PHYCOLOGIA AUSTRALICA;
OB,
COMPRISING
COLOURED FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS
OF THE MOEE CHAEACTEEISTIO
MARINE ALG^ OE NEW SOUTH WALES, VICTOMA, TASMANIA,
SOUTH AUSTRALIA, AND WESTERN AUSTRALIA,
AND
A SYNOPSIS OF ALL KNOWN AUSTRALIAN ALGiE.
VOL. III.,
CONTAINING PLATES CXXI.-CLX3CX.
WILLIAM HENRY HARVEY, M.D., E.R.S.,
MEMBER OP THE EOYAL lEISH ACADEMY, FELLOW OE THE LINNiEAHT BOCIETT, COE. MEM. OF THE
EOTAt ACADEMIES OE UPSAL AND MUNICH; OP THE IMP. ACAD. LEOP. C«SAE. NAT. OUBIOSOEUM ;
HON. MEM. OH THE LYCEUM OP NAT. HIST., NEW YOKE, ETC. ETC. BTC,
AND
PEOFESSOR OF BOTANY IN THE DNIVEHBITY OF DUBLIN.
LONDON:
LOYELL EEEVE, HENEIETTA STEEET, COVENT GAEDEN.
1860.
printed by
john edwakd taylor, little aiteen street,
lin'coln's inn FIRLDS.
TO
FERDINAND MUELLER, M.D., Ph.D.,
F.L.S., F.E.G.S.,
MEMB. IMP. LEOP. CAE. ACAD., ETC. ETC. ETC.,
Government Botanist fob the CoLO>rp of Victoria, and Dieectoe of the
Botanic Gaedens, Melbouene,
by whose ttntieing zeal and energy,
whether in the capacity of a private citizen,
of an explorer of new regions,
or of a government officer,
our knowledge of australian botany,
in all its branches,
has been very largely extended,
Wi}t STi^irtr Folutne of tlje *^!)gc0logia ^ustralica'
IS DEDICATED,
WITH EVERY FEELING OF RESPECT AND ESTEEM,
BY HIS FAITHFUL FRIEND,
THE AUTHOE.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX TO VOL. III.
(The Synonyms are printed in italics.)
Plate
Acanthococcus.
Ewingii, Harv 141
Acanthophora.
arborea, Harv 132
Tasmanica, Harv 132
Acropeltis.
australis, J. Ag 146
elata, Harv 122
Alsidium.
spinulosiim, Harv 130
Jmansia.
fraxinifolia, Ag 124
jungermannioides. Mart 171
Areschougia.
conferta, Harv 166
conferta, Harv 165
BaUia.
scoparia, Harv 168
Binder a.
Cladostephus, Dene 154
Blossevillea.
torulosa, Dene 123
uvifera, H.f. et H 175
Bostiychia.
mixta, Ha7'v 176a
rivularis, Harv 176 b
Callithamnion.
GriffithsicE, Harv 160
Griffithsioides, Sond 160
scoparia, H.f. et H 168
Carpoglossum.
angustifolimn, /. ^^ 128
confluens, Kiltz 159
Castraltia.
salicortiioides, A. Rich 164
Plate
Caiilerpa.
asplenioides, Grev 178
disticliophylla, Sond 161
obscura, Sond 167
parvifolia, Harv 172
jjennata, Lx 178
Sonderi, ilf«e/Z 167
splendida, Grev 167
taxifolia, Ag 178
tenella, Harv 161
Chondria.
Umbelliila, Harv 147
Chylocladia.
Muelleri, ^«rw 138
CladhjTnenia.
conferta, Harv 144
Cladostephus.
australis, Ag 154
Corallina.
incrassata, Ell 125
marginata, Ell 136
monilis, Ell 125
Crouania.
vestita, Harv 140
Ctenodiis.
Labillardieri, Kiitz 163
Cystoclonium.
carnosum, Kiitz 142
Cystophora.
Brownii, /. Ag 169
tomlosa, /. Ag 123
uvifera, /. Ag 175
Cystopbyllum.
muricatum, /. Ag 139
"?*>
VI
ALPHABETICAL INDEX TO VOL. III.
Gystoseira.
Banksii, Ag 135
jnuricata, Ag 139
torulosa, Ag 123
trinodis, Ag 139
Dasya.
Feredaype, Harv 173
HaffisB, Harv 11^3
Wraugelioicles, IIa7'v 174
Delesseria.
conferta, Ag 144
coriifolia, Harv 150
dendroides, Harv 137
fraxhdfoUa, Grev 134
^ hondosa, H.f. ei H 179
revoluta, Harv 170
Delisea.
hypneoides, Harv 134
Dictymenia.
coiiferta, Harv 144
fraxiuifolia, Harv 124
JEpineuron.
fraxinifoUum, Harv 124
Euctenoclus.
Lablllardleri, Kiitz 163
Flabellaria.
incrassata, Lk 125
Fuctis.
BanJisii, Turn 135
comosus, Labill 153
confertus, E. Br 144
confluens, E. Br 159
fraxinifolius, Mert 124
gloh'iferus, Lx 129
Lahillardieri, Mert 163
moniliformis^ LabiU 135
muricatus, Turn 139
pinuatus, L 178
taxifoUus, Vahl 178
torulosus, E. Br 123
Galaxaura.
marginata, Lx 186
GriffitJisia.
australis, Ag 154
Halimeda.
incrassata, Lx 125
moniUs, Lx 125
Haliseris.
^hxdlen, Sond 180
Halyraenia.
saccata, Harv 133
Plate
Hemineura.
frondosa, Harv 179
Horea.
fruticulosa, Harv 156
Hormosira.
Banksii, Bene 135
Billardieri, Mont 135
Sieberi, Dene 135
obcoidca, Kiitz 135
gracilis, Kiitz 135
Hypoglossum.
frondosum, Kiitz 179
Kuetzingia.
angusta, Harv 177
Laurencia.
lieteroclada, Harv 148
Leveillea.
Schimperi, Bene 171
Liagora.
Cheyneana, Harv 162
Lomentaria.
Mmlleri, Soud 138
Maerocystis.
eoniosa, Ag 153
Martensia.
denticulata, Harv 127
Moniliformia.
Banksii, Bory 185
Labillardieri, Bory 135
Sieberi, Bory 135
Mychodea.
caruosa, Harv 142
hamata, Harv 141
Myriodesma.
angustifolium, Kiitz 128
Nitopliylliim.
Curdieanum, Hai'v 151
Nizymenia.
australis, Sond 165
Phacelocarpus.
Labillardieri, /. Jg 163
Phyllospora.
comosa, Ag 153
PlatytJialia.
angustifolia, Sond 128
Polysiphonia.
byssoclados, Harv 154
Cladostephus, Mont 154
spinosissima, Harv 155
SYSTEMATIC INDEX TO VOL. III.
Plato
Polyzonia.
juiigermannioides, J. Ag. . . 171
Kliabdoiiia.
dendroides, Harv 152
globifcra, J. Ag 129
Bhodoraela.
spinulosa, Harv 130
Tiigeiiea, Harv 126
vedita, Harv 12G
Eliodymenia.
aiistralis, Soncl 146
elata, Harv 121
polymorpba, Harv 157
Sarconienia.
delesserioides, Soncl. 121
Sargassum.
decurrens, Ag 145
Vll
Plate
Scaberia.
Agardhii, Grev 164
Slrophysalis.
muricata, Kiitz 139
Solieria.
australis, Harv 149
Splicer ococcm.
australis, Kiitz 146
Labillardieri, Ag 163
Spyridia.
opposita, Harv , . . 156
Trigenea.
australis, Sond 126
Turbinaria.
gracilis, Sond 131
SYSTEMATIC INDEX TO VOL. III.
Seb. 1. MELANOSPERME^.
Plate.
Fam. FucacecB.
Sargassum decurrens 145
Turbinaria gracilis 131
Carpoglossum angustifolium .... 128
Carpoglossum confluens 159
Phyllospora comosa 153
Cystophora Brownii 169
Cystophora torulosa 123
Plate.
Cystophora uvifera 175
Cystopliyllum muricatum 139
Scaberia Agardhii 164
Hormosira Banksii 135
Fam. Dictyotacece.
Haliseris Muelleri 180
Ser. 2.
Fam. RhodomelacecB.
RHODOSPEEME^.
Martensia denticulata , .
Leveillea Schirpperi ....
Kuetzingia angusta ....
Dictymenia fraxinifolia . .
Sarcomeuia delesserioides
Acanthophora arborea . .
Ehodomela Trigenea . . . „
127
171
177
124
121
132
126
Ehodomela spinulosa 130
Chondria UmbeUula 147
Bostrychia mixta 176a
Bostrychia rivularis 176b
Polysiphonia Cladostephus .... 154
Polysiphonia spinosissima 155
Dasya Haffise 143
Dasya Feredayse 173
Dasya Wrangelioides. 174
vm
SYSTEMATIC INDEX TO VOL. III.
Plate
Fam. Laurenciacea .
Cladhymenia conferta 144
Delisea liypneoides 134
Laui'encia heteroclada 148
Fam. SphcBi'ococcoidea.
Delesseria dendroides 137
Delesseria coriifolia 150
Delesseria revoluta 170
Delesseria frondosa 179
Nitophyllum Curdieanum 151
Phacelocarpus Labillardieri .... 163
Fam. Heli)iinthoclade<s.
Liagora Cheyneana 162
Galaxaura marginata 136
Fam. Gelidiacece.
Acanthococcus Ewingii 141
Solieria australis 149
Nizymenia australis 165
Plate
Fam. RJiodymeniaceee.
Acropeltis elata 122
Ehodymenia australis ........ 146
Rliodymenia polymorpha 157
Rhabdonia globifera 129
Rhabdonia dendroides 152
Areschougia conferta 166
Fam. Cryptonemiaceee.
Mychodea carnosa 142
Chylocladia Muelleri 138
Horea fruticulosa 156
Halymeiiia saccata 133
Fam. Spyridiacea.
Spyridia opposita 158
t
Fam. Ceramiacea.
Crouania vestita 140
Ballia scoparia 168
Callitliamnion Grriffithsioides. . . . 160
See. 3. CHLOROSPERME^.
Fam. Siphonacece.
Caiderpa Sonderi 167
Caulerpa distichophylla 161
Caulerpa taxifolia 178
Caulerpa parvifolia 172
Halimeda incrassata 125
Ser. llHODOSPERMEiE. Fain, lihodomelacea.
Plate CXXL
SARCOMENIA DELESSERIOIDES, Sond.
Gen. Char. Frond flat and midribbed, or compressed, or terete, inarticu-
late, pinnately decompound or proliferous, carnoso-membranaceous,
composed of two strata of cells; the inner stratum of oblong, thick-
walled, gelatinous cells, in several rows ; the outer of a single row of
minute, coloured, vertical cellules. Fructification : 1, pedicellate,
thick-walled ceramidia, containing a tuft of branching spore-threads,
bearing pyriform spores ; 2, lanceolate sticJudia, containing tripartite
tetraspores in a single or double row. — Sarcomenia {Sond.), from
aap^jfiesh, and v/iT^y, a membrane.
Frons plana, costata ; v. compressa ; v. teres ; coutinua, pinnatim decomposita
V. e disco proUfera, straits diiobus contexta ; strata medullar'i ex cellidis mcifj-
nis odlor/ffis f/ellneis crassis, perip/ierico ex cellulis iuinutls coloratis serie slm-
plici dlspositis verticalibus evoluto. Fruct. : 1, ceramidia pedicellata intra
pericarpium crassmri ostiolo pertusnm sporas pyriformes infdis ramosis termi-
nates foventia ; 2, sticJudia lanceolata tetrasporas triangule divisas md-biseri-
atas continentia.
Sarcomenia delesserioides ; frond flat, midribbed, lanceolate or linear-
lanceolate, proliferously pinnate, decompound; pinnae and pinnules
opposite, springing from within the margin of the frond, attenuate
at each end ; ceramidia globose, stichidia lanceolate, simple or com-
pound, both scattered over the frond.
S. delesserioides ; //•o?2& />Z«raa costata lanceolata v. Uneari-lanceolata proli/ere
pinnatim-decomposita ; pinnis pinnidisque oppositis e disco enatis basi et apice
attenuatis ; ceramidiis globosis sticliidiisque lanceolatis simplicibus v. compo-
sitis per totam frondem dispersis.
Sarcomenia delesserioides, Sond. Bot. Zeit. 1845, |;. 56. PI. Preiss. v. 2.
p. 194. Harv. Alg. Exsic. Aiistr. n. 141 ; hut not Han. Ner. Austr. p. 21.
Mtz. Sp. Alg. p. 880. Harv. in Trans. R. I. Acad. v. 22. p. 537.
Var. a. latifolia ; pJiyllodils lato-lanceolatis. Harv. Trans. It. I. Acad. I. c.
Var. /3. \i\.nG\io\\?L; phyllodiis linear i-lanceolatis. Harv. I. c.
Var. y. cirrhosa ; phyllodiis angustissimis, supremis scepius cirrhiferis.
Harv. I. c.
Hab. Swan River, Preiss. Abundant at Garden Island, near Tre-
mantle; the three varieties, W.ILIL, G. Clifton. At Shortlands
Bluff, Port Pliillip, rare, JF. 11. IL
Geogr. Distr. Western and southern coasts of Australia.
Descr. Root a disc throwing out branching fibres. Fronds tufted, 1-3 feet
long, originating in an undivided, lanceolate pkyllodium, inches to 1-2
feet in length, and varying in width from 2 lines to 1^ inch. This pri-
mary frond is traversed by a more or less evident midrib, and emits, from
points always witliin the margin, numerous opposite pairs of similar fronds,
which form i\\Q primary pimice ; these emit secondari/, similar pinnae; and in
old specimens a third, and sometimes a fourth, series is similarly developed.
This proliferous branching is very constant ; the jirolifications springing
from the same points, and being almost constantly exactly opposite in their
insertion. Sometimes the ends of the branches, in narrow individuals, are
drawn out into long, clasping tendrils. Ceramidia thickly sprinkled over the
surface of the phyllodia, both primaiy and secondary globose, depressed at
the summit, raised on pedicels ^ a line long, and containing a large tuft of
pedicellate, pear-shaped spores. Stichidia also scattered, lanceolate, contain-
ing a double row of roundish tetraspores. Colour, while growing, a grey,
with iridescent tints, but rapidly changing in the air, or in fresh-water, to a
bright rosy-red, which latter tint is well preserved in drying. Substance
cartilaginous, at first crisp, very rapidly becoming flaccid, and in the course
of a few hours decomposing in fresh-water. In drying this plant adheres
strongly to paper.
This, the typical species of Sarcomenia, as ah'eady remarked
under S. hypneoides (Tab. XII.), varies extremely in breadth,
but scarcely in any other character. The broad-fronded indi-
vidual represented at Pig. 1 in our Plate, grew along with that
shown at Pig. 2, which, though narrow, is by no means the
narrowest that occurs. It has been chosen for illustration be-
cause it combines the general characters of the ordinary narrow
form, with the cirrhiferous extremities that particularly mark a
still more depauperated variety.
Some of the narrow -fronded specimens are very much branched,
resembling luxuriant states of Belesseria crassinervia, while the
broad-fronded approach in aspect Bel. coriifolia, — a rare species
of Western Australia that I formerly (Ner. Austr. p. 21) con-
founded with this plant. The resemblance to the Belesserice is
merely external, the structure of frond and characters of fruit
being widely different. In structure and fruit Sarcomenia com-
pletely agrees with Bhodomelacea, and may stand either near
Odonthalia or Dasi/a. An unfigured species [S. dasyoides) very
closely connects it with the latter genus.
Pig. 1. Sarcomenia delesserioides, var. a, latifolia. 2. Var. /8, passing
into var. y : — both tlie natural size. 3. Section, to show the cellular structure.
4. A ceraiuidium. 5. Spores from the same. 6. A stichidium. 7- -^
tetrasporc : — the latter figures variously mcujnijied.
TJulr,' CXKI!
»5in. •::.+. Orootib,
Ser. liHODOSPERMEiE. Fam. RkochjmeniaceeB.
Plate CXXII.
ACROPELTIS ELATA, Harv.
Gen. Char. Frond stipitate, flat, imperfectly midribbed below, dichotomo-
pinnatifid, distichous or proliferous; composed of three strata; the
medullary of very slender, longitudinal, closely packed filaments ; the
intermediate of roundish angular cells; the cortical of minute, verti-
cally seriated, coloured cellules. Fructification : ^ , cystocarps . . .?;
2, shield-like nemathecia, in the tips of the branches, containing cru-
ciate tetraspores. — Acropeltis {Mont.), from aKpo^, the summit, and
TreXrT], a small sldeld ; alluding to the shield-like, terminal nema-
thecia.
Trans stipitata, i^lana, inferne obsolete costata, dicJiotomo-pinnatifida, dictlcJia
V. prolifere ramosa, ex straits tribus formata ; stratum medullar e ex fills tenuis-
simis creberrimis lougitudinalibus, intermedium celluUs rotundato-angulatis,
corticate cellulis minimis coloratis verticaliter seriatis constitutum. Fructus :
1, cystocarpia ignota ; 2, nemathecia convexa, clypeifurmia, infra apicem fron-
dis evoluta, tetrasporas cruciatim divisasfoventia.
Acropeltis elata ; very tall, and much divided ; stem elongate, piano-
compressed, channelled when dry, branched ; branches prolonged into
multipartite, dichotomo-pinnate, rigidly membranaceous fronds ; rachis
flexuous ; segments narrow-linear, dichotomous, erecto-patent ; apices
obtuse ; axils rounded.
A. elata ; /;'o«(:/e longissima multipartita ; caide elongato plano-compresso costato
siccitate siibcanaliculato ramose ; ramis in frondes pergamenas inferne subcor-
datas dichotomo-pinnatas abeuntibus ; rachidefiexuosa ; laciniis alternis anguste
linearibus dichotomis erecto-patentibus ; apicibus obtusis ; axillis rotundatis.
Ehodymenia elata, Harv. in Trans. R. I. Acad. v. 23. p. 554; Alg. Austr.
Exsic. n. 378.
Hab. South coast of Rottnest Island, near the lighthouse, W. H. H.
Geogr. Distr. Western Australia.
Descr. Root a small disc. Fronds 2-2|^ feet high, very much divided, and the
old fronds irregularly proliferous. Stem 6-8 inches to a foot long, 1-1^
line wide, thickened or ribbed in the centre, irregularly branched. Branches
3 2-14 inches long, alternately bi-tripinnate, the pinnse and pinnules sub-
dichotomous, flexuous, the older ones imperfectly costate, all preserving
nearly an equal breadth of 1-H line. Margin quite entire, slightly thick-
ened. Apices obtuse, either rounded or emarginate. Nemathecia placed
immediately below the apices, conforming to the shape of the apex, con-
vex, containing cruciate tetraspores. Colour a clear, full red, inclining to
pui-ple ; the surface rather glossy when dry. Substance very rigid, horny,
membranaceous, enduring exposure or long immersion in fresh-water without
injury. In drying the frond does not adhere to paper.
The genus Acropeltis was founded by Montagne on a South
American species {A. Chilensis), which I have not seen ; to this
I formerly added the Austrahan A. phi/llojjjiora, and more re-
cently the present elegant plant. That these two Australian
species are congenerous I have no doubt, but whether they agree
generically with the American is a point as yet undecided.
Professor J. Agardh places Bhodi/menia australis, Sond., also in
Acropeltis ; but to me that appears to be a genuine species of
Khodijmenia. The same author refers the genus to the SplicBro-
coccoidece, a position which cannot be determined until the cysto-
carpic fruit of the typical species shall be discovered. In placing
Acropeltis provisionally in Wiodymeniacece, I am guided more
by external habit than by other considerations. Possibly, taking
into consideration the fibrous medullary stratum, it would be
better placed either in Gelidiacece or in CryptonemiacecB. The
structure of the cystocarp must be known before this point be
settled.
Fig. 1. Acropeltis elata, a branch, — the noiural size. 2. Apices, with ne-
mathecia. 3. Section tlu'ough a nematheclum. 4. A tetraspore. 5. Trans-
verse section through the frond : — these figures variously viagnified.
^LoU UAAIli
Ser. Melanospekme;e. Fam. Fucacece.
Plate CXXIIL
CYSTOPIIORA TORULOSA, /. a^.
Gen. Char. Root scutate. Fmicl pinnately decompound, dendroid, with
distinct stem, branches, and ramuliform leaves. Vesicles stipitate,
snnple, rarely absent. Receptacles pod-like, torulose or monihform,
developed in the ramuli. Scaphidia hermaphrodite. Spores obovoid.
— Cystophora (/. A(j), from /cvarc^, a bladder, and (jjopeco, to bear.
Badix scutata. Irons pinnathn decowposita, dendroidea, caule proprio, ramis
folusqiie ramtdiforviibns donata. Vesicidce stipitatce, simplices, raro defici-
entes. Receptacula siliqiKpformia, torulosa v. nodulosa, apice ramulorum evo-
luta. Scaphidia hermaphrodita.
Cystophoea torulosa; stem compressed, subsimple, alternately pinnate;
pinnse issuing from the flattened side of the stem, bent downwards at
their insertion, short ; pinnules crowded, subfasciculate, subsimple,
converted into torulose, club-shaped receptacles ; vesicles roundish-
elliptical.
C. torulosa ; caule compresso simpliciuscido alterne pinmto ; pinnis a latere
piano cauhs egredientibus retrofractis ; pinnulis subfasciculatim approximatis
simplicmsculis m receptacula clavaformia torulosa abeuntibus; vesiculis spluB-
7'ico-ellipsoideis. J. Ag.
Cystophora torulosa, J. Ag. Sp. Alg. p. 243. Harv, in Hook. M. K Zeal.
V. 2. p. 314 ; Rook. FL Tasm. v. 2. p. 283.
Blossevillea torulosa, Dene. Arch. Mus. v. 11. p. 147. Kutz Sv Ala
p. 628. • I- J-
Cystoseira torulosa, Ag. Sp. Alg. p. 76 ; Syst. p. 290. A. RicJi. M. N.
Zeal. p. 139.
Fucus torulosa, R. Br. in Turn. Hist. Inc. <!. 157.
Hab. On rocks near low-water mark. Kent Islands, Br. R. Brown.
Western Port, Victoria, W. H. H. Common in Tasmania, Gunn, etc.
"West coast of New Holland,'' /^e Mus. Paris.
Geogr. Distr. Southern coasts of Austraha, Tasmania, New Zealand.
Descr. Root a callus. Fronds several from the same base, 12-18 inches
long, compressed, rounded at the edge, simple or alternately branched,
beset throughout with short, alternate, horizontal branchlets, issuing from
the flattened side of the stem or primary branches, and deflexed at their
insertion. BrancJdets (or pijinie) 2 inches long, flexuous, alternately tu-
bercled at the base, very closely ramuliferous ; the ultimate ramifications
{ox pinnules) subfasciculate, simple or forked, linear-clavieform, very obtuse,
afterwards mostly changed into receptacles. Vesicles solitary, pedicellate,
near the base of the branchlets, obovate-elliptical, rauticous, 5-6 lines long,
2-3 in diameter. Receptacles simple or forked, torulose, blunt, |— 1 inch
long, \\ line in diameter, very abundant. Colour a dark olive-brown,
turning black in drying. Substance coriaceous, hard and somewhat brittle
when dry. It does not adhere to paper.
A common littoral species of Bass's Straits, at both sides of
the Channel, and on the Islands. It frequently grows in tide-
pools, and is then much dwarfed, and apt to become extremely
bushy from the enormous development of short crowded rarauli.
It is readily known from others of the genus by its robust,
club-shaped, and imperfectly constricted, obtuse receptacles. I
have not seen any specimens from the west coast.
Fig. 1. Cystophoka TORULOSA ; a branch, — the natural size. 2. Eeceptacles,
and a vesicle ; somewhat magnified.
"''<xte CXKj
Ser. IIhodospeeme^. Fam. RkodomelacecB.
Plate CXXIV.
DICTYMENIA FRAXINIFOLTA, Harv.
Gen. Char. Frond flat, membranaceous, midribbed, alternately decom-
pound, pinnatifid or rarely foliiferous, areolate ; the medullar^/ cells
large, twelve-sided, colourless, transversely set ; the cortical minute,
irregular, coloured. Fructification : 1, ovate, stipitate ceramidia,
containing a tuft of pear-shaped spores ; 2, simple or branched sfi-
ckidia, containing tripartite tetraspores. — Dictymenia (Grev.), from
StfCTVov, a net, and vixr^v, a membrane, because the membrane appears
areolated (under a low mngnifyhig power).
Frons plana, memhranacea,co8tata,alterne decompoHita, pinnatifida v. rarofolii-
fera, areolata ; strata mednllari ex cellulis magnis Jiyalinis dodecahedris
transversim ordiuatis, corticati ex cellulis mintitis coloratis irregularibus
formato. Frtict. : 1 , ceramidia pedicellata ; stichidia propria, simplicia v.
raiHOsa, tetrasporas \-2-seriatastriangide divisas foventia.
Dictymenia fraxinifolia ; stem cylindrical, thick and rigid, branched,
the branches bearing leaves; leaves {p//j/llodia) oblong, obtuse at
each end, midribbed and closely penninerved, sharply serrulate ;
nerves setigerous, midrib serrated; stichidia linear, simple or com-
pound, mucronate, borne on the nerves.
D. fraxinifolia ; caule cylindraceo crasso diiro ramoso, ran/is foliiferis, foliis
(pliyllodds) ohlongis basi et apice obtusis costatis et creberrime peuninerviis
argute serrulatis, nervis setigeris, coda serrata, stickidiis linearibus Jtuicronatis
simplicibus compositisve e nereis euatis.
Dictymenia fraxinifolia, Harv. in Trans. R. I. Acad. v. 22. p. 538.
Epineuron fraxinifolia m, Harv. MSS. K'utz. Sp. Alg. p. 849.
Amansia fraxinifolia, Ag. Syst. Alg. p. 247-
Delessekia fraxinifolia, Grev. Syn. p. xlvii.
Fucus fraxinifolius, Mert. Tarn. Hist. t. 193.
Hab. Hottnest Island, Western Australia, W. H. H., G. Clifton.
Geogr. Distr. Peninsula of India, and Ceylon. Western Australia.
Descr. Root a hard, knobby disc or bulb. Stem (formed out of the thickened
and denuded midrib of a primordial phyllodiura) 3-6 or 8 inches long,
\ line to 1|^ line in diameter, very rigid, woody when dry, simple or irre-
gularly branched, the branches more or less winged with the remains of a
dilapidated lamina. Leaves either continuous with the branches, or spring-
ing irregularly from their sides, 3-6 inches long, f-1 inch wide, rigidly
membranous, undulate or much curled, linear-oblong, very obtuse at each
end, sharply lacero-serrate throughout, midribbed and closely penninerved
with slender, parallel, patent veins. The midrib is serrated at back, and
the veins generally rough with proliferous processes, some of which are
converted into fruit. Young leaves always spring from the midribs of the
older. The cystocarps are unknown. Stichidia are abundantly borne on
the nerves : they are narrow-linear, mucronate, simple or proliferously com-
pound, containing a double row of vertically flattened tetraspores. The
surface-cellules are minute ; the areolations, seen under a moderate lens, are
indicative of the large central cells of the frond. Colour, when recent, a
very deep full red, slightly purplish ; when dry red-brown or brown. Sub-
stance very crisp and rigid. It does not in the least adhere to paper in
drying.
A rare species, and interesting as one of the few Bidymeiiice
that are found within the tropical as well as temperate zones.
It was first described by Turner, from an East Indian specimen,
preserved in Vahl's herbarium, and, more recently, it has been
gathered by Dr. Wight, on the Madras coast, and by myself on
the south coast of Ceylon. But none of the Indian specimens
that I have seen approach in size and beauty to those found in
Western Australia. The cystocarpic fruit is still a desideratum \
the stichidia are very commonly found.
Fig. 1, DiCTYMENiA FRAXINIFOLIA, — the natural size. 2. Section through the
lamina. 3. Portion of the surface of the lamina, showing the serrated
margin, and the stichidia rising from the nerves. 4. A stichidium. 5. A
tetraspore : — the latter figures variously vmgnijied.
nail U
Ser. CiiLouosPERME^. Tarn. Sipltonacece.
Plate CXXV.
HALIMEDA INCRASSATA, Lain.v.
Gen. Char. Boots fibrous, much branched. Frond dendroid, articulato-
constrictedj with flattened internodes (or articulations), coated with a
calcareous crust, and composed internally of a plexus of longitudinal,
subparallel, unicellular, branching filaments. — Haltmeda {La7iiour.),
from one of the Nereids.
Radix fbrom, ramosissima. Frons dendroidea, articidato-constricta, internodus
(articidisve) plauiuscuUs, crustd calcared C07'ticata, intiis ejilis lontjitudinalibus
mbparallelis intertextis unicellularihus ramosis eomposita.
IIalimeda incrassata ; frond subsolitary, erect, flabeUiform, distichously
much branched ; articulations thickened, the lowest compresso-terete,
quadrate; the medial cuneate; the upper compressed, obscurely re-
pando-crenate, or oblong and moniliform.
H. incrassata ; fronde suhsolitaria erecta flahdliformi disticlie ramosissima, arti-
culis incrassatis, inferiorihus compresso-teretihus quadratis, mediis cmieatis oh-
lovgisve, snperioribus nunc repaitdo-crenatis nunc obloncjis ad genicula monili-
formiter constrictis.
Halimeda incrassata, Lamx. Exp. Meth.p. 25; Polyp, p. 307. Kiitz. Sp.
Alg.p. 504. Harv. Ner. Bor. Amer.pars 3. p. 24.
Halimeda monilis, Lamx. I.e. Kiitz. Sp. p. 505.
Flabellauia incrassata, Lamarck, An. Mus. v. 20. p. 302.
CoRALLiNA incrassata, Mils et Sol. 2}. 111. t. 20 d.
CoRALLiNA monilis, Mlis et Sol. p. 110. t. 20 C.
Hab. On (dead) coral reefs. Albany Island, tropical Australia. Dr.
Ferd. Milller.
Geogr. Distr. Coramon on the coral reefs of the tropical Pacific. West Indies.
Keys of Florida.
Descr. Root, a compact, intricately interwoven mass of slendei-, branching fibres,
as large as a pigeon's egg, or larger. Frond solitary, or tAvo or three from
the same base, 4-8 inches high, fiabelliform in outline, fastigiate, snbtricho-
tomously branched or polychotomous, all the branches and their divisions
erect, gradually attenuated towards the extremities. Articulations very
thick, quadrate or oblong, or the medial obscurely cuneate, the lowest most
terete, the upper more compressed ; the lowest 3-4 lines in breadth, the
upper 1-2 lines, the very uppermost scarcely a line broad. The uppermost
ramnli are sometimes bead-sliaped, with much contracted nodes ; sometimes
flattened, and a little separate. Colour, when growing, a yellowish-green.
becoming pale in the herbarium, and chalky-white if exposed to the elements.
Substance stony, calcareous ; the tissues containing much lime.
Specimens of this species were collected by Dr. Mueller
cluriug Mr. Gregory's expedition to North Australia; but our
figure is drawn from one gathered by myself at the Eriendly
Islands in the Pacific. It is a characteristic and common plant
on coral rocks within the tropics of both hemispheres, growing
on the upper surface of the reef, where the coral is dead and
covered with sand and debris. The matted roots sink deep in
the sand, and take a firm grip on the indurated matter below.
A second species of Halimeda {H. macroloha, Dene.) occurs in
Western Australia ; and no doubt //. Optmtia will yet be found
on the northern or north-western coast. H. incrassata is readily
known from both these by its thicker substance, and much nar-
rower articulations ; the ends of the branches often extending
like fingers or toes.
Fig. 1. Halimeda incrassata, — the natural size.
Fiate CXXVJ.
Ser. Ehodosperme^. Earn. Rhodomelace<B.
Plate CXXVI.
RHODOMELA TRIGENEA, iiarv.
Gen. Char. Frond terete, dendroid^ inarticulate, solid, coated with minute
polygonal cellules; the axis articulated, polysiphonous. Fructifica-
tion : 1, ovate ceramidia containing a tuft of pear-shaped spores ; 2,
tetraspores lodged in swollen ramuli or in pod-like stichidia, in a sin-
gle or double row. — Ehodomela {Ag.), from poSeo'i, red, and fjueXwi,
hlach ; because these plants become darker in drying.
Fro7is teres, dendroldea, htarticulata, solida, cellulis minidis pohj(/onis cortlcala ;
axi articulato polyslphonio. Fritct. : 1, ceramidia ovata, sporas pedicellatas
fasciculatas pyriformes fove)dia ; 2, tetrasporce trlangide divlsae, in ramidis
immersce v. in stichidiis propr'ds evolutce.
Ehodomela. Trigenea ; frond tall, very thick and rigid, slightly branched,
branches subsimple, densely beset on all sides with short, setaceous,
acute, subsimple, rigid, fascicled, patent ramuli; ceramidia globose,
sessile on the sides of the ramuli.
E,. Trigenea ; fronde elata crassismna r'ujida parcissime ramosa, ram is simpUcitis-
culis undique densissime ramidis obsessis, ramidis quaquaversum egredientibus
brevihus setaceis aciitis simpUcibus v. vix ramosis rigidis fascicidatis patenti-
bus, ceramidiis globosis ad ramulorum latera sessilibus.
Trigenea australis, /JomJ. in Bot. Zeit. 1845, j?. 54. PI. Preiss. v. 2. p. 181.
Harv. Ner. Auslr.p. 37. Kiltz. Sp. Alg. p. 841. Harv. in Trans. R. I.
Acad. V. 22. p. 538.
Ehodomela vestita, Harv. MSS. in Herb. (1838).
IIab. Cast ashore. Fremantle, Bac/c/iouse, Preiss, G. Clifton, W. H. H.,
South Australia, Dr. Citrdie. Port Phillip Heads, Dr. F. Miiller.
Geogii. Distr. West and south coasts of Australia.
Descr. Root ? Trond 12-16 inches long, \\-l lines in diameter, very opaque,
dividing irregularly into 8-4 branches, or simply forked, with wide rounded
axils. Brandies 6-8 inches long, tlexuous or incurved, simple or emitting
one or more shorter, lateral, secondary branches, densely clothed throughout
with short, subsimple, fascicled ramuli. Ramuli 6-8 lines long, setaceous,
spreading to all sides, horizontally patent or squarrose, simple or with one
or two lateral branchlets, or forking, quite opaque, with minute surface-cel-
lules, acute, tapering at base. Ceramidia globose, sessile on the sides of
the ramuli, a short distance below the apex, which is then incurved, aiu!
forms a sort of bract to the ceramidium. Colour a tlark, full red, b(;comiu^•
brownish in drying. Substance very rigid, horny when dry, in which state
tlie plant does not adhere to paper.
My first acquaintance with this plant was from a specimen
given me in 1838 by Mr. James Backhouse, and I then placed
it, unhesitatingly, in the genus Mhodomela ; but did not publish
it with a name. Afterwards, in 1845, Sonder described it, from
Preiss's specimens, under the name Trigenea australis, which
name I adopted in the 'Nereis.' Lastly, in 1854, having col-
lected personally, and received from Mr. Clifton, Dr. Curdie,
and Dr. Mueller, more perfect specimens, I return to my earlier
opinion, and replace it among the Rhodomela, retaining Sonder's
name " Trigenea " for the species. So far as the fructification
is known, it agrees with Rhodomela, and there is nothing in
structure or habit which compels us to put it in a different
genus. The multiplication of generic groups which have no
strongly marked limits, is one of the banes of modern botany.
Eig 1. Ehodomela Trigenea, — the natural size. 3. A ramulus, with cerami-
dium. 3. Cross section of the ramulus : — the latter figures variously mag-
nified.
Rm ami.
Ser. RiiODOSPERME^. Fam. llhodonidacece .
Plate CXXVII.
, MARTENSIA DENTICULATA, iiarv.
Gen. Char. Frond substipitate or sessile, membranous, nerveless, fringed
(at maturity) with an open network, formed of vertical and horizon-
tal anastomosing bars and cross-bars. Frnctlfcation : 1, ceramidla,
containing, within a membranous pericarp, a dense tuft of pear-shaped
spores; 2, tetraspores, usually lodged in the cross-bars of the net-
work. — Martensia [Hering], in honour of Professor Martens, of
Brussels.
Frons substijntata v. sessilis, memhranacea, enervis, areolata, infra marginer/i (m
cetate rnajorej clatlirato-fenedrata ; reticido ex trabecuUs vertlcalibus et ho-
rizontalihusforinato. Fr?ict.:l, cermnidia ; 2, tetrasporce triangule d'mscB,
in laminis vertlcalibus reticuU immersa.
Martensia denticulata ; fronds sessile, tufted, delicately membranaceous,
repeatedly dichotomous; segments cuneate, the uppermost very often
flabelliform ; margin curled and denticulate ; upper margin of the
network ciliate, dentate or lobulate, the lobules at length elongate
and fenestrate.
M. denticulata ; frondibus sessilibus ccespitosis temussime membranuceis repetite
dichotomis, laciniis cimeatis nllimis non raro jiabelliformibus, margine crispato
detdiculato, reticido apice ciliato, deuticulato v. lobato, lobulis deinum elon-
gatis feuestratisque.
Martensia denticulata, Harv. in Trans. R. I. Acad. v. 22. p. 537. Harv.
Alg. Austr. Fxsic. n. 113.
Hab. On rocks and Algse, at extreme low-water mark. Garden Island,
Rottnest Island, Eremantle ; frequently cast ashore in winter, JF. H. II.
G. Clifton.
Geogr. Distr. Western Australia.
Descr. Root discoid. Fronds densely tufted, quite sessile, 2-3 iuclies long,
as much in expansion, repeatedly forked, with rounded but narrow axils,
fastigiate ; the segments linear-cuneate, the uppermost often obovate or
orbicular. Margin wavy, irregularly but sharply denticulate, rarely suben-
tire or remotely toothed. Netioork gradually formed at the end of the
branches, finally extending about \ or f down their length, composed of
very slender vertical and horizontal bars ; the uppermost margin toothed
or ciliate ; the teeth, in old specimens, frequently lengthen into small linear
lobes, which sometimes bear secondary networks at their apices. The ra-
mification of the frond is very variable, and so is the proportion of the divi-
sions to each other. Ceramidia (very rare) sessile on the network, ovate-
urceolate, with a prominent orifice. Tetraspores abundantly formed on
the bars of the network, spherical, ternately parted. Colour variable ac-
cording to the age or freshness of the specimen ; when quite fresh it is
greenish-purple, reflecting iridescent tints ; on exposure, or in fresh-water,
it rapidly assumes a brighter red, and sometimes becomes rosy or blood-
red. Substance very delicate, soon decomposing in fresh- water. In drying
the frond closely adheres to paper.
This delicately-beautiful Alga is by no means rare at Rott-
nest Island, after winter gales, being cast up on most of the
sandy beaches to the west of the pilot's house. It grows on
rocks, just below low-water mark, at the little cove called " Bag-
dad," and elsewhere.
As a species, it is readily known from the other Australian
kinds by its toothed or ciliate margin, and by the dark, often
livid colour, when fresh. It is also of thinner substance, and
more densely tufted than the others. Indeed, it is much more
nearly allied to the Ceylon M. fragilis than to the Australian
species, and perhaps it may not always be clearly distinguish-
able from that plant. Generally the margin and colour define
it, but specimens sometimes occur in which the toothing is
obsolete and the colour bright. I have not seen it forming glo-
bular tufts, as II. fragilis does ; but such a character is hardly
specific, and the external form is so varied in different speci-
mens from the same beach, that it gives us little aid.
Fig. 1, 2, 3, different varieties of Mautensia denticulata, — the natural size.
4. Portion of the lamina, showing the toothed margin, and part of a net-
work. 5. Small portions of a network, bearing tetraspores on the longi-
tudinal bars. 6. Tetraspores 2« s«7«. 7. Surface-cells from the basal por-
tion of the frond : — the latter figures variously vuujnijied.
cxniir
Ser. Melanosperme.e. Fam. Fncacea.
Plate CXXVIII.
CARPOGLOSSUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM, ./. A^.
Gen. Char. Root discoid. Frond with subdistinct stem and leaves, pin-
nate; leaves vertically flattened, imperfectly costate. Vesicles and
receptacles none. Spore-cavities scattered over both surfaces of the
leaves, hemispherically prominent, monoecious. Paranemata simple. —
Carpoglossum [Kutz.),ivoxa Kapiro'^, fruit, q\\& >y\a>aaa, a tongue;
because the fruit-bearing leaves are tongue-shaped.
Radix scutata. Frons caule a foliis subdistincto heterogenea, piunatim decom-
posita ; phyllodiis verticaUter applanatis, immerse costatis. Receptacida pro-
pria et vesicidcB nullcB. Scaphidia in utraque pagina foliorum sparsa, hemi-
sphcerice prominentia, monoica. Sporce obovoidece, subsessiles. Paranemata
simpliciiiscula.
Carpoglossum angustifolinm ; frond laxly pinnated ; stem two-edged,
broader than the patent pinnatifid phyllodia; pinnules linear, very
entire, obtuse ; spore-cavities in a double row.
C. angustifolium ; fronde laxinscnle pinnata ; caule ancipiti, phjllodiis paten-
tibus pinnatifidis latiore ; laciniis linearibus integerrimis obtiisis, scaphidiis
biseriatis.
Carpoglossum angustifolium, /. Ag. Sp. Alg. v. I. p. 194. Harv. Alg. Aiistr.
Exsic. n. 39. Harv. in Trans. R. I. Acad. v. 23. p. 534.
Platythalia angustifolia, Sand. Bat. Zeit. 1845. p. 51. Alg. Preiss, v. 2.
p. 158.
Myriodesma angustifolium, Kiitz. Sp. Alg. p. 588.
IIab. Western Australia, Preiss, Mylne. At Cape Riche, W.H.H.
Geogk. Distr. Western and south-western coasts of Australia.
Descr. Root a bulbous mass, emitting stout fibres. Stems many from the same
base, 2-3 feet long, 2-2^ lines wide, nearly equally broad throughout, two-
edged or flat, with a thickening or rib in the middle, slightly zigzag, naked
below for several inches, or a foot or more above the base, thence to the
summit regularly pinnate or l)ipinnate; the general outline lanceolate or
ovato-lanceolate. PinntB alternate, issuing from the sharp edge of the
stem, erecto-patent, \-l\ inch apart, deeply pinnatifid or bipimiatifid,
with linear, entire lacinia3, l-l-^ Hne wide, 1-1 1 inch long, very obtuse.
Receptacles formed from the lacinia^ or pinnules, not much altered or swollen,
but pierced with a double row of pores, under which are placed the spore-
cavities. Spores elliptical. Colour a deep brownish-olive, becoming black
in the herbarium. Substance coriaceous when fresh, brittle when dry. It
does not adhere to paper in drying.
This fucoid, so far as known, is limited to Western Australia,
but found from one end of the colony to the other. A glance
at the figure is sufficient to show how readily it may be known
from C. quercifolium (Plate XLIIL), the only other West Austra-
lian species ; and it is still less like C. confluens, the East Austra-
lian species. As already noticed under Plate XLIIL, the genus
Carpoglossum is scarcely distinct, on the one side from Myrio-
desma, and on the other from Fucodiimi ; or indeed from Fucus.
Pig. 1. Carpoglossum angustifolium, — the natural size. 3. A receptacle,
or fertile pinnule. 3. Cross section, showing two spore-cavities {scaphidia),
and spores in situ. 4. A spore : — the latter figures variously magnified.
Flatt CIXII.
JSP^J^OOiiS ^L-u*,
Ser. RnoDOSPERMEiE. Fam. Rhodymeniacem.
Plate CXXIX.
RHABDONIA? GLOBIFERA, /. 4/.
Gen. Char. Frond filiform, decompound, imperfectly tubular; tube partly
filled with longitudinal, branching and anastomosing filaments ; peri-
pheric stratum composed of polygonal cellules, smaller toward the cir-
cumference. Fructification: 1, conceptacles immersed in the branches,
suspended among the axial filaments, and enclosed in a network of
filaments, containing moniliform strings of spores, radiating from a
central placenta; 2, zonate tetraspores dispersed through the super-
ficial stratum. — Rhabdonia {Harv.), from pa^So^, a tioig ; in allusion
to the twiggy ramification of the species.
Fronsfiliformis, decomposite ramosa,tuhulosa ; tubo fills longitudinalibus ramosis
anastomosantibus percurso ; strata per ipherico ex cellulis angulatis siiperficiem
versus minoribus contexto. Fruct. : 1, cystocarpia infra stratum periphericum
suspensa, reticulo fitorimi velata, carpostomio demum wperta, fila sporifera
moniliformia a placenta centrali emissa continentia ; 2, tetrasporce zonatim
divisa, per ramos minores sparsce, immersee.
Rhabdonia globifera ; frond terete, sparingly branched ; branches virgate,
densely beset on all sides with obovate, saccate ramuli.
R. globifera ; fronde terete crass'mscula simpliciuscula vet parce ramosa ; ramis
virgatis 7'amuUs obovatis saccatis undique densissime obsessls.
EnABDONiA? globifera, /. Ag. Sp. Alg. v. 2. p. 355 ? {exct. syn. plur.).
Fucus globiferus, Lamour. in Herb. Faris. ?, fide J. Jg. I. c.
Hab. Coasts of New Holland, Herh. Paris. Near Fremantle, Western
Australia, G. Clifton.
Geogr. Distu. West coast of Australia.
Descr. Root a bulbous tubercle. Stems two or more from the same base, 6
inches high, \ a line in diameter, simple or alternately or vaguely branched ;
the branches erecto-patent, quite simple, virgate, the younger parts con-
stricted at the nodes. Both stem and branches are densely beset on all
sides with subhorizontal, imperfectly whorled, obovate, saccate, very obtuse
ramuli, 2-3 lines long, and nearly 1 line in diameter. These ramuli are
membranous, and filled with more or less densely interwoven, anastomosing,
longitudinal filaments ; the membrane consists of a single row of quadrate
or oblong, coloured cells. The stem has a similar structure, but more dense,
and its periphery is formed of two or more rows of cells. The fruit is
unknown. The colour is a very dark brownish-red, turning darker in
drying. The suhstance is rigid, and the plant scarcely adheres to paper in
drying.
Under Plate X. of Vol. I. {Clirysymenia obovata), I have
quoted, from Professor J. Agardh, several synonyms, two of
which I now wish to transfer to the present Alga, which I sup-
pose may be the true " Bhabdonia (jloUfera " of Agardh. It
has externally a habit strikingly like some of the smaller and
denser specimens of Cli. obovata, but its cellular structure is
widely different ; and in this latter character it seems to agree
with the plant described by Agardh from the Paris Herbarium.
Whether that be the plant figured by Lamom'oux under the
name " Gigart'ina ovata" is uncertain ; his figure will serve for
either plant, and, of the two, bears a greater resemblance to
Bonder's Chrysymenia obovata than to the subject of the present
Plate. Thus much is certain : there are at least tivo plants
confounded under Rhabdouia globifera of Agardh. One of
them is CUrys. obovata, Sond. ! (our Plate X.) ; the other may be
wdiat is here figured, or if not, must be a closely aUied species of
similar structure and habit.
My figure is drawn from a single specimen sent to me by
Mr. Clifton, and preserved in the Dubhn University Herbarium.
It seems to be of very rare occurrence, whereas Ch. obovata is
a very common plant both in Western Austraha and along the
south coast as far as Bass's Straits.
The habit of B. globifera is peculiar in the genus Rhabdonia,
and in this respect it agrees better with Erythrocloniim., but it
wants the central axile filament characteristic of that genus. It
may perhaps be a matter for future decision whether the. genera
Areschougia, Rhabdonia, and Erythroclonium, ought not to be
united under a common name and character. Areschougia se-
doides (Plate CXVII.) and the present plant bring the three
groups almost together.
rig. 1. Ehabdonia? globifera, — tlie natural size. 2. End of a yonng branch,
with whorled rarauli. 3. Cross section of a ramulus. 4. Semi-sectioa
across the stem : — the latter figures variously rnagnijied.
Flau CMl
Viiicsnt HrKyiTS, ]irqp
8er. liiiODOSPERME^. Fam. Uhodowelucea.
Plate CXXX.
RHODOMELA? SPINULOSA, Haw.
Gen. Chae. Frond terete, dendroid, inarticulate, solid, coated with minute
polygonal cellules; the axis articulated, polysiphonous. Fructifica-
tion : 1, ovate ceramidia containing a tuft of pear-shaped spores ; 2,
tetraspores lodged in swollen ramuli or in pod-like stichidia, in a sin-
gle or double row. — Ehodomela [Ag.), from poBeo^, red, and /xe\a9,
lilac^ ; because these plants become darker in drying.
Frons teres, dendroidea, iuarticulata, solida, cellulis minidis polygonis corticata ;
axi articulato, polysiphonio. Fruct.: 1, ceramidia ovata, sporas pedicellatas
fascicidatas pyriformes foventia ; 3, tetrasporce triangide divisce, in ramulis
immersae v. in stickidiis propriis evoluta.
Ehodomela apinulosa ; frond robust, dendroid, decompoundly much-
branched J branches and ramuli erecto-patent, spreading to all sides,
vaguely divided ; ramuli short, spine-like, scattered ; ceramidia ter-
minal.
R. spinulosa ; fronde crassa dendroidea decomposite ramosissima ; raniis ramu-
lisque erecto-patentibus quoquoversiim sistentibiis vage divisis ; raimdis brevibus
spinaformibus sparsis; ceramidiis ramulos terminantibus.
Alsidium? spinulosum, Harv. Alg. Austr. Exsic. n. 138.
Hab. Cast ashore from deep water. Garden and Eottnest Islands, near
Fremantle, and on the shore at Cape Eiche, W. II. H.
Geogr. Distr. Western and south-western coasts of Australia.
Descr. Root? Frond 10-12 inches long, very much branched, and bushy,
tree-like, with a robust, deliquescent stem, nearly a line in diameter at base,
gradually tapering upwards, and breaking up above into many slender
branches. The ramification is very irregular, in no part pinnate or dicho-
tomous, and more inclining to a subspiral, alternate division than to any
other. The branches spring from all sides of the stem, and are directed
every way ; they are 3-4 times decompound, and set at short intervals with
spine-like ramuli. Ramuli 1-2 lines long, erecto-patent, subulate, acute, quite
simple. Conceptacles rare, ovate, terminating the ramuli. Stichidia unknown.
Every part of the plant, when examined under the microscope, is opaque
and coated with small, oblong cellules ; but in the dried frond, viewed un-
der a pocket-lens, there is a faint appearance of transverse striae in the younger
branches and ramuh. A transverse section shows fom- large tubes surround-
ing the axile cell, and filled with dispersed granules ; and a coating of
similar but smaller cells of variable thickness surrounds these, and connects
them with the coloured, peripheric cellules. The colour, when fresh, is a
dull brownish-red ; becoming much darker and browner in drying. The
substance is rigid, and the frond adheres very imperfectly to paper in di-ying.
A coarse-growing, rigid plant, very subject to be overgrown
by parasites, and especially by a crustaceous species of Melobesia,
which sometimes invests every twig and ramulus in a calcareous
sheath. I formerly placed it in Alsidium, judging more by ex-
ternal marks than by any positive character ; but on reconsidera-
tion there seems no valid reason (the fruit being unknown) why
it should not be placed in Bhodomela, with which the habit and
structure sufficiently agree. The peculiarly short, subulate ra-
muh, and an imperfectly seen transverse striolation, had formerly
induced me to refer it to Alsidium. The genus to which it truly
belongs cannot positively be known till its tetrasporic fruit shall
be found.
It is not uncommon in Western Australia.
Fig. 1. Ehodomela? spinulosa, — the natural size. 2. A small branch, — slightly
magnified. 3. Hamuli from the same. 4. Transverse section of branch : —
more highly magnified.
/^^ CIa7
Ser. Melanosperme^. Fnm. Fiicacea.
Plate CXXXI.
TURBINARIA GRACILIS, Sond.
Gen. Char. Root branching. Frond alternately decompound, with dis-
tinct stem, vesicles, and receptacles ; the leaves confluent with the
vesicles. Leaf-vesicles stipitate, turbinate, crowned with a peltate
lamina. Recejitacles pod-like, toruloso-verrucose, dichotomously
branched, axillary. Scaiplddia dioecious? Spores obovoid. — TuR-
BiNARiA [Lamour.), from turbo, ' a top / from the top-shaped vesicles.
Radix ramosa. Frons alterne decomposita, cmde propria, ramis, vesicidis re-
cejdaculisque donata ; foliis cum vesicidis conjiuentibus. Folia vesiculata
stipitata, ttirbinata, lamina peltatd horizontali apice coronata. Eeceptactda
siUqucsformia, toruloso-veri'ticosa, dicltotome ramosa, axillaria. Scaphidia
dioica ? Sporce ohovoidea.
TuRBiNARiA gracilis ; branches slender, reflexed at their insertion ; vesi-
cles obconical or subglobose, obtuse at the apex, crowned with a
wide, irregularly toothed lamina ; receptacles much branched.
T. gracilis ; ramis gracilibus retrofiexis ; foliis vesicidosis obconicis spharicisque
apice obtuso membrana lata vage dentata coronatis ; receptaculis axillaribus
ramosis.
TuRBiNARiA gracilis, Sond. in Bat. Zeit. 1845,^9. 52. PI. Preiss. v. 2. p.
165. /. Jg. Sp. Jig. v. 1. p. 268.
Hab. Western Australia, Preiss, Mylne.
Geogr. Distr. Western Australia.
Descr. Root and stem not known. Brandies 12-18 inches long, slender, terete,
rough with remains of broken ramuli, and furnished in the upper half with
several lesser branches, or ramuli. Ramuli 3-5 inches long, retroflexed at
their insertion, patent, simple, set throughout with leaf-vesicles in alter-
nately spiral order. Vesicles on pedicels 2-3 lines long, obconical or
swollen, and then subspherical, covered with prominent glands, and crowned
round the naked summit with a broadish, more or less toothed or laciniate,
peltate lamina. Receptacles springing from the stipes of the vesicle, a short
way from the axil, much branched ; the branches spreading, forked, obtuse,
torulose. Colour olivaceous when recent, turning very dark when dry.
Substance coriaceous, rather brittle when dry. It does not adhere to paper.
Whether this be a true species, or merely an attenuated form
of the T. vulgaris, is a point which I leave undecided. The
retroflexed insertion of the branches, noticed by Sonder, is not
more striking in this plant than in large, deep-water specimens
of T, vulgaris. Indeed, except in the slenderness of all parts,
and in the sub-distant and laxly inserted leaf-vesicles, I find no
absolute distinctive characters.
The T. vulgaris has not yet been recorded as Australian, but
it probably will be found on the northern or north-western
coasts, or on the great coral reefs of the north-east. Our T.
gracilis seems to be very rare. I am indebted to Herr Binder,
Biirgermeister of Hamburg, for the specimen here figured,
which is larger and in better condition than earlier specimens
given to me by Dr. Lemann. Mr. Clifton has not as yet sent
this plant.
Fig. 1. TuKBlNARiA GRACILIS, — the natural size. 2. One of the lecif-vesicles,
bearing a tuft of fruit, on its pedicel : — magnified.
:xmi
Scr. RiiODOSPRiiMRTK. Yam. Jlhodomelacem.
Plate CXXXII.
ACANTHOPHORA AUBOREA, Harv.
Gen. Char. Frond filiform, cartilaginous, irregularly decompound, opaque,
coated with small, polygonal, irregularly placed cellules ; axis articu-
lated, polysiplionous. Hamuli short, spine-like, acute, inserted on all
sides. Fructification : 1, urceolate ceramidia, containing within a cel-
lular pericarp a tuft of pear-shaped spores ; 2, tripartite tetraspores,
lodged in globose, sessile sticJddia. — Acanthophora [Lamour.), from
UKavOa, a thorti, and (^opeoa, to hear ; alluding to the spine-like
ramuli.
FronsfiUforniis, cartilaginea, vage ramosa, opaca, cellulis minutis polygonis irre-
gularibu-s corticata ; axi polysiphonio. Ramuli spinaformes, acuti, undiqtie
inserta. Frud. : 1, ceramidia; 2, sticJiidia globosa, sessilia, tetrasporas tri-
angule partitas foventia.
AcANTHOPHOiiA arhorea ; frond tree-like, robust, decompoundly much
branched ; primary branches long, tapering upwards, laterally much
branched ; secondary branches short, dichotomo-multifid, the ramuli
very short, spinulous ; spines subulate, fasciculate, inserted on all
sides and imbricating ; ceramidia subterminal, pedunculate, ovate.
A. arborea ; fronde dendroidea incrassata decomposite ramosissima ; ramis pri-
viai'iis elongatis versus apicem attenuatis lateraliter ramosissimis, ramis secun-
dariis brevibus dichotomo-muUifidis, ramulis brevissimis spinulosis, spinulis
subidatis fasciciilaiis undiqiie insertis imbricatis ; ceramidiis subterniinalibus
pedunculatis ovatis.
AcANTHOPHORA arborea, Harv. in Fl. Tasm. v. 2. p. 296.
AcANTHOPHORA TasmanicB, Harv. Alg. Exsic. Austr. n. 140, non Sond.
Hab. Eocks at low-water mark. In the Tamar, above Georgetown, on the
shore under Mr. Lawrence's domain. Rev. J. Fereday and W. R. H.
Geogr. Distr. Tasmania.
Descr. Root discoid. Fronds 12-30 inches long, dendroid, excessively branched,
the main stem cartilagineo-coriaceous, percurrent, nearly a Hue in diameter
below, attenuated upwards. Branches 3-6 inches long, spreading to all
sides, bushy, several times decompound, all the divisions alternate, erecto-
patent, and inserted on all sides in an irregularly spiral order : the smaller
divisions scarcely thicker than hog's-bristle. The spine-like ramuli are very
minute and closely set, with 2-3 incurved, subfalcate teeth at the extremity.
Ceramidia ovate, on long peduncles, or terminating short branchlets, densely
cellular. The frond is perfectly opaque in all parts, and coated with small
irregular cells ; a transverse section shows four large cells surrounding the
axile cell, and many rows of smaller exterior cellules, ending in the peri-
phery formed of coloured cells. The colour of the frond when growing is a
dark brownish- or purplish-red ; when dry it is black. The substance is firm
and tough, not very soft, and in drying the younger parts adhere closely,
the older loosely, to paper.
The several so-called species of the genus Acanthophora do not
rest on very certain or absolute characters, and in adding one to
the number, perhaps I ought to make an apology. The present
is still larger, more tree-like, and more densely ramuliferous than
A. deudroides, its nearest ally; and is of a darker colour, and
more rigid substance. It is quite different in habit from A. Tas-
manica, Sond., for which I formerly mistook it ; nor is there any
other species of similar aspect. The microscopic characters,
throughout this genus, are but too similar. Still there are ap-
preciable differences in the spine-like ramuli, as well as in the
general ramification.
Pig. 1. AcANTHOPHORA ARBOKEA, — the natural Size. 2. Small portion of the
frond, showing the form and insertion of the spine-like ramuli. 3. A cross
section of a branch. 4. A ceramidium on its peduncle : — the latter figures
variously magnified.
PLdtt CI
"Vine cat Ecodk^,iTr^
Ser. RHODOSPERMEiE. Earn. Cri/ptonemiacece.
Plate CXXXIIL
HALYMENIA SACCATA, Haw.
Gen. Char. Frond terete, compressed or flat, gelatinoso-membranaceous,
dicliotoraous or piniiatifid, composed of two strata; the medullary
stratum formed of a few, laxly interlaced, branching filaments, lying
in gelatine; the cortical membranous, formed of minute, coloured
cellules. Fructification: \, favella immersed in the frond, sus-
pended under the peripheric stratum ; 2, cruciate tetraspores, scattered
through the surface-cellules. — Halymenia [Ag.), from aA,?, the sea,
and viirjv, a membrane.
F?'ons teres, compressa v. plana, gelatinoso-membranacea, dichotoma v. vage
pinnatijida, stratis duobiis composlta; strata medullari ex fills paucis laxe in-
tricatis ramosis succo gelatinoso iminerm, peripherico viembranaceo cellulis
minutis coloratis formato. Fruct. : l,favella frondt Immersce, infra stratum
periphericum suspenses ; 2, tetrasporce sparscB, cruclatim divisce.
Halymenia saccata ; frond cylindrical, saccate, hollow, vaguely decom-
pound; branches constricted at their insertion, simple, bag-like, ta-
pering to a blunt extremity.
H. saccata ; frotide cyllndracea saccata cava vage decomposita ; ramis ramu-
llsque basi arete constrictis simpUcibus saccatis sursum atteiiuatis obtusius-
Halymenia saccata, Rarv. in Hook. Ft. Tasm. v. 2. p. 327.
Hab. Georgetown, Tasmania, W. Archer, Esq.
Geogr. Distr. Tasmania.
Descr. Root discoid. Frond 8-3 2 inches long, |— f inch in diameter at the
thickest part, tapering to base and apex, quite simple, bag-hke, hollow or
filled with loose gelatine, the walls delicately and softly gelatinoso-merabra-
naceoiis. This primary frond emits irregularly from its sides numerous
secondary fronds or branches of similar character; and these throw out
small tertiary fronds or ramnli, also similar, until, in full-grown specimens,
the general h'ond becomes irregularly much-branched and dendroid, or ra-
ther, " cactoid." No order of ramification is followed, and the lesser divi-
sions may with equal propriety be described as branches, constricted at
their insertion, or as proliferous repetitions of a simple primary frond. All
the divisions taper to the extremity, which is either perfectly blunt or sub-
acute. The tvalls of the tubular fronds are formed of horizontally placed,
radiating, dichotomous strings of cellules, lying imbedded in transparent
gelatine : they seem to rise from the remains of a network, which, probably.
in an early stage of growth, traverses the centre of the tube, but which dis-
appears on the inflation of the branch. Favellce, lying beneath the peri-
pheric layer, are scattered over the branches ; and cruciate tetratipores are
dispersed among the filaments of the periphery, on separate individuals.
The colour of the frond is a full rosy-red, paler in the tetraspore-bcaring in-
dividuals, which are also more succulent than those that produce favellse.
The siihstatice is very soft, gelatinous and full when recent ; the frond closely
adheres to paper in drying, and shrinks to a mere film.
This appears to be a rare species. As yet I have only seen
two specimens, given me by William Archer, Esq., of Cheshmit,
Tasmania; one of them producing /«y<?//<:e, the other tetraspores.
The general habit and fructification agree sufficiently with Ha-
lymenia, but the structure of the periphery is rather more com-
plex. Still, there is nothing so discordant as to force us to
construct a genus for our present plant. Externally there is a
striking resemblance to two Algae of very difierent structure and
affinities, namely, our Bindera splacUnoides (Plate CXI.), and the
Chrppnenia Enteromorpha of the Keys of Florida. These three
have the same colour, substance, and ramification, so much so,
that, structure and fruit apart, they could with difficulty be dis-
tinguished : affording another evidence of the necessity of exa-
mining the intimate structure of Algae, before deciding on their
affinities.
Fig. 1. Halymenia saccata, — the no.tural size. 2. Portion of the periphery,
with imbedded tetraspores. 3. A tetraspore. 4. Portion of periphery,
with an immersed /aye/Za.- — variously magnified.
Fldtc L
''fsrsizr-z. rrcc^.jT--"'^
Ser. RiioDosPERME^. Fam. Laurenciaceas.
Plate CXXXIV.
DELISEA HYPNEOIDES, Harv.
Gen. Char. Frond linear, compressed, two-edged, alternately decora-
pound, distichous, the branches and ramuli pectinato-serrate, with
an immersed costa, and central articulated filament; medullary
stratum composed of roundish-angular, closely-packed cells; cortical,
of very minute, coloured cellules in several rows. Fruit : 1, obliquely
ovate ceramidia, sessile on the midrib, near the summit of the branches,
containing a tuft of pear-shaped spores; 2, zonate tetraspores im-
mersed in wart-like swellings {nemathecia) of the apices. — Delisea
{Lamour.), in honour of M. Delise, a French naturahst.
Froris linearis, compresso-anceps, alterne decomposita, disticJia, ramis ramtdisque
argute pediiiato-serraiis, plus minus conspicue costata, filo centrali articidato
percursa ; strata medullari ex cellulis magnis rotundato-angulatis hgalinis,
corticali ex ce.UuUs miiiutis pluriserialibus color atis for mato. Fruct. : 1, cera-
midia ovata ad costam prope apices ramorum sessiUa, intra pericarpinm cellu-
losmn sporas ohlongo-pyriformes longe pedicellatas foventia ; 2, tetraspora
zonatim divisce in verrucis apices ramtdorum investientibus evolutce.
Delisea hypneoides ; frond filiform, slender, flaccid, flexuose, decom-
poundly much branched; branches erecto-patent, the primary long
and virgate, secondary and tertiary short, all distichously ciliate;
cilia filiform-subulate, distant, alternate or secund, often pectinate on
one edge; ceramidia sessile on the rachis under the tips of the
branches, ovate, opening transversely.
D, hypneoides ; fronde filifornii gracili Jlaccida Jlexuosa decomposite ramosis-
sima, ramis erecto-patentlhus, primariis lougissime virgatis, secundariis tertia-
riisque v/imril/us, omnibus disticlte ciliatis, ciliis filiformi-subulatis distantibus
alternis v. secundis, scepe iino latere pecliiiatis, ceramidiis infra apices ramu-
lorum in racJdde sessilibus laieralibus ovatis, ore laterali.
Delisea hypneoides, Harv. Alg. Austr. Exsic. n. 248. Harv. in Hook. Fl.
Tasm. V. 2. p. 305.
Hab. Western Port, Victoria, 7F. II. II. Georgetown, Tasmania, Fev.
John Feredai/.
Geogr. Distr. South coast of New Holland. Tasmania.
Descr. Frond 2 feet long or more, scarcely quarter-line in diameter, filiform,
subcompressed, excessively branched, disticlious. Primary branches a foot
or more in length, flexuous, irregularly set throughout wi'th lateral, subal-
ternate, secondary branches of various lengths, longer and shorter intermixed
without order ; these secondaries bearing a third or fourth series of similar
but still shorter branchlets. Both the main frond, the branches, and ramuli
are bordered at distances of about a line, with slender setaceo-subulate
cilia. The cilia are horizontally patent or recurved, two lines long, and are
either simple or pectinated on one side with a second series of similar cilia.
The conceptacles are ovate, sessile immediately beneath the point of the
smaller branches, their aperture being directed away from the apex of the
branch : those examined (probably immature) did not contain any true
spores, but a tuft of dichotomous, very slender, beaded filaments or para-
7iemata. The colour is a deep full-red, becoming paler and more rosy in
fresh-water. The substance is peculiarly soft and flaccid, and in drying the
frond adheres most closely to paper.
This is mucli the most slender, most flaccid, and most diff'usely
branched species of Delisea, and is also one of the largest.
Some of the most finely branched specimens are exceedingly
slender and delicate, and beautifully feathery, with a habit more
like that of a Hypnea than of the genus to which, by its fruit
and structure, it truly belongs. It is not very uncommon at
Western Port, but much rarer, apparently, in Tasmania.
Perfect conceptacles are still a desideratum. Those examined
by me were either in an immature or an abortive state. None
contained any true spores ; and whether the moniliform filaments
shown at Pig. 4 be the commencement of spores or merely para-
nemata is uncertain.
Fig. 1. Delisea HYPNEOiDES, — the natural size. 2. Small portion of a branch,
withramulus. 3. Apex of a fruiting-branch, with its conceptacle. 4. Some
of the barren filaments {paranemata) from the conceptacle : — variously
magnified.
■ v\o
I-
■7SL
Ser. Melanosperme/e. Fam. Fiicacea.
Plate CXXXV.
HORMOSIRA BANKSII, Dene.
Gen. Chak. Root discoid. Frond without distinct organs, moniliform,
branched; the internodes inflated and fertile. 8pore-caintieH sunk in
the periphery of the vesicated internodes, dioecious. Spores linear-
pyriform, subsessile. Paranemata simple. — Hormosira {EndL), from
6pfio<;, a necklace, and aeipa, a chain.
Radix discoidea. Frons, organis nullis discret'is, moniliformis, ramosa; inter-
nodiis iiijlaio-vesicatis, demumfertilibus. Scaplddia in peripherio vesiculariim
immersa, niimerosissima, dioica. Spores Uneari-pyrifoimes, subsessiles. Pa-
ranemata simplicia.
Hormosira Banksii ; vesicated receptacles ovoid or obconical, wingless.
Bene. An. So. Nat. ser. 2. xvii. 330. Harv. in Hook. Fl. Tasm. v. 2.
p. 285.
H. Banksii ; receptaculis ovoideis ohconicisve teretibiis.
Var. a. Ba7ihm ; frond divaricate, with patent branches and very wide angles ;
vesicles cuneate, depressed at the summit, the terminal ovoid.
Hormosira Banksii, Bne. I.e. Endl. Srd Suppl. p. 30. /. Ag. Sp. Alg. v.
1. p. 198. Kiitz. Sp. Alg. p. 586.
Cystoseira Banksii, Ag. Sp. Alg. v. 1. p. 60 ; Syst. p. 284.
Fucus Banksii, Turn. Hist. t. 1.
MoNiLiFORMiA Banksii, Bory, Coq. p. 134.
Var. /3. Labillardieri ; frond very long, di-trichotomous, with narrower axils ;
vesicles ovoid, rounded at each end, the terminal ones sometimes cylindrical.
Hormosira Billardieri, Mont. D'Urv. Voy. Pol. S/id, p. 62. /. Jg. Sp. Alg.
p. 199. Kiitz. Sp. Alg. p. 586. Fl. N. Zeal. v. 2. p. 215.
MoNiLiFORMiA Labillardieri, Bory, Coq. p. 133. RicJi. Astrolabe, p. 18.
Fucus monihformis, Labill. N. Holl. t. 262.
Var. y. Sieberi ; frond short, dichotomous, fastigiate ; vesicles obconic, trun-
cate at the upper extremity, and either truncate or tapering at the lower ;
terminal ovoid.
Hormosira Sieberi, Dene. I.e. Endl. Brd Sitppl. I.e. J. Ag. Sp. Alg. v. 1.
p. 199. Hook. Fl. N. Zeal. v. 2. p. 215.
Hormosira obconica, Killz. Sp. Alg. p. 586.
MoNiLiFORMiA Sieberi, Bory, Coq. p. 134. A. Rich. N. Zeal. v. 2. p. 139.
Var. 8. gracilis; very slender, barren, the internodes fusiform, tapering at
each end.
HoRMOsiRA gracilis, Kiltz. Sp. Alg. v. 2. p. 586.
Hab. Littoral rocks, from near high-water mark to the laminarian zone,
along the south and south-east coasts of New Holland. Abundant.
Geogr. Distr. Australia. Tasmania. New Zealand.
Descr. Frond from two inches to two or three feet or more in length, varying
in dimensions according to the depth of water at which it grows, dichoto-
raously or irregularly branched, consisting of a series of inflated internodes
and filiform nodes ; the internodes partaking of the charact(;rs of vesicles
and receptacles. Leaves none. Vesicated internodes very variable in size
and shape, spherical, oblong, ovoid, obconic, obovate, or somewhat cupped ;
occasionally prolonged into cyUnders 2-3 inches long ; the centre hollow,
and more or less inflated, with a few central threads ; the periphery coria-
ceous, cellular, and when fertile (as is usually the case) filled with spore-
cavities of the usual fucoid structure. Colour olivaceous or bottle-green,
becoming black in drying. Substance rigid.
Whoever has seen and carefully studied this plant on its na-
tive coasts will, if I mistake not, fully agree with me in redu-
cing to one species the several synonyms enumerated, and the
several forms represented on our Plate. The differences in size
and shape of the vesicles seem to result merely from local causes ;
either from the depth of water at which the specimen was grown,
or from exposure to open sea, or shelter in enclosed harbours.
The form called BillarcUeri grows in deep water ; Banksii in
sheltered harbours ; and Sieberi and gracilis on exposed tidal
rocks or in small rock-pools. Intermediate forms between all
the varieties may readily be found. But, in truth, this species
does not present nearly so many variations as the Fucus vesicu-
losus of the northern hemisphere.
Fig. 1. HoRMOsiRA Banksii, var. 5?7^art??m. 2. N ax. Banksii. 3, Var. i?i7-
lardieri, with cylindrical extremities. 4. Var. Sieberi. 5 and 6. Var. gra-
cilis : — all of the natural size.
pbiE cum
'^
..: i;rooK3, ixr-
Ser. Rhodosperme^. I'ain. Helmintkocladece.
Plate CXXXVI.
GALAXAUM (MICROTHOE) MARGINATA, z«.y^^.
Gen. Char. Frond dichotomous, thinly incrusted with carbonate of lime,
constricted as if jointed, or continuous, composed of longitudinal,
colourless, interwoven, and anastomosing medullary filaments, and
closely placed, inflated or tabular, coiouved perip/ieric cellules. Fruit
unknown. — Galaxaura [Lamx.), a classical name; one of the
Oceanidse of Hesiod.
From dichotoma, calcureo-lncrmiata, articnlato-constricta v. contbma, plus minus
ti'ansversim rur/ulosa, ex filh medullar ib us tenuibns hyalhiis longitudinalibus
interlextis anaslomoscoiiibus, et cellulis periphericis subuniseriatis coloratis
injlatis libe?'is v. complanatis, arde co]i(xrentibus, formata. Fructus ignotus.
Galaxaura (Microthoe) marginata ; stem cylindrical, hirsute, repeatedly
forked, its branches bearing flabelliform, fastigiate, dichotomous
fronds; segments linear, flat, slightly thickened at the margin, ob-
tuse; peripheric cells obovate, inflated.
G. marginata ; stipite cylindraceo Jiirsuto pluries furcato ; ramis frondes flabelli-
formes fastigiatas dichotomas ferentibus ; lacbdis linearibus planis marginatis
obtusis ; cellulis perlpUericis obovatis injlatis.
Galaxaura marginata, Lamx. Pohjp. p. 264. Dene. Cor. Ann. Sci. Nat. 2. v.
18.^. 114. KUtz. 8p). dig. p. 530.
Corallina marginata, Ell. et Sol. p. 115. t. 22,/. 6.
Hab. Rottnest Island and King George's Sound, Western Australia, abun-
dant, r. H. //., G. Cllftoyi. Newcastle, New South Wales, W. H. H.
Geogr. Distr. Tropical Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Indian Ocean. Port
Natal. Kio Janeiro. Japan. Peejee and Friendly Islands, etc.
Descr. Root a fleshy disc, covered with hair-like filaments. Plant tufted, dior-
ganous, consisting of a cylindrical stijjes and ^ai fronds. Stipes 1-2 inches
high, rarely simple, mostly 2-3 times forked or fasciculately branched, cylin-
drical, rigid, 1-li line in diameter, densely clothed with horizontal, deep-
red, jointed hairs. Frond springing from the apices of the branches of the
stipes, 2-5 inches long, about 1^ line wide throughout, flabelliform in ex-
pansion, many times dichotomous, the segments erecto-patent, linear, flat,
obtuse, slightly thickened or inflexed at the margin, scarcely channelled,
with a minutely granulated, microscopically mottled surface. Apices com-
monly obtuse or emarginate, sometimes (as in Pig. 2) crowned with bright
crimson, duplicate, brush-like tufts of articulated filaments. Tliese brush-
like tufts are probably connected with the fructification ; the filaments com-
posing them are either uniformly cylindrical, like paranemata, or some of
their articulations are inflated and filled with minute dot-like granules, which
may be either zoospores or spermatozoids. No spores have been detected.
The colour of the fronds, when recent, is a deep, full dark-red, fading, on
exposure, to pale-green and dirty-white ; that of the tvfts is a brilliant
rosy-crimson. The substance is coriaceous, rather soft; in a young state
the plant adheres imperfectly to paper in drying, but full-grown individuals
rarely do.
A common inhabitant of the warmer seas throughout the
world, often found on coral reefs or on rock of coral formation.
With many others which secrete carbonate of lime, it was for-
merly classed among the flexible zoophytes, but it has no claim
to a place in the Animal Kingdom.
At Fig. 2 is represented a fragment of a specimen recently re-
ceived from Mr. Clifton, and which is in a state hitherto unob-
served. Mr. Clifton describes it as presenting a most beautiful
appearance when seen alive and under water. Each lip of the
expanded branches then bears a tuft of bright-red filaments, re-
sembling minute double roses or anemones. Mr. Clifton sup-
posed these tufts to be connected with the fructification, and of
the same nature as the involucral ramelli of Ptilota and Wran-
c/elia, but I have in vain looked for spores or favellse among them,
and except the swollen cellules, above described as antheridia,
be floral organs, nothing of the kind exists. It is just possible
that, at a later period, favellae may be found.
Fig. 1. Galaxaura marginata, and 2, a fragment with male inflorescence?, —
the natural size. 3. One of the " brush-like tufts." 4. Threads from the
same, bearing " antlieridia?'''' 5. A longitudinal section of the frond.
6. Peripheric cells and medullary filaments from the same : — more or less
highly magnified.
Plate cimii.
Ser. EiHODOSPERME^. Fam. Sjoharococcoidea.
Plate CXXXVII.
DELESSERIA DENDROIDES, Harv.
Gen. Char. Frond leaf-like, membranaceous, areolated, symmetrical, sim-
pie or branched, midribbed. Fructification : 1, hemispherical con-
ceptacJes, sessile on the midrib, or on a lateral nerve, containing a
tuft of moniliform spore-threads on a basal placenta; 2, tripartite
tetraspores, in definite sari or spots, on the frond, or on accessory
leaflets. — Delesseria {Ag.), in honour of Baron Delessert, a distin-
guished patron of botany.
Frons foliacea, memiranacea, areolata, symmetrica, simplex v. ramosa, costata.
Fruct. : 1, coccidia in casta venisque frondi ssessilia, liem.isph(Erica, fila spori-
fera moniliform,ia a placenta basali emissa foventia ; 2, tetrasporce triangule
divisce, in soros definitos collectce.
Delesseria dendroides ; stem long, naked, cartilaginous, very thick (2-3
lines diameter), passing upwards into a much branched tree-like
frond ; fronds {secondary) ribbed, the rib emitting leaflets ; leaflets in
pairs, opposite, linear-lanceolate or oblong, acute or obtuse at each
end, the full-grown with an opaque, the young with a jointed midrib ;
veins none ; cells of the membrane in a single series, large, oblong ;
sori in minute leaflets issuing from the midrib of the youngest
leaves.
D. dendroides ; caule elongato nudo carnoso-cartilagineo crassissimo (2-3 lineas
diametro) apice infrondem ramosissimam dendroideam desinente ; fronde cos-
tata foliolis e costa valida prorumpentihus ramosa ; foliolis geminis exacte
oppositis Uneari-lanceolatis oblongisve utrmque acutis v. obtusis, adtdtis costa
cartilaginea opaca, junioribiis costa articidata percursis, venis nullis, mem-
brance celhdis strato iinico dispositis magnis oblong is ; soris in sporophyllis
propriis e costa enatis.
Delesseria dendroides, Harv. in Trans. R. I. Acad. v. 22. p. 548 ; Alg.
Aiistr. Exsic. n. 278.
Var. a. lancifolia ; foliolis lanceolatis, ntrinque acutis.
Var. )S. oblongifolia ; foliolis Uneari-oblongis, undnlatis, utrinque obtusissimis.
H ab. At Tremantle, rare ; both varieties, G. Clifton, IF. H. H.
Geogr. Distr. Western Australia.
Descr. Root knobby. Frond 1-1 i foot higli, excessively branched, tree-like.
Stem 2-3 lines thick, hard and horny-cartihiginous, dark-coloured and quite
opaque, eiuittuig opposite or alternate branches, and breaking up at the
summit into numerous " leading shoots." The primary branches are carti-
lagiuous and thickened like the stem, but are either two-edged or winged,
and are regularly pinnate-branched throughout. The pin nee are strictly op-
posite, leaf-like, midribbed, lanceolate or linear-oblong, and emit from their
midrib 1, 2, 3, or 4 successive series of similar leaflets, each series spring-
ing in opposite pairs from the midrib of the preceding. The midrib in the
older leaflets is opaque ; in the younger it is articulate, each joint consisting
of 3 cells, the middle cell narrow and cylindrical, the lateral broader and
polygonal ; the memhram of the leaf is very delicate and thin, formed of a
single row of tabulated cells. ConceptacUs unknown. Tetraspores in small
sori, lodged in minute spore-leaves {sporopliylli) borne on the midribs of
the smaller leaflets. Colour a vivid pinky-red. Substance (except of the
main stem) soft, soon decomposing in fresh- water, and closely adhering to
paper in drying.
A very fine species, whicli it would require a folio plate to
represent in all its beauty and size. Our octavo only suffices to
show the botanical characters, and a single branch. When grow-
ing in the water, the general frond is quite like a beautiful
roseate tree, with broad lanceolate leaves. The two varieties in-
dicated above are very strongly marked, differing from each other
nearly as much as D. hjpoglossum differs from B. ruscifolia, and
had they come from widely separated localities, I might perhaps
have regarded them as distinct species. But at Fremantle both
are found together under the same circumstances. One of them
{pblongifolia) is generally fertile, producing tetraspores ; the other
ila/icifolia) always, so far as I know, barren ; and if it be ever
fertile, it may possibly produce conceptacles. If this be so, the
differences between them would be similar to what are often
observed between tetraspore-bearing and conceptacle-bearing
individuals of the same species, the former being, almost invari-
ably, broader-fronded and more luxmiant than the latter.
li'ig. 1. Delesseria dendroides, portion of the stem and one of the branches,
— the natural size. 2. A small leaflet of var. ^ {pblongifolia), bearing spoi-o-
phylli on its midrib. 3. A similar leaflet of var. a {lancifoUa), bearing
barren leaflets : — the latter figures magnified.
CXXMII.
"v'inceTLtBrooks
Ser. Rhodosperme^. Fam. Oryptonemiacea.
Plate CXXXVIII.
CHYLOCLADIA MUELLERI, Haw.
Gen. Char. Frond terete or subcompressed, rarely nodoso-articulate,
alternately decompound, tubular ; periphery formed of angular cells.
Fructification : \, conical, external conceptacles, opening by a pore,
containing a favelloid nucleus, surrounded by a web of filaments ;
3, triangularly parted, scattered tetraspores. — Chylocladia [Grev.),
from ')(yXo<i, juice, and K\aho<^, a branch; the tube contains watery
fluid.
FroHS teres v. mlcompresm, nunc nodosa- ariiculata, alterne decomposita, tuhn-
losa ; tubo succo aqnoso repleto ; strata peripJierico ex cellnlis rotundato-
angidatis contexto. Fruct.: 1, cystocarpia simpUcia, intra pericarpiiim externum
conicum carpostomio demum apertum inclusa, reticulo arachnoideo ciftcta ;
2, tetraspores triangide divisce, sparse^.
Chylocladia Mtielleri ; frond membranous, purple-red, di-trichotomous,
nodoso-articulate ; internodes linear or elliptic-oblong, all separated
by slender, short pedicels ; conceptacles scattered on the internodes,
hemispherical.
Ch. Muelleri ; fronde memhranacea I'nbro-purpurea di-trichotonia fastigiata
nodoso-articidata, internodls (articulisve) linearibus v. elliptico -oblong is,
omnibus pedicello brevissimo filiformi sejunctis, cystocarpiis sparsis hemi-
sphcericis.
LoMENTAEiA (Gastroclonium) Miillevi, Sond. in Linn. v. 25. p. 693.
Hab. Lefebre's Peninsula, Dr. F. Mueller, 1847. At Carnac island, W.
Australia, 1854, Geo. Clifton.
Geogu. Distr. Western and southern coasts of Australia.
Descr. Root discoid. Stem very short, solid, cartilaginous, breaking up into nu-
merous ti'ichotomous, secondary fronds, 4-6 inches in length. Branches
fastigiate, pretty regularly trichotomous, constricted into joint-like, linear or
oblong internodes ; every internode generally giving birth at its summit to
3, or sometimes to two similar internodes. All the internodes are separated
by very slender filiform nodes (or pedicels) about ^ line in length : the ter-
minal internodes are shorter and broader than the rest; the basal ones fre-
quently long and pyriforra. The substance is membranous, but not very thin,
tenacious, and long resisting fresh-water ; the membrane is composed of a
layer of large, hyaline, subquadrate interior cells, protected externally by
several rows of mnnute, coloured cellules. Conceptacles minute, scattered
irregnilarly on the internode, prominent, containing within a large hollow
chamber, a simple basal favella. Colour a livid purplish-red. In drying the
frond adheres pretty closely to paper.
At Plate LVII. {Chylocladia CUftoui), I have figured a species
nearly related to the present, but diflPermg m colour and sub-
stance, and especially in the connection of the internodes. In
C. CUfto^ii, the constriction at the node, though considerable, is
not greater than what is found in C. articulata ; here every in-
ternode is separated by a slender, filiform pedicel.
C. Muelleri appears to be rare, very few specimens having yet
been obtained from either of the two locahties in which it is
found.
Pig. 1. Chylocladia Muelleri, — the natural size. 2. Some internode'
bearing cystocarps. 3. Section of an interuode and cystocarp. 4. Part o
the periphery of the same, and the cystocarp. 5. Spores variously mag-
nified.
Rdte cmix.
Ser. MELANOSPEiiMEiE. Fam. Fucacea.
Plate CXXXIX.
CYSTOPHYLLUM MURICATUM, /. J^.
Gen. Char. Root scutate. Frond pinnate or dichotomous, dendroid^ with
a distinct stem, branches, and ramuliform leaves. Vesicles sohtary or
seriated, formed in the substance of the leaf, below its summit. Re-
ce]}tacles pod-like, torulose or moniliform, formed from the terminal
leaves. Scajihidia polygamous. Spores obovoid. — Cystophyllum
[J. Ag.), from KvaTi<i, a bladder, and (f)vX\ov, a leaf.
Radix scutata. Frons pinnatim v. dichotome raniosa, dendroidea, caiile propria,
ramls foliisfiue ranmllformibus donuta. Vesicidce soUtarice v. seriatcB in folio
infra apicem inflatcB. Receptacida siliqticBformia, torulosa v. moniUformia,
apice foliolorum evoluta. ScapJddia polygama. Sporce obovoidece.
Cystophyllum muricatum ; stem short, muricate, multifid ; subradical
leaves broadly linear, entire, midribbed; fronds very long, slender,
filiform, rough with gland-like ciha, pinnately much branched; branches
spreading every way, irregularly inserted ; pinnate or bi-tripinnate ;
vesicles solitary or 2-3 together, separated by filiform portions of the
leaf-ramulus, oVal; receptacles cylindrical-fusiform, subracemose.
C. muricatum ; caule brevi muricato midti-ramoso ; foliis subradicalibus lato-
linearibus integris costatis ; frondibus longissimis fiUformibus glanduloso-
nmrictdatis pinnato-ramosissimis ; ramis undique egredientibns vagis 'pinnatis
bipinnatisve ; vesiculis solitariis v. scepe ternis sejunctis ovalibiis ; receptaculis
cylindraceo-fusiformibus subraceniods.
Cystophyllum muricatum, /. Ag. Sp. Alg. v. 1. p. 231. Harv. Alg. Austr.
Exsic. n. 32.
SiROPHYSALls muricata, Kidz. Fhyc. Gen. p. 368; Sp. Alg. p. 602.
Cystoseira muricata, Ag. Sp. v. 1. p. 66 ; Syst. p. 285.
Cystoseira trinodis, Ag. Ic. t. 12 {nee Sp. Alg.). Sond. Preiss. v. 2. p. 159.
Fucus muricatus. Turn. Hisl. t. 112.
Hab. Western Australia, Preiss. King George's Sound to Port Jackson,
in various places, }F. H. H. Port Phihp, Dr. Mueller.
Geogr. Distr. Indian Ocean. West, south, and east coasts of New Holland,
generally in bays or harbours.
Descr. Stem 1-3 inches long, 1-2 lines in diameter, densely muricated, bearing
many lateral or terminal branches; some of them short, producing a few
simple, linear, flat, midribbed leaves ; others long, heaxing fronds. Fronds
2-3 feet long or more, not twice as thick as hog's-bristle, more or less
densely covered with minute, gland-like, filiform processes, spreading to all
sides, the lower pair commonly denuded of branches, the upper closely set
with spirally or irregularly inserted lateral branches, 3-8 inches long.
Secondary branches filiform, pinnated in their lower half with slender, simple,
ramuliform leaves, which bear in their substance usually three ovoid, separated
vesicles ; in their upper half bi-tripinnate, with fewer vesicles. Receptacles
formed at the ends of the branches, from the terminal ramuli or leaflets, at
length somewhat racemose. Colour a full-olive, turning black in drying.
Substance coriaceous when recent, rather brittle when dry.
The genus Cystophjllum holds an intermediate place between
Cystoseira and GystopUora ; from the former it differs in having
the vesicles seriated in the ultimate undivided YdiVuxAi or " leaves,"
instead of in the larger or penultimate branches ; and from the
latter in having vesicles in the ordinary " leaves," and remote
from their apices, instead of terminal on specially metamorphosed
leaves, distinct from the ordinary.
C. muricatum is the commonest species, and is found through-
out the Indian Ocean, as well as on the Australian coast. In
Australia it generally grows in sheltered harbours, and in such
situations is often very much covered with minute zoophytes and
other parasites.
Fig. 1. Cystophyllum MURICATUM, — the natural size. 2. Fertile apices, con-
verted into receptacles, — enlarged.
Plate CIL
Ser. Ehodosperme^. Fam. Ceramiacece.
Plate CXL.
CROUANIA VESTITA, Harv.
Gen. Chae. Frond nodoso- articulate, alternately decompound, consisting
of an articulate, monosiphonous, primary filament (or axis) emitting
at the nodes densely whorled, minute, dichotomo-fastigiate, free, arti-
culated ramelli. Fructification : \, solitary subterminaiyawi?/^, sur-
rounded by ramelli ; 2, external triangularly parted tetraspores, borne
on the ramelli. — Crouania (/. Ag.), in honour of the brothers Crouan,
of Brest, celebrated among French Phycologists.
Frons nodoso-articulata, alterne decomposita, e filo frimar'io (axi) monospJionio
articulato ramellos minutissimos dichotomo-fastigiatos artictdatos verticillatos
ex nodis emittente constituta. Fruct.: \,favella subterm'males, solUarice,
inter ramellos abscondltce ; 2, tetrasporce triangule aid transversim divisce, ad
ramellos lateraliter affixce.
Crov A'NIA iJcstita ; frond ultra-setaceous, decompoundly much branched,
scarcely gelatinous; branches and branchlets patent or divaricate,
attenuated, all densely or continuously clothed with whorled ramelli ;
ramelli divaricately multifid ; favellse solitary, at the ends of short
branchlets, surrounded by ramelli ; tetraspores spherical, triangularly
divided.
C. vestita ; fronde uUrasetacea decomposite ramosissima vix gelatinosa; ramis
ramulisque patentibus diva?'icatisve attenuatis, omnibus rameUis densissime
velatis teretibus vix nodulosis, ramellis divaricato-midtifidis ; favellis solita-
riis in ramuUs minoribus inter ramellos immersis, tetrasporis spk(ericis trian-
gule divisis.
Crouania vestita, Harv. in Trans. R. I. Acad. v. 22. p. 558; Alg. Austr.
Fxsic. n. 486.
Hab. On Zostera, and the smaller Algae. Rottnest Island and King
George^s Sound, W. II. H. Fremantle, George Clifton.
Geogr. Distr. Western Australia.
Dbscr. Fronds solitary or tufted, 1-3 inches long, from half a line to nearly a
line in diameter, excessively branched in an in'egularly pinnate order, 3-4
times pinnate ; the branches and ramuli very unequal, long and short inter-
mixed, all very patent or subhorizontal, cylindrical, tapering to the apex.
The whole frond throughout is sub-equably clothed with densely set whorled
ramuli, so closely imbricating on each other that, except iu the lower part
of the frond, the nodose arrangement is scarcely obvious. Ramelli many
times dichotomous, short-jointed, with patent or divaricate ramifications.
Favellce subglobose, with a wide, gelatinous pericarp, raany-spored, hidden
among the ramelli at or near the ends of the smaller branchlets. Tetra-
spores attached to the ramelli, formed by the transformation of one of the
lateral segments. Colour a deep'full-red, rosy toward the tips. Substance
soft and spongy, but not very gelatinous. In drying the frond adheres
closely to paper.
A robust species of Crouania, intermediate in size between
C. attenuata and C. insignis. From both these it is at once
known by the perfectly continuous villum of ramelh that clothes
every portion of the axis, so as completely to conceal its articula-
tion. In very few places is there any interruption of the con-
tinuity, or disposition to become nodose.
Crouania is nearly allied to CaUithanmion, but has a peculiar
habit, and is sufficiently distinct in character. The finest species
is C. msipiis, figured in Hooker's ' Mora Tasmanica,' and which
therefore will not be re-figured in the present work.
C. attenuata, the earliest-known species, is found in Europe,
the Gulf of Mexico, and on the coasts of Australia.
rig. 1. Crouania vestita, — the natural size. 3. Apex of a branch. 3. Trans-
verse section, at a node. 4. Favellce (partly) surrounded by ramelli, some
removed. 5. A tetraspore on a portion of a raraellus : — wq-xioxx^X^ magnified.
Fiatt CXLI.
Ser. Rhodosperme^. .. Fam. Gelidiacece.
Plate CXLI.
ACANTHOCOCGUS EWINGII, Haw.
Gen. Char. Frond filiform or compressed, cartilaginous, vaguely much
branched, composed of three strata ; the medullary stratum of longi-
tudinal, interwoven, and anastomosing filaments ; the intermediate of
large, roundish, empty cells, smaller outwards ; the cortical, of minute,
coloured, vertically seriated cellules. Fructification : 1, half-immersed
conceptacles, containing, within a thick-walled pericarp, minute, pedi-
cellate, oblong spores, attached to many slender, interlaced, parietal,
and internal placentae ; 2, tetraspores ? — Acanthococcus {Hook.fil. et
Harv.), from aKav6o<i, a thorn, and kokko^, fruit.
Frons filiformis v. comfressa, cartilaginea, vage ramosissima, stratis trihts con-
texta ; strata medullari fills longitudinalibm intertextis anastomosantibiis, in-
termedlo cellulis magnis rotundutis vacuis extus sensim minoribus, corticali
cellulis minutis coloratis verticaliter seriatis composito. Fruct.: ], cy&tocarpla
semi-imviersa, intra pericai'plum crassuvi sjwi'as miniiias pedicellatas oblongas
e placentulis plurimis tenuibiis anastoiuostantibus parietaHbus et internis egre-
dientesfoventia ; 3, tetrasporae ?
Acanthococcus Ewingii ; frond terete, robust, dichotomous, subfastigiate ;
ramuli lateral, subsecund, very patent, reflexed or uncinate, acute,
subuliform ; conceptacles swelling within short ramuli, below the
apex.
A. Ewingii ; fronde terete robusta dichotoma ccespltosa et subfastigiata ; ramiilis
lateralibtis subsecnndis patentissimis refiexis v. hamatis acutls subul'fiormibus,
cystocarpiis in ramulis brevibiis infra apicem semi-immersis.
Acanthococcus Ewingii, Harv. in Herb. (olim).
Mychodea haraata, Ha7'v. Alg. Exslc. Austr. n. 415. Harv. in Hook. Ft.
Tasm. V. 3. /;. 333.
Hab. Tasmania, Bev. Mr. Ewing. Georgetown and Port Arthur, Tasmam'a,
W. H. H. South Australia, JDr. Curdle. Port Fairy, abundantly,
r. R. H.
Geogr. Distr. Southern shores of Australia. North and south coasts of
Tasmania.
Descr. Root a mass of interlaced branches. Fronds densely tufted and often
intricately interlaced, six or twelve inches long, 1-1^ line in diameter, rather
succulent, excessively branched, cither pretty regularly dichotomous or flex-
uous and vaguely branched, the branches directed to all sides, erecto-patent.
with rounded axils and subulate, acute apices. The branches are sometiraea
nearly destitute of lateral ramuli, but usually are furnished with them in
greater or less number : these are 6-10 lines long, issuing at right-angles
from the branch, and extending either horizontally or arching backwards,
or very often strongly hooked at the point, and clasping, the longer ones
becoming tendril-like. Concepiades are formed in short, lateral rarauli,
generally just below the apex, which extends beyond, like a horn, on the
pericarps ; the flacentce are numerous, and form a lax network, filling up
the cavity, and bearing the scarcely tufted spores at intervals over the whole
surface. The ^nedullary stratum is copious and dense, and the cortical
thick and strong. The colour is a dark brown-purple, becoming browner
or blackish in the herbarium. The substance is firm ; the frond shrinks in
drying, and but imperfectly adheres to paper.
My first acquaintance with this plant was from a small speci-
men several years ago communicated by the Rev. Mr. Ewing,
of Hobarton, to Mr. Gould, the ornithologist, and then named
by me in manuscript as a new species of Acanthococciis, and
dedicated to its discoverer. Afterwards, having miyself collected
the plant abundantly in the habitats above given, I was struck
with its general resemblance in habit and cauline structure to
the species of Mi/chodea, and hastily supposing an error in the
former analysis, transferred it, without further examination of
the ci/stocarp, to the genus Mi/chodea, and published it as M.
hamata, in Fl. Tasm. But having occasion to make a more care-
ful dissection, when preparing the figure for the present work,
the structure of the cystocarp, repeatedly examined, has convinced
me that my earliest analysis was correct, and I have consequently
restored the name first given. It seems to be quite distinct from
any described species.
Y\g. 1. AcANTHOCOCCUS EwiNGii, — the natural size. 2. Section through a
cystocarp. 3. Portion of the placental network, with the spores in situ.
4. Transverse section of the frond : — magnijied.
nau CXLli
Ser. RHODOSPERMEiE. Fam. Cryptonemiaccm.
Plate CXLII.
MYCHODEA CARNOSA, iiooh filet Haw.
Gen. Char. Frond filiform, cartilaginous, alternately decompound, den-
droid, composed of three strata; the medullary stratum of longitudinal
and excurrent, interwoven and anastomosing filaments; the inter-
mediate of large, roundish, empty cells, smaller outwards ; the cortical
of minute, coloured, vertically seriated cellules. Fructification: 1,
external, lateral or terminal conceptacles, containing, within a thick-
walled pericarp, a compound nucleus, consisting of many confluent
nucleoli, or masses of roundish-angular spores ; 2, zonate tetraspores,
dispersed in the branches and ramuli. — Mychodea {Harv.), from
fiv^o'i, an internal cavity, or secret chamber, alluding to the large
empty cells of the intermediate stratum of the frond.
Trons filifornm, cartilaginea, alterne decomposita, dendroidea, stratis tribus con-
texta ; strata medullari fills longitudinalibus et excurrentibus intertextis aua-
stomosantibus, intermedio cellulis maxhnis rotundatis vacuis extus sensivi
minoribus, coriicali cellidis minittis coloratis verticaliter seriatis composilo.
Fruct. : \,favellidia intra pericarpium externum later ale v. terniinale excepta ;
2, tetrasporce zonatim divisce, spars(e,frondi imrnersce.
Mychodea carnosa ; frond dendroid, excessively branched ; branches
flexuous, patent, repeatedly divided, spreading every way, attenuated
upwards, the ultimate subdichotomous ; ramuli minute, spine-like,
irregularly scattered; conceptacles spherical, sessile on the lesser
branches and ramuli, lateral, minute.
M. carnosa ; fronde dendro'idea ramosissima ; ramis flexuosis patentibus pluries
divisis quoqiioversian cgredientibus sensim attenuatis, penuUhnis subdichotomis ;
ramulis lateralibiis minutis spinaformibus sparsis ; cystocarfiiis mimitis sphm-
ricis ad latera ramormn minorum sessilibus.
Mychodea carnosa, Hook. fit. et Harv. in Lond. Journ. Bot. v. &. p. 408.
Harv. Alg. Austr. Exsic. n. 411. Harv. in Hook. Fl. Tasm. v. 3. p. 323.
Cystoclonium carnosum, Kiitz. Sp. Alg. p. 723. /. Ag. Sp. Alg. v. 2. p.
309.
Hab. King George's Sound; Cape Riche ; and Port Philip Heads,
W.R.H. Letevre's Peninsula, Br. F. Mueller. South Australia, Dr,
Cm-die. Georgetown, Tasmania, R. Gunn, W. H. E., Rev. J. Fereday,
etc.
Descr. Root branching. Frond 6-18 inches long or more, witli a leading,
simple or divided stem, densely set throughout with irregularly inserted,
unequal, patent branches. Branches flexuous, spreading' to all sides, once,
twice, or several times irregularly decomposed, the smaller subdichotomous ;
all gradually attenuated upwards and ending in acute points, naked or
furnished with minute, lateral, spine-like, patent ramuli. All the axils are
rounded. The lesser branches are often secund ; the ramuli sometimes
converted into tendi'ils. Cydocarps as large as poppy-seed, rather nume-
rous on the upper or under edges of the lesser branches, often secund,
containing a compound nucleus {favelUdium) of densely packed spores.
Colour a dull brown-red, becoming darker in drying. Substance carti-
laginous and fleshy, firm, rather stifl:". In drying the plant shrinks, and very
imperfectly adheres to paper.
A comparison of the lower lialf of Fig. 3 of the present Plate
with Pig. 4 of Plate CXLL, will show how close an agreement
there is in cellular structure between the frond of Acanthococcics
and of this, the typical species of Mi/chodea^ although the struc-
ture of the cystocaij) in these genera is so different that they
cannot be referred to the same Natural Family, one having pe-
dicellate spores laxly springing from a honeycombed placenta,
the other having dense manses of spores merely separated by the
dead cell-walls within which they were organized.
The genus Mychodea is almost the same as Cystodonium, with
which Kiitzing and Agardh unite it, but differs in having a
perfectly ejcternal, instead of an immersed, cystocarp. It there-
fore differs from Cysfoclonium nearly as Gigartina differs from
Iridaa, and so far as known is confined to the Australian seas,
where there are several species. The generic character formerly
given in Loud. Journ. Bot. is incorrect, and now amended.
Fig. 1. Mychodea carnosa, — the natural size. 2. Apex of a small fertile
branch, with three conceptacles. 3. Cross section of the frond, and of a con-
ceptacle. 4. Spores from the latter: — magnified.
Fiate aim.
YircCeri ErGaics,Iinr
Ser. Rhodosperme^. Fam. Rhodomelacea.
Plate CXLIIL
DASYA HAFFI^, iiarv.
Gen. Char. Frond filiform or compressed, dendroid ; stem and branches
coated with small, polygonal cells (rarely articulated, and many-tubed);
the axis articulate, composed of several radiating cells surrounding
a central cavity ; ramelli articulated, one-tubed. Fructification : 1,
ovate or urceolate ceramidia ; 2, lanceolate stichidia, attached to the
ramelli, and containing triangularly-parted tetraspores in tranverse
rows. — Dasya {Ag.), from hacvi, hairy.
Frons fiUformis v. compressa, dendroidea. Caulis ramique majores strata cel-
lularum corticati (raro pellucide articidatij, ramellis monosipJimiiis obsessi ;
axis articidatus, ex celluUs pluribus radiantihis tubmn centralem cingodlbiis
formatus. Fruct. : \, ceramidia ovata v. urceolata ; 3, stichidia lanceolata,
ex ramellis eiiata, tetrasporas transversim ordinatas foventia.
Dasya Haffi/e ; stem tall, villous, opaque, cartilaginous, decompoundly
plumoso-pinnate; the virgate, distichous, subtriply-pinnate branches
and the patent ramuli densely rameliiferous ; ramelli rosy, clothing all
parts, squarrose and curled, dichotomous, with patent axils and
scarcely attenuate, subacute points ; articulations of the ramelli once
and a half to twice as long as broad ; ceramidia at or near the ends of
the ultimate pinnae, sessile, globose, with a prominent orifice, densely
clothed with (quasi-) involucral ramelli; stichidia minute, oval, mu-
cronate.
D. Haffiae ; caule elato villoso opaco cartilagineo decomposite plumoso-pinnato ;
ramis virgatis distichis subtrijnnnatis ramulisqiie patentibus densissime raraelli-
feris ; ramellis roseis undique insertis squarroso-crispatis dicJwtomo-muUifdis,
axillis patentibus apice aciitis vix atteuuatis, articulis ramellorum diametro
sesqui-subduplo-longioribus ; ceramidiis scepe pinnules ultimos terminantibus
globosis ore porrecto densissime ramellis involucratis et vestitis ; sticJiidiis
minutis ovalibus mucrnnatis.
Dasya Haffise, Harv. Alg. Exsic. Austr. n. 223. Earv. in Hook. M. Tasm.
V. 2. JO. 303.
Hab. Philip Island, Western Port, W. H. E. Georgetown, Tasmania, M.
Gunn. Table Cape, Miss M'Kenzie.
Geogr. Distr. Shores of Bass's Straits.
Descr. Root discoid. Frond 12-18 inches high, and as much in the expansion
of the branches, the stem and principal branches 1-1^ lines in diameter.
Stem undivided or forked, closely set throughout with patent distichous
branches, which are once, twice, or thrice pinnated with successive series of
lesser distichous branchlets. Every part of the frond, down to the ends
of the pinnules, is opaque, the surface densely coated with small cellules,
hiding the articulated axis : the stem and principal branches are softly vil-
lous ; the rest of the frond densely clothed with ramelli. The ramelli are
half a line long, very patent, squarrose or curled, bright rosy-red, and re-
peatedly dichotomous, soft, but not very flaccid, and acute, but not atte-
nuate. The cystocarps are sessile at or near the ends of the pinnules, and
are densely covered with ramelli, besides being often almost hidden in a dense
tuft or pseudo-involucre of similar ramelli : those examined by me contain
a dense, basal, pulvinate tuft of dichotomous, submoniliform filaments, whose
terminal cells separate, as spores (?) : very unlike the spores of other species
of Dasya. The stichidia are minute, borne as usual on the ramelli, and
similar in structure and contents to those of other species. The colour is
either bright-rosy, or a brownish-red, and in drying turns rather darker.
The substance is soft, holding water like a sponge, but not gelatinous ; and
in drying the frond adheres very closely to paper.
A very fine species of Dasya, one of many interesting Algae
collected by me while staying with my hospitable friends, Mr.
and Mrs. M'Haflie, of Philip Island, Western Port, and selected
to bear the name of the lady of the island. It has so much the
aspect of a Wrangelia, that at first I had referred it to that
genus, but the fructification, so far as known, is that of a Dasya.
I cannot look on the cystocarps as being in a normal state ; or if
they be, the present Alga must be considered the type of a new
genus, and removed from the BhodomelacecB io— perhaps the
Spyridiacea ?
At Fig. 3, 4, and 5 are given details of the contents of the
ceramidium, and these are very unlike the properly organized
spore-threads and spores of a Dasya ; but in all other characters,
both of frond and tetrasporic fructification, the agreement with
Dasya is complete. But may not the densely crowded ramelli
that spring from the walls of the ceramidium be regarded as an
indication of the abnormal state of that organ ?
Fig. 1. Dasya HAFFiiE ; a branch, — the natm-al size. 2. Apex of a pinnule,
with a ceramidium near the point. 3. Dichotomous filaments from the
(imperfectly organized ?) ceramidium. 4. Some of these threads, — enlarged.
5. Spores?, from the same. 6. A ramellus, with stichidia. 7. A tetraspore :
— the latter figures variously magnified.
Flatc CI.
'v'mceTii SxoaksJTT.p
Ser. RhodospermEjE. Fam. Laurenciacea.
Plate CXLIV.
CLADHYMENIA CONFERTA, Haw.
Gen. Char. Fro7id membranous, flat, thin, linear, disticliously pinnatifid,
formed of large, polygonal, granuliferous, internal cells, coated exter-
nally with minute, coloured cellules. Fructification : 1, ovate cera-
inidia, containing a tuft of pear-shaped spores; 2, tripartite tetra-
spores, in definite marginal sori. — Cladhymenia [Harv.), from Kka-
S09, a branch, and vjJi'qv, a membrane.
Fi'ons memhranacea, plana, tenuis, linearis, disticJie pinnatifida, e cellulis mag-
nis pohjgonis granuliferis superficiem versus minutis composita. Fruct. : 1,
ceraniidia ovata, fasciculum sporaruvi pyriformium fovetitia ; 2, tetrasporce
triangule divisce, in soros dejiiiitos intramarginales coUectcB.
Cladhymenia conferta; frond narrow-linear, midribbed, serrulate, twice
or thrice pinnatifid ; pinnse and pinnules normally opposite (but by
suppression often secund or irregular), oppositely penninerved ; the
costa vanishing upwards ; ceramidia terminating shortened pinnules ;
. sori oblong or linear, intramarginal.
C. conferta ; fronde anguste Vmeari costata serridata 2-S-pinnatifida ; laciniis
oppositis (v. scepe s^cundis sparsisve) opposite peuninerviis ; costa sursum
evanescente ; ceramidiis ramulos ahbrematos terminantihus ; soris oblongis v.
linearibus in.tr amarginalibus.
Cladhymenia conferta, Karv. Alg. Austr. Exsic. n. 24-5. Harv. in Hook.
Ft. Tasm. v. 2. p. 306.
DicTYMENiA conferta, Harv. Ner. Austr. p. 29. t. 8.
Delesseria conferta, Ag. Sp. Alg. t. \. p. 177.
Fucus confertus, R. Br. in Turn. Hist. t. 184.
Hab. Kent Islands, B. Broivn. Port Fairy, W. H. H. Georgetown,
Tasmania, R. Gunn, IF. H. H. Southport, C. Stuart.
Geogr. Distr. South coast of Australia. Tasmania.
Descr. Root minute. Fronds densely tufted, 4-6 inches long, 1-2 lines in
diameter, delicately membranous, much branched, in every part distichous,
repeatedly but rather irregularly pinnatifid. Primary branches one or several
inches long, erecto-patent, by suppression often alternate or secund, long
and short intermixed, the short simple, the longer once or twice pinnatifid.
The main divisions and principal branches are traversed by a strong mid-
rib, which gradually becomes more slender and fainter upwards, and at last
almost disappears under the apices of the laciniae : this rib throws off at
short intervals opposite, immersed, patent veins, running straight to the
margin, and ending in the marginal indentations. The apices are blunt.
The margin is more or less evidently serrulate, never quite entire, but often
with obsolete and subdistant toothing. The surface-cellules are very mi-
nute. Ceramidla oblong-ovate, wide-mouthed, ending in short pinnules ;
spores large, pedicellate, with distinctly granular endochrome. Sorl form-
ing long or short lines within the margin of the larger and lesser laciniae.
Colour a clear rose-red. Substance delicately membranous, but not very
soft. In drying the plant adheres, but not very firmly, to paper.
In 'Nereis Australis' the present plant is erroneously referred
to JDictymenia, as it was formerly, with equal impropriety, re-
ferred to Delesseria. Both references were made in ignorance
of the fructification, which, being now discovered, guides us to
its true affinities. These are with two New Zealand Algae, one
of them figured in Ner. Austr. (t. 33), the other in M. N. Zeal,
(t. 113), and both agreeing with the present Alga in general
aspect and in fructification, but being less membranous, with
thicker intermediate stratum, and wanting the midrib and
nerves. Our present plant, therefore, while it may fairly be
placed in Cladhymenia, will form a subtype in that genus,
characterized by the presence of midrib and nerves.
Fig. 1. Cladhymenia conferta, — the natural size. 3. Apex of a lacinia, bear-
ing ceramidla. 3. Spores. 4. Apex, bearing iiitramarginal sori. 5. Te-
traspores. 6. Fragment of the frond, to show the superficial cellules: —
variously magnified.
Flate CILV.
Ser. Melanosperme^,. Fam. Fucncea;.
Plate CXLV.
SARGASSUM DECURRENS, Ag.
Gen. Char. Root scutate, i^yow^/ piiinately decompound, with distinct stem,
branches, leaves, vesicles, and receptacles. Vesicles stipitate, supra-
axillary, simple, most frequently mucronate or leaf-bearing. Recep-
tacles pod-like, torulose or moniliform, axillary. Scaphidia dioicious.
Spores obovoid. — Sargassum [Ag.), from the Spanish sargazo, a name
given by navigators to floating seaweed.
Radix Hcutata. Frons pimiatim decomposita, cuide propria, rmnis, foUis, vesi-
culis, receptacidisque donata. Vesiculce stipitatce, supra-axillares, simplices,
sapissime wucronaice v. foliiferee. Beceptacnla sdiquceforrnia, torulosa v.
nodtdosa, axdlaria. Scophidia dioica. Spotre obovoidea.
Sargassum ^/^ewn-cw^ ; frond flat, foliaceous, ribbed, distichously pinnate;
piniife pinnatifid, their segments linear, entire, ribbed, taper-pointed ;
vesicles numerous (on the fertile branches), spherical, pointless ; recep-
tacles cylindrical, unarmed, in a panicle equalling the pinna; each
branchlet subtended by a linear floral leaf.
S. decurrens ; fronde plana foUacea costata disticJie pinnata ; pimiis pinnati/idis ;
laciniis linearibns integerrimis costatis apice acmnnatis ; vesicuUs numerosis
sphairicis mnticis ; receptacnlis cylindraceis, inermibiis, in panicidam folium
cequantem, difipositis ; pedicellis folio Jlorali linear if idcratis.
Sargassum decurrens, Ag. Sp.p. 42 ; Syst. 308. J. Ag. Sp. Jig. v. l.p. 285.
Harv. Alg. Austr. Exsic. n. 11.
Pterocaulon decurrens, Kiifz. Sp. Alg. p. 606; F/igc. Gen. p. 360.
Fucus decurrens, R. Br. MS. in Turn. Hist. t. 194.
IIab. North shores of New Holland, R. Brotvn. Torres Straits, Herb.
Aresch. [fideJ.Ag.). Australm, Miss Atme Taylor. Eottnest Island,
r. H. H.
Geogr. Distr. Northern and western coasts of Austraha.
Descr. Root discoid. Fronds rising with a short, compressed or winged stem,
which divides near the base into several branches. Branches 12-15 inches
long, or perhaps more, flat and leafy, traversed by a strong midrib, linear,
naked below, but from the middle to the extremity closely and distichously
pinnated. Pinna flat, and midribbed like the primary branch, patent, pin-
natifid at or near the extremity ; the ultimate lacinise narrow and taper-
pointed. In young specimens the branch is i inch wide, the pinnte 4—5
lines, the pinnules 1-2 lines wide; in the older frond the laciniaj are much
narrower and more attenuate. Vesicles are only found on the inflorescence ;
they are globose, pointless, 2-2J- lines in diameter, on very short stalks.
The receptacles are borne on a panicled fruit-branch, 2-3 inches long,
flexuous and alternately branched, issuing from the axil of the pinnpe, in
fertile fronds ; each receptacle is 1-2 lines long, simple or forked, and they
form short, lateral racemes on the panicle, each subtended by a small,
linear bract and a vesicle. The colour of the frond is an olive-brown. The
substance is coriaceous and tough.
A rare and not raucli known species, of which I collected very
few specimens, and these only in a yonng state, without vesicles
or fruit. Tor the only fruiting specimen I possess I am indebted
to the kindness of the late Miss Anne Taylor, of Clonmel, who
did not know from what district of Australia it had been sent.
S. decurrens belongs to a small group of Sargassa distinguished
by the union of leaf and stem, by means of the decurrent mem-
brane, into a compound frond ox pJii/Uodadium. The species so
organized have the habit of Fuciis, combined with the inflores-
cence of Sartjassum. Two other species, S. Feronii and S. Bori/i,
both from Western Australia, have this character.
Fig. 1. Sakgassum decurrens, two branches from a yonng frond. 2. A
pinna, with its axillary panicle of receptacles and vesicles, from an adult
frond : — both of the natural size.
Plate CILW.
Ser. Rhodosperme^. Fam. Uhodymeniaeecs.
Plate CXLVI.
RHODYMENIA AUSTRALIS, So,>d.
Gen. Char, i^rowr/ flat, membranous, dicliotomous or palmate, composed
of two strata of cells ; the meduUari/ stratum of oblong, polygonal,
larger cells; the cortical of minute, vertically seriated cellules.
Fnictlfication : 1, sessile, hemispherical, thick-walled conccptacles, at
length opening by a terminal pore, containing densely-packed, spori-
ferous filaments issuing from a basal placenta, and surrounded by a
gelatinous pellicle ; 3, cruciate or tripartite tetraspores, either scattered
over the frond, collected in son, or immersed in terminal, shield-like
nemathecia. — Ehodymenia (Grev.), from f)oSeo<i, red, and vfiw, a
membrane.
Trons 'plana, membrauacea, dicltotoma v. palmata, stratis duobns composita ;
strata medullari ex cellulis majitscidis oblongis polr/hedris, corticali celliiUs
minimis coloratis pluriserialibus conjiato. Fruct. : 1, cystocarpia sessilia,
Jiendspharica, intra 'pericarpium C7'assum demum carpostomio apertum Jila
sporifera densissime aggregata, e placenta basali emissa, pelUcidd gelatinoso-
cellulosd velata foventia ; 3, tetrasporce cruciatim v. triangule divisce, nunc
sparstB, nunc in soros subdefinitos collectce v. in nematheciis terminalibus im-
mersa.
Ehodymenia amtralis ; frond stipitate, narrow-linear, many times dicho-
tomous, fastigiate, submarginate, or canaliculate ; segments suberect,
with narrow axils ; apices abrupt or emarginate ; conceptacles crowded
round the ends of the branches ; tetraspores cruciate, vertically lodged
in subterminal nemathecia.
E. austraHs; //•o«(ie stipitata angusto-lineari phiries dichotoma fastigiata submar-
ginata v. canaliculaia ; laciniis suberectis axillis angustis apicibiis subtruncatis
V. emarginatis ; cystocarpiis circa apices laciniariim congregatis valde convexis;
tetrasporis cruciatis in nematheciis subterminalibus iimnersis.
Ehodymenia austraHs, Sond. Bot. Zeit. 1845, j». 55. PI. Preiss. v. 2. p. 191.
Harv. in Trans. R. I. Acad. v. %2. p. 554 ; Alg. Exsic. Aiistr. n. 380.
AcEOPELTis australis, /. Ag. Sp. Alg. v. 3. p. 609.
SPHiEKOCOCCUs australis, Kiitz. Sp. Alg. p. 784.
Hab. Western Australia, Preiss. Abundant at Rottnest Island, near Fre-
mantle, IF. H. H. G. Clifton.
Geogr. Distr. Western Australia.
Descr. Root discoid. Stem 1-3 inches long, firmly cartilaginous or horny, iliue
in diameter, forking or breaking up into several branches, each of which
terminates in a dichotoraous frond. Fronds (secondary) subflahelliform.
fastigiate, many times dichotonious, with luirrow, but rounded axils, and
erect or suberect laciiiife. Lacinise linear, 1^-2 lines wide, truncate or emar-
giuate, slightly tliickened at the margin, and more or less concave or sub-
canaliculate on one side. Cijstocarps very convex, constricted at base, se-
veral clustered round the apex, as large as poppy-seed, dark-red, with a very
thick pericarp and densely compacted nucleus. Tdraspores lodged in shield-
like, llat nemathecia, placed immediately under the slightly dilated apices,
cruciate, vertical. Substance of the frond rather rigid and thick ; central
cellules large and in few rows. The colour is a full and rather dark red, be-
coming brownish in drying. The frond shrinks in drying, and imperfectly
adheres to paper.
This species is placed by J. Agardh in Acropeltis, of which it
certainly has the tetrasporic fruit ; but the structure of frond, and
general habit, are those of Rhodpnenia. The cystocarpic fruit
of AcropeUis being unknown, it is premature to say whether it
has good claims to be kept up as a genus or not. But for the
nature of its medullary layer, there seems nothing to prevent its
being referred to Rhodpnenia.
The present species is very common at Rottnest Island, but
has not yet been found on other parts of the Australian coasts.
Another species, erroneously referred by me to R. corallina, and
which seems very near R. Pcdwdta, is abundant in several
places, from one end of the Australian continent to the other.
Fig. 1, Ehodymbnia australis, — the natural she. 2. Apices, bearing cysto-
carps. 3. Vertical section of a cystocarp. 4. Apices, bearing nematliecia.
5. Cross section of lamina and «e/;/a/Z!eatfw,. 6. A tetraspore. 7. Longi-
tudinal section of lamina ; the latter figures variously inar/nifed.
Plate. CXn^.
Ser. Rhodospkrme.e. Fam, Rhodomelacea.
Plate CXLVII.
CHONDRIA UMBELLULA, ^«ry.
Gen. Char. Frond filiform, cartilaginous, dendroid, opaque, coated with
small, polygonal, irregularly placed cells. Axis articulated, polysi-
plionous. Hamuli clavseform, much constricted at their insertion.
Fructification : 1, ovate ceramidia ; 2, tripartite tetraspores, formed
irregularly, in the clavate ramuli. — Chonduia, {Ag.), %ovSpo9, car-
tilage.
Frous filifo'iiiis, cartilaghiea, dendroidea, opaca, celluUs irregnlaribns pohjgonis
corticata. Axis articidatus, poly sipl tonus. Ramuli claoatl, basi constricti.
Fruct. : 1, ceramidia ovata ; 2, letraspora triangule divis(S, in ramulis im-
merses, sparscB V. irregulariler aggregatce.
Chondria Vinhellula ; frond dwarf, saccato-clavate, subsimple, once or
twice umbellate; ramuli, 5-10 in each umbel or umbellule, clavate,
very obtuse ; conceptacles ovate, constricted at base, sessile ; tetra-
spores scattered.
Cli. Umbellula ; fronde pusilla saccato-clavata suhsimpUci semel v. itermn nm-
bellata ; ramulis 5-10 in umbella v. umbellnlis clavatis obtusissimis ceramidiis,
ovatis basi conslriclis sessilibus ; tetrasporis sparsis.
Chondkia Umbellula, Harv. in Trans. R. I. Acad. v. 22. p. 539 ; Alg. Austr.
Exsic. n. 161.
Hab. Rottnest Island, on Zostera, (F. H. H. Garden Island, on the
smaller Algse, G. Clifton.
Geogr. Distr. Western Australia.
Descr. Root discoid. Fronds solitary or tufted, f-1 inch long, linear, clavate,
crowned with an umbel of 5-10 or more ramuli of similar shape to the pri-
mary frond ; sometimes never becoming more branched, and sometimes
throwing out from the apices of the umbellate ramuli a secondary umbel of
similar character ; and again, in very luxuriant specimens, tertiary umbel-
lules from the tip of each secondary ramulus. It is possible that the frond
may continue to extend by further repetitions of this mode of branching.
All the internodes and ramuli are clavseform. very obtuse, cylindrical, suc-
culent, \-\\ lines in diameter. Fruit of both kinds is found on the smaller
and simpler as well as on the larger and more compound individuals. The
conceptacles are quite sessile, broadly ovate,with large apertures, thin-walled,
and containing a dense tuft of linear-clavate spores. The tetraspores are
scattered in the substance of the ramuli below the apex, and are surrounded
each l)y a very brojid hyaline limbus. The colour is a j)urplish or a pinkish
red, soon discharged, and varying in intensity iu different specimens. The
substance is soft, flaccid, and juicy, and the frond adheres very closely to
paper in drying.
A very pretty and distinctly marked, thougli small species.
Our Figures 1 and 2, both of the natural size, and both full-
grown and in fruit, differ remarkably in luxuriance, but in no
other character ; and offer another instance, in addition to that
stated under Plate LIL, of the freer growth of Algae from Gar-
den Island, compared with those from Rottnest. Many more
instances might be given ; and I have been at a loss whether to
account for the increased development by the different position
of the two islands — which are only a few miles apart — or by the
difference of parasitism. The dwarf plants generally grow on
Zostera, the larger on some of the smaller Algae. Whether the
fact of growing on a flowering sea-plant has any influence on the
Alga is uncertain. If it have, one might infer that the root of
Algae was a more active organ than is commonly supposed.
Fig. 1. Chondria Umbellula (from Garden Island). 2. The same (from
Rottnest) : — both of the natural size. Fig. 3. Apex of a ramulus, with con-
ceptacles. 4. Vertical section of a couceptacle. 5. A ramulus, with Mra-
spores. 6. Tetraspores : — the latter figures magnified.
Plate, a.^
Ser. EhodospermejE. Fam. Laure^iciacea.
Plate CXLVllL
LAURENCIA HETEEOCLADA, Haw.
Gen. Char. Frond cylindrical or piano-compressed, linear, pinnatelj-
branched, cartilaginous, the apices obtuse, composed of two strata
of cells; the inner of oblong, angular cells, shorter toward the cir-
cumference ; the oiiter of small, roundish-angular cellules. Fruit :
1, ovate, sessile ceramidia, containing a tuft of pear-shaped spores;
2, tripartite tetraspores, imbedded, without order, beneath the tips of
the ramuli. — Lauren cia [Lamour.), in honour of M. De la Laurencie,
a French naturalist.
Frons teretiuscula v. plano-compressa, linearis, pinnato-ramosa, cartilaginea,
apicihus obtusis, ex stratis duobus contexta, strata medullari ex cellidis oblongis
extus sensim brevioribns, corticali ex cellulis minoribus rotiindo-angulatis colo-
ratis. Friict. : 1, ceramidia ovata, sessUia, intra pericarpiiim crassiuscidum
fascicidiivi sporarum pyriformiiim foventia ; 2, tetrasporce triangule divisce,
infra apicem ramulorimi sine ordine immersce.
Laurencia Jieteroclada ; densely tufted, springing from creeping shoots ;
frond livid-purple, terete, rigid, tough, the younger many times se-
cundly branched, with very erect branches and branchlets and very
narrow axils ; the adult panicled above, the branches issuing toward
every side, long and spreading; ramuli alternate, spirally inserted,
corymbose, multifid ; ceramidia ovate, sessile ; tetraspores apical, in
short, swollen ramuli.
L. heteroclada ; densissime ccespitosa, e surculis repentibus orta ; fronde livido-
purpurea tereti rigida tenaci, juniori pluries secunde v. subsecwide ramosa ;
raniis ramnlisque erecto-appressis axillis angustissimis ; adulta apice panicu-
lata, rainis quoquoversuni egredientibus elongatis patentibus ; ramulis alternis
spiraliter insertis coryynboso-multifidis ; ceramidiis ovatis sessilibus ; tetra-
sporis in apicibus incrassatis ramulorimi immersis.
Laurencia heteroclada, Harv. in Trans. R. I. Acad. v. 23. p. 544 ; Alg. Exsic.
Austr. n. 234.
Hab. Covering the exposed edges of reefs at low water-mark, spreading
continuously over wide spaces. Eottnest Island, W. H. H. Fremantle,
G. Clifton. Port Pairy, Cape Eiche, and Western Port, IF. H. H.
Geogr. Distr. Western and southern coasts of Australia.
Descr. Roots forming a continuous mass of creeping interwoven fibres, spread-
ing over large spaces. Fronds densely tutted, 4-8 inches high, rather
thicker than hog's-bristle, cylindrical, very rigid and tough. The young,
immatuve fronds, 2-3 inches in height, are closely set with lateral, generally
secund, sometimes alternate branches, which are once or twice similarly
branched, all the branches and ramuli being very straight and erect, filiform,
with very narrow axils. The mature frond is more stipitate, and its upper
branches become panicl-ed or dendroid, dividing into many virgate"and sub-
patent secondary branches, which are set throughout with sliort, multifid,
corymbose ramuli. The ceramldla are ovate, sessile, and borne toward the
end of the branches, on specimens which, though much divided, are not fur-
nished with the corymbose ultimate ramuli; they contain a tuft of linear cla-
vate spores. The tetraspores are in the tips of the corymbose ramuli, very
few in each tip, which is then somewhat swollen or distorted. The colour
is a very dark purple or brownish, becoming darker in drying, but after ex-
posure or long sleeping in fresh-water, it becomes more red. The substance
is very rigid and wiry, and in drying the frond very imperfectly adheres to
paper.
This wiry species grows in situations where it is exposed to
the full dash of a pretty constantly boisterous surf, and where few
other Algae compete with it in " the struggle for life." Its matted
roots take very firm hold on the rock, and it spreads in patches
of many yards in length, or else borders the thin edge of the reef
for a much greater extent. The young plants are remarkably
different from the mature, — so much so, that, if separated, they
might pass for different species. The cystocarpic and tetrasporic
plants also differ in ramification, as takes place sometimes with
other species, and adds greatly to the difficulty of distinguishing
one from another, I fear the species of Laiirencia have been too
much multiplied.
Fig. 1. Laurencia heteroclada, — tlie natural size. 2. Branch, with cera-
midia. 3. Tuft of spores. 4. Branchlet, with tetraspores in the tips. 5.
A tetraspore. 6. Cross section of the stem : — the latter figures variously
magnified.
Flcite. CILFl.
.trxer:. crccifs,."
Ser. RHODOSPERMEiE. Fam. GelicUacece.
Plate CXLIX.
SOLIERIA AUSTRALIS, Harv.
Gen. Char. Frond cylindrical, dendroid, formed of three strata ; the me-
clullary of longitudinal, anastomosing filaments; the intermediate, of
several rows of angular oblong cellules ; the cortical of 2-3 rows of
minute, coloured cellules. Fructification: 1, conceptacles immersed
in the medullary region, the walls formed of a dense plexus of fila-
ments; placenta fibrocellular, central (often at length hollow), sus-
pended in the cavity by fibrous emanations from the walls; spores
pedicellate, pyriform or ellipsoidal, emitted in fascicles from the pla-
centa ; 2, zonate tetraspores, dispersed among the cortical cellules. —
Solieria (/. Ag.), in honour of M. Solier, a distinguished French
naturalist and algologist.
Frons teres, dendroidea, stratis tribus formata ; strata mediiUari ex fills longitudi-
nalibus anastomosantlbus, itdermedio cellidls oblongis angulatis pluriseriatis,
coriicali celltdis minimis 2-d-seriatis coloratis formato. Fruct. : 1, cysto-
carpia iti strata medidlari omnina immersa, pericarpio fibrosa induta ; pla-
centa fibra-cellulari centrali in cavitate pericarpii furiicidis suspensa, spar as
pedicellatas pyriformes v. ellipsoideas fasciculatas emittente ; 2, tetrasparce zo-
natim divisce, sparsce.
Solieria avMralis ; frond dendroid (1-2 feet high), robust, excessively
branched ; branches alternate or scattered, near together, many times
alternately compounded ; ultimate branchlets (1-2 inches long) linear,
acute, much attenuate at base, cystocarps half-immersed in the
branchlets.
S. australis; frande dendraidea (1-2-pedali) robusfn decomposito-ramosissima ;
ramis alternis sparsisve appraximatis pluries alterne compositis ; ramulis
ultimis (1-2-uncialibMs) linearibiis acutis basi valde attenuatis ; cystocarpiis
in ramulis semi-immersis.
Solieria australis, Rarv. in Trans. R. I. Acad. v. 22. p. 552; Alg. Austr.
Exsic. n. 346. Harv. in Hook. fit. Fl. Tasm. v. 2. ^.316.
Hab. Fremantle, abundantly, W. H. H., G. Clifton. King George's
Sound; and at Georgetown, Tasmania, W. H. H.
Geogr. Distr. Western and southern coasts of Australia. Tasmania.
Descr. Root a small conical disc. Fronds solitary or tufted, 1-2 feet long,
\\-Z lines in diameter, cylindrical, excessively branched, and bushy. Pri-
mary branches spreading to all sides, inserted without order, closely placed,
patent or erecto-patent, a foot or more in length, alternately once, twice, or
several times decompound. All tlie divisions taper to the base, sometimes
at their insertion being only of setaceous thickness ; all are acute, but rarely
acuminate at the extremity. The ultimate ramuli are 1-2 inches long,
generally very erect, with narrow axils. Cystocarps are plentifully scattered
over the branches and ramuli, in the substance of which they are fully im-
mersed, but rather prominent towards one side, and in the dried specimen
project from the edges of the branch, like small conical pustules. The, spo7-es
are often two or three in a string on the spore-thread, and are more oval than
in S. chordalis. The colour is a full deep-red, becoming rather darker in
di'ying, and, if not steeped in fresh-water for some time, the specimens will
stain the paper brown on which they are displayed. The substance is fleshy
and succulent, soft and flexible, and in drying the frond adheres closely to
paper.
This genus agrees with Bliahdonia both in habit and in the
structure of the frond, and differs merely in the structure of the
cystocarp ; but so essentially as to compel us to refer these genera
to different families. The present species is much larger and
more robust than S. chordalis, but in other respects very similar
to it. The ramuh, however, are much less taper-pointed, and
the spores are of a somewhat different form. It abounds at
Fremantle, after severe winter gales, and seems to come up from
deep water.
Fig 1. SoLiERiA AUSTRALis; a j/OM»^ plant, — the natural size. 2. Transverse
section of a branch, with an immersed conceptacle. 3. Portion of the pla-
centa, with a tuft of spore-threads. 4. Spore-threads. 5. Longitudinal
section of a branch : — the latter figures magnified.
PlaL
a Ld-.
ViTxc-.r; iTrDTfeJmp
Ser. Ehodospermej*;. Fam. Spharococcoidea.
Plate CL.
DELESSERIA CORIIFOLIA, Haw.
Gen. Char. Frond leaf-like, membranaceous, areolated, symmetrical, sim-
ple or branched, midribbed. Fructification: 1, hemispherical co7i-
ceptacles, sessile on the midrib, or on a lateral nerve, containing a
tuft of moniliforra spore-threads on a basal placenta; 2, tripartite
tetraspores, in definite sori or spots, on the frond, or on accessory
leaflets. — Delesseria [Ag,), in honour of Baron Delessert, a distin-
guished patron of botany.
Frons foUacea, memhranacea, areolata, si/mmetrica, simplex v. ramosa, costata.
Fruct. : 1, coccidia in casta venisquefrondis sessilia, hemispkarica, fila spori-
ftra moniliformia a placenta basali emissa foventia : 2, tetrasporce triangule
divisie, in soros defiuitos collectce.
Delesseria coriifolia; frond midribbed, becoming branched by leaflets
springing from the thick midrib ; leaflets cartilagineo-carnose, thick,
opaque, lanceolate, obtuse ; membrane formed of several rows of poly-
hedral cells, the innermost large, the cortical very minute ; cysto-
carps and sori respectively borne on proper fruit-leaflets emitted by the
midribs,
D. coriifolia ; fronde costata foliolis a costacrassaprorumpentihus ramosa ;folio-
lis cartilagineo-carnosis crassis opacis lanceolatis ohtusis ; memhrance cellulis
pluriserialibus, interioribiis magnis polyliedris, corticalibus minutissimis ; cys-
tocarpiis sorisque in sporophyllis propriis e costa enatis.
Delesseria coriifolia, Harv. in Trans. R. I. Acad. v. 22./?. 548 ; Alg. Austr.
Exsic. n. 273.
Hab. Garden Island and Rottnest, Western Australia, W. H. H., G. Clif-
ton.
Geogr. Distr. Western Australia.
Descr. Root discoid. Frond at first consisting of a linear-oblong or sublanceo-
late, midribbed leaf, which on the decay of the lamina and thickening of
the rib, is gradually changed into a compressed, or imperfectly winged
stem. This primary frond emits numerous similar leaves, which issue irre-
gularly from the thick midrib, and in their turn emit secondary and often
tertiary similar but smaller leaflets. The larger leaves are 3-5 inches long,
•j-f inch wide, either blunt at base or tapering, and usually very blunt at
the apex. The substance is thick, leathery when fresh, rigid when dry, and
the membrane is composed of several rows of irregularly polyhedral cellules,
all filled with granular matter, and the outer ones deeply coloured. The
central cellules are of large size, in a single row in the lamina, and in several
rows in and about the midrib ; the intermediate and cortical cells are much
smaller, irregularly placed, and gradually become smaller to the surface.
The fruit-leaflets or sporophylln are very small, obovate, undulate, thin in
substance, and imperfectly ribbed ; they are found on the midribs of the
smaller leaves, and contain either cystocarps or a sorus of ietraspores.
The colour is a full dark-red or blood-colour, and becomes rather deeper in
drying. The frond very imperfectly adheres to paper in drying.
The structure of the membrane in this species is different
from that in most others of the genus, with the exception of D.
Hookeri and perhaps D. Midclendorjli, to both which it seems
to be allied, though very distinct from either. If difference in
cellular structure be alone a sufficient ground for distinguishing
genera among the Algae, these three species might be separated
as a genus ; as it is, they form a natural section.
An imperfect specimen of this plant, sent by Mr. Mylne from
Australia, and given to me by the late Dr. Lemann, is described
in Ner. Austr. p. 21, under Sarcomenia delesserioides, to which I
doubtfully referred it. The two plants have a very similar habit,
and not a very different structure ; but their fructification is
quite different : as may be seen by comparing the pod-Hke, tetra-
spore-bearing fruit of Sarcometiia (Plate CXXI.) with the broad
fruit-leaves of our present Plate.
Fig. 1. Delesseria COEIIFOLIA, — the natural size. 2. /^orojo/ijy//ffl, containing
tetraspores. 3. Some tetraspores, 4. Semisection of the lamina in a small
leaf. 5. Section at the midrib, in the same ; the latter figures variously
magnified.
Ser. Khodospermb^. Fain. SpkarococcoidecB.
Plate CLI.
NITOPHYLLUM CURDIEANUM, Haw.
Gen. Char. Frond membranaceous, expanded, areolate, unsymmetrical,
nerveless or irregularly veined. Fructification : 1, hemispherical con-
ceptacles, sessile on the frond, containing a tuft of moniliform spore-
threads, on a basal placenta ; 2, tripartite tetraspores, in definite sori
or spots, scattered, or confined to some part of the frond. — Nito-
PHYLLUM {Grev.), from nitor, 'to shine,' and (pvWov, a leaf.
Frons membranacea, expansa, areolata, vage Jissa, enervia v. basi venulis irregu-
laribus peragrata. Fruct. : 1, coccidia frondi sessilia, liemispli(Brica, fila
sporifera moniliformia a placenta basali emissa foventia ; 3, tetrasporce trian-
gule divisee, in soros dejinitos collectce.
NiTOPHYLLTJM Curdieamim ; stipes elongate, strongly ribbed, winged or
two-edged, branched ; branches prolonged into lateral or terminal,
nerveless or basally nerved, irregularly pinnatifid and lobulate, cuneato-
flabelliform segments ; axils very narrow ; apices obtuse ; membrane
rigid, papery, composed of several rows of cells ; cystocarps globose,
scattered; sori minute, oblong or linear, crowded in the ultimate
segments and lobes.
N. Curdieanum ; stipite elongato valide costato alato v. ancipite ramoso ; ramis
in segmenta cuneato-flabelliformia lateralia v. terminalia vage pinnatijida
et lobulata enervia v. basi nervosa productis ; axillis angustis, apicibus obtusis,
margine integerrimo, membrana stratis plurihus cellularum constituta ; cysto-
carpiis globosis sparsis, soiis minutis oblongis v. linearibus densissima in laci-
nulis uUimis aggregatis.
NiTOPHYLLUM Curdieannm, Harv. Alg. Austr. Exsic. n. 291.
Hab. South Australia, Dr. Curdie. Port Fairy, W. H. H.
Geogr. Distr. Southern coasts of Australia.
Descr. Root discoid. Fronds tufted, 6-12 inches long, flabelliform in general
outline, much branched and divided. The adult frond has generally a lead-
ing stem several inches long, 2-4 lines wide, winged with torn membrane,
strongly ribbed, branching alternately or dichotomously, and often emitting
throughout its whole length crowded, proliferous segments. The branches
terminate also in segments similar to those of the stem : these are deeply
cut, generally in a pinnate, sometimes in a dichotomous order ; the divi-
sious are either linear or very narrow-cuneate, flat or slightly wavy, the
the lower ones with a vanishing nerve, the upper quite nerveless. AH the
apices are blunt. The membrane of the frond is decidedly rigid, composed
of 4-5 rows of quadrate cells. Cystocarps, the size of poppy-seeds, are
scattered over the principal segments. The sori are very small, and crowded
in the ultimate segments. The older parts of the frond are a dark brown-
red, the younger pinky ; all become darker, and sometimes very dark, in
drying. The frond very imperfectly, and with difficulty adheres to paper
in drying. The spore-threads are very much branched.
This species is nearly allied to N. affine, as a variety of which
I formerly regarded it, but have been induced to separate it
specifically on account of its very rigid substance. N. affine is
delicately thin, and closely adheres to paper. This is also darker
in colour ; and but for its much divided and deeply cut frond
would come near N. Gunnianum.
The first specimens I received of it were in a parcel sent to
me in 1851 by Dr. Curdie, of Geelong, to whom this species is
dedicated.
Fig. 1. NiTOPHYLLUM CuRDiEANUM, — the natural size. 2. A fragment of a
segment, bearing cystocarps, — slightlij enlarged. 3. Section through a cys-
tocarp. 4. Spore-thread. 5. Frustule, with sori. 6. Tetraspores, — vari-
ously maguijied.
Flate CL^.
Ser. RHODOSPERMEiE. Pam. Bhodymeniacea.
Plate CLII.
RHABDONIA DENDROIDES, Barv.
Gen. Char, i^yo^f/ filiform, decompound, imperfectly tubular; tube partly
filled with longitudinal, branching and anastomosing filaments ; peri-
pheric stratum composed of polygonal cellules, smaller toward the cir-
cumference. Fructijication : 1, <?owc(?^^ac/(?5 immersed in the branches,
suspended among the axial filaments and enclosed in a network of fila-
ments, containing moniliform strings of spores, radiating from a cen-
tral placenta; 2, zonate tetraspores dispersed through the superficial
stratum. — Rhabdonia {Harv.), from pa^Bo<;, a twig ; in allusion to
the twiggy ramification of the species.
Fronsfilifoi'tnis, decomposite ramosa, tubulosa ; tuho Jilis longitudinalibiis ramosis
anastomosantibus percurso ; strata peripheiico ex celluUs angulatis swperficiein
verms minoribus contexto. Fruct. : 1, cgstocarpia infra stratuin periphericum
siispensa, reticido filornm velata, carpostomio demum aperta, jila sporifera
moniliformia a placenta centrali emissa continentia ; 2, tetrasporce zonatim
divisa,per ramos minores spars(e, immersce.
Rhabdonia dendroides ; frond full-red, dendroid ; stem elongate, robust,
corneo-cartilaginous, rigid, decompound; lesser branches densely fas-
ciculato-corymbose and subfastigiate at the extremity ; ramuli taper-
pointed, acute, not constricted at base ; conceptacles immersed in the
ramuli.
E. dendroides; //•o«(/e rubra dendroidea, caule elongate robusto corneo-cartilagineo
rigido decomposite, ramis minoribus apice densissime fasciculato-corymbesis
subfastigatis, ramulis attenuatis acutis basi non constrictis, conceptacuUs ramu-
lis immersis.
Ehabdonia dendroides, Rarv. in Herb. T.C.D.
Hab. Western Port, W\ H. H. Cape Shank, Mrs. Barker. Garden Island,
Western Australia, G. Clifton.
Geogr. Distr. Bass's Straits, Western Australia.
Descr. Root much branched, rigid, the fibres clasping. Stem several inches
long, 1^-2 lines in diameter, very rigid and opaque, simple below, variously
divided upwards and breaking up finally into numerous cartilaginous, rather
rigid branches. These are either long or short, subsimple or decompound,
and are more or less furnished with short secondary branches which are very
densely multiplied, and sometimes form broora-like tufts at the ends. The
outline of these minor branches is often definite and subfastigiate. The ra-
muli are terete, tapering at the npex, but not at the base. Cystocarps, of at
least twice the diameter of the part where they occur, are immersed in the
ramuli ; they contain within the thick walls of the frond a large nucleus,
composed of spore-threads issuing from a central placenta ; the spores are
ovoid, and of large size. The walls of the frond are much thicker and more
densely cellular than in R. coccinea -. the central filaments are more or less
copious according to the age of the part examined. The colour is a dull red,
becoming browner in drying. The substance is very firm and rigid, and only
the younger portions of the frond adhere to paper in drying.
I am indebted to Mrs. Barker (through our mutual friend
Dr. Ferd. Mueller) for a fine fruiting specimen of this rare plant,
of which I only collected two or three specimens during my Aus-
tralian tour. It is by much the most robust and rigid of the
genus Hhahdonia, and also the most tree-like. The different spe-
cimens vary in extent of ramification, but all agree in the thick
stem and densely crowded ramuli. The colour is by no means
so bright as in U. coccinea, whose substance and habit also are
quite different.
I have to thank Mrs. Barker for an interesting parcel of Algae,
well selected and carefully prepared, — and am happy to be able
(as now) to figure the best plant it contained.
While this sheet is passing through the press I have received
a specimen from Western Australia, from my indefatigable cor-
respondent, G, Clifton.
Fig. 1. Ehabdonia dendroides, — the natural size. 2. A ramulus, with im-
mersed cystocarps. 3. Section through a cystocarp. 4. Spore-threads. 5.
A cross section of the frond. 6. A longitudinal section : — variously ma^wi-
fied.
Fliitt CLIII.
".'irixient Brcaisjir.];
Ser. Melanosperme^. Fam. Fucacece.
Plate CLIIL
PHYLLOSPORA COMOSA, j^.
Gen. Char, Root fibrous. Frond pinnately decompound^ witli flat stem
and branches, nerveless leaves, and proper vesicles, but without pro-
per receptacles. Vesicles stipitate, marginal, simple, leaf-bearing.
Scaphidia immersed in unmetamorphosed marginal leaves, dioecious.
Sjoores obovoid. — Phyllospora [Ag.), from (f)vWov, a leaf, and
(TITO pa, a seed; because the fruit is placed in leafy organs, not in
proper receptacles.
Radix fibrosa. Frons pitinat'mi ramosa, caide ramisque planis, foliis e?tervm
vesictdisque donata, receptaculis propriis tudlis. Vesiculas stipitatfB, marcji-
nales, sinipUces, foUiferce. Scaphidia in lamina folii non transformata im-
mersa, dioica. Sporce obovoidece.
Phyllospora comosa ; stem flat, smooth, pinnately branched ; leaves mar-
ginal, lanceolate-linear, attenuate, distantly toothed ; vesicles ellip-
soidal, leaf- bearing.
P. comosa ; caule piano leevi pinnatim ramoso ; foliis marginalibus lanceolato-
linearibus attenuatis subremote dentatis ; vesiculis ellipsoideis foliiferis.
Phyllospora comosa, Jg. Rev. Macr. p. 311. t. 28./. 11. J. Ag. Sp. Jig.
V. 1. p. 253. Kiltz. Sp. Alg. p. 592. Lond. Journ. Bot. v. 4. p. 525.
Harv. in II. N. Zeal. v. 2. p. 214. Fl. Tasm. v. 2. p. 283.
Macrocystis comosa, Ag. Sp. p. 48; Syst.p. 292. Rich. Aslr. N. Zeal. p. 14,
etv. 2. JO. 142.
FucDS comosus, Labill. PI. Nov. Soil. t. 258. Turn. Hist. t. 142.
Hab. In the Laminarian zone. South and south-east coasts of Australia.
Tasmania.
Geogr. Distr. Australia. New Zealand.
Descr. Root conico-hemispherical, composed of a large number of short, robust,
simple, closely imbricating, obtuse fibres, radiating from a central, concave,
margined disc, from the middle of which starts the solitary stem. Frond
12-20-30 feet long or more, pinnately decompound. Stem and branches
strap-shaped, from quarter to nearly half an inch in breadth, preserving
nearly the same width throughout, piano-compressed, two-edged, rather
thicker in the middle, very densely beset throughout with irregularly scat-
tered or crowded marginal leaves, intermixed with small ciliary processes
that may develope into leaves. Leaves 4-6-8 inches long, 1-6 lines wide,
tapering to each end, and sometimes much attenuated, either sharply and
coarsely toothed or more or less entire, with a few distant, small, or oblite-
rated teeth : very variable in this character. Fruit-leaves similar in form
and position to the ordinary leaves, but shorter and generally broader, con-
taining very many immersed spore-cavities {scaphidia). Spores and antJie-
ridia in different cavities. Colour a dull olive-brown, becoming darker in
drying. Substance very tough and leathery, somewhat horny when dry.
This is one of the gigantic Mucoids of the Southern Ocean, and
is allied to another giant of the North Pacific, namely, Phyllo-
spora Menziesii. The nearest affinity with Phyllospora in the
south is the Landshurcjia quercifolia of New Zealand, a plant
which I was formerly disposed to place in Phjllospora, but which
differs somewhat in the evolution of the frond. Both genera
differ from Sargassiim in having their spore-cavities contained
in unchanged or nearly unchanged leaves, instead of being lodged
in proper receptacles.
The root of the present species is curiously formed, and in old
specimens the disc, from the middle of which the stem springs,
becomes deeply cup-shaped. The substance, when old, is very
hard and woody; and when cast ashore, these roots resemble
little birds'-nests more than anything marine. They are cast
up in large numbers at the close of the year.
Fig. 1. Apex of a branch of Phyllospora comosa. 2. Eoot and base of
stem ; both of the natural size. 3. Section of a fruit-leaf, somewhat mag-
nified. 4. Vertical section of a spore-cavity or scapJddimn^ — more highly
magnified.
Fiatt cir:.
ianc era Ex oaks, jxtc:
Ser. Rhodosperme^. Fam. Rhodomelacea.
Plate CLIV.
POLYSIPHONIA CLADOSTEPHUS, Mont.
Gen. Char. Frond filiform, partially or generally articulate ; the joints lon-
gitudinally striate, composed of numerous cylindrical cells surrounding
a central cell (sometimes coated with one or several rows of smaller
cells). Fructification: \, ovate or urceolate ceramidia, containing
a tuft of pear-shaped spores j 2, tetraspores immersed in swollen
branches. — Polysiphonia {Grev.), from 7ro\v<i, many, and aicfxov,
a tube.
Frons fiUforniis, plus minus artictdata ; articulis longitiidinaliter pluristriatis,
ex celluUs 4-20 cyl'mdraceis cellulani centralem cingentlbm formatis (nunc
cellulis minoribus pluriseriatis corticatis). Fruct. : 1, ceramidia; 2, tetra-
sporcB in ramulis uUimis uniseriatce.
Polysiphonia Cladostephus ; brownish-purple, flaccid; frond setaceous,
elongate, alternately much branched; larger branches decompound,
smaller erect, subsimple, all clothed with dichotomous, byssoid,
whorled, monosiphonous ramelli; articulations of the branches seven-
tubed, 2-4 times longer than broad, the upper shorter; ceramidia
ovate, sessile ; tetraspores uniseriate, in distorted branchlets.
P. Cladostephus ; fusco-piirpurea, flaccida ; fronde setacea elongata alterne ra-
mosissima ; ramis majoribus deconipositis, minoribus erectis longe sitiiplicibus,
omnibus ramellis dichotomis byssoideis verlicillatis monosiphoniis vestitis ; arti-
culis ramorum l-siphoniis diametro 2-4-plo longioribus, superioribus sensim
brevioribus, ceramidiis ovatis sessilibus, tetrasporis in ramulis distortis nni-
seriatis.
Polysiphonia Cladostephus, Mont. Voy. Pol. Sud, v. \. p. 133. t. 13./.
4 a. Harv. Ner. Austr.p. 45 ; Alg. Austr. Exsic. n. 199. Harv. in Hook.
Fl. N. Zeal. V. 2. p. 232; Fl. Tasm. v. 2. p. 301.
Polysiphonia byssoclados, Harv. in Lond. Journ. v. 3. p. 436.
Cladostephus australis, Ag. Syst. p. 169.
GRirriTHSiA austrahs, Ay. Sp. Alg. v. 2. p. 135.
BiNDERA Cladostephus, Bene.
Hab. Common on the western and southern coasts of Australia, and in
Tasmania, various collectors.
Geogr. Distr. Lord Auckland's Island, New Zealand.
Descr. Root discoid. Fronds densely tufted, 6-12 inches long or more, as
thick as hog's-bristle, pellucidly articulate throughout, excessively branched,
with an angularly-bent, more or less evident main stem. Principal branches
somewhat ovate in outline, alternately decompound, several times divided,
and more or less ramuliferous ; all the angles sharp, and the divisions of the
frond and branches erect or erecto-patent. The older parts of the frond are
denuded and smooth, but all the vigorous and younger parts are beset, at
every articulation, with a whorl of byssoid, monosiphonous ramelli. These ra-
melli are dichotomous, 1-2 lines long, very soft and slender, and long-jointed ;
in all respects resembling the ramelli of a Dasya. They are denser on the
younger parts, and at the ends of the branchlets so crowded together that
they make a dark, eye-like spot. The frond is seven-tubed, the articulations
varying in length in different individuals and in different parts of the same
individual ; the articulations are all pellucid. The ceramidia are sessile on
the sides of the smaller branches, ovate or broadly urceolate, and elegantly
arcolated with hexagonal cells. The tetrmpores are set alternately on dis-
torted branchlets. The colour, when recent, is a dark red-purple or vinous,
becoming browner and darker in drying. The substance is soft, and iu
drying the frond adheres firmly to paper.
An abundant species on most parts of the southern coast, and
easily known from every other Australian by the byssoid, one-
tubed ramelli that whorl every joint, except on the denuded
parts. These ramelli are similar in structure to the ramelli of a
Dasya ; but this species differs from Dasya and agrees with other
FolysiplionicB in having its tetraspores lodged, not in ''stichidia"
but in the ordinary ramuli. A European species, P. byssoidea,
agrees with our P. CladostepJms in this character, but differs in
ramification and in other respects.
Fig. 1. PoLYsiPHONiA Cladostephus, — tJie natural size. 3. Joints of the
stem and the ramellus. 3. Cross section of the stem. 4. Part of a ramu-
lus, with ceramidia. 5. A ceramidium. 6. Spores from the same. 7. A
ramuluSj with tetraspores. 8. A tetraspore : — variously magnified.
Plcuc^ CIV.
VixLcerit BxookE^IiTC .
Ser. Rhodosperme^. Fam. Rhodomelacece.
Plate CLV.
POLYSIPHONIA SPINOSISSIMA, Haw.
Gen. Char. Frond filiform, partially or generally articulate ; the joints lon-
gitudinally striate, composed of numerous cylindrical cells surrounding
a central cell (sometimes coated with one or several rows of smaller
cells). Fructification: 1, ovate or urceolate ceramidia, containing
a tuft of pear-shaped spores; 2, tetrasjwres, immersed in swollen
branches. — Polysiphonia {Grev.), from iroXv^, many, and ai^wv,
a tube.
Jrons fill for mis, plus minus articulata ; articulis longitudinaliter pluristriatis,
ex celluUs 4-20 cylindraceis cellidam centralem cingentibus formatis (nunc
ceUidis minoribus pluriseriatis corticatlsj. Fruct. : 1^ ceramidia ; 'i, tetra-
sporce in ramulis ultitnis uniseriatce.
Polysiphonia spinosissima ; brownish, densely tufted ; frond setaceous,
shrubby, articulate throughout, furrowed, decompoundly much
branched ; branches directed every way, close together, patent, vir-
gate, several times pinnately decompound ; ramuli spine-like, squar-
rose, spirally inserted, very short and close together ; articulations
7 -tubed, those of the branches once and half as long as broad, those
of the ramuli very short.
P. spinosissima ; /«5ce5ee«5, de7ise ccespitosa, fronde setacea fruticosa articulata
sulcata decomposite ramosissima ; ramis quaquaversis creberrimis patentibus
■pluries pinnatim composUis ; raiimlis splncpformibus squarrosis spiraliter in-
sertls brevibus crebrls ; articulis septemsipJioniis, ramorum diametro sesquilou-
ffioribus, ramulorum brevissimis.
Polysiphonia spinosissima, Harv. Alg. Austr. Ex,sic. n. 173. Harv. in Hook.
Ft. Tasm. v. 2.j9. 301.
Hab. In a salt-water creek near "Belfast,^' Port Fairy, JF. H. H. Tas-
mania, C. Stuart.
Geogr. Distr. South coasts of Australia. Tasmania.
Descr. Pronds densely tufted, 2-3 inches high, pellucidly articulate throughout,
alternately branched, shrubby. Branches virgate, subsimple, very densely
set throughout, as well as the stem, with short, patent ramuli directed to
every side. Ramuli spine-like, 2-3 lines long, closely crowded, when young-
simple and slenderly subulate, afterwards set with smaller secondary subu-
late ramuli : all tipped with hair-like fibres. Articulations 7-tubed, rather
shorter than their breadth, with wide hyaline spaces between the tubes,
and broad hyaline dissepiments. Fruit unknown. Colour brownish, with
slightly purple tinge. Substance cartilaginous, rather firm when growing,
but becoming flaccid. When dry the frond adheres closely to paper.
This belongs to the same section as P. cancellata and its
alHes, but differs from all of that group by the very densely set
and spine-like compound ramuli, sprouting from all sides of the
stem and branches. In the habitat near Belfast it occurs
abundantly, but none of the specimens collected by me were
in fruit. Perhaps the fruit, when discovered, may afford fur-
ther characters.
Fig. 1. PoLYSiPHONiA spiNOSissiMA, — the nnturol uzB. 2. Apex of a branch,
with ramuli. 3. An ultimate ramulus. 4. Cross section of a branch: —
the latter figures magnified.
1
'^Uxie. cm.
.. \j^l^M
aByti'v;. ,.
3.;'<if*<-
^Sp^'^rv^M
dCv^"
. I-' — ^^: jl,^» A>.^CT
^msJ*-^'
■v:^:;^--r ryj^^H
Ser. Rhodospeeme^. Fam. Cri/ptonemiacece.
Plate CLVL
HOREA FRUTICULOSA, Haw.
Gen. Char. Frond fleshy-membranous, piano-compressed, composed of
three strata of cells; the medullar^/ stratum of large, empty, thin-
walled cells (often ruptured) ; the intermediate, of several rows of
smaller, coloured, angular cells ; the cortical, of vertical, dichotomous,
moniliform filaments, set in gelatine. Fructification : 1, favell<2
within a proper external pericarp crowned with spines, and opening
by a pore, attached to a basal placenta, invested with cobwebby inter-
woven filaments, and containing angular spores ; 2, cruciate tetra-
spores, dispersed among the filaments of the cortical stratum. — Horea
{Harv.), in honour of the Rev. W. S. Hore, an accomplished naturalist.
Frons carnoso-memhra9iacea,plano-compressa, ex stratis trihus cellularum compo-
sita ; stratum medullare cellulis maximis inanibus demiim scepe ruptis, intei'me-
dium cellulis pluriseriatis minoribus coloratis, corticale fills moniliformibus
verticalibus dichotomis muco coJdbitis formatum. Fruct. : 1, Favellce intra
pericarpium externum apice spinis coronatum poro pertusum, ad placentam
basalem affixce, fills arachnoldels laxe clrcnmdatce, sporas conglobatas angu-
lares foventes ; 3, tetrasporce spar see, cruclatlm dlvlsce.
Horea fruticulosa ; frond shrubby, tereti-compressed, irregularly much-
branched, pale-red, succulent ; branches virgate, subsimple, beset with
subulate, simple or subsimple, quadrifarious ramuli; conceptacles
4-horned, on squarrose branchlets.
H. fruticulosa ; fronde fruticulosa tereti-compressa vage ramosisslma rubra suc-
cosa ; ramls vlrgatls simplicmsculls ramuUs subulatls slmpllclbus v. subramo-
sis crebre obsessls ; cystocarplls 4<-corn7itls ramulls squarrosls insidentibus.
Horea fruticulosa, Harv. Alg. Exslc. Austr. n. 440.
Hab. Port Phillip Heads, rare, W. H. H.
Geogr. Distr. (As above.)
Descr. Root branching. Fronds tufted, 3-6 inches long, 1-H hnes in dia-
meter, shrubby, between cylindrical and compressed, very irregularly much
branched. The conceptacle-bearing individuals are more robust and rigid,
and more irregularly branched and squarrose than those that bear tetra-
spores. These last have generally a leading stem, closely set throughout
with lateral branches directed to all sides, patent, subsimple, and virgate or
flexuous, rather densely set with slender, subulate and attenuate ramuli.
The ramuli are 3-5 lines long, and very acute. Those of the conceptacle-
bearing plants are often much divided, especially such as bear the concepta-
cles. Conceptacles sessile, truncato-conical, crowned with about four short
horns or tubercles. Teti'aspores cruciate, abundant in the periphery of the
subulate rarauli. The colour is a pale, sometimes a very pale, rather dull
red, somewhat brownish in the stronger specimens. Substance at first ra-
ther crisp, soon becoming flaccid in the air, soft and juicy. In drying the
frond adheres closely to paper.
At Plate LXVII. is figured the original species on wliich the
genus Horca was founded : and two others are figured in the
' Mora of Tasmania.' Our present Plate represents still another,
and the only other known species. It is the least expanded, and
the most shrub-like of the genus, but agrees with all the rest in
fruit and structure.
There is greater diversity between the individuals that bear
the different fruits in this than in the other species : those that
bear conceptacles having a stunted growth, and much more ir-
regular and more divided ramification.
rig. 1. HouEA FRUTicuLOSA; a couceptacle-bearing individual, — the natural
size. 2. Eamulus, with conceptacles. 3. Vertical section of a conceptacle, —
variously magnified. 4. A tetraspore-bearing individual, — the natural size.
5. Cross section of a ramulus, with the tetraspores in situ. 6, A tetraspore,
— variotisly magnified.
Plate LLVll.
Scr. Ehodosfkume^. Fam. Wiodymeniacea.
Plate CLVII.
RHODYMENIA POLYMORPHA, Haw,
Gen. Char, i^yo;;^/ flat^ membranous, dichotomous or palmate, composed
of two strata of cells ; the medullary stratum of oblong, polygonal,
larger cells; the cortical of minute, vertically seriated cellules.
Ffuclification : 1, sessile, hemispherical, thick-walled conceptacles, at
length opening by a terminal pore, containing densely-packed, spori-
ferous filaments issuing from a basal placenta, and surrounded by a
gelatinous pellicle; 2, cruciate or tripartite ietrasjjores, either scattered
over the frond, collected in sori, or immersed in terminal, shield-like
iiemathecia. — Ehodymenia [Grev.], from poZeo<i, red, and vimt]v, a
membrane.
Frons plana, memhranacea, dicJiotoma v. palmata, stratis duohus composita ;
straio viedullarl ex cellidis mujiiscidls oblongis polyhedrk, corticali cellidis
minimis coloratis pluriserialibus covflato. Fruct. : 1, cystocarpia sessilia,
heiidspharica, intra pericarpium crassum demum carpostomio aperlum fila
sporifera densissime ar/greyata, e placenta basali emissa, pellicula ydatinoHu-
cellulosd velata foventia ; 2, tetrasporce cruciatim v. triatigule divistE, nunc
sparsce, nunc in soros subdejinitos collectce v. in netnatheciis terminalibus im-
niersce.
Ehodymenia polymorpha ; stipes short, very soon expanding into the base
of the frond ; frond dull red or pale-purplish, very broad, oblong or
ovate, polymorphous, sometimes simple, with the margin leaf-bearing,
sometimes cleft into numerous lanceolate segments ; segments either
simple or variously cleft, or producing marginal leaves; cystocarps
very numerous, scattered over the whole frond.
E. polymorpha ; stipite brevi mox in basifrondis explanato ; fronde dilute ridjra
latissima oblongo-ovata polymorpha nunc subsimpUci maryine foliifera, nunc
in lacinias plures lanceolatas Jissa ; laciniis nunc simplicibus nunc maryine fo-
liiferis v. varie inciso-partitis ; cydocarpiis uumerosisshnis per totam frondem
dispersis.
Rhodymenia polyraorpha, Harv. Aly. Austr. Exsic. n. 383 ; Haro. in Hook,
fit. Fl.Tasni. t\ 2. p. 319.
Hab. Thrown up from deep water. Port Fairy, Port Phillip Heads, and
Philip Island, Western Port, IF. H. E. Georgetown, Tasmania,
W. H. H.
Geogr. Djstr. Southern coasts of New Holland. Bass's Straits, both sides.
Descr. Root a small disc. Stem couipressed, cartilaginous, \-^ inches long, cu-
neate upwards and gradually expanding into the ba&e of the frond. Frond
1-2 feet long or more, 2-8 inches wide, extremely variable in shape. The
primitive form appears to be oblong, or obovate-oblong, tapering at base,
either blunt at the extremity or tapering to a subacute point. Sometimes
it is quite simple, with the margin variably indented or sinuate; more fre-
quently the marginal teeth are developedinto leaf-like lateral lobes, l-6inches
long, and ^-1^ inch wide. Specimens that bear tetraspores are very gene-
rally deeply divided, and sometimes cleft nearly to the base into numerous
broadly-lanceolate segments, which are then either quite entire and flat, or
else margined throughout with lateral leaflets. The surface is generally
quite smooth and glossy, but is sometimes buUated, and occasionally
roughened by small processes. The cysiocarps are extremely numerous,
and profusely scattered over the whole frond; they are hemispherical, thick-
walled, and contain a dense nucleus within a large cavity. The tetraspores
are triangularly parted, and form cloudy patches, dispersed over the frond.
The colour varies from a dull livid-purplish to a rather bright but pale blood-
red : it soon fades on exposure. The substance is thickish-membranous, or
like parchment, shrinking in drying, and imperfectly adhering to paper. It
bears steeping in fresh-water, without injury, for a considerable time.
With the structure and fructification of Uliodymenia this spe-
cies has much of the habit and extreme irregularity of outhne of
an Iridaa or of the broad-fronded Gigariince, such as G. radula.
Our figure represents an average form, but many foho plates
might be filled to little purpose with varying individuals, with-
out exhausting the " sports" of this most sporting plant. Still,
there is that general agreement in substance and texture, and
that scarcely definable resemblance between all, that make it
easy, on the shore, to combine the many shapes under one ideal
type. In the herbarium it is not so easy, without comparison of
a very extensive suite. Hence single specimens, or a solitary
figure, of this plant, can scarcely be said to illustrate it.
Its nearest affinity is with R. pertusa, of the N.W. Pacific, and
M. sancjuinea, of New Zealand.
Fig. 1. Ehodymenia polymorpha; the natural size. 2. Vertical section of
a conceptacle, and of the frond. 3. Spores from the nucleus. 4. Tetraspores:
— variously magnified.
PM^cjyiii
■'<*i5^>v
Ser, RHODOSPERMEiE. Fam. Sppid'iacecB.
Plate CLVllI.
SPYRIDIA OPPOSITA, Haw.
Gen. Char. Frond filiform, pinnately decompound, articulated, but gra-
dually becoming coated with a layer of small, coloured cellules;
branches and ramuli furnished with minute, bristle-shaped, articu-
lated ramelli. Cijstocarps terminating short branches, involucrated or
naked, containing within a closed, membranous pericarp, numerous
nucleoli of oblong spores. Tetraspores formed along the ramelli, ex-
ternal, sessile, triangularly parted. — Spyridia [Ilarv.), from airvpi'i,
a basket.
Fronsjilifonnis, pinnatim decomposita, articulata, sendm cellidis mhiuiis cola-
ratis corticata ; ramis ramulisque ramelUs articulatis setiformibus ndnutis
plus mimis instructis. Cystocarpia ramos breves terminantia, ramellis in-
volucrata, v. niida, irdra ptericarpium clausum membranuceum nucleulos plures
sporarum oblongarum foventla. Tetrasporce ad genicula ramellorum evo-
lufcB, externce, sessiles, triangule divisce.
Spyridia opposita ; frond bluntly four-angled, decompoundly much-
branched, distichous; branches and ramuli closely piunulated with
opposite, setaceous, subdistichous ramelli ; ramelli incurved, subulate,
acute, not constricted at base, their articulations as long as broad ;
cystocarps without involucre.
S. opposita ; fronde obtuse quadrangulari decomposita 7'amosissima disticha ; ra-
mis ramulisque ramellis oppositis subdistichis setaceis crebre pinnidatis ; ra-
mellis incurvis subulatis acutis nee basi angustatis ; articulis ramellorum dia-
metro eequalibus ; cystocarpiis basi nudis (nee involucratis) .
Spyridia opposita, Harv. in Hook. fit. Fl. N. Zeal. v. 2. p. 256. Harv.
Alg. Austr. Exsic. n. 464.
Hab. Near Cape Northumberland, Mrs. Eddington. Philip Island,
Western Port, W.H.H. Premantle,- G. Clifton. Southport, Tas-
mania, C. Stuart.
Geogr. Distr. Western and southern coasts of Australia. Tasmania. New-
Zealand.
Descr. Root a small disc. Stem once or twice forked near the base, or undi-
vided, 4-6 inches long, compresso-quadrangular, with rounded, prominent
angles, closely set throughout with alternate, lateral, subhorizontally patent,
simple branches. These branches are once or twice distichously pinnate,
the pinnae irregularly set, and of very unequal length. Pinnules few and
short. The younger part of the stem, and the branches and their divisions,
are all closely pectinato-pimiate, with opposite, hair-like, simple ramelli.
•i- line long, and either distichous or irregularly decussating. The frond is
corticated throughout with several rows of minute, coloured cellules, through
which the internal articulations are scarcely visible, except in the smaller ra-
muli; the rff»i6'Z/i are plainly articulate, and cross-banded at the dissepiments
with rows of coloured, dot-like cellules. Cystocarp^ (found on half-denuded
fronds, in the winter season) borne on the tips of shortened ramelli, sub-
globose, imperfectly 3-lobed, without involucre, containing three clusters of
spores. Teh'aspores unknown. Colour o{ the frond dark-red; of the ra-
muli a full blood-red or rosy. Substance rather rigid. In drying it very
imperfectly adheres to paper.
A distinctly -marked and rather extensively distributed species
of Spyridia ; a small genus, whose typical species, S. filamentosa,
is almost cosmopolitan, being absent only from the colder zones.
The specimens of our S. ojjposita from New Zealand, quite ac-
cord with those from the south coast of Australia, but are rather
less luxuriant than Mr. Clifton's from western Australia, None
that we have seen produce tetraspores ; nor have cystocarps been
found except by Mr. C. Stuart, from one of whose specimens our
figure has been taken. The exactly opposite and nearly disti-
chous ramelli easily distinguish this from any variety of S. fila-
mentosa. The structure of frond and ramelli is nearly the same in
both species. The colour of S. opposita is much fuller, brighter,
and more enduring.
Fig. 1. Spyridia opposita, — tlie natural size. 2. A ramulus, pinnulated with
opposite ramelli. 3. A ramellus, inserted on a fragment of the ramulus.
4. Section of a ramellus. 5,6. Section of a younger and older branch of
the frond. 7. A three-lobed cystocarp in situ. 8. String of spores from
the same : — variously magnijied.
FUtt a LI.
VlTicerz
Ser. Melanospekme^. Fam. Fucacea.
Plate CLIX.
CARPOGLOSSUM CONFLUENS, Kutz.
Gen. Char. Root discoid. Frond with subdistinct stem and leaves, pin-
nate; leaves vertically flattened, imperfectly costate. Vesicles and
receptacles none. Spore -cavities scattered over both surfaces of the
leaves, hemispherically prominent, monoecious. Varanemata simple. —
Carpoglossum {Kutz.), from Kap7To<;, /rtdt, and yXwaa-a, a tongue;
because the fruit-bearing leaves are tongue-shaped.
Radix scutata. From caule a foliis subdistincto lieierogenea, pinnatim decom-
posita ; phyllodiis verticaliter applanatis, immerse costatis. Receptacula pro-
pria et vesicnlce nullce. Scaphidia in utraque pagina foliorum sparsa, hemi-
spharice prominentia, monoica. Sporce ohovoidece, subsessiles. Paranemata
simpUciusciila.
Caepoglossum covfiiiens ; frond laxly pinnated or bi-tripinnated ; stem
flat, obsoletely midribbed, broader than the erect, simple (or pin-
nately compound), very entire, obtusely emarginate, linear-cuneate
phyllodia; spore-cavities in many rows.
C. confluens ; fronde laxiuscule pinnata v. bi-tripinnatim decomposita ; caule
piano obsolete contorto, phyllodiis erectis simpUcibus (v. pinnatim compositisj
integer?-imis obtuse emarginatis linear i-cimeatis latiore ; scaphidiis pluri-
seriatis.
Cakpoglossum confluens, Kutz. Phyc. p. 352. /. Ag.Sp. Alg. v. '[.p.
195. Harv. in Hook. Ft. Tasm. v. 2. p. 286 ; Alg. Austr. Exsic. n. 40.
"Fucus confluens, P. Br. in Turn. Hist. t. 141. Ag. 8p. Alg. p. 95; Syst.
p. 278.
Hab. Laminarian zone. Port Dalrymple, Tasmania, R. Brown. Port
Arthur, Li/all, W. H. H. Port Phillip Heads and Western Port, Br.
Mueller, W. H. H.
Geogr. Diste. Southern coasts of New Holland; north and south coasts of
Tasmania.
Descr. Root a conoidal callus, half to three-quarters of an inch diameter. Frond
fourteen inches to 2-3 feet long, when young or dwarfed simply pinnate,
when full-grown twice or thrice pirinately compounded. The principal rachis
and the rachides of the larger branches of old fronds are 5-8 lines wide, ta-
pering to the base, broader upwards, and again slightly narrowing to the
blunt extremity, flat, imperfectly midribbed, sharp-edged, and perfectly entire.
All the divisions stand very erect and have rounded axils. The ultimate
segments are hnear-cuneate, half an inch wide or less, narrowed at base,
minutely notched at the apex, and linear-oblong or somewhat cuneate ; if
injured at the point, a new segment is often thrown out from the injured
part. Spore-cavities {scaphidia) are produced in unaltered lateral segments,
and finally cover the whole surface of the segment in 4-6 rows ; they con-
tain both antheridia and spores. The colour is a dark olive-brown, turning
black in drying. Substance leathery, discharging much mucus in fresh-
water.
At Plates XLIII. and CXXVIII. are figured two other species
of Carpo^lossiwi, both easily distinguishable from each other, and
neither likely to be confounded with the subject of our present
Plate. This latter was first found by Mr. R. Brown, who named
it " conjluens," because its several parts seem almost to melt into
one another; the midrib passing insensibly into lamina; the
lamina into stem ; and the leaf-like branches into half-formed
receptacles.
It commences to grow about low-water mark, and gradually
increases in size as the water deepens. Specimens raised from
the deeper parts of the Laminarian zone are much more branched,
with longer and far narrower segments than the one here chosen
for illustration.
Fig. 1. Carpoglossum confluens, — the natural size. 2. Section of a sca^^i-
dium. 3. A spore. 4. A tuft of antheridia : — variously magnified.
KiU^ CIX
Ser. Rhodospermej;. lam. Ceramiacea.
Plate CLX.
CALLITHAMNIONGRIFFITHSIOIDES,^o/.^.
Gen. Char. Frond filiform, branched, articulated, monosiphonous, the stem
and branches (in many species) at length thickened internally, or
coated externally with decurrent filaments ; ramuli always pellucidly
articulate and monosiphonous. Fructification : 1, favella generally
in pairs, axillary or sessile on the branches, naked, containing nume-
rous angular spores ; 2, tetraspores naked, sessile or pedicellate, dis-
tributed on the ramuli, generally triangularly parted. — Ca.llithamnion
[Lyngh.), from KaXKi<i, heautiful, and Oafjuviov, a little shrub.
Frons fUformis, ramosa, articulata, monosipJionia, caule ramisque majoribus
(in pluribus) demum Jibris decurrentibus interne vel externe evolutis corticatis
V. Jirmatis ; ramulis semper pellucide articulalis. Fruct.: \,favell(e binatce,
axillares v. ad ramos sessiles, nudre, sporas mimerosas angidatas fuventes ; 3,
tetrasporce nudce, ad ramulos sessiles v. pedicellate, triangulce v. cruciatim di-
vis(E.
Callithamnion Griffithsioicles ; densely tufted, bright rosy-red; fronds
interwoven at base, setaceous, pellucidly articulate, dichotomous, fas-
tigiate ; branches several times forked with acute axils, bearing to-
wards the apex minute, multifid ramuli ; ramuli closely branched,
nearly corymbose, fruit-bearing ; tetraspores pedicellate, near the ends
of the ramuli ; articulations cylindrical, 6-8 times as long as broad.
C. Griffitlisioides ; caspitosiim, coccineum ; frondibus basi intertextis setaceis
pellucide articulatis dichotomis fastigiatis; ramis pluries furcatis (axillis
acutis), apicem versus ramulos minntos muUiJidos ferentibus ; ramulis crebre
ramulosis fere corymbosis fructiferis ; tetrasporis prope apices ramulorum fas-
ciculatis pedicellatis, articulis cglindraceis diametro &-8-plo longioribus.
Callithamnion Griffitbsioides, Sand, in Linn. v. 36. p. 513. Harv. in Hook.
Jil. Fl. Tasm. v. 3. p. 336.
Callithamnion Griffithsise, Harv. Alg. Austr. Exsic. n. 535.
Hab. Wilson's Promontory, 1853, Lr. Ferd. Mtteller. Port Fairy, 1854,
W. H. H. Georgetown, Tasmania, 1848, R. Gunn.
Geogr. Distr. South coast of New Holland. Tasmania.
Descr. Root an entangled mass of creeping fibres. Filamei^ts as thick as hog's
bristle, densely tufted, 3-5 inches long, pellucidly articulated from the base,
many times regularly forked, spreading equally, and nearly fastigiate. All
the divisions of the frond are very erect, and the angles acute ; each fork of
the larger branches is 4-8 lines apart. In barren specimens the terminal
ramifications are filiform and quite simple ; in fertile ones they bear closely
much branched corymbs of minute inflexed fructiferous ramuli. The tetra-
spnres are globose/tripartite, sliortly pedicellate, and issue one from each
articulation of the ramulus, along its inner face. The apices are obtuse.
The articulations are cylindrical, with wide hyaline borders, and many times
longer than their diameter ; those of the smaller branches and ramuli be-
come gradually shorter upwards. The colour is a brilliant rosy-crimson.
The substance is crisp when fresh, but soon softens on exposure, and rapidly
decomposes in fresh-water. In drying the plant closely adheres to paper,
which it stains carmine.
A brilliantly coloured species, with a good deal of the aspect,
ramification, colour, and substance, but not i\\Q fruit, of Griffilhsia
setacea : for which, except when in fruit, it might readily be
mistaken. Both plants, when thrown into fresh-water while still
living, are apt to burst their cells with a crackling noise, dis-
charging the endochrome with violence ; and if not soon removed
and placed on paper (which they stain with a deep carmine) de-
compose in a few minutes.
Fio-. 1. Callithamnion Griffithsioides, — the natural size. 2. Apex of
a branch, with corymbose terminal ramuli. 3. A corymb of tetraspores
from the same. 4. One of the tetraspores on its pedicel : — the latter figures
variously magnified.
?utA cm
Sei'. Chlorospkrme/E. Fam. SiplionacecB.
Plate CLXl.
CAULERPA DISTICHOPHYLLA, Somi
Gen. Char. Frond consisting of prostrate surculi, rooting from their
lower surface, and throwing up erect branches (or secondary fronds)
of various shapes. Substance horny-membranous, destitute of cal-
careous matter. Structure unicellular, the cell continuous, strength-
ened internally by a spongy network of anastomosing filaments, and
filled with semifluid, grumous matter. Fructification unknown. —
Caulerpa [Lamoc.), from Kav\o<;, a stem, and epirw, to creep.
Frons ex sur cutis pr'ostratis hie illic radicantibus et ramis erectis polymorpJds
fonnata. Substantia corneo-membrauacea. Structura unicelltilosa, cellula
memhrana continua hyalina intusjilis cartilagineis tenuissimis anastomosauti-
hus firmata et endrochromate denso viridi repteta. Fr. ignota.
Caulerpa distlcliophylla ; surculus setaceous, glabrous ; fronds erect, fili-
form, simple or sparingly branched, closely pectinato- pinnate, with
minute, subulate, distichous or subtristichous ramenta ; ramenta ob-
tuse or submucronulate, incurved, not narrowed at base.
C. distichophylla ; surculo setaceo glabra, fi'ondibus erectis filiformibus simpli-
cibus V. parce ramosis crebre pectinato-pinnatis, pinnis (ranientis) minutis
subulatis (jmdoribus falcatis) distichis v. subtristichis obtusis v. mucronula-
tis basi non angustatis.
Caulerpa distichophylla, Sond. PI. Preiss. v. %.p. 150, Harv. Alg. Austr.
Exsic. n. 553.
Caulerpa tenella, Harv. in Trans. R. I. Acad. v. 22. p. 564.
Hab. Western Austraha, Preiss. On "the Jetty-reef^' at Rottnest Island,
rare, JF. H. H.
Geogr. Distr. Western Australia.
Descr. Surculus 3-3 inches long, as thick or twice as thick as hog's-bristle,
quite glabrous, emitting a few, slender, short roots. Fronds 1-3 inches
high, simple or forked, or bearing 2-4 distant, alternate, lateral, undivided
branches, narrow-linear in outhne, closely pectinato-pinnate througliout,
with very short ramenta. Ramenta (or pinnse) \-\ line long, erecto-patent,
subincurved, from a broad base bluntly subulate, opposite or subalternate,
either exactly distichous or irregularly tristichous, and occasionally sub-
spirally inserted. Colour a dark bottle-green, glossy when dry. Substance
horny-membranous, imperfectly adhering to paper in drying.
A small, slender, weak -growing, and decidedly a rare species.
Though named " dislichophylla'' it has little claim, par excel-
lence, to this designation ; for, like many distichous CaulerpcB, it
is liable to vary to tristichous or irregularly spiral. A slight twist
in the growing stem is sufficient to destroy the perfectly dis-
tichous character; but besides this, it frequently happens (as
shown at Fig. 2), that a ramentum is emitted from the middle
region of the rachis, between the two distichous ramenta. Such
a circumstance, occurring as it does even more commonly in
several other distichous species, teaches us how worthless, as a
generic character, the distichous or non- distichous ramentation
in Caulerpa is : — yet on this alone it has been proposed to
divide the genus.
Fig. 1. Caulerpa distichophylla, — the natural size. 2. Part of a branch : —
maguijled.
lUtt CIM.
Ser. lliiODOSPEiiMEiE. Tarn. Ilelminthodadea.
Plate CLXII.
LIAGORA CHEYNEANA, Haw.
Gen. Char. Frond terete or compressed, dicliotomous or pinnate, at length
coated with a calcareous deposit, with a filamentous axis and continu-
ous stratum of peripheric filaments ; axis formed of long, branching,
interlaced, longitudinal filaments ; peripherij of horizontal, articulated,
moniliform, branching filaments. Fructification imperfectly known.
— LiAGOiiA [Lamoiir.], a classical name ; one of the Nereids.
Frons teretlnscula v. cojripressa, dichotovia v. pinnatlm ramidosa, criista cal-
carea clenuim obducta, axi stratoque peripherico continuo conslitnta ; axis fills
elongatis ramosis artlculatls intricatls constans ; stratum periphericum fills
horizontallbus artlculatls monlliformibus ramosis constltutum. Fructus vlx
uotus.
LiAGOUA Clieyneana; frond gelatinous, compressed, somewhat channelled
when dry, dichotomous, much-branched; branches erecto-patent, sil-
very, clothed with a purple tomentum; apices diverging; peripheric
filaments free, cylindrical, forked.
L. Cheyneana ; fronde gelatlnosa compressa slccllate subcanallculata dlchofoma
ramoslsslma; ramls crecto-jjatentlbus argentels vlllo purpurea tomentosls; apl-
clbus divarlcatls, fills per Ipher Ids llberls cylindracels furcatls.
LiAGORA Cheyneana, Harv. in Trans. R. I. Acad. v. 22. p. 553. Harv. Alg.
Austr. Exsic. n. 352.
Hab. On rocks and the smaller Algse, within tide-marks. At Cape Riche,
IF. H. H. Fremantle, G. Clifton.
Geogr. Distr. Western and soutb-westeru coasts.
Descr. Fronds tufted, 3-6 inches long, ^-1 Hne in diameter, subcorapressed,
of nearly equal diameter throughout, when dry collapsing and partly chan-
nelled, irregularly much branched, subdicholomous, rarely having any lateral
branchlets. lu full-grown fronds there is a more or less evident leading
stem, throwing out subquadrifarious sparingly dichotomous branches ; some-
times the whole frond is pretty regularly dichotomous. The branches are
flexuous, forked at intervals of one or two inches, the axils rounded, and the
apices divergent. When growing, the whole frond is of a beautiful rosy
purple; the colour residing in the soft, subgelatinous, peripheric filaments,
which project, as a villum, beyond the calcareous substratum of the frond.
When dry, the surface is pow'dery and mottled, white and purplish, the sil-
very substratum appearing through the shrunk peripheric filaments. The
peripheric filaments are subcylindrical, with joints tuo to three times longer
than broad. Sometimes they bear at their extremities globose tufts of di-
chotomously much-branched, fastigiate, minute, moniliform filaments, which
may possibly contain antheridia. Spores unknown. Colour, when growing,
purple. Substance gelatinous wlien fresh, soft and membranous when dry ;
in which state the frond closely adheres to paper.
The subject of our present Plate was discovered while staying
at the hospitable house of George Cheyne, Esq., of Cape Riche
and Albany, Western Australia, in compliment to whom and to
Mrs Cheyne I have pleasure in naming it. The neighbourhood
of Cape Riche is a most famous botanizing ground, as far as the
exuberant and thoroughly Australian land Flora is concerned ;
but I did not find the coast equally rich in Algae, and the present
is one of the few new species which I added to my list whilst
sojourning at the farm. In the genus to which it belongs it is
distinguished by its unusually bright colour, and the length,
freedom, and slight ramification of the peripheric filaments.
Fig. 1. Ltagoka Ciieyneana, — the wdnral size. 2. Some of the axile and the
peripheric filaments. 3. One of the peripheric tilaraents, bearing avihc-
ridia(?). 4. One of the tilaincnts, of which the globular tuft of antheridia (?)
consists : — variously ma(j)iijied.
Phu CLXIIL
YiiujentErc
Ser. lliioDosPERME/E. Fam. Sj)hairococcoidece ?
Plate CLXIII.
PHACELOCARPUS LABILLARDIERI, /. J^.
Gen. Char. Frond compressed, distichously pectinate or subterete, quad-
rifariously aculeate, formed of three strata surrounding a central arti-
culate filament or tube; medullary stratum of longitudinal, densely
interwoven filaments; intermediate of larger, roundish cells; cortical
of minute, coloured, vertically seriated cellules. Fruits of both kinds
external, pedicellate or sessile. Ctjdocarps (imperfectly known). Re-
ceptacles of tetraspores ovoid or globose, containing within nume-
rous cavities parietal zonate tetraspores mixed with simple parane-
mata. — Phacelocarpus {EndL), from <^aKeXo<i, a tuft, ovfascis, and
KapiTo<i, fruit : the fruit is club-shaped in the typical species.
Frous compressa, dlstiche pectinata, aut teretiuscula et quoquoversum aculeata,
triplici strata tubnm articulatum centralem ambiente contcxta ; strata me-
dullari Jills lunyltudlnallbus deuslsslme intertextls, intermtdlo cellulls inajo-
ribus rotundatls, cortlcali cellulls mlnutls coloratls vertlcallter serlalls.
Fr actus utrliisque generis externl, pedlcellatl v. sesslles. Cystucarpla (vlx
nola). Receptacula tetrasporarum ovoldea v. globosa, in cryptls nu)uerosis,
infra pe^ipJieriam exsculptls tetrasporas zonatlm dlvlsas parletales inter para-
uemata uldulantes foveutla.
Phacelocarpus Latjillardieri ; frond compressed, strongly midribbed,
pectinato-pinnate; pinnse subulate, flat, twice as long as the breadth
of the frond ; receptacles ovoid, pedicellate, axillary.
P. Labillardieri ; fronde compressa elevato-costatapectlnato-phinata ; plunis subu-
latls plants latltudlne frondls duplo longiorlbus, receptaculls ovoldels pedlcel-
latls axlllarlbus.
Phacelocarpus Labillardieri, /. Jg. Sp. Alg. v. 2. p. 648. Sand, in Linn.
V. 25. p. 690. Rarv. in Rook. fil. N. Zeal. v. 2. p. 242 ; Fl. Tasm. v. 2.
p. 313. Harv. Jig. Exslc. Austr. n. 304.
EucTENODUs Labillardieri, Kiitz. Sp. Alg. p. 770.
Ctenodus Labillardieri, Kiltz. Phyc. Gen. p. 407. t. 48./. 2, HooJc. Jit. et
Harv. Lond. Journ. Bat. v. 4>. p. 549.
Pucus Labillardieri, Mert. in Turn. Hist. t. 137.
SpHiEROCOCCUS Labillardieri, Jg. Sp.p. 296; Sgst. p. 230.
Hab. In the Laminarian zone, and at greater depth. Common on the
western and southern coasts of Australia, and in Tasmania.
Geogr. Distr. Australia. Tasmania. New Zealand.
Descr. Foot a broad disc. Frond 1-3 feet high or more, |-1 line iu diameter.
excessively branched, distichous ; branches alternate or scattered, the smaller
ones more or less pinnately compound, long and short intermixed irregu-
larly, the smaller ones more equably and closely pinnate or bipinnate.
Every portion of the frond, except the denuded parts of old stems and the
bases of old branches, is closely pectinated with small, subulate, distichous,
flat or compressed, spreading ramuli or cilia, 1^-3 lines long, slightly de-
current at base. The rachides of the branches are thickened in the middle
into a rib, which usually occupies the greater part of the width, leaving a
very narrow or obsolete border. The conceptacles (?), as well as the recep-
tacles, are axillary and pedicellate. The conceptacles, on all the specimens I
have seen, are abortive, irregularly formed, and contain no perfect spores ;
they are subglobose, depressed on the summit, and often partially bivalve or
irregularly gaping. Receptacles of tetraspores are egg-shaped, containing
numerous cavities excavated under the surface-coating, and bearing on their
walls attached, elongated, clavate or filiform zonate tetraspores, not unlike
the strings of spores of a Coralline. Mixed with these are unicellular para-
nemata. Colour, when growing, a very dark red, after long immersion or
exposure changing to a deep-crimson, and then scarlet and orange. Substance
very firm, cartilaginco-corneous, rigid when dry. In drying, the frond does
not adhere to paper.
A well-known and abundant Alga along all the extratropical
coasts of Australia, agreeing in ramification and general habit
with several others, but readily known from all by its very cu-
rious fructification. I have abstained from figuring what are
called conceptacles {cystocarps) in this genus, because I am by
no means assured that they really are cystocarps, and because I
think they may probably be only abortive receptacles, or perhaps
antheridia-cups. In the many specimens I have examined I have
never found well-developed spores, and very frequently only an
amorphous mass of tissue. It may perhaps be questioned
whether the receptacles themselves may not be true cystocarps,
and the so-called tetraspores, strings of spores similar to the
quaternate spores of Corallina. Were this view admitted, the
affinities of Pliacelocarpus would be with the Gelicliacea. At
present it is quite uncertain to what family this genus should be
referred.
Fig. 1. Phacelocarpus Labillardieui ; a branch, — the natural size. 2.
Small fragment of a branch, in fruit. 3. Cross section of the stem. 4. Small
fragment of the periphery of the same. 5. Longitudinal section through a
receptacle, showing many tetraspore-cavities. 6. Tetraspores and parane-
mata from the same : — variously magnified.
Plate CIM'.
iiTicenc ETcoEs
Ser. Melanospeeme^. Fam. Fmacece.
Plate CLXIV.
SCABERIA AGARDHII, Grev.
Gen. Char. Frond dendroid^ irregularly branched, having stem, leaves, and
vesicles as distinct organs, but without receptacles. Leaves peltate,
fleshy, warted externally, spirally inserted round the stem. Vesicles
formed from an inflated leaf, and inserted as the leaves. Scaphidia
immersed in the leaves, beneath the periphery of the outer surface, her-
maphrodite. -iS^jwi?* obovoid. Antheridia iniiQdL. — Scaberia {Grev.),
from scaler, rough: alluding to the roughly-warted leaves and vesicles.
I'rons dendroidea, vage ramosa, caulevi, folia, et vesicidas ut organa dlscreta ge-
rens, receptacuUs propriis mdlis. Folia peltata, carnosa, externe spimdoso-
verrucosa, spirali ordine circa caulem disposita. Vesicula a folio injlato
ortce, ut folia insertce. Scaphidia. foliis immersa, infra superficiem pagincB
exterioris excavata, hermaphrodita. Spores obovoidecB. Antheridia fasciculata.
Scaberia Agardhii.
Scaberia Agardhii, Grev. Syn. p. 36. /. Ag. Sp. Alg. v. \. p. 252. Sond.
Preiss. PI. v. 2. p. 159. Harv. in Hook. fil. Fl. Tasm. v. 2. p. 283 ; Alg.
Austr. Exsic. w, 31.
Castraltia salicornioides, A. Rich. N. Zeal. v. 2. p. 143.
Hab. Below low-water mark, extending to 10-20 fathoms. Common on
the western and southern shores of Australia, and in Tasmania.
Geogr. Distr. Australia. Tasmania. New Zealand.
Descr. Root discoid. Frond several feet long, irregularly or alternately much
branched. The lower part of the stem and of the older branches is de-
nuded of leaves, smooth, filiform, as thick as whipcord, flexuous or wavy.
The upper portion, and all the younger branches and their subdivisions,
are closely imbricated with small, fleshy, densely-warted leaves. These
leaves are affixed to slightly excentrical petioles, spirally inserted round the
stem ; they are 3-4 lines in diameter, verticaUy compressed, smooth on their
inner or lower side, and closely covered with short, wart-hke processes on
the upper. The vesicles are spherical, covered like the leaves with warts,
3-4 lines in diameter, sessile along the sides of branches or ramuli. Spore-
cavities are lodged in the ordinary leaves, under the surface ; they contain
spores and tufted antheridia, and open among the bases of the warts. The
colour is a very dark brown, becoming rather darker in drying. The sub-
stance is rigid and tough, somewhat wiry in the stem ; brittle when dry.
This is by much the most singular and characteristic of the
Australian Fucoids. In external habit it not a little resembles one
of the Gorgonioid corals, but examination at once shows its strict
relationship to several Fucoids. In the peltate leaves there is a
manifest affinity with Turbinaria, and in the fructification with
Carpoglosmm, ; to neither of which genera does Scaberia bear
much external resemblance. Among the Algse perhaps that are
externally similar none approach nearer than Polypliacum and
Thamnodoniuvi, both genera of " Bhoclospermece," and therefore
widely removed in affinity, however similar they may be in de-
velopment of the frond, or processes of the surface.
This is one of the Algse which appears to be always in fruit ;
at least, in the many specimens which have passed through my
hands, I have never failed to find spore-cavities, either filled
with spores and antheridia, or having just discharged their con-
tents.
Fig. 1. Scaberia Agakdhii, — the natural size. 2. Eront view of a peltate
leaf. 3. Back view of the same. 4. Section through the upper surface of
a fertile leaf. 5. A spore. 6. Some autheridia, — variously magnified.
Plate cm
i
Ser. E.HODOSPKEME.E. Fam. Gelidiaceoi ?
Plate CLXV.
NIZYMENIA AUSTRALIS, Sond.
Gen. Char. Frond hornj-membranous, linear, subpinnately compound,
composed of tliree strata ; the medullary of densely interwoven, ana-
stomosing filaments ; the intermediate of roundish-angular cells ; the
cortical of minute, coloured cellules. Fructification: 1, sessile, thick-
walled, wrinkled or irregular cystocarps, containing minute, subseriated
spores, radiating from a central, basal, fibro-cellular placenta.— Nizy-
MENIA {Sond.), unexplained.
Irons corneo-membranacea, linearis, pinnatim decomposita, stratis tribus fere
conMcrns ; strata medidlari filis tenuibus loncjitudlnalibus intertextis anasto-
inosaiitibns, intermedio cellulis rotund ato-ancfulatis, corticali ceUidis minimis
coloratis conjlato. Fruct. : 1, " cystocarpia in disco frondis sparsa, sessilia,
globosa, rmjulosa, v. sublobata, demum poro pnrtim, gemmidia minuta suban-
gulata e placenta centrali basifixd elevatd radiantia." {Sond.)
NiZYMENiA aiistralis, Sond.
NiZYMENiA australis, Sond. in Linn. v. 26. j9. 521. Harv. in Hoolc. fit. Ft.
Tasm.v. 2.jf?. 315.
Areschougia conferta, Harv. Alg. Exsic. n. 385, ex parte.
Hab. Wilson's Promontory, I)r. Ferd. Mueller. Port Phillip Heads,
W. H. H., T. E. Rawlinson. Southport, Tasmania, C. Stuart.
Geogr. Distr. South coast of Australia. Tasmania.
Descr. Root a callus, |-f inch broad. Frojids sohtary or tufted, 6-10 inches
high, and as much or more in the expansion of' the branches, linear or
strap-shaped, l|-2 lines wide, flat, distichous, the primary divisions irregu-
lar, the secondary pinnately decompound. Branches subsimple, tapering at
base and much constricted at the insertion, 3-6 inches long, irregularly be-
set with marginal pinnfc, which are sometimes crowded together, sometimes
distantly inserted. The pinnre are generally naked in the lower half, and
furnished in the upper with several subopposite, similar but smaller pin-
nules; these latter are either simple, or bear a third series of much smaller
pinnules. All the divisions taper to the base, and are blunt at the ex-
tremity. Cystocurps irregular in outline, scattered on the disc of the
smaller segments, very dense in structure, containing a central nucleus
formed of filaments that bear minute spores at their extremities (exact
structure not clearly ascertained). Colour a bright blood-red, well preserved
in drying. Substance rigid, tough, and almost horny when dry. In drying it
does not adhere to paper.
Ill the general habit and in tlie structme of the frond this
plant well agrees with most of the Gelidiacea : but if the cysio-
carps above described be normal, and fully developed, they
scarcely exhibit the cystocarpic structure proper to that family,
and rather indicate an affinity with Rlwdijmeniacece. I have only
seen fruit on a small fragment, communicated by my friend
Sonder, and none of the cystocarps cut through by me appeared
to be fully organized.
In its mode of branching, colour, and substance, Nizymenia
aiistralis so closely resembles Areschouyia conferta, figured in
our next Plate, that I formerly took it for a broad variety of that
Alga, and distributed specimens of it as such.
Fig. 1. Nizymenia atjstralis, — the natural size. 2. Part of a small branch, with
conceptacles. 3. Vertical section of a conceptacle. 4. Transverse section
of the frond: — the latter figures variously magnified.
rLciuu CUdT
Ser. Rhodosperme^. Fam. RhodT/meniacece.
Plate CLXVI.
ARESCHOUGIA CONFERTA, Haw.
Gen. Char. Frond compressed or filiform, vaguely branched, composed of
an articulated axial filament, and three (rarely but two) strata of cells ;
medullar^/ stratum consisting of longitudinal, anastomosing, inter-
woven filaments ; the intermediate (sometimes absent) of several rows
of roundish, coloured cells ; the cortical of minute, vertically seriated
cellules. Fructification : 1, conceptacles immersed in the frond, very
rarely external, suspended among the filaments of the medullary stra-
tum, and enclosed in a network of filaments, opening by an external
pore, and containing moniliform strings of spores, radiating fi'om a
central placenta ; spores roundish ; 2, zonate tetraspores, formed on
the cortical stratum of the ramuli. — Areschougia {Rarv.), in honour
of Dr. J. E. Areschoug, Professor of Botany at Upsal, a distinguished
algologist.
Frons compressa v.filiformis, vage ramosa, immerse costnta, efilo centraU articn-
lato et stratis fere tribus cellularum constitiita. Stratum medidlare e Jllis
articulatis longitudlnallbus nnastomosantibus intertextis ; intermedium (nunc
deficient) e celltdis rotiindatis majusculis pluriserlatis, corticate e ceUulis mi-
nimis verticalibus formatiim. Fruct. : 1, cystocarpia fronde immersa, raris-
sime externa, inter /I'ia strati medullaris suspensa, reticulo filornm velata,
carpostomio demum aperta, fila sporifera moniliformia a placenta centraU
emissa continentia ; sporce subrotundce ; 2, tetrasporce zonatim divisce, inter
cellulas corticales ramulorum nidulantes.
Areschougta conferta ; frond terete at base, compressed and flattened
upwards, obscurely midribbed, densely much branched, fastigiate;
branches narrow-linear, pinnately decompound, entire ; conceptacles
external, marginal, globose.
A. conferta ; fronde basi tereti sursum compresso-applanata et snhcostata dense
ramosissima fastigiata ; ramis nnguste liuearibus pinnatiin decompositis mar-
gine integerrimis ; cystocarpiis externis marginalibus globosis.
Hab. Swan River, Mylne, W. 11. H., G. Clifton. South Australia, Br.
Curdle. Warnambool, //. Watts.
Geogr. Distr. Western and southern coasts of Austraha.
Desck. Foot an expanded calUis. Fronds tufted, 4-6 inches high, somewhat
flabelliform in outline, fastigiate, much-branched from the base, and very
dense. The branches and their divisions are a line or less in breadth, taper-
ing to the base, linear throughout their greater length, and generally blunt
at the apex. Except near the base the narrow frond is everywhere ilattened;
the upper divisions are more or less perfectly midribbed ; the ultimate ra-
muli narrower and ribless. The ramifjcation is distichous, and more or less
pinnate, the pinnee in 3-4 series, all naked at base, and pinnated only in the
upper half. The axils are narrow and sharp, and the branches erect. The
cydocarps, nearly the size of poppy -seed, are marginal, and formed in
abundance on the fertile specimens : they are very convex, nearly spherical,
constricted at base. The colour is a deep blood-red, either preserved or
becoming darker in drying; when exposed to the air it brightens, and may
become scarlet or orange if the exposure be continued. The substance is
very rigid and horny, and in drying the plant does not adhere to paper.
This most resembles a dwarf and densely branched state of
A. australis (Plate XIII.), but essentially differs, besides other
characters, in the external, marginal cystocarps, so distinct in
appearance (though not in essential structure) from the imwersed
cystocarps of A, australis and other species. There is also a
striking resemblance in habit to Nizymenia australis (see Plate
CLXV.) ; but tlie frond in our present plant is never so broad,
and is generally more densely branched ; and the Nizymenia
wants the axile filament which is found in all species of Are-
scliougia. A cross section of a branch therefore will always enable
the student to determine which of these two similar-looking
plants he has got hold of.
Fig. 1. Areschougia conferta. 2. Part of a frond in fruit : — both of the
noiural size. Fig. 3. A branchlet, in fruit. 4. Vertical section of a con-
ceptacle. 5. Cross section of the frond : — magnified.
Rale ami
" i
/li.rn^jSto^^i
Sec. CHLOROSPERMEiE. Fam. Si_p/wnacea.
Plate CLXVIl.
CAULERPA SONDERI, 3fuelL
Gen. Char. Frond consisting of prostrate surculi, rooting from their
lower surface, and throwing up erect branches (or secondary frouds)
of various shapes. Sabdauce horny-membranous, destitute of cal-
careous matter. Structure unicellular, the cell continuous, strength-
ened internally by a spongy network of anastomosing filaments, and
filled with semifluid, grumous matter. Fructification unknown. —
Caulerpa {Lamx.), from KavX.o'^, a stem, and kpTTw, to creep.
Fro7is ex snrcuUs prostratis hie illic radicantibus et ramis erectis poIymo^yMs
formata. Substantia corneo-meinbranacea. Striictiira unicellulosa, cellula
membrana coiitinua Jiyalina intnsfilis cartilagineis tenuissimis a7iastomosanti-
bus firmata et endocliromate dmso viridi repleta. Fr. ignota.
Caulerpa Sonderi; surculus robust, densely covered with cylindrical,
forked scales ; frond erect, scaly, oblong, densely beset on all sides
with short, slender branches ; brandies pectinato-pinnate ; pinnules
very close, alternate, distichous (sometimes irregular), linear-filiform,
bimucronulate.
C. Sonderi ; surculo crasso squamidis cyrmdraceis farcatis dense obsesso ; fronde
erecta scpiamosa oblonga qimqziavermm densissime ramosa, ramis tenuibus bre-
vibus pectinato-pinnatis, pinnulis crehris alternis distichis (mincvagis) lineari-
filiformibus bimucronnlatis.
Caulerpa Sonderi, F. Mvell. in Linn. 1852, p. 661. So7id. in Linn. v. 26.
p. 507.
Caulerpa obscura, Sond. in PI. Freiss. v. 2. p. 150. Kilt;:. Sp. Alg. p. 497.
Ft. Tasm. ». 2. ;?. 337.
Caulerpa splendida, Grev. in An. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2. v. li. p. 127. t. 10.
Hab. Western Australia, Preiss. Abundant ; Eottnest and Garden Islands,
and at King George's Sound, W. H. H., Geo. Clifton. Lefebre Pen-
insula, Br. Mueller. S. Australia, Br. Curdle. Port Fairy, Port
Phillip Heads, and Western Port, W. H. H. Bass's Straits, Mr. J.
E. Cox. Tasmania, R. Gunn.
Geogr. Distr. Western and southern shores of Australia. Tasmania.
Descr. Surculus 6-13 inches long, 2-3 lines in diameter, eraittii)g- many long,
much branched roots, and densely clothed on all sides with coarse, rigid,
forked or bipartite scales. Similar scales clothe the lower part of the stem,
or stipes, and gradually lengthen out into branches upwards. The outline
of the frond is narrow-oblong. The branches are very closely crowded in
some, more laxly in other specimens, they are 1-1| inch long, and closely
pectinated with distichous, or rarely sub-tetrastichous, alternate, filiform
pinnules. The apices of the pinnules are minutely biniucronulate. The
colour is dark lurid-green. The suhsfance is soft, flaccid when recent, and
the plant, in drying, adheres pretty firmly to paper.
Authentic specimens of C. obscura, Sond., prove tliat that
species was founded on very small and dense-growing indi-
viduals of what Mueller many years subsequently called C.
Sonderi ; and, according to the strict rules of priority, I ought
to have retained Sonder's specific name " obscura" (used in the
sense of " dark-coloured''), in preference to the much more mo-
dern " So?ideri" of Mueller. Some hundreds of specimens col-
lected by me at King George's Sound, and on other parts of the
Australian coast, have enabled me to trace the connection be-
tween the two extreme forms which alone were known to Sonder
and Mueller ; and as the state described as " obscura' very in-
adequately answers to the ordinarj/ condition of the species,
while that called " Sonderi" comprises all well-grown individuals,
I feel at liberty, in uniting the two, to choose the latter name,
though the newest. The still newer, though nearly contem-
poraneous name, " splendida," of Greville, however appropriate,
must be considered a synonym.
In our fig. 2 the pinnules are represented as more closely set
and less decidedly alternate than they very frequently occur ;
but diS"erent individuals difl'er greatly in the closeness or distance
of the pinnules.
Eig.^l. Caulekpa Sonderi, — the natural size. 2. Upper half of a branch. 3.
Apex of one of the pinnules : — the two latter figures variously magnified.
PLulU LlJJ/Li
Ser. KiiODOSPBRUE^. Tarn. Ceramiacece.
Plate CLXVIIT.
BALLIA SCOPARIA, iiarv.
Gen. Char. Frond filiform, rigid, dendroid ; the stem and brandies co-
vered with a plexus of hair-like, short fibres ; ramuli pellucidly arti-
culate, piimately decompound. Fructijication : 1, invoincvate /avellce
terminating short pinnse, and containing numerous angular spores ;
2, tetraspores borne on the hair-like fibres of the stem and branches.
— Ballia {Harv.), in honour of Miss Anne E. Ball, a distinguished
Irish algologist.
Frons filiformis, rigida, dendroidea ; caulis ramique plexu filorum, brevium quasi
hirsuti ; ra?nuli pellucide articulati, pinnatim compositi. Fruct. : \,favellce
invohtcrata in pinnula abbreviata terminales, sporas nmne7-osas angulatas fo-
ventes ; 3, tetrasporce triangule divisfs, infilh cauUnis evolntfe.
Ballia scoporia ; lesser branches and ramuli alternate, very erect, irregu-
larly subpinnate ; ramuli scattered or secund, subulate, very acute,
often secundly spinigerous toward the extremity ; articulations cylin-
drical, about thrice as long as broad.
B. scoparia ; 7'amis minoribus ramuVisque alternis adpressis vage siibpinnatis, ra-
mulis sparsis secimdlsve subulatis acutissmis apicem versus stspissime secuude
spinuligeris ; articuUs diametro subtriplo longioribus.
Ballia scoparia, Harv. Alg. Austr. Exsic. n. 502. Harv. in Hook. fil. Fl.
Tasm. v. 2. p. 333.
Callithamnion scoparium, Hook. fit. and Harv. in Loud. Joiirn. v. 4. p. 173;
Fl.AnL V. 3. p. 490. t. 189./. 3 ; Fl. N. Zeal. v. 2. p. 259.
Hab. Port Pairy, Port Phillip Heads, Western Port, W. H. H. Wilson's
Promontory, Dr. Mueller.
Geogr. Distr. Falkland Islands and Cape Horn. New Zealand. Tasmania.
Descr. Root stupose. Fronds densely tufted, 3-8 inches long, flabellately
much branched, fastigiate. The stem and primary branches are subdicho-
tomous, rope-hke, and densely clothed with short, curled, irregularly di-
vided, hair-like ramelh, not \ line long. The lesser branches (penultimate or
plumules) are pellucidly articulate, naked, crowded, or subdistant, \-\ inch
long, very erect, irregularly bipinnate or subtripinnate ; the pinnae and pin-
nules are alternate, very erect, subulate, tapering to a fine point, and very
often furnished near the extremity with several unilateral subulate spines.
The articulations are pretty generally thrice as long as broad. Involucres
sessile ou the aides of the lesser branches (plumules), composed of very nu-
merous, incurved, whorled ramuh. No favella found in the specimens ex-
amined. Tetraspores unknown. Colour a very dark brownish-purple,
ratlier deepening in drying. Substance rigid. It scarcely adheres to jjaper
in drying.
The specific name scoparia is given to this species partly be-
cause its tufted branches, crowded with straight and rigid ramuli
do resemble brooms ; and partly because the whole aspect of the
plant, colour alone excepted, is that of Sphacelaria scoparia,—di
northern species, much like the Australian S. panicuJata. From
all other known Ballia this differs in the alternate insertion of
the ramuli, and in the very imperfectly pinnate condition of the
penultimate branches. The fruit is scarcely known, bat so far as
known it agrees with that of the other species ; and the sub-
stance and colour of the frond and the clothino; of the main fila-
nients are those of Ballia caUitricha. It is the least beautiful
of the genus.
Fig. 1. Ballia scoparia, — the natvral size. 2. A penultinate branch. 3.
Section of the stem, with its stupose iibres. 4. One of the fibres. 5. Ha-
muli, with au involucre. 6. Apex of a ramulus. 7. Some of the iuvo-
lucral filaments : — magnijied.
Flail am.
ViTicerl. cr-.. ,-^c Jm-p
Ser. MELANOSPERMEiE. Eam. Fucacece.
Plate CLXIX.
CYSTOPHORA BROWNII, /. A^.
Gen. Char. Root scutate. Frond pinnately decompound^ dendroid^ with
a distinct stem^ branches, and ramuliform leaves. Vesicles stipitate,
simple, rarely absent. Receptacles pod-like, torulose, or moniliform,
developed in the ramuli. ScapJndia hermaphrodite. Spores obovoid.
— Cystophora (/. Ag.), from KV(m<i, a bladder, and (f)opeco, to hear.
Radix scutata. Frons pinnatim decomposita, dendroidea, caule propria, rands
foUisque ramuliformibus donata. Vesicidce stipitat(e, simpUces, raro nullcB.
Receptacula siliquceformia, torulosa v. nodulosa, apice ramulo?'um evoluta.
Scaphidia hermaphrodita.
Cystophora Brownii ; stem flat, decompound pinnate ; piunse issuing
from the flat side of the stem, bent down at their insertion ; pinnules
dichotomo-pinnate, the ultimate ramuli formed into minute, ovato-
lanceolate, torulose receptacles ; vesicles few, obovoid-spherical.
C. Brownii ; caide piano decomposito-pinnato ; pinnis a latere piano caulis
egredientibus retrofractis ; pinnuUs dichotomo-pinnatis, idtimis in receptacula
ovato-lanceolata torulosa abeuntibus ; vesiculis raris obovoideo-sphcericis.
Cystophora Brownii, /. Ag. Sp. Alg. vA. p. 241. Harv. Alg. Austr. Exsic.
Cystoseira Brownii, Ag. Sp. Alg. p. 73 ; Syst. p. 288. Bory, Voy. Coq. n.
33. Sond. in LeJim. PI. Freiss. v. 2. p. 159.
Pucus Brownii, Turn. Hist. Fiic. t. 197.
Hab, Shores of Western Australia, Menzies !, Brown, Freiss !, Mylne !
King George's Sound, W. H. H.
Geogr. Distr. Western Austraha.
Descr. Root ? Stein 8-5 feet long, 2-3 lines wide, strongly compressed, or
flattened, slightly flexuous from node to node, alternately branched ; the
branches similarly compressed, and several times compounded in an alter-
nately pinnate manner. The branches are about an inch apart, and are
6-12 inches long or more, issuing from the flattened sides of the stem, and
strongly retrofracted at their insertion. All the minor divisions issue in
like manner, and are similarly retrofracted. The primary pinnules of the
pinnated branches are 2-3 lines apart, strongly compressed, their edges (in
the vertical plane) setaceous, their flat sides (horizontal) \ line wide : their
lesser divisions are subdichotomous, with vei-y wide axils, 1-2 lines apart.
The lower portion of each pinna, or primary branch, is generally denuded,
and alternately armed with the rigid, deflexed bases of old pinnules, set one
above the other like steps on a ladder. Vesicles very few, often absent, and
rarely more tban one on tlie same branch, 2-2^ lines in diameter pomtless,
between spherical and ovoid. Receptacles very minute, 1-3 Imes long, toru-
lose, with 2-3 joints. Colour a very dark brown. Substance coriaceous
when fresh, rather brittle when dry.
This, whicli is one of the handsomest species of Cf/stopkora,
appears to be confined to the western and south-western coasts
of the continent. The only specimens gathered by me were
found cast ashore on the narrow neck of land that forms the
south-eastern enclosure of Princess Royal Harbour, King George's
Sound ; nor has Dr. Mueller sent it in any of his earlier collec-
tions, made to the westward of Cape Northumberland. It may
readily be known from all others by the minutely divided, slen-
der ramuli, and the very small receptacles. The vesicles are very
frequently absent, and often not more than one or two occur on
a large fragment of frond.
Pio- 1 Cystophoka Brownii ; part of a frond,— tlie mltiral size. 2. Fertile
° apex of a pinnule, with receptacles. 3. Section through a receptacle.
4. A spore. 5. knihendia -.—all ma (/7iijied.
FiojL cm.
"Vincexit &• c oks, Tmp .
Ser, RHODOSPERMEyE. Fam. S^harococcoiclea.
Plate CLXX.
DELESSERIA REVOLUTA, Harv.
Gen. Char. Frond leaf-like, membranous, areolated, symmetrical, simple
or branched, midribbed. Fructification : 1, hemispherical concep-
tacles, sessile on the midrib or on a lateral nerve, containing a tuft of
moniliform spore-threads on a basal placenta ; 2, tripartite tetraspores,
in definite sori or spots, on the frond or on accessory leaflets. —
Delesseria [Ag.), in honour of Baron Delessert, a distinguished
patron of botany.
Frons foUacea, memhranacea, areolata, symmetrica, simplex v. ramosa, costata.
Fruct. : 1, coccidia in costd venisque froudis sessilia, hemispJirjerica, fila spuri-
fera moniliformia a placenta hasali emissa foventia ; 2, tetrasporce triangule
divisee, in soros dejinitos collectce.
Delesseria revolnta ; frond dichotoraous, formed of a string of snaall,
strongly ribbed, epiphyllous leaflets, with revolute apices ; leaflets
ovato-lanceolate, serrate, wavy, delicately membranous, pale-red, once
and a half to twice as long as their breadth ; sori unknown.
D. revoluta; fronde dichotoma e folioUs parvis costatis seriatim epipJiyllis apice
revolutis formata ; foUolis ovato-lanceolatis serratis undulatis tenui-mernbra^
naceis latitudine sesqui- v. siibduplo-lougioribus ; soris ?
Delesseria revoluta, Earn. inTrans. R. 1. Acad. v. 22. p. 548 ; Alg. Austr.
Exsic. ii. 279.
Hab. Parasitical on Algse. King George's Sound, and Eottnest Island,
W.H.H. Eremantle, G. Clifton.
Geogr. Distr. West and south-west coasts of Australia.
Descr. Root a minute disc. Full-grown frond 4-5 inches long, dichotomously
branched, with a strong midrib, 2-2|- hues wide, divided into short, joint-
like internodes, something after the maimer of an epiphyllous Cactus. This
frond is formed by a series of small leaflets, growing one from another, each
from i to i inch long, strongly ribbed, sharply serrated, and revolute at the
point. The new leaflet successively springs from the midrib of the previous
one, on the dorsal surface, at about \ of the length of the leaflet below its
apex ; sometimes one, sometimes two spring from the same point. The
structure is delicate and thin, but the cells of which it is composed are small,
ranged in lines obUquely from the midrib to the margin. The fruit has not
yet been observed. The colour is a pale rose-red, soon discharged in fresh-
water. The stibstance is soft and membranous, and in drying the frond
adheres closely to paper.
No fructification has yet been noticed on this plant, and con-
sequently its genus may be considered uncertain ; but the struc-
ture of the membrane, as well as the epiphyllous development,
point to that section of the genus Delesseria of which B. hypo-
glossum is the type. . B. revoluta is chiefly remarkable for the
extreme shortness, in proportion to breadth of the leaflets of
which the branches are composed, and for the remarkable recur-
vature of the points of all the leaflets above the insertion of each
epiphyllum. To a casual examiner the branch looks as if com-
posed of successive constrictions merely, not of separate leaflets.
It is seemingly an annual species, and not very uncommon,
though hitherto only noticed in Western Austraha.
Fig. 1. Delesseria revoluta, — tJie natural size. 2. Some of the epiphyllous
leaflets, forming the extremities of the frond. 3. Apex of a leaflet : — both
magnified.
Phtc cm.
Ser. Rhodosperme^. Fam. Rhodomelacea.
Plate CLXXL
LEYEILLEA SCHIMPERI, Dene.
Gen. Char. Stem filiform, areolated, branched; branches distichously
pinnate, circinate at the apex. Pinna alternate, leaf-like, very en-
tire, transversely zoned, with hexagonal cells. Fntctifcation : 1, cera-
midia . . .; 2, hooked or circinately involute, sessile, supra-axillary
stic/iidia, containing large, triangularly-parted tetraspores, in a single
row. — Leveillea {Bcne.),m honour of H. J. Leveille, a distinguished
French cryptogamic botanist, and writer on Puugi.
Caulis fllformis, areolatus, rcnnosiis, ramis disticlte pinnatis apice circinatim
involidis. Pinnce aUern(B,foliace(e, integerrimce, transversim zonata, cellulis
Jiexagonis. Fruct. : 1, ceramidla . . . ; 2, stichidia supra-axillaria, sessilia,
hamata, v. clrcinata, tetrasporas magnas triangide partitas singula serie evo-
lutasfoventia.
Leveillea ScJdmperi ; pinnse broadly ovate, subimbricate, acute or mucro-
nulate (sometimes penicillate at the apex), very entire.
L. Schiraperi ; pinnis latissime ovatis subimhricatis acutis v. mucronulatis non-
nunquam apice penicillatis, integerrimis.
Leveillea Schimperi, Bene. Ann. Sc. Nat. 1839,;?. 375. Dene, in Archiv
Mus. V. 2. p. 161. t. Q.f.J. Endl. ^rd Siippl. p. 48. Kiltz. Sp. Jig.
p. 882.
Amansia jungermannioides, Mert. et Her. in Flora, 1836, j9. 485, ci(m icone.
PoLYZONiA jungermanuioides, /. Ag. Linn. v. 15. p. 25.
Hab. Parasitical on Fiicoidece. Common at Fremantle, Western Aus-
tralia, W. H. H., G. Clifton.
Geogr. Distr. Western Austraha. Eed Sea. Ceylon and Singapore?
Descr. Frond originating in a prostrate filament {surcidus), creeping by means
of small discs emitted at intervals along its lower snrface. The apex of this
filament is prolonged into a free stem or primary frond, which is sparingly
branched, and everywhere distichously pinnated with leaf-like pinnse from
i to ^, or nearly 1 line in length and breadth. Pinnae broadly ovate or
subrotund, or occasionally oblong, slightly overlapping at the edges, rather
obliquely inserted on the branch, when young tipped with one or two ex-
current cells, which sometimes are prolonged into penicillate filaments ;
they are traversed by a medial line or incipient midrib, and areolated
with oblong, hexagonal cells. The young ends of the branches, with the
undeveloped pinna% are spirally inrolled. Stichidia issuing from the upper
edge of the pinnse, above the axil, sessile, strongly hooked or spirally in-
rolled, containing four or five large tetraspores in a single row. Ceramidia
unknown to me. Colour a dull dark-purple. Substance soft and mem-
branous. In drying the frond closely adheres to paper.
A very beautiful little plant, with a habit completely re-
sembling that of a Jungermannia of the section PlapocJiila.
Decaisne describes two other West Australian species, which
either I have not seen, or have confounded with what is here
figured, and which I regard as identical with Schimper's speci-
mens from the Red Sea. In W. Australia, where L. Schimperi
is very common on several of the Sargassa, it varies considerably
in size and in degree of ramification, and less so in the order of
branching and shape of the leaflets or pinnae. Still, only one
species seems present. Nor can I well distinguish Decaisne's
L. gracilis of Ceylon, where I have gathered specimens in equal
plenty, from some of the more slender specimens of Western
Australia. On the whole I am mclined to unite the L. gra-
cilis, L. pectinata, and L. comosa of Dene , to the L. Schimperi,
of which they may be varying forms, or imperfectly developed
fronds. L. ciliata, by its ciliated pinnae, is perhaps more dis-
tinguishable.
The genus Leveillea is nearly related to Polgzonio, but suffi-
ciently different in habit and character.
Fig. 1. Leveillea Schimperi, — the natural size. 2. Part of the frond, —
enlarged. 3. A leaf-like pi ana and supra-axUlary stichidium. 4. A tetra-
spore. 5. Apex of a young pmnule. 6. One of the discs or holdfasts of
the creeping stem : — magnijied.
naCc i^J^AAli.
l^tX'ttiTOoks,
Ser. Chlorosperme/e. Fam. Siphonacea.
Plate CLXXII.
CAULERPA PARVIFOLIA, iiarv.
Gen. Char. Frond consisting of prostrate surculi, rooting from their
lower surface, and throwing up erect branches (or secondary fronds)
of various shapes. Substance horny-membranous, destitute of cal-
careous matter. Structure unicellular, the cell continuous, strength-
ened internally by a spongy network of anastomosing filaments, and
filled with semifluid, grumous matter. Fructification unknown. —
Caulerpa [Lamx.), from Kav\o<;, a stem, and epirm, to creep.
Frons ex sarcuUs prostratis liic illic radicantibiis et ramis erectis polymorpJiis
formata. Substantia corneo-membranacea. Structura unicellulosa, cellulce
mevibrana contlnua hyal'ma intus fills cai'tilagineis teniiissimis anastomosanti-
bmfirmata et endocJiromate denso viridi repleta. Fr. ignota.
Caulerpa parvifolia ; surculus setaceous, glabrous ; fronds erect, simple
or forked, linear-strapshaped, very entire, obtuse or emarginate, ta-
pering at base into a very short stipes, obsoletely costate.
C. parvifolia ; surculo setaceo glabra ; frondibiis erectis simplicibus furcatisve
brevissime stipitatis Vmeari-ligulatis integerrimis obtusis v. subemarginatis ob-
soletissime costatis.
Caulerpa parvifolia, Harv. Alg. Austr. Exsic. n. 548.
Hab. Kiama, New South Wales, in crevices of tidal rocks, W. H. H.
Geogr. Distr. East coast of Australia.
Descr. Surculus 2-4 inches long, scarcely as thick as hog's-bristle, glabrous,
emitting a few slender, slightly branched rootlets. Fronds one or two
inches long, 1-H line wide, quite flat, glabrous, perfectly entire, linear,
blunt, raised on a minute stipes, which is rarely more than one or two lines
long, either quite simple or once forked, occasionally proliferous from the
summit. A faint medial hne, simulating a nerve, is more or less visible,
especially in the dried specimens. The colour is a dark sap-green, with a
yellowish tinge towards the extremities. The substance is membranous and
glossy, and tolerably soft, and in drying the frond adheres to paper.
One of the smallest species of the extensive genus Caulerpa,
allied on the one hand to C. prolifera, and on the other to C.
anceps, an unpublished species, from the Priendly Islands. The
membrane in C. parvifolia is much thinner and more delicate
than in either of these ; the fronds are more Unear and very
much smaller than in C. prolifera, and they are much less divided
than in C. anceps. C. brachi/pus, from Japan, has broader,
shorter, and thicker, nearly sessile fronds, and a much stouter
sur cuius, with longer roots, etc.
Fig. 1. Cauleepa parvifolia, — the natural size. 2. A frond, — magnified.
Plate CIMU.
Yir\C6TU, BruoJjs.SYip
Ser. Rhodosperme^. Earn. Rhodomelacece.
Plate CLXXIIT.
DASYA FEREDAY^, Harv.
Gen. Chae. Frond filiform or compressed, dendroid ; stem and branches
coated with small, polygonal cells (rarely articulated, and many-tubed) ;
the axis articulate, composed of several radiating cells surrounding
a central cavity; ramelli articulated, one-tubed. Fnictifcation : 1,
ovate or urceolate cermnidia ; 2, lanceolate stichidia, attached to the
ramelli, and containing triangularly-parted tetraspores in transverse
rows. — Dasya [Ag.), from 8aav<;, hairy.
Frons Jiliforwds v. compressa, dendroidea. Caulis ramique majores strata cel-
lularum corticati (raro pellucide articulati), ramellls monosip/ioniis ohsessi ;
axis articidatus, ex cellidis ply.ribiis radiantibus tuhum ce.ntralem ciugentibus
formatus. Fruct. : 1, cei'amidia ovata v. iirceolata ; '2, stichidia lanceolata,
ex ramellis enata, tetrasporas transversim ordinatas foventia.
Dasya Feredaya. ; stem very long, glabrous, opaque, cartilaginous, decom-
poundly much branched; lateral branches virgate, slender, directed
towards all sides, repeatedly divided alternately; smaller branches
either virgate or divided, attenuated, ramelliferous ; ramelli rosy, mo-
nosiphonous, patent or squarrose, crowded at the apices, dicliotomo-
multitid, with patent axils and attenuated apices ; articulations of the
ramelli 4-6 times as long as broad ; stichidia linear, suddenly acumi-
nate; ceramidia unknown.
D. Feredayse ; caule elato glabra opaco cartilagineo decomposite ramosissimo ;
ramis lateralibus virgatis graciUbus quaquaversis itermn et iterum alterne
divisis, minoribits nunc virgatis simplicibus uunc ramosis atfenuatis ramelUfe-
ris ; ramellis roseis monosiphoniis undique insertis patentibus v. squarrosis ad
apices densioribus diclwtomo-multifidis axillis patentibus apice attennatis, ar-
ticulis ramellorMm diametro 4i-Q-plo longioribus ; stichidiis linearibus apice
cuspidatis ; ceramidiis ?
Dasya Feredayae, Harv. Alg. Austr. Exsic. n. 220. Ha7-v. in Hook. Ft. Tasm.
V. 2. p. 303.
Hab. Georgetown, Tasmania, M7'S. Fereday, W. H. H., Gunn, etc.
Geogr. Distr. Tasmania.
Descr. Root a small disc. Stem one, two, or more feet long, a line in diameter
below, attenuated upwards, simple or forked or decompound, glabrous and
quite opaque, set throughout with lateral branches. Lateral (primary)
branches 10-1.2 inches long, opaque like the stem, tapering to the base, and
very slender at their insertion, attenuated to the point, repeatc^dly divided
alternately. Ultimate branchlets scattered, not pinnately arranged, \-\\
inch long, setaceous, ramelliferous. Ramelli inserted on all sides, 1-1^ lines
long, rosy, patent or squarrose, dichotomous, taper-pointed, their articula-
tions 4-6 times longer than broad, cylindrical. Sticlddia linear, acuminate,
many times longer than broad, borne by the ramelli. Ceramidla unknown.
Colour of the stem and branches a dull red or red-brown ; of the ramelli
rosy. Substance rather firm, not soon decomposing in fresh-water, and not
in the least gelatinous. In drying the frond adheres firmly to paper.
This species is named in compliment to Mrs. Fereday, of
Georgetown, in whose collection I first saw some fine specimens.
Subsequently I collected it in considerable plenty in the Tamar,
above Georgetown, where it is occasionally drifted ashore in
large quantity.
It is most allied, perhaps, to B. villosa, some forms of which
it somewhat resembles, but is of much firmer and less gelatinous
texture, bears exposure to fresh-water for a much longer period ;
has shorter and less attenuated ramelli, and is more decom-
poundly branched.
Kg. 1. Dasya Fereday^, — the natural size. 2. Section of the stem. 3. Ea-
mulus. 4. Ramellus, with stichidia. 5. A stichidium. 6. A tetraspore:
— variously magnified.
Puitt C
l^Bcent BrocKS.. Bnp.
Ser. Rhodosperme^, Fara. Rhodomelacea.
Plate CLXXIV.
DASYA WRANGELIOIDES, Harv.
Gen. Char. Frond filiform or compressed, dendroid ; stem and branches
coated with small, polygonal cells (rarely articulated, and many-tubed);
the axis articulate, composed of several radiating cells surrounding a
central cavity ; ramelli articulated, one-tubed. Fructification : 1, ovate
or urceolate ceramidia ; 2, lanceolate stichidia, attached to the ramelli,
and containing triangularly-parted tetraspores in transverse rows. —
Dasya {Ag.), from ha(jv<i, liairy.
Frons fiUformis v. compressa, dendroidea. Caulia ramique majores strata cel-
hdarum corticati (raro pellucide articulati), rameUis monosiphoniis obsessi ;
axis articulatus, ex celUdis pluribm radiantibm tubum centralem chujentibus
formatus. Friict. : 1, ceramidia ovata v. urceolata ; 3, stichidia lanceolata,
exj'amellis enata, tetrasporas transversim ordinatas foventia.
Dasya Ifrangelioides ; stem slender (2-4-uncial), pellucidly articulate,
10-12-tubed, distichously branched, closely set throughout wqth
minute, distichous, ramelliferous ramuli; branches few, patent, in-
curved, subsimple ; ramelli repeatedly dichotomous, acute, their arti-
culations once and a half as long as broad ; ceramidia globoso-urceo-
late, with a very long neck ; stichidia very minute, oblong-lanceolate,
acute.
D. Wrangelioides ; caidi gracili (2-4:-imciali) pellucide ai'ticulato \Q-\2-sipho-
nio disticJie ravioso ramulis perbrevibus ramelliferis distichis obsesso ; romis
paucis patentibus incurvis simpliciusculis; ramellis multoties divaricato-di-
cJiotomis acutis eornm articulis diametro sesquilongioribus ; ceramidiis glo-
boso-urceolatis, ore longissimo cylindraceo ; stichidiis mimttissimis oblongo-lan-
ceolatis acutis.
Dasya Wrangelioides, Harv. in Trans. R.I.Acad, v. 22. p. 542; Alg.Austr.
Exsic. n. 207.
H AB. Fremantle, King George's Sound and Cape Eiche, JF. H. 11. Fre-
mantle, G. Clifton. Western Port, Victoria, JF. II. II.
Geogu. Distr. West and south coasts of Australia.
Descr. Stems numerous, tufted, rising from decumbent, creeping filaments,
2-4 inches long, setaceous, furnished with a few, irregularly alternate or se-
cund, simple, patent, incurved branches; all parts of the stem and branches
pellucidly articulated. Stem and branches set throughout, at distances of
half a line or less, with distichous, very minute, ramelliferous ramuli. Ra-
muli not a line long, clothed with multifid, squarrose, monosiphonous ra-
melli of about their own length. Ceramidia borne by the rainub', globose,
with a long, protruding, cylindrical neck and crcnulate aperture, areolated,
containing a dense tuft of much-branched, dichotomous sporethreads, whose
terminal ramifications are I'ormed into strings of oblong or oval spores.
Sticlddia very minute, on the raraelli, varying from ovate-acute to oblong-
lanceolate, seldom containing more than 2-4 tetraspores. Colour a deep
crimson-red, either preserved in drying or changing to dull red-brown.
Substance membranous, not gelatinous. In drying the frond adheres, but
not very firmly, to paper.
A well-marked species, whose specific name alludes to an ex-
ternal resemblance borne to Wrangelia velutina, a plant widely
differing in fructification and microscopic structure.
The structure of the nuclear contents is different from what
is usual in Dasya, where we generally find simple or subsimple
sporethreads bearing terminal pyriform spores. Much-branched
sporethreads indeed occur in D. Muelleri and some others ; but
in those cases the spores are solitary on each branch, and pyri-
form. A nearer structure to that of the present species is met
with in B. Hajfim ; but still the agreement is not perfect : nor
have I noticed truly moniliform strings of spores in any other
species.
Fig. 1. Dasya Wrangelioides, — the natural size. 2. Fragment of a branch,
with ramuli. 3. Cross section of a branch. 4. A ceramidium. 5. A spore-
thread from the same. 6. Seriated spores. 7. A ramellus, bearing s^/c/jt-
dia : — variously magnified.
Phi::
Aa^
Ser. Melanospeeme^. Fam. Fncacete.
Plate CLXXV.
CYSTOPHORA UVIFERA, /. j^.
Gen. Char. Eooi scutate. Frond pinnately decompound, dendroid, with
a distinct stem, branches, and ramuHform leaves. Vesicles stipitate,
simple, rarely absent. Receptacles pod-like, torulose or moniliform,
developed in the ramuli. Scapliidia hermaphrodite. Spores obovoid,
— Cystophora (/. Ag^f from KV(nL<;, a bladder, and ^opeco, to hear.
Radix scutata. Frons pinnatim decomposita, dendroidea, cmile propria, ramis
foliisqiie ramuliformibus donata. Vesicula stipitatce, simplices, raro nullee.
Receptacula siliquceformia, torulosa v. nodulosa, apice ramulorum evoluta.
Scaphidia hermaphrodita.
Cystophora uvifera; stem terete, undivided; branches issuing from all
sides, pinnately ramulose ; ramuli fiUform, simple or forked, the ulti-
mate changing into cyhndrical receptacles ; vesicles spherical, point-
less, issuing from the stem, and occasionally from the larger branches.
C. uvifera ; caule tereti indiviso ; ramis tmdiqtie ecjredieiitibus phmatim ramulo-
sis ; ramulis filiformibus simpUcibus v.furcatis, ultimis in receptacula cylin-
dracea abeuntibus; vesiculis sphcericis muticis e caule vet raro ramis majoribus
egredientibus.
Cystophora uvifera, /. Jg. Sp. Alg. v. 1. p. 246. Harv. Alg. Austr. Exsic.
n. 13. Harv. in Hook. Ft. Tasm. v. 2. p. 284.
Blossevillea uvifera, Harv. in Hook. Land. Journ. v. 6. p. 414. Kiitz. Sp.
Jig. p. 630.
Sargassum uviferum, Ag. Syst. p. 306. Sond. PI. Preiss. v. 2. p. 165.
Hab. Western Australia, Preiss. Coast of Victoria, Dr. Mueller, W. H. H.,
etc. Tasmania, Gmm, W. H. H., etc.
Geogr. Distr. West and south coasts of New Holland. Tasmania.
Descr. Root branching. Stem 1-3 feet high, half a hne to a line in diameter,
cylindrical, quite simple, naked and rough with the remains of broken
branches for 4-6 inches above the base, thence upward closely set through-
out with alternate lateral branches ; the whole frond having an ovate-oblong
outline. The branches issue from all sides of the stem ; usually they are
3-5 inches long, and destitute of vesicles, somewhat pinnated throughout
with subsiraple or slightly compound ramuli; occasionally they are 12-14
inches long, in which case they bear vesicles like the stem, and are more
decompound than ordinary branches. Vesicles globose, 2-4 lines in diame-
ter, without point, on short cylindrical petioles rising from the stem (rarely
also from the branches), generally abundant. Receptacles formed from the
terminal ramuli, cylindrical, ^1 inch long. Colour a dark-olive. Substance
coriaceous, flexible.
A common species on the southern coast, and in Tasmania,
most allied to Cyst, hotryocystis (Plate LVL), which is a much
more branching plant, and to Cyst, cephalornithos (Plate CXVL),
which is always known by its differently shaped and pointed air-
vessels.
rig. 1. Cystophora uvifera, — the natural size. 2. Receptacles. 3. Cross-
section of a receptacle. 4. A spore. 5. Tuft of antheridia. 6. An an-
theridium : — variously magnijied.
FLoM uD'A
Ser. RnoDOSPERMEiE. Fam. Rhodo?nelacea.
Plate CLXXVI. (A).
BOSTRYCHIA WH^TK, Hook. f. and Haw.
Gen. Char. Frond filiform, pinnately branclied, inarticulate (or subarti-
culate with very short internodes), tessellated with quadrate or hexa-
gonal cells ; axis tubular, articulated, surrounded by one or more
concentric rows of coloured cells. Bamuli hook-pointed. Fructifi-
cation : 1, ovate, terminal ceramidia, containing a tuft of pear-
shaped spores ; 2, fusiform, terminal sticJddia, containing a double
row of tetraspores. — Bostrychia [Mont.), from ^oarpvxo'i, a ringlet
or curl of hair.
Trans filiformis, pinnatim ramosa, inarticulata (v. vix articulata articnlis hre-
vissimisj celltdis hexagonis v, quadratis corticata. Axis tubulosus, artlcu-
latus, monosiplionius, celluUs uni-pluriseriatis endochromaticis superfciem
versus brevioribus circumdatus. RamuU siepissime involidi v. nncmatl.
Fruct. : 1, ceramidia ovata, terminalia, fasciculum spar arum pyriformiuvi
continentia ; 2, siichidia terminalia, fusiformia, tetrasporas biseriatasfoventia.
BosTRYCHiA mixta; stems pinnate; pinnse patent, simple or forked or
alternately ramulous ; ramuli subulate, divaricate ; apices straight,
the younger subinvolute ; axils wide ; cortical cells hexagonal, wider
than long ; stichidia curved.
B. mixta; caulibus pinnatis ; pinnis patentibus simplicibus v.furcatis v. alterne
ramulosis ; ramidis subulatis divaricatis ; apicihus strictis v. junioribus iu-
volutis; axillis latis; cellulis corticalibus hexagonis oblatis; stichidiis curvatis.
BosTRYCHiA mixta, Hook.fil. and Ilarv. in Land. Jour. Bot. v. 4. p. 270 atid
p. 539. Harv. Ner. Austr.p. 70. Kiitz. Sp. Alg.p. 840. Harv. in Hook.
M. N. Zeal. v. 2. p. 225. Harv. Alg. Austr. Exsic. n. 148. Fl. Tasm. v. 2.
p. 298.
Hab. Port Arthur, Tasmania, on stones between tidemarks, W. II. H.
Geogr. Distr. Tasmania. New Zealand. Cape of Good Hope.
Descr. Fronds half an inch long, densely tufted, or spreading in wide patches,
rising from creeping filaments. Stem.s simple, erect ; simply pinnate, or sub-
bipinnate toward the apex ; the lower pinnae subulate, erecto-patent, with
straight, acute apices, the upper slightly compound, with the apices hooked
or inrolled. Cells about 8 in a single row, their external (superficial) faces
hexagonal, wider than their length. Fruit not seen on Australian speci-
mens. Colour a very dull dark-purple. Substance somewhat rigid. It
imperfectly adheres to paper in drying.
The genus BostrycUa, of which a great many species are now
known, in various parts of the world, has but few represen-
tatives in Australia, and these are of the humble sort. It is
remarkable, among Bhodospermccs, for occupying either littoral
rocks at the extreme edge of high -water, or the estuaries of
of rivers. Some species occur even in fresh-M^ater streams, at a
considerable distance away from the sea ; while one is quite ter-
restrial, subject merely to the occasional dash of sea-spray.
Fig. 1. BosTRYCHiA MIXTA, On stone, — the natural size. Fig. 2. Fronds of
the same. 3. Part of a branch, cross section : — magnified.
Plate CLXXVI. (B.)
BOSTHYCHIA RIVULARIS, Haw.
BosTRYCHiA rivulans; stems (subuncial) capillary, bipinnate ; pinna? disti-
chous, alternate, patent, tessellated with subquadrate cells ; pinnules
subdistant, simple or sparingly ramulous, attenuate, marked with
2-3 rows of oblong cells ; conceptacles ovate ; stichidia incurved.
B. rivularis ; caulibus (subuncialibus) capillaribus bipinnatis, pinnis distichis
alternis patentibus cellulis quadratis tessellatis ; pinnidis subdistantibus simpli-
cibns V. ramuligeris atteniiatis cellulis oblongis 2-d-serialibus notatis, concep-
taculis ovatis, stichidiis incurvis.
BosTRYCHiA rivularis, Earv. Ner. Bor. Anier. v. 2. p. 57. 1. 14 B.; Alg. Austr.
Bxsic. n. 147.
Hab. On sticks, roots, and grass, etc., near the estuaries of tidal rivers,
or in brackish water near the sea. In the river Mov, Port Fairy,
Victoria, W. H. H.
Geogr. DisTR. Victoria. Hivers on the east coast of North America.
Descr. Fronds \-\ inch long, forming patches or tufts, rising from creeping
filaments. Stems erect, bipinnated, with subdistant, alternate branches,
forming a frond of ovate outline. Pinnules siiuple or forked, or alternately
ramulous, with few ramuli, acute or acuminate. Cells in one row, about
6 (or 8) in the circle ; those of the ramali once and a half to nearly twice as
long as broad, those of the main stems nearly square, all with a dark purple
endochrome. Stichidia (immature) ending some of the ramuli, generally
the lower ones, incurved or falcate. Colour rather a pale purple, varying in
intensity as the plant grows in Salter or fresher water. Substance rigid.
In drying it does not adhere to paper, and loses both gloss- and colour.
The Australian specimens here figured seem to agree very
nearly with those from North America, with which I venture to
associate them specifically.
Fig. 1. BosTRYCHiA RIVULARIS, ou a piece of stick, — the natural size. 2. A
frond. 3. Part of a branch, 4. Cross section. 5. A yo«/«^ stichidium : —
■magnified.
piati. cnmi.
Ser. RnoDOSPERMEiE. Fam. BhodomelacecB.
Plate CLXXVIL
KUETZINGTA ANGUSTA, Harv.
Gen. Char. Frond flat, linear, piiinatifid, corticate, mitlribbed, and trans-
versely striate. Interior cells empty, uniseriate, tetraliedral,. arranged
in transverse rows ; cortical layer thick, of many rows of minute co-
loured cellules. Ceramidia unknown. Stichidia oblong, pedicellate,
rising from the transverse strise, containing tetraspores in a double
row. — KuETZiNGiA (Sond.), in honour of Prof. F. T. Klitzing, the
celebrated author of ' Phycologia Generalis/ and other well-known
works.
Frons plana, linearis, pinnatifida, corticata, coslata, transversim striata. Cel-
lulce interiores hyaUnce, unlseriatce, tetrahedrce, transversim ordlnatce ; corti-
cales pluriseriatce, minima;, coloratce. Fruct. : 1, ceramidia (ignota) ; 2,
stichidia oblomja, pedicellata, e striis transversis enata tetrasporas dupUci
serie foventia.
KuETZiNGiA angusta ; stipes long, naked below, subsiraple, ribbed and
two-edged; pinnse subdistant, erect, very narrow-Hnear, flat; pin-
nules opposite, with very slender midribs, with involute apices.
K. angusta ; stipite elongato basi nudo suhsimplici costato ancipitique ; pinnis
distantibus alternis erectis angustissime linearibus planis paruvi compositis ;
pinnulis oppositis tenuissimis costulatis apicibus iuvolutis.
KuETZiNGiA angusta, Harv. in Trans. B. I. Acad. v. 22. p. 538 ; Alg. Austr.
Exsic. n. 131.
Hab. Cast ashore at Eottnest Island in winter, rare, W. H. H.
Geogb. Distr. "Western Australia.
Descr. Root branching. Stem 6-8 inches long, scarcely a line broad, simple or
with one or few branches, flat, traversed by a thick midrib, generally bare
of pinnse, supporting a pinnately decompound frond which is 3-6 inches
long and 2-4 wide. Primary pinnce distant, and mostly alternate, 3-4
inches long, largely once or twice piunatifid, all the divisions erect, with
sharp axils. The segments are about a line wide, exactly linear, the older
ones costate, the younger traversed by a very slender, hair-like midvein ;
they are normally opposite, but by suppression frequently alteruate or se-
cund. The ajnces are blunt and miuutely inroiled. The lamina is every-
where closely transversely striate, and the structure is exactly that of K.
canaliculata. No fruit has been observed. The colour when recent is a
brownish purple or dull dark-red ; in drying this changes to dark brown or
blackish. The substance is coriaceo-membranous, and the /roH(/ does not
adhere to paper in drying.
A rare and little-known plant, of which I obtained very few
specimens, among rejectamenta, near the lighthouse, Rottnest
Island. It diflfers from K. canalicidata, which is common in most
parts of the Western Austrahan coast, by its much narrower,
and perfectly flat (not channelled fronds), by its laxer and more
slender growth, and minor less appreciable characters. No fruit
has yet been seen, but its generic affinity to K. canaliculata can
scarcely be doubted. The genus Kiietzingia is obviously nearly
allied to Bi/tipJdcea, but differs in structure, and slightly in habit.
Fig. ]. KuETZiNGiA ANGUSTA, — the natvml size. 3. Apex of a pinna. 3.
Portion of the surface. 4. Transverse section of the frond. 5. Longitu-
dinal section : — magrufied.
Plate CLXmil
Ser. CHLOROSPiiRMEiE. Tam. Sipkonacea.
Plate CLXXVIII.
CAULERPA TAXIFOLIA, {var.,) Ag.
Gen. Chah. Frond consisting of prostrate surculi, rooting from their
lower surface, and throwing up erect branches (or secondary fronds)
of various shapes. Substance horny-membranous, destitute of cal-
careous matter. Structure unicellular, the cell continuous, strength-
ened internally by a spongy network of anastomosing filaments, and
filled with semifluid, grumous matter. Fructification unknown. —
Cauleepa [Larnx.), from Kav\o<i, a stem, and epTrto, to creep.
Frons ex surcuUs prostraiis kic illic radicantibiis et ramis erectis pohjmorplds
formata. Substantia corneo-memliranacea. Structura unicellulosa, cellulce
membrana continua Jiyalina intus fills cartilagineis tenuissimis anastomosanti-
hus firmata et endochromate deuso viridi repleta. Fr. ignota.
Cauleepa taxifolia ; var. asplenioicles ; surculus glabrous ; fronds erect,
subsessile, simple or branched, pectinato-pinnatifid ; rachis piano-
compressed ; pinnae opposite, two-edged, linear-falcate, mucronate,
constricted at base, entire at the margin.
C. taxifolia, var. asplenioides ; surculo glabra ; frondibus erectis subsessilibus
simplicibus v. ramosis pectinato-pinnatifidis ; racJdde piano- compresso ; pinnis
oppositis ancipitibus lineari-falcatis mucronatis basi constrlctis integerrimis.
Caulerpa taxifolia, Ag. Sp. Jig. v. 1. p. 435 ; Si/st. p. 180. Kiitz. Sp. Alg.
p. 495.
Caulerpa pennata, Lamour. Journ. Bot. 1809, jo. 143. t. 2./. 2.
Cauleepa asplenioides, Grev. Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 2. v. 12. p. 2. t. 1. f. 1,
Fucus taxifolius, Fa/d.
Fucus pinnatus, Linn. Suppl. p. 452, ex parte?
Hab. Albany Island, north-eastern Australia, F)r. Ferd. Mueller.
Geogk. Diste. The tropical seas generally, ou coral reefs and stems of man-
g:i'ove. East and West Indies. Red Sea. Islands of the tropical Pacific.
Hongkong.
Desce. Surculus as thick or twice as thick as hog's-bristle, several inches long,
rooting at subdistant intervals, the root deeply descending. Fronds 3-6
inches long or more, either quite simple or branched by lateral innovations,
the branches irregular, 3-4 inches long, similar to the main frond. A very
short stipes, 2-6 lines long, at the base of the frond, is bare of pinnae ; thence,
upwards to the apex, the rachis is closely pectiuato-pinnated with opposite,
nearly equal, lanceolate-bnear, acute, sub-incurved, and falcate, verticnlly
flattened pinnae, \-\ line wide, 2-4 lines long. The colour is a brilliant,
rather yellowish green ; that of the rachis somewhat orange. The surface
is glossy. Tlie substance is softly membranous, and the plant partly ad-
heres to paper in drying.
The plant here figured appears to be obviously referable to
Greville's C. asplenioides, though the growth be more luxuriant
and the pinnules proportionably longer. Dr. Greville, in the
Annals of Nat. Hist., has correctly figured iypical specimens of
the plants, which he regards as distinct species, under the names
" taxifolia " and " asplenioides" and formerly 1 coincided with
him in upholding both these forms as species. But having my-
self collected the var. "asplenioides'' in abundance at Ceylon,
and in different localities at the Friendly Islands, and received
both it and the var. " iaxifolia " from various correspondents, I
find so much variation in both, and so many puzzlingly interme-
diate forms, that I am forced to unite all under one name. There
is fully as much difference among my T'riendly Island specimens,
between those collected in the quiet waters of the lagoon and
those from the outer reef, as I find in those from opposite hemi-
spheres. Again, on some of my West Indian specimens (from
Miss Dix) of " C. taxifoUa,'' some of the ramuli taper gradu-
ally to the point, and others are obtuse and mucronulate : a
similar variation occurs in Mr. Wright's specimen of " C. asple-
nioides," from Hongkong. Kiitzing's " C. falcata" from west-
ern Africa, is quite like ordinary forms of C. taxifoUa ; so also is
the figure of " C. pennata" Lamx., as above quoted. I am not
acquainted with Greville's " C. pinnata."
Fig, 1. Cahleepa taxifolia, — the natural size. 2. One of the pinnae, — mag-
nified.
Fku, cum.
f% A
rm^ \
m2^ ::^7^^^^^S^
Viricent B roofe. Imp
Ser. RuoDOSPERMEiE. Pam. Sph(Erococcoide(B.
Plate CLXXIX.
DELESSERIA FRONDOSA, iiooL/d. d Harv.
Gen. Char. Frond leaf-like^ membranous, areolated, symmetrical, simple
or branclied, midribbed. Fructijication : 1, hemispherical concep-
tacles, sessile on the midrib or on a lateral nerve, containing a tuft of
moniliform spore-threads on a basal placenta ; 2, tripartite telraspores,
in definite sori or spots, on the frond or on accessory leaflets, —
Delessema {Ag.), in honour of Baron Delessert, a distinguished
patron of botany.
JFrons foliacea, memh'anacea, areolata, symmetrica, simplex v. ravwsa, costata.
Fruct.: 1, coccidia in casta venisque frondis sessilia, Jiemisphcei'ica, fila spori-
fera monilifoimia a placenta hasali emissa foventia ; 2, tetrasporce triangule
divisce, in soros definitos collectce.
Delesseria frondosa ; frond subsessile, repeatedly pinnatifid (very vari-
able in breadth and outline), curled or plain, the marginal lobes
rounded or obtuse, serrulate ; midrib vanishing upwards, ribs of the
lacinise and their lobes obsolete at base and apex ; cystocarps solitary
on the midribs of the ultimate segments, apiculate ; sori in rows
along the margin of the smaller segments.
D. frondosa ; fronde suhsessili decomposite piunatifida (polymorpha, angusta v.
latissima, ovata v. linear i-lanceolata, etc.) crispata v. planiuscula, lacinulis
apice rotiindatis margine serrulatis ; casta superne evanescente, castulis lacini-
arum et lacinidarum hasi et apice obsoletis ; cystacarpiis in costa lacinularum
solitariis sessilibus apicidatis ; soris secus marginem lacinularum seriatis,
Delesseria frondosa, Hool-. fil. et Harv. Land. Jour. Bat. v. 6. p. 403.
/. Ag. Sp. Alg. v. 3. p. 689. Harv. in Hook. fit. Ft. Tasm. v. 2. p. 312 ;
Alg. Austr. Exsic. n. 284.
Hemineura frondosa, Harv. Ner. Austr. p. 116. t. 45.
Hypoglossum frondosum, Kutz. Sp. Alg. p. 876.
Hab. In deep water. Very abundant on the coasts of Victoria and of
Tasmania ; rarer, and of small size in Western Australia.
Geogr. Distr. Western and southern coasts of New Holland. Tasmania.
Descr. Foot a small disc. Fronds tufted or solitary, 3-6-12-24 inches long,
and as much in breadth, sometimes nearly simple, sometimes excessively
compound, always on an alternately pinnatifid type. Stem scarcely any, ex-
cept iu very old and partly denuded fronds. Primary leaf varying from
ovate or oblong to lanceolate and narrow-linear, with an immersed, nearly
percurrent midrib, which is broad and strongly marked below, but becomes
narrower and fainter upwards, and almost or quite vanishes just below the
summit. The lateral lacinicB are short or long, and usually linear, but
either broad or nanroiv, traversed by a midrib which disappears opposite the
point where they separate from the principal leaf, and also below their
apices : these midribs, vanishing at base and apex, are found in all the
smaller subdivisions of the frond. The margin, especially in the narrower
varieties, is sharply serrulate. Cystocarps hemispherical, apiculate, one
on the rib of an ultimate lacinia, near its base. So7'i arranged along the
margin of the lesser lacinise, at each side of their costulse. Colour a rosy
red, often much diluted. Substance softly membranous, but not gelatinous,
bearing long immersion in fresh- water without injury. In drying the plant
firmly adheres to paper.
This is one of the most variable of all the Australian Rhodo-
sperms, and also one of the commonest. Under all its varieties
it may be known by the peculiar nervation, the midrib failing
beloio the apex of the frond, and everi/ lateral nerve disappearing
opposite the base and below the apex of the lobe of the frond
through whose centre it runs. The margin is generally sharply
serrulate, but sometimes nearly entire. Sometimes the frond is
very coarse in texture, sometimes soft and delicate, sometimes
crowded with imbricating lobes and lobules, and sometimes laxly
and distantly laciniate. It would be a vain task to attempt to
describe or figure the varieties : the student will gradually re-
cognize the species under every mask, by keeping in mind the
characters of venation above pointed out.
Fig. 1. Delesseria frondosa, — the natural size. 3. Apex of a frond, with
cystocarps in situ. 3. Vertical section of cystocarp and lamina. 4. Spore-
threads. 5. Apex of a frond, with sori. 6. A sorus, and part of the
membrane : — more or less magnified.
riiLto llaaa
■ft *G §§, .^ ■. '-I
'virwent BroMs. Irr-
Ser. MELANOSPEEMEiE, Pam. Licti/otea.
Plate CLXXX.
HALISERIS MUELLERI, Sond.
Gen. Char. Root coated with woolly hairs. Frond flat, linear, dichotomous,
membranaceous, midribbed. Fructification : spores collected in naked
sort, disposed in lines at each side of the midrib, and rising from
both surfaces of the frond. Paranemata separate from the sporiferous
sori, articulate, club-shaped. — Haliseris [Targ.), from aX?, the sea,
and aepa, endive.
Radix stuposa. Frons plana, Imearis, dichotoma, meinbranacea, costata. Fruct.,
sporcB in soros nudes collectce., in utraque pagina frondis sessiles. Paranemata
in soi'is propriis evoluta, articidata, clavnta.
Haliseris Muelleri ; stipes elongate, terete ; frond dichotomous, with
rounded axils ; segments spreading, coriaceo-membranaceous, broadly
linear, very entire, repeatedly forked ; membrane nerveless ; sori very
large, forming a continuous cloud-like patch, covering the whole sur-
face.
H. Muelleri; stipite longiusculo terete stuposo; fronde dichotoma, shmhus rotun-
datis, laciniis patentibus coriaceo-membranaceis lato-linearibus integerrimis
repetite firrcatis ; lamina enervi ; soris maximis paginam fere totam frondis oc-
cupantibus.
Haliseris Muelleri, So7id. in Linn. v. 25. p. 665. Harv. Alg. Austr. Exsic.
n. 87. Fl. Tasm. v. 2. p. 290.
Haliseris polypodioides, Harv. in Loud. Journ. v. 6.jo. 415 {excl. syn.).
Hab. Fremantle, King George's Sound, and Cape Riche, Western Aus-
tralia, W. H. H. Coasts of southern Australia and Victoria, Dr.
Mueller, W. H. H., etc. Port Jackson, New South Wales, W. H. H.
Tasmania, R. Gumi, etc.
Geogr. Distr. Very common on the western and southern coasts of New Hol-
land and in Tasmania. Eare on the east coast.
Descr. Root conical, densely coated with entangled woolly fibres. Stipes vari-
able in length, in old fronds 2-3 inches long, simple or branched, covered
with woolly hairs, which also clothe the midrib in the lower half of the frond.
Frond 6 to 18 or 24 inches long, very much divided, either regularly dicho-
tomous ; or partly dichotomous, partly alternately branched by a suppression
of one of the forks, all the divisions patent, sometimes divaricate, with
wide sinuses between the lobes. The segments are an inch or somewhat
less in breadth, linear, flat, and quite entire at the edge, simple or forked,
long or short, either very blunt or subacute. The midrib is strongly marked
throughout, but there are no lateral veins or veinlets. The sori (of anthe-
ridia ?) form very large, continuous, cloud-like patches, 2-4 inches long,
covering the whole lamina, at both sides of the midrib, often for half the
length of the lobe. The membrane is of a thickish, half-coriaceous substance,
not very readily tearing, and is everywhere dotted with muciferous spores.
The colour is a full olive or olivaceous-brown, pretty well preserved in dry-
ing ; in which state the frond imperfectly adheres to paper.
In several respects this species resembles the European H. poly-
podioides, with which I formerly confounded the first imperfect
specimens sent from Australia, many years ago, by Mr. Gunn.
But it has a much more firmly membranous and almost cori-
aceous lamina, not often tearing into shreds, as is the habit of
the European ; and when in fructification the two cannot be
mistaken. It has been named in compliment to Dr. Mueller,
who first sent to Europe fiuiting specimens. The young plant
differs considerably in aspect from the mature, having shorter
and broader and much blunter laciniae, and being of a paler
colour. Specimens from tide-pools are often much stunted ;
those from deep water much taller, but sometimes very narrow.
Fig. 1. Haliseris Muelleki, — tlie natural size. 2. A section through the
frond. 3. Part of the surface, with a portion of the sorus : — magnified.
