ov e 'ra-i,
s Xstrik9 t sm pldk9 t ; nai /fu:xs9m bg'stsk,
gu-9 /slioxt9 t9/rioxt9 mai 'po-9tsJ9z sm 'bsk.
os t /mits9lJ9n rdi^9n iz, bg'kla'ig u op t 'Isist
mai xmo'9z sm mai Xplomk9z d9 /boa*i9m fon t 'nsist.
sa xsit ui bsi 'naxfQtiid, bsi roua:r ov /uin,
dor) <kusk9z s /smoutsJ9z mai t Xuifk9 dsrxin,
sn ^017(9), oz ys 'sais-, ^omtol xbsntsJ9z jit 'komt,
usi foar ytf9nxhu:z9z nog gost9n 'gii 'romt.
jin 9 7tsjsrk(9) o*9n dsr 'USJ19 usi rb£:st nai ys 'sin,
dot xsk 9i) gu-9 ruod yz b9'nk9 jit 'km.
bop(9) xol, stilt 9 Xfre:dl9k from xmon 9t ys 'ta,
uo u 'und9r sin 'hystsk yz 7usnt9 graig xha.
dog xo'9z, oz 9t 'hiisa nog 'dssa nst 'uol,
ja: u xsk undgr 'tilgn sm rbrs:g9n yz 'dol.
hast, 'buormon, 9rj 'klytsja? jou 'dot mar o*9m 'mei,
'ik hd hiir uot 'ruxt9, do z 'ga:d9rj foa 'dsi :
oz 'i*9 sa uot 'u'9r hat, 9n 'o*9r uot t9 'koat,
usi 'hslp9 morj'ko'9r9n bu'9'skiplek mai 'foat ;
sa 'raitsJ9 ui 'hond9g mai t 'nssk9 op 'stsl,
s 'siorj9 r9s 'fro-9l9k d9 'sarj fon 9 'swsl :
f9'lin9 'ji*9r,
dut 'ik hiir 'ui'9(r),
ui-9 'dit fsk 'fol,
sn 'dot fsk 'fol,
sn 'nou is t 'ol9gisr9 ti'9r9 H'9r9 H'9r9 li'9rg 'le:§.
komt 9n 'mosk op ys 'ta,
om 9t 'nsist, dot ui 'ha,
ys 'skslmsk oz 9rj 'ka:p9r t ont'sstgn,
1 sa, sait at siske, sioga da swslen.
124 WEST FKISIAN
Elk fen us docht mei,
Wy fit'rje him wei,
En witte 't him wol to biletten.
As in wikel ef earn
Ef in hauk it bistean',
Op it oare frij fugelt to loeren,
Den kitelt us bloed,
Wy flink en fol moed,
Us krije se net yn hjar kloeren.
Ha w' in seinrop earst jown
Oan de fugels yn 't roun,
En glupe de hinnen biside,
Den wy der op yn
Sa red as de wyn,
Wy doare de skobbert bistride.
Jow him hommels in pjuk,
En den gau wer wjuk-wjuk,
Dy ropsek kin lang lis net krije;
En ha wy oerwoun,
Strykt er 6f foar us boun,
Den kin it in sankje wer lije :
1 Forline jier,
Do'tik hjir wier,
Wier dit fek fol,
En dat fek fol,
En nou is 't allegearre tiere Here liere Here 1 . . e . . e . . ch.
Hat it wyfke us nestje fol aikes lein,
Den briede wy trou om bar,
En habbe wy pykjes, o den wirdt der flein,
Den stelle w' us wakker to war;
Den giet der by beide nin tiid forlern,
Hwent hongrige bouterkes binne de bern.
Sa wekket de swel for goed en bloed,
En wykt for syn plichten net wei,
En teant er jamk, hwet flinkens en moed,
As me 't mei inoar haldt, formei.
Doch sonder geroft
Pilet hy troch de loft,
PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTION
125
'elk fon yz doxt 'mai,
uei fitrJ9 him 'uai,
e 'uit9 t him 'uol t-9
oz § 'uikal ov 'ran
ov on 'hoiik et bo'strgn,
op at 'O'9r9 frei 'fug9lt to 'hroren,
dorj 'kitalt yz 'blirod,
usi 'flirjk s fol 'mu4d,
ys 'krsie za 'n'st in hdr 'klireren.
ha u a 'sairop i'9St xjun
o»9n do rfug9lz in t 'run,
si) Xglup9 d9 Xhm9n b9/sid9,
do 'us! d9r op xin
so 'rs-.d oz d9 'uin,
^usi do«9r9 d9 'skobgt b9/strid9.
jou 9m 'homolz 9m 'piSk,
en dorj 'gou usr uiok-'uiok,
di 'ropsek ki 'larj yz net 'krei9;
sn xha ui u»9rxuun,
strikt 9r xo*9 foor yz xbun,
'dor) km 9t e 'sarjkjg usr Xl£i9 :
dut xik hiir 'ui'gfr),
ui-9 'dit fsk 'fol,
sn 'dot fsk 'fol,
en 'noii is t 'olggiera ti*9r9 li-org Ii-9r9 li-9ra '
hat 9t 'uifk9 yz 'nssjg fol 'aik9z 'lain,
don 'bri»9d9 ui 'trou om 'bar,
en 'habg ui 'pikjgz, oil 'do uot 9r 'flain,
do 'stel9 u yz 'uak9r t9 uar;
dorj 'giit 9r be! 'baid9 nin 'ti:d fg'len,
uont 'horjr9g9 'boiitgrkgz 'bm9 d9 'ben.
so 'uekot (d)9 'swel foar 'gu-9d em 'blu'9d,
e 'uikt foa sim 'plixt9n net 'uai,
en 'ti*9nt 9r 'jamk, uot 'flirjkez em 'mu-9d,
oz ni9 t 'mai 9niior 'ho:t, f9'mai.
dox 'sondor gg'roft
'pil9t hei tro d9 'loft,
126 WEST FRISIAN
En saeit mei in swier
As in blits hinne en wer,
Snapt hjir en der
In michje yn sa'n gier ;
Den docht er in swaei
Mei in linige draei
Op 'e goate wer del,
En kweelt by syn gaei
D' ienfaldige sang fen de swel :
'Forline jier,
Do't ik hjir wier,
Wier dit fek fol,
En dat fek fol,
En nou is 't allegearre tiere Here liere Here 1 . . e . . e . . ch.'
H. S. SYTSTKA.
17. Maerteblommen.
Dit is in hanfol Maerteblommen,
De foarjiersberntsjes fen myn hert,
Dy't earst in lange, lange set
Yn 't kalde winterwaer forklommen ;
Mar dy't op d' earste foarjiersdei,
Do't mylde bolle wyntsjes ruzden,
Troch 't hirde wynsel hinne bruzden
En kipen ut hjar herntsjes wei.
De Maerteblom is fyn en tear,
En doar him hast net buten weagje ;
As der de kalde stoarmen reagje,
Den fait er of en is net mear.
Mar as der mylde siichjes waeije,
Dy't him it pruze kopke aeije,
Den driuwt er widzjend op 'e wyn
En Hedt de simmer laitsjend yn.
De Maerteblom is wyt en kein,
De deakleur leit him op 'e wangen ;
Hy stjert foar d' earste fugelsangen,
Hy bloeit mar koart yn snie en rein.
PHONETIC TEANSCKIPTION 127
s 'sa-lt mai a 'swi-0r
oz 0m 'blits hm(0) e 'usr,
snapt 'hiir sn 'dsr
0m 'mixj(0) i sag 'gi"0r ;
don 'doxt or a 'swa-i
mai a 'linage 'dra-i
op 8 'go-eta usr 'del,
sr) 'kwe:lt bsi sir) rga'i
d i-a'foidege xsar) fon 0 'swel:
fe'lina 'ji'er,
dut 'ik hiir 'ui'0(r),
ui-9 'dit fsk 'fol,
sn 'dot fsk 'fol,
sn rnou is t /o!0gisr0 ti*0re Ii-0r0 Ii-0r0 Ii-0r0 'le:§.
ha: ss 'sitstra.
17. 'maitabloman.
'dit iz 0n 'hoifol /ma:t0/blom0n,
d0 'foarji^z'bsntsjoz fom min 'hst,
dit 'i-est a 'lane, 'lane 'set
in t 'koida 'umter'uair f0/klom0n ;
mar dit op d 'reste 'fdaijrdzdat,
dut 'mild0 'bo!0 Xuintsj0z 'rmzden,
trox t 'hod0 'uTrsel /hin0 'bruizdon
sn Xkip0n yt bar 'hsntsj0z uai.
d0 'ma:t0blom is xfin sn 'ti-er,
sn 'do*0r 0m 'hast nst 'buten 'uregje;
oz 'dsr d0 'koide 'stoarm0n 'n-egje,
do 'folt 0r '0-0 sn 'iz nst 'mi-er.
mar oz d0r 'mild0 'si:xJ0z 'ua-10,
dit him 0t 'pru:z0 'kopk0 'afie,
don driuwt 0r 'uidzjend op 0 'uin
sn 'Ir0t (d)0 'simer 'Iaitsj0nd 'in.
d0 'ma:t0blom iz 'uit sr) 'kain,
d0 'disk!0'0r 'lait 0m op 0 'uarj0n;
hsi stist foa d 'i(este 'fugelsdrjen,
hsi 'bluit mar 'koat i 'sni'0 s 'ram.
128 WEST FRISIAN
Dochs lit er blier syn klokjes klinke
En sjongt syn simmer-profecy,
En makket mannich herte blij,
Al kin er 't sels net witte ef tinke.
Wol, Maerteblommen fen myn hert,
Den ek for oare herten bloeije,
Lit der wer foarjiersglanzen gloeije,
Lit wike d'alde wintersmert.
Wol der wer nije hope bringe
En den — forwylje en stjer den wei ;
De Pinksterblommen scill' tonei
Blier laitsjend lit 'e knoppen springe.
P. J. TROELSTRA.
18. It Heitelan.
Der't de dyk it Ian omklammet,
Lyk in memme-earm hjar bern,
Der't de wylde se jamk flammet
Op in hap lit Friso's hern',
Der't de Stiennen-man syn eagen
Stoarje lit oer fjild en stran,
Der't men eanget fen gjin weagen,
Der is 't Ijeave Heitelan !
Der 't Reaklif sa swietkes lonket
Yn de jountiids-sinneskyn,
Der't it bokweitblomke pronket
Twisken heide en beamgud yn,
Der't de Aldehou syn brommen
Uren fier sims dreunt yn 't roun,
Der't it tilt fen fe en blommen,
Der is 't oeral Fryske groun!
Der't hjar froed de geaen spriede
Twisken Lauwers, Linde en Flie,
Kestich drogjend, oft 't op ierde
Rounom noft en frede wie' ;
Der't de groun de soargen leannet
Fen der minsken warbre han,
Der't men frij en feilich wennet,
Der is 't ynljeai Heitelan !
PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTION 129
'dogz lit 9r 'bli-9r sirj 'klokjos
s 'siorjt si 'simgr-profe'ssi,
sn 'makgt 'man9g 'hst9 'blsi,
ol 'km 9r t 'sslz nst 'uit(g) of 'tirjko.
uol, 'ma:t9'blom9n fom min 'hst,
don 'sk foar 'o-9r9 'hstgn 'bluie,
lit '(d)sr usr 'foarji'9zglo:z9n
lit 'uik9 d 'o:d9 'uintgrsmst.
uol 'dsr usr 'nsi9 'ho:p9
sn 'don — f9'ui!J9 s 'stisr do 'uai;
d9 'pirjkst9rblom9n sil t9'nai
bli-9r 'lartsjgnd yt 9 'knopgn 'spring.
pe: je: 'tru'elstra.
18. at 'haltalom.
dst (d)9 'dik 9t 'lorn om'klamet,
'lik 9n 'msm9-'isrm bar 'bsn,
dst (d)9 'uild9 'se: jamk 'flamgt
op 9n 'hap yt 'frizo:z 'hsn,
dst (d)9 stiin9n-'mon sin 'i*9g9n
'stoarJ9 lit u-9r 'fiild s 'stroin,
dst mon 'i»9rj9t forj gii 'ui-9g9n,
rdsr is t 'li-9V9 'haitglom.
dsr t ri'9'klif sa 'swi-9tk9z 'lorjkgt
in d9 'juntiidz 'singskin,
dst 9t 'bokuit'blomk9 'prorjkgt
twiskgn 'haid(9) sn bismguod in,
dst (d)9 'oidghou sin 'bromgn
'u*9r9n 'fi-9r S9mz 'dr0:nt in t 'run,
dst 9t 'tilt fo 'fe: sn 'blom9n,
dsr is t 'u-9rol 'fris(k)9 'grun.
dst bar 'fru*9d d9 'gi'9-9n 'spri*9d9
twisk9n Io*u9z, 'lmd(9) s fli-9,
'rs:stg§ 'droigjond, of(t) t op 'i»9d9
'runom 'noft s 'fre:d9 'ui'9,
dst (d)9 'grun d9 'soarggn 'lisnet
fon d9r miiskgn 'uarbrg 'ho:n,
dst me 'frsi s 'fail9§ 'usngt,
'der is t 'ili'9v 'hait9lo:n !
K
130 WEST FRISIAN
Lit us tinke oan aide tiden :
leu wen fol fen lest en noed,
Kriich tsjin frjemdfolk, fjuchtsjen, striden,
Wrakseljen mei wetterfloed.
Der't Dy 't aide folk biwarre,
Dreech tsjin stoarm en twingerij,
Der sciir wy, as Friezen, swarre:
1 Aldfaers erf, wy weitsje oer Dy ! '
J. L. VAN DER BURQ.
19. Simmerjounsbyld.
Nij hea rukt oer it wide gledde wetter,
Abeeljebeammen ruze oan jinse kant
Op 't boerehiem, hwer't d'eintsjes slugje, hwent
Hja binne wirch fen 't duken en gesnetter.
It westerrea forblikt; it wirdt al letter
En 'i blau tapyt mei gouden stjerren spant
Oer alles hinne : fugel, fe en plant
't Sliept alles; eltse klank en sang forstjert der.
In greate tsjalk komt swart fen seil oandriuwen,
In twjirke dounset oan en brekt it byld
Fen boerepleats en beamte yn 't glanzich wiet.
It byld trill't lang, om einlings dochs to bliuwen,
De weachjes glide oan d' ich en — fol en myld
Sjongt op de tsjalk de frou in widzeliet.
J. B. SCHEPERS.
20. Tsjuster.
Swart, aeklik swart is noii de nacht : gjin bran
Fen sinnefjur, noch 't sefte moantsje jiet
In wite striel oer 't stille gea ; men wit
Fen bou noch greide of mar, fen se noch stran.
It bern is bang by tsjuster, 't knypt de han
Fen heit, dy mei him 't stille fjild trochgiet ;
It skrilPt for Jt beamke dat der ienlik stiet
By 't wetter, oan 'e kant fen 't flakke Ian.
PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTION 131
lit ys 'tir)k(9) o-gn 'o:dg 'ti:dgn :
'i-gugn 'fol fo 'leist en 'nu-gd,
'kriig tsjm 'friemdfolk, 'fioxtsjen, 'stri:dgn,
'vrdksgljgn mat 'uetgrflu-gd.
dst (d)si t 'o:dg 'folk bg'uarg,
'dre:g tsji 'stoarai en twirp'rei,
dsr si 'uei, os 'frrgzgn, 'swarg :
'o:dfa:z 'erf, vil 'uaitsjg u-g 'dsi !
je: el fon dor bOrg.
19. 'simerjiuz'bild.
net 'hi'9 rukt u-9r 9t 'uiidg 'gleidg 7uet9r,
a'beiljgbiemon 'ru:z(9) 0*9 'jiisa rkont
op t bu-9r9'hr9m, ret d(9) xamtsJ9s 'slugjg, 'uont
hla 'bmg 'uorx fon t Xduk9n erj
9t 'uest^rjn'e f9rbhkt ; gt uot ol
en t 'blou t9'pit ma! 'goiidgn 'stiergn 'spont
u'8r 'ol9z rhin9 : 'fuggl, xfe: em 'plont
t 'sliipt 'oloz; 'eltsg 'klarjk e 'sag fe'stlet 9r.
erj 'grota 'tsjolk komt 'swat fo 'sail 'o'gndriuwen,
9n 'twirkg 'duisgt 'o^9n em 'brekt gt 'bild
fon bu-gra'plrgts en 'biemtjg) in t 'glo:z9§ 'ui*9t.
et 'bild tnlt 'Ian, om 'allir)z dogz tg 'blmwgn,
dg 'ui-gxjgz 'gliidg o*gn 9 'ix en — 'fol en 'mild
siont op dg 'tsjolk dg 'froii gn 'uidzgli'gt.
je: be: ske:pgz.
20. tsjostar.
swat, 'aiklgk 'swat iz noii dg 'naxt ; giim 'brom
fo 'singfju^gr, nox t 'se:ftg 'moantsjg 'jit
gn 'uitg 'stri-gl irg t 'stilg 'grg; me 'uit
fon 'boii nox 'graid(g) ov 'mar, fo 'se: nox 'strom.
gt 'bem iz 'bag bet 'tsjostgr, t 'knipt (d)g 'ho:n
fon 'hait, di 'mai him t 'stilg 'f iild tro(x)
gt 'sknlt foa t 'biemkg dot (d)er Telgk 'stilt
be! t 'uetgr, o»gn 9 'kont fon t 'flakg 'lo:n.
132 , WEST FRISIAN
Sa is 't yn 't sombre, kalde deafet nacht,
Hweryn de dragers ienkear sakje litte,
Dy't skriljend wike moast foar Dea syn kracht.
Den sell, hwaens siele skaette, net mear witte
Pen nacht en tsjuster, moanne of sinnepracht,
En fljucht de geest it iiw'ge Ijocht tomiette.
P. SlPMA.
PHONETIC TKANSCRIPTION
133
'so is t in t 'sombre, 'koide 'diefst
usr'in da 'drd:gaz 'reqkrer 'sdkje 'lite
dit 'skriljend 'uike 'moast foa 'dre sir) xkra\t.
M5 sil, ua:z 'si-ele 'skaite, 'net mi-er
fon xnaxt sn 'tsjoster, 'moane ov 'sinepraxt
e flioxt (d)e 'geist ot 'iivga 'lioxt
pe: 'sipma.
GLOSSARY
The order is strictly alphabetical (a = a ; 6, £ = e ; 6 = 0; li, ii =
Phonetic transcription in [ ].
Abbreviations :
fn. = female name.
gn. = geographical name.
iv. = irregular verb (§§ 249,
250).
mn.= male name.
pn. = proper name.
s. = substantive.
sn. = neuter substantive.
sv. = strong verb (§ 247).
swv. = strong weak verb (§248).
abeeljebeam fa'bedjebi'em] s.
abele-tree, white poplar.
acht [axt] num. eight. -
] s.
attention.
The others need no explanation.
Masculine and feminine are not indicated (see §§ 188, 189).
The ordinary numerals after a word refer to the paragraphs in the
Grammar.
The Roman numbers after sv. indicate the classes of the strong
verbs in the Grammar (§ 247).
aerdich [aidegl adj. nice, pretty.
affaers ['osfoizfa. 195. ancestors.
afysje [a'fisjej sn- 138- place,
post, berth.
after [after] adv. prep. 113. be-
hind, after.
aikje [aikje] wv. to stroke.
al [ol] adv. already.
al, alle [ol, ole] num. all.
aid [oid] adj. old.
Aldehou [/oidehou] pn. a tower
at Ljouwert (Leeuwarden).
alder [order] s. parent.
aldfaem [oid'faim] s. old maid.
aldfaers I 'oidfaiz] s. ancestors.
Ale [aile] mn.
alf, alve [olv, olve] num. eleven.
alfte [olfte] num. eleventh.
alheel [olxhe:l] adv. wholly, quite.
alhowol [olhu'uol] conj. although.
allegearre [ole'gisre] num. alto-
gether.
allerhande [^olerhonde] adj.
sundry.
adj. care-
prep. 113.
acht [oxt
achteloas
less.
achter [dxter] adv.
behind, after.
achting [axterj] s. esteem, regard,
respect.
achtjin [axtjen] num. eighteen.
achtsje [Qxtsje] wv. to esteem ;
to think.
achtslaen ['axtslam] sv. VI, a.
to pay attention.
achtste [axste] num. eighth.
aed [aid] sn. milk-basin.
aei [a-i] sn. egg.
aeije [a*ie] wv. to stroke.
aeklik [aiklek] adj. dismal,
dreary.
aerd [aid] sn. nature, kind.
GLOSSARY
135
allerlei ['olerlai] adj. sundry.
alles [olez] ind. pr. all, every-
thing.
allyk [o'lik] adj. alike.
allinne, allinnich [o'line,
o'lmeg] adv. alone, lonely, by
oneself.
aloan [ol'o'en] adv. continually.
altyd ['oltid] adv. always.
alweroan [ol'usro'en] adv. again.
amer [aimer] s. pail.
amerij [a*me'rei] sn. moment.
amperoan ['ampero'en] adv.
nearly.
anderje ['onderje] wo. to answer.
anker [anker] sn. anchor.
Ankje [arjkje] fn.
Anne [o*ne] mn.
antlit ['ontlit] sn. face.
antwird ['ontuo'd] sn. answer.
antwirdzje ['ontuo'dzje] wv. to
answer.
appel [apel] s. apple.
arbeid ['arbaid] s. labour, work.
arbeider ['arbaider] s. labourer,
labouring-man.
arbeidster ['arbaister] s. char-
woman.
arbeidsum [ar'baitsem] adj.
laborious.
arbeidzje ['arbaidzje] wv. to
labour.
as [oz] conj. as, when.
au ! [au] int. oh !
aveseare [ave'srere] wv. to ad-
vance, to hurry up.
baen [bam] s. way, road.
baes [ba:s] s. master, boss.
bak [bak] s. bowl, basin.
bakker [baker] s. baker.
bakkerinne [bake'rme] s.
baker's wife.
bakkerij [bake'rsi] s. bake-
house.
bakmoal ['bakmo*el] sn. baking-
meal.
baksel [baksel] sn. batch.
bal [bol] s. ball,
balke [bolke] s. beam, joist.
ban [bO:n] s. band, tie.
bang [ban] adj. afraid; timid;
concerned.
bank [bank] s. bench,
bankje [bankje] wv. to hold out.
bar [bar] s. turn,
barm [barm] s. 152. berm.
barne [bane, ba'ne] wv. to burn,
to be on fire.
barre [bare, ba -re] wv. to happen ;
to receive.
beage [brege] s. 160. name (of
a draught-horse).
beaken [broken] sn. IGO.beacon.
bealich [breleg, bo-eleg] s. 165.
body.
bealigje [brelegje, bo-elegje]
wv. 165. to toil.
beam [brem] s. tree,
beamgud pbiemguod] sn. trees.
beamte [bismte] sn. trees, clump
of trees.
beamtiike ['bismtuke] s. bough,
branch.
beane [brene] s. 192. bean.
bear [bi-er] s. bear ; boar ; dam.
b6d [beid] sn. bed.
bddsplanke [bsts'planke] s.
slide.
beest [beist] sn. 192. beast; cow.
beet hawwe [be:t have] iv. 250.
to get hold.
beide [baide] num. both,
beitel [baitel] s. 162. chisel,
bek [bek] s. bill, beak, mouth.
bel [bsl] s. bell.
beppe [bspe] s. grandmother,
berch [berg] s. mount, mountain,
bergje [bsrgje] wv. to pack up.
Berltsum [bslsem] gn. village
in Friesland.
berm [berm, bsirm] s. 142n.
berm.
136
MODERN WEST FRISIAN
bern [ben, bsm] sn. child.
bernachtich ['bsnaxteg] adj.
childish.
berne [bsne] past. part. born.
bernewrald ['beneuroid] s. the
young.
bernsbern ['beizben] m. grand-
child.
bernsk [be:sk] adj. doting.
bernskens ['beiskez] s. second
childhood, dotage,
best [beist] adj. best.
betel [beitell s. 162. chisel,
better [bsterj adj. better.
betterskip ['beterskip] s. ame-
lioration.
beu [b0:] adj. tired, disgusted.
beuke [b0:ke] wv. to beat.
by [bei] adv. prep, at, near,
with.
bibel [bi:bel, bibel] s. bible.
bidaerd [be'daid] adj. calm,
sedate.
bidde [bide] sv. II, b. to pray,
bidimme [be'dime] wv. to calm,
to smooth down,
bidjerre [be'disre] sv. Ill, c. to
corrupt, to deprave.
bidriuw [be'driuw] sn. action,
deed ; trade ; act.
bidroefd [be'druivd, be'druigd]
adj. 113. sad, pitiful.
biede [brede] sv. II, a. to offer,
to bid.
bien [bran] sn. bone.
bier [brer] sn. beer.
biezem [brezem] s. broom,
besom.
bifinge [be'frrje] sv. Ill, d. to be
taken with cold,
bifloerje [be'fluorje] wv. to floor,
to pave,
bifrieze [be'frreze] sv. II, a. to
freeze.
bigeije [be'qaie] wv. to cry.
bigge [bige] s. pig.
bigjinne [be'gime] sv. Ill, a. to
begin.
bigripe [be'gripe] sv. I, b (p.p.
bigrepen) to understand, to
comprehend.
bihalven [be'holven] prep, ex-
cept, besides.
bikeare [be'krere] wv. to con-
vert, to reclaim.
bikearling [be'krerhrj] s. con-
vert.
bikend [be'kmd] adj. known,
acquainted.
bikenne [be'kine] iv. 249. to
see.
. to clothe.
bikliuwe [be'kliuwe] sv. I, c. to
ascend, to climb.
bik6gje [be'koigje] wv. 246. to
chew. De earen wirde him
bikdge : he learns by hard
experience.
bij [bsi] s. bee.
bijekoer pbsfeku-or] s. bee-hive.
bijestal ['bsiosto:!] s. bee-shed.
Bijke [bsike] pn. dog's name.
byld [bild] sn. image.
bileanje °[b8/lisji9] wv. to re-
munerate.
bilette [be'lste] wv. to prevent.
bylje [bilje] wv. to roar ; to
bark.
bine [bine] sv. Ill, a. to bind,
to tie.
bineame [bo'nreme] wv. to
appoint, to nominate.
binne(n) [bine, binen] adv. prep.
in, within, inside.
binnendoar [binenMo-er] adv.
in the house.
bynster [blister] sf. binder, tier.
bynt [bint] sn. joist.
bipoezje [be'puozje] wv. to spill
upon, to splash.
bird [bod] sn. beard.
bir£dde [be'rside] wv. to arrange,
to manage.
biriede [be'rrede] wv. 246. to
consult, to confer.
birikke [be'rike] wv. to reach.
GLOSSARY
137
birinne [be'rine] sv. Ill, a. to
overtake. It is wol mei him
to birinnen : he is not a dis-
agreeable person.
bisakje [be'sakje] wv. to sink
down.
biside [be'sido] adv. beside ; hid.
bisiik f be'shkj sn. visit, call.
bisite (WziteJ*. 138. visit, call.
bisjen [be'slsn] sv. II, c. to look
at.
biskaefd [be'skaivd] adj. polite,
civilized.
biskie [be'skre] sn. answer;
information,
biskildigje [be'skoldegjo] wv.
to accuse.
biskine [be'skine] wv. to shine
upon.
biskrobje [be'skrobje] wv. to
chide.
bislach [be'slax] sn. the live
stock (of cattle).
bislute [be'slyte] sv. II, b. to
resolve.
bispiele [be'sprale] wv. to wash.
bispylje fbe'spiljol wv. to playon.
bistean pto'strenj iv. 250. to
venture.
bistek [be'stek] sn. plan.
bistelle [be'stde] wv. to order,
to appoint.
bistelle [be'steile] sv. V, a. to
steal.
bistride [be'striide, be'stride]
sv. I, a. to fight, to combat.
bite [bite] sv. I, b. to bite.
bitiid [be'tud] adv. adj. early,
betimes.
bitsjen litte [be'tsjsn lite] sv.
II, c. VII. to stop, to omit.
biwarje [be'uarje] wv. to keep ;
to preserve, to protect.
biwenje [be'usjiel wv. to inhabit.
bjinder [blinder] s. scrubbing-
brush.
bjinne [bime] wv. to scrub.
bjist [biist] s. beest, beestings.
bjuster [bioster] adj. at sea, con-
fused.
blank [blank] adj. bright.
blau [blo-ii, blou] adj. blue,
bled [blsid] sn. leaf.
bledside ['blstside] s. page.
bleek [bleikl s. bleach-field.
bleek [ble:k] adj. pale,
blein [blain] sn. 137. baleen,
bletterje [bleterje] wv. to bleat.
bleu [bl0:l adj. timid.
blydskip [^blitskip] s. gladness.
bliede [blrede] wv. 246. to
bleed.
blier [blrar] adj. merry,
bliid [bli:d] adj. glad.
blij [blsil adj. glad.
blykber [blikber] adj. apparent,
blike [blike] nwv. 248. to appear.
blikerje [blikorjejwv.to sparkle,
blyn [blin] adj. blind,
blinens [blinnz] s. blindness.
blinke [blink'e] sv. Ill, d. to
shine, to glitter,
blits [blits] s. lightning.
bliuwe [bliuwe] sv. I, c. to
remain.
bloed [blired] sn. blood.
bloedderich.0 [bluodreg] adj.
bloody.
bloei [blui] s. blossom, flower.
bloeije [blufo] wv. to bloom ; to
flourish.
bloeisel [bluisel] sn. blossom.
bloeitiid ['blultiid] s. time of
flowering.
blom [blom] s. flower.
boaijem [bocriem] s. bottom.
board [bo*9d] s. collar.
board [bo-ed] sn. board, brim,
seam.
boarre [boare] s. tom-cat,
boarste [baste, boaste] wv. to
burst.
boarterij [boate'rsi] s. play,
boartsje [boatsje] wv. to play,
boat [bo'et] sn. boat.
boat [bo'et] sm. steamboat.
138
MODERN WEST FRISIAN
bocht [boxt] s. bend,
bodder [boderl s. toiler.
bodzje [bodzja] wo. to toil,
boek [bu:k, buk] sn. book.
boekekas ['bukekos] s. book-
case.
boel [bu*01] s. crowd, a great
many.
boer [birer] s. farmer.
boerd [bired] sn. board. Hy
hat de wrald op in boerdtsje :
he is in clover,
boerehiem [bu-ere'lirem] sn.
farm-yard,
boerekofje [birero'kofje] s. hot
beer with brandy, nutmeg, and
sugar.
boerepleats [bu-ere'plrets] s.
farmer's house ; farm,
boerinne [bu'e'rme] s. farmer's
wife.
boerkje [buorkje] wv. to farm,
boers(k) [bu-9z, bu*9sk] adj.
rustic.
b6ge [boige] s. bow ; arch,
boi [boat] s. boy.
bok [bokj s. he-goat.
bokweit ['bokuit] s. buck-wheat.
bol [bol] adj. soft, chubby.
bont [bont] adj. 155. motley.
boppe [bope] prep. adv. above ;
on high, upstairs.
bosk [bosk] s. 190. wood,
bosk [bosk] sn. bundle.
bou [bou] s. plough-land.
Bouk [bouk]^i.
boukant ['boukont] s. farming-
district.
boun [bun] sn. 156. league,
alliance.
bout [bout] s. bolt, pin.
bout [bout] sn. leg of a sheep or
a calf, drumstick of fowl,
bouterke ['bouterke] sn. baby,
little darling.
braef [bra:v] adj. honest,
bran [bro:n] s. tire.
branje [broijie] s. fuel.
brea [brro] sn. bread.
breed [breid] adj. broad, large,
wide.
brege [brs:go] s. bridge.
breid [braid] s. bride,
breidspronk ['braidzpronk] s.
wedding-dress.
breinroer ['bramrer] adj. furi-
ous.
brekke [brsko] sv. IV, a. to
break,
bretael [br'ta:!] adj. 136. pert,
rude.
briede[brrede]wy. 246. to roast,
to fry.
brief [brrev] sn. letter.
bryk [brik] adj. wry, slanting.
bril [bril, brol] s. spectacles.
briUoft ['broloft] s. wedding.
bringe [brine] iv. 250. to
bring.
brinzgje [brr.zgjo] wv. to roar.
brizelje ['briizelje] wv. to crush,
to split.
broei [brui] s. heating (as hay).
broeije [bruie] wv. to get warm
or hot.
broek [bru:k, bruk] s. trousers.
broer [bnrer] s. brother.
brok [brok] sn. piece,
bromme [brome] wv. to growl,
bruije [brceie] wv. to drub.
brukber [brukbar] adj. useful,
bruke [bruk0] wv. to use.
brukel [brukel] adj. annoyed,
vexed.
brukme [brukm0] sn. use, usage,
custom.
bruksum [bruksem] adj. tract-
able.
brun [bryn] adj. brown,
bruzejbruize] wv. to foam, to fizz,
buge [buige] wv. to bend, to bow.
bugel [buigel] s. metal ring.
bui [boei, buoij s. shower.
buk [buk] s. belly,
bult(e) [bolt, bolte] s. a great
many.
GLOSSARY
139
bunt [bunt] adj. 155. motley.
burnaan ['buorrnon] s. neigh-
bour.
barren [buoren] s. village.
burskiplik [bu-a'skrplek] adj.
obliging as good neighbours.
bu.se [buse] s. pocket.
busgat ['busxot] sn. pocket-
opening.
bute(n) [bute, buten] adv.
prep, outside, without, besides,
except.
butendoar [buton'do-er] adv.
out of doors.
butentiids [buten'tiidz] adv. at
an unusual time.
buthiis ['buthys, 'butyz] sn.
cow-house.
daei [da*l] sn. dough.
daegje [daigjo] wv. to dawn,
dage [daige] s. dawn,
dalik [dculok] adv. immediately.
dan [don] adv. then.
dangelje['dar)9lJ9]ww. to dangle.
dat [dot] dem. and rel. pr. that,
which.
datjinge [dot'jirp] dem. pr. that
dauwe [do*uo] s. dew.
de [do] art. the.
dea(d) [di-9, di-0d] s. 128.
death,
dea(d) [di-9, di-9d] adj. 128.
dead.
deafet ['diefet] sn. coffin.
deagean ['dregren] iv. 250. to
die.
deakleur ['dreklo-er, 'diskl6'9r]
s. colour of death.
deale [drele, do-eb] s. 1 65. devil.
deales [drebz, do-elez] int. 165.
zounds ! the deuce !
deastil [di-9stil] adj. still as
death.
deel [de:l] sn. 163. part.
del [dai] *. day.
deihier [dai'hi-or] s. 192. day's
wages.
deije [dsia] wv. to kill.
deilis [dailez] adv. disagreeing,
at odds.
deilisskip ['dailaskip] s. discord,
disagreement.
deimennich ['daimeneg] s. some
deizen [daizan] s. plur. bacon-
laths before the chimney.
dekke [dske] sv. IV, a. to cover.
delbedzje ['dslbsidzjo] wv. to
hush.
dele [de:la] wv. 163. to divide.
deljaen ['dsljam] iv. 250. yen
deljaen : to lay oneself down.
delsette [Mslsste] wv. to set
down.
delte [delta] s. low place, dell.
den [don] adv. then.
der [dor, dr] adv. there.
der [dsr] rel. pr. 230. who, that.
der(re) [dsr, dsire] adv. 94. there.
dermei ['de(r)mal] adv. 253.
with it ; then.
dernei ['ds^nal] adv. 253. after
that.
deroan ['dsro-an] adv. 253. by
that.
d§rom [Msrom] adv. 253. there-
fore.
d§rop [xdsrop] adv. 253. upon
that, after that.
dersa ['ds(r)sa] adv. there.
der't [det] adv. 259. where.
derta ['de(r)ta] adv. 253. to it,
for it.
dertroch [7d£(r)trox] adv. 253.
by that means, hence.
det [dot] conj. that.
deugd [d0:gd] s. virtue, good
quality ; service.
deun [d0:n] adj. economic, chary.
diamant [dia'mont] s. diamond.
dy [di] dem. pr. that, those.
dichter [dixter] s. poet.
die(d) [di-0, di-ed] s. 128. deed.
140
MODERN WEST FRISIAN
dief [di'8v] s. thief.
diel [drelj sn. 163. part.
diele [drale] wv. 163. to divide.
diger [diiger] adj. sparing.
dyk [dik] s. dike.
dije [dele] wv. to prosper; to
expand.
dyjmge [di'jirp] dem.pr. he, she.
dimmen [dimen] adj. modest.
dyn [din] poss. pr. thy, your.
ding [dirj] an. thing.
dynje [dijie] wv. to swell.
dipper [diper] adj. industrious.
dit(te) [dit, dot, dit9, dote] dem.
pr. 94. this.
dy't [dit] rel. pr. that, who.
divel [di:v01] s. devil.
dizze [diza] dem. pr. this, these.
djerre [disre] s. yolk.
djip [djip] adj. 129. deep.
djipte [diiptol s. 129. depth.
djoeije [djuie] wv. 129. to frisk,
to run up and down.
djur [dju-9r] adj. 129. dear,
costly.
do [du
doar [i
doare
doarp
dobbe
adv. then.
o*9r] s. door.
do-9re] iv. 249. to dare,
doarp] sn. village,
"do-be] s. water-hole, pool
of water.
doch [dox] <*do*
dochs [doxs, dogz] adv. yet,
though, notwithstanding.
dochter [doxter] s. daughter.
doek [du:k, duk] s. linen.
dof [dof] adj. dull, dead, faint.
doge [do:g9] iv. 249. to be good,
to be worth.
dogge [doga] s. bulldog.
dokich [do'k9g] adj. hazy.
Dokkum [dokem] gn. town in
Friesland.
dokter [dokter] s. doctor.
dol [dol] adv. down.
dolder [dolder] s. digger.
dolls [dola] wv. to dig.
dom [dom] adj. stupid.
domeny [Moimgni] s. minister.
dommens [domez] s. stupidity.
dong [dorj] s. dung.
donker [dorjkgr] adj. adv. dark,
obscure, dusky, gloomy, cloudy.
doofstom [do:f'stom] adv. deaf-
mute.
doop [do:p] s. baptism.
dop [dop] s. shell.
dope [do:pg] wv. to baptize,
dos [dos] adv. thus.
do't Tdut] conj. when.
dou [dou] s. dove,
dou [dou] pres. pr. 228. thou,
you.
dounsje [du:sJ9] wv. to dance.
dozyn [d9'zin] sn. dozen.
draei [dra'i] s. turn.
draeihikke ['dra-ihikg] s. turn
stile.
draeije [dra-ig] wv. to turn,
drage [draige] sv. VI, a. to bear,
to wear.
drager [draiger] s. bearer.
drave [draive] wv. to trot.
dream [drrem] s. dream.
dreambyld [Mri-embild] s.
vision.
dreech [dre:g] adj. strong, solid,
dreune [dr0:ne] wv. to rumble,
to resound.
drinke [drirjke] sv. Ill, d. to
drink.
drip [drip] s. drop.
driuwe [driuwe] sv. I, c. to
drive ; to float.
driuwkelje ['drmwkelje] wv. to
float softly.
driuwkje [driuwkje] wv. to float
softly.
droech [drux] adj. dry.
drdgje [droigjo] wv. to dream.
drok [drok] adj. busy.
drokte [drokte] s. business ; stir,
noise.
droktme [droktme] s. stir, noise.
driif [dry:v] s. grape.
druije [droeio] wv. to dry.
GLOSSAKY
141
dftbel [dubal] adj. adv. double,
twice.
duffels [dofalz] adj. duffel.
duke [duke] swv. 248. to dive.
dun [dyn] sn. dune, hillock.
diinsk [dy:sk] adj. ruttish (cow).
diir [du'or] s. duration; op en
dur : in the long run.
durje [duorja] wv. to last,
dus [dos] adv. thus.
dust [dyst] s. dust.
dwaen [dwain, dwan] iv. 250.
to do.
dwale [d wails] wv. to err, to
wander.
dwars [dwas] adj. adv. 152.
cross; wrong-headed; across,
dwers [dwes] adj. adv. 15 2. cross;
wrong-headed ; across.
dwylje [dwilja] wv. to rave.
E
'e [a] art. 105. the.
eabarre ['iebara] s. stork.
each [rag] sn. 160. 161. eye.
eagje [regja] wv. 160. 161. to
eye.
eang [ran] adj. anxious.
eangens [ranez] s. anxiety,
eangje [I'QQJe] wv. to fear,
eangstme [rarjstma] s. anxiety.
ear [rar] sn. ear.
ear(e) [rar, rara] s. honour,
earber [rarbar] adj. respectable.
earder [iedar] adv. sooner, rather,
earlik [ralak] adj. honest, fair,
earm [perm, ierm] s. 143. arm.
earm [rarm] adj. 143. poor.
earmoed ['iermu-ad] s. poverty.
earmoedich [ier'miradag] adj.
poor, needy.
earn [ran] s. eagle.
earne [rana] adv. anywhere,
earnen [ienn,iern] adj. of copper.
earrebarre ['ierabara] s. stork.
earst [past] num. adv. first.
ear't [iet] conj. before.
eart [iet] sn. offal.
earte [ieta] s. 1 92. pea.
easkje [raskja] wv. to require,
east [rest] adj. adv. east,
easten [rastan] sn. east.
eat [ret] ind. pr. anything,
eaze [raza] wv. to scoop,
ebbe [eba] s. ebb.
echter [e\tar] adv. prep. 113.
behind, after.
ef [of, ov] conj. or.
effen [sfan] adj. adv. smooth ;
just.
eft [ot] conj. if, when.
efter [sftar] adv. prep. 113.
behind, after.
efterhalden [sftar'hoidan] adj.
reserved, close.
efternei [eftar'nai] adv. after,
behind.
egael [e'ga:l] adj. equal.
ei ! [ai] int. ah !
eide [aida] s. harrow.
eidzje [aidzja] wv. to harrow,
eigen [aigan] adj. own.
eigentlik ['aigantlak] adj. adv.
proper(ly).
ein [ain] s. duck,
ein [ainj s. end, extremity,
ein [ain] sn. part, stick, distance,
einliks [allaks] adv. properly,
einlings ['allinz] adv. at last,
ek [sk, ik] adv. also, too, as well,
eker [eikar] s. field.
ekster [skstar] s. magpie,
elemint [ela'mmt] sn. element,
elk [elk] ind. pr. every, each,
elk-en-ien [elkan'ran] ind. pr*
every one.
elkoar [elk'o-ar, elk'oar] rec.
pr. each other.
en [en, in] conj. and.
eptich [epta§] adj. neat.
er [ar] pers. pr. 227. he.
er [ar] adv. there.
erf [erv] sn. inheritance,
ergewaesjeferga'uaisja] s. vexa-
tion, annoyance.
142
MODERN WEST FRISIAN
eris [erez] adv. one day.
erve, ervje [srve, ervje] wv. to
inherit.
even [e:ven] adj. adv. even,
equal, just.
evenminske ['e:ve(n)mi:ske] s.
fellow creature.
ezel [eizel] s. donkey; block-
head.
ezelskyn ['eizelskin] s. block-
head.
fabryk [fe'brik] sn. manufac-
tory.
faei [fa*i] adj. fey, in danger;
ominous.
faek [fa:k] adv. often.
faeks [fa:ks] adv. perhaps.
faem [farm] s. maid, girl.
faken [faiken] adv. often.
faksen [faksen] s. 195. caprices.
fal [foil s. fall.
fal [fol] sn. hatch.
fald [fo:d] s. fold.
falle [fo:°le] w. VI, e. to fall.
falsk [folsk, fols] adj. false.
famke [famke] sn. girl.
fange [fan 9] sv. VII, b. to
catch.
fanke [fanke] sn. girl.
Farisieu [fari'si'u] pn. Pharisee.
farre [fare, fa-re] sv. VI, b. to
navigate.
farsk [fask] adj. 152. fresh.
fS [fe: J sn. cattle.
feal [frel] adj. fallow.
fealens [frelnz] s. fallowness.
fear [frer] s. feather.
fearje [fierje] wv. to be elastic.
fearren [fisren] adj. feather.
feger [feiger] s. sweeper.
feije [fate] wv. 246. to sweep, to
wipe.
feilich [faileg] adj. safe.
feint [faint] s. manservant.
fek [fsk] sn. box, section.
fel [fel] sn. skin, fell.
fen [fon] prep, of, by.
fersk [fssk] adj. 152. fresh.
ferve [fsrve] s. 152. paint, dye.
ferver [fsrver] s. painter.
fervje [fsrvje] wv. to paint, to
dye.
fdst [feist] adj. adv. fast, regular,
fixed, steady, surely.
festbine Pfeistbina] sv. Ill, a.
to bind (tie) fast.
fet [fst] sn. vat, vessel.
fet [fst] sn. fat.
flele [fi'9l9] wv. to feel.
flem [fi'em] s. fathom.
fier [fi'9r] adj. adv. far.
fierte [fiit9] s. distance.
fifel [fifel] num. four and a half.
fyffc [f ift] num. adv. fifth.
fyfteheal [fiftg'hi-gl] num. four
and a half.
fyftich [fift9§] num. fifty.
fyftjin [fiftjen] num. fifteen.
filch [f i:g] s. fig.
fiif [fiiv] num. five.
fiks [fiks] adj. adv. clever(ly).
filantroop [filon'troip] s. philan-
thropist.
fylje [filjs] WV- to file ; to swing
fyn [fin] adj. fine.
fine [fine] sv. Ill, a. to find.
finger [finer] s. finger.
finne [fine] s. pasturage, grazing-
ground.
finster [faster] sn. window.
finsterbank ['fnsterbarjk] sn.
window-seat.
finzen [fiizen] past. part. VII, b.
captive.
finzenisse ['fiizemse] s. prison.
fisk [fisk] s. fish.
fiskerman ['fiskermon] s. fisher-
man.
fyt [fit] s. trick.
fiterje [fiterje] wv. to drive on.
fyts [fits] s. bicycle.
fytse [fitse] wv. to bicycle.
fiver ffi:ver] s. pond.
fjild [fiild] m. field.
GLOSS AKY
143
fjird [f lid] num. adv. fourth.
fjirdeheal [fiide'hrel] num.
three and a half.
fjirdel [fiidgl] num. three and a
half.
fjirtich [fiitag] num. forty.
fjirtjin [fiitjanj num. fourteen,
fjouwer [f iou9r] num. four.
fjouwersprong ['fiou9rsprorj] s.
cross-road.
fjuchte, fjuchtsje [fioxta,
fioxtsje] sv. Ill, d. to fight.
fjur [fju'9r] sn. fire.
fjurje [fjorJQ] wv. to fire.
fjurslachs ['fjoslaxs] adv. vehe-
mently, sharply.
flaeks [flaiks] sn. flax.
flagge [flage, fla-ga] s. flag.
flak [flak] adj. flat.
flamje [flamjg] wv. to flame ; to
yearn for.
flau [flou] adj. faint.
fleane [fli'one] sv. II, c. to fly.
flecht [f lext] s. flock ; flight.
fleis [f laiz] sn. flesh, meat,
fleurich [f l6-9r9g] adj. blooming,
lively.
flibe [f libel s. spittle.
File [fli*9j gn. strait between
Vlieland and Terschelling.
flier [fli-gr] s. floor.
flikkerje [flikerja] wv.to flicker,
to glitter.
flink [flink] adj. clever.
flinken [flink9n]s.^i*r. caprices.
flinkens [flinkez] s. cleverness.
flyt [flit] s. diligence.
flitich [flitag] adj. diligent.
flitigens [flitagez] s. diligence.
flitse [f litse] s. arrow.
floerje [fluorje] wv. to floor,
flues [fiyez] sn. fleece, film.
foar [foar] adv. prep, before.
foarby [fa'bsi] adv. past,
yond.
foardeel, foardiel [rfoTade:l,
'fo'odi'el] sn. profit.
foardel [foa'del] adv.1 down.
be-
foardelich, foardielich [fe'de:-
l9g, fa'di'alog] adj. profitable.
foardet ['foadot] conj. before.
foardoar ['foado-er] s. front-
door.
foarfalle ['fo-erfole] sv. VI, e.
to happen.
foarjaen ['fo'erjam, rf6aja:n] iv.
250. to give an advantage.
foarm [foarm] s. form.
foarsjen [fe'sien] sv. II, c. to
provide.
foarst [fo*8st] num. adv. first.
foarstelle ['fo'ostslo] wv. to pro-
pose ; to imagine.
foart [fuot, foot] adv. forth ;
away.
foartbanne ['fuotbone] wv. to
drive away.
foartdrage ['fuo^draige] sv.
VI, a. to carry away (further).
foarthelpe [/fuothslpa] sv. Ill, d.
to help forward.
foartiid ['foatr.d] adv. formerly.
foartkomme ['fuotkome] sv.
IV, b. to get on ; to come forth.
foariit [fer'yt] adv. beforehand.
foechsum [fuixsem] adj. suit-
able.
foegje [fu:gje] wv. to join; to
suit.
foerman ['fuormon] s. coach-
man; carrier.
foermanderij [fuormonde'rsi]
s. coachman's trade.
foet [firgt] s. foot.
fol [fol] adj. full.
fdle [fo:l9] s. foal.
folje [folja] wv. to fill.
folk [folk] sn. folk ; relatives.
folksteltsje ffolkstsltsj^] sn.
folk-tale.
folle [fol 9] num. much, many.
for [foar] prep. for.
forbliidzje [fg'bliidzjg] wv. to
gladden.
forblikke [fg'blike] wv. to grow
pale.
144
MODERN WEST FRISIAN
forbolgen [fa'bolgen] adj. in-
dignant.
fordeald [fe'di-eld, fa'do'eld]
adj. int. 165. devilish; the
devil !
fordigenje [fa'diigenja] wv. to
defend.
fordjerre [fe'disro] sv. Ill, c. to
corrupt, to spoil.
fordwine [fa'dwine] sv. Ill, a.
to disappear.
forfallen [fe'fo'len] adj. crazy.
forfarre [fe'fare, fa'fcrre] sv.
VI, b. to remove.
forgees [fe'geiz] adv. in vain.
forginne [fe'gone] wv. to envy,
to grudge.
forgrime [fe'grime] adj. wrath-
ful.
forheardper'hred] adj. amazed.
forhoping [fer'hoipen] s. hope,
expectation.
forjaen [fe'jam, fer'jam] iv.
250. to forgive ; to poison.
forjitlik [fa'jitlek] adj. forget-
ful.
forjitte [fe'jita, far'jita] sv. II,
b. to forget.
forkeap [fe'krep] s. sale.
forkeapje [fe'krepje]" iv. 250.
to sell.
forkeard [fefkred] adj. wrong,
bad.
forklomje [fe'klomje] wv. to be
benumbed with cold.
forkomme [fe'kome] sv. IV, b.
to come to nothing.
forlegen [fe'leigen] adj. em-
barrassed, perplexed.
forlern [fe'lsn] adj. lost.
forlibje [fe'libje] wv. to over-
live.
forliden [fe'lidenl adj. last.
forlieze [fe'lrazej sv. II, a. to
loose.
forlyn [fe'lin] adj. past ; last.
formeije [fe'maie] iv. 249. to
be able.
fornimme [fe'nime] sv. IV, b. to
perceive ; to learn ; to inquire.
foroarje [fer'o-erja] wv. to alter,
forrifelje [fe'rifalja] wv. to
cheat.
forrin [fVrin] s. expiration.
forsiikje [fe'sr.kje] iv. 250. to
visit; to request.
forsinke [fe'sirjka] sv. Ill, d.
to sink down.
forskate [f9'ska:t0]mwi. several.
forslein [fo'slain] adj. dismayed,
forstan [fe'stoin] an. intellect.
forstandich [fe'stondeg] adj.
intelligent,
forstjerre [fo'stisre] sv. Ill, c. to
die.
forstouwe [fe'stouo] swv. 248.
to fly away.
fortelle [fa'te-le] wv. to tell,
fortriet [fe'trret] sn. sorrow.
fortrietlik [fe'triitlek] adj.
annoyed.
fortriette [fe'triite] wv. 246. to
vex.
fortrouwen [fe'trouen] sn. trust.
fortsjinje [fe'tsiijie] wv. to gain ;
to deserve.
forwylje [fe'uilje] wv. to wither,
fraech [fra:§] s. question,
frage [fra:g9] s. question.
franje [frajie] s. fringe.
frede [freide] s. peace.
freedlik [freidlek] adj. peaceful,
freegje [freigje] wv. to ask.
frette [fretej sv. V, a. to eat
(animals) ; to gorge (persons).
Pries [frrez] pn. Frisian,
frieze [frreze] sv. II, a. to freeze,
frij [frei] adj. free.
frijdom pfreidom] s. freedom.
frijlitte ['frsilite] sv. VII, a. to
release.
Frys(k) [frisk, fris] adj. Frisian.
Fryslan ['frislomj gn. Fries-
land.
Priso ['frizoti] jw. the pretended
ancestor of the Frisians.
GLOSSAEY
145
frissel [frisal] s. braid.
frjemd [frismd] adj. strange ;
foreign.
frjemdfolk ['frismtfolk] m.
foreigners.
frjemdling ['frismdlin] s.
foreigner.
Frjentsjer [frisntsjar] gn.
Franeker, a town in Friesland.
frjeon [frozen] s. friend.
frjeonlik [fro-alak] adj. adv.
kind(ly).
frjeonskip ['fro-eskip] s. friend-
ship.
frj eonskiplik [fro-e'skiplek] adj.
friendly.
froalik [fro'olek] adj. merry.
froast [fro*9st] s. frost.
froastich [fro-ostog] adj. freez-
ing.
froed [frirad] adj. modest.
from [from] adj. pious.
frommis [fromez] sn. woman.
frou [frou] s. mistress.
frouLjue ['froilio] s. plur. women.
frouminske ['fromeska] sn.
woman.
frucht [froxt] s. fruit.
fugel [fugal] s. bird.
fugelt [fugalt] sn. fowl.
fuke [fuke] s. bow-net.
ful [ful] adj. violent ; stingy.
fuleindich [ful'aindeg] adj. adv.
violent(ly).
furge [fuorge] s. furrow.
fust [fust] s. fist.
Gabe [ga:ba] inn.
gading [gcndon] s. choice.
gaei [ga'i] s. mate.
gaeike [ga'ika] sn. mate.
galm [golm] s. sound.
gans [qoiz] adv. very.
garje [garje] wo. to collect, to
gather.
gast [gost] s. guest.
gat [got] sn. hole, opening.
gau [gou] adv. quickly.
gavel [ga:v9l] s. fork.
gea [91*9] sn. region.
gean [gr9n] iv. 250. to go.
geandewei ['gr9nd9uai] adv. by
little and little.
gear [gi'9r] adv. der oer gear
wSze : to be about.
gebiede [g9/bi*9d9] sv. II, a. to
command.
gebyt [gs'bit] sn. set of teeth.
gebod ['qg'bod] sn. order.
gebriik [gg'bruk] sn. use.
geel [qe:lj adj. 163. yellow.
geest [ge:st] s. spirit.
gefal [g9rfol] sn. case, event.
gegei [ga'gai] sn. weeping.
geit [gait] s. goat.
geklei [g9'klai] sn. lamenting.
gelyk [c^'lik] adj. alike, right,
equal, similar.
gelok [g9/lok] sn. luck, happiness,
fortune.
gemieii [gg'mi^n] adj. common ;
low, vulgar.
gemeente [g9'me:nt9] s. muni-
cipality.
gemoed [ga'mirgd] sn. mind.
genamt [go'namtj s. namesake.
genier [Je^ni'erj s. market-
gardener.
gendch [ge'noig] num. enough.
gerdyn [ga'din] sn. blind, cur-
tain.
geriiffgo^iivjsw.accommodation.
geryflik [g9rriflak] adj. com-
fortable.
gerjuchtichheid [g9'rioxt9X-
haid] s. ground, domain.
gerocht [gg^oxtj sn. 113.
rumour.
geroft [g9rroft] sn. 113. rumour.
geTs [ge:z] sn. grass.
gesicht [gg'sixt] sn. sight ; view.
geskrep [ge'skrsp] sn. stir,
fuss.
gesnetter [ga'snstor] sn. chatter-
ing.
146
t MODERN WEST FRISIAN
geur [go*er] s. scent, odour.
gewirde litte [ge'uode lite] sv.
VII, a. Lit him gewirde :
let him have his way.
gib [gib] s. wild-pigeon.
giel Tcji'ol] adj. 163. yellow.
gier [grerj s. turn, swing.
giizje [giizje] wv. to sneer, to
laugh jeeringly.
ginne [go'ne] wv. not to grudge,
to allow.
ginst [q0:st] s. favour,
girdle [go'lej s. girdle.
Gjalt [giolt] mn.
gjin [giin] pron. num. none, no.
gjirrich [giire^] adj. avaricious,
glans [glo:z] s. lustre, glance,
glitter.
gl&nzich [glo:zeg] adj. glitter-
ing.
gled [gleid] adj. slippery.
glei fglaij adj. swollen.
gleon [glb'on] adj. glowing, red-
hot.
gles [gls:z] sn. glass ; pane.
glide [gliide, glide] sv. I, a. to
glide, to slide.
glimme [glime] sv. Ill, d. to
glimmer, to glow. -
gloeije [gluie] wv. to glow.
glupe [glupe] swv. 248. to sneak,
gnauwe [qno'ue] wv. to gnaw,
gnyskje [gniskje] wv. to grin
slightly.
gnize [gniize] wv. to grin.
gnoarje [gnoarje] wv. to growl,
to grumble.
gnob [gnob] sn. trifles, small
things.
grmve [gnyive] wv. to peer, spy.
goai [go*!] s. can 3e goai: in
train.
goaije [go- 19] wv. to throw.
goant ! [goant] int. Laws 1
goate, goatte [go-eta, goate] s.
gutter.
gobje [gobje] wv. to jest, to joke.
God [god] s. God.
goe(d) [gu'ed, gu-e] adj. good,
well ; net goed : ill.
goe(d) [gu-ed, gu*e] sn. good(s).
goedens [gu*ednz] s. goodness,
good-nature, clemency.
goederjowsk [gu-eder'jousk]
adj. liberal.
goedlik [guodlek] adj. good-
natured.
goedmeitsje [/g
246. to retrieve.
goedmoeds [gu-ed'mu'edz] adv.
not in a passion.
goes [gu*ez] s. goose.
gol [gol] adj. frank, open-hearted.
golle [gole] s. hay-mow.
gong [gon] s. gait ; course ; pas-
sage ; corridor.
goud [goud] sn. gold.
gouden [gouden] adj. gold,
golden.
goune [gu:ne] s. guilder.
graech [graig] adv. adj. will-
ingly ; eager, hungry.
grave [graive] sv. VI, a. to dig.
great [gro-et, gr0:t] adj. 165.
great.
greatheid ['gro-ethaid] s. great-
ness.
greatsk [grotsk] adj. proud.
greau [griou] s. greaves, refuse fat.
greft [qre:ft, grsft] s. 152. moat.
greide [graide] s. grass-land.
greidhoek ['graidhukj s. pasture
district.
greppel, grippel [grepel, gripel]
s. trench.
grien [gri*en] adj. green.
grif [gi'if] adv. positively.
griis [qriiz] adj. grey.
grins [gri:z] s. frontier.
gripe [gripe] swv. 248. to
catch.
gripe [gripe] s. fork.
grypsjes[gripsjez]s. 195. foolish
ideas.
grysjes [grisjez] s. 195. foolish
gestures.
GLOSSARY
147
gritenij [grite'nsi] s. munici-
pality.
gritenijhus [grite'neihys] sn.
municipal house.
gritsen [gritsen] s. 195. whims.
Grytsje [gritsje] fn. Maggie.
groat [gro*et] sn. 168. groats.
grodzemods ['grodzemodz] sn.
dregs.
groei [grui] s. growth.
groeije [gruie] wv. to grow.
groeisum [gruisem] adj. helping
growth (of weather).
groetenis ['gnret(e)nez] s. salu-
tation, regards.
groppe [grope] s. stable-trench.
gr6t [gro:t] sn. 168. groats.
grou [grou] adj. big ; coarse.
Grou [grou] gn. village in Fries-
land.
groun [grun] s. ground.
grounich [gruneg] adj. adv.
opaque.
grounlizzing ['grulizen]s. foun-
dation.
grouwelieh [grou'ue:leg] adj.
excessive.
griis [grys] sn. grit.
gud [guod] sn. things ; texture.
gudden [guod en] ind. pr.
some.
guds fgodz] s. horse.
guds [guodz] ind. pr. some.
gule [guile] wo. to cry.
gunzje [guizje] wv. to hum.
ha, habbe, haw we [ha, habe,
have] iv. 250. to have,
haed [ha:d] sn. head,
haeije [ha-ie] wv. to make hay.
haeijer [ha*ier] s. haymaker,
haest [hoist] s. haste, hurry.
haestje [haisje] wv. to hurry,
haffelje ['hafelje] wv. to nibble.
hakke [hake] s. heel.
halde [horde] sv. VII, c. to hold.
haloazje [ha'lo'ezje] sn. watch.
hals [holz] s. neck.
han [hoinl s. hand.
handelje ['hondelje] wv. to act ;
to behave ; to trade.
handich [hondeg] adj. adv.
handy ; quickly.
hanfol ['hoifolj sn. handful,
hansel [hoisel] sn. handle.
hansum [hoisem] adj. fit, easy,
tractable.
hantwirk ['hontuork] sn. trade.
hap [hap] s. bite, bit.
harder [hader] s. shepherd.
harkje [harkje] wv. to listen.
Harns [ha:z] gn. Harlingen, a
town in Friesland.
harren ! [haren] int. hither.
harsens[hasaz]s. 195. 152. brain,
hart(e) [hat, hate] sn. 152.
heart,
hast [hast] adv. almost, nearly,
soon.
hastich [hasteg] adj. hasty.
hauk [houk] s. hawk.
hazze [haze] s. hare,
hea [hre] sn, hay.
heafek ['hlefek] sn. hay-mow.
heak [hi-ek] s. 160. hook.
heakkel [hiskel, hskel] s. 124.
rake to clean ditches.
heakkelje [hiskelje, hskelje]
wv. 124. to rake out ditches.
heal [hrel] adj. half,
healwei ['hielvi] adj. half-way,
hear(e) [hi'er, hrere] s. lord,
heare [hi-ere] wv. 97. to hear,
hearlik [hrerlek] adj. brilliant ;
delicious.
hearlikheid ['hrerlekhaid] s.
magnificence.
hearre [hisre] wv. 97. to hear,
heas [hrez] adj. hoarse,
heech [he:g] adj. high.
Heech [he:g] gn. village in
Friesland.
heel [heil] adj. 163. whole,
heelje [heilje] wv. to heal.
'I I IM
Bfl]
• ,11,
hei-krewoi |;)< > i > •- • | 9 i.oii
homo | II.-IIM . " - '
htlftlik | Imluluk | <"// -/,
li'.n ihl«-( I,', 1 1
hoif, | half, j « (..•!.•
heiteian |'haif/.,b:M | ff»,
Inml.
h< J'i« ' li I'l "
holondul | ho-l.m'd'.il |
lii-ly.
holjO | ||r|j:i | •//'»». to IHr.h.
halm fhslni | *. M wir/lh, force.
I, |p | ,.-. l.< l|.
li: Ij. ) I •:<• I I I, 'I. l.«.
I
li II, I, II
holier heli.ur mi., lioli
IK 1 1" i !'.- 'hi rfi«r^»|A». 16^
htrn(f) | hen, hem>| A», ir»2.
' HI
h«non» (hftN^I /r. 132. 106,
bruin*
h«rt(e)l}iftt, liliolm. 152. !>' M i
hy I htt fjMffi 7/r. lie,
hifhln ,l.rXH /». l-.f/hl,
Middo | hid., | ',„„
I... I I,, ,11 -// M, ; v.4,.,1.
liiom i lii".»tn| Kit,. pn-iiiincH, farm-
yard.
hier I hi«or I *n. hair*
hler [hi'or | *. hiro, rent.
hlero | hi'}»ri»| wv. to hiro, to let,
to rot it- .
hlkkellnko
V. holy.
hildo
hilhrh |
hiind | hini'l /<//. f.hirl.
iiiinoi I him. i | H. hniivoti.
IIII.M I .1. him., I
himmol him .1 | ml;/, clean,
l.nnmclin | I, I l...,lj'., | •//'•/'.
cloan.
hjnnphamp
UK dloy.
Inn | Inn | l». i.
in
Inn ' |,/,, r,,./ . . '
•
.KIJ.I I >.'/-. II I, -I i., h
hirikjn hi kJ0] «w. HI, 'I tO
hinno |h/n . "</<. a way.
hinnegean (M./n ,'jr.,n I //>. 250.
I " io J>ft»«.
h.yiifirlr-.r ; hiicl n, l.i./'l .1 : •//.
li'.i .
hyn»t [hl^t]/*, Mtnll: .
hyn»toblom ['hV: --.I..,I,|.,MI | H.
(hui«l« lion.
hynuterido | ^hiMtori'di) | /w. I, u.
to ride a horse.
hlrd | hod | n. henrl.li.
hird h/wl | >«!,
hird»hern« [ho^^hcnoj «. fire-
hird«hoek«
i-i.
hi»e I hi«i» | v
hja | nta, j<
li«.i i.
. j>r. H|K- , i IM y.
hjar | li'jr | /XIHH. '/>T. IM » |
hjtlt |j«H|/». l.n.N'11'-. I. ill.
hjer»t
hjor«tmi»
i.illuinn
hjiddo |li1tdi>| ». II.-
l,.j.r(ro;|l,i»r, hiir.. |
hjirfon I'liiir-.m I '"/"
fhif, btftofi
hjirinm, 'ln.M.M.i | «<lr
. IMTI-.
268.
',. wil.l.
ll.jirHIl I'hhM
hjlM.o) l,ill.»
'"/"• IM .. .
/<7'. VII, n. »o
I.. . ;.ll . I-. -...I. ..
hjoed| jii'.xl | '"/''. i" 'luy.
hjouwor |jorti»r| n. oftti,
IM, | I, ii | «,/,. how.
hdiifiiio | lioiin.i| H. cock.
hrMirii | IM.-.III | «. horn.
hourntou ['hdantotl] «w.
iMMirnndn | 'h..,iMri-<|., | /,/
to n.lr | horno.
hom
(JLOHHAUY
111)
I ho<|l,.i | /"/>. lo joll.
boas h«»-.,/. • i..,. :
ho<:<! hll M| j . III!,!.
ln.< < l<-n I hii-.id.iii | in/./ I'll, .;
(Million
hoef I lm:v | H. IM.-.I
IK. '•••'• hnj'..» I '"". I I .'!. !«i wn.nl
1,0 IHT<|.
ho«tk'o) | huk, hul... | . ".i K'-I .
hook
honkuhak | 'liuk.»h<jk | inf. (\\ <<\
in lilt in" ,i • In l-l )
hoop I huj) | H. li-.,,|,
horvn | hu:v.i J " / I I .'{. l.o wunl,
lo IM'f'l.
hof | h;):v | /.-// ."....-I- M I,
hok i h'.)k | «//. I-.. •inn -I.
hok holt l'.«5r 1 hoi. hok.irl int.
t IK oUmr day, J».t,«'ly.
hoi i h;»l | //.///. f/.//*».
vi»»l« nlly.
hollo | liol.i | «. ln-iifl.
homrnolM | honi-d/. | '
\ .'>.
ii //// /./•. wlmf.
.1
lniii'h< -I.
honour [ lni'in-.ir | //.//•/>. wln-.n, nl,
whut. l.irne.
hong0T fliolj.d | <r. li'iiifMi.
>tt | '"'/• '"'"
'/ I.,
hongorjoj 'ho
hungor.
hoopjo ; horpj
hopo | \\t,\\,.t \K. h«,|.i-.
hatttiyyol'h'.ii-'iilj-t ;" '
hou I | hofi] int. \nt I utop 1 way !
houn f hiinj H,
hounnk I hu:»
• lopr^ldy;.
hou I. | h:»iit, | «•//..
llOUWO I h'.iu.i I //n;. lo fi'-vv.
hr>wol Im'i-'.l ' ro//y. Uiouf
hud hu:«l I «. iii»l«:.
I. ul , l,vl | h, II
liilliflorMl. | Illllnl .1 .1 [ //"//' I, mi
.IM.IU,.
hflndort. |hiin<lttl| num. I.M'i.
liiin.h. 'I
hlllin hyn , | /i./.. I.,, I
hllfllik hy:l il; | >"// .1 •••• i .••... I in"
hftnlhoi.jor | liunl hui.ir | H. noiiy
buil
Inn
I hyc.lr-.m .'Li..,. |
K«inon.l. | liy ./ .H'. ..I. | //. in-
H.I.I-.
haldn |'liy....l.;iM|,,| /.•/>. Vll.r.
, («,,,, hou ,,
hiiHrrmn | 'hy/.iir.Hi | n.
iiiii.n.
hi'iHtok | 'hynisk | m. roof,
hul.l.n | hot i | /i. c,n,hin.
hwa | I'M: | mi i" who.
r | '"/'' win n.
hwnnl, j i'. nil |
hwtr(ra) | vtr,
hweryn
Wll« M III
hwtroar
Ji.houl, wlifil,.
hwertrooh [ve'troft | «</'/;. 263,
f»y whuf,.
hworul. , i. r'yl \<uhW,\. wl.
263.
. n-iul int,
hwtt(tc)
jff. what.
ioh |/xj *• e<^»» '"«"."'"
idor | id'.M | ///'/ /"
jUior-0n-lon [ /13oron/i'onJ tVta,
/./ « -wrylioily.
ion | i-.,n ///////. rn.il.. i>r OIK , f:rnrii-.
| jin | /•«//. K. 234. one- II
ion-en- tweintioh [/jinonlv
wirnplirit y.
ienfaldich
;, liurn
150
, MODERN WEST FRISIAN
ien(n)ichst [i-anaxst,
adj. only.
ienkear ['ragkrar] adv. once.
ienlik [ralek, jilyk] adj. alone.
ienmel [i'omel] adv. once,
ienris [raraz] adv. once,
iens [rez] adv. once; of one
accord.
iensum [i-esam] adj. solitary.
iepen [i-apon] adj. open.
iepenbier [repem'brar] adj.
public,
iepenbierje [ropem'brarje] wv.
to publish ; to disclose.
iepenje f'rapanja] wv. to open.
ier [i*ar s. ear.
ier fi*9r s. vein,
ier [i'8r adj. adv. early.
ierde [i-edo] s. earth,
ierdkarre ['jitkara] s. cart.
ierdryk ['radrik] sn. the earth.
yeske [jiske] s. ashes,
yet(te) [jit, jitg] adv. yet.
yet(te)ris [jitrez] adv. once more,
yettik [jitak] s. vinegar.
ieu [i'u] s. century,
iis [i:z] sn. ice.
ik fik] pers. pr. I.
yl [il] sn. callosity.
immen [imen] ind.pr. somebody.
in [en] art. a.
yn [in] adv. prep. in.
yngean ['ingren] iv. 250. to
enter, to walk in.
ingel [inol] s. angel.
Ingelan ['inglom] gn. England.
yngewant ['ingeuont] sn. en-
trails.
ynh&lde ['inhoide] sv. VII, c. to
contain ; to restrain.
ynhalden ['inhoiden] s. 195.
frame, constitution.
ynheakje ['ihiskjo] wv. to hook
in, to hitch.
ynhiere ['inhrgre] wv. to hire
again.
ynhouten pinhouten] s. 195.
frame-timbers.
yn-ienen [in'i'Qnan] adv. im-
mediately,
ynjaen [xija:n] iv. 250. to ad-
minister ; to suggest.
inkel [irjkel] adj. num. single.
inket [inkatj s. ink.
ynkomme f'irjkomo] sv. IV, b.
to enter.
ynljeaf [/ilr0v] adj. dear, beloved.
ynlik [ilok] adj. inner; cordial.
ynlizze [/ilize] iv. 250. to lay in ;
to preserve.
inoar [e'nuor] rec. pr.each other.
ynpakke ['impake] wv. to pack
in.
ynswart ['iswat] adj. very
black.
ynswiet ['iswi'et] adj. very
sweet.
ystermintfistr'mmtjm. instru-
ment.
it [ot] art. the.
it .[etj pers.
and ind. pr. it.
ite [ite] sv. I, b. to eat.
iten [iten] sn. meal ; food.
itjinge [ot'jine] dem. pr. what.
ytlike ['itleke] num. several.
iver [iiuar] s. diligence.
iwich [i:uog] adj. eternal.
iwichheid piueghaid] s. eter-
nity.
izer [iizer, iizder] sn. iron.
izeren [iizaren] adj. iron.
wv. to run up
ja [ja, ja:
jachtsje
and down.
jaen [ja:n] iv. 250. to give.
jak [jak] sn. jacket.
jamk [jamk] adv. often.
jammer [ jamer] s. It is jammer :
it is a pity.
Jan [jon] mn. John.
jarre [jare] s. dung- water.
jas [jos] s. coat.
jeft(e) [jeft, jsfta] s. gift.
GLOSSARY
151
jeije [jaia] wv. 246. to hunt.
jelne [jelna, jsln] s. ell.
jern [Jen] sn. yarn.
jerne [jsng] adv. willingly.
Jeruzalem [J9'ryz9lem] gn.
Jerusalem.
jewiel [J9'ui*9l] sn. jewel.
Jezus [je:z9z] pn. Jesus.
Jy [J9, jou]pers.^r. 228. you (ye).
jicht [jixt] s. gout.
jier [jiT9r] sn. year.
jierdei ['jidi] .§. birthday.
jierrich [jir9g] adj. aged.
jiers [ji'9z] adv. yearly.
jiette [jite] sv. II, b. to pour.
jifier [jifar, jofgr] s. 158. miss.
jild [jild] sn. money.
jilde [jilda] sv. Ill, d. to cost ; to
regard.
Jilke [jilk9] mn.
jimme [jim9] pers. pr. you.
jimme [jima] poss. pr. your.
jimmer [jini9r] adv. ever.
jin [jin] adv. prep, against, to.
jinder [jmdar] adv. yonder.
jins [ji:z] poss. pr. 233. your.
jinse [ji:s9] adj. yon.
jinsen [ji:s9n] adv. yonder.
j inter Rjnterj adv. yonder.
jister Most9r] adv. yesterday.
jo [joti]pers. pr. 228. you.
jok [jok] sn. 155. yoke.
jokje [jokJ9] wv. 155. to itch.
jong [jorjl adj. young.
jongfolk [/jorjfolk] sn. youth.
jonggud ['jonguod] sn. young
cattle.
jou [jou] poss. pr. your.
joun [jun] s. evening.
jouns [juiz] adv. in the evening.
jounstjer pjmstisr] s. evening-
star.
jountiid ['juntid] s. evening-
hour, evenfall.
ju [jo] pers. pr. 227.
ju [jo] s. in
fellow,
i [joBl]
fikse ju : a stalwart
s. debauch.
juk [juk] sn. 155. yoke.
jukel [jukel] s. icicle.
Jukelbird [rjuk9lbod] pn. the
winter,
jukje [jukja] wv. 155. to itch.
kachel [ka\9l] s. stove.
kaei [ka-i] s. key.
kaem [ka:m] s. comb.
kald [ko:d] adj. cold.
kammenet [kamg'nst] sn. cabi-
net.
kanne [kon9] s. jug.
kant [kont] s. border, side.
kantelje [Xkont9lj9] wv. to topple
over.
kaper [ka:p9r] s. privateer.
kar [kar] s. choice.
karre [kar9] s. cart.
Karst [kastj mn.
kas [kos] s. cupboard ; wardrobe.
kastlein [kas'lam] s. innkeeper.
kat [kot] s. cat.
keal [ki'9l] sn. calf.
keal [kf el] adj. bald, callow.
keakelje [ki-9k9lJ9] wv. 165. to
cackle.
keap [krap] s. 160. 161. pur-
chase.
keapje [krgpjg] iv. 160. 161.
250. to buy, to purchase.
keapman [/kiepmon] s. mer-
chant.
keapmanske ['kispmoskg] m.
merchant- woman .
kear [ki'9r] s. turn, time.
kearel [kraral] s. fellow.
keatling ['kletlin, 'ketlin] sn.
124. chain.
keel [ke:l] s. 163. throat.
kein [kam] adj. proper, nice.
kel [ksl] adj. 124. kel wirde :
to be startled.
kelyn [ke'lin] sn. cornelian.
kenin [ka'nin, knin] s. rabbit.
kening [k0:nan] s. king.
152
MODERN WEST FRISIAN
e ae.
[k0:st] s. art.
[kipja] wv. to look.
kis s. woman's hat.
keninkryk [Xk0:n9nkrik] sn.
kingdom.
kenne [king] iv. 249. to know.
keppel [kspyl] s. herd, flock.
kerl [kel] s. grain.
kern [ken] s. 152. notch.
kertier [k9'ti-9r] sn. quarter.
kerve [ksrve] sv. Ill, b. to notch,
to carve.
kesiten [ka'zitan] sn. so much
hay as a cow eats in a winter.
kiel [ki-el] s. 163. throat.
kies [ki'9zj s. grinder.
kieze [kroza] sv. II, a. to choose.
kile [kito] s. wedge.
kylj© [kiljg] wv. to wedge.
kinde [kendo] s. knowledge.
kinne [kme] iv. 249. can, may,
to be able.
kinst
kypje [kip
kyps [kips]
kiste [kista] s. chest.
kitelje ['kitelje] wv. to tickle.
kiuw [kluw] s. gill.
kjel [kiel, ksl] adj. 124. See kel.
kjeld [kield] s. cold.
kjelderichT'kield9r9§] adj. adv.
cold(ly).
klabats [kle'bots]*. riding- whip.
klaei [kla'i] s. clay.
klam [klamj s. 15 2. catch ; stress.
klank [klarjk] s. sound.
klaphalzje ['klapholzja] wv. to
clack the bill.
klapperje ['klaparja] wv. to
clap, to rattle.
klas [klos] s. class.
klaver [kla:v0r] s. clover.
klauwe [klo*u0] wv. to scratch,
to scrawl.
klean [klren] s. 195. clothes.
- kleankas ['klrenkos] s. ward-
robe.
klear [klrer] adj. adv. clear(ly),
pure(ly), evident(ly), ready.
kleaune [klo-ene] s. clew.
kledaezje [kle'da:zJ9] s. dress.
kleije [kla-ie] wv. 246. to com-
plain.
kleur [klo'or] s. colour.
klibbe [klibo] s. a large block or
pile (e.g. of hay or peat).
kliber [kliiber] s. heap, crowd,
troop.
klien [kli*9n] adj. slender, slim.
klimme [klime] sv. Ill, d. to
climb.
klinke [klirjke] sv. Ill, d. to
clink.
kliuwe [klmwa] sv. I, c. to climb.
kloek [kluik, kluk] adj. sparing,
economic.
kloer [klirar] s. claw.
klok [klok] s. clock.
klomsk [klomsk] adj. chilly.
klopje [klopje] wv. to knock.
klots [klots] s. cap, barret.
klucht [kloxt] s. 11 3. farce, fun.
kluchtich [kloxteg] adj. 113.
fanny.
kluft [kloft] s. 113. farce, fun.
kluftich [kloft9g] adj. 113.
funny.
kliinje [klyjie] wv. to walk on
skates off the ice.
klus [kluiz] s. hermitage; cot-
tage ; cell.
klute pdyte] s. clod.
knarse [knasa] wv. 152. to
gnash.
knerse [knss9] wv. 152. to
gnash.
knetsje [kn£tsJ9] wv. to knead.
knibbel[knib9l] s. knee.
knieze [kni-9Z9] wv. to bruise.
knipe [knipa] swv. 248. to pinch.
knoop [kno:p] s. lie ; button.
knop [knop] s. knob, knop, bud.
koai [koa'i] s. nest-egg.
koaije [ko-ia] wv. 246. to chew.
koaitsje [ko'itsje] wv. 246. to
cook, to boil.
koal [ko*9l] s. cabbage.
koalsied ['koalsi^d] sn. cole-
seed.
GLOSSAKY
153
koarste [koasta] s. crust.
koart [koat]adj. short.
koartkearich [koat'ki-ereg]
adj. surly.
koarts [ko*ats] s. fever,
kobbe [ko-be] s. fishing-net.
koel [ku-el] adj. cool, fresh.
koelje [kuolja] wv. to cool.
koer [ku*9r] s. basket,
koes(kes) [kus, kuskez] adv.
quietly, sheltered.
k6gje [koigja] wv. 246. to chew.
komfoar [ko'fo-er] s. 138. chaf-
ing-dish.
komme [koine] s. IV, b. to come.
kommedeare [komo'drere] wv.
165. to command,
komst(e) [komst, komste] s.
coming.
kop [kop] s. pate; op Je kop
6f: exactly.
kop [kop] s. litre,
kost [kost] s. meat, food ; board.
kosten [koston] s. 195. costs.
kou [kou] s. cow.
kracht [kraxt] s. 113. strength,
force.
kracht [kraxt] s. 113. water-
bottle.
kraeb [kra:b] s. crab,
kraech [kraig] s. collar, cape.
kraeije [kra-iaj wv. to crow.
kraft [kraft] s.113. water-bottle,
caraffe.
krante [kronto] s. newspaper,
kras [kros] adj. adv. hale, clever ;
bold,
kreakje [krirekje] wv. 160. to
crack, to creak.
kream [krrem] s. stall, stand ;
child-bed.
kreas [krrez] adj. adv. neat(ly),
clean(ly).
kreauwe [krioue] wv. to quarrel,
kreazens [krrezez] s. neatness.
krebbe [kreibe] s. crib,
kreft [kreift] s. 113. strength,
force.
kreftich [kreftag] adj. strong.
krekt [krekt] adj. adv. exact (ly).
kreune [kr0:n9] wv. to croon, to
groan.
krigel [kriigal] adj. cross.
kriich [kriig] s. fight, competi-
tion.
krije [kreia] wv. 246. to obtain,
to acquire.
krimpe [krimpo] sv. Ill, d. to
crimp, to shrink.
kringe [knng] sv. Ill, d. to
throng, to crowd.
krite [krite] sv. I, b. to cry, to
weep.
krite [krite] s. region, district.
kroade [kro'eda] s. wheel-bar-
row.
kroan [kro-9n]s. crown; chande-
lier.
krob [krob] s. beetle.
kr6dde [kro-de] s. field- mustard.
kroes [kruizladj. curly, wrinkled.
krom [kromj adj. 155. curved.
krud [kruid] sn. herb ; gun-
powder.
krum [krum] adj. 155. curved.
krupe [krupe] swv. 248. to creep,
to crawl.
kriipyn [krup'in] sn. cot.
kriis [krys] an. cross ; small of
the back.
krtise [kryso] wv. to cross; to
cruise ; to crucify.
kriislings ['kryslinz] adj. cross-
wise.
kuche [ko'xa] wv. to cough.
kuer [kyar] s. whim, caprice.
kuijer [koeler] s. stroll.
kuper [kuper] s. cooper.
kwael [kwail] s. complaint,
disease.
kwea [kwre] adj. bad.
kwealik [kwi'alek] adj. adv.
wrong(ly), scarcely.
kwele [kweilel wv. to warble.
kwikker [kwiker] adj. neat.
kwyt [kwit] adj. lost.
154
MODERN WEST FEISIAN
laed [laid] sn. drawer.
laern [la:m] sn. lamb.
laitsje [laitsje] wv. 246. to laugh.
Ian [loin] sn. laud, field.
lang [Ian] adj. long.
langhalzje ['lanholzje] wv. to
long.
langskonk ['laijskonk] s. gnat.
langst [lanstj s. longing.
langsum [larjsem] adj. slow.
lans [loizj adv. along.
lansman ['lo:zmon] s. native.
lape [laipe] s. patch.
lapje [lapje] wv. to patch.
latte [tote] s. lath.
Lauwers [kruez] gn. a small
river in Friesland.
lavearje [le'visrje] wv. to tack.
lea [Ire] s. 195. body.
lean [Iran] sn. wages.
leane [Irene] s. lane.
leanje [lisjie] wv. to reward.
lear [Irer] s. doctrine.
lear [Irer] sn. leather.
leare [Irere] wv. to teach; to
learn.
lears [Irez] s. boot.
leauwe [lioue] wv. to believe.
leech [le:g] adj. low.
leech [le:g] adj. empty.
leechlan £'le:glo:n] sn. low-
land.
leed [le:d] sn. grief.
leelje [leilje] s. lily.
leep [le:p] s. peewit.
lef [Isf] adj. cowardly.
leflert [lefet] s. coward.
leije [la'ie] s. small and shallow
ditch.
leikje [laikje] ivv. to dredge.
lekkage [Is'ka-.zje] s. leakage.
lekkens [Iskez] adj. cloth.
lekskoaije ['Isksko-ie] wv. to
find fault.
leppel [Ispel] s. spoon.
les [IssJ s. lesson.
lesboek ['leizbuk] sn. reading-
book.
l§st [leist] s, load, burden.
lesten [le:sn] adv. lately.
lestich [lest'ag] adj. troublesome.
let [1st] adj. late.
leze [leize] sv. V, a. to read.
libben [liban] sn. life.
libben [liben] adj. alive, lively.
libje [libje] wv. to live.
licht [hxtj adj. adv. light(ly),
easy, easily.
lid [lid] sn. limb; member; joint.
lid [lid] sn. cover, lid.
liede [Irede] wv. 246. to lead.
liede [Irecte] wv. 246. to ring.
liem [liwem] sn. loam.
liep [li*ep] adj. cunning, sly.
liepe [li'8pe] wv. to cry.
liepens [Irepez] s. slyness.
liet [li*8t] sn. song.
lige [liige] sv. II, a. to lie, tell
lies.
liif [liiv] sn. body, belly.
liifdracht pliivdraxt] s. wearing
apparel.
liis [li:z] s. flag, water-flag.
lij [lei] adj. lee, sheltered.
lije [Isle] wv. 246. to endure; to
tolerate.
lijen [lelen] sn. suffering.
lyk [lik] adj. equal.
like [like] adv. like, equally.
likerndch [^likernoig] adv. al-
most.
lykhalde [' likhoide] sv. VII, c.
neither win nor lose.
lykje [likje] wv. to resemble.
lykwols ['likuolz] adv. however.
lilk [lilk] adj. ugly ; angry.
lilkens [lilkez] s. ugliness;
anger.
Linde [linde] gn. a river in
Friesland.
line [line] s. line, string.
linich [lineg] adj. supple.
linker [linker] adj. left.
linnen [linen] sn. linen.
GLOSSARY
155
lins [liiz] adj. empty.
lipe [lips] wv. to cry.
lippe [lipe] s. lip.
lyts [litsj adj. little, small.
lytsens [litsaz] s. littleness,
smallness.
lytsfeint [/litsfaint] s. second
servant.
litte
lizze
lizze
liuw
lizich
lite] sv. VII, a. to let.
lizel sv. VI, a. to lie.
lizej iv. 250. to lay.
liuw] s. lion.
[liizeg] adj. grown with
Ijeaf [Irev] adj. dear.
Ijeafde flravde] s. love.
Ijeaflik [Irevlek] adj. lovely.
Ijedder [lisder] s. ladder.
Ijeppe [lisps] wv. to spring with
a pole.
Ijip [liip] s. peewit,
Ijirre [liire] s. smoked beef.
Ijisk [liiskj s. groin.
Ijocht [lioxt] sw. light.
Ijochtblau [lioxtblou] a$. light
blue.
Ijochtgrien [lioxtgri-an] adj.
light green.
Ljouwert [liout] gn. town in
Friesland(ZteA: Leeuwarden).
ljue [lio] s. 195. people, folk.
ljurk [liork] s. lark.
ljuwe [liuwa, lloue] s. people,
folk.
loai [lo*i] adj. lazy,
loai^je [loaikje] wv. to be lazy,
to idle.
loaitsje [lo-itsje] wv. 246. to
look.
loane [lo'ene] s. loan.
locht [loxt] s. sky.
lochts [loxts, loxs] adv. to the
left.
loegje, loeije [lu:gJ9, lu-ie] wv.
246. to pile up.
loere [hrere] wv. to watch, to
W-
'[b
lof [lof] sw. leaves.
loft [loft] s. sky.
lofter [lofter] adj. left.
lofts [lofts] adv. to the left.
16ge [Io:g8] s. flame, blaze.
lok [lok] sn. luck, happiness.
lokkich [lokeg] adj. happy.
lokwinsk ['lokuiisk] s. con-
gratulation.
lompert [lompet] s. rude fellow.
longe [lone] s. lung.
lonkje [lonkja] wv. to ogle.
loom [lo:m] adj. heavy, slow.
los [los, losj adj. loose.
losmeitsje ['losmaitsja] wv. 246.
to loose.
lot [lot] m. fate, lot ; ticket.
lotsje [lotsjaj wv. to draw lots ;
to draw for the conscription.
lottersdei ['lotezdai] s. day of
drawing for the conscription.
lud [lu:d] sn. sound.
lud [luidj adj. loud.
luke [luke] swv. 248. to draw.
M
Maeije [ma-ie] s. May; the 12th
of May.
Maert [ma:t] s. March.
maerteblom ['mcntoblom] s.
snowdrop.
maet [ma:t] s. comrade, mate,
mage [maiga] s. stomach,
maitiid ['maitid] s. may-time.
mal [mod] adj. foolish, mad.
malkoar [mePko-er, mel'koar]
rec. pr. each other.
man [mon] s. man ; husband.
mank [marjk] jyrep. among.
manljue [moilie] s. plur. men-
folk.
mannich [maneg] num. many,
several.
mannich-ien ['manegi-en] ind.
pr. many a man.
mansk [moisk] adj. strong,
powerful.
mar [mar] s. mere, lake.
156
MODERN WEST FRISIAN
mar [mar] adv. conj. but, only.
marse [mase] s. pedlar's pack.
masiue [me'sine] s. engine,
machine,
master [master] s. master,
teacher.
master(s)ke [masterko, mas-
teske] s. mistress.
me [ma] ind. pr. one, man,
people.
meager [mreger] adj. meagre,
meale, mealle [mrele, misle]
wv. to grind.
meane [mrene] wv. to mow.
mear [mi' or] adv. more,
meast [mrest] adv. most.
meastentiids ['mrestentiidz]
adv. generally.
med [me:d] sn. mowing-land.
mei [mai] adv. prep. with.
meidet ['maidot] conj. with that.
meidwaen [xmaidwa*n] iv. 250.
to join, to hedp in doing.
meije [mate] iv. 249. may, to be
allowed ; to fancy.
meiminske ['maimiiske] s. fel-
low man.
mei't [malt] conj. with that.
meitsje [maitsje] wv. 246. to
make.
mekeare [me'krere] wv. to fail.
mekoar [me'ko-er] rec. pr. each
other,
melke [mslke] sv. Ill, d. to
milk.
mem [msm] s. mother.
memmewille ['insmeuile] s.
• maternal joy.
men [men] ind. pr. one, man,
people.
mennich [msneg] num. many,
several.
merke [merke] sv. Ill, b. to
mark ; to observe.
merke [msrke] s. fair.
mes [meis] sn. knife.
mesk [mssk] s. mesh,
meat [meist] s. mast.
s.
mestelbank ['msselbank]
mast-step.
mette [mete] wv. 246. to meet.
mien [mix] s. gnat, midge.
middei Pmidi] s. midday, noon.
midden [miden] sn. middle.
mids [midz] adv. amidst.
miede [mi'ede] s. meadow.
miene [mi* one] wv. to mean, to
suppose.
miening [mi-ener)] s. meaning,
opinion.
mienskiplik [mi-3'skiplek] adj.
common.
mier [mrer] s. mower.
miette [miite] sv. II, b. to
measure.
miette [miite] s. measure.
mije [msie] wv. to avoid.
mijen [msien] adj. timid.
mil [mol] s. waist.
myld [mild] adj. lenient, soft.
myldens [mildez, mildnz] s.
softness.
milj oen [mel'j u- en] num. million.
min [mm] adj. little, mean.
myn [min] poss. pr. my.
minder [minder] adv. less, in-
ferior.
minge [mine] sv. Ill, d. to mix,
to mingle.
mynhear [men'hrer] s. Sir.
minske [miiske] s. man, human
being.
minske [mr.ske] sn. woman.
minst [miist] adv. least.
mint [mint, mont] s. mint.
mird [mod] s. polecat.
mis [mis] adj. adv. miss, wrong.
misdwaen [miz'dwam] iv. 250.
to do wrong.
miskearje [mis'kisrje] wv. to
fail.
miskien [me'skin] adv. perhaps.
miskomme [mis/kome] sv. IV,
b. to inconvenience.
misse [mise] wv. to miss, to
fail.
GLOSSARY
157
missizze [mis'siza] iv. 250. to
give cause for offence.
mits [mits] conj. provided that.
mitselje [mitselje] wv. to set
bricks.
miuw [miuw] s. sea-gull.
mjuks [mioks] s. dung.
mjuksje [mioksje] wv. to dung.
moai [mo*!] adj. beautiful, nice.
moaijens [moaiez] s. beauty.
moal [mo'el] sn. meal.
moandei ['niandi] s. Monday,
moanne [moane] s. moon,
moanne [moane] s. month,
moargen [moargen] sn. land
measure.
moarn [mo'en] s. morning.
moarn [mo'en] adv. to-morrow,
moarnier [me'nrer] adv. early
to-morrow morning.
moarns [moaiz] adv. in the
morning, every morning.
moarntiid ['moantid] s. early
morning.
moas [mo*ez] sn. moss.
moatte [mate] iv. 249. must, to
be obliged.
modder [moder] s. mud.
moed [mired] sn. mind,
moed |_rmredj s. courage.
moeije [muoie] wv. to be sorry,
to pity, to trouble.
moeike [muoike] s. aunt.
moeite [muoite] s. trouble.
moete [mirote] wv. 246. to meet.
mogelikheid ['moiglekhald] s.
possibility.
molke [molke] s. milk.
molken [molken] sn. milk to be
churned.
mooglik [moiglek] adj. possible,
mosk [mosk] s. sparrow.
moude [moude] s. mould.
mouwe [rno-ue] s. sleeve.
mule [mule] s. mouth,
munster [m0:ster] sn. monster,
munts [miionts] s. monk,
murre [miiore] s. wall.
mus [mu:z] s. mouse.
miiske [myske] sn. rogue, urchin,
mutel [mutel] adj. chubby,
mutse [ mutse] s. cap.
N
nacht [naxt] s. night,
nachtskaed ['naxtskaid] sn.
shade of night.
naderje [naiderje] wv. to seize,
naesje [naisjal s. nation.
namme [name] s. name,
narje [narje] wv. to tease, to vex.
natuer [na'tyer] s. nature.
nau [nou] adj. narrow,
naule [noile] s. navel.
n6 [nei] int. nay, no.
nea [nre] adv. never,
neaken [ni'oken] adj. naked,
neame [nrema] wv. to name, to
call.
nearne [ni-ene] adv. nowhere,
neat [nret] ind. pr. nothing.
nedich [ne:deg] adj. necessary.
need [ne:d] s. need.
needlot ['neidlot] sn. fate,
neffens [nefaz] prep, according
to.
nei [nai] adv. prep, near, after,
behind.
neidet [nai'dot] conj. after that.
neigean ['naigren] iv. 250. to
trace, to follow.
neisimmer ['nalsimer] s. a mild
autumn.
neist [naist] prep, next, nearest.
nei't [nait] conj. after that.
neitiid Pnaitid] adv. afterwards.
nepert [neipat] s. niggard,
nest [nsist] sn. nest,
ndst [n£:st] prep, before, ago.
nestelje [nssalje] wv. to nestle.
net [net] sn. net*
net [net] adv. not.
nicht [ni\t] s. cousin.
nidich [nideg] adj. angry.
nidle [nile, nole] s. needle.
158
MODERN WEST FRISIAN
nift [niffc] s. cousin.
nij [nei] adj. new.
nijachtich ['nsiaxteg] adj. a
little new.
nijsgierrich [neis'kiirog] adj.
curious.
niid [ni:d] s. envy.
nils [ni:zl adv. just now.
nimme [nime] sv. IV, b. to
take.
nimmen [nimen] ind.pr. nobody.
nin [nin, nan] art. 203. no.
ninter [ninter] adj. to ninter
tiid: never.
njirre [mire] s. adder, viper.
nju [mo] s. joy.
njuet [ny-et] adj. tame.
njuggen [niogen] num. nine.
njuggende ['mogende] num.
ninth.
njuggentich ['niogenteg] num.
ninety.
njuggentjin ['niogentjen] num.
nineteen.
njunken [monken] adv. prep.
next, beside.
uoadich [mredeg] adj. necessary.
noait [no'it] adv. never.
noas [no'9z] s. nose.
noaskje [noaskje] wv. "to please.
no*9t] sn. grain.
nox] adv. yet, still, besides.
nox] conj. neither, nor.
noigl adv. enough.
[no:g] adj. done, cooked.
noat
noch
noch
n6ch
n6ch
nochlik [noxlsk] adj. agreeable.
nocht [noxt] s. joy.
nochteren ['noxteren] adj.
empty, sober.
noed [nu»0d] s. care.
noedlik [nuodlak] adj. pre-
carious.
noflik [nofitak] adj. agreeable.
nofteren [nofteren] adj. empty,
sober.
n6t [no:t] sn. grain.
nou[.nouj adv. now.
nou't [nout] conj. now that.
nut [not] sn. use, profit.
niit [nyt] s. nut.
nutebeam ['nytabi-em] s. wal-
nut-tree.
nutsdop [vnytsdop] s. nutshell.
nuver [ny:var] adj. singular,
queer.
can [ow9n] adv. prep, on, to, at,
in.
oanbiede ['O'embi-ede] sv. II, a.
to offer.
oandriuwe ['o'endriuwe] sv. I, c.
to drive on.
oanfleane [Venflrene] sv. II, c.
to fly at.
oangean ['o'9i)gi*9n] iv. 250. to
happen.
oanhalde ['o-enhoide] sv. VII, c.
to continue,
oanheare ['o'enhi-era] wv. to
hear, to listen to.
oanhearre ['o-ahisre] wv. to
hear, to listen to.
oankomme ['o-erjkome] sv. IV,
b. to arrive,
oanlaitsje ['o-elaitsje] wv. 246.
to smile at.
oanlizze ['o-elize] iv. 250. to
stop ; to manage,
oanmeitsje ['o'emmaitsje] wv.
246. to make haste.
oannimme po'onnime]^. IV, b.
to accept, to admit,
oanpiele ['o'emprele] wv. to be
careful of.
oanprange ['o'emprarp] wv. to
push.
oanroppe ['o-erope] sv. VII, b.
to call, to invoke.
oanslach ['o-eslax] s. attempt;
occupation.
oanslaen ['o-eslain] sv. VI, a. to
fasten.
oanslaggen po-eslagen] s. 195.
caprices.
GLOSSARY
159
oanstean ['o'estren] iv. 250. to
please.
oanstekke ['o-esteka] sv. IV, a.
to put in ; to fire.
oant [o'ent] prep, to, till.
oantrekke ['o-antrske] sv. IV, a.
to take to heart.
oantsjen ['0'9ntsjsn] sv. II, c.
to draw, to put on.
oar [o*9r] adj. other.
oard [o*0d] num. second.
oardeel ['o-edeil] sn. judgement,
opinion.
oardeheal, oardel ['o'edohrel,
O'9del] num. one and a
half.
oardele po-adeilo] wv. to judge.
oarloch f'o'8k>x] s. war.
oars [o*9z] adv. otherwise, differ-
ent, else.
oer [o*er] prep. adv. over.
oeral ['u-erol, u'er'ol] adv.
everywhere.
oerbliid [irar'bliid] adj. very
glad.
oerbolgen [u-ar'bolgen] adj. in-
censed.
oerdwaen ['u'efcJdwaTi] iv.
250. to do over.
oerdwealsk [u*9'dwrelsk, u*8-
'dwrolz] adj. rash, headlong.
oerginst ['ir9rg0:st] s. envy.
oergrime [u'9r'grim9] adj. angry,
wrathful.
oerhawwe [/U'9rhav9] iv. 250.
to have to spare.
oerjaen ['irarjam] iv. 250. to
hand.
oerkomme l/trerkome] sv. IV,
b. to overcome ; to arrive.
oerlibje [ir9r'libJ9] wv. to over-
live.
oerrinne ['u-grrmg] sv. Ill, a.
to run over.
oerstjur [u-9'stjir9r] adj. dis-
concerted.
oertruzelje [u'9'try:z9lJ9] wv.
to flood.
oerwinne ['u-grumg] sv. Ill, a.
to save money,
oerwinne [irar'uma] sv. Ill, a.
to conquer.
of [of] conj. or.
6f [o:f, O'a] prep. adv. off.
dfbitelje ['o-ebatslja] wv. to pay
off.
dfdak ['ow8dak] sn. shed.
dffalle ['o-afo-le] sv. VI, e. to
fall down ; to go off.
6ffeije ['o-efaiaj wv. 246. to
wipe, to dust.
6fgean [/o-egron] iv. 250. to go
away.
dfriede po-eri'ede] wv. 246. to
dissuade.
dfrinne ['o-erine] sv. Ill, a. to
run away ; to expire.
dfskodzje [/O'eskodzje] wv. to
shake off.
6fstrike ['o-estrike] sv. IV, a. to
strike off ; to flee.
oft [ot] conj. if.
okse [okse] s. ox.
om [om] prep, round, for, at.
omaeije [om'a'ie] wv. to stroke.
omdet [om'dot] conj. because.
omgean [/omgran] iv. 250. to
go round ; to frequent.
omke [omke] s. uncle.
omklamje [om'klamje] wv. to
pinion.
omkromte ['omkromte] s. trou-
ble, omkromte bylizze, to
put to inconvenience.
ommers [omez] adv. indeed, for.
ompolskje ['ompokkjej wv. to
drive round.
omsjen [/omsisn] sv. II, c. to
look round (back).
omslaen ['omslam] sv. VI, a. to
beat down ; to turn over.
om't [onit] conj. because. t
omwei ['omuai] s. circuitous
way.
onbidich [om'biideg] adj. ex-
travagant.
160
MODERN WEST FRISIAN
onbihindere [ombo'hincbra]
adj. unhindered.
onbruksum [om'bruksam] adj.
unmanageable.
onforstandich [ofe'stondeg] adj.
ill-judged.
ongans Porjgoiz] sn. garbage.
ongeef [on'geiv] adj. unsound,
weak,
ongelyk [orjge'lik] adj. unlike,
unequal.
ongemaklik [onge'maklek] adj.
uncomfortable, uneasy ; morose.
ongeskansearre [ongasko'zisre]
adj. whole,
ongetreast [onga'tri-est] adj.
unconsoled.
onlijich [o'lsiog] adj. rainy and
stormy.
onmacht ['ommaxt] s. impo-
tence.
onpesjintich [ompe'simteg] adj.
impatient.
onreedlik [o'reidtak] adj. un-
reasonable.
onr§st ['oreist] s. unrest.
onrSstich [5'rs:st9g] adj. restless.
ons [o:z] sn. ounce.
onsjuch [o'siox] adj> unsightly,
ugly.
onsljucht [o'slioxt] adj. uneven,
ontank ['ontcink] s. ingratitude.
ontankber [on/tankber] adj.
thankless.
ontgean [ont'xi'Qn] in 250. to
appear.
onthald [ont'ho:d] sn. memory.
onthalde [ont'ho-.de] sv. VII, c.
to remember.
ontjaen [ont'jam] iv. 250. to
open, to expand,
ontkomme [ont'kome] sv. IV, b.
to escape.
ontkrije [ont'krsfe] wv. 246. to
take away.
ontnimme [ont'mme] sv. IV, b.
to take away, to deprive,
ontsette [ont'seta] wv. to relieve.
ontskoattelje [ont'skoatelje]
wv. to unbolt.
ontstean [ont'sti-en] iv. 250. to
arise ; to stay away.
ontstelle [ont'sts'le] sv. V, a. to
rob.
onwaer [/oucr.r] sn. thunder-
storm.
onwaerje [^uairje] wv. to thun-
der.
onwiten [o'uitan] adj. gigantic.
op [op] adv. prep, on, upon, up.
opbod Pobbod] sn. auction.
opdyk ['obdikj s. byway.
opdwaen [robdwa*n] iv. 250. to
open ; to obtain,
opgean ['opxron, /obgi»9n] iv.
250. to go up, to rise.
opgong [^opxorj, 'obgor)] s. rise.
ophalde ['ophoide] sv. VII, c. to
hold up ; to stop.
opharkje ['opharkje] wv. to be
surprised,
opheapje [/ophispjo] wv. to heap
up.
ophelje [^phslje] wv. to draw
up ; to sing.
opjaen ['opjam] iv. 250. to give
up, to raise.
opjaen ['opjain] sn. raising.
opkomme [/opkomo] sv. IV, b.
to come up, to rise.
opkrije ['opkrsie] wv. 246. to
pick up.
opmerke [/opmsrke] sv. Ill, b.
to observe.
opnimme [/opnime] sv. IV, b.
to take up.
opskouwe ['opskoua] swv. 248.
to push up.
opstean [/opstron] iv. 250. to
stand up, to rise.
opstrike ['opstrike] sv. IV, a. to
stroke up.
optik ['optik] s. tip,
ornaris [o'nairaz] adv. ordinarily.
ou [ou] prep. adv. off, down.
oun [oun, u:n] s. oven.
GLOSSARY
161
paed [paid] sn. path.
pak [pak] sn. pack, suit.
pake [pa:ko] s. grandfather.
pantsje [pomtsje] sn. saucer.
par [par] s. pear.
parse [pose] s. press.
partij fpg'tsi] s. party.
passe [pbs9] wv. to suit.
patsje [patsje] wv. to kiss.
peal [pi'ol] s. pole, pile.
pear Tprerl sn. pair,
perk [psrkl sn. park,
perse [pesaj s. press.
Pier [pi'9rj mn.
piip fpiip] s. pipe.
pyk [pik] s. chicken,
pikelhearring [/pik9lhlsr9n] s.
pickled herring.
pikswart [pikswat] adj. black
as pitch.
piktried ['piktri-ed] sn. wax-end.
Pylje [pilja] wv- to dart.
pylk [pilk] s. arrow, flash.
pine [pine] s. pain.
pinksterblom fpinksterblom]
s. cardamine.
pipe [pip9] wo. to pipe.
piuwe [piuwe] wv. to mock.
pjuk [piok] s. pike ; stab.
plak [pick] sn. place, stain.
plakke [plake] wv. to paste, to
glue.
planke [planke] s. plank, platter.
plant [plont] s. plant.
pleagje [pli*9gJ9] wv. to tease.
pleats [pli-9ts] s. farm(-house).
plicht [plixt] s. duty.
pliigje [pliigje] iv. 250. to be
accustomed,
ploaitsje [plo-itsJ9] wv. 246. to
pluck.
ploege [pluige] s. plough.
ploegje [plu:gJ9] wv. 246. to
plough.
ploeije [plu'ie] wv. 246. to
plough.
ploffe [plofe] wv. to bounce.
pldkje [ploikje] wv. 246. to
pluck.
plom [plom] s. plume.
plum j plum] s. plume.
poanne [poane] s. cap with
plume.
po'arper [poarper] sn. purple.
poarte [poate] s. gate.
poat
poat
poel
poes
pO*9t
pO'9t
pU'9l
s. pot.
s. pool,
pus] s. puss.
pokdobbich [/pokdob9g] adj.
pock-marked.
pols [polzl s. pulse.
pols [polz] s. pole for springing.
pompe [pompg] wv. to pump ; to
thrust.
pompier [p9m/pi-9r] sn. paper,
pong [pon] s. purse.
pop [pop] s. doll.
p6t [poit] s. pot.
poun [pun] s. pound,
pracht [praxt] s. magnificence.
prate [prcr.tg] wv. to talk,
priis [priiz] s. price.
priizgje [pri:zgJ9] wv. to praise.
prikstok ['prikstok] s. dry
branch.
prinses [prr'sss] s. princess.
priuwe [priuwg] sv. I, c. to
taste.
profecy [profe'ssi] s. prophecy.
profeet [pro'feit] s. prophet.
prdlle [pro:l9] s. kidney.
prom [prom] s. plum.
pronk [prorjk] s. show ; Sunday
best.
pronkje [pronkjg] wv. to make
a great show, to parade.
protter [prot9r] s. starling.
prum [prum] s. plum,
prus [pru:z] adj. charming.
pul [pul, puol] s. pod.
putheak ['pothrgk, p6t9k] s.
pole of a well.
putte [pote] wv. to draw water.
162
MODEKN WEST FRISIAN
rabje [rabje] wv. to backbite.
rache [raxe] ww. to scold.
raei [ra*i] s. grass-stalk.
raenjen [rarpen] s. 195. freaks,
raer [ra:r] adj. strange, queer.
rakkert [raket] s. urchin.
rame [raime] wv. to thrust, to
butt.
ramt [ramt] sn. window,
rane [rame] wv. to melt.
range [rarje] s. branch, twig.
ranne [roine] s. brim, edge,
border.
raze [raize] wv. to rage, to rave,
rea(d) [rred, rre] adj. red.
readhud ['rredhuid] s. red skin.
reagje [rregje] wv. to sweep
away cobwebs, to sweep the
chimney.
reak [rrek] s. hayrick.
Beaklif [rre'klrf] gn. cliff near
Stavoren.
reamme [rieme] s. cream,
reau [riou] sn. tools ; horse and
carriage.
r§ch [re:§] s. back, ridge.
rdd [re:d] sn. wheel.
red [reidj adj. nimble, swift.
r§dde [re:de]tm?. (p.p. rSdden)
to save.
redeneare [ride'ni'ere] wv. to
reason,
rddsum [rsitsem) adj. handy,
adroit,
reed [re:d] s. 192. skate (for
ice).
reed [re:d] s. ride,
reek [re:k] s. smoke.
regear [re'grer, re'grer] sn.
reign, government.
>id [n
reid [raid] sn. reed.
rein [rain] s. rain,
reine [rain9] wv. to rain.
reis [raiz] s. journey, voyage.
reitsje [raitsJ9] wv. 246. to
touch ; to get.
reizgje fraizgjg] wv. to travel.
rek [rsk] s. a long time,
rekke [rsk9] sv. IV, a. to extend,
to lengthen.
rekken [rsk9n] s. bill, reckoning.
rekkenje [rskgnjg] wv. to count,
to reckon.
rdst [reist] s. rest,
reste [reiste] wv. to rest.
restich [rs:st9g] adj. quiet.
ribbe [nb9] s. rib.
richel [rix9l] s. border, edge.
ride [ri:d9, rid9] sv. I, a. to ride5
to skate,
ridlik [rilgk] adj. adv. tolerable,
pretty.
rie(d) [ri-9d, ri'9] s. advice.
riere [ri'ere] wv. to stir,
rigele [rigale] s. row.
rij [rsi J adj. prodigal.
rijens [reiez] s. prodigality.
ryk [rik] adj. rich,
rikeljue [/rik9lio] s. wealthy
people.
rikje [rikjg] wv. to smoke.
rikke [nk9j wv. to reach,
rykrak ['rikrak] sn. something
old and worn.
rinder [nnd9r] s. runner, huck-
ster.
ring [rin] s. ring,
rinkelje [nnk9lJ9] wv. to rattle.
rinne [ring] sv. Ill, a. to run.
rintenier [rmtg'nrgr] s. retired
tradesman.
ryp [rip] adj. ripe.
Byp (De) [de'rip] gn. village in
Friesland.
ris [res, rez] adv. once.
rys [ris] s. rice.
risping ['rispan] s. harvest, crop,
rispje [nspje] wv. to harvest, to
gather the crops,
risse [rise] wv. to equip,
rite [rite] s. while.
ritsdi [xntsdi] int.
riuwe [riuwe] sv. I, c. to tag, to
string.
GLOSSARY
163
riuwe [riuwe] s. rake.
rize [riiza] wv. to rise.
rju [rio] adj. rife.
rjucht frioxt] adj. right.
rjucht [rioxt] sn. right.
rjuchter [rioxter] s. judge.
rjuchterhan [rioxter'hom] s.
right hand.
rjuchtfirdich [rioxt'fodeg] adj.
just, righteous.
rjuchts [rioxts, rioxs] adv. to
the right.
roaije [ro'io] wv. to aim.
roas [ro'9z] s. rose.
roedlings ['nredlenz] adv. close
to.
roeije [rule] wv. to row.
roeikje [ruikja, ruoikje] wv. to
rock.
roer [nrer] sn. rudder.
roer [nrerj s. stir.
roet [in* at, ruot] sn. soot.
rogge [roga] s. rye.
r6k [roik] s. underskirt, petti-
coat, kirtle.
rdle [roila] s. roll.
rdlje [roilja] wv. to roll.
om]
spacious.
rom |^rom] adj. wide, large,
romer [rormar] s. rummer.
romte [romta] s. room, abun-
dance.
rook [ro:k] s. scent, smell
ropein ['ropam] s. kind of duck.
roppe [rope] sv. VII, b. to call,
to cry.
ropsek Propssk] s. glutton.
r6t [ro:t] s. rat.
rou [rou] adj. raw, uncooked.
roun [run] adj. round.
rounoin ['runom] adv. on all
sides, everywhere.
rouwe [ro-ua] wv. to mourn, to
rue.
riich [rux] adj. shaggy, hairy;
rough.
ruchte [rux^Q] s. shagginess.
rude [rydo] s. scabies.
Buerd [ryed] mn.
ruilebutsje [''roeilebutsje] wv.
to exchange.
ruilje [rceilje] wv. to exchange.
ruke [rukel swv. 248. to smell.
rum [rum] adj. wide, large,
spacious.
rup [rup] s. caterpillar.
ruze [ruiza] wv. to rustle.
ruzje [ru:zja] wv. quarrel.
8
sa [sa] adv. so,
sa-sa [sa'sa] adv. nearly, just;
so-so, passable.
sabeare [sa'brara] adv. quasi.
Saddusieu [sady'si-u] s. Saddu-
cean.
sadwaende [sa'dwainda] adv.
thus, in that manner.
saed [sa:d] s. well.
sakje [sakja] wv. to sink.
salt [sort] sn. salt.
salte [so:ta] wv. to salt, to pickle.
sa'n [son] adv. such.
san [soml sn. sand.
sang [sarjj s. song.
sa't [sat] conj. as.
saun [som] num. seven.
saunde [somda] num. seventh.
sauntal ['somtol] sn. (number of)
seven.
sauntich [sontag] num. seventy.
sauntjin [sontjan] num. seven-
teen.
sawol . . as [sa'uol . . oz] conj. as
well as.
scille [sila] iv. 249. (pr. soil,
scilst, scil, scille ; imp. scoe,
scoenen ; p. p. scillen) shall,
will.
se [sa] pers. pr. she, they.
s£ [se:] s. sea.
sead [sisid] s. sod.
seage [sraga] s. saw.
seagje [sragjal wv. to saw.
seame [sramaj s. seam, bottom.
M2
164
MODERN WEST FRISIAN
sear [si*9r] adj. sore, painful.
I] num. five and a
sechel
half.
sechste [sskste] num. sixth.
sechsteheal [ssksta'hi'el] num.
five and a half.
sechstich [ssksteg] num. sixty.
sechstjin [sskstJ9n] num. six-
teen.
sSd [seid] adj. satiated.
s6dyk [sei'dik] s. sea-dike,
seft [ssift] adj. soft.
seftkes [seiftkez] adv. softly.
sell [sail] sn. sail.
seine [saine] 5. scythe.
seinje [saijie] wv. to bless.
seinrop Psairop] s. signal,
seis [salzj num. six.
seistal ['saistol] sn. (number of)
six.
sek [ssk] s. sack, bag.
selde [selde] adj. same.
sels [sslz] dern. pr. self.
s6man Pse:mon] s. seaman.
set [set] s. trick,
sette [sete]-tw. to set, to place;
to build.
sy [sei] pers. pr. she, they.
side [side] 5. side,
side [sidaj s. silk.
sydpaed psidpaid] sn. side-path,
sie(d) [sr8d,°si'8j sn. seed,
siedder [slider] s. sower,
siedding [siidin] s. sowed land,
siede [si-edo] sv. II, a. to seethe.
siedzje [siidzjg] wv. to sow.
siekerl ['srekel] s. grain of seed,
siel(e) [si-9l9, si-el] s. soul,
sige [si:g9] wv. to filter. It siigt
hjir : there is a draught here,
sigen [siigan] s. draught.
siichje [si:xjo] sn. soft wind,
siik [sirk, sik] adj. sick, ill.
siikbed ['sikbsid] sn. sick-bed,
siikje [si:kJ9, sikje] iv. 250. to
seek.
Sije [ssi9] mn.
sike [sik9] s. breath.
siker [sik9r] adv. positively.
sikersonk [sikarsonk] adv. in-
deed.
sykte [sikte] s. illness, malady.
syl [sit] s. lock, sluice.
sile [sila] wv. to sail,
silver [solv9r] sn. silver,
simmer [sim9r] s. summer.
simmerdyk ^simgrdik] s. low
weir, serviceable in summer.
simmerjoun ['simerjun] s.
summer evening.
simmerkrite [/sim9rkrit9] 5.
hay-meadow liable to flooding
in winter,
simmer moarn [/sim9rmo'9n] s.
summer morning.
simmers [simez] adv.iu summer.
sims [s9mz] adv. sometimes.
sin [sin] sn. humour, temper,
longing.
sin [sin] s. signification, phrase,
syn [sin] poss. pr. his, its.
sinke [sinkg] sv. Ill, d. to sink,
sinloas [xsilo'9z] adj. out of one's
sinne [sing] s. sun.
sinneskyn ['sin9skm] s. sun-
shine.
sinnestriel ['sm9stri*9l] s. sun-
beam.
sint [sint] adv. since.
sister [sost9r] s. sister.
Sytse [sitee] mn.
Sytske [sitsk0]y%.
sitte [sit9] sv. V, a. to sit.
sizze [siz9] iv. 250. to say.
sjen [sisn] sv. II, c. to see.
sjippe [siip9] s. soap.
sjitte [s!it9] sv. II, b. to shoot.
Sjoerd [sju*9d] mn.
sjonge [siong] sv. Ill, d. to sing.
sjongster [sionster] s. songstress.
Sjoukje [sjoukJ9] fn.
sjuch [siox] adj. nice.
sjud [siod] s. flax-brakings.
skaed [ska:d] sn. shade.
skaffe [skaf9j wv. to procure.
GLOSSAKY
165
skamje (yen) [ji skamje] wo. to
be ashamed,
skansearje [sko'zisrje] wv. to
damage,
skar, sker [skar, sksr] sn. share
in a common grazing-ground.
skat [skot] s. treasure.
skatterje [skoterjo] wv. to laugh
aloud.
skea [ski- 9] s. damage.
skeaf [ski'ov] s. sheaf.
skeel fskeil] sn. complaint,
skelf [skelvj adj. oblique,
skelle, skille [sksle, skilel s.
bell.
skelms(k) [skslmsk, skslmz]
adj. roguish.
skeppe [skspo] sv. VI, d. to
scoop.
skerm [skeirm] sn. screen.
skerte [skete] s. lap.
skie [ski- o] s. sheath,
skiede [skrede] wv. 246. to
separate.
skieding [ski-eden] s. separa-
tion.
skielik [skrelek] adv. in a short
time.
skiep [ski'9p] sn. sheep.
skieppeblom ['skiipeblom] s.
Dutch clover,
skier [skrer] adj. grey.
skikke [skike] wv. to arrange ;
to send.
skild [skold] s. guilt, debt.
skylfisk Pskilfisk] s. haddock,
skimer [skimer] s. twilight,
dusk,
skimerje [skimerje] wv. to
glimmer ; to get dark or light.
skyn [skin] s. shine ; appearance.
skine [skine] wv. to shine; to
seem.
skynhillich [skin'hilog] adj.
hypocritical.
skinke [skirjke] sv. Ill, d. to
present; to retail, to pour
out.
skip [skip] sn. ship.
skipper [skipar] s. ship-captain,
ship-owner.
skirte [skote] s. lap.
skjin [skiin] adj. clean, pure.
skjirre [skiire] s. scissors.
skoalbern pskoalbsn] sn. school-
child.
skoalboek [Xsk6albuk] sn.
school-book.
skoal] e [skoale] s. school.
skoaltiid pskoaltid] s. school-
time.
skoan [sko-an] adj. adv. ex-
cellent, very good.
skoander [skcrender] adj. ex-
cellent.
skoarstien [sk6asjen]s. chimney
skoattel [skdatelj s. bolt.
skob [skob] s. scale.
skobbert [skobat] s. scamp.
skocht [skoxt] sn. while, part of
a day.
skoech [sku:§] s. shoe.
skoenmakker [skuo(m)maker]
s. shoemaker.
skoerre [skuore] wv. to tear.
skoft [skoft] sn. while, part of a
day.
skom [skom] sn. scum.
skonk [skorjk] s. leg.
skoppe [skope] wv. to kick.
skouder [skouder] sn. shoulder.
skouderje [skouderje] wv. to
give the cold shoulder.
skouwe [skoue] swv. 248. to
push.
skreauwe [skrioue] wv. to cry,
to clamour.
skreppe [skrspe] wv. to make
haste.
skrieme [skrreme] wv. to weep,
to cry.
skries [skri-ez] s. black-tailed
godwit.
Skrift [skrift] s. Holy Writ.
skrift [skrift] sn. writing,
writing-book.
166
MODERN WEST FRISIAN
skriften [skriften] s. 195. works.
skrilje [skrilje] wv. to be
alarmed.
skrippe [skripe] wv. to make
haste.
skriuwe [skriuwe] sv. I, c. to
write,
skriuwer [skrmwer] s. writer.
skroar [skro-er] s. tailor, needle-
woman.
skroarje [skroarje] wv. to make
clothes, to do sewing-work.
skroeije [skruie] wv. to scorch.
skuile [skoeile] wv. to slide; to
play at ducks and drakes.
skrute [skryto] wv. to be
frightened.
skruten [skryten] adj. easily
frightened.
skiif [skyiv] s. move ; slide.
skurre [skuore] s. barn.
skiitel [skutol] s. plate, dish.
slach [slax] s- blow, loss ; clap ;
battle; kind.
slachter [slaxter] s. butcher.
slaeb [sla:b] s. baby's feeder,
napkin.
slaen [sla:n] iv. 250. to beat.
slagje [slagje] wv. to succeed.
sleat [slret] s. ditch.
Sleat [slret] gn. town in Fries-
land.
sleau [sliou] adj. indolent, slug-
gish.
slide [slide] s. sledge.
sliep [slrep] s. sleep ; temple.
sliepe [sli-epe] wv. 246. to sleep.
slim, [slim] adj. bad, evil.
slingerje [slirprje] wv. to sling,
to swing.
slinke [slirjke] sv. Ill, d. to
diminish.
sliper [sliper] s. grinder,
polisher.
slypje [slipjo] wv. to sharpen, to
grind.
slits [slite] yo. I, b. to wear
away; to retail.
sljucht [slioxt] adj. smooth;
simple.
sljuchtsje [slioxtsje] wv. to
smoothe, to level.
sljurkje [sliorkje] wv. to slide.
slomje [slomje] wv. to slumber.
slomme [slomej s. slumber.
slop [slop] adj. slack, limp.
sluch [slux] adj. sleepy; sluggish.
sluere [sly 'ere] wv. to slide.
slugens [slugazl s. sleepiness.
slugert [sluget J s. sleepy-head.
slugje [slugja] wv. to slumber.
slupe [slupa] swv. 248. to steal
along or away.
slute [slyto] sv. II, b. to close, to
lock.
smarre [smare, smcrro] wv. to
grease.
smeitsje [smaitsje] wv. 246. to
taste, to savour.
smel [smsl] adj. narrow.
smert(e) [smetd, smet] s. sorrow,
smart.
smeule [sm0:l8] wv. to scorn.
smite [smite] sv. I, b. to throw.
smoar [smo*8r] sn. grease.
smoarch [smoarg] adj. dirty.
smoargens [smoargez] s. dirti-
ness.
smoke [smoike] wv. to smoke.
smout [smoiit] adj. sheltered.
smoutsjes [smoutsJ9z]acfo. under
the lee.
snappe [snape] wv. to catch.
snauwe [snoue, sno'ue] wv. to
snarl.
Snein [snam] s. Sunday.
snetterje [sneterje] wv. to chat-
ter.
snie [sni-0] s. snow.
snieflok ['sniiflok] s. flake of
snow.
snies [snrez] sn. score (twenty).
sniewyt [sni'euit] adj. snow-
white.
snije [snsie] sv. I, d. to cut.
snije [snsiej wv. to snow.
GLOSSARY
167
Snits [snits] gn. town in Fries-
land (in Dutch, Sneek).
Snjeon [sno'on] s. Saturday.
snjitte [smite] wv. to sprinkle.
snjitterje [smiterje] wv. to
sprinkle.
snoerje [snuorje] wv. to shut up
(a person).
snufFelje [snofelje] wv. to sniff.
snuve [sny.ve] wv. to sniff.
soal [scroll s. sole.
soal [so'el] sn. navigable lane in
ice.
soaltsje [so*eltsje] sn. In the
phrase for 't soaltsje haide,
to make fun of (a person).
scan [so- en] s. son.
search [soarg] s. care, trouble.
soargje [soargje] wv. to take
care; to be afraid.
sobkje [sobkje] wv. to suck.
sok [sot] dem. pr. such.
soks [soks] dem. pr. such a thing.
somber [somber] adj. dark,
sombre.
somlike [somleke] num. some.
sommige [somege] num. some.
soms [somz] adv. sometimes.
sender [sonder] prep, without.
sonder det [sender dot] conj.
without.
sont [sont] adv. prep, since.
sont det [sont dot] conj. since.
sou [sou] sn. sieve.
soun [sun] adj. sound, hearty;
wholesome.
spanne [spone] wv. to stretch,
to put to.
spatte [spote] wv. to spurt,
splash.
speeglich [speigleg] adj. reflect-
ing.
spegel [spe:gel] s. looking-glass.
spiele [spi-ele] wv. to rinse, to
wash up.
spier [sprer] s. rafter.
spier [sprerj sn. In the phrase
yn 't spier, at work.
spierring [spiiren] s. smelt.
spije [spsie] sv. I, d. to spit.
spiker [spiker] s. nail.
spikerfest ['spikerfsist] adj.
clinched and riveted.
spil [spol] sn. game, play ;
quarrel.
spylder [spilder] s. player,
spylje [spilje] wv. to play,
spylman ['spilmon] s. fiddler,
bandsman,
spinne [spine] sv. Ill, a. to spin ;
to purr.
spitsen [spitsen] s. 195. com-
rades.
spjucht [spioxt] s. woodpecker.
spjuchtich [spioxteg] adj. lanky.
splinter [splinter] s. splinter,
split e [splite] sv. I, b. to cleave,
to split.
spoen [spuon] s. chip,
sprekke [sprske] sv. IV, a. to
speak ; to boast.
spriede [sprrede] wv. 246. to
springe [sprine] s. Ill, d. to
spring.
stadich [stdideg] adj. slow.
stftl [stoil] s. stable.
stalle [stoile] wv. to stable, to
house.
stalle [sto:le] s. stem, stalk,
helve.
stan [sto:n] s. position ; yn stan
halde, to keep up.
stappe [stape] swv. 248. to step.
stean [sti-en] iv. 250. to stand.
ste", steed [ste:, steid] sn. place.
stdd [stsidl s. town. °
stedman ['stsdmon] s. inhabi-
tant of a town.
stedshus [stsdz'huzz] sn. town-
hall.
steds(k) [ststsk, ststs] adj.
municipal, townish.
steger [steiger] s. scaffolding.
stek [stsk] sn. railing.
stek [stsk] s. stitch.
168
MODEKN WEST FRISIAN
stekke [steke] sv. IV, a. to prick,
stel [stel] sn. In phr. op stel, in
order ; lit stel, indisposed,
stelle [stezle] sv. V, a. to steal.
sterk [stsrk J adj. strong.
steure [stcrere] wv. to disturb,
to care about,
stichtsje [strxtsje] wv. to found ;
to edify.
stiel [sti-el] sn. steel.
stiemmoer ['stii(m)mu'8r] s.
step-mother,
stien [stren] s. stone,
stiennen [stimen] adj. (of ) stone.
Stiennen-man [stiinen'mon]
pn. statue near Harlingen.
styfsel [stisel] s. starch.
stiftsje [strftsje] wv. to found;
to edify.
stiif [stiiv] adj. stiff,
stiiffest [stiiffeist] adj. adv.
steady, without exception,
stiivje [stiivje] wv. to starch,
stik [stik] sn. piece, part,
stikel [stikel] s. prickle ; thistle.
stikelbosk ['stikelbosk] sn.
thistle.
stil [stil] adj. still, quiet,
stinne [stme] wv. to groan.
stins [sti:z] s. castle,
stirt [stot] s. tail,
stjer [stisr] s. star.
stjerre [stiere] sv. Ill, c. to
die.
stjitte [stiite] wv. 246. to thrust.
stjonke [stiorjko] sv. Ill, d. to
stink.
stjonken [stiorjken] adj. stink-
ing.
stjure [stju-ere] wv. to steer; to
send.
stoarje [stoarjo] wv. to look.
stoarm I stoarmj s. storm.
stobbe [sto'be] s. stump,
stoel [stirel] s. chair,
stof [stof] s. matter, texture,
stof [stof] sn. dust,
stdk [sto:k] s. stick, cane.
st6kblyn [stoikblin] adj. stone-
blind.
stoomboat ['stombo'ot] s, steam-
boat.
stoppel [stopal] s. stubble.
stove [stoive] s. stove, foot-
warmer.
stouwe [stoua] swv. 248. to be
dusty.
straffe [strafo] wv. to punish.
stram [stram] adj. stiff.
stran [strom] sn. beach, strand.
streakje [stri'ekje] wv. to stroke.
stride [striide, strido] sv. I, a.
to fight.
strie [stri'o] sn. straw.
striel [strrel] s. ray, beam.
striemin [stri'emin] adj. very
bad (ill).
strike [strike] sv. IV, a. to
strike ; to iron ; to stroke.
strjitte [striite] s. street.
strdt [stroit] s. throat.
stroii [strou] s. pancake.
struije [stroafe] wv. to strew.
strupe [strupej swv. 248. to strip,
to skin.
stu.it [stosit] s. rebound.
stuit [stositj sn. moment.
stuitsje [stoeitsje] wv. to re-
bound.
stumper [stompar] s.poor fellow.
stur [stirer] s. penny.
such [su:g] s. sow.
slid [syd] adj. south.
SudersS [syder'se:] gn. Zuider-
zee.
siige [su:ge] wv. to suck.
sunder [sunder] prep, without.
sunt [sunt] adv. prep, since.
siintsjes [syntsjez] adv. softly,
steady.
supe [supo] swv. 248. to tope.
sur [su*or] adj. sour.
sutelje [sytelja] wv. to retail, to
peddle.
suver [syivor] adj. pure.
suze [syize] wv. to buzz.
GLOSSARY
169
siizje [sy:zjol wv. to buzz,
swaei [swa'ij s. swing, turn,
swaeije [swa*ie] wv. to swing.
swan [swon] s. swan.
swarre [swore] wv. to swear,
swart [swat] adj. black.
swartens [swatnz] s. blackness.
swartr6k ['swatrok] s. black-
coat.
sw6 [swe:] sn. swath,
sweal [swrel] s. swallow,
swealtsje [swsltsje] sn. swallow.
swel [swel] s. swallow.
swerve [swerve] sv. Ill, b. to
wander.
sweve [sweive] wv. to float in
the air.
swichte [swixte] wv. to yield, to
give in.
swier [swi*er] s. swing.
swier [swrer] adj. heavy.
swierich [swi-ereg] adj. elegant,
swiersettich [swi-er'sstog] adj.
gloomy.
swiet [swret] adj. sweet.
swietkes [swretkez] adv. softly.
swietsjes [swretsjezj adv. softly.
swifte [swifte] wv. to yield, to
give in.
swije [swsie] swv. I, d. 248. to
be silent.
swylje [swilje] wv. to rake (hay).
swym [swim] s. semblance ; nin
swyxn, nothing.
swimme [swime] sv. Ill, d. to
swim.
swinge [swine] s. cross-beam.
swinke [swrnke] wv. to turn.
swird [swod] sn. sword,
swirk [swork] sn. welkin,
swit [swit] sn. sweat.
T
ta [ta] adv. to, towards ; shut,
tachtich [taxte§] num. eighty.
taei [ta'i] adj. tough.
tael [ta:l] s. speech, language.
tahalde ['tahoide] sv. VII, c. to
keep shut.
tajaen ['tajam] iv. 250. to grant.
take [taike] wv. to steal.
takomme ['takome] sv. IV, b.
to have a right to ; to obtain.
takomst Ptakomst] s. future,
tamiette ['tamiitej sv. II, b. to
allot.
tantsje [tontsja] wv. to sound.
tapje [tapje] wv. to tap.
taroppe ['tarope] sv. VII, b. to
cry to.
tarre [tare, ta^re] wv. to spend,
to consume,
tasjen ['tasisn] sv. II, c. to look
on, to watch.
tastean ['tastrsn] iv. 250. to
allow,
tatinke ^tatirjke] iv. 250. to
destine,
team(e) [trema, ti-em] s. bridle;
brood.
tean [tren] s. toe.
teane [trene] wv. to show.
tear [trer] s. fold,
tear [trerj adj. tender,
teare [trere] wv. to fold; to
turn turtle.
teije [tale] wv. to thaw.
teiken [taiken] m. token, sign.
teikenje [taikenje] wv. to sign,
to draw.
tek [tsk] sn. covering, thatch.
teken [teiken] sn. token, sign.
tekenje [te:kenje] wv. to sign,
to draw.
tekspier Ptsksprer] s. rafter.
telle [tele] wv. to count,
teltsje [tsltsje] sn. tale.
tepyt [terpit] sn. carpet,
terp [terp] s. mound, terp.
tersk [test] s. thrashing.
terskflier ^tsskni^er] s. thrash-
ing-floor.
terskje [tsskje] wv. to thrash,
the" [te:] s. tea.
thus [tys] adv. at home.
170
MODERN WEST FRISIAN
tichelje [trxelje] wv. to make
bricks.
ticht [tixt] adj. close, dense.
ticht(e) [tixte, tixt] adv. near.
tichthiis ['trxthysj sn. prison.
tydlik [tidlek] adj. temporal,
timely.
tydlings ['tidlenz] adv. at times.
tiergje [tiirgje] wv. to tear, to
rave.
tige [tiige, tigo] adv. very.
tiid [tiid] s. time.
Tiisdei ['tiizdi] s. Tuesday.
tikje [tikje] wv. to tick.
tiksel [tiksel] s. shaft.
tille [tile] wv. to lift.
tille [tile] s. small fixed bridge.
tillich [til9§] adj. erect.
timmerman j/timermon] s. car-
penter.
tin [tin] adj. thin.
tine [tine
tine [tine"
tine [tine
tinke [tin"
s. milk-basin.
s. tine.
wv. to swell.
iv. 250. to think.
tins [ti:z] s. thought,
tjems [tismz] s. hair-sieve.
tjilling [tiilerj] s. teal.
to [te] adv. too.
to [tejprep. to, at.
toaije [to-ie] wv. 246. to carry
(heavy burdens).
toalf, toalve [tolv, tolve] num.
twelve.
toalfte [tolfte] num. twelfth.
toan [to-en] s. tone.
toar [toar] adj. dry, barren.
toarst [to*est] s. thirst,
t oars tic h [to*esteg] adj. thirsty.
tobbe [to-be] s. tub.
tobek [te'bsk] adv. backward.
tobite [te'bite] sv. I, b. to
bite.
tobrekke [te'breke] sv. IV, a. to
break.
tocht [toxtl sn. while,
toer [tu-er] s. tower, steeple.
toerre [tuore] s. beetle.
tofreden [te'freiden] adj. con-
tent.
togearre [te'gisre] adv. both,
between them.
togoede [te'gu^de] adv. to the
good.
t6gje [toigjo] wv. 246. to carry
(heavy burdens).
tokke [toke] s. branch.
toknieze [te'knreze] wv. to
bruise.
tokoart [te'koart] sn. shortage.
tomealle rte'mlele] wv. to grind.
tomiette [te'mlitej adv. In phr.
tomiette komme, to come to
meet.
tomme [tome] s. thumb.
tommelje [tomelje] wv. to
tumble.
touei [te'nai] adv. afterwards.
tonge Intone] s. tongue.
tonger [toner] s. thunder.
tongerje [torprje] wv. to thun-
der.
Tongersdei ['toizdi] s. Thurs-
day.
tonne [tone] s. tun, ton.
torjuchte [te'rloxte] adv. In
phr. torjuchte wize, to in-
form.
tosk [tosk] s. tooth, tusk.
toskoerre [te'skuore] wv. to
tear to pieces.
tou [tou] sn. string, end, rope,
tow.
toudounsje ['touduisje] wv. to
skip.
touwerfleach ['touerflreg] s.
gust of wind.
traepje [trcr.pje] wv. to tread.
tred [trsidl s. tread.
tred [trsidj num. third.
treddeheal [trside'hi-el] num.
two and a half.
treddel [trsidel] num. two and
a half.
trddderlei [trsider'lai] adj. of
three sorts.
GLOSSARY
171
treffe [trefa] sv. Ill, d. to hit.
trekke [treke] sv. IV, a, to pull,
to draw.
trettjin [trstjon] num. thirteen.
trettjinde [trstjende] num. thir-
teenth.
trie(d) [trred, tri-e] s. thread.
trien [tri*9nj s. tear.
trije [trsfo] num. three.
trijekleur ['trsfeklo-er] s, tri-
colour.
trilje [triljo] wv. to tremble.
trime [trime] s. rung.
Tryn, Tryntsje [trin, trintsje]
fn.
tritich [triteg] num. thirty.
triuwe [triuwe] sv. I, c. to
push.
troaije [tro'ie] wv. to lead softly;
to caress.
troan [tro*9n] s. throne.
troanje [troajie] s. face.
troch [trox] adv. jyrep. through.
trochdet [tro'dot] conj. because.
troch de wei det [tro da uai dot]
conj. because.
trochdriuwe [/tro(g)drmw8] sv.
I, c. to drive through.
trochkomme [/tro(x)kom0] sv.
IV, b. to get through.
trochreed ['tro(x)re:d] s. pas-
trochsette [/tro(x)sst8] wv. to
push on.
trochwiet [tro(g)ui-9t] adj. wet
through.
tromme [tronw] s. drum.
trou [trou] adj. true, trusty.
trouwe [trO'ue] wv. to marry.
trouwers [tro'U9z] s. 195. -wed-
ding pair.
tsien [tsi*8n] num. ten.
tsiende [tsrende] num. tenth.
tsiere [tsrere] wv. to quarrel.
tsiis [tsiiz] s. cheese.
tsjalk [tsjolk] s. tjalk (kind of
ship).
tsjef [tsjef] sn. chaff.
tsjen [tsien] sv. II, c. to march,
to go.
tsjep [tsjep] adj. comely.
tsjeppens [tsjspez] s. grace.
tsjerke [tsjsrke] s. church.
tsjerkfoud ['tsjsrkfoud] s.
churchwarden.
tsjerkh6f [/tsjsrkhof] sn. church-
yard.
tsjerne [tsjsno] s. churn.
tsjernje [tsjejie] wv. to churn.
tsjilpje [tsjilpje] wv. to chirp.
tsjin [tsiin] adv. prep, against.
tsjinje [tsiijie] wv. to serve.
tsjinprate ['tslimprcnte] wv. to
contradict.
tsjinst [tsiist] s. service.
tsjinwirdich [tsii'uodeg, tsii-
'uorg] adv. at present.
tsjirmje [tsiirmje] wv. to cry, to
moan.
tsjoed [tsju-ad] adj. bad, ill.
tsjoene [tsju-ene] wv. to over-
look, to bewitch.
tsjoenster [tsju*est9r] s. witch.
tsjok [tsjok] adj. thick.
tsjoksel [tsjoksel] s. kind of
axe.
tsjotterje [tsjoterjo] wv. to
chirp.
tsjuk [tsjuk] adj. thick.
tsjuster [tsjoster] adj. dark.
tiich. [ty:g] sn. rigging, harness.
tuch [tyx] sn- trash, dust, weed.
tuge [ty.ge] wv. to rig; to
harness.
tuke [tuke] s. branch.
tule [tyto] s. gauze.
tume [tume] s. thumb.
tumelje [tumolje] wv. to tumble.
tun [tynj s. garden.
tune [tune] s. tun, ton.
Turk [torkjjw. Turk.
tusken [tosken] adv. prep, be-
tween.
tuzen [tuizen] num. thousand.
twa [two:] num. two.
twadde [twade] num. second.
172
MODERN WEST FRISIAN
twastriid ['twastri-.d] s. inde-
cision.
tweintich [twainte^] num.
twenty.
tweintichste
num. twentieth.
twer [twsr] adj. loath, loathing.
twiebak ['tw^Jibak] s. biscuit.
twiich [twiig] s. twig.
twinge [twina] sv. Ill, cl. to
force.
twingerij [twine'rsi] s. tyranny.
twjilling [tw(i)il9n] s. twin.
twjirre [tw(i)ir9] s. whirlwind.
twisken [twisken] adv. prep.
between.
twiskenbeiden [twisken'bai-
den] adv. now and then ; pass-
able.
•file [ule] s. owl.
uleboerd ['ulebu-od] sn. tri-
angular end-board on the ridge
of a barn.
under [under] adv. prep, under,
down, among.
underhans [under'hoiz] adv. by
private contract.
underskate [under 'skaite] adj.
different, various.
underst [undest] adj. In phr. de
underste kou, the first from
the outer door.
underwiles [under'uilez] adv.
meanwhile.
unt- [untl See ont-.
ure [u-9r9j s. hour.
us [yzl poss. pr. our.
lit [ytj adv. prep, out, from.
litboeid ['ydbuid] adj. bandy-
legged.
litbringe ['ydbrirp] iv. 250. to
bring out.
lit-doar [/y(d)do-9r] s. outer
door.
uterje [yterje] wo. to utter.
uterlik [yterlek] adv. outward,
to all appearance.
litfenhus [ytfen'huiz] adv.
(=from home), as a guest or
visitor.
litfenhuzer [ytfen'hu-.zer] s.
guest.
litfenhuzje [ytfan'huizje] wv. to
stay as a guest.
litgean ['y^ren] iv. 250. to go
out.
lithalde ['ythoide] sv. VII, c.
to suffer, to hold out ; to main-
tain.
lithelje ['ythelje] wv. to play
(pranks).
utkomme ['ytkome] sv. IV, b. to
come out.
utmeitsje ['ytmaitsje] wv. 246.
to make out ; to finish ; to
scold.
utmiette [/ytmiite] sv. II, b. to
mete out.
utrekke ['ytreke] sv. IV, a. to
stretch out.
utrolje ['ytro:lJ9l wv. to unroll.
litslaen p
beat out.
'ytro:lJ
pytsla
m] sv. VI, a. to
utstean ['ytstren] iv. 250. to
endure ; to have to do with.
W
waeije [ua-ie] wv. to blow,
waeksdom ['uaiksdom] s.
growth.
waekse [uaikse] sv. VI, c. to
grow.
waer [uair] sn. weather.
waerm [uairm] adj. warm. Hy
sit der waerm by, he is a
well-to-do man.
waermte [ua-rmto, uarmte] «.
warmth,
waersiik j/uairsiik] adj. out of
sorts through the state of the
weather.
wakker [uaker] adv. very.
GLOSSAEY
173
wal [uo:l] s. water-side.
wald [uo:d] sn. wood, forest.
Walden [uoiden] gn. wooded
districts in the east of Fries-
land.
walgje [uolgJ9] wv. to disgust,
to loathe.
wan [uon] adj. wrong.
wang [uan] sn. cheek.
war [uar] s. In phr. yen to war
stelle, to offer resistance.
warber [uarber] adj. diligent.
warleas ['uarlrgz] adj. helpless.
warre (yen) [ji uarej wv. to do
one's best.
wart [uat] s. wart.
wasker [uDsksr] s. washer.
waskje [uoskje] sv. VII, b. to
wash.
weach [w-9g] s. wall, back-wall
of the bed.
weach [ui-9§] s. wave.
weage [ui'Qgo] sv. VI, a. to
weigh.
weagje [ui'9gJ9l wv. to wave.
weagje [w.8gJ9J wv. to venture,
to risk.
weak [wok] adj. soft.
weakje [ulskje] wv. to soak.
wearzgje [ui*9zgJ9] wv. to dis-
gust, to loathe.
wedzje [usdzje] wv. to lay a
wager.
weet [ue:t] s. wheat.
wegerje [ueigarje] wv. to refuse.
wei [uai] s. way.
wei [ual] adv. away, lost.
weifiterje ['uaifitarje] wv. to
drive off.
wein [uain] s. wain, waggon.
weitsje [uaitsje] wv. 248. to
watch.
weiwirde ['uaiuodg] sv. Ill, e.
to get away.
wekker [uskar] adj. awake.
wenje [uejia] wv. to live, to re-
side.
wenne [usne] wv. to accustom.
wenst [ueist] s. custom.
went(e) [usnta, vent] .9. house.
wer [uer] adv. again, back.
werbringe [/ue(r)brir)8] iv. 250.
to bring back.
werdwaen pu^^dwa-n] iv. 250.
to do once more.
werjaen ['us(r)ja:n] iv. 250. to
return, to restore.
weromjaen [usr'omjam] iv. 250.
to give back.
werom [usr'om] adv. back.
weromkomme [usr'omkome] sv.
IV, b. to return.
werpe [usrpe] sv. Ill, b. to cast,
to throw.
westen [ussten] sn. west.
westerrea(d) j/usstern^d)] sn.
evening sky.
wet [uet] s. law.
wetgelearde j/vetgelreda] s.
lawyer.
wetter [ustor] sn. water.
wetterfloed ['usternu-ed] s. in-
undation.
Wetterlan ['ueterlom] gn.
watery districts in Friesland.
weve [ueivo] wv. to weave.
weze [Dsizg] iv. 250. to be.
wezen [us:z9n] sn. existence.
wy [uei, ui] pers. pr. we.
widdou puidou] s. widow.
widner [uidner J s. widower.
widze [uidze] s. cradle.
widzeliet puidzgli-gt] sn. cradle-
song.
widzje [uidzJ9J wv. to cradle.
wiel Puroil s. pool.
wier Lui'9r] adj. true.
wierheid Pulirhaid] s. truth.
wiet [ui'9t] adj. wet.
wiette [uiit9] s. wetness.
wif [uif] adj. unstable, uncer-
tain.
wyfke [uifke] sn. female.
wiggelje [yigalja] wv. to rock.
wild [ui:dj adj. wide.
wiif [ui:v] sn. woman, wife.
174
MODERN WEST FRISIAN
wiis fuiiz] adj. wise,
wije [u£i9] wv. to devote,
wike [uiko] s. week.
wike [uikg] wv. to retire, to re-
treat.
wikel [uikol] s. kestrel,
wyks fuiks] adv. weekly.
wyld fuildTociy. wild,
wiles [uilez] adv. meanwhile,
wilewalje [/uil9ualJ9] wv. to
wiggle-waggle.
wille [uile] s. pleasure,
wylst [uilst] conj. whilst.
wyn [uin] s. wine.
wyn [uinj s. wind,
wynderje ['uinderja] wv. to
make wind,
wine [uing] sv. Ill, a. to wind,
to turn,
winke [wnka] sv. Ill, d. to
wink,
winne [uine] sv. Ill, a. to
win.
wynsel [uiisel] sn. bandage,
wynsk fuiisk] adj. wry.
winter [uintar] s. winter,
winterdei ['umterdai] s. winter
day.
winterdei [umter'dai] adv. in
winter,
wirch [uorg] adj. worth ; tired,
weary.
wird [u6d] sn. word,
wirdboek ['uodbuk] sn. diction-
ary,
wirde [uoda, uore] sv. Ill, e. to
become.
wirdearje [ue'dierje] wv. to
value.
wirdich [uod9§] adj. worth,
wirk [uo'rk] sn. work,
wirkje [uorkje] wv. to work,
wirkmaster ['uorkmaster] s.
agent, doer,
wyt [yit] adj. white.
witeTuite] iv. 249. to know,
wite [uitej sv. I, b. to blame,
witnis [uitnaz] s. knowledge.
wytsje [uitsJ9] wv. to white-
wash.
witte [uite] iv. 249. to know.
wize [uiize] s. tune ; fen 'e wize
weze, to be flurried,
wize [wase] wv. to show.
wjergeade ['uisrgi-eda] s. equal.
wjerhalde [uier'hoide] sv. VII,
c. to refrain,
wjerkoaije ['uisrko-ie] wv. 246.
to ruminate.
wjerljocht |/uielioxt] s. light-
ning.
wjerskyn ['uie(r)skin] s. re-
flection.
wjerstean [uis(r)'str9n] iv. 250.
to resist.
wjirje [uiirJ9] wv. to (expose to
the) air.
wjirm [uiirm] s. worm,
wjudde [u!6d9] wv. to weed,
wjuk [uio'k] s. wing,
wjuk [uiok] int.
wjukkelje [uiok9lJ9] wv. to
flutter.
wjukwapperje [/uiokuap9rJ9]
wv. to flap the wings.
Woansdei [uQizdi] s. Wednes-
day.
woartel [uoatgl] s. root ; carrot,
woast [uo*9st] adj. desolate,
waste,
woelje [uiiolJ9] wv. to wind
round.
wol [uoll s. wool,
wol [uol] adv. well.
wolbisteld ['uolbgstsld] adj.
well-used.
wolf [uolf, uolv] s. wolf.
wolfeart f'uolfret] s. welfare,
wolk(en) [uolk9n, uolk] s. cloud,
wolkom ['uolkom] adj. wel-
come.
woUe [uola] iv. 250. to be will-
ing.
wolmienend [uol'mi- 9n9nd ] adj.
well-meaning,
wonder [uondgr] sn. wonder.
GLOSSAKY
wv. to
175
)lje [uragelje]
wobble.
wrak [urak] sn. wreck,
wrak [urak] adj. shaky.
wrakselje [urakselje] wv. to
wrestle.
wrald [uroid] s. world.
wreed [ureid] adj. cruel; rough.
wrine [urine] «. coverlet.
wringe [urirje] sv. Ill, d. to
wring.
wriuwe [uriuwe] sv. I, c. to
rub.
minder [uunder] sn. wonder.
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