THE LIBRARY
OF
THE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA
LOS ANGELES
No. 1. CHARLEMAGNE, though unable to write his own name, pro-
moted schools, arts, civilization, and was the most powerful and enter-
prising monarch of his day.
No. 2. JAMES BOSWELL, the celebrated biographer of Dr. Samuel
Johnson. He resembled Johnson as a fly does an elephant, while his self-
assurance and impudence have rarely been equalled.
No. 3. CINGHALESE, a gentleman from the mountains of Ceylon.
No. 4. JOHN LOCKE, a distinguished philosopher.
No. 5. TASMANIAN, an aboriginee of Tasmania. His head does not,
while his face does, manifest his cruel and cannibal habits.
No. 6. LOUD BYRON, a poet of marvellous genius.
No. 7. CASSIOS, a famous Roman general, described in Shakespeare's
"Julius Caesar."
No. 8. REV. ROWLAND HILL, an English clergyman.
No. 9. LAVATER, an eloquent Swiss preacher, poet, and physiognomist.
No. 10. PAUL I., Emperor of Russia, as his feeble face indicates, he
was one of the weakest rulers in Europe.
PHYSIOGNOMY ILLUSTRATED;
OK,
NATURE'S /,;,,fj.(|
REVELATIONS OF CHARACTER.
tis-o
A DESCRIPTION OF THE MENTAL, MORAL, AND VOLITIVE
DISPOSITIONS OF MANKIND, AS MANIFESTED IN
THE HUMAN FORM AND COUNTENANCE.
BY JOSEPH SIMMS, M.D.
THIS WOBK IS THE FRUIT OF NEABLY TWENTY YEABS* DILIGENT OBSEBVATION OF NATUBE, AND
PBESENTS A HEW AND COMPLETE ANALYSIS AND CLASSIFICATION OF THE POWEBS
OF THE HUMAN MIND AND BODY, TOGETHEB WITH THE PHYSIOGNOMICAL
SIGNS BY WHICH EVEBY FACULTY IS DISCLOSED.
Complete in One Uolumc
AND ILLUSTRATED BY UPWARDS OF THREE HUNDRED ENGRAVINGS.
' In Mystic Characters, our Features bear the Motto of our Souls."— SIB THOMAS BROWNE.
TENTH EDITION.
NEW YORK :
MURRAY HILL PUBLISHING COMPANY,
129 EAST 28xn STREET.
1891.
Entered according to act of Congress In the year 1872 by J. Slmms, M.D., In the
office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington, U. 8. A.
Entered according to act of Parliament In the year 1872 by J. Simms, M.D., In
Stationers' Hall, London, England.
COPYRIGHT, 1SS7, BY
J. SIMMS. M.D.
TWOWS
PBINTINO «NO BOOKBINDING COMPANY,
W~ I
r>"
PREFACE.
THE work here given to the public in the fruit of nearly
twenty years' observation and study, in the course of
which the discoveries have been made which are herein
revealed and formed into a new system of Physiognomy,
strictly in accordance with the anatomical structure of
the human body. While I am convinced cf the vast
importance of the study of Physiognomy, I am further
persuaded that if these principles were fully understood
and practised, the consequence would be, not only a regene-
ration of the human beings now living in the world, but
the generation of others far superior to those who now
inhabit the earth, and many of whom have come upon it
as unwelcome guests. Vice, easily detected, would hide
its head, and gradually disappear; while the human race
would become refined and ennobled, mentally, morally,
and physically, by a true understanding of that which
improves it on the one hand, and deteriorates it on the
other. The love which I bear towards my species, my
intense desire to see the human race what it ought to be,
and is capable of becoming, has prompted me to give this
publicity to these discoveries in Physiognomy. They
723851
vi PREFACE.
include the mental, moral, and volitive dispositions of
mankind, as manifested in the human form and counten-
ance, together with the signs and principles of each
faculty; and they are illustrated by two hundred and fifty
Engravings.
It has been necessary to coin a number of new words
to designate newly discovered faculties, seeing that the
English language contained no single terms to express
them. To Americans it is necessary also to explain that
the work having been printed and stereotyped in Britain,
the old style of spelling used in that country has necessarily
been employed.
PREFACE TO THE SIXTH EDITION.
THE large sale of the present work, which has been before the public since
1874, has encouraged me to issue a new edition to meet the demand.
It need scarcely be told that the physiogmonical system of Lavater, taking
cognizance only of the facial developments and the head, is quite exploded ;
and that phrenology, founded on the structure of the cranium according to
Lavater' s ideas has proved fallacious. It is my undoubted claim that the
system which I have elaborated is the only one now extant that finds any favor
among scientific men; proceeding as it does, on the principle that the soul,
pervading the human frame throughout, manifests itself in the face, hands,
neck, cars, hair, voice, all parts and every habitual movement. These I have
been observing and comparing during thirty years of travel in Europe, Asia,
Africa, America, Great Britain, and Australasia, where I have successfully
laboured as a lecturer and examiner of character. Many of the results are em-
bodied in the present work ; but I have in preparation another to contain sev-
eral new discoveries, which, however, cannot be ready for publication for two
or more years. I am also preparing a resume of some recent discoveries respect-
ing the human skull and its connection with the brain and the mental powers,
the design being to correct the fallacies which have been taught by men ignorant
of anatomy and guided by partial observations to some lucky guesses amid
numerous mistakes.
CONTENTS.
INTRODUCTION.
The term Physiognomy— Earliest Conditions of the Science — Its Progress-
Greek Philosophers— Roman Authors— Middle Ages— Authors of the
16th, 17th, and 18th Centuries— La vater — Act against Physiognomists
in George the Second's Reign — Surnames taken from Physiognomical
Peculiarities — Interest Attaching to the Science— Every Variation of
Bodily Form or Colour corresponds to some Mental Characteristic —
The Variety contributes to Unity — Causes of Physiological Phenomena
— Development in an Infant — Effects of Various Tempers on Feature —
Physiognomy, a sure and cheap Science, slightly understood by all,
thoroughly to few — Its Benefits — Importance to the Merchant -The
Clever Shopman instinctively a Physiognomist — how it leads him to
act towards various customers — Hairdressers — Anecdote of a Clever
Shopman— Universal Application of the Science — Evil Results from
Ignoring it— The Pleasure it Affords— The Moral Results of its Culti-
vation, . . 3-38
FORMS OF THE HUMAN BODY.
Question of Human Responsibility— Ancient Classification— Author's Clas-
sification and Nomenclature: Abdominal Form; Thoracic; Muscular
and Fibrous ; Osseous or Bony; Brain and Nerve — Possibility of Change
from one to the other, 39-44
THE ABDOMINAL FORM.
The Facts of Nature Obvious, but the Reasons Obscure— Earliest Geolo-
gical Animals Abdominal— so were the Earliest Men— Characteristics of
the Abdominal Form — Its Disadvantages — Anecdote — Food Indisposes
to Mental Activity — How to Cultivate the Abdominal Tendency, or
Repress it, . 45-53
THE THORACIC FORM.
The Thorax, What— Signs of the Thoracic -Mountainous Regions Favour-
able to it, and why— Its Advantages and Disadvantages, . 54-59
THE MUSCULAR AND FIBROUS FORM.
Not Dependent on Size— All Art is an Imitation of Nature — Two Sets of
Muscles — Exercise th# Great Developer — Dr. Windship — Pure Air
VI 11 CONTENTS.
Needful -Eminent Men who were Muscular — Legitimate Rest Need-
ful— Examples of Life begun in Poverty — Modern Aversion to Labour —
Old English Runners — Gymnastics among the Ancitmts — Causes of
Muscular Degeneracy — Signs of Muscular Force, . . . 60-74
THE OSSEOUS OR BONY FORM.
Bony Structure gives Firmness — Causes; Food, Exercise — Honesty allied to
the Bony, Examples — Signs of this Build — Same holds good in Animals
— Structure Hereditary — Early Culture of Bone — Men of Genius who
combined the Bony and Brain Forms, 75-82
THE BRAIN AND NERVE FORM.
Its Relation to the Others — Signs — Dr. Spraker — Changed Appearance of a
Boy through Study — Brain Form Exhausting— Is Restored by Sleep —
and Physical Labour— Injured by Stimulants or Accidents — Astley
Cooper's Anecdote — Brain Injured by Overfeeding— Authors of the
18th Century Abstemious from Poverty — Overworking the Brain —
Hugh Miller — Children Overtasked by Teachers, . . . 83-95
LOCALIZING FACULTIES.
Demolitiousness and Concealativeness in Nature — Not Localized — Tendency
to Ascribe Locality to Faculties — Ancient— Modern — So with Deity —
Meaning of the term Faculty— Human Faculties are not Localized, but
their Signs are, 96-102
THE NUMBER OF FACULTIES IN THE HUMAN MIND. '
Matter and Mind Distinct — Mind gives Greatness to Matter —No Certain
Number of Mental Faculties - Higher Faculties are Products of Cultiva-
tion— Prayer— Christianity— Music — Language— Faculties Propagate —
Are not alike in All — Newton, Columbus, Davy, Stepheuson— New
Faculties may be Discovered in Future Times, . . . 103-109
THE HUMAN FACULTIES, AND THE PRINICIPLES ON WHICH
THEY ARE FOUNDED.
A Faculty, What?— Variety in Strength rather than Number— Every Faculty
Two-fold— Five Classes Dependent on Bodily Structure : The Selfish
Will ; the Active and Courageous ; the Opposing ; the Stedfast ; the
Opinionative — Mental Faculties derive Support from Corresponding
Bodily Materials — Appetite— Imitation — A Man can Perform Nothing
but from Elements in Himself— Square, Round, Coloured, &c. — Limit
to the Cultivation of Faculties, . . . . . . 110-122
CLASS I.— THE SUPPLY A NT POWERS.
ABDOMINAL FORM PREDOMINANT.
ACQUIESCIVENESS.
Underlying Principles — Indications of A cqnieaciveness— Causes, . 123-125
CONTENTS. IX
ANIMALIMITATIONALITY.
Mouth the Principal Seat, » • • 12fl
AQUASORBITIVENESS, OR LOVE 01 WATER.
Its Use — Cause and Operation— Signs, ...... 127
PHYSIOELPIDICITY, OB HOPE RELATING TO BODILY WANTS.
Signs — How Produced, . 128
GRASPATIVENESS, OR LOVE OF GAIN.
Signs — Cause, • 129
ASSOCIATIVENESS, OR DESIRE OF COMPANY.
Signs— Necessary Bodily Conditions, 130
APPETITIVENESS, OR PROPENSITY TO EAT.
Signs— Reason 131
RETALIATIVENESS, OR DISPOSITION TO RETURN LIKE FOR LIKE.
Signs— Examples — It Returns Good as well as Evil— Requires the Muscular
as well as Abdominal — Nature of Fluids to be Reflective, . 132, 133
CLASS II.— THE PROTECTIVE ABILITIES.
THORACIC ASCENDANCY.
PACK.
SENTINELITIVENESS, OB DISPOSITION TO WATCH.
Signs— How Developed 134
MORIVALOROSITY, OR MORAL COURAGE.
Signs— Developed from the Thorax, and manifested in the Nose, . 135
ELEVATIVENESS, OR UPWARD TENDENCY.
Signs— Origin Twofold— Growth Upward and Outward, . . 136
OLFACTIVENKSS, OR SENSE OF SMELLING.
Signs — Reaching Powers of the Nose, how increased— Telescope, . 137
RESISTATIVENESS, OB DISPOSITION TO WITHSTAND.
Signs — Combative Animals 138
ASSAULTATIVENESS, OR DISPOSITION TO ATTACK.
Sign —A Bow-shaped Nose, 139
WATCHFULNESS.
Signs, 139
SUSPICIOUSNESS.
Signs— Crow a good Example— Owl the contrary- How the Mental Watch-
fulness Works the Outward Sign, 140
X CONTENTS.
LOCOMOTIVTTY. THK DESIRE AND POWER OF RAPID MOVEMENT,
blgns— Greyhound, Pike, Sloth— Long-shaped Animals Swift, and vie*
versa, . 141
INQUISITIVENESS.
Skjns — Wedge-shaped Pace and Protruding Nose indicative of a Prying
Disposition, 142
AMBITIOUSNESS, OR DESIRE OP PRE-EMINENCE.
Coarse, Strong, Well-defined Features — Napoleon the Great, . 142
AUTOHEGEMONY, OR SELF-ESTEEM.
Disposition to Draw the Head Backwards and Upwards —Beau Brummel —
Immanuel Kant, 143-143
CLASS III.— THE PROPAGATIVE INCLINATION'S.
MUSCULAR AND FIBROUS ASCENDANCY.
TEMPORINATURALITIVENESS, OR THE POWER OF APPRECIATING
THE LAPSE OF TIME.
The Heavenly Bodies Circular in their Forms and Motions - Good Judges of
Time round-faced, . . . . . . . . 146
PHYSIOVALOROSITY, OR BODILY COURAGE.
Signs — Lion — Giraffe and Rabbit — An English Pugilist — A Professor of
Belles Lettres, 147, 148
SOPHISTICALNESS, INCLINATION TO FALSE REASONING.
Signs, 149
PLAYFULNESS.
Signs — How Developed, 150
INTERMUTATIVENESS, OR CAPACITY OF SUBSTITUTING ONE
THING FOR ANOTHER.
How Manifested, 151
PHILOMONOTOPICALNESS, OR THE AFFECTION FOR ONE PLACE.
Signs —Locative Habits, how produced, 151
TONIRECEPTIONALITY, THE ABILITY FOR APPRECIATING SOUNDS.
Round, Outstanding Ear — Roundness of Musical Sounds, . 152, 153
CONCEALATIVENESS, OR THE INCLINATION TO HlDE.
Signs— Flexor or Closing Muscles, 164
ECONOMOSITY, OR MANAGING FACULTY.
Signs— Franklin, , > . , . • 155
C'URVATIVENESS, OR THE CAPACITY FOR APPRECIATING CURVES.
Signs —The Curved Principle Inherent, 156
ACCUMULATIVENESS, OR DISPOSITION TO GATHER.
Signs— Earthy Construction, 157
MONOEROTICITY, THE DISPOSITION TO LOVE ONE ONLY.
Signs -How Res ol ting, ........ 158
CONTENTS. XI
VOLUNTATIVENESS, OR STRENGTH OF WlLL.
Signs— George IIL — How Developed, 159
MERRINESS.
Signs— And the Principles of its Manifestation, .... 160
PROVIDENTNESS.
Signs— How Originating— and Demonstrated, .... 161
CoNTRATIVENESS, OR DISPOSITION TO ASSUME THE OPPOSITE.
Signs — Hog— Hottentot — Napoleon I. — Distinguished from Voluntative-
ness, 162
POLYEROTICITY, THE DISPOSITION TO LOVE MANY.
Signs— Belongs to a Low Nature, 163
MNEMONICONOMINALITY, THE POWER OF REMEMBERING NAMES.
Signs, 164
CHROMATICALNESS, THE ABILITY TO JUDGE COLOURS.
Signs — Colour-blind People— Eeason, 164, 165
DEMOLITIOUSNESS, THE PROPENSITY TO DESTROY.
Signs — Strength Necessary — Carnivorous Animals— Broad Make, 166, 167
PHILONEPIONALITY, LOVE OF THE YOUNG.
Signs — Produced by Frequent Exercise -- Abundance of the Vital
Fluids, . 168
LlNGUISTIVENESS, OR POWER OF SPEECH.
Signs— Dependent on the Size, &c., of the Organs, . . 169, 170
PHYSIODELECTATIOUSNESS, DELIGHT IN PLEASURES OF SENSE.
Signs— How Produced, 171
CURATIVENESS, THE ABILITY TO MINISTER HEALTH.
Signs -A Transference of Vital Energy, 172
SOLICITIREPUTATIVENESS, OK Lo^E OF PRAISE.
Signs — Sensitive to External Influences, 173
INEXORABLENESS, OR UNRELENTING DISPOSITION.
Signs —How Developed, 173
CONSECUTIVENESS, THE CAPABILITY OF CLOSE AND CONNECTED
THINKING.
Appears in Permanent Wrinkles, where, 174, 175
SONIDIFFUSITIVENESS, THE FACULTY OF VOCAL MUSIC.
. Signs— Chiefly in the Mouth, 176
I>ECORATIVENESS, THE DISPOSITION TO ORNAMENT.
Signs— In the Eyes and Eyebrows, 177, 178
HUNTATIVENESS, THE DISPOSITION TO PURSUE.
Signs — In ths Eye, Forehead, and Carriage of the Head, . 179
SAGACITIVENESS, OR SHREWDNESS.
Signs -In the Neck -Napoleon 1 180,181
Xll CONTENTS.
TRADATIVENESS, OR THE DISPOSITION TO BARTER.
Signs— In the Jaw and General Configuration, .... l'<2, 183
ADAPTATIVENESS, OR THE FACULTY OP PERCEIVING FITNESS.
Signs— In the Chin, 184
CLASS IV.— THE COGNIZANT CAPACITIES.
BONY FORM PREDOMINANT.
DlSCRIMINATIVENESS, OR THE JUDGING FACULTY.
Signs— In the Eye and Nose-Tip, 185
STRUCTURODEXTERITY, THE MECHANICAL ABILITY.
Shewn in Squareness of Face - Complexion Suited for Iron- Working, 186
ORDINIPHYSICALITY, THE DESIRE TO ARRANGE.
General Signs, 187
ANGULARITIVENESS, THE ABILITY OF APPRECIATING AI<ULES
AND STRAIGHT LINES.
Signs, 188
BENEFICENTNESS, THE INCLINATION TO DO GOOD.
Signs— In the Forehead, Nose, and Length of Face, . . . 189
DECISIVENESS.
Signs— In the Features, 190
OBSERVATIVENESS, THE DISPOSITION TO OBSERVE CLOSELY.
Signs— In the Eyebrows— Darwin, 191
PERSISTENACITY, THE DISPOSITION TO HOLD ON.
Chief Sign— In the Jaw, 192-194
RECTITUDITIVENESS, OR HONESTY OF PURPOSE.
Signs— In the Squareness of Structure, 195
COMPUTATIONUMERICALITY, OR SKILL IN COUNTING.
Signs— In the Eyebrows — How Produced, 196
SOLIDATIVENESS, THE POWER OF JUDGING SOLIDITY.
Signs — In the Gait and Eyes, 197
SUGGESTIVENESS, THE DISPOSITION TO HELP BY COUNSEL.
Signs -Chiefly in the Nose— Squat-Build— Selfish, ... 197
CHARACTERIOSCOPICITY, THE POWER OF DISCERNING CHARACTER.
Signs— In the Frontal Bone and Nose —Why, .... 198,199
AMICITIVENESS, THE INCLINATION TO FRIENDSHIP.
Signs— In the Forehead and Eyes, 200
OKIGINATIVENESS, THE POWER OF PRODUCING SOMETHING NEW.
Siiewn in Coarse Features— Why, 201, 202
MENSURATIVENESS, THE FACULTY OF MEASURING.
Signs— In the Lower Forehead and Eyebrows, .... 203
CONTENTS. Xlll
PERTINACIOUSNESS, THE OBSTINATE DISPOSITION.
Shewn in the Jaw, 204
TEMPORIMECHANICALITT, OR MECHANICAL TIME.
Combination of Two Faculties and their Signs— Duke of Wellington, S05
PRACTICALITIVENESS, THE DISPOSITION TO TURN EVERYTHING
TO A USEFUL PURPOSE.
Shewn in the Forehead, 206
REVERENTIALNESS, DISPOSITION TO REVERE AND SUBMIT.
Signs — Submissive and Unsubmissive Animals, .... 207, 208
CLASS V.—THE ELEVATIVE ENDOWMENTS.
BRAIN AND NERVE FORM PREDOMINANT.
ORDINIMENTALITY, THE DISPOSITION TO SYSTEMATIZE.
Signs -In Harmonious Structure, 209
PRESCIENCE, THE FACULTY OP ANTICIPATING.
Evinced in the Dreamy Eye and Forward Bend, .... 210
SUSCEPTIBLENESS, OR THE QUALITY OP BEING INFLUENCED.
Signs, 211
MENTIMITATIVENESS, THE DISPOSITION TO IMITATE THE INTEL-
LECTUAL EFFORTS OF OTHERS.
Chief Sign— In the Forehead, 212
AFFABLENESS, OR DESIRE TO PLEASE.
Evinced chiefly by the Length of Neck, 213
SALITIVENESS, OR READY WIT AND FUN.
Shewn in a Pear-Shaped Face 214
SUBLIMITASITY, APPRECIATION OF THE SUBLIME.
Evinced by the Shape of Face and General Organization, . . 215
FUTURITIVENESS, THE DESIRE OF A FUTURE LlFE.
General Appearance - How Produced, 216
^STHETICALNESS, APPRECIATION OF THE BEAUTIFUL.
Sign— In the Nose— Reason, 217
CAREFULNESS.
Sign — In the Nose — Elephant, 218
SPEMENTALITY, OR SPIRITUAL HOPE.
Faculty Explained— How Developed in the Body, . . .219, 220
PUKITATIVENESS, OR CHASTITY.
General Signs, 221
INTUITIVENESS, THE FACULTY OP ARRIVING AT TRUTH
WITHOUT REASONING.
Signs - In the Forehead and Eyes, 222
juv CONTENTS.
LlTERATIVENESS, OB SKILL IN PRODUCING WRITTEN LANGUAGE.
Full Forehead aiid Pyriform Face, 223
CLEANNESS.
Evinced in the Uare, Rabbit, Hog, 224
PlTIFULNESS.
Signs in the Eye, and Position of the Head, 225
IMAGINATIVENESS, OR TUB POWER OF FANCY.
Whence Arising— How Evinced, 226, 227
FACTIMEMORIATIVENESS.
Memory of Facts— How Shewn in the Forehead — Remarkable Examples of
Memory— What Impairs Memory — Instances — Directions for Improving
it— Danger of Over-taxing, 228, 234
PRUDENTIALITY, OR PRACTICAL WISDOM.
How Evinced in the Eyes — Signs of Imprudence in the Nose and
Mouth, 234
CREDULOUSNESS.
Disposition to Believe— The Sensational Department analogous to this
Faculty 235
COURTEOUSNESS.
Medium Construction Necessary to this Faculty, .... 230
AlTENTlVENESS.
Evinced in the Position of the Head, 2?
SYMPATHETICALNESS.
Numerous Signs—Qualities Necessary for this Faculty, . . 238, 23t
CLASS VI.— THE PERFECTIVE QUALITIES.
(REQUIRING A COMBINATION OF TWO OR MORE OF THE
FIVE FORMS.)
GRACEFULNESS.
Developed in a Slim and Pliable Structure— Inconsistent with the Pre-
dominance of Bone or Nerve, . . , . . . 240,241
PROSPERATIVENESS, THE POWER OF ACHIEVING SUCCESS.
Shewn in Certain Curves about the Mouth, 242
PHYSIOUAHMOXITIVENESS, THE POWER WHICH APPRECIATES
HARMONY IN THE HUMAN BODY.
The Indication in the Man Himself exhibiting a Harmonious Combination
of Material, 243
PROPORTIOXATIVENESS, THE FACULTY THAT RECOGNIZES
SYMMETRY.
General Conditions, 244, 245
CONTENTS. XT
DEDUCTIVENESS, THE FACULTY OP DRAWING CONCLUSIONS.
— Incompatible with a Low Flat Nose— Requires a Well-balanced
Structure, 246, 247
VARIOUS RACES OP MEN.
European — American — Many Races— Early Giants— Physical Causes of
Diminished Stature and Improved Mind, .... 248-261
COLOURS OF RACES.
Unchangeable Colour found with Incapability of Improvement — Darkness
and Barbarism Synonymous— The Darkest Races the Oldest, 262-269
THE GENERATIVE CAPACITY.
No Spontaneous Generation — Signs of this Capacity, . . . 270-275
THE REARING OP YOUTH. ,
Clothing— Food — Lessons : Obedience, Love, Observation, Politeness,
Gentleness, Patience, Commingling of Sexes, Trade, Perseverance,
Vices, 276-294
CONNECTION BETWEEN VARIOUS PARTS OF THE HUMAN BODY.
Lower Animals— Signs of Quick Temper and Slow Revenge— Of good
Digestion — Of weak Kidneys— Of base or Platonic Love— Significance
of Eyes, . . 295-301
INFLUENCE OF FOOD ON CHARACTER.
The Milk Sucked in Infancy — Food of English, French, and Scotch produc-
ing Distinctive Character, 302-309
THE LAWS THAT CONTROL THE LINES OP THE HUMAN FACE.
Smooth and Rough Faces— Lines Incident to each of the Five Structures,
as Abdominal, &c. 310-315
EFFECT OF ALTITUDE.
The Atmosphere— Physical Man most Perfect in Western Asia — Degenera-
tion as He Recedes from this Centre — Structure of Continents — How
Influencing Civilization — Local Causes Affecting Mind — Swamps and
Low Lands — Hilly Regions Favourable, .... 316-333
CHARACTERIZED FROM BIRTH.
Responsibility — Hereditary Good and Evil never wholly Eradicated —
Children, unlike their Parents, are the least Susceptible of Culture —
Examples of Inherited Talent— And Physical Conformation, . 334-338
CHANGE OF IHE HUMAN FACE.
Variety of Face — Changing with the Ages of the World— And the Individual
— Emineut Men most Distinguishable, 339-344
COMMON SENSE.
Definition— Idiots and Lunatics— Enthusiasts and Preachers, . 345-350
THE THINKER.
How Recognized by the Physiognomist — Examples : Lincoln, Webster,
351 356
xvi CONTENTS.
CURLY LINES.
Roundness of Vegetable and Animal Lines — Influence of Large Towns-
Dispositions of Curly-Lined Animals — Children and Negroes — Students
—Mechanics -British Statesmen— And American, . . 357-303
THE WALK AS INDICATIVE OP CHARACTER.
Principles— Tall and Short Men — Different Kinds of Step. WALK OR GAIT—
The Natural : Toddling, Striding, Lurching, Sweeping, Firm, Shuffling,
In-toed, Splay-footed, Plunging, Fatuous — Artificial : Military, Clerical,
Legal, Medical, Mechanical, Tradesman, .... 364-387
SALUTATION.
Modes of Different Nations— Hand shaking— Varieties, . . 388-395
THE EXPRESSION OF LAUGHTER.
Only Human -- Not necessarily Vulgar— Varieties, . . . 396-399
HAIR.
Described — Various Colours Indicative of Temper — Texture— Quantity —
Baldness, 400-408
DIMPLES.
Cause of — Not Found in the Large Boned— Character of Dimpled
People, 409-413
MISERLY MARKS.
Origin of the Word Miser— General Configuration— Niggards sometimes
Reputed Liberal— Examples — Wrinkles, .... 414-423
HARMONY OF THE HUMAN FACE.
Parental Influences— Unbalanced Minds, how indicated— Examples— How
to Cultivate Harmony— Music, 424-433
MASCULINE AND FEMININE FACES.
Sex of Soul — Masculine Women— Uterine Influences — Attraction of Mascu-
line for Feminine Natures, 434-439
SIGNS OF PHYSICAL STRENGTH.
Hardness in Minerals and Trees— Broad and Massive Structure in Animals
—And Men, 440-445
PHYSICAL LABOUR.
Arabia the Anti-industrial Centre — Industrious Nations —Signs of Indus-
trious Disposition— Modern Aversion to Labour —Physical Training
among the Ancients— Modern Physical Education, . . 446-455
THE EFFECTS OF INDUSTRY ON THE HUMAN FACE.
Smooth Faces— Boy and Man — Rogue's Photographs, . . 456-460
PHYSIOGNOMICAL SIGNS OF PHYSICAL ENDURANCE.
Hardness — Bony Structures —The Camel and Ass — Lincoln, Westou, Jsick-
son, Wellington, 461 4U-1
MARKS OF LONGEVITY.
British Association— Signs of Longevity, and Causes— Long-lived Animals
and Men— Term of Seventy Yeara, 465-47 J
CONTENTS. XVU
ONE-SIDED PEOPLE.
Few Persons Perfectly Formed— Causes— One-sided Theology and Politics-
Mammon -Worship, . . . . . . . . 474-481
PROGRESS IN ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE LIFE.
Animals which Vary in Colour are Capable of Improvement - So Vegetables
—The Apple— The Dog, Horse, Ox 482-484
ACTIVITY.
Plan for Speed is Length— For Strength is Breadth —Examples of Men —
Animals, 485-489
RELATIVE PROPORTIONS OP WIDTH TO HEIGHT IN MANKIND.
Principles of Proportion in Animals and Trees — Windship and
Weston, 490-494
PENETRATION OF MIND.
Definition of Penetrate — Part of Speech — Perception of Character — Sharp-
ness of Features denote Astuteness of Intellect— Crow — Greyhound —
Sharp Noses, Eye-bones, Chins, ' 495-496
PATHOGNOMONIC SIGNS.
Ravages of Disease — Its Causes aud Reasons — Signs of Cor sumption,
Dyspepsia, Scrofula, liver Disease, Chronic Rheumatism, Kidney
Disease, Love Sickness — Anecdote — Private Diseases —Medical Practi-
tioners, 497-504
FASHION; OR MAN DEFORMED BY ARTIFICIAL MEANS.
Beautiful Human Forms — Various Disfigurements, their motives— Heads
how Disfigured — Noses— Ear-rings and Nose-rings — Mouths — Teeth —
Tongues — Hands and Feet — Nails —Tight-lacing — Lorig Feet — Pointed
Shoes — Stocks and Collars— Hair— Tattooing — Widow's Disfigurement —
Face-patching — Freckles and Pimples — Tobacco and Alcohol —Tea and
Coffee-drinking, 505-536
SIGNS OF INTELLIGENCE IN MEN AND ANIMALS.
Rules for Discerning Intelligence— The Pointer and the Bear — The Hog,
Opossum, Rhinoceros, compared with the Ox— Human Intelligence
how Evinced, 537-539
ORIGINALITY OF MIND.
Only a Few Predominent Men — Shakespeare— Napoleon— Outward Marks —
Examples — Children not Originators, but Imitators — Monkeys and
Sheep — Politics and Religion produce few Originators, many Followers,
why?— Despotic Governments, 540-545
MENTAL LABOUR.
Savages Averse to all Labour — Machinery vermts Hand Labour- Mental
Labour Exhausting — Slow Development of some Minds— A European
House and a Pyramid contrasted— Mental Industry in Races— Signs
of it, 546-550
THE LOVE OF MENTAL PLEASURES.
Every Faculty has its Object and Enjoyment in it — Mental Faculties may
be Used to Excess — In Moderation, Intellectual Pleasures are Superior,
Lasting, and Cheap — Physical Signs, 551-55*
XVU1 CONTENTS.
FORCE OF CHARACTER.
Some Born to Govern -Signs of Leading Men — Men Distinguished fo!
Vigorous Writing, 564-556
DECISION OF CHARACTER.
Importance of Character — Reading to Employers —Wavering Characters -
Rousseau and Hume— Scotch and English — Gladstone — Anecdote ol
Scotch Decision — Principles underlying Decision — Demosthenes-
Caesar — Napoleon I. — Franklin — Lincoln — Wellington — French and
Germans — Physical Signs— Causes —Strong Bone— Influence of Food —
Jackson— a Thief— Decision, not Dependent on Bulk — Mechanics
seldom Thieves— Dr. Pritchard— Dr. Beecher— John Locke — Work,
the Foundation of Noble Character, 557-667
HUMILITY.
Humility towards God, Wise —Towards Men, indicates Want of True Dignity
— Few People Love to be Humble to All— Many Bow to some One
Master — Sign in the Carriage of the Head — Moderate Humility gives
Engaging Manners— Affectation of Humility, . . . 668-571
THE ORIGIN OF PHYSICAL, MENTAL, AND SOUL LIFE.
Nature Teems with Life — First Men were Coarse and Dark — Whiter Races
Produced when the Earth became Cooler — Still Superior may Yet
Come Forth— First Men had Little Mind —Affliction Refines Mind —
Butterfly— Human Species might be Improved by More Careful
Breeding — Signs of a Large Soul— Future Life will be a Development of
Mind and Soul, 572-577
PERFECTION OF CHARACTER.
Dependent on Parentage — Influence of Consanguinity on Offspring —
Harmony rather than Beauty, Desirable— Importance of Suitable Mating
— How to Ensure it - Fair-haired People should Marry Black-haired
—a Large Mouth, a Small One, &c. — We cannot Destroy any Faculty,
but Restrain or Cultivate— By Food, Study, Self-control, and Well-
directed Love, 678-5S6
^ESTHETICALNESS, OR LOVE OF THE BEAUTIFUL.
Symmetry and Proportion contrasted— Beauty in Sentiment and Love —
Edmund Burke's Analysis of -Beauty in Form and Colour — Sign -
Manner of Culture, 687-^91
ATTENTIVENESS.
The Father of Sir Robert Peel— Culture of Sir Robert— Advantages of—
Sign— Success somewhat Dependent upon Attention, . . 592-5J4
PROOFS OF A FUTURE LIFE FOUNDED ON NATURE.
Falsity of Ideas based on Fashion— All Life tends to Reproduction— Si^bt
more likely to Deceive than Reason -Examples— Nothing in Nature
is Annihilated— Change is the Law of Nature— The Desire of Future
Life an Evidence that there will be Oiie— Use of us here as BricKS in a
Building — Will be similarly Wanted for a Future Life, , . 595 C(i3
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
Frontispiece.
PAM
Tbc Abdominal Form Large— The Claimant for the Tichborne
Estate, ........ 46
The Abdominal Form Small— Wallace of Kelly, ... 46
The Thoracic Form Large— William III., .... 66
„ „ Small, ...... 66
The Muscular Form Large — S. Judas Thadetts, ... 61
„ ,, Small — Princess Anne, ... 6-
The Osseous or Bony Form Large — Lowrie Coulter, . . 76
„ „ „ Small-G. W. M. Nutt, ... 77
The Brain and Nerve Form Large — John Price, ... 83
„ „ „ „ —Dr. Spraker, ... 84
„ „ Small -George III., ... 84
„ „ „ Large— R«v. S. H.Tyng, . . 85
,, ,, „ Small -Thomas Cribb, . . 86
Welsh Woman, ....... 124
Mrs. Bachus, ....... 124
A Fort Rupert Indian, . . . . . . 126
Horace Greeley, . . . . . . . 126
George Morland, . . . . . . . 127
Nicholas Coj lernicus, ...... 127
Robert Gregson, ....... 129
Nana Narian, ....... 129
Samuel R. Ward, .130
David Duncan, a Hermit of Michigta, . . . . 130
David Hume, ....... 131
Gustavus III., ....... 131
Thomas Becon, . . . . . . . 135
Thomas Molineanz, . . . • • • . 135
Lavater, ........ 137
Chinese Woman, . . . • . . . 137
Owl, 140
Crow, ........ 140
Beau Brummel, a' noted Fop of England, .... 144
Immanuel Kant, . . . . . . . 144
Bach, ........ 146
An Indian of Callam B»y, . „ 146
John Broughton, • « 148
Joseph Justus Scalliger, . • . • , . 148
XX ILLUSTRATIONS.
FAOl
A Lion, ' . 148
A Giraffe, 148
A Squirrel, ........ 150
J. H. Newman, D.D., ...... 152
Tamberlik 152
The Unmusical Ear, ...... 153
The Ear of Adeline Patti, ...... 153
Mr. E. F. Simms, ....... 155
Miss Stuart, ........ 155
Miss Harriet C. Hosmer, . . . . . . 156
Jim, a I 'in to Indian, . . . . . . 156
Commodore Vanderbilt, . . . 157
A Squanderer, ..... . 157
Mrs. Margaret Fuller Osoli, ... 158
Brigham Young, ....... 158
A Chinese Woman, . . . . . . . 159
George III., ........ 159
Thomas C. Haliburton (Sam Slick), .... 161
Charles I., 161
Napoleon I., . . . . . . . . 162
The Eye of Mrs. Margaret F. Osoli, ..... 163
The Eye of Brighara Young, . . . . . 163
The Head of a Hog, . ...... 163
The Head of a Turtle-Dove (Turtur Auritus), ... 163
William Ross, employed in Chambers's Publishing House in
Edinburgh, ....... 165
Antonio Allegri, or Corregio, ..... 165
B. Gosse, Esq., ....... 166
John R, Webster, . . . . . . . 166
The Head of a Hare, ...... 167
The Head of a Tiger, ...... 167
A Loving Italian Mother, ...... 168
John B. Gough, ....... 170
Deaf and Dumb Girl of Illinois ..... 170
A Parrot, ........ 170
Marchioness of Hertford, . . . . . . 171
Henry VIII., ...... 171
An Irish woman of Edinburgh, ..... 174
Mary F. Scott Siddons, . . . . . . 174
CJyrus W. Field, 175
A Selfish Cat, ....... 175
An Irish Peasant, ....... 176
Parepa Rosa, ....... 176
A Duck, 177
A Canary, ........ 177
A Digger, an Indian of California, . . . . . 178
The Chetah, or Hunting Leopard, . . . . . 179
Thomas Pair, ....... 180
ILLUSTRATIONS. XXI
P Gl
A Chimpanzee, taken from life, in the Zoological Garden* of London, 181
An Ostrich, ........ 181
An Asiatic Elephant, ...... 181
Jacob Strawn, an extensive farmer and cattle dealer of Illinois, . 182
Mr. T. Glover, a Dry Goods merchant of Quebec, . . . 183
Thomas Cook and Wife (Avarice), ..... 184
Linnaeus, ........ 185
A Chinese Woman, ....... 185
James Watt, ........ 186
P. T. Barnum, ....... 186
Edwin Booth, ....... 188
A Disorderly Flat-head Indian, ..... 188
Edward V., 189
An Old Cardinal, ....... 189
Peter Cooper, ....... 190
An Australian Man, ...... 190
Montesquieu, ........ 191
Louis W. Jackson, ....... 191
Charles Darwin, ....... 192
Persistenacity very Large, ...... 193
Johnny, Persistenacity very Small, ..... 193
A Prairie Wolf, or Coyote, ...... 193
A Bull-dog, 193
John Tetzel, the dishonest face, . . . . . 194
Andrew Jackson, the honest face, ..... 194
Lizzie Smith, a pickpocket, . . . . . . 195
William Tyndale, a martyr, ..... 195
Lord George Lyttleton, who was unable to learn the common
rules of Arithmetic, ...... 196
Thos. Allen, the first Mathematician of his day, . . . 196
Mr. Holcraft, of California— Suggestiveness Large, . . 198
J. B. Porta, the Inventor of the Camera Obscura and Physiognomist, 199
Hev. J. G. Lavater, Poet and Physiognomist, . . . 199
Mrs. Lydia H. Sigourney, ...... 200
Catharine II., ....... 200
Prof. S. F. B. Morse, 201
Geo. IV., 202
J. Q. A. Ward, Sculptor, ...... 203
Charles XIL, of Sweden, ...... 204
Ristori, Actress, ....... 204
The Head of a Hunting Horse, ..... 205
The Head of an Ass, ...... 205
A Chinese Girl, ....... 205
The Duke of Wellington, 205
Thomas D' Urfey, an impractical English Poet, ... 206
C. M. Wieland, a practical Poet of Germany, . . . 206
Ambrose Pare, a distinguished French Surgeon, . . . 209
Ratasse, Prince of Madagascar, .... 209
XXli ILLUSTRATIONS.
r*M
Charles James Fox, . * . . . . • 21 1
John El wes, a noted Miser of London, . . . . 211
Elizabeth Canning — Meutiinitativenesa Large, . . . 212
Mary Squires, the Gipsy, . * . . . . 212
Pviilof, a murderer, . . . . . . . 213
Mrs. Josephine A. Prosch, of New York, . . . . 213
Ute Indian, of Salt Lake, . . . . . . 215
Samuel L. Clemens (Mark Twain), Author of Innocents Abroad. . 215
Kettle, a Selfish Indian Chief, of Washington Territory, . . 217
Charlemagne— ^Estheticalness Large, .... 217
Flavins Josephus — Carefulness Large, . . . . 219
Thomas Hudson, notoriously Unfortunate, . . . 219
James Fisk, jr., of Erie Railroad notoriety, . . . 220
John Milton — Spementality Large, ..... 220
A Patagonian — Puritati veness Small, .... 221
Lucretia Mott, a Quakeress Preacher, .... 221
Simon Fraser Lovit— Intuiti veness Small, . . . . 222
Giuseppe Mazzini, a talented Italian Patriot, . . . 222
Mr. Thos. Rogerson — Literativeness Small, . . . 223
John Rnskin, a brilliant Author and Art Critic, . . . 223
The Duchess of Kent, the Mother of Her Majesty, Queen Victoria, 224
Nathaniel Bently, the dirtest Man in England, . . . 224
Nero— Pitifulness very Small, ..... 226
Baroness Angela Georgina Burdett-Coutta, . . . 226
Lamartine - Imaginativeness Large, .... 227
A Babbler —Imaginativeness Small, . / . . . 227
Frederick H. A. Baron von Hurnboldt, .... 228
Miss Catharine Dunn, whose weight is 425 Pounds, . . 228
A Saucy Boy, of Jacksonville, Illinois, .... 234
John Sherman, U.S., a Senator from Illinois, . . . 234
Voltciire— Credulousness Small, ..... 235
Wm. Harvey. M.D., who discovered the Circulation of the Blood, 235
D. Fernando VII., a Tyrant, .... 237
Count D'Orsay— Courteousness Large, .... 237
Abbey Kelley Foster — Attentiveness Large, . . . 238
His Majesty Pomarre, King of Taheite, .... 238
Robespierre, a Bloody Tyrant, ..... 239
Eustache — Sympatheticalness Large, .... 239
A Swan -Graceful ness Lart/e, ..... 240
A Male Hippopotamus, taken from lifo, in the Zoological Gardens
in London, ....... 2tl
Caius Julius Caesar, the Dictator, ..... 242
A Kyast Banian Man, of Surat, in India, .... 242
Cut Nose, an Indian, ...... 243
G. F. Handel— Physioharmoniti veness Large, . . . 243
Sarah and John Rovin, aged 164 and 172 respectively, . . 244
Petrarch Zortan, 185 years of age, . . . . 245
A Flat Head Indian, 24?
ILLUSTRATIONS.
MM
A Quatsino Indian, ...... 245
Dr. John Hunter, . . ... 24i
Foolish Sam— Deductivenesa Small, .... 246
John Locke— Deducti veness Large,*. .... 246
King William, of Prussia, ...... 248
A Flat-head Indian, Front and Profile, .... 249
A. Quatsino, of the N. W. Coast of Vancouver Island, . . 20
A murderous Indian of Minnesota, ..... 250
A Digger Indian, of California (full length), . •. . 251
Orison J. Stone, of Boston, ...... 282
Negro Boy, ....... 282
John Wyckli fife, . . . . . . 290
John Broughton, a bloodthirsty Pugilist. .... 291
Love and Obedience, ....... 292
Hate and Disobedience, ..».-. 292
David Hume, ....... 296
Gustavus III., ....... 2%
Vitellius, a good Digestion, . . .... 297
Charles VI., Emperor of West Austria, . .298
Aulus Vitellius, Emperor of Rome. . . . . 311
Foolish Sam, ....... 348
Major, a Lunatic of Glasgow, . . . . , . 349
Curly Face, ... . .359
Straight Face, . . . . . . . 359
Systematic and Straightforward Gentleman, . . . 360
Surly and Deceptive Scamp, ..... 360
A Curly, Ambitious, and Jealous Dog; .... 363
Foolish Mary, . . . . . . . 368
Bob Dreghorn— The Striding Gait, . .... 370
Blind Alick— The Sweeping Gait, ..... 374
Captain Paton, of Glasgow, ...... 3SO
David Dale, a Good Man, ...... 384
Filament of Wool, ....... 403
Negro Hair, ......... 403
Love, Faith, Intuition, and Innocence, .... 409
Miss Margaret Clephne, . . . . . . 417
John Elwes, ........ 419
Daniel Dancer, a Miser and Hermit, ... . . 420
David Duncan, Hermit of Michigan, .... 426
Washington Irving, ....... 426
Rev. John Summerfield, . .... 435
Miss Rosa Bouheur, .... 436
Egbert, Kin? of the West Saxons, ..... 439
Diogenes, ' Jynic Philosopher, ..... 457
Lucitii A.r.n»us Seneca, a celebrated Roman Philosopher, . . 458
A Scotchman, of Edinburgh, ..... 459
Greyfriar's Bobby, . . . . . . . 481
A. Macrone, ........ 507
3mv 1LL17STRATIOW.
MM
A Quatsino, Indian Girl, ...... 608
A Cnmaua Woman, ....... 508
A Welsh Woman, ....... 609
An Egyptian Man, ... ... 609
A Muscovite Man, ....... 610
A Flat-head Indian, ...... 610
A West India Man, ....... 510
A Greek Man, ....... 510
A Scythian Man, . . . . . . . 511
A Belini Man, ....... 512
A Woman of Zanzibar, . . . . . . 513
A Woman of Scatia, . . . ... . 513
A Peruvian Man, ....... 513
A Persian Man, ....... 513
A Kyast Banian Woman, of Surat, in Western India, . . 514
A Flat-head Indian, . . . . . 514
A Cornori Woman, ....... 515
A Cochi Woman, ....... 515
A Woman of Turkey, ...... 516
An Ethiopian, ....... 516
A ParieMan, ....... 517
A Macus Man, ....... 517
A Tanibalian, ....... 517
A Portuguese Woman, . . . . . . 518
A Chinese Man, ....... 518
Miss Tight-laced, ....... 519
Natural Waist, ....... 519
A Chinese Woman, ....... 521
A Sciopede Man, ....... 521
A China Man, ....... 523
Captain Staddon, of Fan Francisco, .... 524
Rev. Henry Ward Beechcr, ..... 525
Fashionable Head dress of U. S. A. in I860, . . 528
A Digger Indian, attired for an annual War Dance, . . 529
An Indian of Arizona, ...... 630
A Samian Man, ....... 530
A Digger Indian, of Califi r/.ia, ..... 5..1
Hon. Daniel Webster, ...... 532
An Irish Peasant, .... 633
Upwards of 40 portraits have been added to this book since this list
of illustrations was compiled.
TBE NAME, PRONUNCIATION, SYLLABICATION,
AND ACCENTUATION OF EACH FACULTY.
The pronunciation is given immediately after each word in the following
list, by the word being spelt anew phonetically. The number of the page
where the literal meaning of the word may be found is given opposite each
word respectively.
Mn
Arquieaciveness, 5k'-kwI-e1s"-sKv-iie's .. .. .. .. .. 123
Animalimitationality, an'-l-mal-inu-ta'-shun-aT-I-ty ., ., .. 126
Aquasorbitiveness, ak'-kwa-sor'-bit-lv-ne's .. .. .. . . . . 127
Puyaioelpidicity, fiz'-l-6-eT-pi-dls"-i-ty ., . . ,. ,. .. 128
Graspativenesa, gras'-pa't-iv-ne's 129
Associativeneaa, as-so-see-a'-tiv-nes .* , . . . .. .. 130
Appetitiveness, Sp'-pe'-ti'-tiv-ne's .. .. ,. . . .. .. 131
Eetaliativeness, re-tal-H-a'-tiv-ne's .. .. .. .. . . .. 132
Seutinelitiveness, sgn'-ti-ner'-i-tiv-nea .. .. . . ,. ..134
Morivalorosity, mo'ri-val-o ros"-i-ty .. .. .. .. .. 13-5
Elevativeneas, el-e-va'-tiv-nea .. .. . . .. .. . . 136
Olfactiveness, o'l-fak'-tiv-ne's 137
Resistativeness, re-zis'-ta-tiv-ne's .. .. .. .. .. .. 138
Assaultativeneas, as-sauU'-ta'-tiv-ne'a .. .. .. .. .. 139
Watchfulness, watch'ful-nea .. .. .. .. .. ,, 139
Suspiciousness, sus-pish'-iis-ne's .. .. .. .. .. ,. 140
Locomotivity, lo'-ko-mo-tlv'-i-ty .. .. .. .. .. .. 141
Inqnisitiveuess, iM-k\viz'-it-iv-nea .. .. .. .. .. .. 142
Am biliousness, atn-i'ish'-us-nSs .. .. .. .. .. .. 142
Autohegemony, aw'-to-he-^Sm"-6-ny .. .. .. .. .. 143
Teinporinaturalitivene -s, tem'-po-ri-nat'-u-ral'-t-tiv-nes .. .. .. 146
Physiovalorosity, tiz'-i-6-val'-'>-ios"-i-ty .. .. .. .. .. 147
Sophisticalness, so-fis'-ti-kal-ne'd .. .. .. .. .. .. 149
P.ayfulness, pla'-lul-nes .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 150
Intermutativeness, in-te'r-mu'-ta-tTv-ne's .. .. .. ,, ,. 151
Philomonotopicalness, fi'-lo-mon' o-top-i-kal-nSs .. .. .. .. 151
Tonireceptionality, toV-f-re-sep'-shun-ai'-i-ty .. .. .. .. 152
Concealativeness, koa-see'-la-tiv-n£a .. .. .. .. .. 154
Eionomosity, e-kon'-6-mos"-slty .. .. .. .. .. .. 155
Curativeness, ku'ra-liv-ne's .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 156
Actumulativeness, ak'-ku-nm-la"-tiv-nes .. .. .. .. .. 157
Monoeroticity, m8n'-6-Sr'-6-tis"-i-ty .. .. .. .. ..158
Voluntativeness, v6'-liin-ta"-tiAr-ne3 . . . . . . . . . . 169
Merriness, meV-i nSs .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 160
Providentness, pro'v'-i-de'nt-ne's .. .. .. .. .. .. 161
Contrativeness, kSn'-tra-tiv-n^s .. .. .. .. .. ,. 162
Polyeroticity, pol'-i-Sr-6-ti8"-i-ty .. .. .. .. .. .. 163
Mnemoniconominality, ne-m8n'-i-k8n-8m-i-n^l"-i-ly ,. ,. ,, 164
Chromaticalness, kro-mat'-T-kal-ngs .. .. .. ,, .. .. 164
Demolitiousness, de-mo-lish'-iis-ne's .. .. .. .. .. 166
Philonepionality, fi'-lo-ne'-pe-o-nal"-Y-ty .. .. .. . .. 168
Linguist! ven ess, llng-gwist'-iv-nes
Physiodelectatiousness, fiz'-i-6-de-le'k-ta"-shu8-ne's
Curativeness, ku'-ra-tlv-nea . . . . . . . .
Solicitireputativeness, so-lis'-T-ti-re'p-n-ta"- tiv-n£s
Inexorableness, in-e'gz'-o-rab-e'l-ne'a .. .,
Conaecutiveuesa kfin-sSk'-u-tiv-nes .. .. ..
Sonidiffusitiveness, ao-ni-dlf-fu'-ai-tfv-ne's ..
.. 169
.. 171
.. 172
.. 173
.. 173
.. 174
.. 176
Decorativeness, dek-6-ra'-tiv-n£a .. .. . . .. .. .. 177
ii
NAME, PUONUNCIATION, ETC., OF KA^H PA.CTJLTT.
PA81
HuntativeneB!", hunf-B-tiv-nSs .. ., ; 179
Sagacitiveness, sa-gas-i-tlv-ng* .. .. .. ,. ,, .. 180
Tradativeness, trad'-a-tiv-ne'a .. .. ,. ., ., ,. 182
Adaptativenesa, a-dap'-tS-tiv-nes .. .. ,. . .. .. 183
Discriminativeness, uIs'kiiiu-T-na"-tiv-ne's .. .. . .. .. 185
Structurodt'iterity, 8truk/-tu-r6-d«x-ter"-I-ty 186
Ordiniphysicality, 8r'-din-ii-tiz-i-kal"-I-ty .. .. . ., .. 187
Angularitiveness, ang-gu-lar'-i-tiv-n& .. .. 188
Beneficentness, be-nef-i-sSat-nSs .. ., ,. .. .. .. 189
Decisiveness, de- ai'-siv-nes .. .. .. ., .. ., .. 190
Observativeness, 6b-zer'-va-tiv-n§8 .. .. .. .. .. .. 191
Peraistenacity, per-zis-ten-a'-ai-ty .. .. .. .. .. . . 192
Rectituditiveneas, rek-ti-tu'-di-tiv-ne's 194
Computationumericality, k&m-pu-ta'-ab.o-nu-me'i-f-kal-Y-ty . . *. 196
Solidativeneas, sfil-l-da'-tiv-nes .. .. .. ,. ., .. 197
Suggeativeneaa, auj-jeV-tiv-nea .. .. ., ., ., .*. 197
Chttracterioscopicity, kar-ak-tSr'-i-6-skd-pia3"-I-ty . . .. . . 198
Amicitiveneas, am-i-si'-tiv-n^a .. .. .. .. .. .. 200
Originativeness, o-rij-m-a'-tiv-nSa .. .. . . .. .. . . 201
Mensurativeness, m£n-su-ra'-tiv-nea . . . . . . . . .. 203
Pertinaciousness, pcr-ti-na'-shus-nes .. .. . . t • • . 20 1
Temporimfchanicality, tem'-po-ri-m^-kan-i-kal'-I-ty .. . .. 205
Practicalitiveness, prak-tl-kal'-i-tiv-n^s .. . . . . .. 206
Reverentialness, rev'-gr-gn"-ahal-nes .. . ,, . .. 207
Ordinimentality, 8r'-dia-i-men-tal"-l-ty .. . .. . .. 209
Presrience, pre'-thens .. .. .. . . . . . . . . ..210
Susceptibleneas, sus-s^p'-tible-nes .. .. .. .. .. ..211
Mentimitaliveness, ment-im-i-ta-tiv-nSs .. .. .. .. ..212
Affdblenesa, af-able-n«a 21?
Salitiveness, sal'-i-tiv-n^s .. 214
Sublimitasity, siib llm-K-tas'-i-ty ..215
Futuritiveness, fu-ture'-i-tiv-nes .. .. .. . . . . .. 216
j&atheticalneas, ace-thet'-i-kal-ngs 217
Carefulness, kair'-fttl-ngs 218
Spementality, ape-m^n-tal'-i-ty 21f
Puritativeness, pu-ri-ta'-tiv-ngj .. .. .. .. .. .. 221
Intuitiveneas, In-tu'-Tt-Tv-nes .. .. .. .. .. .. 22?
Literativeness, Ift'-tgr-a-tiT-ngs 223
Cleanness, kleen'-nea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 224
Pitifulness, plf-I-ful-c^s 225
Imaginativeness, Im-maj'-in- a- tiv-n£s .. .. .. .. ,. 22P
Faclimemoriativenes^, fak'-ti-ni^in-6"-ri-S-tiv-n28.. .. .. .. 228
Prudentiality, prii dgn-ahe-al'-ll-ty 234
Credulousness, kr&T-u-lus-ne'a .. . . .. .. .. .. 23i
Courteousness, kort'-yiis-nes .. .. .. . . .. ., .. 236
Attentivenesa, at-t^n'-tlv-ne's . . .. .. .. .. .. 237
Sympatheticalness, slm-pa-the't'-T-kal-iie'a .. .. .. .. 238
Gracefulness, graisa'-f til- He's .. .. 240
PrOiperativeness, prSs-speY-a-tlv-ne's .. .. .. .. 242
Phyaioharmonitiveness, liz-i-o-har-mon'-i-ttv nSs.. ,. ,. 248
Proportionativen^ss, pro por'-ahiia-ate-Iv-nes .. »t .. 214
Deduct! veneaa, de-duk'-tiv-nea . . .. 2i6
Nor*. — Prone unce a as a in fate ; a an in fat; a as in father.
„ e as e in me; e.as in m£t.
w i as i in fine ; t as in fin.
„ obaoinno; o as in i5t.
„ a as u in pure ; u as in >ut ; (i aa u in rxile.
INTRODUCTION.
FOR the science upon which we propose to treat, a science
so comprehensive in its grasp, and embracing, as it does,
those mysterious principles of nature itself, which are so
apparent in their manifestations, and yet, in the eternal
conditions of their origin, so impervious hitherto to the most
indefatigable and unwearied researches of master minds, we
have no more fitting a term than that of "Physiognomy;"
a designation all too inadequate in the poverty and con-
tractedness of its literal significance, to draw together, and
fully to shadow forth in one word, the infinity of meaning
which has its abode within the range of the subject.
Adopted at an epoch when little more than the merest
outline of facial peculiarity was wanted to be expressed,
when comparatively little importance was attached to these
peculiarities, and when, it need scarcely be said, the subse-
quent importance to which this department of Nature's
mystic operations was destined to attain, was never so
much as thought or dreamed of, the term " Physiognomy "
performed its indicative functions passably well. As, how-
ever, through the slow course of centuries, the importance of
the science became better appreciated, and its ultimate com-
prehensiveness began to be faintly shadowed forth, the
poverty of the term fell further and further short of the
widened signification which it was called upra to do duty
4 INTRODUCTION.
for; and but for this slow and almost imperceptible ripening
into maturity to which we have alluded, the term would
have been left far astern and become disused, as all too
insufficient for its purpose. Had the science, for instance^
through some intellect far in advance of its times during the
middle ages, advanced with giant strides into broad day, and
made as much progress in ten years as hardly ten long
centuries have sufficed to achieve, then would the term
" Physiognomy " have been doomed ; but, until very recently,
no such sudden advance has been made, and the word has
been retained with a gradually increasing significance to
keep pace with the duties which it has to perform, until
now it may be said truly the widening of its meaning has
been co-eval and co-extensive with the evolution of the
science itself. That science has now attained to such vast
proportions in its intimate connection with everything
human, and has become so universally recognized and
established, that it can. well afford to disregard any little
shortcoming on the part of a word, which has to perform no
more vital function than that of its signboard. We are
o
content, therefore, to leave it in undisturbed possession of
the place of honour to which it has been elevated in virtue
of length of servitude; and this much may at all events be
said in its praise, that it is readily understood by the
meanest capacity, and offers no bar of high sounding nomen-
clature, to the neophyte who is preparing to tread the paths
of initiation into the absorbing interest which its pursuit
unfolds, and to participate in the incalculable benefits which
the science never fails to shower upon its conscientious and
painstaking votaries.
Physiognomy, as a science, has now taken up so assured a
position in the foreground of social and scientific progress,
and has become so thoroughly recognized in the important
bearing which it takes up in relation to all phases of society,
alike the most elevated and the most homely, that it has no
INTRODUCTION. 5
need to fall back upon its pedigree for any adventitious aids
to its advancement and prosperity ; but however little it
may require any bolstering up of this kind, it cannot fail to
be deeply interesting to the student, to take a retrospective
glance at its earliest conditions and surroundings. That it
has, in all time, in a greater or less degree, been active in its
operation and universal in its application, long before the
crude and unformed intellect of the early progenitors of
mankind — whatever they may have been — was capable of
making even the faintest attempt to formulate its properties,
is a proposition we think that cannot be doubted for a
moment. That the universality and eternity of its scope
must always have been, needs little reflection to convince
any thinking man; and for ages before the dawn of history
Physiognomy must have wielded, we may be sure, a power,
mighty in its proportions, although little heeded it may be,
by the beings on which it exerted its force. Nor do we
require to predicate for such a state of things the existence
of so highly organized beings as we are ourselves. A much
lower type of organization would not preclude the living
action of the all-pervading department of nature's functions
of which we are treating, and wherever organisms existed,
so far advanced as to be endowed with powers of vision,
there must Physiognomy have been actively and perceptibly
at worki in the relations which subsisted between the
•different varieties of organisms. There would we find the
destructive form at work in destroying and devouring other
forms of a less aggressive character, and the whole operation
of nature, going slowly but surely on in its onward march
to a perfection, the advanced stages of which, if not its acme,
we can now contemplate in the conditions with which we
are surrounded. Be it understood, however, that in alluding
to the advent of visual organs, we do not mean to mark or
limit the commencement of the operations of Physiognomy,
except in so far as they then became visible to, and notion
INTRODUCTION. .
able by, the organisms themselves. Long anterior to this,
nature must have been elaborating and perfecting this law
of hers, which, through the lapse of ages, has attained such
stupendous magnitude; but the mind of man reels back,
stunned and dizzied, from the hopeless attempt to peer back
to the remote recesses of the laboratory of that mysterious
agency, which, for want of a better term, and it may be, in
our ignorance, we call Nature. While, therefore, in the
nature of things we are excluded from all actual knowledge
of the development of Physiognomy during primeval and
prehistoric times ; and while we recognize how fruitless and
unsatisfactory mere speculation invariably proves to be,
when affecting a subject of such importance as is our
present one, we may at all events indulge in a legitimate,
not to say laudable, curiosity and interest, respecting the
dawning and primary conditions of the science, if indeed we
may dignify by such a term, a thing that was only, as* yet,
recognized half unwittingly and unconsciously. In glancing
briefly at the early aspect and dawning conditions of the
science, be it well understood, that we are in no wise to be
considered as endorsing all or any of the opinions of the
various writers whose names we may have to mention. In
no department of abstract thought, perhaps, has opinion
so much differed, or has error and misplaced deduction been
so long entertained as recognized truth as in this science of
which we are now treating; and it has been left to very-
recent times — to our own day, in fact, and that within the
past very few years — so to elaborate the science, as to place
it on a basis of the very firmest foundation ; this basis being,
an epitomizing of all previous experience, an avoidance of
all previous error, and an experimentalizing on the very
broadest principles, the whole forming, along with the con-
clusive and illustrative results with which it is flanked, a
broad scientific formulary, too elaborate and complete in its
details, to afford a vulnerable point of attack to the deadliest
INTRODUCTION. 7
of its enemies. A resume, therefore, of the early conditions
of the science is in no way indispensable to the purpose of
the present work, but is thrown in solely in the interest of
the curious student of Physiognomy, who may possibly
derive from it a pardonable satisfaction and amusement,
akin to the sympathetic interest which the modern soldier
of an antiquarian turn of mind feels in the contemplation of
the rude flint battle-axes and arrow-heads used in the
remote warfare of prehistoric times. That in the very
earliest ages, and before the advent of written history, or at
all events before the advent of any history which has
weathered the stormy period of the middle ages, so fruitful
in literary shipwreck, as we very well know, the principles
of Physiognomy were entertained, recognized, and admitted,
is a proposition that admits of very conclusive proof, even
were there any now disposed to deny the assertion. With-
out trenching upon the resources of the Hebraic Philosophy,
which was of a more emotional and less practical character
than that of the Greek Philosophers, we have only to refer
to the golden productions of the latter, which have been
miraculously preserved to us, after surviving the crash of
nations which accompanied, and the Cimmerian darkness
which followed, the collapse of the Roman Empire, to find
ample proof that Physiognomy was, even at the time of the
very earliest of the Greek writers, a recognized department
of science, however far it may have fallen short at that time
of correctness or accuracy in its deductions or formulae.
Even in those remote times, it must have been regarded aa
ha\ing already attained to a comparatively venerable age,
for we do not find it alluded to as anything which had then
just burst upon the perception of the Greeks in all the crude
immaturity of a new and wholly untried and untested
discovery. Crude, immature, and in a high degree un-
reliable and unsatisfactory, it must then have been, is an
assertion that will hardly be called in question ; but at the
8 INTRODUCTION.
same time it seems equally undeniable that it had become,
comparatively speaking, aged in its error; and while there
is everything in the writings of the Greek Philosophers in
favour of the hypothesis of old age, and absolutely nothing
favouring the view of recent birth, their animadversions
point rather to a dissatisfaction with its existing conditions,
and the dawning of a vigorous effort on the part of Greek
subtlety of intellect — not to discard it as useless and per-
nicious quackery — but to separate the gold from the dross,
and to purify it from the abuses with which it had become
incrusted.
Aristotle, Polemon, Theophrastus, Plato, and at a later
period Galen of Pergamos, were Greek writers who, with
perhaps a dim intuition of the vast interests which were
yet to be evolved from the womb of the science, all
wrote on the subject, and endeavoured to add their quota
of suggestion and speculation to the mass of mingled
truth and error which had already been piled around it.
Zopyrus, another Greek of a more practical and adventurous
turn of mind, seems actually to have formulated the science,
and to have come to the front as a practical Physiognomist.
He drew up from Physiognomy alone, it is said, an
estimate of the character of Socrates, not by any means
complimentary to that gentleman, but with apparently a
considerable dash of truth in its composition, since it
appears to have been candidly recognized by the party
most concerned, to be in all essential details, truthful,
accurate and precise. Some lesser Greek names might
be quoted representing authors who have written on this
all-important subject, but we may not suffer ourselves to
be so diffuse as we might be in this introductory part of
the work.
Several Roman authors, such as Cicero, Pliny, and others,
contributed somewhat to the advancement of the science;
but in the gloom and barbarism which followed the dis-
INTRODUCTION. 9
ruption of the overgrown and unwieldy Roman edifice,
and in the almost total eclipse of fine arts and literature
which that stupendous and ruinous collapse of nations,
peoples, and society entailed, the infant science of Physiog-
nomy was, in common with other kindred departments of
advancement and culture, almost totally extinguished. For
some centuries during the continuance of this gloomy
period of darkness and barbarism, we hear absolutely
nothing of its existence, and nothing but its inherent
vitality could have sufficed to buoy it onward to more
congenial generations. This inherent vitality it possesses,
however, in such a degree, that nothing short of the
extinction of the human race and the hurling back of
mother earth to its original conditions could have sufficed
entirely to crush out the germs of life with which it is
endowed ; and accordingly, no sooner do we find the mists
of ignorance and superstition beginning to clear off and to
admit anew the light of intelligence, than we again find
Physiognomy slowly but surely taking its place as a science;
with many a false step it may be, but continually correcting
itself and again pushing forward in the direction of its goal.
Early in the 14th century, so far had the science attracted
attention in the dawning of modern civilization and in-
tellect, that we find Petrus de Abbano, in the year 1335,
making it the subject of lectures before the students of
the University of Paris: and although the information, it
must be confessed, is meagre, yet the bare fact itself is
significant. Michael Scott, who flourished in the loth
century, devoted no inconsiderable portion of his time and
space to the elucidation of the science, in so far as his
lights on the subject enabled him. The latter half of the
15th, and the whole of the 16th centuries, comprised a
period when Physiognomical speculation and research seem
to have been carried on with a degree of diligence and
perseverance never attained before that time. In the latter
10 INTRODUCTION.
part of the 16tli, and the first portion of the 17th centuries,
J. Baptista Porta, an enterprising and energetic Italian of
Padua, wrote and published on this subject, a vigorous
and painstaking work, which was illustrated and beautified
by numerous cuts of faces of men and animals. In the
year 1548, Michael Angelo Blondies issued a work on
Physiognomy, having for its aim the elucidation of its
principles, and the fixing of its powers and limits. In
the same year a French writer, Anselm Pierre Douxciel,
produced at Langres his "Speculum Physionomica," in
which he endeavoured to lay down fundamental principles
of the science. In the year 1588, Georgio Rizzacasa, of
Carmagnola, seems to have been occupying himself to
some purpose with the subject, as we since learn that he
was then dedicating a volume on "Fisionomia" to Queen
Elizabeth; and in the following year we discover Johannes
Padovanus of Verona affirming broadly, " that every con-
ceivable variety of character was shadowed out, and might
be detected under the different conformations of the several
members of the body" — a proof that advanced and en-
lightened views on the subject had already begun to take
root amongst eminent thinkers of his age. In the year
1621 Dr. Rodolphus Gocelenius wrote a work on Physiog-
nomy while he held the post of Professor of that science
in the Academia Marpurgensi; and four years afterwards
we find Edmund Gallimard dedicating a "Traite Physiog-
nomique au tres illustre Monseigneur Theophile Howard,
compte de Sulfactz." Besides the names we have quoted,
we may mention that of John de Judgagnie, who wrote
on the science at an early but uncertain date, of which
last-mentioned effort we had a translation in the year 1666
from the pen cf Fabian Withers, shewing the author to
have been remarkably clear and concise in the principles
he has laid dow/i, however incorrect he may have been
io some of the deductions he has drawn; and it should
INTRODUCTION.
11
not be forgottet. in his case, that he probably wrote at a
very early period, when as yet he could borrow but little
light from other sources. The other names which we have
not thought proper otherwise to particularize we may give
here without comment, in order to afford the curious student
an opportunity of looking, if he should wish to do so, at
the notions more or less crude, which have in times gone
by, been promulgated with respect to this science. With-
out pretending to give an exhaustive list, we may mention
the names of Adamantius, Albertus Magnus, Avicenna,
Averroes, Cassidorus, Hippocrates, Melampus, Meletes, Eemi-
gerius, Seneca, and Quinctillian ; and in reference to this
additional list we may add, that in the year 1780 Franzius
of Leipsic furnished a learnedly edited translation of the
works of Adamantius and Melampus.
Lavater, who was Pastor of St. Peter s Church at Zurich,
became a martyr to liberty and truth in 1801. He wrote
several works on Physiognomy, which were translated into
various languages, yet they were so deficient in system and
principles, that they are of little practical value to the world.
All sciences, and indeed all advanced departments of
culture, have had to endure persecution at the hands of
misplaced and superstitious blockheads in power, or at the
hands of brutal and ignorance-steeped mobs; and we do
not find that Physiognomy has had any particular im-
munity extended to it in this respect. In a semi-civilized
age, any art that pretended to delineate the character and
propensities of the individual, solely by means of the salient
points and colours of the exterior, had too close a resem-
blance, in the jaundiced eye of ignorance and superstition,
to the occult arts of sorcery and witchcraft, altogether to
escape some troublesome and unsolicited attentions. These
kind attentions usually originated with that class of busy
bodies which has flourished in every age, and the members
of which have always been animated with a burning desire
1 2 INTRODUCTION
to keep their fellow-men in the paths of that code of virtue
which is their own, and which they know to be the right
one. Even in these enlightened days, when we are rapidly
approaching the commencement of the 20th century, and
when many flatter themselves that we have for ever done
with those pests of former ages, a very moderate degree
of discernment would suffice to discover the modern pro-
totype of the sorcery and witchcraft hunter, in those
watchful individuals who are les enfans terribles of
their own church courts, who have had themselves dubbed
" Heresy Hunters" by an indignant public, and who only
lack the power and the opportunity to hunt, slay, and burn
like their progenitors of three centuries ago, and with an
equal zeal for the furtherance of the Glory of God. It
will astonish some people to know, that by the 17 George
II. c. 5, " All Persons pretending to have skill in Physiog-
nomy are included amongst those offenders who are deemed
Rogues and Vagabonds. As such they are liable to be
publicly whipped or sent to the House of Correction, until
the next Sessions, or any less time, and after whipping or
commitment, they may be passed to their last legal settle-
ment or birth-place; and moreover, the Justice may sentence
them to hard labour for not more than six months." This
delicate attention on the part of the British legislature, at
a time when liberality of opinion and breadth of ideas
were supposed to have made some considerable progress,
is peculiarly touching; and in the year 1817 it seems to
have induced Dr. John Cross — no doubt with the view
of reaping the full benefit of the enactment — to publish,
from the University Press of Glasgow, a work which had
for its object the establishment of Physiognomy on scientific
principles. This work comprised the reproduction of a
series of lectures which he had delivered, and in which
he had indulged in the most sanguine anticipations
respecting the ultimate triumph of the principles of his
INTRODUCTION. 13
favourite study. It does not appear that the legislature
ever took any steps to enforce the provisions of this very
considerate Act, and we are left to infer that Dr. Cross
was permitted to seek his last legal settlement or birth-
place entirely at his own charges.
Were we asked to furnish proof of the amount of atten-
tion which has been paid in all times and in all ages to the
Physiognomical peculiarities which mark the infinite varie-
ties of the human form and countenance, we have an
irrefragable one ready to our hand, in the endless varieties
of personal nomenclature, all having their origin — in remote
times it may be — in the facial and corporeal peculiarities of
our progenitors. A few examples will show at a glance the
justice of this observation. x From Colour we have the
names of Brown, Gray, Green, Black, White, Blue, and
so on over the entire gamut of the artist's paint-box. From
Stature we have Long, Shirt, Small, Bigg, Little, and many
others. From Complexion we have Fair, Dark, Pale, &c.
From bodily Strength we have Strong, Force, Wight or
Weight, &c. ; and in reference to distinctive peculiarities,
we may cite Strongarm or Armstrong, Greathead, Great-
heart, Longear, Longshanks, Cruikshanks^ Longman, and
a host of others, some of which will be readily suggested
to the reader, and some of which also are capable of bearing
very ludicrous constructions. lu such historical names also,
as Malcolm Ceanmohr (Bighead), William Rufus (William
the Red), Philip the Fair, and such like, we have clearly
illustrated the distinctive amount of attention which has
always been accorded to Physical oddity or peculiarity; and
were we to search for further examples in other languages
than our own, a mine of illustration would be opened up
to us which might be worked successfully ad infinitum.
But we refrain from swelling our remarks on a feature ol
the subject which all .will readily admit, even although
some may have been struck with it now for the first time.
1 4 INTRODUCTION.
Having thus taken a cursory view of the literary history
of the science, and brought it down to a comparatively
recent date, we shall, in view of the hopelessness of the
attempt to sketch the proportion and scope of the volum-
inous writings on this subject with which the literature of
our day has been flooded, proceed to outline, from a pre-
fatory point of view, the intentions and aim of this the
latest, and we hope to convince our readers, not the least
meritorious of those works which have for their object the
elucidating and elaborating of the noble and comprehensive
science of Physiognomy.
A vast amount of time, trouble, and money is expended
in the search for new fields of natural Phenomena, &c.,
wherein to exercise that capacity for wonder and amaze-
ment, with which the Divine Head of nature has seen fit to
endow us. To gratify this propensity of ours, nothing
seems too arduous to be undertaken and no problem too
profound to be investigated. For this Central African
voyages of discovery are embarked in, the crossing of the
Australian Continent is attempted, the Matterhorn is scaled,
and the interior of the earth is ransacked. For this Arctic
Expeditions are^ organized, Rosse's Telescopes are invented,
and Chemical analysis is undertaken. To minister to this
craving men cross the Atlantic in a shallop and attempt to
swim over stormy arms of the sea. For this numberless
lives are lost in the watery wastes of the sea, and in the
howling wildernesses of the land; and for this, from first to
last, millions of money have been dissipated and oceans of
blood have been shed. And yet how blind is all this
wasteful expenditure of force and energy! Neglected sub-
jects of wonderment are continually to our hand, before
which, in the deeper and more legitimate sense of wonder,
Matterhorns, Polar Seas, Earth's crust, and Ocean's bed
dwindle into mediocrity and insignificance. To cite one
subject which more immediately concerns the matter w«
INTRODUCTION. 12
have now in hand, we have but to look around us in the
pursuit of our ordinary avocations at the amazing variety of
form and feature which the human face exhibits. Whence
comes this infinite variety, and what is the intention and aim
of the all-powerful intelligence in diversifying so infinitely
the results of that operation of its workings which we have
accustomed ourselves, somewhat vaguely, to call Nature?
The members of the human family are brought into exist-
ence all possessed of the same general characteristics, the
same organs of locomotion, of sight, smell, hearing, breath-
ing, and touch, or, to speak in language more to the point, all
have heads, eyes, noses, ears, hair, mouths, chins, breasts,
arms, hands, fingers, stomachs, vertebi'ae, abdomen, genera-
tive organs, legs, feet, and toes. If it be objected that
absolutely all are not thus endowed at birth, and that
abnormal specimens are not unknown, we answer, that this
circumstance is in no wise either antagonistic or favourable
to our premises, except in so far as that the rare exception
contributes only the more firmly to establish the rule. For
a general proposition we may assume, then, that all are en-
dowed at birth with the same general characteristics, and in
view of this, how calculated to excite our wonder is the fact
that notwithstanding this general similarity, nature yet
so diversifies her operations, that not one single human
being is produced exactly like another. And not so only
when applied to contemporary beings, but were it possible
to reproduce the human race in its entirety, since the
advent of man, no two individuals taken from these countless
millions would be found to be alike. In view of this
astounding diversity of lineament, so vast as almost to take
away one's breath at the contemplation, it would be mere
imbecility in our vain endeavours to find a solution, to
throw ourselves into the arms of "Chance." Modern research
has now left "Chance" not a leg to stand upon; there
appears to be no such thing as accident in nature, and
1 6 INTRODUCTION. ,
every effect, however seemingly insignificant or fortuitous, it
the result of the operation of that inscrutable intelligence,
which, working within well defined and unchangeable laws,
wields the destinies of this universe of ours. There is not
the very slightest variation of the human form and coun-
tenance, which is not the result of well defined causes of pro-
duction ; and we have only to formulate — as is done in the
science of Physiognomy — these results, to acquire the power
of deciphering nature's own hieroglyphics with unerring
accuracy. As no two outward forms are exactly alike, so,
and in just precisely the same degree, do no two inward
forms or characters bear perfect resemblance. We may
endeavour to divine the design of the Author of creation in
enacting from all time a law so unchangeable and so preg-
nant with weal or woe in its right or wrong comprehension
and application to the human race, but as a matter of
absolute certainty we are unable in the order of things to
grasp at the motives of Omnipotence. There is, however,
little doubt that the Universe, and the various organisms
with which it is peopled, have been designed for the
creation, occupation, and abode of that ethereal essence,
the highest, infinitely the highest, organism of which we
can have any conception, the SOUL. As, however, we
have to do more with the material aspect of the subject in
question, we shall not take up time and space at present
in metaphysical deductions.
Notwithstanding this broad and almost illimitable diver-
sity, as exemplified in the individual, we find society as a
whole riveted together in the closest bonds; and that
element of individual diversity, which at first sight we
might suppose to be calculated to have a disintegrating
effect, is on a closer inspection found to be the very
strongest welding ingredient which goes to form society.
The mind, as it were, utterly defeated in the effort to take
in the idea of the human race individually, seeks refuge ID
INTRODUCTION. 1?
the contemplation of it as a great whole, and tho same
principle tends throughout to weld the mass together in
the closest bonds of union. And it is not presuming too far
to say that in these features we plainly discern the design
on the part of the Divine agency to preserve distinctly
together the two elements of individuality and union, the
two separated by a well defined line of demarcation, and
yet at the same time bound together and dovetailed on the
most intimate footing of fitness and expediency. A har-
monious union alongside of a distinctive identity we find
maintained with the most beautiful precision, and all this
accomplished notwithstanding the infinite multiplicity of
names, and the antagonistic action of thousands of other
causes, which would at first sight seem overwhelmingly
destructive, but which become harmless when brought into
close contact with nature's decrees.
We have seen that the varying effects of this action on
the part of nature's law are illimitable in number, and
likewise we find that the causes which produce those
effects are also countless in their character. Every con-
ceivable variation of condition, however minute and
however seemingly unimportant, exercises its influence
on the interior and exterior, and goes to produce Physiog-
nomies of innumerable types and forms. Ante-natal
influences, such as the mixture of the blood of different races
and nationalities ; the immediate conditions surrounding the
parents, and thousands of influences acting upon them pre-
vious to conception; the various causes which tend to pro-
duce mother's marks; fashions wielding strong though
often unsuspected influences upon nations and individual
members before birth and throughout life; climatic agencies
moulding and shaping the form and destinies of millions;
altitude, with the hand of a master artist, colouring and
laying on her tints and hues according to her strength
and capacity. Heat and cold asserting their rights and
B
18 INTRODUCTION.
stamping their effects. Food in its various quantities and
unnumbered qualities affording varieties of expression and
difference of strength to the varied forms of organization ;
customs, habits, and fashions, with their elevative or depres-
sive tendencies. The very air which fans the brow of
man tones up or down his spirits; the west wind bringing
enterprise and progress ; the northern blasts lending staid-
ness, stability, and determination of purpose; the changeable
and ever varying breezes from the mellow, sunny south,
making us petulant, changeable, and faultfinding; and the
dire east wind inducing a gloomy, morose, and foreboding
state of mind in those who are subjected to its baneful
influences, and warping them out of calmness and placidity
into irritability and mental tempest. Sickness slowly but
surely cutting her seams upon the visage; Avarice drying
up and shrivelling the entire organization; Study and
mental labour furrowing the expressive brow; Love warm-
ing and tinting the face; Hate blackening arid hardening
the visage; Hope lending a cheerful halo to adorn the
countenance ; Aspiration elevating the features and inspiring
the soul; and thus it is with every sentiment and emotion
which has its abode in the human form.
We have hitherto looked at Physiognomical phenomena
from an independent stand-point, and watched, as it were,
its manifestations from a distance; but we now proceed to a
closer inspection, and endeavour to point out and particu-
larize, in a prefatory way, the conditions of those manifesta-
tions as displayed on the exterior of the human form.
We have only to watch the first dawnings of intelligence on
the face of an infant to find this principle of nature, viz.,
the relation of mind and character to external form —
asserting its unmistakable existence. How eagerly the
little face scans the lineaments of a stranger, and how
quickly the pleased smile or the frightened wail follows
apon the verdict for or against which nature teaches it
INTRODUCTION. 19
instinctively to bring! The maternal yearning of the
mother clothes her face in lineaments of the deepest
tenderness, and attracts in unquestioning reliance, the
confidence and assurance of safety in the child; and as its
Physiognomical studies are extended, it quickly learns to
crow and laugh in the face of the benevolent stranger, or to
bury its affrighted head in its mother's la-p at the approach
of malevolence. Were it not for this inborn principle,
infancy could have no impressions of love or terror whatever,
because, at that period the reasoning faculty is latent, and
does not arise in its strength until long after the truth or
error of the first impressions have been tested, and tested we
may add almost invariably, with the result of endorsing in
the fullest degree the fidelity of nature to its law. The
mind of man is alternately a prey to every conceivable
variety of emotion and feeling, and by turns it is possessed
by joy, desire, dislike, hatred, grief, love, courage, despair,
confidence, contempt, admiration, cowardice, cruelty, pride,
modesty, scorn, compassion, spleen; or by the intellectual
capacities, reason, attention, discrimination, observation,
retention, comparison, wit, taste, imagination, intuition, &c.,
&c. Each of these feelings and emotions has itself
reproduced and photographed in some lineaments of the
exterior; and each of these pictures has its distinctive
characteristic, as accurately defined and distinct, as its
prototype of the interior. In proportion as any particular
emotion, or set of emotions, holds sway in the human breast,
so in proportion does its photograph, picture or Physiog-
nomical equivalent, become more conspicuous and less
evanescent; and it is the promise of the Science of
Physiognomy so to formulate this unerring reproduction
of the pencil of nature herself, as to enable its student
to read the messages from the interior with unfaltering
accuracy. The. mind long given up to bursts of uncon-
trollable passion, like a tempest- tossed rudderless ship,
20 INTRODUCTION.'
draws a picture of the strife within with a brush of no
uncertain tint, and we can see the gusts of mental fury
indexed on the swollen visage, and sweeping across like
a storm-cloud during the hurricane's rage, leaving at last
traces that become indelible, and that chart out in livid
bands the predominant passions of the victim, as well
during lucid intervals of fitful quietness, as in the heat and
fury of the wasting mental strife itself. On the other hand,
the countenance of the habitually philanthropical, faithful
to the inner emotions of which it is the index, presents the
calm unimpassioned but still yearning solicitude for the
welfare of others, which is so easily read by all, whether
old or young, and which attracts so powerfully the con-
fidence and reliance of the broken and oppressed. The
constant sway of ennobling sentiments within wreaths the
face into the loveliest proportions, and invites the gaze to
dwell there as it might wish to dwell, on the peaceful
landscape, smiling under the weight of a bountiful harvest
In either case and in all degrees that lie between the two,
of whatever hue or texture, the picture becomes engraved
deeper and deeper, and it can be read at last, as easily
during sleep as in waking hours, with the predominant
passions active and at work. The lineaments of the
exterior perform the same functions and indicate intelli-
gence from the interior with the same accuracy as the
index of the telegraph, with this important difference, that
while the language of the latter is momentary and
evanescent, that of the former partakes more of the
character of a paititing, fixed, indelible, and fading only
with life itself. The Physiognomical operator can take
messages with as much fidelity as his more humble brother
of the telegraph needle; he pays nothing for his in-
formation, but the trouble of observing; and if he has
the talent, he may turn it to account, to an extent
which is absolutely unbounded and illimitable. This law
INTRODUCTION. 21
of nature which ordains that all the emotions of the mind
must of necessity be figured on the exterior, is one fraught
with the very deepest interest to mankind. It holds out a
book to be read in broad day, a book of the most surpass-
ing interest, and one whereon the educated appetite never
palls; a book in winch all read to some extent, although
it may be, and indeed most frequently is the case, that
such reading is engaged in unwittingly and unconsciously.
The merest tyro in Physiognomical education can draw
treasures from this storehouse; and no one, however mean
his capacity, can possibly pass through life without making
some progress, however unwittingly and unknowingly.
It is, however, to the diligent and purposeful student that
Physiognomy unlocks her richest stores and unfolds trea-
sures of untold wealth, incomprehensible in their magnitude
to the uninitiated. Were this law of nature fitful and
capricious in its enforcement, and open to be thwarted and
negatived by the action of foreign and disturbing forces,
then indeed half its value would be gone; but this fixity and
unchangeableness is the chief ingredient in its composi-
tion, and thanks to this, we are enabled, after having
graduated in Physiognomical Science, to draw deductions and
conclusions with the most absolute precision and certainty.
This doctrine may give an unpleasant shock to some who
have been flattering themselves for years in the fancied
success which has seemed to attend their efforts at dis-
guising the outward manifestation of their inward emotions,
and it may be astounding also to others who may not have
thought or speculated much on the subject. We are willing
to admit that all efforts to disguise the countenance are not
quite barren of results in the direction desired and designed
by the disguiser ; but let us see in what consists the small
clement of success which we are willing to accord. It is
certainly not produced by the unaided talent of the
disguiser, whose art can really go but a very slight way
22 INTRODUCTION. '
in the direction in which he aims, and before the accom-
plished Physiognomist the flimsy veil which — he lays the
flattering unction to his soul — is a screen of the most
impenetrable opacity, is seen through like a clear glass, and
torn to shreds as soon as it is set up. It is painful to us to
seem so cruel in thus mercilessly exposing the worthlessness
of the defences here erected, but we hope to convince that
we are cruel only to be kind in the balsam, which, before
we have done, we propose to offer for the cure of the
bleeding and defenceless ones. The Science of Physiognomy
in the advanced stages to which it has recently attained, is
comparatively so little understood generally, that we are
aware our dicta on its comprehensiveness, and the undeviating
course of its laws, will not at first be universally, or even
very generally, accepted, but it can afford to wait with
time on its side. We accorded some measure of success
to those who fancy their ability to disguise their features
has hitherto been crowned with complete success, and
this modicum of success we opine to be the deception
which is effected upon simple and unthinking people.
The effort to disguise is superficial and on the surface, and
it succeeds only with people who are themselves superficial,
and whose mental investigations never go below the surface.
This may be poor comfort, but it is all we can truthfully
afford in the circumstances. The attempt is an outrage on
the laws of nature, and nature with a just retribution
revenges herself.
The degree of intelligence within is faithfully portrayed
on the lineaments, and in highly endowed beings we have
the reproduction without of the fertile soil within in a
picture of the most sparkling brilliancy. The light of
intelligence and genius ripples and dances over the visage,
making a picture fit as a resting place for the eye; while,
on the other hand, at the extremity of the opposite scale,
where vacuity and barrenness of thought placidly reign,
INTRODUCTION. 23
we bars the vacant expression of idiocy and mental eclipse
mirrored in a visage equally devoid of expression. There
is absolutely nothing within, and in accordance with the
inflexible laws of nature, there is and can be nothing
expressed without. We have the needle of the disused
telegraphic machine, but the galvanic battery does not
exist, and the one is equally inexpressive without the other.
We have in the face here a faithful signboard of the empty
warehouse within; there reigns barren emptiness, and the
face is negatively intelligent and truthful when it honestly
announces the fact in such a way that all who interpret rightly
may understand. In the former case we have what has been
tersely but graphically and eloquently expressed as a speak-
ing countenance ; and in the other we have in equally terse,
graphic, and eloquent phraseology — vacancy.
The benefits which accrue to the diligent, indefatigable,
and painstaking student of the Science of Physiognomy
are simply incalculable in number. In no other depart-
ment of acquired information or education can it be
asserted with more force of truth, and with less deviation
from plain matter of fact, that true Physiognomical know-
ledge is a gem of intrinsic value, esteemed highly when
properly comprehended. The ability to read with unfailing
accuracy the characters of his neighbours, to put his finger
on their foibles, and in fact to lay bare their weaknesses,
if the knowledge of the science is accompanied with talent,
puts into his hands a lever of the most powerful character.
That this power is dangerous in the hands of the un-
scrupulous can hardly be denied ; but the element of danger
can be eliminated by the general spread of Physiognomical
education, so that, without contracting the actual power
of discernment of the talented unscrupulous, which it
clearly could not pretend to do, educational progress
would make the science so general, that they in' their
turn would have their character read, their wiles exposed,
24 INTRODUCTION. .
and their influence avoided. What, therefore, at first
sight might bo deemed a dangerous, not to say mis-
chievous, power, placed in the hands of a few, would, by
the operation of the perfecting law of nature, and the
general adoption of Physiognomy as a branch of the
ordinary scholastic curriculum, finally result in greater
openness of character, since attempts at disguise* would be
fruitless; more sincerity of conduct, since hypocrisy would
gradually find itself devoid of a rag to cover its naked
deformity; more benevolence of disposition, since male-
volence would find itself everywhere exposed and every-
where scouted; and in fact it would gradually be found
that the purer sentiments alone would pay, and that the
indulgence of vicious habits inevitably led to exposure,
ignomy, and disgrace. We are not so sanguine as to
hope for a very early realization of this prospective state
of tilings, but of this we are assured that come it will,
following swiftly on the footsteps of the onward march
of Physiognomy, as a science of universal application and
utility, when the formulae become household words, and
when it will be as rare to find a man ignorant of the
first principles of Physiognomy, as it is now to find one
who does not know his letters.
In a commercial point of view, too great stress cannot
be laid on the importance attached to the study of Phy-
siognomy, and in this connection a curious and interesting
feature strikes the observer. The whole fabric of our
commercial prosperity rests upon the degree of reliance
on faith and honour, which one man can place in another.
When the proper balance of credit is maintained in a
community, the members of that community are carried
on with the steady stream of comfort and prosperity; a
healthy social condition obtains, and a feeling of mutual
trust and confidence is induced, which becomes stronger
and stronger, and more and more conduces to the happi-
INTRODUCTION. 2 3
ness of its members, in proportion as this principle is held
inviolate. When a system of reckless and blindfold trust
in all and sundry is engaged in ; when dishonest and
unscrupulous men find it as easy to obtain credit as their
upright and fair-dealing brethren, then follow bankruptcy
and ruin, bringing in their train untold misery and woe
on the heads of the innocent and helpless. In order,
then, to conduct business to a successful issue, and to
steer clear of the shoals of insolvency and bankruptcy,
the merchant must have at his disposal means of some
kind or another by which he may be able to separate
the wheat from the chaff, the honest from the dishonest.
If his path would not be one of blind and aimless direction,
in which he would have an infinitely greater chance of
ruin than of fortune, he must found the principles of his
transactions upon some assured basis, and one would think
that the scope and conditions of this basis would require
to be laid down with the utmost precision, and defined
within the narrowest limits of rule and compass, so as
to ensure the realization of the end which he aims at,
and at the same time to act as a guide-post to warn
him, at the numberless turnings of his commercial career,
of the dangerous paths which can only be trodden at the
hazard of commercial existence. Yet we find the prudent,
cautious, and successful, in numberless counting-houses,
jogging steadily and assuredly on in the path to pro-
sperity and fortune, without any well defined rule of
action so far, at least, as the superficial observer can dis-
cover. He appears capriciously and at random to give
unbounded credit in one quarter, and in another to refuse
trust to the extent of a sixpence. He throws himself
warmly into one enterprise, while to another of an ap-
parently equal promise he promptly and unhesitatingly
shews the '_tH -shoulder. For one man he becomes security
to the exteV /* thousands without enquiry, while to an-
26 INTRODUCTION.
other he insists upon the strictest scrutiny into the state
of his reputation at the bank, demands from him refer-
ences of the most unimpeachable character, and finally,
perhaps, notwithstanding the favourable appearance of the
man, and the highly satisfactory result of the inquiries
respecting him, he closes the negotiation with an emphatic
shake of the head. Notwithstanding, however, all the
incomprehensibleness of this system, or rather want of
system, as it would appear to some, no reflective mind
can doubt for a moment the existence on the part of
the merchant of rules of the most undeviating character,
which he never loses sight of. And what then is the
secret? Simply that the successful man of business, how-
ever much he may ignore the fact, is invariably a Physiog-
nomist of a very high order. He is a successful merchant,
in fact, in the same degree as he is a successful Physiog-
nomist. The terms are synonymous in his case. There
may be successful Physiognomists who are not successful
merchants, perhaps, indeed, not merchants at all; but on
the other hand, there is not and never has been a success-
ful man of business who is not at the same time, although,
we repeat, perhaps unknowingly to himself, an accom-
plished Physiognomist. This quality enables him to select
servants of the stamp suited for his business, and to avoid
and discountenance those who could co-operate with him
only to his disadvantage. It is this faculty of his which
explains the seeming caprice of his conduct in dealing
with business correspondents; and it is by this knowledge
of his that he is enabled to separate the wheat from the
chaff, the commercially dishonest and the rotten specu-
lation, from the safe man and the good investment. It
would very much puzzle such a merchant, as the one
instanced, in taking a retrospective glance at his career,
to discover how he had unwittingly become engaged in
the study of Physiognomy; when his education bad been
INTRODUCTION. 27
commenced, and most of all, he would be astounded at
the fact that he should have graduated in the science
with honours, and obtained by means of it social dignity
and position, rank and fortune, without ever having
suspected that there existed such a faculty as that of
reading the inward character of a man by his outward
lineaments, far less divining that in himself this faculty
was developed to so high an extent, as to exert the most
paramount influence upon his character, his prospects and
his happiness. While we thus see the immense import-
ance of the science to men of business, we must not forget
that considerations more or less directly springing from
it, enter into every conceivable phase of society; and we
do not hesitate to affirm broadly, that nineteen out of
twenty of all the lucky hits, and the same proportion of
false steps, are traceable to a due observance on the one
hand, or to neglect or ignorance on the other, of the laws
which nature has enacted in reference to the portraiture
on the exterior of the prevailing feelings and passions of
the interior. "We meet the principle actively at work
every hour of the day: in our homes, in the street, in
the market, in railway trains, in steam boats, in the
church, in the law courts, and in fact, everywhere, where
man comes in contact with his brother man. It is simply
this faculty, powerfully developed, of reading the face of
man like a book which goes to form the character, and
which constitutes the success in life of the clever shop
salesman. He is a fair practical Physiognomist of a high
grade, it may be, without knowing the fact. His oppor-
tunities of study are vast and continuous, and when this
coalesces with natural talents of perception, he becomes
what is known as the clever salesman, whose services
are valued by the silk mercer and other tradesmen at
the very highest figure, worthy in fact to be employed
at any price. In a large retail silk mercery establish-
28 INTRODUCTION1.
ment, such a man is a source of very considerable revenue
to his emplo}rers, by reason of his success as a salesman.
This success, as we have said, consists in his Physiognomical
knowledge, as applied to the features of the shopping
portion of the community. When a new customer enters
the shop, our clever Physiognomist has his character
dissected in a trice, by means of the salient points of
the exterior. He takes in during the first few minutes'
survey his customer's predominant characteristics, and
decides at once as to his foibles and his weaknesses. To
one he is cringing — almost abject — in his servility, laying
on the unction of what we may call passive flatter}^ with
an unsparing tongue. To another he is calmly dignified,
and to a third he is almost defiant. He knows in a
second what kind of attitude to assume to each customer,
so as to please and conciliate the various tastes. He
divines at once where the ordinary servility of the shop-
man would be distasteful, and where a demeanour of
respectful and courteous equality would best please. To
the foolish and the vain he is profuse of bows and salu-
tations, all evincing the deepest reverence and the most
respectful admiration. To the suspicious customer on guard
against being cajoled into buying more than the one article
to procure which he has entered, he is careless and indif-
ferent, but manages nevertheless to take captive the atten-
tion on one article after another, all of which he parts
with, with a half-regretful air, as if he were throwing
them away, and would as soon have kept them as not.
He fixes the greedy and avaricious customer at a glance,
and manages after a while to allow himself to admit
inadvertently that certain lots of goods have been marked
at a ruinous reduction of price. He would rather not
dispose of them at those ridiculous prices, until he has
had an opportunity of consulting his employers. He is
certain these goods have been so marked in error, but
INTRODUCTION. 29
having aroused the greedy demon within his customer,
he allows himself to be cajoled into producing the articles
in question, and finally he is even foolish enough to part
with some of them at twenty-five per cent, over their shop
value, though all the while prophesying a reprimand or
even dismissal on the part of his employer. Thus to
each and every of the various orders of customers has
he ready an appropriate bill of fare, and all with the
result of conveying money from the strangers' pockets
to his master's till. The adroit salesman, from long practice
and his natural gift of perception, divines, with unerring
accuracy, the exact line of conduct to adopt, and follows
it accordingly, never wearying or disgusting his patrons or
the public by an inappropriate course of action, and never
tiring until he sees the pockets empty, or at all events,
his customer taken to the utmost limits of his purchasing
inclination or ability. Any one who has done even a
very moderate amount of shopping must be acquainted
with the awkward and bungling specimen of shopmen
whose ill-judged pertinacity displeases at once, and meta-
phorically speaking, has the effect of buttoning up instead
of opening the pockets of the customer, who in future
avoids not only the man but the shop itself, to the
detriment of the interests of the proprietor, and to the
ultimate undoing of his servant's success. The latter
is very probably a more honest, and a better man by far,
than the gifted individual whom we have just portrayed,
but he is not a Physiognomist, and in this lies the secret
of his unsuccess. We have often wondered how it comes
that hairdressers or barbers, as a class, are so devoid of
this all important knowledge of Physiognomy: and so
generally do they disregard its principles, that we have
been sometimes well nigh staggered in our belief. Few
men like to be reminded that a gray hair, here and there,
is beginning to usurp the place of the whilom glossy lock*
30 INTRODUCTION. ,
of their early manhood. Few men are so constituted as to
be highly delighted when the announcement is made to
them, "Your hair is getting a little thin on the crown,
sir." And yet despite this fact, the genus hairdresser
seems utterly to ignore the circumstances, and, as a rule,
he loses no opportunity of mercilessly reminding his
customer of the interesting change which is taking place.
No sooner is a head put into his hands, than a severe
scrutiny is institii^ed for the gray monitors of the fleeting
character of human existence. If happily the hint is
unsuccessful, an eager search for incipient baldness is
entered into, and if baffled in this direction, he of course
falls back on, "a great deal of scurf in your hair, sir;
sure sign of an approaching falling off, sir. I rather think,
sir, you have neglected to try our ' Eureka Restorer,'
never-failing remedy for scurf, sir, eighteenpence a bottle,
sir." Now, how abominably distasteful is all this to the
average frequenters of the fashionable perruquier's shop,
for to the credit of the humbler order of establishments,
be it said, that in it this kind of persecution is almost
unknown. With some simple people, this in terrorem
warning is occasionally productive of "Eureka" sales, no
doubt; but why not apply the principle of Physiognomy,
and learn to read the customer's strength or weakness
before running the risk of losing patrons, by announcing
what may be truth partly, but at the same time truth
which had much better remain unspoken. It is in our
own experience, that it is almost impossible to find an
establishment of this kind where such persecution is
tabooed; and we have been forced to account for the
fact, in a way not very flattering to the intelligence of
perruquiers as a body. Shop after shop has been tried
in the vain endeavour to find a peaceful asylum where
one might sit down under one's comb and brush in peace.
Failure has only succeeded failure, until we have been
INTRODUCTION. 31
forced to submit silently in the sullen endurance of despair.
The bright aspirations and dreams of our youth have
faded one by one, and we now look for no alleviation until
the Science of Physiognomy has so diffused itself through-
out the world at large, as to have its principles at
last made plain to the meanest capacity, even to the
capacity of the hairdresser's assistant. Until this mil-
lennium arrives, we submit to be solemnly warned once a
month, that unless we come round to a full conviction of
the efficacy of the "Eureka" and invest in an eighteen-
pence bottle, we must speedily wear a crown of unhonoured
gray hairs. But joking aside, the loss which uninitiated
shopkeepers in general, and hairdressers in particular, inflict
on themselves by reason of a neglect of the simple elements
of Physiognomy is incalculable ; and in this connection we
do not think we are too sanguine in prognosticating the
speedy adoption of the science, as a common and everyday
auxiliary to the conduct of the shopkeeping business — a
step "which will be conducive to the profit of the shop-
keepers themselves and to the comfort and convenience of
their patrons.
As a ludicrous instance of the application of Physiog-
nomical acumen to the furtherance of business, we may give
the following before finally passing on to other phases, and
for the accuracy of the narration we can bring a voucher in
the form of the merchant who employed the astute clerk to
whom reference is made. In one of the most thriving
manufacturing towns of Scotland, in which our in-
formant was, and indeed is still, at the head of a large
soft goods warehouse, one of these born Physiognomical
geniuses, who could drive profitable sales in the teeth almost
of impossibility itself, was employed. Unfortunately,
his capacity for usefulness was very much impaired
by habits of dissipation which he had contracted, and for
days, and sometimes for weeks together, he would absent
32 INTRODUCTION. ,
himself from business. Admonition and advice on the part
of his employers having been ultimately found totally
unavailing, he was at length allowed to drift unmolested
into the exercise of his own option of corning and going at
his own sweet will, his services being much too valuable,
however intermittent and fitful, to admit of the idea being
entertained of dismissal. His presence in the warehouse
was always marked by the uncomplaining and even grateful
acquiescence of his employers, since it was invariably
attended by a very appreciable increase in their revenue.
My informant was, on one occasion, engaged in inspecting,
in a back part of the premises, a parcel of goods which he
had received from the steamer very much damaged by sea
water, and a special sale of which had been announced by
advertisement and placard. While superintending the
arrangement and marking off the goods, he was approached
by his Physiognomical assistant, who happened then to be
in a humour for working — a state of mind probably super-
induced by a tightness in the money market. He had
just tackled — as my informant learned afterwards — in the
front shop, one of those customers (a lady) who belonged to
that class who are insatiably greedy of bargains, and
especially sweet on damaged goods, and having discovered
her character in half a minute by Physiognomical inspection,
he had gone to work. The lady wanted a considerable
quantity of a particular article, and she was at once assured
that the damaged bale contained precisely the thing she
wanted, very little the worse for the sea- water, and at the
same time marked at a ruinous reduction in price. "Mr.
A , does that damaged bale include any ? I want
some now." " No, it does not," Mr. A replied. " Then
we must damage some ourselves," the salesman coolly re-
joined; and without further remark he drew from one ol
the shelves a sound web of the article required, threw it on
the floor, and dashed a basinful of dirty water over it Such
INTRODUCTION. 33
was the unquestioning reliance placed on the sagacity of
this salesman, that my friend. did not think of interfering
by a word of remonstrance, though he admits that for a
moment he felt assured that this jewel of a salesman of his
had at last drunk himself into a softening of the brain.
Having damaged the web to his satisfaction, the latter
shouldered it, and proceeded to rejoin his expectant
customer, whom he speedily managed to make the happy
possessor of the damaged goods in question, at a mere trifle
over the figure for which she could have purchased them in
a sound state. We need hardly say that we do not hold
this touching incident up for the commendation or imita-
tion of our readers, but simply as an illustration thoroughly
well authenticated, of the influence for good or evil wielded
by the clever Physiognomist.
The more we consider the Science of Physiognomy, the
more are we struck by the universality of its application in
all circumstances of life. If we want to ask a favour of any
one, a knowledge of Physiognomy will teach' us so to vary
our modes of procedure, with varying character, as to reduce
our chances of failure to a minimum. By it we are made
aware of the predominant characteristics of the party whose
good offices we seek to propitiate; and over and above all
this we can, by means of Physiognomy, decide as to the
particular kind of humour he is in at the time the favour is
requested of him, and thus avoid a refusal by judiciously
suiting ourselves to his state of mind, or by postponing the
matter to a more convenient season. How often is the
bungler, to his unbounded astonishment, met with a curt
refusal to his request, in a quarter where he thought he was
assured of success, while he has only himself to thank for
his failure in neglecting the warnings of the Physiognomical,
index, or in being unable properly to shape and time his
petition to the particular idiosyncratic quality of hia
customer or fellow-man ; and thus it is in every conceivable
c
34 INTRODUCTION. .
condition in which man and man are placed in relation to
each other. During the tedium of a long journey by rail
or by water, the value of this power of reading character
can hardly be over-estimated. If we feel inclined to enter
into conversation, we have the means to our hand of picking
out those who are socially inclined, and of avoiding the
repellant and hedge-hog kind of traveller; and it enables us
not only to do this, but after selecting the individual to be
operated upon, we can by it arrive approximately at a sound
conclusion as to the particular kind of topic which is likely to
prove the most acceptable and the least distasteful ; and thus
we may accomplish at one and the same time the improve-
ment of our own time in a pleasant and profitable way, and
the furtherance also of the profit, improvement, and pleasure
of others. We could multiply indefinitely instances wherein
a knowledge of Physiognomy would be invaluable, but the
limits of our space compel us to adhere only to the more
conspicuous of those. Success in life hinges entirely upon
the adoption, in youth or early manhood, of that particular
calling, trade, or profession which is the best suited to the
capacity and bent of the individual ; but it is well known,
that in the majority of cases the choice of any particular
profession is the result of fortuitous circumstances; and it
will not be denied that this hap-hazard system results most
frequently in the round pin being fitted to the square hole,
and vice versa. We have shewn that no two human beings
are similarly endowed, and as an evident corollary of this,
each individual must be better fitted for some one occupa-
tion than for any other. To neglect the means, then, of
discovering the proper sphere in time is to be guilty of the
most mischievous folly, and yet it is rare to find parents
going systematically to work in a matter of so much im-
portance, and, as we have said, the decision is left very
much to accident or predilection on the part of the parents.
Circumspection in this direction is of paramount importance*
INTRODUCTION. 35
but, alas, how often does the prevailing method result in
the dissipation of the energies of a lifetime, unillumiued
by the faintest realization of the hopes whicli seemed to
beckon it on at the commencement. The youth who, as an
Engineer or Inventor, would have made a glorious name
for himself, passes through life as a Doctor or a Lawyer,
struggling and unsuccessful. Young men who would
infallibly have taken rank amongst our merchant princes, if
initiated at the proper time into the mysteries of commerce,
frequently waste a lifetime in seeking distinction in some
sphere for which they are utterly unsuited. Young women
fret themselves to death in the uncongenial calling of
millinery or dressmaking, when they might have been
profitably and pleasantly employed in the kitchen or behind
the shop-counter; and so of all the various occupations of
life. Physical and mental disqualifications for particular
walks of usefulness are unheeded at the time of choice, and
the result is, that work which should be pleasant and
healthful for mind and body, is conducive only to brittleness
of temper and general unhappiness. A judicious choice, on
the other hand, gives an impetus at the start, which carries
them on pleasantly and profitably to that measure of dis-
tinction for which they are suited. Above all, to both man
and woman, the choice of a partner for life is an act fraught
with the weightiest consequences, and in this, perhaps, as
much as in any other turning point of life, the paramount
importance of a correct understanding of the Principles of
Physiognomy shines forth with the -clearest brilliancy. Not
only our own happiness, but the happiness of our children,
and our children's children, is bound up with a judicious or
a foolish selection, and it well behoves us to give the matter
the very deepest consideration, at so momentous an epoch of
aur existence.
Apart from a utilitarian point of view, the mere pleasure
to be derived from the science is an element which, of itself
36 INTRODUCTION,
alone might have sufficed to make it universal in its
adoption. When disinclined for more active pursuits, what
a vast fund of amusing instruction may be gathered in
the contemplation, from a window overlooking a densely
thronged thoroughfare, of the various types of countenances
which pass and repass in an ever ceaseless flow. The same
may be said of a journey by railway or steamboat; and aa
pleasure is healthiest when combined with profit and
instruction, we cannot do better than give this species of it
our hearty recommendation and approval We have tried
it for years, and find it an occupation which never palls ;
and we are convinced that these studies for leisure hours
will be more and more entered into as the Science of
Physiognomy becomes better known and more widely
understood.
The moral element which is bound up with the Science
of Physiognomy is one deserving of the deepest and most
profound consideration and attention: and we predict, that
in the promotion of that science, the philanthropist and
social reformer will find ere long their most powerful and
most efficient levers for the regeneration of mankind. The
swollen basilar visages of the habitually vicious are the
direct and inevitable consequences of a life-long indulgence
in the worst passions which can take possession of the
human breast, and they may well act as a beacon and a
warning to the rising generation, of the untold evils which
follow in the train of unbridled indulgence, lust, and passion.
These are the beacons .which tell of the danger-fraught
rocks and shoals which lie below, and on which have
perished so many goodly barks in life's tempestuous voyage.
Once let the moral Physiognomical survey be made, and the
moral Physiognomical chart be drawn and laid down, and
the voyage of life will be robbed of one-half of its perils,
and travellers relieved of one-half their terrors. Once let it
be generally understood and admitted that an inward refor-
INTRODUCTION. 37
matiou is the sure forerunner of a beautifying reformation
in the outward and visible marks of the countenance, and
vice will be robbed of one-half of her powers of seduction,
while virtue will be reinforced to the same extent. Our
prisons and our Courts of Justice would become colleges
and museums for the student of Physiognomy, where he
would see depicted, in endless variety of revolting delinea-
tion, the degraded pictures of the votaries of vice. In fact,
the extent to which this lever for the destruction and anni-
hilation of vice could be used is unbounded, and the benefits
which would accrue would have an application as wide and
universal as the habitable globe. The enormous sums of
money which are required in every country, for the efficient
maintenance of the machinery for the control and punish-
ment of the criminal population, would be replaced by
modest figures, and the energies and talents of our public
judicial servants would be turned into other useful channels
of work The general adoption of the principle would have
the effect of making so apparent the scoundrel, the thief,
and the habitu&l criminal of whatever cast, that it would
speedily be discovered that vice was an article no longer
marketable, and that upngLt and honest dealing were the
only passports to a livelihood. It is in this merciless
exposure of vice, when the vicious could no longer walk the
streets without, in his face, carrying a signboard denoting
the rottenness within, that is to be found the most powerful
element for the elimination of vice in the future. These
unfortunates would be literally starved into a different
course of action, and would be compelled, nolens volens, to
retrace their erring steps to the paths of virtue. It is
impossible to calculate the influence which this feature will
exercise when the Principles of Physiognomy have reached
their acme of development. When Physiognomy is taught
in our schools, and when chairs of Physiognomy are insti-
tuted in our Universities, then may we mark the dawn of
33 INTRODUCTION.
the better time, the approach of the millennium of thefutuie,
and a giant stride on the part of the human race in ita
inarch to perfection — a perfection which the Omnipotent has
enacted from all time to be the fit resting-place for that
ethereal essence, the Soul.
L6ON M. GAMBETTA, an eminent French statesman and founder of
the French Republic. When he died from a pistol wound, in 1882, at 44
years of age, his brain was found to weigh 40-,^ ounces, whereas boys of 7
to 14 years of age average a fraction less than 46 ounces. Dr. Flint, in his
" Physiology," gives the average male brain in New York at a little over
50 ounces. Here we find one of the most powerful of the statesmen of
his time with a receding forehead and exceedingly small brain.
THE FORMS OF THE HUMAN BODY.
" We are all the slaves of our organism." — Emerson.
THE question of human responsibility, involved as it is in
the metaphysical subtleties, yet pregnant with the weighti-
est practical interest, has ever been the vexed inquiry
of speculative theology. But although I am somewhat
attracted to this perplexing field, by the subject I am about
to discuss, I shall not here attempt its exploration. I
shall leave the metaphysicians to solve the question
whether mind is the result of physical organization, or
physical organization the result of mind ; or to what extent
they both act and react upon each other. In this work,
strictly devoted as it is to Physiognomical Science, it will
be sufficient for me to point out those mental and moral
characteristics which, in common experience, are always
found in connection with distinctive physical types.
A scientific definition of the types of the human body, as
regards the relations and proportions between its various
parts, has been attempted even by the earliest writers.
Galen and Hippocrates contended that all men could be
classed under four erases or temperaments, viz., the san-
guineous, bilious, melancholic, and phlegmatic. The bilious
temperament, according to Hippocrates, is the result of an
40 THE FORMS OF THE HUMAN BODY.
excess of yellow bile secreted by the liver; the melancholic,
of a surplus of black bile produced by the spleen; the
sanguineous, of an overplus of blood originated by the heart,
and the phlegmatic, of a superabundance of phlegm — a
watery fluid consequent upon the action of the brain.
The progress of physiological science has shewn us that
the brain does not, as the Greek pb}7sician supposed,
originate a watery fluid, and that black bile is not produced
by the spleen, nor blood by the heart. Yet, notwith-
standing these errors in the details of Hippocrates' system,
his classification, as such, has been handed down through
succeeding ages, and is more or less in favour to-day. Now
I maintain that this ancient system, and all the modern
schemes which have been founded upon it, are essentially
false, because they are not based upon nature, and because
their terminology is obscure to any but the scientific
student.
I prefer, in the consideration of this subject, to discard the
word temperament altogether, as liable to grave misunder-
standing, and to designate the different classes of men by
their different- physical forma. These forms, which are five
in number, I shall consider in the following order. The
Abdominal Form; the Thoracic Form; the Muscular and
Fibrous Form; the Osseous or Bony Form, and the Brain
and Nerve Form. In this order I follow nature in the
manner in which she unfolds the respective powers of
mankind. I ascend from that which developes first to that
which is latest in maturing, from the lower part of the face
and physique to the superior portions, and the same order
is maintained throughout the entire classification of this
book. The number of the classes of the signs of the
faculties correspond with the number of forms which the
signs and their even combinations represent. Every person,
of course, possesses all of these forms, but in the vast
majority of instances they are unequally developed, in
THE FORMS OF THE HUMAN BODY. 41
which case, the predominating form or forms, by marking
the leading characteristic, indicates the class to which the
subject belongs.
The abdomen is that part of the body which lies between
the thorax and the pelvis, and includes the larger part of
the digestive apparatus, and the intestines. The form to
which the abdomen gives its name may be morbidly in-
creased by entire freedom from care and study, and excessive
indulgence in eating, drinking, and sleep. Those in
whom it is highly developed have full cheeks, a double chin,
one or more wrinkles running round the neck, short and
irregular wrinkles on the forehead, almond-shaped and
sleepy eyes, a round, pug nose, and general fulness in the
abdominal region. They are epicurean in their tastes,
prudent, indolent, good-natured, social, and fond of making
and of spending money. They are rnclined to adipose
accumulation, and succeed better in the social circle than
in high deliberative or executive functions. The activity
of their excernent system gives them the plump and
aqueous appearance which is consequent upon an abun-
dance of the vital fluids. Daniel Lambert may be cited
in illustration of the abdominal form.
The Thoracic form is highly developed, when the thorax
is relatively large. The heart and the organs of respiration
are contained within the thoracic cavity, hence mountain
air, and mountain climbing; striking the chest rapidly after
a full inhalation; running; swimming, and other exercises
increase the Thoracic form, by developing the lungs, and
stimulating the circulatory action of the heart. Those in
whom this form predominates, are fond of amusements,
pure air and exercise. They are cheerful and imaginative,
but dislike confinement, and are usually averse to study.
Their muscles are of a fine and rather firm texture, and
they have generally a large nose, with expanded nostrils,
prominent and wide cheek bones, protuberant veins, and
42 THE FORMS OF THE HUMAN BODY.
moderate or small brain and abdomen. They are peculiarly
liable to acute diseases, and especially to inflammatory com-
plaints. Cicero was a good example of this form.
As large bones are not always accompanied by powerful
muscles, it is necessary to discriminate between the Muscular
and Fibrous, and the Osseous forms. Dr. Windship of
Boston, although able to lift 2,600 Ibs., is a man of small
frame-work The Muscular form is developed by all kinds
of energetic and healthful muscular exercise. Those who
are distinguished by it are sensitive and energetic. They
possess . abundant physical courage, and although compar-
atively slow to anger, are desperate when exasperated. In
the purely intellectual powers they are seldom gifted, but
when urged to practical exertion by love, ambition, rage, or
fear, there are few obstacles which they cannot surmount.
They are elastic and amorous, and when irritated become
destructive. Dr. Windship, who is a conspicuous instance
of this form, told me that light-haired people were the most
susceptible of physical development. He is light-haired, and
of a sandy complexion. Romulus, Hercules, Achilles, Hector,
Ajax, Alexander the Great, William Wallace, and Robert
Bruce, all possessed the muscular fornj. The Spartan
legislators paid particular attention to the development
of the physique, and to that end ordained that women as
well as men should practise running, wrestling, boxing,
jumping, swimming, quoit-pitching, and throwing the
javelin. To insure a muscular race, they also ordered that
all weakly and deformed children should be destroyed
immediately after birth. Plutarch informs us that, the
better to tone the fibres, the athletic exercises of the Greeks
were performed by both men and women in a nude
condition. The physical signs of the muscular form are,
general breadth of the body, well defined tendons and
muscles, heavy shoulders, a nose broad at the base, and a
large short neck. The muscles may be developed by
THE FORMS OF THE HUMAN BODY. 43
vigorous exercise in the shade, but the growth of the bones
is dependent on the influence of sunlight.
Those persons strongly characterized by the Osseous form,
have a sallow or dark complexion, long limbs and fingers,
square shoulders, a prominent nose, hollow cheeks and
temples, and straight hair. They are ungraceful in their
movements, slow in motion and judgment, but very
reliable ; awkward in bestowing or receiving a favour,
careless in details, and more fond of comfort than display.
When this form is supported by a large brain, and general
healthiness of organization, it is highly favourable to talent
and greatness. Plato, Plutarch, Alfred the Great, La
Fayette, Washington, and Lincoln possessed the Osseous, in
marked but harmonious combination with the Brain and
Nerve form.
The Brain or Nerve form is s^own by various external
signs, such as an uneven or angular surface of skull, sharp
features, thin lips and nostrils, wasted physique, an anxious
and discontented expression, a relatively small chest and
neck, and a relatively large head. Persons of this form are
quick in their motions, keenly sensitive to every species
of suffering or enjoyment, and peculiarly susceptible of the
influence of alcoholic liquors, opium, tobacco, and tea. They
are apt to be dyspeptic, irritable, fidgety, and super-
attentive to details. They carry too much sail, and they
need a great deal of sleep and healthful food to repair the
waste of nature incident to the excitement of their intense
lives.
The most important lesson which can be derived from
the science of physiognomical forms is, that an appropriate
and protracted system of education and living may so
modify their relative development as to bring them all into
that harmonious proportion which is the condition of the
highest mental and physical health. A child, for instance, in
whom the brain and nerve form is unduly ascendant, may
44 THE FORKS OF THE HUMAN BODY.
acquire the Osseous form by drinking calcareous water, and
by plain diet, pure air, and light manual labour in the sun-
light. All the other forms may be similarly transmuted by
appropriate training. The Creator has given perfection of
physique to very few of His creatures; but he has arranged
the animal economy with such ineffable wisdom and good-
ness, that all have it in their power to decrease their natural
defects, and approximate, at least, to a perfectly harmonious
organization. As childhood is the period when human
beings are most susceptible of all kinds of educational
influences, it is evident that parents and guardians are
deeply responsible for the healthy combination of forms in
the children whose rearing is committed to their care.
FREDERICK THE GREAT, author of 23 volumes, possessed the retro-
gressive and homoeopathic forehead, crouched top head, yet, in liberality,
significant genius, remarkable intellectual power, enterprise, and heroism,
he has rarely, if ever, had an equal among monarchs.
THE ABDOMINAL FORM.
ONE of the most important lessons which an observant,
thinking man can learn is, that there are certain boundaries
to human knowledge beyond which he cannot step, without
involving himself in the fogs of superstition. The How of
a natural law we may define and explain, but the Why
sometimes evades our efforts.
We cannot tell why platinum is eighteen times heavier
than water. Why chloride of sodium (common salt)
always crystallizes in the form of a cube, no matter how
often it is dissolved in water. We perceive that the com-
bustion of a tallow candle is caused by the oxygen of the
atmosphere uniting with the carbon or tallow of which it
is formed, by what we term chemical action, producing
carbonic acid gas. But Why this takes place has never
been answered.
Why the sun is so much larger than the planets, or why
they revolve around him within certain limits, are matters
entirely beyond the reach of our reasoning powers. We
observe only the facts, and from those facts deduce what
we call natural law.
The same rule pertains to our knowledge of humanity.
We cannot tell why men and animals with large build in
the abdomen are more fond of eating and ease than those
of less prominence in this region, and yet from practical
46
THE ABDOMINAL FORM.
observation we discover such to be the truth. To the
attentive eye the world appears filled with principles and
1. S 2.
1. The Abdominal Form Large. — The Claimant for the Tichborne Estate.
2. The Abdominal Form Small. —Wallace, of Kelly. Copied by permis-
sion from "The Characters of Glasgow," published by Mr. John Tweed,
1 1 St. Enoch Square, Glasgow.
curious facts, yet none can fathom the reason why of their
existence.
THE ABDOMINAL FORM. 47
Geology reveals to us the fact that the first living
organisms were destitute of bone or frame-work. Every
portion of the body was constructed to minister to eating
and digestion, which was the great aim of their existence.
Tue stomach occupied the centre, protected on all sides from
injury, and the digestive power was strong and active.
The Polypi were round bodied, destitute of bone or shell,
and from the commencement to the end of their existence,
did nothing but eat and digest their food.
As we come down later in the scale of animated life, we
discover the Dermal skeleton, or that where the bony
structure or shell is on the outside, as in the Mollusca and
other shell-fish, together with the tribes of insect life. Still
later we have the Neural skeleton, where the bones are
inside, as in the horse, dog, sheep, and animals of the
highest type, as well as Man.
The law of growth in the world seems to be from the
lowest to highest forms of being. As the efforts of the boy
are, excelled by those of the man, in beauty, perfection, and
usefulness; so nature, or the earth, appears to progress in
each later age in her productions of animal life.
Races of men make their appearance, reach their utmost
capacity, then go to decay, and become extinct. As one of
the first acts of life is to eat, so the first nations of men
lived mainly to eat. Then came the muscular age of Egypt,
Greece, and Rome, where war and labour were the chief
occupations, and now still later we enter upon the age of
thought and reason. So rarely is it we meet a man of large
abdomen, that when we do, we regard him as a specimen of
the past age.
Recollect the Abdominal form takes into consideration all
that part of the body between the diaphragm (which
separates the stomach and intestines from the lungs and
heart) and the inner surface of the pelvis. It contains the.
stomach, liver, and other viscera, and is the fat or oline*
48 TIIE ABDOMINAL FORM.
producing region — the nutritive and assimilative part of
the body. The vital forces are active in this form. What
is eaten digests well, and the organs of assimilation store up
their material in the form of fat; this cushions up the bones,
rounds out the muscles, and gives a plump appearance to
the whole frame.
Attendant upon a large abdomen are broad mouth, round-
ness of chin, cheeks, &c., a softness of flesh (from the
presence of fatty matter) to the touch. The eyes are usually
sleepy looking; face destitute of expression; pulse slow;
movements lazy ; in fact, neither quick in action nor thought.
To them it is a matter of indifference whether butter is ten
or fifty cents a pound, provided they get enough of it.
Personal cares hang loosely on their minds, and slip off as
easily as their clothing; they never borrow trouble, but
are ever willing to lend it; and are always averse to physical
labour, or incapable by illness. They may be fitly repre-
sented as a bag of food, or a storehouse of fat.
An ordinary tumble does little injury to a man so \»ell
padded and protected. Dinners are of more consequence to
him than ideas. Such men are never close students, what-
ever may be their pretensions. Their dreams have never
chiselled down their faces by day or night, and their joys
are as rarely intense as their sorrows. The glands are all
active, and do their work thoroughly; sleep is easy, and
tends to assist digestion, while it increases the fatty secre-
tions. Children who sleep much, and assimilate their food
readily, are almost invariably fat.
Persons ' Ihe Abdominal shape should be especially
careful not to overload the stomach with food, as they are
liable to diseases of an apoplectic or paralytic character.
Man is endowed with reason that he may overlook and
control his appetites and passions, and thus keep in a healthy
condition the whole animal economy.
The principle involved is like that of a threshing
THE ABDOMINAL FORM. 49
machine, too much grain chokes up the apparatus, and
the whole force is lost ; so the vital organs become clogged,
and disease and death ensue. Men who are large in the
Abdomen are unexcitable, their ideas are as undefined as
their bodies are destitute of angles and points. Daniel
Lambert, in England, was a remarkable specimen of the
Abdominal shape, and Dixon H. Lewis, long time senator
in Congress, from the Southern States, was another, in
America.
They are subject to such diseases as inflammatory
rheumatism, dropsy, and similar complaints. Mentally they
are indolent, sensual, cowardly, unambitious, and deficient
in enterprise. Those characteristics naturally invite the
insolence and oppression of others. The inhabitants of
Central Asia are principally of the Abdominal shape, and
they are wanting in dignity, energy, and enterprise.
The English partake in some degree of this build, blended
with the bone and muscular attributes, and this combination
gives them self-possession and a consciousness of indepen-
dence. The highest compliment which an Englishman ever
pays a foreigner is to tell him that he really took him for
an Englishman.
Where the Abdominal characteristics predominate in a
nation the character of the people will be social in secular
affairs, and slow and easy in domestic life. Women
become indifferent to tidiness in housekeeping, as exer-
tion is unpleasant to mind and body, and men of this
build make poor and lazy mechanics. Their mental efforts
are apt to become confused, the labour of thinking being
equally disagreeable with that of physical exertion.
Sydney Smith, the celebrated wit, once sat opposite to
a man of this organization at the dinner table, and for
a time was profoundly impressed with his solemn, por-
tentous-looking face. After watching and waiting a while,
to catch the drops of wisdom he expected to fall from
D
50 THE ABDOMINAL FQRM.
the fat stranger's lips, a huge dish of apple dumplings was
placed on the table, when in a moment the half-closed
eyes opened widely, stared with delight at the dumplings,
and the supposed philosopher exclaimed; " Them 's the
jockeys for me." Sydney Smith then learned a lesson in
Physiognomy which he never afterwards forgot.
In the walks of science and art the fat man takes little
delight; to him the thorny path which leads to greatness
is an insuperable difficulty, and he is better pleased to
reap the harvest which the industry of others has pro-
duced, than to work himself in the vineyard.
When boys shew a pre-disposition to this form, they
are apt to be untruthful; they enjoy fun, but are physi-
cally and mentally too lazy to make it; but when it is
joined to the Bony and Muscular form, it gives a keen
appreciation of wit and humour. They are sluggish, like
the stagnant waters of a morass, and inclined to be impure
in thou'ght. Not from such, but among the slim and
active, must we look for the regenerators of the world.
Food, when introduced into the stomach, allays the
passions, and by calling the, vital energies to the work
of digestion, produces an indifference to mental action:
hence the importance of setting apart proper hours for
thought and study. Whatever power is used in digestion
lessens that necessary for the brain. Thousands of lawyers,
clergymen, and merchants, invite their friends to their
own funerals, by rushing into mental labour on a full
stomach. A clear brain and a clean stomach are so nearly
synonymous, that a sermon on health might be preached
without any other text.
Napoleon attributed the loss of a great battle to the
fact of his having eaten something which did not agree
with him. Charles VI., Emperor of West Austria, ate a
dish of mushrooms that caused dyspepsia, and his death.
The destiny of kingdoms sometimes hangs in the balance,
THE ABDOMINAL FORM. 51
which a full or empty stomach may turn in one or the
other direction. To eat reasonably is to eat moderately
the food best fitted for mental and physical activity, as
the fatty or carbonaceous substances taken into the system
only serve to maintain warmth, and fulfil no other
purpose than the coal does in our stoves. We should,
therefore, abstain from that class of diet, especially in
the summer season, when warmth is not an object. Too
many people cram and stuff their own stomachs, and those
of their children, just the same in summer as in winter,
and by that means induce the presence of those fevers
which seem to be permanently located in our midst.
When the body is healthy, we can often move among
diseased persons with impunity; but when it is gorged
with improper food, or too great a quantity, a field is
offered for disease to work upon, and death is frequently
the penalty paid for such neglect. An enormous appetite
almost invariably attends insanity and idiotcy.
Where it becomes necessary to cultivate the Abdominal
form, care should be observed in the selection of food. It
should be plain, easy of digestion, and taken several times
in a day; mastication should be slow and perfect; rest
after every meal; sleep indulged in if desired; good temper
should be encouraged, and nothing should be allowed to
interfere with the mind or body during the process of
digestion. The drink, milk and water only, and very
soon the viscera will be strengthened, and the abdominal
powers will become enlarged and improved.
To repress this condition, the eyes and ears should be
kept open, and the mouth shut. We should eat less, and
try to work and think more.
By associating with persons whose brains are active,
and whose nervous organizations are full of life, the sleepy
fat man will gradually acquire habits of thoughtful ness;
contact, by the law of sympathy, will induce greater
52 THE ABDOMINAL FO&HL
activity in the torpid brain, and each succeeding effort
will prove easier than the former; until at last, in the
place of a human being devoted like a hog to the solidi-
fication of carbon, in the shape of lard, we have a man
fulfilling the nobler destiny of solving the great problems
of life and motion with which the world is overflowing.
The use of alcoholic drinks, in all cases, tends to a
degeneracy of the body, producing the Abdominal form.
The hydrogen, which is the basis of alcohol, produces
temporary warmth at the expense of the destruction of
the tissues of the body, and inclines the stomach and
liver to fatty secretions; this is the reason we see so
many bloated faces around our too numerous saloons;
and when disease once takes hold of such a subject, he
is almost sure to be hurried off to that bar, where, it is
said, men give an account of wasted or well-spent lives.
Personal salvation must begin by controlling the appetite;
pure souls are not to be found in impure bodies, and
before we can be born again, a fitting temple, swept and
garnished, must be prepared for the regenerated spirit.
Associate, then, with persons who are intelligent, observe
and copy their habits and manners, and in time the
burden of fat will fall from you, and additional weight of
brain will take its place.
This large Abdominal condition has many times been
cast aside, and exchanged for muscle and brain. Sleep
little, eat seldom, study much, bathe daily in cold water,
climb the mountains, and there, while respiring the pure
air, let your soul drink in the great and holy sermon
which is preached through nature's beautiful handiwork.
As your thoughts tower away among the hill tops, or
recline among the flowery vales, nerve again your whole
frame, for one grand effort,- to send your spirit, imagina-
tively, throughout the vast labyrinths and mazes of worlds,
rounded and painted with flowers, gladdened with the
THE ABDOMINAL FORM. f>3
songs of birds, and decorated with rainbows, blue sky,
and glorious landscapes, until you are swinging on airy
pinions, 'mid the beautiful Paradise of the Poets.
When your natural condition returns, and you wonder-
ingly scrutinize, and try to divine whether it was a vision,
a dream, or noble thought, almost doubting your own
identity, then remember one step has been taken to
bring your spiritual nature over your gross animal appetites
and deadening passions. A hundred such lessons, with
daily care and diet, will give you spiritual conceptions,
and a thousand similar upliftings, and you will have a
spiritual birth. Thus, and thus only, can we develop the
mind and spirit, and curb the " Old Adam" within us.
Dn. J. F. BLTJMENBACH, a celebrated German anatomist, physiolo-
gist, and anthropologist, filled the chairs of anatomy and medicine at Got-
tingen more than half a century. He first divided the human species into
five races. This is a superlatively scientific and pure face.
THE THORACIC FORM.
THE thorax or chest is the highest of the two great divisions
of the trunk in the human body, being situated between
the neck and the abdomen, from which it is separated by
the large muscular partition called the diaphragm. The
chest is protected from external injury by the back and
breast bones, and the ribs, which permit the necessary
amount of expansion, but prevent so much as would be
injurious. It incloses the heart and lungs, with the various
arteries, veins, ducts, tubes, which are immediately connected
with them, and necessary for their functions. This is not
only the great centre of the circulation of the blood, but the
laboratory in which is carried on the all-important work of
purifying it, so as to render it fit to fulfill its office in the
system. Impure or venous blood — impure because charged
with carbon — venous because flowing through the veins —
enters the right auricle of the heart, thence proceeds to the
right ventricle, and is driven from that into the lungs, to be
exposed to the influence of the air which has been inhaled
through the trachea or wind-pipe. The precious, life-giving
oxygen of the air seizes upon, and as it were, burns the
carbon of the blood, which now pure, warm, and life-giving,
is conveyed to the left side of the heart ; while the impure
air, called carbonic acid gas, is expelled from the lungs and
breathed out through the trachea or wind-pipe. The pure
THE THORACIC FORM.
55
arterial blood is pumped from the heart through the arteries,
and circulated in the body by capillary tubes, where it again
contracts carbon, and returns through the veins to undergo
the same process. As soon as the lungs have sent away the
purified blood for circulation, the heart pours into them a
new stream of the impure to meet the next breath, and so
the process goes on,
with silent but mighty
and withal harmonious
activity, through our
sleeping as well as
waking hours, from
the first hour of life
on till the last; for
the commencement of
these operations means
life begun; the cessa-
tion of them is life
ended in death. The
quantity of air taken
into the lungs is reck-
oned as about 502
cubic inchesperminute
for a grown person at
rest during the day,
and 400 during the
night. But this quan- Tlie Thoracic Form Large— William IIL
tity is largely increased by exertion.
If the respiratory and circulatory apparatus of any indi-
vidual is in a good condition for accomplishing its work,
sufficiently large, and having room for full play, it will
appear outwardly in a broad capacious chest, and with this
will be associated large nostrils, and prominent malar or
cheek-bones. This conformation is found much more in
mountainous regions than in low plains. In Switzerland,
THE THORACIC FO"RM.
Scotland, the high lands of California, and in parts of New
England we find what we may call the Thoracic shape pre-
vailing; and all the points that go , to compose it are
conspicuous in the North American
Indians. So also the Inka Indians,
living on the mountains of South
America, have very large and long
lungs; they live to a great age,
and never suffer from pulmonary
disease. Some are said to have
prolonged their lives to two
hundred years. The inhabitants
of the city of Mexico, which is
seven thousand feet above the
ocean level, are never pulmonic
or consumptive, while in the low
grounds of that country, such dis-
ease is very prevalent. Similar
facts are observed in Nevada,
The Thoracic Form Small Oregon, and Washington Territory,
as well as in the mountains of California. All consumptive
patients experience relief, if they visit these heights in good
time, before the disease has progressed too far. As elevated
regions are favourable to persons liable to pulmonary affec-
tions, those near the sea are quite the reverse ; therefore the
climate of London, Glasgow, San Francisco, New York, and
other localities situated but little above sea level, should be
avoided by persons of contracted chests.
We are informed by Audubon, Wilson, and other Orni-
thologists, that birds which habitually fly high have
larger air-vessels than those which remain in lower air.
The wild pigeon, which is capable of such a rapid and
extended flight, reaching in some instances as much as
three hundred miles an hour, has both lungs and heart
large in comparison with any other birds not migratory.
TIIE THORACIC FORM. 57
Likewise the bears of mountainous countries have lung-
power very superior to that of the same class of animals
living in the valleys. Even fish in mountain streams
and lakes are found to have larger air-vessels than those
swimming in the sluggish waters of the lowlands.
These facts may be thus explained. In low flat countries
the atmosphere is denser, and a given amount of air con-
tains more oxygen than it does on the hills; therefore
there is not the same necessity for filling the lungs in
order to obtain what is necessary to support life. But
when- we ascend to higher regions, the atmosphere becomes
rarer, and we are compelled to inspire more in 'volume,
in order to get the same in weight and efficiency. Another
cause affecting the action both of lungs and heart, is, that
higher altitudes are (cet. par.} colder than lower ones; and
as we require more warmth, we must burn more fuel, that
is carbon, to maintain the heat of the blood. Consequently,
we must not only eat more fat and other carbon-producing
matters, but must take in a larger quantity of oxygen to
burn it; and then the heart has to send the vital fluid
thrilling to the surface and extremities of the body. It
appears to be a universal law of nature that use increases
capacity; and herein we see the philosophy of sending
weak-lunged people to the hills. Not only is the tempera-
ture more equable, but the increased action of the lungs
steadily enlarges them; the heart as a necessary conse-
quence begins to beat Stronger; the appetite improves,
because the carbon must be found ; good health and spirits
are the natural result. Nature responds to activity and
use, by giving increase of power, and strength, or profit —
thus verifying that old parable of the Talents, where those
who used them won others, and were rewarded with
increase, while he who buried his for safe-keeping with-
out using it, lost that which he had. Nature destroys
that which is not used, and because it is not used.
58 THE THORACIC FORM.
When, howevei, the Thoracic form largely preponderates
over the abdominal, the activity of the heart arid lungs
may be too great in proportion to other functions; and
the very intensity of the fires may destroy the life which
the}7 were intended to preserve. Though the broad-chested,
large-nosed, wide-cheek-boned mountaineer is no subject
for Phthisis Pulmonalis, he may be subject to diseases
of a characteristic type. Among us, persons who have
too great a proportion of Thoracic development are liable
to haemorrhage and inflammatory fevers; when exposed to
great muscular exertion and fatigue, they may be afflicted
with pleuro-pneumonia and rheumatism. When supported by
corresponding abdominal powers, and large bone, muscle,
and brain, the well-developed thorax produces true leaders
in war. But where it predominates, as in the mountaineers
we have referred to, and others among ourselves who are
not mountaineers, *t marks a type of character easily
recognized. The distinct, well-marked features, the im-
petuous glance of the eye, the animated hopeful expres-
sion of countenance, the well-rounded limbs, and fine
compact muscles, free alike from angularity and flabbiness,
prepare us to find less mental than physical power. SucK
persons are more disposed for a stirring, active life, than
one of study and close application. Their impressions
come and go; so do their opinions and religious beliefs,
fickle as the wind; yet with a strong and courageous will,
they act upon each while it lasts. Again and again have
great revolutions been occasioned, »\id effete civilizations
overturned by hordes of such impetuous mountaineers
sweeping over the more settled lowlands, and carrying
all before them, only to be themselves* in turn displaced,
when, through ages of luxury, they have lost their thoracic
character. So did the earliest bands of the Caucasian race
pour down from the Asiatic highlands to settle in Europe,
and develop the civilizations of Greece and Rome. But
THE THORACIC FORM. 89
when they became deteriorated, hordes of Goths and Huns,
usually called barbarians, descended from the mountains
of northern Europe, and took possession in their stead,
to become civilized in turn. Still later, the Norsemen
came down on old England, and gave a mighty stir to
its population. So did the Tartars of high Asia make
themselves masters of India, and become the terror of
Eastern Europe, dispossessing its less hardy occupants. The
traditions of Mexico, in like manner, point to a time when
people came from the Andes and Cordilleras to settle in
the lower lands and elaborate a new civilization. Popu-
lations of rude, elastic, stirring character are bred in
mountain lands, to transfuse fresh life every now and then
into the more sedentary inhabitants of the plains.
As certainly as Cuvier could describe the general charac-
teristics of an animal from a single tooth presented to
him, and Owen, still later, undertook to make drawings
of animals never seen by living men, but which lived on
our earth hundreds of thousands of years ago; so surely
by observing the law of harmony in nature's works, the
constant correspondence between mind and body, man and
his surroundings, we are able to predicate that which we see
not from that which we do see. And whenever we meet a
man in whom the Thoracic form is strongly predominant, we
expect to find him active and elastic, rather than plodding;
disposed to be prodigal in his expenditure ; a playful,
humorous, caressing, and obliging companion; easily elated
by prosperity, and hopeful in adversity; of lively deport-
ment, and springy step ; fond of variety, ever astir, never
long at one stay. Such a one seldom attains pre-eminence
in his sphere, but he may do much to keep his neighbours
alive, and prevent social intercourse from stagnating. Let
us add, he should never marry one of the *same type ; he
needs a careful, steady, even-going wife, to counter-balance
his disposition to profusion and restlessness.
THE MUSCULAE AND FIBROUS FORM.
No portion of the human frame-work is so difficult to
describe, as that upon which muscular activity and
strength depends. We discover one man weak, another
strong, one overflowing with physical vigour, another all
feebleness, yet size has apparently very little to do with the
matter.
The prize-fighter, by training, is reduced in bulk pre-
paratory to his trial of strength and skill. The race-horse
loses weight of one kind, which is replaced by activity and
endurance, ere he can win the prize ahead of his com-
petitors.
To determine from whence this quality is derived, will
be the subject matter for consideration in this chapter.
It is not sufficient to know that one specimen of life is
full of physical force, and another comparatively helpless;
but the causes or principles which underlie those conditions
must be studied, and to this task we invite our readers.
It is from Nature we learn all that we know or can
possibly accomplish. The Poet says —
" Nature hath nothing made so base, but can
Bead some instruction to the wisest man."
The artist sometimes endeavours to teach others to paint
a landscape, but you only learn to imitate from him ; he, or
THE MUSCULAR AND FIBROUS FORM. 61
his tutor, learned the lessons from Nature. The true land-
scape was painted by her long before man studied her art.
The portrait painter but copies the face which nature has
so richly tinted; and the photographic artist uses the sun-
light to accomplish those well rounded lines of beauty and
grace, which no human hand can excel and but few imi-
tate to perfection.
The Electrician pumps small doses of lightning from that
great reservoir the earth, but nature furnishes immensely
larger ones from the same source.
The rocks have been printed indelibly by nature's type,
so that the geologist reads her stories, as readily as from a
book, and modern civilization but poorly imitates her
action, in that art we term the "Mighty Press.
The Muscular Form Large — S. Judas Thadeus.
Navigation is a copy from the Nautilus, which trimmed
its tiny sails on summer seas long ages ere man made his
62
THE MUSCULAR AND FIBROUS FORM.
appearance on this globe. Our best efforts in this direction
often vainly try to work out safety and deliverance from
danger, while this little creature is capable of providing
against the ocean storm, and always gains a haven of
safety.
Houses were made by the beaver, musk-rat, and other
animals, long before the first-born son of Adam built the
City of Enoch, and their habitations serve their purposes, as
well or better, than many of those erected by man.
The first dwellers in
tents but imitated the
closing foliage of the arched
forest overhead. The walls
of the ancient Egyptian
temples, leaning inward,
are only imitations of that
primitive tent, with the
pointed top replaced by a
flat covering or roof. Thus
architecture may be traced,
step by step, from savage
woodland life.
The tribe of Muras,
occupying the forests of
the valley of the Amazon,
build their houses in the
tops of trees, in exact imi-
tation of certain animals
which live in countries subject to inundation. Thus we see
that nature is the source from whence we draw all our
designs, and obtain all our patterns; even the front and
back doors of our modern palatial mansions were invented
by the chattering English Magpie — a bird whose ingenuity
and taste are only exceeded by its everlasting round of
trickery and talk; perhaps in this latter respect poor
The Muscular Form Small — Princess
Anne.
THE MUSCULAR AND FIBROUS FORM. 63
humanity has also some semblance to this denizen of
the air.
Thus we might enumerate every trade, art, or profession
which man proudly claims as his own invention, and shew
they are but plagiarisms on Nature. All we know we
learn either directly or indirectly from this great Mother
of Life. She is our teacher, and obedience to her lessons
implies strength, security, and success.
Anatomy and Physiology are partial studies of the form
and laws which govern our being, and Physiognomy
requires the utmost accuracy in the ob. enr :ion of nature,
to obtain success.
The Muscular system is divided into two sets, known as
the organs of strength and motion: the first are known as
the voluntary muscles, which respond to the option of the
mind ; and the other acts independently, as in the motion of
the heart, lungs, alimentary canal, arteries, bladder, skin,
&c. Those two sets of muscles are inherited previous to
birth ; consequently we have only to do with their develop-
ment and cultivation.
In looking at nature, as exhibited in the vegetable world,
we discover that of all the woody fibres, that species is
toughest and strongest which, during its growth, exhibits
the greatest activity or motion. The Elm is an instance
of this fact. Its slim branches are constantly swinging
gracefully in the air; no limbs bend more readily, and none
are harder to break. This law, which unites activity with
strength, pervades all the vegetable world; indeed, rules all
animate life, and plainly teaches the great lesson, that
motion and life, rest and death, are but synonyms of
each other.
At the birth of a child, it is unable to stand, or even
crawl alone; but as it puts forth effort, strength begins
to be developed, and continued activity soon converts a
helpless being into one physically or musculurly strong;
64 THE MUSCULAR AND FIBROUS FORM.
vigour takes the place of atony, and langour gives place
to lustiness.
Exercise, then, is the great developer of animal muscle
as well as vegetable fibre. As illustrations of the fact that
active exercise promotes this muscular strength, may be
mentioned the cases of the Kanakas, who have been known
to swim thirty miles, remaining in the water six hours.
The naked castes of Hindostan, the Tasmanians, and
Fuegians, who go unclothed in very cold weather, by
constant exercise are able to endure cold and fatigue,
astonishing to less active races. An Eton boy can climb a
tree as readily as an ordinary lad could go up a ladder, and a
savage will mount a smooth pole, using his feet like a second
pair of hands, and jump from tree to tree, with great agility.
In our own country we have the case of Dr. G. B. Wind-
ship of Boston, who, by a thorough training in lifting,
pulling, swinging, and the other various manoeuvres
attending a gymnastic course, has become a perfect
specimen of health and strength, lifting 2,600 Ibs., or a
dumb-bell of 200 Ibs. at arm's length. His plan seems
to have proved a perfect success. Inheriting, from eight
generations of studious men, a disposition to inactivity
of the Muscular system, and weighing but one hundred
and twenty pounds, he sought to remedy the defect by
a course of active exertion, so as to increase his size
and strength. To-day he weighs one hundred and
forty-four pounds. The deltoid muscles on his shoulders
are very broad, the biceps in his arms are immensely
developed, and his whole body is a miracle of manly
strength. He now teaches a gymnastic system of physical
cultivation in Boston.
Compare the life of this man with that of some exquisite
fop, whose highest ambition is to dress in the latest style,
talk flabby nonsense to some coquette, and puff tobacco
eruoke in the pure air, or squirt the juice upon the pave-
THE MUSCULAR AND FIBROUS FORM. 65
ments of our cities Windship is a bundle of living nerves
and muscles, full of life and energy, while the other drawls,
fritters, and " cusses " a noble opportunity away.
In addition to this constant exercise, pure air is an
absolute necessity for the preservation of perfect health and
strength. Our houses are, generally, poorly ventilated; and
when mankind learns the influence of sunlight on the
human body, we shall have stronger and better men than
at present. This activity in man and the vegetable world
works out all unnecessary material from the body, and
leaves only the strongest and best behind. The lungs take
in at least one-third more air during exercise ; consequently,
the supply of oxygen for vitalizing the blood and manu-
facturing muscle is increased ; much of our indisposition to
move about arises from the presence of this useless, cumber-
some matter in the body; and there was a profound
philosophy in that ancient system of punishment which
sought to cure the lazy scamp by whipping his hide
through the streets of a town.
As physicians, we have to be very careful in setting a
broken bone, when the individual has been confined to his
bed for some months, because there is unusual liability of
fracturing the tender bone in another place. Thus we find
that inaction causes even the bones to weaken, and become
tender, as well as the muscles. How delicate and fragile
are the bodies of those stationary mollusks, or shell -fish,
when compared to the agile trout or well-muscled eel.
Herbert, the sweet singer of a hundred and fifty years
ago, was inspired with the thought of an active, muscular,
and healthy man, when he sang —
"Man is all symmetry,
Full of proportions, one limb to another,
And to all the woi'd besides :
For head with foot hath private amity ;
- Each may call the farthest, brother,
And both, with moons and tide*."
K
66 TH^ MUSCULAR AND FIBROUS FORM.
When men with excellent Muscular development ara
well educated, what useful members of society they become.
This was undoubtedly what Pope meant when he penned
the lines —
" And praise the easy vigour of a line,
Where Denham's strength and Waller's sweetness join."
Men who are authors, and at the same time strong in
muscular proportions, will give evidence of boldness of con-
ception in natural science, mechanism, or the fine arts, such
as only comes from physically strong persons. Dr. Johnson
was an exceedingly strong man. Robert Burns, when a
plough-boy, could handle any two boys of his age. Shake-
speare carried the brick and mortar with which to build the
tabernacle in which he afterwards performed his plays before
Queen Elizabeth. The shady halls of colleges damped and
dwarfed not his great mind. Benjamin Franklin could carry
a form of type in each hand up two flights of stairs, while
it required an ordinary boy to use both hands to carry one
of such weight.
In our present time we have had such men as Professor
Wilson of Edinburgh ( " Christopher North "), Charles
Kingsley, Hugh Miller, Lord Palmerston, Lord Brougham,
and a host of others, remarkable for muscular strength and
activity, as well as profound learning and authorship.
Many of these mounted the ladder of fame from humble
life, entirely through activity of character. Some were
poor; and here let us say, that one of the greatest blessings
to the young is that of poverty, because the very necessities
it involves become an incentive to action, which forms the
basis of future greatness. Elihu Burritt, the greatest living
linguist, laid the foundation of his greatness, in bone and
muscle, while labouring as a blacksmith. At the forge,
while blowing the bellows with one hand, he held a Greek,
Hebrew, or Latin Lexicon in the other ; and in the interval,
while the iron was heating, he mastered from two to six
THE MUSCULAR AND FIBROUS FORM. 67
words of those difficult languages; and while hammering
the red hot metal with his hammer, he was busily engaged
forging out ideas on the anvil of his mind. This was the
price he paid for greatness; and his example is but the key
to that law which is universal.
While men frequently work just about enough for good
health, women often overwork themselves, especially those
who are mothers, and have the care of a house and family.
Legitimate rest is as necessary for health and strength as
exercise. The pernicious custom of turning night into day,
by woman working long after dark, causes her to feel as if
Jael were driving the nail which killed Sisera into her
temples, or a tightness as though Luke's iron crown encom-
passed her brow. Many cases of constipation and headache
can be traced to want of sleep from this cause. Then let
mothers rest more, and make their idle sons and daughters
work.
To give my readers an idea of the advantages of poverty,
and how men who have risen, started in the world's great
race, I quote the following concerning the origin of noted
men : — Columbus was the son of a weaver, and a weaver
himself. Claude Lorraine was bred a pastry cook. Cervan-
tes was a common soldier. Homer was the son of a small
farmer. Moliere was the son of a tapestry maker. Demos-
thenes was the son of a cutler. Terence was a slave.
Oliver Cromwell was the son of a London brewer. Franklin
was a journeyman printer, and son of a tallow chandler and
soap boiler. Dr. Thomas, Bishop of Worcester, was the son
of t\ linen draper. Daniel Defoe was a hostler, and the son of
a butcher. Whitfield was the son of an innkeeper at
Gloucester. Sir Cloudely Shovel, Rear- Admiral of England,
was an apprentice to a shoemaker, and afterwards a cabin
boy. Bishop Prideaux worked in the kitchen -at Exeter
College, Oxford. Cardinal Wolsey was the son of a poor
butcher. Ferguson was a shepherd. Dean Tucker was the
68 THE MUSCULAR AND FIBROUS FORM.
son of a small farmer in Cardiganshire, and performed hia
journey to Oxford on foot. Edmund Hailey was the son
of a soap-boiler at Shore-ditch. Joseph Hall, Bishop of
Norwich, was the son of a farmer. Virgil was the son of a
porter. Horace was the son of a shopkeeper. Shakespeare
was the son of a wool-stapler. Milton was the son of a money-
scrivener. Robert Burns was a ploughman in Ayrshire.
Confucius was a carpenter. Mahornmed, called the prophet,
was a driver of asses. Mohamet Ali was a barber. Madam
Bernadotte was a washerwoman of Paris. Napoleon, a
descendent of an obscure family of Corsica, was a Major
when he married Josephine, the daughter of a tobacconist
Creole of Martinique. General Escartero was a vestry-clerk.
Bolivar was a druggist. Vasco de Gama was a sailor. John
Jacob Astor once sold apples OQ the streets of New York
Catherine, Empress of Russia, was a camp grisette. Cincin-
natus was ploughing his vineyard when the Dictatorship of
Rome was offered to him.
I also make another selection, to show how many of the
wealthy men in the city of New York began the great battle
of life in poverty.
There are sixty-seven who pay an income-tax of $100,000
and over. The man who leads the list, A. T. Stewart,
everybody knows, is an Irish emigrant, who commenced life
with a capital of less than twenty-five cents. Jay Gould
drove a herd of cattle from Delhi, Delaware County, when
a lad, for fifty cents a day, in order to get money enough to
reach the Hudson River. David Groesbeck, over thirty years
ago, used to mend old shoes for his brother, who was a
respectable shoemaker in Albany. Henry Keep, boasts
that he graduated from the poor-house of Jagerson County.
Jnmes Gordon Bennett and Robert Bonner, both poor boys,
full of talent and industry. Rufus Hatch, when a youngster,
had an ambition to hold the reins of a pedlar's waggon
E. D. Morgan commenced life with a quarter measure of
THE MUSCULAR AND FIBROUS FORM. 69
molasses. Henry Clews was an errand boy in one of the
banking houses down town. The Brothers Seligman started
out in life with a pedlar's pack. David Dows retailed pork
by the half-pound, and molasses by the gill; and H. T.
Hembold was first cabin boy on the sloop " Mary Jane,"
that navigated the Delaware. Such men as these were the
architects of their own fortunes, and active muscles and
brains did the work of their elevation.
We all perceive the growing aversion which exists in the
minds of Americans to manual labour, and this is the reason
why an essay of unusual length upon its advantages and
importance can hardly be amiss, while considering the Mus-
cular build or form. Scarcely a month passes in which
several young men have not applied to me for a situation to
travel. When asked what they wish to do, they answer, —
" They would like a situation where there was not much to
do, and without hard labour, yet good wages, and all expenses
paid, together with a good chance to see the world." Oh !
horrible, lamentable fact! How many such silly idlers the
world possesses, anii I am sorry for them. I pity them, be-
cause their lack of training has doomed them, with all their
golden dreams, to disappointment. My answer to them is, I
have no such situation, not even for myself. Such young
men will refuse positions as farm labourers at high wages, or
the opportunity to learn some useful trade. All over the land
complaints go up against high prices, which this growing
hatred of work causes, while on the street corners of every
city may be found specimens of humanity telling such tales
as these —
THE LOAFER'S SONG.
" Now I lay me down to sleep,
Musquitoes at your distance keep ;
And if I snore before I wake,
Tis owing to the buckwheat cake.
" Let me dream of other days,
On whisky punch, oh, let me
70 THE MUSCULAR AND FIBROUS FORM.
On sherry cobblers sucked through straw%
Before they make Maine liquor lawa.
" Sing me the songs I used to hear,
When every store sold lager beer,
And every loafer told his joke,
In clouds of poor tobacco smoke.
*' Wake me up ' when daylight's o'er,'
I can 't go out with clothes so poor ;
For every fellow whom we meet
Thinks I look too mean to treat.
" So I lay me down to sleep,
I wish my thoughts away would keep ;
Oh ! could he sleep till he were dead,
Rest would come So the loafer's head."
A certain amount of bodily labour is a prime necessity as
a promoter of good health and solid happiness ; and until
young men, and young women also, cast aside the fallacious
iiofion that labour is degrading, we shall find poverty and
puling sickness stalking into every house in the land. Dis-
content, and divorces in ninety-nine cases out of every
hundred derive their origin from the idleness of one or both
parties. Bear in Blind, that honourable labour promotes
womanhood and manhood, health, wealth, and that great
boon for which thousands are vainly seeking — happiness.
When we look over the United States of America, and see
the Northern States blooming like a garden; their stately
edifices, private and public; their free schools, thriving
machine shops, and manufactories; and then contrast the
view with the woody, uncultivated south, with its ox-teams
and log-houses, its scarcity of schools, and other means of
enlightenment, we are forced to the conclusion that the
people of the North have toiled and laboured, and time has
repaid their well-directed efforts. Whereas the South has
compelled its disinterested negroes to do its work, while the
white race has grown up inactive and useless, leading aim-
less lives; and an unthrifty country is nature's reward
THE MUSCULAR AND FIBROUS FORM. 71
There is a law of compensation in nature, and by this law
labour, if well directed, is always richly repaid. Thank
fortune that, since the war, the Southern people have
become more industrious, and consequently prosperous.
The poorer classes of England and America have been
cultivated physically by the labour to which poverty com-
pelled them. There was a time when France and England
had no postal system, as at present, and fast couriers were
emploj^ed to carry letters from city to city. That class of
servants or foot-runners were well cultivated, and conse-
quently vigorous and healthy. In France this service waa
performed by the inhabitants of the Basque provinces, who
were very swift of foot. The English runners were very
supple and robust, and took pains to keep themselves strong
and active by dieting and other means. As a method of
physical development, the Carthaginians engaged in swim-
ming. About three hundred and ninety years after the
founding of the great Roman Empire, and even at the time
when the tyrant Caracal! a ruled Rome, the practice of rope-
dancing was one of the popular games, and it developed the
Muscular system in a remarkable degree. In the days of
Socrates, leaning was a common amusement. Alexander had
many expert runners whose muscles were finely developed;
and Glaucus excelled in many kinds of gymnastic feats.
Not only did the ancients practise fighting, running,
wrestling, &c., for health and strength, but they most assidu-
ously cared for their bodies, by currying, washing, and
rubbing, &c. Their gymnasiums were amply provided with
bathing appliances; and Lucian informs us that the com-
batants in the arena freely cleaned each other after each
combat, if not quite disabled.
Thus we learn what care was taken in ages past to increase
and preserve muscular strength, and the millions of dollars
and years of labour were not bestowed in vain. We know,
by the remains they have left behind them, that the Romans
72 THE MUSCULAR AND FIBROUS FORM.
excelled in works of art and grand design, and that their
bodies were models of physical and mental beauty. In
imitation of this ancient curriculum, the colleges of Harvard
and Yale are beginning to see the importance of physical
training as a part of education, and are erecting gymnasiums
within the walls hitherto sacred to mental labour.
When this change begins to be felt, we shall see our
college graduates taking rank equally with the sons of
mechanics and labourers in scientific and literary pursuits.
Among statesmen and men of letters, we rarely find the
sons filling high stations, or making their mark as men of
superior worth, for the very reason that the possession of
wealth enables them to fritter away their time in idleness;
while the mechanic often tries to make a tradesman of his
child, whose talents fit him for philosophy, science, or art.
The physical cultivation of the mechanic is transmitted to
his children, and this natural birthright gives them greater
force of character in both body and mind.
One great cause of physical decline in children is the
use of tobacco and stimulating beverages, such as whisky,
brandy, rum, gin, wine, tea, and coffee. Living in impure
air, tight lacing, concentrated and mixed diet, spices and
I tickles, hot saleratus bread, and late hours, are all dele-
terious to health and strength. There are secret sins
among the young which are more prostrating to the
Muscular and Nervous systems than any of the above
mentioned. Then, to be strong in muscle, and of iron
heart, that we may insure health and success to ourselves
and to our offspring who shall represent us in life's great
drama, let us be " temperate in all things," and above all,
be virtwous.
" Count life by virtues — these will last,
When life's lone-footed race is o'er;
And these, when earthly joys are past,
Shall cheer us on a brighter shore."
THE MUSCULAR AND FIBROUS FORM. T3
The Muscular form, being compressed, rigid, and com-
pact, gives such individuals a quick firm step, and generally
rapid motions. They usually lack the gentle and tender
emotions which we find in the Brain or Thoracic form.
They have vigour and intensity in everything; this class
is impressive, and capable of lasting attachment. They
are noble in ambition, and fearless in enterprise, when
possessed of a cultivated intellect. They resemble the
muscular animals: the lion, grizzly bear, tiger, panther,
lynx, gorilla, &c., all of which are full of physical courage.
Such men dare to do for themselves, and usually are quite
considerate. They are proud. Being irritable and high
tempered, men of this form are vehement, intense, emo-
tional, and strong. Their irritability and emotions affect
the liver, which is largely under the influence of the mind,
and this causes them to become bilious, or to have derange-
ments of the portal and hepatic systems. They have a
very changeable and contradictory temper. In religion
they are apt to be remarkably inquisitive, penetrating in
scientific investigations, and prying and expert in domestic
affairs. Good in all serious affairs, except in prayer;
sumptuous in living, and imperious as superiors.
Thus we have given in detail some of the characteristics
which attend this build. The type of these men, like the
animals they resemble, is broad rather than tall, round,
wide head, broad short ear, small eyes, nose wide in its
lower part where it joins the face, short broad foot, and
a remarkable closing of the mouth when in the act of
eating, as if more in earnest in that affair, and at that
time, than in any foregone act of life. They should guard
well against liquor, for where their animal passions are
aroused by its stimulating effects, they are apt to become
turbulent, and at times have been known to murder, as
they are naturally destructive. A good moral education,
and strict temperance, will enable them to rightly direct
74 THE MUSCULAR AND FIBB.OUS FORM.
their surplus force, and save them as ornaments to the
world, and from an unnatural and disgraceful death. As
action is the great cultivator and cause of physical strength,
so in turn it acts again on the animal and man, and
demands almost constant exercise. Hence, if such persons
are not engaged in some laudable employment, their very
nature spurs them on to do something, either right or
wrong. Tbej' " put an enemy within their mouths to
steal away their brains," and allow the system to become
unbalanced by the use of alcoholic liquors, or mental
derangement ensues, to which this form of individual is
quite liable.
This unguided physical force is like a powerful steamer
without a pilot, rushing onward, mayhap, to swift destruc-
tion. But action is their nature, and act they will, for
weal or woe ; hence the great importance of teaching those
strong boys the true aim of life — self-government and
strict sobriety.
E. DiCinNSON, an American authoress, orator, and actress,
whose vigor of intellect, force, and independence of character are photo-
graphed on every feature.
THE OSSEOUS OR BONY FORM.
GEOLOGISTS, in speaking of the mountain ranges of North
America, refer to the Rocky Mountains as the backbone of
the continent, and the lesser ranges as the ribs and sup-
ports, branch off from this central system; and we find
they bear a striking similarity to the human body, in the
apparent support they give to other portions of the earth's
surface. As the rocks represent the* stable and reliable
portion of the globe, so the Bony structure of man and
other animals, gives firmness and tangibiKty of character,
which cannot otherwise be obtained.
There are two great causes which go to produce and
develop large bones in man and animals.
The first comes from nature, in the shape of soil, or
food, and water. For instance, the States of Kentucky,
Virginia, and Tennessee, are famous for tall men, fine
horses, and large mules, among other things that might
be named. The foundations of those States are laid in
the lime rock, which everywhere prevails under the
surface, and the water supply to man and animals is
largely impregnated with lime, the material of which
bones are made.
Its secondary influence is found in the fact that the
cereals are largely built up from this source. The wheat,
corn, straw, and Hay of those States contain a larger per
76
THE OSSEOJS OR BOXY FORM.
nentage of bone-producing food than is found in many
other States.
The second cause is exercise, which grows naturally out
of a healthy and rapid bone development. The inhabitants
of Tennessee and Virginia, who ride much on horseback,
are usually large, lank, and
powerfully-framed men. That
species of exercise does not call
for the use of the muscles so
much as other labour, and }7et
is sufficient to make the bones
grow. Prominent men in our
own and other countries, are
striking examples of the inti-
mate relation between exercise
and large Bony structure.
Washington, six feet three in
height, rode a great deal on
horseback.
Lincoln, whose early life was
one of much exercise, towered
body and mind above his fellows.
Lafayette, the great Philanthro-
pist and Franco-American de-
fender of liberty, was one of the
tallest officers in our revolution-
ary army. The exercise of his
school days at Chavagnac, his
birth-place, developed the boy
into the tall and bony man,
whose honesty became a pro-
verb. Cyrus the Elder,
Caesar, Brutus, Mahomet, Crom-
well, and a host of others might be named who were all
tall and bony men, and the ones, of all others, on whom
the nations relied for support.
The Osseous Form Large. —
Lowrie Coulter. Copied from
"TLe Characters of Glasgow."
Published by Mr. John Tweed,
11 St. Enoch Square, Glasgow.
TI1E OSSEOUS OR BONY FORM.
Strength of bone structure is allied to honesty and
reliability of mind. As Owen, one of the greatest Anato-
mists of the present centur}^ has observed, "The only
difference between a wise man and a fool is a few grains
of phosphorus more or less in the brain."
So with regard to firmness and honesty of character, a
few pounds more or less of bone makes all the difference
between an honest man and a villain. Shakespeare was
right when he made Julius Caesar, while he plotted for
supreme power in Rome, exclaim —
" Let me have men about me that are fat,
Sleek-headed men, and such as sleep o' night ;
Yon Cassius has a lean and hungry look —
He thinks too much; such men are dangerous! "
He knew that he could bribe and purchase the silence of
the plump jolly fellows, but the angular long
men were too honest to be bought.
General Sherman is six and a-half feet
high, and no more upright and honest man
ever faced bullets on American soil.
Ewing, who raised Sherman, said he was
the most reliable boy to do an errand he
ever knew, and by far too honest for the
political field.
When you see a man moving like a tall
pine among oaks, rest assured that in con-
nection with his fine bony structure will
be found probity of character. Care, how- f^9 Osseous
ever, must be had in arriving at conclusions Form very Small.
,,. , . , . , , , . .,' —Mr. G. W. M.
on this subject, as height alone is not the „ ..
Nutt. " Commo-
sole criterion. dore Nutt."
Some men are not so tall, who have larger bones, in pro-
portion to other portions of their body.
The general appearance of the bones of the face, the
squareness of the shoulders, &c., are signs which indicate
78 THE OSSEOUS OR BONY FORM.
the prevailing bone build. Prominent wrists, knuckles,
nose, cheeks, and forehead stand out plainly, as if to sayj
here I am, you can depend upon me in case of emergency.
You will observe that in all the portraits of Lincoln,
the bones jutt out all over his face; and his honesty (not-
withstanding his villifiers) has marked the pages of history,
as it did his features, with indestructible glory.
A_idrew Jackson was another President who knew no
bribery or guile; and the rough bony face of the man
would be the best monument to his memory, as integrity
and virtue last longer than marble, and are more truly
ornaments of human character.
Wellington was made of more bone than any other
material ; and as his fame reverberates from valley to hill-
top, again and for ever, no dismantling has left one gem
less in the great crown of honour which ever encircles
his name.
The highest tjrpe of animals, and those most useful as
servants to man, are the horse and ox. They have large
bones, the presence of which is manifest in the arch of
the eye, at the hips, in the legs, shoulders, and other
observable places.
On the other hand, the most worthless and deceptive
animals, such as the skunk, fox, porcupine, American
panther, and animals of the cat tribe, are small-boned and
full-muscled, and of little or no service to man, and quite
dishonest and untrustworthy.
The camel again is an animal of large bones, and see how
much service he nffords in carrying human beings across
the pathless deserts of Asia and Africa. The camel takes
his exercise in sunshine, while the skunk, fox, coon, cat,
and other small-boned animals prowl about at night, retiring
to the darkest shades at break of day, while the panther
buries himself in the underwood or gloom of the forest.
Large bones are as much an evidence of trustworthiness
THE OSSEOUS OR BONY FORM. 79
in men as in animals ; and the influence of sunlight and
exercise tends towards developing the Bony structure, while
the reverse action deteriorates it.
The backers of London, at the present moment, are
puzzled to devise some plan by which their clerks may be
kept honest. We say, the only way is to procure from the
country districts boys who, by the exercise necessary to
farm life, have finely-developed bone forms, for with this
class of organization will be found stable honesty of charac-
ter. Perhaps some finely-dressed city fop may wink, and
wince, and say, a country lad could not do the business, he
would be " so green." We reply, that George Peabody was
a country boy, who had an excellent physical constitution,
the foundation of which was laid in country life. Nearly
all the London and New York bankers were raised in the
country, and do not seem to be so green as the city fops,
who never mount the ladder of fame, or wander abroad
except after gaslight.
As a general rule, persons unused to reading character
scientifically, measure the characters of persons by them-
selves. A mean man is well assured that 'others are as
mean as himself. A miser supposes the love of money the
ruling motive of action in bargain or trade. The thief says,
" I would like to see the fellow that wouldn't steal if he
could;" and in this way ignorance "measures another's
corn in its own bushel." Small-boned men, whose souls
are of the same diminutive build, can divine no motive
but selfishness in the most generous ' actions, or in the
lives of the world's greatest philanthropists.
Large men, whose bones bear a full proportion to the
other parts of their bodies, will be found to be decided, firm,
persevering, honest, honourable, hopeful, slow, and sure;
enduring, constant in affection, poor politicians, progressive
in science, good providers in a family, peace-loving, yet full
of moral courage
THE OSSEOUS OR BONY FORM.
Variations among members of the same family may fre-
quently be observed. The father may have very large
bones, and the mother very small ones, and the children
might inherit the individual qualities of either parent
exclusively, or a commingling of both. Bone culture is an
inheritance not confined to one generation, but permeates
through a long series of ancestors, and, like liberty, or any
other of the great blessings of humanity, its price is "eternal
vigilance."
While marriages are contracted without due regard to
fitness of organization, the children born under such circum-
stances will not only vary, but are likely to deteriorate ;
consequently every child should have especial education
and training to preserve and bring out the best type of
man.
The poorer the structure, the greater care is required to
develop better conditions. It is the poor farm that needs
the husbandman's nursing hand. What a stupid mistake
those parents make, when they train up their delicate, puny
children to be tailors, shoemakers, &c., thus dooming them
to a life of disease and early death.
They should have been sent out into the sunlight and
pure air, to gambol and play the livelong day, or to swing
the axe, to climb trees, or take any exercise that would in
some measure remedy their poor fortunes.
It is time we should learn the fact, that labour out of
doors in fresh air is physical salvation, to be followed, not
preceded, by mental safety and beauty.
We refer our readers, who desire to learn more fully the
effects of Bone culture, to the chapter on " Rectitude " in
this work, or the succeeding book. When the Bony form
becomes allied to Brain form, we have men of great genius.
Cicero, Locke, Tasso, Petrarch, Shakespeare, King Alfred,
Tyndall, Wickliffe, Liebig, Morse, and thousands of others
were specimens of this combination of bodily and mental
THE OSSEOUS OR BONY FORM. 81
strength. This form gives decided features and well-
marked physiognomies, which indicate energy of character
and honesty of purpose.
Bone-brain men are slow of motion, strong of mind and
body, possessed of untiring energy and powerful passions,
which make them disregard the grovelling law of common
life, by which the bulk of mankind are governed. They
devise gigantic schemes of adventure, and great and perilous
undertakings in the pursuit of science, power, or renown ;
linked to their purposes by the bony bands of a strong
manhood, they pursue profoundly and accurately, without
extravagance, the great business of their lives. This com-
bination produces the grave and thoughtful, prudent and
doubtful, orderly and mathematical, mechanical and inven-
tive genius — men who are usually dignified and safe in
every enterprise. They are firm in step, cautious in their
vocations, and penetrating in science.
The following verse pictures men of the Brain-bone make:
" Big was he made, and tall, his port was fierce,
Erect his co'-'Utenauce ; manly majesty
Sat in his front, and darted from his eyes,
Commanding all he viewed." — (EDIPUS.
Or, as Shakespeare has remarked of large men —
" Why, man, he doth bestride the narrow world
Like a Colossus ; and we petty men
Walk under his huge legs, and peep about,
To find ourselves dishonourable graves."
Most of the Bone-brain form can labour and think with
apparently little exhaustion, and to be great requires that
capability in an unusual degree.
" 'Tis hardship, toil,
'Tis sleepless nights, and never resting days,
'Tis pain, 'tis danger, 'tis affronted Death,
'Tis equal fate for all, and changing torture,
That rear the mind to glory, that inspire
The noblest virtues and the gentlest manners."
THOMPSON,
82 THE OSSEOUS OR BONY FORM.
With these facts before us, how important becomes the
physical development in this direction, what nobler work
for parents and educators than building up a good solid
basis upon which to rear the future fabric of civilization?
Men of strong arms, broad shoulders, and prominent fore-
heads are to be the coming pioneers in all great deeds.
Yet remember, that while every male child born in the
United States is eligible, by law, to the highest office in the
gift of the people, but few ever become qualified to fill the
position of President. So with our children, the possibili-
ties of their training are infinite, but the actual facts of it
will depend upon the earliest attention being given to
exercise that shall increase the growth of Bone and Brain,
CHARLES SKINNER, a congenital idiot, being neither epileptic, rickety,
nor hydrocephalic, yet he has the boldest, widest, and highest forehead
the author ever saw on a human being, his head immediately above the
eyebrows and the tops of the ears has the enormous horizontal circum-
ference of 2GJ inches. This idiot possesses more than Goldsmith's " gar-
nish of brains," if we judge by the size of his head, as do the phrenologists.
THE BRAIN AND NERVE FORM.
AMONG all the forms of the human system, the Brain and
Nerve form is the most important. To the rest it sustains
the relation of master, for to it all others are subservient.
Or if we compare the human system to a family, the brain
may be said to be the
husband, the digestive
organs the wife, the
bones the oldest and
sturdiest son, the muscles
the youngest and most
mischievous son, and the
heart and lungs the only
daughter. The Brain and
Nerve form being thus at
the head, requires and
ought to have more-
attention paid to it than \
is given to the other I
forms, as the health and The Brain Form Large.— John Price, a
, . f ,i learned critic of England,
working power of the
head of a family — the bread-winner should be looked to
— though not exclusively, yet, with a preponderance of care;
and where this is done, it will be found that the upper part
of the forehead predominates in width over the facial organ-
THE BRAIN AND NERVE 'FORM.
ism or cheeks. Of this the likeness which we give of
President Spraker, who was for a number of years President
of Wittenberg College at Springfield, Ohio, is an excellent
illustration. For years he was
a great student, lectured, taught,
and preached, and thus strength-
ened and developed his mind by
hard toil until it became, as the
reader may notice, proportion-
ably larger than any other part
of his organism. Persons in
whom this form predominates
may always be set down as
thinkers, with inclination to hard work; so that, generally
speaking, it is impossible for them to become fleshy. The
truth of this proposition may be verified any day in any of
our high class educational institutions. The round cheeked,
full-faced boy,
who has hitherto
lived for the deve-
lopment of his
abdominal form,
enters one of our
colleges with a
determination to
work hard; and
he is not long
there until he
begins to exhaust
more than his
average vitals are
The Brain Form Small. —George III. abJe fully to
recuperate; so that he very soon becomes, gradually and
perceptibly, thin of face and spare in framework, convexities
and concavities make their appearance in his face ; and j ust
THE BRAIN AND KERVE FORM.
35
as old ocean is deepest where its waves and billows are most
stupendous, so these Physiognomical signs constitute unmis-
takable evidence of a clear thinker. Deep lines and strongly
marked protuberances bespeak originality of thought and
profundity of mind; still, on the other hand, as the
smooth and placid lake must of necessity be shallow
compared with the heaving ocean, a smooth unwrinkled
face declares a feeble mind, quite unfitted for anything save
the surface of things only.
Thus human forms
change; the Abdominal, as
in the above case, retires, so
to speak, allowing the Brain
and Nerve form to become
regnant; and in whomso-
ever this takes place, there
will be found inclination to
study, to behold, to write, to
teach, to lecture, to superin-
tend or plan; in short, there
will be found the thinking
mind. A large brain and
a fleshy body do not seem
to be able to draw together;
and hence, when the Brain
and Nerve form predomi-
nates in a man, the flesh seems to pass imperceptibly away,
leaving leanness and spareness behind it; at least, it is in
harmony with observation, that the man of large, thoughtful,
clear inind-power is as to his make-up lank and lean. And
so Shakespeare says — "Yon lean and hungry Cassius, he
thinks deeply and reads men well." "He cannot sleep well
o' nights; oh! that he had more of that rounder, sleeker,
fatter head, and could sleep better o' nights."
The Brain and Nerve form is of all the other forms in the
The Brain Form Large. — Rev. S.
H. Tyng.
86
THE BRAIN AND NERVE TORM.
human system the most exhausting ; and this being the case,
with what solicitude and care it should be watched and
trained; and in order to this, how anxious we ought to be
to understand its working, its tendencies; the food best
suited for its healthy and vigorous action; the recreation
most suitable for it after hard work, and all its other
diversified necessities,
which, to be ignorant of, is
almost certain to shorten
life. Sleep restrains and
refreshes this form, as does
also physical labour, when
not of an over-exhausting
character. The other forms
of the body are in a sense
as important as this; but
this being the age of intel-
lectuality, it is thought well
in this essay to explain it
The Brain Form Small.— Thomas Cribb, pretty fully in plain and
Champion of England in IS 11. • , ir MI ,1
intelligible terms, so that,
having a knowledge of its nature, requirements, and the
influence it exerts over the whole system, our readers
may be in a position, humanly speaking, to ward oft
disease which, where ignorance prevails, is ever found
planting its heavy foot upon the mechanism of the brain.
The brain, being the seat of sensation, is related to all
parts of the body \)y & beautifully designed system of
nerves, so that, whatever organ may be damaged, the brain
suffers with it. The brain may be said to be the guiding
form ; but this is true only in a relative sense, for without
the soul or "the Divinity that stirs within us," the brain
would be blind, or at least would be incapable of rational
action. The body, according to the Scriptures, is the temple
of the living God, and ought to be the repository of the
THE BRAIN AND NERVE FORM. 87
highest and most noble thoughts. How important, then,
to sustain it in good order; to ward off disturbing elements
from its various functions, so that it may pursue its in-
tended course without let or hindrance! And how can
this be done, save by means of that food which nature
has provided for it, and that work for which it is so
evidently adapted? We have said that the Brain form
requires the greatest care; and, considering its relation to
all the other forms, how important its healthy and pro-
per training. Everybody knows how detrimental it is to
have frequent sudden rushes of blood to the brain, but
how few there are, comparatively speaking, who have
learned' to avoid such an evil by avoiding the cause or
causes. Hence the frequency of what is sometimes
called nervous exhaustion, which would be more properly
termed paralysis of the brain tissues. Whatever tends to
derange the nervous system, deranges the brain, and much
of the domestic unhappiness of which we hear is attri-
butable to no other cause save this, that the habits of
society are against a healthy nervous system, and con-
sequently against a healthy Brain form. Husband and wife
take into their systems enormous quantities of strong tea,
spirituous liquors, &c., all which irritate the brain, and what
ensues? Constant dissatisfaction, fault-finding, disrespect-
ful retorts, squabbling over the merest trifles, so that the
domestic hearth, which should ever be the home of peace,
becomes turbulent with unhappiness. An English gentle-
man once went to his minister, and told him that his house,
from being one of the happiest homes in the world, had
come to be a little hell. His wife and he, he said, could not
sit five minutes together without indulging in the most
irritating language, and as this was known to the children,
indeed observed daily by them, he felt things to be almost
intolerable, and wished the minister's counsel. "You are a
heavy smoker, 1 think," said the minister. "I am," replied
88 THE BRAIN AND NERVE, FORM.
the gentleman. "And your wife, if I mistake not, indulges
largely in tobacco, though that is not generally known?"
"She does," answered the gentleman. "You are both in
the habit also of indulging in spirituous liquors, especially
at night?" "We are," confessed the gentleman. "And you
drink very strong tea?" "Yes," replied the gentleman.
"Then,"' said the minister, "I am not astonished at your
domestic unhappiness. Indeed, it is a mystery to me,
knowing what I have known all along of your habits,
that you are not both in a lunatic asylum. Go home
and give your wife money, and send her to one hydro-
pathic establishment, and go you to another, remain there
three months, and during that time give up the noxious
things I 'have mentioned, and at the end of that time come
back and tell me how you feel." The minister's advice was
taken ; the old habits were given up, and at the end of
three months a new life dawned upon that. house, peace and
happiness reigned supreme; and why? Because, -by care-
fully avoiding food and drinks having a tendency to
derange the nervous system, the Brain form was kept in a
healthy condition, and thus all tendency to irritability was
subdued.
When we say that the brain is the seat of sensation, we
are but repeating what physiologists of all classes know to
be a fact. Once let the nerves proceeding from the brain
be destroyed, and the mind ceases to act; the person sinks
into a more or less insensible condition, and sometimes
becomes unconscious altogether, either of pain or pleasure.
Sir Astley Cooper, a celebrated British surgeon, gives an
instance of this, which excited much attention at the time
at which it happened. A man (see Preshaw's Elements of
Human Anatomy and Physiology] who, during the days
of Lord Nelson, had been pressed on board an English ship,
received, when sailing in the Mediterranean, a fall from the
yu-d-arm, and when picked up was found to be insensible.
THE BRAIN AND NERVE FORM. 89
The vessel soon after making Gibraltar, he was placed in an
hospital there, where he remained for some months, still
insensible; and some time after he was brought from
Gibraltar, on board an English frigate, to a depot for sailors
at Deptford. While he was at Deptford, the surgeon under
whose care he was placed being visited by Mr. Davy, then
an apprentice in a London Hospital, said to him, "I have a
case which I think you would like to see. It is a man who
has been insensible for many months; he lies on his back
with very few signs of life; he breathes, indeed, has a pulse,
and some motion in his fingers, but in all other respects, he is
apparently deprived of all powers of mind, volition, or sensa-
tion." Mr. Davy went to see the patient, and on examining
him, found that there was a slight depression on one part of
the head. Being informed of the accident which had
occasioned this depression, he recommended the man to be
sent to St. Thomas's Hospital in London. When admitted
into that Hospital to undergo an operation, it was thirteen
months and a few days after the accident. The depressed
portion of the bone was elevated from the skull. While he
was lying on the table, the motion of his fingers went on
during the operation, but no sooner was the portion of the
bone raised than it ceased. The operation was performed
at one o'clock in the afternoon, and at four, when Sir
Astley was walking through the wards, he went up to the
man's bed-side, and was surprised to see him sitting up in
his bed. He had raised himself on his pillow; and when
Sir Astley asked him if he felt any pain, he immediately
put his hand to his head, which showed that volition
and sensation were returning. In four days the man was
able to get out of bed, and began to converse; and in a few
days more he was able to tell where he came from. He
recollected the circumstance of being pressed and carried to
the vessel; but from the moment of the accident, up to the
time when the operation was performed, his mind remained
90 THE BRAIN AND NERVE FORM.
in a state of perfect oblivion. For thirteen months he had
been dead so far as his mental powers were concerned, but
by removing a small portion of bone from his brain, he was
at once restored to all the functions of his mind, and almost
all the powers of his body — a most remarkable proof of
the statement we have just made, that the brain is the seat
of sensation, without which neither pain nor pleasure could
be felt; and an illustration of the care with which the Brain
and Nerve form should be attended to, and everything
tending to its derangement excluded from the system. Not
only by such an accident as we have described, and by
an over indulgence in stimulants, is the brain deranged.
He who overloads his stomach with the most harmless
food, or most innocent drinks, must of necessity do injury
to his nervous system, and through the nervous system
so delicately connected with the brain, cannot avoid
doing mischief to that form. Hearty suppers immediately
before retiring to bed, engender unpleasant dreams, and
unpleasant dreams it must be admitted by all, have a
tendency to weaken the organization. That, in so many
cases, fatal disease, called congestion of the brain, is not
unfrequently occasioned by the very things of which we
are speaking. After a succession of horrible dreams,
brought on by indulgence in late suppers, the brain
becomes what is commonly called "flattened," or "softened ;
the person still sometimes thinkins," but cannot think
consecutively ; by-and-by the memory ceases to retain : its
shelves are suddenly emptied of all its stored-up know-
ledge, so that the sufferer is unable to conduct intelligent
conversation, even of the simplest kind; the faculty of
comparison seems to go into oblivion; then judgment
vacates her throne, and the individual dies. We di not
describe an imaginary case. That doctor's practice cannot
be very extensive who does not know that such cases are
common, and in an untold number of instances, the disease
THE BRAIN AND NERVE FORM. 91
has been brought on, as asserted, by over-loading the
stomach prior to sleep. Wise men are not gormandizers.
They eat moderately, drink moderately, sleep well, and
thus avoid that nervous irritation so detrimental to the
thinking powers. For the most part, the authors of the
eighteenth century and before that era, both British and
Continental, were poor, and probably to their poverty, as
much as to their genius, we are indebted for those works,
whether of history, science, poetry, music, or descriptions
of society which now enrich and adorn our libraries. Those
men were saved from gormandizing for want of means,
they lived on extremely simple fare, because they were
compelled to do so, and who dare say that, if the reverse
had been the case, the works which have made them
immortal would ever have been written. From garret
rooms, shabbily furnished, sometimes containing only a bed,
a small table, and a rickety chair, and which seldom saw a
richer diet than the plainest bread and butter, and often not
very much of that, came forth those thoughts before which
Kings and Cabinets have humbly bowed, and which have
done so much to advance the civilization of the world.
These men lived not for the stomach, but for the brain.
They were compelled to keep the body under, and bring it
into subjection, because they had no means of doing other-
wise, and to this compulsion the world owes a vast debt of
gratitude for her brilliant thinkers and towering genius.
But even men who live sparingly, and never indulge in
anything save the simplest food, are apt to bring disease
upon the brain. They are hard students, live a secluded
life, are seldom seen in society, think and compose often
when other people are asleep. Their increasing study goes
on for years, it may be, without any apparent evil conse-
quences. But the time comes when the strings of the brain,
so to speak, like the over-screwed strings of a violin, snap,
leaving their possessor a mental vreck. Hugh Miller was
92 THE BRAIN AND NERVE FORM.
a great student. His works are voluminous, and he indulged
in no superfluous writing. But who can think of his sad
end without feeling that it would have been better for him
had he contented himself with the half of the literary labour
to which he was devoted. " What brought you here ? " said
a gentleman one day to a brilliant preacher and popular
author whom he found in a lunatic asylum. " That which
will never bring you here," was the sharp reply. " And
what is that ?" asked the gentleman. " An over- wrought
brain," replied the lunatic sternly. To keep their thinking
powers in a healthy condition, our literateurs require to
work according to a system. Four or five hours per diem.
at most is quite sufficient for the most active mind to
work, and these should be in the early part of the day.
Then in the afternoon let them do a little gardening, or let
them ply the axe, hold the plough, or play at golf or cricket,
or any other harmless game; they will thus encourage
digestion, strengthen both bone and muscle, and, in short,
do their duty to that temple in which the living God deigns
to dwell. The man who acts thus returns to his mind
work with a keen zest; thoughts of the noblest kind crowd
upon him; difficulties vanish; his pen moves surely and
rapidly over the paper; his thinking powers never become
sluggish; and after accomplishing more work than those
who, by over-tension of the mind, gradually commit suicide,
he falls asleep in a ripe old age, supported with the idea
that he has left his footprints on the sands of time, and
that his example is worthy of being followed. Compare a
case like this with that of Hugh Miller, who, after years of
incessant mind toil, in which it was evident that he was
gradually committing suicide, deliberately loaded a pistol,
and in a fit of mental derangement, shot himself. Let young
men take warning. Be thankful if nature has blessed you
with a superior Brain form, but see that that form receives
from you the treatment it requires. It is at once the most
THE BRAIN AND NERVE FORM. 93
important and most tender form in your constitution.
Certain of your bones may be broken, and still you may
live a useful and happy life. You may, like Dr. Kitto, lose
your hearing and ultimately your speech, and yet do some-
thing for which posterity will feel grateful. Nay, you may
be deprived of the organ of vision, like the Puritan John
Milton, and notwithstanding this, leave behind you that
which will make your name immortal ; but indulge in any-
thing, whether too much eating, too much drinking, or an
over close application of your mental powers, by which your
nervous system is thrown out of order, and your Brain form
stultified, and the time may come when, instead of feeling
life a blessing, you will feel it to be a curse, and will go
down to an early grave, if not a direct, at least an indirect
suicide. This is the age of thinking. The world has passed
through the Abdominal epoch, the Muscular epoch, &c., and
now we have reached the mind or intellectual age. Think
of the time when scarcely any one could read, save the priests,
who depended for much of their power on the ignorance of
the people, and compare that age with the present, and
behold the contrast. That was the age of chivalry, when
men lived in their lower natures ; this is the age of thought,
in which men fight, not with sword, and spear, and lance,
but for the most part with their intellects. And who can
contemplate the result of our haste toward increase of
knowledge, and thirst for literary fame, without being
impressed with the words of Henry Ward Beecher, when
he says, " the literary field is like unto a battle-field, a
grand slaughter-house."
Now, if any of our readers are conscious of having gone
astray in this matter; if they feel that they have failed to
do justice to their Brain form, and are in consequence
subjects of pain and suffering ; let them seek deliverance
from their condition now. Let them cease to do evil, and
learn to do well Appliances of all kinds may be tried,
94 THE BRAIN AND NERVE
but so long as the cause is at work the disease can never be
removed. The sun is capable of drying a piece of wet cloth
when brought under its influence, but in order to this you
must cease pouring water on it. Let this be done — that is
to say, let the cause be removed, and the sun will speedily
dry it. And so it is with a deranged brain — that is, a brain
out of order, whether by over-eating, over-drinking, or over-
working. If you find that the food you use does not agree
with you, give it up, and try something else. If you find
that tobacco or spirituous liquors impair your Brain power,
why certainly, then, forego them. Or if you find that your
eating and drinking are simple enough ; but that you are
bringing disease upon your brain by over-working it, then
in the name of common sense, do take warning and refrain
from the use of your mind, and whatever taxes largely your
sensations. Unless you are very far gone, nature can restore
you to former health, and all your powers to their wonted
activity, but only upon condition that you avoid those
things which have caused the disorder. Mind power is like
Muscular power; it grows in strength and vigour, by means
of a reasonable and moderate amount of work. But just as
a pugilist, however powerful his bones and muscles, will fall
exhausted after a prolonged battle, and remain exhausted for
months to come; so an over- taxed mind, that needs noxious
stimulants in order to make it work, becomes at last
exhausted, and exhaustion indulged in brings on congestion,
and if that is not removed, death is the result. Sluggish
digestion, want of fresh air, sudden excitement, whether of a
sad or joyful character, with a thousand other things that
could be mentioned, destroy the nervous system, affect the
arind, make people ill-tempered, and anything but pleasant
companions. Nothing can please a man who lives undei
the power of these things. The day is either too hot or it is
too cold. The dinner bell is rung too early or too late. In
ehort, he is not at peace with himself, and consequently
THE BRAIN AND NERVE FORM. 95
cannot look upon life with a pleasant eye. He wears green
glasses, which make everything green outside. To such a
man life is a living death. Now, ignorance lies at the
bottom of all this ignoring of the laws by which nature
governs the body in its different forms. How foolish is this
ignorance ! And how terrible its results ! In early life the
evil begins. Children go to school, and their powers being
over-taxed they grow weakly. The question which parents
and teachers ask is not " how much may the child learn,
and yet preserve that physical equilibrium which nature
desires ? " — but this, " how much can the child learn at all
hazards?" Teachers are not always the wisest of men.
Indeed, perhaps, there is no class of men anywhere who
need more drilling in regard to the subject of which we
have been treating than teachers. For a number of years
children should be taught chiefly through the physical
senses. Their memories should not be worked as they are
at present in a certain class of schools. In short, parents
and teachers, who between them have the training of the
future generation, should see to it that the children first of
all make body ; for it is a fact that the strongest, healthiest,
most active, and most successful men are those who, when
they were young, studied little and played much ; while
our weak, irritable, bilious people, are those who had long
hours at school when they were young, hard mental tasks,
and almost no running about. " All work and no play
makes Jack a dull boy," is a proverb the truth of which is
verified by experience. But dullness is not the worst evil.
The darker consequences may be witnessed in every lunatic
asylum and every grave-yard.
LOCALIZING FACULTIES.
THERE is a tendency in nature to destroy. We have illus-
trations of this everywhere, and in all ages. As it has been,
so is it now. Crops are blighted, fences are laid low, trees
are torn up by the roots, houses are razed to their founda-
tions, ships are sunk, and men and animals are suddenly
deprived of life. This apparently suicidal tendency is called
demolitiousness. On the other hand, nature possesses a
preservative power. In her bosom lie those treasures of
gold, silver, coal, iron, &c., which, when laid hold of by man,
minister so much to human comfort and prosperity. This
power, common both to man and surrounding nature, we
call concealativeness.
To this nomenclature none can object; but with its
modus operandi of application among a certain class of
teachers it is impossible for us to agree. When you speak
of nature as being destructive, concealative, &c., you say
what is undeniable truth; but when you presume to descend
to particulars, and attribute to one part of nature demoli-
tiousness, to another concealativeness, and to another resist-
ativeness, we are compelled, by the sheer force of evidence,
to dissent. You cannot localize these faculties, yet their
signs are local and general. You cannot speak of them
collectively or individually as being here and not there, as
LOCALIZING FACULTIES. 97
being in the mountain, but not in the ocean, or as being
above you, but not beneath you. The spirit that moves in
nature is ubiquitous. Its centre is everywhere and its
circumference no where; -and as this spirit is the onsia, as
the ancients called it, in which all the faculties of nature
inhere, we must, by a process of reasoning, trace the
different tendencies to that spirit, as we trace the different
manifestations of power in the human body to the un-
seen man within it; and just as we speak of a man doing
this or that, and not of his hand doing it, or his eye doing
it, or his feet doing it, so is it absurd to localize the above
faculties in nature and speak of them as being present here,
but absent there. Wherever the spirit of universal nature
is, there are the faculties. And as the spirit is everywhere
in man's form and in all nature, so must the faculties be.
He is a fool, therefore, who would lay his hand upon one
mountain and say, here we have demolitiousness ; and on
another, and say, here we have concealativeness ; and on a
third and fourth, and say, here we have truth and love; the
truth being, that the whole of the faculties inhere in that
existence which, for popular purposes, has been denominated
nature : only in some places they are manifested in an observ-
able manner, and in others not. Matter we may locate ;
mind or God we cannot.
To localize faculties is no new thing in the world. The
tendency toward it is hoary with age. The literature of
ancient Greece and Rome is full of it, and the religion of
the Egyptians was founded upon it. Socrates, and Aristotle
after him, with all their philosophical acuteness, were unable
to perceive that universal nature was permeated with one
indivisible spirit, the cause of all existences, animate and
inanimate. They clothed certain material things with attri-
butes considered to be divine, and in these material things
they believed powers or gods to reside, exclusive of all other
places, and in consequence of this they worshipped them
98 LOCALIZING FACULTIES.
But not only in heathendom do we find this tendency
Even the Jews, with their oracles, patristic traditions, and
living prophets, were unable to extricate themselves from
its seductive influence. Hence they saw the Great Spirit
of the Universe only in certain of His works, and not in
others; in those which moved and alarmed, not in those
which came daily and steadily; in the tempest which
blighted the crops, not in the heat and moisture which made
them to spring up, and grow and ripen; in the disease which
wasted and ravaged, not in the health which sustained and
gladdened the frame for years; in the lightning which
smote, but not in the light which smiled; in the eclipse
with its lurid darkness, but not in the pleasant sunshine
which daily played .upon the earth ; in the meteor which
burst out so ominously, but not in the stars which looked
down upon them so purely and benignly; in sudden and
unexpected prosperity, but not in the common blessings
which were showered upon them from day to day; in the
storm which sunk the vessel, but not in the favourable
breezes which bad borne it along for such a length of time ;
in the preservation of the individual in a shipwreck, but
not in that assiduous care which to so many had prevented
shipwreck altogether. Such was the state of things among
the Jews; and in modern Christendom, what do we find but
the same spirit? Men are unable to worship the unseen.
They must not only have God embodied, they must have
Him individualized and separate. He dwells in the Pope, it
is said: and when men meet his holiness, they prostrate
themselves before him, intentionally or unintentionally,
believing that the great moving spirit of the universe is
hid within the old man's bones and muscles, to the exclu-
sion of surrounding nature. And so, too, among religious
reformers. Places are set aside and consecrated, such as
churches, &c. ; and in these places, we are told, God vouch^
safes His presence, as if that Being who shines in the sun,
LOCALIZING FACULTIES. 99
and glows in the moon, did not live thioughout all space,
and could be walled in by brick and mortar! What is this,
we ask, but the localization of the faculties of that un-
bounded spirit which is everywhere and indivisible!
Against this tendency, then, we most earnestly protest.
In God we live, and move, and have our being; and in
that God there is an infinity of faculties or powers, all
working to one glorious end; but these are not separate
and limited, and confined to certain defined parts of space,
but are diffused throughout all nature.
The word faculty denotes ability to act or perform,
whether that ability be inborn, or developed and cultivated.
When Fuller says that the Pope granted him a faculty to
set him free from his promise, he means that ability had
been granted to him to avoid the fulfilment of his promise;
and when Quincey says that the vital faculty is that by
which life is preserved, he simply predicates of living exist-
ences the ability to preserve life. On this principle, when
we speak of the faculties of nature, we refer to the powers
or abilities which nature possesses to accomplish ends by
appropriate means, whether these powers or abilities
operate or otherwise. To act is one thing, the power,
faculty, or ability which underlies the act is another and
very different thing. Acts performed sustain to the faculty
which acts, the relation of production to producer; or, in
other words, the faculty is the cause, the act accomplished
is the effect: and while effects may be limited, and indeed
must be, both by time and space, it is impossible to localize
the primary cause.
What we contend for is beautifully portrayed in man,
felicitously called a microcosm, a little world in himself.
Professor Frazer, of the Edinburgh University, speaks of
man as being a bundle of attributes, which is just a repro-
duction of the oft-quoted idea of England's greatest poet
and dramatist, — "What a piece of workmanship is man! how
100 LOCALIZING FACULTIES.
noble in reason! how infinite in faculties!" Innumerable
as the sands upon the sea-shore, and full as old ocean are
the powers of this noble and wonderful microcosm — man.
Here, as well as in the broad expanse above, and in the
green earth beneath, are evident tokens of design. As ships
are built, and so built as to plough the ocean with as little
difficulty as possible, so men have been constructed for a
purpose. One man is born a mechanic. He has within
him the faculty of appreciating physical proportions, that
he may be able to form materials square, round, &c., as the
case may be; and as that faculty is developed, we see it
controlling the materials on which it acts. Another man is
born with endurance. He has within him the faculty of
bearing up in extreme difficulties and hardships. Waves
that would overwhelm others have no effect on him. His
constitution, like the blacksmith's arm, gathers strength by
exercise. So it is with the man of scientific tendencies. He
is constructed to be scientific. His faculty of penetration,
his faculty of generalization and abstraction seem to predo-
minate. He has been born to chain the winds that they
may do his behests, — to direct the lightning for conversa-
tional purposes, — to traverse the starry-paved firmament,
and find out the positions of the planets, and to delve into
the dark recesses of the earth, and tell the history of the
world by means of fossilized substances. Another man has
been constructed for musical purposes. His varied powers
coalesce, so to speak, and develop into a beautiful harmony.
This man deals with sounds and controls them, and can
detect in an instant the slightest discord, even though the
performers could be numbered by thousands. But who can
lay his hand upon a man and say, here, at this particular
part of his complex organism, is the mechanical faculty, or
here, at another part, is the faculty of endurance, or at
another, the penetrative or scientific faculty, or at another,
the musical? The man who acts thus meroly assumes or
LOCALIZING FACULTIES. 101
imitates. He does not reason, and if he systematizes his
notions into a whole, he systematizes what is and must be
false, for his notions have no foundation in principle. Why
does he fasten on a certain part of the human organism and
say, here we have the mechanical faculty or the musical
faculty? He cannot tell, or will answer, that " observation
has determined that a fulness at such a point indicates
certain idiosyncracies of character;" the observation may be
true of the sign, but not of the faculty or principle that is
general in nature. He can give no reason for it. He
merely assumes and asserts, and takes the sign for the
faculty. And as assertions without reasons are unreason-
able, and that which is unreasonable, false, it follows that
his notions, whether detailed or gathered up into a system,
are wholly unworthy of belief. The faculties of man, like
the powers inherent in nature, cannot be located. The man
who has the mechanical faculty is a mechanic from the
crown of his head to the soles of his feet. The man who
has the faculty of endurance is an enduring man through
and through, not in one bono merely, but in all. He who
has the scientific faculty, m scientific, or constructed for
scientific purposes all throughout his organism; and the
musical man is not musical in part, but from the centre
to the circumference of his being is permeated with the
faculty of music. There is no location; there is no
dividing of the integral parts of a man, one part contain-
ing one faculty, and another another faculty; whatever
faculties a man has are diffused throughout his whole
body, soul, and spirit, as God is diffused throughout
universal space. There are signs of faculties, and these
grouped into one whole we denominate Physiognomy;
but the signs must be distinguished from the faculties
themselves. The signs are local, the faculties are not,
and it is because these two things have been confounded,
instead of being distinguished, that the localizing theory
102
LOCALIZING FACULTIES.
which we have been condemning has found a footing
among men.
Here it may be remarked, that man has failed as yet
to master even the alphabet of his own nature, and the
cosmical system with which he is surrounded — that,
indeed, as Sir Isaac Newton once said, we are just
like children gathering shells upon the sea-shore, while tho
great ocean of truth lies before us unexplored.
THE MAKQUIS DE LAFAYETTE, a distinguished French statesman,
patriot, and philanthropist. His low and greatly receding forehead did
not prevent the manifestation of sound reason, good judgment, and
superior intellectual ability.
THE NUMBER OF FACULTIES IN THE
HUMAN MIND.
IT is implied in the heading of this essay that there is
in man a something called Mind, as distinct from that
which we denominate matter — physical substance or body.
What mind is in its essence, we know not, any more than
we know what matter is in its essence. "What is mind?"
asked an inquirer once of a philosopher. " No matter," was
the reply. "And what is matter?" continued the inquirer.
" Never mind," was the laconic answer. These we con-
sider to be the best answers which could possibly, in our
present condition, be given to the questions. We know the
attributes of matter, at least some of them, but that is all
we know; and we know the qualities of mind, at least
some of them, and there our knowledge ceases. When we
come into contact with a substance which has length, and
breadth, and height, and depth, hardness, or softness, or
colour, we immediately conclude that that substance is
physical, that it is matter or body ; and when, by the
exercise of our inner consciousness, we find in ourselves
the qualities of thought, feeling, and volition, we infer from
these qualities that there is some kind of substance or
existence in which they inhere, and that substance we call
Mind. The qualities of mind cannot be predicated of
104 THE NUMBER OF FACULTIES IN Tllri HUMAN MIND.
matter, nor can the attributes of matter be predicated of
mind. The two reside together, and in a mysterious
manner influence each other, but they are not to be con-
founded. Materialism, therefore, pure and simple, is, as a
system, false. There must be something greater than
matter, which produces it, controls it, and gives it endur-
ance; that something we call Mind.
It has been said, " there is nothing great on earth but
man, and there is nothing in man great but mind." Sir
W. Hamilton was so convinced of the truth of this state-
ment, that he used it as the motto of those immortal
lectures now published, which, as Professor of Logic, he
delivered in the Edinburgh University; and certainly,
taking the term great in its loftiest sense, the great
metaphysician was right; for body without mind as a
moving principle would sink into nothingness.
The question as to the number of faculties possessed by
fcho human mind has perplexed scientific and philosophic
inquirers in all ages. Some dogmatists have professed to
master the question, and have been forward enough to put
their answer on paper and give it to the world. Others,
more penetrating in intellect and less bold, have named a few,
leaving future searchers for truth to discover more; but few
have been able to see that what we call mental faculties
spring up as the ages roll on, and are brought to light by
the surrounding circumstances which demand them. Nature
creates nothing in vain. She gives only as man requires.
Just as a wise man, when travelling through foreign coun-
tries, will not cumber his pockets with money, but take
with him a bill of exchange by which he can supply him-
self on his way just as he requires it, so Nature acts
naturally and reasonably, bestowing powers only where
and when they are needed. The ancients, who were able
to do without clothing, and without roofs to their houses,
as the lower animals do still, did not possess the architec-
TIIE NUMBER OF FACULTIES IN THE HUMAN MIND. 105
tural faculty which has done such great things in the
present day; and Nature did not impart it to them, because
in their case it was not required. Architecture, like ever}7
other art, is a thing of growth. From the rude, unpolished
upright stones of barbarous times, to the beautiful fluted
pillars of the Athenians, there was a gradual growth, just
as there has been since the time that the then gorgeous
Areopagus was built. At first the faculty was given in a
rude form, gradually it became brighter and brighter,
and is becoming more and more polished still; and who
dare say that man possesses it in perfection, even in this
the 19th century. May we not say, that notwithstanding
the past glories .of architecture, there are glories yet to be
revealed, in the presence of which the architecture of the
present will appear as rude as was the work of the first
architects, as compared with that of architects now? And
so it is with other mental faculties. They are growths.
The demand creates the supply. Reason was given when
it was needed, and because it was needed; and this may
be said of every power which man at present possesses.
The lower and more animal faculties are, as well as the
special senses, common to all mankind; the higher, and
more refined, and spiritual, are the products of cultivation
and growth. Worship is a matter of education. Prayer is
a matter of education. Like monkeys, men are imitative,
and take on much from example. The child, under the
tuition of a praying mother, will most probably become a
praying man; but without such tuition, it is most likely
that in this respect he would fail. Prayer is based upon
education, like telegraphy. Could any school-boy become
an accomplished telegraphist at once, without the necessary
drill? The thing is impossible. And so it is with prayer.
Printers learn to be printers. They are not printers by
intuition. A man who never saw a printing press, and
knew nothing of types and their settings, could never make
106 iHE NUMBER OF FACULTIES IN THE HUMAN MIND.
an intelligent impression on paper. It is mind under drill
and cultivation which telegraphs and prints. Those powers
peculiar to Christianity were once but conceptions in the
inind of Jesus of Nazareth; but through the instrumentality
of those whom he educated, those conceptions have spread
through the civilized world, and have produced in men's
minds those faculties for worship which we find in the
Christian Church. Christianity brought new faculties to
men, but these it distributed gradually ; and who dare say
that that system called Christianity has been exhausted,
and that all the powers it can impart have been imparted?
Step by step are men being led; and only step by step can
they be led, until they reach that noble manhood which
consists in an innumerable array of received faculties work-
ing harmoniously together. The faculty of music, too, is
a thing imparted. Many a girl has been set down as
incapable of becoming a pianist, who, nevertheless, after
careful training, has manifested a power in the art quite
uncommon. Without the training, her ear would have
remained dull, her voice timber-tuned, and she would have
been as unsusceptible of sweetness of sound as a blind man
is to colour. The faculty of language is also imparted.
No man is a linguist by birth or intuition. Language is
learned, and learned by imitation. The Eastern Prince,
confined from infancy to mature years, deprived of the
privilege of listening to articulate sounds, was wholly
unable to articulate. People who are absolutely deaf can-
not speak — simply because the want of hearing hinders
them from imitating the sounds of the more fortunate.
Let, however, their ears be opened, and place them under
training, and the faculty of speech will gradually come.
A hard-working mind, by severe study and prolonged
application, develops new faculties in itself, and these
again, brought to bear upon mankind, propagate themselves
in a remarkable manner. He who has the musical faculty
THE NUMBER OP FACULTIES IN THE HUMAN MIND. 107
strong and highly cultivated, will produce that faculty in
others. The mathematician who has cultivated in himself
the faculty for the right adjustment of figures, will produce
the mathematical faculty in others. The philanthropist
makes philanthropists; the man of science produces the
scientific faculty in his fellows ; and by the influence of
the philosopher, races of men possessed of the philosophical
faculty spring up. Men are not all gifted alike. Inventors
and discoverers have faculties which other men have not.
Every man is not a Sir Isaac Newton or a Columbus. For
ages men had seen apples fall from trees; but it was left
to the self-developed discovering faculty of Newton to infer
from the fall of the apple that there was a law in nature
which might properly be called the law of gravitation.
Thousands of men in earlier times had put the question,
" Has the whole world become known?" But it was left to
the observant Columbus, blest with the faculty of fresh
discovery, to find out the Western Hemisphere. Wise men
wrought hard, and developed in themselves faculties which
others did not possess; and those again, working back upon
mankind, produced their like, and quickened discovery in
men. The necessity for the Davy Lamp was felt for ages
among miners; but never until Sir Humphrey developed
in himself the faculty of invention was that lamp, so useful
to those who work underground, brought to perfection.
Who can read the lives and study the works of such men
as these and others, such as George Stephenson, and yet
believe that there are as many faculties in one man's mind
as there are in another? The system of reading mental
faculties by physical signs in the human body is undoubt-
edly the only system by which the end can be rightly
reached ; but Gall was perfectly right when he somewhat
humorously said that the would-be seers had christened the
babe before it was born, when they called it " Craniology,"
thus confining observation exclusively to the head. He
108 THE NUMBER OF FACULTIES IN THE HUMAN MINI).
took a wider view of things. Ke saw that mind wrought
through every part of the body, and that, in order to study
the faculties inherent or developed by cultivation in the
mind of man, every part of the body must be taken into
account; and this system he called Physiognomy, a name
•which we have adopted, as covering the whole field of
that investigation of which we speak.
Standing, then, on this platform, we are able to discover
what the dogmatic mind has never yet seen. Faculties are,
yearly being noted, and their signs observed, that hereto-
fore have been unindicated. Still, we dare not say, even
from the stand-point of the Physiognomist, that all the
faculties in the human mind have been discovered. Lying
between the zoophite and the man of cultivation, there is a
strange gradation of faculties; but we cannot say that all.
that is possible within the sphere of mental activity and
development has been brought to pass, .even in the most
thoroughly educated and cultivated of minds. We can tell
what we have discovered, but can say nothing of that
which has been unexplored. We know that Physiognomy
reveals many new faculties, and calls attention to their
signs, but we dare not say that Physiognomy has as yet
revealed all. There are depths yet unsounded. Progress
is the law of nature and the law of the human mind. As
men continue going forward, so will their mental faculties
increase. Already in some, as many as a hundred and even
two hundred have been discovered; but who can tell what
Physiognomy will bring to light, when the science has been
brought to perfection? Who can say what number of
faculties will be possessed by the human mind when the
present sustains the relation to the future that the past
sustains to the present? As the petals of the flower are
unfolded by the light of the sun, so are men's minda
wrought upon by minds greater than themselves. Truth
begets truth, science begets science, faculties beget faculties:
THE NUMBER OF FACULTIES IN THE MUM AS MIND. 109
so that the time may come when it will be seen that the
powers of the human mind are as innumerable as the sands
d? the sea shore.
"Curb, then, tkming dogmatists, your piou.» wrath .t
Canute-like, ye may sit upon the shore
Opposing angry foam with angry froth;
But with encroaching wave and growing roar
It comes, your sand -placed thrones must topple o'er,
Whelmed in the wave that but recedes to gain
A higher leap and wider than before.
Scold not the waves, they but obey the plain
Resistless destiny, that rulee Mind, like the main."
GEORGE CANNING, a famous British statesman, poet, wit, brilliant
debater, sapient intellect, and powerful leader of his party, notwithstand-
ing his squat and undersized forehead. This profile denotes untiring per-
severence, sterling energy, thorough education, and a judicious and honest
thinker.
THE HUMAN FACULTIES, AND THE PRINCIPLES
UPON WHICH THEY ARE FOUNDED.
THE word "Faculty," as is clearly shewn by its derivation,
simply denotes the possession of ease or facility, in a greater
or less degree, in performing actions, or in carrying out to
their ultimate results a given class of propensities or
proclivities. It is derived from the Latin "facultas," a
substantive closely allied to the adjective "facilis," easy,
and from which we have direct our English words, facile,
facility, facilitate, facilitation, &c., &c. A faculty, therefore,
whether regarded from a physical er mental point of view,
is, as the etymology of the word plainly demonstrates, the
amount of ease or facility which attends the performance
of actions or thoughts, and irrespective of whether the
particular faculty which may happen to be under consi-
deration be of an inborn origin, or superinduced in whole,
or in part, by cultivation. The degree of endowment
between one individual and another is, as might be
expected, exceedingly varied, and may almost be said
to be co-extensive with the expanse of the human race
itself. This variety is not, of course, confined to the element
of number, though even in this limited sense the remark as
to the great diversity of endowment would still hold good ;
and it is in the degree of strength or intensity of faculty, aa
PRINCIPLES UPON WHICH THE FACULTIES ARE FOUNDED. Ill
developed in different individuals, that we may probably
expect to find the most prominent exhibition of variation.
In some individuals we find present in a greater or less
degree of development, an astonishing number of different
faculties. In such a case, we have the "Jack of all trades
and master of none," when the great variety of faculties
with which the individual is endowed or cursed is but
feebly backed up in point of degree of strength or intensity;
when great variety of faculties and a high degree of strength
or intensity combine in harmonious action, as they very
rarely do, we have as the result an "Admirable Crichton,"
who does everything and everything well. Every faculty
appertaining to the human family is of a two-fold character
— the physical and the spiritual — and these double charac-
teristics are closely interwoven, and intertwine with each
other, acting harmoniously and in unison, but without
obliterating the line of demarcation which exists between
them. The vast variety in the degree of endowment, and
the phenomena of the spiritual existing in excess of the
physical, and vice versa, are clearly traceable to, and the
results are directly deducible from, the preponderance of one
set of elements over another set in the human bodily
structure. As an easily understood illustration of this, we
have only to examine the salient points of the human
edifice, to be furnished with the following indisputable data:
The Abdomen, when, relatively to the other members of the
body, of large development, indicates will of self or selfish-
ness; the Thorax, of a largeness of size m disproportion to
the other members, is an indication of the excess of will of
action or courage; the undue development of the Muscle*
is an unfailing index of the presence of the will of con-
trariety; the Bones, large relatively, indicates the preponder-
ance of the will of inertia or obstinacy; while the Brain,
large out of proportion to the other members, shews the
presence of will of opinion, or the capacity of overpowering-
112 THE HUMAN FACULTIES AND THE
antagonists in intellectual warfare. The number of distinct
faculties existing in the different individuals of the human
race is really much larger than we would be disposed to
imagine, after a cursory and superficial glance at the subject.
Many of them are particularized in the Physiognomical
books which we have already given to the public; but
these publications have by no means exhausted the list.
Amongst numerous others not commented upon in the
works referred to, we may here mention the human facul-
ties of walking, swimming, skating, horsemanship, labour,
clothing, marriage, morality, metaphysics, common sense,
consciousness, mediumship, intelligence, instinct, conception,
judgment, archness, intention, psychology, idealism, clair-
voyance, comprehension, intellection, apprehension, and
intelligensitiveness. The list might still be extended very
considerably, but those given will suffice to give the reader
some conception of the comprehensiveness of the subject.
The physiological explanation of the causes and effects
which we have attempted to illustrate, in reference to the
relative preponderance of the five varieties of faculties
which advance themselves most prominently, is not very
far to seek. The Abdomen, when relatively large, denotes
the presence of a selfish will, in virtue of the grasping and
craving nature of that part of the body, and of the juicea
which are engendered and secreted there. These urgently
demand primary attention, and they will countenance
no consideration for the wants of any of their brother
functionaries, until their own demands have been conceded
to the uttermost. This granted, they acquiesce actively,
as well as passively, in the conveyance to its various
destinations of the support which is necessary for the
existence of the other members of the human functional
body. This is the very essence of selfishness. The selfish
individual is not averse to the contemplation of content-
ment and enjoyment in others, and he will even contribute
PRINCIPLES UPON WHICH THEY ARE FOUNDED. 113
to bring about this result; but with the inevitable proviso
that he must first be served, or serve himself to repletion.
When relatively large, the Thorax, which is mainly made
up of the heart and lungs, is indicative of the will of
action or courage largely developed, because these parts
of the human frame exhibit, during every second of the
existence of life, an unceasing and incessant activity. Here
we find the grand principle of action displayed to its fullest
extent; and not a moment of our life but the heart beats
and the lungs dilate with dauntless, unwearied, and un-
ceasing regularity and fidelity. The less sensitive and less
active of the human functions may sink to rest their
wearied faculties, secure in the assurance that the heart
and lungs will courageously and unweariedly carry on
the needful action, and maintain the heat necessary for the
welfare of the body corporate. When, therefore, the pro-
portions of the Thorax are large, we may be sure the mental
part of the individual is richly endowed with motion,
activity, or courage. The uninitiated may not be aware
to how large an extent the principle of contrariety pervades
the functionary arrangement of the muscles. It would
seem as if it were the very nature of the muscles of the
human frame to act contrary or in opposition to other
muscles forming part of the same bodily structure. If we
examine the Muscular arrangement of one of our hands, we
find that its action is the reverse of the arrangement on the
other hand, to which it acts in direct contrariety
thereby demonstrating the existence of a two-fold power
of action. When a volume of air is received into the
lungs, it instantly enlarges the thoracic part of the bouy;
but immediately the principle of contrariety, which we are
now noticing, displays itself in the elasticity of the pulmo-
nary cells and abdominal muscles, which, by a contrary
motion, at once expel the air that has just been admitted.
When the heart receives blood, it is extended and dilated;
i!4 THE HUMAN FACULTIES, AND. THE
but instantly the various layers of muscles which form its
walls, acting with what we may be pardoned for calling
instinctive contrariety, put themselves in action, and
drive out the blood which has been received. This
principle of contrariety pervades the entire Muscular
arrangement of the human frame; and where we find in
the individual a Muscular development in excess of the
other -bodily functions, we may be sure of the presence oi
the will of contrariety, or, in other words, the presence oi
an easiness, facility, or faculty of going and doing contrary,
and of working to cross purposes. This is the pig character,
and the human variety will be found built broad and low
like his porcine brother. When Bones predominate in the
individual human structure, the ruling principle of the
individual will be found to be obstinacy. The quality oi
obstinacy, when dissected and examined, will be found
to be simply a disinclination to move; a predispositioD to
inertia, such as the ass, which may be regarded as obstinacy
itself on four legs, and endowed with life, displays with so
frequent a recurrence. The ass has a large Bone develop-
ment, and it is mainly due to this peculiarity that it has
acquired so unenviable a notoriety for obstinacy. The
component parts of bone are largely made up of lirne,
phosphates, and other rocky material. Now, this rocky
substance, which enters so largely into the composition of
bone, is inert matter, which is moved with difficulty, and
never in consequence of any action from within. When
this tendency to inertia or obstinacy is individualized by a
predominance of bone, the individual has, as the most pro-
minent feature of his character, a distaste to motion, an
inertia, obstinacy, in fact. The last spiritual manifestation
deducible from an excess of development in the five salient
features of the human frame is what we have termed " will
of opinion," traceable back to predominance of brain, and
which may, in other words, be described as a " positive or
PRINCIPLES UPON WHICH THEY APE FOUNDED. 115
vivid power of sensation." When the idea of a material
form is conveyed to the brain, through the medium of the
material eye ; or when an abstract or immaterial entity is
looked at and examined by the eye of the mind, an impres-
sion is made upon the nervous system; these impressions
become mentally solidified into convictions, and the indi-
vidual forms positive conclusions respecting the object,
whether material or abstract. The conclusions arrived at
in this way are, in common parlance, his opinions, and his
capacity for forming and retaining opinions will be in pro-
portion to the real strength of his mind. Man's endow-
ment in this respect leaves even the most advanced of the
rest of the animal world far behind ; and this fact is directly
dedncible from the nearer proportion of his parts. This will
of opinion, where inordinately developed, has led to the
sacrifice of millions of human lives, for causes spiritual,
intellectual, commercial, political, and polemical. We hope
we have made it plain to our readers to how great an extent
the two phases of each of the five particularized faculties
depend on, and are regulated by, each other. All the other
faculties maintain a parallel attitude, and hinge equally with
those we have detailed on the predominance of one part of
the human edifice over another; and it is in a proper under-
standing of this comparative structure that the key is
to be found to the phenomena and mystery of the human
character.
As we have, we hope, shewn that, in special and pro-
minent cases, the faculties appertaining to humanity are
dependent for their existence on their various material
prototypes resident in the bodily structure, so may the rule
be accepted as universally applicable in general and less
prominent cases. All faculties, however subtle and com-
plex their composition, are dependent for their existence
and support on particular elements, forming constituent
parts of the material structure of the bodily frame. The
116 THE HUMAN FACULTIES, AND THE
faculties have no patent of self-existence; and continued
and adequate support is absolutely necessary to their living
and healthful action. If this support be vitiated at its
springs, or totally withdrawn, the faculty becomes unhealthy
in its action, and finally ceases to exist. According to the
character of the faculty, support is sought from the various
members of the material body, the spiritual character of
the faculty bearing a close resemblance to the character-
istics of the region from which it draws its supplies. As
an illustrative example, the faculty of appetite, or appe-
titiveness, has for the object of its existence the furnishing
and regulation of the supplies of food necessary for the
keeping alive of the bo\ly ; and accordingly, as the Abdomen
first assimilates and then regulates in the interior the
distribution of the requisite aliment demanded by the
other organs, so is it the prototype or sign of the supplyant
faculties, of which that of appetentiveness is one. A
parallel case is that of aquasorbitiveness, or that faculty
which regulates the reception of liquids into the human
system. The admission of a stipulated supply of liquids
is equalty necessary with the supply of solids for the due
nourishment and support of the frame; and therefore, as
the Abdomen or stomach is the internal assimilator and
distributor of nourishment, the faculty of aquasorbitive-
ness looks to the Abdomen or stomach for its guidance,
and for the degree of vigour and judgment which may be
necessary for the proper performance of its functions.
When the Abdomen is distended with easy repletion, a
calm contentedness and acquiesciveness supervenes ; this
placidity is immediately communicated to the faculties of
appetitiveness and aquasorbitiveness, and for the time
being a peaceful harmony reigns supreme throughout the
entire range of the supplyant powers. Animalimitation-
ality is the faculty which enables one individual of the
animal creation to copy or imitate the actions and motions
PRINCIPLES UPON WHICH THEY ARE FOUNDED. 117
of another. In the human variety the very first exhibition
which we have of animalimitationality is in the lately
born infant teaching itself, or being taught by example,
the motions and actions necessary for the admission
of nourishment ; and therefore animalimitationality will
come under the natural law in belonging to that part
wherein the faculty is first brought into use, which, in the
instance on which we are now engaged, is in and around
the mouth, and in immediate combination and connection
with the supplyant powers. The mouth and its immediate
surroundings, in virtue of the great mobility or power of
motion which is seated there, is eminently adapted for
producing imitations of animal actions, and the facial
power of expression seems here to reach its acme, culmin-
ating in a wonderful range of power in the direction
of animalimitationality. The conditions reigning in and
around the mouth also are faithfully indicative of the con-
ditions which subsist in and around its prototype of the
interior, the Abdomen; and it is closely allied to, and
conscientiously illustrative of, the whole of the signs
connected with the supplyant powers. The mouth is,
moreover, the commencement of the alimentary canal,
with the entire course of which it must correspond, rela-
tively, in point of size and conditions. It is not, therefore,
difficult to see to what a large extent the mouth and its
concomitants form an index of the size of the abdomen,
or how its width corresponds to the strength of the faculty
of animalimitationality and its fulness, or the extent to
which it reaches forward to its activity. This law of
necessity and convenience, as illustrated in the harmonious
regulations of the supplyant powers, as well as in those of
the other classes, offers a tempting opportunity for an
incisive examination and elucidation of the springs of action
whence those beautiful arrangements have their origin;
but as this is not an essay on the principles of the signs
118 THE HUMAN FACULTIES, AND THE
of the faculties and powers of man, we must leave that
phase to be dealt with by the student of natural law. A
curious law operating in connection with the human
faculties is, that it is not within the power of any indi-
vidual to do or perform anything which does not already
exist and reside within his organization. When a man
finds himself unsuited for any particular calling or occupa-
tion, his incapacity proceeds purely from the non-existence
of the thing within him; and there is therefore a very
considerable amount of truth and aptness in the expression,
rashly set down by many as slangy and indecorous, "it is
not in him to do it." The simple fact is, that we cannot
do, or judge of, outside of ourselves, what we do not already
possess within our systems. A man need not attempt to
become a carpenter or architect, or to build a house, if he is
not himself constructed on the mechanical principle. If he
does not possess the faculty of structurodexterity, that is
to say, if he is not himself built upon the mechanical
principle, with square form, and provided with large bones,
he will be quite unable to distinguish himself in dealing
with square objects, or things with angles and straight
lines, and he would fail utterly in any attempt to expend
his energy in an architectural or mechanical direction. To
afford a prospect of success in this quarter, the beginner
must already possess the elements of the art within him,
and be constructed on the principles we have mentioned.
If so endowed and possessed of the requisite Muscular
strength, he will find no difficulty in acquiring, by the
necessary amount of practice, an easiness, a facility, or
faculty of performing and judging of mechanical work.
Again, to enable a man to do and judge of round work, it
is necessary that he should be himself built on the round
plan of human architecture. It would be futile, for instance,
to set an individual to learn the art of watch and clock
making, if he were wanting or deficient in the corporeal
PRINCIPLES UPON WHICH THEY ARE FOUNDED. 119
elements of motion, roundness, stability, and mechanism.
The result would inevitably be a signal failure, arising from
having disregarded the fitness of things, and the universal
law of the relations subsisting between the functions or
faculties, as such, and those portions of the human structure
on which they are severally dependent for existence and
support. One man is abundantly endowed in the matter
of colour, and he becomes, or would become, if circumstances
led him to make the attempt, a great painter. Another mau
has only one colour in his form, and thousands of pounds
might be spent in vain in trying to teach him to paint.
The thing itself does not exist within him ; and it
were as reasonable to attempt the manufacture of some-
thing out of nothing, as to endeavour to supply, by artificial
means, that wealth of colour which nature has denied him.
The same principle applies with equal force throughout the
entire scope of the subject, and in every case deals equally
powerfully with all the human faculties, whether in their
spiritual or physical phases. A man cannot regard money
from the miser's point of view, unless there is within him a
preponderance of the material over the spiritual. A would-
be painter cannot picture on the canvas what he is unable
to originate and conceive within his own mind. It would
be worse than idle or unreasonable to expect a song from
a man who had no music in his soul. You might as well
hope to get five hundred dollars from one who did not
possess a cent. — to get a dove to carry the load of an ox, —
or a spider to spin a web of sufficient strength to arrest the
rapid motion of a train of cars! These latter expectations
everyone will readily admit to be in the highest degree
absurd; and yet they are not one whit more absurd than
to hope to attain to usefulness — not to speak of eminence —
in any particular walk of life, if the candidate does not
exhibit in his bodily conformation that particular fitness
and aptitude which, by the eternal law of nature, governs
the oarticuiar faculty which is in questic n.
120 THE HUMAN FACULTIES, AND' THE
The faculty of deraolitiousness is the presence of a prone-
ness, a facility, or faculty for destruction. To have the
power to bring about wreck and destruction, strength is
absolutely necessary, and this strength is only obtainable
in a large development of the Muscular system. Large
muscular development, perforce entails width of body, and
wherever we find exhibited an unusual width or breadth of
bodily structure, we may accept that as excellent prima
facie evidence of the existence in the individual of a power-
ful development of the faculty or principle of physical
destructiveness. And as a corollary of this, wherever we
tind the head narrow, and long from front to back, that is
to say, in its anterior and posterior diameter, accompanied
by wide shoulders, and a prominent and rather thin nose,
we may take it for granted that we have before us an
example of the embodiment of spiritual destructiveness, by
which we mean, a facility or faculty for the demolition of
erroneous and mischievous ideas. This is the description of
great reformers of thoughts and morals. When we find an
unusually large development of the flexor muscles, we may
be assured that we have discovered a safe repository for
secrets; this development of the flexor muscles denoting
the power of retaining possession of secrets without the
least pain or exercise of self-denial. The very genius of the
entire system of such a specimen is secrecy, and it delights
in nothing so much as in the possession and retention of
exclusive information and intelligence.
We have admitted the possibility, under certain condi-
tions and within somewhat narrow limits, of the cultivation
and partial development of faculties; but let it be borne dis-
tinctly in mind that this is possible only to the extent — and no
farther — that it is practicable to modify by cultivation, use
and wont, the bodily proportions. This action is very limited
and circumscribed ; and the influence exerted by the bodily
PRINCIPLES UPON WHICH THEY ARE FOUNDED. 121
proportions upon the faculties themselves is in exact ratio
with the changes which they have first undergone. It
will, however, sometimes appear as if the entire mental
action were reversed, and this is explained by taking the
material example of the steam-engine. A very slight
exertion of power on the part of the engineer acting upon
the lever or valve-handle will gradually slacken the speed
of the machine, until it comes to a stand; and a further
movement will cause the power of the steam to be exerted
in such a way on the machinery as to engender a contrary
motion, and the engine, which was before proceeding east-
ward, now proceeds westwards, impelled by the same
power acting on the same machinery which formerly pro-
pelled the machine in an easterly direction. The organiza-
tion of man is infinitely finer and more complex than that
of a steam-engine, and the forces which act upon it are
vastly more numerous than those of heated water and air,
and it is therefore capable of an infinitely greater variety of
action and motion. To strengthen the spiritual power of
man, we have no other means than that of purifying his
material proportions, and enlarging the sensorium or Brain
and Nerve form. Gradually, and in exact proportion as his
system becomes purified and etherealized, the spiritual
phase of his faculties becomes improved and enriched. Let
the body undergo deterioration by physical drudgeries,
unwholesome food, filth, or excessive indulgence in ardent
spirits, and the human engine is immediately reversed, and
runs in the direction of the animal, instead of the spiritual.
The operation necessary, therefore, to awaken a latent
faculty, or to change the direction and aim of an existing
active one, is simply that of effecting a change of the
conditions of the bodily proportions. To secure the healthy
and useful action of the faculties, it is necessary to have
each individual faculty existing in harmony with the
122
THE HUMAN FACULTIES AND TIII'.IR- PRTNCTPT.ES.
and where this harmony is exhibited in its fullest extent, there
do we find specimens of humanity constructed on the suret-t
principles for the furtherance of their own happiness, and
the amelioration of the conditions of the world at large.
DR. E. B. FOOTE, the distinguished author and physician, of New
York, known by his writings throughout the civilized world. (Portrait
copied from frontispiece of his " Plain Home Talk," a popular work upon
topics relating to health, marriage, heredity, etc., etc.)
THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES.
OILJ.A.SS I.
THE STJPPLYANT POWERS.
WHERE THE POWERS OF THIS CLASS ARE LARGE, THE ABDO-
MINAL FORM PREDOMINATES IN THAT ORGANIZATION.
ACQTJIESCIYENESS.— CONTENTMENT.
THE DISPOSITION TO BE SATISFIED IN A QUIET MANNER.
Full cheeks and placidity of countenance indicate acquies-
civeness or contentment generally, especially if the
aspect is cheerful.
PRINCIPLES THAT UNDERLIE THE FACULTIES AND
THEIR SIGNS.
EVERYTHING that exists within the range of nature, and,
whether embodying material or abstract ideas, has as a
fundamental accompaniment, an underlying principle that
ranks before, and in precedence of, the fact, idea, or faculty
itself. In observing the fall of an apple to the ground,
from the particular branch or twig whereon it has grown,
the most superficial observer may recognize the fact that
the apple has fallen; but under and preceding the simple
fact of the apple having changed its place and position,
there is the infinitely more interesting consideration of the
cause or principle whence the change of place has sprung,
and this underlying cause or principle we call the " natural
124 THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES.
law of gravity." But for the operation of this law of
gravity, that attracts every atom of natural matter in the
direction of the centre of the earth, the apple might have
remained for ever in its elevation of a few feet above the
surface of the earth, or it might have been left to be
operated upon by other forces in any other direction. From
Acqniesciveness Large —
Welsh Woman.
Acquiesciveness Small —
Mrs. Bachus, of California.
this illustration, we perceive by a train of logical reasoning
which all may comprehend, that facts, occurrences, or by
whatever name we may choose to call them, are invariably
preceded by natural originating principles — these facts being
the natural outcome of the forces exerted by those prin-
ciples, and not independent occurrences constituting cause
and effect in themselves. Simply to observe facts is one
thing; but to trace back from effect to cause — to sift and
elucidate the underlying principles, and to unfold and explain
the time and mode of action, is quite another thing,
requiring a much higher order of logical reasoning power.
In this article we propose, briefly and simply, to open up
this feature of the question, by indicating the principles
acting in precedence of each faculty or power, in the parti-
THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES. 125
cular order in which the faculties have been arranged
The underlying principles will be placed as the last verse
under each faculty, in their respective order, as in the
following paragraph —
Acquiesciveness makes its presence manifest in a full
development of the muscles and tissues of the cheeks,
temples, &c., conclusive evidence of an abundant supply of
animal juices, and consequently of the possession on the
part of the individual of excellent digestive powers, and of
an ample and well-working assimilative apparatus. As
there is no time when what we may call bodily content-
ment, or the absence of any kind of craving or uneasiness
is more conspicuous than immediately after a wholesome
and well regulated meal, so is there no time when mental
tranquillity or contentment is more fully displayed than
immediately after the bodily wants have been attended to,
and when the juices are actively engaged in the assimilation
of the nutritious ingredients that have just been submitted
to their action, for the purpose of being worked up and
elaborated into invigorating life. We thus at once perceive
the intimate relationship subsisting between a fulness in
the cheeks, temples, &c., and the faculty of contentment or
acquiesciveness — the cause being the excellence of the
digestive organs, and the consequent abundant presence
of the animal juices, the effect being the development of
the faculty of acquiesciveness. Good digestion communi-
cates its signs to the Physiognomy, and spreads itself
throughout the entire character which the face represents.
126 THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES.
ANIMALIMITATIONALITY.— ANIMAL IMITA-
TION.
THE POWER OF IMITATING THE MOTIONS, POSTURES, AND
ACTIONS OF ANIMAL FORMS.
A wide mouth, in a narrow face, may safely be defined as
indicative of Animal Imitation.
Animalimitationality Large —
A Fort Rupert Indian.
Animalimitationality Small —
Horace Greeley.
The most mobile and expressive part of the face by far
is the mouth itself, and here we find the seat of powers of
imitation of a character almost illimitable. In particular
individuals we find occasionally an amazing capacity for
imitating the sounds of man and animals, and in no speci-
mens is this power not developed in a certain degree.
These powers of imitation are seated in and around the
mouth, and accordingly to this part of the Physiognomy
we assign as a natural consequence the outward sign or
manifestation of animalimitationality ; for, if we are not to
look for the sign of a particular faculty in that part where
it is most manifested, how can we hope to discover it
elsewhere? We measure the swallow of the whale by the
dimensions of the animal's throat, and by the same proce*
IHE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES. 127
of reasoning we measure the capacity of an individual for
producing imitations of the sounds given forth by his
brother man and by the inferior animals, by the form and
degree of mobility of that part of the face wherein resides
the highest powers in this direction. The degree of
development, therefore, of the faculty of animalimitation-
ality is determined by the size of the mouth.
AQUASOEBITIVENESS.— RELISH FOR WATER
APPRECIATION AND LOVE OF WATER DRINKING, WATER
SCENERY, BATHING, ETC.
A rounding or puffy fulness of the cheeks, from one-half
to three-fourths of an inch outwards, backwards, and
slightly upivards from, the mouth is that part of the face
where the love of liquid first inanifests itself.
Aquasorbitiveness Large— George Aquasorbitiveness Small —
Morland, a talented painter. Nicholas Copernicus.
This faculty directs the quality, quantity, and frequency
of the supplies of liquid that are necessary for the healthy
working of the body corporate. It receives its inspiration
from the condition of the juices of the stomach, and we may
128 THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES.
predicate with absolute certainty its intimate relations to
these juices. Of a soft character, they would naturally
operate upon the soft parts of the face, and accordingly we
find the outward sign of the faculty located in the soft
parts of the cheeks, and just before the masseter muscle.
The faculty may become unduly developed or vitiated by
immoderate drinking, as in the case of George Morland, and
other intemperate people, and in proportion as this phase 01
disease develops itself, we find the growth and enlargement
of the outward sign itself more fully manifested in the
swelling out of that part of the cheeks in which it is
situated. This is a development of the law of use and
wont, in this case operating, and naturally so, upon that
part of the face set in motion by drinking. The sign of
the faculty of aquasorbitiveness is accordingly situated in
the cheeks, just before the masseter muscle.
PHYSIOELPIDICITY.— PHYSICAL HOPE.
THE FACULTY OF HOPE RELATING TO THE PHYSICAL WORLD
AND MATERIAL THINGS.
Full, moist eyes, plump cheeks, large neck, and an elastic
springy step, can be safely relied upon as signs of physical
hope. The sunken, dull eye, hollow cheek, and drooping
corners of the mouth are physiognomical indications of a
gloomy nature.
As this description of hope relates only to the animal or
material department of wants, and is confined to the natural
bodily craving for the sustenance which is necessary to the
existence of life, it is natural that we should look for its
bigns in that part of the body which first touches and
receives the bodily aliment on its way to the interior, viz.,
ir and around the mouth and the lower part of the face.
THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES.
129
As the amount of animal hope depends entirely upon the
amount of life force which is present, so would we naturally
look for the outward sign or manifestation of this faculty
rn that part which indicates the presence of a reserve of
vitality, and we accordingly find that results bear out this
chain of reasoning.
GRASP ATIYENESS.— RAPACITY.
THE PROPENSITY TO GAIN BY EXTORTION, OR ADDICTION
TO GAIN BY PLUNDER OR OPPRESSION.
Heavy jaws, large neck, and heavy chest, are signs of large
rapacity.
The conformation of the mouth generally, but more
especially of the jaws, which are the means that Nat:ire
Graspativeness Large.— Robert
Gregson, a notorious English
pugilist.
Graspativeness Small. — Nana
Narian, an East Indiaman.
.ias provided to man and to the lower animal kingdom for
grasping and retaining possession of their food, denotes in
I
130 THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES.
proportion to its relative development and prominence of
size and position, the degree of the predatory proclivities of
the individual. This graspativeness is not confined to the
matter of food alone, but comprises everything within the
range of human experience, on which the grasping faculty
can be expended. The outward sign, therefore, resides iu
the mouth and jawa.
ASSOCIATIVENESS.— SOCIALITY.
THE DESIRE TO CONVERSE WITH OTHERS AND BE IN THEIB
COMPANY.
Open, protruding, red lips, full cheeks, and large abdomen,
are signs of sociality.
This is a genial interchange of sympathetic thought and
feeling; a magnetism and a vital force which spring up in
Associativeness Large. — Samuel R.
Ward, a Negro remarkable for
bis social disposition.
A.ssociativeness Small. — David Don*
can, a Hermit of Michigan.
THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES. 131
human intercourse, and warm up into full action before the
extracting influence of appropriate and loveable companion-
ship. To be capable of a full display of this genial effer-
vescence, the individual must be well and fully endowed
in the matter of vital force. His living action must be in
the enjoyment of the fullest and the freest play; his animal
juices must be abundant, and the whole ^machine must be
throbbing in the exuberance of overflowing life and action.
In such a subject we find the lips full and protruding, the
cheeks plump, eyes sparkling, and a warm and healthy
glow overspreading the entire Physiognomy. These are
infallible indications of sociativeness, being the natural
outcome of the superabundance of life and energy, which
is the unfailing accompaniment of a high degree of sociality.
APPETITIVENESS.— DESIKE OF FOOD.
THE FACULTY OR QUALITY OF APPETITE.
Width and general fulness of the cheeks opposite the molar
teeth, and a large mouth are never-failing testimonials of
good sustentative propensities.
Appetitiveness Large. — David
Hume, a celebrated historUn.
Appetitiveness Small — Gustavut
III., King of Sweden.
132 THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES.
This faculty shews its presence in a fulness of the cheeks
opposite to the maseter muscles, and the reason of this is at
once plain and evident. The maseter muscles being those
used in the mastication of food, they are seldom idle for any
length of time ; and, by the natural law of development by
use, the result is arrived at of a fulness in the face over
the place where those useful and industrious workers are
silently and efficiently performing their duties.
EETALIATIVENESS.— RETALIATION
THE DISPOSITION OF RETURNING LIKE FOB LIKE. —
"TIT FOR TAT."
This disposition being stronger in the dark races and
animals than in the light, we conclude that persons are
retalialive relatively in proportion to the depth of their
colour. Another sign of revenge is a hollow in the centre of
the forehead. The elephant is an example of a revengeful
character; and the hippopotamus and rhinoceros are
exceedingly retaliative. Horses with this deep indent in
the forehead should never be trusted.
By the term Retaliativeness we are generally understood
to signify the returning of evil for evil; but this meaning is
by far too restricted in its comprehensiveness. It is in fact
the reflection back, or reaction of any set of feelings from
one individual to another; and it is quite as much to be
regarded as the returning of good for good, as any less
worthy motive or action. This capability of reaction or
reflection is only highly developed in those who are
endowed with a superabundance of the Fibrous and Muscular
THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES. 133
form, accompanied with a predominance of the Abdominal
Now the Abdominal form being largely made up of the
soft or semi-fluid portions of the body, its natural tendency
is to reflect back as with a shadow the impressions that
come in contact with it. It is the nature of water, as
well as of all other kinds of fluid, to reflect back blows or
shadows, or whatever may be received on their surfaces;
and this reflection or reaction becomes, when accompanied
by an impelling force, the faculty of Retaliativeness: and
it is thus that we account for the fact, that a man with a
large development of fat is given to retaliative propensities;
and when we add a large abdomen and sufficient depth of
colour, we have combined in one individual all the elements
that are necessary for the vigorous throwing back of all
impressions, whether these impressions be good or bad,
that come in contact with this form. The faculty has its
sign, therefore, in a full development of the Muscular, the
Fleshy, and a superabundance of the Abdominal form.
FRANCOIS P. G. GUIZOT, a celebrated French historian, with vast
retentative, speculative, and practical powers co-ordinated becomingly with
inflexible resistance to what he considered wrong.
THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES.
O L .A.SS II.
THE PROTECTIVE ABILITIES.
IN PERSONS WHERE THIS CLASS OF ABILITIES IS RELATIVELY
LARGE, THERE IS AN ASCENDANCY OF THE THORACIC FORM.
SENTINELITIYENESS. — DESIRE TO BE SENTI-
NELLED.
THE PRECAUTIOUS DISPOSITION THAT SETS ONE OR MORE
ON THE WATCH, TO KEEP A SHARP LOOK-OUT, AND
GIVE WARNING OF APPROACHING DANGER,
Great fulness of the forehead, immediately above, and
close to the junction of a long nose with the forehead, evinces
a desire to be guarded and sentinelled against danger.
THE outward signs of this faculty are to be found in the
expansion of the forehead, immediately above its junction
with a nose of more than the ordinary length. This indi-
cates the degree of strength which resides in that part of
the facial conformant* set apart Tor watching over, or
setting sentinels upon the safety and general welfare of the
whole. It shows the amount of assistance afforded, and
the degree of power accorded to the eyes, in the fulfilment
of their duties of watching for, and recognizing the approach
of danger. To augment the ocular power, an enlargement
THE FACULTIES, TIIEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES.
135
of the surrounding forces rnust take place, and this neces-
sitates an enlargement of the bones, muscles, and brain,
which are the main constituents of the surrounding and
aiding forces, and it is thus we are enabled to estimate the
amount of watching power or Sentinelitiveness present in
the individual
MORIVALOROSITY.— MORAL COURAGE.
THE ENDOWMENT THAT PROMPTS ITS POSSESSOR TO BE
COURAGEOUS WHEN THOUGHTS REQUIRE MORAL SUPPORT.
A long prominent nose, which rises high from the face in
its upper part, is the very best evidence of large moral
courage.
Morivalorosity Large— Thomas Becon,
formerly Professor of Divinity at
Oxford.
Morivalorosity Small — Thomas
Molineaux, a brutal English
pugilist.
This may be described as the higher phase of mere animal
courage, and it exhibits itself morally in a dauntless reach-
ing forward for what is good and pure, and a capacity for
136 THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND FRINCIPLES.
overcoming the obstacles which may bar the way on its
onward progress. Courage of the common sort is positive
activity, and moral courage is the same thing, only with
the addition of a high moral sense. Positive activity, as
we have already demonstrated in another part of the work,
resides in the thorax, of which the lungs or breathing
apparatus comprise a considerable part. The thorax being
the sign of positive activity, and positive activity being
a high moral courage or Morivalorosity, it is clear we must
look for the outward sign of the latter in the degree of
expansion of the facial breathing accessories, and accord-
ingly we find that it has its seat in the nostrils, or breathing
avenues. The breathing capacity is estimated by the
widening out of the nostrils, and the amount of breathing
capacity indicates the degree of development of positive
activity, which in its turn is the indice of the amount of
moral courage or Morivalorosity. The very essence of
morality is a reaching forward for what is good; and when
we find the nose expansive, and reaching forward, we may
conclude that the aspirations and aims of the individual
are in the direction of the moral and the good.
ELEVATIVENESS.— ASPIRATION.
THAT QUALITY OF MIND THAT TENDS TO ELEVATE
CHARACTER AS WELL AS BODY.
The nose that stands well out, and up at the point, accom-
panies the elevative disposition in men and animals.
The desire and capacity for that species of energetic and
overcoming action that carries an individual up an acclivity
has a twofold origin, and the forces which act may be
THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES.
13?
terra ed shortly, the force of strength, and the force of
direction. The working of the former has already been
explained under the head of Morivalorosity, and the other
is the guiding or steering element, which regulates the
direction that the force of strength or activity is to take.
Elevativeness Large— Lavater. Elevativeness Small— Chinese woman.
The direction of the character of the individual, whethei
that be aspiring or grovelling, is measured by the direction,
which is taken by the features in rising out of the plane of
the face; and when the growth is outward and upward,
we may assume that the proclivities are towards Elevative-
ness in both mind and body.
OLFACTIVENESS.— OLFACTORY.
OLFACTIVENESS IS THE SENSE OR FACULTY BY WHICH WE
PERCEIVE THE QUALITIES OF SUBSTANCES BY THEIR
EFFLUVIA OR EMANATIONS.
Long sharp noses invariably accompany great smelling
or olfactory abilities.
We may recognize a high degree of Olfactiveness when
•v*e see a long, sharp, straight nose; and the reason of
138 THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES.
this is not difficult to discover or far to seek. This
kind of nose indicates a great surface for the operation
of the olfactory nerves; and in the increase of strength
with length, it bears a striking resemblance to the tele-
scope, the reaching powers of which are increased in the
ratio of the increase of the length of the inner barrel
surface. The longer and larger is the instrument — grant-
ing, of course, that it is otherwise constructed on the
requisite scientific principles — the greater the power of
reach : and in like manner with the nose — the longer and
wider the nostril the greater is the olfactory surface, and
the more fully developed is the faculty of Olfactiveness.
EESISTATIVENESS.— RESISTANCE,
THE QUALITY AND INCLINATION TO RESIST THE IMPULSE,
PRESSURE, AND ENCROACHMENTS OF OTHERS.
The elevated nose, short neck, and scowling brow are
sure indications of the faculty of resistativeness.
The lion, the tiger, the dog, and in fact the whole of
the combative species, when in the act of springing upon
any object that is placed in antagonism to them, whether
for purpose of necessary food, or from more questionable
motives, may be observed to draw back the head as into
a sheath, and expand the chest with a full inspiration of
air, with the instinctive object of contributing greater force
to the impending blow. These acts unquestionably add
greater power to the aggressive force which is about to
be exercised; but that which would augment the power
of aggression would equally lend force for resistance; and
THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES. 139
we therefore recognize in the short neck and scowling
brow, displaying to the utmost the muscular action of
that part of the body, the indication of a high degree of
Resistativeness, and we might safely predicate a uniform
muscular condition reigning throughout the entire body.
ASSAULTATIVENESS.— ASSAULT.
THE DISPOSITION TO ATTACK THE EIGHTS OB PERSON OP
ANOTHER.
The nose that stands out far from the face, in the region
of the bridge or its centre, can safely be regarded as a
certain sign of an AGGRESSIVE NATURE.
The vicious, biting, and kicking horse is almost invariably
found to possess a nose of the bow shape, and with no
very remote resemblance to that build of the human
variety that we designate the commanding nose. This
peculiar conformation of the nasal organ is the natural
result of the conformation within, which is the cause of
the animal being cursed with a vicious or assaultative
disposition. The same rule holds good in the human family;
and it will invariably be found that, a man's Assaultative-
ness can be measured by the degree of tendency which
his nose evinces towards the form we have indicated.
WATCHFULNESS.
THE STATE OR QUALITY OF BEING WAKEFUL.
Anxious expression, uneasy manner, with full eyes and
a rather long nose, strongly indicate this idiosyncrasy.
140 THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND 'PRINCIPLES.
Earnest and sustained watching quickly produces an
anxious and careworn expression of countenance, this
being the direct, inevitable, and natural result of the
action of a watchful and vigilant mind upon the outward
lineaments of the entire bodily structure, and we may
take it for granted that most of the bodily signs are the
outcome of the working of the mind inside.
SUSPICIOUSNESS.
THE DISPOSITION TO IMAGINE AND SUSPECT THE EXISTENCE
OF SOMETHING WITHOUT PROOF.
The visible evidence of suspicion is the length from the
face, directly forward, to the point of the nose. The crow
is one of the best examples of suspicion.
Snspiciousness Small — Owl. Suspiciousness Large— Crow.
The altitude or protuberance that any individual or
animal assumes for the head and the forepart of the body,
when they are apprehensive of the approach of any kind
of danger, is a throwing forward in an advancing direction
of the centre of the face, as if to carry that part of the
body in which reside the active and watchful faculties —
that is, those lying in and around the eyes and nose — as
THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES. 141
near as possible to the place from which the suspected
danger is expected to proceed. This instinctive action is
born of the desire for the greatest possible facility for
surveying, recognizing, and guarding against the dreaded
hostility.
LOCOMOTIVITY.
THE DESIRE FOR ACTION, AND ABILITY OF CHANGING PLACE,
WHILE PRESERVING IDENTITY.
The faculty of locomotion manifests itself physiognomi-
cally by a long and thin nose. The greyhound and stag-
hound are fine eocamples of locomotive construction; while
the sloth's nose indicates the opposite extreme, and the fact
is verified by its motion being only a few feet each day.
The long slim form of animals is accompanied invariably
with great speed of motion, and vice versa in the case of
the short thick form. Take the ravenous pike, for instance
— the fresh water shark, as he is called, and not without
justice. His great length enables him to dart through the
aqueous element with inconceivable speed. There is not,
indeed, any animal whatever, constructed on the long form,
that is not also endowed with swiftness; and by the same
rule, all those built on the short and thick plan are slow
of foot and sluggish in motion. The great length of the
long animal gives a great extent for the action of the mus-
cular power, and a proportionally long distance for the
nerve fluid to act, and the result, as a natural consequence,
is excess of activity. This lengthy distribution of the
motary nerves enables the animal to exert its will suddenly
and at once on a great expanse of surface, and to give
birth at will to great efforts of locomotion.
142 THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES.
INQUISITIVENESS.
THE ABILITY TO FIND OR OBTAIN INFORMATION — THE
QUALITY OF A DETECTIVE.
A long prominent nose and thin cheeks are evidences of an
inquiring disposition.
When the face assumes a wedged appearance, sharpening
out into a long protruding nose, we may with safety con-
clude that the delight of the possessor is to pry into, and
minutely investigate matters that, to others of a different
form, would appear trivial and childish, and that especially
the individual with the round face, or possessing the round
form, would pass by without arousing or wasting a thought.
This is the natural consequence of the unalterable law of
outward manifestation; and it would be idle to look for
traits of character in antagonism to the natural constructive
bent of the individual. The thin-faced, long-nosed man
revels in close inquiry, while his short-nosed and round-
faced brother rolls contentedly through life, uncaring for
what does not concern himself.
AMBITIOUSNESS.
THE DESIRE OF DISTINCTION OR PRE-EMINENCE.
Thoroughly defined and well-marked features are nature's
recorded evidences of a keen aim in life, and wide, grasp*
ing, and far-reaching AMBITION.
All the individual members of the human family seek
assiduously after that for which, by reason of the particu-
THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES. 143
larity of their structure, they have the most proclivitiea
Those who are ambitious of the possession and exercise of
power are so in virtue of being built upon the plan of
power. Such a man as Napoleon the Great, for instance,
was eminently furnished with those peculiarities of internal
structure, that have for their outcome an unquenchable
thirst for dominion and sway over their brethren of man-
kind. The evidence of a powerful ambitious mind is to
be found in features of the coarse, strong, and well-defined
character, joined with heavy jaws, large neck and chest.
Features of this description are the natural indications of
the presence of a large development of Ambitiousness, or the
love of power, because they denote outwardly the inward
power of the man, and power, like everything else in nature,
has a tendency to assert itself and leave its mark.
AUTOHEGEMONY.— SELF - ESTIMATION.
THE FACULTY WHICH GIVES A HIGH ESTIMATE OF ONE'S OWN
ACTIONS OR CAPACITIES.
Carrying the head well back, and relatively great length
from the point of the nose to the lower part of the chin, are
indications ivhich belong only to those who fully appreciate
their own merits, and in many instances overrate them-
selves. Beau Brummel, the fop in the reign of George IV.
of England, was intensely egotistical. Hence we have given
his likeness as an illustration of large or exaggerated self'
appreciation. Immanuel Kant, the eminent German philo-
eopfter, was very deficient in self-appreciation.
A high appreciation of one's-self is exhibited in the action
of the mind upon the body in such a way as to draw back
144 THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES.
within itself, like a hedgehog, the whole of the Muscular
system. The natural tendency of the mental part of man
is to influence the body in the direction of the thing or
series of things upon which the most of the love of the
Autobegemony Large — Beau Brummel, Autohegemony Small -Immanuel
a noted fop and courtier of Geo. IV. Kant, a German Metaphysician
and Philosopher.
individual is lavished; and in this case, as the most dearly
cherished being is the individual himself, the natural bent
of the whole structure of the body is inwards and towards
himself. A specimen highly endowed in this direction
would display the trapezius muscle in the back of the
neck, situated as if dragging the head backwards and
upwards. This action would have the effect of lifting up
the chin ; and as the direction of the force exercised by the
depressor muscles is of a downward character, there would
naturally result a lengthening out of the face from the
nose to the point of the chin. The actual momentary force
exerted by the muscle is certainly slight, and might be
eet aside by unreflective investigators as comparatively
unimportant; but when it is remembered that this force
THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES. 145
is being constantly exerted during the slow elapse of the
years of a lifetime, we are compelled to concede to it an
importance of no ordinary kind ; and we must admit that
no inconsiderable change would be wrought upon the
Physiognomy by the silent but unceasing working that has
been indicated.
BISHOP MATTHEW SIMPSON, an eloquent preacher, master of the
Latin, Greek, Hebrew, German, and English languages, and one of the
most profound thinkers of this century. A countenance indicative of
veracity, industry, oratory, and chastity. His facile capacity for spoken
language is manifested by his protruding and flexible lips, large moutb
and jaws, but not by his eyes.
THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES,
III.
THE PROPAGAT1VE INCLINATIONS.
THIS CLASS OF INCLINATIONS WILL BE FOUND LARGE WHEN
THE MUSCULAR AND FIBROUS FOEM PREDOMINATES.
TEMPORINATURALITIVENESS.— APPRECIATION
OF NATURAL MOTION.
THE POWER OF JUDGING OR COMPREHENDING THE TIME OF
THE YEAR, THE SEASONS, OR THE REVOLUTIONS OF THE
PLANETS.
The round form of the face and physique bespeak for
the individual the ability to comprehend and produce
natural time.
Temporinaturalitiventss Large —
Bach.
Temporinaturalitiveness Small-
A 11 Indian of Callam Bay.
THOSE mysterious orbs of heaven, that keep their unceasing
journey around their respective systems of suns in a multi-
THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES. 14T
plicity of universes, dazzling and bewildering to sublunary
contemplation, afford us an apt and conclusive illustration
in the elucidation of our science. Those planets comprising
the members of our own system, and with which we have a
more intimate acquaintance, such as the Moon, Saturn,
Neptune, Pallas, and the rest, are all constructed on the
round form, and all their motions are in circles more or
less precise. They are essentially round in their confor-
mations, and in the actions which they perform there is the
unvarying principle of time which, if we may be allowed
the expression, seems to be the paramount consideration,
and one to which all others are secondary and subservient.
This principle of the exact measurement of time, conjoined
to rotundity of form and motion, give us the key to the
fact, that humanity built on the round form is more adapted
to the judging of anything in which time is an element,
than are individuals of the other types. There is a beauti-
ful harmony of design reigning throughout the entire
domain of nature, and this is only one of the innumerable
illustrations which present themselves to the intelligent
observer.
PHYSIOVALOKOSITY,— PHYSICAL COUBAGK
MATERIAL AND CORPOREAL COURAGE; RESISTANCE TO
EVERY SPECIES OF PHYSICAL FORCK
The wide nostril, short neck, large thorax, and eyes set
directly in front, instead of outside of the head, are indubi-
table indications of physical courage; while timidity is
physiognomically recognizable by a long slim neck; large
eyes set on the sides of the head rather than in front; and
narrow long ears. The rabbit and giraffe are fine examples
of timidity
148 THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES.
Physiovalorosity Large — John Broughton, Physiovalorosity Small — Joseph
a base pugilist of England. Justus Scalliger, who tilled
the Chair of Belles Lettres in
the University of Leyden.
Physiovaloroeity Large — A Lion.
Physiovalorosity Small— A Giraffe,
taken from life in the Zoological
Gardens of London.
THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES. 149
As physical courage is the direct result of large lung
development, giving rise to a superabundance of the active
forces of life, and as this form is invariably accompanied
outwardly by nostrils expanding at their base, we find
that the presence of physical strength, which is the natural
result of these conjunctions, denotes also width of head,
nose, jaws, and neck, along with depth of chest, the
immediate causes of the widening out of the nostrils, which
we have referred to. In the above cuts of Physiovalorosity
large, there may be found an excellent illustration of the
operation of this law.
SOPHISTICALNESS.
THE INCLINATION TO BE FALLACIOUSLY SUBTLE AND
UNSOUND.
Sophistry shadows itself forth on the facial lineaments
by giving them a smooth and round expression.
Sophistry — that consists of a false and misleading, though
fair, promising, and specious style of reasoning — is the
natural outcome of a round, smooth, oily organization,
adapted for rounding corners, wheeling and turning, and
generally endeavouring to avoid coming to the point. The
man of the straight or rough form is perforce compelled
to perform all his actions in a straightforward manner,
and to him falsity and deceit are foreign and uncongenial.
These two kinds take as naturally to their respective
modes of action as the young duckling, on breaking from
the shell, takes to the water. The inborn nature asserts
itself: and " what is bred in the bone cannot come out of
the flesh," as the old proverb hath it.
150
THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES.
PLAYFULNESS.
THE ABILITY THAT GIVES, APPRECIATES, AND ENJOYS
LIVELY RECREATIONS AND EXERCISES FOR THE SAKE
OF AMUSEMENT.
Fulness in the centre of the forehead, face, and every
bone of the whole frame, indicates a playful nature.
A small Osseous construction, combined with a large
Muscular development, give this peculiarity to the bones,
that they are most attenuated towards their extremities
and attain their
greatest fulness half
way between those
points. The natural
tendency of the
muscles is one of
action, which action,
when it is super-
abundant and over-
flowing, becomes
playfulness, and
consequently, in ac-
cordance with the
above peculiarity, when we find the frontal bone, or indeed
any other bone in the body, attaining its greatest fulness
in its centre, we predicate the predominance of muscular
activity, which predominance is the index of proclivities
of a sportive or playful character.
Playfulness Large— A Squirrel.
THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES. 151
INTERMUTATIVENESS.— SUBSTITUTION.
THE CAPACITY OF CHANGING OR PLACING ONE THING IN
LIEU OF ANOTHER.
INTERMUTATIVENESS, which is the ability to put one
thing or person in the place of another, may be discovered
by a general fulness in the centre of the face, from the hair
to the centre of the chin inclusive.
This faculty is manifested in a general fulness extending
perpendicularly along the entire length of the face. This
fulness denotes activity on the part of the muscular forces,
and these forces subjected to the will are the conditions
requisite for producing the tendency to Interrnutativeness.
Fulness along the centre line of the face is always indica-
tive of activity, while width of face or body shews the
presence of mere strength rather than great activity.
PHLLOMONOTOPICALNESS.— LOCATIVE HABITS.
THE AFFECTION FOR ONE PLACE, OR, HABIT OF BECOMING
ATTACHED TO ONE SITUATION OR LOCALITY.
Vertical wrinkles in the forehead above the nose, and no
oblique curved wrinkles starting near the top of the nose,
or in the above wrinkles and curving outwards and up-
wards over each eye, with full round cheeks indicate
that you may feel assured that such individuals are
inclined to have a home, with the desire to remain in it, if
possible.
Locative habits have their origin in the protracted con-
152 THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES.
tinuance of a settled and uneventful life, combined with the
action of two faculties. Consecutiveness large renders the
possessor averse to change of any kind, and this form is
always marked by vertical wrinkles above the nose, and
the other conducive faculty, Acquiesciveness, superadds a
mental condition of perfect contentment. The former espe-
cially bars the way to any desire for change of place ; the
latter gives tranquil contentment with the existing state of
things, while continued habit ultimately welds the whole
into settled and unalterable disposition and inclination.
TONIRECEPTIONALITY.— RECEPTION OF TONE.
THE ABILITY OF RECEIVING AND APPRECIATING TONE,
OR SOUND.
The round ear which stands well forward and outward
from the head is well adapted to catch the fine or coarse
sounds, and convey the wave motions to the tympanum
of the ear, and especially musical sounds. An ear lying
Jlat on the side of the head, or angular or pointed in form*
is not adapted to receive and judge musical tones.
Tonireceptionality Smaii-
J H. Newman, D.D.
Tonireceptionality Large -
Tauiberlik.
THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES. 153
The only medium through which musical tones can pos-
sibly reach the interior and lend their soothing, cheerful,
or hilarious effects to the nerves of the brain, is that of the
ear, and it is natural that the contour of this member
should afford some unmistakable outward indications of
the capacity of the individual for the appreciation and
enjoyment of music. This faculty of appreciation and
Tonirecepttonality Small —
The unmusical ear.
Tonireceptionality Large—
The ear of Adelina PattL
enjoyment consists in its power of collecting and conveying
to the auditory nerve by the drum, the sonorous atmos-
pheric vibrations of which music is made up, and in
accordance with the degree of resemblance subsisting
between the form of the ear and the round curving form of
music, the individual is endowed with, or deficient in, this
power of appreciation. The sound of music is essentially
round and rolling. There can be no doubt of this. Othc'r
154 THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES.
kinds of noises are square, angular, rough, uneven, or of
no describable form at all ; but musical tones are certainly
round or wavy, and ears constructed on the round and
wavy form are certainly better adapted for the reception
and appreciation of music than those of the square or irre-
gular type.
CONCEALATIVENESS.— SECRECY.
THE INCLINATION TO HIDE OR WITHHOLD THE KNOWLEDGE
OF THINGS OR THOUGHTS; THE INSTINCT NOT TO TELL
THE MOUSE THAT THE CAT IS WATCHING UNTIL THE
MOUSE IS CAUGHT.
Secretiveness may be known by thin closely compressed
lips, hollowed and flexed hands, arched or cat-shaped foot,
closing of the eyes, &c. The principle of this faculty is to
hold on, its action affects all the flexor muscles of the
organization. It may be seen largely developed in the
feline species with the round face, and small in the goose
or ox-foot. Flat feet are indicative of small secretiveness.
Other signs of this faculty there are — such as archness of
look, and a peculiar shy and side-long glance of the eyes.
To conceal is to hide and put away for the purpose of
retaining it, any object or thought, and individuals with
strong proclivities in this direction, will be found to possess
great action in the flexor or closing muscles of the organiza-
tion. When these muscles have an excess of development
the entire system will be formed on the plan of conceal-
ment ; and in this, as in all other cases, the actions of the
individual are simply in accordance with the nature of hia
bodily structure.
THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES, 155
Concealativeness Small — Mr. E. F.
Simms, Father of the Author of
this book.
S.
Concealativeness Large — Miss
Stuart, of Portland, Oregon.
ECONOMOSITY.— ECONOMY;
THE FACULTY OF ECONOMICAL MANAGEMENT.
The broad, square, full face, like Franklin's, is the
physiognomical premonstration of economy.
The inclination to frugal and economical management
of affairs is found to be associated with a broad or square
face, and is the result of the presence of a broad and sound
judgment reflecting itself in the conformation of the face,
as well as in a careful and judicious behaviour; the ever
recurring feature of the spirit acting through, and leaving
its impress upon, the Physiognomy.
156 THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES.
CURVATIVENESS.— JUDGMENT OF CURVES.
THE CAPACITY OF BEING ABLE TO APPRECIATE AND JUDGE
OF THE BEAUTIES AND QUALITIES OF CURVES.
Relative width between the eyes, rounding face, limbs,
ears, nose, and head, are indications of the faculty of
curvature.
Curvativeness Large— Miss Harriet C. Curvativeness Small — Jim, a
Hosmer, the famous Sculptress. Piute Indian of Utah Ter.
When an individual is formed upon the curved or
circular plan, it will always be found that he is possessed
of great aptitude for remembering and noting the curves
and turns of rivers, roads, &c., as well as a capability of
judging of them accurately, and with precision. The
curved principle being inherent in his framework, he can
do and judge outside of himself the same kind of work
which goes to make up the structure within.
THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES. 157
ACCUMULATIVENESS.— DESIRE OF POSSESSION.
THE INTUITIVE TENDENCY OR DISPOSITION TO ACQUIRR
Whenever the face is rather broad in the centre, and rather
long, with a prominent nose, the individual will have the
capacity, if well used, to accumulate.
Accumulativeness Large-
Commodore Vanderbilt.
Accumulativeness Small-
A squanderer.
The natural law which manifests itself in the attraction
that one kind of mineral has for an atom of another kind is
every whit as active within the human organization as it
is anywhere throughout the range of the universe. The
individual into whose construction there enters a large
proportion of earthy or mineral matter, is, as a matter of
course, an amasser of riches; and where the proportion is
abnormal to a large degree, we have the miser, who hoards
up his gold, not for the love of anything that gold may
purchase, but for the undisguised purpose of gloating over
158
THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES.
it, and feasting his eyes with it. On the other hand, the
man of spiritual tendencies, being naturally deficient in earthy
ingredients, has no undue fondness for acquiring riches,
and remains poor without discontentment or grumbling.
The signs of those abounding in material desires are given
above under the head of Accumulativeness.
MONOEROTICITY.— MONOGAMY
THE DISPOSITION TO LOVE ONE ONLY.
The dove or round shape of the eye openings is the most
unexceptionable evidence of large mating love.
Monoeroticity Large— Mrs. Margaret
Fuller Osoli, who preferred to
drown rather than to leave her
husband.
Monoeroticity Small — Brigham
Young, the noted polygamist.
The attention is riveted upon the being on whom we
have lavished our love and affection, to the exclusion, for
the time-being, of any other object that may be within
the range of vision, and we find that a tendency to unity
THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGXS AND PRINCIPLES.
159
of affection is very generally allied to the possession of the
round form of eye which, unlike the form which is long
from side to side, and adapted for surveying a broad sur-
face, is circumscribed in its range, and not likely to see
many objects instead of one. We conclude from this that a
tendency to unity of love is the result, not only of oneness
of vision, but also of unity of structure, of which round
eyes, limbs, form, &c., &c., are only the outward indications.
VOLUNTATIYENESS.— WILL.
HAVING STRENGTH OP WILL AND POWER TO EXECUTE IT.
Tlie ability of exercising the will, or of forming a pur-
pose, may be known by the fulness of the posterior part of
the neck, near the point of junction with the head. The
neck of George III. of England indicated the strength of
wilt, for which he became notorious, and was the primary
cause of the freedom of North America.
Voluntativeness Small — A Chinese
woman without optative power.
Voluntativeness Larg«—
George ILL
160 THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES.
This is embodied in an over-development of the Muscular
department, in comparison with the sizes of the other com-
ponent parts of the body. Now, as contrary action is an
inherent principle in the movement of the muscles, the one
with the other, an excess of muscular power is the infallible
indication of an inclination to work at cross purposes — to
thwart and obstruct at every corner and turning of life,
with his own will. The individual is constructed through-
out his entire system upon the contrary; and will, or
Muscular principle, and his pig-headed disposition is only
the natural outcome of the peculiarity of the structure
within.
MERRINESS.
THE QUALITY OF BEING GAY AND LAUGHING.
Wrinkles obliquely outwards and downwards from the
eyes, open lips, and a round large forehead are evidences
of large merriness. Mirth also gives an expression of
half -smile and funny look, and an arch and knowing
expression of countenance.
An excess of indulgence in the merry inclinations will
result in wrinkles stretching obliquely outwards and down-
wards from the eyes, and these wrinkles will ultimately
assume a fixity of form, and indicate a stratum of past
hilarity, as well as give a foretaste of explosions in the
future. By the same rule, the mouth of an inveterate
laugher will ultimately assume the open form, as if to be
prepared for an abrupt emergency, or a sudden outburst- of
mirth, and to be ready on all occasions for the performance
of its favourite duties. Much laughter also causes a rush of
blood to the brain, and thereby gives an inclination to the
round, large form of the forehead. The half-formet1 smile
THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES. 161
and amused look lingering on the visage of the laugher, are
the vestiges of previous outbursts of merriment.
Merriness Large — Thos. C. Halihurton,
"Sam Slick." Humorous writer
of Nova Scotia.
Merriness Small— Charles I.,
who never laughed after he
became, kin g.
PROVIDENTNESS.
THE DISPOSITION TO FORESEE WANTS AND MAKE PROVISION
TO SUPPLY THEM.
Wide hips and full muscles are the distinctive signs of a
provident person. When this characteristic is excessively
large, it is accompanied with protrusion of the lower part
of the face.
Providentness has its origin in strength, guided and regu-
lated by a coot and cautious judgment, capable of restraining
and purifying passion and unbridled energy. The con-
junction of wide hips with largely developed muscles
demonstrate the allied presence of strength and judgment —
162 THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES.
strength reposing in the muscles, and width of form bespeak-
ing breadth of mind, as body and mind bear due proportion
to each other.
CONTRATIVENESS.— CONTRARINESS.
THIS QUALITY, OR FACULTY, IN HUMAN BEINGS, IS THAT
WHICH GIVES THE DISPOSITION TO ASSUME THE OPPOSITE,
AND IN ANIMALS, TO ACT CONTRARY TO THE WISHES OF
INDIVIDUALS, EITHER MEN OR ANIMAL.
The capacity of Contrativeness exhibits its indices by
width through the face, at the angle of the jaws. It i*
large in the hog and the Hottentot.
Contrativeness very Large — Najxdeon I. Copied from a cast taken
from his head after death.
Contrativeness occupies the same platform with that of
Voluntativeness, with this difference, that th* former is
THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES- 163
more moderate in action, and more considerate than is
evinced in the exercise of pure will
POLYEROTICITY.— POLYGAMY.
THE DISPOSITION TO LOVE MANY.
The amount of love for the opposite sex may be known by
the fulness of the eyes, and its quality by the shape of the
commissures, or opening between the lids of the eyes. When
the opening is quite almond-shaped, promiscuous love
prevails in that form ; if the commissure has great vertical
measurement, the love is connubial.
Polyeroticity Small— The eye of
Mrs. Margaret F. Osoli.
Polyeroticity Large— The eye of
Brigham Young.
tolyeroticity Large— The head of
a Hog (GemuSiu.}
Polyeroticity Small — the head of
a Turtle-dove (Turtur Auritus).
164 THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES.
In the range of Physiognomy everything partakes of a
lower nature when built upon the wide and low form, and
as eyes that are wide or almond-shaped in their openings
have a less vertical measurement than in cases where the
round form predominates, we find the mind putting itself
forward by broad channels, as it were, in search of objects
of love, and totally regardless of worth in the unfastidious
breadth of its grasp. This exhibition of love is more
bestial in its nature, and has little in common with
Monoeroticity, which is pure and angelic in its tone.
MNEMONICONOMINALITY.— MEMORY OF NAMES.
THE MNEMONIC POWER OF RECOLLECTING NAMES.
Memory of names manifests itself by a forehead full in
the centre, from the nose to the hair, and a pair of lips full
ind flexible.
A fulness of the lips bespeaks the power of catching up
3nd reproducing sounds of names, &c., which the individual
has heard uttered. A sharpness of the centre of the fore-
head indicates the presence of acute sensations, and that
there, whatever sensations are received are also faithfully
retained. Those two combined (if the throat and the other
vocal organs be well formed), endow the possessor with the
faculty of faithfully retaining and reproducing the utter-
ances which are given forth in his presence.
CHKOMATICALNESS.— PERCEPTION OF COLOR.
THE INNATE QUALITY THAT CLEARLY PERCEIVES AND
JUDGES TINTS, HUES, AND COLOURS.
A pale or miUc colour of eyes, and a livid, white hue to
THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES. 165
the skin, indicate a poor judge of colours. When we find
all the boncz of the nose and lower part of the forehead very
prominent relatively, as compared with the other portions
of the face, the person with such features can readily judge
colour. But, should the centre of the eyebrows be narrow
and sunken backwards, the person will be partially, if not
entirely colour-blind. Chromato-pseudopts are quite com-
mon; as the late Dr. George Wilson, of Edinburgh, while
investigating the subject, discovered. Out of 11 54 persons,
whom he examined, he found that there were over five per
cent, who were idiopts, or colour-blind.
Chromaticalness Small — Win. Ross,
who is a chromo-pseudop, or
colour-blind.
Chromaticalness Large — Antonio
Allegri, or Corregio, a dis-
tinguished Italian painter.
The general law or principle upon which the human
faculties are founded is well illustrated ia the matter of
colour, and the power of judging and appreciating shades
and hues of colour. The cadaverous, colourless individual ia
entirely devoid of taste or judgment in the matter of colour,
and he is so simply because, by the infallible law of nature,
166 THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND 'PRINCIPLES.
no man can judge, outside of himself, that which does not
enter into his own composition.
DEMOLITIOUSNESS— INCLINATION TO DESTROY
THE PROPENSITY TO MAR, DEFACE, OR DESTROY
The loiv, flat nose, which is particularly wide where the
wings of the nostrils join the face; the wide, short ear,
broad foot, deep chest, large neck, heavy jaw, and low fore-
head, are the signs uhich point out large destructiveness as
unerringly as the shadow on the dial indicates the direction
of the sun.
Demolitiousness Small — B. Gosse, Esq.,
of London, who gave indiscriminately
to every object regardless of •worthi-
ness, and disliked to destroy any-
thing.
Demolitiousness Large— John H.
Webster, a murderer ainl
natural thief, confined for Ufa
in the Penitentiary at Jackson,
idichigyf,, since 1854.
TIIE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES. 16T
Demolitiousness Small — Demolitiousness Large —
The head of a Hnre. The head of a Tiger.
To produce the capacity of destroying, the chief element
required is strength, and where there is an absence of
strength, there can be no power of destruction. Now, to
endow an organization with strength, it is absolutely
necessary that that organization should be constructed on
the wide plan, and therefore the wide form in all depart-
ments of animal life shews the presence of strength and the
faculty of demolitiousness. To contribute additional strength
to a board of wood, the width would naturally be extended,
while an extension of the length would only contribute
to its weakness. Nature certainly conducts her operations
with vastly more intelligence than man, and accordingly
we find her producing strength by widening also, and not
lengthening. The caraivora, or the animals that subsist on
the flesh they have killed, require sufficient strength to
overpower and kill their prey, and they are therefore built
on the wide and strong plan throughout. This width is
an indication of an excess of muscular power, and being an
excess, it is unbalanced and unguided by a relative share
of the other forms, and necessarily demands the slaughter
to which it is addicted, on which to expend its superabun-
dant Demolitiousness. Each form, in proportion to its
degree of development, contributes its share to the proper
and government of the whole, and iroui this
168 THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES.
general rule we may draw the conclusion, that the man is
nicely balanced in his desires who has an equal growth of
each form; and that the man who is powerfully developed
in all is the most happily and usefully constructed.
PHILONEPIONALITY.— LOVE OF YOUNG.
THE CHARACTERISTIC OF FEELING PLEASURE IN THE
YOUNG.
Watery or moist eyes, and lips thick in the centre, an
Indicative of the love of children.
Philonepionality Large — A loving Italian m
Costume dtlla Duitua di Marieniidla,
THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES. 169
The governing inclinations of any individual may be
discovered by watching the individual while a certain pro-
pensity is greatly exerted. The mother, bursting with
tenderness for her child, passionately presses her lips to its
tiny form. It would therefore be highly analogical to con-
clude that love of offspring manifested itself in the lips by
kisses, or pathognomy, as well as by physiognomical
strength. To sift the laws of nature to their first origin,
and demonstrate why she has placed the sign of Philone-
pionality in a fulness of the lips, would be a divergence
from our subject proper, and a raid upon the domain of
metaphysics. Nature causes the production of fruit only
when there is abundance of juice in the plant, and in like
manner children can only be brought to life when there is
an abundance of the vital fluids of life, and in conferring
the power of producing young, she also gives the love of
offspring, which is necessary for its preservation during the
helpless years of infancy and youth. Nature makes provi-
sion for the preservation of all her vast family during
those early stages, when they can do nothing for their
own maintenance in life, and this preserving care we
see in the full lips, caused by the abundant juices, the moist
eyes, and flowing saliva of the mother.
LINGUITIVENESS.— SPOKEN LANGUAGE.
THE ABILITY TO UTTER ARTICULATE SOUNDS SUCCESSIVELY,
IN SUCH A MANNER AS TO CONVEY INTELLIGENCE.
Protruding and flexible lips, capacious mouth and jaws,
wi.th a full throat, are determining evidences of large
spoken language.
170 THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND' PRINCIPLEa
Lmgtutiveness Large -John B. Gough,
the eminent temperance lecturer.
Linguitiveness Small — A beau-
tiful and intelligent deaf and
dumb girl of Illinois.
Speech is produced by the united efforts of mouth,
throat, lips, teeth, tongue, and
palate, and the relative sizes
and flexibility of these parts may
be taken as evidences of the
power of uttering articulate
sounds; because that which pro-
duces should, and by a law of
nature does, bear due relation
to that produced in size, shape,
texture, quality, power, elasti-
city, &c.
Lin guitiveness Large— A Parrot.
THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES. 171
PH rSIODELECTATIOUSNESS— PHYSIC AL
PLEASURE.
VHF DISPOSITION AND INCLINATION FOR SENSUAL DELIGHTS.
1 \ose who prize most highly sexual pleasures, and devote
most time to their enjoyment, will have a thick under
eyelid, which croiuds up upon the eyes, except in those
given to indulge in intoxicating beverages, whose lower
eyelids in age will fall away from the eyeball, as if tired
oj their situation, or weary in assisting the eyes to such
low desires; they turn away in disgust from screening
the drunken stare of their degraded owner.
Physiodelectatiousness Small —
Marchioness of Hertford.
Physiodelectatiousness Large —Henry
VIII.
Excessive indulgence in sexual or other physical pleasure
causes the crowding upward upon the eyeball of the under
eyelid, and the reason is obvious. During the performance
of pleasureable acts, the under eyelids are drawn upwards so
as almost, if not quite, to close the eye; and much indulgence
of this kind has the tendency to cause the eyelid to remain
permanently in the position into which it is forced, at a
time when the whole system is wrought up into an intense
172 THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES.
state of nervous excitement Yet much nervous excite-
ment will cause the under lids to fall away from tlia
eyeballs in old age, as a result of muscular exhaustion,
arising from over-excitement of the nerves of sensation.
Oft repeated acts of the body have a tendency to cause
the parts acted upon to assume permanently the positions
into which they are so often forced. The habits of the
individual become indelibly stamped in readable characters
upon his exterior; and reflective people may well look to
these as warnings or guides, as the case may be.
CURATIVENESS.— CURATIVE POWER.
CURATIVENESS IS THE FACULTY THAT ENABLES ONE TO ADOPT
THE MEANS AND APPLIANCES NECESSARY FOR THE
RESTORATION OF HEALTH OF BODY OR SOUNDNESS OF
CONSTITUTION.
The physiognomical evidences of this faculty are, strength
of form and healthy vigour of constitution.
To contribute to the health of others we must first be
in possession of health ourselves, in accordance with the
unfailing law of nature, that we cannot impart that which
we do not possess already. When strong and weak come
together, there is an imperceptible transference of vital
energy or magnetism from the strong to the weak; and
though the former may not be conscious of that loss that
is soon repaired by the resources of a vigorous constitution,
yet none the less does the latter derive benefits wherewith
to assist in rebuilding the breaches that have been made in
the constitutional wall. The signs of Curative-ness that we
have given above are the signs of health and strength —
the panacea that the enfeebled most desire.
THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES. 173
SOLICITIKEPUTATIVENESS.— DESIKE OF
APPROVAL.
AN INNATE WISH FOR THE FAVOEABLE OPINION AND
EXPRESSION OF OTHERS.
Thin-skinned or red-lipped people are always sensitive
to the opinion of others about them. The head turned a
little to one side, the voice low and insinuating, courteous
and obliging manners, are stable signs of a strong desire
of approbation.
When we find a brain large, joined to a thinness of
skin, we may predicate with safety that the possessor is
very sensitive to the influence of external circumstances;
and if to these be added a fulness of muscular development,
we have before us the organization most liable to feel the
action of both things material and things immaterial, such
as adverse opinions, &c. The man who is sensitive in one
department of his structure is, by the operation of a natural
law, sensitive in all ; and we consequently conclude that
thin-skinned people — as indicated by a redness of the lips —
are sensitive, not only to material touch, but to anything
else having a tendency to disturb the mental equilibrium.
INEXORABLENESS.
THE QUALITY OF BEING INEXORABLE, UNRELENTING,
IRRECONCILABLE IN ENMITY.
A cross, inexorable look, an aversion to laugh, and a
protruding under-lip beyond the upper, are unmistakable
indications of an implacable disposition.
This tendency limns out on the exterior of the Physiog-
174 THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES.
nomy, a striking picture of what is going on within, and
the labour that is being performed by each and every of
the faculties. A predominance of feelings of this kind
Inexorableness Small — Mary Inexorableness Large — An Irish woman
F. Scott Siddons. of Edinburgh. A gabbler.
gives a cross-grained disagreeable appearance to the fea-
tures; a studied avoidance of laughter, which has no
sympathy whatever with anything of this kind.
CONSECUTIVENESS.
THE CAPABILITY OF APPRECIATING AND PRODUCING
PROPOSITIONS IN CONSECUTIVE ORDER.
Perpendicular wrinkles in the forehead, immediately
above the nose, and horizontal wrinkles, or a wrinkle, across
the nose, near its junction with the forehead, are unfailing
signs of large CONSECUTION.
THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES.
Consecutiveness Large — Cyrus W. Field, a projector of
the Atlantic Telegraph Cable.
When the mind is riveted for a continuance of time upon
one subject, or one set of subjects, the brow at the top of
the nose is naturally
drawn together by the
contraction of the
corrugator supercilii
muscles ; and if this
action be indefinitely
prolonged, the final
result will be, that the
brows remain fixed in
the positions so often
assumed, with a
wrinkle or two of a
vertical kind dividing
the series. This is the
natural result of a
oneness of action, in-
dulged in without stint, and, like most of the characteristic
Uonsecutiveness Large— A selfish Cat,
taken from life.
176 THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES.
signs, it is simply the superabundance of longj and oft
indulged habit
SONIDIFFUSITIVENESS.— CAPACITY TO SING.
THE CAPACITY OF PRODUCING OR MAKING A SOUND OR
MUSICAL TONE WITH THE MOUTH — VOCIFERATIVENESS.
A full throat, large thorax, open nostrils, and protruding
lips, with good length from the point of the nose to the
point of the chin, and full cheeks, are faithful signs of the
poiuer to give forth tone, if the ear be round and promi-
nent, so that it can first receive the tone.
Sonidiffusitiveness Small — An Irish Sonidiffusitiveness Large— Parepa
peasant, who could not sound a Rosa, a celebrated singer,
note correctly.
The mouth being the only point of egress throughout
the system from which it is possible to give forth sounds
of a musical character, it naturally follows that in the
mouth and its concomitants only have we any hope of
being able to judge, from external appearances at all events,
of the capacity of any individual for music. It is utterly
THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES. 177
useless to go elsewhere to look for the outward musical
signs; and if desired to estimate the capacity of a water-
pipe for the delivery of a certain quantity of water, we
might as reasonably, for that purpose, measure minutely
the size and dimensions of the nearest fence post, as to
Sonidiffusitiveness Small — A Duck. Sonidiffnsitiveness Large— A Canary.
The flat bill of the duck gives a The round beak of the canary
flat unmusical sound. gives a round musical sound.
investigate any other part of the body than the mouth
for an idea of the musical capacity lodged therein. It is,
therefore, by the mouth only and its surroundings, such as
the throat, palate, teeth, tongue, &c., that we can judge
of the extent of the development of the musical power.
DECORATIVENESS.
THE TENDENCY TO ORNAMENT IN A BECOMING OB
UNBECOMING MANNER.
A full eye, accompanied by arching, thin, long eyebrows,
are emblematic of decorativeness.
Decorativeness is the faculty that delights in an arrange-
ment of things S3 as to constitute an adornment that has
if
178 THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES.
a pleasing and satisfactory effect upon the eye; and it is,
therefore, from the conformation of the eye that we must
gather materials for estimating the decorative capacity of
Decorativeness Large — A Digger, an Indian, of California,
adorned for the war dance.
the individual, or his power of appreciation in regard to
the beauties of decoration. That kind of eye that is
adapted for taking in at a glance, and comprehending a
large range of beautiful scenery, will be found invariably
to stand out from its sockets, and by reason of this con-
formation it can turn conveniently within a great visual
range to take in as much as possible of the thing in which
it takes the greatest delight. Thin long eyebrows, again,
denote a fineness of organization capable of judging of,
and delighting in, fine objects. We have already shewn
that fullness of the under part of the forehead indicates
the possession of strength of sight, and a conjunction of
all of the above varieties allied to comprehension mark
the able and artistic decorator.
THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES. 179
HUNTATIVENESS.— SEARCHING INCLINATION.
THE DISPOSITION TO SEARCH FOR, OR FOLLOW AFTER, ANY
PERSON OR OBJECT.
Some of the physiognomical records of this endowment
are, fulness in the forehead, immediately above the top oj
the nose, good muscular and bony systems, with the head
carried well forward from the body.
Unlike the dog, or, at all events, most of the canine
species, we do not hunt after any object by the sense of
smell, but invariably call in the assistance of the eye; and
by one of her unchangeable laws, when nature invests any
particular member with unusual strength, she strengthens
the surrounding parts, as if to lend the
greatest amount of countenance and
assistance to the central figure. For
example, a powerful knee is accompanied
by a strong leg, and strength of arm is
allied to breadth of shoulders and chest.
So also, when an individual is gifted with
i /. . • , i Huntativeness Large
a great and piercing range of vision, the _The Chetah> sor
eyes are found strongly reinforced by a hunting Leupard of
fulness in the immediately overlying por- India and Africa<
tion of the forehead, and as this conformation of eye and
accompanying frontal development are the necessary attri-
butes of a successful hunter, we may conclude that a fulness
in the lower forehead, immediately above its junction with
the top of the nose, is at least one sign of such an individual.
Another requisite for a successful hunter is unwavering
attention, and the exercise of close attention on the object
in pursuit, having the immediate effect of carrying the head
in a forward direction, as if to place it as near as possible
to the desired goal. We may discern in this projecting
carriage of the head an infallible sign of Huntativeness.
180 THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS ANi) PRINCIPLES.
SAGACITIVFNESS.— SAGACITY.
SOUNDNESS OF JUDGMENT AND SHREWDNESS ARE CONCOMI-
TANTS OF THE FACULTY OF SAGACITIVENESS.
The short, round neck is one of the natural accompani-
ments of Sagacitiveness. Napoleon I. had an extremely
short neck, his head apparently resting upon his shoulders;
and all Europe learned, by sad experience, his overwhelming
sagacity.
Sagacitiveness Large — Thomas Parr, who lived to the rare old age
of 152 years. At the age of 120 years, he married a second wife,
by whom he had issue.
The closer we approach the brain, or seat of sensation, to
the heart and lungs, from which the blood is derived for
the maintenance of that sensation; and the more capacious
the neck and its arteries for conducting the supply of blood
to the brain, the more vivid will be the sensations, and the
sounder and more critical will be the prompt decisions of
the judgment — judgment being the coalition of strength
THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINJIPLES. 181
Sagacitiveness Large— A Chimpanzee,
taken from life, in the Zoological
Gardens of London.
Sagacitiveness Small— An
Ostrich.
8aiiat'.it"'«n«"»« Large — An Asiatic Elephant.
182 THE FACULTIES. THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES.
with acuteness of sensation, the one giving the strength
and the other the precision for arriving at sound, prompt,
and judicious conclusions. A large brain gives rapid and
strong sensations ; large heart and lungs give strength; and
accordingly, when brain and thorax are near each other,
and connected by capacious and smoothly-working canala,
we have the conjoint result of shrewdness
TKADATIVENESS.— PHONBNESS TO TRADE.
THE TENDENCY TO TRADE AND BARTER.
A wide rounding jaw, plump, short, elastic, and
springy person, always very active, are symbols of a
trading tendency.
1 radativeness Large— Jacob Strawn, the great fanner and cattlt
dealer of Illinois.
THE FACULTIES, TTIEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES. 183
Those who are formed on the muscular plan, with
moderately sized bones that will admit of an easy change
Tradativeness Large— Mr. T. Glover, a dry goods merchant
of Quebec.
of place are adapted for the acquirement of money and
other kinds of property, and are consequently the very
people to succeed as merchants or tradesmen. A wide
jaw indicates the presence of predacious energy, and this
is an important element in the composition of a successful
trader.
ADAPTATIVENESS.— APPROPRIATIVENESS.
THE FACULTY WHICH PERCEIVES AND DETERMINES THE
FITNESS OF PERSONS OR THINGS FOR EACH OTHKR.
A long narrow chin that reaches well forward is the
sign of appropriateness; and the individual possessing
largely this dispositiont will be a good judge of the adapta-
tion of one thing or person to another.
184 THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND .PRINCIPLES.
Adaptativeness Large — Thomas Cook and Wife, who were well adapted
to live together, for one was as avaricious as the other was miserly.
When the chin stretches well forward, it will be found
that in accordance with the law of correspondence the
whole of the perpendicular range of the face will also
have a projecting tendency, and as these parts of the
face are indicative of sensation, on. account of the greater
number of sensations being situated relatively in the
centre of the face, as 'those of taste, smell, and sight; this
portion, when full, would denote great sensational quickness
which is requisite for determining the fitness of persons 01
obiecte for each other.
ALVAN CLARK, an American mechanician who formerly worked as a
portrait-painter, but is chiefly distinguished as the telescope manufacturer,
has a studious, thoughtful, and industrious face which is far more mechan-
ical than artistic.
THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES,
.A. S S IV.
THE COGNIZANT CAPACITIES.
THE FOURTH CLASS OF CAPACITIES BEING LARGE, THE
OSSEOUS OR BONY FORM WILL BE FOUND PREDOMI-
NANT IN THAT PERSON.
DISCKIMINATIVENESS.— DISCRIMINATING
CAPACITY.
THE FACULTY WHICH DISCERNS AND JUDGES THE DIFFER-
ENCE OR RESEMBLANCE OF OBJECTS OR IDEAS.
The nose that seems divided at the point into a right and
left part, and has a firm appearance, and a fulness of the
lower brow, should not be passed by when looking for signs
of discrimination.
Discriiniiiativeness Large— I/nnaeus,
a celebrated Swedish Naturalist.
Discriminativeness Small-
A Chinese woman.
THE first element of discrimination is the proper survey of
the object by means of the eye, and it is in and around the
186
THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES.
eye, therefore, that we must look for the signs of discern-
ment or discrimination of objects. Fulness over and around
the eye denotes strength of comprehension A division at
the tip of the nose indicates a double or very powerful
organization in the direction of strength of mind, and the
stronger the mind, the greater power does it possess of
analysis and discrimination.
STKUCTURODEXTERITY.— MECHANICAL
TALENT.
THE ABILITY OF FORMING AND CONSTRUCTING, READILY AND
DEXTEROUSLY, MATERIALS OR MENTAL PRODUCTS.
Square faces with the bony form slightly in the ascend-
ancy are the requisite physical indications of a good
mechanic.
Strncturodexterity Large - James
Watt, the celebmtecl Inventor
and MecA«muai*.
Structurodexterity Small— P. T.
Barnum, who said he never
could whittle a barrel tap round.
THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES. 187
The main characteristics of mechanical labour are the
manipulation of solid material into angles and straight
lines, and it is therefore not surprising to find that those
who are constructed on the straight or angled form, and
into whose construction there enters a predominance of the
hard or bony material, should prove t.he best adapted for
work of this kind. As a general rule, the light-haired man
does not succeed as a worker in iron, and this arises simply
from the deficiency of iron ingredients in the composition
of his frame; while, on the other hand, the dark-haired,
swarthy man, in virtue of the nature of the construction
of his body, is eminently adapted for such work, the iron
which he receives into his frame from his daily occupation
agreeing with him, and failing to produce the bad conse-
quences which would accrue to his brother of the light-
haired form, after a protracted continuance in work for
which he is constitutionally unsuited.
ORDINIPHYSICALITY.— PHYSICAL ARRANGE-
MENT.
THE DESIRE TO ARRANGE PHYSICAL SUBSTANCES OR
ATTRIBUTES.
Compressed lips of medium thickness, regular and rather
thin 'well-defined features, accompanied with a systematic
and regular pendulation of the hands, as well as precision
and regularity of step, are unmistakable signs of material
order. The language of physical order is an impulse to
arrange articles so that they may bear due and systematic
relation to each other.
Whenever it appears that nature has arranged in lines
and orderly method the different parts of the body, so as
188 THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES.
to produce regular and systematic action throughout, the
individual will be endowed with a large manifestation of
Ordiniphysicality Large— Edwin Booth, Ordiniphysicality Small —A
who is remarkable for the arrange- disorderly Flat-head Indian,
rnent of material objects.
Ordiniphysicality, in accordance with the law of nature
which ordains that man must act in unison with the general
character of his structure.
ANGULARITIVENESS.— PERCEPTION OF AN-
GLES AND LINES.
THE ABILITY OF APPRECIATING THE QUALITIES AND
BEAUTIES OF ANGLES AND STRAIGHT LINES.
Angular form of ear, nose, malar or cheek-bones, brows,
knuckles, knees, and every part of the human structure
cannot be mistaken by a natural Physiognomist as the
hieroglyphics of Angularity.
Large bones of an angular conformation naturally endow
the possessor with a jubt understanding of angles and
THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES.
189
straight lines, whether manifested in fellow beings or in
material objects; this law being in strict accordance with
Angular! tiveness Small — Edward
V. of England, born 1470,
smothered with his brother in
the Tower of London in 1483.
Angularitiveness Large — An old
Cardinal, who was quite eccen-
tric and angular.
the elements of correspondence and fitness, the principles
on which the capacity rests.
BENEFICENTNESS.— BENEFICENCE.
THE INCLINATION TO DO GOOD.
The long face joined to a receding forehead and a
prominent nose, are nature's intimation of a naturally
beneficent individual. Peter Cooper has the above form
of features, and he annually educates several hundred
children free of cost in the city of New York.
190 THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AMD PRINCIPLES.
\
Beneticentness Large — Peter Cooper,
the Founder of Cooper Institute.
Jieneticentness Small — An Austra*
lian man.
Before it is possible for an individual to do good, it ia
absolutely necessary that he should possess the qualification
of goodness himself; and an indispensable condition of the
possession of this quality of goodness, is, that the nobler
aspirations should predominate over selfish and animal
desires. On the law, therefore, that elevation of mind
bears with it elevation of features, we rest the principle of
Beneficentness. See the signs of Beneficentness above.
DECISIVENESS.
THE FACULTY OF PUTTING AN END TO CONTROVERSIES OR
DOUBTS, BY AN ASSERTION, AN IRREFRAGABLE FACT,
OB ARGUMENT.
THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES. 191
-4
Prominent and well defined features, in connection with
a large active Brain form, are nature's records in favour
of decision of character.
Decisiveness Large — Montesquieu, a
French philosopher and publicist;
possessed of great decision and
integrity of character.
Decisiveness Small — Louis W.
Jackson, an ignorant hireling,
who murdered a man in Illinois
for five hundred dollars.
The reason why prominent features, accompanied with
a large active brain, are the index of the possession of
decisiveness of character, is because, while the latter is
adapted for receiving vivid impressions, and founding
strong opinions thereon, the former denotes the element of
strength and executive force, without which the formation
of strong opinions is not possible.
OBSERYATIVENESS.— OBSERVATION.
THE QUALITY OR DISPOSITION TO LOOK CLOSELY AND
WITH RIGID CARE AT EVERY OBJECT.
Full long arching eyebrows, which are lowered down
dose to the eyes, are the visible physiognomical expression
192 THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES.
of a desire and capacity for observation,
excellent example of large observation.
Darwin is an
Observativeness Large— Mr. Charles Darwin, the Author of "The
Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection," and several
other valuable works.
In looking intently at any object of curiosity or inquiry,
the eyebrows are drawn down and crowd around the eyes,
in order to shut out more than the exact amount of light
that is necessary. Long practice in action of this kind will
ultimately have the effect of inducing the muscles called so
frequently into action permanently to assume their eagerly
observant position, and to be permanently ready for the
performance of the duties to which they have been accus-
tomed so frequently to recur.
PERSISTENACITY.— PERSEVERANCE.
THE DISPOSITION OF HOLDING ON, THE PROPENSITY TO
PURSUE A COURSE OF DESIGNS OR CONDUCT.
The body or ramus of the lower jaw, when long, may
THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES. 193
safely be considered the certain evidence of remarkable
PERSEVERANCE. This faculty is large in the bull-dog,
and small m the fox and wolf.
Persistenacity very Large— In
confirmation of an examina-
tion of this gentleman by the
Author, he said, " I have
lost thousands of dollars by
my excessive Persistenacity."
Persistenacity very Small- Johnny, who
could not persevere in any under-
taking sufficiently to succeed.
The long under jaw indicates tenacity of purpose, inas-
much as the formation shews the presence of great strength
Persistenacity Small— A prairie Wolf, Persistenacity Large— A Bull-dog
or Coyote.
to hold on with the jaws when once they seize an object,
;94
THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES.
and nature inclines the possessor to exercise whatever
strength may be possessed. Whenever the jaws indicate
that the disposition to hold on is good, that character
will permeate every fibre of the entire being, as the faculty
is general in that form. With this strength to hold on,
there is also perseverance or persistency, sticking like a
leech to any project until success has crowned the effort.
A Kentucky negro once gave me a very good definition
of this capacity of leech-like tenacity — perseverance: his
idea being that it was to "seize right hold and neber let
go no more."
EECTITUDITIVENESS.— RECTITUDE.
THE FACULTY THAT INCITES HONESTY OF PURPOSE AND
STRAIGHTFORWARDNESS OF CONDUCT.
Square bones, a bony chin, prominent cheek-bones, and
eyes which are at right angles to the mesial line of the face,
or which cut straight across the face, are signs of HONESTY
OF PURPOSE.
Rectituditiveness Small — John Tetzel,
the dishonest face.
Rectituditiveness Large —
Andrew Jackson, tbe honest face.
THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLE. 195
Square find prominent bones conjoined to eyes that cut
directly across the vertical line of the face, ai« distinctive
marks of Rectituditiveness ; and this is the case in virtue
of the character of the structure; because, wherevev the
square-boned form predominates, the individual is
llectituditiveness Small — Lizzie
Smith, a notorious pickpocket
of the city of New York.
llectituditiveness Large — William
Tyndale, a translator of the
Bible, and martyr for the same.
pelled, by a natural law, to act in accordance with his
structure, and go straight and clear at his object. He
cannot arrive at anything by devious or crooked ways, that
being a mode of action entirely foreign to his nature, and
his bones being on the straight-angled plan, he must act
in accordance. Rectitude is derived from the Latin, reel us,
straight, and rectitude is therefore the capacity of going
straight, and according to the recognized and open methods
in common usage in whatever state of society the individual
may be placed.
196 TUB FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES.
COMPUTATIONUMERICALITY.— NUMERICAL
COMPUTATION.
SKILL IN COUNTING AND RECKONING.
Whenever we observe the outward extremities of the eye-
brows running towards tlie top of the ears, or horizontally
backwards, it is a sure sign of a quick, ready CALCULATOR;
but when the external terminus of the brows curve down-
wards to, or towards the malar bone, as in Lord Lyttleton,
it is a trustworthy indication that the person thus facially
marked sadly lacks the ability to perform accurate numeri-
cal calculations.
Computationumericality Small— Lord Computationumericality Large —
Geo. Lyttleton, an eminent historian
of England, who was unable to
master the Multiplication Table, or
any of the common rules of Arith-
metic.
Thos. Allen, a scholar in the
reign of Queen Elizabeth, the
first Mathematician of his day.
The instinctive drawing together and downwards of the
interior portion of the eyebrows, as it is the facial position
assumed when one is in close numerical thought, shews
an inclination to a precision or exactness of thought which
THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES. 197
is indispensable to the study of Mathematics and the exact
sciences; and when we find that long-continued habit has
resulted in fixity of position, we may predicate of the
individual that he possesses the capacity for this kind of
3xact thought in a high degree.
SOLIDATIVENESS.— JUDGMENT OF DENSITY.
THE POWER THAT JUDGES OF SOLIDITY OR COMPACTNESS.
When density is large, it reveals itself by a firm, quick
step, and a well balanced gait; and in the face it betrays
itself by a quiet, steady, thoughtful expression of the eyes.
The man who is built on the solid or compact plan, is
naturally well adapted for judging of anything into which
the elements of solidity and compactness enter; because,
having a high development of these qualities within him-
self, he can judge outside of himself that which he possesses
inside, and the signs above given are only the expressions
of a dense organization.
SUGGESTIVENESS.
THE POWER OF FURNISHING PRACTICAL ASSISTANCE OB
DIRECTION.
The annexed engraving of Mr. Holcraft, of California,
in which the septum of the nose is long at the place to which
the index finger points, indicates an unusual amount oj
SUGGESTIVE FERTILITY OF MIND.
198 THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND • PRINCIPLES.
When the nose is longer in the septum, or its central
portion, than in the aleque nasi, or wings of the nostrils,
we have the evidence of the presence of a desire of doing
good, and here suggestion is only offering practical aid in
thought and words. The forms that partake of the long,
slim-like grass, or pine and
fir tree, have for the aim
of their existence the fur-
therance of the good of
others, rather than their
own; whereas those of a
short, squat, and thick
build, live first and fore-
most for self, although, in
the days of their old age and
repentance, they may take to
charities, alms-giving, carl-
tas, beneficentia, benevolen-
tia, &c., for the still selfish
purpose of squaring their
accounts with Heaven.
When the central range of
the face is full, in a vertical line with the nose, the possessor
will delight in succouring others; but when the sides of the
face are full, so as to produce a general roundness, self is the
sole passion of the individual.
Suggestiveness Large — Mr. Holcraft,
of California.
CHABACTERIOSCOPICITY.— PERCEPTION OF
CHARACTER
THE ENDOWMENT WHICH GIVES THE POWER OF PENETRATING
AND UNDERSTANDING THE CHARACTER OF OTHERS.
Prominence of the frontal bone immediately over the
inner corner of the eye, together with a prominent and
THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES. 199
nose, are unfailing evidences of keen perception oj
character.
Characterioscopicity Large — J. B.
Porta, a learned mathematician
and Neapolitan writer, author of
works on Physiognomy, Natural
History, Optics, Hydraulics, and
Agriculture. He was the inven-
tor of the Camera Obscura. Born
at Naples in 1540, where he
died in 1615.
Characterioscopicity Large— Rev. J.
G. Lavater, a Swiss Poet, and
author of several works on Physi-
ognomy. He was a talented Divine,
and became pastor of the Church
of St. Peter, at Zurich. His works
have been translated into several
European languages. Born at
Zurich in 1741, where he died in
1801.
In order to possess the qualification in a high degree for
detecting strength and weakness of character, it is necessary
to inherit or acquire habits of close observation, and this
endowment is indicated by a fulness of the frontal bone,
immediately over the inner corner of the eye. The close
observer must also have all his senses fully on the alert, and
possess the essential element of caution, to avoid drawing
erroneous conclusions, and this latter indispensable qualifi-
cation is indicated by length of nose. A high development
of the frontal bone, accompanied by sufficient length of
nose, is therefore the index to power of reading and analys-
ing character.
200 THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES*
A MICITIVENESS.— FRIENDLINESS.
THE FRATERNAL DISPOSITION AND GREGARIOUS INCLINATION.
A broad forehead and open eye are evidential of true
friendship.
Amicitiveness Large— Mrs Lydia H. Amicitiveness Small — Catharine
Sigonrney, a talented authoress II., who possessed great intellec-
and faithful friend to woman, tual powers, gross passions, and
was void of amity.
The forehead expansive and indicative of largeness of
brain, is strong evidence of acuteness of sensation, whether
that sensation be produced by friends or by other causes,
and a man thus endowed is more capable of receiving strong
sensations of friendship, and of recollecting friends for a
longer time than in forms of a di.ierent nature. An open,
fearless eye bespeaks an open communicative person, ever
responsive to the genial influence of companionship, while
concealment and reserve are to amicitiveness what sterility
and drought are to vegetation, — shrinking, withering, and
shrivelling up the germs of life and vivacity.
THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES.
201
OEIGIN^ TIYENESS.— ORIGIN ALITY.
THE POWER OF PRODUCING SOMETHING NEW, UNLIKE ANY-
THING PREVIOUSLY EXISTING.
Coarse, large features, such as a large nose, well raised
from the plane of the face, ample mouth, wide clieek-
bones, and a strong look, rather than a fine and effeminate
face, are indications of originality of mind. Professor
Morse, th# inventor of the Electric Telegraph, was a good
example of originality.
Originativeness Large -Professor S. F. B. Morse, the inventor
of the Electric Telegraph.
To discover new modes of thought, and to strike out
upon fresh felds and pastures new, require great strength.
202 THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES.
and the physiognomical indications which we have given
above are only marks of this strength of mind which is
necessary. To follow a beaten thoroughfare requires little
Originativeness Small — Geo. IV., a servile follower of fashions,
and the practices of the demireps of his time.
jffort and strength in comparison to the exertion necessary
to break through hedges or forests, and establish a new
route. This same requisition for strength is ever presenting
ner demands upon him who ignores the old ruts, scales
walls, and dashes across streams impassable to the weak, in
quest of new fancies and original thoughts.
THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES. 203
MENSURATIVENESS.— DISCERNMENT OF MAG-
NITUDE.
THE PERCEPTION OR FACULTY WHICH PERCEIVES AND
JUDGES OF MEASUREMENTS.
A general fulness across the lower forehead, long eye-
brows, with a bony and square face, are excellent assur-
ances of capability in recognizing and judging of
magnitude or distance.
Mensurativenesa Large —Mr. J. Q. A. Ward, Sculptor.
To measure and estimate anything by observation re-
quires great strength of observance, and it is in that part
of the head near the eyes, and in the eyes, that this strength
resides, and it is by the degree of this crowding around the
eye that we are enabled to judge of the powers and accuracy
of observation on the part of any individual. A preponder-
ance of bony material in the face, conjoined to the frontal
peculiarities which we have just mentioned, shew the
204 THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGXS AND .PRINCIPLES.
capacity of accurate measurement by a glance, because the
ingredients are already within the system, and strength ol
eye is ready to assist the judgment.
PERTINACIOUSNESS.
THE QUALITY OF BEING PERVERSE OF PURPOSE, AND
PERTINACIOUS OF OPINION.
The power of OBSTINACY manifests itself by relative length
in the limb of the jaw.
Pertinaciousness Large — Charles XII.
of -'weden, the most stubborn ruler
of Europe, called " the madman of
the North."
Pertinaciousness Small — Ristori,
a talented actress in the Italian
language.
The bone element being one of absence of movement or
inertia, where largely developed, and under excitement, we
have obstinacy, stiffness, or inertia of character. Now,
length in the limb of the jaw being an unfailing accompani-
ment of this form, we may take it as the true index of the
amount of Pertinaciousness present
THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES. 205
Pertinaciousness Small — The head
of a hunting Horse.
Pertiuaciousness Large — The head
of an Ass.
TEMPOKIMECnANICALITY.— JUDGMENT OF
MECHANICAL MOTION.
THE ABILITY TO JUDGE OF TIME MADE BY INSTRUMENTS,
MECHANICAL APPLIANCES, OB DIRECT MOTIONS.
Mechanical time is known to a physiognomist by <*
squareness of the face, joined with a large numerical
capacity (See signs of Computationumericality).
Tempurimechanicality Small
A Chinese girL
Temporimechanicality Large — The Duke
of Wellington. Taken from a bust in
the Gallery of Art in Edinburgh.
206
THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND • PRINCIPLES.
Mechanical time is the result of the blending of two
faculties, which produce a new faculty. A slight predo-
minance of bony structure gives the mechanical element,
and the round or circular form gives the quality of time.
The conjunction of the two is termed Temporimechanicality
— a faculty of the highest usefulness to the possessor.
PEACTICALITIVENESS.— PEACTICALITY.
THE QUALITY OF BEING PRACTICAL, MAKING A GOOD USE
OF EVERYTHING.
Receding foreheads are never found except on persons
of great PRACTICAL INCLINATIONS. Dr. John Hunter,
whose genius, cultivated taste, and profound research have
placed him among the most eminent philosophers and
scholars of his time, had a low, receding forehead. He
remarked that his first consideration of a subject was in
regard to its practical usefulness, and that, if considered
impractical, he abandoned it for ever.
Practicalitiveness Small — Thomas
D'Urfey, a facetious and imprac-
tical English poet.
Practicalitiveness Large — C. M.
Wieland, an elegant and learned
writer and poet of Germany.
THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES. 207
The brain being that part of the frame which denotes
the capacity for sensation, it follows that that part nearest
the visual organs would shew the strength of the sensa-
tions most nearly connected with the departments of sight
or practical life; and thus, by the fulness of the forehead
over the eyes, we estimate the degree of approach to the
practical form.
KEVEKENTIALNESS.— KEVEBENCE.
THE STATE OF AWE, HIGH REGARD, SUBMISSION, AND FELT
RESPECT EXHIBITED FOR GOD AND MANKIND.
A low coronal region, and a high superior front head, and
eyes which naturally lurn upwards on meeting another's
gaze, indicate large respect; but when they stare boldly into
the eyes of fellow kind, and care not to turn their glance,
and when it seems to require effort to do so, it indicates
small reverence and no respect.
No part of the human structure acts so obedient and
submissive a part as the bony element. It has no wilful
motion of its own to prefer to that which it receives and
obeys from the other parts of the body. It is set in motion
only in obedience to the high behests of muscle, brain,
thorax, or abdomen, and while life exists it never refuses
to act upon the impulses which are received from these
centres of action. Submission and respectful obedience to
the will of God or laws of man being the sum and substance
of Reverentialness, arid the bones being that part of the
bodily structure which most strictly embodies that action,
we conclude by analogy that a predominance of bone is
an indication of the presence of diffidence, dependence, and
respectful submission, which cause the eyes to turn upward
208 THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND , PRINCIPLES.
or away from the rude stare of another. We have power*
ful auxiliaries to this reasoning in the facts that there are
no animals so submissive to man as the large-boned ones,
such as the horse, ass, ox, camel, &c. ; while, on the other
hand, none are more aggressive and less submissive than
those of the largely developed Muscular form, such as the
lion, tiger, leopard, panther, puma, lynx, rhinoceros, hippo-
potamus, all of which have muscles in abundance, rounding
off every bone in contradistinction to the horse kind, which
exhibit the hip and other bones standing out in salient
points, and which are generally submissive and obedient
to their owners. The feline, with the pachydermatous
species already mentioned, display no weak reverence for
man, but will savagely stare him in the face, with an
impudence and a ferocity which is as much removed from
the respectful attitude of the other species, as night is
removed from day. We have thus conclusive evidence that
the bony form is essentially the form of Revereutialness and
respectful submission.
HUMBERT L , King of Italy, may be classed among the few rulers who
are popular with their poor subjects.
THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES,
S S V.
THE ELEVAT1VE ENDOWMENTS.
THE ENDOWMENTS OF THIS CLASS ARE LARGE WHEN THE
BRAIN AND NERVE FORM PREDOMINATES.
ORDINIMENTALITY.— MENTAL SYSTEM.
THE QUALITY OR ENDOWMENT THAT INCLINES ONE TO
ARRANGE AND SYSTEMATIZE THOUGHTS OR IDEAS.
Mental order gives its indication in Physiognomy by a
square head and forehead, with a, prominent, straight
nose.
Oiiliiiiutentality Large — Ambrose
Pare, the most celebrated of
the old French surgeons.
Ordinimentality Small —
Prince of Madagascar,
To be capable of arranging and classifying our thoughts
and impressions according to system and method, it is
210 THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND' PRINCIPLES.
absolutely necessary that harmony of arrangement should
first exist in our bodily structure; because the mind and
body through which those thoughts and impressions require
to be elaborated and perfected must stand in harmonious
relationship the one with the other, the one being
the instrument of the other. A man having an auger
wherewith to bore a hole in a piece of wood cannot,
by any possibility, accomplish the boring of a hole larger
than the diameter of the auger he is using; and in like
manner he cannot accomplish anything which his instru-
ment, the body, is incompetent to perform, however much
he may yearn and long after greater results. If the struc-
ture of the body is arranged witli harmony and system, the
mind is capable of harmonious and efficient action, in
proportion to the extent to which these qualities are
developed in his body, and no further. If the bodily
structure is deficient in these desiderata, it is idle to
strive after anything not in accordance with thU deficiene/
of structure.
PRESCIENCE.
THE FACULTY THAT ANTICIPATES AND GIVES KNOWLEDGE
OF EVENTS BEFORE THEY TAKE PLACE.
Prescience is most readily discovered by its producing
a dreamy eye, and bending the entire body /awards, imme-
diately at the armpits.
Prescience is the faculty of arriving at accurate con-
clusions regarding the events looming in the future. The
dreamy eye indicates the disposition to gaze inquiringly
into the future, and as in those cases the waking dreams are
generally about as shadowy and evanescent as the visions
THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES. 211
superinduced by sleep, a protracted waking indulgence in
reverie ultimately gives a permanent dreamy expression to
the eye. Another indication of a propensity for peering
into the future, is the form bent forward from the armpits
upwards, as if to advance that part of the body in the
direction to which the thoughts are continually tending;
and this position is assumed quite as naturally as that
assumed by trees, in obedience to the breezes with which
they are fanned. The mind being the master and con-
troller of the body, the latter may be warped by the former
into any position by continuance and recurrence of action
in one direction. Men who attain a weight of years in
the incessant contemplation of things to come invariably
assume this posture of anticipation in advance.
STJSCEPTIBLENESS.
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF BEING INFLUENCED BY SURROUNDINGS.
Large eyes, sharp features, quick step, with sudden move-
ments of the headt indicate an excitable nature.
Susceptibleness Small — Charles Susceptibleness Large— John Elwep,
JamesFox, a distinguished Eng- a miser of London, who died worth
lieh statesman and orator. half a million sterling.
212 THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AVD PRINCIPLES.
A large Brain and highly developed Nerve form are indis-
pensable to a high degree of susceptibility, because these
are the seats of the higher powers of sensation, without
which it is impossible to be to any great extent suscep-
tible to external influences, and it is necessary also to have
the Bone form large and angular in shape, so as to produce
a framework angular and easily excited.
MENTIMITATIVENESS.— MENTAL IMITATION.
THE POWER THAT COPIES MENTAL EFFORTS.
Superior width across the top of the forehead, when com-
pared with the rest of the face, can safely be considered an
indication that tJiat person desires to copy, and is capable
of IMITATING the INTELLECTUAL and worthy efforts of
others.
Mentimitativeness Large— Mentimitativeness Small —
Elizabeth Canning. Mary Squires, the gipsy.
To estimate the capacity of power of sensation, we take
the width and size of the brain in its upper part as com-
pared to the remaining facial development of the individual,
und as it is impossible to imitate a thought unless we have
THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES. 213
the powers of receiving a vivid impression of it, those who
have a large development of the form indicated above,
alone have the power in any great degree of imitating
thought.
AFFABLENESS.
COMPLACENCY OF DISPOSITION WITH THE NATURAL CONSE-
QUENCES, INVITING MANNERS, WITH EASE AND ELEGANCE
IN CONVERSATION.
A long thin neck in mankind will ever testify as indi-
cative of AFFABILITY; while a short-necked person v4tt
care little for grace or affability of manners.
AfTableness Small— Rulof,
\iung at Binghamton for
•mirder in 1871.
Affableness Large — Mrs. Josephine A.
Prosch, a talented elocutionist of the
city of New York.
Affability is a desire to be pleasing to others, with the
view of producing in them a like state of feeling, a/id so
214 THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS ANT PRINCIPLES.
contributing to the enjoyment of the first by the reflex
action of his own affability. Self-sufficient and indepen-
dent people have short necks as the outward sign of their
deficiency in affability, and by reason of this they are not
prone to bowing or rendering themselves agreeable by
demonstration of this kind; while on the other, those of
an opposite disposition are furnished with longer necks,
which naturally adapt them for obeisance and submission
in the prtjsence of others.
SALTTIVENESS.— WIT.
THE POWER OF SEIZING ON THOUGHTS AND OCCURRENCES
AND PRESENTING THEM IN A LAUGHABLE MANNER, CHIEFLY
DEPENDING ON QUICKNESS OF FANCY.
" True wit is nature to advantage dressed;
What oft was thought, but ne'er so well expressed."
A face very wide in the upper portion, and tapering
dowmvards like an inverted pear or pyriform, always
denotes the very witty person, provided the health is good
and no bad habits exhaust the vitality.
The face of expansive width in its upper, and narrowing
proportions in its lower hemisphere, shews the predomin-
ance of vivid sensations, which are forced by natural
pressure, and with increasing vivacity downward to find
an outlet at the mouth, or still farther downwards through
the arm and hand to the pen. Those condensed currents
comprise the thing we call wit, and the happy and joyous
surprises which its exercise affords in others is only the
reflection of the vivid reality having its origin within
ourselves.
THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES. 215
Salitiveness Small — Ute Indian, of Salitiveness Large — Mark Twain,
Salt Lake, aa witless as a dry ai'thor of " Innocents Abroad," and
stump. several other amusing works.
SUBLIMITASITY.— ADMIEATION OF THE
SUBLIME.
THE EXPANSIVE SWELLING OF THE SOUL THAT APPRECIATES
THE ELEVATED GRANDEUR OF NATURE AS WELL AS THE
ELEVATING, LOFTY EXPRESSION OF THOUGHT AND FEEL-
ING. "ALL THAT EXPANDS THE SPIRIT YET APPALS."
This quality or faculty of the mind largely abounds in
a fine organization in 'which the upper portion of the
face is larger and wider than the lower. Also the towering
form, if well cultivated mentally, indicates nobleness of
character.
Alone of all the animal kingdom man maintains a
posture erect and towering to heaven; and he alone is
capaHo of lofty aspirations and of ennobling contemplation.
Argiv -g a priori, we naturally conclude that the form
216 THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND .PRINCIPLES.
which is large in the upper portion and relatively small
below, is the most capable of dwelling upon the more
exalted themes, and of rearing his soul upwards free from
the grossness of material existence ; and by the same
reasoning we find, that where a man is formed upon the
opposite plan with his richest development in the grosser
portion of his body, his character is upon a par with the
structure of his body. Like the hog, which he resembles
in form, his mind never soars far above the gratification
of his selfish desires. The grossness of his body seems
to crush out and annihilate anything better that would
else take root, and by continued and close association
with the mere interests of vulgar matter, the body ulti-
mately becomes the envelope of a grovelling mind, alike
dead to decency and worthy ambition.
FUTURITIVENESS.— DESIRE FOR FUTURE
LIFE.
THE DESIRE OF A FUTURE LIFE.
The stooping form, thin chest, wide and high top head
and upper face, narrow superior and inferior maxillaries
or jaws, thin and well-defined nose, and a thin ear, are
palpable indications of a desire for future life.
As many are floating down the dimstreamof the future
before us, with vague and fear-laden notions of the here-
after to come, when we have shot the cataract of death,
the thoughts of many of us arj irresistibly riveted on
the shadowy confines of "that bourne whence no travellers
return," but to which we all are hastening. A constant
turning of our thoughts in advance of time, quite naturally
has the effect on the upper part of the body of making
it incline permanently to an advance of position, and as
THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES. 217
it stoops forward and the thoughts ascend, the top ol
the head and the upper part of the face widen out, while
the lower part becomes narrowed down; and it would
appear that purity of thought has the effect of purifying
and thinning the features as if by the extrusion of the
grosser ingredients.
^STHETICALNESS.— APPRECIATION OF THE
BEAUTIFUL.
THE APPRECIATION OF THE BEAUTIFUL IN NATURE AND
ART, AS THE RESULT OF THE POSSESSION OF THE
ESTHETIC FACULTY.
A high or prominent nose is nature's evidence of a love
and appreciation of the beautiful.
.Estheticalness Small— Kettle, a selfish
and cunning Indian Chief, of Wash-
ington Ter.
uEst heticalness Large — Charl e-
magne, a great warrior, and
zealous promoter of thesciencea
and the arts.
218 THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES.
Love of the beautiful is a rising of the mind above
ihe region of common-place and common-looking or vulgar
things, and soaring into a contemplation of the beau-
tiful, whether to be found in material objects or in the
brighter emanations of the higher conceptions of the
individual. The capacity for rising above the common
order of things is evidenced outwardly by a somewhat
high development of the nasal organ rising well out from
the general plane of the face, and this being the evidence
of the possession of strong power of sensation, we have
the fundamental reason of large ^Estheticalness
CAREFULNESS.
80LICITOUSNESS, GUARDEDNESS, WARINESS, AND CIRCUM-
SPECTION IN ALL THE TRANSACTIONS OF LIFE.
The palpable manifestation of caution is a long nose.
TJie elephant is the best example of this, as his nose extends
to the extreme end of his trunk.
The immediate function of the nose being to protect the
mouth, lungs, stomach, &c., from foulness, rancidity, or
other elements of danger arising from gases or putridity;
and being constantly in the exercise of the greatest of
care and watchfulness for arriving at the requisite con-
clusions, we may predicate from the length of the nose,
which will also give the extent of surface on which the
olfactory nerve has to act, and the degree of efficiency
which accompanies the performance of its functions, the
extent of the development in the individual of the faculty
of Carefulness.
THE FACULTIES. THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES, 219
Q/
Carefulness Large— Flavins Josephus, Carefulness Small— Thomas Hnd-
an eminent and illustrious Jewish son, a very careless man, wh«
Historian, who was an exceedingly was ever blundering into mis-
careful and correct author. fortune!.
SPEMENTALITY.— SPIRITUAL HOPE.
THE FACULTY THAT DESIRES SOME MENTAL OR SPIRITUAL
GOOD.
Spiritual hope may be known as large when we see a
large open eye and high forehead, with great comparative
measurement from the point of the nose to the ftair of the
forehead.
If the relative measurement of the face announces the
undue development of any part of it, we may accept the
220 THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES.
fact as evidence of the undue growth and power of a par-
ticular desire, according to the particular part shewn by
Spementality Small— James Fisk, Jr.,
of Erie Railroad notoriety.
Spementality Large — John Milton,
en illustrious English poet.
measurement to be unduly proportioned. Spementality
or mental hope being simply the sensation of desire after
a future life, and the high spiritual welfare of humanity,
and the power of sensation being always in full accord with
the size of the brain and nerves, whose exclusive offices
are to receive sensations, it follows tliat a high forehead,
being the index of large development of brain, must indi-
cate the amount of spiritual hope, or in other words, the
amount of desire after mental and elevating sensation.
Large comparative measurement from the point of the nose
to the beginning of the growth of the hair on the upper
part of the forehead is another indication of the faculty
under treatment, because, ra addition to the brain, it
includes great length of nose, having for its office the
special sense of smell. A large eye is always indicative of
the presence of the faculty, because it denotes largeness
THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES.
221
of the optic nerve, in which there resides great capability
of sensation, and they are all usually in harmony with
desires of a sensational nature.
PUKITATIVENESS.— PUEITY.
THE VIRTUE OF CHASTITY AND INNOCENCE UNDEFILED.
A clear, bright eye, a broad, high forehead, evenly devel-
oped lips, with a refined and intelligent countenance, are
wme of the signs of purity of mind.
Puritativeness Small — A
Patagouian.
Puritativeness Large— Lucretia Mott,
a Quakeress preacher.
Like all other variations of character, purity of mind is
faithfully imaged on the exterior of the body, and that
with no less exactitude than is a material object reflected
upon the surface of a good glass. The mirror cannot pos-
sibly reflect any object which does not occupy the requisite
fronting relationship to it; and equally impossible is it for
222
THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND 'PRINCIPLES.
the facial mirror to reflect faculties which have not their
abode within. The faculties permeate through every par-
ticle and fibre of the body, and wherever purity of mind
exists, it must perforce make patent its existence by
means of its allotted facial peculiarity; and as purity of
mind consists in those things which have a tendency to
enlighten and ennoble, the outward effect will be an expan-
sion of the forehead, and the overspreading of a " spirituelle"
expression throughout the entire countenance.
TNTUITIVENESS.— INTUITION.
CONSCIOUS KNOWLEDGE PRI03 TO EXPERIENCE.
The signs of the FACULTY OF INTUITION are a high /ore-
head, with large, open eyes.
Intuitiveness Small — Simon Eraser
Lovat, a Scottish chieftain aud
rebel, who was beheaded.
Intuitiveness Large — Giuseppe
Mu/./mi, a talented Italian
patriot.
The faculty of arriving at a seemingly instantaneous
recognition of truth without ratiocination, or, at all events,
THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES. 223
without a degree of ratiocination large enough to bo
capable of appreciation, must have its abode in the sensa-
tional parts (Brain and Nerves of sensation) of our nature, as
these alone are equal to approximately instantaneous acts,
and it is therefore in the forehead that we must look for
the development of high sensational susceptibilities or
powers. A large and open eye is indicative of largeness of
the optic nerve, which in its turn demonstrates a high devel-
opment of the Nerves of sensation upon which this faculty
depends, and with which it is immediately associated.
UTERATIVENESS.— WKITTEN LANGUAGE.
THE SKILL OF PRODUCING WRITTEN LANGUAGE.
A full broad high forehead, with a pyriform face, are
signs of excellence in written language.
Literativencss Small — Mr. Thomas
Hogerson, a very poor writer.
Literati veness Large— John Buskin,
a brilliant author and art critic.
224 THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND .PRINCIPLES.
A full high forehead, with a pyriform face, shew love
of, and ability for, literary writing, when these are accom-
panied with education. Vivid and strong sensations are
necessary to the success of a writer, and these are indicated
by the broad high forehead which denote intellectual
imitation. The presence of these qualities are also indicated
by width in the front top of the head (see signs of Men-
timitativeness). These structural provisos being granted,
Education and experience are alone required to produce
an able and accomplished literary writer.
CLEANNESS.
THE DESIRE TO BE FREE FROM FOULNESS AND IMPURITIES.
Fine hair, as in the rabbit, is a, sure sign of NEATNESS;
while coarse hair, as in the hog, may be known as nature's
testimonial of a dirty animal.
Cleanness Large — The Duchess of Kent,
the mother of Her Majesty, Queen
Victoria, The Noble Queen,
Cleanness Small — Nathaniel
Bently, the dirtiest man in
England.
THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES. 226
Cleanness. Dirt has been well expressed as " very ordi-
nary matter in the wrong place," and such it is when it
is allowed to accumulate on the person or on the clothing.
Where there exists a high organization, the individual —
be he man or animal — is endowed with a greater or less
elevation of nature, and in virtue of this he recoils from
the useless contact with inorganic matter, or organic matter
of a very low type. This feeling springs from the natural
law which attracts like to like. On the other hand, where
the organization of the individual is of a low type, as
evinced by coarse hair, skin, &c., there is no great
revulsion against close association with dirt, because there
is a large proportion of the grosser materials in the com-
position of his frame, in comparison with the amount of
soul he is able to boast of. The hog being essentially
coarse in his structure with little of the spiritual essence
in his composition, lives uncaring and contented surrounded
by filth and dirt. The dainty rabbit, on the other hand,
having fine downy hair and a highly nervous form, is
miserable unless allowed to perform regular ablutions and
keep itself thoroughly free from the hateful dirt
PITIFULNESS.
TENDERNESS AND COMPASSION FOR SUFFERING MANKIND,
THE LOWER ANIMALS, AND EVERY LIVING CREATURE.
An eye that looks upon an object with lingering softness, is
an evidence of large PITY. When this quality is strong it bows
the head forwards, and softens the manners.
The essence of the action of pity is a softening of the
higher feelings, and a melting of the virility of the
individual upon whose soul the angel-like influence is at
226 THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND . PRINCIPLES.
work The eyes, quickly responsive to the mysterious
pj'eading that wells up from its compassionate depths,
become eloquent in nature's language, and advocates the
Pitifulness very Small — Nero, one
of the most cruel Emperors of
Rome. Copied from the bust iu
the British Museum.
Pitifulness very Large— Miss Gontta,
of London, England, th« j«es*
compassionate lady of tb.e present
age-
cause which is thrilling throughout the inmost recesses
of the frame. This is only the operation of the great
natural law which ordains that mind must control matter,
and in this case an outlet of manifestation is found in
the eyes, which are ever the most active in the cause of
pain and suffering.
IMAGINATIVENESS.
THE PLASTIC POWER OR FACULTY OF CREATING IMAGES l2t
THE MIND, THE HOME OF FANCY.
Remarkable intelligence evinced by facial expression
denotes vivid imagination
THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS" AND PRINCIPLES. 227
Tliis faculty is born of largeness of Brain form, as compared
with the ether proportions, and it indicates the capacity
for Tiaperior sensations. Imagination is simply this power
Imaginativeness Large — Lamartine. Imaginativeness Small — A babbler,
a celebrated French poet and aii ignorant Irish woman of Edin-
historian. burgh,
of sensation developed in an extraordinary degree, and this
subtle power acts directly from an elevating cast of Brain
upon every part of the face, in expressions of intelligence
nnd refinement, which are the outcome 01 a hignly sensa-
tional organization.
228 THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS ANP PRINCIPLES.
FACTIMEMORIATIVENESS.— MEMORY OF FACTS,
THE FACULTY OF RETAINING PREVIOUSLY ATTAINED
KNOWLEDGE.
Memory of incidents and general affairs manifests itself
by general fulness of tlie forehead.
Factimemoriativeiiess Large -Frederick
H. A. Baron vou Humboldt. a dis-
tinguished German philosopher and
traveller
Factimemoriativeness Small —
Miss Catherine Dunn, whose
•weight is 425 pounds.
The reception of facts is accompanied by sensation of a
more or less intense character, according to the amount of
interest for the hearer, which each particular fact bears
with it: und as fhe more intense sensations are those which
grave the deepest mark upon the mind, and are most
enduring in consequence, and most readily recalled , it is
clear that to determine the capacity of any individual for
receiving and storing UD impressions and facts, we must
examine the front portion of the br»>n as that i<* the region
THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES. 229
assigned tc the sensations, while the back part contains
the Nerves which regulate the motary powers. It is there-
fore in the front part of the forehead that we must expect
to find the material for estimating the comparative activity
of this faculty.
Under this faculty we introduce numerous accounts of
remarkable facilities of recollection, interspersed with advice
regarding the care, cultivation, and improvement of the
memory. After retiring to rest every night, think over
all the transactions and incidents of the preceding day;
read the works of Cuvier, Leibnitz, Goethe, Humboldt,
Lyell, Agassiz, Liebig, Sir Walter Scott, Prescott, Alison,
Maeaulay, as well as other scientific and historical writers,
and at least once every day repeat all the events of import-
ance which have tianspired during the last twenty- four
hours, and business negociations, as well as every ordinary
incident of life. Commit condensed portions of history to
memory ; impress all leading incidents firmly on the mind,
by giving intense and concentrated attention to them when
they come to your notice; associate much with those of
superior memories. Employ the memory, and it will give
you retentive power. The Greeks continually exercised
their memories by treasuring in their minds the works of
their poets, the instructions of their philosophers, and the
problems of their mathematicians; and such practice gave
them vast power of retention. Pliny informs us of a Greek
called Charmidas, who could repeat from memory the
contents of a large library. One should write out every
speech or whatever it is desired to retain. This practice
is recommended by Cicero and Quintilian. Memory is
facilitated by regular order and distributive arrangement
of facts, and by conversing on the subjects you wish to
remember. Themistocles, Csesar, Cicero, and Seneca were
possessed of very great memories. Themistocles mastered
the Persian language in one year, and could call by their
230 THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES.
names all the citizens of Athens, when its population was
20;000. Cyrus knew the name, of every soldier in his
army. Julius Caesar was able to dictate to three secre-
taries at the same time, and on perfectly distinct subjects.
Portius Latro, as Seneca informs us, remembered every-
thing that he committed to writing, and wrote very rapidly.
Hortentius attended a public sale, which occupied the
whole day, and gave a full and particular account in the
evening, from memory, of every article that was sold, as
well as the name of each article, with the name of the
purchaser, and when compared with the notes of a clerk,
it was found perfectly correct.
Themistocles possessed such powers of retention, that
when one offered to teach him the art of memory he
rejected the proposal, and remarked that he had " much
rather he would teach him the art to forget." Justus
Lipsius was able to repeat every line of Tacitus' Works
memoriter. Josephus Scaliger committed Homer's Iliad
and his Odyssey entirely in twenty-one days, each being
about the same length, the Iliad containing 31,670
verses. Seneca could repeat 2,000 names in the order in
which he heard them, and rehearse 200 verses on different
subjects after once hearing them read. Mithridates, the
celebrated King of Pontus, ruled twenty-two countries, and
was enabled by his faithful memory to converse with the
various ambassadors in the proper language of the countries
which they respectively represented. St. Austin's Works
are sufficient to fill a large library, and yet Dr. Reynolds
mastered them all, being able to repeat any portion of
them from memory. Dr. Jewel, Bishop of Salisbury, could
repeat anything he had written by once reading it, and
never forgot a line of what he read ; but his astonishing
memory he attributed to '.ndustrious cultivation of that
faculty.
Jerome, of Prague, who was martyred for the Protestant
FHE FACITLTiES, IREIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES. 231
religion by a sentence of the Council of Constance, was
famous for An excellent memory, of which Poggius, in his
Epistle to Le<jnardus Aretinus, gives the following occur-
rence in illustration : — " After he had been confined 340
days in the bottom of a loathsome tower, where he was
wholly without light either to see or read; yet, when he
was called to trial, he quoted so many testimonies of the
most sagacious and learned men in favour of his own
principles, as if all that time he had been immured in a
good library, with all the conveniences of studying." This
is a remarkable example, especially if we consider the
afflictive circumstances of his case, and how sadly trouble
weakens and impairs the memory. A young Corsican,
while in the law school of Padua, in Italy, could repeat
forwards or backwards 36,000 names, and a year after,
could repeat anything remembered. He instructed Fran-
ciscus Molinus, a nobleman of Venice, who had a very
poor memory, in less than eight days, to repeat 500 names
in any order he pleased. Mr. Thomas Fuller possessed a
memory sufficient to remember all the signs on both sides
of Cheapside and several other streets in London. Instances
could be related of other memorists, equally noted but
the limited space of this book will not permit an extensive
article on this subject. Sickness, fright, or slothfulriess
may seriously impair the memory, as the following instances
may shew — viz., the orator Messala Corvinus forgot his
own name — caused by sickness. Artemidorous, the gram-
marian, having been frightened by a crocodile, the fright
caused an entire loss of his learning that he never after-
wards recovered. Calvisius Sabinus, from the habit of
slothfulness and neglect of his memory, became so forgetful
that he could not recollect the names of Ulysses, Achilles,
and Priamus, yet he knew those men as well as one man
can well know another. Germanus, who was a clerk under
the reign of Frederick II. having been bled, lost the entire
THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES.
use of his memory, yet one year subsequently having been
bled again, he recovered the full use of his former memory.
Many examples could be enumerated, wherein forgetfulness
could be attributed to the fact of not cultivating arid pro-
perly employing the memory.
The mathematician, Wallis, while in bed, and with his
eyes shut, extracted the cube root of a number consisting
of thirty figures, not making a single mistake. Dr. Timothy
Dwight, of Yale College, was in the habit of taking seven
texts, and at the same time dictating to seven amanuenses
seven distinct sermons. A celebrated London dramatist
laid a wager that he would, after once reading a page of
advertisements in the Times, repeat them verbatim, and
in order; and he won the wager. He also undertook to
walk along one of the main business thoroughfares, the
Strand, in which every house on each side has an elaborate
signboard and number, and to repeat the names, numbers,
and businesses of each, taking in both sides, as he walked
along only once. Mr. Miller, a talented lawyer of Keokuk,
Iowa, who was formerly member of Congress, has a remark-
ably retentive memory. He has been known to write out
in full an entire sermon, without taking notes; arid when
the bishop who preached it called upon him and observed
that Mr. Miller had changed only one word, in reply,
he mentioned the very word, and gave as his reason for
the change, that the word used by the bishop was incorrect.
The bishop thanked him, and pocketed the paper in which
the reported sermon appeared, the morning after it was
delivered. Mr. Miller remarked to me that it was by his
concentrated and earnest attention at the time of hearing,
that he was enabled so unfailingly to remember. A Miss
Foster, of London, has also this remarkable retention of
memory. A clergyman, of local note for his terse, epigram-
matic style ««f sermonizing, was asked by his congregation
(A) print aua publish one of his telling, cogent discourses;
THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES. 233
but on his assuring them that he could not reproduce
accurately what he had preached, Miss Foster, then about
sixteen years of age, proffered to write it out verbatim, and
did perfectly to the preacher's satisfaction. Dudley Waller,
a boy in the American States, when entering his teens,
learned long lectures by hearing them read once or twice.
He has been known to repeat accurately half a newspaper
column, and tell where the punctuation points appeared,
as he had been told them when hearing it read. Writing
out one's thoughts gives tenacity to the memory. Then
write out your own thoughts, as well as what you learn
from books, teachers, and conversation. Keep a diary or
note-book, and at the end of the day note down in chrono-
logical order every transaction that occurred within your
cognizance during the whole day.
Special care should be taken, however, in the exercise
and cultivation of memory, not to overtax it. It is a fact,
well attested by experience, that the memory may be
seriously injured by pressing upon it too hardly and con-
tinuously in early life. Whatever theory we hold as to
this great and wonderful function of our nature, it is
certain that its powers are only gradually developed ; and
that, if forced into premature exercise, they are impaired
by the effort. A regulated exercise, short of fatigue, is
improving to it; but we ought carefully to refrain from
goading it by constant and laborious efforts in early life,
and before this wonderful, godlike faculty is strengthened
to its work, or it decays in our hands.
The following interesting incident, related by James
Beaty, may serve as a warning to those having the care of
the young. A boy, whose over-zealous and indiscreet
mother obliged him to commit sermons to memory, lost
his other faculties and became stupid and idiotic. Jjet
us ever keep in mind what Coleridge, in his rapturous
appreciation of this power, exclaims, — " Memory, bosom'
234 THE FACULTIES, THEIK SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES.
spring of joy." Then BasiU, — " Memory is the cabinet of
imagination, the treasury of reason, the registry of con-
science, and the council-chamber of thought."
PRUDENTIALITY.
WISDOM APPLIED TO PRACTICE
PRUDENTIALITT partially closes the eyes, which are
usually also found somewhat settled in the head, but it is
wanting in persons with very short noses Hence children,
who almost invariably have short noses, are very impru-
dent. Open mouths are also evidence of natural im-
prudence.
Prudentiality Small — A restless, loqua-
cious, ignorant, and saucy boy of
Jacksonville, Illinois.
Prudentiality Large — John Sher-
man, U.S. senator from Ohio.
A fulness of practical wisdom or prudence, gathered
during the course of a lifetime, will, in old age, when
caution and prudence become the first, if not the only
THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES. 235
consideration, cause the eyes to settle back in the headi
long practice and experience having taught them that in
this position there is greater convenience for thinking;
thinking cautiously and carefully carried to its ultimate
results being prudence itself. The position has been
adopted first, from an instinctive sense of fitness and con-
venience, and it has become permanently fixed by the
natural law of use and wont.
CREDULOUSNESS.
THE ENDOWNENT WHEREBY ONE IS ENABLED TO RECEIVE
AS TRUE THAT WHICH IS UNPROVEN.
Tlie eyebrows, when elevated far above the eyes, and pre-
sent a large intercilia'ry space, as in Harvey, are certain
signs of large faith.
Credulousness Small— Voltaire. Crc<lulousness Large— Wm. Harvey,
M. D., who published bis discovery
of the circulation of the blood in
1628.
Credulous people take for granted the truth or accuracy
of any statement that may bo put before them, being quite
236 THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES.
incapable, it would appear, of separating the wheat from
the chaff, and the probable from the improbable. This
easiness of reception for all and sundry must arise from the
undue openness of the avenues which conduct the informa-
tion to the sensorium. Those avenues of reception are the
eyes, the ears, the nose, the mouth, and the nerves of sensa-
tion. When the eyes are well open, the brows will be
drawn well up on to the forehead, there being no other way
of admitting of the open gaze. The ears are capacious, and
seem to turn their tips forwards, as if to be prepared to
receive and adopt anything, however strange, that may be
addressed to them. The nose is furnished with expanding
nostrils, and admits everything without much scrutiny as
to quantity or quality ; the mouth stands agape and mutely
asks for more; the head is large in the front part where
lie the powers of the sensation, and the whole is the well-
known picture of a superlatively credulous person.
COURTEOUSNESS,
THE STATE OR QUALITY WHICH LEADS TO CIVILITY OF
MANNERS, POLITENESS, AND ELEGANT DEPORTMENT.
This winning power of outward attractiveness manifests
itself in fine features, high open forehead, graceful form,
and a large, animated, and prominent eye.
It is impossible to carry a courteous and conciliatory
bearing if the individual has a tendency in any direction to
extremity of form. He must be capable of being "all
things to all men," and for this purpose it is necessary that
he be constructed on a medium plan, and with no rough
or abrupt corners in his character which might mar his
attempts at courtesy. He must occupy this medium stand-
THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIONS AND PRINCIPLES. 237
pnint, and, at the same time, be endowed with sufficient
elasticity to admit of his meeting half-way the denizens of
either extreme; for if built on an extreme himself, he could
CoYirteousness Small — D. Fernando Courfceousness Large — Count D'
^71I., a tyrant, who started the Orsay, the most polite man of the
Inquisition, and was devoid of world,
fine feelings.
not possibly deal with those so far away as the opposite
end of the range. The signs given above are those denoting
mediocrity of character, and consequently the ability of
courteousnesss
ATTENTIVENESS.
THE QUALITY OR POWER OF GIVING HEED TO OBJECTS
OR THOUGHTS.
ATTENTIVENESS when large, carries the head forward in
the same manner that one bends forward when thoroughly
interested in a new book, held in the hand, as shewn in
the engraving of Hugh Miller, Scotland's talented Geologist.
238 THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES.
The exercise of attention naturally inclines us to bend
forward the visual organs in the direction of the object
we are desirous of examining. This instinctive act carries
Attentiveness Large — Abbey Kelley
Foster, an able advocate of the
abolition of American slavftry.
Attentiveness Small — His Majesty
Pomare, King of Taheite.
the head, with its group of sensations, into closer proximity
to the object, as if instinctive reason had concluded that
greater proximity would enhance the observing and noting
capacity; and, therefore, like the sunflower which lovingly
follows the sun for the rays which keep it in life, the head
is projected to the object of attention for greater inspiration
there.
SYMPATHETICALNESS.— SYMPATHY.
THE VIRTUE WHICH AFFORDS FELLOW FEELING FOR THR
WOES, TROUBLES, AND ANXIETIES OF OTHERS, AS WELL
AS FOR THEIR JOYS AND PLEASURES.
A long narroiu face, with full lips, are testimonies of
true and heart-stirring SYMPATHY. But besides these there
are several other signs, such as a long head, from forehead
to crown; long and slim fingers, &c.
THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES.
'239
To enter into and make our own the joys and sorrows
of others, requires subtle powers of sensation to enable us
tc analyze and understand the feelings 'jf others, and the
presence of this high power of sensation is indicated by
largeness in the upper front of the head After arriving
Sympatheticalness Small — Robespieire, Sympatheticalness Large— Eustache,
an implacable, sanguinolent, aiid who saved his master and others
truculent tyrant. from massacre.
at a correct estimation of the feelings of others, a fine-
grained organization is absolutely necessary before we can
sympathize with, and appropriate those feelings. All the
finer feelings, as pity, purity, cleanliness, love of the beauti-
ful and the sublime, &c., depend for their existence upon
the fineness of the individualized material.
THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGffS AND PRINCIPLES.
.A. S S
THE PERFECTIVE QUALITIES.
THE QUALITIES OF CLASS SIXTH ACCOMPANY AN EVE1C
COMBINATION OF TWO OR MORE OF THE FIVE FORMS.
GRACEFULNESS.
BY GRACEFULNESS IS MEANT THE QUALITY OR FACULTY
RESULTING IN EASE AND ELEGANCE OF MOT.J<>£ AND
AGREEABLENESS OF MANNERS. THE GRACEFUL Mv>VE-
MENT IS PERFORMED IN LONG CURVES AND THE
GRACEFUL MANNER IS SEEN IN THE SWEEPING CURVE
OF THE GESTURE AND BOW.
The apparent structural form which accompanies graceful
•movements and manners is the slim and pliable structure
that bends with apparent ease.
Gracefulness Large— A Swan.
THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES. 241
The harmonious combination of several of the elements
entering into the construction of the animal frame, has the
direct result of producing an ease of motion, and an absence
of constraint in the Muscular action, which comes under
the comprehensive term of Gracefulness. More than the
proportionate quantity of bone, results in awkwardness and
ungainliness ; while a preponderance of the nervous form
runs to the opposite extreme, and gives rise to angularity
of motion, fidgetiness, and feverish and ungraceful haste
in action, and so on with disproportion in every other
Gracefulness Small— A male Hippopotamus, taken from life, in the
Zoological Gardens in London.
form, which in all cases is fatal to that nameless beauty of
comportment and behaviour which we call grace. The
conditions necessary for the production of a high degree
of grace, are, a fair share of Muscular force with an equal
endowment of the Abdominal powers, while the other three
Balient forms must be balanced, the one with the other,
with the utmost nicety, without any of them possessing
more than half the degree of development which has been
allotted to the Muscular and Abdominal powers. Harmony
of structure gives well-balanced and harmonious curves of
242 THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES.
motion displayed in every movement of limb and muscle,
and this motion is the foundation of all Gracefulness.
PKOSPEKATIVENESS.— PKOSPEROUSNESS.
THE POWER OF ATTAINING THE DESIRED OBJECT.
The curved line running round the corners of the mouth,
while those corners are depressed or indented, is natures
stamp or trademark on the visage of a person who has
succeeded, or can do so in some department of life.
Prosperativeness Large— Julius Caesar, Frosperativeness Small— AKyast
the Dictator, who, as a Commander, Banian man, of Surat, in
was eminently successful. India.
To insure ultimate prosperity, there must not be any
very weak or vulnerable points in the make-up of the bo<Jy,
such ill-armed points would certainly nullify and prevent
as
THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES.
243
the success of any efforts; and expose the entire fortress to
betrayal and destruction. For the possession of the requi-
site general strength, a fair development is necessary of
thorax, abdomen, muscles, bones, and brain, and when this
proviso is granted, the signs above given will be apparent
PHYSIOHAKMONITIVENESS.— PHYSICAL HAK-
MONY.
THE POWER WHICH APPRECIATES THAT PHYSICAL CONDITION
IN WHICH ALL PARTS OF THE BODY ARE ROUNDED AND
IN PERFECT ACCORDANCE.
When one part of the body is equal, in due proportion,
to every other part in strength, and no feature seems to
dominate the others in size, and all are rounded, the indi-
vidual who is so happily framed, so essentially harmonious
throughout, should feel grateful, and endeavour to assist
others to like harmony in their natures.
Physioharmonitiveness Small —Cut
Rose, an Indian, who, in the
massacre of 1862, in Minnesota,
murdered 18 women and children
and 5 men.
Pbysioharmonitiveness Large — O.
F. Handel, a talented musician,
whopf life was occupied in pro
moting narmony.
244 THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES.
• By this felicitous condition of body is implied the round-
ing off and dovetailing of all the different faculties, so as
to form a mass whose principal distinguishing feature is
that of oneness, or the presence of a harmonious combina-
Physioliarmonitiveness Large — Sarah and John Eovin, aged respectively
164 iUid 172 years of age.
tion of material, and the absence of all ingredients not
having a tendency to act in accord with the others. The
harmony of music is the result of compatibility and fitness
existing between the different tones, and combining their
various powers of strength and richness, so as to produce
an aggregate of delicious harmony; and the parallel
between the two is much closer and more exact than one
would at a first glance be inclined to suspect. The above
signs will receive their full signification when taken in
connection with these remarks.
PROPORTIONATIVENESS.— PROPORTION.
RECOGNITION OF THE TRUE RELATION OF PARTS TO EACH
OTHER.
The physiognomical manifestations of Proportionate-
ness are a due symmetrical proportion of one feature to
THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES 245
another joined in a body, whose parts and features are in
harmonious accord, producing beauty of form.
Proportionativeness Large — Proportionativeness Small — A Flat-
Petrarch Zortan, 185 years Head Indian, of the south-east coast of
of age. Vancouver Island, British Columbia.
This word is sufficiently explicit and comprehensive to
indicate the quality, or combination of qualities, of which
Proportionativeness Large — Dr. John Proportionativeness Small — A
Hunter, one of the most distin- Quatsino Indian, from the north-
guished surgeons of modern times. western coast of Vancouvei
Islaud.
246 THE FACULTIES. THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES.
it is the appellative. For the production of a high degree
of Proportionativeness there must reign throughout a rela-
tive fitness of parts — one part having exactly that degree
of strength, and no more, which puts it on an equal footing
with the strength and powers of the other parts. Where
these conditions are not maintained, the faculty cannot
exist, except perhaps in a half-strangled form, which is not
entitled to be classed under the name, Proportionativeness.
SEDUCTIVENESS,— REASON.
THE LOGICAL FACULTY OF DEDUCING CONCLUSIONS FROM
PREMISES.
In the human Physiognomy, the deductive faculty dis-
covers itself to the observer by a well-dejined and prominent
nose and broad face. No person has been ever known as
an original and correct reasoner who had a low flat nose
like that of the Chinamen.
Deductivenesa Small— Foolish Sara. Seductiveness Large— John Locke.
This faculty more than any other appertaining to
humanity, demands a rigidly even and harmonious dis-
THE FACULTIES, THEIR SIGNS AND PRINCIPLES. 247
tribution of the different elements in the conformation of
the structure, attended by no ordinary degree of strength
of development in each. To be able to deduce inferences
from premises with accuracy and correctness requires abili-
ties of no ordinary character, and the deducer must be
thoroughly well balanced and strengthened in his structure
throughout, to produce the soundness of judgment which
is required to carry on mental analysis. Strength is the
main element here, and this strength is evidenced by the
presence of the broad high face which attends the broad,
high, and harmonious form generally. Again, well main-
tained equilibrium in the constituents of the human frame
or organization is the invariable concomitant of a robust and
overflowing condition of health, and this latter element is
one which is almost indispensable to protracted processes
of deduction. These are the principles underlying this
faculty, and the signs given above must be apparent on
the form, to the exact extent oi' tne development of the
faculty in the structure, as vidtus est index animi.
NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE, an eminent American author, whose novels
and promiscuous writings display unbounded imagination, critical analysis
couched in language and style, clear, forcible, graceful, and elegant.
VARIOUS RACES OF MEN.
MEN have changed so much, and embodied so many varieties
of features, that it would be impossible to represent any
one individual that should fairly or approximately give
an idea of the whole human family. We will give, how-
ever, a representative man of the nation, tribe, and family,
to shew that it would be neither truthful nor just to give
one man as the true type of a race. The Europeans, who
are considered bv many writers to oe a branch of the
King William of Prussia, a specimen of European.
VARIOUS RACES OF MEN. 249
Caucasian race, and who are supposed to have coine from
the mountains of Central Asia, may be divided thus:—
English, Celtic and Saxon.
Scotch, Highland or Celtic and Teutonic.
Russians, or Sclaves.
Germans, or Teutonic.
Hollanders, or Dutch.
French, or Celts.
Irish, or ,,
Welsh, or ,,
Danes, or Scandinavians
Spaniards, or Iberian and Celts.
Now, let us take those brothers, so-called, and see how
varied are the types of men, and how impossible it would
be, if we so desired, to represent all of those nationalities
by one man. Of Jate, much discussion has arisen among
Anthropologists as to whether mankind should be classified
in one, or many races, hence there are two schools, Mono-
gen ists and Polygenists.
The following i1 lustrations, from the so-called Indian
tribes, . will fully satisfy any observing person that a single
copper-coloured face but ill represents the many varieties
to be found in America at the present time, saying nothing
about those which are entirely extinct
American or Indian race represented by a Digger. (See
cut of a Digger Indian on page 251.)
A Hat Head Indian — a irouc ana side view.
250
VARIOUS RACES OF MEN.
Among the Snakes, we have seen some who resemble
the Oneidas, others look like Pottawottomies, while others
bore a favourable comparison with the Omahas, and yet
many individuals of this tribe were surprisingly unlike
any other.
Catlin, in his celebrated work on the Indian races, pre-
sents many drawings from life of the varieties, in form,
shape, and feature, of the red men of the American con-
tinent. Some are tall, well-formed, graceful as Apollo, and
beautiful in feature; others are short, squat, crooked-
limbed, and entirely destitute of beauty or grace. Some
have been described as generous, noble-hearted, and truth-
ful; while others were crafty, c/uel, and revengeful. This
tribe delighted in manly sports, were abstemious, mirthful,
and enjoyed purity of domestic lite; while that was morose,
gluttonous, gloomy, ana sensual. Then how futile to
attempt the representation of a race by an individual-^-
natioris cannot be picturec bv isolated cnaraeters.
A Quatsino, of the north-western coast
of Vancouver Island.
Cut Nose, a murderous Indian,
of Minnesota.
The French and Scotch, said to have sprung from the
A Digger Indian, of California. Eating worms, grasshoppers, and aoorna
is a luxury often indulged in by the Di
252 VARIOUS RACES OF MEN.
same bratwh, are entirely dissimilar. The Englishman or
Russian would never be suspected of being an Irishman,
abroad or at home. The flat-bottomed, broad, short Dutch-
man, who has been first flattened by the dead level of his
country, and then has impressed his squat ideas in similar
shape on his heavy-sterned sailing vessels, his dumpy
copper tea-kettles, and even on his short-legged sheep and
cattle, will never be confounded with the tall, haughty
Spaniard, or supposed to be descended from some old Bur-
gundian baron, who once held sway over hia present
inheritance. Yet these anomalies among Europeans are
classified in a lump as one race by many authors. But
why call all nations which may happen to be white one
race? As we find quite as much variation among different
nations as between so-called different races, why not call
every nationality a distinct race ? This same law of reason-
ing will apply to all races, nations, tribes, or families of
people who inhabit the earth. In our humble opinion,
thousands of races and tribes have peopled the earth which
are now entirely extinct.
In glancing over history, in various languages, we are
forced to believe that the earlier races were far larger than
those we find now upon the earth. They were undoubtedly
coarser, stronger, and larger men, physically, than men are
at present, but not so highly organized mentally. Cultiva-
tion and climatic influences, as well as those resulting from
incestuous marriages, have sadly injured the physical
stature and powers of man; while sensational excitants
and education have enlarged the brain, and given intellec-
tual force and knowing power, which are the great levers
of progress and civilization. These last remarks are
intended to apply only to the white races, as their history
is the one we have studied the most fully. Among all
white races men are growing smaller and weaker bodily,
»nd becoming more active and useful mentally. The
VARIOUS RACES OF MEN. 253
following account of giants is evidence from other authors
that in past ages men were much larger than those of the
present day.
" In an excavation, made by William Thompson and
Robert Smith, half a mile north of West Hickory, they
exhumed an enormous helmet of iron which was corroded
with rust. Further digging brought to light a sword
which measured nine feet in length, and after some little
time they discovered the bones of two very large feet.
Following up the lead, in a few hours time they unearthed
a well-preserved skeleton of an enormous giant, belonging
to a species of the human family which probably inhabited
this part of the world at the time of which the Bible
speaks, when it says, ' and there were giants in those days.'
The helmet is said to be of the shape of those found
among the ruins of Nineveh. The bones are remarkably
white, the teeth are all in their places, and all of them
are double, and of extraordinary size. These relics have
been taken to Tionesta, where they are visited by large
numbers of persons daily. The giant must have stood
eighteen feet in his stockings." *
In one of his recent lectures, Professor Silliman, the
younger, alluded to the discovery of an enormous lizard
of eighty feet. From this the Professor inferred, as no
living specimen of such magnitude has been found, that
the species which it represents has become degenerated.
The verity of his position he endeavoured to enforce by
allusion to the well-known existence of giants in olden
times. The following is the list upon which this singular
hypothesis is based: —
The giant exhibited at Rouen in 1630, the Professor
says, measured nearly eighteen feet. Gorapius saw a girl
that was ten feet high. The giant Galabra, brought from
Arabia to Rome under Claudius Caesar, was 10 feet high.
* From the Oit City Times, Pennsylvania, December 31, 1SC9.
254 VARIOUS RACES OF MEN,
The giant Ferregus, slain by Orlando, nephew of Charle-
magne, was twenty-eight feet high. In 1814, near St.
Germain, was found the tomb of Isorant, who was not
less than thirty feet high. In 1850, near Rouen, was found
a skeleton whose skull held a bushel of corn, and who was
nineteen feet high. The giant Baeart was twenty-two feet
high; his thigh bones were found in 1704 near the river
Moderi. Fannum, who lived in- the time of Eugene II.,
measured eleven and a-half feet. The chevalier Scrog, in
his voyage to the Peak of Teneriffe, found in one of the
caverns of that mountain the head of the Gunich, who
had sixty teeth, and was not less than fifteen feet high.
In 1623, near the castle in Dauphine, a tomb was found
which was thirty feet long, sixteen feet wide, and eight
feet high, on which was cut on gray stones these words: —
"Keutolochus Rex." The skeleton was found entire:
twenty-five and a fourth feet long, ten feet across the
shoulders, and five feet from the breast-bone to the back.
Near Palermo, in Sicily, in 1316, was found the skeleton
of a giant thirty feet high, and in 1559, another forty-four
feet high. Near Mazarino, in Sicily, in 1815, was found
the skeleton of a giant thirty feet high. The head was
the size of a hogshead, and each of his teeth weighed five
ounces.
The numerous allusions which are found in classical
authors, to the fact of human beings of gigantic size having
ruled and fought for empire in the ages past, are also some
proof that the present race has degenerated in size. It
seems to be the natural tendency of all animal life to
become smaller, or else its place is filled by creations of
less bulky proportions possessing more intelligence and
vsefulness. The places of the mighty saurian, among
reptiles, and the mammoth mastodon, among animals, havo
long since been supplanted by the crocodile and lizard, tho
horse, dog, ox, and sheep, each of which is more useful, a*
VAftlOUS RACES OF MEN. 255
well a? more intelligent, than those mighty creatures whose
past history is written and revealed to us in that unerring
book of nature — the solid rocks.
As nature gave an immense number of species of animals,
so she produced an untold variety of races of mankind.
Some writers on Ethnology divide humanity into five
distinct races, namely, the Caucasian, Mongolian, Malay,
Negro, and Indian, but a multitude of authorities disagree
on this point. Virey acknowledged but two races. Jacque-
not and Cuvier divided them into three. Kant gave his
opinion in favour of four. Blumenbach divided them into
five — the common theory. Buflfbn deemed them to be six.
Hunter and Pritchard gave seven. Agassiz thinks there
are eight. Pickering, eleven. St. Vincent enlarged to
fifteen. Desmoulins said there must be sixteen races. The
celebrated Morton, twenty-two. Crawford's observation
found sixty varieties, and Burke noted sixty-three. Very
much may be written on this subject of races, and in a
subsequent work we propose to give our views at length
on this interesting department of natural science. The
origin of the various races is a most interesting and puzzling
theme.
Many a beautiful, yet fabulous, temple of theory has been
set up by philosophers of the past and present regarding
the origin of man, and yet when the winds of investigation
blow upon them, they vanish like the dew of the early
morning before the summer's sun.
We have numerous evidences in history, as well
°.s the testimony of bone and rock, that the men of
^revious ages were much larger than at present, so that,
;aking these facts to reason from, we can come to no other
conclusion than that man is physically degenerating and
retrograding.
The early history of Great Britain gives full assurance of
the low mentality and barbarism which existed in that
256 VARIOUS RACES OF
country in ages past. Yet the strength of those rude
warriors was amazing. There are spears and shields in
the Tower of London which an ordinary man of the present
day could not handle. The suits of mailed armour are
enormous in weight; and the sword of Richard I. (Cceur
de Lion), which that monarch wore in battle, is enough for
any common soldier to carry, without using it for warlike
purposes. Compare this with the condition in stature,
intelligence, and cultivation of the people in England to-day.
They are shorter, lighter, and weaker, physically, but far
more active mentally ; and ten thousand times more work
is accomplished by the machinery contrived by English
minds than was ever done by the strong muscles of their
forefathers.
Our opinion, founded on these observations, is that
originally man was a little lower, mentally, than the lowest
type of the wild Australian savage or New Zealander, and
the first specimen of the genus homo was rather uncouth
and clumsy, but strong enough to care for and defend
himself against the wild animals by which he was sur-
rounded. We know positively that man has grown very
much in brain-power, but how low he was in intellect at
the time, or soon after his creation, remains an open
question. Yet we are firmly convinced f,hat he was always
a man of some kind.
What are the operating causes which go to reduce tho
physical size and strength of mankind? We answer, that
nothing wields a more powerful influence over animal life
than climate, and its effect can be more readily discerned
than all other inclining forces. In the northern hemisphere
of America, we find that of late the seasons are growing
colder, the earth is becoming drier ; while in England it
is the reverse, and this change affects animal and vegetable
life as well as man. The same specimens of trees grow
much larger in tropical and temperate regions, than in the
VARIOUS RACES OF MEN. 257
frigid. The pines, which grow upwards of a hundred feet
high in North Carolina, are small enough in Spitzbergen
to be enclosed in a letter, without doubling the postage.
The oak, in the Arctic regions, rarely reaches twenty feet,
while in Alabama and Mississippi it is five times as tall.
Heat expands all substances in nature, and cold contracts,
water when converted into ice being the only exception.
The Laplanders and Esquimaux, inhabiting a cold region
in the north, are about four and a-half feet high, while
similarly half savage tribes, living in the warmer lati-
tudes of Africa and Asia, are as tall as the best speci-
mens of Europeans. This change in climate is probably
owing to the Earth changing its poles, and tends constantly
to contract the bodies of men in America, and expand those
of England, and to dry up the lands of America, while
England continues moist; and this cycle changes alter-
nately in heat and cold in each country every few years.
Some attribute the lack of rain to the clearing of our
American forest lands, while, in fact, it is owing to the
increasing coldness, which is antagonistic to moisture. We
often hear the well-grounded assertion, that it is too cold
to rain. Those lands in Southern Illinois, denominated
swampy, and for that reason given by the United States
to that State thirty years since, are now all tillable. The
bed of the Mississippi is rapidly filling up, and very much
less water is discharged through this mighty river than
even twenty years ago. Actual surveys of Niagara Falls
evince the fact that less water, by several inches in depth,
runs over the Falls to-day than did thirty-five years ago,
or when Father Louis Hennepin, during the latter part of
the seventeenth century, made the first survey of that
sublime cataract. The oceans are receding from the land,
and do not wash so high upon their shores as they did
two hundred years ago. Herodotus, the great Greek his-
torian, who wrote over four hundred years before the birth
258 VARIOUS RACES OF MEN.
of Christ, tells us, that when Mones, the first sovereign who
exercised dominion over the whole land of Egypt, ruled,
his territories were not very extensive, for all Lower Egypt
was a morass. In California are found the fossil vertebra
of whales, high up in the gravelly bank, which is not now
reached by the salt waves of the Pacific. It is true that
volcanic power could have lifted this bank, or sunk the bed
of the ocean, causing an apparent lessening of the waters;
but our opinion, formed from this and other facts, leads us
to believe there is less water on the earth's surface than
there was twenty, fifty, or one hundred years since.
The water is gradually being taken up in the process of
building the vegetable world, and thus converted into solid
substances. Hydrogen, the basis of vegetable life, is one
of the constituents forming water, by a union with ox}Tgen,
and these two elements largely abound in vegetable and
mineral substances. Great changes are taking place on the
surface of our globe through the agency of electricity and
chemical action, and all these changes tend to lessen the
general bulk of the atmosphere and the oceans, by
converting them into solids. Thus, things which are
seen are constantly coming from those things which are
unseen.
Electricity appears to have been a primal agency in
moulding the visible universe into its present rounded form.
The lightning currents passing through the coil of an electro-
magnet, obtains increased power and intensity by taking
the round or spiral direction, and if a sufficiently strong
current can be produced, solid masses of iron may be sup-
ported within the centre of the electric force, apparently
isolated from all surrounding bodies.
The telescope has revealed the fact that many of the
distant groups of nebulas partake of the same circular
or spiral form; and whether we watch a tiny mote float-
ing in the sunbeam, or a mighty star sailing through
VARIOUS RACES OF MEN, 259
immensity, the same law of circles seems to prevail and
govern both. To Electricity, then, we attribute the cause,
in the Creator's hands, of all the forms of matter which
surround us, and to its continued action may we assign
the changes which are at present occurring on the surface
of the earth.
During the revolutionary war in America, we are told
the average weight of officers in the army was 200
pounds; and during the late civil war, the average amounted
to but 149 pounds. This is a decrease of 51 pounds in
about eighty years, and if reliable, is certainly a striking
proof of the gradual decline in physical strength of the
people of the American continent.
The average height of the corn stalks in Illinois is
decreasing, while the size of. the ears of corn diminishes
in a similar ratio. The grasses are likewise much less in
height than formerly. All this is owing to a lessened mean
temperature of the atmosphere, and a consequent lack of
humidity, which is the right hand support of all vegetation.
How do we discover that North America is becoming
colder? There are many evidences, a few of which we
will offer: — At that geological period, known as the Car-
boniferous era, when the vegetable matter which' forms
our vast beds of coal was growing and being deposited
in successive layers, there were ferns and other specimens
of Cryptogamous plants growing in the north temperate
zone more than 120 feet in height: now, the largest ferns
in the same region are but samples of vegetation. The
coal-forming era required much greater heat for the main-
tenance and rapid growth of those rank pulpy mosses
which have no existence at the present time. The atmo-
sphere held a larger amount of carbonic acid gas, and was
therefore more dense, supplying the necessary food to
those swift-developing vegetable forms. The rapid decay
of the falling vegetation would cause partial combustion,
SCO VARIOUS RACES OF MEN.
which in itself evolved a great amount of heat. The fossil
remains of animals are found in the rocks of temperate
regions, which now only inhabit the warm regions near
the equator. The habits of those creatures were fitted
for, and their food could alone be obtained in very warm
climates, yet their remains are found imbedded in the ice,
far to the north, in the region of perpetual snow. It is
evident, when they were alive, this cold climate was then
much warmer.
Again, the strong assertions of old men, who are now
living, that the seasons are far colder of late years than
when they were young, is another substantiation of this
fact. The cause of our Indian summer may be partially
explained by the combustion of the dropping leaves in
the fall. This combustion warms the atmosphere. As the •
forests are removed, the amount of falling foliage is lessened,
consequently our Indian summers are gradually vanishing
or less apparent. The cause being removed, the effect
disappears. The application of those facts to the causes
which have operated, and are still operating, in producing
varieties of race among men are very clear. Given, a
change of climate, food, and surroundings, and man changes.
The Duke of Sutherland imported some very fine specimens
of pure merino sheep into Scotland some years since. When
those animals reached their new home, their wool -was long
and silky. They were carefully kept separate from Scottish
sheep, and watched and fed by attentive shepherds, yet in
three generations their wool was as short and curly as that
of any Highlander's flock in the country.
Another instance. Some fine thorough-bred hogs were
shipped to the Cape of Good Hope for the purpose of
replacing the long-nosed, slender-bodied chasers, common
to that part of Africa. Notwithstanding all the care taken
to preserve the purity of the breed, a very short time
was sufficient to change all their characteristics, and their
VARIOUS RACES OF MEN. 261
descendants were more like kangaroos than decent hogs.
Climate had done its work. So with man, the varieties
or races vary as he moves east or west, north or south.
If the temperature of the earth's surface changes, he must
conform to the change, and obey nature's mandates. The
laws of nature are immutable, but their operations are
constantly producing variations in the form and character
of every living creature within her boundaries.
" TRUGANINI," native of Tasmania, with features representing igno-
rance, imprudence, stupidity, loquacity, and cannibalism. Her large,
prominent forehead does not, white her infantile face does, show her
mental weakness.
COLOURS OF RACES AND WHAT THEY
INDICATE.
IN looking back over the records of history left by ancient
races in their traditions, monuments, and language, we see
indications of varying colour in tribes and races of men.
Some of the ancient marbles, recording the triumphs
of the old Assyrian kings, portray light and dark races
chained as prisoners of war to their cars of triumph.
The Gothic tribes, from which sprung many of the
present European nations, were a fair-skinned, light-haired,
and blue-eyed race ; large of lirab and tall of stature.
The Celtic race are said to have been short, small, and
swarthy in complexion. These facts are enough to prove
that a variation in colour, &c., existed many thousands of
years ago; the Assyrian nv .bles being estimated to be
5,000 years old.
The entire period of human History contributes to prove
that the light-haired, blue-eyed races are capable of the
highest degree of civilization, and this race is produced
and flourishes only in the temperate zones. There was
a period when blue-eyed persons were rarely seen, and
to-day, seven-eighths of the world's inhabitants have dark
eyes. Varying circumstances, and the intermarriage of
different races in temperate climates, will in time change
the colour of any race and produce blue eyes.
COLOURS OF RACES AND WHAT THEY INDICATE. 263
By transporting the African to the temperate regions
of the United States or England, great changes may occur,
but 1,000 years would not be capable of making him into
an Anglo-Saxon or Celt, Greek or Roman.
Classical authors have described some of the barbarous
Germanic races as having been xanthous, and others as
melanic in complexion.
Tacitus, for example, thus describes the Germans as fierce,
with blue eyes and red hair, having large and powerful
bodies. " Habitus quoque corporum, quanquam, in tanto
hominum, numero idem omnibus truces et cerulei oculi,
rutilee comae mayna, corpora, et cerulei, oculi impetum
valida."
Horace makes mention of the fact that there were many
blue-eyed youths in Germany — " Nee fera ccei^ulea domuit
Germanica pube."
Ausonius and Lucan each called the Germans yellow-
haired and blue-eyed.
The ancient Danes are spoken of as light of hair and
eyes.
Diodorus, Silius, Livy, and Strabo, each mentions that
some of the Celts and Gauls had red, yellow, and golden
hair, or flavus and retilus. Yet it is generally acknow-
ledged that the Celtic race were swarthy and dark-haired,
with very few exceptions.
With the above historical proofs, we will proceed to offer
a scientific basis for this variation in colour, &c. The law
of progress develops itself only amongst the variegated
races, as those having different colour of hair, eyes, and
complexion. This law of variation has its origin in the
Caucasian race, and the fact of variety in one race proves
it can be brought to a great degree of perfection.
It is a curious fact, that all the animals domesticated
with us, which are of any benefit to mankind, had their
origin in the mountains of the Caucasus, and the same law
264 COLOURS OF RACES AND WHAT THEY INDICATE.
of variety in colour, which proves man capable of a high
order of civilization, also finds its counterpart among
animals. Wherever we discover colour unchangeable in
animals, from parent to offspring, there we have inability
for domestication, or uselessness.
The black bear, the zebra, the tiger, are all animals
untamable, resisting all efforts of man to subdue them,
and their colours are as fixed as their natures; they never
change in stripe or spot, more or less.
On the contrary, the domestic animals are constantly
vaiying in colour, and their progress in usefulness and
gentleness of character is steadily advancing.
The dark races, where the universality of colour prevails,
are as perfect as they will ever be while remaining on the
plane where the Creator has placed them.
Take the Indian as an example, — he is perfect in the
place in which we find him, and every thing he has about
him is just as perfect, as it has more than one entire office to
perform. Examine, if you please, the Indian's frail canoe.
All the science of naval architecture cannot contrive a more
perfect thing. It is constructed of the lightest possible
material, carries the heaviest burthen, draws the lightest
draft, and is propelled by less power than any other pro-
portionate vessel. He paddles it up the smallest streams;
he comes to falls; takes it out and carries it round, and
sets it afloat once more upon the stream, and it goes wher-
ever his will or discretion may chance optate.
The cool shadows of the night gather in the valleys,
and he draws his canoe on shore, turns it over, and a pro-
tecting roof is afforded.
His modes of warfare are adapted by nature to his wants
lie cuts his bow from the first tree, while another furnishes
the arrow; the sinews of the deer supply the string, and,
thus equipped and armed, he is ready for war or the chase.
It is well known that the bow and arrow, in the hands of
COLOURS OF RACES AND WHAT THE? INDICATE. 265
an Indian hunter, is not inferior, as a means of securing
the buffalo or bear, to any instrument used by civilized
people.
The Indian, with his well-trained mature muscle, will
draw a bow which a white man cannot bend, and will
drive an arrow like lightning through the tough hide of a
buffalo as large as an ox. Yet this same powerful and
dark-skinned race cannot withstand the influences of
civilization, and ultimately fades away before them like
dew before the morning sun.
It is only a few years since the North American Indians
inhabited that continent from ocean to ocean. But the
effect of civilization, in the short space of two centuries, has
driven them to the base of the Rocky Mountains, and into
the deserts of Mexico, from the Atlantic and Pacific coasts.
The commercial enterprises of the fair-skinned races have
well-nigh obliterated those once powerful tribes.
This Indian transmits the same colour of hair, skin, and
eyes, to succeeding generations without a single variation,
and he cannot be domesticated; while the Caucasian has
DO assurance that his children will bear the same com-
plexion, shade of hair, or colour of eyes as himself or wife.
In his family, both parents may be blue-eyed, and half
the children may have eyes that are black or gray, yet
the whole family are capable of the highest mental,
moral, and social culture.
Reasoning from analogy, the whiter anything is, the
more pure and perfect it is likely to be of that species.
The Guinea negro being the darkest of all races, is the
most impure and imperfect; but the negroes in America
are far removed from the Guinea type; while, in con-
trast with these, the white races move in the highest
plane of social life, and are foremost in the march of
civilization.
Look at this from another point of view. Take the
266 COLOURS OF RACES AND WHAT THEY INDICATE.
various kinds of wood, and we shall find the white the
most perfect.
The oak, which has proudly braved the storms ; of this,
the black is the poorest, then the red is a little better, the
yellow still superior to the former two, but the white oak
is the most perfect of its species.
Then, again, suppose you wish to select a stone ; there
is the dark blue slate, or a better one, the gray granite,
or still better, the white marble; but the most perfect and
durable is the diamond, which is the whitest and most
valuable, being pure crystallized carbon, standing at the
head of the mineral kingdom.
Thus, reasoning from all nature, darkness and barbarism
are synonymous terms. How much purer is silver than
copper or iron; and platinum, which is white as silver, is
the purest of the gross metals.
Sugar, when not refined, is dark brown, yet afterwards
becomes white.
Coal oil, as it comes from the well, is black, but after
being distilled becomes red, then yellow, and finally, with
thorough purification by refining, it assumes the trans-
parency of water, and is colourless.
Many other illustrations of the theory may be found in
God's great laboratory — nature. Take a sheet of common
white paper, how much more pure it is than when it was
rags. Chloride of lime, pure water, and the mechanical
ingenuity of the manufacturer, unite to make it white
and pure.
Let us once more turn to the animal kingdom. We
shall find the offspring of all birds or animals are untam-
able which shew no variation in colour of hair or feathers.
Instances have been known where the bear, fox, leopard,
or tiger have been supposed to be tamed or domesticated,
having been taken when young ; but, as their nature
matured, they have seized a child, and tearing the help-
COLOURS OF RACES AND WHAT THEY INDICATE. 267
less creature in pieces, have then returned to their savage
companions in the forest. Those animals never vary in
colour from their parents.
The wild goose and turkey, after months of domestic
life, betake themselves to aerial flights at the first oppor-
tunity, preferring a free wild life to a domestic one.
The horse, dog, sheep, pig, and cattle, are ever varying
in colour from the original stock. The black sheep in a
family is sometimes found in the human one, as well as
in the woolly flock.
All the fruits and vegetables which flourish well in a
state of culture, are those which vary in the seedling, as
the potatoe, turnip, apple, pear, peach, plum, cherry, &c., &c.
These all had their origin where the white race flourished.
We must conclude, therefore, that colour is the banner
under which nationalities and types are to be classified,
as far as regards their susceptibility of improvement.
The following comparison from nature will shew how
she colours her different departments. All things corres-
pond ; nothing is out of proportion or disarranged.
In spring everything is green, the skies green or blue
to correspond.
In summer there is some haze, and the sun in rising and
setting gives off a golden expression, so the fields reflect a
yellow light.
The autumn presents a more mellow appearance; the air
is balmy, the fruits give forth their odours, the smoke and
haze of fall takes off the sharpness of the keen sunlight,
and softens the purple and brown tints upon the hill sides
into glorious landscapes of richest hues.
Then comes cold, cheerless, and cloudy winter, with his
snowy mantle enveloping all nature in white folda The
chill winds drive back life's scarlet flow, until the cheeks
of human kind vie with the colourless surroundings.
There are hares (Lepus timidus) in Central New
268 COLOURS OF RACES AND WHAT THEY INDICATE.
York that are white in winter and gray in summer, and
weasels, or more correctly stoats (Mammalia carnivora),
which exchange their summer gray for winter white.
These facts only prove that nature keeps in harmony
with herself in all her different departments.
Nature being our sole true teacher, we should take
lessons from her in choosing the colours of our garments
for different seasons. Each period should have its dress
to correspond, and humanity should display as much
sense of appropriateness in apparel, as other portions of
animal life.
In winter, in snowy regions, we should wear white; or,
if heavy clouds shade and darken the land, we should wear
black.
In spring, something green would harmonize with nature,
and in summer, lighter colours, such as blue and buff would
accord well.
When the fall comes, browning the foliage and vegetation,
the lesson taught is, to wear brown or gray, and such flowers
as are of a dark colour.
In spring, the flowers worn should be bright, like the
blossoms of earth. As each season has its garb to be in
harmony with it, so we should adapt our colours to its
prevailing tints, that we may appear to belong to that
world of which we are all a part.
The colours of races would be adjusted in accordance
1 with the same natural law. Cold white countries would
have animals of the same complexion, and people who
would correspond with their surroundings.
But, we suppose that the different periods of the world
have produced varying colours of races; for the Indians,
whether found in warm or cold climates, are dark and
coppery. The deductions to be made are these : — The
carboniferous era produced dark animals, dark people, and
dark earth formations, and as the earth grew colder, the
COLOURS OF RACES AND WHAT THEY INDICATE 269
people became lighter who had their origin at a later
period, and thus was the earth peopled.
We find everything corresponds with this deduction.
The oldest inhabitants should be the most degraded, and
the latest production the most enlightened; and such is
the fact. The dark races are fading away. We believe
the dark races inhabited the whole world at one time;
then came the lighter or coppery race, who peopled the
earth and flourished for a time. Then, at a later period,
the white races made their appearance, and with them
came great advances in progress, which surpassed all former
growth, — each class of the white race being superior to
that preceding it.
We think this will be found to be the true solution of
the problem, — the cause of the production of lighter races
in succession being, because nature, with her unerring laws,
demands a correspondence in colour, as well as in all other
characteristics. The white races are advancing, and indeed
all races move from the coarser to the finer texture, from
the physical to the spiritual.
The Indian is a superior being to the Negro, and the
white man is superior to them both. Thus we find that
in the creation, as we rise in intellect, the animal tribes
and man are possessed of more complicated organs of
thought, and, as a result, of more intelligence.
THE GENERATIVE CAPACITY.
"Be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth."— GEN", ix. 1.
NATURE has placed in all vegetable and animal life a
principle of reproduction, of which the cardinal character-
istic is, that like produces like. The theory of spontaneous
generation denies this characteristic, by asserting that,
under favourable conditions, inert matter can give rise to
what is so essentially different from itself, as vitalized or
moving matter. The & priori argument is, however, so
strong against the possibility of that which is dead origi-
nating that which is living, that I consider it much more
reasonable to suppose that, under those circumstances which
are falsely conceived to favour spontaneous generation,
veritable living germs are developed into a size and
activity which, for the first time, bring them within the
range of human cognition. This theory of spontaneous
generation has actually been carried to the extreme hypo-
thesis, that the earth, of her own inherent energy, produced
the first human beings, — in other words, the proposition
has been broached, that matter could give rise to mind.
Even the Greek mythologists, in their fanciful account of
the origin of man, escaped this materialistic tendency, for
while, according to the fable, Prometheus succeeded in
fashioning clay into the human form, he was yet obliged to
obtain from heaven the divine fire — the ethereal flame — by
THE GENERATIVE CAPACITY. 271
which alone he could inspire his creatures with life and
thought.
But although the thing produced always bears a clearly
marked resemblance to the producing agent, it cannot be
an exact copy of the parent stock, unless it is generated
under exactly the same circumstances. Those variations of
type which are the result of the varieties of circumstance,
have been referred by Mr. Darwin to what he calls Natural
Selection, and still more lately described by Mr. Spencer as
the Survival of the Fittest. The causes of variation in the
structure and functions of the successive generations of a
species are, in some instances, clearly discernible; but in the
vast majority of cases they elude discovery. It sometimes
happens that the variations of structure fail to keep pace
with the changes in circumstance. For example, a recent
English writer has pointed out a number of organs in the
human system, such as the spleen and the pineal gland,
which at one time doubtless served some purpose in the
animal economy, but having now survived their usefulness,
continue to exist only as the mysterious representatives of
past conditions of human life.
The generative propensity is the subtle source of a
powerful attraction to the opposite sex; but those who
are deficient in this regard have at least this compensation,
that they find it comparatively easy to preserve the modest
reserve of their manners and the virtue of their character.
This appears, when we consider that a great capacity for
generation induces a strong inclination to sexual connection,
for it is a law of nature, that those who are liberally
endowed with any capacity are always prompted to its
liberal using. Those animals with large mouths are natur-
ally large feeders, while those which possess dilated nostrils
are gifted with a keen scent, and a strong disposition to
use it. If a man ia largely endowed with the numerical
faculty, he will so delight in its use that he will almost
272 THE GENERATIVE CAPACITY.
involuntarily count the telegraph poles on his way, or the
planks in the bridge which he crosses. The generative
capacity is no exception to this rule; hence it always
gtimulates desire, and renders self-restraint difficult.
Human beings differ greatly in their productive capacity ;
some persons being blessed with very large families, while
others appear incapable of generation. The desire of off-
spring— the wish to stamp one's nature, as well as to
transmit one's name and fortune — is one of the most natural,
general, and useful of human passions. The Jews, in
common with most ancient nations, considered a large
family a great social distinction; and the Romans rewarded
the parents of many children with civic honours. But in
these days of luxury and selfishness, children are too often
considered a nuisance, whose birth is to be prevented, if
possible, and whose rearing is to be transferred to ignorant
and irresponsible servants.
Girls are usually trained to believe that animal passion
is; among women at least, a sign of coarseness, whereas, in
either sex, it is the invariable accompaniment of a perfect
physical organization. Generation transmits the essence
of life, and the generative impulse shews, therefore, an
abundance of the life force. Washington and Jackson were
childless, but the life-element of these great men was
employed in loftier and more useful exercises than the
mere multiplication of the species. The inferiority of the
children of great men has been often and justly remarked,
yet the rule is not without exceptions, as we see in the
case of the Adams family in America, and in the Pitts
and Foxes of England. In the latter country, the sons of
Mrs. Trollope, Disraeli, and Bulwer, and the daughters
of Thackeray have all achieved literary distinction; and
in France, the sons of Paul de Kock, Alexander Duinasi
George Sand, and Victor Hugo have been equally cele-
brated.
THE GENERATIVE CAPACITY. 273
The importance of generation in the economy of nature
is plainly manifested by the assiduous care with which it
is guarded. In the vegetable kingdom, the seeds are
wrapped until fully ripe, and often long after ripening, in
a protecting envelope. They are, moreover, placed in that
part of the flower or fruit where they are least likely to
be broken or prematurely dispersed, as in the apple, peach,
&c. In like manner, in all animal life, including the human
species, the organs of generation are so located as to be
most effectually protected from external injury. Here, as
everywhere, we have occasion to trace the wisdom and
goodness of the Creator, and to acknowledge, in silent
adoration, the perfection of His orderings.
" Even if I would, I could not ;
Even if I could, I would not
Turn the course of Time's great river,
In its grand majestic flow;
Grapple with those mighty causes,
Whose results I may not know.
All life's sorrows end in blessing*,
As the future yet shall show."
We find by observation, that the most prolific animals
are of a round form. The turtle, which lays from sixty to
one hundred eggs per season, is nearly as round as a ball,
and the domestic hen is of a similar figure. Those human
beings who are remarkable for their generative capacity
have this same round build. They are also distinguished by
the prominence and width of the face in the region of the
eyes. The desire of coition, which is an attempt at pro-
duction, is the invariable result of all ardent love for the
opposite sex. Hence the eyes, which are one of the signs
of love, are placed in juxtaposition with the sign of the
generative propensity; for whenever nature assigns a similar
function to any two parts of the body, she always places
them in close local connection. The face of the rabbit
which bears more young at a single birth than most
8
274 THE GENERATIVE CAPACITY.
animals, is widest at the eyes, from which point it rapidly
narrows above and below. Hogs are rather wide and
full at the eyes; and they bear several at a birth, and
sometimes bring forth two, and even three litters in a
year.
The multiparous animals, such as the cat (Felis domes-
tica), and the rabbit (Lepus cuniculus), all measure wide
across the head at the eyes. Those which are biparous are
narrower in this region, while the uniparous species are the
narrowest of all. The cow, which usually brings forth but
one calf at a birth, and never produces but once in a year,
is as large or larger at her horns than across her eyes.
Among human beings, hollow temples and sunken eyes
are the invariable signs of unfruitfuluess. Jackson's face
is remarkable for its narrowness in the region of the eyes.
I append a brief and incomplete list of those animals which
may be considered peculiarly typical of the uniparous,
biparous, and multiparous zoological groups: — •
UNIPAROUS ANIMALS.
African Elephant, . . . Loxodonta Africana.
Indian Elephant, .... Elephas Indicus.
Indian Rhinoceros, . . . Rhinoceros unicornis.
Rhinaster, or Borele, . . . Rhinoceros bicornis.
Keitloa, ..... Rhinoceros Keitloa.
Kobaoba, Rhinoceros Oswellii.
White Rhinoceros, . . . Rhinoceros Simus.
Hippopotamus, or Zeekoe, . . Hippopotamus amphibiut,
Tapir, ...... Tapirus terrestris.
Kuda — Ayer or Malayan Tapir, . Tapirus Malayoniu.
Zebra, Asinua Zebra.
Quagga, AiditUis Quagga.
Dziggetai or Koulan, . . . Acinus Onager.
Ass, Asinus Bulgaria
Buffalo, ..... Bubalus bujfrlus.
Cape Buffalo, .... Bubalus Caffer.
Banteng, or Javan Ox, . . . Bibos Banteng.
Bison, ...... Bison America nua,
Aurochs, Bison Bonaxsus.
Camel, . • . . Camelus A rabicus,
Bac Irian Camel, . • • . Camelua Bactrianut.
THB GENERATIVE CAPACITY. 275
Alpaca Llama, .... Llama Pacoi.
Ox, Domestic.
Zebu Bos Indicus.
Horse Wild and domestic.
Roebuck, ..... Capreolus Caproea.
Reindeer, ..... Tarandus Rangifer.
Stag or Red Deer, . . . Cervus Elaphus.
Fallow Deer, .... Dama Vulyaris.
Sheep, ...... Oris Aries.
Goat, Hircus Aegagrus.
Giraffe, Girajfe Camelopardalit.
Eland, ...... Orcas Canna.
Ibex, ...... Capra Ibex.
Koodoo, ..... Strepsiceros Kudu.
Hartbeest, Alcephalus Caama.
Brindled Gnoo Connochetes Gorgon.
Rock Kangaroo, .... Petrogale pencillata.
Woolly Kaiigaroo, ... Macropus Laniger.
BIPAROTIS ANIMALS.
Brown Bear, .... Ursus Arctos.
Syrian Bear, .... Ursus Isabellinus.
American Black Bear, . . . Ursus Americanua.
Grizzly Bear, .... Ursus Horribilis.
Seal, Phoca Vitulina.
MULTIPAROUS ANIMALS.
Lion Leo Barbara*.
Tiger, Tigris Begalis.
Newfoundland Dog, . . . Canis familiaris.
There are over forty varieties of dogs all belonging to this C'last.
Wolf, ...... Canis Lupus.
Hog, Su# scrofa.
American Fox, .... Vulpes fulvus.
Opossum Didelphys Virginiana.
Hedgehog, . . . . . Erinaceus Europoeus.
Racoon, Procyon lotor.
Rabbit, Lepus cuniculus.
Hare, ...... Lepus timidus.
Pole Cat, ..... Putorius foetidus.
Skunk, Mephitis varians.
Cat, Felis domestica.
Marmot, Arctomys Marmotta.
Mink, Vison Lutreola.
Musk Rat, or Ondatra, . . Fiber Zibethicus.
Squirrel 8. Vulgaris, and 8. CaroUmnix*
Rat, ...... Mus decumanus.
Mouse, Mu« musculua.
THE REARING OF YOUTH.
AN acquaintance with Physiognomy enables us to surround
the young with such attractive influences, in the shape
of education, that their future paths of life lead onward
to virtue, wealth, and honour. " Train up a child in the
way he should go," while it is a profound axiom in morals,
has also an obverse side; for the child is frequently trained
in the way he should not go — so that in age a departure
from the wrong becomes as impossible as from the right.
We can never over-estimate the importance of right
training in childhood.
The highest aim of the best civilization is to produce good
and useful men and women ; and as goodness and usefulness
are increased or diminished by health or disease, it follows
that the preliminary to all true moral growth is a body
physically sound. As the end of life is to be good and true,
the beginning of life must be a preparation for it. " Take
no heed what ye shall eat or drink, or wherewithal ye
shall be clothed!" may have been an excellent motto for
the early teachers of Christianity in a world then, as now,
devoted to shows and shams, but it is not applicable to the
rearing of children. Indeed, the first question to be asked
should be, " How shall we clothe the new born infant? '
Thousands of helpless little creatures are annually slaugh-
tered through ignorance of parents on this all-import')*! I
subject. We frequently find newly born children with
THE REARING OF YOUTH. 277
their tiny arms and chests exposed to the cold air, or
covered with a flimsy piece of cotton, as an apology for
protection to the delicate and sensitive network of blood-
vessels just commencing to carry their minute streams of
heat and life from the heart to other parts of the body.
Instead of thin cotton, they should have soft wool or
canton flannel on the legs, arms, and chest, and should
always be thoroughly covered, as warmth is of equal
importance with food in this early stage of life. Some
parents, with the best motives, wash very young children
in cold water at least once a day, while they would shiver
at the thought of being forced themselves to the same
ablutions. Infants require warmth under all circumstances,
for at least some months after birth; and the mournful
wailing too frequently heard from their throats, which
should early learn to sing, is caused by chilliness, inducing
indigestion and difficulty in breathing. As cold is unfa-
vourable to the circulation of the blood, so absence of
growth follows in its train. The puny arms of children
are so many mute appeals against this pernicious custom
of covering them with thin clothing. When the body is
comfortable, the nervous action is harmonious, and instead
of irritation and crying, the child manifests pleasure
by infantile smiles and peaceful sleep. Wool and silk are
better non-conductors of heat than cotton, and for this
reason more suitable for children's clothing ; in fact, a proper
amount of clothing in a variable climate is a great preserver
of health for persons of all ages. We have no right to
introduce children into the world without making proper
provision for their food, clothing, and education; and the
time may come when society will pass a law fur the pro-
tection of children in these respects. Statistics prove the
unfortunate fact that the poorest districts in large centres
of population sheW the largest number of children ; but the
same tables also shew that some prolific families have a
278 THE HEARING OF YOUTH.
much greater number of deaths, clearly proving that the
ignorance and other ills incident to poverty are disastrous
to the lives of the young. Next in "importance to cloth-
ing comes the question of food. Nature has wisely pro-
vided against mistakes and ignorance in this matter, by
causing the mother to become the source of the child's
nourishment. Too frequently, however, through previous
unfortunate training, or ill health, the mother is unable to
supply proper food to her child. When this source fails,
the next best resource is milk direct from the breast of
another woman, who is in good health, and of an amiabla
disposition. The moment we step outside natural con-
ditions, responsibilities begin to increase ; thus, the selection
of a good nurse is of the highest importance. The blood
of a virago imparts ire to her milk and acrimony to her
suckling. The milk of sin cannot nourish righteousness.
A child put out to nurse with a woman of ugly disposition
became wholly unmanagable at four years of age, and was
sent to a house of correction at the age of five, while the
remaining children (three in number), who were nursed by
their own mother, possessed mild and amiable tempers.
No other cause could be assigned for the difference between
this child and the others, but that of the vicious food which
it drew from its improper nurse. Next to human milk,
that of the cow comes first in order, and if the animal
be not sprightly and good tempered, her milk is not fit for
the child's food. After a certain period of growth, the
teeth begin to make their appearance, which is an indica-
tion that other descriptions of food .are then required. What
shall it be? If we enter any of the tens of thousands of
country dwellings scattered over the west, in nearly all of
them maybe found young children; and if we chance to
sit down at meal time with the family, we shall observe
the baby of one year old seated in its Mgh chair at the
table, where smoked bacon, rank coffee, sour bread
THE REARING OF YOUTH. 279
vegetables cooked in fat, are the sole dishes for use, unless
a tough-crusted, dried apple-pie happens to be added by
way of extras, and yet not one of those articles named
is fit for that child's stomach, and, we might almost add,
fit for those of mature years. But so it is, day after day,
and year after year, if its constitution can bear it, such
food is forced into the stomach; and the result is, a young
heir of immortal strength and beauty, a little lower than
the angels, becomes transformed into a being of coarse
features, still coarser passions, and the world sits down
to count her loss. Those articles of food which retain the
vital principle, such as wheat, corn, and vegetables, are
the best suited to build up a healthy organism. We think
what we eat. The tiger and lion, which destroy and
ravenously eat their red-blooded feast, respond to its
nature in cruelty and savageness, while the domestic cattle,
like the sheep and cow, shew the results of a diet of grain
and grass in lives peaceful and contented. Wheat contains
especially the two ingredients necessary to build up bone
and muscle in the human frame. Meat is like chaff, or
the fibrous straw, not the soul or essence that lives.
"The life of the flesh is in the blood" so say the Scrip-
tures. When the blood is drawn out in slaughtering the
animal, the meat that is left contains only a small amount
of nutriment, and it takes large quantities to b° sufficient
to nourish the human system. The wisdom of using
Graham or unbolted flour for bread consists in the fact
that the outside of the grain holds the lime or calcareous
matter, while the interior furnishes the starchy substance;
those two build up the muscles and bones, and are found
in wheat in better proportion than in any other cereal.
To make the genuine Graham bread from this flour,
follow the directions given below. Take of unbolted flour
sufficient to make the desired quantity, and mix with cold
water to the consistence of pancake batter, add a little
280 THE REARING OF YOUTH.
salt. Then have a griddle with sufficient scallops to hold
ten or twelve, or more of the size of a biscuit each; grease
the griddle that the biscuit may not stick. Heat the oven
and griddle as hot as possible below red heat, then ladla
the batter into the griddle, place it quickly into the oven,
and when well baked, it can conscientiously be placed
upon the table as the most healthy, nourishing, and the
sweetest of all kinds of bread ; having never been soured to
raise, yet it is very light. Large loaves may be made of
Graham flour, with hop yeast, as white bread is made, by
adding a tea-cup of molasses to a good-sized batch of dough.
Careful housekeepers will remember the secret of success
lies in following closely the directions given. Ripe fruit, as
an article of daily food, is one of the best that can be given
to children; its effect is to keep the liver in an active
healthy condition, by which means digestion is thorough
and perfect. Pork should never be placed on the table
before the young, as it tends to feed their animal nature
too much, rendering the blood sluggish, and destroying that
delicacy of taste which is the especial privilege of youth.
Tea, like pepper, spices, and vinegar, is wholly unfit
for children, creating in them an appetite for stimulus,
and this grows with more mature years, demanding more
and more excitants, until the desire has become so strong
that the answer is only found in rum, brandy, and whisky.
By this means parents throw around their boys the influ-
ence of the grog-shop and gambling house, and the mother
wakes up too late to find her son surely on the road to ruin.
His downfall was commenced in his father's house by
setting daily an intemperate table. Place before your
children plain diet, throw out of the door or window your
spices, pepper, and teapot, and then your child may grow
up a temperate and honourable man. Tea contains Theine,
which is a poison, and coffee, caffeine, also a poison; both of
these are extracted or drawn out in the process of making
THE REARING OF YOUTH. 2Sl
(•pa and coffee, and ignorant people drink it, believing
it does them good. The effect of coffee is also to thicken
the blood, inducing torpidity of the liver; consequently we
invariably find that regular coffee drinkers are liable to
"bilious attacks," frequently resulting in bilious fever,
ending in death. Inactivity of the liver induces fever
ague, dumb ague, jaundice, and its effect on the brain is
to produce mental obtuseness or stupidity. Tea, by stimu-
lating the nervous system, often produces mental imbecility
and nervous derangement of a serious character.
After food and clothing, the next important step with
regard to the young is education. The effect of proper mental
training is so great, not only upon the physiognomy of the
growing child, but on the future conduct of manhood, that
too great stress cannot be laid upon its vast importance.
The world is to be regenerated alone by the advances and
improvements made in the education of the rising "genera-
tion. Every day a certain number of worn-out bodies
die, while an equal number of young men step into their
places. If they are wiser and better than those whose
positions they fill, the world is just so much the better, and
vice versa. An extended summary of the method and
results of education will therefore be tolerated by every
thoughtful reader. The capacity for civilization, or educa-
tional influences upon a race will vary with the time their
ancestors have been subject to them. Those who have
been in the path of progress only a fe\v years, are not
susceptible of more than small attainments. This prin-
ciple is demonstrated in the schools of the south in the
American States to-day, in the islands of the Pacific,
and indeed among all uncivilized tribes, where missionaries
have been. This theory may appear novel to the general
reader, but not to those who have, through years of urn-e-
mitted observation, paid attention to the subject.
When I gave my first course of lectures in Boston, this
282
THE REARING OF YOUT&
white boy was brought to me for an examination, and in
no instance have I seen a better example of a high sensa-
tional nature, intensity of organization, and a true type of
" Young America." Such children need rural life, plain
food, and complete abstrusion from books and school. This
White Boy. Orison J. Stone, of Boston, who
learned his letters at three years of age,
and could repeat a large book from memory
when three years and six months old.
Negro Boy.
negro boy, with his feeble intellect, which meagreness he
inherited from his forefathers, who cultivated only their
animal passions and motary powers, can accomplish very
little; while the white boy's ancestors were among the best
educated families in the world, and he inherited a large
brain and intense sensations from those who had used and
enlarged their powers of sensation before him. He is
cognoscitive, and known to be capable of much mental
labour. The negro boy, after many years' schooling, can
hardly write his own name, or solve the plainest problem
in arithmetic. The white boy is an adept in memorizing
and retention.
THE REARING OF YOUTH. 283
The first lessons, and the most important ones in the
education of the child, must come from the mother; there
are no others so valuable and lasting as her influence, and
that of home. Fanny Fern once said, — " A mother's time
can in no way be better expended than in talking to her
boy." I deem this the greatest truth ever told by any
person in modern times. Those early impressions stamp
the coming man or woman for intellectual eminence and
honourable fame, or for disgrace and infamy. Short moral
lessons, which any good mother can give, are the moulds
into which the rectitude of her child is run. How vividly
come back in late years the impressions made upon the
mind while in childhood we lingered around the loved
mother's footsteps —
" I love to wander back at times,
Through memory's faded halls
And gaze upon the cherish'd scene*
That hang upon its walls.
•' Friends, playmates— those of days gone by-
Come thronging into view;
The good, the loved, the beautiful —
Fair forms that round me grew.
" Upon the hill the schoolhouse stands
Embowered 'neath the trees,
Where, every morn the bell's sweet tones
Ring out upon the breeze.
" Beyond, the peaceful crystal stream
Flows languidly away,
While on its banks a happy group
Of merry children play.
" Thus, scenes, bright scenes to memory dear,
Come crowding o'er each other ;
But the dearest one of all to me
Is the fond face of my mother."
As those impressions are ever fresh, how wonderful is
their value to us. Hence the transcendent importance,
284 THE REARING OF YOUTH.
that the mother's teachings should be faithful and true
to her highest convictions of right and duty. The delicate
impressible mind of the child can go no further back than
those first of home persuasion and discipline.
OBEDIENCE SHOULD BE THE FIRST GREAT DUTY TAUGHT
TO A CHILD, because, when old enough to do wrong, it is
sufficiently old to correct. Were all children taught to
obey and respect their parents, much sorrow would be
saved to age and silvery locks. How true are the words
of that " sweet singer of Israel," who said, " The fear of
the Lord is the beginning of wisdom." Observe, not the
middle or end, but the beginning, thus obedience is the
first prime lesson inculcated.
LOVE FOLLOWS OBEDIENCE, and here again we may be
permitted to quote that old book where it says, " Perfect
love casteth out fear," and when love is established between
parent and child, obedience grows therefrom, and the future
steps forward become surer and easier. Love is the centre
around which revolves the whole affectional nature of man.
It is the lever which moves the social circle, and it becomes
the mother's duty to lead aright and preserve in purity
the affections of herself
" Keep thon love's purity,
To God leave the rest,
Know then in surety,
Thy care will be blest"
The love of a tranquil home enters into a child's soul
like sunshine into the rosebud, slowly but surely expand-
ing it into beauty and loveliness. The cultivation of the
affections and the development of the bodily senses begin
together. The first effort of the intellect is that of indivi-
dualization, and next, is to associate in the mind the names
of objects with the sight of them.
AN EARLY HABIT OF CLOSE OBSERVATION IS OF VERY
GREAT VALUE, and the method of object teaching is the
THE REARING OF YOUTH. 2 S3
most effectual plan, because the eye and the ear correct
and criticise each other's impressions, leading to an accurate
appreciation of the various objects with which the child
comes in contact. As the mind becomes more capable of
judgment we may commence to teach principles, but it
is necessary to explain the reasons clearly and definitely,
or the cbild will begin to resign itself to authority, and
time in this way is worse than wasted or thrown away.
The memory may be improved by increasing credulity,
without adding an iota to the stock of real knowledge,
and this prepares the mind for any kind of slavery which
knaves or superstitious people may choose to impose upon
them. If we assist the young to attend to the result of
every action, to adjust their little deviations while giving
free exercise to their observation and reason, they will
gain facts, and educe principles, which no later influences
could controvert. Those evidences of truth would be food
for reflection which temptation would fail to remove. By
such a system of training, the young mind would ultimate
in the forming of a person who would fulfil the high destiny
for which he was created, making himself and others
around him happy. There are plenty of schools in our
country to give the proper training to youth in mental
studies, but none to teach him how to conduct himself
after he leaves that school. This is the real and important
work of home, but unfortunately it is left very frequently
to circumstances good or bad around in the community
where his lot? is cast.
POLITENESS is ONE OF THE FINE ARTS OF LIFE, and an
element by which success and honour are obtained. It
should be an object with all parents to teach their children
true politeness. This lies not in a bow or simple "Thank
you," but in a feeling of unselfish desire to make others
happy. The Golden Rule which Thales, the Greek Philo-
sopher, Confucius, the Chinese Lawgiver, and still later,
286 THE REARING OF YOUTH.
Jesus, the Galilean, taught, of " And as ye would that men
should do to you, do ye also to them likewise," the founda-
tion of all true politeness, and when put in practice will lead
us on the road of philanthropic good manners to all mankind.
Children should be taught to give a pleasant bow and
smile to those they meet, and especially to acquaintances.
How winning is a smile, how little it costs, and yet how
readily and largely it sells. One simple heartfelt smile,
with courteous manners, may make your fortune. Those
whose politeness has its basis in selfishness, will appear
polite only when it appears to their interest to be so,
but when that is not at stake, their manners are boorish
and repulsive.
GENTLENESS is A VIRTUE TOO RARELY FOUND IN YOUNG
BOYS; their boisterous sports may conduce to make them
wild, but it is a sure sign of a superior mind to see a
youth of twelve or fourteen give evidence of the influence
of a kind and tender mother. There can be no possible
objection to a boy being playful, but roughness of manners
is twin to ugliness of person, and either are great defects
in the young, but readily subdued by good sense and kind
wishes for others.
PATIENCE is A RARE VIRTUE, so rare, that patient men
are like showers upon the desert, rarely seen, but always
gladly received. A patient boy is a " rara avis." If any
of my young readers will consider a moment that the letters
that go to make us those words were each set up separately,
and that many men worked days and even years in con-
triving and perfecting those wonderful steam printing
presses, which readily throw off 20,000 newspaper impres-
sions every hour, they will comprehend something that
can be accomplished by patience and perseverence. The
constant action of the rain and frost crumbles away the
mighty mountain, so will your patient efforts in time
remove mountains of difficulty from the journey of life.
THE REARING OF YOUTH. 287
Cultivate patisnce, then, to promote your own happiness
as well as that of others. When we give way to flights
of bad temper, it becomes at last our. master, and we are
held in ignoble slavery. Every time we lose self-control
the harmony of our lives departs, happiness flies away, and
the pleasant face of the world, reflecting our own image,
wears a frown, which is destructive of peace and content-
ment.
COMMINGLING OF THE SEXES. — The advantages of an
education where boys and girls occupy the same room,
and where the lessons are pursued together, are very great.
Socially, intellectually, and morally, those children are
better than if educated separately. Do we not see how
polite and careful, as well as gallant the boy of sixteen
becomes when in the presence of his young lady friends.
When a troop of boys go nutting in the woods, how rough
and savage they often are ; but how subdued in demeanour,
how gentlemanly they become when their female compan-
ions appear. This purifying influence of the sexes upon
each other, it is impossible to over-estimate. It restrains
solitary vice, cultivates self-respect, induces a generous
rivalry in noble paths, and builds up true men and women
calculated to benefit themselves and those around them.
Like the sun in spring-time, it produces a rapid growth
of the moral nature.
ALL CHILDREN SHOULD HAVE AN AIM IN LIFE, and an
honourable means of support. Franklin said, — " He who
has a trade has an estate." Every young person, male or
female, should learn a trade, or have some specific occupa-
tion. You may be the son or daughter of a rich man
to-day, but to-morrow you may be homeless and dependent
upon your own exertions. The fluctuating and evanescent
condition of wealth is such, that its permanence cannot be
relied on except in very few cases. There are thousand*
of families in this country, now poor and needy, who once
288 THE REARING OF YOUTH.
possessed wealth sufficient to gratify every whim and
caprice. In the midst of their prosperity the storm or
fire came and swept off all, leaving them to the cold uncer-
tain charity of the busy world. When the reverse, or
poverty comes, the first question that arises, is, " What shall
I do for a living?" You ask your feet, and they say, I do
not know." You question your hands, and the answer is,
" I have never learned to do anything." The head is then
interrogated, and a mournful voice responds, " I was brought
up to be supported, and consequently know nothing of
getting a living." There is but one man who can befriend
you under such circumstances, and that is the sexton. To
avoid such a miserable fate, let every one fit himself for a
vocation in life. Read for the sake of learning something.
Study with an aim to be self-reliant and self-sustaining.
If you cannot be a lawyer, be a carpenter, a shoemaker, or
a blacksmith ; the latter will likely bring you independence,
and preserve personal honesty. If you are adapted to a
farmer's occupation, do not try to practice medicine. Many
men run their heads against the gospel desk, who would
have been of more benefit to the world had the}7 learned
to pound the anvil instead of the pulpit. Others try to
plead law, who are better adapted to mining in quartz
rock than in Blackstone; and numbers of merchants are
more qualified by mechanical gifts to make cloth than to
sell it. Every individual should be examined by a prac-
tical and competent reader of human character, in order
to learn to what calling, trade, or profession he is most
naturally fitted. The motto placed over the grottc of the
celebrated Oracle of Delphos, was, " Man, know thyself."
Its importance to-day is as great as it was three thousand
years ago. To acquire that knowledge is worth mor,e than
any other, as it is the key-note to all true growth. By
learning something of our original constitution, our excel-
lencies and defects, our capacity of reasoning and persuading.
THE REARING OF YOUTH. 289
and by studying the methods of self-government, we may
in the end unite our own good with that of others, and thus
benefit the world in the right way.
PERSEVERE IN ONE THING. — There are many young
persons who, after choosing aright their trade, relinquish
it because they meet some unpleasant things connected
with their labours, vainly hoping to find some occupation
where all is easy and all delightful ; such will learn they
can never rise to excellence or become prominent in the
world. The pre-eminent great men of all ages are those
who have toiled, hour after hour, day by day for successive
years, with unswerving perseverance. Murillo, the great
Spanish painter, spent three weeks in painting the handle
of a broom. George L. Brown, artist, served an apprentice-
ship of twenty years in Rome. Bierstadt was similarly
industrious. Michael Angelo, the great Italian painter,
sculptor, and architect, gave twelve years to the study of
anatomy ; and when he was seventy, he said he had much
yet to learn.
In every trade and avocation in life, there are unpleasant
duties to be performed, and obstacles to be overcome in all
callings. The successful ones " take off their coats and roll
o
up their sleeves," conquer their prejudices against labour,
and manfully, as our forefathers did, strive to bring back
the soil to productiveness and fertility. Whether you are
in the shop, the factory, or the forum, let your motto be
perseverance and industry, for these alone can conquer the
world. In summing up the foregoing remarks, we may
say that the character of clothing affects the features.
Climate makes smooth, or shrivels and dries the skin.
Varieties of food feed various features; for instance, pork
nourishes the sides of the lower part of the face ; beef
puffs out the cheeks and rounds the nose ; vegetables
feed the eyes and their surroundings, while the grain
cereals nourish the forehead and brain. The effects of
290
education are, to give sparkle to the eyes and definitenesa
to the nose ; to light up the whole countenance, and chase
away its gross character ; it lines out the forehead, eyelids,
and lips, sweeps off the cobwebs of passion, and intro-
duces symmetry and harmony. Note well the difference
between these two physiognomies; the one a m?u of intelli--
gence and education — the other without tie fastening
influence of culture.
Educational Type. John Wyckliffe, " the Morning Star of the
i te formation. "
The lessons of obedience learned in childhood have thei'
due weight in marking character on the countenance, 01
" Phiz." Let us pen picture two boys. The one has
practiced obedience to his parents, and is respected and
loved by all who know him. The other, through neglect
or natural ugliness, is the mosc wilful, disobedient little
rascal one can imagine. When tu!J to go to school, he
THE REARING OF YOUTH.
291
went in the opposite direction, either fishing, loafing, or
doing mischief; would steal, and lie, with no apparent
remorse of conscience. For
examples of a representa-
tive boy of each of the
above characters see the
Cuts on page 292.
Love, whose influence
has been chanted and sung
by poets of all ages, has
the power to change a
demon into a saint, and
its effect upon the physi-
ognomy is to make it
bloom like spring flowers;
to refine the skin, to fill
out the chin, and to give
warmth and joy to the Ignorance. John Broughton, a blood-
thirsty pugilist.
whole expression.
Politeness and good manners ever win their way in this
world of appearances. If coming from good feeling in the
mind, as all true politeness most assuredly does, then it
will ennoble every feature, give tone to facial curves, and
touch with sublimity each lineament. Gentleness carries
an attraction which lends gracefulness to thought every-
where; it retains the balance of relative proportions in
outline, and its effects rest upon the countenance like the
mellow light of the setting sun. Patience is the root of
all civilization. It supports the spirit of industry ; chastens
every virtue; and enfolds, like a mother, every child of
reform. By patience man has contrived to spread the
sails of commerce on every sea. It furnishes mechanical
horses and carriages for the travellers of all lands; it
rolls the produce of the mighty West to millions of con-
sumers in the East; despatches messages of business or
292
THE REARING OF YOUTH
afiection on the wings of the lightning; and spreads the
news of Europe in a few minutes to every city and hamlet
in America, while we return to them the tidings of our
western hemisphere. Patience is, indeed, the helm of every
enterprise. To have a simple aim in life is tantamount
to the possession of a sane mind. The Bible says, "A
Love and Obedience.
Hate and Disobedience.
double minded man is unstable in all his ways," and when
we have two or more occupations, they so distract and
divide the attention that we become vacillating and almost
untrustworthy. Unwearied patience and persistence will
accomplish what talent will grow faint with the considera-
tion of; the look of a man who has perseverance will be
more intense and solid than those who are wavering and
unsteady. Systematic exercise has an all-powerful influence
in causing the youthful countenance to tell truths of char-
acter. We often meet faces which ten years since were
beautiful and full of generous aspirations, but a life of
idleness for ten, or even five years, has changed the happy
light of youth into the cloudy gloom of insipidity and
THE REARING OF YOUTH. 293
coarseness. Young children should early learn to do
"chores," to induce habits of industry. At ten or twelve
years they should have their allotted hours of labour, this
will develop not only their bodies, but will also make them
practical and sound in mind. About the age of puberty
active labour will prove very beneficial, by leading the
rapidly expanding energies of body in the road of useful
occupation. In later years to be constantly employed will
be a safe-guard against the vices of fashionable life. Well
directed earnest labour is tfte only honest path to happiness.
Whisky drinking, with its attendant vices of tobacco using,
gambling, slang, and idleness, have filled our jails, insane
asylums, poorhouses, and tens of thousands of suicidal
graves. There is one other thing which sadly mars the
life of young people in the present age. I refer to the
sinful practice of self abuse. Many begin it before they
become aware of its terrible injury to the body and mind,
and when self-control is lost, they grow weak physically
and mentally through a continuance of the habit. This
vice paints its deformity on the countenance of its victims,
but for the sake of their feelings we refrain from giving
the signs which are indicative of this soul and body destroy-
ing evil. If any of my readers have thus fallen, let me
entreat them to make an effort to release themselves from
its degrading influence, and they may eventually rise once
more into the sphere of a better life. Children are the
flowers of virtue, scattered by the wayside of life. Alas!
how many of them, like the seed of the sower, fall into
poor or thorny ground, where they either perish from lack
of healthy surroundings, or the thorns of vice spring up
and choke them. It is a disgrace to modern civilization
that more than one half of the children born, die before
thuy are seven years old; it is a still greater disgrace to
know that a healthy, well-fed, well-educated child is the
exception, and that unhealthy, ill-mannered, vicious chll-
294 THE REARING OF YOUTH.
dren are the rule in many communities. The students,
scholars, teachers, and scientific young men are few; the
drunkards, gamblers, idlers, and useless ones are many.
Tliis ought not to be so in the United States, the country
that boasts of free schools, free government and free land ;
or in Britain, which is the centre of commerce and civili-
zation. May we hope that what we have written will
tend to develop a better and happier condition, by leading
parents to consider deeply the importance of a wise and
proper training for youth.
THOMAS A. EDISON, a famous American inventor and electrician,
whose miraculous originality and rare fertility of constructive power is
worthy of historical commemoration.
THE CONNECTION BETWEEN VARIOUS DEPART-
MENTS OF THE HUMAN BODY.
To those who desire to understand human character, the
connection between its various parts is of vast importance,
and to master the subject, considerable research will be
necessary.
The following plan may be pursued in investigating this
department of Physiognomy. Examine the lower animals
in order to discover their peculiar developments. The lion
has much magnanimity in his disposition, and fears no
other animal; he is king of the forest and jungle. He
would disdain to injure a mouse or small animal, unless
in extreme hunger. Look at his face, and observe what
confidence, dignity, and self-reliance he manifests, as much
as to say, I would not stoop to a mean act. It is a fact
that such traits of character are possessed by this particular
species of animal.
Next, observe his anatomical peculiarities. We find
that he possesses large lung power, and that its attendant
avenues of breathing are both .large and wide. The cheek
bones stand out prominent, the hips are small, but the
shoulders are broad, with heavy mane. Wherever we find
this connection, of breadth of shoulder and breadth of
cheek or malar bones, we shall discover great capacity
of lung power, and the attendant character or disposition
296
THE CONNECTION BETWEEN VARIOUS
is the same in both men and animals. The lion gets in
a rage in a moment, and regains his tranquillity the next;
so it is with men who are of similar form.
The elephant is as wide at the hips as at the shoulders,
and experience has shewn that this animal never forgets
or forgives an injury. He has been known to remember
an insult for twenty years. His anger is less evanescent
than the lion's rage.
The elephant has a large stomach, with a wide mouth,
and either indicates retaliation, that is, where the mouth
is wide from side to side of the face, or from one corner
to the opposite extreme of the mouth. The abdominal
viscera are connected with that department which supplies
it with work, and the mouth is the place where food first
begins the process of digestion. Large width in this region
indicates strong digestive apparatus.
The hog has a large mouth. The turkey also, that is,
by measure round from one corner, outside, to the other,
Excellent powers of Digestion. David
Hume, who could partake of a
hearty meal and apply himself to
study immediately after, without
the least inconvenience.
Feeble of Digestion. Gnstavus
III., whose happiness wat
poisoned by dyspepsia
DEPARTMENTS OF THE HUMAN BODY. 297
taking the longest circumference of its opening. The
turkey and hog have remarkable digestive power.
Chickens grind up pieces of bone, lime, glass, &c., with-
out inconvenience.
The whale is another animal of wonderful digestive
power, and we shall find wherever this width and depth
of mouth exists, in animals or men, that strength of
digestive apparatus invariably follows.
Observe a man with large mouth, full cheeks opposite
the mouth, long deep heavy chin, and wide from the chin
to the mouth, and we readily discover evidences of superior
digestion, and a strong or good stomach.
\
A good Digestion. Viteilius, A sensuous gourmand Emperor of Rom*
All men who shew these peculiarities of build, possess
the disposition of the animal that has the same condition
of body. The low monads or polypi have each large
mouths, with full surroundings to the mouth, and they
298 THE CONNECTION BETWEEN VARIOUS
possess the most powerful digestive tract of anything
known. These illustrations might be extended indefinitely,
but, to use a homely proverb, " Enough is as good as a feast."
A few good illustrations, well drawn, will convince the
candid mind, while men, who are sceptical about every-
thing, are so thick-headed that a tenpenny nail would
A poor Digestion. Charles VI., Emperor of West Austria,
who died of dyspepsia.
find hard work to penetrate their brains with a force of
fifty pounds to drive it.
Wherever we see men with a hollow or narrow portion
of the face on the inferior maxillary, under the third
molar tooth, there is no surer indication of weakness of
the kidneys. The face being wide on the jaws at the
point indicated in the annexed cut, of Vitellius, manifests
excellent power to throw off the urea of the system, and
a narrowness in this part of the face will be found in
unison with weakness in the small of the back. Hencei
we reason that a connection or intimate relation exists
between those two parts of the body.
DEPARTMENTS OF THE HUMAN BODY. 299
There is a close connection between the eyes and the
sexual organs; this is illustrated more in women than in
men, and in the female, among animals, more than among
the males. The reason is, they have more activity or
work in that department than the male.
The eyes are watery in certain periods, as seen in the
cow and mare during heat. The eyes are glassy during
pregnancy, and this fact is conclusive proof that cannot,
and will not, be contradicted by any careful observer.
Those animals that possess the strongest sexual instincts,
like the boar, have a peculiar eye, that gives a sensual
expression to the face. It is long, from side to side, and
narrow from the upper to the lower part; and such eyes,
whether they are found in man or animals, are evidence of
a sensual character.
Eyes that are round, as in doves, evince a love of hug-
ging, kissing, or fondling.
Horses enjoy each other's company; dogs the same, and
play with each other for hours together; but hogs are
gruff, thejr fight and grunt while doves are billing and
cooing, and kittens are fondling, and playing, and licking
each other, very often.
All animals with round and well-arched upper eyelids,
are affectionate in their disposition, and their love is more
platonic than animal. Old Erasmus had the pig-like eye,
and despite all his learning, he was one of the most piggish
of men.
He possessed very low and ardent love, and he loved and
cherished only base passion. While another man is nearly
always kissing the girls, and yet they all place implicit
confidence in him; and such men are worthy of entire
trust, and bear it honourably, as their natures are loving,
but not brutish, or hog-like.
The love-birds of Australia have eyes as round as bullets,
and those we have seen in California were always together,
and appeared very fond of each other.
300 THE CONNECTION BETWEEN VARIOUS
THOSE SOFT BROWN EYES.
" Talk not to me of the eyes of blue,
That never change with a smile or a frown:
You may call them bonny, and tender and true.
But give to me the eyes of brown.
0 soft sad eyes! 'iieath your melting mood
My heart-throbs thrill with a glad surprise :
1 yield my power, as a woman should,
To the mystic charm of those soft brown eyes.
" I seek the gaze of the tender blue,
Till my thoughts are rife with the worlds afar;
I view, in the flash of the sparkling black,
The meteor-light of the wandering star :
But a want scarce told, and a pleasure pain
Sweeps o'er my soul like a saddened strain ;
And all my hopes are lost in sighs,
As I mourn for the love of those dark brown eyes.**
BLACK EYES AND BLUE.
" Black eyes most dazzle in a hall ;
Blue eyes most please at even fall ;
The black a conquest soonest gain;
The blue a conquest most retain.
• The black bespeaks a lively heart,
Whose soft emotions soon depart;
The blue a steadier flarae betray,
That burns and lives beyond a day.
The black may features best disclose;
The blue may feelings all repose.
Then let each reign without control —
The black all mind — the blue all soul."
The authors of the above lines we do not know; but the
verses serve to shew that they consider the eyes love's
medium. O. W. Holmes says —
" The bright black eye, the melting blue,
I cannot choose between the two;
But that is dearest all the while,
That wears for me the sweetest smile."
And Charles F. Hoffman —
" Yet with that eye could flash resentment's rays,
Or proudly scornful check the boldest gaze,
Chill burning passion, with a calm disdain,
And with one glance rekindle it agaiu."
DEPARTMENTS OF THE HUMAN BOLT. 301
Or Byron —
' ' Soft eyes looked love to eyes that spoke again.*
" Give me the eyes of black or blue,
Ever round, loving, faithful and true;
Heaven's round orbs, love vigils keep,
Half-open cptics reveal the brute asleep."
All eyes possess love, but in a different manner ; one has
strong animal passions, that give a piggish look, while the
pure filial love sparkles with all the tender emotions of a
mother or wife.
Much can be said about the eye and its colour, as that
has great significance; but the colour does not destroy the
principle of the shape of the organ, as we shall find the
same rulo to hold good through all variations of colour in
the eyes, as in the colour of the skin. Nations, whose colour
remains unchanged, have the eyes alike in colour, and they
are non-progressive.
Dark races, like the Indian and Negro, are naturally
revengeful, like the elephant; and black eyes evince more
or less a revengeful disposition. This law of nature carries
itself through the various shades of the black races, and we
shall find that they are everywhere more revengeful than
the light race or races.
THE INFLUENCE OF FOOD ON CHARACTER
FOOD is that which, when taken into any living animal
organism, makes blood, bone, muscle, integument, hair,
brain, life, &c. On food all animals are dependent for living
existence ; without it there would soon be universal death.
But that is not all: not only are animals dependent on
food for life, but the character of that life is dependent upon
the kind of food on which they feed. According to the
nature of the food eaten, will be the idiosyncrasies of the
eater. The turtle dove, for example, feeds on seeds, and
seeds being the highest and most essential part of plant
Jife, produce in the dove the highest type of animal life,
viz., love-mating. Indeed, so prominent is this kind of
life in the dove, that the expression, "gentle and loving as
the dove" has become proverbial among men; although it
is only here and there that you will find a man who has
taken pains to find out the reason or ground of the dove's
disposition and character. Only life can produce life; and
as all seeds and grains contain within themselves the germs,
not only of bare life, but life of the very highest kind
possible to plants, that the dove, which feeds on seeds and
grains, should possess correspondingly the highest kind of
animal life, ought not to be considered an arbitrary arrange-
ment, but in beautiful harmony with reason. An effect,
THE INFLC7ENCE OF FOOD ON CHARACTER. 303
philosophy tells us, must partake of the nature of its cause;
and food being at least the occasioning cause or support of
all animal life, whatever kind of life the food indicates
primarily, will be imparted to, and engendered in the
animal into whose organism it is taken. The hog eats
animal food of all kinds, clean and unclean, snakes, offal;
indeed, nothing is too filthy for its stomach, and everybody
knows that it possesses only the lowest form of animal life,
and has become the most gruff and unlovely of quadrupeds.
The same thing is apparent also in children. The trans-
mission of hereditary influences has much to do in the
formation of character; but it is impossible for an observant
mind to be in sensible to the fact, that many of the charac-
teristics of the young are traceable to diet. Body affects
mind, — that cannot be denied ; and in early years, when
growth is rapid, and food is taken into the system and
retained in large quantities, and more frequently than in after
life, the truth of what we asserfc is most apparent. The
child that sucks the milk of the mother who bore it will
nfnturally take on that mother's moral characteristics; while
the orphan, compelled to take in the milk of an animal, will
reveal in its character some of those idiosyncracies peculiar
to that animal. This is not a visionary statement; it is
founded on fact, and can be testified to by those who have
paid any attention to the subject. An illustration of what
we mean was found in 1870 in the family of Captain P. M.
Choutea, of Kansas City, Mo. In the captain's family there
was a little girl, five years of age, who had been deprived
of a mother's milk and nursed on the milk of a goat, and
when she grew up and was able to run about, she gave
unmistakable evidence of the truth of that law for which
we contend. She had a strong and very unusual desire
for climbing. She would mount rocks, fences, and go to
the tops of houses, and, in fact, jump about in every
respect like the animal whose milk she had sucked. Nor
30 1 THE INFLUENCE OF FOOD ON CHARACTER.
when in her climbing moods did she manifest any tokens
of fear; and these peculiarities became apparent in hei
as soon as she was able to move about. Having had
occasion to converse at one time with the captain on the
tendencies and disposition of the girl, he very readily
admitted the powerful influence of the goat's milk on her
character, and told us that she was the most remarkable
girl in the respect just noticed that he had ever seen. He
said, moreover, that the go'at became so much attached to
the girl, that she never cried but it ran to her. and if
windows were in the way, it would jump through them
as if they formed no obstruction, and on reaching the child
would bend over her, and in its own way would endeavour
to induce her to draw its milk. Similar to this is an
instance mentioned by Evelyn, on the authority of Seotus
(See Numismata, p. 312), of a boy who, having been
nursed on the milk of a goat, manifested, as he grew up,
the leaping and climbing propensities of that animal. And
the same author mentions the case of a boy who, after being
fed on the milk of a sow, could never be reclaimed from
running into ditches, wallowing in puddles, &c., all of which
traits of character are peculiar to the unclean animal from
•which he had drawn his sustenance. Again we say, there
is nothing arbitrary in this. You cannot bring that which
is clean out of that which is unclean, nor, conversely, can
you bring that which is unclean out of that which is clean.
As the fountain is, so is the stream. If the one be pure,
the other will be pure, except, of course, in the case of those
streams which, having left the fountain, are fed by impure
tributaries. The child who is nursed with the milk
of a wicked, immoral mother, will at a very early age
manifest immoral and wicked characteristics. No man can
study character, as revealed in our large cities, in low streets
and alleys, where drunkenness and debauchery prevail,
without noticing this. " He is a chip of the old block," — a
THE INFLUENCE OF FOOD ON CHARACTER. 30f>
saying common among us, is just an illustration of the law
we are seeking to enforce, although in many cases the words
are uttered heedlessly, in ignorance of those principles on
which the proverb rests. If you place a kid under the
nursing of a sheep, you will find that when the kid becomes
a full grown goat, it will have lost much of the goat's
natural propensities for climbing, — will be more gentle and
quiet than other goats, and its hair will be of a finer tissue.
And so, again, if a lamb be nursed by a goat, it will be
found, when it becomes a matured sheep, that it will mani-
fest less of the quiet gentleness of other sheep, and its hair
will be of a more wiry nature than it would have been had
it been nursed by a mother ewe. Giraldus Cambrensis
speaks of a sow fed on the milk of a hound, which, when it
grew to maturity, hunted deer equally well with an ordi-
nary hound. And what is true of the lower animals is
equally true of man. Like creates like. Dion tells us that,
when Caligula was a babe, his nurse put blood on her
breasts that he might suck it, which accounts for the blood-
thirsty, inhuman nature of the man when he held the
destinies of Rome in his hand. His parents, it is said, were
well-disposed and loving, but that blood which he sucked
in his childhood counteracted the antenatal influences,
robbed him of true human feeling, and converted him into
one of the greatest and most detested tyrants the world
ever produced.
It must be added that he was sensual and gluttonous in
his mature years ; and the immense income he derived
from the Roman Provinces was largely expended on the
pleasures of the table. "We are told that he dissolved
in vinegar some of the largest and most costly pearls he
could procure, and that he drank the solution with apparent
relish. Pliny, to whose work on "Natural History" (1. 9,
p. 257) we are indebted for this fact, records a similar one
concerning the famous Cleopatra, who, after a sumptuous
306 THE INFLUENCE OF FOOD ON CHARACTER.
repast, drank a solution in vinegar of two of the most valu
able pearls then known, valued at 100,000 sesterces, equal
to £800 or $4,000. "We mean not to say that these draughts
had any moral influence on the constitution, or that they
were anything else but wanton displays of wealth in persons
abandoned to sensuality.
Napoleon I. was extremely fond of roast pig ; and per-
haps his preference for the most selfish and quarrelsome
of all our food -animals may have nurtured the pugnacious
disposition of the unprincipled Corsican.
Animal food doubtless supplies more physical force than
a purely vegetable diet ; and men who work hard as labor-
ers in the open air may thrive well on plentiful supplies of
animal as well as vegetable food, especially in cold climates.
But flesh meat stimulates the passions ; and all persons of
in-door employment, especially those engaged in mental
labor, will find a purely vegetable diet more conducive
both to bodily health and intellectual vigor. Undoubtedly
the most valuable thoughts, those most truthful and scien-
tific, those which are most nearly allied to purity of heart,
and valuable for aiding the souls of men to rise above all
that is low and base, are the thoughts generated in a frame
nourished by vegetable productions, as cereals, fruits, and
nuts, which seem to be the very highest type of soul food.
Accordingly, some of the most distinguished men have
been vegetarians during the most active years of their intel-
lectual labors.
Benjamin Franklin was for many years strictly a vege-
tarian ; yet he possessed uncommon physical strength as
well as philosophic and inventive genius.
Crates, an eminent cynic philosopher of Thebes, and a
disciple of Diogenes, was asked what use philosophy was to
him. lie replied, "To teach me to be contented with a
vegetable diet, and to live exempt from care and trouble."
Swedenborg lived on bread, milk, and vegetables.
THE INFLUENCE OF FOOD ON CHARACTER. 307
cartes, the celebrated French philosopher ; Shelley, the Eng-
lish poet, and Junius Brutus Booth, actor, were all vege-
tarians. We have read somewhere a similar account of Sir
Isaac Newton, that during most of the years of his intel-
lectual labors he lived principally on fruit and vegetables.
G. Rondelet, a talented French naturalist and also a
learned physician, the author of several medical works,
abandoned the use of wine and flesh at twenty-five years of
age, and took to fruit and pastry.
In Thomas Crowell's edition of Lord Byron's "Works
(New York, p. 14) there is a description of the poet's meals,
and we find it includes no kind of butcher's meat ; he ap-
pears to have used only vegetable products, even to tea and
tobacco.
Anthony Benezet, a philanthropic Quaker, born in France,
was distinguished for his beneficence to the needy and suf-
fering, wherever he found them. lie relinquished the use
of animal food, prompted by the motive of abhorrence to
the pain inflicted by the butcher on the innocent victims of
his craft. (See Appleton's " Cyclopaedia of Biography.")
Henry David Thoreau, an American naturalist and an
oriental scholar and author, ate no flesh, drank no wine,
used no tobacco. (See Atlantic Monthly, vol. ii., p. 81.)
William C. Bryant, an American poet, ate sparingly of
flesh and fish, partaking generally of cereals, oatmeal por-
ridge or hominy, milk, and fruit, but using neither tea, coffee,
tobacco, nor wine. (Scribner's Magazine, vol. xvi., p. 495.)
The Duke of Wellington used rusks and bread with his
tea, but never meat or eggs. (" Bric-a-brac," C. Knight, p.
211.)
Francis Newman, an eminent Latin scholar and teacher
in London, is a vegetarian ; and Isaac Pitman, with whom
the writer is personally acquainted, has not touched fish,
flesh, or fowl for upward of fifty years. He was born in
1813, and when the writer last saw him (1889), in his pub-
308 THE INFLUENCE OF FOOD ON CHARACTER.
lishing office at Bath, England, he was as active as a boy.
He is one of the most constant workers of his years, and is
well known in England as the inventor of the best system
of short-hand writing, as well as a less used system of
phonotype.
Joseph Ritson, an English antiquary and extensive au-
thor, had a horror of animal food. (" Bric-a-brac," Constable,
p. 141.)
Hundreds of other lesser lights could be referred to in
order to prove that the highest type of intellect can be sus-
tained on vegetable food ; and we are of opinion that a
variety of fruits, nuts, cereals, and other vegetable sub-
stances are more favorable to original and inventive
thought than carnivorous diet ; while no one that has
studied the subject will attempt to gainsay that animal
food feeds and inflames the lower passions of human nature.
We have never heard of a strict vegetarian committing
murder, theft, or other crimes requiring violence. So, like-
wise, the lower animals that subsist on the flesh of other
animals are far more liable to kill than vegetable-eating
creatures. Dr. Veitch, on this point, says : " I am per-
suaded that it will invariably be found true that those who
are living on animal food are more impetuous in temper
than those who live on vegetable aliment;" and Phillips
adopts the satne opinion. (See " History of Cultivated Vege-
tables," 1822, vol. i., p. 5.)
A certain quantity of half-cooked beef is used by pugilists
when training to batter each other into insensibility, this
diet, no doubt, tending to nourish the bull-dog disposition
needed for the encounter, just as swine's flesh will give the
soldier better courage for the battle-field than plum-pud-
ding, rice, or apple-dumplings. Those savages who subsist
chiefly on animal flesh, and occasionally take a meal from
the remains of a human being, are certainly more blood-
thirsty than those who consume only vegetable matter. Mr.
THE INFLUENCE OF FOOD ON CHARACTER. 309
Lawrence holds, and on tenable grounds, that as men rise
in the scale of civilization they consume more vegetable
and less animal substance. He also denies that the bodily
strength is deteriorated by this upward progress. (See " Lect-
ures on Man," 1844, pp. 144-147.) It may here be re-
marked that the animals most useful to man, and those of
the greatest endurance in bearing or drawing heavy loads,
are vegetarian, as the reindeer, the camel, llama, horse,
mule, ox, elephant, etc. ; whereas the useless quadrupeds,
as the lion, tiger, lynx, hyena, and all that ilk, are wholly
carnivorous, and they are not only unserviceable to man but
are vicious and treacherous. Then as to bodily strength.
Is not the horse or the ox strong enough for any eight or
ten men? And as for the elephant, which never takes a
mouthful of aught but vegetable food and water, does he
not keep strength enough for half a regiment ?
Charles Darwin says that in Central Chili he saw men
working in a mine four hundred and fifty feet deep, and
carrying two hundred pounds of ore by rough ladders to
the surface. They lived entirely on boiled beans and bread.
(See " Naturalist's Voyage Eound the World," New Ed., New
York, 1871, p. 266.) He also states that these men worked
from break of day till dark, with only a few minutes for a
mid-day meal. Could meat eaters do more at any labor re-
quiring physical strength ? On page 60 of the same book we
find Darwin thus speaking of the general working popula-
tion of Central Chili : " The laboring men work very hard.
They have little time allowed for their meals, and during
summer as well as winter they begin when it is light, and
leave off at dark. They are paid one pound sterling ($5) a
month, and their food given them. This, for breakfast, con-
sists of sixteen figs and two small loaves of bread; for din-
ner, boiled beans ; for supper, broken roasted wheat grain.
They scarcely ever taste meat, as with the £12 per annum
they have to clothe themselves and support their families."
THE LAWS THAT CONTROL THE LINES OF
THE HUMAN FACE.
As the letters of the alphabet are the elements of written
language, and when we understand their combinations, we
have a key to unlock the treasures of knowledge contained
in books, so the various lines, the convexities, the con-
cavities of the human face are as so many letters by which
those who understand them can read at a glance the intel-
lectual and moral character of those in whom they appear.
But this facial expression is a language not quickly mastered ;
it is a study to last a life-time; for ever and anon there
are, and will be new marks to discover and interpret.
There are, however, several distinct varieties of general
structure, which produce corresponding characteristics and
facial expressions in all. For instance, the bony structure
produces the rough and homely, not to say ugly face.
But to me these plain countenances appear like countries
whose mountains and ravines reveal nature in features of
sublimity and grandeur. Level or slightly undulating
landscapes are called pretty, so are smooth faces. But
the mountainous country is that which conceals treasures
of gold, silver, precious stones, and useful metals; so the
rough faces indicate solid character and sterling worth —
powers which, like the mines and quarries of mountain
ranges, are worth woi king, and will yield a rich return.
Witness Michael Angelo, Galileo, Julius Caesar, Christopher
THE LAWS THAT CONTROL THE LINES OF THE HUMAN FACE. 311
Columbus, Andrew Jackson, Sir Robert Peel, and Abiaham
Lincoln, all specimens of the bony type.
The rounder lines of the muscular structure are the
result of physical exercise, and stand as a register in
nature's account book to the credit of the individual or
race whose industry traced them there.
I shall now describe particularly the lines that belong
to each of the five kinds of structure.
1. The Abdominal. This make appears conspicuously
in aquatic animals. In the human subject, it gives short
horizontal lines on the forehead, as here indicated. These
Aulus Vitellius, a licentious and cruel Roman Emperor.
lines or wrinkles are straight in some persons, while in
others they _are irregular and broken, in mature years,
however, they are always short. This structure also pro-
duces wrinkles running round the neck and ears. It gives
312 THE LAWS THAT CONTROL
a certain roundness and smoothness to the whole body,
with a few well-rounded lines, usually including a curved
one about the mouth. It gives, especially in childhood,
circular creases more or less deep about the wrists, elbows,
knees, knuckle-joints, and across the chest. The lines of
the face are less marked, owing to the adipose tissue which
fills it up, and produces dimples rather than wrinkles.
What lines you discover are not sharp at their inward
or bone direction, but are round in their deepest part.
These are pretty sure signs of eating, sleeping, and enjoy-
ing animal life. Those who exhibit them usually possess
excellent organs of assimilation, and their secretions are
carried on quite freely. When the abdominal structure
is greatly predominant, we have an individual more animal
than intellectual; fond of the pleasures of the table, and a
trifle selfish.
2. The Thoracic structure — evinced by a broad chest,
large nostrils, wide cheek-bones, full and capacious throat.
It abounds in electricity, and produces fewer lines than
any other; for it is the fresh, youthful make of active,
impulsive natures, not steady enough at any one pursuit
to acquire the wrinkles which, as we shall see, are the
product of continued application.
3. The Muscular and Fibrous structure — abounding, as
its name imports in muscle, and evincing itself by physical
force. Here will be found perpendicular wrinkles in the
lower forehead just over the nose, and running nearly
parallel with the facial muscles. (See cut of S. Judas
Thadeus on page 61.) In that cut, observe a well-marked
example of muscular wrinkles on the face. They run up
and down the cheeks, neck and arms, in correspondence
with the facial muscles; but it is to be noted that the
orbicular muscles are not thus marked, being light and
thin they are not apt to form wrinkles unless they are
formed transversely to the direction of the muscles. These
THE LINES OF THE HUMAN FACE. 313
muscular lines are deeper than any other, and are con-
spicuous when the individual is strongly under the influence
of grief or joy. They generally indicate pacific and good-
natured people; for a man who is unusually strong is
generally peaceably disposed. Such are likewise labour-
loving people; for whenever any natural form or make is
strongly predominant, there is aji instinctive desire to
exercise and increase it.
4. The Osseous or Bony structure — remarkable for forma-
tive power. It has curved lines, but not so deep as those
of the muscular, and their general tendency is to be longer
and more angular. People having this class of wrinkles
will love to ride better than walk, as they thus exercise
the bones rather than the muscles.
5. The Brain and Nerve structure is indicated by long
lines about the forehead, long also from the eyes down-
wards. People of this make are not generally desirous
of money, or anxious to accumulate property, but they
intensely love study; they want to read and think. Nor
only so — they have thought closely and deeply before
those long lines could be fully developed. You cannot
find them in the youthful face; they are the tokens of
long application, close study, and great mental power.
No disposition or exercise, whether of body or mind,
produces such long wrinkles as this thoughtfuluess. You
cannot find a man who has for years been a deep and close
thinker, but he shews long and continuous wrinkles across
the forehead; also lengthened and well-marked lines pro-
ceeding outwards from the eyes. There will usually be
well-marked eye-lids, and a tendency to form wrinkles
parallel with the attachment of the lower eye-lid to the
face. So, whenever you see a man with a great head,
large eye, long nose, and shrivelled appearance of the skin
about the upper part of the face, be assured that his has
not been a life of ease or sloth; for these tokens bespeak
314 THE LAWS THAT CONTROL
intense, consecutive thought and mature understanding.
Long wrinkles indicate what is meant by a " long head" —
a far-seeing mind, made so by nature at first, but developed
and matured by years of thoughtfulness.
It is important distinctly to understand the wrinkles
peculiar to each form or structure ; but sometimes you find
several of these blende^ or mixed in one individual; and
the study thus becomes more difficult. When the Brain
and Nerve form is combined with the bony, it will produce
more wrinkles than any other structure, or combination of
structures; but the wrinkles will be less perfect, and there-
fore less easily recognizable than in the pure Brain and
Nerve type.
If we find the whole five types pretty evenly balanced
in one person, the lines can scarcely be found unless the
constitution has been abused. This harmony, this equi-
poise seems to efface the lines belonging to each peculiar
type.
An observation or two on the general lines of the face
may suffice in conclusion.
Facial lines or wrinkles are the roads over which time
has wrought his experiences, and those who possess them
have always been hard workers, either for good or evil.
The smooth face denotes ease, indolence, and pleasure.
The possessors of such are seldom thoroughly honest, and
are not often found arriving at eminence. The men and
women who have made their mark on other minds, wher-
ever they have been, have been ploughing their own faces
with lines never to be erased; but such lines are not found
in the children of ease and idleness.
The lines produced by the workings of scorn, grief, joy,
mirth, happiness, pain, disappointment, mark the counten-
ance only for a time, except where the condition is long-
continued. If a person has been in bad health for years,
the entire face will display wrinkles, but not of the regular
characters we have described above.
THE LINES OF THE HUMAN FACE. 315
If a person is of gloomy disposition, the lines will run
downwards like the feelings within; while the opposite
will be the case with an individual full of hope and healthy
life. In joyous subjects the lines run upward ; but if out-
ward and downward, there has been much sorrow. The
downward curves of a gloomy countenance are seen in the
imprisoned convict; the upward ones in the blooming,
thoughtless youth, with whom life is in its freshest con-
dition.
The lines which run straight across the forehead are
indifferent evidences of moral worth ; while those that dip
in the middle are good signs, found only on persons of
estimable character.
The lines, the curves, the angles, are so many marks in
nature's record of our conduct. The lines produced by
crime are downward; those traced by good actions run
upwards; like the soul within, looking up for help and
support, our good actions make their marks to indicate the
upward tendency of our lives.
Now, the reader may think these matters very difficult —
all but impossible to master. What if you should live to
see the day when a school for teaching them should be
successfully conducted and gladly supported?
EFFECT OF ALTITUDE ON THE HUMAN MIND
AND BODY.
THIS is a subject of such vital and paramount importance,
that we intend to enter into it so fully, that every one of
ordinary intelligence may be able to appreciate the facts
and reasons, so as personally to apply them, and become
the intelligent instructors and guides of all who come
within the sphere of their influence.
Let us then first consider the qualities and influence of
the atmosphere. All the continental waters come to us
from the ocean. If they are fresh and sweet, it is because
they have passed through the great laboratory of nature,
by the simple process of distillation, which is the first fact
to be specially pointed out.
The Sun, the great awakener of life, shoots his burning
rays every day athwart the face of the waters; he causes
the invisible vapours to rise, which, lighter than the air
itself, unceasingly tend to soar into the atmosphere. In
their ascending movement, they encounter the colder layers
of the higher regions, which have a cooling influence. They
are condensed in vesicles, which become visible under the
form of clouds and fogs. Then borne along by the winds,
whether invisible still, or in the state of clouds, they spread
themselves over the continents, and fall in abundant rains
upon the grounds which they fertilize. All the portion of
the atmospheric waters not expended for the benefit of the
plants and the animals, or carried off anew into the atrno*
EFFECT OF ALTITUDE ON THE HUMAN MIND AND BODY. 317
sphere by evaporation, returns by the springs and rivers to
the ocean whence it came.
Thus the waters of the ocean, by this ever- renewed
rotation, spread themselves over the lands; the two ele-
ments combine and become a source of life, far richer and
much superior to what either could have produced by its
own forces alone. But we see the earth and the water,
tne continents and the oceans, touch each other only at
their margins. A more intimate action upon each other is
only possible by means of the most mobile of the elements,
the atmosphere, which performs in nature the part of a
mediator. The winds are the agents in this important
work, — the carriers of the water which unceasingly reno-
vates the face of the lands, and sustains its beauty. The
inhabitants of the arid desert can alone tell us how to value
this treasure of revivifying moisture. Still let it be care-
fully remembered, that the more elevated regions receive
the more purified air, with its burden of more purified
vapour. Hence the mental and bodily vigour attained in
elevated regions, within certain limits, is proportionally of
a more elevated order than can be attained in a more impure
and heavier region in depressed situations.
Now, let us look at the terrestrial distribution of our race,
with special reference to the elevation and climatic condi-
tions of its habitat.
Man, among the inhabitants of the earth, forms a striking
exception to the general law of distribution and develop-
ment. He is not found in his most perfect type in the
tropical regions. The tropical man, far from exhibiting
that harmonious outline, that noble and elevated form, and
all those perfections which the chisel of a Phidias or of a
Praxiteles has combined in a single individual, displays that
figure which approaches near to the lower animal, and
betrays the instinct of the brute. If, then, the distribution
of the human races on the surface of the globe does not
318 EFFECT OF ALTITUDE ON THE HUMAN MIND AND BODY.
follow the law of the rest of nature, what is the law, let us
try to point out, which regulates it? This is one of the
most important problems in nature. I do not intend to
enter into the discussion of this question here, but merely
to state and verify the fact that, while all the types of
plants and of animals gradually decrease in perfection from
the equatorial to the polar regions, in proportion to the
temperature, man presents to us his purest and most per-
fect type at the very centre of the temperate regions of the
great land-hemisphere, almost in the middle of the great
north-eastern continent, in the regions of Iran, of Armenia,
and of the Caucasus; and departing from this geographical
centre in the three grand directions of the lands, the types
gradually lose the beauty of their forms in proportion to
their distance. At the extreme points of the southern
continents we find the most deformed and degenerate races,
the lowest in the scale of humanity.
Now, let us take a type from the central region of
Western Asia — the Caucasian. In this we are at once struck
with the regularity of the features, the flowing, easy grace
of the lines, and the perfect harmony of the whole figure.
The head is oval; no part is obtrusively prominent; nothing
salient or angular disturbs the softness of the lines which
surround it. The face is divided into three equal parts by
the line of the eyes and that of the mouth. The eyes are
large, well cut, neither too near nor too far from the nose;
their axis is placed on a single straight line at right angles
with the line of the nose. The stature is tall, lithe, and
well-proportioned. The length of the extended arms is
equal to the whole height of the body; in a word, the pro-
portions reveal that perfect harmony which is the essence
of beauty. Such is the type of the white race — the Cau-
casian, as it has been called — the most pure and perfect
type of humanity. Their average elevation above sea level
is 2,000 feet, hence pure and invigorating, but not too rare,
is their lung-food.
EFFECT OF ALTITUDE CN THE HUMAN MIND AND BODY. 319
In proportion as we depart and descend from this geogra-
phical centre of the races of man, the regularity diminishes,
and the harmony of the proportions disappears. Follow the
dispersing races, first, in the direction of Europe and Africa.
Although the European may be considered as belonging
to the central race, his features have less symmetry, but
more animation, more mobility and expression. In him
beauty is less physical, but more moral and intellectual,
which may be accounted for by the superior freedom with
intellectual and spiritual culture.
Passing into Africa, we find the Arab, who, whether in
his own country or in Algeria, shews degeneracy in both
his cranial and facial features. The degeneracy gradually
increases as we proceed southward, and may be traced
through the Qalla of Abyssinia, whose hair begins to crisp;
the Kaffir, with woolly hair, and lips like the negro; and
the Hottentot, who long was considered the most degraded
specimen of humanity. Then look to the other coast of
Africa, still farther from Asia, and you find the degeneracy
of form still more rapid. The Berbers of the Atlas evi-
dently belong to the Caucasian race; but, nevertheless, in
the prolongation of the head, the pouting of the mouth,
their spare meagre forms, and their deeper colour, they
indicate a marked degeneration. The Fellatahs of Soudan,
and still more the inhabitants of Senegal, bring us to the
type of the Congo Negro. In him the retreating forehead,
the prominent mouth, thick lips, flat nose, woolly head,
strongly-developed occiput, announce the overwhelming
preponderance of the sensual and physical appetites and
propensities over the nobler faculties. And then, at the
extremity of Africa, the miserable Bushman is still lower
than the Hottentot.
Now we turn to Eastern Asia to point out the marked
decadence of the human species in their descent from the
* pure and elevated cradle of the race. Towards the level
320 EFFECT OF ALTITUDE ON THE HUMAN MIND AND BODY.
i
of the sea, the great receptacle of terrestrial impurities, as
the race descends, the more debased has it ever become.
But more on this point when we come to enumerate some
of the centres of immorality and decay that may be visited
on our great rivers by the sea.
From the Caucasian region, as far as the extremity of
Australia, the decreasing beauty of the human form is not
less perceptible or less gradual than towards the extremity
of Africa. Here we see the Mongolian with his prominent
cheek-bones, eyes compressed and wide apart and elevated
at the outer corners, and the whole figure wanting in
harmony throughout. Then the Malays, who seem to
have sprung from a mixture of the Mongolian and white
race. The Papuan of New Guinea, with still some lingering
advantages of form. But the South Australian with his
gaunt body, his lean members, bending knees, hump back,
projecting jaws, presents the most melancholy aspect that
is found in human form.
In our rapid suggestive general survey, we now come
to America. Here the same law shews itself. The face
of an Indian chief has some advantages, but the prominence
of the cheek-bones, a slight elevation of the outer angle of
the eyes, and the size of the jaw, clearly betray a degener-
ate nature. In the South American Indian all these defects
are still more exaggerated, and give to the races of the
south, compared with those of the north, a very marked
character of inferiority. Finally, at the extreme point of
the continent, and in the wretched Island of Tierra del
Fuego live the Pesherais, the most misshapen, the most
mentally degraded, and the most wretched of all the inha-
bitants of the New World.
The same law holds good in advancing towards the
poles. Passing the Finns, we arrive among the Laplanders;
through the Mongolians we reach the Tungusians, the
Samoiedes of Siberia, and the Esquimaux of North America
EFFECT OF ALTITUDE ON THE HUMAN MIND AND BODY. 321
Thus, in all directions as we remove from the pure
elevated seat of the most perfect and beautiful human
type, the degeneracy becomes more strongly marked.
Let us now draw a few deductions from these re-
markable facts observable in the distribution of the
human race.
1. The continents of the north, which constitute the
central mass of the lands, are inhabited by the finest races
and present the most perfect types; while the continents
of the south, forming the extreme and far sundered points
of the lands, — as it were long wedges driven into the
ocean — are occupied exclusively by the inferior races and
most imperfect representatives of human nature. This
contrast is more decided in the Old World than in the
New; nevertheless, in the latter, notwithstanding the general
inferiority of the copper-coloured race, we have seen that
the man of the north — the Missouri Indian — has a marked
superiority over the Indian of the south, over the Botocudos,
the Guaranis, and the Pesherais of South America.
2. The degree of culture of nations bears a proportion to
the nobleness of their race. The races of the northern con-
tinents of the Old World are alone civilized, while those of
the southern continents have remained savage. In America
the civilized Aztecs of Mexico came thither from the north.
The ancient civilization of the Incas (or Quichuas) on the
table-lands of Peru scarcely seems indigenous to South
America. But, it must not be forgotten that the land itself,
by its elevation, belongs to the temperate zone, averaging
more than 4,000 feet above sea level.
Now, these differences between the north and the south
are not of to-day nor yesterday. If we glance at the
memorials of these tribes, without written history, meagre
as they are, it might seem that it has been the same from
a time before all our traditions or histories if the Bible
is excepted. No indication brings to light in these tropical
x
322 EFFECT OF ALTITUDE ON THE HUMAN MIND AND BODY.
continents the existence, at another epoch, of a purer type,
of a more perfect race of men, than the degenerate and
inferior form we there meet with at the present day.
The annals or traditions of the tribes, in no part of these
continents, record either the birth or the progress of a
civilization which has contributed to the development and
progress of our race. Man has there remained always at
the bottom of the scale of civilization; while, from the
earliest days of the world, history marks out the temperate
and more elevated continents as the seats of the cultivated
communities. As there is a temperate hemisphere and a
tropical hemisphere, so is there a corresponding civilized
hemisphere and a savage hemisphere.
Without pursuing the subject, I may just hint here that
the distribution of man on the globe, and that of the other
organized beings, are not founded on the same principle.
In all organized beings, except the human, the approach
to perfection of the types is proportional to the intensity
of heat and of the other agents which stimulate the display
of physical life. But in man the approach to perfection
of the types is in proportion to the degree of intellectual
and moral improvement. This is a law of moral order,
just as the former is a law of physical order.
Now, since this subject is not only absorbing but intensely
interesting, let me direct your attention, as briefly as
possible, to. the fact that the continents of the north are
the theatres of history and every kind of development.
They are Asia, Europe, and North America.
The result of the comparison which we have made
between the northern and southern continents, in their
most general characteristics, seems to be that, what dis-
tinguishes the former is, not the wealth of nature and
the abundance of physical life, but the aptitude which
their structure, their situation, and their climate give them
to minister to the development of man, and to become
EFFECT OP ALTITUDE ON THE HITMAN MIND AND BODY. 323
thus the seat of a life much superior to that of nature.
The three continents of the north, with their civilized
peoples, have appeared as the historical continents, which
form a marked contrast to those of the south, with their
savage tribes.
We know that the condition of an active, complete
development, is the multiplicity of the contrasts, the dif-
ferences, the springs of action and reaction, of mutual
exchanges which excite and manifest life under a thousand
diverse forms. To this principle corresponds, in the organi-
zation of the animal, the greater number of its special
organs; in .the organization of the continents, the variety
of the forms of the land, the strongly characterized districts,
the nature of which stamps upon the people inhabiting
them a special seal, and makes them so many distinct
individual bodies.
Hence we expect to find the great fact of the life of
the nations connected essentially with those differences
of soil and climate, and with the contrasts which nature
herself presents in the interior of the continents; and that
the influence of these differences on the social developments
of man, although variable according to the times, is evident
in the periods of his history.
The true theatre of history is the great north-eastern
continent, comprising Asia and Europe. We direct atten-
tion to the unity and physical plan exhibited in this grand
triangular mass, which, in a natural point of view, forms a
single continent. The subdivisions bear the imprint of
mere secondary differences. The most remarkable trait
of its structure is the great dorsal ridge, composed of
systems of lofty mountains traversing it from one end to
the other, lengthwise, which may be regarded as the axis
of the continent. It is in fact that on the two sides of
the long chain of more than 5,000 miles on the north and
south of the Himalaya, of the Caucasus, of the Balkan, the
324 EFFECT OF ALTITUDE ON THE HUMAN MIND AND BODY.
Alps, and the Pyrenees, the high lands of the interior of
the continent extend. It splits the continent into two
portions, unequal in size, and differing from each other
in their configuration and climate. On the south the
areas are less vast, the lands are more indented, more
detached, and, on the whole, perhaps more elevated; it is
the maritime zone of the peninsulas. On the nor*,h, the
great plains prevail; the peninsulas are rare or of slight
importance, and the ground less varied.
But that which chiefly distinguishes one of the two
parts from the other, and imparts to each a peculiar nature,
is the climate. Those lofty barriers which have been just
named, almost everywhere separate the climates as well
as the areas. The gradual elevation of the terraces, from
the north towards the south, up to the ridge of the con-
tinent, by prolonging in the southern direction the frosts
of the north, augments still further in Eastern Asia and
in Europe the difference of temperature between their sides,
and renders it more sensible.
Thus two opposite regions are confronted, one on the
north, in the cool temperate zone, with its vast steppes
and desert table-lands, its rigorous and generally dry climate ;
the other on the south, in the warm temperate zone, with
its beautiful peninsulas, fertile plains, blue heavens, soft
climate, delicate fruits, trees evergreen, and lovely smiling
nature everywhere.
The contrast of these two natures must have a great
influence on the people of the two regions. It is repeated
from the history of the very earliest ages in the most
remarkable manner. In the north, the arid table-lands,
the steppes and the forests, lead men to the life of shepherds
and hunters; the people are nomadic and imperfectly culti-
vated. In the south, the fruitful plains and a more facile
nature invite the people to agriculture; they form fixed
establishments and become civilized. Thus, in the very
EFFECT OF ALTITUDE ON THE HUMAN MIND AND BODY. 325
interior of the historical continent, we find, placed side by
side, a civilized and a barbarous world.
4s far as the memorials of history ascend, they shew us,
on the table-land of Iran, one of the earliest civilized nations,
the ancient people of Zend. The Zendavesta, the sacred
book of their legislator, displays everywhere deep traces of
the conflict of Iran — the good and civilized — with Turan —
the evil, dark, and barbarous inhabitants of the low regions
around. Thus, clearly shewing that the purer elements of
nature contributed in remotest antiquity to develop and
elevate the human being enjoying their advantages. In
China and India we have parallel examples of the effects
of elevation on the lofty table-lands of these vast countries.
There were developed the two great cultivated nations of
Eastern Asia, whose perfected languages, rich literature,
and wonderful skill in art and science remain as amazing
monuments of their intellectual and physical development.
Let us observe, in passing, that Eastern Asia is pre-
eminently a country of contrasts, of isolated and strongly
characterized regions. In perfect responsive accordance
with these natural features of the earth, we find the char-
acteristics of the man who occupies the soil — the Mongolian
race. In this people the melancholic disposition seerns to
prevail; the intellect, moderate in range, exercises itself
upon details, but never rises to the general views or the
high speculations in science and philosophy. His ideas are
wholly turned to things of earth, but the world of ideas,
the spiritual world, seems closed against him. His whole
philosophy arid religion are reduced to a code of social
morals for the regulation of human conduct, such only as
merely renders society possible. The Chinese again, being
by nature closed in, have carefully adhered to the patri-
archal form of society, but the white race of India, sprung
from the west, have developed a civilization wholly different,
the qualities of which are explained at once by the influences
326 EFFECT OF ALTITUDE ON THE HUMAN MIND AND BODY.
of the soil and the climate. The Hindoo is endowed with
higher intelligence, with a power of generalization, with
deep spiritual feeling, whereas the Chinese neither knows
nor cares for a spiritual life. The pure air, the vast mountains
and rivers of Upper India have so operated on the race,
that it would seem that the material world disappears
from their eyes. In their literature, so rich in works of
high philosophy, of poetry, and religion, we seek in vain
for the annals of their history, or any treatise on science, or
any collection of practical observations, so numerous among
the Chinese. One thing ought not to be forgotten in con-
sidering these eastern civilizations. At a very remote era
they had attained to their utmost in their several civiliza-
tions, but then they progressed no further. The great ob-
struction seems to be the isolation of each great community,
arising from the impassable barriers that the land forms
have placed between them. The wonderful contrast to this
natural conformation will be very striking when we notice
the amazing facilities afforded by the New World.
Now, glance for a moment at the conformation of true
Western Asia — the Asia of history. It consists of a plateau,
on the south of the great central ridge, and enjoys a fine
climate, while it is flanked by two plains. If Egypt be
added to it, this region will comprise all the great coun-
tries of ancient civilization of the centre of this continent.
Here is the original country of the white race, the most
perfect in body and mind. Their original habitat was in
the very centre of this vast salubrious plateau, around the
pellucid head streams of the great rivers, along whose
banks descended the ancient Assyrians and Babylonians,
keeping respectively along the Euphrates and Tigris, on
which they built Nineveh and Babylon, whose history is
too well-known to be more than simply mentioned here,
for the sake of observing that their fate, in becoming great
sinks and centres of moral pollution and degradation, has
EFFECT OF ALTITUDE ON THE HUMAN MIND AND BODY. 327
been ever since the history of cities founded on large
streams in low situations where natural impurities accum-
ulate, and so affect body and mind, to sap the pure and
healthy action of each. National decadence is first seen in
city luxury and sensuality.
Let us now glance at Europe, which has a character quite
special. The giant impassable natural barriers to inter-
course which abound in Eastern Asia are almost wanting
here. The whole continent is accessible, and better formed
and fashioned for the development of the human being.
This has been the continent most favoured, considered in
respect to the education of man. More than any other
in the old world, it calls into play his latent forces. No
other continent is more fitted, by the numerous physical
regions it presents, to bring into being so many distinct
and different nations and peoples, as well as to increase
their reciprocal influence and stimulate them to mutual
intercourse.
Now, we glance at North America, the third continent of
the north. Its aspect differs entirely from the other two.
The New World's two continents are not grouped in one
mass, or placed side by side, but touch only at their
exterior angles, standing in line rather than grouped. Be-
sides, they are rendered still more distinct from each other
by being situated in two opposite hemispheres. North
America's characteristic is that of great simplicity of struc-
ture. Add to this its vast areas, fruitful plains, numberless
rivers, prodigious facility of communication, nowhere im-
peded by serious obstacles, with its oceanic position, and
we can perceive that it is made, not so much to give birth
and growth to a new civilization, as to receive one already
formed, and to furnish for man, whose education the Old
World has well begun, the most magnificent theatre, the
scene most worthy of his activity. It is here that all the
peoples of Europe may meet together, with room enough
328 EFFECT OF ALTITUDE ON THE HUMAN MIND AND BODY.
to move in, may commingle their efforts and their gifts, and
carry out upon a scale of grandeur hitherto unknown, the
life-giving principle of modern times — the principle of free
association.
Now, having rapidly pointed out the great leading
physical causes that contribute to the formation and devel-
opment of the human body and mind, as it regards nations
and communities, let us look at a few of the more local
and minute causes affecting the mind and its wonderful
index, the face and form.
In all attempts to cultivate body and mind, we should
never lose sight of the indispensable and absolutely neces-
sary elementary sustainers of healthy action in both. First,
then, we mention pure air as the element of primary
importance, as not a moment can pass in life in which we
can dispense with this sustaining fluid. As the atmosphere
is a fluid of great compressibility and expansibility, and
readily combines with other gases, holding them in solu-
tion, it is most important that we should inhale the air
that may be as free from deleterious matter as possible. In
all liquids holding in solution impurities, those heavier
than the liquid will be precipitated, while those that are
lighter will either escape at the surface, or become apparent
as floating impurities. As a general rule, the atmosphere
becomes purer the higher we rise in it, when it is uncon-
fined. Poisonous gases and effluvia that are deleterious
to human life have such specific gravity, that they descend
and become the breath or food of plants. Those of large
lung-power in health can breathe comfortably at a mean
elevation of 6,000 feet above sea-level ; but the best average
height for vigorous respiration is considered to be between
3,000 and 4,000 feet.
The next great essential of life is pure water. It is ol
immense importance that this element should be pure; and
much care is necessary in selecting and analyzing water;
EFFECT OF ALTITUDE ON THE HUMAN I.ITND AND BODY. 32 S
for it holds in solution many most dangerous ingredients
both organic and inorganic. Before using water from either
a well, or spring, or stream, we should carefully ascertain
its purity by carefully testing it. As a general rule, the
further from and above the sea we find a spring, ifc is the
purer, especially when it wells from the limestone or iron-
stone rock. But care in the selection of pure water, as well
as pure air is much enhanced when it is considered that
purity of mind as well as body depends essentially upon
due use of these great sustainers of life.
People living on low, flat, or depressed lands are well-
known to be subject to fevers, jaundice, derangement of
the portal system, Asiatic cholera, &c., while those who
dwell among the mountains scarcely ever are assailed by
these deadly enemies of human life. Cholera almost always
originates at the mouth of the Ganges, where this immense
river pours its waters into the sea, and deposits over its
extensive delta the fearful amount of rotting vegetable
debris and putrifying human remains which the supersti-
tious dwellers along its 4,000 miles of banks are ever and
anon committing to its impetuous torrent. Look now to
New Orleans and the country forming the long line of flats
between that pestilential city and the Gulf of Mexico.
This is a hot-bed of yellow fever. The reason of the deadly
nature of this district is not far to seek. All the central
part of the North American continent is drained of its
impurities by the Ohio, Missouri, and Mississippi rivers,
with their tributaries, and carried down into the hot and
impure air of these vast swamps, where it soon breeds that
terrible scourge. Carbonic acid gas, when cool, always
subsides and seeks depressed or neap ground as a resting-
place, where it contaminates the vitals of those who are
sufficiently unfortunate to inhale this deadly poison. Fresh
water will receive its own weight of carbonic acid gas,
which it carries by river to the salt water, only to be thrown
33Q EFFECT OF ALTITUDE ON THE HUMAN MIND AND BODY.
out upon the air, to vitiate and debase it, and empoison the
blood of those who inhale it. Thus we perceive how it
aiises that all the dwellers upon low lands are more sub-
ject to fevers (especially fever-ague) than the inhabitants
of elevated lands. The people who live in low countries
are more or less depressed in their higher natures by the
impurities which they breathe, as well as by the depressing
monotony of the scenery. It is a law, that whatever affects
the body affects also the mind. The debilitating effect of
impure air and water conduce to stimulate the animal and
depress the moral nature of man. This same law operates
in causing the inhabitants of uplands to be more thoughtful
and less animal than those who dwell on the marshy and
paludal soil. This same thought-principle would raise and
define the nose, chasten the lips, and mark clearly the eyes'
form, as well as its expression. A striking example of this
may be seen in the African face, which, in its flatness,
reflects the character of the country whence he sprang.
The people dwelling along the Amazon of South America are
warm in their animal natures, but crude in their mentality.
The degenerate Spaniard of Mexico is vigorous of body,
ardent in love, stolid in intellectual improvements, while
he is debased, and, as a rule, animal.
The physiognomy of the deer, elk, and antelope, are well-
defined and expressive, when contrasted with that of the
crocodile, rhinoceros, and hippopotamus, as well as other
animals of low river-countries, in which feculent air
abounds.
This same principle would prove that the people who
live in hilly, temperate climates are further advanced in
social arts and accomplishments than those whose abodes
are in level and depressed countries. The classic hills,
groves, and elevated picturesque cities of Italy are the
localities whence the instructors of the fine arts press their
claims for deserving merit England, with her level fields
EFFECT OF ALTITUDE ON THE HUMAN MIND AND BODY. 331
of grain, pasture, and woodland scenery, is queen of the
seas, and possesses a physical power which the nations of
the world care not to dispute. Scotland, with her rugged
mountains, deep ravines, and bounding rills, is the birth-
place of industry, and sterling peaceful worth. These attri-
butes also depend largely upon the granite in her soil, and
the early oatmeal brain-nourishing fare of her sturdy sons,
who labour in their youth in the open air, and study as a
pastime until they enter college. Let it be observed also,
that all their universities are by the sea, or on elevated
situations. More eminent men have come from the granite
shire of Aberdeen, in proportion to its population, than
from any other county in Scotland. The granite character
is in their very nature. Ireland, with shamrock ever green,
inspires her people with a love of song and liberty. Her
natives strongly bear out the observations we have made
on the influence of the physical surroundings. The hilly
counties and highlands of Connemara produce tall, hand-
some, keen, active, persevering, intelligent men and beauti-
ful women ; while the ungainly baboon-faced, pot-bellied
rapparees are the natural offspring of the great central plain
and interminable bog-land that occupies such a vast pro-
portion of the country. North America, with her snow-clad
peaks and thundering cataracts, in her grand simplicity of
natural construction for facilitating every species of mental
and material progress, bids away the traveller's monotony,
and beckons his thoughts transcendently above the inglo-
rious herd to the mazes and labyrinths of worlds whose
splendour and stupendous grandeur fill the sky.
Nearly all great reforms of a moral nature were first
started on some mountain or in a mountainous country.
The Decalogue was given to Moses on the grand, rugged
mountain of Horeb. The Messiah, whose teaching rolled
on the chariot wheels of civilization, had His birth in the
hilly district near Jerusalem, and most )f His teachings were
332 EFFECT OF ALTITUDE ON THE HUMAN MIND AND BODY.
on the top or declivity of a mountain. In 'ancient times,
when a people desired some great good, they were com-
manded to go up to the mountain tops and pray. They,
too, knew the ennobling effect of elevation and pure air of
mountain freshness upon the mind and morals of men.
There are more Thoracic forms among the inhabitants of
mountainous regions than in lowland countries, because the
purity of high air necessitates greater respiration in volume,
which enlarges the organs of respiration, and the thorax
which contains them.
In flat sections, the air seems to encourage the nutritive
power, and the people become full of adipose material, and
are round, plump, and somewhat inactive. This is the case
pre-eminently in Holland, where the inhabitants are often
on a lower level than the sea, which is kept from inundating
their towns by their famous dykes. On the other hand,
mountain-air thickens and cools the blood, arches the upper
eyelid, expands the forehead and chest, sharpens every
feature, and gives vivacity and action to both body and
mind.
In Alaska the Indians are fairer, more thin-lipped, and
have higher and narrower noses than the Indians of Cali-
fornia, Nevada, Utah, or Colorado. The Stichians and Sticks
who inhabit Alaska are quite intelligent, and never use
salt. Nor do any of the Alaskians use salt — shewing that
salt is an article not positively necessary to the sustenance
of man.
The reasoning powers of those who live in pure air are
more clear and accurate than of those who dwell in low
malarious districts. The atmosphere of low realms excites
the animal nature in men, and causes them to talk and
think more of the voluptuous and amorous pleasures than
those who live in high altitudes with pure air. Where
countries are undulating and the waters clear, and brisk
breezes fan away incentives to vice, there the soul towers
EFFECT OF ALTITTTW, ON THE HUMAN MIND AND BODY. 333
away in the majesty and gloriousness of the noblest nature;
whereas the marshes and frog-ponds of mortiferous regions
make full cheeks, large necks, dull dark eyes and skin,
flat noses, hollowing and narrow foreheads, all of which
evince want of intellect, and that the individual is doltish
and asinine.
Upon the mountain tops of moderate elevation, the air
being fine and subtle, one respires with pleasurable freedom ;
the body is more elastic, the mind more serene; pleasures
become less ardent and the passions more controllable. The
grandeur of the scenery inspires sublimity in the mind's
meditations. Thus elevated above all animal life, it seems
as if one had left every low terrestrial sentiment and had
approached the celestial realms of light. The soul feels
drinking in full draughts of eternal purity, and one be-
comes thoughtful without being melancholy, peaceful but
not indolent, inspired yet resigned; the passions are more
readily subdued, while gentle emotions fill the mind. Hence
the passions, which in the lower world are man's most
powerful enemy, in a higher sphere contribute to his
advancement and happiness.
" Above me are the Alps.
The palaces of Nature, whose vast walls
Have pinnacled in clouds their snowy scalps,
And throned eternity in icy halls
Of cold sublimity, where forms and falls
The avalanche — the thunderbolt of snow I
All that expands the spirit, yet appals,
Gather around these summits, as to show
How earth may pierce to heaven, yet leave vain man below. " — BYRON.
CHARACTERIZED FROM BIRTH.
WHY were none of us born among savage tribes in Africa?
Why was not our lot the dingy complexion and oblique
eyes of the Chinese, or the copper hue of the former inha-
bitants of America? God only knows. We readily admit
that there are some conditions of our existence over which
we have no control, and for which, therefore, we have no
accountability. If a man was born blind, no one blames
him for not seeing; if deaf, no one expects him to hear; if
idiotic, his want of reason renders him the object of our
pity, not of our condemnation. But in a modified degree
some are born with interior intellectual powers, some with
perverted moral tendencies, and there is seldom any allow-
ance made for them; while others inherit superior talents
or a high moral character, and though they may have
bestowed little culture on either, they are praised by others,
and valued by themselves. We cannot always account
either for the gifts of nature or its obliquities and defi-
ciences. One boy is born with a natural genius for
music, another has a passion for poetry, a third delights
in mechanics. It may be assumed, as a general rule, that
those faculties which the parents cultivate, rather than
those which they idly possess, are those most likely to be
transmitted to their children. While, therefore, no one is
accountable for what he has not received, every one is
responsible, not only on his own account, but on that ol
CHARACTERIZED FROM BIRTH. 335
his offspring, for what cultivation he bestows on his natural
endowments, and what check he places on his inherited
vices. There is. no doubt that if a child is led to follow
the bent of his natural abilities, whether these are intel-
lectual or physical, if they are moral and good, he will
succeed better and rise higher than he could by labouring
in an avocation for which he has no natural fitness. It
often happens that certain expressions of countenance in
the child bear a striking resemblance to those of the father
or mother. This is a sure indication that the child is much
like the parent in those traits of character that are mani-
fested in those features; and for this characteristic the
parent, perhaps the progenitors for several generations past,
have inevitably set the die which has moulded that child.
How much education and careful training may do to eradi-
cate hereditary evils, no man can tell with certainty, nor
how much may be done by a man's pains-taking with
himself when he comes to years of discretion; but all
concur in the opinion that though education in youth
and self-discipline in manhood, may mould and influence,
yet it will never wholly eradicate the evil arising from
pre-natal causes, so that it shall not be ever ready as a
root of bitterness to spring up and give trouble. Dr. A
was understood to be an illegitimate son of George IV
He was taught the business of a printer, but coming under
church influences in his early manhood, and exhibiting
considerable gifts of speech, as well as knowledge, he wa,<?
induced to become a preacher. How long his bettei
principles prevailed over inherited tendencies we kno\v
not ; but some time after he had passed the meridian ol
life, his personal resemblance to his father became striking
and unmistakable. Unhappily 'the disposition to sexual
gratification likewise developed, until all bounds of decorum
were overstepped, and he resigned the position he had so
disgraced. Carrying, however, like thousands of others, his
336 CHARACTERIZED FROM BIRTH.
sanctimonious and hypocritical face, he obtained employ-
ment through the patronage of a more fortunate scion of
the royal bouse, who was not a Physiognomist.
It is far more easy to cultivate a child that closely
resembles both parents, than one in whom little or no
likeness can be traced. And as those characteristics which
the parents have most cultivated in themselves, are those
which they are most likely to transmit, so are they the
tendencies most easily susceptible of culture in the offspring.
On the other hand, a child who is personally unlike both
parents, will not be so accessible to educational appliances;
because he does not remarkably inherit the cultivated
qualities of either father or mother. If the father has
excelled in any laudable avocation, and his son is found
personally to perfectly resemble him, it is sure to be right
to bring the child up to follow his father's calling. The
same rule is applicable in cases of resemblance to the
mother. And here comes in the importance of a thorough
knowledge of the facial signs and evidences of character.
By the tokens they give, statesmen may be developed and
embryo poets brought into life. With this unerring aid,
one child will be made a mechanic and another a lawyer
with the happiest results to themselves, and honour to the
parents.
'In some countries, all trades and professions are hereditary
by law; it being taken for granted that inherited talent
and the opportunity of early culture ought to result in
.superior proficiency. This is true, but with some limita-
tion. We often see a particular talent appear to die out in
the third or fourth generation ; sooner if the mothers are
destitute of it. We have heard of great generals whose
sons proved still greater, as Philip of Macedon, the father
of Alexander, but the line went no further. So of some
eminent authors and musicians. S. W. was the first
organist in England, perhaps in Europe. His father had
CHARACTERIZED FROM BIRTH. 337
been musical, though not professionally so. His wife was
destitute of the talent, and so were his children by he;.
But he had another liaison with a musical lady, and both
the sons and daughters of that union proved musicians of
superior talent.
It is worthy of remark in passing, how many of those
men who have made the most conspicuous figures in the
world have left no sons, or none that came to maturity.
We need only mention Alexander the Great and Julius
Csesar in ancient times; the first Napoleon, General Wash-
ington, and Benjamin Franklin among the moderns; to
say nothing of some of our most celebrated historians and
poets.
Whatever apparent irregularities there may be in the
transmission of certain intellectual talents and moral
qualities, it is certain that wherever any particular
physical organization is required for a special vocation,
its perfection can generally be attained only through
inheritance. A fine example of this might have been
seen forty or fifty years ago among the fishwomen who
occupied the village of ISewhrven, near Edinburgh. They
were accustomed to load vh3mselves every morning with
immense burdens of fish with which they walked many
miles during the day, uttering cries which could be heard at
a great distance. They seldom intermarried with any but
the hardy fishermen of the same village; and thus had
been formed a race of such stalwart females as made all
others appear as pigmies by their side. Some remains of
this race may yet be seen; but the facilities of railway
transmission have superseded the demands on their strength,
the shopkeepers have thus got the best of the trade out
of their hands; and as a separate people located in one
spot, they have ceased.
On the other hand, the most eminent teachers of dancing
in our great cities have inherited the profession through
T
33.3 CHARACTERIZED FROM BIKTH.
several generations. It woulil be impossible to make a
good dancing-master of a ploughman's son, or a danseuse
of the daughter of a "NTewhaven tishwoman. Any one who
has had an opportunity of observing the footmen that
attend Queen Victoria in her migrations through the
country, must have been struck with the singular light-
ness and rapidity of their steps, reminding one of Mercury,
the messenger of the gods, with his winged feet. These
servants could not be made out of clod-hoppers by any
course of training. They are born of families that have
been in the service of princes and nobles for generations
back — both men and women accustomed to practice this
noiseless elastic movement.
Such are the seeds, moral, intellectual, and physical,
which parents sow in their children; and such character-
istics as we have alluded to are the legitimate fruit of
ancestral virtue or vice, superior or interior intellectual
culture.
CHANGE OF THE HUMAN FACE.
THE beauty and ever-changing expression of an emotional
human face has in all ages fixed the attention and called
forth the admiration of lovers, poets, and philosophers.
" Bead o'er the volume of his lovely face,
And find delight writ there with beauty's pen;
Examine every several lineament,
And what obscure in this fair volume lies,
Find written in the margin of his eyes. " — SHAKESPEARB.
" How much her grace is altered on the sudden!
How long her face is drawn ! How pale she looks,
And of an earthly cold ! Mark you her eyes." — IDEM.
" Her face had a wonderful fascination in it. It was such a calm, quiet,
face, with the light of the rising soul shining so peacefully through it. At
times it wore an expression of seriousness, of sorrow even ; and then seemed
to the very air bright with what the Italian poets so beautifully call the
' lampeggiar dell' anglico riso,' — the lighting of the angelic smile. "-
LONGFELLOW.
Every face, however, is not alike transparent to the ordi-
nary observer. But none can conceal the character and
propensities of their inmost nature from the penetration
and scrutinizing glance of the skilled, scientific Physiogno-
mist. Every man in his age has a soul of crystal through
which all men may read his actions; yet some men's hearts
and faces are so far asunder, that they try to make it
340 CHANGE OF THE HUMAN FACE.
appear that no intelligence is held between them. This,
however, is self-deception, very delusive.
Not only is the face of every human being recognizably
and perceptibly different from that of every other indi-
vidual of our species; but every individual face is under-
going various kinds of changes throughout the whole course
of life, and thus becoming a physiognomical stereotype
plate, as readable to the Physiognomist as the most legible
letterpress page is to the linguist. We often hear wonder
expressed at the infinite variety, and yet amazing similarity
of some one phenomenon in organized matter. No one
has ever yet found, on comparison, two blades of grass,
leaves of trees, animals, or aught else endowed with life,
exactly alike. We sometimes hesitate whether to admire
most this endless variety with striking similarity in nature,
or the godlike faculty with which we are endowed for
its perception and appreciation. ^«
Any law of nature, which is found universally prevalent,
may be relied on and universally applied in the examina-
tion of natural phenomena and solution of physical pro-
blems. Nature never lies when questioned by the honest,
candid truth-seeker.
The colour of the eye, in all civilized nations, is of almost
every shade; whereas, among barbarous tribes and uncivil-
ized nations, the colour is, almost without exception, the
same in every individual. On whatever principle this may
be accounted for, we find the fact to be, that the tribes and
nations of uniform colour of eye are gradually disappearing
before the peoples of the many-coloured eye. The most
remarkable instances of this are the gradual disappearance
of the Celts from all the western countries of Europe;
the Indian tribes, from the American continent, and the
aborigines from all the islands of the Pacific. The Physiog-
nomist of the past was not capable of comprehending the
present age; for the human face changes with the ever-
CHANGE OF THE HUMAN FACE. 341
changing exigencies of the times and nature. This law of
change runs through all nature, and is applicable to this
science in a pre-eminent degree. The observations I am
making are true for this age; but, owing to the changes
which are gradually and incessantly taking place in man-
kind, and necessarily affecting the "human face divine,"
the rules applicable now may not be pertinent in fifty years
hereafter, except as they must be changed to coincide with
the shifting phases of the panoramic mutations of kaleido-
scope facial phenomena. The only plan, then, is to keep
investigating until you become thoroughly imbued with
the phenomena of the passing age, and perfectly conversant
with its distinctive characteristics.
Forms are ever changing. Fifty or a hundred years ago
they were very different from those of the present day.
Consequently, so are the dispositions and aspirations of the
people. But in the coming time, the changes will be much
more rapid than in past ages. Since the invention of
printing, everything intellectual has been progressing in a
geometrical ratio; but since the independence of the United
States of North America; the invention of the Magnetic
and Electric Telegraph; the Morse system of recording
messages; the introduction of the Hoe printing press; and
the consequent almost universal diffusion of every species
of knowledge, one year in this age (1873) is more than
equal to a century five hundred years since. This amazing
rapidity in all intellectual stimulants and appliances must,
and has affected the human face to such a degree, that it
can only be appreciated by the connoisseur in pictorial and
sculptural art. The rapidity of the change is astonishing;
and the reason might be given, but the ordinary mind is
prepared for only part of the truth at present. The rest
shall be retained for another and future occasion, as I
intend to write on this theme again. In a brief article like
the present, this vast and absorbing subject cannot be
exhausted.
342 CHANGE OF THE HUMAN FACE.
The change of the human face, from birth to old age, is
one of the most remarkable of natural phenomena. Nothing
in nature presents to the investigator of her beauties germs
so capable of expanding the thoughts by study, as this
change in the face of the human creature. In every person
the subject may be easily illustrated, for every one has to
pass through the same ordeal. The infant has a round
dimpled face with a body soft in all its parts. As age
increases, it grows hard in bone and muscle ; lines become
discernible, and the countenance, changing, gives more
expression to the face., which, by and by, exhibits indelible
marks as records of vice or virtue, past and present, that
give to the individual a fixed and idiosyncratical expression
by which he can be recognized and distinguished from every
other human being. But the animal kingdom does not
present to the observer such a variety of expression. Such
sameness of countenance obtains among the lower animals
of the same species that, were it not for some peculiarity,
such as colour, or form, or size, it would be impossible to
distinguish them. Take a flock of white sheep and try
the experiment. This difficulty is acknowledged and
attested by the universal practice of proprietors marking
the animals of their flocks, herds, and piggeries with their
own initials, so as to be able to identify them when mixed
with other flocks. Very different is the feeling about the
members and individuals of the human family. Who ever
heard of a person being marked that he might be recog-
nized? The amazing variety and instantaneously recogniz-
able peculiarity of face specially belonging to every one
precludes the slightest necessity for any other distinction
The most casual observer can see no two alike; but it is
worthy of remark that, the higher we rise in the grade of
intelligence and intellectual development, the more easily
is the individuality recognizable by physiognomical expres-
sion. Compare the faces of men of mark, who have held
CHANGE OF THE HUMAN FACE. 343
high positions of public trust and great responsibility, with
those who are mediocre individuals who have jogged on
through life in an even, monotonous course, and you will at
once perceive how easy it is to recognize the men of
distinction from those of the common level in life.
Nature's noblemen, the aristocracy of goodness and
intellect, are ever more easily and readily distinguished
than the commonalty How readily men of gigantic intel-
lect are known by even a common photogram, no matter
how poorly it has been taken. For instance, Shakespeare,
Milton, Washington, Lincoln, Greeley, Grant, Burns, Sir
Walter Scott, Gladstone, Disraeli, Spurgeon, with hundreds
of others, who have occupied positions of such eminence thai
every one has become familiar with their faces. A few
lines etched by a skilled physiognomical artist will render
such a face asGreeley's at once recognizable, whereas, when
you descend in the scale of intelligence and intellectuality,
you find that faces become less marked, until they become
nearly as undistinguishable as sheep, as in soldiers of the
regular or standing army of the Eui'opean nations. Such
also is the case in families in which nothing has disturbed
the monotony of the ever-recurring daily routine of exist-
ence. These all become almost as like as twins. Descend
still further, to the savage jtribes, and there, on a cursory
inspection, you feel disposed to think them all perfectly
alike. The horse is more intelligent than the ox or hog,
and less variety of physiognomical expression is perceptible
in the hog or hippopotamus than in the horse. This is
simply another proof that, in proportion to the develop-
ment of intelligence, the more perceptible is the variety of
countenance.
The change of countenance is not so great in youth as it
is between the ages of twenty and thirty, unless it has been
previously affected by sickness. So intimately connected
are all the parts of the body that, whatever affects one part
344 CHANGE OF THE HUMAN FACE.
of necessity affects every other part. If the frame ii
dwarfed, the parts are similarly affected. Those who under-
stand this can tell how each part is affected by age, disease,
or education, for all are alike affected by change. I will
not say, in this chapter, what effect each part exercises over
the others, though this is very important to be well under-
stood ; for in that branch of Physiognomy much depends on
circumstances.
" A sweet attractive kind of grace ;
A full assurance given by looks,
Continual comfort in a face,
The lineaments of gospel books ;—
I trow that countenance cannot lie,
Whose thoughts are legible in the eye." — SPENSER.
"The cheek
Is apter than the tongue to tell an errand." — SHAKESPEARE.
" The cares, and sorrows, and hungetings of the world, change counten-
ances as they change hearts ; and it is only when those passions sleep, and
have lost their hold forever, that the troubled clouds pass off and leave
heaven's surface clear. It is a common thing for the countenances of th«
dead, even in that fixed and rigid state, to subside into the long-forgotten
expression of sleeping infancy, and settle into the very look of early life ; so
calm, so peaceful, do they grow again, that those who knew them in their
happy childhood, kneel by the coffin's side in awe, and see the angel even
spon earth."— DICKENS.
COMMON SENSE.
"Common Sense is the complement of those convictions or cognition*
which we receive from nature, which all men possess in common, and by
which they test the truth of knowledge and the morality of actions; the
faculty of first principles; such ordinary complement of intelligence, that
if a person be deficient therein he is accounted mad or foolish ; native
practical intelligence ; natural prudence ; mother wit; tact in behaviour ;
acuteness in the observation of character, in contrast to habits of acquired
learning or of speculation." — SIB WM. HAMILTON.
IN an ingenious and forcible article on the theory of
Common Sense, Dr. W. B. Carpenter maintains that this
fine mental power consists in the capacity to bring all
the results of pertinent experience to bear upon any question
which is submitted to the decision of the judgment, to
which exercise it is, of course, necessary that the mind
should instantaneously discriminate between those ex-
periences which are, and which are not relevant to the
matter in. hand. One of the most frequent and useful
effects of this convergence or' experiences is to enable the
thinker to form a correct and rapid estimate of the
means which are best adapted to the end which he has
in view.
346 COMMON SENSE.
AD able writer, in commenting upon Dr. Carpenter's
interesting and, in many respects, admirable theory, accepts
it with the needed amendment, that imagination as well
as experience enters into the higher exercises of Common
Sense; for with skill in using experience, there must
be also "a touch of poetic insight, a talent for the use of
undeveloped agencies, a gift for preferring an unexpected
method to an expected, a great alacrity and courage for
new lines of enterprise." In other words, originality, as
well as the power of correctly applying experience, is
involved in the exercises of Common Sense. The first
Napoleon's system of tactics was not due exclusively to
the instructions which he received in the school of Brienne,
and which were founded on the military experience of the
past, but to his own intuitive and original insight into
those martial arrangements which would best subserve
his gigantic purposes. The common sense which he so con-
spicuously displayed in all the complications of his affairs,
was indeed always more or less marked by original genius.
At a time, for instance, when nobility was universally
understood to be an inherited and not a native grandeur,
there was wonderful freshness and independence of view
in his reply to the Italian flatterer who was endeavouring
to prove to him his descent from the Dukes of Treviso.
Ere the wily courtier had completed the false genealogy,
Napoleon broke in with the curt declaration that his patent
of nobility dated only from the battle of Montenotte — the
first victory which he had gained over the Austrians in
Italy.
The gift by which we are enabled to bring the results
of experience, and the suggestions of intuition to rapid
convergence upon a given question, is a distinct and natural
power which may be transmitted by inheritance.
It 'sometimes happens that an individual displays more
Common Sense in youth than in maturity. This pheno-
COMMON SENSE. 347
menon is owing to the fact that he finds it comparatively
easy and rapid work to discriminate and apply the limited
experiences of early life, but from want of mental grasp is
confused by the accumulating and, to him, contradictory
suggestions which are furnished by succeeding years. The
fact that a long course of education sometimes impairs the
practical capacity or Common Sense of the student, is also
due to the bewildering effects of the accumulation of know-
ledge in excess of the power to digest and apply it.
Common Sense is the general characteristic which estab-
lishes the fact that a person is not a fool or a lunatic. Its
facial markings are so decided that they can scarcely be
mistaken even by the most carelsss observer. A fool is
nearly always seen with vacant staring eyes and open
mouth. It is thus that he is described by Dryden in
the lines —
"The fool of Nature with stupid eyes
And gaping rnouth that testified surprise."
Born without intelligence, or deprived of it by some
unhappy accident, he will testify to the fact by the physiog-
nomical disproportion of his features and the vacancy of his
expression ; for, as Sir Thomas Browne has it, — " In mystic
characters we all bear in our features the motto of our
souls." Lunatics are not so easily recognized as fools.
They are often men who, previous to their derangement,
were possessed of a high degree of mental development, but
who have been thrown out of their intellectual balance by
some ill-explained but abnormal condition of the nervous
system. As this condition is usually the result of undue
intellectual exertion, of keen emotions, or of long-continued
anxieties, it has come to be a popular and not unreasonable
idea that dullards never go mad, since their phlegmatic
forms are incapable of the excitements in which madness
originates.
343
COMMON SENSE.
Lunatics may be compared to a ship which has plenty
of sail, but no ballast; or to a watch in movement without
a balance-wheel. Their eyes, which have a peculiar glazed-
ness, are sometimes fixed upon an object or upon vacancy
with a ghastly stare, and sometimes wander from one point
to another with a restless and hunted look, which it is very
painful to witness. The expression of sadness which so
often marks their fiaces is appalling rather than pathetic.
It appears as if two
synchronous trains of
thought were con-
stantly passing
through their minds,
and in the futile effort
to harmonize them,
they were burdened,
confused, and even
agonized. The un-
steadiness which is
noticeable in all their
actions is but the
external sign of their
nervo- mental irregu-
larities.
I append the cuts of a fool and a lunatic.
A person possessed of common sense never keeps his
mouth open like a fool, or performs irregular and unreason-
able actions like a madman. The degree in which he
possesses this quality will depend upon the harmony of his
whole being. It is a law of nature, that we cannot do
outside of ourselves that which is not in accordance with
our interior organization, and hence, as the act of judg-
ing is only a balancing of the various considerations
which are connected with a given subject, such as value,
weight, form, logical force, &c., the balancing power, or
Foolish Sam.
COMMON SENSE. 349
common sense is dependent upon a balanced condition of
the system.
It is almost universally the
case, that when the mind is
exclusively directed to a parti-
cular department of knowledge
or action, the special intellectual
sense is developed at the ex-
pense of the common sense.
James Brindley, the great
engineer, a genius
** Of mother wit, and wise without
the schools,"
is a striking example of this
truth. After having con-
structed the Bridgewater Canal,
under difficulties which caused
the practical men of the day
to condemn the project as
utterly chimerical, he is said
to have been waited on by
a committee of the House of
Commons, who asked him for Major a lunatic copied from the
' Characters of Glasgow, pub-
what object rivers were formed. Hshed by John Tweed, 11 St.
The ardent engineer replied, Enoch Square, Glasgow.
with more enthusiasm than common sense, — " To feed
navigable canals." Some of the most remarkable and useful
men that the world has known have owed their success,
not, as is usually the case, to the specialization, but to the
universality of their power?. Such a man was Leibnitz,
who was not only primus i 'tter primos among mathema-
ticians, but was also well-nigh equally distinguished as a
metaphysician, naturalist, jurisconsult, theologian, and his-
torian. Of this great man, Dugald Stewart unhesitatingly
declared that literature and science had gained more by
350 COMMON SENSE.
his universality than they could possibly have lost through
the diffusion of his powers.
The lack of common sense which we so often observe
in the pulpit is largely owing to the fact that the atten-
tion of preachers is so exclusively centred upon one class
of ideas that they are blind to other considerations, which,
to laymen, are the patent facts of human experience. In
their violent attacks upon the sins of the Jews, and the
vices of the Corinthians (while the sinners of their own
congregations sit unreproved and uninstructed beneath
them) they often remind me of the boy who stood throw-
ing stones at a barn swallow that was building its nest
beneath the eaves of a lofty edifice. When asked why
he attempted to strike this far-off bird, while hundreds
of the same species were standing near him, he replied,
that if he could succeed in killing the one in the eaves,
he would then feel sure that he could hit all the rest.
The parsons, to whom I have referred, seem possessed
of a similar idea which prompts them to the inspiring
thought that if they can only make the dead Jews and
Corinthians feel the point of their darts, they can after-
wards impale every living sinner at their discretion.
JOHN G. WHITTIER, a celebrated American poet and philanthropist,
the latter is shown by his long and relatively narrow face ; the capacity
for poesy gives the intelligent look with well-proportioned features.
THE THINKER
THERE are few abstract things so generally recognized and
admitted as the influence exercised on the Physiognomy
by a protracted continuance in any particular calling or
occupation. Even in occupations, the successful prosecu-
tion of which does not draw very largely upon the resources
of the mind, we find the principle very appreciably at
work; and few men endowed with any powers of obser-
vation, even although these powers may be developed only
in a very rudimentary degree, can have failed to be struck
with the approximate correctness which attends his specu-
lations as to the probable calling of a chance acquaintance,
even although he may have no other ground-work of
hypothesis than the Physiognomy alone. Thus, on a
Sunday or fete day, when, for the time being, the more
material indications are obliterated in the metamorphoses
effected by the powerful agencies of soap, hair-brushes,
and broad-cloth, there is little difficulty in pointing out
the vagrant, the artizan, the shopman, or the clerk; and
when the facial index would seem to fail in its functions,
because it is in impractical hands, an inquiry would almost
invariably result in the elucidation of exceptional and ex-
planatory circumstances, or in the discovery of an abnormal
specimen of humanity. If this hold good in the lower
strata of the social system, in which there is a less urgent
demand for mental activity, we might be prepared to tinJ
352 THE THINKER.
the principle much more manifestly at work in those
higher grades in which the intellectual predominates over
the ordinary and the commonplace. And here, indeed, we
do find this operation of nature leaving its handwriting on
the visages of habitual thinkers with a pencil of no un-
certain touch. As the process of serious reflection and
mental analysis is carried on entirely within the inmost
chambers of the organization, and as, for the time being,
the visual organs are not required in their ordinary
functional capacity, the eyes are either closed, or they
are n'xed on vacancy, utterly failing in discerning objects
before them, which at other times would have aroused
the most lively interest and curiosity. Habitual indulgence
in reverie speedily fastens an indelible stamp upon the
Ph3Tsiognomy. The eyes, from habitually retreating back-
wards, to watch, as it were, the weighty operations going
on in the laboratory of the organization, seem at last to
take up their permanent abode there. Thus, the hollow
sunken eye, which marks the visage of maturity and of
age, invariably denotes long and continued struggling with
mental problems. As in thinking, eagerness and impulse
are the antipodes of mature deliberation and patient un-
compromising investigation, so might we be prepared to
find the marks which denote the votaries of the former to
be the antipodes of the traces I have just been describing,
and such is the fact. The unseen and hard-fought strife,
with conclusions, which has its seat in the organization
of the thinker, soon produces its handwriting on the
outside, and the ploughshare of thought slowly but
surely turns up the furrows across the brow and the
face — furrows that can never afterwards be effaced. No
great thinker ever had a smooth face. Not to men of
deep reflection, but to children of tender years, and to
children of older growth, belongs the smooth uri wrinkled
brow, which betokens the mind contented with its sur-
THE THINKER. 353
roundings, and unspeculative as to the why and wherefore
of the many mysteries which surround us from the cradle
to the grave. In such men as Pope, Dryden, Cuvier,
Leibnitz, Liebig, Morse, Robert Dale Owen, and a host of
other glorious names of similar calibre, we have the deep
and well-defined wrinkles of the indomitable and uncom-
promising thinker, who will accept nothing for granted, and
will have none of halting conclusions or insecure and
tottering premises. Here we have the attenuated features,
the long deep furrows stretching across the forehead, and
that drawing together of the occipito frontallis muscle
which produces those wrinkles transversely to the muscle
and forehead, the muscle running up and down over the
forehead, and attaching or extending with its tendinous
oponeurosis from the brow over the .top of the head to
the occipital bone. The shortening process thereby in-
curred, results in an elevation of the eyebrows and a
consequent wrinkling of the skin of the forehead. But
other causes contribute in forming the outward and visible
marks of sustained thought and deliberation. By reason of
the mental abstractions closing the secernent system, thereby
cutting off and removing the supply of adipose or fat
from the body, the cushioning behind the scalp is therefore
diminished; the skin becomes localized into a smaller circle,
and there lies more loosely and less closely packed, until
eventually, folding up to accommodate itself to the narrowed
space, the permanent wrinkles are formed for the uncomplex
reason that there is more surface of skin than area of scalp.
Mature is never at a loss in adapting herself to abnormal
conditions and occasions. There is no greater self-decep-
tion than for a man to conclude that he has good grounds
for claiming to be considered a thinker — that is, a thinker
in the higher sense of which we are treating — simply
because he is in the habit of dwelling listlessly on the
incidents of past history — whether personal, national, or
354 THE THINKER. '
cosmopolitan. Fifty years of this kind of reflection would
not of itself suffice to produce one solitary wrinkle; and
a man fond of sitting on the rocks of the sea-shore and
watching the ceaseless conflict of waves and rock-bound
coast, would have fully as good a title to he regarded as
a profound geologist, intimately acquainted with the struc-
ture and composition of the crust of the earth. Neither
occupation demands any effort of the mind, and both are
equally unproductive of solid results and of wrinkles. The
soi-disant Socrates, and the suppositious sea-side dreamer,
are merely participators in an amusement in which a child
of tender years can equally as well engage, and in which
all three have an equally small chance of fame and
furrows.
Life sorrows and troubles of great magnitude are fre-
quently found to induce the facial peculiarities of which
we are treating in people who may not have been before
suspected, and may indeed have been entirely innocent
of anything even faintly approaching to deep and serious
thought. And why? The importance of the crisis with
which they are confronted is so immediate and so pressing,
that it will not and cannot be dismissed from the presence
of the mind, as more diminutive annoyances have hitherto
been. They stand at bay, and the mental conflict begins
and is carried on until some vista of fair weather is worked
out in the organization, if that be possible; until, if no
better may be, a state of calm and patient endurance is
reached, or until broken, defeated, crushed in the unequal
and unwonted strife, the mind sinks into the dull apathy
of despair. But this enforced cudgelling of the brain leaves
the same graven furrows and wrinkles which fall to the
lot of the higher order of beings who are mental warriors
from choice, form, and genius. No more telling instance
of this can possibly be found than in the case of Abraham
Lincoln. The stupendous and, for a time, well-nigh over-
THE THINKER. 355
whelming difficulties which he had to encounter soon after
assuming the Presidentship, had the effect, immediate and
almost perceptible in its progress, of deepening the furrows
upon his brow, of graving the wrinkles on his entire face,
and inducing that expression of application and depth of
thought by which he was distinguished. An ambrotypo
of Daniel Webster in his old age, which we have in our
possession and which is copied for this book, shews indis-
putably that he was a Titan among mind workers. His
face was then covered with wrinkles, and the attenuated
visage and sunken eye tell a tale too unmistakably of
consecutive years of mental analysis and abstract thinking,
for a beholder to doubt for a moment that supreme
Platonism and profound cogitation resided in the great
man. The visual organs of children are prominent, because
they are eager to gaze superficially and unthinkingly at
an}* and every object which may arrest their fitful atten-
tion. They are delighted with frivolities calculated to
enchain their facile powers of wonderment; but the owner
of a thoughtful and contemplative mind can be discerned
by his slow and measured step. Thoughtlessness and
frivolity caper along with a mind equally unballasted
and unchained ; but the brisk, purposeful step which is
direct, measured, orderly, and staid, stamps the abode of
deep and weighty thought. To the latter the ordinary
subjects of mere worldly concern are unheeded; and if a
chance smile (he never laughs) is called up it is regarded as
a lapse and a waste of time. The jocund laugh and merry
jest are impossible with him ; and he sighs in vain for
power to engage in these despised pursuits, knowing full
well that it is this unbending that would best refresh the
weary mind and ja-ied body. Great thinkers carry their
heads in a forward attitude ; and the head thrown back —
that infallible indication of a vacant mind — is a posture
that will in them be looked for in vain. In the child we
35 G THE THINKER.
O
almost invariably find the eyes eagerly projected from their
sockets; but with maturity come cares and anxiety, pro-
moting serious reflection and gradually withdrawing the
eyes into their coverts. Old age, witli its habitual discretion
and meditation, next supervenes, and then — how sunk the
eye — how wrinkled the withered brow — how staid the walk
— and how ever present are those indications which mark
contemplation and anxious solicitude!
Dugald Stewart wrote of thinkers, that " there are very
few original thinkers in the world, or ever have been;
the greater part of those who are called philosophers have
adopted the opinions of some who went before them."
Cicero well understood how man was divine, as the follow-
ing quotation from his writings will shew. " Whatever
that be which thinks, which understands, which wills,
which acts, it is something celestial and divine, and upon
that account must necessarily be eternal." Byron well
illustrated, in brief lines, that storms of thought were
aroused by mortal anguish " Now furrowed o'er with
wrinkles, plough'd by moments, not by years and hours —
all tortured into ages — hours which I outlive."
SARAH BEUNIIAKDT, a distinguished French actress and artist who
has won crowns of success in England, America, and in her native
country. This portrait shadows forth a subtle, independent, and fertile
intellect which knows no master.
CURLY LINES;
OR, CURVILINEAR HUMAN FORMS.
THE world in which we live is ascertained to be nearly an
exact globe or sphere; and ail the organic matter found on
its surface exhibits more or less roundness of form. Regular,
well-marked angles belong to mineral crystallization; but
every animal and vegetable has a curvilinear boundary in
one or more directions. Very few even of the humbler
plants have square stalks like the hemlock ; almost every
stem, from the tender grass to the gigantic forest-tree is
cylindrical; and in the animal creation there are even fewer
sharp points and angles than in the vegetable.
In the human subject, this curvilinear arrangement differs
considerably in different individuals. The unpractised eye
detects it most readily in the hair, which is easily seen to
be either lank and straight, or inclined to curl. But when-
ever the hair is curly, the lines of the face will be found
more curved than those of a straight-haired person. Only
let the reader remember that in judging of portraits, and
even living subjects, he may be deceived by artificial curls.
Waviness or curliness in the hair is so undeniably becom-
ing, that all British ladies before Victoria's time, and most
gentlemen too, turned their hair with papers or irons; and
many do it still. But where this is found naturally, we
have a curly subject; and we are now to describe his
general character, intellectual and moral.
First, be it observed that one cause of curliness in a child
358 CURLY LINES; OR, CURVILINEAR HUMAN FORMS.
is great mental activity or strong physical excitement in the
parents previous to the birth of their offspring; and this
occurs more frequently in large towns than in rural dis-
tricts. There may be parents possessed of great mental
activity, living in the country ; but the tendericy of city
life is to intensify all the attributes of human nature.
When men and women crowd together in these dense
masses, they are pressed downwards towards lower vice, or
pushed up to higher virtue. Large cities are great magnets
which draw thousands from the surrounding country and
grind them to powder. Then the new forms that arise
exhibit less angularity, and less straightness than those
found in rural districts.
Curly hair is generally indicative of quick perception,
keen temper, and a feeble sense of right and wrong.
Curved lines in the face lead us to expect a loving nature,
and a hopeful, sprightly temper. People thus formed are
lively in all their emotions; you will generally find them
good-natured; and though they may get mad about a trifle
and abuse you, you will see them on the stool of repentance
the next minute. On the contrary, the most definite people
are those who are built on the straight principle. They
are capable of high scientific attainments, whereas the
round, curly men are generally gassy, seldom fond of hard
study or close application; but clever at making a good
show out of whatever knowledge they have acquired.
Among the lower animals we remark that dogs of the
St. Bernard and Spaniel breeds have curly hair, and are
remarkable for their active, hopeful, affectionate, and withal
somewhat tricky dispositions. The little poodle may be
seen fondly caressing its mistress; but if provoked, can be
angry enough, and shew its resentment with considerable
bodily activity. The curly-woolled sheep is similarly affec-
tionate, sprightly, and passionate.
Then look at the curly-headed negro — the lowest type of
LINES; OR, CURVILINEAR HUMAN FOUMS. 359
humanity — full of childish glee, dancing, singing, and enjoy-
ing animal life; impulsive, and easily stimulated to work
by sufficient compensation, but little capable of continued
application to anything; and then how passionate and
vengeful if not restrained by circumstances.
The lines of a sheep's face run in short curves, so do
those of the spaniel, the same is observable in the negro;
and a sameness of disposition in the particulars we have
named is found to pervade them all.
It is worth remarking that as curly people have more
of the animal nature and less of the higher intellectual,
so children are rounder in form than full grown persons;
and no one needs to be told that their animal propensities
are vigorous, while the intellectual are little developed.
So the negro race have physically much of the constitu-
tion which belongs to childhood, and no one could better
describe their character than by calling them childish men.
All men possess the instincts of animal life in common
Curly Face.
\
Straight Face.
with the brute creation, only in various degrees of strength;
and more or less under the control of their higher powers.
And a man having the curly attributes of the lower animal
360 CURLY LINES; OR, CURVILINEAR HUMAN FORMS.
life, may yet raise himself to greatness by the diligent
cultivation of his higher intellectual nature.
Here are two opposite characters represented by a straight
face and a curly one. It would be a poor observer that
could not perceive a difference of character under so striking
a dissimilarity of form. One is naturally constituted to go
straight, and the other more or less round about.
At college, the straight men are the hard students, the
curly are the promoters of games and sports — what we call
fast young men, who slip through their term of study and
graduate with very superficial knowledge. They may excel
in such light matters as music, poetry, painting, gymnastics,
Systematic, punctual, and straight-
forward gentleman.
Surly, selfish, conceited, and de-
ceptive scamp.
but seldom in mathematics, or other branches requiring
severe thought. We rarely or never find these curly dogs
obtaining a degree at West Point, for there is no partiality
CURLY LINES; OR, CURVILINEAR HUMAN FORMS. 36!
there, and students must be thoroughly informed before
being permitted to graduate. Several of these curly fellows
have, however, entered that school, but they have been
obliged to leave after a short time, in consequence of some
scheming, or bringing imperfect lessons.
The foregoing cuts may still further illustrate the con-
trasts we are describing.
The straight-faced and straight-haired men are orderly
and punctual; they love good morals, and abhor vicious
indulgences. On the other hand, that class of men who
are most addicted to excesses, or what the world calls
pleasure, are most commonly of the curly structure.
The straight men make the best mechanics; because,
being exact and honest in themselves, they more naturally
turn out solid and stable work, for the product of the
artificer's labour is only character and disposition wrought
out upon tangible objects, which, therefore, become re-
gistered evidence of that character. As stable men do
firm and stable work, so fanciful artizans make light and
showy articles. An honest workman performs a good job,
but a dishonest scamp accomplishes a mean sham. Straight
men tell the truth and are transparent as glass; you know
their intentions, and can discern that all they do is at
least intended for good. But round-about men often dis-
appoint you. They are more attractive at first sight, more
plausible, more winning in their ways, but they do not
wear so well; do not bear knowing so thoroughly. If
they do not deliberately and intentionally deceive you to
accomplish a selfish end, they may prove untruthful through
mere thoughtlessness and carelessness about strict integrity;
and this to a degree that may deeply wound and grieve
you. Do not mistrust and avoid every curly-headed man
as if he were necessarily a rogue, but for an enduring
steady friend, cultivate the acquaintance of the straight
man; less fascinating, less get-atable at first, it is worth
362 CURLY LINES; OR, CURVILINEAR HUMAN FORMS.
your while to persevere in winning his esteem, and gaining
his affection.
The ancient Greeks judged intellectual character much
from bodily forms, yet they regarded honesty more highly
than rounded beauty. Socrates was angular of form, yet
profoundly intelligent and philosophic. So we shall often
find the disinterestedness, the integrity, and the ability of
a Socrates in connection with those straight lines and sharp
angles which militate against our ideas of what is hand-
some and attractive in the human form. William Pitt, who
wielded the energies of the British Empire through the
most awful period of her history, was a man of straight
physique, as a glance at any good portrait of him will
shew. His great rival, Charles James Fox, was just as
strikingly round and curly. We are told that he (Fox)
was distinguished at school for quickness of parts, warmth
of affection, and occasionally earnest, but irregular applica-
tion to study. Also that in his early manhood he was
ardent and thoughtless in the pursuit of pleasure.
The Earl of Bute, another statesman of George III.'s
reign, was a handsome round-faced, curly subject. He
had no great talent, but obtained his place and power by
the personal influence which he early gained over the
monarch. The British nation believed that America was
lost to her through his counsels; and there is little doubt
that that loss mainly contributed to overthrow the intellect
of the king, who had yielded himself to be guided by this
handsome, plausible, ambitious, weak-minded fellow, rather
than by the talented, far-seeing Pitt.
Wellington was one of the straight-lined; and he was
distinguished in the Cabinet for a purity of motive and
conduct rare among statesmen, no less than he had formerly
been for bravery and military skill.
Kelson was physically such another, and was remarkable
for integrity of purpose, with disdain of everything selfish
CURLY LINES; OR, CURVILINEAR HUMAN FORMS. 303
and sordid. Perseverence was a striking feature in his
character; and we are told that "he always went straight
to his object, and so escaped all those difficulties incident
to doubt, finesse, or timidity, which embarrass the pro-
ceedings of vacillating and crafty minds." Among American
notables, we cannot forbear to allude to Martin Van Buren,
as a curly formed man in an extreme degree, and a more
deceptive and wily turncoat than he never lived. Lincoln
may be named as a good example of the straight-lined type,
likewise Grant and Sherman.
A curly, ambitious, and jealous Dog,
THE WALK AS INDICATIVE OF CHARACTER
GENERAL INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.
THERE is a principle in nature that every motion accords
with the life-principle of the animate being producing that
motion. For instance, the turtle waddles slowly along, and
thus shews that its mind has little energy, and its range of
thought is limited. The deer, on the contrary, bounds over
the hills and mountains, and spins away before the pur-
suing hounds, in perfect accordance with his active nature.
Having a quick, instinctive perception of danger, on the
slightest suspicion of it he darts away with the rapidity of
the wind, displaying, at every bound, how beautifully his
limbs express the eager rapidity of his mind. He delights
to range over the lofty mountain-tops, and scale the preci-
pitous cliffs. It would be derogatory to his character to
suppose he left his mind behind, or that it had less range or
scope than his body.
Men who are great travellers have more intelligence and
mental range than those who remain at the old homestead.
Compare such men as Columbus, Vespucci, Cabot, Cook>
Humboldt, Irving, Agussiz, Livingstone, Darwin, and hun-
dreds of others, who have visited all parts of the world,
with men who have staid at home and kept their minds
within a narrow range of thought. Whatever applies in
one department of animal life, as a general principle, appliea
THE WALK AS INDICATIVE OF CHARACTER. 3G5
equally to all portions of aniraality. We find the dog
ranging over mountains and valleys in rapid succession;
consider how favourably he compares, in the excellence of
his mental capacity, with the sloth, whose range of activity
includes only a few yards per diem.
The fundamental principle, in judging of the human walk,
is, that it is simply the result of character — the mind is
the motive power, and the walk is the result. Let it be
admitted as a principle, that whatever is produced bears
the indelible stamp of the producer; and then we can easily
account for the fact that every likeness painted by a Ger-
man artist from imagination resembles the German face and
character. So also is this the case with the Italian, the
Frenchman, and the Englishman; each gives his work of
imagination the national likeness peculiar to his own
country.
Philosophically, the legs may be considered as animal
imitators of the mind of their master. And as we conclude
that every freeman is, or ought to be, master of his own
legs, then we can easily see how they, in their motions,
bespeak the character of the individual to whom they
belong, provided they are in a normal condition. Hence,
we see the quick step produced by the active mind; the
slow, dragging step by the stupid and inactive mind; and
the bounding, springing step by the sprightly elastic mind.
Another principle in nature is, that no one can produce
naturally that for which he has not an organization. We
fail to judge accurately of a faculty or quality in which we
are ourselves deficient. Thus, the natural walk must be
in accordance with the organic structure. Hence, men who
are tall, generally take long slow steps, and have slow, far-
ranging minds. As examples of this, we may mention
Washington, Lafayette, Lincoln, in America; Walpole, New-
castle, and Castlereagh, of England; Havelock and Lord
Sligo of India, &c., who were all tall, dignified forms, and
3G6 THE WALK AS INDICATIVE OF CHAR VOTER.
were remarkable for their slow, measured, and dignified
walk. Short men, true to the principle, have a short step,
and generally employ their minds on small insignificant
matters. From this rule should be excepted men with long
bodies and short legs. Professor Morse, the inventor of
the electric telegraph, was a very tall, dignified man, with
a deliberate, long step, slow and dignified, which shadowed
forth the result of his far-reaching, inventive mind. He
launched into seas of undiscovered knowledge, and fields of
more than golden value were discovered by him.
In the common acceptation of the term, a short person
cannot be dignified ; for dignity includes stateliness of manner
in connection with height. Nothing that is short, dumpy,
or stunted can be looked upon as dignified. The short step
and mincing walk bespeak the small mind, as a general
rule. The energetic step bespeaks energy of character.
The man who is not formed on the mechanical plan has no
skill in judging of mechanism. He who has no colour in
his eye, skin, &c., will generally be found to be an inferior
judge of colour. Hence, the universal law of nature, that
like appreciates and best judges like, applies equally to all
traits of human character. One in whom centres many
colours, having bright blue or brown eyes and rosy cheeks,
will judge of colours better than one in whom no distinct
tints or varied hues appear. This law explains the reason
why men confined in dark cells for a succession of years
cannot discern and judge of colour. Any plant germinating
in the dark is colourless, because it has been shut out from
the sun-lisjht. It is well known that the finest art colorists
o
lived and studied in a climate refulgent with sunlight and
colour, such as Italy and Spain; while in Scotland, England,
and Ireland, where fogs and murky atmosphere prevail
more than half the year, obscuring the sun's direct rays,
we find more pseudopts than in any other well-tested
civilized country.
THE WALK AS INDICATIVE OF CHARACTER. 367
The law of nature is, that we can always judge best of
any faculty of which we possess most. The man who takes
the longest step has generally the most comprehensive
mental range. The plain, easy walk is indicative of an
unassuming mind; the plunging or stamping step, an
unvarnished mentality. The unsteady gait results from
unreliability of character; while the light, tripping step
bespeaks a playful and hopeful disposition. The mechanic's
tread is measured and regular; the speculator's walk is
irregular, because he is organized to do things out of the
regular routine, and, by fits and starts, seizes the oppor-
tunity to make a speculation whenever the chance occurs.
As an interesting instance of indications of the true
character in the walk, all of which are palpably apparent
to the scientific Physiognomist, it may be stated here,
merely as a fact, that when the author was some years
since delivering a course of lectures at 'Clinton (Iowa), a
young man, walking across the lecture-room to test the
lecturer's powers to judge, and the science of Physiognomy
to point out his character and capacity, elicited from the
author the decided opinion, that " he might become success-
ful in literary pursuits." The gentleman's name is Mr.
Bernard Wayde, who adopted the directing opinion of the
lecturer, by commencing, within a few weeks after, to write
for the press. So successful has Mr. Wayde been as a
literary man, that he is now (1872), residing in Edinburgh
as correspondent and novel-writer for some of the most
influential journals of New York and other American
cities, after having edited four papers, as well as written
numerous plays and novels; several of his plays having been
dramatized with remarkable success. Thus does the walk
unerringly indicate character.
WALK OR GAIT.
fNDICATIONS OP CHARACTER AS MANIFESTED BY THE PEDES.
TRIAN, AMBULATORY, AND PERIPATETIC MOVEMENTS AND
ATTITUDES OF THE HUMAN BODY IN THE STATE OF LOCO-
MOTION.
To the most casual observer it must have occurred that
there are perhaps no two human beings that walk in
precisely the same manner; the gait of every one is as
peculiarly his own as his handwriting. Though there are
many who have something similar
in their movements and attitudes
during locomotion, and appear to the
cursory observer to walk alike; yet
to the practised eye there are esseii-
tiul points of difference in their
peripatetic characteristics. Educa-
tion and training, assisted by the
mimic inclination of our nature, do
much to produce styles of walking;
but the close observer can detect at
a glance each person's idiosyncrasy,
and thus can tell, almost certainly,
the physical, mental, and moral
\ Toddler— Foolish Mary.* qualities and tendencies of the
individual.
In this article, we intend to classify all varieties of human
pedestrian, ambulatory, and peripatetic locomotion under
* This cut, and the others illustrating this chapter, were copied by per-
mission from "The Characters of Glasgow," a valuable octavo volume
published by Mr. John Tweed, 11 St. Enoch Square, Glasgow.
THE WALK AS INDICATIVE OF CHARACTER. 369
the two general heads of Natural and Artificial Peripatetic
Manifestations of Character
I. — NATURAL GAIT.
By the natural gait, we mean that mode of walking
peculiar to each individual. Let us enumerate a few of
the most usual and well-marked salient characteristics
of these, while we specify them under epithets sufficiently
expressive of the pedestrian idiosyncrasy.
1. The Toddling Gait. — This manner of locomotion is
essentially childish, and unmistakably tells you that every
attribute of a petty, trifling, finikin character may fairly
and unhesitatingly be predicated of the human form that
todcjles. If an acquanitance meets it, every expression of
childish pleasure is manifested by the toddler. It cannot
rest or stand at ease for a moment, but keeps moving up
and down, round and round, and gets so excited that it
stops short in the middle of a sentence and toddles off
abruptly. Then, when you have smiled the natural bene-
ficent and compassionate smile of half-pity, half-contempt,
and total forgiveness, while turning away, in a moment you
hear pitty-patty, toddle, toddle, up behind you, calling out
that it had just forgot to mention that its dear Persian
tabby had that morning had three beauties of kittens; but,
poor little darlings, they were not yet able to frisk so jolly
as their mother, the beauty, did when it first received her
from Lady Mary Frisk. The features almost invariably
developed in the toddler are of the small, chubby, childish
mould, round, soft, and cheerful; and it may b*e remarked
that, in its right-hand pocket, there is generally a store of
comfits or small sweets, one of which is popped into its
mouth by way of self-gratulation or reward after encounter-
ing and so delightfully enchanting an acquaintance, as it
SA
570
THE WALK AS INDICATIVE OF CHARACTER.
did on the occasion just mentioned. When toddler is of the
masculine gender, it may be remarked that the toes of his
shoes are much further out of repair than the heels; that
there are seldom all the buttons on the garments, and that,
both a glove and an umbrella have just been lost, occasion-
ing the necessity for trying to recollect every place Mr.
Toddler has been, and thereupon revisiting it. This
generally terminates its day, but
without ever recovering the lost
articles. In childish grief, and from
sheer exhaustion, toddler, with a
vexed heart retires to rest, but rises
the next morning to go through a
similar fruitless round of duty. Mrs.
or Miss Toddler acts in a similar
manner, but always displaying in
her routine of duty all the coquettish,
little, childish graces that so admir-
ably become her sex. It would be
cruel to expose or ridicule this darling,
charming, natural, little creature.
We have all seen her and many of
her kindred often enough to be suffi-
ciently well acquainted with her
gyrations and winning ways.
2. The Striding Gait. — Who has
not seen the man with the long
striding pace? Always in earnest
t pursuit of socne definite object or
project, he strides along with pur-
pose-like tread until he obtains it, or
definitely ascertains the reason for
disappointment. Every feature of
his face bespeaks its earnest sympathy with his progressive
measured gait. Though this style of pedestrian locomotion
The Striding Gait -
Bob Dreghorn.
THE WALK AS INDICATIVE OF CHARACTER. 371
is generally seen in persons above the middle height, yet
it is frequently met with in those of diminutive stature
There is, however, mostly this difference, the long-paced,
tall individual carries the trunk of the body much more
erect than the undersized person, and pendulates the arms
more freely and better in keeping with the whole figure;
while the diminutive strider generally manifests uneasiness
and difficulty in managing the arms; sometimes they are
controlled by hooking the thumbs in the vest pockets or
cleeking them in the arm-holes; but no matter how they
are carried, they seem to be either in the way, or hard to
manage. It som times happens, however, that the under-
sized strider has abnormally short arms, and then they
appear like the short wings of the auk, or the forelegs
of the kangaroo, and serve the purpose well in being used
as strong levers in raising the body in gymnastic exercises,
ascending the shrouds on board ships, or in burglaries. It
is well-known that this is the prevailing feature in the
notorious burglars of large cities. But, in the other features
of the persons peculiar for the striding gait, we may remark
that there is the long, slow, measured, quiet pace in some,
while others have a quick, impetuous movement, displaying
that push and determination of character that does or is
prepared to bear down all opposition to any project that
has been undertaken. It may be remarked that an accom-
panying cephalic feature in this character is a broad massive
head, thick, square nose, wide nostrils, and square, massive,
prominent chin, compressed medium lips, and eyes either
prominent and severe, or sunken with a falcon expression.
The late Dr. Chalmers was of the full-eyed, strong- featured
type; and of the latter, was the famous Dr. Henry Cooke,
the champion of trinitarianism in Ulster. But the reformer,
John Knox, of Scotland, was perhaps the best example of
this character. Then we must remark that the striding,
slow, deliberate pace is accompanied by round, soft facial
372 THE WALK AS INDICATIVE OF. CHARACTER.
features, rather loose and flabby, the underlip generally
keeping time with the step, as it is seen to hang loose,
the mouth being almost always slightly open. Though this
character is generally successful in the course of a long
steady career in one line of life, yet it is seldom found that
any mighty effort is attempted. The impetuous striders are
too ready as well as eagerly willing to surpass what they
call the slow, jogging stagers. The impetuous rapid strider
has his purpose and goes right ahead to accomplish it,
bearing down all obstacles; while the quiet, slow, cautious
strider has also his object before him, but patiently fore-
sees the difficulties, and determines to watch and stride
cautiously and zig-zag to the end, no matter what dis-
couragement may be thrown across his path. The rapid
strider leaps over or kicks minor hindrances out of his
course ; the slow strider steps over them quietly, and leaves
them there for the next comer. Daniel Webster belonged
to the class of the strong and gigantic intellects, and his
gait gave token of the great mind within his vigorous
form.
3. The Lurching Gait. — Sometimes this manner of walk-
ing is denominated rolling. It is seen to perfection in
people who are half-seas over, just before the real staggering
attempt at progressive motion is commenced. In persons
3f sober habits, however, the rolling and lurching gait is
characteristic of innate overweening conceit, if displayed
in an impetuous character; while it betokens diffidence and
awkwardness in a timid, retiring individual.' The rapid
roller is marked by strength of purpose and self-reliance,
and becomes dictatorial and overbearing among his asso-
ciates; as a commercial traveller he is almost always
successful, and no. matter how often foiled in his efforts,
he returns to the charge, and mostly succeeds in carrying
his point Tall, heavy rollers often become bullies, and
are found as patrons of the ring, the race-course, and the
THE WALK AS INDICATIVE OF CHARACTER. 373
gambling hell They are always ready with the word of
defiance, the fist, the shillelah, the revolver, the bowie-
knife, or the stilletto, according to the nation to which they
belong. Look the rolling and lurching bully in the face,
and you catch his wicked defiant look or stare; see his
squat snout, compressed, puckered lips, broad underface,
square, broad chin, bull-neck, and short, broad hands, which
he never extends open with the palm upward. When he
stands, he naturally poises himself in an attitude of defiance,
with his feet well apart, but not awkwardly, as much as to
say, " I'm ready, come on." This type of character is
commonest in the midland counties and borderland of
England and Scotland, the counties of Mayo, Gal way, and
Tipperary, in Ireland, and the' Kaffirs of Africa. The
Normans and Norsemen were the most distinguished foi
this phase of character during the middle ages. But let
us look for a moment at the timid lurching character. He
is slow in his movements, and the uncertain straight-toed
alternate motion of his feet, with a half-kneeling expression
of his legs, while he sways timidly from side to side, like
a ship with rigging too heavy and without ballast. His
look is generally shy, his eye having a distrustful, half-
averted expression. This character is so seldom good for
anything but the lowest drudgery, he is mostly found
among the basest and most degraded in the back slums of
large towns and cities, through which he may be often
met prowling about, intent upon some favourite vicious
gratification, or nefarious project.
4. The Sweeping or Mowing Gait. — This well-marked
and pronounced mode of peripatetic progression is much
more easily observed in women than in men. This
simply arises from the flowing nature of the female
costume, which receives the vibratory motion from the
body, and gives marked and palpable indication of it in
its sweeping pendulation in a room or on the street. But
374
THE WALK AS INDICATIVE OF CHARACTER.
it is nevertheless equally observable in the opposite sex
when watched carefully. In the male animal, the right-to-
left and left-to-right sweep
at every step, is almost
always in conjunction with
a peculiar wriggle perpendi-
cular of the whole body
from head to foot. The effect
of this double vibration and
contortion of the whole body
instantly impresses the ob-
server with the true cause of
the outward manifestations
— an intense self-conceit and
overweening persuasion of su-
perior knowledge and ability.
The immense variety of coun-
tenance accompanying this
corporeal expression of char-
acter would occupy too much
space in describing; but the
most prominent visual pecu-
liarities may be stated, as a
narrow head, low forehead,
eyes in close proximity, irregular nose tending to a thin
upper half, long upper lip, pouting mouth, curling lip,
and flabby cheeks, conveying, on the whole, an utter
want of sympathy, which is generally well borne out by
the almost invariable sa'usage ringers of the hand that
never gives a kindly grasp. Morally, this character is a
hypocrite, and generally may be found among those accused
of false pretences. This gait radically indicates vacillation,
untrustworthiness.
5. The Fiiwi Gait. — This is found only in strong charac-
ters, whether physical, moral, ot religious. It at once
The Sweeping gait. Blind Alick.
THE WALK AS INDICATIVE OF CHARACTER. 375
indicates strength, and bespeaks the confidence, dread, or
veneration of the beholder, in accordance with the accom-
panying characteristics of the countenance. The whole
structure of the person whose walk is firm, manifests com-
pactness, solidity, and stability. He is staunch in every
sense, and in all his intercourse there is a reliable and
unshaken steadiness and resolute constancy upon which
the sheerest stranger seems to place implicit reliance.
Then, the strong, firm tread and gait of one who inspires
dread is associated with a stern countenance, lack of sym-
pathy with others, and devotion to self-indulgence. This
character may be easily known by his sturdy tread, often
light, but as certain as a bull's-eye shot; his low forehead,
snub-nose, hanging jaws, pig's throat, broad chest, well-
developed lumbar regions, full, beautifully-proportioned
lower limbs, and well-arched foot, which all bespeak the
character to awe the timid beholder. This is the physical,
without either moral or spiritual restraint. Now, look at
the historical examples of this. The most remarkable, well-
authenticated instance we have in ancient times, is that
of Agamemnon, " king of men," " whose tread was firm, but
like music; whose heart was stern as Charon, the ferryman
of Hades, and whose word was law to all the besiegers of
Troy." In recent modern times, we shall only mention the
Emperor Napoleon the Great, whose step and build are so
well-known that they require only to be mentioned to
recall their peculiar characteristics. His whole frame was
so firm and well knit together, that it moved in perfect
harmony; but the secrecy and feline trait of his nature so
much affected all his movements, that his step was as sure
and silent as the tiger's, and hence his spring and onset
was as sudden and terrible. He is the best example of
human physical firmness of gait, bespeaking stern firmness
of command. All his features and build indicate these
qualities in a pre-eminent degree. Below the middle height,
376 THE WALK AS INDICATIVE OF CHARACTER.
but massive in all parts of his body, he shewed strength at
all points. His head was large, broad, and square; the deep,
vertical furrows in the forehead, between the brows, indi-
cating intense concentration; the deep eyes, aquiline nose,
compressed lips, and prominent chin, all, in harmony with
the other firm features of the frame, manifested in an extra-
ordinary degree the pre-eminently stern, inexorably firm
character. These two great generals, with whom we might
include Wellington, the conqueror of the latter, are suffi-
ciently well-marked and amply authenticated characters
to fix the truth of our observations on mere physical
firmness. As examples of moral and religious firmness,
we mention only a few remarkable names whose gait and
concomitant features have been so well authenticated, that
their names will recall their distinctive characteristics,
especially if assisted by good likenesses or statues. Julius
Caesar, Brutus, Gregory VII. (Pope), Luther, Knox (of Scot-
land), Elizabeth of England, and Cecil her Minister, the pre-
sent Emperor of Germany and his Minister, Prince Bismarck;
all these went steadily and directly to the point.
6. The, Shuffling and Shambling Gait. — This mode of
peripatetic locomotion is indicative of everything that is
degraded, low, and vile in character, as well as imperfect
and infirm in physical conformation. To some it is natural
from birth, as the offspring of those whose physical defects
and infirmities are perpetuated in their persons. Watch
the shuffler physical, as he trawls his broad, flat, nether
extremities along the street or floor. Every movement
is a slovenly effort to progress; but the trail in the mud,
or dust, or sand, shews the slovenly snail-like attempt at
progress. All his habits, dress, and features are in keeping
with these attempts at pedestrianism. His habits are
slovenly universally; hair untrimmed and unkempt; ft.ce
smeared, and eyes bleared and blinking; all his garments
frnrn the throat downward bespattered with the particles
THE WALK AS INDICATIVE OF CHARACTER, 377
of whatever he has attempted to put into his mouth for
months past, perhaps, or sprinkled with snuff or tobacco-
nized saliva. Then look at the shoes or foot-coffins in
which his flat substitutes for feet are rolling and lurching
about. They are off at one side, ripped in the soles, full
of side chinks, and ever ready to admit the slush of the
street to cool the neglected bunions that sorely torment
the toes, though the pain, however acute, scarcely ever
rouses the forlorn shuffler to attempt a cure, no matter
how simple. Then glance for a moment at the cut of
the outer garments. The coat is always too wide, too
long, and has the cuffs nearly to the tips of the filthy
fingers, which have perhaps never made the acquaintance
of a glove. The vest wants a button or two, and is seldom
with the proper button in the opposite hole. Now look at
the trousers or pantaloons, always at least two inches too
long, and ever moist about the ankles, thus beautifully in
harmony and keeping with the shoes. Is it now necessary
to pollute our eyes by looking into the facial points that
so logically accompany all these? Yes, look but for a
moment and mark the striking consistency. The brows
are elevated and unthoughtful, the eyes bleared and sleepy,
. the cheeks puffed with gross fat, the nose misshapen and
moist, the lips without expression, and mostly as far apart
as may be without effort. The expression of the whole is
disgusting in the extreme, and bespeaks no more in the
uneducated than the first remove from the brute. But it
must not be forgotten that there are shufflers who have
much cunning, and often manage to amass wealth. One
of these died, not long since, in London, leaving £4,000,000
to his heirs, after cunningly shuffling and cheating for sixty
years.
7. The Parallelopedic or Intoed Gait. — This characteristic
of pedal progression almost invariably indicates closeness
and meanness as well as penurious stinginess of character,
378 THE WALK AS INDICATIVE OF CHARACTER.
It is often accompanied with a lurching, hobbling, painful
carriage of the body, indicative of being ill at ease, with
a pinched, miserable expression of countenance. It also
indicates stealthiness and low cunning. The feline species
of every kind put down the foot in this manner; but the
Indians of North America not only walk with the feet
parallel, but put down the one foot straight before the
other, in line; and they are notorious for their cunning and
treachery in every sense. The features that mostly accom-
pany this gait are sharp and unattractive. In all dealings
or transactions with those whose locomotive pedestrian
habit is intoed, every one should be warily on his guard.
It was observed that when two solicitors, equally deformed
in this manner, happened to be engaged on opposite sides
in a chancery suit in London, the game of finesse was so
well kept up by the raising of new points, of nice difficulties,
that the estate, though large, was completely exhausted
before the suit was half completed.
8. Splay-footed Gait. — Though this is a completely or dia-
metrically opposite abnormity to No. 7. yet it indicates
many similar traits of character. This mostly arises from
the fact that intoed deformity generally originates in the
legs being caliper-shaped, while the- splay-footed is caused
by the knees being too affectionate towards each other.
Still there are several traits of character peculiar to the
latter gait. In the splay-footed, it is almost universally
found that the character of the shambling shuffler prevails,
with an ill-disguised dash of the feline cunning. Indeed,
most of the characteristics of the knock-kneed and splay-
footed may be found in the description once given of four
such characters, who resided in Dublin, by a waggish
friend of theirs, that "they were sagacious, silly fools."
Anomalous characters.
9. The Plunging Gait — This is not an infrequent mode
of progressing. The distinctive feature of the plunger is
THE WALK AS INDICATIVE OF CHARACTER. 379
a looseness of the knee-joint, which gives the walk the
appearance of a succession of curtsies, but with the painful
appearance of being at every step almost precipitated on
the head. The form of those so affected is quite in accord-
ance with the up and down or undulatory appearance of
the walk. Alternately you will find them in high spirits,
full of hope and jubilant; again in deep depression, soon
to rise into the opposite extreme. Hence the life of the
plunger is one of fear and dread, hope and joy. His
countenance most truthfully indicates this. Amid deep'
lines of sorrow and foreboding, may easily be perceived
the laughing wrinkles round the eyes, and the traces of
the cheerful smile that often plays around the mouth, and
sets the chin so cheerily in harmony with the mobile
lips. Almost in every instance the plunger will be found
possessed of warm affection, but subject to deep depression
on any want of affectionate reciprocation of the loving
emotions.
10. The Fatuous Gait. — This kind of walk is so apparent
to the most careless observer that it only requires to be
pointed out or mentioned to be recognized and understood.
The gait of the imbecile may be observed in any large
community, from the partially weak-minded to the drivel-
ling idiot. In proportion to the stage of weakness of
intellect, the walk is unsteady and paralyzed, until it
becomes as nearly as possible like the balancing gait of a
drunkard, but retaining impetuosity of motion.
Minor varieties of natural peripatetic locomotion might
be easily enumerated, but enough has been said to stimu-
late the intelligent observer to analyze the peculiar pedes-
trian characteristics of almost any human biped that may
cross his path, or strut before him.
380
THE WALK AS INDICATIVE OF CHARACTER
II. — ARTIFICIAL GAIT.
By artificial gait we mean that mode of walking inci-
dental to every profession, trade, or calling, as well as
that taught by posture and calisthenic masters and
mistresses, as preparations for the drawing and ball-room.
As the artificial walk, saunter, and strut are so varied,
and, in almost every in-
stance, acquired with the
intention of concealing the
natural mode of pedestrian
locomotion, we shall not
attempt more here than
the pointing out of a few
of the more prominent
artificial styles of walking.
Take, then, the professional
styles first.
1. The Military Gait. —
On close observation, one
may, without much diffi-
culty, perceive that, from
the field-marshal in every
rank of the arrny, down to
the raw recruit, there is
a style peculiar to each.
The best mode of getting an
accurate idea of the differ-
ence between a recruit and
a trained veteran is to watch
the drill, or the march past,
on a review day. Then
The Military Gait. — Captain Paton,
of Glasgow.
mark in the one the irre-
gular dubious step, while
in the other, every man seems to be so completely trained
THE WALK AS INDICATIVE OF CHARACTER. 331
that he simply might be looked upon as a nicely-adjusted
part of a very smoothly working machine. This perfect
drill and training gets at length BO much into the
nature, that the old soldier, when walking alone, steps
with as much precision and accuracy, as he would on
the parade-ground or on the march. Habit has become
so thoroughly a second nature that, except from the
scarcely now natural features, and the forms and powers,
one could scarcely tell the real character. Next, we have
in the sergeant, sergeant-major, lieutenant, captain, adjutant,
major, and so on, still rising in rank, the indubitable char-
acteristics of office naturally stamped upon the man by the
exigencies of his office. But, in all, the military strut and
tread betrays the soldier and the rank. To the officers,
both subordinate and general, the same remarks apply,
but these have their peculiar and distinctive airs and
struts of importance, until we come up to the colonel,
the general, the marshal, and the commander-in-chief. To
see these higher ranks to perfection, they must be observed
in the promenade and the ball-room. The general rule to
observe, in judging of them here, is that the more strutting,
and lofty-looking, and supercilious bearing they manifest
among civilians, the less noble and elevated is their char-
acter in all the nobler attributes of mankind.
2. The Clerical Gait. — This style (or want of style) is
so varied by denominationality and conventionality that
we must merely point out the leading characteristics of
a few of the principal churches as manifested in the gait
of the clergy. The English established churchman, of
every grade, carries himself with a degree of importance
and superiority on all occasions of intercourse with the
clergy of other denominations. In general he may be at
once known by his attire, and the self-important air ancj
tone of dictation he assumes, though we must do him the
382 THE WALK AS INDICATIVE OF CHARACTER.
justice to say that, in sleek, soft, bland insinuation, and
sanctimoniousness he is far surpassed by many of the
clergy of the dissenting denominations. In their disguises
at the theatres, racecourses, and fox-hunts, is the best
time to observe their peculiar attitudes and gait. The
lower limbs are generally, in comparison, weak; and in
walking, run parallel from the knees to the- heels, keeping
the feet almost parallel. This habit is contracted in the
constant genuflections necessarily gone through in the
reading of the church service, and during the visiting of
the sick, in their probationary curacies. Also, it should
be noted that, from habit, when they wax earnest in con-
versation they involuntarily use their pulpit attitudes, and
at the end of an animated sentence, settle their gown and
imaginary bands, clasping their hands in the attitude of
prayer. The Scotch churchman is equally important, in
his own way, as the English; but his modes of worship
give him a much more free and easy manner, though he
wishes it to be known and felt that he is a superior being,
ever since the hands of the presbytery were put upon his
head. In his gait he slightly resembles the Episcopalian,
but the legs and knees are not so nearly in the supplicatory
attitude. This arises from the fact that the Scot is in
the habit of standing and praying extempore. Among
dis.-senters, we may take under the same head the Methodist
and the Baptist preacher. These are so much alike in
gait that it takes a keen eye and much experience to
discriminate the one from the other. They both have the
sleek, solicitous, bland how-is-your-soul and where-is-your-
money look. Still there is in the Methodist parson rather
more of an independent look and manner. The Roman
Catholic may be known, all the world over, as soon as
he walks and pendulates his arms, especially if he has
been much on duty. I!he expression of the genuflecting
THE WALK AS INDICATIVE OF CHARACTER. 383
nether limbs, and the wave of the hand in the gesture
of consecrating the elements, are never got rid of by the
Roman ecclesiastic.
3. The Legal Gait. — Like the clerical, this is so much
dependent upon the branch of the legal profession to which
the individual belongs, that we must confine ourselves to
the general characteristics of the walk. The face and
attitudes of the hands far more plainly indicate the profes-
sional physiognomical traits than the walk. In every
branch of the profession, however, the sly, cautious, stealthy,
hesitating, parallel-footed gait prevails, and need never be
mistaken after a few careful observations. In all countries
the man of law who has devoted his life to it, has these
distinctive traits.
4. The Medical Gait — The medical man, who has been
some time in practice, becomes cautious and quiet in his
movements, so that he seems almost always to feel as if
he were entering the sick room, where silence and reticence
are necessary for the safety of his patient Hence he
learns to tread lightly, and contracts the habit of putting
down his feet nearly parallel and stealthily like a cat.
Almost invariably when he stands his feet are almost close
together and parallel, his head slightly bent forward, and
his hands in his pockets When suddenly roused he
invariably pulls out his watch. This is sheer habit.
5. The Mechanical Gait. — Almost every mechanical
occupation impresses its character upon the operative.
The sawyer, smith, cobbler, and all those employed in
mechanical operations of a regular, measured, motive nature,
will walk with a steady, measured step, and pendulate
their arms in the same manner ; so impressed has his
nature become with the regularity of the mechanical
motion with which he has been associated. This character
is generally able to rise at any hour he wishes, so accurate
has he "become in time, which is only another name for
384
THE WALK AS INDICATIVE OF CHARACTER.
motion. Ask him the hour, and at any time he will answer
you at once, and seldom make a mistake of more than five
or ten minutes. The famous self-made engineer, George
Stephen son, of Killingworth, was always so sure of the
time that he would boldly assert that such and such a
clock or watch was wrong when it differed from him. And
not infrequently was hfc put to the test by his fellow-
workmen. In after life, when
he became a great engineer
i*nd very prosperous, he was
asked by a brother work-
man, who had also risen in
life, why he wore a gold watch,
and he replied, I 'in regulating
it. Tailors are easily known
by their gait. The knee, in
their case, becomes braced
from their peculiar manner of
sitting, and the bent form of
the leg from the knee to the
ankle gives, with the fixity or
stiffness of the knee, a short,
light, out-toe step, so charac-
teristic that it can never be
mistaken. Should any doubt
on this point arise, the fact
will at once be settled by look-
ing at the hands. Every finger
The Mechanical Gait- David Dale, ]ias taken its Set expression
from the peculiarity of the
manner in which it is constantly used. The left hand
should also be observed, as its expression is quite different
from that of the right, especially in the lower, or nail joint
of the thumb, which is bent in the manner it is accustomed
to hold the seam while the rk'ht hand stitches. It is
THE WALK AS INDICATIVE OF CHARACTER. 383
needless to pursue this further than to direct attention tc
the expression given to the under lip by the pulling down
of part of it by the thread, while the tailor bites the end
with his teeth. Equally easy is the selecting of the cobbler
from the crowd. Observe his mode of working. His knees
close together, with feet slightly apart, and resting on the
inner side — his head habitually bent downwards — his arms
muscular and well-developed — the thumb of the right hand
in the act of holding the awl and piercing, so different from
the left, which has acquired the habit of keeping the thumb
closely applied to the forefinger in the act of inserting and
extracting the bristle at the extremity of the " end." But
we have double confirmation of these mechanical habits, if
we are allowed to witness both the tailor and the cobbler
in animated conversation. The tailor performs all his
gesticulation with the right arm, and that in a most charac-
teristic manner, by drawing out that limb at the end of an
impassioned sentence, just as he would give a long sharp
pull to his newly threaded needle when he has forgot to put
a knot on his new thread. But this is not all: the left
hand is all the while performing its peculiar function, by
damping its forefinger on the tongue and under lip, and
quietly rolling an imaginary thread between the thumb and
finger. In the case of the cobbler, both arms come into
play in a state of animated speaking ; but watch well the
peroration period, and then you see the gesture in perfec-
tion, when the hands are stretched out, closely touching
each other, with the palms upward, and then as the period
is completed, the arms are swept backwards with energy,
just as in the act of drawing the " ends" through the seam,
ending in the backward sweep with the palms downward,
but with fists energetically clenched. The blacksmith, in
animated conversation, becomes equally characteristic. In
his case the right arm is sure to assume the motions of the
sledge-hammer, while the left is as sure to take the
2B
386 THE WALK AS INDICATIVE 0? CHARACTER.
vibratory motion of turning the red-hot bar on the
imaginary anvil.
Close observation will soon enable any one who has the
taste, and possesses the talent to tell, almost at a glance, the
peculiar occupation of almost any one. This kind of know-
ledge is often very useful, and saves one from the uneasy
feeling, often experienced, of being compelled to say, " Well,
there's something odd about that man's manner, I wonder
what it is." The best school for this study is 'found in
attending tradesmen's meetings, and the preaching and
hortatory services conducted by local- preach ing or peri-
patetic tradesmen orators.
6. The Tradesman Gait. — This contains or comprehends
the peculiarity of walk necessarily arising from the habits
of locomotion acquired or necessarily resulting from every
kind of shopkeeping or trading. There is scarcely any
mere peculiarity of walk that can be spoken of as distinc-
tive marks of these trades. But in the ever restlessness of
body and constant change of position, even when there is no
object in such movements, we can at once detect the trader
of some kind. If allowed, however, to take into account
the movements of the hands, we can in numerous instances
detect the nature of the trade. For instance, those engaged
in retail occupations, such as employs them in tying up
small parcels, are almost invariably, in unguarded moments,
working with their fingors as in the act of putting up the
parcel and tying the cord. Others again, in the soft goods
or cloth trade acquire the habit of spreading out, and
measuring, and folding up goods. Apothecaries can scarcely
ever become animated in conversation without coming to
the inward circular motion of the pestle-in-mortar. Book-
sellers invariably put down any dry article just as they
present a book on their counter, placing it on the open
edges with the back up.
Without pursuing this matter further, we may just remark
THE WAT.K AS INDICATIVE OF CHARACTER.
387
that we have not attempted to exhaust the subject of the
language of pedestrian and peripatetic locomotion; but
merely pointed out enough to arouse the attention of the
reader to interest himself in this most useful protective
science.
JEPTHA R. SIMMS, uncle of the author of this book, wrote several
large volumes, but the crowning work of his historical efforts was ' ' The
Frontiersmen," in two volumes of 700 pages each, published in 1883 ; he
expired in the ensuing autumn in his 76th year. His widow, with whom
he lived upwards of 50 years, witnessed after his death, that he nevo*
gave her an unkind word.
SALUTATION.
No idiosyncrasy of character is more important than the
manner of salutation. As is the salutation, so is the total
of the character. In nothing do we lay ourselves so open
as in our manner of meeting and saluting. In the various
modes of salutation, every attitude of the body, as well
as the wonderful variety of ocular and facial expression
play most important parts. Let us consider some of the
numerous modes of salutation that have become common
in various countries of long standing and cultivated
manners.
Of al\ the different modes of salutation in various coun-
tries, there is none more graceful than that which prevails
in Syria. Here the hand is raised with a quick but
gentle motion to the heart, to the lips, and to the forehead,
to intimate that the person saluting is willing to serve
you, to think for you, to speak for you, and to act for you.
In New Guinea, the fashion is certainly picturesque; for
they place upon their hands the leaves of trees as symbols
of peace and friendship. An Ethopian takes the robe of
another and ties it about his own waist, leaving his friend
partially naked. In a cold climate this would not be very
agreeable, not to speak of the loss of time it implies.
Sometimes it is usual for persons to adopt the unseemly
practice of presenting themselves naked before those whom
tiiey salute, as a sign of humility. This custom was put
SALUTATION. 389
in practice before Sir Joseph Banks, when he received the
visit of two Otaheitan females. The inhabitants of the
Philippine Islands take the hand or foot of the person they
salute, and gently rub their faces with it, which is, at all
events, more agreeable than the salute of the Laplanders,
who have a habit of rubbing noses, applying their own
proboscis with some degree of force to that of the person
they desire to salute. This custom had its origin, no doubt,
in the feeling of comfort that the Laplander feels in the
friction of the nose as a restorative of the warmth neces-
sary to prevent the nasal organ from freezing. In Arabia,
and all Mohammedan countries, inferiors in rank always
kiss, or attempt to kiss the hand of a superior; equals
embrace each other by putting cheek to cheek, as their
thoroughbred horses do. In addressing their fellow-mus-
sulmans, they use the common Eastern salutation, " Es-
sald'm" " Aleikum," which simply means, " God save you,"
or, "Peace from Allah!" Hence the Mohammedans dislike
to use this salutation to Christians ; and the Christians
dislike it, as being a recognition of the faith of Mahomet.
In formal visits among them, a good deal of etiquette is
observed all over the Islam countries. Subjects are not
allowed to sit in the presence of the Imam or Sultan. The
higher classes sit cross-legged, like our tailors, while
receiving company, and the inferiors sit upon their heels
during an audience. In Christian countries the ordinary
modes of salutation are bowing, curtsying, raising the
hat, kissing the hand, and shaking hands. The passing
salute of gentlemen on the continent of Europe, is the
raising of the hat; of gentlemen meeting ladies of their
acquaintance, to bow and then raise the hat; but if inti-
mate, and stopping to speak with the lady, the bow, the
raising of the hat, and then the shaking hands, or defer-
entially stooping and kissing the hand of the lady in an
easy, gentle, graceful manner, scarcely touching it with the
390 SALUTATION •
lips. The graceful bend of the gentleman's body is the
chief thing to be studied. In England and her dependen-
cies, the hand-kissing is not adopted except on very
important ceremonial occasions, such as presentations to
Her Majesty on levee and drawing-room days, and giving
audiences, or making important crown appointments to
office. The universal salute, however, adopted in all the
most highly civilized Christian countries, is the shake
hands. On this universal mode of salutation and adieu,
we purpose here to make some observations, especially
respecting its almost unmistakable test of character.
Almost every shade of friendly feeling is expressed by
the shaking of hands. Let it be carefully kept in mind,
however, that the shake-hands, on meeting a friend or an
acquaintance, is the truer test of permanent character than
the good-by shake. It is quite natural that the adieu-
grasp of the hand should be affected by the conversation
or words of greeting, and will vary in warmth and hearti-
ness with the elevation or deoression of the feelings during
the interview.
This friendly custom must have commenced at a very
early period of our history, but we have no hint in Scripture
that this mode of salutation was practised in patriarchal
or Christian times in the east. The earliest notices of
such practice are found about the time of the second Crusade
(A.D. 1144-). The customs of salutation in patriarchal
times were, bowing low, prostration, and kissing. The
introduction of coats-of-mail armour rendered these primi-
tive modes of salutation impossible. Hence the martial
men adopted the plan of touching hands as a token of
good will; and thus the touching or shaking hands became
general; for the manners of military men have ever been
considered models. The performance of this act of
courtesy and good- will ought to engage the special
attention of every one who wishes to please, as well
SALUTATION. 391
as to comprehend the characters of those with whom ho
comes in contact.
It ought to be always kept in mind that while in the act
of shaking hands one should look into the face of the
person whose hand is grasped, were it but for a moment
There is much delicacy of feeling expressed in the manner
of grasping the hand. The thumb should be gently but
firmly pressed upon the back of the hand you grasp for a
moment only, if the meeting is casual; but after long
absence, and in proportion to the former feeling and inti-
macy, the hand may be held for a proportionate length of
time, and relinquished after a second delicate and meaning
pressure.
The varieties of shaking hands, the peculiarities of clasp
ing the hands; the expression of the eyes; the motion or
toss of the head ; the inclination of the body, all tell a tale
of character on the one hand, and respect for others on the
other side of the clasped hands.
One man gives you a warm, cordial, hearty grasp, looks
you straight in the face, with a pleasant, open smile, and
shakes your hand up and down, withdrawing his after a
second earnest gentle pressure. With scarcely an excep-
tion you will find such a man an honest, earnest, and true
friend. On the contrary, the man who gives the wagging,
horizontal, millhopper shake, and lets slip your hand as if
it were soapy or oily, will almost certainly be found selfish,
cunning, and deceitful, ready to sell you the moment he
can realize a dollar by the transaction. He will certainly
prove an idle, selfish, and shiftless person. Be warned to
have no dealings or intercourse with persons of this stamp.
Sooner or later you will repent, should you fall into the
snare. Now you encounter the speculator, or man of
various occupations, sometimes requiring sudden and irre-
gular attention. His shake-hands is hurried, indicating
mergy, haste, hurry, and the necessity for rapid decision
392 SALUTATION.
in pursuit of his selfish aims. The speculator-shake may
be further characterized by the perpendicular or the wag-
ging shake, which will of course modify your estimate of
the trust to be reposed in him. A quick shake or wag
and sudden letting go the hand indicate a high temper and
cold heart. Then, again, there are those who give the
unmeaning touch, in a very lack-a-daisical manner, and
never look you in the face. This is generally the charac-
teristic shake of the fair-weather acquaintances, the casual
friend — loose fish, as the Cockney calls them. As long as
you sport a diamond or ruby ring, gold watch and chain,
or have your shell made by the court tailor, and can shew
a good balance at your banker's they will associate with
you in a snobbish, friendly manner; but let reverses come,
and then you test the swells of the unmeaning, namby-
pamby touch and horizontal wag.
Want of self-confidence is mostly the cause of the timid,
diffident hand salutation of the youthful maiden. Let
your similar salute to such be courteous, frank, and kindly
impressive, with that degree of freedom that will inspire
trust and respect, but not so off-hand as to excite fear or
mistrust. Such persons, in the middle and lower classes of
society, rather like -and admire an easy, jolly, outspoken
man, provided always, that in all his free and easy salute
and address there is the transparent expression of respect
and esteem for the diffident maiden. Reserve and shyness
is at a discount before their counter. It is, as they feel
already, the article with which they are overstocked. A
prudish shake evinces affectation in a repulsive degree. All
persons of honest intentions and noble good-will thoroughly
detest affectation, and never, by any chance, attempt it. It
is a gratuitous intimation that those who assume the
affected manner are willing to be liable to be taken for what
they really are — worthless, transparent hypocrites. When
thrown 'in to their society, one should oast off all restraint.
8AIDTATION. 393
and assume a free and easy manner, and not deign to
notice .their affectation, but by every means plainly shew
that you are incapable of catching the infection from them.
Remember that affectation is the lowest recommendation
you could carry into good society. You may just as well
take plated dollars to the Treasury. Both are spurious
coin, and alike suspicious as a circulating medium. Neither
of them has the ring of the genuine character. No doubt,
you have often heard of the luckless servant girl who was
asked about her character, and naively answered, that she
always carried it in her pocket.
Another and vary common kind of person you may
often meet, who, seeing you hold out your hand, also, by
way of imitation holds out his, but with no other intention
than that you should, if you choose, lay hold of the four
loose fingers and either squeeze or let them drop, as you
please. Just as there is no meaning or expression in his
digital salute, neither is there character in the man. If you
do, by way of experiment, give his limb a shake while you
hold on by the four meaningless daddies, you have about
the same sympathetic pleasure that may be experienced
in shaking a dish cloth. Instinctively 3*011 conclude, even
before the operation is over, no matter how brief, that he or
she has no distinctive character. By way of refreshing
contrast, let us think how delightfully inspiriting it is to
experience the warm, hearty, cordial grasp of a true friend
whose whole soul is, for the moment, in his hand and eye;
he is sure, in his hearty and honest earnestness, to retain
your hand for a second squeeze and additional wag. This
class of shake is found to accompany true friendship as fully
divested of selfishness as it is possible to expect. When
you meet such natures, court their friendship and render
yourself worthy of their confidence.
When men grasp your hand and look away from you,
their regard for you is so trifling that you had better leave
394 SALUTATION.
a blank leaf in your diary than write all you know or
might learn of their true character. Could you only see
their hearts you might perceive that significant little motto
— self — indelibly stamped all over that vital organ.
Those who keep the arm or elbow close to the side while
shaking hands, may be found to add deference to the expres-
sion of friendly regard, while reserve characterizes every
feeling, and freezes the stream that otherwise might gush
from their timid, uncertain, cautious souls.
Low bowing, while in the act of shaking hands, or while
approaching to do so, if done naturally, indicates respect-
ful deference. But observe that the hand is not worth
grasping, when the tips of the fingers only are offered in
salutation.
In shaking hands, until recently, when thin, tight, kid
gloves became the thing in common wear by gentlemen, as
well as ladies, it was the fashion to pull off the glove, even
in the street, before shaking hands, or to apologize for
retaining it on the hand. This having become so awkward
on suddenly meeting a friend, it has become now almost
obsolete.
The giving one finger in shaking hands is not to be
tolerated in well-bred society, unless the hand is deformed
or has been wounded, so that pressure might prove injurious.
Should such rudeness be offered you, the best and quietest
manner of reproving it is to present your own corresponding
finger, but without touching the proffered unidigit.
Finally, let the whole hand, cordially extended, with the
thumb upwards, give a firm, whole-souled, cheering, and
friendly, expressive token of your inner feelings of love,
gratitude, and sympathy towards a noble and generous
being who has been formed in the image of the Creator.
But avoid affectation as a greater enemy to the countenance
than small-pox. This, with strained allusions and disgust-
ing finery, are easily attained by those who are mean
SALUTATION. 395
enough to wear them; they are but too frequently the
badges of ignorance or of stupidity, whenever it would
endeavour to please. Everybody knows that vanity and
affectation are mother and daughter. Vanity is the sin,
and affectation the punishment. Vanity is only fully
developed when it blows into affectation, and then it is
complete. Locke, the philosopher, says: "Affectation in
any part of our carriage is lighting up a candle to our
defects, and never fails to be taken notice of, either as
wanting sense or wanting sincerity."
" In man or woman, bat far most in man,
And most of all in man that ministers
And serves the altar, in my soul I loathe
All affectation ; 'tis my perfect scorn ;
Object of my implacable disgust." — COWPEH.
" All affectation is vain and ridiculous ; it is the attempt of poverty to
appear rich. "— LAVATBK.
SARAH J. LIPPIKCOTT, or " Grace Greenwood," a truly able and pop-
nlar American writer, who has done much to develop the friendly and
social qualities of the young readers of her works.
THE EXPRESSION OF LAUGHTER
" Nothing is more significant of men's character than what they find
laughable. " — GOETHE.
LAUGHTER, like weeping, is a sign of emotion which is
confined to the human species.
The old proverbs, " Laugh and mend," and " Sorrow and
die," intimate a true physiological principle, for few things
are more injurious to the body than grief, or more healthful
than laughter. Prolonged and hearty laughing has a
tendency to promote the secretions and open the pores.
It stimulates the whole glandular system, starts the per-
spiration, and increases the peristaltic motion of the bowels,
so that those who indulg3 in frequent cachinnations are
rarely troubled either with constipation or indigestion.
There are people who, from some mistaken idea of
gentility, never condescend to laugh, yet Count D'Orsay,
who in matters of taste was certainly an authority, said
that " to laugh well is the sign of a cultivated gentleman."
But even without his testimony, or that of any other man
of social rank, we might rest assured that laughter cannot
be intrinsically unrefined, since it has the mother mark
of nature, and has, moreover, this to its fortune, that it
contributes to good health. If a gentleman is never to
laugh at all, because some clown laughs coarsely at coarse
:oker, then he ought never to eat at all, since there are
alwuvi vulganans who gluttonize. Who that hns heard
THE EXPRESSION OF LAUGHTER. 397
the joyous, liugtng laughter of childhood, or the rich,
sweet ? vwriment that ripples from the throat of a culti-
vated Mroman, could wish this sign of amusement to be
relegated to the kitchen or the bear garden ?
If people laugh coarsely and disgustingly, it is because
they are coarse and disgusting, but as their minds and
manners improve, their sense of humour will be corres-
pondingly refined, and their laugh, like their voice, ex-
pression, and gesture, will assume a sweetness and nobility
unknown before.
There are exceptional cases in which the smile is so
ready, expressive, and varied, that laughter could add
nothing to the humorous charm of the manner, however
much it might contribute to the bodily health. This was
the case with Henry Clay, who seldom laughed, but whose
rich smile left little or nothing to be desired. Persons
who neither smile nor laugh are usually fit for "treason,
stratagem, and spoils." Blackhawk, who was never known
to laugh, was one of the most blood-thirsty villains that
ever led a tribe of savages to deeds of violence. The
closing of the eyes, or squinting during laughter, is con-
sidered very ugly and underbred, but it is a sure sign of a
jolly and whole-souled nature.
For convenience, I will consider the laugh as guttural,
nasal, love-smitten, cheering, and hypocondriac. The former,
which for some inexplicable reason is often described as
the horse laugh, evidences strength of the passions as well
as of the constitution. It indicates excellent lung power, and
coming as it does forcefully from the chest, seems to be
peculiarly beneficial to the physique. As a rule, the less
subtile!}7 intellectual the kind of wit or humour which is the
occasion of a laugh, the more it agitates, and by conse-
quence, stimulates the budily organs. The coarse guttural
j'augh, based as it is upon coarse humour, is the ordinary
laugh of the negroes, who usually onjoy good digestion,
398 THE EXPRESSION OF LAUGHTER.
with strong assimilating powers. Massachusetts and Con-
necticut people seldom have this laugh, and dyspepsia ia
as common among them as is fever and ague among the
Hoosiers.
The nasal or te-he laugh indicates feeble passions and
light intellectual calibre. It is a kind of cachinnation so
weak, so drivelling, and so unmeaning, as to be an offence
to every cultivated ear.
People who have been disappointed in love's young
dream, begin to laugh with some degree of spirit, but break
off suddenly as though they had just remembered the awful
nature of their visitation. Love disappointments depress
the health as well as the heart, and whatever influences the
health must affect the whole system, and with it the
character of the laugh.
The ho-ho, or cheerful laugh, commonly evinces hopeful-
ness and health, and hence it usually characterizes persons
of the Thoracic form, who have ruddy cheeks and sparkling
eyes. Such laughers are averse to a sedentary life; joyous
and sunny, they see the rose-tint in every cloud, and
although they may be crushed for a moment by disappoint-
ment, they are readily consoled and re-inspirited.
All hypocondriacs have a harsh and despondent laugh,
which is sometimes more disheartening than a good honest
groan. They usually commence their lugubrious- merriment
on a high key, and then descend, step by step, until they
conclude with a deep, grave-yard grunt, which it is truly
afflicting to hear. Those who have this manner of laughing,
always see mountains, or quicksands, or savage beasts in
their pathway to the city of fortune. They disparage every
enterprise, and esteem no one but themselves true sons of
the prophets.
Unrestrained and wholly meaningless laughter 'is on« o*
the most obvious and repulsive indications of imbecility.
The English, who are noted for their good living and
THE EXPRESSION OF LAUGHTER. 399
stio&g digestive powers, are also hearty and frequent
laughers. When a joke is thrown out before an English
audience, they roar and roar again, until the whole assembly
is convulsed with mirth ; but the man who has the hardi-
hood to perpetrate a jest for the applause of the Scotch or
New-Englanders, will see it sink like a stone into the water
below the Niagara Suspension Bridge — it will fall "ker«
chug," and that will be the end of it.
TOM HARRIS, an indiscreet and imitative man, half Indian and half
Negro. This face presents, in its phenomenally wide mouth, the very
best example of large animal imitation, a quality of mind described on
page 126 in this book. Tom Harris was employed in a music hall in
London, England, twenty-five years to imitate musical instruments with
his mouth.
HAIR
AMONG the many evidences of character, whether physical
or mental, few are more certain than those derived fiom the
hair.
This natural covering is a modification of the epidermis
cuticle, or scarf-skin, which contains neither vessels nor
nerves, but forms a horny layer over the cutis, or true skin.
It is thus accounted for that hair may be found more or less
on every part of the human body, except the palms of the
hands and the soles of the feet; the horny matter on those
parts is all employed in constituting the epidermis, which is
thicker there than on any other part of the body, because of
the greater exposure to pressure and friction.
Every ordinary hair consists of two principal parts; the
shaft, which projects beyond the surface, and the bulb,
which is rooted in the true skin. When examined under a
microscope, the bulb is found to contain minute cells, some
of which are loaded with pigment or colouring matter, but
all of which are abruptly condensated into hard fibres on
rising into the shaft. This shaft is of true cylindrical form
in hair which lies straight, but a trarsverse section of a
wavy or curly hair appears somewhat oval. The colour of
the hair seems to depend on a peculiar oil, which can be
seen coursing through the central hollow, and serving, as it
comes to the surface, to lubricate and soften the outer por-
tion of the hair and skin. The wavy, transverse lines that
appear on the outside are due to the single outermost layer
HAIR. 401
of cells, which overlap each other. The bulbous root of the
human hair, very nearly resembles that of some plants;
and doubtless the nourishment which affords material for
the constant growth of the hair, is derived from the body
much in the same way as plants are nourished by the soil.
The peculiar characteristic in hair, that first and chiefly
{strikes the eye, is its colour; but we have also tor consider
whether it is straight or curly, coarse or fine, long or short,
abundant or scanty.
Certain races of men have no variety of hair colouring;
it is, and appears to have been for ages, the same; and this
is generally black. No other is to be found among the
American Indians or the pure Africans; and very rarely are
lighter hues to be seen in those Asiatic races usually called
Mongols and Malays. Variety of colour belongs pre-
eminently to the Caucasian, or as some call it, the Japetic —
that is, the white variety of the human species. One
parent may have black hair and the other flaxen; while
their children have brown. Such variety is sure evidence
of civilization, as also is difference of complexion; it is the
non-progressive races that transmit the same colour both of
skin and hair from generation to generation. It is natural
to expect that the colour of the hair should correspond with
the complexion of the skin ; because its roots, being planted
in the cutis, derive their nourishment and colouring matter
from the same substance which there contributes to form
the complexion.
Also, the same climatic influences that act upon the skin,
operate on the hair, causing it to be light or dark. The
lighter shades are met with chiefly in mountainous regions;
the darker in warm, low-tying countries. There are more
fair-haired children in the mountains of California than in
any other part of the world that we have visited. Light
hair is common, also, in the Highlands of Scotland, and the
mountains of Sweden. Even among the Negroes there are
2c
402 HAIR.
specimens of lighter hair in the more elevated districts,
while the low lands of Guinea present only black. Red is
common in the elevated region of the Alps; while black
is the predominant colour at the foot of those mountains.
The intermarriage of various races in temperate climates
goes to produce varieties of colour in the hair. Black
absorbs all the rays of light and heat; but white conveys
them without loss to the interior. The hare, the ermine,
and some other animals turn white in winter; and if this
is caused by the cold, it is likewise a certain protection
against it, besides rendering these animals more secure from
their enemies, by the assimilation of their fur to the sur-
rounding snow.
Among ourselves, red hair has usually been considered
an evidence of quick temper; and doubtless this holds
good as a general rule ; yet many cases might be cited in
which red-haired persons have been very amiable, and
throughout a life-time have not been known to exhibit
angry passions. This colour, however, may be taken as
sure evidence of an active form ; if curliness is added, it
indicates an intense organization, and a disposition to
ardent love. Very coarse red hair is a sign of propensities
much too animal.
Auburn is indicative of a kindly and sympathetic nature,
with much capacity for Platonic love. Fine brown hair
is found only on persons of excellent minds, and generally
intellectual tendencies ; so, beautiful golden hair is rarely
observed in individuals of gross and sensual natures. Such
are fond of children; they love the fine arts, and generally
have exqufsite sensibilities, so that one need never fear a
person with pleasant golden or auburn locks, regularly
disposed and curled; for they bespeak a high standard of
intelligence and kindliness. We know not whethei it was
from an appreciation of these symptomatic qualities, or
from mere taste or caprice, that golden hair came to be all
HATH 403
the rage in France a short time ago ; so that many ladies
who could not bring their own hair to this colour, procured
artificial locks at any expense.
Glossy black hair, inclined to be wavy or curly, evinces
keen perceptions, and usually a cautious, secretive nature.
As a general rule, straight hair accompanies persons who go
straight in walking, and whose bodies exhibit straight lines
and angles, rather than curves and round turns. The
mental character will be found to correspond; the curly-
headed people are the more sinuous people, and hence the
expression, " a straight-haired boy," meaning that he is
honest and reliable, moving straight in his conduct, so that
you know where to find him. Straight black hair evinces
more or less stolidity, with a wiry constitution; and the
same colour, if very coarse and curly, denotes much irrita-
bility, not without stupidity. Curly black hair, however,
accompanied with blue eyes and fair skin, may be taken
as indicating an excellent mind and good moral tendencies.
Such were Dr. Lyman Beecher's characteristics. His black
hair seemed to stand up bristling and curling on his fore-
head, to bespeak his great intensity of mind and clearness
of thought; while the blue eye and white skin forbade
one to associate with him those characteristics that
are apt to attend such hair with black eyes and coarse
dark skin.
The black hair of the Asiatic Mongolians, and the various
tribes of Polynesians and American Indians, is generally
Filament of WooL Negro Hair.
straight and lank; that of the Negroes, Hottentots, and
other African families is usually crisp and woolly. The
404 HAIR.
African head has been considered as being covered with a
species of wool rather than true hair. But Dr. Pritchard
having carefully examined a number of hairs from the Negro
as well as other races, in comparison with the wool of a
Southdown sheep, reports that a filament of wool has a
serrated or jagged surface, whereas the Negro hair appears
only imbricated. It is for this reason that though hair will
entangle to a certain extent, it will not felt into a compact
mass like good wool.
The black, . which is the predominating colour of human
hair, is found by chemical analysis to depend on the pre-
sence of iron; while the lighter colours exhibit more sulphur.
It is found that black-haired men can work in iron with-
out injurious consequences, whereas the blood of light-haired
persons has so little affinity for this metal, that handling
it too much produces disease, from the infinitesimal par-
ticles insinuating themselves into their systems.
The grayness of hair in old age, arising from a deficient
secretion of pigment, appears natural enough, when all the
corporeal powers are weakened. But no one has satisfac-
torily explained how it is that hair has turned gray or even
quite white in a single night under the influence of fear or
distress. It has been suggested that some fluid, perhaps
an acid, is in such cases secreted at the bulb, and perco-
lating the hair, has destroyed the colouring matter. But
how mental excitement should produce such fluid, appears
still a secret.
We have had occasion to allude to the texture of hair
in connection with some shades of colour. It may be
further observed that coarse hair indicates strength of
constitution and a courageous temper, while tine bespeaks
weakness of physique, with sympathetic susceptibilities,
unusual care, timidity, and withal, vivacity. The wild
boar, which has been known to turn upon a dozen hunters,
and the lion, which will attack a whole herd of elephants
HAIR. 405
or buffaloes, are good examples of strong coarse hair in
connection with physical strength and courage. On the
other hand, animals weaving fine soft hair are timid and
active, fleeing at the first appearance of danger. The deer
and the rabbit may be cited as well-known examples.
Even the finest hair is strong and elastic, hence it is used
to make fishing tackle, also to stuff beds, seats, &c. When
dry, it is easily rendered electrical; but it attracts moisture
readily from the atmosphere, and doubtless from the body
also. When it was the fashion in this country for females
to curl their hair artificially, twisting it in paper over night
was usually sufficient, but a damp morning would oblige
them to use hot irons before making their appearance in
the eveniu^.
Among different races there are great differences as to
the quantity of hair that grows on the body. The northern
Asiatics, and the American Indians are noted for thin hair
and scanty beards; while in the Kurilian race there are
individuals with hair growing down the back, and covering
almost the whole body. Some years ago a hairy lady
understood to be from Mexico, was exhibited in London,
and her body was embalmed after death as a curiosity.
The whole of the face, except the eyes, was covered with
hair of different lengths. That on the head was straight,
black, bristly, and very thick. The ears and the back of
the neck were hairy, and the hairs on the shoulders and
legs were a« abundant as they are sometimes seen on very
powerful men.
A heavy head of hair is considered a great ornament
to a woman. Whatever the reason, the hair of Irish
females, especially those of humble class, seems to grow
much more luxuriantly than that of either the English or
Scotch. Besides its undeniable beauty, abundance of hair
is a pretty sure sign of a good constitution, and full or
large animal propensities. Wendell Phillips and Horace
406 HAIR.
Greely are more intellectual than animal; they have very
little hair.
At the International Exhibition of 1862, there was a
beautiful specimen of hair, understood to be British, jet
black, and measuring seventy-four inches in length. We
are not informed of what length that lady's hair was, of
whom a Persian poet of the tenth century has sung:—
"At dead of night,
The bridegroom, with his locks of light,
Came in the flush of love and pride,
And scaled the terrace of his bride,
When as she saw him rashly spring,
And midway up in danger cling,
She flung him down her long black hair,
Exclaiming breathless, 'There, love, there!'"
But we are glad to learn that he fixed his crook in a
projecting beam, instead of accepting her self-sacrificing
offer.
When the hair grows low down on the forehead, it is
evidence of a good constitution and long-lived ancestry.
A peak coming down on the centre of the forehead is con-
nected with honesty of purpose, excellent observing powers,
and, it must be added, fractious tempers. Andrew Jackson
had this peak well marked. His high regard for his honour
has rarely been equalled; and his temper was as waspish
as that of a fractious horse, in which the same shaped peak
of hair is observable.
Nature supplies whatever is necessary for the preserva-
tion of life in the circumstances in which she places either
races of men, or species of animals. She invests most cf
the quadrupeds with a thicker coat of hair in the autumn
and causes them to shed it in spring, when it is no longer
required. Furs obtained in northern climates are, it is
well known, much thicker than those of the temperate
and torrid zones. The beaver, removed to warm latitudes,
exchanges its fur, and the sheep its wool for coarse hair.
HAIR. 407
suitable to the altered circumstances. On the other hand,
the bear exhibits coarse black hair in moderate climates,
but is clad with the finest white fur in the arctic regions.
This increase of hair is produced by the effect of cold in
obstructing the perspiration; for the matter which would
otherwise have been emitted through the pores of the skin,
is formed into hair. A warm climate, by relaxing the
system and opening the pores, allows this matter to escape
before it can be concreted into the substance of hair.
Persons who produce but scanty hair and whiskers are
best adapted to live in warm climates. They manufacture
less animal heat than those whose systems afford a profuse
growth of hairy matter.
Certain specific diseases occasion the hair to fall off, and
no external washes will reproduce it in such case ; nothing
will do but the purification of the blood. Such disease has
been very prevalent in America since the war; and in
France, since the thirteen years of almost ceaseless warfare
that preceded the banishment of the first Napoleon to the
island of St. Helena. Some families, or portions of families,
inherit a weakness of cutaneous blood circulation, which
causes them to lose their hair at a comparatively early
period of life. The effect of typhoid fever in causing the
hair to fall, is familiar to every one; but it is not so gener-
ally known that a hard hat may operate in the same
manner, though in a less degree, by its pressure on the
veins which return the blood from the scalp, thus causing
a feverish action in the integument of the head. In the
theatres of New York, London, Paris, Berlin, and other
cities, one sees hundreds of young men who wear dress
silk hats, and are more or less bald. Smoking tobacco is
undoubtedly another cause of baldness, the nerves of the
skin being paralyzed by the fumes curling round the head
day after day continually. O tobacco! where are thy
charms? Broken constitutions, nervous shadows of man-
408 HA.TR.
hood, hypochondriacal dyspeptics echo " Where?" and it
seems almost an impertinence to mention bald heads in
the same category with the graver evils resulting from
this baneful practice. Dear youth of our land, be per-
suaded never to use it — no, never! While you read these
lines vow to yourself never to begin its use; but if you
have already commenced, resolve to be its slave no longer —
no, nor its companion. Say " good bye tobacco, thou and I
part here for ever."
Fifty or sixty years ago. Kowland's Macassar Oil was the
thing for promoting the growth of the hair; scarce any
other was known; and so firm was its hold on the public,
that though the article itself has fallen into disuse, the
coverings which are to save our easy-chairs from grease are
called anti-macassars. Now the nostrums for saving the
hair, patented and unpatented, may be numbered by hun-
dreds, if not thousands. Among them all, however, there
is none to be preferred to a good stiff brush, which,
diligently applied, stimulates the scalp to healthy action,
and to pour out the oil which nature itself has wisely
furnished.
"JENNIE JUNE," a highly interesting, varied, terse, and voluminous
writer for the popular press of America.
DIMPLES.
BEHOLD that beautiful child with its dimpled chin, cheeks,
and round nose, and what could one imagine more lov-
able. Pure Platonic love
is there personified in
truth. Dimpled chins are
ever found to be concomi-
tant with warmth of soul
feelings, love of society,
and happy natures.
All things in nature
correspond and harmonize,
and when the chin is
dimpled the entire flesh
of the body and face in-
clines to partake of the
dimpled nature. The but-
tock of a child often will
have dimples, as well as
its legs, arms, breast, and
neck, all evincing the
merry and loving soul. When one dimple is seen, we at
once draw the inference that the tendency of that whole
system is to partake of the same character.
Superabundance of adipose tissue, with small bones and
weuk muscles, will so round out the form as to give it the
Love, Faith, Intuition, and Innocence.
410 DIMPLES.
dimply nature. These dimples will be found to shew them-
selves in the places where fat is least laid on, and by the
filling up in the more natural places of deposit will leave
dimples. Such persons as those of a dimpled nature will
be naturally lovable, good-natured, fond of being petted,
and extremely musical in soul.
Rarely do we see dark-complexioned people much dimpled.
This agreeable peculiarity is more apt to accompany blue
eyes, florid or blond complexion, and well rounded forms.
You might as well look for lightning in winter, in temperate
climates, or for grapes on the oak, as for dimples on some
forms. Those lank, tall, and spare people, who are naturally
so, and have always been thin, and ever will remain so, do
not afford evidences of dimpled natures. Neither Abraham
Lincoln nor the Duke of Wellington partook of this char-
acter. Lincoln shewed no particular devotion to music;
and the Duke once remarked that no music was so sweet as
a hundred cannons in full play (when you were in safe
distance). They were built more on the angular shape, and
neither shewed a fondness for being petted ; but more freely
bestowed than invited it from others. Principle, with them,
seemed to surmount all other traits of character.
Large-boned persons rarely or never have the same warm,
social nature as those who are more fleshy, with less frame-
work. They are not so readily thrilled in every fibre of
their beings with music, as people who have small bones,
good muscles, and a large supply of blood and vital life.
A pebble cast into a lake, makes its further shore feel a
ripple for that pebble; while, if it were thrown upon a
solid rock, its influence ceases with its fall. Thus we see
how persons who have much liquid and less solid parts of
body are more easily affected and influenced by musical
air-waves and social heart-beatings than the bony or, so to
speak, rocky person. Such people as have large bones are
more able to withstand the influences of peoples or com-
DIMPLES. 4] I
umnities than those having more of fibre and cellular
tissue, and less of the osseous structure. There is no douht
that the small man or woman who so readily bends, in
something like the French style of affability about you, is
more controllable by the mind of another, and is more the
creature of circumstances than the tall, raw-boned indi-
vidual who uses no blandishments."
Washington, who stood six feet and three inches high,
could handle two common men, and possessed strength and
agility sufficient to jump twenty-two feet at a single leap,
proved himself not the man to be controlled, even by his
powerful British relations. Lincoln, who was six feet and
several inches high, and was possessed of well-strengthened
muscles and bones by early physical labour, when all the
North were clamouring for the issue of the Emancipation
Proclamation, stood like a rock, uninfluenced, waiting the-
appropriate time dictated by his cool spirit, and sanctioned
by his judgment.
Men who stand pre-eminent in the world's history as great
and self-reliant heroes, statesmen, and noted personages,
have all had solid and heavy bones, where they have not
been of more than average stature. That self-willed and
ambitious man, by some known as the Great Napoleon, had
a rough, bony face, much unlike the popular prints we
often see in shop-windows, which, for the most part, are
the flattering and insipid efforts of pandering artists, result-
ing in smooth-faced oil burlesques on the wilful character
and face of the erst would-be king-maker and dictator of
Europe. A gentleman, who was once an English soldier,
and stood guard over Napoleon on the Island of St. Helena,
has assured us, that " all the pictures and paintings of
Napol&m are too smooth-faced, as he had the largest jaw I
ever saw; large nose, massive head, with very little hair
on it, and his beard was so thick, that when recently shaven
it gave the skin a blue cast. His eyes were light-blue,
412
DIMPLES.
and when roused, they spoke of a master-spirit. His
general facial expression was very bony and masculine."
No dimples ever graced his person. His spirit loved war,
and powerful commotion, and terrible struggles, better than
the social influence of children, wife (whom he so cruelly
divorced to gain power), music, or home. What an indomi-
table spirit he possessed; and how little influence friends
and the world had upon him, history and those who knew
him best can attest. His pulse gave only about forty beats
per minute, shewing how little action the soft parts of the
body had, and his character gives evidence of wonderful
power and recuperative nature arising from short, thick,
and heavy bones. Julius Csesar and Alexander were each
bony and angular men, and how little they were influenced
by, and how much they moved the world of mankind.
Hannibal and Scipio, whose legions and force of character
moved the masses, were powerful in bone structure. Leoni-
das, whose braves drove the hordes, a hundred to one,
before them, was inspired by the master-spirit, who was
full of muscle and well set in bone.
A great law of nature is, that things are moved most
which have material most easily acted upon, and as soft
tissues and blood material are more easily acted upon than
bones, so it naturally follows that men, partaking of the
character of their bodies, are more solid in mind, and unin-
fluenced, if the bony structure predominates in their
systems; whereas the dimply form (being only signs of a
superabundance of fatty tissues) gives evidences of char-
acter easily influenced by all nature's forces. They are
pleasant creatures of circumstances, loved by every positive
and bony person as they naturally smooth and brighten the
rough pathway of life. The following verses, and especially
the last one, gives a very good idea where lasting dimples
appear: —
DIMPLES. 413
"WHERE SHALL THE BABY'S DIMPLE BEJ
•' Over the cradle a mother hung,
Softly crooning a slumber song;
And these were the simple words she sung
All the evening long :
" Cheek or chin, or knuckle or knee,
Where shall the baby's dimple bet
Where shall the angel's n'nger rest
When he comes down to the baby's nest?
Where shall the angel's touch remain
When he awakens my babe again?
•* Still as she bent and sang so low,
A murmur into her music broke
And she paused to hear, for slie could but kno^
The baby's angel spoke :
" Cheek or chin, or knuckle or knee,
Where shall the baby's dimple be?
Where shall my n'nger fall and rest
When T come down to the baby's nestV
Where shall my finger's touch remain
When I awaken your child again?
•* Silent the mother sat, and dwelt
Long in the sweetest delay of choice ;
And then by her baby's side she knelt,
And sang with pleasant voice :
• Not on the limb. 0 angel dear !
For the charm with its youth will disappeat i
Not on the cheek shall the dimple be,
For the harbouring smile will fade and flee ;
But touch thou the chin with an impress deey
And my baby the angel's seal shall keep."
MISERLY MARKS.
IN modern times we use the word miser and miserly, only
to stigmatize the self-inflicted poverty of the man who
denies himself the good things of this life which he can
well afford to purchase, but will not, because he prefers
keeping his wealth in store. But the Latin word miser
simply means poor or afflicted, and the other derivatives
from it — misery, miserable, &c., we still use in the larger
sense, as once in our own language a miser meant any poor
or afflicted person.
We are to point out some of the physical developments, or
rather non-developments of the man, who, as Bishop Herne
describes him, "forthe sake of gathering what he will never
use, and adding to his beloved heaps, will forego the comforts,
the conveniences, and almost the necessaries of existence,
and voluntarily submit, all his days, to the penances and
austerities of a mendicant."
Commence, then, by observing the general configuration
of the man. Let him stand up, and look at him attentively.
Examine the length and general largeness of the body.
In early and middle life, a person of these tendencies may
be of at least middle size, staight and agile. But in declin-
ing years, the limbs, especially the lower ones, become con-
tracted and the figure dwarfish.
We know not whether the miser's figure in Nicholas
Nickleby is a portrait, but a gentleman in London, whom
we shall call Mi. Berno Pudici, might have sat for it. or
MISERLY MARKS. 415
rather stood; for it is a full-length figure, arid the resem-
blance is most striking in the thin, crooked legs and con-
tracted knees, though also apparent in the contour of the
head and face. This Mr. Berno Pudici counted his wealth
by hundreds of thousands ; there was no appearance of
stint about his handsome dwelling; he gave away many
hundreds of pounds every year, and had the reputation of
being one of the most munificent Christians in England.
Did one judge him a man of naturally niggardly disposition
only because, in old age, he became personally so like
Martin Chuzzlewit? No; though the most casual observer,
uninstructed in Physiognomy, would instinctively have so
judged him from his appearance, even if he had but seen
him on a platform announcing a subscription of five hundred
pounds. But a friend of ours happened to know a few facts
about this profuse contributor to religious institutions. His
house betrayed no meanness, because in early life he had
married an open-handed lady, who kept him up to an expen-
diture suited to his position. He gave largely, because he
had in early life made it a rule to consecrate a certain
portion of his gains, probably the tenth, to religious and
charitable purposes. But this was as much a calculation
of profit and loss as any other of his transactions. He
believed most firmly that the Divine blessing had rested,
and would rest on his affairs through his doing thus; and
as matter of mere self-interest he would not have withheld
the stipulated proportion. But he took care to get his
money's worth in public praise. All his givings were in
the shape of subscriptions to societies; and rather large
sums to a few extensive ones, than a scattered bounty to
many. If there was a private case of poverty or distress,
it was no use applying to him. In matters which were not
to appear prominently in print, he was often heard to
grumble that he had to pay ; for, in truth, people seemed
to delight in bleeding him. More than once, when it was
416 MISERLY MARKS. •
announced that Mr. Pudici had promised to bear such and
such expenses, the old gentleman might be seen fretting and
fuming as if he were going to be ruined, and saying to
those around him that he had promised no such thing. He
was a singular, well-marked example of a man, at heart
a miser, and carrying the tokens of it on his person, yet so
controlled by circumstances that he obtained and delighted
in the reputation of unusual liberality.
Nature always contracts herself when she would avoid an
excess of liberality. For example, when it rains bountifully,
all the vegetable world enlarges and increases, so that the
harvest is abundant. A dry summer is stingy. Vegetation
shrinks and contracts for lack of rain, and nature econo-
mizes the scanty fluids as best she can in bringing the
grain and fruit to maturity. A similar process is observed
in mankind. There are men full of sap, their bodies well
supplied with the juices of life in all departments : like a
rainy season, the life-giving waters largely preponderate in
their constitutions. On the other hand, the opposite class
exhibit all the attributes of a dry season. Parched and
meagre, they look like beings whose juices have dried up
within them. Thin, dry old maids, are always parsimoni-
ous and covetous, mean and stingy. Beware of trusting
them; they live in single unblessedness, probably because
they have cheated some poor young man of his heart, and
now they will cheat you of your money if they can.
Miss Margaret Clephene seventy-six years of age,
lives with several cats up four or five pair of stairs, in one
of the old streets of Edinburgh. She is said to be rich,
but she lives on charity, receiving ten pounds a-year from
Trinity Hospital. The accompanying cut is from a drawing
we got made while we conversed with her. Her poor old
hands were dirty, because she could not afford soap to wash
them. Her dress was miserably poor, but she has bettei
for Sundays — the cast-off garments of a relative. Margaret
MISERLY MARKS.
417
C. is not, in one respect at least, like the old maid we have
described in this article. Margaret C.'s lover jilted her for
a girl with more money. Such is often the more imme-
diate cause of covetousness in elderly unmarried females.
Miss Margaret Clephne.
It is impossible for a man possessing plenty of nature's
substance in his body, to be stingy and niggardly in his
mental character. You cannot find one — it is contrary to
nature.
A figure merely deformed or dwarfed, indicates self-
2D
418 MISERLY MARKS.
conceit; but it is the stiff, contracted, drawn-together
expression of limb that betokens the miser. However
observe the face especially. It has a mean, pinched-up
appearance, the mouth generally, but not always, small,
and the lips thin. Still more particularly examine the
eyes. Abdominal eyes indicate a desire to live high, or
rather, an anxiety to obtain something good to eat. The
man addicted to gluttony will have a sleepy, heavy expres-
sion, precisely similar to the eye of an anaconda, whose
nature is to stuff to repletion, and then sleep off the effects
for weeks at a time. Gormandizing stultifies and stupe-
fies the brain and nerves; this dulls and deadens the
intellect, and the process is betrayed through the medium
of the eyes. In the eye of the miser, on the other hand,
there is a dry appearance around it, and a fulness beneath,
with a peculiar wrinkle of round form.
In complexion and colour the same saving disposition
may be observed. Niggardly persons generally have little
colour in their faces. They are like pale, dried peaches,
they either never had any bloom, or it has departed, yet
they may never have been visited by sickness. Illness
often extracts the colour from lips and cheeks, as leeches
suck the life-blood; or as long drought absorbs the moisture
of the earth, causing the ground to crack and grow parched
and pale, the bright herbage to lose its green tints and
fade into the sere brown. So the droughty, stingy, mer-
cenary, niggardly spirit in man or woman steals away the
bloom of the cheeks, pallors the countenance, blanches the
lips, and dries the eye. Soul and body are cramped alike;
the geniality of social life is stolen away, and all the traces
of open-hearted generosity have disappeared from the
features.
In this cut, representing the celebrated miser, John Elwes,
M.P. for Berkshire, you remark the features above
described. He inherited the mansion and estate of Stoke,
MISERLY MARKS. 419
in Suffolkshire, from a miserly uncle, whose favour he won
by always changing his ordinary dress for a meaner one be-
fore reaching the house when he went to
visit him. The young man learned to
be even a greater niggard than his uncle.
His public position as a Member of Par-
liament required some appearance of re-
spectability, and it seems he kept a pack
of hounds; but one man-servant daily
milked the cows, prepared breakfast,
saddled the horses, unkennelled the John Elwea.
hounds, conducted them to the chase,
rubbed down the horses on their return, laid the cloth,
waited the dinner-table, milked the cows again, and
littered the horses for the night; yet Mr. Elwes stigmatized
this man as an idle dog,, who wanted wages for doing
no work. To save fuel in winter, he would walk in an old
greenhouse, or sit in the kitchen; would collect stray chips
and straw, or endanger his limbs by climbing for a crow's
nest to make a fire. When he had to travel, he rode on
horseback, avoiding all turnpikes and public-houses; feed-
ing himself on hard boiled eggs and dry crusts which he
carried with him, and allowing his horse only the grass
that grew by the wayside. Yet he sometimes advanced
large sums to assist his friends; sometimes also tried his
luck at gambling, and honourably paid if he lost There
was, as his appearance betokens, somewhat of gentlemanly
feeling and self-respect about this niggard. He never
married; but had two illegitimate sons, to whom he be-
queathed £500,000.
Another, and a much more degraded character, was Daniel
Dancer, Esq., who died near London, in 1794, five years after
Elwes. It is recorded that, during his last illness, Lady
Tempest accidentally called upon him, and found him
lying up to the neck in an old s:i :k, without even a shirt
420
MISERLY MARKS.
On her remonstrating, he said that, having come into the
world without a shirt, he was determined to go out of
it in the same manner.
When she begged he
would have a pillow
to raise his head, he
ordered his servant to
bring a truss of hay for
the purpose. He be-
queathed his house,
with land worth £500
a-year to this lady;
and when her brother
took possession of it for
her,he found, from time
to time, large bowls
filled with guineas and
half-guineas, besides
parcels of bank-notes
stuffed under the corners of old chairs. The house had not
been repaired for half a century, and was in a wretched
condition. Mr. Dancer generally wore a girdle of hay to
keep his tattered garments together; and his stockings had
been so darned and patched that scarcely any of the original
could be seen; but in cold weather they were covered with
ropes of hay, which served for boots. Nevertheless, Mr.
Dancer was rigidly upright in all his transactions, and
would give temporary assistance to those of whom he had
a good opinion ; always, however, expecting interest as well
as repayment. His faithful and only servant fared much
better than his master, having whatever he chose to eat
and drink, and a good bed to sleep on. Mr. Dancer had a
sister of temper similar to his own; and a brother, who
survived him, was said to be, if possible, more penurious.
You may remark that all over the face the wrinkles are
Daniel Dancer, a miser and hermit
MISERLY MARKS. 421
short, save a peculiar and well-marked one situated under
the eye. It has a striking fullness and clearness of develop-
ment found only in such subjects, forming a complete semi-
circle, yet totally different from the fulness which marks
those persons that have a great flow of language. This
round and very distinct furrow is not inappropriately
designated the miser's wrinkle, for it is always well-
marked in such subjects. All niggards are not dishonest,
as we have seen, above, but men who are mean in their
dealings, and prone to rascality in trade, are usually thus
marked.
The characters of these two gentlemen are the more
remarkable, because this excess of covetousness is not so
often found in country squires, as in those engaged in
trade and commerce. And it is worth while to take along
with this remark, the fact that both of them were char-
acterized by the integrity which in those days was expected
from men in their position ; also that their only deviations
from the general miserly rule, as occasional gambling and
hunting, were unlike what would have been recorded of
men whose money was made by buying and selling.
It would be impossible to define and describe all the
wrinkles to be found in miserly faces, for these vary accord-
ing to the form, or combination of forms found in each
individual case. But the grand distinctive mark of mean,
miserly characters, is to be found in the strong rounding
wrinkle under the eye. This will ever signalize the face of
a niggard, as the union jack does the colours of a British man-
of-war. All the other wrinkles will appear to be of an un-
defined character, not well marked, seeming to have neither
beginning nor ending, but dying out gradually at either
extremity, and thus continuing all over the face. I can
liken them only to those on the skin of an old potatoe,
from which the watery juices have been evaporated. You
know how the rind appears in undefined wrinkles, by
422 MISERLY MARKS. '
which I mean having no regularity, yet extending all
over the hull or skin. Just so are the raisers; no regu-
larity; some here, some there, some deeper, some shallower;
yet marking and furrowing the entire face in a very peculiar
fashion, not to be mistaken when once seen, and never to be
forgotten. The miser, therefore, is a husky, dry, shrivelled,
and wrinkled being, precisely like a dried up plant, whose
sap and juices have been exhausted by a burning sun or
scorching wind. Like causes produce like effects. The
face may be healthy, but if there are those short irregular
marks all about it, you may suspect the subject of being
capable of mean tricks as well as a petty economy. Such a
man's character cannot be found out by feeling his head,
for he may have been liberal once, and this state is per-
petuated in the contour of the skull, which continues to
indicate such trait of character. But the face changes with
the habits, and there you may read the marks intelligently
and without mistake.
Sometimes, but not often, the miserly signs appear in
early life; more frequently the love of money comes in to
fill the place of some other disappointed love, or to furnish
a never-failing source of pleasure to the man who has
exhausted other streams. John Foster mentions, as a
remarkable instance of resolute will, a young man of
spendthrift habits, who wasted a large estate in dissolute
pleasures, and then sat down to gaze on the lands he
had lost, and determine to possess them all again. Be-
ginning to earn a few pence by whatever work he could
find, regardless of its meanness, and to save every possible
farthing, he succeeded in re-purchasing his estate, and died
an inveterate miser. Like a plant, shrivelled and wrinkled
for lack of moisture, would that once full and open face
become pinched, and parched, and wrinkled, as his years
advanced and his stores increased. For nature's rules are
ever true, and may be depended upon. She shrinks and
MISERLY MARKS. 423
shrivels the skin of the face, when the mind and disposition
of the individual has become close and contracted.
Again, some persons may be born of a very careful and
saving, if not mean and sordid disposition, which by early
care and education may, to a great extent, be overcome.
But as a general rule, this is an inveterate mental disease;
and especially when it sets in towards life's decline, and
as the result of disappointment in something else, it grows
and increases to the end.
" Mammon's close-linked bonds have bound him
Self-imposed, and seldom burst;
Though heaven's waters gushed around him,
He would pine with earth's poor thirst." — MRS. S. J. HALE.
None of the lower animals possess the above distinctive
marks of miserly propensities, except perhaps some dogs
which have wrinkled faces — and perhaps this is rather
stretching the point. It is true that some creatures exhibit
a hungry wrinkled appearance, but this is owing to the
illiberal treatment they have received at the hand of man.
Natural history makes us acquainted with the habits of
several provident little creatures, that lay up stores for
future use, but we do not read of any that deny themselves
what is needful for present sustenance, or that accumulate
except for a certainly approaching time of need.
HARMONY OF THE HUMAN FACE.
ALL nature tends to harmony, and the absence of harmony
is simply produced by certain unequal conditions of nature.
When the atmosphere is set in terrible motion by heat or
cold, or the electric currents being out of balance, there
is a want of evenness or repose in the effect, generating
in some degree or other storm, confusion, and discord. So
when the parents are thin-faced, large-brained, lank and
tall, their children are generally fretful, short-lived, and
have large heads. They are disjointed in mind, so to
speak, because their parents from their very resemblance
in approximate qualities did not, though outwardly alike,
harmonize in reality, one with the other. To illustrate the
meaning of this more forcibly. All the angles or prominent
points of disposition and character in the one, stood out
constantly opposed or in contact with their exact duplicate
angles and prominences in the other, and to use an apt,
though technical expression, never could be got to dovetail
properly together.
Suppose twenty singers all join in singing " Home, sweet
Home," or " Auld Langsyne," and one voice puts all awry
by being a half tone above or below its part, there -is at
once an absence of sweetness, because harmony is wanting.
A beautiful and well-balanced child is only the effect
of loving parents, and the happy ante-natal surroundings
of the mother.
HARMONY OF THE HUMAN FACE. 425
One parent being of a round, full, and vital build, and
the other being of a tall, slim, and nervous make, their
offspring in all probability are, or will be, well-organized
and loving children, because the combination of the parent-
age, just described, conspires to produce love between them-
selves, and loving, healthy, and well-organized children.
When fierce, consuming lightnings dart and flash across
the weeping heavens, at each volley of the Omnipotent's
artillery, causing the dreaded tones to reverberate from
mountain tops to vales, there is clearly indicated a want
of balance in the electrical forces of the atmosphere.
When the little child totters along over the carpet, a
straw may trip the little " toddler," and he or she may
be thrown out of balance. A slight offence causes a whole
family to quarrel, and inharmony, to use no stronger word,
is the consequence. Where the forces are strong, and a
pure and soul-deep affinity exists between man and wife,
powerful incentives to quarrel may arise, but peace will
prevail and still reign in the ascendant; but where two
of the same hot temper and nervous build are united in
wedlock, there will be disagreement, and unbalanced families
are the ultimate result. To produce or retain balance or
harmony in families or offspring, only such persons should
marry as can see a difference in shape of features, body,
and general physiognomy. Slight things and conditions
produce balance, and other feeble and wrong variations
produce inharmony.
All faces long from the top of the forehead to the bottom
of the chin and very narrow, are certain evidences of
unbalanced minds.
This face of David Duncan is entirely out of harmony,
and he would find few of mankind with whom he would
wish to become familiar, or enter freely into sympathy
with. Were his face more full on the sides, it would
enable him the more completely to be a "man of the
426
HARMONY OF THE HUMAN FACE.
world," by entering into universal brotherhood of feeling
more easily than a long slim face is able to do. The face
of David Duncan denoted him cold, unsocial, distant, and
of feeble constitution, whereas Washington Irving was one
of those approachable and social men who loved and was
beloved by those who knew him. History says he never
David Duncan, Hermit of Michigan.
Washington Irving.
had an enemy. His face is just wide enough for its length,
so to speak, that is, of " good proportions." When we see
a house four stories high, and twenty-two or twenty-four
feet wide, like the one on Fifth Avenue in New York,
opposite Central Park, we are forced to exclaim, how
much out of proportion seems the fearful structure, and
how dangerous it looks. The important feature of this
otherwise well-finished and costly mansion is ihharmoni-
ousness. Often in observing men, we see four-story faces
which are three times higher than wide, and they serve
to jar on our understandings while we view them. Their
predelections are to abstruse thinking, and in some things
HARMONY OF THE HUMAN PACK. 427
they may be very sound and vigorous, while in the majority
they are very weak.
To be in harmony should be our constant aim, not only
within ourselves, but with all the world. This condition
of body and mind is a great promoter of longevity. When
the head and brain are well balanced, that is, the head
not too large for the bodily support, and the body not
too strong in its vital powers for the size of brain it
supports, then there is harmony between the brain or
mental power, and the body or physical, and old age is
more likely to be attained by such organisms than in
unequal systems. A machine which runs true, each wheel
smoothly performing its part, will last a long time and be
productive of much good. If one wheel jars or is out of
proportion to the rest, the machine will accomplish very
little useful work and soon wear out. So it is with an
individual. If each organ is in harmony and proportion
to the entire faculties of mind and body, the result is
usefulness and long life. We should be surprised to look
at a very old man and find a want of harmony in his
body. If such cases do exist, they are exceptional, and
only prove the general law the more true.
The great object of life should be to develop harmonious
offspring, and this same condition within all mankind. To
know how to produce this pleasant state within ourselves is
a knowledge, if well used, which possesses the key to all
true happiness. When we speak kindly to others, we not
merely please them, but give ourselves a conscious feeling
that we have done right, which kindles the fire of human
love in our bosoms, with which we burn up the stubble of
our last crop of hate. If we speak to another harshly,
irritation is produced, Which not only throws us out of
peace with the person spoken to, but with ourselves also.
We should never harm a worm or bird, and should never
ueedlessly hurt s-ny ot the living things of earth.
428 HARMONY OF THE HUMAN FACB.
" The coward wretch, whose hand and heart
Can bear to torture aught below,
Is ever first to quail and start
At slightest pain or equal foe."
The shooting of robins, larks, sparrows, and thrushes, or
any of the hundreds of harmless birds, which so sweetly
trill their musical notes in the air of mountain or valley,
and break up earth's monotony by their lively presence, is
not only a pitiful sight, but is destroying the very instru-
ments intended for the promotion and encouragement of
melody and harmony within ourselves. Their mellifluous
voices are attuned by nature to be in unison with the
soul of our higher manhood. Then why deal the deathblow
to that we need to fraternize with our natural instincts?
Should we meet with loss of friends or property, we
should not for a moment permit our tranquillity to forsake
us. All individuals who live to an advanced age are pacific
in their natures. Nations are like persons. If they are in
turmoil and contentions, their days are shortened thereby.
Polemics and logomachy should be most studiously avoided
to promote tranquillity of mind and amicable nationalities.
Let nothing ruffle your temper. Cultivate patience, as it
will promote your highest happiness here as well as here-
after.
Harmony in music is succession of sounds pleasing to the
ear, so combined that one sound fully agrees with all others
made at the same time. Where the properties, relations,
and dependencies combine in a pleasing manner to the ear,
it is called harmony. The music of the spheres was the
harmony which the ancients imagined to be produced by
the accordant movements of the celestial orbs.
Melody in music differs from harmony in this manner.
Harmony is pleasing sounds agreeing with each other like
the several parts of a tune, and melody denotes the pleasing
alternation and variety of musical and measured sounds as
HARMONY OF THE HUMAN FACE. 429
they succeed each other in a single verse or strain. Melody
consists in a succession of single tones, and harmony is a
succession of chords. Music rarely fails to produce a sooth-
ing effect on the mind of man —
" Lulled with sounds of sweetest melody." — SHAKESPEARE.
Harmony is the just adaptation of parts to each other in
any system or combination of things, or in things intended
to form a connected whole, as the harmony of the universe.
A man, to be a good citizen, should be in harmony with
his family and the whole list of his acquaintances, and
particularly his neighbour. Be consistent and agreeing in
your nature, and discord will fade away like friends when
adversity drops her mantle upon you. Nothing, in our
belief, can produce such a fine feeling and so completely
harmon.ze a family as vocal music.
" The harmony of things
An well as sounds from discord spings."— DENHAM.
The harmonious face is a study like a smooth, running
river or placid lake, pleasing to behold, not a ripple or
wavelet to be seen. Discordant faces stand in relation to
harmonious faces as the braying of an ass does to the sweet
tones of a flute. The face which would present to us such
pleasure, that we would feel in the vicinity of happiness
and cherish good- will towards others, must contain a decided
expression of harmony. The calm and repose which accom-
pany such is like a quiet summer day — genial and com-
placent— the atmosphere fragrant, full of everything
inviting, and impregnated Tith contentment.
The being possessing harmony is never an envious person.
There is nothing on earth more precious than harmony. It
never kills, pilfers, or falsifies, and is full of hope and cheer-
ful contentment. It commands respect, gives one the
power to perform the duties of life well, and draws around
ine possessor sentiments that may cheer the heait of
430 HARMONY OF THE HUMAN FACE.
millions. It sheds a halo of fondest recollections on tho
weary pathway of life.
To be attractive and beloved by the world is one of the
best proofs and testimonials of a well-balanced condition of
mind, and nothing gives so much power to a speaker as
harmony. Good feeling is like a summer day. Oh how
delightful! It is pleasing to everyone. So it is with the
man or woman who bears a large amount of harmony.
" What a nice speaker: I like him; he is splendid," are the
expressions used in regard to such. Any man who lives
much in the mind of the world, and who gives to the world
pleasant recollections, must be possessed of large concord
and harmony, and, to be an attractive person, one requires
harmony.
To be a good musician, requires that the whole qualities
of your mind and body be in perfect agreement. A good
speaker needs it. To succeed in the enjoyment of this life
it is necessary; and an entire book could be written on the
beauties of harmony. Heaven is harmony, and hell is
discord, and the Devil is the irritator. There is nothing
like contentment to produce, and discontentment to decrease
harmony.
The best construction of harmony is where all the elements
of one's constitution are fully blended into one grand whole.
What gives the ocean its billows and sound? The com-
motion is caused by the irritating effects of the wind.
What produces the uneven surface of the earth? The
boiling and seething tires below.
The signs of harmony in the face are that one part is not
too prominent or too much sunken for good proportion with
the other parts. Well-defined and even features are marks
by which the mind's balance can be determined. Every-
thing must be well proportioned and well rounded to give
natural harmony. It is an easy matter to read the
harmonious person. There is so much in his bearing to tell
HARMONY OF THE HUMAN FACE. 431
its power. Where we find a face all hollows and wrinkles,
or too fat and smooth, it savour? of inharmony.
Ta have full grain requires a good season, pleasant
weather, rains, and sunshine. So it is with man possessing
fulness, for harmony implies an equal fulness in every depart-
ment. Now, to produce good full grain, also requires good
soil on which to grow and good seed to grow from, with plea-
sant surroundings to bring it to maturity. So an harmonious
person requires the same conditions. To produce fulness
requires healthy parents, and proper and pleasant surround-
ings to develop the germ, and to maintain this condition it
requires peace, joy, and hope; they being the necessary
accompaniments. We have thus very much the means in
our own hands to produce harmony or discord.
We would now make a few remarks on music. As music
is simply the result of harmony of organization, so it can be
consistently treated under this head. Harmony of all the
forces in man is the producer of melody, and music is
nothing but successive melodious sounds in harmony
with others made at the same time. -Jenny Lind. Cannisaa,
Parepa Rosa, and Lucca have harmonious faces in a high
degree, and they are the greatest singers of the age. Having
harmony in themselves, they can give it out. Where it is
entirely absent, a person can, in no wise, give it forth.
Those who have no harmony in their structure cannot give
out the article to others. Harmonious faces succeed in
capturing the hearts of thousands by their sweetness. No
woman ever travelled in America who had so many admirers
as Jenny Lind.
A person possessing the constituent parts of the body in
balance, by the proper adjustment of all the parts, is
capable of the highest and most captivating music. Lowell
Mason, of Boston, is a splendid type of this ; whilst
Chiokering, the inventor of the Chickering piano, is also
of musical make.
432 HARMONY OF THE HTJMA^ FACE.
The Germans are noted for their musical abilities,
Beethoven, Mozart, Handel, Bach, and Hayden. were all
full and well balanced. Hence the origin of their soul-
fltirring music.
There are three kinds or parts of music, — the soul, the
science, and the performance. Jenny Lind seems to have
had the whole three parts in a high degree. It is the soul
of music, so to speak, which captures and entrances more
than all the others. Ole Bull has a face of perfect harmony,
and he has said that when playing one of his most heart-
touching pieces, he has felt it more than his hearers.
Paganini had a thin face, yet it was well proportioned, and
his perfection of nature drew itself out on his skilful bow.
What on earth can so fully touch the sympathies of man
as some plaintive song, sung with heartfelt pathos. Even
the beast has been moved by its charming power. Our
churches, knowing well its talismanic influence, use it with
full effect. Public meetings and private family circles
alike claim its aid. Theatres and all places of amusement
pay high to secure its effect, and every house is lonely
without the power of this grand^equalizer.
When the low, melifluous, pliant notes waft across some
quiet river at evening's mellow hour, what mortal so poorly
organized that his heart beats not wilder in his breast at
the sounds, as each air wavelet assures him over and over
again, that his soul feeds on the perfection evolved by
another.
At no time has our soul risen higher in ambitious aims,
than when the tones of sweetest music thrilled each fibre
of our body. Often in such moments have our aspirations
for great good bounded higher than meridian sun, and
carried judgment with them, and then! oh, then! we have
felt as if melody had lifted our soul away from earth to all
the bliss of heaven.
?ope has aptly unfolded music's charms in the following
HARMONY OF THE HUMAN FACE.
beautiful lines, which, we think, we cannot do better
close our present subject with: —
" By nvuic, minds an equal temper know,
Nor swell too high, nor ever sink too low;
If in the breast tumultuous joys arise,
Music her soft assuasive voice applies;
Or, when the soul is pressed with cares,
Exalts her in enlivening airs.
Warriors she fires with animated sounds,
Pours balm into the bleeding lover's wound* •
Melancholy lifts her head,
Morpheus rouses from his bed,
Sloth unfolds her arms and wakes,
List'ning envy drops her snakes ;
Intestine war no more our passions wage,
And giddy factious bear away their rago I n
43?
LUDWIG VON BEETHOVEN, a distinguished Prussian musical com-
poser, in whose face is expressed the harmony of sound in the superlative
degree ; as he was never married his whole soul seemed devoted to the
development of the science and practice of mellifluous concord.
2B
THERE is a sex of the soul as well as of the body. Every
living creature is masculine or feminine in its inward
nature as well as in its outward form ; and not seldom is
it found that a masculine spirit dwells in a woman, — a
feminine one in a man, and in every case the configuration,
especially of the facial features, will surely indicate the
fact to the attentive mind. A large mouth, a beard, a
strong nose, powerful chin, broad forehead, and prominent
bones are characteristic signs of the masculine. A small,
straight nose, well cut mouth, rounded chin, moderately
wide and receding forehead, smooth skin, the adipose tissue
filling in over the bones, and well rounding all, are forms
recognized as feminine, and if observed in a man, will indi-
cate his gentle, soft, and yielding nature. So of other parts
of the body. A man with narrow shoulders and large hips
has to a certain extent the female form, and his character
will correspond. The Deader will notice the facial expressions
of men who resemble John Summer-field, or Milton the poet
John Summerfield was called the beardless boy by a sexton
of Boston, when he first appeared as a preacher in America:
the fine feminine expression of his loving face unmistak-
MASCULINE AND FEMININE FACE&
435
ably indicated the soul within. But observe a woman
wtio, besides the features we have described as masculine,
exhibits very broad shoul-
ders, and you will find she
partakes largely of her
father's character,' or that
of her grandfather on her
father's side of the house,
and consequently has mas-
culine traits of character.
Such a woman often says
to herself — perhaps she
dares to speak it aloud — •
" 1 wish I were a man."
She feels, if she does not
utter that great principle
within, which looks out
unmistakably from
face, " I feel my superior
strength, and wish that the
customs of society would
permit me to assume my natural sphere in life; to be occu-
pied as men are, in heavier, coarser, and more rigorous
employment; to undertake duties, cares, and responsibilities
that would fully call out and satisfy my pent-up soul.
Although I am a woman, I have the ardour, judgment, and
reason of a well-sexed man." Such has been the thought of
many a woman, whose strong features and masculine build
betray her dispositions whether she expresses them or not.
Can we find any cause for the contrariety which some-
times occurs between the sex of the body and that of the
soul ? What gave to one woman a large nose, strong
mouth, broad forehead, masculine chin, and rough-lined
features ; while her sister, who has been reared in the same
family circle, with the same surrounding influences, has a
The Feminine Face —
Kev. Johu Summer-field.
436
MASCULINE AND FEMININE FACES.
fine rounded, feminine-looking face, her head and body
delicately moulded, her skin smooth, all her features be-
speaking in their own soft, quiet language, that here are
womanly sympathies, keen perceptions, quick sensitiveness,
love, faith, imagination, — all the attributes of true woman-
hood. The first is her father's girl. She loves to drive
team, if rural life be her
portion. Often she will
be seen with the dog,
chasing the cows at
night; or she is away
in the early morning
climbing the mountain-
top to halloo to a friend
on another summit ;
romping through fields
and forests at her own
wild will; and impatient
of nothing so much as
of inactivity. To sit
still and sew is to her a
dreary ' imprisonment ;
the duties of housework are drudgery; her true great man-
hood loves no restraint, dictation, or parental care. These
two girls have been distinguished by this difference, both
of feature and character, from their earliest years. The
feminine attributes were not given to the one, or taken
from the other by any process of education or influence
since firs! they. drew the breath of life; and so we are shut
up to the conclusion that some controlling influences in
their mother's pregnancy have set the mark on their char-
acter, and stamped their whole being, the one for one course
of life, the other for the opposite.
Doubtless, while a child is in utero, the mother may exert
an all-powerful influence over its character, and thus muulj
The Masculine Face— Miss Eos* Bonheur,
the noted artist of France.
MASCULINE AND FEMININE FACES. 437
its Physiognomy. Many mothers in our land, understand-
ing this principle, procure the portrait of some noble-minded
man, hang it in their room, look at it often, and call to
mind the deeds of him whom it represents, thus marking
their child more or less with the like spirit and features.
Thousands could do the same, if they recognized the prin-
ciple, and possessed the faith and patience requisite for
working it out. Suppose a mother, when three months
pregnant, or after the sex of her child was established,
should place before her view the likeness of a boy, and
fixing her mind steadily on the picture, with an earnest
and believing desire that the child she then carried should
be similar to that boy; then, if it proved a female, there
would probably be considerable resemblance to the other
sex, and as the girl developed into womanhood, her Physi-
ognomy would appear masculine, and her whole nature
possessed of much of that vigour that belongs to manhood.
This is the manner in which many children are charac-
terized for life; and mothers cannot too earnestly consider
these principles, or too carefully apply them for the benefit
of unborn generations.
Pleasant surroundings for an expectant mother are of
immense value to her offspring; whereas, if disagreeable
people crowd about her, or any deformity is daily obtruded
on her notice, a misshapen child may be produced in the
latter case; and in the former, a sourness of temper that
no future influences can counteract
Some children have something both of the look and
manner of old people, in consequence of the mother's having
been much in the society of some aged person who made
a strong impression on her. And as the features and
manners, so the tastes of the future man or woman may
be greatly influenced, if not entirely formed by impressions
made on the mind of the mother previous to the birth. A
438 MASCULINE AMD FEMININE 'FACES.
single impression, indeed, will not often avail much in the
formation either of feature or character, unless it be sudden
and vivid, as in the case of fright; to prove powerful and
lasting, they must be frequent or continuous for montha
A happy home, an agreeable partner, cheerful company,
fine paintings, music, and well-read books, will conduce to
give the child harmony both of mind and bodily feature, —
it will prevent idiotcy, and ennobie the nature of the
unborn homo.
There are people who have features partly male and
partly female. Such persons exhibit phases of character
seemingly contradictory. There are few that they can love,
but those few they love devotedly. They will generally be
found sensitive, ambitious, and passionately fond of music.
But where sex of soul as well as body is strongly marked,
we perceive the attraction and repulsion that characterizes
other forces of nature. Individuals strongly marked as
masculine are repelled by masculinity in others of the
opposite sex, but are attracted to the soft and gentle natures.
A large, coarse woman will be attracted to a man whose
features bespeak a feminine soul; and vice versa. So a
thoroughly manly man seldom fancies an amazon; but a
soft fellow adores a woman of masculine character. One
seems to contain the positive, the other the negative; and
according to the well-known law, two positives or two
negatives repel each other; whereas a negative attracts and
is attracted by a positive. This attraction between the
positive and negative may be observed any day in large
families. Where there are many to choose among, the two
brothers, tr two sisters, or brother and sister, that draw
together in the closest love and confidential friendship, are
never characters of like strength or similar temper, but
always contrasts. The strong natures are apt to quarrel
with e&.sh other, and so are the weak ones; but a rough
MASCULINE ANP FEMININE FACES. 439
nature and a gentle one draw close together. This law
of nature ought to be well understood, and respectfully
obe}7ed by persons contracting marriage. Considerations
of interest or convenience will prove a poor substitute
for the suitability that is found in nature.
Egl>ert— Kiog of tho West Sairom, first monarch of all England,
SIGNS OF PHYSICAL STRENGTH.
THIS, of all subjects, is the one which demands at our hands
the closest and most scrutinizing investigation. In order
to fathom its depths by logical sequence, we must turn our
attention to natural phenomena, First, the question has
been asked immemorially, " What are the constituent signs
of phj'sical strength?" And need we state here that the
answers in almost every instance have been more obscure
than accurate. In tracing this important question on
scientific grounds to its base, we cull our experience from
close observation and years of unremitting labour. Not
the labour of books in its entirety, but that of personal
inspection, passed amid the mineral, animal, and vegetable
kingdoms. Indeed, if we would study nature's laws, we
must drink from nature's cup, otherwise our knowledge in
a great measure will be merely superficial, and wanting in
accuracy.
For all that we learn of character, science, or art through
O
books, mother Nature is our only re-modeller, in point of
fact our true teacher, and to her we must fly if we would
attain that true wisdom which the marks of time can
neither mar nor obliterate.
Having, then, got thus far with our introductory, it
SIGNS OF PHYSICAL STRENGTH. 441
remains for us now to prove that our sequence is not only
logical, but based firmly on that surest of all foundations —
Truth.
Now, in order to deduce proofs of what we have endea-
voured to advance, we take up the first point of our
assertion, and one of the most useful of all mineral
productions, viz., granite. This rock has been apparently
designed by nature to enjoy a high and lasting reputation
among minerals. In texture it is harder than soap-stone
or slate, and consequently more durable, if not more flexible
in its construction. The physiognomical differences of
granite, too, compared with shale, slate, sand, chalk, lime,
coal, or any ui the softer materials of rock, are in nature
the most striking. It possesses an extremely rough surface
indeed, and so unlike the minerals to which we have alluded,
that the contrast is great and wonderful.
Without entering further into the appearances and endur-
ance of granite, we next take up the diamond, the most
valuable of all mineral substances, and the hardest and
strongest of all rocky materials. This latter, until it is cut
into ornamental shape, possesses, like its predecessors, a
rough and uncouth exterior. Also is it thus with quartz-
crystal and spar. These last productions of the mineral
kingdom bear a glass-like propensity of texture, and are
equally hard, though consisting of sharp projections which,
with their smooth planes, give them more of a rough and
broken appearance.
Therefore, laying aside the constituent parts of the
mineral kingdom for the present, having first adduced
enough of facts therefrom to explain and work out our
deductions, we may now enter upon the vegetable world,
and unfold other evidences as the truer signs of Physical
Strength. The monarch of vegetable life, then, is well
understood to be the oak, and a right regal tree indeed is
this gnarled and vigorous member of the woody family,
442 SIGNS OF PHYSICAL STRENGTH.
shooting high and wide of its compeers in brake as in wood-
land. Note its rough and wonderful massiveness compared
with the beech, or the pine, or the ash; contrast its hard-
ness with the smooth poplar or the graceful willow, and
yuu are compelled at once to acknowledge that it is by far
the most useful, if not the strongest and hardest of all vege-
table productions.
Thus step by step we proceed with our logical sequences
until we advance a trifle nearer the human family.
Let us now observe the animal kingdom as a further
proof of the foregoing allusions relative to Physical Strength.
The next link in the chain of evidence is the lion, Anglicised
from the Latin (Leo Barbarus). This animal is considered
to be, and justly, too, we imagine, the strongest beast of its
size in the world. Compare it then with the ox (Bovidas
genus}, selecting, of course, one of the same size and weight,
and you will perceive the rough hairy appearance of the
former in wonderful contrast with the comparatively smooth
surface of the latter. The difference in this respect is not
only strange, but striking to the common run of humanity,
and furnishes the intelligent food for well digested reflection.
The subject, to the general reader, is also comprehensive
and important.
Now, by these fundamental deductions, you will observe
that a rough exterior among animals, rocks, and vegetation
is, at least, one indicative sign of Physical Strength. But
we proceed to prove a far better analogy yet. and, indeed,
one which will bear tracing through all the various grades
of organic and inorganic life. In proof of what we assert,
we will once more dwell upon the mineral creation and add
another link to the yet severed chain of our connection?.
For instance, take the diamond, the richest jewel of all the
mineral species. Compare it with the slate. The one is a
broad form of stone of extraordinary hardness and brilliancy,
while the other is flaky and will readily divide into long
SIGNS OF PHYSICAL STRENGTH. 443
tbin stripes which are as easily broken with but slight pro*
vocation.
This is the case with almost everything of a very weak
texture, unless it possesses great powers of elasticity, or is
kept in constant action by other forces, through which
means it sometimes becomes firmly imbedded together.
Action, we assert, is the great condenser of nature's mineral
arteries; therefore we perceive that granite, on the other
hand, unlike its far-removed relation slate, is a broad and
vigorous stone, if we may use the expression, and will not
so readily yield to the cleaver's iron and maul as will its
softer and less condensed kindred. The slate being more
sectional than solid, is hence liable to be sundered with less
effort. Diamonds being the hardest, if not densest, of
minerals, are in consequence broad in proportion to their
length. Again, the oak tree is broad and short compared to
the pine or poplar, and, as our deductions go to prove, far
stronger than either of the foregoing. Also is the manseneta
of California very low, broad, and extremely hard. The
strength of its fibre is known to be remarkable, and its
durability wonderful. Again we have the weird and
knotted elm, with many of the qualites of the oak, being
like it broad and low, and in comparison with poplar, pine,
sequoya, or fir, apparently ten times ae strong and tough in
its texture.
Having thus far worked out our assertions relative to the
most striking signs ot .Physical Strength evidenced in the
physiognomical relations of the mineral and vegetable
kingdoms, we once more revert to the animal creation.
To retain the thread of our reasoning and make our
analogy plainer to the general reader, we assert that the
lion's strength and courage is based on the plan upon which
he is built, and that is the low and broad principle. First,
his face is wide and short, while his foot is as equal in ite
breadth as in its length. The wide, deep quality which
444 SIGNS OF PHYSICAL STRENGTH.
gives strength is the peculiarity which pervades his nose,
head, and entire frame. Compare a lion with the antlered
deer, or the timid rabbit with the ferocious bear, or even
the gentle giraffe with the treacherous and merciless tiger,
and you will immediately perceive that breadth of neck,
head, face, feet, body, and entire make produces strength.
The grizzly bear, the fiercest and most destructive animal
on the American Continent, built also on the broad and
massive principle, has been known repeatedly to cany off
an ox or mule, weighing several hundred weight, over rocky
and broken land; and indeed in numerous instances has
this animal been observed to walk along a dangerous log
extended across a precipitous chasm with a full-grown horse
in his mouth. But the tiger is another example of^this
tremendous muscular power and fierce energy; and when
compared to the round and puny build of a sheep, the
contrast is no less astonishing than striking. The tiger, of
all animals, is perhaps the most active. His strength is
proverbial. Indeed, he has been often known to prostrate
and kill an ox, a zebra, or even pallah with a single stroke
of his foot.
Now for the last, but not least of our proofs, on the
subject of Physical Strength. The main link of the great
creation is man. The link that binds our philosophical,
but as yet severed connections in this article, is also
man, — the most glorious, the most perfect work of the
Creator. Men, then, who are notedly strong among their
fellows, are constructed on the wide plan. An illustra-
tion of this, which, by the way, comes accidentally across
our memory while we write, is Dr. Windship, of Boston,
a man of most extraordinary physical powers, broad and
deep through the chest, having hands and feet in unison
with the make of his body. In this gentleman the
broad and massive is in every way predominant. In
the tfladiutonai bouts of Rome's most glorious days, when
SIGNS OF PHYSICAL STRENGTH.
445
her ooAineib swayed half the then known world, n?»
athletes were distinguished by those infallible markfl of
strength, breadth of neck, face, head, shoulders, hands,
feet, limbs, and entire structure. Then having so far
illustrated our subject and drawn upon facts which cannot
be controverted, we must hence infer in the sequence that
the wide form of construction is the true indicator of
Physical Strength. Roughness of face is also an index of
the same in men and animals. The laws of nature are
general and uncontrovertible, and as surely apply to the
universe of forms, whether we comprehend them or not.
ALEXANDEK III. , Emperor of Russia, is tall and powerfully built, pos-
sessing herculean physical strength ; with his fingers he can roll a silver
rouble like a scroll.
PHYSICAL LABOUR.
HAVING long observed that some races of men, as well as
many classes of people, are naturally and constitutionally
averse to physical labour, I have been led to observe
closely the facial and bodily signs that indicate a love of
corporeal exertion.
The anti-industrial central point of the world is Arabia;
for, on every side, branching out to the east and west, we
find industry making progress, while, in Arabia, centuries
pass away without any improvement, save what has been
introduced, almost by compulsion, by foreigners. The trade
carried on by exports of coffee, dates, figs, spices, and drugs,
though still considerable, is said to be only a shadow of the
old commerce which existed before the circumnavigation of
Africa, or when Aden was in its prime, and the Red Sea
was the great commercial route. Arabia has few manu-
factures, but carries on a transit trade in foreign fabrics,
besides importing these, to some extent, for its own
necessities. Few nations have approached so near as the
Arabs to the condition of standing still in a moral, social,
and industrial point of view. Considering how little pro-
gress has been made, it is remarkable that a greater
degeneracy has not taken place.
The southern slave owners of North America were very
much addicted to indulge in listless idleness and give wa.y
PHYSICAL LABOUR. 447
to their love of repose. They disliked toil to such an
extent that they used every available means to avoid it
if possible.
The North American Indians are naturally averse to
drudgery, and evince energy only in their predaceous
pursuits. This is indicated by their wide cheekbones,
which are connected with the respiratory air passages, and
evince, by their largeness, that the lungs also are large, and
give vigour for the development of predaceous energy.
In Scotland especially, as well as in the north of England,
and Ulster in Ireland, in Prussia, in the State of Ohio in
America, as well as among northerners generally, we find
a love of physical labour and active performance of duty
energetically. The ostensible signs of these tendencies and
qualities are manifest in the prominent bones and well
defined and developed muscles over the entire corporeal
frame. When we find large hands without an abundance
of adipose tissue, and a bony face with a muscular expres-
sion, we may feel assured that labour is a pleasure to those
who are so constituted. The slave owners of America had
small hands and small or narrow cheek or malar bones
and well-rounded faces, from the bones being small and
well-rounded with fat. In their bodies, the muscles were
not, as a general fact, so well developed and sinewy as those
of the labouring, energetic, industrious men of the north.
The climate, in connection with the system of slavery,
superinduced among the masters in the south the love of
ease, and predisposed them to repose. This indolence and
listlessness became heightened by the manners and customs
that gradually crept in among them, and developed their
sensual propensities to an unhealthy extent, working their
moral as well as their physical deterioration.
Two of the most easily observed features of the human
face that mark the industriously and laboriously inclined,
*re a prominent protruding chin in connection with oro-
448 PHYSICAL LABOUR!
minent cbeek-bones. Observe, also, that labour expands
the shoulders and widens the palms of the hands, and thus
evinces the practice of physical effort, and this naturally
begets a propensity to take pleasure in laborious occupa-
tions. Milnes essentially sympathized with this progressive
nature when he wrote: —
" Let us go forth and resolutely dare
With sweat of brow to toil our little day,
And if a tear fall on the task of care
In memory of those spring hours passed away,
Brush it not by !
Our hearts to God ! to brother men,
And labour, blessing, prayer, and then to these a sign!"
Kingsley's advice beautifully expresses the sentiment of the
earnest worker: —
" Do what thou dost as if the earth were heaven,
And that thy last day were the judgment day."
It is a general law in our nature that when any faculty
has by cultivation enlarged to a strong degree, it invariably
demands scope for exercise in a similar manner to that by
which the development was produced. Having struck one
blow, we can more readily strike another; and the more we
become accustomed to striking, the more natural we feel it
to exercise our feracious powers. Thus, in the course of
time, it becomes a pleasure instead of a drudgery. What
labouring people consider a pleasure, the idle and indolent
call slavery.
Physical labour enlarges and develops various portions
of the body. Stooping labour widens the cheek-bones
(mala ossia), lengthens the under jaw, shortens and enlarges
the occipital process, protrudes the lower part of the fore-
head, and widens the hands, feet, and shoulders. Hence,
in accordance with the principles before mentioned, these
enlargements are Nature's recorded evidences of the ability
PHYSICAL LABOUK, 449
and inclination to physical exertion. Examples by thou-
sands may be found among gymnasts, athletes, pugilists,
oarsmen, and every class of physical labourers. Those who
never labour, never desire to do so; and their narrow faces,
thin hands and feet, and contracted shoulders are manifesta-
tions of their leisure-loving natures. How the hands and
feet will diminish may plainly be seen in all young men
who are reared to hard work on a farm, but upon entering
a shop, store, or lawyer's office to earn a livelihood, half
a score of years will suffice to narrow their structure, and
not only make them consider physical toil displeasing, but
render their framework as sure a tell-tale of the deterioration
as untongued Nature can become in revealing any of her
great principles.
Unfortunately for the future of the race, there is a grow-
ing aversion to physical labour among the young of both
sexes in the present age. This is plainly evinced by the
shoulders being much narrower and the forms slimmer than
were those of the young of the last century. Look for a
moment at the fine physical development of the Germans.
Every man of them must learn one of the industrial trades,
no matter how high his rank. It is well known that the
present Emperor of Germany regularly learned the trade
of a carpenter. Then their physique is still further
developed by the compulsory army drill that must be
undergone by every young man of sound constitution. On
the other hand, the girls engage in domestic and outdoor
work until their forms take the national characteristic
mould of broad shoulders and ample womanly chests.
The lassitude and yawning listlessness incident to idle-
ness can be dispelled by earnest and well-directed exertion
in manual dexterity. Whenever you see a young woman
faint in a church, one of two epithets may safely be app-
lied to her — lazy or diseased. Parents that are too
tender do more to promote sickness and disease than aU
2r
450 PHYSICAL LABOUR.
the world besides. The fond, indulgent mother may be
heard saying: "There now, daughter, you sit down and I
will do the work." Thus the mother goes on, day after
day, toiling and striving with the whole burden of domestic
cares, while the idle and selfish daughter, were she properly
trained, might relieve her of half her labour, and besides
render her own life much more happy by the double plea-
sure of helping her parent and preparing herself for her own
future domestic duties. This is not all; for the daughter
acting thus would feel life a pleasure, and ward off the
inevitable consequences of sloth and listlessness, disease
and a premature grave, over which the epitaph might be
written: — "Here lies the victim of idleness, who died of
inanition." How wasted looking she became; how narrow
and slim her form in every feature.
Young man, accept and lay to heart the advice of experi-
ence, and never let your affections settle upon any one until
you can find and fane}' a good, strong, broad-bodied, well-
developed maid, with a countenance full of buxom health
and cheerfulness, who can heartily reciprocate your affec-
tion. This form of person is by nature and cultivation
more happy than a narrow, sharp-faced individual. The
very law of industry leads us on to contentment, while its
duties give the broad build to the young; and when that
form is once attained, it becomes a real pleasure to exert
oneself, because it is in true harmony with one's nature.
Nothing is distasteful that is in true harmony with one's
interior being. How much happier is the agriculturist and
manufacturer than the man of leisure who lends money and
is constantly fretting his hours away from fear of loss. The
servant is more happy than his master, since he labours
harder and has less care and anxiety. The laws of our
being inexorably demand labour; and, when the normal
requirements of nature are heeded, she is no niggard in her
•awards of happiness; but when they are ignored, pain and
PHYSICAL LABOUR. 451
misery attend us. The servant can cheerfully toil while his
master demurely and listlessly counts the tedious hours as
his life of misery ebbs away.
Then, since labour is a necessity to the well-being of
every one, we easily see its importance, and learn that its
signs are the effects of effort. Hence the process is easy
of tracing up through the effects to the causes, and compre-
hending why those signs portray the natural disposition.
Whatever we have most of, we enjoy its use best. This is
the same principle that causes the miser, whose wealth is
extensive, to wish for more. La Rochefoucauld truthfully
expresses the power of labour to promote happiness: —
" Bodily labour alleviates the pains of the inind; and hence
arises the happiness of the poor."
Now we glance at some of the ancient peoples who rose
to power and eminence by their physical training as well
as by their mental capacity, which mainly resulted from
the former.
The education of the ancient GREEKS was more of a
physical than of a mental kind. The gymnasium was that
of the athlete, not that of the didas'kaloa or preceptor.
Young children were, until about their sixth year, trained
at home under females, but were then sent to the schools
under the charge of private tutors or pcedagogi. The duty
of the pedagogue was rather to keep his wards from out-
ward injury and bad companions, than to teach them the
accomplishments of grammar, music, and gymnastics, the
favourite studies in those days. The Greeks bestowed
more time and attention on the gymnastic training of their
youth than on all the other departments put together.
There was no such thing as a Greek city of any size or
importance which did not boast at least one gymnasium.
Athens had three great public gymnasia — the Academia,
Lyceum, and Cynosarges, besides numerous private ones
on a smaller scale. Solon considered these institutions o/
452 PHYSICAL LABOUR..
so much importance as to draw up a special code of law§
for their management. Their administration was entrusted
to a gymnasiarch, whose duties were to watch and control
the youth, place them under proper teachers, conduct the
periodical games and festivals, and pay the athletes whom he
trained for them. In Athens the number of gymnasiarchs
appears to have been ten. Besides these, there were the
officers called Aliptce, or anointers, whose duty it was to
prepare the youth for the day's exercise, by anointing them
with oil and then sprinkling them with dust. The exercises
taught were pretty much the same over the whole of Greece,
though they seem to have been carried out with somewhat
different views. The Spartans looked upon them as a sort
of initiation into the sterner realities of warfare; while the
Athenians not only made them subserve this end, but also
used them as a means for imparting grace to the action
and movement to the limbs. The chief games of the
gymnasium were foot-races, jumping, leaping, quoits, wrest-
ling, boxing, dancing, &c., while the younger pupils practised
also with balls, tops, and a variety of other games similar
to those in vogue among the youth of modern times.
It would occupy too much space to describe with any-
thing like minuteness the Grecian games, which were among
them from time immemorial; but we may just state the
general facts, — that they were very numerous, and are
traceable by tradition back to the earliest periods of Grecian
civilization. Indeed, much of the obscurity that rests on
their origin is in consequence, and a sign of their high and
even mythic antiquity. But we may just mention, that
the most celebrated of them were the Olympic, the Pythian,
the Nemean, and the Isthmian games, which were distin-
guished by the appellation of sacred.
The gymnastic exercises were prescribed in a well-
planned systematic series, beginning with the easier, and
proceeding to the more difficult. Some of these were spe-
FHYSICAL LABOUR. 453
cially fitted to give strength, others agility ; some educated
the hands, others the feet. Among the lighter exercises
were reckoned running, leaping, quoiting, and hurling the
javelin. When skill had been attained in these, and the
consequent strength, then followed a severer course of
discipline. The simple course was wrestling and boxing;
the compound course consisted of — (1,) The Pentathlon
(or "five contests"), made up of the union of running,
leaping, quoiting, wrestling, and hurling the spear; and,
(2,) the Pankration (or "general trial of strength"), which
consisted of wrestling and boxing.
These games, taken in connection with the early and
long training by which they were preceded, and of which
they were both the natural result and reward, were a grand
educational system, bearing primarily, indeed, in favour of
the physical development, but also tending directly and
powerfully to advance the intellectual and moral culture.
The exercises through which the child, the youth, and the
man were, stage by stage, conducted, each in succession
becoming difficult and more complex, as the bodily powers
came into play and acquired vigour, were admirably adapted
to give that union of strength and beauty in which physical
perfection consists, and in which the Greeks probably sur-
passed every other known people.
Solon's high estimate of the paramount importance of
these games has been already alluded to; but here we would
further state that this estimate is still more strongly per-
ceived in the designation and functions of two other officers
appointed under Solon's laws, in the conduct of the
gymnasia. The first was the Kosmetes, whose name comes
from a word (KOCA*°C) signifying " order and beauty," and
whose office consisted in the special superintendence of
everything fitted to further these high qualities; the other
officer was termed Sophronistes, and his business was still
more intimately conducive to informing the mind, since, aa
454 PHYSICAL LABOUR.
his designation (from o-w^pwv) proves, he was required to '
guide the pupils to awtypoavvn (sophrozyne), a term for
which there is no English equivalent, but which may
approximately be rendered by " sound-mindedness." The
fullest and best information on this interesting and vitally
important subject is to be found in Krause's Die Gymnastik
und Agonistik der Hellenen; and in his Die Pythien,
Nemeen, und Isthmien: Leipzig, 1841.
Among the Romans, the amusements of the circus did
not materially differ from the Greek agones or contests
celebrated at Olympia, Delphi, and elsewhere, and were
certainly of a nobler kind than the frightful gladiatorial
fights of the amphitheatres. The Romans, however, became
much more brutal in their tastes and public amusements
than the Greeks, and at last became almost wholly addicted
to gladiatorial and wild-beast combats.
Let it be carefully and earnestly pondered, as one of the
most important facts educed from a comparative history of
all nations, ancient and modern, that all those peoples who
have cultivated the active industrial arts, tending to
develop their physical forms and faculties, have risen
highest in the scale of civilization, and been freest from
poverty, disease, and insanity. It is only a matter of yes-
terday that Physical Education has been thought of among
the English-speaking nations. Having bethought them-
selves, they have been pondering the wholesome example
and practices of some of the celebrated ancient nations,
especially the Greeks, and in modern times the Germans.
We need only point to the immense superiority of these
nationalities over the rest of the world, in social and physi-
cal development, to feel assured of carrying conviction to
every candid mind as to the enormous advantages accruing
from the training of the human frame to active and vigorous
industrial habits. Hitherto, Physical Education has been
left far too much to nature and chance; and we owe it
PHYSICAL LABOTJR. 455
mainly to the improved condition of medical science that
public attention has been called to the deficiency. It in-
cludes, first of all, the essential conditions of health, such
as cleanliness, fresh air, exercise, diet, alternate periods ot
labour and recreation; secondly, the strengthening and
proper development of the bodily powers by means of
drilling, marching, and gymnastic exercises; thirdly, the
formation of certain useful habits, which, after a time,
become almost instinctive. Hand-writing is a fine example
of a habit of this kind, which can be impressed once and
forever on the nervous system ; the power of rapid perform-
ance on musical instruments is another faculty dependent
on the same kind of physical training. Easy and graceful
deportment, again, is a trained habit; so also is clear and
correct verbal articulation. In fact, wherever physical
action is required of such a nature that it may be trans-
ferred by habit from a voluntary act to a reflex one, there
the use of physical education becomes evident; for every
good habit which is thus formed and fixed by early train-
ing, whether it be a useful accomplishment, or a graceful
deportment, or a facility of correct expression, or any kind
of musical dexterity, is just so much power actually treas-
ured up in the nervous system, which can be brought forth
and applied at any moment, as if it were a kind of animated
machinery, and that, too, without any trouble or any sense
of fatigue to the possessor. Addison's observation is worth
repeating here. He says: — " Manufactures, trade, and agri-
culture, naturally employ more than nineteen parts of the
species in twenty; and as for those who are not obliged to
labour, by the condition in which they are born, they are
more miserable than the rest of mankind, unless they
indulge themselves in that voluntary labour which goes by
the name of exercise."
THE EFFECTS OF INDUSTRY ON THE
HUMAN FACE.
UNASPIRING and nebulous faces are often met with in
society, and more especially among the wealthy. Their
expressionless smoothness has never been broken by torna-
does of thought or intense application. Many of the young
may be seen who are called beautiful, and those individuals
present faces only of the smooth and undefined form, which
is the image of their minds. Inaction and idleness of the
physical and mental forces bring on roundness of features
which are ever unmistakable signs of nonentity. They
may be compared to a bombshell with burning fuse, round
and pretty to behold, but not good company.
It requires long hours, yea, years, of patient and earnest
labour, to acquire facial marks expressive of gigantic think-
ing power. Nearly all mankind are naturally fond of
leisure and enjoyment, and as ease is most generally found
amongst the wealthy, so expressionless faces are most
commonly seen in that sphere of society. Labour chisels
the features into clearness and cheerfulness of expression,
whereas idleness will turn the most expressive and beauti-
ful features into listless, sad and undefined, clam-like
smoothness. Many boys, when grown, carry faces with
expressions of emptiness and inertia of mind. They go
THE EFFECTS OF INDUSTRY ON THE HUMAN FACE. 457
abroad to earn a living for themselves, and after twenty,
or even ten years, return to their friends with faces furrowed
by the plough of experience. The deep wrinkles have been
cut across the brow — the nose has grown higher on the
bridge — the nostrils have opened largely — the chin has
become more broad and far-reach ing; the lips having learned
to keep their own secrets, are firmly compressed ; lines like
diverging rays of light surround the eyes; the round, full
cheek of childhood nestles no longer there, and all is changed
from boy to manhood. His face tells no falsehood, as it is
Diogenes, a cynic philosopher, whose mental industry has rarely,
if ever, been equalled.
God's truth, and he, overflowing with strength and nature's
nobility, walks forth the highest type of man, self-made.
Others remain boys in mind until forty, or even through a
life-time, undeveloped because they shunned the means of
accomplishing their highest maturing. Children's faces are
often seen on men and women of thirty and forty years of
45 O THE EFFECTS OF INDUSTRY ON THE HUMAN FACE.
age Their lives have been as smooth as glass. The great
trials of the world, which are immense furnaces to try the
metal of men, have not purified and turned them to steel.
The more lead is melted and cooled, the more free from
dross it becomes; the more men have touched the antipodes
of sorrowing sympathy, or repellant hatred, the less worth-
less material they contain. Fleshy, round, smooth faces, are
significant of ease-loving and inactive minds. An old adage
among the ancients was, that a lean and wrinkled face
evinced great wisdom.
It is true to a great ex-
tent, that all original
men of great mental
labour have carried faces
rather spare and well
lined.
To think gives an
action, — to storm with
thought requires great
action; the great emotion
swings the facial muscles
one against another, pro-
ducing deep wrinkles;
and years of wonderful
application and mental j
effort leave deep indent-
ations and well-defined
marks on the Physiog-
nomy of man; as active
waters of former years
have left their deep gullies on the Physiognomy of earth.
Physiognomists call these wrinkles on mankind beautiful,
as they are recorded evidences of a life of industry and
virtue.
In looking over six hundred photographs of noted rogue§
Lucius Annseus Seneca, a celebrated Ro-
man philosopher, with well-defined lines*
indicative of years of consecutive mental
industry.
THE EFFECTS OF INDUSTRY ON THE HUMAN FACE. 459
in the "rogue's gallery" in San Francisco, I observed that
they were nearly all wrinkleless, and of round, full, expres-
sionless faces. This peculiarity of features would scientifi-
cally testify to an utter, or nearly an entire absence of
character. As it takes much character to make a man
thoroughly honest, so they have too little to give lines
of honesty.
People who live industrious lives are usually most moral,
and out of a knowledge of this fact sprang the truthful
saying, that " idleness is Satan's workshop."
When visiting the penitentiaries of various States, that
fact has been made apparent by the records of those several
places of punishment, that many of those criminals were
formerly loafers, without even a trade by which to earn an
honourable living.
A Scotchman, of Edinburgh, a remarkable example of physical industry,
industry may be compared to the running brook, which
4 GO THE EFFECTS OF INDUSTRY ON THE HUMAN FACE.
is ever pure, or purifying itself; whereas idleness is the
stagnant pool retaining all filth, and ever ready to receive
more.
There are many men and women who are well-born and
amply educated, but who, not being compelled to labour,
settle down into characterless nothings, and become cess-
pools to catch the vices of those who surround them.
Earnest, ardent, and interesting labour will develop char-
acter, and that character will produce wrinkles. Hence,
those who would lead lives of honour and usefulness, shun-
ning vice and crime, let your aim ever be to cast off the
scum of idleness which only gathers on still water*, never
shading the purity of the dashing stream.
PATH, GTTSTAVE DORE, a French designer and engraver, whose face
shows strength rather than delicacy ; a power and wealth of imagination
more than impassionable sentimentality.
PHYSIOGNOMICAL SIGNS OF PHYSICAL
ENDURANCE.
FROM the Latin word durus, hard, we have formed the
English terms durable, durability, endure, endurance, because
it has been remarked with respect to all substances in
nature — animal, vegetable, and mineral — that the more hard
they are, that is, the more compactly put together their
particles, the more wear and tear they are capable of
sustaining. The hardest, and, therefore, most imperishable
of all known substances is the diamond; and scientific men
reckon nine lesser degrees of hardness among minerals
down to talc, which is the softest. Any of these, however,
are harder than vegetable substances; among which the oak,
ash, elm, chestnut, walnut, beech, birch, &c., called hard
woods, have been proved to bear much more wear and tear
than those denominated soft woods. Among animals, we
find those to be the most hardy that have the least soft
material, and the most hard in their composition — fat being
the softest, the muscle much harder, and the bones hardest
of all. Fat (adipose) is a reservoir of nourishment in case
of long fasting or sickness, And is conspicuous in the hump
of the camel ; but it gives no power of enduring labour and
fatigue. Horses are not considered n't for the race-course if
they are at all in an adipose condition ; and those of Sahara,
never much troubled with this quality, are still further
reduced before joining an ostrich hunt ; which is the
severest ordeal to which they are subject. So it is the
462 PHYSIOGNOMICAL SIGNS OF PHYSICAL ENDURANCE. .
lean hound, and not the fat dog, that is chosen to pursue
the game, not merely on the ground of his swiftness, but
his power of continued exertion. In the human race, we find
that very fat persons are naturally puffed and out of breath
after the least unusual exertion ; also that they never
attain to old age, and are very liable to apoplexy; whereas
those that endure well the toils of an industrious life, and
become examples of extreme longevity, are persons of what
is called a moderate habit of body.
Bones being the hardest of all the materials entering into
the constitution of the human body, we naturally expect,
and find it so in fact, that the larger these are, the greater
the power of physical endurance. A man may nob be tall,
yet have broad, heavy bones; or he may be tall, and have
large bones in proportion to the size of muscle. Such a one
will be capable of greater exertion and will endure more
fatigue than one whose bones and muscles are mure
equally developed; because the bones, being harder than
the muscles, are the more enduring substance. People
thus constituted may not live so long as those of the
rounder, life-giving form; but they will more easily
sustain a hard day's march, fatiguing labour, prolonged
fasting, or mental grief, than those of any other build.
Such men exhibit well-marked outlines in their features;
the face somewhat hard and angular; the nose always
prominent; the eye-bones sharp and jutting out like the
over-hanging cliff's of a waterfall.
The camel (C. Bactrianus) is capable of more endurance
than any other of the quadrupeds employed by man. How
his bones stand out! how large are his joints! What an
uncouth looking animal altogether! He can traverse the
burning sands of the desert day after day without tasting
food or refreshing himself with drink ; and this with a
burden of perhaps a thousand pounds weight; performing
a journey of hundreds of miles at the rate of two and one-
half miles an hour.
PHYSIOGNOMICAL SIGNS OF PHYSICAL ENDURANCE. 463
Less unsightly than the camel, but more bony and homely-
looking than the horse (E. Caballus}, is the ass (E. Asinw},
and much more patient of continued fatigue.
So we find homely, bony faces in mankind to be evidences
of great power of endurance, both as to body and mind
Abraham Lincoln was a remarkable example of this con-
figuration. He is said to have gone through the severest
agricultural labour in early life, and to have gained the
soubriquet of the railsplitter, by performing the feat of
splitting 3000 rails in one day. In his after career, he was
pre-eminently distinguished for fortitude in suffering, as
well as activity and perseverance in doing whatever fell to
his lot.
The persistent exertion which Weston, the pedestrian,
requires to use in order to walk a hundred and twelve miles
in twenty-four hours, is rarely if ever equalled. His walk
of four hundred miles in five days, which he accomplished,
as he did the other of a hundred and twelve in twenty-tout
hours, is sufficient proof of his powers of endurance. His
face and figure is at once skin and bony. The slightnes?
affords him activity, the osteogeny insures the power of
continuance. Andrew Jackson was another man formed te
endure hardship, as was evinced in the osteous structure of
his frame. When but thirteen years of age he fought under
Sumter, and continued in the army until the end of the
war of independence. At a later period, when the Creek
Indians broke out in hostilities, he raised a volunteer force
of two or three thousand men to defeat them, and, when
provisions failed, set his men an example of endurance by
feeding on hickory nuts, whence the soubriquet of Old
Hickory. His political life was marked by a steady and
powerful resistance of all opposition, and his presidency
by singular firmness in carrying out whatever his judgment
approved. Wellington is known to have rode the little
horse Copenhagen for seventeen consecutive hours on the
464 PHYSIOGNOMICAL SIGNS OF PHYSICAL ENDURANCE.
field of Waterloo, and to have declared he was as spirited
and fresh as the animal, which kicked up on his dismount-
ing. This celebrated general was rather of small stature,
but bony, well-muscled, and so hardy that he received the
soubriquet of " the Iron Duke."
He, therefore, that would live long, and be capable of
doing much while he lives, should avoid all that self-
indulgence which brings on the heavy, spft, adipose con-
formation. He may not be able to render his bones large
and prominent; but he may generally avoid overloading
himself with fat, and losing his manly energies in habits of
luxurious ease and self-indulgence.
WILLIAM CULLEN BKYANT, one of the most celebrated of American
poets, an exceedingly close observer of all the phenomena throughout
nature, yet a vast current of philosophy ran through his verse and prose,
which embody multitudes of details interwoven with epigrammatic felicity
into the purest and most beautiful English.
MARKS OF LONGEVITY.
AT the forty-third annual meeting of the British Association
for the Advancement of Science, held in Edinburgh during
the month of August, 1871, the subject of Longevity
*as touched upon, though very sparingly discussed. The
speakers — according to a not uncommon practice among
our modern so-called scientific teachers — confined them-
selves chiefly to facts for the most part such as could be
culled from the daily newspapers, avoiding, as if with
intent, the trouble of ascertaining the principles or reasons
on which the inducted facts were based. They were loud
as to results, but the " why" of the results — the only thing
one would imagine with which men of science, as such, have
to do — does not seem to have occupied even a moiety of
their attention. They made certain statements relative to
effects which had come directly or indirectly under their
own notice, but left the causes on which the effects de-
pended for their existence nearly or completely untouched.
It is as if they had gravely stated that a stone thrown
up into the air was sure to come down again, without
making reference to that law by which the earth attracts
to its centre bodies within a certain radius which are lighter
than itself; or as if they had solemnly averred that the
hardy lichen was the only plant which could thrive at
2o
466 MARKS OF LONGEVITY.
the height of 18,225 feet above the level of the ocean,
without referring to those peculiarities in the lichen which
account for its growth in a region where other plants
^ould wither and die. It is not enough for scientific
purposes, or for practical purposes, to tell us that certain
men lived to an extremely old age; for such a statement,
unsupported by the results of philosophical research, is
only calculated to make those whose friends do not reach
a long term of years, dissatisfied with their circum-
stances and ungrateful to nature. What kind of build
had these long-lived men? What was the nature of
the food they took into their systems ? What were
their general and particular habits? How were they
treated when they were young? And may other men, by
using the same food, and accustoming themselves to the
same habits, avoid a middle age or early death and live
to the same age? These, and other questions lying on
the same plane of things, we would expect to have
answered when the subject is broached by scientific pro-
fessors, and not the bald statement, which must be as
evident to any newspaper- reading schoolboy as to the
most philosophic among philosophers, that certain men
have reached an uncommonly great age before giving up
the ghost.
It was stated by Mr. , in a paper which he read
before the above Association, that he had observed " a
sort of silvery expression, with apparently great toughness
of the skin, which he deemed an essential peculiarity in
persons over ninety," and these marks were given as
Physiognomical signs of Longevity. So far so good. But
what is it that produces this "silvery expression," and
wnat is the cause of the " toughness of skin " observed
in people over ninety years of age? These are the pro-
blems which Mr. ought to have solved, but which
he coony ignored. It is true he mentioned that the
MARKS OF LONGEVITY. 467
old people referred to did not use tobacco; but did he attri-
bute the Physiognomical signs of which he had spoken to
this fact? Nay, he did not so much as think it worthy of
being suggested that tobacco was injurious to the human
system, and must, as a necessary consequence, do much
in the way of shortening life. Nor did he make the
slightest allusion to the nature of the food on which the
o
individuals to whom he referred had subsisted, neither
did he consider it within his province to refer to the
tough-skinned people's general habits. Thus we see men
rlimbing the wall of science, or at least pretending to do
so, while they are living in t,he grossest ignorance of the
material of which that wall is constructed, and the kind
of foundation on which it is based.
To sustain life to an old age requires in man or animal
strong vital powers, in order that the system in all its
parts may be furnished with a sufficient quantity of healthy
blood; for without a sufficiency of healthy blood there can
be no harmonious, healthy action of the faculties, and where
this healthy action of the faculties does not take place,
that physical strength which is necessary for long endur-
ance cannot possibly exist. When a lamp goes out, it is
because it lacks combustible substance, viz, oil; and
so it is with the lamp of life. When a man dies a natural
death, the proximate cause of his death is a want of healthy
blood which constitutes the substratum of human life. So
long as the body is supplied with good blood, so long does
"the lamp hold on to burn;" but once this ceases, life
dies out, "the lamp" has lost its combustible substance,
and can "burn" no longer. Now, this being settled, the
question naturally comes up, " Where do we get good
blood, and of what is it made?" We answer, good blood
is made of good food, such as nature has provided for
us, heartily eaten, and properly digested. He who has a
capacious stomach, healthy digestive organs, and a goo-j
468 BURKS OF LONGEVITY.
appetite, possesses most unquestionably the fundamental
essentials of a long life. Experiments have often been
made, both on men and animals, and in every instance
it has been found that long-lived persons have large
stomachs. But, then, this organ can be damaged. Indeed
there are few diseases whose beginnings cannot be
traced to a deranged stomach. Tobacco, strong tea, strong
coffee, spirituous liquors, unwholesome confectionaries, and
luxuries of almost every description, invariably derange
the stomach and weaken digestion; and whatever does
this must inevitably shorten life. Roundness of body
and largeness of mouth are always signs of a roomy
stomach, and are thus, according to the principles laid
down, physiognomical signs of longevity. So is it in
plant life. The small lichen which can grow and vegetate
on a higher altitude than any other plant, is round in
form and vigorous, having large absorbing as well as cir-
culatory powers. It has strong life-producing organs, and
on account of its inherent vitality, can endure the cold
and sustain itself in places where plants not so round
in form would wither and perish in a few hours. The
same thing is true of animals. Elephants are of a round
construction, with large mouths, large stomachs, and are
noble eaters; and it is admitted by all naturalists who
know anything of history, that these animals have been
known to live as long as 240 years. The round carp, or
gold-fish, according to the testimony of Buffon, lives to
an enormous age. He mentions two which he himself
had seen, one of which was 150 and the other 200 years
of age, and pike have been known to live even longer
than that; while the tortoise, remarkable for its round-
ness, with excellent digestive organs, sometimes sustains
life during four full centuries. Birds, too, are very round
and able to digest well — even pebbles, nails, and glass
being no obstruction; and we are assured by naturalists
MARKS OF LONGEVITY. 469
that there have been instances of swans living over 300
years.
Now, when we loot at those animals which are slim
or flat in form, we find the very opposite to be true. Their
stomachs are not capacious, thus rendering digestion less
enduring, so that, comparatively speaking, they die at an
early age. The common rabbit is long, thin, and flat, and
rarely lives beyond ten years. The giraffe is peculiarly
tall and slim of build, and seldom reaches the age of
twenty. The ox and the horse rarely manage to live
thirty years, especially those which are domesticated.
Their natural habits are changed, and by a forced manner
of feeding, their digestive organs become extremely weak,
so that they are not unfrequently considered old at twenty.
Prolonged life is dependent upon natural law, and where
natural law is violated, premature death cannot but ensue.
We have met with several men who were over 100 years
of age; these were in various parts of the world, and
in every instance they were of medium height, had large
mouths, were round in form, with good healthy digestive
organs, attributable to plain living when they were young.
The persons of whom we speak were also very temperate
in their habits. They neither smoked nor chewed tobacco;
they were thus saved from throwing off their saliva and
weakening their stomachs. Only one of them used coffee,
and he only once per day. They all partook of tea, but
it was of the weakest kind. Confectionaries they avoided,
and when they were younger had lived much in the open
air. They wore comfortable, strong clothing, and in quan-
tities sufficient to protect them from cold, while they took
in enough of pure oxygen. They were not fleshy, though
of round build, and their bones had been strengthened by
industry, and the character of their food. In none of them
was there the slightest appearance of that species of tumor
470 MARKS OF LONGEVITY.
containing pap or plaster -like matter. They were not
atheromatous: such symptoms being found only where the
digestive organs are not good, and in consequence the
blood is much impaired. Their hearts were free from
fat, their lungs strong and healthy, and their external
senses were good, with the exception of two persons who
were a little deaf, and all these ever-to-be-envied bodily
conditions were the natural effects of a powerful nutritious
system. One coloured man who lived in Ohio, and was
113 years of age, had all the special senses in perfect
order, and his well-balanced judgment we have scarcely
seen equalled among men of forty. Nor was there one
of all the centenarians, which it has been our good fortune
to see, who manifested the slightest degree of dissatisfaction
relative either to their age or circumstances. Indeed, a
halo of commendable resignation seemed to surround every
one of them, and to this resignation, or rather intelligent
contentment, they were much indebted for their long life,
as nothing is more conducive to healthy digestion, regu-
larity of bodily secretions, and good blood, than this very
rare mental quality. Owing to their temperate and in-
dustrious habits, the nervous system was never deranged;
and this being the case, the brain and nerve form was
preserved intact — the importance of which it is impossible
to over-estimate. We may also add that they were all
married, or had been, which contributed not a little to
their "length of days;" for while matrimony improper
leads to ill-health and premature death, matrimony, as
nature would have it, ever tends to longevity. Thomas
Parr, who died at the advanced age of 152 years, was
examined by Harvey, to whom the world is indebted
for at least one important Physiological discovery, and
according to Harvey's account, Parr's bodily organs -were
in such excellent order that, but for tho fact that he was
MARKS OF LONGEVITY. 471
taken to London to visit Charles I. and his Court, and
was prevailed upon to indulge largely in cake, wine, and
other luxuries, he might have lived fifty years longer.
These things, however, being wholly unsuitable for his
system, deranged so materially and rapidly his digestive
organs, that he died before he had time to return home.
Of this remarkable man Taylor wrote the following brief
description : —
" His limbs their strength have left,
His teeth all gone (but one) his sight bereft,
His sinews shrunk, his blood most chill and cold —
Small solace ; imperfections manifold
Yet still his sp'rits possess his mortal trunk;
Nor are his senses in his ruins shrunk,
But that his hearing's quick, his stomach good,
He '11 feed well, sleep well, well digest his food.
He will speak heartily, laugh, and be merry;
Drink ale, and now and then a cup of cherry,
Loves company, and understanding talk,
And on both sides, held up, will sometimes walk;
And though old age his face with wrinkles fill,
He hath been handsome, and is comely still;
Well-faced, and though his beard not oft corrected,
Yet neat it grows, not like a beard neglected."
The portrait of Parr which is given on page 180, and
which we feel assured our readers will be interested
to see, is from a likeness by Reubens. It was painted
when Parr was 140 years of age, twelve years before he
died.
The conclusion to which we have come, then, not only
from personal observation, but from the testimony of others
who have made experiments, is, that roundness of form and
largeness of stomach, indicated by a corresponding capacious-
ness of mouth, are unmistakable Physiognomical signs of
long life; because where these are we find as a natural
consequence healthy digestion and strong assimilative
powers, all of which keep the human system in good repair,
472 MARKS OF LONGEVITY.
and are absolutely necessary to longevity. And here we
may give without comment a rule to determine longevity,
which has been popular among German doctors for more
than two hundred years.
An imaginary or real line can be run from the lower
portion of the superciliary ridge to the occipital point or
protuberance; if this line runs high above the opening
of the ear the life force is strong, if running near or
over the opening of the ear the life force is weak or very
weak.
It may be objected by half-informed religionists that a
desire for long life is in direct opposition to that plain
statement in the sacred Scriptures, which speaks of seventy
years as the term of human life; but to this we have to
reply that we have never been able to accept that statement
as unconditional. The foolishness of man was no doubt
apparent to the author of the statement, and, so far as we
can judge, he merely meant to say that the habits of men,
chiefly evil, stood in the way of long life, and that so long
as these habits were unchanged, generally speaking, seventy
years would end their sublunary days ; but let the habits
of men be changed ; let their bodies be attended to
from childhood upwards as they ought to be attended to ;
let all narcotics, whether of a solid or liquid nature, be
strenuously kept out of the system; thus let the digestive
organs get, what we call in common parlance, "fair play,"
and what is there in the words of Israel's poet to hinder
any man from living twice seventy years ? Men should fall
into the arms of death as they fall into the arms of sleep;
but the evil is that men die before they are ripe for it.
They go down to the grave before their time. There are
two ways of committing suicide — suddenly and gradually —
and we have no hesitation in saying that thousands of our
fellow-men, unconsciously and unintentionally, of course,
practise the latter daily — and thus, instead of hanging, so to
speak, on the tree of life until such time as they are ripe,
and could drop off decently, like luscious pears from their
branches, they, by a horrible system of unintended self-
murder, gradually kv iiuon themselves unholy bands, and
die not decently, but* ;n« very rrv?vm.
HENRY BERGH, founder of the " American Society for the Prevention
of Cruelty to Animals," whose long narrow face tells of his philanthropic
mind ; the well lined and clearly denned features evidence thorough edu-
cation, combined with noble and lofty aspirations.
ONE-SIDED
THE subject of one-sided people affords a wide field for
thought and expression ; for comparison, conception, and
reform ; and we hardly know how to preface a subject so
prolific with the excesses of natural and forced deformity.
But we can conceive of no enterprise so grand, no means
so noble, no undertaking so philanthropic, as that which
has for its end the elevation of common humanity. It is
too true that the idiosyncracies of our natures sometimes
seem to preclude the entire possibility of. our exercising
the charity we should toward the shortcomings of our
fellow-men. We forget we too are weak and dependent
upon others for our own success and progress in the arts
and sciences, and every scale of educational refinement ; and
in reasoning by the analogies we would present, we find we
are deficient in the ncble charities of thought and sentiment
toward our one-sided neighbours, consequently we may not
be judged by our own criticisms.
We are much inclined to forget that we too are mortal.
And as we raise our standard, which would make our fellow-
men perfect men and women, we too often forget, that upoir
our faces and upon our physical and physiological develop-
ONE-SIDED PEOPLE. 475
ments and mental acquirements, are stamped the characters
we represent, and we are as a walking monument; the
whole man stands out as an open book, and he who runs
may read.
Could we know ourselves, and see ourselves as we are
seen, methinks that a spirit of reform would be going on
in every nature, and we would strive to cast the beam from
our own eye, that we might the more easily discern the
mote in our neighbour's eye.
Nature has done much tc deform us, and we are suffering
7 O
from the sins of our fathers from the generations past;
while neglect does not make us any better — does not apply
the healing art — does not come with an imperative demand
upon us that we exercise all our own moral agency, that
we might make use of all within our powers, and be careful
to avoid many of the excesses of life, that we might present
ourselves less faulty before our fellow-men.
Which of us shall say, I am without spot or blemish
devoid of all deformities, assuming the title of nobility
belonging only to the perfect man? While ignorant mothers
And careless nurses dandle children in such excruciating
attitudes, is it any wonder that they are deformed in person
(scarce half made up), crooked in all the traits of manhood,
one-sided in actions and dealings with fellow-men, and all
the result of ignorant nursery treatment.
We will notice some of the imperfections, their causes
and tendencies. Not one person in a thousand is in perfect
form, from some cause, direct or indirect, moulding us to
honour or dishonour — stamping the signet upon our mental,
moral, and physical natures. Our cruel nurses commence
to torment us by holding us too long on one arm, and keep
us lying too much on one side; this has a tendency to
deform us. Holding our heads too low, too much blood
comes to the brain; the bones and skull are soft at this
tender period, they are easily put out of shape. The brain
476 ONE-SIDED PEOPLE.
settles on one side of the head, the form is twisted to one
side, and the features are drawn out of shape.
As the result of ill-treatment, we trace imperfections and
deformities in our fellow-men. Some we see with one
lung better developed than the other, one shoulder higher
than the other, one corner of the mouth higher than the
other and drawn aside, one eye-brow arched higher than the
other; the eyes are nob horizontal and one is partly closed,
the nose is not in a straight line with the face. We also
notice the beard to grow heavier on one side of the face
than the other, as the result of lying too much on one side
while sleeping; it hinders the circulation of the blood, thus
diminishing the activity and energy of that side, making
many subjects for paralysis, heart disease, and very many
ailments to which flesh is heir. This should not be prac-
tised, everybody should change sides every night; we used
to change our old-fashioned round-toed shoes every morning
to make them wear longer ; so people will wear longer who
change sides in sleeping. Those husbands who insist upon
having their wives sleep on the back side of the bed, and
are never willing to take it themselves and let their wives
come to the front, are making both their wives and them-
selves one-sided, when turn about each night would equalize
the affair, and be a sure correction of the evil which too
often prevails.
A well-balanced body and brain are indispensably neces-
sary to a well-balanced mind, and a violation of any law
of nature criminates us; we stand as culprits at the
great tribunal of our conscience, to answer for the mental,
moral, and physical sufferings. It is well known that any
violation of the laws of nature makes one-sided people, and
one-sidedness tends to insanity, so the majority of persons
with whom we mingle from day to day are partially insane.
It is related of Dr. Wigham, who attended the grave of
Queen Charlotte, that he said he had seen her buried before;
ONE-SIDED PECPLB. 477
he never had, for she was buried only once. One side of his
brain was larger than the other, he took two impressions of
the burial, the larger half of his organization taking the im-
pression first, and the lesser instantly after, which is double
consciousness. One form of insanity after another comes up
before us, asking our forbearance, imploring our aid.
These questions, like deep-seated tumours, require the
delicate and artistic touch of a skilful surgery, or else their
life is surely imperilled. There is no place for quackery
here, "the diagnosis", is beyond the ken of pretentious
charlatanism.
We have to deal with mind and character; minds as
varying as the changing colours of the chameleon, and
characters which need the polish of true society, and all its
educational refinements which their capacity will hold; yet
in spite of our endeavours to educate and refine, the cloven
foot will present itself.
The dignity of man and his superior qualities, his nobi-
lity, and his sovereignty, has been from time immemorial the
orator's theme and the poet's song, and yet his overbearing
nature and one-sided propensities have been touched upon
very lightly. He loves money, and grinds the faces and pulls
out the very heart-strings of the operative and employee.
Oh! with what conscience can such a man enjoy the
wealth wrung from the finger-ends of the seamstress, as in
the gloomy attic, by the midnight candle, she wastes her
life, strains her eyes and heartstrings to earn a miserable
pittance that just suffices to keep the life-pulse beating; and
yet these parvenues claim respectability.
With peacock pride they spread their ostentatious plum-
mage, flaunt their snobbery, and parade their ginger-bread
aristocracy in the faces of honest men. Ah! and "with
devout visage and pious act" pharisaically take the name
of the Sav iour upon their lips. And what a miserably one-
sided man is the miser!
478 ONE-SIDED PEOPLE.
" Proud fame's a stranger to his blinded eyeo,
He ne'er has seen her gilded dome arise ;
Oh no ! poor man, loth to release his hold,
Sees nothing, knows no God— but gold.
" While to his base desire he serves as slave ;
Ambition's summit is to him to crave
A glittering dust, and with outstretched hand
Grasps in the shining particles of sand.
•* He weeps, he starts, he fancies footsteps near,
And grasping with both hands his treasures dear;
He hears them coming, hears them whisper low 1
His fancies wild tell him — ' They'll rob me now.'
" One foot advanced— one hand above his head.
He invokes the pious blessings of the dead ;
Calls on his God but surely knows not why-
He knows no God but gold— he fears to die.
** Repulsive, cold, he'd friendship's rights disclaim.
And Charity he spurns from him, ' poor dame; '
Refusing aught, whoe'er the stranger be,
Lest Heaven should smile and bless his charity."
How grand are the works of creation! what a vast field
for thought and speculation to the thinking mind. The
Great Mind has created all things for us, and given us
minds to appreciate them, and souls to love them; it has
adorned the heavens with stars, and carpeted the earth
with flowers; it has strewn all along our pathway ten
thousand blessings and evidences of our immortality. Who
has not felt the force of the fable, that when man asked
Jove to give him evidence of his immortality, Jove gave
him " Music." And who can doubt? Who that delights in
song, and has stood with wonder-stricken awe, in the
spacious corridor of the Cathedral of St. Isaac at St. Peters-
burg, St. Peter's at Rome, or St. Paul's in London, — how
have we listened to the organ's plaintive strains rising
higher and higher, until music sweet filled each vaulted
niche, then to the ear again; then higher, still higher rise
ONE-SIDED PEOPLE. 479
the pealing tones of thunder, giving expression to the
symphony, then bursting forth in all tne strains of har-
mony, loud, long, exultingly. Our minds thus reach up to
Jehovah, and we are touched by the breath of inspiration,
\Vhoshall then deny our immortality, or limit our progres-
sion in this world or the world to come?
If our minds are not poisoned with " one-sided theology"
we can admit that the laws of progress were not formed for
this world alone, that the mind of a, Newton, and the mind
of a child shall not remain the same for ever, but the end
shall be as the beginning was — God and progress.
Say not that the soul perishes at the portal of the tomb,
but reason with your one-sided minds until you say we
shall with angel architects and artists arrange and re-arrange
castle after castle, where science, skill, and mind, and
art are required to draw the lines of beauty and make
almost tangible all the fairy castles made in our faith for
future occupancy.
The. last, and the very meanest thint* in all the one-sided
category, is the "Politician," the aspirant for fame; he is
ushered into the political arena, they laud and fondle him
at the nominating caucus; he has money (it does not matter
how he got it), he responds nobly, — (says, he can't make
much of a speech), but here, "take these greenbacks, and
do the best you can for me." — Thank you. They are
" Eloquent in song, and to nature true."
He has more of the " dust which fools adore and call a God"
than brains, so of course he is elected to the high and
honourable position of legislator or senator.
He boasts that his seat cost him over fifty thousand
dollars, and he carries the votes of about four members in
his pantaloons pocket. If he has talents, he can spread
himself like a green bay tree for a season ; but he is likely
to be nipped by the first frotst of the coming autumn; h*
480 ONE-SIDED PEOPLE.
can boast if he chooses of the Honourable title he bears>
that his aspirations are gratified, his presumption more
than realized; but his fame is not lasting, it is not worth
the price he paid for it; he was elected by his " one-sided"
constituents, and they still continue to be one-sided towards
him (on the side he carries his money), and he, to carry
on the joke in retaliation, having succeeded in attaining
his high position of honour, has no more use for his con-
stituents, and of course takes the other side of the street,
and they call him one-sided for trying to avoid the crowd.
Men generally would rather aspire to honour, and make
money, than cultivate their minds. Mammon is the one-
sided god of this world, and the world will love its own.
The rich man is to be pitied rather than envied, if he
has nothing but his money. Homer, it is true, was a
beggar, and Milton sold his Paradise Lost for five 'pounds
sterling, and yet what Croesus has such immortal honours
as they?
Let us cultivate our minds, try and get the warp all
out of them. Let us learn to think for ourselves, act and
reason for ourselves. Let us feed the inner life with
heavenly manna, and bask in the sunlight of our wt-Ll-
cultured intelligence. " Knowledge is power," and is never
lost; every idea we gain here, every talent we improve,
will set us ahead in the spiritual life, where angels will
be our teachers. It is an indispensable doctrine of the
Scriptures, that the allotment of the ransomed shall be in
proportion to their attainments here.
We are candidates for a prize, wrestlers for a diadem.
Life is a compound of the material and spiritual, by virtue
of necessity. To most men it is largely material, but little
spiritual. The spiritual is not sufficiently cultivated.
The life to come will be a spiritual life, and if we culti-
vate the mind, the spiritual here, and in proportion as
we cultivate it, we shall be prepared for the great here-
ONE-SIDED PEOPLE. *481
after. Let us avoid being one-sided at all times; let u«
learn to be philosophers, and
" Do good, let those who will be clever
Do noble things, not dream them all day long,
And make life, death, and the vast for ever
One grand sweet song."
MGrey friar's Bobby." A remarkable dog, that guarded his master'*
grave with unswerving fidelitj for upwards of thirteen
in Edinburgh, Scotland.
PROGRESS IN ANIMAL AND VEGETM'uE LiFFs
ANIMALS which produce young of precisely the same form
and colour as the parents, will be found to continue or
the same plane of life as their progenitors; while animal?
which produce young differing in colour from the parents,
are capable, by the laws of nature, of improving in body
and intelligence. Those animals which had their origin
in Circassia are progressive, and their varied colour in the
same species is evidence that they can change; and pro-
gression requires, as it implies change.
The common apple has ever been found where the white
race live, and each flourishes equally in temperate climates,
having had their origin in the same atmosphere where the
soil, and heat, and cold have the same influence ; so, having
sprung from the same causes, their effects cannot vary.
Hence what effects one favourably, must of necessity
generously improve the other.
Of all fruits none is so commonly cultivated by the
white race as the apple. It has amongst fruits the earliest,
widest, and most interesting history. According to all
accounts, either sacred or profane, this hardy fruit appeared
about the same time as the white or varied race, and has
been carried with them in their migrations to the remotest
latitudes of the globe. Theophrastus classed it amongst
the more civilized fruits (urbaniores) ; Tacitus described
it as the favourite fruit of the ancient Germans. A
PROGRESS IN ANIMA1 AND VEGETABLE LIFE. 483
shrivelled apple was obtained from one of the lake
dwellings of Switzerland. Ulysses and Solomon praise its
juices; Tantalus grasps anxiously for it in Hades; Iduna
keeps in a box apples which the gods, when they feel old
age approaching, have only to taste to become young again.
The legends of all ages, since the white race began, have
recorded evidence of the existing apple. The mythology
of the temperate climates often refer to this fruit. Thus,
from what can be gathered from history, we may conclude
that this fruit has been transplanted to, and flourished in,
all the localities and climates where the white race has
made a pleasant home. This fruit rarely produces from
the seeds the same colour, taste, flavour, and shape as
the parent stock. In this principle the apple is precisely
like the ox, horse, dog, goat, cat and other domestic animals,
all of which originated in the same climate, and about
the same time where and when man's origin is dated.
The dog has been largely improved under the intelligent
management of man. The horse never could shew more
fine points of make, or trot a mile in less time than during
the past year. The high rate of speed attained by this
animal is attributed by horsemen to the improving effects of
breeding. The ox has risen to a high state of domestic
usefulness under the influences of man's observation and
guidance. So we could say of all the animals living with
the Caucasian race in a domestic state. But the signs of
improvement are what we are seeking. These can be based
on the great principle inherent in the white race of man-
kind Wherever the children or offspring follow undevia-
tingly the colour of their parentage, we may rest assured
that nature has made only one channel or groove in which
that species is to run ; and what nature designed to be, no
man can long thwart. Nature has fixed her moults on all
her wonderful works, and they can properly bt understood
only by the student of nature.
484 PROGRESS IN ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE LIFE.
Where nature has allowed a departure, and even provided
for a variety in colour, which is only the significant banner
of the inherent laws which govern and regulate animal
life; there man can, by studying the governing principles,
so apply them that more variety and an improved condition
cm be produced, which will be vastly superior to the fore-
gone generations of that species.
This law applies with equal force to apples, peaches,
pears, and all fruits where the seedling varies in colour,
flavour, and size from the parent stock; for any law in
nature is just as true to her banner or outward signs in the
vegetables in the animal kingdom.
JOHN HENRY B. IHVING, an English actor of great celebrity, whose
face shows remarkable self-control, critical interest in the engrossing
topics of the day, a vice-like memory which never relaxes its grip on
whatever it seizes.
ACTIVITY.
As nature never made a face for physiognomical purposes
alone, so also she has not formed a body of special shape
to indicate simply its peculiar adaptations. The primary
intention of nature would seem to be necessity. None
would be so stupid as to claim that it was necessary
an animal should be of long, slim form, simply that man
might be able to tell what its capacities were. Necessity is
a higher law in the designs of nature than pleasure. It
is true it might afford to many a pleasure to be able to
discern all the peculiarities of an animal by its outward
form. But nature, in her great beneficence, is true to her
own needs first, and thus begins with charity at home.
If we were to make an engine roll over a railroad track
at the speed of sixty miles per hour, we would construct it
on the light, slim principle. The driving wheels should be
large in circumference, piston-rods having a long stroke,
and light and slim rather than thick. If we wished an
engine to run twenty miles per hour, and pull a long freight
train of immense weight, we would form it on an entirely
different plan from the swift-running but weaker engine.
The plan for strength is breadth and heft. The wheels
should be low. The piston-stroke short, and thickness and
heft should enter into its design very largely,
436 ACTIVITY.
Now, nature acts with, more wisdom than man — never
less ; therefore, when she wishes an animal for great action
and less strength, she builds the legs long and slim, the
body is long and narrow, the tail, alike with the bead, is
long and thin also, and when all parts are thus formed, the
muscles, having great length of body in which to contract,
give quick pulling upon the tendons, they acting quickly
upon the slim, light bones, move them rapidly, and agility
is the result. Thus can we discover that the great law oi
proportion in animals is true as in mechanics; that propor-
tionately as motion is increased action is diminished.
Hence, by no difficult process of reasoning, we arrive at the
conclusion, that animals constructed on the broad plan, like
the lion, tiger, gorilla, crocodile, and elephant are strong;
while we as effectually learn that animals of the long,
narrow build, are agile. Man, being subject to these same
natural laws as animals are, when constructed on the same
plan, will possess the identical qualities and powers; there-
fore WQ at once and for all decide that a man of tall, slim,
or short, slim build, is naturally brisk and sprightly of
motion. We just as soundly decide that a man who is five
feet high, and weighs two hundred and fifty pounds will
generally move slowly. As an example, take Weston, the
rapid walker of America, who walked one hundred and
twelve miles in less than twenty-four consecutive hours,
and four hundred miles in five succeeding days. He is
a slim, tall man.
General Washington was built on the tall, slim plan, and
history records it as a fact that he was an excellent runner,
and could jump twenty-two feet at a single bound.
General Sherman is tall and slim, and no more indus-
trious and quick-motioned man entered the American army
during the late rebellion.
The proofs of this truth in Physiognomy are in nearly
every household in America. Take that lubberly, round,
ACTIVITY. 487
stout, and short boy, and see his slow movements, and how
he loves his ease, while that tiny, light, slim, little girl is
all vivacity and sprightliness.
The most active animal of the domestic circle is the grey-
hound, and how slim his legs, long his tail, gaunt his body,
outstretched his neck, and pointed and far-reaching his
nose.
The best Physiognomical sign of quickness is a long and
pointed nose. Animals and men with long, thin-pointed
noses are formed on the active, slim plan in every depart-
ment of their natures and bodily build.
There is less action in animals that 'hybernate than is
found among most others. The black bear is a hybernating
animal, and is characterized for strength and the destructive
qualities attending the broad build more than for nimble-
ness. The marmot (Arctomys Marmotta} enters into the
lethargic hybernating state about the middle of September,
and does not emerge from it until sometime about the
beginning of April. The marmot is of thick and clumsy
form, very strong and not very active.
The urson has a short nose and moves slowly.
The kaolo, or Australian bear (Phascolarctos cinereus),
uses great deliberation in climbing a tree. The toes and
feet of the animal are well adapted for the slow, but sure
mode in which he progresses among the branches of a tree,
and are less useful when making his slow terrestrial pro-
gress. His nose is exceedingly short.
The animal most known among African hunters, as
possessed of marvellous speed, is the gazelle (Gazella
Dorcas') and the Gazella Ariel. Their whole make-up is
remarkably slim, thin, and in a manner adapted to rapid
change of position.
In contrast to the last-mentioned animal, we would call
attention to the sloth (Bradypus tridaetylus), a tardigrade
edentate mammal of the genus Bradypus. The name
488 ACTIVITY.
indicates the peculiar characterizing trait of the animal,
as sluggishness and laziness are its natural birthright, for
no living animal is equally inert and torpid. The whole
form is short, broad, strong, and consequently of a lumpish
and exanimate disposition. The existing species of sloth
is arboreal; but many of the extinct kinds were huge
terrestrial animals.
The wombat (Phascolomya ursinus) has a very heavy
body and short legs, and in its gait has a rolling waddle
much resembling the lurching of a sailing vessel when in a
storm. The muzzle is quite broad and thick. It is an
apathetic animal. '
The coati, or Coati Alondi (Narua Ruia}, has a nose and
head much resembling that of the Persian greyhound, and
no animal can ascend or descend a tree in less than twice
the time it requires to do so. It being a nocturnal animal,
its agility and rapidity of movement is only seen as the
shades of evening descend or at the dawn of morning.
The chaeropus (Ghaeropus constanotis) has also a very
long and pointed nose, and is remarkably active.
The weasel (Nustela vulgaris) is rarely equalled by any
animal in nimbleness, and the sparkling eye and slim form
bespeak the active faculty.
The long, active stoat, or ermine (Mustela erminea), with
its agile limbs and sharp teeth, can kill a hare with ease,
and is a terror to rats and mice; and chickens and ducks
suffer considerably from its inroads. Its size is not much
more than that of a common rat; but its superiority is in
its pertinacious skill in pursuing all its game, its eagerness,
and agility.
We should think those proofs from the animal world
must be sufficient to satisfy observing and reasoning minds
that form not only evinces character, but as truthfully
manifests the strength or action with which the man or
animal is endowed.
ACTIVITY. 489
The importance of action, and rightly directed alacrity,
cannot be too strongly impressed upon the minds of the
youth of every clime.
" Act well your part ; there all the honour lies."— POPE.
A German poet has nobly sung —
" Act! for in action are wisdom and glory;
Fame, immortality — these are its crown;
Would'st thou illumine the tablets of story?
Build on achievements thy doom of renown."
And Hannah More inculcates the same precept when
she says: —
"The keen spirit
Seizes the prompt occasion ; makes the thoughts
Start into instant action, and at once
I'laiis and performs, resolves and executes ! "
Innumerable instances of the same grand lesson have
been sounded in the ears of lethargic humanity by all the
philosophers and sages, as well as by those "gentlest,
sweetest teachers of mankind," the poets. Would that
all might take the teaching to heart, and emulate in their
lives and conduct what none have more forcibly urged
than Longfellow, in his well-known Psalm of Life: —
" Lives of great men all remind us
We can make our lives sublime,
And, departing, leave behind us
Footprints on the sands of time.
Let us, then, be up and doing,
With a heart for any fate —
Still achieving, still pursuing,
Leari. to labour and to wait I*
RELATIVE PROPORTIONS OF WIDTH TO HEIGHT
IN MANKIND.
THE laws of magnitude, that is to say, the length and
breadth, height and width of all growing bodies, are not
so generally comprehended by mankind as they should be;
and, indeed, notwithstanding that length is one indicator,
and width another, of certain qualities in both animal and
vegetable productions, the masses seem utterly to ignore
the fact that they imply one thing more than another.
That they are, however, is quite evident; for as the form or
proportion of a thing is, so will be its character. There-
fore do we assert that to obtain that knowledge upon
which is based the fundamental principles of the creation,
both height and width require to be observed in their
relative proportions. The length of animals that are full
and round in the abdominal region, is not observed to be
the same in proportion to their width, such as the ox,
hog, elephant, and grizzly bear. These have a well-de-
veloped roundness throughout their entire structure, and
a peculiarity of nature far different from the elongated
giraffe, or the slim grey-hound, or the active and nervous
weasel. What a vast difference in disposition and appear-
ance have these two diverse sets of animals, as unlike in
natural inclinations and instincts as in body. Indeed,
everything in nature corresponds in the same ratio with
RELATIVE PROPORTIONS OF WIIVTE TO HEIGHT IN MANKIND. 491
another. For instance, if the features be round, every
peculiarity of the whole structure will be in accordance
with it; if, on the other hand, the features are long, the
whole animal will correspond in length and spareness of
form. So also will its disposition be marked with either
more or less of a certain sharpness or intuitive keenness
unknown, or seldom perceived, in the more roundly-built
animals. And also do those Physiognomical signs apply
with equal force to mankind ; because man, on scientific
principles, is an animal like the rest, and only distinguished
from the brute creation by a higher order of formation,
and the balancing powers of a superior reason.
When we find persons blending the relative proportions
of width and length together in an equivalent degree, we
perceive that beauty of form and symmetry are their
combinative results. The extremes being blended, correct
each other, softening all the harsh outlines which would
attend either one solitarily; and the result of this is that
harmony is produced, and consequently beauty.
Great height in any animal is a certain index of poor
digestion, weakness, and shortness of life. Animals, on the
other hand, of comparatively good width and massiveness
are of excellent digestion, and live to attain a great age.
Thus is the elephant a long-lived animal, while the grey-
hound reaches the terminus of his life in, at most, a few
years. The same law is equally applicable to the members
of the vegetable kingdom ; hence the oak, and the more
ponderous trees of California, attain an incalculable age,
while the poplar, fir, and other attenuated trees are of
delicate constitution, and decay in comparatively brief
periods.
Whilst travelling through Oregon, we observed that
thousands of fir trees were broken away above or below
their middles, indicating that brittleness in their slimness
of form, which eventually shattered and sapped the founda-
492 RELATIVE PROPORTIONS OF WIDTH TO HEIGHT IN MANKIND.
tions of their existence. Also does the law of averaged
width and equable length hold good in mankind; for the
well-proportioned man, equally removed from obesity and
slim ness, is invariably healthy, vigorous, and enduring
Napoleon remarked during one of his wonderful
campaigns that it was not the tallest soldier who could
endure the most hardship, but the one whose build was
equally removed from all extremes. Men having equable
length and breadth possess, moreover, good digestive powers,
and the prognosis is that they will live longest. Tall and
slim animals, on the contrary, die at an early age, for being
of delicate organizations, they are subject to malarious,
miasmatic, and other deleterious influences which most
inevitably surround them. Besides this, they are also
coarser in texture than the more equally proportioned,
and hence liable to be affected by climatic influences, such
as strong winds and oppressive heat or excessive cold.
It is notable that the tall poplar sways with every blast
that whistles through its trembling branches, while the
oak, in its vast and massive proportions, faces the hurricane
with defiant air, and withstands the blasts of centuries.
This law of length and breadth, therefore, is universal,
and governs everything in nature: whether it be in man-
kind, animals, or vegetables, it is equally applicable.
Again, the lion is modelled on the round principle,
and consequently possesses that extraordinary texture of
physique and force of vitality which makes him so fine
and compact in his organization. On the other hand, the
tall giraffe or camel-leopard is formed on the slim structure,
and so weak, indeed, is he, that the lion can kill him. with
a single stroke of his powerful paw; being also oil the
long and slim build, his life is of much shorter duration
than that of his nobler and more magnanimous enemy.
Notwithstanding, however, the foregoing instances of
strength and weakness to which we have thus far alluded,
RELATIVE PROPORTIONS OF WIDTH TO HEIGHT IN MANKIND. 493
there are cases into which we must penetrate more closely
to obtain a true diagnosis of facts relative to slimness in
the human form. For instance, some very short people are
slim by reason of being stunted in early age through divers
causes, but if their height is fully proportionate to their
width, they may to a certain extent enjoy the same powers
of longevity. All animals built on this plan possess the
same qualities and characteristics as mentioned heretofore
in this article.
Animals on the slim and elongated principle are best
known, as the giraffe, the race-horse, the deer, and certain
varieties of dogs and birds. Corresponding specimens can
also be found among men. Characteristics of great action,
with less endurance and strength, are invariably found in
the taller specimens of both the higher and lower grades of
the animal creation. Indeed, the same principle is recog-
nized in all motive power, whether animal or mechanical.
For instance, the tall, large-wheeled passenger locomotive
bounds the track with lightning-like velocity, yet it would
be unable to draw the train which is trundled slowly along
by the low, diminutive wheels of the freight engine. The
lion or grizzly bear can carry an ox for hours through
forest or jungle, and, indeed, over the rockiest prominences
of their native wilds, with the same ease that a cat could
bear a mouse; yet, in a fair race, the greyhound could
outrun and leave them miles behind him in a few hours.
Who has not read of the little, active, and slim David,
slaying, with a pebble from his sling, the huge and rounded
giant, Goliath; and yet could Goliath, with his Herculean
strength, have reduced a company of Davids into instant
annihilation. Then again, Sampson, with his massive arms
and immense shoulders, exerted a strength, in the tearing
down of the Philistines' temple, that immolated himself and
thousands of his enemies, and yet any school-boy could,
doubtlesp, outrun him. As an example of tremendous
494 RELATIVE PROPORTIONS OF WIDTH TO HEIGHT IN MANKIND.
physical strength, Dr. Windship of Boston can lift 2,600 Ibs
with straps over his shoulders. Now, let us note the
manner of his build : he is short and broad, with muscles
on his shoulders as hard and prominent as those of a draft-
horse; while, on the other hand, the famous American
pedestrian, Weston, is of spare build, and could probably
walk more in one day than the formidable Windship could
in two or three. Strength, as an invariable rule, is found
in broad bodies, while its opposite action may be traced
to men of little or no ponderosity.
Hence, Windship, with his wonderful development of
physique, has a compact, fine, hard, and strong muscular
organization; while Weston, with his almost incredible
powers of activity, is less hard than springy, lighter, more
porous, and consequently flabbier in general construction.
The blending of these adverse conditions is commor
enough, but the manner of their amalgamation with its full
comprehension is where the difficulty lies, and which to
attain by accurate solution requires study, observation, and
extensive research. As a general rule, the mouth and chin
are excellent indicators of the slim or even round varieties
of the animal species. Indeed, where we find a wide
mouth and wide chin, the other surrounding features are
likewise large; hence the massiveness of the Physiognomy
invariably indicates the massiveness of the body, and governs
the whole texture, be it in man or animal, with equal
solicitude. The abdominal form of such an individual also
predominates. However, if you should discover that the
mouth is diminutive and the chin narrow, then the long
and slim order is in the ascendant.
PENETRATION OF MIND.
THIS faculty shews an extraordinary development in some
people, and so keen and discriminative are those who pos-
sess it in an inordinate degree, that they are enabled to
peer into our very souls, and to penetrate with equal
facility every passion and energy of the human mind. Now,
the word penetrate is, as every intelligent reader knows,
a transitive verb, signifying, to enter; and in the present
instance, we might define it with equal accuracy by iterat-
ing, as it relates so directly to passing thought, that it is
an expression used to divine the inmost workings of one's
mind, or to enter with intuitive power into the occult
capacities and passions of the understanding.
When in nature or mechanism we wish to discover pene-
trative qualities, we select objects of decided sharpness;
for dull implements, like dull people, are over-thick in their
bluntness, and not at all adapted to the nice distinctions of
penetration or perception of character. Hence, having the
objects of this brief article partly explained, we reiterate
,that persons possessing the qualities of great insight, acute-
ness, and sagacity of character are discovered invariably
to have sharp features. The features and the mind, there-
fore, in this respect, have synonymous significations. The
one creates the other, and the etfeot must of necessity bear
496 PENETRATION OF MIND.
a similarity to the cause which is plainly evidenced both
in nature and philosophy. As the mind becomes sharp,
penetrating, and discerning, so will the features assume a
like sharpness. Therefore we assert that animals with
sharp features are always keen, discerning, acute, sagacious,
and Argus-eyed ; — illustrations of which can be found in
the fox, eagle, crow, and greyhound, all noted for a cast
of features of sharpened prominence. Note how keen they
are in every action, and how readily they comprehend and
avoid danger. The hunter will tell you of the difficulty
and nice perception which attend a fox-hunt before they
can trap the animal. His insight into men and things is
of a penetrative character, hence the difficult task of cap-
turing him. Also is the eagle a keen, sagacious bird, and
when his liberty, or perhaps life, is jeopardized by the
sportsman, he makes good his safety by flight. The crow,
diminutive, black, and grim-looking, is ever on the alert
for danger, and penetrates the designs of man so well, that
a trap is rendered nearly useless to catch it. Then comes
the greyhound, an animal very agile of body, and no less
quick of mind, whose discernment of the motives and likes
of man seems strangely intuitive, from his remarkable
rapidity of understanding them. We must therefore
acknowledge, from the foregoing chain of natural sequences,
that sharp noses, sharp eye-bones, sharp chins, and the
whole expression denoting sharpness of form, indicates
shrewdness, discernment, aptness, also astuteness, acumen,
archness, and subtlety.
FACIAL SIGNS OF DISEASE.
ONE of the saddest subjects of history — not even the ravages
of war excepted — is that of disease. When the world was
young, and each individual in it had sufficient space in
which to breathe with freedom the pure air of heaven,
disease may be said to have been a comparative stranger.
But when men began to multiply upon the earth, and live
in closer proximity to each other, gaunt sickness made its
appearance, and, irrespective of age, wealth, or rank, laid
its withering hand upon the springs of human life, and
gradually shut up its thousands in premature graves. What
is true of the world as a whole is equally true, in a parti-
cular sense, with respect to individual nations. When a
country is young, and bears on its soil the tread of a limited
number of settlers, the physician's office is, in a large
measure, but a sinecure. But as years roll on, and tha
population increases, both from within and from without,
the causes of disease seem to multiply, until grave-digging
and funeral-undertaking become not only regular, but
lucrative trades. War, like Saul the son of Kish, has slain
its thousands; but of disease it may be said, as was sung of
Israel's greatest king, that it has slain its tens of thousands.
Nor could the world last long were it otherwise. Nature
does not seem to be able to provide for an unbroken stream
of population, and, therefore, all over the earth she sends
disease, to this city and to that, to this village and to that,
to this hamlet and to that, removing with a merciful hand
2i
498 PATHOGNOMONIC SIGNS.
the few for the sake of the many. We say with a merciful
band, for what could be more unmerciful than to allow the
population of the world to outgrow the material provisions
of nature? Thus civilization, under the guidance of a kind
Providence, both builds up and pulls down. The vessel
which carries within her the seeds of intelligence and
culture to be scattered over some benighted transoceanic
country, bears with her also the elements of disease of
which the new country knows nothing; but for which its
heart is grateful in after years, when able to look at things
with a common sense, philosophic eye. That which is
superfluous, nature tries to get rid of, not only in things
inanimate, but among men as well, so that during a
campaign, as if dissatisfied with the number shot on the
field, she scatters disease among the unwounded, until the
slain in battle are as nothing compa-red to those who
gradually succumb to consumption, fever, &c. Thus do we
see working around us a beautiful balancing machinery,
which, while lopping off individuals, makes arrangements
for the prosperity and happiness of the whole. Nor is
there anything arbitrary in this. It all happens according
to natural law. There is no stern, inexorable being over
us, pushing disease into our bodies. If we put our fingers
into a fire, our fingers will be burned ; so by the same law,
when certain conditions are fulfilled among men, and they
are surrounded with certain circumstances, disease springs
up naturally, and they are seized and die. And if men will
violate the laws of nature, as they seem to be determined
to do to the end of the chapter, it is in harmony at once
with justice and mercy that they should suffer the conse-
quences. Suffering, however, is not an end ; it is but the
means to an end. And so we see the Great Parent or us
all, taking advantage of human folly and human violations
of law, in order to work out the world's happiness.
Having made these preliminary remarks, we shall now
PATHOGNOMONIC SIGNS. 499
turn our attention to the subject-proper of this essay — viz.,
Pathognomonic signs or diseases, and how to discern liabi-
lities or tendencies to them in the human system.
Persons with large heads and small delicately-constructed
bodies, will be found very liable to have consumption or
dyspepsia; because the head, taking to itself an unpro-
portionate amount of nourishment required for thought-
producing purposes, deprives the lungs and stomach of that
which is necessary to their strength and full development,
and these organs, gradually becoming weak, are, as a natural
consequence, laid open to disease. The primary cause of
consumption, it is said, is a lack of fresh air. In a body
not sufficiently oxygenized, there is produced a cheesy kind
of matter called tubercle, which moves about in the blood,
and lodges itself in the first deranged organ. When cold is
caught the lungs get deranged, and losing the power of
passing on unnecessary blood, they receive the tubercle, and
immediately consumption begins. Now, a \\reak body
made weaker by the suction of a disproportionate head,
cannot very easily inhale a sufficient quantity of oxygen,
for not only are the lungs weak, but there is a correspond-
ing weakness in the skin, the pores of which have been
called the surface lungs : of such, therefore, a -predisposi-
tion to consumption may safely be predicted. Indivi-
duals, again, whose lungs are large in comparison to
other parts of the body, are very liable to scrofulous
diseases; while it may be affirmed, without the slightest
hesitation, of corpulent people, that they have a predis-
position to inflammatory rheumatism, apoplexy, gout, fevers,
and diseases lying on the same line of causes. People
with a bony frame-work, indicating a dry, juiceless con-
stitution, not at all favourable to bodily secretions,
have sure signs of a tendency to liver disease and chronic
rheumatism. People with such a constitution will also be
found to hr ve a dry, inactive skin. Whcu the face is of a
500 PATHOONOMONIC SIGNS.
waxy or tallowy complexion, with a hollow on each side
over the inferior maxillary bone, an inch and a-half from
the point of the chin, we may safely conclude that the
individual is subject to weakness or disease in the kidneys;
and when the inner corners of the eyes are hollow, and of
a bluish tinge, there can be no doubt that pharyngeal
catarrh is making sad havoc in the head. Again, hollow
cheeks indicate a weak stomach; and narrow nostrils,
accompanied with a hectic flush on each cheek, back from
the junction of the nose with the face, give evidence of
weak lungs, and a liability to pulmonary disease. When
the skin across the forehead and in front of the ears is of
a yellow or sallow hue, tinted with brown spots, this
indicates weakness and general inaction of the liver. In
severe cases of sickness, brought on by disappointment in
love, the clear lustre of the eyes, directed toward the lost
and precious object, retires, the eyelids droop, and a vivid
florid colour settles upon the lips, while, in cases of extreme
passional desire, the eyes seem to roll up, the lids to close
more nearly, the mouth to open slightly, the tongue to
be laid carelessly on the edge of the teeth, and the lips to
take on an increase of colour. It was in this manner that
Hogarth, o.ne of the world's most original artists, painted
Danae — a victim of passional love. Here we give, from
memory, an instance in which the great physician Erasis-
tratus discovered this love passion lurking in a patient
and sapping his very life. Antiochus, the Crown Prince
and son of King Seleucus, fell passionately in love with
the young Queen Stratonice, his stepmother, who had
given birth to a son by Seleucus, his father. The prince,
being overpowered by his passion, fell sick and refused
all manner of nourishment, being determined to put an
end to his miserable life. Erasistratus, with his keen an»l
practised eyes, observing the change of his countenance,
and also of his pulse, whenever the queen entered the
PATHOGNOMONIO! SIGNS. 501
room, was very soon convinced that the prince was dying
for his mother-in-law; and knowing something of the old
king's tenderness for his son, he, one morning when the
king enquired about his health, told him that the sickness of
the prince was caused by love, and that it being impossible
for him to possess the object loved, his disease was incur-
able. "On what ground," demanded the king, "is the
passion of my son incurable ?" " Because/' answered Eras-
istratus, " he is in love with the person to whom I am
married." Thereupon the king begged him by all his
past favours to save his son and successor. " Sire," said
Erasistratus, "would your majesty but imagine yourself
in my place you would see the unreasonableness of your
wish." " Heaven is my witness," said Seleucus, " that I
could resign even my Stratonice to save my Antiochus!"
At this point the tears ran down the king's cheeks, which
Erasistratus observing, he took him by the hand and said,
"Sire, if these are your real sentiments, the prinoe's life
is safe; it is Stratonice for whom he pines." On hearing
this, Seleucus immediately gave orders to solemnize the
marriage of his son to the queen, which was attended to,
Stratonice generously exchanging the father for the son.
Passionate, silent, unrequited love is the worm which
eats the heart until not only the blossom and the leaves,
but the whole green, once hopeful life entirely disappears.
Study well the indications given above, and you will have
no difficulty in detecting it.
A lank or sunken cheek opposite the molar or double
teeth invariably indicates a weak stomach; and hollow
temples are indications of a weak liver.
Private diseases affect more or less the generative organs,
and consequently the eyes, because they are connected, as
explained on page 299. Be watchful, and you will find that
•men who are slaves to that horrible practice by which
the systems of young people are so often drained cannot
502 PATHOGNOMONIC SIGNS.
look you steadily in the face. Their eyelids droop, all manly
stamina is gone, they are subjects of remorse, and are easily
detected. Leucorrhea, when settled, is indicated by what
may be called a " livid hue" about the mouth, and discolora-
tion round the under eyelids, and in cases of gonorrhea, the
eye becomes dull and watery, while in constitutional
syphilis the iris of the eye will often change to a green
hue. An unusual redness of the entire face too often
signifies moral sickness, while blotches settling surely,
though slowly on the countenance, proclaim the open or
secret inebriate. Well may we say, in the language of
Shakespeare, " O thou invisible spirit of wine ; if thou
hast no name to be known by, let us call thee Devil." We
have thus given a synopsis of Pathognomonic signs, with-
out going into the causes of disease. These, no doubt, are
many and varied, some having their origin around us,
others springing up within us; but is it not a fact that
medicine vendors help, if not to originate disease, at least
to .prolong it? However this may be, the Scotch sexton,
who was rebuked by the parish doctor for an insignifi-
cant mistake he had made connected with the ringing
of the church bell, spoke more truth than medical men in
general, and village doctou in particular, would perhaps
be prepared to admit, when he gently replied, " I think,
Dr., you might look over a small mistake like that, for it's
well known that I have covered up many of your faults."
We have just hinted that medical men are slow in taking
blame to themselves when patients succumb under their
treatment, and this happens, as the following illustration
will shew, even when it incurs loss to themselves. A
gentleman, whose wife was sick, being strong in the busi-
ness faculty and apt at a bargain, said to the doctor when
that functionary called, " Before you go to work, doctor, I
wish to make a bargain with you, and this will save all
ill -feeling when your account is sent in. Whether you kil]
PATHOGNOMONIC SIGNS. 503
my wife or cure her, I promise to give you twenty pounds.
Does this satisfy you ?" " Quite," replied the doctor, and
went to his work. The wife having died in his hands, ho
called shortly after the funeral and presented his bill. " Did
you cure my wife?" asked the widower. "No," answered
the doctor. "Did you kill her?" continued the widower.
"I certainly did not," replied the doctor. "Then," added
the widower, " I have nothing for you ; the bargain being,
as you must remember, twenty pounds whether you killed
or cured her." The astonished doctor seeing his mistake,
but not feeling free to confess — whatever might be his
private opinion — that he had, by negligence or ignorance,
helped to send the deceased to her grave, was obliged in
consequence, to leave the house without his much-desired
fee. There are, however, instances of honesty, even among
the disciples of Esculapius. A witness being examined in
a court was asked the following questions to which he gave
these memorable answers — "Did you ever tell a falsehood?1'
" Sir, I am not a lawyer." " Did you ever poison anybody ?"
" Sir, I am not a druggist." " Come now tell me honestly
did you ever assist anybody into the other world?" " I
must confess (very solemnly) that I am a doctor."
We may laugh at the above exhibitions, and no doubt
we do; at the same time we cannot shut our eyes to the
fact that, with the increase of doctors, comes an increase of
disease. Of course this statement might be reversed, and
perhaps with plausibility, but while we readily admit that
a goodly number of the Faculty practise self-denial, and
live day and night for the good of society, it cannot be
successfully denied that the medical profession can boast
of more ignorant, stupid, selfish, money-seeking members
(the clergy excepted) than any other profession in the
world. As an illustration of what we mean, take the fol-
lowing. An aged doctor had a very wealthy patient whose
hand was injured, and the case being an interesting one,
504 PATHOGNOMONIC SIGNS.
the doctor made his visits as frequent as possible. Several
prescriptions were recommended, but instead of improving,
the hand daily grew worse. One day the old doctor, not
being able to attend the patient himself, sent his son, who
had just begun to practice, and who was not very deeply
skilled in the secrets of the profession. When the son
returned home, the father asked how the old gentleman's
hand was to-day?" "All right," was the young man's
reply, "I found a thorn in it and extracted it, and now
all's well" "You are a born fool," replied the father,
"why, you have gone and spoiled the job." Now, what
can be said of such men as this old doctor, but that they
are heartless, and could look on and see their patients
suffering the most excruciating pain, and even increase it,
if ouly by that means they could make themselves rich.
We confess that we have a great admiration for the manner
in which Old Nicholas of Russia treated his medical
advisers. Once, when in the company of a German prince,
who was often prostrated by sickness, he asked him
how he dealt with his doctors. "I suppose I do just as
other people do," replied the prince, " I pay them for
attending me when I am ill." " Why, then," replied
Nicholas, " you have but to adopt my system, and as
sure as you are a prince, your good health will return."
"And what is your system?" asked the prince. "It is
this," answered the Czar, " I pay my doctors so much per
day when I am well, but the moment they allow me to
become sick their pay is stopped, and that I believe
accounts for my good health." The prince being stmck
with this plan, adopted it, and it is said that he was so
very seldom ill afterwards, that he never ceased to be
grateful to his imperial counsellor. Let the wealthy
reader go and do likewise.
FASHION; OR, MAN DEFORMED BY ARTIFICIAL
MEANS.
IT is unquestionable that of all the objects which we
usually call works of nature, none is so beautiful as a
perfect human form. Fine specimens are found in the
region between the Mediterranean, the Black, and the
Caspian Seas — that region in which, according to history,
the Caucasian race first came forth as the highest type
of mankind. In proportion to his removal from the place
of his origin, and intermixture by marriage, or otherwise
with other races of people, he is found superior in intellec-
tual capacity to the unmixed races who inhabit the three
southern continents, where the most deformed, as well as
degenerate races are located. It is not given to us to trace
out the steps of this degeneration either in nature or history.
But we are to direct attention to some of the capricious
methods by which men have artificially disfigured them-
selves in obedience to some law of fashion that has acquired
ascendancy over good taste and common sense, and coun-
teracted the efforts of nature to produce beautiful forms of
human kind.
Almost every nation, during every age, has had some
peculiar fashion of this sort. Some races have compressed
the head into unnatural shapes, others the feet, and others^
again, the waist; some have added unnatural colours to
the body, others have removed part of the hair that was
506 FASHION; OR, MAN DEFORMED BY .ARTIFICIAL MEANS.
given for its covering; and so on in endless variety. It
is impossible to assign a cause, or trace the origin of each
of these fashions. But one need only open his eyes
in any church, hall, or other place of public resort, even
in these Christian lands, to assure himself that fashion has
prescribed many things both inconvenient and deleterious
and has found willing and obedient subjects ready to
sacrifice themselves to her pleasure. Houses are desolated,
hearts are broken, properties are squandered, thousands
are thrust into untimely graves, and the regions of the
lost in the unseen world are filled, as the result of this
slavish obedience. Aches, pains, misery, and even death
itself are willingly endured by the votaries of fashion. It
breeds discontentment, vice, and crime; woman is robbed
of her virtue, and man of his honour, in order to satisfy
her unconscionable demands.
The love of praise may safely be considered as the sup-
porter and feeder, if not the instigator of fashion; but it is
difficult to discover how men came to praise what is ugly
or injurious, so as to induce its cultivation. Perhaps a key
might be found in the circumstance of some distinguished
personage having been the subject of a natural or accidental
deformity. It is matter of history that in the reign of
Henry VIII., gentlemen about the English court used to
stuff their waistcoats in order to produce an imitation of
the king's corpulence. More recently, English ladies
affected what was called the Alexandra limp, pretending
to be partially lame, because the beloved princess was so.
Whatever the reason in other cases, the fact is, that no part
of the human body has been exempt from tampering
influences and artificial changes, produced by some nation
or other as matter of mere fashion.
Beginning with the ancients, we find Hippocrates record-
ing that the human head had been tampered with and
artificially moulded even before his day. Senertus also
FASHION; OR, MAN DEFORMED BY ARTIFICIAL MEANS. 507
thought of this as among the causes of ill formed heads,
that the tender skulls of infants were bandaged by mid-
wives and nurses, and moulded with the hand, according to
their irregular and varying fancies.
The earliest people whose practices in this way are
particularly recorded were the Macrones of Pontus, who
compressed the head into a tall shape, whence the name,
Macrocephalic, or great heads, as in fig. 1.
Those having the highest heads were deemed the most
perfect gentlemen. As soon as the child was born, the
head was carefully compressed to secure the desired height;
nor were the efforts relaxed until the skull had become
sufficiently hard to secure the continuance of the form
throughout life.
Hippocrates informs us that the Scythians, who inhabited
Phasis, chose a head formed
like a sugar-loaf, as a token of
nobility, to distinguish the
high-born from the vulgar. In
process of time, all the children
v~re born with conical heads,
and the arts of the midwife
were dispensed with; where-
upon nature, left to her liberty,
turned by little and little to
recover her natural configura-
tion. The Silesian, Atticke,
Argive, and Phoxi were noted
in ancient times as having
turbinated heads. Also the
people in Peru, two hundred
years ago, had wonderful
coronal accuminations. Strabo mentions Indians who had
piked and wedge-shaped heads. And to this day, there are
American Indians along the banks of the Columbia River,
Fig. 1. — A Macrone.
FASHION; OR. MAN DKI<-OKMED BY. ARTIFICIAL MEANS.
and on the island of Victoria, whose heads are wedge-
shaped and conical. The following cut of a Quatsino
Indian is a fair representation of the sugar-loaf head as
found among the Indians on the north-western portion of
Vancouver Island.
Fig. 2.— A Quatsino Indian Girl.
Fig. 3. —A Cumana Woman.
These heads often measure from fifteen to twenty inches
between the eyes and the top of the head, exclusive of hair,
and are formed by binding the heads when soft with strips
of bark.
We are told of a pine-apple form of head as characteristic
of the Genuensiants in former times; and Licosthenes says
that in Ploa, a town of Voitland, tall headed infants were
occasionally born as late as the year 1545, these being relics
of the effects once produced by artificial means. Scaliger
records that children are born with compressed temples as
a result of the efforts of former generations. The women of
Cumana cultivate the long face and high head by compres-
sion, as in fig. 3. Perhaps it is from some hereditary
tradition in favour of high heads, that, until very recent
FASHION; OR, MAN DEFORMED BY ARTIFICIAL MEANS. 50t>
times, the women of Wales wore tall, conical hats. I have
seen them attending markets, fairs, and places of public
^amusement, as in fig. 4.
Fi«. 4.— A Welsh Woman.
Fig. 5. — An Egyptian Man.
On the other hand, the people of Sigiunus, a city of
Egypt, take pains to secure a low and flat form of head, as
in fig. 5. The low Dutch, the French, and the Portuguese
incline to low and elongated heads, more or less flat on the
top. This lasf, peculiarity is observable in the people of
Brazil also.
Broad heads are the fashion with the Muscovites, as in
fig. 6.
Their heads and faces are flattened artificially during
childhood, to secure what is considered a genteel form.
The Apichiquit Pichunsti, Sava, and some other Indian
tribes, cultivate the broad head by laying a board or stone
on the infant forehead, and another on the neck, and bind-
ing these together until the form is fully established by
age, and the bones so hardened that they retain their
unnatural shape throughout life. A flat-headed Indian of
North-Western America is here introduced, to shew how
510 FASHION; OR, MAN DEFORMED BY. ARTIFICIAL MEAN3.
they fashionably deform what the Creator has so beautifully
designed (see fig. 7).
Fig. 6. — A Muscovite Man.
Fia;. 7. —A Flat-head Indian.
Two hundred years ago, there were men in Old Port, in
the West Indies, who cultivated a square form of head by
artificial means. When the child was young, they used
Fig. 8.— A West Indiaman. ' Fig. 9.— A Greek Man.
boards on the sides, and even wooden boxes to inclose the
skull, until nature not only retained the shape in the
FASHION; OR, MAN DEFORMED BY ARTIFICIAL MEANS. 511
individual so treated, but transmitted it to future genera-
tions by the production of children born with these square
heads.
The Ancient Greeks were otherwise minded. They were
celebrated for admiring a globular shape of head. (Fig. 9.)
Pericles the Athenian, who, as Plutarch informs us, had a
long head, in shape like a mallet, became an object of
ridicule to the comedians of his day on this account; and
the Attic poets nicknamed him Cynocephalum — that is,
dog's head.
Albertus Magnus commended round heads, adding, that
this form was promoted by the cares of the nurses in mould-
ing the infant skull.
To this day the Grecians and Turks rejoice in the posses-
sion of heads bearing considerable resemblance to globes;
and the peculiarity is said to be still cultivated by com-
pression in childhood.
Megasthenes, Pliny, and
Gellius, whose tastes were
doubtless formed on the
globular type, proclaimed
that in Scythia there were
people with dogs' beads, as
in fig. 10.
Other able and truthful
authors assure us that the
dog-face is common in
Tartary. Marcus Paulus,
a Venetian, mentions an
island called Daganian, of
which the inhabitants "have heads like unto dogs;" and
Pausanias records that Euphemus, by descent a Carian, saw
such people in the islands of the ocean, when he was driven
on their shores by adverse winds, as he was sailing towards
Italy.
Fig. 10.— A Scythian Man.
612 FASHION; OR, MAN DEFORMED BY ARTIFICIAL MEANS.
Several ancient writers have spoken of Acephali, or men
without heads. Hela says that the Belinii are headless,
and have all the usual features of the face in their breasts,
as in fig. 11. Solinus gives the same account; so does
Gellius. Pliny affirms the
same strange fact; and St.
Augustine expresses himself
thus: — "I was Bishop of
Hipo, and, with certain ser-
vants of Christ, I travelled
to Ethiopia to preach the
Gospel of Christ unto them;
and we saw there many men
and women having no heads,
but large eyes fixed in their
breasts, their other members
like unto ours." Fulgosu.s
repeats in substance the tes-
timony of Augustine. Sir
Walter Raleigh says that the
Ewaipanomi are a strange, headless race, and mentions a
people on the River Caora whose heads appear not above
their shoulders. This is probably the true explanation of
the Acephali wherever found. The head has been thrust
down, and the shoulders raised, until no throat was visible,
and the facial features appeared to be in the breast.
Another set of fashions operates on the noses of human
beings. The islanders of Zanzibar used to have their noses
turned upwards; and the size of nostril in the females,
which to a stranger must have appeared a great deformity,
was reckoned the height of fashion. (Fig. 1 2.)
On the other hand, the Huns used to flatten down the
noses of their boys, that these protuberances should not
hinder them iii donning their helmets — one of the few
vagaries that even pretend to have a reason for their exist-
Pig. 11. -A Belinii Man.
FASHION; OR, MAN DEFORMED BY ARTIFICIAL MEANS. 513
eiice. In Caffraria, Lower Ethiopia, and Mozambique, flat
noses are iii request: it is preferred that they should be so
by nature, otherwise artificial methods are employed. The
inhabitants of Tartary used to cut and pare down the
nose, especially the upper part between the eyes, covering
Fig. 12. — A Woman of Zanzibar.
Fig. 13.— A Woman of Scatia.
it with black ointment. Friar William, Dr. Bubraquis, a
Frenchman, reports that when he visited the court of
Fig. 14. — A Peruvian 'Jan.
Fig. 15.— A Persian Man.
514 FASHION; OR, MAN DEFORMED BY ARTIFICIAL MEANS.
Scatia, he observed that the queen had her nose quite
pared down on the upper part, so that the space between
the eyes was flat. It requires little stretch of imagination
to fancy what would be the effect on a nation of such a
fashion set by the queen (see fig. 13).
In Peruviana, hundreds of years ago, a large nose was
considered desirable, as in fig. 14 The people took great
pains accordingly to pull the nose out of its natural dimen-
sions. The Persians of old held high noses in admiration,
Cyrus having had such a one; and they would allow none
but aquiline-nosed persons to rule over them.
The women of East India bore the wings of the nostril,
and wear in it rings and other ornaments, as in fig. 16.
Fig. 16. — A Kyast Banian Woman, of
Surat, in Western India.
Fig. 17.— A Flat-head Indian.
Some of the North American Indian tribes bore their
noses through the septum, and insert sticks, quills, or
pieces of ivory, holding thia style to be a mark of beauty.
For, However horrid a fash if >n mav be, or destructive of
FASHION; OR, MAN DEFORMED BY ARTIFICIAL MEANS. 515
real beauty, it will be adopted throughout any nation, if
only it be used by the nobility or other leaders of society.
The black people of Cornori formerly had horribly large
ears, from which hung numerous rings set with stones;
and, as a general rule, the nobler the woman's lineage, the
larger were her ears (see fig. 18).
In the city of Cochi the women used to put large pieces
of lead in the lobules of the ears, and draw them down to
an enormous length, as in fig. 19.
Fig. 18. — A (Jornori Woman.
Vis:. 19. — A Ccchi Woman.
The men of Cochi also became enamoured of this, to us,
repulsive fashion, and extended their ears in the samo
manner as the women. The ladies of our own country
are fond of hanging jewels by hcles bored in the ears,
but it is merely for ornament, not for distorting or enlarg-
ing the organ ; small ears never lose their claim to admir-
ation among us; but earrings, which wetit quite out of
fashion about forty years ago, and were under ban for at
least twenty, are now all the rage again.
In Turkey, those women who had the largest mouths
616 FASHION; OR. MAN DEFORMED BY ARTIFICIAL MEANS.
were at one time accounted the most beautiful; and as
art is always called in to metamorphose nature in obedience
to the demands of fashion, however absurd and tyrannical,
Turkish women succeeded in displaying mouths to remind
us of an annual lease, which is from (y) ear to (y) ear (see
fig. 20).
There is an account given of a people in Ethiopia who
made a practice of drawing down the under lip, until many
times it was found to measure eighteen inches in length.
Salt was used to prevent the putrefaction to which the
soft inner skin would have been liable from such exposure
to the action of the sua and air.
Fig. 20. — A Woman of Turkey. Fig. 21. — An Ethiopian.
Those cannibals called Paries formerly had a custom of
boring three large 'holes in their faces, one in the under
and two in the upper lip, as in fig. 22. Into these holes
they inserted green stones.
Some of the tribes about Sierra Leone have been observed
with teeth filed to points, so as to resemble saw-teeth ; and
to this day the practice is continued among many of the
tribes in Ethiopia and Mozambique. Fig. 23 exhibits the
FASHION; OR, MAN DEFORMED BY ARTIFICIAL MEANS. 517
fashion of sharply-filed teeth that once prevailed among
the Macus.
Fig. 22. —A Pane Man.
Fig. 23.— A Macu Man.
In the island of Tanibali there once lived a set of
people with artificially-cloven
tongues (fig. 24).
It is said they used divers
kinds of language, and imi-
tated not only different voices
of men, but the singing of
several birds. The slit which
formed the division was in
the middle of the tongue,
and parallel with its greatest
measurement; the organ was,
therefore, in no wise seriously
injured, or its ordinary func-
Fig. 24.— A Tanihalian.
tions interfered with. Galen,
the celebrated physician of
Greece, demonstrated to the ancients that the tongue was
by nature double, each side being supplied with a separate
set of vessels, nerves, &c., so that each side was supported
518 FASHION; OR, MAN DEFORMED BY ARTIFICIAL MEANS.
independently of the other, and could perform its functions
alone. Modern anatomical dissection has confirmed this
view, and demonstrated the duality of the tongue and
brain, as well as of the eyes, ears, heart, lungs, kidneys,
and other bodily organs which are more )bviously double.
Small hands and feet in the female sex are, among
European nations, generally esteemed as indicative of
genteel birth and refinement. The ladies of Portugal,
especially those among the nobility, used to cultivate this
elegance by artificial means in the olden time. The hands
of female children were bound with cloth to retard their
Fig. 25. — A Portuguese Woman.
Fk'. 26.— A Chinese Man.
growth, and promote a soft and delicate appearance. Of
course, this must have been practised with moderation
and care, or the shape of the hand would have been greatly
disfigured (fig. 25).
Marchus informs us that the people living along the
banks of the river Thomeras used to have hard, sharp,
and very long nails, with which they killed fish,
and cut soft wood, as they had not learned the use
FAS1IION; OR, MAN DEFOUMED BY ARTIFICIAL MEANS. 519
of iron. Even now there are people in China who
wear their nails so long that they can use them instead
of forks, or rather chopsticks. It is said that the nail ii»
sometimes as long as the finger on which it grows. There
must, of course, be unusual strength in such nails, 01 they
would break off with use long before they attained such
a size (fig. 26).
We have heard of coloured ladies in Demerara who
cultivated long tapering nails, to shew that, through the
indulgence of their temporary husbands, they were utterly
exempt from every kind of work. There is reason, such
as it is, in this fashion, which is more than can be said
for most of those we are describing.
To come nearer home. Our own countrywomen — yes,
and some of the men — have in various ages believed that
Fig. "1. — Miss Tight-laced. Yonng Fig. 28. — Natuial waist. Her«
man, there is a life-time of misery reside health, joy, and love,
tied up in this waspish form.
520 FASHION; OR, MAN DEFORMED BY .ARTIFICIAL MEANS.
a wasp-like smallness of waist was a great beauty. Any
one above two score years of age can recollect that before
he was in his teens, and for some time after, the ladies
generally, and those among the men who were called
dandies, used, especially on high occasions, to strive with
might and main to lace their too tight stays as close as
possible; the effect of which was not only an appearance
obviously artificial, and very ridiculous (see fig. 27), but
a condition of present pain and future danger. Thousands
were sent to an early grave by this pernicious custom ;
the vital parts not having sufficient room to play, and
becoming diseased. The fashion went out, however, per-
haps because so many fearful examples of its fatal con-
sequences had appeared ; and after it, disappeared the
custom of displaying the waist out of doors. Of late
years, however, the shrouding of the figure has been cast
off; none but grandmothers remember the miseries that
obliged tight-lacing to disappear, and it is shewing itself
again among our vain, silly, and characterless females.
Tight-lacing finds a counterpart, with far less injurious
results, in the Chinese custom of bandaging the limbs and
confining the feet. Moreover, only the nobility can afford
to be thus crippled for life; and the practice, though cruel
and to us repulsive, is quite circumscribed. Here is a repre-
sentation of a Chinese woman with artificially compressed
feet. Sometimes the part touching the ground is not more
than two inches long (fig. 29).
It is difficult to believe that the subjects of the Celestial
Empire really consider these malformations beautiful; more
probably it is matter of pride, the disabled feet being
indicative of the fact, that the lady was born in a rank of
life to exempt her from using her nether limbs, and entitle
her to be carried whithersoever she may please optate.
As the reverse of this, there is a people in India that
rejoice in feet which measure eighteen inches; and they
FASHION; OR, MAN DEFORMED BY ARTIFICIAL MEANS. 521
labour as assiduously to elongate these members as the
Chinese do to shorten theirs (fig. 30). It must be admitted
that the long feet are much more serviceable than those
which are too short to admit of walking. In India beyond
the Ganges, there once lived, as we are told, a race called
Fig. 29.— A Chinese Woman.
Fig. 30. — A Sciopede Man.
Sciopedes, with feet of monstrous size; and at the present
day, the inhabitants of Guinea are distinguished for long
legs, broad feet, and enormously long toes. There are,
however, no records by which we can trace the origin of
these peculiarities to capricious artifices.
In America and England, the people have not always
been wholly guiltless of tampering with their feet in obedi-
ence to the laws of fashion. To say nothing of the custom
of wearing boots or shoes which are much too tight, for the
sake of appearing to have a small foot, it is to be noted that
during several centuries our own fashionables wore such
522 FASHION; OR, MAN DEFORMED BY ARTIFICIAL MEANS.
long, narrow, pointed shoes, as must have been most incon-
venient. We read of them so early as the reign of Henry I.,
when they drew forth the severe rebukes of the clergy.
They were named pigacice, and are represented as having
had points like a scorpion's tail. Sometimes they were
stuffed so that they might be twisted like a ram's horn.
It was said that these peaked shoes were invented by a
gentleman who had a deformed foot ; certain it was, though
remarkable, that the ladies never patronized such extrava-
gance of shape as the men did. In a work called Eulogium
of Richard II.'s time, it is said: "Their shoes and pattens
are snouted and piked, more than a finger long, crooking
upwards, resembling devils' claws, and fastened to the knees
with chains of gold and silver." In the reign of Henry VI.,
the points were no longer turned up, but they shot out to a
most amazing length, ending with a point like a needle;
and how the gallants contrived to walk in them is admitted
to be one of the mysteries of history. What troubled the
clergy more, perhaps, was the difficulty their people had in
kneeling, " For," says one in Charles I.'.s reign, " one's boots
and shoes are so long-snouted that we can hardly kneel in
God's house."
Another fashion, at once inconvenient and dangerous,
prevailed in England during the first half of the present
century The Prince Regent, afterwards George IV, had
unsightly scars about the glands of his throat, and adopted a
mode of dress fitted to conceal them. Stiff black stocks from
four to six inches deep were worn by the fashionable men*
while stiff shirt collars came out above them, reaching half-
way up the cheeks, and often scrubbing the ears severely.
Beau Brummel's dress was a fair specimen. See cut of
Beau Brummel on page 144 in this book.
Perhaps no part of the human body has been so generally
dealt with in an arbitrary manner as the hair, which haa
been given for its protection. In the Indies, there foimerly
FASHION; OR, MAN DEFORMED BY ARTIFICIAL MEANS. 523
was a tribe cf Cumanans, who plucked off all the hair of
their eyebrows, and took the greatest pride in this unnatural
depillation. In like manner, the Brazilian females used to
eradicate their eyebrows, and could give no other reason
than that it was a long-established custom ; and who ever
knew any practice so absurd or injurious that the majority
of women, with many rare and noble exceptions, would not
conform to it if it had become fashionable? The most obvious
use of the eyebrow hair is to arrest the perspiration, which
otherwise might flow down into the eyes and injure them.
Possibly, therefore, the practice of eradicating this hair
might originally have been the desire of shewing that the
lady was above such labour as would produce perspiration.
The practice of plucking out the beard and whiskers pre-
vails among the various tribes of Indians I have visited in
America. The white man shaves his face, the Chinaman
his head (fig. 31). Both practices are contrary to nature,
and are rebuked by the
consequences which ensue.
The tri-facial, or fifth
pair of nerves, with their
three branches, are distri-
buted about the face aad
eyes; the branch whict.
runs to the upper lip, and
that which goes to the eye,
being connected at the
csesarian ganglion, and
then by the body of the
fifth nerve with the brain.
Hence whatever irritates
or exposes the upper lip,
as shaving of necessity does, must irritate and weaken the
eyes, if not impair the harmonious condition of the entire
nervous system, as all are closely connected; whereas wear
Fig. 31.— A Chinaman, with his
head shaven.
524 FASHION; OR, MAN DEFORMED BY ARTIFICIAL MEANS.
ing all the hair that nature has provided for the face
strengthens the eyes, as well as protects the throat from
cold, better than any artificial muffling. Fig. 32 is the
likeness of a man who has constantly abjured shaving, and
never had a day's sickness in his life. He resides in San
Francisco, California — his name, Captain Staddon. Mark
the healthy expression of every feature.
Fi^. 32. — Captain Staddon, of San Francisco, California, who
was never sick.
As a contrast, Henry Ward Beecher is an example of a
shaved and popular man — an example as conspicuous
and popular as could be mentioned (fig. 33). He professes
to be a follower of Christ, but fails to follow Him in this
respect; for the Saviour never shaved, if we may judge from
history, and traditional pictures. Nor does Beecher follow
the Bible in this matter, for it reads thus: — "They shall not
make baldness upon their head, neither shall they shavi
off the corner of their beard, nor make any cuttings in theii
FASHION; OR, MAN DEFORMED BY ARTIFICIAL MEANS. 525
flesh," Leviticus xxi. 5. Also— "Ye shall not round the
corners of your heads, neither shalt thou mar the corners of
thy beard," Leviticus xix. 27 ; and no man can shave with-
out marring his beard, and, at least, part of its corners.
Beecher may be more properly characterized as a follower
of fashion than of Christ
or the Scriptures, as he
professes to be. Yet he
is no more so than thou-
sands of other professors
of the Christian faith. "A.
close shaven priest" has
long been proverbial. But
if, as we have shewn, the
nervous system is injured
by shaving, and if, as
every one knows, the true
balance of the mind de-
pends more or less on the,
state of the nerves, the
mind is likely to suffer by Fig. 33.— Rev. Henry W. Beecher.
this artifice of fashion ; and as the mind is closely related
to the soul, this, of course, suffers also, and who can tell
whether according to theology the interests of the soul may
not be sacrificed to fashion through shaving; and Beecher,
by his example, may be damning souls instead of saving
them? We shall forbear to pass judgment, and, in this
respect at least, be out of fashion. But let us urge upon
Beecher to set .an example of living in accordance with
God's great natural laws, by wearing his beard; also to
follow the example of Christ, and no longer thwart the
benevolent designs of his Creator. Doubtless, God never
made anything — no, not a single hair in vain, or as a use-
less appendage — and it is presumption in any person to say
the beard is useless, or worse than useless, and who will
526 FASHION; OR, MAN DEFORMED BY ARTIFICIAL MEANS.
utterly remove it as such ? Beecher, " take warning," as
the Methodists would say, " lest it be everlastingly too late
to repent and be saved;" for are you not "a sinner by
nature, and far more by practice?"
Our English cousins' fashions with respect to the hair,
whether of the head or face, have been extremely change-
able, but, on the whole, the shaved face and long hair has
been most in the ascendant. So early as the reign of
Henry I., we read of the long hair and flowing robes that
gave the men a ridiculously effeminate appearance. It is said,
that when the king was in Normandy, a bishop preached
so eloquently against the sin and wickedness of wearing
long hair, that the monarch and his attendants actually
wept; and the prelate, resolved to follow up his advantage,
took from the folds of his sleeve a large pair of shears, and
cropped the whole congregation. Strutt tells us that, in
the reign of Henry VII., the hair was parted back from
the forehead, and fell in long flowing ringlets on the
shoulders; which made the warriors of that day look very
effeminate, particularly as the face was divested of beard,
whiskers, and moustaches. The despotic Henry VIII.
condemned the hair of gentlemen to be cut short, we are
told, " to the no small disgust of the gallants of that day,
who, however, were a little consoled by the gracious
permission of their sovereign to wear a fierce beard and
long curling moustaches. This style flourished in the reign
of Queen Bess and James I. But Charles set the fashion of
wearing a love-lock, which was a curl on the left side,
considerably longer than the rest. It became quite the
rage, though nothing in the annals of hair, wigs, or periwigs
ever caused such commotion among quiet people, and a
quarto volume was written against it, in which it is related
that a nobleman had his cut off on his death-bed, as a
" cord of vanity, by which he had given the devil a hold
to lead him at his pleasure." In the reign of the second
FASHION; OR, MAN DEFORMED BY ARTIFICIAL MEANS. 527
Charles, the high curled peruke, or the hair parted in front,
and falling upon the shoulders and back in heavy masses
of corkscrew curls, marks the climax of this fashion in
men.
Up to the end of last century, gentlemen who did not
keep valets, were dressed every morning by the barber.
The face was shaved very clean, and the hair of the head
loaded with powder and pomatum, before being arranged
according to the mode, and tied in a pigtail behind. When
the hair came to be worn short and unpowdered, gentlemen
learned to shave themselves, and dispense with the barber.
For many years past, the unshaved face has been more and
more prevalent, though at first — that is about thirty years
ago — it was, like the short unpowdered hair at the com-
mencement of the century, regarded as indicative of
political principles subversive of the existing order.
As for the estimation of the beard in other lands, we are
told that many of the religious ceremonies among the
Tartars consist in its proper management; and the Chinese
devote much attention to the few straggling hairs they can
coax to grow on their chins. The Russians used to wear
enormous beards; the Czar Peter ordered shaving, bub
could obtain no obedience, until he appointed officers to
cut off the beards of his refractory subjects by force.
Perhaps his motive was the same with that of Alexander
the Great, who ordered his Macedonians to be shaved, lest
their beards should afford a handle to their enemies. The
Romans grew their beards to mark any great sorrow; the
Greeks, on the contrary, shaved theirs in times of affliction
only, until the time of Alexander. Since the introduction
of Christianity to Europe, the Greek and Romish Churches
have waged bitter war on this point; the former enforcing
the long beard, the latter enjoining close shaving. Among
the Mahommedans it is considered a sin to cut off the
beard, when once it has been allowed to grow, as they say.
528 FASHION; OR, MAN DEFORMED BY ARTIFICIAL MEANS,
" the angels dwell in them." The young men of Persia, Mr
Morier says, sigh for a beard, and grease their chins to
hasten its growth, because, until they have a respectable
covering there, they are supposed unfit for any place of
trust.
The general sense of mankind has been that, if a woman
have long hair, it is a glory to her, the abundance of this
ornament tending much to soften the features. But here
again fashion is arbitrary and tyrannical. Until about the
commencement of the present century, ladies wore their
hair powdered, and dressed high on the crown with cushions.
The powder imparted considerable softness to the counten-
ance. Next, the mode de rigueur was a profusion of curls
hanging round the face — doubtless a most becoming fashion.
But when Queen Victoria ascended the throne — whether it
was owing to her good sense and
worthy taste — or whether it was
simply to economize time — she
introduced the fashion of braid-
ing plainly in front, and gather-
ing into small compass behind
T the head, shewing, in fact, as
^^
) little hair as possible, and that
dressed in the simplest manner.
But the Empress Eugene had a
face of such contour as to require
no braids ; she drew her hair
Fig. 34.— Fashionable head-dress back to display it ; and ever
of America in 1860. • i_ i_ j i «• i
since we have had a bare-faced
age of women; the hair which, hanging over the temples,
would have softened the features, and concealed any irre-
gularity of contour, is gathered to the back, and with the
addition of much that is artificial, and a great deal of
trumpery besides, it is formed. into as large a mass as it
is Dossible to produce (fig. 34).
FASHION; OR, MAN DEFORMED BY ARTIFICIAL MEANS. 529
Among savage nations, little skilled in the arts of dress,
there prevails more or less the custom of tattooing or
painting the body, either in part or over the whole
surface.
Herodian describes the Picts of North Britain as people
who painted their entire bodies, and from this circumstance
obtained their appellation from their more civilized neigh-
bours. The North American Indians are accustomed to
paint their bodies
after all manner of
devices. Here is a
likeness of one mark-
ed with white stripes
round the body and
across .the face, as I
had his photograph
taken in California
when he was in full
trim on the occasion
of his annual war-
dance (fig. 35).
Here is an example
of a North American
Indian, as his body
is painted for the
chase; shewing how
fashion may lead a tribe or people to low animal imitation
(fig. 36).
We are told that the ancient Samians were accustomed
to burn letters into their foreheads, whence Aristophanes
calls them populum literatum (fig. 37).
A curiously deforming custom prevails among the Digger
Indians of California. A widow covers half of her face
with the ashes of her deceased husband's body, mixed with
pitch, and continues to carry this disfigurement until
Fig. 36. — A Digger Indian attired for an
annual war-dance.
530 FASHION; OR, MAN DEFORMED BY ARTIFICIAL MEANS
through time it naturally wears of£ The appearance ia
Fig. 36. — An Indian of Arizona.
Fig. 37. — A Saraian Man.
well indicated in fig. 38 of a female Indian of California.
Doubtless the idea whence this fashion originated was, that
a widow ought not to form a new connexion until the
lapse of a decent length of time; and this was best secured
by rendering her unattractive, at the same time indicating
pretty distinctly how soon advances might be made. The
widow's caps, which are now made in a becoming Queen
Mary shape, and may be doffed at any time, are . nothing
to the pitch and ashes composition for keeping men at
un marriageable distance.
Patching the face over with small pieces of black silk, of
various shape, came into fashion in England about the
middle of the seventeenth ceatury, imported, it is tho jght,
from Arabia.
FASHION; OR, MAN DEFORMED BY ARTIFICIAL MEAi/4 531
Fig. 38.— A Digger Indian
of California.
The maiden of sixteen and the gray-haired
covered their faces with these patches, shaped lio sius,
moons, stars, hearts, crosses,
and lozenges. A writer in
Queen Anne's reign says, he
observed one set of ladies
having their faces spotted on
the right side, while those in
the opposite boxes had their
patches on the left; and in
the middle boxes were ladies
patched on both sides. On
inquiry, he learned that the
first set were Whigs, the
second Tories, and the third
were neutral in politics. It
is said that the influence of Addison's writings chiefly were
successful in banishing patches from England.
Enough has been said to shew that every portion of the
human frame has been deformed by the caprices of fashion
at some time and by some people. We might remark on
some arts which are used, not to mar the natural beauty,
but to supply it where deficient. A fine white skin, with
roses blooming on the cheeks, is undeniably beautiful; and
consequently, in most of the large cities of Europe, there
are females whose occupation it is to prepare ladies for
appearing in full dress by enamelling and rouging the
skin of the face, neck, and arms. But such appliances are
very deleterious, corroding the tissues, and preventing
the natural flow of perspiration through the pores. Tho
same may be said, though in a mitigated degree, of the
u.-e of what is called face powder, by the manufacture of
which a perfumer in London has made a large fortune.
Freckles are so derogatory' to female beauty, that a lady
may be forgiven for seeking their removal ; and we
FASHION; OR, MAN DEFORMED BY ARTIFICIAL MEANS.
append a recipe that will take them away if they are remov*
able, —
R. Oxalic acid, x. grs.
Essence roses, x. minima.
Aqua pura, xii. 5.
Mix — and moisten the freckled parts of the skin twice a
day with a sponge or cloth saturated with the mixture.
If the freckles are not removed in four weeks, cease to
use the wash.
Pimples on the face are likewise ugly, and even more
displeasing to the eye. The practice of washing the face
more frequently than the rest of the surface will produce
them, by drawing the blood to .that part, to leave its
impurities there. Some years ago, a young minister
descended from the pulpit extremely warm, and in his
impatience splashed his face abundantly with cold water;
the result was a crop of pimples, which were not easily
removed. Whoever, therefore, is subject to this disfigura-
tion should freely wash all the rest of his skin, and the
face more sparingly.
Let us now note some 01
those fashionable customs
that operate indirectly on the
human frame to its injury.
Such are the use of alcoholic
liquors, of tobacco in its
various forms, of opium, and
even tea and coffee, all which,
by their operation on the
nervous system, tend to de-
bilitate the individual, and
mar the beauty of the race.
Indulgence in strong drink
causes the under eyelids to
Fig. 39.— Hon. Daniel Webster, puff out, and eventually to
FASHION; OR, MAN DEl'ORMED BY ARTIFICIAL MEANS. 533
fall outwards and downwards away from the eyeballs, as
the result of nervous and muscular exhaustion. See cut (fig.
39) of Daniel Webster, who drank to excess. This engrav-
ing was made from an ambrotype taken from life. The
weak and congested under surfaces are thus exposed — an
unsightly appearance which ought to act as a warning
to those who may yet be saved from exhibiting it in their
own persons.
Fig. 40. — An Irish Peasant.
Tobacco is another nerve stimulus, used in this country
chiefly in the way of smoking and snuffing, but in America,
largely by chewing and dipping also. Some readers may
not even know what is meant by dipping. Some ladies
of tlie Southern portion of the United States carry a box
of snuff with a stick terminating in a kind of brush. This
they moisten and dip into the snuff, then rub on their
teeth, and suck into the mouth. It is simply a lady's
approach to chewing "the fragrant weed." This tobacco
534 FASHION; OR, MAN DEFORMED BY .ARTIFICIAL MEANS.
chewing, besides being a filthy practice, which none o(
the lower animals debase themselves with, is highly in-
jurious to health. It excites the salivary glands, which
are situated in and around the mouth, and are six in
number — two parotid, two sub-maxillary, and two sub-
lingual. These when excited, as by dipping, chewing, or
smoking tobacco, will pour their saliva into the mouth.
This saliva, being largely mixed with tobacco, is unfit to
be swallowed, and is therefore ejected in spurts upon the
carpet, into the fire, or anywhere that happens. But
nature requires this saliva to turn that which is starchy
food in the mouth into grape sugar, and fit the edibles
for the gastric juice of the stomach. The waste of it by
spitting, therefore, causes the alimentary canal to do its
work feebly and poorly; thus the blood comes to be in-
sufficiently replenished, which leaves every part of the
organization in an enfeebled condition, and more susceptible
of disease and death. If this does not mar the beauty of
the individual who indulges in it, it causes the offspring
to be smaller and weaker than would otherwise be the
case.
American and European girls chew a sort of gum, com-
pounded of several substances, no way pleasant to the
taste. The custom can be accounted for only on the sup-
position that, through the tobacco-chewing habits of their
fathers, these girls have inherited a tendency to keep their
jaws working. But gum-chewing has in a lower degree
the same baneful effects as tobacco, through the undue
excitement and waste of saliva.
Snuffing excites the olfactory nerve, which is distributed
to the nose, and gives rise to the special sense of smell;
and this excitement being reflected over the entire nervous
system, becomes an occasion of weakness to the mental
faculties; for the mind bears the same relation to the
bodily organs, that a river sustains to its tributaries: its
FASHION; OR, MAN DEFORMED BY ARTIFICIAL MEANS. 535
size and force are just in proportion to the strength of ita
feeders. Tobacco has always thus enfeebled the mental
and physical powers of those who used it, and is going
on to weaken the generations that are to follow; and
that must enter those great battles of life in which feeble-
ness is left behind, and strength wins the jewel of success.
American ladies complain, not without reason, of the
filth bestrewed in their rooms through tobacco chewinor.
O O
Scarcely less dirty is their own practice of trailing long
dresses in the streets, and carrying to their homes what-
ever they wipe up. This prevailed in England several
years ago ; and I know a gentleman who, in the hurry
of business, trod on such a skirt and tore it from the
corsage; but quickly appeased the rising of the fair one's
wrath, by acknowledging that he knew he had broken
the law by stepping on a train in motion. Long trains,
though still fashionable in the drawing-room, are quite
exploded for out-of-door walking in civilized Europe;
insomuch that in my extensive travelling through England,
Scotland, Ireland, Wales, France, Prussia, &c., I have seen
but one lady wearing a trailing dress, and she, I was
informed, was probably a questionable character.
Tea-drinking is another means of producing nervous
excitement, and has been so largely indulged in \>y parents,
that their children have been born with a hereditary tend-
ency to desire some nerve stimulus; and thus are thousands
marked as drunkards, or smokers, or chewers, through
practices which their parents little dreamed would have
such an effect. Tea contains a poison called theine, which
gradually collects on the nerves and brain, and tends to
render the whole sensory system unfit for its proper func-
tions. Hence God is thwarted in His designs by a cup of
tea. But those who use it shelter themselves, like- the
dram-drinker, with the plea that " it makes me feel better."
Coffee contains a large quantity of caffeine, which is a
6 30 FASHION; OR, MAN DEFORMED BY ARTIFICIAL MEANS.
poison, and acts in the way of thickening the blood, thereby
retarding mental action, and causing general stupor, with a
tendency to apoplexy. Coffee proves most injurious to
fleshy people, and tea to those who are thin and have large
brains.
Whatever is untrue to nature, and injurious to any part
or function of the body, rest assured that the Creator never
intended it for your use, and that it will mar the work of
His hands in yourself and in your offspring. Fashionable
it may be ; but at the beginning of a fashionable life is sin.,
in the middle of it a weak mind, and at the end the grave*
yard.
MADAME DE STAEL, a French authoress with brilliant genius, the
only woman of whom Napoleon L was afraid. Her facial lineaments
prognosticate the vast flexibility of intellect, grand comprehension, varied
attainments, and philosophical acumen displayed in all her writings.
SIGNS OF INTELLIGENCE IN MEN AND
ANIMALS.
THE surfaces of everything we see possessed of growing
powers, bear great and unquestionable marks of the intel-
lectual. Trees, rocks, grasses, fish, reptiles, birds, vegetation,
and, indeed, all things animate or inanimate, are stamped
with the indelible proofs of intellectuality. Nor can such
evidences very well bo passed over by the observer, more
especially if his perceptions be keen, or his love of natural
phenomena sufficiently ample to warrant an investigation
of this assertion. For instance, different degrees of intelli-
gence exist in various forms. Hence, in some departments
of life, we perceive great powers of sagacity, while in others,
of the more cold-blooded species, we observe doltishness, and,
might we not add, with a plainer if not more terse mean-
ing, utter stupidity.
Now, the faculty of discerning at a glance what animals
and men are intelligent, or, on the other hand, to select
from the masses those that are weak-minded, is a know-
ledge of the utmost importance to every enlightened reader
and, indeed, a subject well worthy the consideration of the
philosopher, the study of the oracle, and, add to this, if you
will, the wisdom of a Solomon.
The main features by which we may distinguish the
intellectual powers of men or animals, we here definitely
describe, and illustrate according to the following rules: —
Prominent and well-arched eye-bones, with quite a deep
538 SIGNS OF INTELLIGENCE IN MEN AND ANIMALS.
indentation beneath the brow, that is, across the top of
the nose and eyes, slight depression crossing the forehead
(three-fourths or a full inch above the eyebrows), also a
perpendicular depression commencing at the top of the nose,
and extending to the centre, or nearly so, of the forehead.
Such characteristic signs, for the guidance of the observer,
are never seen upon men, unless they be to distinguish
them as possessing the most intelligent and comprehensive
intellectual qualities, which in inferior animals are not
exhibited so largely. Yet, there are some of the latter that
may bear a worthier and more direct comparison. Foi
instance, take a very intelligent pointer, or even poodle-
dog, and you will observe the markings as foregoingly
described, strikingly distinct and strangely analogous to the
more intellectual man.
Then, again, another proof of the correctness of our theory
between the intellectual and the unintellectual, is the bear.
This latter animal, though endowed with great strength,
and, indeed, we may sa}^, almost unexampled ferocity,
is the reverse of intelligent or even tractable. For the most
accurate index to his physiognomy, observe his eye, which
is on a level parallel with his forehead. You perceive no
deviating marks there, no protuberances that we find in
the more intelligent order of animals ; but the contrary — a
perfect plane of forehead and nose, as they form, or nearly
so, a straight and undeviating line from one feature to the
other. Take the eye again, in contrast with the most
intelligent of the lower animals, and it has the appearance,
if we might use the expression, of being set in a plane
board.
The hog, opossum, rhinoceros, and snake also shew a
level between the eye and the forehead, which shew them
the most unintellectual, ferocious, and stupid of the animal
creation.
The ox, on the contrary, is an animal with greater capa-
SIGNS OF INTELLIGENCE IN MEN AND ANIMALS. 539
city, and, of course, more nobility and docility than any of
those we have last mentioned. Mark the physiognomical
difference of this animal. Jt displays a depression across the
head, just above the eyes, and exhibits rather prominent
eyebones. These marks, so emblematic of the intelligence
of the ox, are invariably to be found in the more intellectual
of mankind, which, once placed and established there, can
never be wholly eradicated. Hence, we draw a line of
demarcation betwixt the lower and higher grade of the
animal creation, by the assistance of watch the intelligent
reader may easily draw correct inferences for himself, and,
indeed, solve mighty problems which were before to him
buried in darkness and oblivion.
Another word ere we close the subject of the present
article. When you observe in either man or woman the
eyes jutting out, or otherwise marked very prominently
in their sockets, the nose forming a complete bridge in
alignment with the lower part of the forehead, with no
deviation or protuberance between the two, rest assured
of perceiving in that person a preponderance of strong
animal passions, with feeble susceptibilities of improve-
ment. Such people may for the time be weaned from
their grosser animalism by the more vigorous intellect,
and propelled into courses ol' research and study; but
they will eventually revert to 'the baser gratifications of
their truer instincts, which, alas! are too sternly depicted
in them, ever to warrant a permanency of reform.
Intellectual excellence is not to be cultivated in a week
or a month: it requires years of unswerving stimulus,
during the growing period of childhood, to form the true
intellectualist. Neither can the work of a few courses at
seminary, academy, or college unfold and form the riper
judgment of vigorous manhood. It is ofily by continuous
application that we attain solidity, and gain a more en-
larged compass of thought for ourselves.
ORIGINALITY OF MIND.
As in a great mountain chain a few lofty summits arrest
the eye, towering far above the average height of the
range, so here and there in the generations of men we
mark those whose superior genius has placed them on
high, and made them predominant among their fellows.
It is the lot of a few, and only a few, to be the first
producers of thoughts calculated to give them extensive
influence over the many who have no originating power,
and can only receive and follow the ideas of others. Why
are the names of Galileo, Descartes, and Newton so con-
spicuous in the annals of science? Because they were the
first that dared to discard the commonly received theories,
and seeking to deduce principles from facts, made such
discoveries of the great laws of nature as no one had
thought of before. Why are the plays of Shakespeare,
though now near 300 years old, still regarded as master-
pieces throughout Europe? Because, departing from the
beaten track of dramatic composition, he became so true
and subtle an interpreter of the human soul as has never
written before or since, — originating hosts of characters and
pictures of life from his own inexhaustible imagination.
We might as well ask why all the cattle in a herd fellow
on*, or why hundreds of wild geese follow a single leader,
as enquire why some men think for the milJion, tnd the
ORIGINALITY 01 MIND. 541
million adopt their thinkings. It is a law of nature that
the strong lead the weak, and the weak follow the strong.
To be the orginator of a thought is the exception, to receive
the thoughts of others is the rule. If one large tree among
smaller ones in a forest goes crashing to the ground, it is
likely to overthrow many of the weaker ones in its fall.
When a massive boulder goes thundering down the
mountain side, many lesser rocks and stones go rattling
after it; but it is the larger, heavier, and more powerful
mass that leads the way, and by its superior force detaches
and brings jingling down the quiet rocklets that other-
wise would have kept their places. Whole communities
of men will remain stationary and unprogressive, pursuing
the even jog-trot course that their fathers and grandfathers
did for ages, until some thundering voice rings out a
terribly new and daring plan of action. When Leonidas
led on his brave band of warriors, it was from the strong
and fearless leader that they caught the first inspirations
of battle and aspirations to victory. Napoleon the first
would never have made himself master of Europe but for
his personal influence over his soldiers, inspiring them
with confidence in his leadership and enthusiasm in hia
cause.
Let us consider what are the outward marks and tokens
whereby this strength of character, this capacity for in-
fluencing others, may be discovered. In all great discoverers
in science, all inventors in art, all leaders in politics and
war, we observe large features; and hence draw the con-
clusion that such features are true indications of strength
of character and originality of thought. In no picture
of Shakespeare handed down to us is there a single feature
small or feeble looking. The rugged features of Dr. John
Hunter, one of the most independent thinkers of any age,
would convey without fail to a Physiognomist that he
was born to influence, and not to be influenced. Professor
542 ORIGINALITY OF MItfD.
Morse, the inventor of the Electric Telegraph, possessed
very large features; his mouth was capacious; his nose
towering, and remarkably prominent; the more deliberately
one studies his face, the more one disco vers strength in
every feature of it. Few artists have excelled in originality
of composition the rugged-looking Michael Angelo, whose
cartoons became models for all Europe, and created a new
era in art. A similar example is presented in Christopher
Columbus, whose discovery of the western world has led
so many thousands of Europeans to make it their home.
Peter Cooper has an enormous nose; other features strong;
and manners so peculiar, that no one would take him for
anything but a singular genius. He laid the foundation
of one of the most originally planned schools in America,
and was the prime mover in getting it established.
On the other hand, small features generally bespeak small
minds, and characterize those dependent beings whose voca-
tion it is to follow not to lead. Children usually have
small features. Almost all their acts are imitative; and
their thoughts and feelings are for the most part easily
moulded by those elder persons among whom their lot is
cast.
Among animals, apes and monkeys are recognized as the
most imitative; that is, they do, of set purpose, mimic the
actions that they witness; but for an example of servile
following, with apparently no independence or power of
self-direction, there is perhaps no animal like the sheep.
And here we have a face small in proportion to the body,
moveover, with very little distinctness or prominence in its
various parts. We are told that a shepherd knows each
individual sheep among hundreds or thousands. If so, it is
only the shepherd. No one else can easily learn to dis-
tinguish one sheep from another. There is no such close
resemblance among horses, cuws, deer, dogs, cats, even pigs,
or any other animals that man lias domesticated; and there
ORIGINALITY OF MIND. 543
is no animal that follows its leader so implicitly, and with
such appearance of stupidity, as though the creature durst
not think for itself. The leader is usually one of the
coarsest and most vigorous of the flock; if he breaks over a
fence or parapet that separates the road from a precipice or
the bridge from a river, the whole flock will follow to their
utter destruction. We are told, too, that if a sheep gets
astray, it has no sense to find its own way back to the fold;
but goes on in one direction until found and turned by the
intelligent shepherd or dog.
Thus is society influenced in all its departments by minds
capable of governing and controlling the majority of man-
kind, like sheep following their leaders, without question or
scruple. Yet there are many gradations in this servility.
Students of science embrace the leading principles of the
schools to which they belong, but many of them investigate
for themselves, and seek to add new truths to the store
already accumulated. Mechanicians are ready to worship
the great inventors to whom they are indebted for the
primary movement in a particular direction, but countless
are the improvements and varieties of application originated
by men of no great mark. It is in matters of religion and
politics chiefly — in which many take more or less interest,
but to which few devote themselves wholly — that this
servile imitation is most conspicuous. Millions are following
the ideas taught by Confucius when he walked the earth
2,400 years ago. The Presbyterians dread any deviation
from the views of Knox and Calvin ; the Methodists follow
and quote Wesley as an indisputable authority; and the
Quakers stick to the principles of Fox and Penn in the
same imitative manner that Phrenologists follow in the
wake of Gall and Spurzheim; and Homoaopathists in that
of Hahnemann. But every spiritual pastor has his flock;
people that accept everything he says, try to do everything
he prescribes, and never dream of thinking for themselves
544
ORIGINALITY OF MtND.
in matters either of faith or duty. Too truly lid Pollock
say,—
44 Vanity to be
Renowned for creed eccentrical, devoured
Its thousands ; but a lazy, corpulent,
And over-credulous faith, that leaned on all
It met, nor asked if 'twas a reed or oak ;
Stepped on, but never earnestly inquired
Whether to heaven or hell the journey led,
Devoured its tens of thousands."
So in politics. We wonder not that the Americans appre-
ciate the genius of Franklin and Washington; but thousands
of fairly intelligent citizens cast in their annual or quadren-
nial votes for those who are to govern them, without a
thought as to their respective merits, simply following
where the way is pointed by the New York Tribune.
Multitudes of voters more are moulded for each election by
the New York Herald, and have not a political opinion but
what is derived from it ; while the Democrats in the United
States stick to Jackson, and, it is said, that in eastern Ten-
nessee, some people vote for him still. So do the millions
follow, not examining whether the road is right or wrong;
and so, like sheep, they may be led either into green
pastures, or to the slaughter-house.
Having been a public lecturer for several years, I have
had a fine opportunity of observing this disposition to lead
and be led, even in the matter of whether the lecture shall
be patronized or not. Many a man have I seen come to the
door of the hall, and inquire " if any one is in yet." When
he sees a dozen come in with an eager rush, the poor sheepy
rushes too, and looks as eager and in earnest to hear as any
of them.
I have seen among the hills of California a team of
fourteen mules drawing one waggon. Perceiving the front
mule wearing a bell, I asked the teamster what was the use
of it, and he said it made them start at one moment and
ORIGINALITY OF MIND. 545
continue pulling together; otherwise they could not in-
stantly know when to stop or when to go on. So do the
majority of mankind walk as tne leading bell tinkles.
All civilized nations abjure despotic governments, and the
more enlightened any people become, the more independent
in thought and indisposed to servile following. The people
of America have adopted Independence as their watchword,
and an instance of the free and independent spirit was
displayed by the youths of Boston in the times of the
revolution. Some English soldiers had knocked down the
snow houses that the boys had carefully erected, and had
broken the ice in their skating ponds. The boys com-
plained to the captain , but he only laughed at them. The
undaunted little fellows, however, knew the difference
between fair fighting and capricious tyranny; they went
to the commander and related their grievances with such
boldness and manly freedom, that the general, far from
resenting the audacity of the appeal, was heard to say that
freedom was in the very air of the country, breathed even
by its boys. Would that the minds of all the English,
Scotch, Irish, and American people of the present day were
freed from the bigotry and superstition that makes mere
imitative sheep of so many. What advancement and
glorious happiness might all enjoy !
MENTAL LABOUR.
" Deep on his front engraven
Deliberation sat, and public care." — MILTON.
ALL totally uncivilized nations are characterized by a deep-
seated aversion to arduous and persevering labour, whether
mental or physical. A savage people displays scarcely more
inclination for the steady pursuit of agriculture, or of the
simple manufactures of which it is capable, than for inven-
tion and study ; but, as the national mind develops, a taste
for the physical, and subsequently for the intellectual
industries begins to display itself, and a dawning civilization
glimmers upon the race. The further progress of this
civilization is marked by a growing distaste for purely
manual toil, which expresses itself in the invention of
labour-saving machines, by means of which one man does
the work of ten, or a hundred unaided hands.
It is the fashion for a certain class of philanthropists to
decry machinery as prejudicial to the working man; yet
it is obvious that if, with its assistance, a people, considered
as a whole, can produce as much by working one hour per
diem, as they formerly did by working ten, the machinery
has given them nine leisure hours a-day; and if these
leisure hours are still employed in other equally productive
industries, the total produce of the nation will be increased
tenfold; in other words, there will be just ten times as
much for it to eat, and drink, and waste, as there was
before the machinery was introduced. It may be said,
MENTAL LABOUR. 547
however that, in point of fact, the labourer is not ten times
as well supplied as before, the increased national production
being consumed by the capitalist in luxurious living and pro-
digal waste. This assertion is not entirely without founda-
tion. Capitalists, it is not to be denied, do sometimes make
excessive profits upon the money they have invested in the
support of labour; yet it is equally true, first, that the
worst-conditioned labourers are comfortably housed, and
clothed, and fed, compared with machineless, •i.e., savage
people; and, second, that the principal misfortunes of the
labouring class arise from their fixed indisposition to that
mental labour, by means of which it is that capitalists have
chiefly contrived to accumulate wealth, and thus to better
their condition. Even in a country where labour is as ill
paid as in Britain, it is in the power of workmen who
exercise thrift and foresight, to save enough in ten years
from their earnings, to engage in some co-operative industry
These co-operative industries are evidently the salvatior
of the working man, since, by means of them, he can not
only enjoy the ordinary profits of the capitalist, but can
increase those profits by that enthusiasm in production
which he never experiences except when he is working
for himself. These and similar considerations have been
frequently presented to the working class, but they prefer
to pay enormous dues to the internationals, and to spend
their lives in hardships and in inflammatory complaints
against their so-called oppressors, to that mental labour,
and forbearance in the use of accumulated savings which
is a necessity with the capitalist.
It is a very common error with manual labourers tc
stigmatize those who live by their minds as idlers, unpro-
ductive consumers, &c.; the fact is, however, that without
somebody to think, no one would know how to act. Every
thought, moreover, is the result of some physical force
expended in its production, and an act of recollection or
548 MENTAL LABOUR. .
conception is often attended by a greater physical waste,
than the swinging of a scythe or the raising of a mallet.
The close dependence of the mind upon the physical health
shews us the necessity of guarding the latter, if we would
enjoy intellectual power. Many children, at the very time
that they are accounted slow and stupid, are developing a
strength of physical constitution, by the support of which
they may afterwards attain to eminence. They are like
those large green apples which, in the early fall, are hard,
sour, and uninviting, but which, after they have been fully
mellowed by time, are the most sought and appreciated.
Natures like these develop slowly by a law of their being,
which no amount of corporeal punishment or artificial
stimulations can safely reverse. Like the budding flower,
*/ O
they may be bruised and mutilated by improper treatment,
but they will not unfold their perfect proportions until
the voice of nature calls from without, and responds from
within. In spite of this fact, children are constantly urged
to an unnatural exercise of their nascent powers, which is
a positive and sometimes fatal injuiy to both mind and
body. Every one is ready to admit that a calf cannot be
made an ox by feeding or goading, but must wait the slow,
maturation of time ; yet the principle which underlies this
fact is constantly overlooked in the education of children.
When the precious gold is first brought from the mine,
it is often less sparkling than mere iron pyrites; but after
it has been duly refined, polished, and shaped, it will make
a valuable coin or a magnificent ornament. Education is
to the young mind a similar polishing process, but much
of it is to be gained outside the schoolhouse — in the
play-ground, and the broad fields, and in the close obser-
vation of nature. The greatest and most successful geniuses
in natural science have been those who were the irost
diligent observers of natural phenomena.
The constrained positions which scholars are forced to
MENTAL LABOUR. 549
take, and the impure air which they generally breathe,
often convert the school-houses into veritable slaughter-
O
pens, where countless innocents are murdered every year.
As a rule, country life is most favourable to the mental
as well as physical well-being of children; for a certain
amount of solitude and communion witli nature seems to
be as healthful to the mind as are fresh air and food to
the body. The life of the crowded town may, by its
innumerable stimulations, sharpen the mind in certain
directions, but it also militates against its breadth and
originality by the accumulated weight of public opinion
and example. On the other hand, the broad prairies,
flowing rivers, and majestic or beautiful scenes of the
country expand the "holy germ," and prepare it for a
long, noble, and healthful life.
The white race, being the most advanced in civilization,
is peculiarly marked by a taste for mental labour. In
Europe or America, the most ordinary house with its
furniture is replete with indications of taste and invention,
as well as of mental toil. The pyramids, on the contrary,
though their massive structure has preserved them for
ages, exhibit, in their almost total lack of convenience
and ornament, a strong preponderance of the physical over
the intellectual energies in the people who reared them.
It is a mooted question, which has attracted peculiar
interest, whether the finest type of physical organization
may not be the result of uniting the more intellectual
and nervous races with those comparatively deficient in
mental power, but with rich physical endowments. Agassiz
fails to perceive any injurious effects from such a com-
bination, but certainly the Caucasian and African mis-
cegenation, which has been practised in America, has not
resulted in the production of an ideal race. The Mulatto
is acknowledged to have less physical endurance and
genei-ative power than either the Negro or the Caucasian,
550 MENTAL LABOUR.
and although more clever than the black, is less intel-
ligent than the white man.
The signs of an inclination for mental labour are a high
brain, particularly when joined with small bones and
feeble muscles; a glistening and animated eye; great
length of the head in front of the ears; and well-defined
nasal bones. No man with a low African nose is naturally
inclined to mental effort.
The habit of intellectual exertion readily develops an
inclination for this kind of labour, especially when the
mind is exercised upon congenial subjects. Aristotle's
rule, that physics should be studied first, and metaphysics
afterwards, is a correct guide to the student, because it
follows the natural development of the taste. Common
schools are undoubtedly the glory of any land; and yet,
like all great institutions, however beneficent, they cannot
be operated with perfect adaptation to every individual.
That feature of the public education which forces all the
children to acquire exactly the same amount of science,
history, and philosophy, while it develops in many minds
an inclination for study, discourages a taste for it in others,
by keeping them chiefly employed on uncongenial tasks.
We are told by the poet that —
" Self-love is not so vile a sin
As self- neglecting. "
Let us, then, give to these minds of ours a thorough and
judicious training, knowing that —
"A soul without reflection, like a pile
Without inhabitant, to ruin runs."
THE LOVE OF MENTAL PLEASURES.
" My mind to me a kingdom is,
Full of rich thoughts."
£ACH of our faculties has its own peculiar enjoyment; thus
curiosity, which, though sometimes pragmatic and trifling,
is often useful and sagacious, delights to search out some
new thing; deductiveness finds happiness in the exercises
of logic and the excitements of debate; physiovalorosity
hastens to combat and exults in victoiy; factimemoriative-
ness is pleased by retaining the knowledge of past ideas
and events; appetitiveness is pleased with rich and savory
viands ; amicitiveness is gratified by acts of personal kind-
ness and the society of those whom the heart holds dear;
festheticalness is enraptured with impressions of beauty;
ordinimentality finds its Eden in the systematic arrange-
ment of thoughts; huntativeness takes delight in the chase;
and demolitiousness enjoys an Elysium in acts of subver-
sion, demolition, and slaughter.
The pleasure which we take in those of our powers
which are distinguished as mental, in opposition to the
emotional or physical propensities, is not merely a pleasure,
it is of inestimable use in stimulating intellectual exertion,
and it is also the most trustworthy guide in the choice of a
profession. There are very few cases in which it is not the
552 THE LOVE OF MENTAL PLEASURES.
wisest course to follow those occupations which afford us
the greatest enjoyment, for a mental taste is almost invari-
ably accompanied by a corresponding talent.
It is often said that physical enjoyments bring speedy
satiety, while the pleasures of the mind are " free from
cloying." The fact is, however, that a kind nature ha&
affixed enduring satisfactions to the moderate use of the
physical, as well as the mental powers, and that in the one
case, as in the other, abnormal and intemperate gratifica-
tion will occasion impotence and disgust.
" Much study," said that wise old king, who had
exhausted the learning of his day, " much study is a
weariness of the flesh . . . and he who increaseth know-
ledge, increaseth sorrow." Solomon, like the ennuied
philosopher who is the hero of Gcethe's most thrilling
drama, had pushed his investigations to that point that
his wearied mind grew disgusted with further searching.
But disgust is not all; softening of the brain, insanity,
failures of special faculties, like attentiveness and facti-
memoriativeness, and a great variety of nervous affections,
are often the result of an undue indulgence in mental
pleasures. The abuse of any power, physical, emotional,
or intellectual, is a sin, and, as such, brings its own punish-
ment. Those who take good care to keep out of that hell
in this world, which is the retribution of all kinds of
intemperance, need have no fear of a future perdition.
But while the excessive use of our mental faculties is a
frightful evil, their legitimate exercise is the source of some
of our most elevated enjoyments. The "ample page of
knowledge, rich with the stores of time," affords exhaustless
satisfactions to the temperate, yet devoted student. Neither
love nor ambition ever won a more enthusiastic and heart-
felt tribute than that which the poet pays to the pleasures
of Uie mind —
" My inheritance— how wide and fair—
Time is my estate— to time I 'in heir."
WE LOVE OF MENTAL PLEASURES. 553
As the spirit transcends the body, so are the ineffable
transports of the intellect superior to mere physical plea-
sures. Imagination lends enchantment to the solitude of
the ocean strand, and memory crowds the most tranquil
scenes and the most idle hours with busy recollections of
the past.
It is worthy of consideration that intellectual enjoyments
are cheap, as well as elevated. " The gods sell all things at
a fair price" — nay, there are many things which they offer
us gratuitously. All that is needed is the mental activity
to appropriate the food for reflection which they present to
us on every side.
That pyriform contour of the face which is given to it by
its being large at the top and small at the bottom, indicates
in the possessor a love of intellectual pleasures. When the
face is about equally broad above and below, the person
may, by a careful system of education, develop a consider-
able degree of enjoyment in mental exercises. The man
who is self- cultivated may be known by his keen and
sparkling eye, his clear forehead, his closed and rather com-
pressed lips, and his regular and graceful carriage.
"Mental pleasures," said Colton, "never cloy; unlike
those of the body, they are increased by repetition, approved
of by reflection, and strengthened by enjoyment." Those
who participate in these supreme satisfactions have the rare
appetite " which grows with what it feeds on," and theirs
is the supersensuous music of those " sweet airs which give
delight and hurt not."
FORCE OF CHARACTER.
" He doth bestride the narrow world
Like a Colossus, and we petty men
Walk under his huge legs."— SHAKESPEARB.
IN the practical concerns of life, success is oftener the result
of force of character than of great learning, polished man-
ners, or moral purity. " I have not learned," said Themis-
tocles, "to tune the harp or handle the lyre, but I know
how to make a small and inglorious city both powerful
and illustrious." There are some men who are the natural
masters of their race, who, by reason of their quick insight,
rapid decision, fixed purpose, and energetic will —
"Get the start of the majestic world,
And hear the palm alone."
Since such as these are born to govern, it is well foi the
happiness of mankind that the much larger class, who are
born to be governed, usually take pleasure in their subor-
dination. Those who are not gifted with force of character
find the occupations and responsibilities of the ruler an
insupportable burden, while service and discipleship give
them a pleasurable field of activity. The inequalities in
worldly distinction, which are so often complained of as
the mere freaks of fortune, are really the result of inequali-
ties in those characteristics which secure distinction. As
Cassius has it, —
" The fault, dear Brutus, is not in our stars,
But in ourselves, that we are underlings. "
FORCE OF CHARACTER. 555
And yet, since the noblest qualities of mind and heart aro
not always those which achieve success, it may well be
questioned whether what is called prosperity is not some-
times purchased at too dear a price. It were better to
enjoy the respect and esteem of a very small circle, than
to be the corrupt and corrupting master of half the world.
Yet, although force of character may be so perverted in
its using, as to be the agent of dishonour and crime, it is,
when properly directed, a superior excellence.
Those persons wno have tine aim symmetrical features,
though they may possess good sense and amiable feelings,
are never the foremost men of their time. They may be
clever, industrious, and friendly, but they are not — as the
foremost men always are — formidable opponents; they do
not make those whom they displease fear to shew their
displeasure.
Those persons who have large chins, prominent noses,
and capacious foreheads, together with sound health, and a
good brain and nerve form, are the truly forceful characters
who always succeed in cutting their way to fortune. The
large chin denotes a strong constitution; a prominent nose
svinces energy; while the expansive brow indicates great
sensational and cognizant capacities, which can so direct
the energy as to make it commanding. Those who have
stirred the world by their burning eloquence, or filled the
page of history with the recital of their daring deeds, or
noble acts of humanity, have possessed the chin, nose, and
forehead above described. Napoleon and Wellington — both
distinguished as the leaders of great armies — were strongly
characterized by these features, and none have occupied
a larger or more distinguished place in modern history.
Such men are impressive, and act with a confidence of
power which gives a mastering fascination to all that they
say or do. The physiognomical signs of force of character
do not vary, whether it is displayed in political leadership,
556 FORCE OF CHARACTER.
in commerce, by the successful management of vast estab-
lishments and the acquisition of enormous wealth, in
public speaking, literature, or, in short, in any department
of human life, where individual power can make itself felt.
The want of impressive force has robbed many an orator
of the meed of praise, when his discourse was not without
reason, imagination, and learning. On the other hand, the
possession of this force gave charm and weight to every
word which fell from the lips of Chalmers, Brougham, and
Webster. The writings of Samuel Johnson and John
Locke are peculiarly distinguished by their vigorous diction;
and both these men possessed the three signs of force of
character, which have been given in this chapter.
JOHN HOWARD PAYNE, the American dramatist, poet, and author of
that heart-thrilling song entitled " Home Sweet Home."
DECISION OF CHARACTER.
HE who has mastered the make-up, or construction }*' t&«
human system, in its adaptations, proportions, and the
laws by which its various faculties are governed, is pos-
sessed of the means by which unerring conclusions may
be formed with reference to the character of any man he
may chance to meet in the varied walks of life. He knows
how very intimately body and mind are related, and how
much the healthy action of the latter depends upon the
form, construction and development of the former; and
as the meteorologist discerns the face of the sky, and by
an induction of observed facts predicts storms, &c. — so he
having mastered human Physiognomy, will rarely fail in
his conclusions as to the moral idiosyncrasies of the
members of the human family with whom he comes into
contact. That this power of character-reading would be
of immense moment to society, who can doubt? Its
necessity is illustrated every day in the columns of our
newspapers. Young men gain the confidence of employers,
are put into situations of trust, keep their eyes about them,
and the first opportunity they have of lining their pockets
with money they have never wrought for, they yield to
their peculiar desire, possess themselves of the money and
abscond; and all that the astonished master can say is.
that he has been deceived. ISow, had ihat master studied
558 DECISION OF CHARACTER.
Physiognomy, had he beeu able to read the signs of the
human system, he would in that case have been careful
to see that, so far as lay in his power, no temptation to
dishonesty came in the young man's way. We do not
mean to say that young men with tendencies to clepto-
mania should not be employed, but certainly, not only
for the benefit of their employers, but for their own good,
they should be employed in such a way as that their
besetting temptation shall have no outlet. Indeed, con-
sidering the increasing number of cases of theft committed
on the premises of masters by those under them, we make
bold to say that much good would be gained to society if
large employers, unacquainted with the signs by which
human character is known, would pay a Physiognomist
to examine every new servant employed, and report as to
the peculiarities of the said servant's character.
In this essay we have to deal with that important
element in character called "decision," and the Physiog-
nomic signs by which it makes itself known. From the
want of this trait of character springs a great deal of
human misery. Without it, not very much of a lasting
character can be accomplished. A wavering man is not
to be depended upon. Stirred by mere impulse he may
act well for a time, but discouragement and disappoint-
ment master him. Wavering is weakness; decision is
strength. A man bereft of this element of character can
scarcely look a strong decisive man in the face. Rousseau
was a genius, and did much by flashes; but though he
had rare intellectual abilities, when he came into the
presence of the Scotch philosopher, David Hume, and that
strong healthy boned searcher for truth calmly and steadily
looked him in the face, the Frenchman trembled. It was
the meeting of strength and weakness, a coming togethei
of decision of character and moral hesitation; and Rousseau,
who tells the story himself, says that he was so much
DECISION OF CHARACTER. 559
impressed by the immovable Scotchman, and felt so acutely
the unsteady nature of his own character, that he burst
out and wept.
Any man who has travelled much in Great Britain
must have noticed, so far as decision of character is con-
cerned, the great disparity between the Scotch and the
English. The former are cool and ' calculating, strong of
will and full of purpose; the latter are politic, emotional
and can be consistently denominated sagacious. Had an
undecided man been at the head of the British Govern-
ment in the latter part of 1872, his impulsive nature could
not have out-lasted the stormy outside agitation for a
republican form of government, which was causing so
much disturbance in Britain; but the Scotch Gladstone,
with the blood of the enduring mountain warrior in his
veins, able to look through and through the agitation,
calmly held the reigns of rule, unaffected by the desperate
cavillings of prejudiced and selfish men. His mind was
made up. He had purposed to carry the country through
this agitation, as the wise and steady mariner guides his
vessel through the storm ; and those who are acquainted
with his moral courage and decision of character, know
that it is nearly or quite impossible for him to fail. An
undecisive person says, "perhaps I may," and fails; the
decided individual says, "I will," and succeeds. Some
years ago a young man, belonging to the Scotch border,
being out of employment, found his way to London. For
some time after reaching the city he served a coal agent
for half-a-crown a-day. During that time he was in the
habit of going out at night and talking with the policemen
on the streets. "How long have you been on the force?"
he used to say to them, "Eight, ten, or twelve 3'ears,"
they would reply, just as the case might be. "And are
you never to be promoted?" he would ask. "Perhaps we
may and perhaps we may'nt," was the invariable reply
560 DECISION OP CHARACTER.
The young man was struck with this oft recurring answer,
and walking home to his lodgings one night, he made up
his mind to join the police force, "and," said he, "once
that is done, if I am not something more than a common
police officer at the end of twelve months, I shall be dis-
appointed." Accordingly he joined the force. Gradually
his strong, staid, steady, decisive character became known,
and he was promoted from one office to another, until
now he stands at the head of his profession, has a princely
salary, and travels often with the Queen. Ask him how
he, a mere rustic, managed to push himself up, and he
will tell you that it was by avoiding the " perhaps," and
sticking firmly by the " I will" of decision.
Decision of character has three great principles under-
lying it. There is first an end to be accomplished ; secondly,
the obligation to accomplish it; and thirdly, will force to
carry it out. Demosthenes, having noticed the influence of
eloquence over his fellow-citizens, determined to be an
orator, and that determination was developed into action.
He was a stammerer, and resolved to master this defect, and
did it. He went to a running brook, and placing a small
pebble in his mouth, he delivered speeches to the uncon-
scious banks, modulating his voice to the cadence of the
rushing stream, and became the first orator of his time.
Had he endeavoured to do those things without first having
placed before himself an end, which he felt obligated to
reach, and which he was conscious he had force enough in
his will to reach, he would most certainly have failed, as
many had done before him, and as many have done since
his day. Csesar determined to become the ruler of the
Roman Empire, because of a conviction firmly rooted in his
mind to the effect that there was no other Roman citizen so
well fitted for it, and he succeeded. He first regaled the
ears of the Romans with well thought out, cleverly arranged
speeches, by means of which he became a state-officer; then,
DECISION OP CHARACTER. 501
adapting himself to surrounding circumstances, he rose step
by step until, from being commander of the Roman army, he
grasped the Roman crown. Could a man of a wavering
disposition have done this? Nay. Not only had Caesar an
end in view, but, considering the tyrannical rule of those in
authority, he felt in his heart under obligation to pursue
that end, conscious that there was will force within him
before which obstacles must give way, and which would
ultimately place him where it did. Napoleon I. was an
ambitious man, and strong in his passions, but he had little
steadiness or decision of character. Here he was weak; and
not only was this apparent to others, he was conscious of it
himself ;-and consequently, though elevated by his successes,
when circumstances of an untoward nature pressed heavily
upon him, he abdicated his throne and died in exile.
In the absence of the element of steady, overcoming
decision, nations totter and fall, society becomes inconstant,
families are unnecessarily oppressed, and individuals become
footballs to their fellows. Without it no man can be
trusted. To it Benjamin Franklin owed his greatness. By
it, backed by his generals and private soldiers, old Abraham
Lincoln, of precious memory, gave freedom to the slaves of
the South. It was this element that conquered at Waterloo
and made the Duke of Wellington immortal. The king
who has it not becomes a tool to those beneath him, as
witness the Georges of England; the subject who has it
not may be called a swatheling or a proteus, for he is
mastered by circumstances, and never sails but with the
current. Analyze the French nation and ask why it was that
they so signally failed in the late war against Prussia, and
the only true answer you can get is, that from the throne
downwards the people were living in their basilar natures,
were weak of purpose, and had no decision of character
Difficulties frightened them, disappointment brought dis-
couragement, and the iron-willed Germans, with well-
2K
562 DECISION OF CHARACTER.
balanced minds, full of moral force and strong decision,
shook them as a Newfoundland dog might be expected to
shake a noisy little terrier.
We have spoken in a general manner of physiognomic
signs of human character; now, let us ask particularly,
what is that sign in the human body indicating the capacity
of strong mental decision within? And here we may
remark, that to judge the inner man by the outer, is a very
natural process. There is nothing arbitrary in it. It is
wholty reasonable. Indeed, there is no other way in which
we can get to the mind save through the body. Phreno-
logists have seen this; but many of them blunder in their
conclusions, because they confine their observations mainly
to one part of man's organism, viz., the head, assuming, very
erroneously, that the mind dwells there, and there alone.
Now, we may as well sit down beside an Alpine mountain
and expect to gather a perfect knowledge of the God of
nature from its rocks, avalanches, and ice-covered peaks, as
expect to read human character through the head alone.
As the mind is diffused throughout the whole body, just as
God lives in universal nature, so we must judge of the
character of the mind, not by one particular part of the
body only, but by all. As in nature, so in man, there is
what may be called the law of correspondence. A flabby
mind will have a flabby body, and, conversely, a flabby
body will have a flabby mind. A well-constructed, firmly
built, strong, enduring body may be expected to lodge a
well-constructed, firmly built, strong, enduring mind. The
inner acts upon the outer, and the outer upon the inner;
and though we cannot tell how it is that mind acts
upon body and body upon mind, nevertheless it is certain
that just as one substance makes an impression upon
another, so the mind acting through the body impresses
the body, leaving marks, so to speak, by which an observant
mind may not only recognize the fact of its acting, but
DECISION OF CHARACTER. 563
coine to conclusions regarding the character of its acts.
Starting, then, with this principle, we ask, what is it in the
body, known to us, which indicates decision of character
within? And at this point we may notice more particularly
titan we have done, that decision of character is not simply
determination, but that power by which determination is
developed into action, carried out. In other words, decision
is moral endurance. Now, there cannot be the slightest
doubt that the capacity of endurance in a body depends
upon the strength and compactness of its bones; not of one
bone only, but of all. This need not be argued. So ap-
parent is it to all, that we have merely to state the fact to
have it admitted. Find us a man strong and vigorous of
bone, and we shall shew you a man capable of endurance.
During the time that the English railways were being made,
it was remarked by all the contractors that the Scotch
navvies were so much superior to the English, that two of
the former could do as much work in the same time as any
three of the latter, and generally they received higher wages.
Now, why was this? The reason is not far to seek. The
English workman who, by food peculiar to himself, makes
more flesh than bone, has nothing like the enduring power
of his northern brother, who lives in a land of cakes, and is
more particular about making bone than flesh. The Eng-
lishman believes in bulk, but Sandy believes in compact-
ness. Now, according to the law of correspondence to
which we have referred, capacity of endurance in the body
is a sign of capacity of endurance in the mind or soul ; and
as the body's capacity of endurance is dependent upon the
strength, vigour, and compactness of its bones, so we are
bound to come to the conclusion that well-formed, enduring
bones in a man are signs to us that he has the capacity,
not only of determination to act in a particular cause, but
also that he carries within him the power of carrying out
his determinations — that is to say, he possesses decision of
564 DECISION OF CHARACTER.
character. (Foi farther explanation in regard to the Signs
of Decisiveness, the reader is referred to pige 141 m my
New Physiognomical Chart of Character.} A man of stable
bone is generally a man of stable character. He who makes
bone early, lays the foundation of an honest, manly life.
He who neglects this, will, generally speaking, become
vacillating, and perchance may, in a snailish or imper-
ceptible manner, merge into a harlequin. This is no mere
theory without foundation in fact. He has read history
backward who is not convinced of it, and cannot be called
an observant man. Wellington, of whom we have already
spoken, was not so large as many men, but his bones were
of a large and more firm and enduring character, in propor-
tion to his general bulk, than were those of Napoleon I.,
and, in consequence of this, he was more stable and reliable
in his character than the ambitious, versatile Frenchman.
Strong-boned people, though they may sometimes move
slowly, always move surely, decide quickly, but are tardy
in revealing their decisions, and even when " perhaps" slips
from their tongues, the mind is saying, "I will," or "I won't."
General Andrew Jackson had, perhaps, one of the most
angular faces in America, and no man was ever firmer or
more decided than he was. His solid parts preponderated
over the softer; hence that solid, reliable, decided, and
honest character for which he was so widely known and
noted. Of course, there are exceptions to every rule, but
generally you will find that the bones of a thief are of a
very unenduring character. He excels in softness of con-
struction; hence, when tempted, he is easily led astray.
We once had an opportunity of studying the character of
a thief. In the heart of this man there were desires for
reformation, but as often as he resolved to be honest, so
often did he violate his resolutions and fall. He seemed to
have lost all power over himself, if ever he had any, so that
theft had become his master. The smallness of his bones
DECISION OF CHARACTER. 565
in proportion to the general size of his body, was as plainly
marked as it possibly could be ; and well do we remember
feeling that, if that young man had been taught in his
earlier years to look after solidity of body and brain form,
instead of robbing society, he might, \>y a staid, solid mind,
resolute, honest purpose, and searching, intellectual power,
have made society his debtor, instead of being a weak,
unstable, wavering wave of the great human sea, tossed
about by every wind that blew around him. Wherever,
then, you find men of weak, undeveloped, uncompacted
bones, do not be astonished if they are inconsistent in affec-
tion, fickle in business transactions, changeable in their
purposes, without moral stamina, and freakish and unwise
in their judgments. The foundation they have laid, or which
has been laid for them.does not possess endurance and capacity
for holding out. What, then, must the structure be ? What
is it that gives stability and physical purpose and endur-
ance to the mountain, but the hard, solid rock within; and
from what, in man, may we infer decision of character, and
power to hold out in honesty, straightforwardness, and
manliness of life, if not from a preponderance of hard, solid,
earthy, osseous matter in his organization.
It must not be inferred from what we have said that
big men are necessarily honest, and small men necessarily
thieves. Men of large bulk are often very small boned, and
small men are often the reverse. But what we assert is
this, — that, generally speaking, so general, indeed, as almost
to amount to a law, it will be found that men, whatever be
their general bulk, who have in their systems a preponder-
ance of good, solid, osseous matter, are men who are large
in the capacity of moral endurance, men to be trusted;
men who, if other qualifications are present, are fitted for
high, responsible situations ; while, on the other hand, men
who are wanting in osseous matter, in whose systems soft,
flabby substance preponderates, are men without moral
566 DECISION OF CHAR4CTER.
stamina, quite unstable, and altogether deficient in decision
of character. That which would tempt the latter, and cause
a fire in their lower nature, has little or no effect upon the
former. It does not always thunder when it lightens; nor
does it always rain when dark portentous clouds fill the
sky. It is the soft elements in nature that deceive ; and so
is it among men. The hard, bony hand of the well matured
mechanic rarely pilfers. Like others of a softer make, he
may be tempted, but before him is a high aim in life, to
pursue which he feels under obligation, and for the accom-
plishment of which he is conscious of possessing sufficient
will-power; and bringing that power to bear upon the
temptation, he decides against it at once, his whole moral
nature thundering " No." And in every victory he
gains fresh strength. It is the soft, small boned street-
loafer out of which cut-pursers, foot-pads, pickpockets,
housebreakers, shoplifters, and all the rest of the light-
fingered gentry are made. Healthy work they have never
enjoyed — and idleness is the mother of vice. The man who
does not work, especially when young, cannot be expected
to be very strong-boned, and in consequence cannot be
expected to be very particular in his morals. He may have
a certain amount of polish in him, but like the soft-faced,
sleek, polite Dr. Pritchard, of Glasgow, he would deprive a
very near relation of life, if money sould be made out of
such sacrifice of a friend.
What a lesson we have here for parents! How often
they neglect the bodies of their children, setting them to
mental work before their minds have room to act. " Make
body, my son, make body " was the advice given by Dr.
Lyman Beechcr, to his son, Henry Ward. The son took the
father's advice. He spent much of the time during his early
years in gardening, &c., and where will you find a stronger
boned, more plucky, determined man in the wide, wide
world, than the minister of Plymouth Church? Industry
DECISION OF CHARACTER. 567
is the father of honesty, honour, and incorruptibility of
character, because it develops and matures that part of
the human system which is intended for hard, enduring
action, firm, solid, well-compacted bone.
John Locke once said, that to have a sound mind in a
sound body was the highest state of happiness conceivable.
The old philosopher was right. But how is the sound mind
to be got without the sound body? We do not mean to
say that a man with a weak, unhealthy body is necessarily
a bad man; but so far as we know, very few people would
care about electing such to high offices, whether of
Church or State. As a general rule, they have no con-
fidence in themselves, and dare not take upon them heavy
responsibilities. They are lacking in enduring bone, and
consequently are lacking in moral decision and purpose,
Demosthenes being asked what was the chief part of an
orator, replied, "Action;" and what next? "Action;" and
next? " Action." If you ask us how to make bone in your
body, we give the Athenian's reply, " Action, action, action;"
and if you ask how to secure decision of character, we have
the same answer to give, — Work, work, work; and in doing
so you are laying for yourself the groundwork of a noble
character. Whereas if you are idle, you are losing in bone-
power and firm endurance, which, transmitted inwards to
the mind, results in indecision, moral delinquency, incon-
stancy of form, and an utter unfitness for any of those
callings which require men with noble enduring purpose
of soul. In the language of Shakespeare —
" Do not for one repulse forego the purpose
That you resolved to effect;
Be stirring as the time; be fire with fire;
Threaten the threatener, and outface the brow
Of bragging horror; so shall inferior eyes
That b'row their behaviours from the great
Grow great by your example, and put on
The dauntless spirit of resolution."
HUMILITY.
" Yoi have that in your countenance -which I would fain call master."
— SHAKESPEARE.
HUMILITY may be exercised toward God and toward man.
In the former case it is a wise recognition of the true
relations between the Creator and his creatures; but in
the latter, it indicates a want of that true dignity which
is based upon the brotherhood of the race. On this world's
stage, where " all the men and women are merely players,"
acting in that character to which they have been appointed
by the Great Manager of all, social humility is as out of
place as social pride. Every true actor on the stage of
life, like every genuine artist on the dramatic boards,
plays well his role, whether it be that of a king or peasant,
knowing this, that the peasant may be as necessary to the
plot as the king, and that it is the acting which elevates
or degrades the part.
It would appear at first sight that humility — involving,
«as it does, meekness, submission, and self-abasement — would
be a state of mind from which all men would recoil, and
to which they would only be reduced by the force of the
most depressing griefs or the most imperious authority.
In partial accordance with this view, we find that there
are comparatively few people who are willing to be do-
HUMILITY. 5G9
ruinated in every domestic and public relation, who do
not shrink, in other words, from a universal humility;
but, on the other hand, the vast majority of mankind
exhibit a marked inclination for humbling themselves on
particular occasions, taking as much pleasure in the worship
of their chosen heroes, as do the heroes themselves in tho
reception of their homage. Like the Earl of Kent, whom
I have quoted in my motto, they are always finding some
one whom they " would fain call master."
At the present stage of general enlightenment, and a
fortiori in the past, the populace have needed, as well
as demanded, great leaders, political, religious, and philo-
sophic, to plan and direct their movements. As they were
unwilling and unable to think for themselves, it was
necessary that some one should think for them, else there
could be no recognized law, no concert of action, and by
consequence, no progress in civilization. The people, how-
ever active and industrious, are, as a rule, without plans
for the future, and they therefore always surrender to
the original thought that devises for them, and the master-
ing will that would rule them. To them the one thing
needful is ease; and as they find it easier to be governed
by others than to govern themselves, they readily resign
their intellectual and political independence. Even in a
professedly republican country, popular autonomy is almost
unknown; the people not being governed by their own
representatives, but by the representatives of half-a-dozen
political leaders, assembled in a virtually private caucus.
We may hope, however, that as the advance and diffusion
of education awaken and discipline the popular thought,
they may grow out of their present disposition to be
gulled and subordinated by every species of demagogue,
and may assume and enjoy the proud right of governing
themselves.
As an erect and even backward carriage of the head is
570 HUMILITY.
the Physiognomical sign of pride, we might assume, a priori^
•what is confirmed by observation, that humility, which is
the opposite of pride, would be indicated by a drooping
of the head toward the breast. The ox, which carries his
head forward and low, expresses his humility in his willing
submission to the yoke, and the faithful industry with
which he performs the bidding of his master. The horse,
on the contrary, in common with all proud animals, bears
himself loftily. The English, who are naturally a proud
people, carry the head high.
When humility is not exaggerated into servility and
meanness, it often gives to the address an engaging
modesty, which expresses itself in unobtrusive and attrac-
tively deferential manners. Persons who have this modest
estimate of themselves, together with a high regard for
others, will naturally incline the head forward, as in the
act of bowing. That the forward inclination of the body,
whether expressed in the bow, genuflection, or prostration,
is the natural sign of humility, is indicated by the customs
of all nations. The Turks and Persians make their salaam
by way of ceremony or respect; the Hindoos prostrate
themselves before their idols and their social superiors;
and among Christian nations, those who are meekly sub-
missive to the Divine will, incline the head in the reve-
rential act of prayer, or of returning thanks.
The strutting carriage is an evidence of pride; but those
who stoop low in bowing, shaking hands, or speaking, are
sober-minded and condescending. We naturally stretch
the head toward the object of thought, and hence it is
that pride carries the head from others towards self, be-
cause self is uppermost in the mind ; while humility inclines
the head toward others since they are pro tempore the
predominant interest. When we wish to catch the strains
of fine music, we naturally incline the ear with which we
bear best in the direction of the sound, and so also we
HUMILITY. 571
turn the eyes, and often the whole body, toward any
object which we are eager to see. The student bending
over his book is another instance of the natural tendency
to incline the head toward the object of consideration.
In social life the affectation of humility — " the crooking
the pregnant hinges of the knee, that thrift may follow
fawning" — is one of the most odious and contemptible of
all characteristics, while in religion it constitutes the sin
of hypocrisy, — which is justly punished in the Mahommedan
region by the tortures of the lowest hell
" The devil may grin, for his favourite sin
Is pride, that apes humility."
SIB EDWIN LAXPSKKTC, the leading genius among modern painters of
animals. The curly and curved lines predominate in this face and hair,
which is evidential that he had the inherent power to see, judge, imitate,
and produce curved lines of beauty or elegance. (See pages 357 — 3G3.;
THE ORIGIN OF PHYSICAL, MENTAL, AND
SOUL LIFE;
OR, THE ORIGIN OF MIND AND BODY.
NATURE is a vast field of physical life. Earth, air, water,
and even animals and plants are full of living creatures,
millions of whom, in the form of animalcule, infusoria,
and others of like character, are found floating in fresh and
salt water. The air we breathe, the food we eat, the water
we drink, and even the ink with which we write, has each
its separate world of living beings, apparently formed for
enjoyment, and as well provided for as any of the tribes
of larger animals, or even man. It is being demonstrated
by H. Carlton, Bastian, and other eminent physicists of
Europe and America, that liquids, under certain favourable
conditions, will develop organic life. In the experiments
of these gentlemen, the liquids used for the purpose had
been heated from two to three hundred degrees Fahrenheit,
which is sufficient to destroy all previous life existing in
them. They were placed in sealed, air-tight cans, yet after
the space of twelve days, millions of living creatures
appeared in the water, full of life and activity. This is
tolerable evidence that life may be spontaneously generated
under favourable circumstances. Now, if this is the fact
in minute cases, why may not the vast oceans of our globe
produce, under favourable conditions, the life called man?
There seems to be no other method by which we can
account for his existence on a scientific basis. The fabulous
stones of antiquity, upon which modern superstitions of
THE ORIGIN OF MIND AND BODY. 573
faith are based, need the scientific pruning which they are
getting in this age of reason. According to this principle
of creation, " God formed man out of the dust of the earth."
The life-principle existing in nature, throughout ocean,
air, and solid matter, was put into action, and particles of
matter coarsely gathered together, and formed man. That
first man was larger, coarser, stronger, and less mental than
any race with which we are acquainted at the present day.
The earth was in just the right temperature, age, moisture,
electrical force, and magnetic spirit to produce the species
called man.
As qur earth became cooler, whiter races came forth, the
result of the same great laws of life which are now active,
but producing only small animals out of liquids, when heat,
electricity, and light are favourable to such creations. We
are candid in our opinion that the Negro race was the
earliest created; then the dusky races at later periods, and
last of all the white race. We are also firmly of opinion
that the earth has not lost all her generative power, and
that she will yet, under new conditions, form a still whiter
race of men than ourselves, and far superior to all preceding
races. The objection may be raised, that we cannot per-
ceive the principles of spontaneous generation of life ;
neither can we understand the generation of the sexes,
and many other facts in nature are equally unexplainable;
though we do not understand them, still the facts remain.
We cannot comprehend why silicic acid forms those beauti-
ful crystals known as quartz; yet our ignorance detracts
not one iota from the fact that they do so form. We see
no hand guiding their sides or particles, neither could we
have seen the hand of God, or anybody else guiding the
material to form man. When the forces of nature, acting
on liquids aud solids, and impressed by light, electricity,
moisture, &c., were set in motion, it needed none of man's
imaginary assistance or superstitions to make man. When
574 THE ORIGIN OF MIND AND BODY.
this globe was in a less pure and perfect state, long prior
to the appearance of any human beings upon it, by certain
hidden and mysterious laws, various multitudes of animals
were produced, which were existing upon its surface when
man first made his appearance. The creative laws are not,
and may never be understood by us; but as certain unknown
conditions will now spontaneously produce life, why may
not the same causes have engendered it long ages ago, as
well as now? As the mind is still finer and less tangible,
it will be harder, by logic, to prove its origin. On man's
first appearance, he had very little, if any mind; but as all
nature tends to rise from the coarsest towards the finest,
from matter towards mind, so she continued to unfold mind
in man until he has now considerable powers in that
direction; yet his present mental force is not nearly so great
as it will be in the coming centuries. .By taking a retro-
spective view of history, we find that all races were
originally barbarians. The ancient Britons were savages;
yet what brilliant talent and intellect now shines over all
the hills and valleys of that " mother country." Mind is a
creation from animal life, and just as much regulated by
the same great natural laws as that which guided the
creation of body life. Matter creates body, and body
creates mind, and mind creates soul; and thus the great
progressive scheme of nature goes on, step by step, rising
higher and higher, becoming finer and more complex as it
develops, until the eyes fail to perceive, or the thought to
comprehend its creations or existence. Undoubtedly the
soul will produce still higher forms of soul life, as time
rolls onward to eternity. What in the future the offspring
of soul will be, we cannot determine. The physical -»body
is the organ of the mind, and the mind is the organ of the
soul. Coarse bodies sometimes contain beautiful caskets
and interior jewels, glittering and precious ; so it is with
the physical body Disappointments, vexations, and sorrows
THE ORIGIN OF MIND AND BODY. 575
prod ace or develop the beautiful interior mind, and the
soul will naturally be still finer, and more beautiful and
pure. Now, the encasement of mind is the physical body,
and our soul works through our mental natures, conse-
quently, it must live within its portals, the same as the
mind dwells within the physical, and works through the
same. The butterfly affords us an excellent example of
three species of existence after the egg, through which state
of life man passes, the same as all other transmitted life.
First, we see a coarse, rough-looking worm, or caterpillar;
then comes the chrysalis, significant of death in man; and
last of all the beautiful butterfly. One inhabits the ground,
after which it attempts to climb into mid-air on a tree, and
last of all, it metamorphoses into a beautiful winged creature,
and soars into the heavens as its residence. The first,
lowest animal, or worm, represents the physical man, who
attempts to rise into the air; but only when the bodily
casket is cast off does the soul soar into space, and occupy
the beautiful dream-land beyond. Feeble man, while
clogged and loaded down with the gross material of earth,
cannot comprehend those various conditions, or recognize
the developments of nature, or the manner in which his
conditions are susceptible of different phases, in a few
moments of time. The soul of a child is evolved from the
parental soul, as much as the body is an outgrowth from
the parental body. There are some who have small souls
as well as small bodies by inheritance, and it will require
longer time in the future to develop them. Some inferior
souls in children are caused by vexations, disappointments,
sickness, and animal excesses of the parents, and those same
inferior souls are improved by troubles, dieting the body,
and silent grief and meditations. In order that all may
become more gifted in bodily heritage, as well as in mind
and soul, we would recommend a higher and better propa-
gation of our species. There should, and eventuolly thevw
576 THE ORIGIN OF MIND AND BODY.
will be, Luman exhibitions similar to the cattle and stock
fairs of the present day, having for their object the advance-
ment of humanity. As stock exhibitions are for the
improvement of the domestic animals, so humanity shows
should be for the improvement of ourselves. The physiog-
nomical signs of a large soul by inheritance are large eyes;
yet an individual may inherit a large soul, and it may be
like rough ore, which is not useful until it has been heated
and mixed, ground and powdered, and then transformed
into useful metal. The man who has had many sad expe-
riences, generally possesses a fine interior soul, which is
large, because thus developed. When men have large
bones and muscles, with small eyes, and can divest them-
selves of selfishness by close cultivation, they will eventually
become the possessors of large souls. Selfishness cramps
the soul to a pitiful degree. Future life can in no wise
need selfishness, hence it would be to the soul like sand in
a balloon; when they are cast out, both will rise. When
generosity that asks no reward , veneration that bows with
respect and commands respect, pure and undefiled love,
conception of the beautiful, pity that soothes sorrowing
anguish, and draws pity from those who are selfish, and
the harmony that influences the quarrelsome to be ashamed
of their degradation, and our higher nature thus predom-
inates in all affairs, then the soul will grow into beautiful
proportions, as these are the foundation of all the attributes
of the soul. By the eyes we see the germ of a future
existence ; they are as a camera, or negative, which gives
the expression of the future body or mind which encase.s
the soul. We see by the various shapes and expressions
in the eyes, the results in the mind and- soul, and by tracing
back those looks, we learn of the soul and its powers. The
eyes are the organs through which most spiritual impres-
sions are received. The other senses obtain it by contact,
while the eyes are the principal media that give impressions
THE ORIGIN OF MIND AND BODY. 577
to the mind of the external relation and soul of ihitito^
because thoy are connected with the whole universe of soul.
The various faculties and powers of man wi?l «Svelop in
the future s.Vit/3, being seen only in a diminuliv*. ondition
here; yet various degrees or iiiind and soul \u-a,y '-je recog-
nized in their greater or less development in the persona
who possess them.
REV. WILLIAM MORLEY PUNSHON, an eloquent author and preacher,
who refused all kinds of fruit, but had a strong appetite for flesh diet,
which is indicated by his broad nose and wide face. This large mouth
with protrusive lips denotes commanding powers of speech. (For more
complete description of the indications of this faculty of spoken language,
see pages 169, 170.)
PERFECTION OF CHARACTER.
COULD we rear children in such manner as to elevate th«
standard of mankind, would it not be a thought and work
worthy even of saints?
If drunken husbands beget imbecile children (which is
now an acceded fact), then sober husbands, with cool blood,
are surely the most likely to produce offspring compos
mentis, and having all their faculties developed in a highei
degree of perfection than the offspring of the former class.
Then if, as it appears to us to be no less an undoubted
fact, the state of the parent is transmitted to the child,
influencing and controlling his or her actions for a lifetime,
why not observe those laws of sobriety and morality, and
live by them to the good of unborn generations?
What would not many give to have a handsome face?
A beautiful face is a good recommendation to most persons;
yet there is a beauty which far exceeds all merely placid,
smooth faces, and it is the peculiar and still more fascinat-
ing beauty of soul, which impresses itself upon the visage
in all the most pleasant variations of thoughtful expression
conjoined with moral worth and purity.
That the children of some parents are a better type of
mankini than either parent, is often seen in every day life.
Cei tain combinations in father and mother will result in
PERFECTION OF CHARACTER. 579
foolish offspring and those mentally depleted. Certain other
conditions iu marriage will eventuate in talented children.
When brother and sister bring forth children as a result of
marriage or incest, their children are almost certain to be
ibols. One case of incest occurred in Iowa not many years
since, arid the child was without brain or spinal cord, and
an absolute idiot. This case came under the author's own
observation, and the specimen was sent by him to Dr.
Willard Parker, surgeon and lecturer to the College of
Physicians and Surgeons in New York, where the author
formerly attended medical lectures. Then, again, a same-
ness of blood or temperament is not conducive to a high
type of offspring; but a German woman, belonging to a
race noted for their good natures and strong constitutions,
would make an excellent union with a nervous or excitable
Yankee or Frenchman, at least so far as results go in pro-
ducing more perfect samples of mankind than if both parents
possessed the sam$ nationalities and characteristics.
There is no study more important than this: how to
make mankind more perfect. Then let no man or woman
slight a single item conducing to this great work.
If a tall, raw-boned man were to marry a pocket Venus,
as well moulded as Hebe, or pure as Lucrece, their children
would, in all likelihood, be of medium height, and capable
of accomplishing and enduring more than either parent.
Simple beauty of face does not indicate the highest
organization. The most excellent organization is where all
the bodily and mental parts act in harmony; where there
is no diseased vital or weak mental organ ; where excess is
an entire stranger to the whole form; whose ruling power
is the moral and intellectual instead of the animal. Such
people are found not to have horrid or hideous faces, though
they may not all possess the physical qualities of an Adonis
or a Venus.
Men study, observe, and write books, and experiment, to
580 PERFECTION OF CHARACTER.
teach and learn how to mix the various forms of horse-kind
to obtain the most perfect animals. Cattle are yearly
imported by dozens from Europe to mix with ours. They
are varied in shape and blood, in order to improve the
stock. Sheep-breeders are taking pains in every land to
commingle various bloods, and also to perpetuate pure-
blooded stock in its native state, that they may produce
the greatest amount of wool or mutton as is most desired.
The dog species are studied and fostered with great care,
that they may be more perfect in every manner.
When men, as we see, study and apply their judgment
to raising speed, meat, wool, and usefulness in animal
life, why not apply equally the judgment and mind to
learn how to rear useful human beings, as well as improve
the race?
There can surely be no nobler aim than to go back to
the first causes and try to adjust them, that nobler races and
nations of men may follow us on a higher and purer sphere
of action.
We, for our own part, firmly hold the belief that a nobler
and purer race will yet spring from the present to fill our
places when our children's children lie in dust beneath the
clods of the valley. Creation of races is as much a fact at
this period of our earth's history as it has been in any
former age, only it is not by the ordinary observer notice-
able, it works so slowly, but not the less surely.
When the laws of unity of the sexes are fully understood
and applied by all mankind, then marriage will be so con-
ducted and arranged by judgment, that happiness and well
organized children will be a fixed certainty, and not the
result of blind impulse, as too commonly is the case at the
present day.
As man stands pre-eminently above all the brute creation,
so becomes the more important this study of the laws
leading to perfection in man. Thousands of dollars and
FL AFFECTION 0 CHARACTER. 581
hundreds of books are annually used in trying to make
more perfect the animal kingdom, while only two books, at
least of any consequence, have ever been written directly
on the subject of marriage, with a view to human improve-
ment. We refer to Walker's work, entitled Intermarriage,
and The Science of a Neiv Life, by Dr. Cowen, printed at
Hartford, in Connecticut, which are the only works worth
a fig ever written on the subject of improving the character
of the genus homo previous to birth. Walker's book was
printed in England, and can be obtained at many of our
American book stores; and we heartily recommend its
perusal to every lover of humanity, as well as the work by
Dr. Cowen.
The questions naturally ari.-,e, " When can this great
work of human improvement be best commenced?" and
"How inaugurate this great reformation?" To the first
query the reply should simply be " Nov:, now and at once."
If a work of reform is worth notice, it can never be too soon
begun. Every hour lost gives to the world more than
3,600 more imperfect human beings to grope and crawl on
towards the grave, hardly able to sustain or help them-
selves, let alone the helping of their fellows. The answer
to the last of the two questions should be given thus, the
manner of reform should be that none but right marriages
should ever 'be made. We would even go the length of
saying that a law should be passed whereby those who are
in any important degree unfit for the married state should
not be allowed to enter into it. The law could specify
how a committee could be appointed or elected, whose
duty it would be to examine all parties purposing marriage,
and to determine whether they were fit for the duties of
matrimony. A male committee to examine men, for instance,
and a female committee for women.
Horses and other animals are examined to determine their
probable capabilities of producing good offspring; then wby
582 PERFECTIOr OF CHARACTER.
not examine men and wome , with this greater and more
important object in view — the elevation and improvement
of our race. This plan of marriage should be based on
somewhat the same principle as that on which men are
admitted to the army or certain secret societies. They
should be examined, and this examination regulated by
law. We have no doubt that this would, on a fair trial,
be found quite practicable, and would be of enormous value
to all humanity.
The perfection of unity is harmony, and harmonious
forms are the better calculated to bring forth offspring
of that nature. They will give to the world children
that can support themselves, and propagate in turn their
own species.
Another very important matter arising out of what has
been said, would be to rear men and women to have
beautiful Physiognomies; but how shall we accomplish this
very desirable result? There are faces that were they
blended in their offspring, the children would be handsome
though the parents might not be so in themselves; but
the condition would most likely be such that the children
would be moulded in a combination of their parents' features
which would give them beauty.
What faces are those? You take this woman with a
"pug" and that man with a Roman nose, and the child's
nose is straight. A person with a Roman nose would very
well .do to marry a straight nosed individual, at least so
far as noses are concerned.
All fair-haired people are, like light-coloured horses,
tender in constitution and liable to consumption ; and to
avoid that they should mate with one of such a tempera-
ment that they will produce children who will have an
organization of a different type; or such that the con-
sumptive type will not be seen or exist in the children.
A fnir-haired person should, as a general rule, marry a
PERFECTION OF CHARACTER. 583
clack-haired person, or one with very dark hair; then
their children would not be so apt to shew consumptive
tendencies. Where fair-haired people marry, their children
are usually of weak constitution. Red and black-haired
people make a good combination to produce healthy progeny.
People with the same colour of hair may have opposite
forms, so do not judge that when the colour of hair is the
same it must follow that the forms are alike, for who has
not seen many a man of the Brain and Nerve form with
brown hair? who but has also seen such hair accompanying
each of the other forms?
The build of the body is a better index to the forms
than colour of hair or eyes.
If marriages were conducted wholly on the scientific
plan advocated, there would be less cause for places of
protection, such as asylums, prisons, and schools of cor-
rection; as human beings would be produced of a higher
standard, who could control themselves, and possess the
finest Physiognomies as an evidence of self-control and
perfection of character.
Many marriages are happily made so as to produce
perfect natures; but by wrong living and eating the
systems of the parents are so impaired and thrown out
of balance, that harmony in the nature of their offspring
is entirely wanting.
If one parent has one point in the face, small or weak,
the other parent should have that point full or large, then
the child would be neither deficient nor excesssive in this
respect; so all the points in Physiognomy which are exces-
sively strong in one parent should be less strong in the
other, so as to be counterbalanced.
If the man has a very large mouth the wife should have
a moderate or small mouth. Where the man has large
eyes, ears, nose, hands, or feet, the wife should have them
small or moderate in size to give good-sized and more
584 PERFECTION OF CHARACTER.
perfect children in all their faculties than either individ-
ually possesses.
Before we can make ourselves perfect by improvement
after birth, and even in manhood, we must observe several
distinct conditions. We cannot efface a single faculty: but
that is not necessary if it were possible.
The beautiful parrot, with his green plumage, may rub
his feathers off and off again, and yet nature repeats her-
self in causing them to grow green again and for ever.
The tiger may wish to have red stripes or green instead
of yellow and black, and by rubbing (were it possible)
erase the old spots; yet nature, ever true to herself,
reproduces the same spots, not a tinge darker or lighter
than before. The lovely lily may wish to be black instead
of white or yellow tinted, and so swings its pendulous
head against some rugged rock and darken its lovely face,
but nature, with her inate principle of self-cure, sets to
work to repair the damage, and in a few days the sombre
shades have vanished, and again its natural sunny coun-
tenance beautifies the florist's paradise in all its natural-
ness and purity. So with the powers, abilities, inclinations,
capacities, endowments, and qualities of man ; we cannot
efface a single faculty; we may smother and restrain, but
cannot destroy a single instinct belonging to our
natures. We can control one faculty by another, and all
of them by the^ will, yet we have no power to rub out a
single letter of the mind's alphabet.
Self-improvement consists not in destroying, but wholly
in the proper use and restraint of our faculties.
The great intention of man's nature is that we should
use all the gifts with which we are endowed, giving them
a right aim and object, and avoiding the wrongful use :>r
abuse of any of them,
It is impossible to change man's nature entirely, but
some can be transformed so that it would be impossible
PERFECTION OP CHARACTER. 585
to recognize them. We see the principle in many young
men from rural life, who abide in the city for a few years
under its grinding and polishing influence, and when they
return to their country Iriends are narcuy recognized. All
exclaim, "How improved he is."
How to make this happy change for self-improvement
is the great query for the world to understand. Patience
is the grand panacea and the cardinal virtue. Yet all
require to be taught as children are, little by little, and
the surrounding conditions are such that it is impossible
(or nearly so, while in those circumstances) for some to
reform; but still there is hope, for if they will only try,
the trying will work wonders.
First of all must be learned the great lesson, what to
eat and drink, and a greater lesson, to know what to avoid.
Secondly, learn how to think, and towards what subjects
to direct the mind, and from which to carefully guard
the thoughts; or which thoughts to keep out of the mind.
We cannot prevent bad thoughts entering the mind, any
more than we can prevent birds alighting on our heads;
but we can refuse to harbour the evil thoughts as we can
prevent their building their nests there.
Thirdly, and most important of all is self-restraint and
improvement, in learning how to govern our animal natures.
It takes years for some people to learn to govern their
temper!
There are those who never know the advantage of well-
directed and cherished love! The terrible self-abuse which
is prevalent in single as well as in married life, will have
to be regulated by higher judgment, and then mankind
will be able to rise in manhood. The way to make people
think and act in this age is to advocate these ideas, and
others will think of the arguments, others will adopt them,
and others will refuse them; but it will grow. Some
shower of thought will refresh them, and the wind will
586 PFBFECTION OF CHARACTER.
waft their fragrance through the earth, and the seeds
will find lodging place in the ravines and valleys, and
thousands will be improved by these ideas, and the world
will be transformed into great gardens of perfection and
harmony.
DR JOSEPH SIMMS, the author of this book.
jESTHETICALNESS; OR LOVE OF THE
BEAUTIFUL.
•* A thing of beauty is a joy forever ; . . .
Therefore, on every morrow, are we wreathing
A flowery band to bind us to the earth." — KEATS.
THE ^Esthetic faculty is that power of the mind by which
we discriminate and enjoy the beautiful; whether it be
exhibited in the world of sense or in the transcendent
regions of the imagination. Everything which contributes
to the pleasures of taste may be referred to the beauti-
ful either in nature, in sentiment, or in art.
When thoughtfully analyzed, beauty is found to depend
upon certain primary laws of symmetrical combination; in
other words, it is discovered to have its basis in harmony,
a truth which was long since caught by the classic writer
who defined it as "multitude in unity." The dispropor-
tionate in nature may be terrific, grand, or grotesque, but it
is never beautiful. The same is true in art, which in its
highest aspiration, seeks only to give more definite and
intelligible expression to the hidden sentiment in nature,
so that they who run may read her divine handwriting.
The beautiful in sentiment is also governed by this law of
harmony, for no feeling that is extravagant or impassioned
ever gives the impression of beauty to the mind. Even
love, the most beautiful of all sentiments, becomes in its
intenser forms no longer lovely. It is eager, heroic, im-
passioned ; it leaps into the flames of ecstacy, and, thrilling
with pleasure, it touches the confines of anguish; but in
these, its more ardent phases, it is never harmoniously
588 -ESTHETICALNESSj OR, LOVE OF THti BEAUTIFUL.
beautiful. When Othello explains to the assembled
Senate —
" She loved me for the dangers I had passed ;
And I loved her, that she did pity them."
We are touched by the beauty of the sentiment, but darker
feelings stir us when, as an avenging demon, he rains kisses
upon the sleeping wife he is about to murder.
" One more, one more,
Be thus, when thou art dead, and I will kill thee
And love thee after: — One more, and this the last;
So sweet, was ne'er so fatal, I must weep,
But they are cruel tears."
This is not beautiful, for the soft harmony of tender feel-
ing is disordered by passion. The expressions, a beautiful
argument, a beautiful piece of machinery, are literally de-
scriptive of the kind of charm which superior reasoning or
mechanism often possesses, for the exquisite adaptedness of
their various parts to the. ends for which they are purposed,
conveys to the mind the impression of harmony, and with
it, of course, the delightful sense of the beautiful
A great theologian has said, that nothing so impressed
him with the goodness of God as the spontaneous gaiety of
little children ; but to most minds the same lesson comes
home more deeply in that prodigality of beauty with which
the Great Artist has embellished the heavens and adorned
the turf.
It has been truly said that a circle is the most beautiful
of all figures, and that the curving line is the line of grace.
Hence the superior physical beauty of women : soft, pliant,
and exquisitely rounded, it is her privilege by nature to
exercise a " silent cheat," and "inspire a delightful prejudice."
Man, on the contrary, is formed for strength rather than
grace. His rough beard, like the lion's, clothes him with
majesty, while firmness and daring breathe in his rugged
and powerful frame. In his celebrated essay on The Sub-
lime and the Beautiful, Edmund Burke carries out this
^STHETICALNESS; OR, LOVE OF THE BEAUTIFUL. 589
idea of the beauty of roundness to its extreme limit
" Sweetness," he says, " is the beautiful in taste," and adds,
with no little extravagance, " that this is owing to the fact,
that the salt which is found in all saccharine substances is
of a perfectly globular figure, and that these infinitesimal
spheres, when rolled upon the tongue, communicate the
same agreeable impression to the taste that marbles and
other perfectly smooth and round bodies convey to the
touch when softly revolved in the hand." It is a noticeable
fact, that while the males of all animals are inferior to the
females in that beauty which is born of the curving line,
they are often their superiors in loveliness of colouring. Of
this fact, the peacock, the common barn-yard cock, and the
canary bird are familiar illustrations.
Beauty is given to woman that she may please and
attract the stronger sex; but mere physical charms, while
they may captivate the sense, are powerless to engage the
devotion of the soul.
" What is beaoty ? Not the show
Of shapely limbs and features. No !
These are but flowers
That have their dated hours
To breathe their momentary sweets, then go.
'Tig the stainless soul within
That outshines the fairest skin."
Beauty has been quaintly said to "live with kindness:"
devoid of intelligence and virtue, it is but an odourless
flower which fails to retain the admiration it has won.
The love of the beautiful is scarcely less than a universal
instinct, though it differs widely in different nations and
individuals, in the strength as well as the correctness of its
development. Its nobler forms of expression demand some
of the keenest and finest mental perceptions, and are in
consequence wholly unknown to those who are vulgar or
stupid. The Indian displays the incipience of esthetic taste
in his personal adornments — in his necklace of shells, his
590 ^ESTHETICALNESS; OR, LOVE OF THE BEAUTIFUL.
feather coronet, and his embroidered belt; but no chaste and
classical volumes instruct and delight him ; no works of art
give beauty and dignity to his duelling and fresh inspiration
to his mind. The only real elegance about his home is the
curling smoke that in matchless, though unnoticed grace,
wreathes itself heavenward from his uncouth wigwam.
The esthetic faculty is indicated by the most prominent
lineament of the face. When the nose is low, flat, and wide
at the bottom part, as in the negro race, the love of the
beautiful will be undeveloped, and the instincts sensual ; but
the reverse will be the case when this feature is thin and
strongly directed outward, especially if it be a trifle raised
at the point. The Chinese have broad and flat noses ; and
the poverty of their artistic conception, as compared with
the skill of their workmanship, is the wonder of the world.
In their ivory carvings they display faultless dexterity, cut-
ting ball within ball, and garnishing each alike, but they are
strangei'S to the sublime, acute, and poetic thought which
the Hellenic mind personified in marble, and pictured on
canvas. In the Circassian family the nose is particularly
thin and elevated, and the esthetic faculty correspondingly
developed. In music, architecture, and poetry ; in sculpture,
painting, and landscape gardening; and in the endless
number of graceful designs which now adorn the simplest
articles, and the most humble dwellings, the white race has
strikingly exhibited its intense and cultivated love of the
beautiful.
This faculty is always connected with a lively imagination,
which, when combined with creative power, results in artistic
and poetic genius. If the conceptions which the imagination
presents to the mind are chaste, original, and striking, and
are successfully expressed in works of art, these artistic
creations will be as much more beautiful than ordinary
nature as the ideal transcends the real. In describing the
evanescence of beauty, Bacon compared it to "summer fruita
jESTHETICALNESS; OR. LOVE 01 THE BEAUTIFUL. 591
which are easy to corrupt, and which cannot last." Socratea
also portrayed it as "a short-lived tyranny;" yet in spite of
its fleeting and fortuitous character, it has been always
highly esteemed. Ovid considered it a favour bestowed
by the gods; Plato called it a privilege of nature; and
Aristotle maintained that it was superior to all letters of
recommendation.
The love of the beautiful, like every other taste, is suscep-
tible of cultivation. The perusal of that class of books
which appeals to the esthetic faculty, the study of art, and
the contemplation of nature, all conduce to its development.
Even the arrangement of ordinary furniture, with a view to
its agreeable effect to the eye, will quicken and improve the
esthetic sense. The tourist is frequently disappointed by
his first impression of the most noted scenes, and the first
study of the works of art often rebukes the expectations of
the critic; yet these natural and artistic beauties afterwards
grow upon the feeling, and become, as it were, a part of the
interior life. Studiously contemplated, they silently educate
the sluggish taste, and by slow degrees inspire appreciation.
It is only by thoughtful attention to the culture of this
noble faculty that we can escape the earthward tendencies
of our utilitarian age. Therefore, let us be studious to give
it proper encouragement; so shall it lend elegance to our
homes, and to our manners a more attractive grace.
ATTENTIVENESS.
"Friends? Bomans! countrymen? lend me your ears!"— SHAKESPEARB.
THE linft which I have quoted above, and which, as every
school-boy knows, forms the introduction to mark Antony's
oft-quoted speech in defence of Caesar, is an acknowledgment
of the fact that the orator harangues in vain, unless he
secures the attention of his audience.
Attention is, indeed, a pre-requisite of all thought, but it
may be consciously or unconsciously exercised. When it is
awakened unconsciously, thought comes, as it were, unbidden,
and is received and often utilized without the slightest sense
of mental application. The majority of the intellectual
impressions of our everyday life are instances of unconscious
attention. Such also are the frequently sagacious views,
the profound or poetic suggestions which men of genius so
often receive b}^ a kind of intellectual absorption.
Nevertheless, as a rule, it holds good that the most efficient
attention is that which is the result of a determined and
therefore conscious effort of application. This effort to apply
the mind is one of the most strengthening, as well as the
most useful of intellectual exercises. Every time the atten-
tion is determinately fixed upon a subject, the mind becomes
more capable of concentrated thought ; and, to that extent,
more perfectly master of all its resources. The father of Sir
Robert Peel, who received the political cognomen of Orange
Peel, early designed his son for public life, and to that end
accustomed him from childhood to make a verbal report of
every kind of address, political, religious, or literary which
he heard. To this training Sir Robert was indebted for the
wonderful ability which he displayed in his Parliamentary
career, of remembering almost verbatim the speeches of his
ATTENTTVENESS. 593
opponents, so that he could take up their arguments, point
after point, and reply to each in its original order.
Absent-mindedness is often regarded as the reverse of
attention, but it is sometimes an extreme absorption of
the mind, though in other interests than those which
are directly and obviously presented to its consideration.
In the case of deep thinkers, a degree of absence of mind
is desirable as well as inevitable; for the world can ill
afford to have men of this type diverted from their
profound and useful reflections, to the comparatively
petty interests of everyday life ; yet for the vast
majority of mankind, no advice can be better than that
which Lord Chesterfield gave to his son — to pay undi-
vided attention to that which he was about, whether he
were listening, talking, studying, or observing. The advice
was good, for the reason that there are few things so barren
that they have not some outcome to the mind that is eager
to perceive and to grasp it. This outcome ordinary people
lose by inattention to 'their surroundings, while they have
not sufficient concentration of thought to fix their minds
effectively upon any subject which is foreign to the sugges-
tions of their immediate circumstances.
The habit of attention to whatever is going on is abso-
lutely essential to social success. Civility demands of us a
ready response to the wishes and needs of others, but to
know how and when to respond, we must be watchfully
observant. For want of this watchfulness, many worthy
and kind people fail to make themselves generally accept-
able; while fops, profligates, and shallow-pated girls, who
have cultivated a quick eye for the opportunities of social
courtesy, are sought and admired for their charming and
amiable manners. Nothing is more common in society
than a wandering or indifferent eye under the infliction of
conversation which is not desired, and this notwithstanding
that nothing is more certain to be resented. He who
2P
594 ATTENTIVENESS.
listens to others, as though their conversation were delight-
ful, flatters them far more than if he were to exert himself
to talk delightfully to them.
The recognized sign of attention is a bending forward of
the neck toward the object which engrosses the thought.
Humility bends the head downwards by curving the neck,
but in the act of attention the neck is directed forward in a
comparatively straight line.
All great minds have a remarkable power of exclusive and
earnest application. " Art," says the poet, " is long and time
is fleeting," and hence, without persevering attention to some
particular object or art, the finest natural talents will fail to
accomplish great results. I once heard a lecture from
Professor Parker upon the subject, "Monads, Mice, Monkeys,
and Men," in which he said, as nearly as I can remember,
that at first glance a dragon fly, spreading its splendid wings,
appears a higher order of creation than a beetle, burrowing
in the earth ; but the repetition of abdominal rings, which
the former presents, degrades its rank in the animal king-
dom— shewing that airy flights will not compensate for the
lack of concentration. The fable of the tortoise that, by its
persevering industry, outstripped the swift but unpersistent
hare, is a correct parable of human life. When Bayle, the labo-
rious contributor to the Dictionnaire Historique et Critique
was asked to explain his extraordinary productive power, he
said, " Amusements, pleasure-parties, games, collations, trips
to the country, visiting, and other recreations necessary —
according to what they say — to many literary men have no
place in my manner of life; I lose no time in them, neither
do I spend any on domestic cares, or in interfering with any-
thing, soliciting anything, or meddling at all with business.
In this way, a writer may accomplish much." And in this
way, I will add, any person may accomplish much. It ia
only by persistent attention to our chosen vocation that we
may reasonably hope to achieve success.
PROOFS OF A FUTURE LIFE FOUNDED ON
.NATURE.
No amount of evidence under the canopy of heaven will
convince a large class of individuals, if they are not in a
condition to receive the truth. But, when affliction comes,
the mind becomes subdued to calm reflection, and we
receive those truths which in the bustle of life we rejected.
The world thinks much about death and its results, but
very little about life. Yet life is the most important of all
things to man, for, as we live here, so we fit ourselves to
enter into that second life beyond the grave, which we
deem immortality. This life is only the nursery of the
next world — a workshop in which souls are made and fitted
for eternity. How important, then, is this life, and all
which concerns it.
If our ideas are founded on the appetites, fashions, or
education of people, we shall, and can only, give to the
world something that is not founded in or true to nature.
For instance, that the Chinese live on excitants, and do
a hard day's work, and seem to fatten upon it, does not
prove that their way of living is the true one, or in
accordance with Physiological laws.
Or, if the Indian starves, and then feasts for days to-
gether, it does not follow that his method or habit of life is
a correct one.
696 PROOFS OF A FUTURE LIFE FOUNDED ON NATURE.
i
So we shall find that a majority of our actions, our
manner of living, style of dress, and even our creed or
belief are based upon education and fashion. Because our
neighbours do thus, and therefore we ought to follow
their example, is too commonly assigned as a reason for
human action. This policy is wrong, and the way to
amend it is for every one to accept nothing, and teach
nothing, which cannot be proved from nature.
The fact of a future life can be proved from nature, as
well as it can by revelation, and the way to prove it by
nature is in this manner. All organized things in creation
possess life, and, under favourable circumstances, they will
reproduce themselves, and the fact of their reproduction is
proof positive that the seed has life, which we were unable
to discover. Why may not man possess an unseen life, a
living principle, which is to exist during all coming time ?
Some have said if they could see a spirit they would b*»
convinced of a spiritual life beyond the grave ; but our eyee
may deceive us when reason will not.
If we look into a vessel of water, it appears clear and
pure, but the microscope reveals to us the fact that it ia
filled with numbers of animalculae, which ordinary eyesight
failed to perceive.
Place a straight stick in water, and, to the eye, it will
appear bent at the point where the air and water meet,
but our reason tells us it is not so, and that things are not
always what they appear to the eye.
We learn by reason that the rays of light which strike
the surface of water become intercepted, or caught up, as it
•were, in their passage through a denser medium, according
and in proportion to the angle made by the rays of light
and the surface of the material penetrated by those rays,
which causes the object to appear crooked, so that the eye,
which sees and follows the rays of light, perceives a bent
ptiek which has no existence.
PROOF OF A FUTURE LIFE FOUNDED ON NATURE. 597
A man mining for gold in the Sierra Nevada mountains
in California, broke open a rock, and finding some clear
liquid looking like water, because it was pure and limpid,
drank it. In a few hours the man was dead, and, upon
examination, it was found his body was turning to stone.
The clear liquid was silicic acid in solution, which, when
crystallized, forms quartz.
Thus, we see, that our eyes are liable to deceive us ; but
reason, when rightly developed, is a much safer guide to a
true belief than sight, hearing, taste, smell, or feeling, 01
any of our animal senses. If the sense of sight misleads us
in common things, how much more probable to do so in the
case of the immortality of the soul ?
Much that is unseen is full of life and activity. The
.winds blow, but it is impossible for us to see the cause 01
power that put them in motion.
We are brought into existence in this world by a power
that is unseen. A universal maxim in nature is, — " that
nothing is destroyed." Now we possess something, yet we
are unable to see it ourselves, to govern it ourselves, and it
seerns to be active without our assistance, and lives for a
time, and then goes away. Some may say that because, on
entering this state of existence, we did not know anytbirg,
therefore, on going out of this world we shall cease to live
and know, and therefore there is no future for us.
This style of reasoning may be good enough for some, but
it only amounts to supposition, founded upon the hypothe-
sis that we do not know anything when our body is laid
in the cold ground.
If we take a boy, or even a man, into a printing office,
and tell him to go to work and print a first-class news-
paper. Can it be accomplished? Certainly not!
So it is with an infant on entering this world, it has to
learn like the boy in the printing establishment.
How was it discovered that man is to live in the future ?
598 PROOFS OF A FUTURE LIFE FOUNDED ON NATURE.
For almost every person possesses an innate feeling that such
is the case. Nothing is made in vain, neither can anything
be destroyed. When we attempt to destroy anything in
nature, we only succeed in changing its conditions, and the
conclusive reasoning is, that when man is said to die, he
merely changes the form of his existence under other sur-
roundings.
Continual change is the law of the universe, and nothing
returns to what it was before. This may be denied by
some, who would bring forth the illustration of water
converted into steam, and then re-converted into, water
again, as evidence to the contrary. But this is on the
same principle as when iron is heated and melted, it
resumes its solid condition when cooled. Steam is rarified
water, and the chemical condition of water has not been
altered, and the iron is iron still, and the water, water.
But, if you burn a piece of wood, you change its state,
or transform it into another substance entirely, and it is
impossible, by chemical knowledge, to bring wood again
from the residue.
So the body changes its condition to other conditions.
We possess a something you may call by what name you
please. As Shakespeare says — " A rose by any other name
would smell as sweet." " What's in a name ?" But give
it mind or soul, and that mind or soul has a condition,
and that condition demonstrates that it has various facul-
ties, many of which are known by all people, and do not
require proving.
We all have a sense of colour, time, decision, persever-
ance, love, and hatred, as all, whether savage or civilized,
will admit. Now, these different faculties belong to one
person, and that individual has an identity in this world,
and as nothing can be transformed into another substance
except by the process of nature, so it is equally impossible
to change man except by natural law; and by the great
PROOFS OJ A FUTURE LIFE FOUNDED ON NATURE. 599
controlling laws of his being, he is in time changed into
another state of existence.
There are yet many other evidences which go to prove
a life beyond the grave. All thinsrs are governed by some
power, unseen by us, and tbat atone is foundation enough
from whi^.h to argue a future. If Ho has power to bring
us here, then He has the ability to produce as good a place
as this for us, when we shake off this soul-depressing
materiality.
One of the strongest evidences of immortality is, that
man possesses a longing for a future life, as Cato, in his
soliloquy exclaims —
" Plato, thou reasonest well, it must be so,
Else why this fond desire, this longing after immortality."
The innate feeling in every human being is, that he
craves for a life in the future; and we find that all our
wants are supplied with appropriate food in this world,
except this one. Our faculties and desires find something
in this life to answer to their several needs; for instance,
we hope for a farm, and in a few years we possess it ; but
the desiro for a future life is never gratified in this world.
It would be strange if God had made a mistake, and
created an organ or impulse in man which can never be
satisfied, it is conceded by all that everything is created
for <* certain purpose, although we may not be able to
discover what it is ; and if we know that there is a faculty
in man which desires a futurity, then follows the conclusion
that such a faculty must have an object, or life, in another
state of existence.
Another view of the subieet is emoraced in the question,
** Why were we createa at m-st?" This query may seem
absurd, but it is one that may be asked with propriety.
Why are we brought to this earth? The answer is,
because the results of nature were fulfilled in our produc-
HOC PROCVrt OP A. P-UTUBJS LIFT? FOUNHED ON NATUKJfl.
tion ; or, in other words, nature required us to lili up a
certain place in her repository or building of the universe.
Each one of us is nothing more than a brick in this
temple of nature, and it requires all kinds to build it ; so
they are to be manufactured accordingly, some to one con-
dition, some to another. So it is, when you are needed,
some others will be also, and you will have to go and
cannot help it, whenever the Great Builder requires you, to
fill your position in the great life to come.
This comparison or deduction may seem strange, but it is
simple, and can be understood, if we think a moment. . The
power that controls seems to be so distant, when we are in
full health and strength, that we rarely give a thought to
the subject.
The philosophy of a future life .is very easily understood,
if we only look at it in this light ; but if you view it in any
other, there is danger of being misled.
44 Shall I be left, forgotten in the dust,
When fate relenting, lets the flower revive ;
Shall nature's voice, to man alone unjust,
Bid him, though doomed to perish, hope to live?
Is it for this fair virtue oft must strive
With disappointment, penury, and pain?
No ! heaven's immortal spring shall yet arrive,
And man's majestic beauty bloom again,
Bright thro' the eternal years of love's triumphant
THV
Nature's HctJriatians of Character?
OR,
Physiognomy Illustrated.
BY J. SIMMS, M.D., THE UifBiVALED PHYSIOGNOMIST.
A large, handsomely finished octavo of 624 pages, adorned
with 300 Engravings by Edinburgh artists. An exhaustive
exposition of the Principles and Signs of a complete system of
Physiognomy, enabling the reader to interpret character by
outward physical manifestations, and the forms by which char-
acter is disclosed.
British Press Notices.
There is so much ability, so much that is estimable and worthy of note, the
book is certain to provoke discussion and arouse an extensive interest — (Brighton
Daily News.)
To all who wish to study and understand the human nature which passes
before them daily we can, with all confidence, recommend Dr. Simm'a volume.
— (North British Daily Mail, Glasgow.)
Originality characterizes this voluminous book, while every page is replete
with scientific observations that at once make it one of the most interesting and
valuable publications produced in modern times. — (The Northern and Eastern
Examiner, London.)
This is one of the most important contributions to the science of physiog-
nomy which has appeared for many years. It records many hundred useful
observations, illustrated by a large number of wood cuts. It is popular and
simple in style, and well worth its cost — (The City Press, London.)
The author is a great observer and a great traveler, well versed in science
in its various departments, and is known as one of the most interesting lectur-
ers we have. There is nothing in this book which offends against good taste.
It is a harmless as well as a valuable contribution to literature, and one which
should be in the library of every student of human nature, every phrenologist
and physiognomist. — (Human Nature, London.)
Has devoted twenty years of Ids life to the study of physiognomy, &ad
for this purpose has traveled over all parts of the United States and Europe.
He has produced a book embodying the result of a vast number of observations
hi that universally useful science, physiognomy. The result is a pleasant book,
which will amuse, instruct, and enlighten the mind, and purify the affections.— .
(The Rock, London — a religious paper.)
Observant men of all ages have noticed a certain correspondence betweev
the configuration of living beings and traits of character or disposition pos-
sessed by them; and that this correspondence should receive its highest
expression in humanity is only what might be expected. Yet it cannot be
denied that the subject is of importance This work contains evidence of
•hrewd observation on the part of its author, with anecdotes and copious illus-
trations of the subject-matter, by the portraiture of individuals more or less
well known. — (The Lancet.)
We all receive impressions, favorable or unfavorable, from the faces we
meet, and yet, with this general belief in the indication of character by the
face, there are few who take the trouble to become acquainted with the princi-
ples which underlie the science of physiognomy. We are glad, therefore, to see
a work on the subject by Dr. Simms, in which, while treating the subject in a
scientific spirit, he seeks to make it sufficiently popular to interest the general
reader. The style is good, the composition simpl-j, and the meaning clear. — (The
Hamilton Advertiser, Scotland.)
This work, whilst a treatise on physiognomy, is something far more: it
embodies the result of nearly twenty years of study and observation by the
author. This we may say, the student of anatomy would learn much from Dr.
Simms. With an industry, which it is to be hoped the sale of this book will
amply repay and reward, the doctor has taken his subjects for illustration from
every quarter of the globe, and not only from man, but also from members of
the brute creation. — (The Temperance Star, London.)
We have now before us a work treating not only of noses and other fea-
tures of the face, but of the whole human frame. He regards the bodily frame
so correlated to the mentil and moral constitution of man that, if properly con-
sidered, it may always be found to afford sure indications of what that mental
and moral constitution is. It would unquestionably be of great importance for
any man to possess this power of thus estimating the characters of all around
him, and might be the means of securing safety in business transactions. We
have had much pleasure in reading Dr. Simms' book, and in looking at the many
engravings with which it is illustrated. There is in the book unquestionably
much of original and curious observation. — (The Edinburgh Courant.)
His design has nothing abserd in itself. He has no special craze that we
can discover, and he can even talk of his undertaking in a manner not incon-
sistent with his knowing how to set about it He states in effect that every
feature of a human being has a history and meaning of its own — if we could
only find them out — which is quite true ; that certain rough inferences, founded
on this belief, are already acted upon to some extent by mankind in their deal-
ings with one another, which is also quite true ; that a special aptitude for
making such inferences, in other words, the gift of reading character, is of
great use to those who possess it, which is also true ; and that knowledge of
this kind is capable of being made scientific, which we think is also true. We
can see no reason why physiognomy should not some day become a definite and
useful branch of the science of human nature. — (The Saturday Review,
London.)
9
This work comprises a system of character-reading, founded on scientific
principles, which will be found more free from the traditional folly and warped
bj-gones than anything of the kind that has hitherto been presented to the
public. The book, in fact, is the first that has left the beaten track of arbitrary
and misleading deduction, and followed the footsteps of Nature alone in its out-
ward manifestations of inward character. It is unquestionably a work of tran-
scendent ability. No public library or private house should be without a copy ;
and we are persuaded a general adoption of its precepts would result in the pro-
motion of virtue, the suppression of vice, and an ultimate heightening of the
status of maukini. We are convinced the day is at hand when physiognomy
will, like other kindred sciences, be taught hi our schools ; and Dr. Sirams will
pardon us if we hint the desirability of a condensed work from his hands,
adapted specially for the use of our schools and colleges. — (The Freo West,
London.)
The book is much more than a mere treatise on physiognomy. It recog-
nizes the truth too long ignored by the quacks who have dealt with the subject
that the whole of the parts of a compound organism such as man are in direct
intercommunication, are mutually dependent, and are each indicative in measure
only of the temperament and character of the individual. Hence physiognomy
is dealt with by Dr. Simms in close connection with animal physiology, and
there is no attempt made to sever what was naturally bound together. Not
only is the basis from which the writer starts the true one, he deals throughout
wisely with his subject. His aim has evidently been to extract what experience
has shown to be valuable from the researches of his predecessors in this field of
investigation, to base his arguments as far as possible on admitted facts, and to
introduce his own views when needful for the formation of ascertained truths
into a clear and connected system. The manner in which he has performed his
task is worthy of warm approbation. His work is a mass of information, his
arguments are subtle and ingenious, and he presents a series of conclusions, the
vast majority of which cannot be called in question. The book is a thoroughly
good one. It calls attention to a science as yet in its infancy, but the operation
of which is universal as society itself. The ordinary reader will persuse it with
sustained interest, and the scientific student can hardly fail to receive from it a
stimulus to engage in a research at once practically useful and thoroughly enter-
taining.— (The Edinburgh Evening News.)
Books are not new in the fullest sense unless, as is the case with the work
in hand, they set forth new discoveries and give expression to hitherto unwrit-
ten thoughts. Dr. Simms, besides effecting consummate arrangement of mate-
rials, clothes his new thoughts and remarkable discoveries in clear, manly, and
lofrical language. Successfully avoiding egotism and intolerance, the work is
characterized by devotion to charity, honesty, and truth throughout, bespeaking
the author's possession of a mind of a thoroughly independent cast, and com-
pletely emancipated from previous authority. Most of the volume is taken up
with terse and graphically written sketches of those forms, faces, attitudes, and
movements of men and animals by which character is revealed, the whole being
systematized in accordance with the human structure. The qualities and assimi-
lation of food occupy one chapter, which demonstrates how the very nature of
the animal or vegetable substances consumed is engrafted on the mind and body
of the consumer ; and how, by a judicious choice of aliment, vicious tendencies
may be suppressed or controlled An article on the rearing of youth, which is
appropriately illustrated with engravings of adults and juveniles, is pregnant
with information for the parents of young families, while that on the localizing
of faculties in the author's usual logical and incisive style shows how entirely
his ideas are under command. In short, the physiological acumen of the work,
its high tone, its display of mental vigor, and its imposing array of facts, argu-
ments, and deductions, forming a substantial system of intellectual science and
practical physiognomy, cannot fail to ensure for its author enduring distinction
and well-merited renown, while, at the same time, conferring upon all classes of
society benefits of inestiraa >le value. — (Ixion, London.)
3
This book is the result of many years' study and observation, in which Dr.
Simms has given to the world a well-digested system of physiognomy, replete
with interesting facts, and illustrated with nearly three hundred portraits. He
affirms and demonstrates that eveiy variation of the human form and counte-
nance is the result of one or more well-defined causes, and that we have oniy to
understand these results with their principles, and we shall be able to decipher
the hieroglyphics of nature with unerring certainty. We find no difficulty in
admitting,' for instance, that if a man gives himself up to blasts of uncontrolled
passion, and the inward storm appears from time to time in a wrathful counte-
nance, the traces thus marked will, through time, become permanent and indel-
ible. On the other band, that the countenance of a man habitually kind and
gentle will present a calm and unimpassioned aspect. It would not be unreason-
able to conclude that the same natural law would be general and applicable to
every emotion, passion, or human faculty of mind, and make themselves appar-
ent in the face as well as anger, kindness, etc. Our physiognomist only carries
out in a broader outline and more minute detail what a few, if not all, instinct-
ively perceive in a general and superficial manner. He holds that every emotion
of the mind, as love, hatred, joy, grief, courage, cowardice, also every intellect-
ual exercise reproduces and photographs itself in some part of the body ; and
in proportion as any set of emotions, or mental exercises, occupies the inner
man, so will its external sign become more conspicuous and permant. He,
therefore, formulates these unerring productions of nature's pencil, that every
one may read them with unfaltering certainty. To the vicious this must appear
a somewhat unpleasant discovery ; but to society in general in must seem
highly desirable that characters should be more easily read at sight than they
generally are. The whole fabric of our commercial prosperity, for instance,
rests on the degree of reliance whiah each man can place in the integrity of
those with whom he has to do, and it must be of incalculable advantage to the
merchant to be able unerringly to select those to serve him who are of the
stamp suited for his business, and those to deal with who are worthy of confi-
dence. The traveler who wishes to beguile a tedious journey with conversation
would be glad to discover at a glance which is the sociall inclinedy individual,
and what kind of topic will be agreeable to him. It must be important to
parents in choosing a trade or profession for a son, to know certainly what he
is most likely to succeed in ; and invaluable to those who are selectin : partners
for life, to be assured witli respect to the suitability of their choice, though it
must be admitted that in these cases physio nomy, however valuable, is not the
only guide, as it is when we meet those with whom we must transact business
or interchange social converse without time for lengthened acquaintance. A
general knowledge of this science would make the impostor and thief so appar-
ent that wickedness would be no longer marketable, and there would be little
chance of a livelihood except for the honest and upright. Merciless exposure
of vice, as Dr. Simms intimates, would take place, if the vicious man carried on
his face a signboard read by every one, and that would be such a check that
these unfortunates would be compelled to seek the paths of virtue. This is
certain to be when she principles of physiognomy are put into daily practice,
when they are taught in our schools and seated in the professorial chairs of our
colleges. This work gives evidence of great originality and comprehensive
observations that the practical mind will not attempt to controvert. There ia
also a vigor of style, joined with sound judgment, displayed in the book and
system thus given to the world, and they cannot fail to gain for the author
i many warm friends and pernmnent fame. It is one of the best works we know
on the subject — popular, thou htful, and advanced, without being rash and
speculative. Were it properly appreciated and read, an improvement in our
race, both physical, mental, and moral, would be' the gratifying result We
cannot coo strongly recommend it. — (The Monetary and Mining Gazelte,
London.)
The cultivated eye of n "student of human nature" can read the
meaning of human faces and features moie easily than Champolion could
interpret the hieroglyphics of the Egyptians. An ordinary observer can
tell at a glance whether one is in an amiable or an angry mood, while ex-
perts at this sort of "translation of signs " can penetrate the secret arcana
of the mind and divine the very thoughts and intents of the heart. We
have just closed a remarkable volume of some 600 pages, with 270 illustra-
tions, on "Nature's Revelations of Character," by Dr. J. Simms, which
gives a new interest to the occult science of physiognomy. Dr. Simms has
devoted many years to this great work, into which he has condensed whole
libraries of facts and arguments, linked together with the inexorable logic
of natural philosophy. The one great primal law of cause and effect is
everywhere reverently recognized and illustrated. We do not propose to
write a review or attempt an exposition of the book before us, only to call
attention to it, and especially commend it to the study of our cosmopolitan
readers. It is simply a " book of nature," a conscientious effort on the
part of the author to interpret the " revelations " of nature. And all such
works are welcomed warmly by those who simply seek to gather facts and
learn the truth, and get hold of the endless thread of creation — the ever-
lasting chain of the loeric of life and death. From a mere practical con-
sideration there is no knowledge half so important as what is popularly
called the "knowledge of human nature," the art of reading the character
in the face. Dr. Simms in his "Revelations " givs us the key to interpret
human faces and expressions, so that " he who runs may read " and make
no mistakes. What infinite miseries would hav been spared to mankind,
and especially womankind, if they had always been in possession of this
key to character. — (The Cosmopolitan, London, Paris, and New York.
London, England, June 24, 1875.)
The sciences of phj'siognomy and phrenology are daily growing in pop-
ularity and rapidly developing into maturity. The older science of the
two, and the one which is based solely upon nature, is physiognomy, but
for some years after the death of Lavater, it seemed to languish lor want
of exponents, and made very slow advances. In 1874, however, Dr.
Joseph Simms, a well-known scholar and scientist, who, for twenty years
previous, had been devoting himself exclusively to the study of the laws of
human nature, gave to the world a book entitled, " Nature's Revelations of
Character," a comprehensive, scientific treatise on the organs of the mind
and body, with rules for their government and improvement. In this
work, which is highly spoken of by the leading European and American
journals, the author claims, and justly, we think, to hav founded a supe-
rior system of physiognomy. In any event Dr. Simms is himself a man of
ripe culture and varied experience, who reads with correctness the char-
acters of all with whom he comes in contact, and his book is so fruitful of
practical information and worldly wisdom that, considered apart from its
scientific excellencies, it cannot fail to amuse and instruct its readers. —
(Daily British Colonist, Victoria, British Columbia, Oct. 25, 1879.)
Australasian Press Notices.
We have received a copy of Dr. Simms's large book on physiognomy,
entitled, " Nature's Revelations of Character." It is an interesting as well
as an instructive volume, containing not only information regarding the
science to which the author has particularly devoted himself, but also a
number of useful hints on health, etc. — (The Evening Post, Wellington,
New Zealand, April 19, 1881).
Dr. Simms's latest work on .physiognomy combines solid sense with
elegant expression, showing that the author has been a very extensive and
keen observer of men and animals, and can present a vast array of facts
5
and reasons very cogently. The subject being one of general interest, the
book is highly recommended to the public, no abler work on physiognomy
being in print. — {The Observer, Auckland, New Zealand, March 26, 1881).
The ideal of a perfect life is as multifarious as the number aspiring to
enjoy that yet unrealized dream. How often are human struggles in this
direction vain and extravagant ! Is there no remedy ? We think there is
— in a better knowledge of human character. Young people should obtain
a just estimate of themselvs, so that they may at least make a beginning
in the direction for which their natural capacities fit them. The new
science of physiognomy, originated by Dr. J. Simms, now in our city, is
establishing itself as an infallible means of acquiring this necessary esti-
mate, till signs of character are illustrated and explained so minutely that
readers can easily become efficient physiognomists. The book also con-
tains a large number of essays on kindred subjects, written in a very fas-
cinating manner, and constituting a library in itself of useful knowledge.
This system of character reading introduces its students to a new and
practical science, interesting in itself, and useful in the intercourse of our
daily life, both socially and commercially. — (The Auckland Evening Star,
New Zealand, March 21, 1881).
"NATTJKE'S REVELATIONS OF CHABACTEB." — This is the title of a work by
Dr. Joseph Simms, whose lectures in this city are now attracting atten-
tion. Those who have heard Dr. Simm's lectures will expect to find mat-
ter of much interest in this book, nor will they be disappointed. The work
displays considerable ability, and proves that the author has deeply
studied the subject of which he treats. The matter is introduced in so
quaint and taking a style as to be well nigh irresistible, and we can con-
fidently recommend the work to our readers. The book, which is copi-
ously illustrated, is published by New
York, and is, no doubt, procurable by order, through any bookseller. —
(The Daily Telegraph, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, July 26, 1881).
"Nature's Revelations of Character ; or, Physiognomy Illustrated," is
one of the late additions to works on popular science, and it is, we think,
destined to be one of the most popular books on physiognomy eztant. Its
originality, reasonableness, and elegance of style will place it in the front
rank of first-class publications. The author is the celebrated lecturer,
traveler, and writer, Dr. J. Simms, of New York, who will deliver another
course of lectures in Sydney in a few months. — (The Sydney Daily Tele-
graph, New South Wales, Australia, Oct. 5, 1881).— (Dr. Simms had just
closed a very successful course of twenty-two lectures in Sydney when
this notice was given).
" Greatness, like truth, often lurks in the byways." In our search for
truth and aspirations for greatness we are prone to look in directions al-
ready mapped out, and follow the well-worn ruts of predecessors; but
great men and great truths are continually springing from obscure and
unexpected places. All great discoveries have been pronounced impossi-
ble previous to their demonstration — the motion of the earth, steam navi-
gation, telegraphy, etc., and we presume there are men living to-day who
deny the possibility of determining accurately and completely the char-
acter of men and women from the form of face and physique. All of
this tendency should examine Dr. Simms's new system of physiognomy.
It is the most remarkable production of modern times. The art of char-
acter-reading is elevated to the rank of a practical science. By its study
the doubts of skeptics will be- removed, and all interested in human ad-
vancement will find much valuable instruction in the physiognomical sci-
ence.—(The Telegraph, Christchurch, New Zealand, May 11, 1881.)
Dr. Simms delivered his twenty-second and last lecture at the Tem-
perance Hall, Pitt street, last evening, to a crowded audience of ladies
6
and gentlemen. No lecturer who has visited Sydney has been able to
draw such large audiences for so long a time. Great interest has been
taken in his lectures on physiognomy, and they have aroused great inter-
est in the study of human character. Notwithstanding several evenings
having been rainy, the lectures have been very largely attended. They
afforded much valuable instruction and amusement interblended in an
agreeable form. Dr. Simms thanked the press and the people of Sydney,
at the close of the lecture last evening, for their liberality and courtesy
toward him during his long stay here. — (The Sydney Morning Herald,
Australia, Sept. 23, 1881.)
DB. SIMMS'S LECTTTBES. — This popular scientific lecturer has met with
great success during his stay in Sydney, for not only has each of his vari-
ous lectures on the human face been attended by large and intelligent
audiences, but a very large number of persons have consulted him daily.
Dr. Simms is a physiognomist, and has devoted a lifetime to that study,
and he has a very pleasing and attractive style of lecturing, being always
perfectly clear and plain in his descriptions of the different parts of fea-
tures, and practical in iiis observations. — (The Freeman's Journal, Syd-
ney, New South Wales, Australia, Sept. 3, 1881.)
Dr. Simms, a gentleman who has made physiognomy the study of his
life, delivered a series of lectures on his favorite science, in the Temper-
ance Hall. The hall was inconveniently crowded. Hanging on the walls
of the room were some hundreds of pictures of men and women who
have been distinguished in some way or other, either for their virtues,
their talents, or their vices. The lecturer exhibited some scores of ad-
ditional pictures, illustrative of different styles of face as indicating dif-
ferent styles of character. Dr. Simms is a humorist, and his remarks oc-
casionally excite roars of laughter. He is eloquent, and speaks extem-
poraneously, and, moreover, possesses considerable histrionic talent. He
presents his favorite science bristling with wit and humor, and fringed all
round with laughter to those who hfear him. At the close of the lecture
he invited a number of ladies and gentlemen to ascend the platform for
the purpose of testing his skill, and two ladies and four gentlemen hav-
ing accepted the challenge, he gave a most minute analysis of the charac-
ter of each, and which each acknowledged to be correct. He even told
them the diseases they were subject to, displaying in this respect very re-
markable powers of observation and insight. — (The Evening News, Syd-
ney, New South Wales, Australia, August 17, 1881.)
We have received a copy of a work by Dr. Simms, entitled "Nature's
Revelations of Character; or, Physiognomy Illustrated. A description of
the mental, moral, and volitive dispositions of mankind, as manifested in
the human form and countenance." The work is really a text-book on
the subject on which Dr. Simms has been lecturing in Auckland, and we
have no doubt that many who have listened to his discourses, and have
become interested in the subject, will desire to become possessed of this
book, to which reference may be made on every point. There has always
been a disposition in the mind to associate mental qualities with certain
appearances in the physical structure, and recent experiments and discov-
eries in science have tended strongly to confirm this tendency, and to
give it a scientific basis. Quick, acute, and truthful judgments of char-
acter can probably only be made by those who, like Dr. Simms, have de-
voted much time to the practice as well as the theory, but all can learn
much from the letter-press and portraits of this book. To distinguish
character is, however, the least important result of a study of the appear-
ance of the human frame. The knowledge attained is of importance in
the guidance of life, in the choice of husband or wife, in the selection of
mends, in the forming of se'f-regulative habits, in the treatment of com-
7
panions and servants, in the training of children. -—(The New Zealand
Herald, Auckland, March 25, 1881.)
"Nature's Revelations of Character," a book of 624 pages, 8vo, 300
engravings OH physiognomy, published by
New York. This book deals with a new subject, in a new and very
interesting and scientific manner. Dr. Simms has struck a mine in phys-
iognomy, rich in truth. The public will be pleasantly instructed by read-
ing " Nature's Revelations of Character," with illustrations. This new
work on physiognomy is eminently readable, and decidedly independent;
the style is brilliant, yet plain; the mode of reading character is entirely
original; it deserves, and we believe will command, universal attention. —
(The Melbourne, Australia, Bulletin, Jan. 5, 1883).
"Nature's Revelations of Character; or, Physiognomy Illustrated," by
J. Simms, M.*D., published by New York.
The title of this remarkable book hardly indicates the full extent of its
range, or the breadth and completeness of treatment which the subject
has received at the hands of its author. It is a complete and exhaustive
exposition of nature's principles, and original discoveries of signs of fac-
ulties formulated scientifically into a system of physiognomy, and its ap-
pearance will be hailed with satisfaction by all. Dr. Simms has unques-
tionably produced an extraordinary work, distinguished in thoroughness
and originality of treatment, remarkable in the unflagging interest which
will be assured to readers of all classes, and no less admirable from a lit-
erary and scientific point of view, in which respects it will compare favor-
ably with any writings that have appeared on kindred subjects in Britain.
The interest awakened at the very commencement is sustained throughout
the six hundred and odd pages of which the volume consists. Illustrative
engravings of a very high order, and numbering about 270 in all, are inter-
spersed throughout the volume. In the production of these engravings
of faces of men, women, and animals, much research and skill has evi-
dently been expended. The author tells us that this work is the fruit of
half a lifetime of cautious observation and experiments, carried on in all
climes, in most nationalities of men, and under circumstances the most
diversified. The work throughout bristles with incisive argument, orig-
inality of thought, and accuracy of deduction. The order of treatment is
arranged with consummate skill; and while the book is characterized bv
sturdy and uncompromising good sense which will delight all classes of
readers, there is an entire and unusual absence of egotism or false pre-
tences. The engrossing interest which the subject possesses for all mem-
bers of the human family in the possession of that quality which leaves
the most entertaining novel far behind, and which Dr. Simms has secured
by his masterly arrangement and flowing diction; and last, though not
least, the purity of style which is manifested throughout, will make this
work a favorite family book, which all may beneficially peruse from time
to time, and over and over again, with an appetite that will never pall.
The aim of the author has been to set forth new discoveries and theories,
systematically arranged in an entirely new system of physiognomy so
clearly as to enable any reader, after a diligent and careful perusal of the
book, to interpret character, disposition, natural capabilities, and habits,
by the external conformation (corporeal as well as facial) of the human
frame. The author has, beyond question, succeeded in his object, and
we think everyone will find it to his or her advantage to solve all doubts
as to the truth of physiognomy for themselves by a careful study of this
work. It is undoubtedly the ablest and best work ever printed on the no-
ble and interesting subject of physiognomy. — (The Evening Post, Balla-
rat, Australia, Nov. 27, 1882).
Of Dr. Simms's book entitled, " Nature's Revelations of Character,"
we may say that it treats of a theme more comprehensive, stupendous^
and sublime than any other known to humanity. Its theme on man and
character as shown in face and figure is treated in an unprejudiced and
generous manner; showing that the author has drunk deeply, though not
blindly, at the fountain. These are noble and valuable themes; they ad-
dress themselves to our reason and intellect, to our own interests, to our
daily lives, and to those we meet; they plainly show the causes of human
defects, thereby arousing a broad charity for them. A spirit of geniality
pervades each page of this humanitarian and scientific work. His analy-
sis of character is thorough, acute, and the work of a master in the line of
thought it develops. No one can read this book without gaining vast
knowledge of the qualities of mankind and how to discern them in face
and features, while being improved and elevated. It is worth more than
all the novels ever written, and is of vast original benefit to all who study
it with mind sufficient to understand and apply its great discoveries.
Notice of third edition. — (The Hobart Herald, Tasmania, March 1, 1882.)
American Press Notiees.
The ablest book we know on physiognomy is that by Dr. Simms,
the greatest living reader of faces. His work is scholarly, logical, in-
cisive, and profound, and should be read by every one. — (The Evening
Telegraph, Philadelphia, Pa., Aug. 26, 1880.)
Dr. Simms has been known for more than twenty-five years past as
the most profound physiognomist, instructive lecturer on faces, and un-
equaled in Europe and America as an author on physiognomy. At present
his large work is in the third edition and selling rapidly. It is esteemed
for its purity of style and its wisdom, presented in logical and original
form.— (The Daily Critic, Washington, D. C., Aug. 24, 1880.)
Dr. Simms, the great traveler and leading physiognomist, has pub-
lished a large book on physiognomy. It is a faithful and able exposition
of a system of physiognomy, which is the first published, yet the book is
in the third edition, which proves that it has a ready sale. This is a most
valuable science to the world, and Dr. Simms, who has devoted his life to
it, being its ablest exponent, has produced a work of intrinsic and we
think of lasting merit. — (The Examiner and Chronicle, a religious paper,
New York, Sept. 2, 1880.)
"Physiognomy Illustrated," is a valuable and enchanting work on
physiognomy by the learned, extensive traveler and popular lecturer, Dr.
J Simms, of New York. It seems to be the first time this ill- understood
subject has been treated in a systematic and scientific manner by a
scholar. Here we find the cause fully explained why one man is firm,
another courageous, the third selfish, the fourth musical, the fifth irrita-
ble, and others moral, logical, beneficent, careful, friendly, agreeable,
etc. The signs of character, as they reveal themselves in face and form,
are here given so plainly that no one can fail to understand them. The
work is the outgrowth of a mind naturally adapted to the study, and not
only raises the subject to the level of a science, but must lead to great
and lasting benefit to the public. — (The Evangel, a religious paper, San
Francisco, Cal., May 27, 1880.)
The great traveler and special scientist, Dr. Simms, has written the
first book giving a complete and reasonable system of physiognomy to the
world. The work shows how the mind of man is influenced by prepond-
erating bones, regnant muscles, excess of brain, strong aerating organs,
and powerful nutritive apparatus, and wherein lies the key with which to
unlock all characters. The reasonable and clear manner in which the
doctor has treated his subject is worthy of high commendation. The
9
book is the production of a mind having a taste foivtLe study of nature,
and like Descartes and Newton, he takes a vast stride forward and formu-
lates a new science, involving acute observation, wide experience in travel-
ing, and vast research for truth in all departments of life. The book pre-
sents hundreds of signs of character, and cannot fail to give undying
fame to the writer, and great practical and moral benefits to society. — .
(The Methodist, a religious paper, New York, Sept. 4, 1880.)
The present book by Dr. Simms, on physiognomy, illustrated, we
thint, while propounding a system of character-reading altogether new,
is the fruit of a mind highly moral, keenly perceptive, logical, and well
ripened with extensive travel and wide experience in dealing with the
public for more than a quarter of a century. There have been but few
authors on this subject. Aristotle, Porta, Lavater, and Dr. Simms are
about all the original writers worthy of mention, and as Dr. Simms is the
only one of this number who has devoted a life-time to this study alone,
he therefore offers to the world the first system of physiognomy, elabo-
rated and illustrated in his large book, "Nature's Revelations of Charac-
ter." The book is interesting reading, clear, thoughtful, and evincing
great observation and study of all departments of life and forms in which
it domiciled. It is masterly in its treatment and should be in the hands of
those who would know their friends and their natural enemies. — (Chicago
Evening Journal, Sept. 14, 1880.)
In " Natures's Eevelations of Character," a late and useful work which
we have before us, the learned author, Dr. Joseph Simms, appears to have
taken a step in advance of his contemporaries, and founded a new and
superior system in the science of physiognomy. The book is copiously
illustrated with the portraits of noted men and women, and contains up-
wards of six hundred pages. Its contents comprise reliable information
of the character and constitution of all the varied grades and races of
humanity. The mode of reading the minds of men by the color of the
eyes and hair, the style of the walk, and the size and shape of the features,
the formation of the body, etc., is made known to the reader, who with a
knowledge of the principles of the science and a little practice may soon
become quite an expert in his perception and judgment of the hidden
motives of mankind. The book is assuredly one of rare originality and
deep research, and its aim, the mental, moral, and physical improvement
of the human race, is a noble and lofty one, well worthy of the unhesita-
ting indorsement and aid of all good and philanthropic people. — (Pacific
Christian Advocate, Portland, Oregon, Jan. 29, 1880.)
I have just been reading "Nature's Revelations of Character; or, Phys-
iognomy Illustrated," by Joseph Simms, M.D., and find it one of the most
interesting works I have ever read. It cannot fail to please everybody
who peruses it. Its 270 engravings are a volume on physiognomy them-
selves. Such large contrasts of visages and forms have never before been
so well brought together. It is a real physiological work as well, and
singularly suited to readers of our paper. Scattered all through with
gems of thought, items of information, statistics and scraps of poetry,
one hardly knows when to pause and lay it down. We shall take pride
and pleasure in publishing portions of it from time to time in the Physi-
ologist. The book is a perfect mine of facts of all sorts upon the subjects
treated. Dr. Simms, its author, is a powerful and pleasant reason er, a
thinker, and a philosopher. His countenance as shown in the frontis-
piece is strongly marked, and shows intensity and vigor of thought. —
(The Physiologist, New York, February, 1881.)
" Nature's Revelations of Character; or, Physiognomy Illustrated," is
truly a very valuable work. Though I have read many books upon phys-
iognomy, this is truly worth them ail. It goes farther, says more, and
10
says it better, than all others of the kind put together1. It is indeed a
book all should read and study, so that they may build themselves up
anew, mentally, morally, and physically, and, as a consequence, physiog-
nomieally. Its 270 engravings are strikingly illustrative of the science it
elucidates. No one can take up the book without a desire to look it through
ere laying it down. It is so interesting to note the different countenances,
forms, and characteristics portrayed in the various physiognomies. There
are strong faces, weak faces, intelligent faces, and idiotic faces; benevo-
lent faces and cruel faces, long men and short men, round men and square
men, long heads and flat heads, and oh ! all sorts, sizes, kinds, and varie-
ties of heads, forms, and faces, and animal and bird heads— illustrating
every nation, characteristic, and quality. There is a strain of pure phi-
losophy running all through the book. It is natural, poetical, profound,
and deep; logical, earnest, and sincere. It touches upon thousands of
points of interest in the animal world, and concerning the human race,
its nature and development. Every page, from preface to finisf teems
with facts which show the writer to be a scholar and a thinker — a careful
student who collected, arranged, and classified his discoveries in a way to
make them available to all. I do not think I exaggerate when I say that
to the general reader this book contains a greater amount of new and valu-
able information than any other one ever published.
It is a book for all. Old and young, Infidel and Christian, novelist and
historian — each one can find something new, good, and interesting in its
pages. It is no dull, dry collection of mere statistics, but a real, live work,
teeming with gems of thought, incidents of real, life, strange facts, ab-
normal developments, and all manner of curious things, as well as good
and useful suggestions. It is so full of pictures, full of thought, and full
of truths; six hundred pages of large, clear print, and all in all a book one
may feel proud of as an ornament to the library or the center-table. — (The
Truth Seeker, New York, March 1, 1879).
The celebrated scientist and author, Dr. J. Simms, has devoted his
life to the study and promulgation of physiognomy, he being the only per-
son who has ever made this valuable science a life work. Dr. Simms has
traveled and lectured extensively in all the principal towns in the United
States and Europe, and enjoys an exceptionally high reputation as an
honest and moral man, as well as a reader of human nature and a popular
teacher of the fascinating science, by the use of which, one looking into
the face is enabled to divine the secrets of the soul. Everywhere that the
lectui-er has appeared he has been uniformly successful in winning the
warmest encomiums from the press and public, for his matchless skill,
his ripe experience, and his laudable ambition to enlighten the intellect
and elevate the morals of his fellow-men. One manifest advantage which
the doctor possesses over most of his competitors is his thorough knowl-
edge of the sciences of physiology and physiognomy. He is thus enabled
to comprehend and make, in all instances, a practical application of the
peculiar relations existing between the mind and the body, thereby arriv-
ing at a complete understanding of each individual character. Dr. Simms,
after twenty-five years trayeling in all quarters of the globe, has produced
a large book on physiognomy oi sterling worth. It is an honest interpre-
tation of nature, lucid, vigorous, moral, and tends to purify the affeetions
and expand the intellect. — (The Baptist Weekly — a religious paper — New
York, Sept. 2, 1880).
SOMETHING NEW. — Science is ever seeking new worlds to conquer,
meeting sometimes with partial success and more often failure, but to the
physiognomical world a great victory has been won by the celebrated
lecturer, author, and traveler, Dr. J. Simms. Where heretofore science
has been without form, a very complete system has been established, and
placed within the reach of all in a book entitled, " Nature's Revelations of
Character; or, Physiognomy Illustrated." This work contains a vast
amount of inform'ation on the valuable and interesting subject of human
character, written in a very pleasant manner. The signs of ability and
disposition are all of the common sense order, and are such as can be easily
understood, accepted, and used. This eminent scientist has devoted a
lifetime to the subject of physiognomy; all readers will be satisfied that
his labors have been successful. The public is giving a warm reception
to this key to character, which it most assuredly deserves. — (The Salt
Lake Times, Utah, Oct. 7, 1880).
CHARACTER READING BY THE FACE. — "Nature's Revelation of Character,"
an original and interesting work on physiognomy, by Dr. J. Simms,
author of "Scientific Lectures," "A New Physiognomical Chart," "Health
and Character," etc., is all and more than its name implies. The book
contains some 600 pages, is neatly printed and illustrated, and apart
from its scientific and literary character, is a valuable historical record of
the lives of celebrated men and events. It tells the reader how to inter-
pret the signs stamped by Nature upon the faces and forms of her chil-
dren, and thus possess herself of all their mental and moral traits of per-
son. Also the- physiognomical significance of the walk, the laugh, etc.
So pleasingly and lucidly are the cardinal principles of the science of na-
ture illustrated and explained, that the student is very soon able to judge
who of his friends have the musical ear, the eye for love, the eloquent
lips, the peaceful eyebrows, the intellectual chin, and to determine who
is to be trusted and who is to be suspected. The knowledge of a science
such as physiognomy, which deals directly with nature and human na-
ture, is sxire to prove of incalculable benefit to him who has mastered it
in any or all the walks of life. It bears also as equally an important re-
lation to the body as it does to the mind, and prescribes the best-known
natural rules for the preservation of the mental powers and the physical
health. The best evidence, perhaps, of the intrinsic worth of " Nature's
Revelations of Character " is the large sale it has met with and the un-
qualified indorsement given it by the critics and scientists of Europe and
America. The deservedly high reputation of its author, Dr. J. Simms,
who is well and favorably known all the world over as a scientific lecturer
and writer, has also added to the popularity of the book. Everyone
should secure a copy, for "knowledge is power," and ours is an age of
progression.— (The Salt Lake Tribune, Utah, Sept. 29, 1880.)
This is without exception the most unique, original, and entertaining
book of its class ever issued from the press. In it every character may find
his prototype, mentally, morally, and physically. Dr. Simms has made
physiognomy a life long study, and has reduced it to a definite, easily under-
stood science. At rare intervals in human history have arisen men of genius
who have enlightened their species by their discoveries; as Eratosthenes in
Geography ; Copernicus in Astronomy ; John Ray in Zoology and Botany ;
Sir Isaac Newton in Natural Philosophy ; Haller in Physiology ; Blumen-
bach in Anthropology ; and in 1874 Dr. Joseph Simms raised Physiognomy
to the rank of a science when he published his system, original and practi-
cal, embracing the entire man, proving that every feature, motion, and atti-
tude proclaim the affections, disposition, cast of talents, and understanding.
Dr. Simms has devoted his whole life to this study ; and, by travel in almost
every country in the world, has extended his observations so as to embrace
every possible phase of his universally attractive science. He has most suc-
cessfully elicited and unfolded intrinsic truth with precision, exactitude,
and chasteness, truly wonderful to those seeking incontrovertible insight
into the minds of others as well as a knowledge of their own. Nothing can
surpass the perspicuity of this work and the intense interest it arouses in the
thoughtful student of human nature. Every form and feature of the face
is portrayed in the most matter of fact and philosophic manner in this
wonderful work. No living human being should be without this unrivalled
guide to the morals, predispositions, and intellectualities of mankind.—
(Health Monthly, New York.)
12
OMBONO DR. SAMUEL JOHNSON,
Congenital Idiot, 'Lecher, Keasoner, Moralist, Philanthropist,
Murderer. Intellectual Giant.
The above portraits respectively represent Dr. Samuel Johnson, the distinguished
philosopher and lexicographer, and Ombono, a congenital idiot, who committed rape and then
murdered his victim in Australia, was tried, convicted and sentenced to death, but whose
sentence was afterward commuted to imprisonment for life, in consideration of his natural
mental deficiency. They are submitted herewith to show the remarkable contrast which existed
in certain features, especially in the foreheads of the two men who were diametrically different
intellectually and morally.
The Book of the Age is, by Universal Consent, That Wonderful Work,
"PHYSIOGNOMY ILLUSTRATED,"
or "Nature's Revelations of Character,"
Which embodies the only scientific physiognomy published. It contains 624 octavo pages, 300
illustrations, and is now in the tenth edition. It is the only manual of unfailing character
reading, constructed on the truest lines of science, yet ready for application in practice by any
ordinary or non-scientific mind of average intelligence.
By the lines of the face and its various features; by bodily form; by gait, manner of
laughter and mode of salutation, and by many other individual manifestations, easy of identifi-
cation on even a cursory observation, the possessor of this book can at once sum up the charac-
ter of any stranger at the first meeting.
In originality, lucidity of treatment, thorough adhesion to nature, and unwavering strength,
it excels all other attempts at character delineation.
This book, published in 1374, was the first that described the form and peculiarities of musical
and unmusical ears. It also describes the capacity for speech and oratory which is manifested
in the mouth; the signs of the tendency to destroy; polygamic or monogamic disposition as
shown in the eyes; also sociability, reason, proportion, sympathy, courtesy, faith, cleanliness,
prescience, practicality, mental and physical order, suggestiveness, rectitude, and altogether
upwards of one hundred faculties of the mind, and how they all show in the face.
This work unfolds the discoveries made during more than twenty years' observation and
experience by the author among divers faces and men throughout all climates and races of the
world.
Publishers: The Murray Hill Publishing Company, 129 East Twenty-eighth Street, New
York. Post free to any address within North America for two dollars per copy.
PERSONAL, PROFESSIONAL AND PRESS OPINIONS REGARDING THE BOOKS,
THE PRIVATE, PUBLIC AND PROFKSSIONAL I IFE OF DR. J. SIMMS,
EXTENDING OVER A PERIOD OF 43 YEARS, FROM 1854 TO 1896, IN-
CLUSIVE.
"We. the undersigned, do hereby certify
that we have been acquainted with Joseph
Simms for several years, and know him to be
of fair, unblemished character, and, as such,
would cheerfully recommend him to the
public." Spooner's Corners, Plainfield, Otsego
County, New York, October 30, 1854.
Signed.
Charles Spooner, Postmaster.
Alexander Dewey, Supervisor of Plainfield.
Francis B. Smith, Farmer.
"To all to whom these presents may come:
We do hereby certify that we are personally
acquainted with Joseph Simms, and we take
pleasure in recommending him as a young
man of good moral character." West Win-
field, Herkimer County, New York, August 17,
1855.
Signed,
Zenas Eldred, Jr., Farmer.
Russell Huntley, Merchant.
L. G. Thomas, Merchant.
The following-named phrenological profes-
sors, five of whom— Professors O. S. and L.
X. Fowler, Cook, Capen and Sizer— have been
employed in Fowler & Wells' office, in New
York, and Professor McDonald, a graduate of
the same institution,— all well known as ex-
pert readers of character,— testify as follows
to Dr. J. Simms' honesty, moral character and
intellectuality:
"To all whom it may concern: This is to
certify that Joseph Simms has taken, a
course of instruction in Phrenology of me,
and has made himself familiar with the loca-
tion and definition of the organs, and, with
practice, bids fair to excel as an examiner,
lie has conducted himself with propriety while
in my office and class, and I take pleasure in
introducing him as an honest, moral, worthy
young man, interested in the pursuit of knowl-
edge." L. N. Fowler, 308 Broadway, New
York, December 1, 1854.
"Mr. Joseph Simms has taken a thorough
course of instruction on Phrenology of me,
and is qualified to give charts of developments,
together with advice and instruction as to
course of life to pursue, business qualifica-
tions, etc. He is an intelligent, honest, worthy
young man, and deserves to be encouraged."
L. X. Fowler, 308 Broadway, New York,
November 8, 1855.
Phrenological Delineation of the Character of
Mr. Joseph Simms:
"Your head is large (23 inches); your hair
is extremely fine, and your temperament is
strong and favorable for independence and
originality of thought, and much of it. Your
phrenological developments are of a high
order, and tend to make you intellectual,
moral, honest, practical, reasonable, char-
itable, agreeable and kind. Your adhesive-
ness is large, which, united with very large
firmness and conscientiousness, render your
a'ttachments the most pure, sincere and last-
ing. * * Your intellectual faculties are
nearly all large or very large, which, united
with high self-esteem and large moral facul-
ties and strong propelling powers, enable you
to take very accurate and comprehensive
views of subjects, and mark out your own
noble course in life. You are a critical and
original observer and profound thinker, guided
by circumspection and precedence, and these,
joined with large benevolence, veneration,
human nature, causality and comparison, and
very large conscientiousness, together with
moderate or small secretiveness and acquisi-
tiveness, cause you to hate trickery, deception
and all manner of dishonesty, and give you a
just and upright mind and a lofty aim during
all times, and a broad charity for your fellow-
men. You are a natural inventor, and origi-
nality will characterize all your works; you
never pattern after others. Your natural
modesty you inherit from your mother, as you
do your social and moral nature; but your in-
tellectual tendencies are more like your
father's mind. * * If you fail to lead an in-
dustrious, honest, temperate, intellectual,
good life, then there is no truth in phrenology.
You should go to Troy and study civil en-
gineering and follow it through life, as you
are naturally best adapted to that vocation."
Prof. O. S. Fowler, Phrenologist, Albany, N.
Y., October, 1855.
"Honest, truthful and feels the force of
moral obligations." L. X. Fowler, Phrenolo-
gist, London, England, October 16, 1873.
' 'Your uncompromising and strict honesty,
great kindness, morality, respect and vast ob-
serving and reasoning powers, with capacity
to please, entertain and instruct others, are
leading features of your mind, according to
phrenology.' My intimate personal acquaint-
ance with Dr. J. Simms for more than twenty
years convinces me that the above extract
from my phrenological description given of
him by me in 1863 at Ingersoll, Canada, was
then correct, is fully true to-day, and will so
remain throughout his natural life." A.
Hagarty. Practical Phrenologist, London,
England, 1875.
"Are honest at heart, with a high degree of
natural rectitude of purpose; are extremely
honest in motive, and grateful to those who
do you a kindness; are not apt to consult ex-
pediency or knowingly do wrong." A. Hag-
arty, Phrenologist, London, England, 1875.
"Honest, faithful, upright at heart, moral
in feeling, grateful, penitent, means well, con-
sults duty before expediency, loves and means
to speak the truth, cannot tolerate wrong."
John L. Capen, Phrenologist, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania, June 8, 1876.
"Size of head, 23 inches. * * Strict justice
and truthfulness." James Shepherd, Practi-
cal Phrenologist, Melbourne, Australia, Octo-
ber, 1882.
"You are disposed to be strictly honest and
upright in all your dealings; hate whatever is
unjust or contrary to your ideas of right. * *
You always seek to know what is right, and
then pursue it with singleness of heart."
Xelson Sizer, Phrenologist, New York, N. Y.,
May 4, 1886.
"You are honest, faithful, upright, moral
in feeling, penitent mean well." Prof. J. H.
Cook, Phrenologist, New York, N. Y., Octo-
ber, 1886.
"Joseph Simms, M. D.: * * You came
from a good ancestry. Nature has endowed
you with a superior intellect and a healthy
body. You possess originality, and have a
resistless inclination for philosophical and
metaphysical investigation; would excel as
an author, orator, physician, teacher, or
naturalist. Spirituality, veneration, consci-
entiousness, friendship, benevolence, human
nature, love of children and animals, are
strong and active traits in your character.
These faculties hold the propensities and pas-
sions in subjugation to that extent that if
there were no statutes to punish crime you
would be a good citizen through inherent ten-
dencies. Conscientiousness is so well devel-
oped that I infer your parents possessed it in
a high degree and transmitted it to you.
Doubtless your early training led you along
paths of rectitude, and there is every indica-
tion that you never deviated from them.
* * You despise dishonesty, trickery and
treachery in every form, and strictly ad-
here to truth and justice in word and deed.
* * Your conscience is an inherent part of
your being, a vigilant and powerful factor,
ruling and regulating every act of your life.
* * You have pity for the unfortunate and
charity for all mankind. * * Are progres-
sive and reformatory, and a true philanthro-
pist." Prof. D. F. McDonald, Phrenologist,
Berkeley, California, April 23, 1894.
The above was gratuitously written by Prof.
McDonald, a graduate of the Fowler &
Wells Phrenological Institute, in New York,
regarding Dr. Joseph Simms, after an inti-
mate personal acquaintance for nearly thirty
years.
After all these leading phrenologists, as well
as other honest men who were personally ac-
quainted with him from childhood, have de-
scribed Dr. J. Simms as moral, honest, intelli-
gent and worthy from 1854 to 1894 inclusive, it
must be so accepted or phrenology is not true
when applied in practice by its ablest and
most celebrated advocates.
"I have had several charts, but the most
reliable and thorough delineation of my char-
acter was that by Dr. Simms." Governor
Thomas E. Bramlette, of Kentucky, 1859.
"Mr J. Simms: Allow me to say that you are
far the ablest, most entertaining, purest and
best lecturer on Character I ever met. Your
descriptions of mental qualities from human
faces are correct and astonishing." Gov. John
L. Helm, Elizabethtown, Kentucky, 1859.
"I have been edifled and instructed by your
lectures, and believe they tend to promote
moral and intellectual development." Rev.
Robert W. Landis, Philadelphia, 1859. Rev.
Mr. Landis was the author of "The Doctrine
of the Resurrection of the Body Asserted and
Defended." published in Philadelphia, Pa.,
184(3, of 379 pages (12 mo.). He also wrote a
book on "The Immortality of the Soul," of 379
pages (12 mo.), published in New York in
1859. He was an exceptionally talented
preacher and author.
The following vouchers show that Dr.
Simms was regularly admitted as a student to
University Medical College and the College of
Physicians and Surgeons of New York; that
he was admitted to practice to New York Hos-
pital, and his diploma as a graduate of medi-
cine was issued in New York in 1871:
"New York Hospital, November 9, 1866. We
recommend J. Simms as a proper person to
receive a ticket to follow the practice of the
New York Hospital. W. H. Draper, physician
and surgeon in attendance; superintendent of
the New York Hospital."
"Mr. Joseph Simms nets paid the full fee.
The professors will please give him their
tickets. University Medical College, Febru-
ary 28, 1867. W. Henry Draper."
"College of Physicians and Surgeons, Corner
Twenty-third street and Fourth avenue, New
York, November 18, 1868. I beg to state that
Mr. Joseph Simms is a student of this college,
and is the bearer of checks on the Fourth
National Bank of this city. Willard Parker,
Professor of Surgery."
"I presented the ambrotype of one of our
noted Boston thieves to Dr. J. Simms, while
he was lecturing in this city, and he read it
as correctly as any one could with years' ac-
quaintance." Mr. C. M. Huggins, 34 Trum-
bull street, Boston, Mass., April 6, 1871.
Dr. Simms' discovery of the form of musical
ears was acknowledged in its accuracy of ap-
plication by the famous Professor Huxley.
"You are quite accurate. You are perfectly
correct."
The above remarks were made by Prof.
Thomas Henry Huxley, the celebrated English
scientist, in 1875, after Dr. J. Simms had been
introduced to him, and, at his request, had
described his musical and other qualities from
the formation of his ears.
"The pure moral tone which pervades all
your lectures and writings gives you a just
claim to the esteem of the public." Sue
Harry Clagett, Keokuk, Iowa.
Miss Clagett is a talented American author-
ess, and daughter of the late Judge Clagett of
Keokuk, Iowa. Her brother has been a mem-
ber of Congress from the Northwest for
several years.
"We have known Dr. Simms many years,
and can agree with Senator Stanford, who
said: 'Dr. Simms is the best reader of char-
acter I ever saw.' Certainly Dr. Simms has
been the most able and the most successful
lecturer on human character the world ever
produced. * * He is the author of several
original and strong books on physiognomy and
health. * * Dr. Simms is monarch in the
physiognomical kingdom, from his keen power
of observation and philosophic methods of
original thinking. There are few abler writ-
ers in America than Dr. Simms who are en-
gaged in scientific pursuits." "The Ele-
vator," San Francisco. California, February
18, 1893.
"During the winter of 1869 and 1870 I first
met Dr. Joseph Simms while he was lecturing
in San Jose, California. At the request of
friends I walked across the platform in order
to elicit an opinion from Dr. Simms as to my
character and ability as exhibited by my
walk. He observed me closely and immedi-
ately exclaimed: 'There is a natural-born
lawyer. Young woman, you should take up
'he study of law at once. You have a great
future before you. You will succeed, because
nature fitted you admirably for the profes-
sion of the law.' At first I was shocked at
the statement of the learned man. I had no
knowledge of the possession of the mental
power, nor of the physical endurance, neces-
sary to insure success in a profession wherein
women had as yet taken no rank. But, en-
couraged by the eloquent words of Dr. Simms,
I took up the study of law, and, though still
a young girl, I soon realized my mental ten-
dencies to solve abstruse questions. My suc-
cess as a lawyer is largely due to the advice
given me by Dr. Simms, for without it I
might, and doubtless would, have drifted into
other and less profitable vocations, or prosed
my life away, as many more capable women
have done." Ever faithfully yours, and
gratefully. Clara Shortridge Foltz, San Fran-
cisco, California, Mills Building, Nov. 23, 1894.
Since the above was written Mrs. Foltz has
moved to the city of New York, where she
is an able practicing attorney and counsellor
at law.
After a few years' personal acquaintance
with Dr. Simms, and having studied carefully
his large work entitled, "Physiognomy Illus-
trated," Professor Cook, a phrenologist, who
was employed many years ago in Fowler &
Wells' Phrenological Office, in New York, as
an examiner and writer of character, re-
marks: "I look upon Dr. Simms as being
* * the ablest physiognomist. * * I have
verified the truth of most of his facial signs by
observation." Prof. J. H. Cook, Phrenologist,
in the "Health Monthly," New York, July,
1895, page 5.
To all whom it may concern: I have had
business relations with Dr. Joseph Simms
during many years, and have always found
him to be exact and honorable in all his
dealings. W. M. Hinton. Registrar of Voters,
New City Hall, San Francisco, Cal., October
26, 1896."
"Department of the Interior, General Land
Office, Office of U. S. Surveyor General for
the District of California, San Francisco,
October 27, 1896. Dr. J. Simms, San Francisco,
Cal.: Dear Sir — Some years ago I had an
examination of character by O. S. Fowler,
and. while the sketch was true in most par-
ticulars and seemed satisfactory at the time,
a short time after, when you came to Colusa,
you made many nice distinctions that Fowler
failed to bring out. This was especially so in
regard to order, mental and physical. You
had known nothing of me, but described the
character as well as one who had known me
for a lifetime. Respectfully, W. S. Green,
U. S. Surveyor General for California."
"Dr. Simms * * has made a large reputa-
tion as a physiognomist. He has given us a
very accurate and satisfactory reading of our
chaiacter: besides he has delineated the char-
acter and peculiarities of two of our best-
known and most worthy brethren from their
photographs." Rev. R. P. Wilson, D. D., in
"Pacific Methodist Advocate," San Francisco,
California, October 29, 1896.
What the Newspapers Say of this Eminent Physiognomist.
AMERICAN PRESS TESTIMONIALS.
"Master of his subject."— "The Republi-
can," Omaha, Nebraska, 1868.
"Interesting and instructive in the highest
degree."— "Republican," Chicago, 111., 1876.
"The ablest work extant on Physiognomy."
—"The Evening Star," Washington, D. C.,
1880.
"L)r. Simms, the greatest living physiog-
nomist."—"The Times," Kansas City, Mis-
souri, 1868
"Amusing and instructive, together with a
high moral tone."— "State Journal," Madison,
Wisconsin, 1867.
"A masterly effort and lively throughout."—
"Daily Monitor," Elizabeth, New Jersey,
December 1, 1875.
"One who sincerely seeks the promotion of
truth and all human good."— "The Standard"
(religious paper), Chicago, Illinois, 1868.
"Dr. Simms' lectures have drawn crowded
audiences and afforded much instruction."—
"Daily Advertiser," Boston, Mass., 1871.
"Dr. Simms, the greatest and most correct
living delineator of character."— "The Call,"
San Francisco, California, March 1, 1878.
"His large book proves him to be the ablest
living author on physiognomy."— "The Even-
ing News," Philadelphia, Pa., Aug. 25, 1880.
"Thoroughly instructive. * * Quick per-
ception and thorough knowledge of the sci-
ence."—"Daily Journal," Newark, New Jer-
sey, 1875.
"Dr. J. Simms, one of the most renowned
scientists and naturalists of the present cen-
tury."—"Daily News," Hot Springs, Arkan-
sas, June 5, 1885.
"Dr. J. Simms is unquestionably the most
eminent of living physiognomists." — "The Pa-
cific Christian Advocate,." Portland, Oregon,
January 29, 1880.
"His theory is entirely his own, and is of
the character that makes it instructive as
well as interesting."— "The Gazette," Kala-
mazoo, Michigan, 1865.
"Has given an impetus to physiognomical
investigation that cannot fail of lasting good.
* * Scientific, practical."— "Daily Journal,"
Indianapolis, Indiana, 1867.
"His lectures were entertaining and called
full houses each night. He examined one-
half of our citizens while in our town."—
"Bardstown Gazette," Ky., 1858.
"Information of great value, and * *
being fortified by high morals, * * very
popular among our best citizens."— "Daily
State Register," Des Moines, Iowa, Oct. 1878.
"Describes with clearness, and in a spirit of
careful conscientiousness, the various traits
of the mental and moral nature of man."—
"Daily Evening Telegram," Portland, Oregon,
1880.
"Dr. J. Simms, distinguished physiognomist,
* * * who to-day has no living equal as
a practical and scientific physiognomist. "—
"Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper," New
York, September 14, 1878.
"The great traveler and special scientist,
Dr. Simms, has written the first book giving
a complete and reasonable system of Physi-
ognomy to the world."— "The Methodist" (re-
ligious paper), New York, September 4, 1880.
"Well skilled in the almost divine art of
reading human character. He never once
condescended to use language that would
give offense to any one. * * Both interest-
ing and instructive."— "Democrat," Nicholas-
ville, Kentucky, 1859.
"The Doctor has traveled extensively in
almost every country of the world, has been a
close observer of men and things, and is
possessed of unbounded information concern-
ing the subjects of which he treats." — "Daily
Argus," Akron, Ohio, 1876.
"The ablest book we know on Physiognomy
is that by Dr. Simms, the greatest living
reader of faces. His work is scholarly, logical,
incisive and profound, and should be read by
every one,"— "The Evening Telegram," Phila-
delphia, Pa., August 25, 1S80.
"The most eminent physiognomist is Dr. J.
Simms, who is an entertaining speaker,
world-wide traveler, remarkable reader of
human faces, and the author of the ablest
work extant on physiognomy."— "The Even-
ing Star," Washington, D. C., August 24, 1880.
"This is a most valuable science to the
world, and Dr. Simms, who has devoted his
life to it, being its ablest exponent, has pro-
duced a work of intrinsic, and, we think, of
lasting, merit."— "The Examiner and Chron-
icle" (religious paper), New York, September
2, 1S80.
"Dr. J. Simms * * journeying to Alaska.
He has lectured here many times, and is
known the world over as an unrivaled genius,
with critical accuracy and sterling integrity
as a lecturer, delineator of character and au-
thor."—"Morning Oregonian," Portland, Ore-
gon, May 12, 1896.
"Dr. J. Simms, the eloquent and amusing
lecturer, is drawing an immense audience to
hear his lectures at Platt's Hall. The inter-
est continues to increase each evening as the
course progresses. His examinations of some
of our well-known citizens bring forth rounds
of applause."— "The Call," San Francisco,
California, 1869.
"Dr. Simms has delivered many courses of
lectures here, and has been known in this
place and throughout the State and all the Pa-
cific States for twenty-five years as an honest
man of great ability. As a lecturer and de-
lineator of human character he stands without
a peer."— "Evening News," San Jose, Cali-
fornia, April 10, 1894.
"Dr. J. Simms * * enjoys an exception-
ally high reputation as an honest and moral
man. * * Has produced a large book on
physiognomy of sterling worth. It is an
honest interpretation of nature, lucid, vigor-
ous, moral, and tends to purify the affections
and expand the intellect."— "The Baptist" (re-
ligious paper), New York, September 2, 1880.
"The Congregational Church was crowded
with a fine audience that gave undivided at-
tention to one of the best and most entertain-
ing lectures of the season by Dr. Simms. * *
Last night hundreds crowded the spacious
chuich, and hundreds more were unable to
find even standing room." — "Daily Record-
Union," Sacramento, California, Jan. 31, 1879.
"The wisest genius in physiognomic science
is Dr. Simms. His lectures and books have
been well received in Great Britain and
America. He is an eloquent and attractive
speaker, and, though a 'rolling stone,' has
acquired a handsome fortune. His large book
proves him to be the ablest living author on
physiognomy." — "The Evening News," Phila-
delphia. Pennsylvania, August 25, 1880.
"Dr. J. Simms. who is we,ll known as an
exceedingly able lecturer and author on physi-
ognomy, is recreating in Sacramento. After
having tested O. S. Fowler and Dr. Simms we
must admit that the latter describes character
the more correctly. Dr. Simms has aban-
doned the lecture field and devotes his entire
energies to literary and scientific work."—
"The Bee," Sacramento, Cal., April 24, 1894.
"He reads individuals by their faces as ordi-
nary persons read a book. Neither Zopyrus,
Alcibiades, Aristotle, Porta or Lavater equaled
the genius of Dr. J. Simms in deciphering
nature's facial print, and in his reasonable,
lucid, pleasant and instructive style, hence
his brilliant success everywhere. His large
book is the best book we know on physiog-
nomy."—"Salt Lake Times," Utah, October
7, 1880.
"Dr. J. Simms, the most famous physiog-
nomist of the nineteenth century, will de-
liver two illustrated lectures on Physiog-
nomy, in Colonel Wood's Museum on to-
morrow afternoon, at 2:30 P. M., and evening
at 8 P. M. Admission 50 cents. This will be
the great event of the season, and a rare op-
portunity to learn how to read the human
face "_"The Inter-Ocean," Chicago, Illinois,
May 27, 1876.
"Dr. J. Simms has been far the ablest and
most successful lecturer and author on human
character. His original genius, rich discover-
ies, untarnished probity and good natured
geniality have won for him vast wealth and
universal fame while enlightening and up-
lifting mankind in both hemispheres of the
globe. He has lectured here many times with
great success."— "Post-Intelligencer," Seattle,
Washiagton, May 30, 1896.
"No man, we think, ever stood on a plat-
form in Portland who could read character
so well as Dr. Simms. Large audiences at-
tend his lectures each evening at Lancaster
Hall. To-night he lectures on Physiog-
nomy, and how to read character. Go to the
hall during the day and obtain a chart and
learn how to make your life most useful to
others, as well as yourself."— "Daily Eastern
Argus," Portland, Maine, 1871.
"Dr. Simms * * drew another full house,
and the audience was well entertained for
about two hours. The Doctor's descriptions
of character of the ladies and gentlemen who
went upon the stage in response to his invita-
tion were very amusing, and, so far as the
audience was capable of judging, remarkably
correct. Mr. D. A. Stern and ex-Chief Harris
were done to a *t.' " -"Evening Express,"
Los Angeles, California, March 1, 1879.
"Dr. Simms, who has been lecturing for a
week past in the city, to crowded houses, on
the subject of Physiognomy, has just closed
his course. He has been requested by a large
number of medical and business men of the
city to repeat the course, and has signified his
intention of doing so at some future time.
The lectures have been well patronized by the
public, and will be sure to be when the Doctor
visits us again."— "The Times," Chicago,
Illinois, January, 1868.
"The valuable volume entitled 'Physiognomy
Illustrated,' by Dr. J. Simms, has placed phy-
siognomy for the first and only time on a per-
manent scientific basis through his original
and correct discoveries sustained by logical
reasonings and thoroughly honest intentions,
which are guided by unrivaled genius, as well
as chaste, moral, agreeable and lucid style.
In truthfulness and wisdom it far outstrips
all other works on human character."— "The
Review," Ogden, Utah, September 19, 1895.
"Dr. J. Simms, the celebrated physiogno-
mist and author, was in Juneau this week.
He is well remembered throughout the
English speaking domains as the king of lec-
turers on human character. His decided hon-
esty, kindness of heart, sound reason, en-
chanting fancy, vast observing powers accom-
panied with chaste and expressive language
have won for him great success. In correctly
describing character Dr. Simms is peerless."—
"The Alaska News," Juneau City, Alaska,
July 2, 1896.
"The Protestant Methodist Church in Attor-
ney street was filled last evening by a most
respectable audience, drawn thither to listen
to a lecture on the Nervous System by Dr.
J. Simms. The doctor was aided in the deliv-
ery of his discourse by numerous diagrams,
showing the action of the nerves in various
portions of the body. He dwelt for some time
on the composition and conformation of the
human brain. * * His lecture was highly
instructive throughout." — "The Times," New
York, February 18, 1869.
"Plait's Hall. — A very large assemblage of
ladies and gentlemen attended Dr. Simms'
lecture on the Nervous System last night. It
was certainly both interesting and instructive.
The Doctor will lecture to-night on Physiog-
nomy, etc. All those who have not already
done so should by all means attend these lec-
tures. They tend to elevate the mind and
improve the understanding. Dr. S. is an edu-
cated, scientific man, and knows how to han-
dle his subjects."— "Daily Examiner," San
Francisco, California, 1869.
"Physiognomy. — Dr. Simms lectured on the
above subject at Recreation Hall last even-
ing to a fine audience. The Doctor is a very
entertaining speaker and understands thor-
oughly the principles of physiognomy. He
reads character thoroughly, and his amusing
comparisons are very enjoyable. Several
ladies and gentlemen went on the stage by
invitation, and the lecturer correctly read
their characters, to the infinite amusement of
the audience." — "Daily Leader," Cheyenne,
Wyoming Territory, November 8, 1878.
"Scientific Lectures on Physiognomy. — Dur-
ing the past two weeks the citizens of Boston
have had the pleasure of attending a course of
Dr. Simms' lectures on Physiognomy. The
system is new, and, being presented in an
earnest and amusing manner, it takes like
'hot cakes.' The law of life and the true
road of progress which the Doctor's lectures
noint out are peculiarly his own. We wish
him all success elsewhere, as he has had In
this city, and wish his speedy return to the
'Hub.' "—"Daily Evening Traveler," Boston,
Mass., 1871.
"Scientific Lectures.— Dr. J. Simms of New
York has been lecturing to the medical stu-
dents of the Old Medical School in this city.
Last evening four hundred students and sev-
eral professors were present at his lecture,
nnd all speak very complimentary of his ef-
forts. The late discoveries in anatomy and
physiology which the Doctor presents are
charmingly well supported by sound logic and
stern facts. The Doctor has been invited by
a large delegation of citizens to extend his lec-
tures in this city." — "Daily Gazette," Nash-
ville. Tenn.. 1S59.
"The original work entitled. 'Physiognomy
Illustrated,' by Dr. J. Simms, contains 624
octavo pages and 300 engravings embodying
a complete system of physiognomy, true to
nature, while it is the result of vast observa-
tion, profound reflection, and conscientious
motives, guided by broad charity. It is far
the ablest and best work extant on character
reading, and is in its tenth edition. The au-
thor has delivered many lectures here and is
the most successful genius who has ever
written or lectured on human character any-
where."—"The Denver Republican," Colo-
rado. August 23, 1895.
"Dr. Simms has been lecturing all this week
in Brewster Hall, on the exhaustless subject
of man. No lecturer has ever visited New
Haven who has given so many original ideas
as Dr. Simms. He works for the good of
mankind, and his fearless and independent
manner has won him perfect success in this
city. The attendance each evening (several
evenings have been rainy), has been very
large, and his audience gave the closest at-
tention to every word and gesture. Hundreds
have obtained charts and delineations of char-
acter. The Doctor will leave with the best
wishes of the citizens of New Haven for his
success in the great and good work in which
he so nobly labors."— "Daily Register," New
Haven, Conn., 1871.
"Dr. J. Simms, the famous traveler and
scientist, has been tarrying in Salt Lake
City during the past three weeks, in the inter-
est of the New York press. About fifteen to
twenty years ago this savant lectured here, on
physiognomy and physiology, many times,
with more marked success than Fowler,
McDonald, O'Leary, and a host of other lesser
lights. Dr. Simms is highly instructive and
entertaining in his public lectures, and as a
character reader he has no superior. True
friendship, disinterested honesty, unlimited
gratitude, taste, refined by extensive travel-
ing, respectful manner, chaste language and
far reaching charity, characterize Dr. Simms'
public and private life. His large work en-
titled 'Physiognomy Illustrated,' is in our
public libraries, and now selling in its tenth
edition, is the best and safest work on that
universally valuable subject." - "Deseret
Evening News," Salt Lake City, Utah, Aug.
3, 1895.
" 'Physiognomy Illustrated' is a remarkable
book, treating of the face, eye, nose, mouth,
chin, ear. forehead, hands and bodily forms,
gait, laughter and salutation, by Dr. J.
Simms, the unrivaled physiognomist. It
eclipses all other works on character-reading
by its marked originality, brilliant clearness,
honesty of purpose and staunch strength. It
contains 624 octavo pages, 300 characteristic
engravings, is in its tenth edition, and is far
the ablest and best work on this important
and interesting subject. Its ethical, philo-
sophical, scientific and practical phases out-
strip all competitors. It embodies a complete
system of mental and physical powers, new
in every particular, yet its manner of unrav-
eling the mysteries of mind is as simple as it
is surprising. This subject becomes, by the
extraordinary genius and skill of this cele-
brated savant, a science broad, comprehensive
and profound."— "The Occident" (religious
paper), San Francisco, October 1, 1896.
"In 1874 Dr. J. Simms published his large
work entitled 'Physiognomy Illustrated.' This
is the most thorough, comprehensive, original
and reliable authority on the subject ever
printed. Its publication raised physiognomy,
for the first time in the history of its literary
treatment, to a science. In doing this Dr.
Simms proved himself to be the greatest dis-
coverer in this field of scientific research of
any age. Many illiterate corsairs designating
themselves phrenologists have been quick to
discern the value of his work. With uncon-
scionable avidity these charlatans, ever eager
to obtain money through the genius and labor
of others, have seized upon Dr. Simms'
'Physiognomy' and publish in their journals
and books many of his valuable discoveries
as original conceptions. But in doing so they
discredited and retarded the progress of scien-
tific physiognomy, because they filtered these
discoveries through their own stupidity, dis-
honesty, illiteracy and impossible anatomy."
—"San Francisco Chronicle," California, Jan-
uary 21, 189,r>.
"Dr. J. Simms is decidedly celebrated in
North America, Groat Britain and Australia,
as the learned and judicious author of 'Physi-
ogonomy Illustrated/ the wisest, best, most
comprehensive, concise and conscientiously
written book, of any scientific value on the
important subject of human characteristics.
Dr. Simrns copies no other author, yet he is a
ripe and well-read scholar, with wide and
cultured views, and the just and unrivaled
student of the human race, quite frank and
sincere, temperate, upright, an extensive
traveler, and has no superior, nor even an
equal, as an instructive and correct lecturer,
examiner, and author on mental, moral and
social qualities, as well as health. He is
wholly original and thoroughly logical and
charitable in his daily life and publications,
and the most advanced and reasonable writer
on mind and its expression in the visage and
physique of mankind. He treats mind as a
progressive power, resting not simply on a
change of basis, but implicating and depend-
ing upon the entire bodily structure. 'Physi-
ognomy Illustrated,' with 624 pages and 300
illustrations, is published and for sale by The
Murray Hill Publishing Company. Price,
$2.00, 129 East Twenty-eighth Street, New
York."— "The Western Journal of. Educa-
tion," San Francisco, October, 1896.
"Dr. J. Simms is an accomplished scientist
whose genius has discovered a new physiog-
nomy and formulated it into a valuable prac-
tical science. His works on physiognomy
have a place in all the leading libraries of the
world, and their great value was recognized
by Darwin, Huxley, Sir Charles Lyell, Prof.
Owen, Dr. Carpenter and other leading Europ-
ean scientists. This physiognomy does not,
like the mind, rely upon neural or nerve and
brain changes, but upon the entire physical
structure. Sight has been demonstrated by
Harvard professors to be several hundred
times more accurate than the sense of touch.
Physiognomy relies entirely on sight, and is,
therefore, several hundred times more accu-
rate in its analysis of human character and
disposition than phrenology, which depends
in practice on the sense of touch by the fin-
gers exclusively.
"The practice of Dr. Simms' physiognomy
is cleanly and safe, because it is demonstrated
entirely through the agency of sight. It is
not liable, therefore, in practice, to spread
contagious and loathsome diseases, such as
leprosy, smallpox, itch, etc. Phrenologists
may, however, do this, as their fingers, in-
fected hy the examination of the dirty and dis-
eased head of one person, may communicate
the disease to the head of the next person ex-
amined.
"Dr. Simms excels all other character de-
scribeis and writers in the matter of observa-
tion, reason, veracity, integrity, originality,
accuracy, thoroughness, modesty and purity.
He is a Knight Templar and a thirty-second
degree Scottish Rite Mason. Besides, he
has the distinction of being an honorary mem-
ber of many literary and scientific societies in
various parts of the world.
"No honest person ever questioned Dr.
Simms' probity or the sincerity of his motives
and the candor of his opinions. He has the
quiet and cultivated manners of a high-
minded gentleman of thorough scientific edu-
cation, extensive travel and reading, remark-
able application, and has enjoyed the associa-
tion of cultured minds of all parts of the
world for nearly half a century. He has
delivered more than thirty public lectures in
this city with greater success than any other
speaker on human character, and he is un-
rivaled in delineating mind and diseases from
the external man, because his own character
is one of great sterling worth, and his native
genius will always command an honorable
influence in cultivated and moral society." —
"The Illustrated World," San Francisco, Cali-
fornia, October 24, 1896.
BRITISH PRESS NOTICES.
"The really scientific treatment of physiog-
nomy."—"Saturday Review," London. Eng-
land.
"He is the best character reader I ever
saw."— "Morning Herald," Dunedin, New
Zealand, 1881.
"Dr. Simms is known as a most skilled
practical physiognomist."— "Pictorial World,"
London, 1874.
"He is the most famous, correct and tal-
ented physiognomist in the world."— "The
Times," London, England.
"He certainly reads character with great
facility. His is no guesswork."— "Anthropolo-
gia," London, England, 1875.
"The ablest known reader of diseases and
characters from the external man."— "People's
Tribune," Melbourne, Australia, March 8,1884.
"A shrewd, skillful judge of human charac-
ter. * * * Exposition of a new science."—
"Morning Herald," Sydney, Australia, May
23, 1882.
"Dr. Simms' system of physiognomy: it is
the most remarkable production of modern
times."— "The Telegraph," Christchurch,
New Zealand, 1884.
"This gentleman's able expositions of physi-
ognomy are the most scientific and practical
ever given."— "Bulletin," Melbourne, Austra-
lia, October 13, 1883.
"These lectures are fraught with fun and
instruction, presented in a didactic and agree-
able manner." — "The World," Melbourne,
Australia, May 8, 1883.
"Dr. Simms is a skilled and practical physi-
ognomist, and teaches how to read the human
face and its indications of character." —
"Daily Telegraph," Melbourne, Australia,
June 9, 1883.
"Science does find warm acceptance with
the people in Austral;a when a man Tke Dr.
Simms knows how to make it popular and
attractive." — "Herald," Melbourne, Austra-
lia. May 26, 1883.
"Dr. Simms has a very pleasing and attract-
ive style of lecturing. * * * His character
leading is simply marvelous." — "Freeman's
Journal" (religious paper), Sydney, Australia,
September 3 and August 27, 1881.
"We have the popularity of Dr. Simms'
entertainment to show how philosophical
subjects can be made to draw by being
handled in a popular manner."— "The Age,"
Melbourne, Australia, June 9, 1883.
"There are few platform speakers whose
success has been so pronounced in almost
every part of the world. * * * The enter-
tainment being, as usual, provocative of great
amusement."— "Evening News," Sydney,
Australia, December 12, 1883.
"Dr. Simms does not practice any of the
charlatanism usually adopted by phrenolo-
gists or mesmerists; his lectures are elegant
and amusing, devoid of low Jokes or puns, and
can be listened to with interest."— "The New
Zealand Herald," Auckland, New Zealand,
March 17, 1881.
"The hall was crowded in every part, and
hundreds were unable to gain admittance.
Dr. Simms has a very telling way of impress-
ing a truth, with a witticism or a joke, hence
an evening passes quickly and pleasantly at
his lecture."— "The Age," Melbourne, Aus-
tralia, October 3, 1882.
"His lecture was highly amusing, as well as
instructive. It was didactic in style, and
evinced considerable histrionic knowledge.
The course of lectures will be acceptable to all
who wish to have a better understanding of
the mysteries of this practical and valuable
science."— "The Echo," Sydney, Australia,
September 7, 1881.
"Dr. Simms is a favorable exception to some
others who have treated of the science of
man. His apparatus enables him to make his
illustrations additionally interesting. We
have no reason to doubt that his career in
Canada will continue to be, as it has been, a
success." — " Canadian Illustrated News,"
Hamilton, Canada, 1864.
The same paper printed a portrait of Dr.
Simms, and gave a biographical sketch of his
life.
"Last evening Dr. Simms closed Ivs sixth
and last series of lectures in Sydney, with the
sixty-seventh lecture. The closing discourse
was an able and entertaining one to a crowded
audience. The lectures have, throughout,
been attended by large and interested audi-
ences."— "The Daily Morning Herald," Syd-
ney, Australia, December 15, 1883.
"Dr. J. Simms, of New York, delivered the
closing lecture of a series of nine lectures in
the City Hall, on physiognomy and physi-
ology on Saturday night last. The lectures
have been very successful. The closing re-
mark that the Doctor intended to visit Glas-
gow at some future time elicited repeated ap-
plause."—"The Evening Star," Glasgow, Scot-
land, June 23, 1873.
"On Friday evening. Dr. J. Simms, the most
able and profound living physiognomist, de-
livered his fifty-second and closing lecture of
a very successful series in London, on physi-
ognomy and physiology, to an audience that
occupied every portion of the large gallery
and the body of the spacious room in South
Place Chapel." — "Daybreak," London, Eng-
land, March 26, 1875.
"Dr. Simms, the eminent physiognomist,
has hit the popular taste with his enterta'ning
and instructive lectures at the Athenfeum.
He not only tells his visitors simply by the
facial lineaments their past, present and
future, but describes the diseases from which
they suffer, or will suffer, owing to hereditary
taint, or otherwise." — "The Bulletin," Mel-
bourne, Australia, May 11, 1883.
"Dr. Simms, the author and scientific lec-
turer, is attracting immense audiences to hear
h;s original discourses on faces and the signs
of character. He is the most famous, correct
and talented physiognomist in the world. He
readily reads the diseases, weaknesses and
characteristics of persons who are strangers
to him, as though they were open books. "-
"The Times," London, England.
"We are convinced that there have been a
few natural physiognomists who could read
character correctly from the facial linea-
ments; Zopyrus, Lavater, and Dr. J. Simms,
belong to this limited and favored class. Dr.
Simms has been lecturing more than a quar-
ter of a century to crowded houses."— "Even-
ing Star," Auckland, New Zealand, March 18,
1881.
"Dr. Simms' lecture drew another good audi-
ence at the Athenaeum last night. It was
original and well sustained with facts and
reason, while being spiced with humor suffi-
cient to render it popular and entertaining.
Several well-known citizens went on the plat-
form at the close of the lecture, and were ac-
curately described."— "The Evening Post,"
Wellington, New Zealand. April 21, 1881.
"At the Athenaeum, last evening, Dr. Simms
delivered his sixty-first and closing lecture in
Melbourne, to a large and well-entertained
audience. He took the opportunity of thank-
ing the people and press of Melbourne for
their kind treatment of him, and said he re-
gretted leaving Australia, for he had become
much attached to it, and still more to its peo-
ple."—"The Argus," Melbourne, Australia,
March 21, 1884.
"Dr. Simms made his farewell bow to a
large and respectable audience at the Athe-
naeum last evening, on the occasion of his
original and very entertaining lecture. It was
his sixty-first and closing lecture. His lec-
tures have, throughout, drawn large and de-
lighted audiences, and he has proved over and
again that he is the unrivaled peer in reading
character and diseases from human faces. "-
"The Herald," Melbourne, Australia, March
21. 1884.
"Last night Dr. J. Simms, the well-known,
eloquent and amusing lecturer of New York,
delivered an address in the Masonic Hall.
George street, on physiognomy, or nature,
mind and beauty. The hall was crowded to
t xeess. The main object of the lecture was to
show that a close connection might be traced
between physiognomy and character. His ad-
dress was amusing, and was well received by
the audience." — "The Scotsman," Edinburgh,
Scotland, July, 1873.
"Dr. J. Simms gave his sixty-seventh and
(losing lecture to a crowded audience of at-
tentive ladies and gentlemen. It was the most
scientific, ablest and best lecture ever given
on those subjects in Sydney. Xo other lec-
turer has been able to draw such large audi-
ences to scientific pay lectures for so long a
time, with continued interest. He has proved
himself a most masterly practical physiogno-
mist."—"Daily Telegraph," Sydney, Austra-
lia, December 15, 1SS3.
"Physiognomy.— Last night Dr. Simms. the
American physiognomist, delivered the last of
a course of nine lectures, on the above sub-
ject, in the Free Masons' Hall. George street.
During his visit to Edinburgh he has been
attended by considerable numbers of people
who desired to have the opinion of an expert
as to their capabilities and disposition. The
lecture last evening was delivered to a
crowded audience." — "The Daily Review,"
Edinburgh, Scotland. July 12, 1873.
"Dr. Simms, whose lectures have drawn
large audiences in Melbourne for sixty-one
nights, closed his series with a lecture on
Physiognomy and Physiology, the ablest and
most amusing ever given on those subjects in
this city. In reading mind and diseases from
the face, he has shown himself an adept. The
whole intellectual entertainment provided by
Dr. Simms has been a remarkable success in
this city and throughout the Australian Col-
onies."— "The World," Melbourne, Australia,
March 21, 1884.
"Dr. Simms. — This talented lecturer on the
Science of Physiology and Physiognomy has,
during the past week, delivered a very satis-
factory course of lectures on these sciences to
large audiences each evening. The Doctor's
descriptive powers are of the most brilliant
kind, and his delineations of character strik-
ingly marked and accurate. Never in this
town has there been so great an interest
taken in a continued course of lectures as on
this occasion, and has increased as they have
drawn to a close."— "Woodstock Sentinel,"
Canada, 1863.
"Phrenology is almost played out, and
physiognomy takes its place, * * and Dr.
Simms steps to the front. * * I went to
hear the Doctor, and was much amused and
instructed. * * His worship, the Mayor, and
.Mr. H. Hudson, were on the platform under-
going ihe Doctor's inspection: and if the plan
proposed by Momus— of placing windows in
men's breasts— had been carried out in this
instance, a more precise analysis of the gen-
tlemen's characters than that given by the
Doctor could scarcely have been obtained. "-
"Public Opinion," Dunedin, New Zealand,
June 4, 1881.
"Dr. Simms has devoted many years to this
great work, into which he has condensed
whole libraries of facts and arguments, linked
together with the inexorable logic of natural
philosophy. The one great primal law of
cause and effect is everywhere reverently
recognized and illustrated. * * It is simply
a 'book of nature,' a conscientious effort on
the part of the author to interpret the 'reve-
lations' of nature." * *
"Dr. Simms, in his 'Revelations,' gives us
the key to interpret human faces and expres-
sions, so that 'he who runs may read,' and
make no mistakes." — "The Cosmopolitan,"
London, England, June 24, 1875.
"The hall on Monday and last evening
was filled to its utmost capacity, a great num-
ber being compelled to stand. Dr. Simms'
lectures are clear and interesting, and all his
positions are well sustained by abundant
proof, deduced from the principles of sci-
ence. With a correct knowledge of his sub-
ject, he combines a pleasing faculty of im-
parting that knowledge to others, and throws
around physiognomy a dignity that ignorant
empirics have done much to detract from. His
delineations of character convince the most
skeptical that physiognomy may be utilized,
and is not an idle study. His public examina-
tions were loudly applauded and acknowl-
edged correct." — "Inquirer," Ingersoll, Can-
ada. May 3, 1865.
"Dr. J. Simms. the celebrated traveler and
author, visited Victoria on Saturday. He is
the ablest, and therefore the most successful,
lecturer on human character who ever dis-
coursed in the cities of America, Europe and
Australia. As a correct delineator of charac-
ter from the external man, he has no compet-
itor. His remarkable perseverance, honest
intentions, unparalleled observation and
originality characterize his writings and pub-
lic life. During 1870 and 1879 he delivered
long courses of attractive lectures on natural
science and men, in this city, before large
audiences. Dr. Simms employed the most
extensive and valuable collection of portraits
in oil ever exhibited. He is also the author of
several standard works on physiognomy and
health, which have had an extensive sale and
passed into the tenth edition." — "Daily
Times," Victoria, British Columbia, Canada,
July 13, 1896.
"Physiognomy.— Dr. J. Simms. the learned
author of 'Nature's Revelations of Character,'
a work that has excited great inquiry into this
much neglected science, is now delivering a
course of lectures on his favorite subject in
London. We have attended these lectures,
and have been much interested. Dr. Simms
has studied the indications of character, as
shown in the lineaments of the face, for a life-
time, and has studied them well. He is the
most able and the most popular exponent of
physiognomy among living men. His lectures
are instructive, and abound with fine sallies
of rich American humour. The interest ex-
cited in the subject is very great, for, not-
withstanding the inclemency of the weather,
the lecturer draws full audiences. If our
friends have an hour to spare after seven in
the evenings, they may spend it pleasantly
and profitably with this distinguished physi-
ognomist; and if they wish to know their real
character, and the secret of their personal
power, Dr. Simms will aid them."— "The
Monetary and Mining Gazette," London, Jan-
uary 23, 1875.
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH
OF
JOSEPH SIMMS M.D
From The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography
VOLUME VII
JAMES T. WHITE & COMPANY Publishers
Hew
1897
m
SIMMS, Joseph, physician, physiognomist, and author, was horn
:il Plainticld Centre, Otsego co., N. Y , Sept. 3, 1833, .second son of
Ephraim Fiteli and Florinda Johnson (Norton) Simms. Epliraiin
Fitch Simms (180:}-8<>), only brotlier of Jeptha Hoot Simms, like his
father, was at lirsi engaged in hat manufacturing, but ultimately gave
his attention to farming. He was a man of imposing presence, a great
student, a profound thinker, possessed of a remarkable memory, and
ho made some mark as a practical geologist. In 1824 lie removed,
with his parents, from Canterbury, Conn., to Plainfield Centre, X. Y.,
where, in 1830, he was married to Florinda J. Norton (1809-58), by
whom he had two sons and one daughter. Miss Norton was of Eng-
lish descent, a woman of superior intellectual endowments, and a
teacher in her youth. The son began his education at the district
school of his native town, and later, attended the academy at West
Winfield, N. Y. After leaving school he became himself a highly
successful teacher, his tield of labor embracing parts of four states in
the Union. But the great tendency of his mind lay more in the direc-
tion of scientific investigation. From early childhood he had been
unconsciously drawn to the practice of noting
facial and corporeal peculiarities, systemati-
cally comparing them with known mental
characteristics, and educing certain assured
rules and formuhe, thus making many phy-
siognomical discoveries, which have been
confirmed by his later world- wide experi-
ences and continued habit of accurate obser-
vation. He was likewise strongly attracted
to mathematics and the natural sciences, and
even his school compositions showed promise
of great ability, and elicited wide attention.
In 1854 he essayed public lecturing on phy-
siology and physiognomy, but quickly recog-
nizing the necessity of a thorough training in
anatomy and the cognate sciences, he began a
course of systematic study under Dr. John AV.
Draper (q v.), of New York, subsequently
(1866-07) attending the medical departmentof
the University of New York. He then became
the pupil of the celebrated surgeon, Dr. Willard Parker, and in 1868-
69 he further pursued his studies at the College of Physicians and
Surgeons, New York. He was graduated M.I)., in 1871, at the Eclectic
Medical College of New York. During three winters he had worked
as a practical operator in the dissecting-rooms of the medical colleges
of New York, thereby perfecting his knowledge of the human struc-
ture, and for some time subsequent to graduation, lie practiced surgery
with great skill and success. Within a comparatively brief period,
however, he resolved to devote himself exclusively to the investigation
and advancement of physiognomical science, to which, during many
years, his discoveries and tabulated knowledge had been steadily con-
tributing. He engaged systematically in lecturing tours in the large
cities of the United Stales and Canada, and quickly became pre-
eminent. His advanced and typical methods of thought, ingrained
with evident integrity of purpose, soon made him a man of mark as a
scientist and lecturer. So indefatigable were his efforts and devotion,
that lie often held himself at work from fifteen to eighteen hours daily,
while his original and comprehensive mind, fine faculty for humor,
lucid illustration, and enchanting command of language, drew audi-
ences which increased nightly wherever he gave a series of lectures.
His matchless perception of mental qualities and corporeal diseases,
through rapidly viewing the faces of strangers, was a principal cause
of his remarkable prosperity. In 1872 he visited England, and was
heartily welcomed by Sir Charles Lyell, Charles Darwin, Prof. Hux-
ley, Richard Owen, Herbert Spencer, Dr. Carpenter the physiologist,
and other illustrious intellectual lights. He lectured in London, Edin-
burgh, Glasgow, and other leading British towns, with unvarying
success. In London alone he lectured on fifty-two different occasions,
several of them before scientific societies. In 1875 he returned to New
York, and continued lecturing in the principal American cities for six
years. During 1881-84 he traversed Australasia, lecturing in most of
the chief corporate towns. He delivered sixty seven lectures on
physiognomy, and kindred topics, in Sidney, and sixty-one in Mel-
bourne, in both places drawing immense audiences. On his return to
the United States, in 1884, he finally retired from the lecture-field after
thirty years of distinguished labor, during which he had twice traveled
over Europe, visited Africa and Asia, each on five different occasions,
and made the complete circle of the globe, culling physiological and
physiognomical data in all climates and from every race. In addition
to the satisfaction of having contributed signally to the permanent
progress of the human race, he had laid by a comfortable fortune, of
which he has given liberally to the unfortunate and toward worthy
objects of charity. Dr. Simmshas written considerably on his favorite
studies. His first work was ' ' A Physiological and Physiognomical
Chart of Character" (Glasgow, 1873) ; and was followed by his " Na-
ture's Revelations of Character " (London, 1874) ; which proved an
epoch-making book in the history of physiognomy, endowing it for
the first time with clearly-sketched formulae, while creating a system
of entirely original research, fortified by proved facts and established
principles. It was favorably received by the press, and is now (1896)
in its tenth edition. His other published works are, "Scientific Lec-
tures on Education, Physiognomy and Natural History" (London,
1875); "Health and Character " (San Francisco. 1879) ; "Practical and
Scientific Physiognomy " (1884) ; and "Past, Present and Future of
Woman " (Sail Francisco, 1889). In addition, he has contributed
largely to the popular and scientific press on the suggestions of foreign
travel, the betterment of mankind, and the latest achievements of
science. He is now engaged upon some advanced discoveries in
physiology, physiognomy and morphology, with a view to publication.
Dr. Simms is an active member of various literary and scientific
societies, and has been for many years, a Free Mason of advanced
standing, a Knight Templar, and of the thirty-second degree of the
Scottish Rite. Physically, he is a man of mark, being six feet high,
of splendid proportions, and fittingly endowed by nature for the
arduous physical and intellectual labors of his well-spent life. Natural
and kindly in his demeanor, he is essentially a companionable man, in
every action exhibiting the genius and sympathy necessary for the for-
mulation of a science, which, through his unwearied labors, has been
so created and developed as to be worthy of a place among the greatest
achievements of human ingenuity.
THE NEW
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IN WHICH
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TEACHES ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE,
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Or, " Sammy Tubbs the Boy-Doctor, and Sponsi«
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WTilch is advertised on the preceding page, is one of the most attractive, original ana
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give a hasty glance to the subjects of each volume.
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Gives a history of Sammy's beginnings ; of Sponsie's arrival in this country, and of hif
Invaluable services as a companion of the Boy-Doctor. It also imparts a clear knowledge
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VOLUME II.
IB humorous with April-fool jokes, fantastics, monkey-tricks, etc., and instructive in mat-
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all that appertains to circulation and absorption.
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Shows how a mischievous animal can turn a well-regulated household upside-down with
his sly and cunning tricks. It is mcsistibly funny, and at the same time it gives the
reader a clear idea in regard to the way in which Digestion, Nutrition, and Respiration
are performed.
VOLUME IV.
Gives an account of Sammy's first lecture, the masked party at the BiddlewickerX the
fcwo monkey-soldiers, and the tragedy of Shin-bone Alley ; and it gives facts and theories
of great interest respecting the Brain and Nerves. Everything in it is plain to those who
hove attentively read the preceding three volumes. Each volume prepares the reader
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VOLUME V.
Treats upon the Eliminating and Reproductive Organs, and reopens the story which
seems to close with Vol. IV. This is the most valuable and instructive of the whole
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EACH VOLUME
Contains 256 pages, although the folios in some of them do not rum so high in consequence
01:' fall-page pictures, which are not counted in the numbering. Each one is handsomely
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And interested in the perusal of this remarkable series. Everybody likes it, and every-
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ISP^A full contents table will be sent free to all interested parties who prefer to examine
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AGENTS WANTED for this series and for Dr. Foote's other publications. Call on of
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Issue the following Valuable Books on Medical, Social and Sexual Subjects ;
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