t dkmtettimt
LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY.
ASSETS, $60,761,549.89. SURPLUS, $6,426,929.88.
During 1892, as for several years past, this Company has
made substantial gains in new business and amount in force with-
out any practical increase of expenses ; and as a result of the econ-
omy of that and of many previous years and of a careful handling
of business, has been able to materially increase its rate of divi-
dends, thus making the cost of insurance less even than before.
It has also made notable gains in strength through the increase
of assets and of surplus.
JACOB L. GREENE, Prest. EDWARD M. BUNCE, Sec.
JOHN M. TAYLOR, V. -Prest. DANIEL H. WELLS, Actuary.
MOST IMPORTANT DISCOVERY O
\ _ OF THE 1 QTH CENTURY !
BRIGHTS DISEASE
DIABETES
yCAN BE CURED.y
Investigate and Verify for Yourself.
SOMPKINS BRIGHT'S DISEASE CURE no.,
1300 BROADWAY,
^NEW YORK.
J. W. CORBIN, General Manager.
A. W. TOMPKINS, M. D., Consulting Physician.
THE
NATIONAL BANK
214 Main St., ^Etna Life Ins. Co. Bldg. Hartford, Com
A. G. LOOMIS, President. A. SPENCER, JR., Cashier.
STATEMENT OF CONDITION,
MARCH 6, 1893.
' RESOURCES.
Loans and Discounts $2,797,763.
Overdrafts, : 95.
United States Bonds 50,000.
Stocks, Securities, etc., 170,800,
Due from Banks, 130,480.
Current Expenses and Taxes 3,066.
Exchanges for Clearing House 19,589.
Cash 139,019.
Redemption Fund with U. S. Treasurer (5 per cent, of circulation) 2,250.
Total, $3,313,064.
LIABILITIES.
Capital Stock, paid in $ 525,000.
Surplus Fund, 250,000.
Undivided Profits, 91,613.
National Bank Notes 44,495.
Dividends Unpaid 120.
Individual Deposits, 2,352,678.
Due to Other National Banks, 48,857.
Due to State Banks and Bankers 300.
Total, ..$3,313,064.
DIRECTORS.
LEVERETT BRAINARD, President Case, Lockwood & Brainard Co.
JOSEPH MERRIMAN, East Hartford.
ROBERT E. DAY, President Security Co.
MORGAN G. BULKELEY, Ex-Governor State of Connecticut, President Mt
Life Insurance Co.
APPLETON R. HILLYER, Formerly President of this Bank.
A. G. LOOMIS, President.
794 JMMBT INSURANCE COMPANY IN HARTFORD^ 1 893
THE HARTFORD
OF HARTFORD, CONN.
Total Assets, January 1, 1893, $7,109,825.49
lapital Stock,
le serve for Re- insurance, •
Reserve for all Unsettled Claims.
MET SURPLUS,
Surplus to Policy-holders,
$1,250,000.00
2,843,804.53
433,186.42
2,582,834.54
3,832,834.54
QEO. L. CHASE, President.
P. C. ROYCE, Secretary.
iTHOS. TURNBULL, Ass't Secretary
(CHAS. E. CHASE, Ass't Secretary.
Metropolitan Department, Corner Cedar and William Streets, Hew York.
YOUNG & HODGES, Managers.
Western Department, Chicago, 111, {ft &
Manager.
Pacific Department, San Francisco, Cal,
BELDEN & COFRAN,
flanagers.
Candy and ice Cream Manufactory
'373 Main Street, Hartford, Conn.
Our Candies are unsurpassed in purity and excellence, and declared by critics to "
the best manufactured.
Fine Chocolates and Bon Boiis a Specialty.
The latest novelties in our line always on hand.
Our Ice Cream is the perfection of Cream, made from pure, sweet cream, free frc
all foreign materials.
Festivals, Fairs, Parties, etc., furnished at reasonable rates. Give us a trial
and be convinced.
SCHROEDER'S, 373 MAIN STREE
TELEPHONE CALL NO. 365.
SEIDLER & MAY,
DEALERS IN
F-U-R-N-I-T-U-R-E
Nos. 306 to 318 Pearl Street, Hartford, Conn.
A good assortment of
Brass, and White an
Brass Bedsteads.
Upright Folding Bed
Desks
and a large stock of all kinds
Furniture.
Prices the Lowest.
SEIDLER & MAY.
IF YOU LIVE
in or near Hartford
to call at our Show Rooms and examine the
beautiful things we make in
Silver Plated Ware.
You will be more than satisfied. If far away,
ask your jeweler for our goods. If he
will not furnish them write direct to
us for Catalogue and prices.
Every Piece Guaranteed.
THE HARTFORD SILVER CO.,
28 HIGH STREET, HARTFORD, CONN.
THE COULD-MERSEREAU
SUCCESSORS TO THE ROBT. S. COULD CO. AND W. T. MERSEREAU CO.,
2(51 and 263 Canal Street, New York. 200 Feet East of Broadway.
The Plimpton f/Jaqufacteiiig Co.
MANUFACTURERS OF AND DEALERS IN
Writing
Papers
Tablets.
i.
and Blank Books.
ALL KINDS OF SPECIAL BLANK BOOKS MADE TO ORDER.
252 to 256 Pearl St., HARTFORD, CONN
Charter Oak National Bank.
Depositary of the United States.
Capital, $500,000. Surplus, $130,000.
iome Business Solicited. Special Accommodations for Ladies.
Safe Deposit Department.
[aving completed a modern Safe Deposit Vault, this bank is now prepared to rent
boxes for the safe keeping of valuable papers, jewels, etc. No pains or expense
have been spared, and it is believed the Vault is one of the strongest in the
country, and affords absolute security against FIRE, BURGLARS, or MOB
VIOLENCE. Boxes to rent of all sizes and prices, the small ones at a
rental so small as to be almost nominal. Call and examine.
CORNER OK ASYLUIVE AND TRUMBULL STREETS,
HARTFORD, CONN.
J. P. TAYLOR, CASHIER. J. F. MORRIS, PRESIDENT.
R. S. PECK & CO.,
No. 14 FORD STREET, HARTFORD.
Commercial printing, ^-^^^^
* Illustrated Catalogues, #
T^ Vtrtir Job Work
r\ATood Engraving and Electrotypiag.
n our wood engraving department we do a high class of
Engraving at bottom prices.
1881 189
PHCENIX * MUTUAL * LIFI
OF HARTFORD, CONNECTICUT,
IS OHE OF THE STROKGEST AND BEST LIFE COMPABIES IN THE COUNT!
PURELY MUTUAL.
In 1892 the business of the Company showed an increase in each of t
following items :
Assets, Surplus, New Premiums, Insurance Wrilte
Insurance in Force.
JONATHAN B. BUNCE, President.
JOHN M. HOLCOMBE, Vice-President.
CHAS. H. LAWRENCE, Secretary.
A. A. WELCH, Actua:
For Plans and Terms Apply to Agents in all the Large Cities, or to
The Home Office of the Company.
THE
League Chainless Safet1
High Grade and Fully Guaranteed.
Has every advantage in propelling power over the chain and sprock
Coasts farther and runs easier. For hill climbing it is unsurpassed
Bevel gears finely cut and accurately adjusted, encased in neat
alumnium dust proof cases, and constantly running in oil.
THE LEAGUE CYCLE CC
3O UNION PLACE, HARTFORD, CONN.
}. C. FULLER & CO., 14 and 16 FORD STREET, HARTFORD,
Can show you the largest and best line of FURNITURE in the State ?
Windsor and Mantle Folding Beds, Baby Carriages, and Glenwood Ranges are
Specialties with us.
SOMETHING NEW
ARMS POCKET BOOK COMPANY,
336 Asylum Street, Hartford, Conn.
MANUFACTURERS OF
FANCY LEATHER GOODS,
Pocket Books, Card and Letter Cases,
Memorandums, Etc.
SF>ECIAL GOODS TO ORDER.
Safety Specie Purse
Ask your dealer for the Safety Specie Purse and Pocket Book.
Send for Circular and Price List.
WM. H. KINGSLEY
DEALER IN
FRESH AND SALT MEATS,
POULTRY, 'VEGETABLES, ETC.
No. 179 ASYLUM STREET.
FIFTY YEARS.
THE RELIGIOUS HERALD has been blessed with a life of half a centu
of years. Much that was flourishing at the beginning of this peri«
has passed away. Many who are now living in the prime of life ai
the vigorous exercise of all their faculties have begun their existen
since that date. A few subscribers who began with our first issue a
with us still. We bid them and all our other patrons God speed. Sor
of them, we hope, may peruse the HERALD fifty years from now.
Whether we look at the city of Hartford, or the nation, the whc
United States, we behold progress in numbers, progress in weall
both in the aggregate, and in the extent of individual possession. T
city of our home had then, we will say, a population amounting
thirteen thousand persons ; now it is approaching sixty thousand. T
seventeen millions within the national limits have so far multiplied
to reach sixty-seven, or sixty-eight millions, the present year, and a
still advancing at the ordinary rate.
At the former period this city possessed five Congregational church'
the Centre, the South, the North, and the Fourth and the Talcott strc
church. These are all living still, and there has been an increment
CONTINUED ON PAGE 325.
FINE * WALL » P/IPBRS.
CHOICE LINE OF"
Window Draperies
BY THE YARD AND IN F"AIRS.
Lambrequins, Table Covers, China Silks, Etc.
Down Pillows Made to Order at L,ow Price
Your Inspection Solicited.
H. B. BRAINERD,
426 MAIN STREET, - HARTFORD, CONN
Brains, Labor, and Capital,
SUPPLEMENTED BY
Constant Honor and Unvarying Business Integrity,
unmade COLUMBIA To^U-
is
THE STANDARD OF EXCELLENCE
IN THE BICYCLE WORLD.
POPE MFG. CO., - - HARTFORD.
E. H. WILLIAMS,
236 ASYLUH STREET,
We are now prepared to welcome our patrons to our newly fitted
up Store, the finest in the State. r\A/!e guarantee our
d/andies to be unsurpassed, both in quality
and price. 'We have lately added
i fine INW Soda fountain from which we dispense only the
best of Soda with T?ure "Fruit Syrups.
GIVE US A CALL.
TELEPHONE CONNECTIONS.
LIFE AND ACCIDENT INSURANCE.
THE
LIFE
INSURANCE COMPANY,
OF HARTFORD, CONN.,
Is the Largest Company in the World writing both Life and Accident Insurai
OFFICERS:
MORGAN G. BULKELEY,
President,
J, C. WEBSTER,
Vice-President.
J, L. ENGLISH, secretary,
g H. W. ST. JOHN, Actuar
H G, W. HUBBARD,
Ass't Secre
GURDONW. RUSSELL, K
Medical Ad^
B
%
H
fl
H
0
0
4
R
*
4
w
H
d ro/fl/ /W to Policy-Holders, $82,428,966.1
DIRECTORS.
THOMAS O. ENDERS, Ex-President United States Bank.
G. W. RUSSELL, M. D., Physician. WM. H. BULKELEY, Merchant.
LEVERETT BRAINARD, Pres't Case, L. & B. Co. MORGAN G. BULKELEY, President.
A. R. HILLYER, Ex-Pres't JEtna. National Bank. S. G. DUNHAM, Treas. Tunxis Worsted
218 AND 222 MAIN STREET.
Assets, January 1, 1893.
CHAS. E. SHEPARD, General Agent,
22O MAIN STREET, * HARTKORE), CON
LIFE AND ACCIDENT.
PICTURESQUE CHICAGO
AND
JUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR
ISSUED BY
THE RELIGIOUS HERALD,
AND
PRESENTED TO ITS SUBSCRIBERS AS A
SOUVKNIR
OF
FIFTY YEARS PUBLICATION OF THE PAPER.
PROFUSELY ILLUSTRATED;
HARTFORD :
D. S. MOSELEY,
1893-
COPYRIGHTED.
BOUND BY
AMERICAN PUBLISHING CO.
HARTFORD.
CONTENTS
PART I.
THE CITY OF CHICAGO.
PAGE
SKETCH OF THE CITY OF CHICAGO i
PART II.
IMPORTANT BUILDINGS AND POINTS OF INTEREST.
AUDITORIUM BUILDING 42
AUDITORIUM THEATRE 42
CENTRAL Music HALL 42
AUDITORIUM HOTEL 43
GRAND PACIFIC HOTEL 45
PALMER HOUSE 45
PERMANENT ART BUILDING 45
ART COLLECTIONS 46
GRAND OPERA HOUSE 46
HAVLIN'S THEATRE 46
BOARD OF TRADE BUILDING 46
LIBBY PRISON MUSEUM 48
CITY HALL 49
COOK COUNTY COURT-HOUSE 49
FIRST NATIONAL BANK 50
CHAMBER OF COMMERCE BUILDING 52
TACOMA BUILDING - - 52
TEMPERANCE TEMPLE 52
BRIDGES • 53
269561
CONTENTS.
PAG
VIADUCTS 5
" ROOKERY" , 5
MASONIC TEMPLE 5
POTTER PALMER < «
GRANT STATUE, LINCOLN PARK t
HAYMARKET MASSACRE t
HAYMARKET SQUARE t
LOGAN STATUE (
MICHIGAN AVENUE t
GRAND BOULEVARD (
MICHIGAN BOULEVARD
NEW BUILDING OF CHICAGO HERALD . .
ASHLAND BLOCK
COLUMBUS BUILDING
WATER WORKS
VON LINNE STATUE
WATER. TOWERS
POST-OFFICE 1
UNION STOCK YARDS £
GRAIN ELEVATORS I
WASHINGTON PARK CLUB £
ARMOUR MISSION c
UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO c
CHICAGO LIGHT c
CRIB AND BREAKWATER LIGHTS c
GROSSE POINT LIGHT c
THE PUBLIC LIBRARY c
HOTELS c
CHICAGO ATHEN^UM c
COOK COUNTY HOSPITAL c
FIRST REGIMENT, I. N. G ic
PRAIRIE AVENUE ic
FARWELL HALL ic
McCoRMiCK HARVESTING MACHINE COMPANY i<
NEWSPAPERS • . . . ic
COLUMBIAN ASSOCIATION K
GERMAN SOCIETY OF CHICAGO i:
OGONTZ ASSOCIATION i
BAPTIST MISSIONARY TRAINING SCHOOL i
RAILROAD TRANSPORTATION . , i
CONTENTS.
PACK
ILLINOIS CENTRAL RAILROAD 120
WISCONSIN CENTRAL LINES 120
GRAND CENTRAL DEPOT 122
THE UNION DEPOT 123
PULLMAN 124
PULLMAN PALACE CAR COMPANY 141
PART III.
THE PARK SYSTEM.
CONSERVATORIES 152
SOUTH PARKS • • 158
DOUGLAS PARK . . . . 158
DREXEL BOULEVARD 158
GARFIELD PARK 160
JACKSON PARK 162
LAKE SHORE DRIVE 162
LINCOLN PARK 166
LINCOLN PARK PALM-HOUSE 168
MICHIGAN AVENUE BOULEVARD 168
OAKWOOD BOULEVARD 168
WASHINGTON BOULEVARD 168
WASHINGTON PARK 170
PART IV.
THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION.
BIRD'S-EYE VIKW OF EXPOSITION 190
DESCRIPTION OF THE ADMINISTRATION BUILDING 192
DESCRIPTION OF THE GOVERNMENT BUILDING 195
DESCRIPTION OF THE NAVAL EXHIBIT 197
DESCRIPTION OF THE WOMAN'S BUILDING 201
DESCRIPTION OF THE MACHINERY HALL 207
DESCRIPTION OF THE MANUFACTURERS' AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING . . . 210
CONTENTS.
PAC
DESCRIPTION OF THE ELECTRICAL BUILDING 21
DESCRIPTION OF THE TRANSPORTATION BUILDING . . , 21
DESCRIPTION OF THE HALL OF MINES AND MINING 22
DESCRIPTION OF THE AGRICULTURAL BUILDING 23
THE LIVE STOCK EXHIBIT 23
FORESTRY 24
THE DAIRY 24
THE PIORTICULTURAL BUILDING 24
FLORICULTURE 24
THE FISHERIES BUILDING 24
LIVE FISH DISPLAY 25
THE ART PALACE 25
THE CASINO AND PIER 26
THE STATE BUILDINGS AND EXHIBITS 26
THE TERRITORIES 27
A GROUP OF STATE BUILDINGS 27
OTHER BUILDINGS • .... 27
SPECIAL ATTRACTIONS 28
ARCHEOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY 28
GOVERNMENT EXHIBIT 28
INDIAN EXHIBIT 28
NOVEL, QUAINT AND CURIOUS THINGS 28
PHYSICIAN'S BUREAU OF SERVICE 28
MODEL POST-OFFICE BUILDING ' 28
LITTLE SHIP "SANTA MARIA" 28*
STREET IN CAIRO 28-
PALAIS INDIAN TEA HOME 28*
FOREIGN EXHIBITS 29
LIST OK ILLUSTRATIONS.
PAGE
JIRD'S-EVE VIEW OF THE CITY OF CHICAGO Frontispiece.
PACOMA BUILDING 3
^RAND PACIFIC HOTEL 7
PLYMOUTH CHURCH n
THE CITY HALL t 15
INTERIOR VIEW OF AUDITORIUM HOTEL 19
INTERIOR VIEW OF THE CASINO 23
DINING-ROOM OF THE AUDITORIUM HOTEL 27
INTERIOR OF BOARD OF TRADE 31
HAVLIN'S THEATRE 35
CORNER OF STATE AND MADISON STREETS 39
INDIAN MONUMENT 41
AUDITORIUM HOTEL 43
INTERIOR VIEW AUDITORIUM HOTEL 44
DINING-ROOM OF THE PALMER HOUSE '. 47
LIBBY PRISON MUSEUM 48
RELIC OF OLD COURT-HOUSE AFTER THE FIRE 50
THE TEMPLE— WOMAN'S CHRISTIAN TEMPERANCE PUBLISHING HOUSE ... 51
INTERIOR OF PRESENT ROOKERY BUILDING- 54
THE ROOKERY BUILDING 55
LINCOLN STATUE 57
RESIDENCE OF POTTER PALMER 59
GRANT STATUE 62
RESIDENCE OF MR. C. V. FARWELL 63
GRANT STATUE 64
POLICEMAN'S MONUMENT 65
HAYMARKET SQUARE— POINT OF ANARCHIST RIOT, MAY, 1886 67
THE LAFAYETTE STATUE 68
GRAND BOULEVARD 70
MICHIGAN AVENUE BOULEVARD 71
CHICAGO HERALD OFFICE 73
VIEW ON STATE STREET 75
ix
LIST OF ILL US TRA TIOXS.
PA
VON LINNE STATUE
SCHILLER MONUMENT
CHICAGO WATER WORKS •
SOL'S CLOCK
JACKSON PARK BRIDGE
STOCK YARDS
SCENE IN LINCOLN PARK
GARFIELD PARK
ARMOUR ELEVATOR
INDIAN MONUMENT
WASHINGTON PARK FOUNTAIN
A SCENE ON THE CANAL
OAKWOOD DRIVE
DREXEL MONUMENT
THE METROPOLE HOTEL
JACKSON PARK PAVILION .
WORLD'S FAIR GLOBE
SEA WALL
SCENE IN LINCOLN PARK i
CHURCH OF THE MESSIAH i
SOL'S CLOCK i
JACKSON PARK BEACH i
SOUTH PARK FLAG ,. i
GATES AJAR . . . . . . . i
DEARBORN STREET DEPOT i
SOUTH PARK LAKE i
SCENE IN THE DOCK i
DEARBORN AVENUE CHURCH i
FLORAL DESIGN IN SOUTH PARK i
IN THE STOCK YARDS i
SCENE IN LINCOLN PARK i
THE SHELDON RESIDENCE i
SOUTH PARK SCENERY i
ST. JAMES' CHURCH i
LINCOLN PARK LAKE i
STOCK YARDS i
WORLD'S FAIR GLOBE i
SOL'S CLOCK i
BEACH FRONT . i
FLORAL DESIGN .... i
LIST OF ILL US TRA TIONS.
PAGE
CENK IN SOUTH PARK 135
N THE BEAR PITS 136
JNCOLN PARK FLOWERS 138, 159
,INCOLN MONUMENT 139
>OUGLAS MONUMENT 142
X THE ZOO 143-148
,INCOLN PARK LILY-BEDS 144
1ARTLETTE RESIDENCE MS
<MONG THE LILIES 147
OMMERCIAL NATIONAL BANK, DEARBORN STREET 149
OUTH PARK LILY PONDS 151
'HE CONSERVATORY 152
,AKE SHORE DRIVE 153
SCENE IN LINCOLN PARK 155-156
ONES RESIDENCE 157
N GARFIELD PARK 160
JICKERSON RESIDENCE 161
ABSTRACT BUILDING • .- . 165
N LINCOLN PARK 167-170
AUDITORIUM BOXES 169
ioARD OF TRADE 172
JIRD'S-EYE VIEW OF EXPOSITION GROUNDS 174
SHIPPING YARDS 179
VIENADNOCK BUILDING 182
CHAMBER OF COMMERCE 185
NTERIOR OF AUDITORIUM THEATRE 188
ADMINISTRATION BUILDING 193
GOVERNMENT BUILDING 196
PRAIRIE AVENUE • 199
WOMAN'S BUILDING 202
CHICAGO UNIVERSITY -WHEN COMPLETED 205
MACHINERY HALL 208
MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS 211
ELECTRICAL BUILDING 214
CENTRAL Music HALL 217
TRANSPORTATION BUILDING 220
MINES AND MINING BUILDING 224
ART INSTITUTE 227
MASONIC TEMPLE 230
AGRICULTURAL BUILDING 233
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
POST-OFFICE
LA SALLE STREET
WASHINGTON PARK RACE TRACK
HORTICULTURAL BUILDING . . . .
FISH AND FISHERIES BUILDING .
STREET SCENE
ART PALACE
AUDITORIUM CURTAIN
PALMER HOUSE
RANDOLPH STREET
GREAT NORTHERN HOTEL . . . .
PULLMAN BUILDING
ILLINOIS CENTRAL R. R. TRACKS
MARSHALL FIELD'S BUILDING . .
AUDITORIUM OFFICE
GUNTHER'S CONFECTIONERY . . .
ARMORY
LAKE FRONT, MICHIGAN AVENUE
ASHLAND BANK
FIRST NATIONAL BANK
PREKACK.
THE story of Aladdin and his lamp is among the most
wonderful in the literature of fable, and in history
the story of Chicago stands among the most marvel-
lous for great and rapid growth in the annals of the Old
and New World. Chicago has sprung into existence " like
magic." Its history proves the old adage that truth is
sometimes stranger than fiction.
All eyes are now turned towards J:his great city of the
West because therein is to be held, in 1892-1893, THE
WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION, by which the nations of
the earth, are to unite in celebrating the 4ooth anniversary
of one of the greatest events iti all history — the discovery
of America by Christopher Columbus, October 12, 1492.
In this volume will be found not only a minute account
of the GREAT EXPOSITION, but also a historical sketch of
Chicago, and a description of that city as it is to-day in its
greatness.
Many books have been written upon these subjects, but
in this one volume are collected all the most important
facts, which are presented in a very attractive and enter-
taining way, and which makes this work rank among the
very best of its kind.
THE PUBLISHERS.
IMPORTANT BUILDINGS
AND
POINTS OF INTEREST IN THE CITY OF CHICAGO.
PICTURESQUE CHICAGO
AND
GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR
PART I.
A SKETCH OF THE CITY OF CHICAGO.
MATTHEW ARNOLD has called the American people unin-
teresting because uthey had no ancient monuments of
man's industry and devotion ; no historic past to inspire
reverence and kindle imagination ; nothing to throw a misty haze
over the crude strong realism of the present." I would like first
to ask a question. ( ( Does he consider, for instance, the building of
a city like the subject of our sketch, to be done without industry and
devotion?" Beyond doubt there were both in the very highest de-
gree ; true their product is not very ancient, but what is there in the
natural order of things that would put such a premium on the one
and such a discount on the other. And as for reverence ; I wonder
if there is more reverence, true and sincere, in the breasts of the
English nation for their entire historic past than there is in the hearts
of the American people for the history of the few short years em-
braced by the greatest of all wars, the war of the Revolution.
Imagination ! It isn't possible for a single person within the bounds
of such a country, compelled by the force of circumstances to daily
remember our past, to live in our present, and to contemplate our
future, to be without an imagination the most vivid.
PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR.
I acknowledge, and with pride, that as a nation our imaginatioi
has been schooled by necessity to be practical as well as theoretical
but for all that it is imagination, purest and best. Who is th
greater, a man like Moore who dreams of a Utopia, or one who bring
his imagination within the bounds of reason and creates one?
Faults we have, and many of them ; mistakes we have made, an<
grievous ones ; but to be turned down as commonplace and unintei
esting, impossible ! Mr. Arnold, your criticism is a poor one, poore
for you than for us.
Let us leave Mr. Arnold and his unjust criticism and see if w
can find something of interest and profit in a short description of on
of our greatest cities ; a city the story of whose building will one da;
vie with ' ( Aladdin and his lamp. ' ' It has been said, and truly, l ' tha
there is not on record an achievement of human intellect, skill an«
industry that will bear comparison with the transformation of a dis
mal swamp in the midst of a trackless desert, within the space of
human life, into one of the mightiest and grandest cities of the globe.'
We will pass over the discovery of the present site and vits earl
history very briefly.
The world first became acquainted with the Chicago river, c
portage, by a map made by the Frenchman, Joliet, who discovered i
in 1673. ^ne nrgt settler was a fugitive San Domingo slave, name
Pointe De Sable. How he escaped his master and reached Louisiana
* and afterwards made his way through the wilderness to this point i
not known, but that he was settled in a cabin at the mouth of th
Chicago river and was leading the life of a trapper there in 1779, i
a settled fact. Quite a settlement sprang up. Le Mai bought on
De La Sable. Under him the business and the settlement improved
He in turn was bought out, in 1804, byjno. Kinzie, the first "promi
nent citizen."
About this time the government owned a small tract of Ian
here, six miles square, ceded to it by the Indians. On this land, i
the midst of the wilderness, owned by the Indians and claime
by both English and French, Fort Dearborn was erected. Thi
TACOMA BUILDING.
4 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR.
move was bold if not reckless. Under the stress of the disastron
defeats and the general uprising of the Indians in the Northwes
during the war of 1812, the fort was evacuated, and most of th
retreating garrison were killed by the Indians. This broke up, for
time, the settlement of the Chicago portage. The fort was rebuilt i
1814. The government at this time also ordered a survey of tr.
water courses between the Chicago and Illinois rivers. Jno. Kinz
and family returned, and again the place had white inhabitants.
In 1830 Chicago was still what it always had been — a militai
post and fur station. It boasted twelve habitations. The old k
fort (with its garrison of two companies of United States troops), tl
fur agency, three taverns (patronized largely by idle, drunken L
dians, who made things lively as long as their fur money lasted), tv
stores (also largely patronized by Indians), a blacksmith shop, tl
house for the interpreter of the station, and one occupied by Indk
chiefs. It boasted a large and varied population, never the same tv
days in succession, yet always the same. Most of them were Indian
to be sure, but then there was little else there but Indians and — mu
Some historian has said that at that time as many Indian tra:
marked the prairie and concentrated at the agency house as there a
railroads now terminating in the city of Chicago.
Once a year John Jacob Astor sent a schooner to the post to co
vey supplies to it and to take away the year's product of fur. On
a week in summer, and twice a month in winter, a mail rider broug
the news of the great world to this little outpost of humanity.
Let us pause a moment and glance at two pictures (1832-9
drawn by Mr. Kirkland in his "Story of Chicago." Point of obsc
vation, the top of the old block-house.
1832 — " a lonely, weedy streamlet flows eastward past the fo
then turns sharp to the right and makes its weak way by a shallo
fordable ripple, over a long sand-bar, into the lake a half mile to t
southward. At his feet, on the river bank, stands the United Stai
agency storehouse. Across the river, and a little to the eastward,
the old Kinzie house, built of squared logs, by Pointe De Sab
A SKETCH OF THE CITY OF CHICAGO.
nearly forty years ago : now repaired, enlarged and improved by
its owner and occupant, John Kinzie. A canoe lies moored to the
bank in front of the house ; when any of the numerous Kinzies wish
to come to the fort they can paddle across ; when any one wishes to
go over he can halloo for the canoe. Just west of Kinzie' s house is
Duillemette's cabin, and still further that of John Burns. Oppo-
site Burns' place (near South State Street), a swampy branch enters
the river from the south ; and on the sides of this branch there is a
group of Indian wigwams. The north side of the river is all woods,
except where little garden-patches are cleared around the human
habitations. The observer may see the forks of the stream a mile to
westward, but he cannot trace its branches, either * River Guave '
to the north, or ' Portage River ' to the south, for the trees hide
them. Near him, to the west and south, sandy flats, grassy marshes
and general desolation are all he can see. (Will that barren waste
ever be worth more than a dollar an acre ?) ' '
1892. — "Close at hand one sees the streamlet, now a mighty
channel, a fine, broad, deep water-way running straight between long
piers out into the lake ; and stretching inland indefinitely ; bordered
by elephantine elevators ; spanned by magnificent draw-bridges each
built of steel and moved by steam ; carrying on its floods propellers
of 100,000 bushels of grain capacity. Looking north, west and south,
he sees serried ranks of enormous buildings towering for miles and
miles, each one so tall as to dwarf the fort and block-house to no-
thingness. He sees hundreds of miles of paved streets, thronged with
innumerable passengers and vehicles moving hither and thither,
meeting and impeding each other, so that sometimes so many try to
pass that none can pass ; all must wait until the uniformed guardians
of the peace bring order out of chaos. Every acre of ground insight
is worth millions of dollars."
The real history of the place begins here. The tide of emigra-
tion turned toward the west. Her waste places were taken up rapidly
under the " Homestead Act" ; Chicago began to assume the appear-
ance of a thrifty village ; and from that time on, though interrupted
PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLDS FAIR.
now and then by dreadful calamities, her course has been steac
upward and onward.
In 1833 there were no less than fifty families trying to solve tl
two great problems of how to rid themselves of Indians and mu(
The Indians were finally disposed of in '35 by the common Unc
who bought their land and sent them beyond the Mississippi, an
Chicago was rid of them forever. u Walking in the imposing stree'
of Chicago to-day, how difficult to realize that fifty years have hardl
elapsed since the red men were dispossessed of the very site o
which the city stands, and were toted off in forty days to
point now reached in fifteen hours." How they solved the mu
problem we will explain later.
In 1834, when the whole town turned out on a wolf hunt an
succeeded in killing about fifty, the records give the number of in
habitants as 2,000. In 1835 there were 3,000. Mr. Parton in speak
ing of this time gives a graphic sketch of the town and the peopl
which we will quote at length.
1 ' The motive must have been powerful which could induce sue]
large numbers of people to settle upon that most uninviting shore
A new town on a flat prairie, as seen from car windows, has usuall1
the aspect which is described as God-forsaken. Wagon-wheels hac
obliterated the only beauty the prairie ever had, and streaked it witl
an excellent article of blacking. There may have been twenty littl<
wooden houses in the place ; but it is ( laid out ' with all the rigo:
of mathematics ; and every visible object, whether animate or inani
mate, — the pigs that root in the soft, black, prairie mire, the boys,
the horses, the wagons, the houses, the fences, the school-houses, the
steps of the stores, the railroad platform, are all powdered or plastered
with disturbed prairies. If, filled with compassion for the unhappy
beings whom stern fate seems to have cast out upon that dismal
plain, far from the abodes of men, the traveler enters into conversa-
tion with them, he finds them all hope and animation, and disposed
to pity him because he neither owns any corner lots in that future
metropolis, nor has intellect enough to see what a speculation it
8 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLDS FAIR.
would be to buy a few. What a pity ! You might as well pity the
Prince of Wales because he is not yet king. ' '
But, for all the hope and animation of the inhabitants, for man}
years in all prairie towns it was shunned the most by those who were
looking for the pleasant and the beautiful and, no wonder, if there be
any truth in the following quotation also from Mr. Parton. u The
prairie on that part of the shore of Lake Michigan appears to the eye
as flat as the lake itself, and its average height above the lake is aboul
six feet A gentleman who arrived at Chicago from the South ir
1833, reports that he waded the last eight miles of his journey in watei
from one to three feet deep, — a sheet of water extending as far as tlu
eye would reach over what is now the fashionable quarter of Chicagc
and its most elegant suburbs. Another traveler records, that, ii
1831, in riding about what is now the very center and heart of th<
business portion of the city, he often felt the water swashing througl
his stirrups. Even in dry summer weather that part of the; prairit
was very wet, and during the rainy season no one attempted to pas
over it on foot. ( I would not have given sixpence an acre for th<
whole of it,' said a gentleman, speaking of land much of which i
now held at one thousand dollars a foot. It looked so unpromising
to farmers' eyes, that Chicago imported a considerable part of its pro
visions from the eastern shores of Lake Michigan as late as 1838
This Chicago now feeds States and Kingdoms. ' '
Many people ignorant of its real situation are at a loss to accoun
for the startling growth of the place. If they will follow us for a brie
space we will try to show them not only that it is not mysterious bu
that under existing circumstances it could not have been otherwise
The only recommendation the place gave to the first settlers was th
inlet which offered a chance for a harbor on the coast of a very storm
and dangerous lake, an advantage offered by no better sites. Th
inlet, or river as it is called, is simply a cutting of the lake into th
soft prairie ; it was 100 yards wide and ran three quarters of a mil
straight into the prairie where it divided into two branches, one run
ning north and the other south and both parallel with the lake shore
A SKETCH OF THE CITY OF CHICAGO.
These branches extended several miles each. It was originally twenty
feet deep, but the mouth was so obstructed that only very small ves-
sels could enter ; but nature had done her share and it only wanted the
engineer and the dredge to make it capable of receiving the largest
ships that sail the lake and to give to the city forty miles of wharves.
Situated at the southern end of Lake Michigan, from eight
hundred to nine hundred miles from the principal ports on the At-
lantic seaboard ; twenty-four hundred and fifty miles from San Fran-
cisco, directly on the natural highway from East to West, and from
the great northwestern States to the Atlantic ; having all the advan-
tages of a seaport town combined with those of a great inland feeder,
it is not strange Chicago has grown with the development and ac-
cessibility of that wonderful region, of which it is the great depot,
exchange, counting-house and metropolis.
Well might these prairies so long considered a wilderness and
left to the trapper, the Indian and the buffalo, be called the "treasure-
house ' ' of nature, for there is no known spot on this globe where she
has been so lavish in the variety and quantity of what man needs for
the sustenance and the decoration of his life, or where she has placed
fewer and smaller obstacles in his way. ' ' That is the region where
a deep furrow can be drawn through the richest mould for thirty
miles or more, without striking a pebble, a bog, or a root ; and under
almost every part of which there is deposited some kind of mineral —
coal, clay, stone, lead, iron — useful to man. Besides being well wa-
tered by rivers, nowhere is it so easy to make artificial highways —
roads, railroads and canals. n
The climate although occasionally extremely warm or cold is on
the whole remarkably pleasant and healthy. The air is cool and
bracing through most of the summer ; hot nights are rare. In fact,
there is none better. There is, no doubt, a great deal of truth in the
theory that the wonderful growth of the city can be attributed in part
to the stimulating atmosphere which arouses all the latent energy in
the human system and makes possible the hard mental and physical
labor of the people.
10 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR.
In 1837 the whole country was depressed and Chicago did i
escape ; for five years there was no increase in her population, t
real estate boom fell flat ; corner lots, river fronts and lake bord<
found no buyers. It is said that there are millionaires in Chicago
day only because they could not sell their land at any price duri
those years of depression and despondency.
It was during this dark period (1837 to 1842) that Chicago ma
her first shipments of salt meat and wheat. In 1838 some reckl<
fellow shipped thirty-nine two-bushel bags of wheat across the lak
next year 4,000 bushels were exported ; the next 10,000 ; and in 18.
it jumped to 600,000. The grain was brought in great canvas-cover
wagons, prairie schooners, from the surrounding country, some of
coming as far as one hundred and fifty miles and shipped by the lak
Before Chicago had a railroad or a canal she shipped two and a h;
millions of bushels of grain in one year and sent back most of tl
wagons that brought it loaded with merchandise.
The canal connecting the Chicago river with the Illinois, ai
through that river the Mississippi, was finished in 1848. Tr.
opened up a large area hitherto not profitable to cultivation.
A scheme for a railroad to Elgin was proposed, but opposed 1
almost every one ; they argued that if a road was built to Blgin tl
farmers would sell their grain and buy their merchandise there, ar
thus ruin the town. How blinded to their own interests ! They d
not see their entire success depended on their accessibility to tl
Eastern States and to the great prairie world. At last, after mar
difficulties, the road was put through by the perseverance of a fe
men. Compare the policy of the people then and now.
" When in 1853 the road paid a dividend of n per cent, and
was found that Chicago had trebled its population in six years aft<
the opening of the canal, and that every mile of railway had poure
its quota of wealth into Chicago's coffers, then the truth took posse
sion of the whole mind of the city and became its fixed idea, th;
every acre with which it could put itself into easy communicatic
must pay tribute to it forever. From that time on there has been r
12 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLDS FAIR.
pause, no hesitation ; she saw her vocation was to put every goc
acre in all that region within ten miles of a railroad, and to connei
every railroad with a system of ship-canals terminating in the Missi
sippi or the Atlantic Ocean." Since then all the surplus force ar
revenue of Chicago has been expended in making itself the centre «
the great system of railroads and canals that it is to-day.
' ' The Forties saw the beginning, in a small way, of nearly a
the great institutions Chicago now enjoys. In 1841 the first wate
works were built. The first propeller was launched in 1842, :
which year the exports were for the first time greater than the ir
ports. The first book compiled, printed, bound and issued is said
have been in 1843. The first meat for the English market w,
packed in 1845. In 1846 the River and Harbor convention me
and Chicago was made a port of entry. In 1 847 the first permane
theatre was opened (Rice's, south side of Randolph street, betwet
State and Dearborn streets), and McCormick's reaper factory w
started. In 1848 the first telegram was received, being a messa;
from Milwaukee, and later the * Pioneer,' the first locomotive, w
landed from the brig 'Buffalo' and started out on the Galei
railway. In the same year the Board of Trade was established ai
the canal opened. In 1849 the 'Chicago & Galena Union Railroac
was opened to Elgin." Certainly this is a good showing for t<
years.
Let us notice here briefly this first railroad, for without tr
power of steam to annihilate distance all her natural advantag
would count for little. As mentioned above, the first locomotive arriv
in 1848 on the brig "Buffalo." It was a small affair, built by Bal
win, of Philadelphia, weighed only ten tons and had two drivei
instead of four, six or eight, now used. The entire equipment of t
road consisted of this engine, five flat cars and one box car. On N
vember 20 the first train drew out of Chicago amid the cheers of t
people who had little to lose and the forebodings of most of those w
had much. At the present time over ninety thousand miles of railro
centers in Chicago. She is "the greatest railway depot in the ui
A SKETCH OF THE CITY OF CHICAGO. 13
verse — more passengers arrive and depart, more merchandise is re-
ceived and shipped there daily than in any other city on the globe."
1 849 was the year of the great flood ; all the bridges were swept away,
vessels and canal boats broken into kindling by the ice and the
wharves ruined. The Democrat stated the losses as follows : Damage
to bridges, $15,000 ; to vessels, $58,000 ; to canal boats, $30,000 ; to
wharves, $5,000. Total, $108,000. In this age, when the cost of a
single bridge or vessel far exceeds the total, the loss seems inconsider-
able, but to a thoughtful person there is a deal of history in it.
At this time the long disputed and vexing question of the respec-
tive rights of landsmen and sailors came to a judicial adjustment
When Lake Street Bridge was begun, its opponents appealed to
Judge Drummond, of the United States District Court, for an injunc-
tion, relying on the right of the General Government to keep from
obstruction the navigable waters under its control. The complaint
was dismissed, the learned judge holding that "the right of free
navigation is not inconsistent with the right of the State to provide
means of crossing the river by bridges or otherwise," when the wants
of the public require them. But for a long time there was still
trouble ; when a favorable wind would blow the vessels would steam
up the river in a line that would keep the draw open for hours. This
caused great inconvenience and delay to those who happened to want
to cross. This trouble is now obviated by the tunnels and by keep-
ing the bridges open for land travel at certain times.
Thus we see Chicago well started on her way as a commercial
centre ; as we have seen she receives the products of the prairies and
ships them East, she receives merchandise from the Bast and supplies
the prairies, but here she is confronted by a new problem — that of
economy in transportation. When u prairie schooners" conveyed
the grain and the cattle came afoot, when it took a month, undei
favorable circumstances, to reach the Atlantic Coast, she never gave
the matter a thought, but as her facilities increased it did not take
o /
her long to see the vast importance of the question ; and how
thoroughly she has mastered it. The first step was by sending away
14 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR.
a great part of wheat in the shape of flour. The output in 1867 wa
30,000 barrels ; in 1891 it was nearly 5,000,000. But it is in th
transportation of corn that the most surprising economy is effected
' ' A way has been discovered of packing fifteen or twenty bushels o
Indian corn in a single barrel. The ' corn crop, ' as Mr. S. B. Rug
gle once remarked in Chicago, ' is condensed and reduced in bulk fr
feeding it into an animal form — more portable. The hog eats corn
and Europe eats the hog. Corn thus becomes incarnate ; for what i;
the hog but fifteen or twenty bushels of corn on four legs ? ' "
The business of pork-packing, as it is called, which can only b<
done to advantage on a large scale, has attained enormous proportion:
in Chicago, started in 1 840, and there were nearly nine million hog,1
received into Chicago in 1891, about one-third of the entire produc
of the west. Some of these establishments do a business of one mil
lion dollars a week. Chicago not only largely supplies this countr)
but sends a great deal abroad. Her dealings in beef are even largei
than in pork ; for a number of years the larger part of the fresh beel
consumed in our Eastern cities is Chicago dressed.
The western steer is an awkward piece of ' ' raw material ' ' tc
handle. In will he is perverse, and his power of resistance is not
to be despised, and despite his ugliness he must be shown the great-
est consideration ; he must not be injured or bruised in any way ; he
must have two pails of water every twelve hours and he cannot go
long without a large bundle of hay. Chicago has reduced the hand-
ling of these millions of live animals to a science. That is, they are
handled with the greatest possible convenience to man and the least
possible inconvenience to the animal. Her methods cannot but be
admired and approved. (See Stock-yards later. )
In the "Standard Guide to Chicago," the following very funny
description of one of the u guides" at the stock-yards is given.
( ' There is one particular guide at the stock-yards frequently pointed
out as an extremely interesting fellow. This is 'Old Bill,' the
bunko steer. He is perhaps the most depraved animal in existence.
There is no element of brotherly love or patriotism in his nature.
1*1
16 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLDS FAIR.
His duty at the yards is to guide droves of cattle to the slaughte
houses. He has mastered his little act ; reduced steering steers to
science. Every day he takes his post near one of Armour's packin
houses and waits until it is necessary to drive a herd of cattle up t"
viaduct to the killing rooms. He then joins the drove, ingratiat
himself into their good will, and tells them that he knows a good p;
ture not far away. At his suggestion the cattle think about it a:
finally resolve to let him lead them there. Bill, the bunko ste<
laughs softly and a cruel look lights his eyes. He lopes off throu:
the mud towards a large gate not far away. Following after him £
a hundred or more cattle, every one entertaining a vision of gem
swelling hills covered with long wavy blue-grass and sweet clo^
blossoms. Bill leads them to this gate and allows the herd to
through it, while he steps aside and avoids the rush. As the dust
the rush clears off a little a familiar figure is observed slowly strolli
away from the gate. It is ' Bill. ' On his face is no remorse as
saunters back to his post of duty near a tall fence. He is then rea
to betray a couple hundred more of his unsuspecting relations. ' '
Many people rank the packing business the first of Chicag
industries ; this is a great mistake, because her trade in lumber
equally as important and her manufactories are more valuable th
the two put together.
The prairies are without timber. Chicago brings lumber fr<
the upper lakes and sends it all over the prairies. In 1890, she c
posed of 2,000,000,000 feet of pine lumber and 3,000,000,000 shingl
Think of the houses that much lumber would build ! To econom
transportation there are firms that sell ready-made houses, stoi
churches, etc., and villages for that matter, and will send th
securely packed to any part of the country, express paid, on
receipt of price. What more can any one ask ?
When we left Chicago itself, some pages back, to describe
industries, she was nothing more than a thriving country villa
Great changes have taken place. Her population has increased fr
thirty thousand in 1850, to one million three hundred thousanc
A SKETCH OF THE CITY OF CHICAGO. 17
1891. From 1876 to 1891 there were sixty thousand buildings-
erected, at a cost of three hundred and ten million dollars, with a
street frontage of two hundred and eighty-six miles. Her area in.
1835 was nearly three square miles, now it is nearly eighteen
square miles. The city frontage on the lake is twenty-two
miles and on the river fifty-eight. The distance between
North Seventy-first street, being the northern city limit, and
One Hundred and Thirty-ninth street, being its southern limit, is
twenty-four miles. The city at its broadest point is ten and one-half
miles wide. State street has the greatest extension north and south,
running from North avenue to the south city limits, eighteen miles ;
Eighty-seventh, the greatest western extension, running the entire
width of the city. Her entire mileage of streets is two thousand
two hundred and thirty-five.
The city is no longer a quagmire. For many years, after
Chicago had become a flourishing town, the "one unequal ed, uni-
versal, inevitable, invincible thing about the place was — mud."
Mired wagons were an every day sight in the streets. A stage-coach
stuck fast and immovable for days has a sign near it "no bottom
here." One gentleman says he saw a lady who was trying to cross
Randolph Street at L,a Salle, leave both shoes in the mire and only
reach the sidewalk in her stockings. He does not say, however, that
he swam out and rescued those dirty pedal appendages ; he must have
been a very modest or a very ungallant man.
The people were in despair, since water will only run down hill,
and part of the town was below the level of the lake. "The first
effort at drainage was a curious experiment. Lake Street was exca-
vated to the depth of three feet, deepest in the middle, and planks
laid from sidewalk to centre. This did admirably in dry weather.
In * wet spells ' the planks were unfortunately not submerged ; they
were afloat, and under the impact of the wheels and hoofs sent up
streaks and shoots of vileness indescribable." Then they tried open
ditches, but this was as great a failure as the other. Many were the
experiments and many the failures. They could not help it; the
2
18 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR.
whole prairie was at fault. At last they awoke to the fact th;
nothing could be of any permanent good short of raising the who'
town. At once a higher grade was established, to which all ne-
buildings were required to conform ; this was not high enough,
higher one was ordered ; even this did not answer, and a third rai^
was made. So that now the city stands nearly sixteen feet above tl
original prairie. Think of this task of lifting a city like this out «
the mud and water high enough, not only, to make drainage possib
but perfect, and to give cellars — they had none before — in whic
books and merchandise can be stored with safety. To us it seems ii
credible..
u During the term of years, while Chicago was going up out of tl
mud of the prairie to its present elevation, it was the best place in tl
world in which to develop the muscles of the lower half of the body.
A street would be raised say six feet; then the old houses would 1
in the ditch; the new ones of course on the same grade as the stree
so, if a man wanted to be neighborly steps had to be built. u Tl
ups and downs of life in Chicago " was long a standing joke.
This state of affairs did not last long with the better class
people and buildings. The people are too energetic and have t<
much public spirit. One of the greatest undertakings along this Hi
was the raising bodily, of the huge Tremont House, a solid hotel
large as the Astor, from its foundations to the proper level. Speakii
of this gigantic task, Mr. Kirkland, in his story of Chicago sa>
4(1 With the trouble came (once more!) the remedy. A contractor w
found willing to raise the whole great high building (the Tremo
House) to its new grade, without even interrupting its business. Tl
cellar was vacated, huge timbers were introduced and placed so as
take upon themselves the weight of sustaining walls, five thousai
jack-screws were placed under the timbers, and a small army of m<
detailed to work by word of command, one man to four scre\*
Then, at a signal by the whistle of the foreman, each man gave ea
jack-screw one-half turn; and the whole structure, by imperceptil
steps, rose in the air, the bricklayers building up the walls as fast
20 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLDS FAIR.
there came spare space wherein to lay a course of brick. It was sai
the guests did not know they were mounting toward the sky. Ho^
ever that may be, not a wall was cracked, not the slightest accider
or untoward event took place to interfere with the entire and perfec
success of the novel experiment."
To quote still farther the same author : " Soon after, the entir
brick block of stores facing south on Lake street, and reachin
from Clark to La Salle street, was similarly treated, and these wei
only specimen instances of a great undertaking ; the lifting of
whole city out of the slough of Despond on to dry ground.
"This enterprise benefited Chicago indirectly, thus: A youn:
man, born in central New York in 1831, grown up without wealth an<
educated without help, having a widowed mother dependent on hir
for support, had bravely undertaken a large contract for the raising c
buildings along Erie Canal to the new plane made necessary by th
canal enlargement then recently effected. The knowledge of th
great task to be done in Chicago in the direct line of his experienc
brought him out to the West, and he became the leading house raise
in Chicago. That man was George M. Pullman. After making
much reputation and a little money in his original business, he turnec
his attention to the greater job of improving the system of long-dis
tance travel, and began, in a small way, the enterprise which ha
revolutionized the passenger-carrying of the country, and, to SOUK
extent, of the whole world. "
Another problem closely allied to this is the question of sew
age. This is a continual source of worry and menace. It ha,
confronted them for years and confronts them yet, but their indomit
able energy and resolution will win here as it has in every other case
u In the remote past, the overflow of the waters of Lake Superio:
and Lake Michigan ran through the Mississippi south to the Gulf o
Mexico, instead of as now — northeast through the Gulf of St. Law
rence to the Atlantic. At the same time Lake Erie was emptying
into the Atlantic through Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence ; no
by the Niagara, but by the Dundas valley, a channel not far from th<
A SKETCH OF THE CITY OF CHICAGO.
line of the present Welland canal. Then, at some epoch unknown
and for some cause unguessed, the Detroit strait and the Niagara
strait were opened, Lake Michigan slowly fell about thirty feet, and
its outlet (now 'the Divide,' at Summit, close to the city limits,
twelve miles southwest of the court-house) gradually filled up with
mixed deposit ; so that to-day the dry bed of Mud Lake is the sole
remaining representative of the once great southward waterway.
Within a few years, long before the close of the nineteenth century,
the old order of things must be re-established and mighty Michigan
once more find its waters flowing southward. The hand of man will
compel it again to turn in its bed, and lie with its head to the north
and its foot to the south as of old. The canal which is to be built as
an outlet will carry a stream of water 160 feet wide, 18 feet deep,
flowing 2^/2 miles an hour. Through this canal the largest steamers
might float, but it is not intended that passage through shall be pro-
vided for them, because the locks by which they would have to de-
scend (151^ feet) to reach the Illinois river are too small and the river
itself is far too shallow for their accommodation. Some Mississippi
boats can come to us, but our stately ships cannot go to them. Each
must break bulk in Chicago. Also — an important consideration —
light draft gunboats may pass and repass freely between the great
lakes and the great river. As we stand now, any nation having con-
trol of the St. Lawrence and the Welland canal has at least the high-
way necessary to command Lake Erie, St. Clair, Huron and Michigan
with all that lies on their shores. To accomplish the ends desired
will cost the Sanitary District (practically the city of Chicago) about
$20,000,000.
uThe one great object of this ship canal, however, is to dispose
of Chicago sewage. When the population was small, the city was
drained by the Chicago river and the lake. Years ago it became
apparent that a change would have to be made in this respect. The
course of the Chicago river is naturally into Lake Michigan, but
pumping works were erected at Bridgeport, in 'the southwestern part
of the city, which lift an average of 40,000 cubic feet per minute into
22 PICTi'RESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLDS I^AIR.
the Illinois and Michigan Canal, causing, iinder ordinary condition:
a perceptible current away from the lake. The water thus puinpe
into the canal flows south to the Illinois river and thence to th
Mississippi. Pumping works at Fullerton Ave., on the north branc
of the Chicago river, force water from the lake into that strean
diluting its contents, and furnishing the head needed for a flow towar
the Bridgeport pumps. This means of disposing of the city's sewag
is wholly inadequate to its needs, and the pollution of the water suj
ply of the city is constantly menaced. Measures have therefore bee
taken to construct a large gravity channel as an outlet for the se\\
age of Chicago into the Illinois river. The Chicago Sanitary Distrk
has been formed by act of Legislature of the State of Illinois ; nin
trustees have been elected to supervise the construction of a channel
a corps of engineers has been set at work making preliminary sin
veys, and plans are being perfected for a channel which will answe
the double purpose of disposing of the city's sewage and establishin
a navigable waterway for the interchange of commerce between Lak
Michigan and the Mississippi River."
Thus, by one operation, the pumping is obviated, the canal i
improved, the river is purified, and the city is rendered more salv
brious. The Chicago River will at length be a river ; only, it wi"
run backwards.
The question of pure water is an important one. Previous t
1854 it was pumped out of the lake ; but the increase in population
the introduction of sewerage, together with the establishment c
packing houses, distilleries, etc. , caused such a change in the quan
tity of filth flowing into the lake that complaint began to be mad
of impurity and orFensiveness in the supply from the pumping work.'
Soon "it became so grave that it could no longer be neglected." A
this time, be it remembered, the water was taken into the pumpin:
well directly from the lake shore, a few piles being driven aroun<
the inlet about close enough together to exclude a young whale
The small fry of the finny tribe passed freely inward, and if the
were lucky, they passed out again ; if unlucky, they were sucke
&*X,inK.
s • - :
24 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR.
up by the pumps and driven into the pipes, where they made the
way into the faucets of private houses, — even the hot- water faucet;
in which case they came out cooked, and one's bath-tub was apt t
be filled with what squeamish citizens called chowder. Aboi
this time a most sensational article appeared in the Times, gravel
asserting that we were all cannibals, eating our ancestors. For,
said, the cemetery being on the lake shore, a half mile of the pumj
ing works was subject to overflow and abrasion by the waves ; when
fore the fishes were fed on the dead at the cemetery, were sucke
into the pumps, and were then fed to the living in the city ! C
course this was fun ; but it had a lasting effect and made easier tt
bold experiment that followed. It was an experiment, because n(
only had no such expedient ever been tried before, it had nevt
been thought of. The method they employed is something to \.
proud of, not for its magnitude, but for the simplicity, originalit
and boldness of the idea. They ran a tunnel two miles out into tl]
lake, and pumped the water from the bottom of the lake into tli
mains. The distance is long enough to give them pure water b(
yond all doubt or accident.
For many years Chicago was only an exchange, a buyer and
seller on a large scale. She depended on the East for all her mam
factured merchandise, and made nothing herself. Their first efFon
were in the line of rough agricultural implements ; now there is on
firm that turned out last year 121,780 reapers and mowers. This :
about one machine every minute of the day, every working day (
the year. Think of it ! " Even in this day of gigantic achievement
the manufacture and sale by a single establishment of nearly 122,00
machines for cutting grass and reaping and binding grain, durin
the briefly passing period of twelve months, is a wonderful perforir
ance. Had this great number reference merely to such implement
as the old-time hand sickle and scythe, it would still be no sma"
feat ; but when it is remembered that these are modern machines t
be drawn by horses, and that their weight is from 650 to 1300 pound
each, the fact is most stupendously presented ; but, being a fact
A SKETCH OF THE CITY OF CHICAGO. 25
must stand upon the pages of recorded history." This firm manu-
factures more than one-third of the world's entire output of grain
and grass-cutting machines.
"One of the curiosities in the possession of the McCormick
Company is a time-worn and weather-beaten specimen of the original
Reaper, as invented by the late Cyrus H. McCormick, — the first
practical machine that ever entered a harvest field and the admitted
type and pattern after which all others are modeled. What volumes
the storm-bufifeted old landmark speaks to the gray-haired man of
the middle West ! Why, to watch the old McCormick Reaper was
the delight of his earliest boyhood, and, standing in its august pres-
ence now, he lives over again the sunny days of life's June, the while
the dear remembered faces of father and mother come back to him,
and in fancy he feels the * touch of a vanished hand, ' hears the
4 sound of a voice that is still ! ' "
This is only an example ; at the present time there is hardly an
article of any importance, for railroad construction, for farming, for
house building or decoration, for clothing, necessary or ornamental,
that is not made in Chicago. At present there are 3307 manufac-
turing firms, with an actual capital employed of $210,302,000.
These employ 180,870 people, pay $104,904,000, and their product
is valued at $567,012,300.
"July 3, 1871, was a 'showery day,' that is to say, one and a
half inches of rain fell. From that time to October 9, 1871, but two
and a half inches fell in all. In other words, in the ninety-eight
days there was only a total rainfall equal to a day and two-thirds of
showers, about one-fourth the average supply at that season of the
year. Such dryness, if perpetual, would make a desert of the grand
prairie. Meanwhile, the southwest wind, the hot haze-laden, the
thirsty, the grass-killer, the corn-ripener, the hay-fever-breeder, the
western sirocco —in short, the prevailing prairie breeze which, even
in ordinary seasons, blows strongly and steadily, perhaps four days
out of five the year round, and perhaps nine days out of ten during
the summer, leaving its mark on the trend of the branches of every
20 PICTURESQCE CHICAGO AND GC1DE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR.
plastic tree, from the willow to the cotton wood : this blast blew wit
out ceasing.
4 ' It turned the prairies brown and dry as old hay, so that th<
lighted to the touch, and burned as long as a blade or a leaf was
the fire's path. The prairie fires ignited the grass in meadow ai
the hay in stack, the grain in rick and the corn in shock. The wii
sucked all^the moisture out of the forests, so that by the square mi
and the township, they burned alike the grass and the crops,
turned all the wood in wooden Chicago into tinder ; and as soon
the fittest moment came, turned the tinder into flames and ashes."
Chicago had then a population of about 334,000. The ci
limits were, Fullerton avenue on the north, the lake on the ea<-
Thirty-first street on the south, and Western avenue on the we<
about eighteen square miles, or 11,520 acres. The north side hi
chiefly wooden buildings, varying from elegant homesteads, occup
ing a whole square, to the miles of small, cheap tenements, eac
usually standing alone, gable towards the street, and only a few fe
from its neighbors on each side, from which it was separated by hu<
pine fences. The pavements were wooden, but not inflaminabl
while the sidewalks, almost entirely of pine plank, were general
raised, and allowing a free circulation of air beneath, and fit to bin
like a box of matches.
"The business part of the south side also contained a great nun
ber of wooden buildings ; and even the brick structures were, as
rule, of flimsy build, with wooden floors, doors, windows, lathing ar
roofs. Of the west side no account need be made, except to say th;
from Jefferson to De Koven streets, to the South Branch, every thir
was wooden. Worst of all and most disastrous (and insane), ti
water-works (at the foot of Chicago avenue) had a wooden ceiling
its engine room, and a wooden roof covered with a thin layer -
slate.
"The fire of 1871, broke out on Sunday night, October 8t
There had been on the previous evening an extensive conflagratic
in the west division, involving a heavy loss of property in the lumb
23 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR.
district. The firemen had worked upon the blaze for many hour
finally succeeding in subduing it. The department, however, w;
pretty well exhausted when an alarm was sounded at nine o'clock c
the following Sunday evening. The fire was caused by the upsettir
of a little lamp, in a stable, in the vicinity of De Koven and Jeffersc
streets, west of the river, and south of Van Buren street. Whether tl
lamp was kicked over by a cow belonging to Mrs. O'Leary is
question that has never been satisfactorily settled. The fire fir
crossed the river at Van Buren street, and soon enveloped the old g;
works on Adams street, where the Moody and Sankey Tabernac
afterwards stood, and where stately wholesale houses now tow<
towards the sky. From that moment the business section of the cit
was doomed, for the wind blew a perfect gale, and every momei
added to the heat and fury of the conflagration, which marchc
steadily on, devouring granite blocks with the same ease as
destroyed wooden shanties. About one o'clock in the morning
had reached and wiped out the Chamber of Commerce Building
shortly afterwards it had swallowed up the Court-House, whose be
tolled to the last minute. Then in one column, it pursued its furioi
course eastward, laying Hooley's Opera House, the Times Building
Crosby's fine Opera House and many other noble structures in ashe
Then it moved toward the northeast, and then attacked the whol(
sale district at the foot of Randolph street, carrying away the Cei
tral Depot, the ruins of which are still standing. Then it formed
junction with another branch of the main column after the latter ha
demolished the Sherman House, the Tremont House and other tnaj
nificent buildings in its path. Then there was a general onslaugl
upon the city's centre from the left column which laid low all tr
buildings lying west of La Salle street, including the Oriental and tr
Mercantile buildings, the Union Bank, the Merchants' Insuranc
Building, where Gen. Sherman had his headquarters, the Wester
Union Telegraph office, and the solid and magnificent blocks of con
mercial houses that lined La Salle street in those days. By mornin
there was not one stone upon another in this great business centr<
A SKETCH OF THE CITY OF CHICAGO. 29
The right column of the fire is described as having started from a
point near the intersection of Van Buren street and the river, where
some wooden buildings were ignited by brands from the west side.
This column had the advantage of a large area of wooden buildings,
say Colbert and Chamberlin, * on which to ration and arm itself for
its march of destruction.' It gutted the Michigan Southern Depot
and the Grand Pacific Hotel, and destroyed other handsome struc-
tures in the vicinity. Passing along the Post Office, the Bigelow
House, the Honore Block, McVicker's new Theatre, the Tribune
Building, Booksellers' Row, Potter Palmer's store, occupied by Field
& Letter, and all the smaller or less conspicuous structures on the
road, it branched off and destroyed the handsome residences and
churches on Wabash avenue, and was finally stayed in its southern
course at Congress street. The fire crossed over to the north division
about half past three in the morning, and among the first buildings
to go down was the engine house of the water-works, which, fool-
ishly, had been roofed with pine shingles. The fire was carried here
by burning brands which must have traveled a mile and a half in
advance of the conflagration. l This was the system ' say Colbert and
Chamberlin, 'by which the north side was destroyed : blazing brands
and scorching heat sent ahead to kindle many scattering fires, and
the grand general conflagration following and finishing up.' The
north side was left a mass of blackened ruins by morning. Only at
the lake and the northern limits of the city was the fire stayed. The
district burned over was bounded on the north by Fullerton avenue,
on the west by Halsted street to Chicago avenue and from that point
south on Clinton street, on the south by Twelfth street and on the
east by L,ake Michigan. The total area burned over was nearly
three and a third square miles ; number of buildings destroyed,
17,450; persons rendered homeless, 98,500; persons killed, about
200 ; loss, not including the depreciation of real estate or loss of busi-
ness, estimated at $190,000,000 ; recovered by insurance, #44,000,000.
One year after the fire many of the best business blocks were rebuilt ;
five years after the fire the city was handsomer and more prosperous
30 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AXD GUIDE TO THE ll'ORL&S I-AIR.
than ever ; ten years after the fire nearly all traces of the calamit;
had disappeared.
The finding of a large mass of molten iron by workmen exca
vatiiig for the new Masonic temple in 1890, called attention to th<
fact that there were a number of interesting collections of relics of th
great fire in Chicago. The most interesting and ornamental monu
meiit of the fire is the " Relic House," well-known to North Sid«
and Lincoln Park visitors. In 1872, when the "leavings" of th
fire could be had for the asking or the trouble of picking them up, ;
man named Rettig conceived the idea of building a small cottage ou
of such material as a melted mixture of stone, iron and other metals
The queer structure was built at North Park Avenue and Centra
street. Ten years ago it was removed to its present site, near th
junction of Clark Street and North Park Avenue, (take North Clarl
Street cable line), Philip Vinter, becoming the proprietor. Four year
afterwards the * ' Relic House ' ' passed into the hands of its presen
owner, William Ivindemann, who has added a refreshment parlor t
the saloon, and made quite a rustic spot out of the relic. The onl
ruin of the '71 fire, which remains standing, is on a large vacant lo
between Nos. 907 and 915 North Clark Street, a few doors north c
the u Relic House," on the opposite side of the street. The rui
consists of three sections of red brick wail with stone foundations
showing where the chimneys, doors and windows, formerly were
The lot is owned by Hugh H. White, a lawyer, who lives in Evam
ton. The Chicago Historical Society has a large collection of fin
relics, some from the ruins of the society's building, which was the
near the corner of Ontario Street and Dearborn Avenue, but most c
the relics are donations from Maria G. Carr, Mrs. E. E. Atwater, an
various business firms who were burnt out. The Historical Societ
also has the key to the vault door in the office of the Assistant Trea<
urer of the United States at Chicago, which was destroyed, togethe
with $1,500,000 in currency, and the books and the vouchers in th
office. The key was presented to Henry H. Nash, Cashier. Larg
oil paintings of Gen. Grant, J. Young Scammon, and Miss Sneed (th
32 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLDS FAIR.
woman who Napoleon thought, was the most beautiful in the world,
which were saved from the fire, adorn the walls of the society's rooms
Mrs. Carr's collection is a curious one, among the burned, melted
scorched and twisted things, being a bunch of forks, a mass of type
bunch of tacks, pack of cards, a lot of knitting needles, a spool c
thread from Field, Leiter & Co.'s dry goods house at Madison an<
Franklin Streets, hooks and eyes, a package of buttons, three jew'
harps, thimbles, marbles, a bundle of melted glass, a piece of glas
from Bowen Bros., L/ake Street; an old fashioned clay pipe, chin
doll's head, three crucibles, a door bell, pen-knives, one being fouu<
under the site of a pulpit; a package of glass beads from Schweitze
& Beer's store, a bundle of screws, a walking cane without head o
ferrule, necks of glass bottles from Jasger's place, and a package c
slate pencils from the Western News Co.'s place. In Mrs. Atwater'
collection is a lump of black stuff, which was coffee once upon a time
labeled, u Browned too Much," remnants of the stock of a toy house
china dolls and playthings, bundle of hair pins, scissors, rosarie
without the crucifix, glass beads, and a jet necklace well preserved,
box of charred biscuits from the ruins of Dr. Rice's church, a lot c
stained and plain window glass from various city churches, and
variety of blackened cups and saucers from the ruins of crocker
houses.
The city records were burned with the Court-house. No livin:
man could lay claim legally to one foot of the burned district ; onl
the "abstracts of titles" remained, and these were held by privat
parties. The narrative of the saving of these ' ' abstracts, ' ' as give
by John G. Shortall, the owner and saver of them, is of intens
interest.
He had returned from church and was about to retire when h
noticed the reflection of a great fire ; he watched it for a short tim
and, surprised at its magnitude, determined to go. So impresse(
was he that he took his hat and started, not even waiting to chang
the house jacket he had on for a coat. He joined with the crow
and hurried to the scene of the conflagration. The fire even the:
A SKETCH OF THE CITY OF CHICAGO. 33
was beyond control ; the crowd could do little but retreat before it ;
they were completely awed ; the noisy stage was long since passed ;
they worked in silence ; not a sound was heard except the roar of the
flame and the crackling of the timbers. Out of curiosity he timed
the burning of a house about fifty by seventy-five feet, two stories,
with a sort of attic — ua very fine house, one of the best of those
days." It was destroyed absolutely in eight minutes. The wind
had risen to a gale ; the whole air was filled with movable embers
and with hundreds — thousands — of larger pieces of burning material
that had been wrenched away by the wind, and were being hurled
along through space, northwesterly, towards his office, one mile
away. The building in which his office was situated had a wooden
cornice, wooden casings, and all the front windows had awnings.
The thought occurred to him that those awnings would be a likely
place for embers to lodge ; in that case the building was doomed.
He determined to cut them down. Not being able to find the jani-
tor he broke in the door and finally succeeded in cutting them loose,
but of what use was the removal of a half dozen awnings when the
whole front of the building was covered with them. Only one
course was left, and that was to procure a truck and remove his valu-
ables in toto. By this time the street was full with streams of peo-
ple ; all sorts of vehicles, trucks, wagons were flying northward be-
fore the fire. He engaged truck after truck at their own price, but
they never returned. At last by force he obtained a small wagon ;
this was soon filled, and yet not one-fifth part of the books to be
saved had been brought down ; at this trying moment a friend sent
him a large double team truck ; at last, after hours of struggling,
they had what they wanted. By this time the fire was very near ; the
glowing embers fell like hail ; the air was fairly filled with fire. The
truck was soon loaded by the help of some of his clerks who gathered
around him. Then a new difficulty presented itself in the report
that General Sheridan and his soldiers were about to blow up the
building at the corner diagonally opposite. The driver of the truck
concluded he would not stay and be blown up for all the people in
34 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR.
Chicago. Mr. Shortall did not blame him at all, but gave him hi
choice between the explosion of the building and the explosion of th<
revolver he held cocked in his fingers. The driver was a very sensi
ble man ; he reconsidered the matter and reversed his decision
When they started the building was on fire. During the last hour o
their stay the court-house and all its contents was burned down.
Only once during this terrible ordeal was the judgment of thi;
gentleman at fault ; we will give it in his own words : u At one time
during these moments (while waiting for the return of the trucks
that seemed as years, a most providential thing occurred, well wort!
considering. I tried to get into the court-house at its eastern door
with the intention of carrying our books in for safety, never dream
ing of the possibility of its destruction — a large stone building, iso
lated as it was. I found that east door locked, and I could not ge
the key. Had I found it all our books would have shared the fate o
the Public Records they duplicated." . . . "Then we started, al
being safely stored on the truck. There were two prisoners who hac
been allowed to escape from the jail (then in the court-house) and ]
had one of these two on each side of my overladen truck to hold th(
books on. I formed the apex of the group, with my pistol, cockec
still in my pocket, and directed the truckman to drive forwarc
through the rain of fire, so as soon as possible to get to windward o
it ; and we worked to eastward and southward, through the dense
crowds of people who were fleeing towards the north, until we go
finally through the fire and brought our precious books down to m)
house and gratefully stowed them away in safety — in safety if tin
wind should continue southwest, and not change, of which there wa,<
much and natural fear.
"When we arrived at home, my jail-birds, the truckman and ]
carried the books in, piling them up in the hall library and parlor-
got them in any way. There must have been two hundred recorc
volumes — and this I may say, in parenthesis, that it took three truck?
to carry those books back again, to where we lodged after the fire
when we built our vault for them in a basement on Wabash Ave
HAVLIN'S THEATRE.
35
?6 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AiVD GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR.
We lost nothing from the truck in that savage passage of wind and
fire and insanity. ' '
When the problem of rebuilding came up, the first question was,
' ' Who will lend money where titles cannot be shown of records ? ' '
' * This agitation was soon quelled by the passage through the legisla-
ture of what is called ' The Burnt Record Act, ' which provided foi
the use of abstracts of titles, and other documents (though in private
custody) as foundation for the new records, and as proof of ownership
under certain careful restrictions. Suits brought under this act had a
calendar of their own, and were tried more promptly than other cases.
This was the first great step towards perfect relief ; the next was the
liberal and reasonable course of the ( abstract men. ' L,uckily for
Chicago these ' abstract men ' were gentlemen, and instead of taking
advantage of the situation they only charged a reasonable price foi
reasonable service.
uThen came the question whether the city could build, and
business credit be re-established by a set of ruined merchants. In
answer to this doubt came a cloud of telegrams from Eastern whole-
salers and manufacturers reading in this wise : ' We suppose you are
burned out. Order from us what goods you want, and pay us when
you can. ' Many a man who, dry-eyed, had seen his property burn,
felt the tears surging up, as he spelled out this message."
A law was passed forbidding the erection of wooden buildings
within the city limits ; there was some bitter opposition to this ; the
people thought their burden was heavy enough. But, find one oi
them to-day who will deny its wisdom. Within six weeks after the
fire two hundred and twelve permanent stone and brick buildings
were in course of erection in the Southern Division alone. Between
Dec. i, 1871, and Oct. i, 1872, there were twelve hundred and fifty
building permits issued. The total amount spent for building in the
first year was $45,000,000, but for all this show of progress the years
1873 to 1878 were years of extreme business depression ; some going
so far as to call them years of disaster, but this is a great mistake, be-
cause years of economical repair and renewal cannot rightly be called
A SKETCH OF THE CITY OF CHICAGO. 37
disastrous. In 1873, the imports were $300,000,000 more than the
exports ; indicating wild extravagance in the use of foreign luxuries.
This was soon checked by the "hard times" and economy took its
place. Debts were liquidated and the balance restored, so that in
1878 the exports were $300,000,000 above the imports. The process
of contraction was not one of destruction, but of reconstruction.
Strange it is, but true, that every check which Chicago has ever
met, be it war, pestilence or (money) famine, flood, fire or scandal, has
only marked a pause in her progress, a halt to gather strength for a
higher leap.
A great and splendid city has risen from the prairie, in full view
of all the people, who watch, criticize, compare, suggest. How nar-
row the man who, familiar with the facts, can give anything but
commendation ! But with all her greatness she stands among great
cities an infant. We have tried to describe ' ' the infant ; ' ' allow us
to give an idea if possible of her maturity :
Date. Population. Per Cent. Increase.
1860 109,000 . . . . . oo
1865 178,000 . . . . . 65
1870 306,000 . .... 72
1880 . . . ... 491,000 62
1886 . . . . ... 7°3>000 35
1890 ..... 1,098,000 . ... 55
If as many people come to Chicago during the next three decades
as came during the last three, the business man of 1920 will see
about him a population of over 10,000,000 of people. Chicago has
erected since^i876, 56,240 buildings at a cost of $255,298,879; i. e.,
the average each year has been about 4017 buildings, at an average
-cost of $18,235,634. At this rate, thirty years from now Chicago
will have built 120,510 new buildings, at a cost of $547,069,020.
But during 1889 alone 7590 buildings were put up at a cost of
$31,516,000; and during 1890, 11,608 were put up at a cost of
$47,322,100. The average number for the two years was 9598.
38 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GLIDE TO THE WORLDS FAIR.
Should this average hold good for thirty years, in 1920 there would
be 287,940 new buildings, which will have been erected at a cost of
$1,182,571,500.
The great question respecting Chicago and all other places
under heaven is, What is the quality of the human life lived in it ?
It is well to have an abundance of beef, pork, grain, wool and pine
boards so long as these are used as a means to an end, and that end
is the production and nurture of happy, intelligent, virtuous and
robust human beings. This alone is success ; all short of this is
failure. Cheerful, healthy human life, — that is the wealth of the
world ; and the extreme of destitution is to have all the rest and not
that. The stranger, therefore, looks about in this busy, thriving
city, and endeavors to ascertain above all else how it fares there with
human nature. In Chicago, as everywhere, human nature is weak
and ignorant, temptable and tempted ; and in considering the influ-
ences to which it is there subjected, we must only ask whether those
influences are more or less favorable than elsewhere. We thoroughly
believe that Chicago is learning to interpret this great question
aright. Those beautiful temples dedicated to religious worship,
those excellent schools of every grade, those local benevolences,
those ceaseless battlings with vice, that instinct of decoration, that
conscientiously conducted press, those libraries and book-stores, all
attest that Chicago does not mean to laboriously cherish the shell
of the nut of life and throw the kernel away. It is our impression
that human nature there is subject to influences as favorable to its
health and progress as in any city of the world, and that a family
going to reside in Chicago from one of our older cities will be likely
to find itself in a better place than that from which it came.
PART II.
DESCRIPTION OF THE IMPORTANT BUILDINGS AND POINTS OF
INTEREST IN CHICAGO.
THE traveled stranger, to whom the great cities of the world are
familiar, however he may become impressed with the manners
and customs of our people, or with their methods of doing
business, and however loth he may be to admit the justice of our
claims to pre-eminence in other respects, must acknowledge that this
is the best built city in the universe to-day. For nearly twenty
years, or since the great fire of 1871 swept over the business center of
the city, and laid it in ruins, architecture in Chicago has been
steadily marching forward, until we are enabled in 1891 to point out
some of the grandest achievements of the art to be found on the face
of the earth.
CHARACTER OF CHICAGO BUILDINGS. — The character of
the great buildings erected during recent years in Chicago demon-
strates that architects have risen to the plane of the highest construc-
tive knowledge in structures. It is not enough to use a material
guaranteed by the maker, but Chicago architects themselves now
employ engineers for the special purpose of examining and testing
each and every piece and passing their individual opinion upon it in
a written report, and only such as is accepted by these engineers is
used in the buildings. So essential and necessary is this department
of architectural engineering considered, that specialists are sent to
the mills which furnish the iron and steel structural shapes and
beams for buildings, and the metal is not only tested in the ingot,
but the strength of resistance is ascertained for every finished beam.
The result of all this gives to Chicago buildings which are not only
theoretically safe, but known to absolute certainty to be safe down to
40
IMP ORIENT BUILDINGS AND POINTS OF INTEREST.
41
the last cubic foot of masonry and the last cubic inch of steel. In
this respect Chicago is unique, and it is a common remark in Eastern
and foreign cities, among those actively engaged in building, that
Chicago to-day erects the best-built structures ever known, and with
the notable distinction that she does it with the closest economy in
material and time. That is to say, that it is a fact that in Chicago
INDIAN MONUMENT (Uncoln Park).
(a
buildings the quality is better, the distribution of material is more
skillful and the buildings are naturally more reliable. The buildings
have all been constructed fire-proof to a degree surpassing those
erected under old methods. Not only are steel and iron used for sup-
ports for girders and for joists, but they are covered with fire clay,
which is so disposed that air chambers are left next to the iron or
steel in every case, making it impossible for the metal to be over-
heated, even by the hottest fires.
PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR.
AUDITORIUM BUILDING. — Among the many magnified!
structures of Chicago, the Auditorium is the greatest. It is the mos
famous building on the American continent. At once a grand oper
house, a superb hotel and a mammoth office building, there is not t
be found on the face of the earth a pile that will compare with it. I
represents the modern idea, as the Coliseum at Rome represented th
ancient. It is in construction representative of Chicago as a city
where art, beauty and utility are so strongly defined though nearl
always blended on every side. Cost of building, $3,500,000; wit!
ground, $5,000,000.
AUDITORIUM THEATRE.— The theatre of the auditoriun
building is justly entitled to the distinction of being the best equippe<
for stage purposes, the handsomest in interior decorative work, th
most perfect in acoustics and the most convenient and comfortable fo
audiences in this or any other country. Architects and artists of in
ternational fame have lauded its merits and its beauties. Thousand
from foreign shores, who have visited it during the various notabl<
performances which have been given within its walls, have been sur
prised at its size and magnificence, and gave willing testimony to it
superiority over their own famous places of amusement.
CENTRAL MUSIC HALL.— The Central Music Hall Block wa
erected in 1879 by a stock company, its list of stockholders compris
ing many of the wealthiest and best known citizens of Chicago. It
object was ' ' to promote religious, educational and musical purposes
the culture of the arts, and to provide for public amusements and en
tertainments." The leader in this enterprise was its first manager
the late George B. Carpenter, whose experience and success as a man
ager, well qualified him for the task. The architect chosen for th<
building was Mr. D. Adler, of the firm of Adler & Sullivan. It ha
a frontage of 125 feet on State street, and 150 feet on Randolph street
its central location rendering it easily accessible from all parts of th'
city. It is built of gray cut stone, has a wide and massive entranc
of white marble, is six stories in height, and contains, besides th
large auditorium from which the building derives its name, a smal
i
K
44 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR.
recital hall, known as Apollo Hall, twelve stores, seventy offices, ai
a perfectly appointed photograph studio.
CASINO. — Located on Wabash avenue, near Adams street. Th
is conducted after the manner of the Berlin Panopticon, and is pri
cipally an exhibition of wax works. Delightful place to spend ;
hour. There is a stage performance every afternoon and evenin
Lyman B. Glover, business manager. Admission to all parts of tl
house 25 and 50 cents ; children 25 cents.
INTERIOR VIEW (Auditorium Hotel).
AUDITORIUM HOTEL.— Situated on Michigan avenue ai
Congress street ; occupies entire eastern half of the great Auditoriu
structure. It is under the management of the Auditorium Hot
Company, J. H. Breslin, of New York, president ; R. H. Southgat
vice-president and manager. The building which it occupies is t"
IMPORTANT BUILDINGS AND POINTS OF INTEREST. 45
grandest on the continent, and was prepared to meet the require-
ments of a great high-class hotel without regard to labor or expense.
GRAND PACIFIC HOTEL.— Located on La Salle, Jackson and
Clark streets. The Jackson street front almost faces the Board of
Trade. The Clark street front faces the general post-office. The La
Salle street front faces some of the immense office buildings in the
Board of Trade center. The main entrances are on La Salle and
Clark streets. The ladies' entrance is on Jackson street. This
building was scarcely completed in 1871 when the great fire swept it
out of existence in a single night, although its construction was
almost wholly of iron, stone and glass. It was immediately rebuilt
and opened to guests in June, 1873. Although acknowledged to be
one of the finest hotels in the world when completed, it has under-
gone many improvements since then.
PALMER HOUSE.— Located on the southeast corner of State
and Monroe streets, in the heart of the city, with a frontage on State
street, Monroe street and Wabash avenue. Main entrance on State
street ; ladies' entrance on Monroe street. The building occupies
about one-half of the entire block. It covers an area of 76, 550 square
feet; is nine stories in height, has 708 rooms and accommodates
usually from 1,000 to 2,400 guests. The grand rotunda of the hotel
is 64 feet wide, 106 feet long and 36 feet in height. The dining
room is one of the most elegant in Chicago. The parlors and wait-
ing rooms are superbly furnished. The entire furnishings and fit-
tings of the house are of the first order.
PERMANENT ART BUILDING. — Now in course of construc-
tion, on the Lake Front, site of the old Inter-State ^Exposition Build-
ing, main entrance to face Adams street. Within easy walking distance
of all railroad depots, street car terminals, hotels, etc., in the heart
of the business center. This magnificent structure takes the place
of the present Art Institute, Michigan avenue and Van Buren street,
which passes into the possession of the Chicago Club. The design
of the new institute was prepared by Architects Shepley, Rutan and
Coolidge, and was subjected to changes at the hands of the Commit-
46 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE 7V THE WORLD'S FAIR.
tee on Buildings. The structure has a frontage of 320 feet on Mic"
igan avenue ; the main depth is 175 feet, with projections makir
an arc 208 feet in depth. The plan is that of a parallelogram,
consists of two galleries, the first being devoted to plaster cast
sculptures, busts, models, etc. ; the second to pictures, being lighte
by sky-lights from above.
ART COLLECTIONS. — Private art collections in Chicago a:
very numerous and very extensive. This is strikingly evident ;
each recurring exhibit of loaned pictures at the Art Institute or els*
where. The annual exhibits at the Inter-State Exposition, now
thing of the past, by reason of the changes necessarily pending tr
World's Columbian Exposition, have grown irom year to year, unt
they promise to rank among the best in the country. Steps haA
been taken to erect a permanent Art Hall on the Lake Front, i
which these annual exhibitions will be continued. This buildin
will be erected for the Columbian Exposition, but will be constructe
in such a manner as to be acceptable to the city as a permanei
building after the exposition closes.
GRAND OPERA HOUSE.— Centrally located on the east side <
Clark, between Randolph and Washington streets, opposite the Cour
house, close to all the leading hotels and convenient to railroad d«
pots and street-car terminals. Harry L,. Hamlin, manager.
HAVELIN'S THEATRE.— Located on the west side of Wabas
Avenue, between Eighteenth and Twentieth streets. John A. Hav<
lin, lessee ; J. S. Hutton, manager. This was originally Baker
Theatre. It is a popular resort and deservedly so. The theati
building is quite an ornament to the section of the city in which it
located ; and the theatre is conducted as a high-class place of amusi
ment. Seating capacity, 2,000; stage, 50x65; proscenium opening
36, to loft, 67. The building is fire-proof and was constructed at
cost of $300,000.
BOARD OF TRADE BUILDING.— Situated at the foot of I
Salle, on Jackson street, between Sherman street and Pacific avenu-
in the heart of the business center, and only a short walk from tl
^
I
48
PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLDS FAIR.
great hotels, railroad depots and street car terminals. The immem
size and architectural beauty of the structure will attract the strai
ger's attention. It covers an area of 200 by 174 feet ; and is built (
gray granite. The beautiful front is surmounted by a tower whic
tapers to a pinnacle 322 feet above the pavement. On the top of th
tower is the largest weather-vane in the world, a lake schooner i
UBBY PRISON MUSEUM.
feet in length, with rigging in proportion. From the street below i
does not appear to be a fifth of this size.
LIBBY PRISON MUSEUM.— Located on Wabash Ave., betwee
Fourteenth and Sixteenth streets. One of the principal permanerj
attractions of the city. The original Libby prison (transported fror
Richmond, Va., and put up, brick after brick, just as it stood durin
the War of the Rebellion, when used as a prison for Union soldien
IMPORTANT BUILDINGS AND POINTS OF INTEREST. 49
is enclosed within massive walls, built after the manner of the middle
ages (see illustration). Among the attractions offered in Libby Prison
are the following : Portraits in oil of all the leading Northern and
Southern generals and statesmen ; all kinds of firearms used in
America, from colonial times to the present period ; the finest collec-
tion of shot and shell used in American warfare ; the original first
dispatches of war from Generals McClellan, Grant, Hooker, Sherman,
etc. ; the original acceptance of the command of the Confederate
Army by Generals Lee and Stonewall Jackson ; original portraits of
Abraham Lincoln and Mrs. Lincoln, with relics and mementos ; the
stove, goose and shears used by Andrew Johnson when working as a
tailor in Tennessee ; the original will made by John Brown an hour
before his execution ; the very rare curiosity of two bullets that met
in mid-air in battle at Petersburg ; the finest collection of historic
chairs in America ; the original photographs of scenes in Sherman's
march from Atlanta to the sea ; the original commission of Jeff. Davis
to Congress in 1845 5 a^so n^s commission in the war with Mexico ;
the wheel of Commodore Perry's flag-ship, "Powhatan," that opened
the ports of Japan to the world ; the original Arctic clothing used in
the Greely relief expedition. Admission, 50 cents ; children half-
price ; open day and evening.
CITY HALL is one of the most central, as well as one of the most
prominent, structures in the city. This building and the Cook
County Court-house, adjoining, stand upon the site of the first Court-
house erected in Chicago, and also upon the site of the Court-house
destroyed in the great fire of 1871. The old Court-house stood in the
center of the block, and was surrounded by a green lawn in the nature
of a park. It was a handsome building as buildings went in those
days, and had a tower in which there was a clock and a great bell.
This bell rang out in doleful peals on the fatal Sunday night in Octo-
ber, 1871, almost up to the moment the tower became enveloped in
flames. After the fire the bruised and battered bell was taken from
the ruins by an enterprising firm and worked up into souvenirs.
COOK COUNTY COURT-HOUSE.— Occupies the entire east half
4
50 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO- AND GUIDE TO THE WORLDS FAIR.
of the block bounded by Washington, Dearborn, L,a Salle and Clarl
Sts. , in the center of the business district of the South Side, the wes
half being occupied by the City Hall. This magnificent pile wa
erected in 1876-77 at a cost of about $3,000,000, and is one of th
RELIC OF OLD COURT-HOUSE AFTER THE FIRE.
handsomest public buildings in the county. It is at present foi
stories in height, and two additional stories are to be added durir
the present year at a cost of $275,000. In this building are locat<
the County, Probate and various Circuit and Superior courts, the La
Library, and all the County offices, except that of the State's (
prosecuting) attorney, which is located in the Criminal Court buil
ing, North Side.
FIRST NATIONAL, BANK.— At the date of incorporate
the First National Bank had a capital of $100,000. Its office
THE TEMPLE.
Building of the Woman's Christian Temperance Publishing House. 51
52 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR.
were: president; B. Aiken ; cashier, B. B. Braisted. It then
stood number 8 in the order of National Banks. The capital
of the bank was soon increased to $1,000,000. In 1867, Presi-
dent Aiken died, and was succeeded by Samuel M. Nickerson,
who has held the office ever since. In 1868 Lyman J. Gage was
appointed cashier. The fire of 1871 destroyed the bank's building,
which stood at the southwest corner of State and Washington streets.
This building was at once rebuilt, and was occupied until the bank
moved into its present magnificent structure, which was erected
especially for its accommodation, and with a view to the convenient
transaction of its immense business.
CHAMBER OF COMMERCE BUILDING.— This structure occu
pies the site of the old Chamber of Commerce which was erected im
mediately after the fire and which was occupied by the Board of Trade
until the great commercial edifice at the foot of the street was com
pleted. The new Chamber of Commerce building is in many respect
the finest commercial structure in the world and certainly one of th<
grandest office buildings in the United States. The property upoi
which it stands cost $650,000, and the building itself has cost Messrs
Hannah, Lay & Company, the owners, over $1,000,000.
TACOMA BUILDING — towering above its surroundings to th
dizzy height of twelve clear stories. This was among the first of tn
modern sky-scrapers erected in Chicago. The corner which it oc
cupies was for years covered by a tumble-down brick building pu
up in haste after the fire. It was wiped out to make room for th
" Tacoma." From the twelfth story we are able to obtain a splendi
bird's-eye view of the city, and we can see far out on Lake Michigar
if the smoke isn't too dense. This is a colony of offices.
TEMPERANCE TEMPLE.— "The Temple," is one of the sight
of Chicago, and the equal of any one of the many magnificer
structures that now adorn the city. In style it is a combination c
the old Gothic and the more modern French. For the first tw
stories the material used is gray granite with a dash of pink runnin
through it. Above that is used pressed brick and terra cotta. Th:
IMPORTANT BUILDINGS AND POINTS OF INTEREST. 53
harmonizes nicely with the granite, taking on a tone and color the
same, with the exception that it will be a darker pink. The frontage
on La Salle street is 190 feet, while on Monroe it is 90 feet. In
shape the temple is somewhat novel and might ,be likened to the
letter H. It consists of two immense wings united by a middle por-
tion or vinculum. On La Salle street is a court seventy feet long
and thirty feet wide, and on Monroe street a similar one of the same
length and eighteen feet deep. Facing the grand entrance and ar-
ranged in a semi-circle are eight great elevators, and from the front
court rise two grand stairways leading clear to the top of the
building. A central hall extends north and south on each floor and
a transverse one also extends into the wings. The lower courts and
halls are resplendent with marble mosaic paving, while plain marble
is used in the upper halls. In height the temple is a u sky-scraper, n
extending thirteen stories toward the heavens.
BRIDGES. — The Chicago river being navigable for lake vessels,'
and intersecting the heart of the city, a large number of bridges
have been required. No less than forty-five now span this small
stream. Nearly all are swinging bridges, and many of them are
operated by steam. Steel construction has been employed in the
bridges most recently erected. Among these, the Adams street
bridge is a notable structure. It is a four-track bridge, 259 feet long
on center truss, and 57 feet in width. This bridge is two feet three
inches lower at the east end than at the west end, and, at the same
time is reversible, the turn-table track being set on a grade of one in
115. Some doubts were expressed as to its feasibility when the plan
was proposed, but the city engineers say that no" bridge in the city
works better than this one. The Rush street draw is one of the
longest in the world. The Lake, Wells and Jackson street bridges
are handsome structures. The present bridge at Madison street is to
be moved to Washington street, and one of the finest bridges in the
city erected in its place.
VIADUCTS. — In few instances do railroads enter the city above
or below the street level. Grade-crossings are the rule. Engineers
54
PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLDS FAIR.
have long sought to remedy this state of affairs, which will probably
be accomplished in time ; but, meanwhile, some relief is being pro-
vided at the most dangerous crossings by the erection of viaducts.
There are thirty-five of these structures in the city, the longest and
finest of which is on Twelfth street, extending from Clark street to
Wabash avenue, crossing the tracks of the Atchison, Topeka and
Santa Fe Railroad Company, and costing $209, 736.
INTERIOR OP PRESENT ROOKERY BUILDING.
"ROOKERY."— After the great fire of 1871 the municipality
erected for temporary use a two-story brick building on the half block
bounded by La Salle, Adams and Quincy streets, and the alley be-
tween La Salle and Clark streets and called it the City Hall. It was
also occupied by the Courts. The structure was put up in great
haste and without regard to architectural beauty. It is stated that
pigeons used to flock to the building, induced thither by a glass roof
THE ROOKERY BUILDING.
55
56 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLDS FAIR.
which surmounted a disused water tank which occupied the center
of the structure and by the oats which fell from the feed-bags which
the fire marshals used for their horses on the Quincy street side.
The story goes that one day a gentleman marched into Mayor Medill's
office to complain of the pigeon nuisance and spoke of the building
as a "rookery." Whether this was the real origin of the term or
not, the newspaper reporters got into the habit of calling the building
the "rookery," and it was generally understood that they alluded to
the dilapidated condition of the structure, which from the day it was
finished began to fall to pieces. At any rate the name clung to it as
long as the building stood, and when the present magnificent struc-
ture took its place its owners decided to retain it.
LAKE AND RIVER FRONTAGE. —The city has a frontage on
Lake Michigan of twenty-two miles and a river frontage of about fifty-
eight miles, twenty-two and one-half miles of which are navigable.
LAKES AND RIVERS.— There are three lakes within the pres-
ent city limits containing an area of 4,095.6 acres, as follows : Calumet
Lake 3,122 acres, Hyde Lake 330.8 acres, the portion of Wolf Lake
lying within the city limits 642.8 acres. Of these Calumet and Wolf
are navigable. There are two rivers within the corporate limits ; the
Chicago river, with north and south branches, which divide the city
into districts known, respectively, as the North, South and West
"Divisions" or "Sides" — and the Calumet river, with Big and Little
Calumet rivers, which penetrate the extreme southern part of the city.
MASONIC TEMPLE.— This most marvellous structure, taken as
a whole, is in the center of the business district. The idea of a grand
Masonic temple in Chicago had been encouraged by Western
Masons for the last twenty years. Numerous agitations of the pro-
ject were started but fell through, partly for want of some one who
was willing to take the responsibility, and partly because the money
could not be raised. For, though the Masons as individuals are
wealthy, the lodges are kept poor by their liberal charities and
funeral expenses. In 1873 Norman T. Cassette, then eminent com-
mander of the Apollo Commandery, renewed the agitation of this
IMPORTANT BUILDINGS AND POINTS OF INTEREST. 57
subject, in connection with a special effort to secure for the site of
such a temple the lot at the northeast corner of Dearborn and Mon-
roe streets, on which the Stock Exchange now stands. But there
was no adhesiveness among the Masons whom he was able to interest
in the scheme, and the old trouble of a lack of money killed it. The
last and successful effort in behalf of this enterprise originated in
December, 1889, when Gil W. Barnard and Dr. J. B. Fatrich, of
UNCOI,N STATUE (Lincoln Park). (
Van Rensselaer Lodge, issued a call for a meeting of prominent
Masons to consider this subject. This call had several other names
appended to it, among which was that of Mr. Cassette, and was
addressed to sixty Masons. The meeting took place in Mr. Bar-
nard's office in the same month. The result was that General John
Corson Smith appointed a committee of ten, with Mr. Gassette as
chairman, to select a location for a Masonic Temple, to devise ways
58 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLDS FATR.
and means for erecting the building and to report to a meeting of the
craft to be held subsequently. The committee addressed itself to the
task with great energy, and about a month later a meeting of 1 20
members of the craft was called at the Oriental Consistory preceptory
to hear their report and consider their recommendations. The com-
mittee in the meanwhile had had several sites offered them, but had
definitely selected the lots at the northeast corner of State and Ran-
dolph streets. The report was heard and approved in many particu-
lars, and the committee was discharged. Immediately thereafter,
however, the meeting appointed Norman T. Cassette, Amos Grannis
and E. R. Bliss a committee to carry out the plan that had been pro-
posed. There was no particular organization and everything
devolved on this committee, with no instructions but to ugo ahead."
The committee took the meeting at its word and went ahead in the
most approved fashion. In less than a month, without any organiza-
tion or corporate authority whatever, it had purchased the site for
$1,100.000 and opened books for stock. On April 4th, the Secretary
of State issued articles of incorporation to the Masonic Fraternity
Temple Association, with Norman T. Gassette, Amos Grannis, E. R.
Bliss, John Buehler and C. H. Blakely as directors. The officers
subsequently elected were : Norman T. Gassette, president ; Amos
Grannis, vice-president ; E. R. Bliss, secretary ; and Warren G.
Purdy, treasurer. The company was capitalized at $2,000,000, and
the price of stock was fixed at $100 per share. The building is pro-
nounced to be one of the finest in the world.
POTTER PALMER. — While the citizens' meetings and the city
council meetings were passing resolutions and enacting meaningless
ordinances, Mr. Palmer was developing a plan for the widening of
State street, in his own mind. This plan was a simple one. He
carried it out. How? By presenting the city of Chicago with the
frontage, taken from his own lots, necessary to give this section of
State street a uniform width. He did it modestly. It was done so
quickly and so quietly that the citizens and the city council were
taken by surprise. There was no further business, so far as State
>v
•*>•.
:*:
»i.H&
I'&i'/*-:
*
&•.
filH
^
.V.
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(50 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLDS FAIR.
street was concerned, before them, and they adjourned. The sac:
fice made by Mr. Palmer was a great one. Every foot of the pro
erty he so generously gave away for the public good represented
large sum of money. Nobody has ever heard him speak of it, ho^
ever. Only old citizens remember it now. Potter Palmer's gene
osity made State street what it is to-day, for if it had not be<
widened the retail business would have long since sought anoth
avenue not far away. And while I am on this subject, I want to s;
to you, not exactly what I think about Potter Palmer, but what <
Chicagoans who know anything about this man feel. To Pott
Palmer, more, perhaps, than to any living man, is due the prese
greatness of Chicago. His influence has always been a mighty, if
silent force, in the development of this city. He has never lost fai
in her future. Time and again his counsel, his judgment and r
purse have saved the credit of the community abroad. When t".
reaction which followed the civil war set in, when values becan
demoralized, when the shrinkage in prices destroyed the capital
some of the strongest houses in existence here, Potter Palmer sto<
as firm as a rock between our merchants and bankruptcy, and coi
pelled their creditors to make fair and honorable terms. After tl
great fire, though one of the heaviest sufferers, he was one of tl
first to step into the debris and proclaim that Chicago should n
only be rebuilt, but should arise from its ashes greater than eve
The story of the rebuilding of the Palmer House, which we w
see farther down the street, if properly told, would read like
fairy tale. By day and night, under the blaze of the sun and
the glare of torches and calcium lights, the work never ceas<
until the magnificent structure was completed. Practically peni
less, then, and for years afterward, Potter Palmer commanded u
limited credit at home and abroad. The man's integrity was \
capital, and it secured for him the means whereby he has be<
enabled, during the past twenty years, not only to retrieve t.
fortune he had lost in a single night, but to build up a new and
greater one. The great retail houses which we see on either si
IMPORTANT BUILDINGS AND POINTS OF INTEREST. 61
of the street, as far as the eye can reach, have all grown up during
a remarkably brief period. The oldest of them, in comparison
with European houses are merely in their infancy. We will have
to stand close to the edge of the sidewalk or we will be carried along
by the crowd. I don't think you ever saw so many well-dressed
people anywhere. Most of them are ladies. There is a good deal
of what the world calls style to be seen along here at all hours of
the day.
MARSHALL FIELD & CO.— You have heard of Field's before.
Everybody in this country has, and, in commercial circles at least,
the house is known throughout the civilized world. It is not only
the greatest dry goods establishment in this country, but greater
than any in existence abroad. This is the retail store ; the whole-
sale house we will see later on. Perhaps you remember that the
style of the firm only a few years ago was Field, Leiter & Co.
Mr. Loiter retired, and Mr. Field remained, forming a new part-
nership, and great as the house was when the dissolution took
place — a dissolution, by the way, which surprised and startled the
country at the time — it is three times as great to-day. The American
merchant, who in point of wealth and vastness of business deal-
ings must be ranked first among "the rich by honest brains and
industry, n is a man whose name is unfamiliar to most readers.
His home is not in New York but in Chicago, and even there
he is personally little known in comparison with the prominence
to which his position in the business and social world entitles
him. He is the head of the great house of Marshall Field & Co.,
(o
general merchants.
GRANT STATUE, LINCOLN PARK.— Situated on the North
Shore Drive, Lincoln Park. A magnificent monument to the memory
of the great general of the Civil War. The sculptor was Louis T.
Rebisso, an exile from his native land for the part he took in striving
to establish a republic in Italy. Whilst the signs of public mourning
were still visible in Chicago there was a spontaneous movement for
the erection of a monument to General Grant. To suggest was to
62 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR.
act ; to act was to execute. Within a year the requisite fund was
subscribed, and an award of #200 made to Rebisso of Cincinnati foi
presenting the most acceptable design. The result is before th*
public in the unique equestrian group unveiled amid the impressive
ceremonies of October 7, 1891. There have been many attempts ir
sculpture to image General Grant, but we can recall none more sue-
GRANT STATUE (Uncoln Park).
cessful than Mr. Rebisso' s. The physical proportions of the majesti<
figure are as faultless as the facial expression. Grant was about fiv
feet seven inches high, with a well-knit frame, the image of con
scions strength and matchless endurance. He had a square anc
spacious forehead, a strong lower jaw and firm-set lips. His hair anc
whiskers were always worn, short. His habitual expression indicatec
repose and firmness, without assumption or severity. No more im
64 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLDS FAIR.
posing and successfnl specimen of monumental art graces any city in
the United States.
HAYMAKKET MASSACRE.— Night of May 4, 1886. The title
is a misnomer. The tragedy recalled to mind by the name in reality
occurred on Desplaines St., between the Haymarket and the alley
which runs east from Desplaines St., south of Crane Brothers' man-
ufacturing establishment. The wagon from which the anarchist
speakers addressed the mob stood directly in front of Crane Brothers'
GRANT STATUE (Uncoln Park).
steps, about eight feet north of this alley. The bomb was thrown
from the mouth of the alley and exploded between the second and
third companies of policemen, as the six companies were halting
close to the wagon. The bomb thrower unquestionably made his
escape through the alley, which connects with another opening on
Randolph St. , east of the Haymarket. Seven policemen were killed
outright, or died shortly afterward of their wounds, as a result of the
explosion. A large number of policemen were badly and perma-
nently injured. How many of those in the mob were killed or died
IMPORTANT BUILDINGS AND POINTS OF INTEREST. 65
afterward of the injuries they received in the police fusillade which
followed the explosion has never been known, for their bodies were
quietly buried and their wounds concealed by their friends whenever
possible. The arrest of the leaders, Fielden, Spies, Engel, Lingg,
Neebe, Schwab, Fischer, the searching of the Arbeiter Zeitung office,
on the east side of Fifth Ave., near Washington street, and the dis-
POLICKMAN'S MONUMENT (Haymarket Square).
(a
covery there of a vast supply of dynamite, arms, bombs and infernal
machines; the discovery of bombs in different parts of the city,
under sidewalks, in lumber yards and at the homes of the anarchists ;
the sensational surrender of Parsons, who had taken flight on the
night of the massacre ; the long trial, the speeches, the sentence, the .
appeal ; the refusal of the Supreme Court of the United States to
interfere ; the efforts made to have the death sentence commuted ;
the day of execution, the nth of November, 1887; ^e shocking
5
60 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR.
suicide of the "tiger anarchist," Ljngg, in his cell at the jail; the
hanging of Parsons, Spies, Engel and Fischer, the commutation of
the death sentences of Fielden and Schwab to life imprisonment, all
contributed toward the popular excitement which followed the fatal
4th of May and continued until the gallows and the prison had per-
formed the parts assigned them by the law. The executed anarchists
are buried at Waldheim Cemetery. The cell in which Lingg com-
mitted suicide is directly in front of the "cage" in the county jail.
The other anarchists occupied cells in the same row. The police
monument at the intersection of Randolph and Desplaines Streets,
(Haymarket Square) was erected by the citizens of Chicago in honor
of the brave officers who risked or sacrificed their lives in defense of
the law, and in commemoration of the death of anarchy in this city.
HAYMARKET SQUARE.— That portion of West Randolph
street between Desplaines and Halsted streets, West Side. Near
the east end of the square for many years stood the West Side Market
House, a part of which was occupied as a police station. The square
is now entirely open, the police monument being the only obstruction
in the broad thoroughfare. To the north of the monument, on
Desplaines street, the bomb was thrown on the night of May 4, 1886.
J. V. FARWELL COMPANY.— The great dry goods house of
J. V. Farwell & Co. , one of the largest in the world, and doing a busi-
ness of over $40,000,000 per annum, was incorporated as a stock com-
pany on December 13, 1890; the board of directors are : C. B. Farwell,
J. K. Harmon, J. V. Farwell, Jr., J. T. Chumasero, F. P. Potter, J.
E. Downs and S. Farwell. The officers are : C. B. Farwell, presi-
dent ; J. K. Harmon, vice-president ; J. V. Farwell, Jr. , treasurer ; J.
T. Chumasero, secretary.
LOGAN STATUE.— To be erected to the memory of the late
General and Senator, John A. Logan. Soon after the death of Gen.
Logan, in 1887, the Illinois Legislature passed an act appropriating
$50,000 for a monument of John A. Logan and for the appointment
of commissioners therefor. The monument was to be erected "at
such point in the City of Chicago or elsewhere in the State of Illinois
C3 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLDS FAIR.
as may be selected by his widow," and the commissioners were
authorized and empowered to receive proposals and to contract for
the completion of such monument and to receive subscriptions there-
for. It was further provided, that if the place selected for the monu-
ment should be a public park, the commissioners in charge of such
park should be "authorized, empowered, and directed to place the
THE LAFAYETTE STATUE-
monument upon a site so selected by said widow, and to provide tha
such monument shall be made the permanent resting place of the re
mains of said John A. Logan and of his widow after her death
When the bill was passed in 1887 it was the intention to erect th
monument some place in the South Parks. The commissioners, o
a majority of them, expressed an intention to erect the pedestal. an«
it was proposed to enlarge the appropriation for the monument b
IMPORTANT BUILDINGS AA7D POINTS OF INTEREST. 69
popular subscription ; by subscription among the veteran soldiers and
among the friends and admirers of the dead soldier-statesman. But,
as time passed on, there were no subscriptions from any source, and
the promoters of the project came to the conclusion that the $50,000
appropriated by the State would be the only available fund.
MICHIGAN AVENUE.— Formerly a residence street along the
Lake Park, has changed materially within a few years. It is now
Michigan Boulevard. It will probably become the great hotel avenue
of the city. At present some of the grandest structures in Chicago are
located along its west side. At Adams street is the Bnmswick, and
on the opposite corner is the Pullman building, which is more or less
of a hotel. On the northeast corner of Jackson street is located the
Argyle apartment building, which is really a large family hotel.
North of it, on the ground owned by the Jennings estate, and occu-
pied by Leroy Payne's stables, there will be a hotel. On the south-
west corner is the Leland, and then the Richelieu. Next comes the
Beaurivage, which has been remodeled into a hotel by the owner, L,.
J. McCormick, who will call it the Victoria. These three hotels
occupy the entire block between Jackson and Van Buren streets. At
the northeast corner of Congress street is the greatest of all, the Audi-
torium. Within three or four years the Auditorium Hotel Company
will acquire possession of the Studebaker building, which adjoins it
on the north, and which will be re-arranged so as to be suitable for
hotel purposes. Between Harrison and Twelfth streets there are
several large apartment buildings which answer the same purpose as
family hotels. At Park Row and Twelfth street is the site selected
for the new hotel, which will rival the Auditorium. The Batchelder
interests will build at Twenty-second street, and at Twenty-third
street the magnificent Hotel Metropole is being builded. There will
be at the southeast corner of Thirty-fifth street a large apartment
building. These different enterprises are gradually changing Michi-
gan aveuue from a thoroughfare of fine residences to a semi-business
street which has no parallel in Chicago.
GRAXD BOULEVARD.— This is one of the fashionable drives
70
PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR.
of the South Side. Commencing at the southern extremity, where
it joins Washington Park, we will walk up. Among the handsome
residences we pass to the right and left are those of Judge H.
M. Shepard, Mr. Charles H. Aldrich, Brice Worley, John W.
Conley, Mark Webster, William W. Peck, H. E. Henderson, Patrick
McManus, S. J. Gorman, Norman T. Gassette, J. H. Campbell, S. P.
Parmly, E. Frankenthal, J. McMahon, Judge Gwyne Garnett, John
GRAND BOULEVARD.
F. Finerty, George E. Cole, and, as the political calls say, umany
others. ' ' I have not asked you to go through the south parks with
me, because you have all the information I can give you regarding
those beautiful places in your possession already. I will let you take
the parks in yourself later in the evening, and we will wind up our
day's trip now by walking west on Thirty -ninth street, and north on
72 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR.
Michigan boulevard. All of the streets running north and south
and east and west in this neighborhood are interesting to the visitor,
foi; they are beautifully built up and inhabited by people of means
and culture. We can only notice them casually as we pass, however.
From. Thirty-ninth street, north to Twenty-second street, the east
and west streets, with one or two exceptions, are considered desira-
ble residence avenues. Especially is this the case with Thirty-
third, Thirty-seventh and Thirty-ninth streets. The latter is a bou-
levard connecting Grand and Michigan boulevards. Passing west on
Thirty-ninth street, we admire the cheerful aspect of the houses and
find ourselves on
MICHIGAN BOULEVARD.— Michigan avenue is the popular
name; but the street is a boulevard and under the control of the
park commissioners. Prairie, Calumet, Lake, Ellis, Grand, the Lake
Shore Drive or Ashland, — Michigan is the finest of them all. What
a magnificent stretch of perfect roadway ! Stately and elegant are
the residences of the boulevard, with their handsome lawns and their
wide-spreading shade trees, rising on either side until the street nar-
rows to a beautiful country lane a mile to the north ! The roadway
is as level as the top of a billiard table. Here are some of the finest
mansions in the city, — mansions of the new and golden epoch in
Chicago's history.
NEW BUILDING OF CHICAGO HERALD.— There is probably
not another building devoted to the publication of a newspaper in the
world equalling it in magnificence, and certainly there is none other
in which so much attention has been given to completeness of detail.
On entering the imposing counting-room, the visitor will at once
notice the fine Italian stone mosaic with which the floor is hand in-
laid, the counter of black Belgian marble, surmounted with black
iron, wrought in graceful designs, and the sixteen columns of genuine
Sienna marble ; also the Italian marble wainscoting. They will also
be interested in the working of the automatic tubes, which convey
advertising matter to the composing-room and news matter to the ed-
itorial floor. Passing four long distance telephones, entrance is had
IMPORTANT BUILDINGS AND POINTS OF INTEREST.
73
to the visitor's gallery, overlooking ten Titanic presses. Next in
point of interest is the composing-room, to which the visitor ascends
in either of the two great elevators, framed in hand-wrought iron,
and which travel up a shaft walled from top to bottom with the finest
Italian marble. The walls of the composing-room are white enam-
eled, and it is finished throughout in marble, iron and oak. Even
CHICAGO HERAU) OFFICE. ^
the type stands are of iron, with the monogram of The Herald
wrought in gold in each, and there are cases for 180 men on straight
composition, to say nothing of those employed on advertising copy.
Electric calls at each case connect with the copy-box, in the front of
which is a perforated peg rack where are assorted slugs, numbered on
both sides for every compositor, and by which the copy cutter tells at
a glance what and how many men are working on "time" copy.
74 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR.
Aii aerial railway takes advertising copy from the copy-box to the
uAd" department, and the proof from thence to the proof-readers.
Electric call speaking tubes connect the principal departments of the
building. The foreman's office is on an elevated platform, from
which he can survey his entire force. Every compositor has a clothes
locker, and the marble closets are unsurpassed in elegance by those oi
any hotel. Filtered ice-water, with a solid silver, gold-lined drinking
cup, a restaurant finished in marble and oak, and provided with read-
ing tables and library, are other provisions for the compositors. Foui
hundred electric lights illuminate this department, adjoining which is
the stereotyping-room with its two-ton metal-pot, improved mailing
machine, matrix drying and matrix trimming machines. A Turkish
bath and marble-walled toilet-room is one of the luxuries afforded tc
the workers in this room.
ASHLAND BLOCK.— Located on the northeast corner of Clark
and Randolph streets. Planned by Architect D. H. Burnham.
Property leased from A. G. Alexander, of Louisville, Kentucky, by
R. A. Waller, of this city, and L. Broadhead, of Kentucky, for a
,term of years. This building is sixteen stories high, with a frontage
on Clark street of 140 feet and 80 feet on Randolph street. The
exterior is classical. The windows of the lower stories are recessed
and end in an arch at the third story. The principal entrance is
from Clark street and is twenty-one feet wide. This extends to a
height of two and a half stories and is finished in terra cotta of a deli-
cate design. The first story has eight stores on the Clark street side
and three on Randolph street. The second floor contains several
spacious banking rooms 17 feet high and the remaining floors are
divided into about 350 offices. Seven elevators are placed in the rear
hall of the building. This building was ready for occupancy in May,
1892.
COLUMBUS BUILDING. — To be erected on the southeast cor-
ner of State and Washington streets, after plans by W. W. Boying-
ton. The structure will be fourteen stories high, two floors being
contained in the ornamental space above the cornice. It will cover
70 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLDS FAIR.
the lot, with its frontage of 100 feet on State street and 90 feet 01
Washington street. It will be constructed of stone, steel and terr;
cotta, after the best models. A main feature will be the two store
on the ground floor, on either side of the main entrance. Each wil
be forty feet wide. The decorations and fixtures will cost $175,000
At the rear of each will be a glass mosaic, one showing Columbus a
the Court of Isabella and the other his landing in America. Th<
contract for these mosaics has been placed in Venice. The ceiling
beams of the stores will be of bronze, supporting Mexican onyx ceil
ings. Over the entrance to the building a ten-foot bronze statue o
Columbus will be placed, which is now being made at Rome. Th<
floors throughout the building are to be of mosaic.
The height of the tower from the sidewalk to the top of th«
glass globe will be 240 feet. The globe on top is to be of opalescen
glass, with the continents marked in color, with a cut jewel loca
ting Chicago, to be lighted with a 3OOO-candle-power electric lamp
The style of architecture in detail is Spanish renaissance. Th-
various coats of arms of Spanish royalty will be shown in the cornio
and elsewhere. Work will be begun May ist, and the structure wil
be completed May i, 1893. ^he building will cost about $800,000.
THE "CRIB." — The original crib is situated about two mile
out in Lake Michigan, almost directly east of the foot of Chicag(
avenue. ' ' The Man at the Crib, ' ' is Captain Charles McKee, who
with his family, has spent eleven years in that desolate, wave
washed and tempest-battered granite home. He has reared a famih
of five girls and one boy, all of whom are married, except one girl
Besides his wife and daughter, three men and a dog occupy the cril
at present. The crib-keeper's quarters are comfortable. During th<
winter months, when ice floes threaten to clog the grated mouth o
the water tunnel, his duties are as severe as they are important
There are thousands of visitors at the crib during the summe:
months ; in the winter it is sometimes difficult to reach it with th(
city supply boat. The visitor can take an excursion boat, steam o:
sail, on the lake shore, foot of Van Buren street.
IMPORTANT BUILDINGS AND POINTS OF INTEREST. 77
VOX L.INNE STATUE. — Erected to the memory of Carl von
Linne, or Linnaeus, as the world calls him, an illustrious native of
Sweden. The statue is of bronze, of heroic size, on a white marble
pedestal, and it overlooks the little common near the foot of Fuller-
ton avenue. The spot is one of the .prettiest in the park. The
monument is encircled with fine trees, and it looks south over a fine
expanse of landscape. It cost the Linnaean Monument Association
VON LINNK STATUE (Lincoln Park).
which built it $22,000, and is one of the handsomest monuments in
the West. The statue was unveiled May 23d, 180,1.
WATER- WORKS. — The water-works of Chicago are among
the wonders of the city, not alone because of their magnitude, but
because of the magnificent engineering features which they present
to the intelligent or curious visitor. The great central pumping
works of the system are as follows : Foot of Chicago Avenue, North
Side. These works are at the Southern end of the Lake Shore drive.
West Side works, corner of Blue Island Avenue and Twenty-second
street. Central pumping station, West Harrison street ; between
78 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AXD GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR.
Desplaines and Halsted streets. To visit the different "cribs" situ-
ated in Lake Michigan, during the summer months, take excursion
boats on the lake shore, foot of Van Buren street. The fare for
round trip is 25 cents. The area of Chicago is about 181 square
miles, the greater part of which is tMckly populated, requiring good
facilities for an abundant supply of water. This is drawn from Lake
Michigan by a number of separate water-works, all of which are
ER MONUMENT (^Uucolii Park).
operated upon the same plan. Owing to the perfectly level plain
upon which Chicago is built, there is no natural elevation available
for the establishment of reservoirs. The water, when drawn from
the lake, is pumped directly into the mains against a stand-pipe head
of about 100 feet.
WATEK TOWERS— For the benefit of those who do not under-
stand the principles of water distribution in a great city, the following
80 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR.
explanation is given : A tunnel from the crib in the lake is built 01
an incline so that the water pours into a well under the water-works
In getting there it has been allowed to fall several feet below th<
level of the lake. When the pumping is light, of course the wate
rises in the well to the level of its source — the lake — but in Chicagc
the demand is so strong that the pumps keep the water in the wel
several feet below that in the lake, raising the water from a distanc<
maybe sixteen feet below lake surface. After the pumps have tlni;
raised the water their work is just begun. They must now force
it out the mains and into the liouses, just as an ordinary well pump
with the valve in the bottom of the well instead of up near th<
pump handle, brings the water to the pump spout. The use of th<
tower is now shown. Take away a section of the masonry and then
remains an upright pipe. A description of the West Side water
works tower will serve as an illustration. There the stand-pipe i.<
five feet in diameter and about 167 feet high. It is made of platt
boiler iron about five-eighths of an inch thick, and looks like an or
dinary engine boiler, except in length. When the water passes the
valve in the pump it passes through the main pipe close by the bast
of this tower, or may pass under the tower. An opening allows the
water to run out of the pipe into the tower stand-pipe. At the Wesi
Side works there are four of these main pipes, all opening into th<
stand-pipe. Now comes the essential part, which is very simple,
when understood. The pumps are started, say at a pressure of fort)
pounds to the square inch of surface. The water is forced out alon^
the mains, and through the opening into the tower stand-pipe. Thai
will raise the water about two and one-third feet in the stand-pipe foi
each pound of pressure, which is about ninety-three feet for the
forty pounds. The weight of the water in the pipe represents that
power, and stands there as an elastic spring or cushion, rising and
falling, equalizing the pressure on the water faucets and pipes. li
every one having faucets on the main should close them, the watei
pumped in the main would have an escape through this pipe, and the
result can be imagined — the pipe wouldn't hold it very long if the
IMPORTANT BUILDINGS AND POINTS OF INTEREST.
pumps were not stopped. But there is an indicator, like the hands
on the face of a clock, which shows just how much water is being
drawn, or how much of the power is used, and the engineer regulates
his pumping accordingly. After the above explanation it may be
simply stated that the stand-pipe in the water tower furnishes an
equalizer, so that when an engine is running at a given rate of speed
or pressure, the turning on or off of a few more or less faucets by
SOL'S CLOCK (South Park).
consumers may not seriously and too suddenly affect the pressure and
supply.
POST-OFFICE. — The limits or jurisdiction of the postmaster 01
the Chicago Post-office covers less than one-third of the area of the
city proper, the outlying offices being entirely distinctive, and having
postmasters of their own. The central or general office is located in
the business portion of the city. It has eleven carrier stations and
6
82 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLDS FAIR.
twenty sub-postal stations, distributed at various points within said
jurisdiction. The force employed consists of about 769 regular car-
riers, 200 substitute carriers, 842 regular clerks, sixty substitute cleiks,
and about 90 persons in charge of sub-stations and stamp agencies,
making a total of 1701 paid employes. Of this force, 105 carriers, 5;
horses and 52 wagons are employed in the collection of the mail from
the street letter-boxes.
JACKSON PARK BRIDGE.
UNION STOCK YARDS.— Located on South Halsted street, in
the former town of Lake, now within the corporate limits, about five
and one-half miles southwest of the City Hall. The Union Stock
Yards were organized and opened in 1865. The Stock Yards Com-
pany at the present time own 400 acres of land — 320 acres in one
block and eighty acres in outlying lots. The larger tract is devoted
to the stock yards ; some 200 acres being devoted to yards, etc., while
the balance is occupied by railroad tracks and car sidings. Before
you, as you enter the main archway, is a town with twenty miles of
streets, twenty miles of water-troughs, fifty miles of feeding-troughs
84 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR.
and about seventy-five miles of water and drainage pipes. Besides
the regular water- works supply there are a number of artesian wells,
having an average depth of 1230 feet. The plant of the Union Stock
Yards Company proper costs about $4,000,000. Present capital about
$23,000,000. The plants of the various packing companies cost, it is
estimated, in the neighborhood of $10,000,000. During the year
1891, 3,250,359 cattle, 205,383 calves, 8,600,805 hogs, 2,153,537
sheep, and 94, 396 horses were received at the yards, the total value
of which was $39,434,777- There were slaughtered 2,184,095 head
of cattle, 157,052 calves, 5,638,291 of hogs, and 1,465,332 sheep.
The shipments of live stock from the yards were 1,066,264 cattle,
48,331 calves, 2,962,514 hogs, 688,205 sheep, 87,273 horses. The
Stock Yards to-day are one of the wonders of the world. Twenty
great trunk railroads, fed by hundreds of branches which stretch like
a mighty octopus over the land, deliver and carry away the raw anc
manufactured articles which arrive at and depart from this spot.
During the early morning the Western roads are busy unloading then
freight of cattle, hogs and sheep, while in the afternoon the Easterr
roads are equally busy taking delivery and loading up the stock thai
is going to Boston, New York and countless other points. At the
packing-houses the work goes on all day — one train following anothei
carrying away the finished product of the butcher and packer. Th(
Stock Yards Company own all the railroad tracks (over 150 miles ir
all), and do all the switching or shunting connected with the business
of the Yards. Every railroad company has a direct communicatioi
with the Yards, either through its own tracks or by the Belt line ; a
any rate, they can all get there without trouble, and no delays tak(
place. The yards can accommodate, at their fullest capacity, ove
30,000 cattle, 200,000 hogs, 30,000 sheep and 4,000 horses, and while
at times they are taxed to their fullest limit, yet as a rule the stock i:
well and carefully looked after. As the trains come rolling in, th<
Company take charge of the stock ; and its location, name of firm t<
whom consigned, description, etc., are detailed in the office of th<
Company.
IMPORTANT BUILDINGS AND POINTS OF INTEREST.
85
Some idea of the magnitude of operations at the stock-yards may
be formed from the following figures with reference to the great
house of Armour & Co. The firm did a business amounting to
$66,000,000 during the year ending April i, 1891. The hogs killed
by the house numbered 1,714,000; cattle, 712,000; sheep, 413,000.
Armour & Co.'s employes numbered during this period 7,900, and
the aggregate wages paid was $3,800,000. The firm had 2,250
refrigerator cars. The total area covered by the buildings of the firm
was fifty acres ; total floor area of buildings, 140 acres ; chill room and
SCENE IN LINCOLN PARK.
cold storage area, forty acres; storage capacity of buildings, 130,000
tons. The Armour Glue Works made 7,000,000 pounds of glue
within the same period, 9,500 tons of fertilizers, grease, etc. The
ground covered by the buildings of this department cover fifteen
acres, and the number of employes is 600.
GRAIN ELEVATORS.— The visitor to Chicago will be sur-
prised and interested by a visit to some of the great grain elevators of
the city. The greatest elevators in the world are to be found here,
and they are more numerous than in any other city on earth. A few
figures in relation to one of them will serve as a description for all.
86 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR.
A grain elevator of the first class costs about $500,000; 12,000,000
feet of lumber is consumed in its construction ; the outside brick
wall is sixteen inches thick ; a fire wall, two feet thick, usually
divides the building in the middle; the height is about 155
feet; length, 155 feet; as a protection against fire iron ladders
run this entire height and on all floors there are electric push
buttons communicating with annunciators in engine room, and
in the latter department there is also a fire pump with a capacity
equaling that of four steam fire engines. Two hundred bar-
SCENE IN GARFIELD PARK.
rels of water, each accompanied by a couple of iron pails, are scat-
tered about over different floors, and twenty-two chemical fire extin-
guishers are placed at convenient stations throughout the structure ;
forty-five fire plugs, to each of which is attached 1,000 feet of two
and one-half-inch rubber hose, together with fourteen fire alarm
boxes, about complete the precautionary measures for combating the
devouring element ; the superintendent and chief engineer are loca-
ted at opposite extremities of the bulky framework, the one in a
separate brick office building, with an electric instrument within
8i PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD S FAIR.
reach, by which he is enabled to converse with the heads of depart-
ments, and the other in a large two-story, fire-proof brick building,
where he takes pleasure in showing visitors a little bottle of rivei
water after it had been transmogrified in passing through the granite
filter. Once every week a fire drill is ordered, the time of turning
in an alarm for which is known only to the watchman in charge.
When the alarm is sounded every man takes his place, but no water
is thrown. These drills demonstrate that the structure may be del-
uged with water in exactly seven seconds. It requires 100 employes
INDIAN MONUMENT (Lincoln Park).
to run a grain elevrator ; to move the ponderous machinery a 1,000
horse-power compound Corliss engine is required, making fifty-six
revolutions per minute without varying one revolution in a day's
run. This is one of the most elaborately finished pieces of mechan-
ism in existence, and was constructed at a cost of #50,000. The
diameter of the drive- wheel is twenty feet, and that of the shaft
eighteen inches. Crank pins fourteen inches in diameter and four-
teen-inch steel pins are provided, the momentum of which adds
impetus to the work of the engine. The main belt is of rubber, 200
IMPORTANT BUILDINGS AND POINTS OF INTEREST. 89
feet in length and five feet in width. It is the largest bit of rubber
ever manufactured from any material by any firm for any purpose,
requiring special machinery in its construction. The chimney of the
elevator has a 14-foot base and an altitude of 154 feet.
WASHINGTON PARK CLUB.— Situated at South Park avenue
and Sixty-first street. Take Cottage Grove avenue cable line. Or-
ganized 1883. Occupies an unpretentious though commodious club
WASHINGTON PARK FOUNTAIN. ^
house, within easy access of the Washington club racing park, south
of Washington park. It is a combination of the higher class of
sporting, country and city clubs, members of nearly all the other
leading clubs being connected with it. The club house is more in
the nature of a rendezvous than a resort, and is handsomely fitted up
for the comfort or the members and the ladies of members' families.
The racing meetings of the Club are of national celebrity.
90 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLDS FAIR.
ARMOUR MISSION. — Located at Butterfield and Thirty-thin
streets. Take State street cable line. Directors — Philip D. Armour
J. O. Armour, William J. Campbell, John C. Black, P. D. Armour
Jr., Edwin Barritt Smith; Rev. Howard H. Russell, pastor; estab
lished in November, 1886. This magnificent charity owes its origii
to a provision in the will of the late Joseph F. Armour, bequeathin
$100,000 for the founding of such an institution. He directed tha
the carrying out of his benevolent design should be chiefly intruste*
to his brother, Mr. Philip D. Armour, who, accepting the trust s
imposed, has given to it the same energetic and critical attention tha
he has given to his private affairs. He has greatly enlarged upon th
original design and in consequence has added enough from his ow
resources to his brother's bequest of $100,000 to make the present ir
vestment about $1,000,000. Armour Mission is incorporated unde
the laws of Illinois. In addition to the Mission building proper, th
Armour Mission corporation owns the Armour Mission Flats, consisi
ing of 194 separate flats. The entire revenue derived from the renU
of these flats is used for the maintenance of the Mission and its dc
partments. The corporation also owns adjoining ground upon whic
Mr. Armour has recently erected a manual training school, not ye
ready for occupancy. The Mission is a broad and wholly non-sect^
rian institution. It is free and open to all, to the full extent of il
capacity, without any condition as to race, creed or otherwise.
UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO.— The newest thing in the city i
the new University of Chicago. The old institution of that name
after a struggle for existence for nearly thirty years, succumbed t
financial difficulties in 1886, and suspended its educational work. S
profound, however, was the conviction that Chicago was the ideal k
cation for a great institution of learning, that efforts began to b
made almost immediately looking to the establishment of a new un
versity. It was soon found that John D. Rockefeller was intereste
in the project. In 1888 the Baptists of the United States organize
the American Baptist Educational Society, and elected Fred. T. Gate
its corresponding secretary. Mr. Gates soon became persuaded ths
92 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLDS FAIR.
the first great work for the new society to undertake was the estab-
lishment of a new university in Chicago. He and Mr. Rockefeller
entered into correspondence, and to their conferences with each other
Chicago owes its university. In May, 1889, the Education Society
resolved to undertake the raising of $1,000,000 to found a well-
equipped college in this city. Mr. Rockefeller at once made a sub-
OAKWOOD DRIVE.
scription of $600,000, conditioned on the subscription being increased
to a full $1,000,000 within one year. T. W. Goodspeed was associ-
ated with Mr. Gates in the effort to raise the $400,000 required by
this condition. Not only was this done within the time specified, but
$150,000 more than was required was secured.
Marshall Field gave a site of a block and a half valued at $125,-
ooo, but now worth much more than that sum. To this gift from
Mr. Field there has since been added two and a half blocks, making
IMPORTANT BUILDINGS AND POINTS OF INTEREST. 93
the present site four blocks. The intersecting streets have been va-
cated by the city council so that the site consists of a solid block 802
by 1,261 feet, or nearly twenty-four acres.
CHICAGO LIGHT. — Chicago light is located on the inner pier,
north side of Chicago river ; was established in 1859 ; is a third order
fixed white light, in a black skeleton iron tower ; visible sixteen
miles. This is the principal one of seven lights maintained by the
government as aids to navigation near the mouth of the Chicago
MONUMENT (Drexel Boulevard),
river. The harbor here is the most important on the lakes, with a
fe
greater average number of daily arrivals and departures during the
season of navigation than any other in the United States. This city
is in the ninth light-house district, with Commander Charles E.
Clark, United States Navy, as inspector, and Major William Ludlow,
of the Corps of Engineers, United States Army, as engineer. The
eleventh district formerly embraced the three great lakes — Michigan,
Huron, and up to the national line of Superior. The ninth is a divi-
sion of the eleventh district. It includes all aids to navigation on
94 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR.
Lake Michigan, Green Bay and tributary waters lying west of a line
drawn across the Straits of Mackinac at the narrowest part east of
McGulpin's Point light station. Since the boundary of the district
was established a fog signal has been placed at Old Mackinac Point,
in the Straits, which is also included in the ninth district.
CRIB AND BREAKWATER LIGHTS.— There are two lights
on the old breakwater, both established in 1876 ; one of these, the
south light, is a fifth order light, and the north is a lens lantern. At
the new breakwater there are three lights, tubular lanterns, tended
by two laborers. The light on the old north pier is a sixth order
light, and has a fog bell struck by machinery. Calumet light, at
South Chicago, is on the outer end of the pier north of Calumet
river, eleven miles southeast of Chicago breakwater. It is a fourth
order light, red, thirty-three feet above lake level, and is visible
about twelve miles. It was established in 1873. Formerly it was in a
tower rising above a structure on shore, but was in 1876 removed to
its present quarters, which is fully a mile out on the pier. A beacon
light is established at the old Crib. This light-house is provided and
maintained by the city of Chicago.
GROSSE POINT LIGHT. — The best light and light-house near
Chicago is that at Grosse^ Point, just north of Evanston. It was es-
tablished in 1873, and as it now stands complete has, probably cost
the Government more than $ 100,000, in addition to the expense of
maintenance. Grosse Point light is a second order, fixed wThite coast
light, varied by a red flash every three minutes, the regularity of the
flashes being controlled by clock-work. The u lantern" is a pris-
matic lens, equaling in power 163 candles, and this feature of the
outfit alone cost $15,000. The tower, from the water's level to the
centre of the lens, is 120 feet, being built of brick and having ninety-
nine piles placed beneath the stone foundation.
THE PUBLIC LIBRARY.— The Public Library occupies the
entire fourth floor of the City Hall (excepting council chamber).
Was founded in 1872. The library contained on January ist, 1892,
171,709 volumes, and the collection is increasing by purchase and
- .
v_M LiJ
L.LJ
fi
;^,r^:
96 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLDS FAIR.
donation at the rate of somewhat over 10,000 volumes annually. I
literary treasures, many of which can not be duplicated at any cos
are at the lowest estimate valued at $275,000. With an annual ci
dilation and consultation of over 1,500,000 volumes, it leads the ci
culation of the free public libraries of the country. At the Paris K:
position of 1889 it received the distinguished honor of an award of
gold medal, on an exhibit consisting of the annual report, findin
lists and a volume showing in detail the administration of the librai
in every department. A reading-room is maintained, which la;
year was patronized by 500,000 visitors, 450,000 periodicals bein
given out across the counter. There are also reference department
including general, patent and medical, which are consulted by thoi
sands of people in search of special knowledge, annually.
HOTELS. — There are at present between fourteen and fifteen hui
dred hotels in the city of Chicago, including small and large, and hous<
of all grades, but excluding lodging houses, boarding houses an
distinctively family hotels, where no transients are received. Tl
united capacity of these hotels is estimated at 175,000. It is believe
that they could, if pressed, accommodate 100,000 additional guest
But this will not be necessary. Numerous immense hotels are eith(
projected or being constructed at the present time. The spring of i8c
will find Chicago ready with ample hotel accommodations for 500
ooo guests. Neither the boarding houses, nor houses where furnishe
rooms may be rented, nor lodging houses, are considered hen
Outside of the hotels there are eating houses or restaurants and cafe:
with an estimated feeding capacity at the present time of 25,000 pe
sons daily.
CHICAGO ATHE:N^EUM. — In the summer of 1890 this honore
institution, which has justly been called "The People's College,
entered upon the most promising period of its history, at the openin
of its twentieth year. At that time the Board of Directors, compose
of some of the best known and most influential citizens, with Fere
W. Peck, Esq., as president, secured a valuable property 91 X97 fee
at 18 to 26 Van Buren street, one of the choicest locations in the cit>
IMPORTANT BUILDINGS AND POINTS OF INTEREST.
which has been enlarged to a seven-story building and fitted up in the
most attractive style, with all desirable conveniences. The property
was purchased for $200,000, besides which $90,000 have been ex-
pended in the improvements. Situated in the very heart of the city,
close to the Art Institute, and in the same grand square on which the
Auditorium stands, it is destined to become a recognized educational
center, and one of Chicago's most beneficent institutions. The Athe-
JACKSON PARK PAVILION. L
naeum entered its new home in March, 1891. From the date of its
organization in October, 1871, its animating spirit has been philan-
thropic. Though a private corporation, it has always maintained the
Athenaeum solely for the public good, having been chartered as an
institution not for pecuniary profit. The benefits that it has bestowed
upon this city cannot be over-estimated. Open daily throughout the
year, and five evenings a week for nine months of the year, with an
7
93 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR;
able corps of twenty-nine teachers and a large list of studies — all elec-
tive—young men and women may enter at any time, without exam-
ination, and receive the desired instruction at moderate cost.
COOK COUNTY HOSPITAL.— Situated between Wood, Harri-
son, Lincoln and Polk streets, West Side. Take Ogden Avenue,
Taylor street, or Van Buren street car. One of the largest public
hospitals in the world. It is conducted under the management of a
WORLD'S PAIR GLOBE.
Warden, appointed by the County Commissioners. The visitors will
be much interested by a walk through the spacious wards and corri-
dors of this immense institution. The Cook County Hospital was
established in 1865, though it did not begin its work until January,
1866. Previous to that time the city had been accustomed to board
its sick at Mercy Hospital. But in January, 1866, it fitted up two
wards in the old City Hospital, at the corner of Eighteenth and
ICO PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR.
Arnold streets, and moved to them twelve patients from Mercy Hos
pital. These wards were soon filled and additions to the building wer
erected. But very soon these also were overcrowded, and in 1876 th
institution was removed to its present location, at the corner of Wes
Harrison and Wood streets. The new buildings, which were not al
erected at the same time, consist now of a long administration build
ing of imposing appearance, and a pavilion of four wards, and a win:
of three wards on each side of it, with generous spaces between al
these buildings, conducing greatly not only to their appearance, bn
to the light, ventilation and comfort of the wards. They are situate*
on a lot containing twelve acres of ground. During the six month
ending January i, 1889, there were received and treated 3,25
cases, and during the six months ending July i, 1889, 3,903 case.'
showing an increase of 648. As there were 435 patients present o
January i, 1889, and 488 on July i, 1889, the number in the hospitc
during the two periods respectively was 3,690 and 4,391. So that, £
large as the institution is, it is only a matter of time when its va^
accommodations will have to be increased to keep pace with th
growing wants of the city.
FIRST REGIMENT I. N. G.— Organized in August, 1874. £
the first meeting held in behalf of the undertaking forty- eight me
enrolled themselves. In January, 1875, having grown into seve
companies, the regiment took quarters on Lake street, adopted i
uniform — the same it wears to-day — and received its equipment <
arms from Springfield. In February of that year the regiment w<-
assembled and bivouacked in the armory during the Relief and Ai
Society riotous demonstration. On May i3th it made its first publ
appearance with 520 men in line. Since that day its popularity h;
never waned. In 1877, during the railroad riots, the regiment twk
dispersed mobs at the point of the bayonet without firing a sho
In 1878 the First removed to its armory on Jackson street. Durin
the riots of November, 1886, at the Union Stock Yards and oth(
points in the city, the regiment was called into service to quell di
order. Since then its history has been one of peace and continue
1MPORTAX7 BL'ILDIXGS AXD
prosperity. The enrollment at present is 650 men. Upon the rolls
of the regiment is no small number of names which have won
renown on bloody fields.
PRAIRIE AVEXUE. — Prairie avenue is the avenue of avenues
in Chicago. There are people, and very nice people, and very
wealthy people, and I might add very exclusive people, living on
other avenues, but on no avenue in the city are there to be found
SCENE IN LINCOLN PARK.
the homes of as many people whose names are so closely allied to the
enterprise, the progress and the culture of Chicago. The Sweenie
residence is on our left as we move south, and we pass the homes of
Josiah H. Boyer, Joseph L. McBirney, Walter H. Wilson and John
H. Hamline, on the same side of the avenue. On the other side are
the handsome residences of John G. Shortall, Henry L. Frank and
of P. E. Studebaker, the wagon and carnage manufacturer. Next
102
CHURCH OF THE MESSIAH.
IMPORTANT BUILDINGS AND POINTS OF INTEREST,
103
door to him lives William R. Sterling. A little further down is
Mr. Granger Farwell's place, and opposite is the home of the great
coal merchant, Robert A. Law. South of Mr. Farwell's are the
homes of Hugh J. McBirney and Isaac M. Linville, and the residence
of George M. Pullman is a noble mansion, but far from being the
home which you supposed Pullman lived in. Mr. Marshall Field's
is an elegant, but unostentatious mansion. Like the homes of the
SOL'S CLOCK (Lincoln Park). ^
neighboring millionaires, there is nothing about P. D. Armour's
residence suggestive of the great wealth of its owner. It is a hand-
some dwelling as to exterior ; as to interior, it is fitted up with a
regard to comfort principally, but at the same time an air of genteel
refinement and elegant luxury pervades every part of it. From this
point south we pass, on either side of the avenue, the homes of many
of the leading people of Chicago. As a rule the dwellings are mod-
104 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR.
est. The new fads in architecture, or what Joe Gargery might have
called architectitooralooralism, have not found their way into favor
along here to any great extent as yet. The street is as quiet as a
country lane. Even the banana man's voice is hushed. No noise
breaks the dignified stillness of Prairie avenue, save the occasional
whirr of an Illinois Central suburban train as it flies by the back
yards of the buildings on the east side. Although close to the busi-
ness center, the numerous annoyances of city life are practically left
behind by the busy men who make their homes here when they
enter its secluded and sedate precincts.
FARWELL HALL. — A celebrated assembly room, and the
Young Men's Christian Association. Farwell Hall in its time has
held many notable gatherings. It was here that P. P. Bliss, the
composer of sacred music and sweet singer, delighted vast audiences
day after day for months during the great Moody & Sankey revival
period. Yes, he's dead. Went down with his wife and a score of
others in the horrible Ashtabula railway accident. Here Moody and
Sankey have held forth frequently, and here also, Francis Murphy
has preached gospel temperance to multitudes. Others equally well-
known have been heard from the platform, among them no less a
personage than George Francis Train. It was in Farwell Hall that
the bolt occurred among Republicans which resulted in the defeat
of Grant and the nomination of Garfield in 1880. The Young
Men's Christian Association uses this hall frequently for large
gatherings, noonday prayer meetings, etc. Passing over La Salle
street we come upon the fronts of two blocks of buildings which
will probably be transformed during the next three years. This
part of Madison street is not up with the times. Restaurants,
billiard halls, saloons, second-hand book stores, news-stands, etc.,
monopolize it.
McCORMICK HARVESTING MACHINE COMPANY.— Cyrus
H. McCormick, president ; Eldridge M. Fowler, vice-president ; E.
K. Butler, general manager. Offices, corner Wabash avenue and
Congress street ; works four miles southwest, on the south branch of
I
V
V '
.
lot
Iu6 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR.
the Chicago river, at the corner of Blue Island avenue, accessible
from the business center of the city, via Blue Island avenue street-car
line.
This immense establishment is of such magnitude in itself, and
of such world-wide scope in its influences, as to make it the paragon
of the nineteenth century business enterprise.
SOUTH PARK FLAG.
NEWSPAPERS.— There are published in Chicago 24 dailies,
260 weeklies, 36 semi-monthlies, 5 bi-monthlies, and 14 quarterlies,
making a total of 531 daily and periodical newspapers. The fact was
disclosed in the last report of the postmaster general that the quan-
tity of newspapers mailed by the publishers at the Chicago post-office
equalled the amount mailed at Boston, Cincinnati, New Orleans,
IMPORTANT BUILDINGS AXD PO1XTS OF INTEREST.
107
Buffalo and Baltimore combined, or at St. Louis, Cincinnati, San
Francisco, New Orleans and Baltimore combined, and also at Phila-
delphia, New Orleans, Baltimore and Cincinnati combined, or in the
entire thirteen Southern States, with St. Louis combined, amount-
ing to 20,000,000 pounds of serial matter. The newspapers of
Chicago have contributed wonderfully to the growth, to the prosper-
GATES AJAR ( Washington Park). ^
ity and to the fame of the city. To her great dailies is Chicago par-
ticularly indebted for the intelligent and wide-spread publicity they
have given her at home and abroad.
TRIBUNE. — Location of publication office, southeast corner of
Madison and Dearborn Sts. The Chicago Tribune Company, pro-
prietors. Joseph Medill, editor-in-chief. The Chicago Tribune is a
daily newspaper, with every equipment necessary to the successful
io8
DEARBORN STREET DEPOT.
IMPORTANT BUILDINGS AND POINTS OF INTEREST. 109
conduct of a great journal. It has the advantages of age and experi-
ence, and the means to present to the public the fullest and most
reliable information of events transpiring in the world. Its building,
erected after the great fire of 1871, 011 the site of the former structure,
was planned and completed for the home of a great newspaper.
There is no facility lacking. Its presses, manufactured to order, com-
bine the very latest improvements, and have the speed necessary to
supply any demand that may arise. In every department where
mechanics are important, the Tribune is unsurpassed. In its arrange-
ments for the collection of news the Chicago Tribune acknowledges
no superior in its profession. Its correspondents, many of whom have
a national reputation for their intimate knowledge of, and prominence
in, political and social affairs, are under instruction to deliver to the
Tribune, up to the latest hour in every morning of the year, impar-
tial and full reports of every event, regardless of expense. Its finan-
cial reports are relied upon by bankers, capitalists and operators ; its
record of occurrences at home makes it a family daily ; its political
and literary features are among the ablest and most discriminating in
the country.
COLUMBIAN ASSOCIATION.— Principal object the improve-
ment of the home through the enlightenment of housekeeping as to
scientific sanitation, relative value of various foods, and the most
hygienic and economical method yet discovered of preparing them.
There has been some concern lest women should, as their horizon
widened, rush as a mighty, one-minded multitude out from their
homes and leave the hearthside deserted. The widespread and enthu-
siastic interest which has been awakened by the proposition of the
founders of this association to afford housekeepers reliable scientific
information which will enable them to conduct their households more
successfully shows that women first of all are anxious to improve
their homes and that with all their gettings they greatly desire to get
the understanding which will enable them to do so.
The association numbers about one hundred members and is
really the outgrowth of the committee on household economics of
110 PIC1URESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR.
the world's congress auxiliary, of which Mrs. John Wilkinson i:
chairman and Mrs. Thomas F. Gane vice-chairman. The member;
of the committee on household economics are elected by the genera
committee of the world's congress auxiliary and its meetings are opei
only to its members. The meetings of the Columbian Housekeepers
Association are open to any one interested in their work.
SOUTH PARK LAKE).
GERMAN SOCIETY OF CHICAGO.— The German Society of
Chicago (Deutsche Gesellschaft von Chicago, 111.) was established in
the month of May, 1854, under the name of Society for the Protec-
tion and aid of German Immigrants (Huelfs-Verein fuer Deutsche
Binwanderer), and owed its origin to the fact that both the vast
increase and the growing importance of German immigration to this
country called for some means of protection to those immigrants who
Ill
2 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR.
were ignorant of our language and the peculiar conditions of this
country, and who, on that account, might easily be taken advantage
of by the dishonest and unscrupulous in our community.
OGONTZ ASSOCIATION.— Founded by the Chicago Alumnae
of the Ogontz School in 1891, who conceived the idea, in the name of
their alma mater, of a lunch room for self-supporting women. The
following plan was adopted: each active member subscribed $10 in
annual dues, and each associate member subscribed $15, while many
added their gifts of furniture, table furnishings and books. In addi-
tion friends and well-wishers added greatly to their contributions by
placing their names upon the guarantee fund. In February, 1891, all
arrangements were finally completed. Two sunny rooms were
selected on the thirteenth floor of the new Pontiac building, which
stands in the midst of the printing district, on the corner of Dear-
born and Harrison Streets. One room was tastefully fitted for a
reading and reception room, and provided with an excellent assort-
ment of books, magazines and games ; also tables, comfortable chairs
and a piano. Over this room three or more members of the Ogontz
Association preside daily ; one to attend to the books, which may be
taken from the library if returned within two weeks, and one to act
as cashier. Others play, sing, or assist in making the lunch houi
pleasant, and become acquainted with the members of the L,uncr.
Club.
A monthly payment of ten cents entitles any wage-earning gir
or woman to full membership, and enables her to obtain a wholesome
lunch at small expense. Tea, coffee or milk is sold for two cents, home-
made sandwiches or rolls or cake for five cents. During the summei
ice cream and iced tea are served, and through the winter hot bouillor
is furnished.
The light and pleasant lunch-room, which opens from the read-
ing room, is well supplied with neat tables and chairs, muslin cur-
tains and a cupboard for china. At one end stands the lunch-counter,
behind which gleam tea and coffee urns. Here each member re-
ceives from the matron, assisted by one of the members of the Ogonti
IMPORTANT BUILDINGS AND POINTS OF INTEREST. 113
Association, her order, accompanied by a check, and is at liberty to
seat herself at any table. Many prefer to bring their own luncheon,
and desire only a cup of tea or coffee.
BAPTIST MISSIONARY TRAINING SCHOOL,.— Located at
2411 Indiana Ave. The first school established in this country de-
voted to the training of young women for missionary work is the one
located in Chicago, conducted by the Women's Baptist Home Mission
Society. The society itself is exceptional in being the first organ-
ization of the kind composed wholly of women, and was the result
of a pressing demand from all parts of the country for missionary
work, which only women could do, among women and children.
Thirteen years ago so urgently was this need set forth by Miss Joanna
P. Moore, who had been a nurse during the war, and remained in
New Orleans on her own responsibility to work among the colored
people ; also by Mrs. C. R. Blackall, who had spent some time in the
Indian Territory, and who declared that the need there was epito-
mized by an Indian woman, who said to her, "We want to live like
Christian women, but we don't know how : n and others, who saw in
different parts of the country the necessity of work among the women
and children of the foreigners, who were then, as now, pouring into
this country at the rate of seven and eight hundred thousand per
annum, that the ladies of the several Baptist churches in the city
decided to organize a society for this work. The representatives
of the different churches throughout the country, excepting those
from Boston, were in favor of making Chicago the headquarters of
the organization, not only because it had its inception here, but be-
cause of the central location. The New England women, however,
decided to organize a separate society. The society organized here
now has between thirty and forty thousand regular members, and was
last year in receipt, from all sources, of between $60,000 and $70,000.
WATER TRANSPORTATION.— A large number of steamers
ply between this city and points on all of the lakes, and on the St.
Lawrence river during the summer season. These in many instances
carry passengers.
8
IMPORTANT BUILDINGS AND POINTS OF INTEREST.
115
Although Chicago is termed an inland city, because it is nearly
a thousand miles from the ocean, it possesses vast marine interest
through its location on Lake Michigan, one of the chain of great
lakes stretching along our northern frontier. The magnitude of the
lake traffic is shown by the statistics collected by the government.
A limited means of water communication in a southern direction is
enjoyed in the Illinois and Michigan canal, extending from Chicago
FLORAL DESIGN IN SOUTH PARK.
to the Illinois river, navigable for light craft thence to the Mississippi
river. The freight transported over this route in 1889 aggregated
917,047 tons. An ambitious scheme in this direction, which has
been undertaken by the city of Chicago, contemplates the construc-
tion of a grand water-way not less than 160 feet wide and not less
than eighteen feet deep from Lake Michigan to Lockport, 111., for the
improvement of low-water navigation of the Illinois and Mississippi
116 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLDS FAIR.
rivers as well as to afford sanitary relief to Chicago. It is expecte
that the United States government will co-operate in making tl
connecting rivers navigable for large vessels, so that the lake and tl
Mississippi river traffic may interchange. Another water-way, calk
the Hennepin canal, is projected across the upper part of the State
Illinois, also to connect with the Mississippi river.
The Goodrich Line is the pioneer and leading line of the lal
steamers, comprising the most elegant, most modern, as well as tl
safest steamships which ply Lake Michigan. Founded in 1856 1
Capt. A. E. Goodrich, and ten years later incorporated under the la^
of Wisconsin. Docks foot of Michigan Avenue. The steamers
the Goodrich Transportation Company ply between Chicago and i
ports on Lake Michigan and Green Bay, forming regular lines duri]
the navigation season.
RAILROAD TRANSPORTATION. —The railroads, howevi
are the chief factor in conducting the trade and commerce of Chicag
No other city in the world is so well supplied with railroad lin<
Twenty-six independent roads run out of the city, diverging to
parts of the United States, Canada and Mexico. These railroa<
with their branches and immediate connections, have a total leng
of over half of the total mileage of the railroads of the country,
belt railroad encircling the city connects with all- lines, enabli
freight to be easily transferred from one to another without breaki
bulk. The immense traffic of this character, however, has so
outgrown the facilities afforded by the belt road referred to that t
other intercepting lines have sprung into existence, one of which <
circles the city at a distance of twenty-five to forty miles from
This line is known as the "Joliet Cut-Off." The third belt ro;
which is known as the Chicago and Calumet Terminal, traverses p
of the intermediate territory, intersects a number of important r;
roads, and will ultimately connect with all lines. To still furt"
facilitate the interchange of freight cars among the various railr<
lines, a great union transfer yard is being constructed on the \\
side of the city. These railroads and their belt-line connections h
Ml. . —*»
1 1;
118 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLDS FAIR.
established a multitude of junction points in the immediate vicinity
of Chicago, possessing transportation facilities of the most complete
character for industrial enterprises. Raw materials originating on
the route of any railroad are thus easily delivered to a factory on any
other line by a short transfer, practically taking every Chicago rail-
road to the doors of every Chicago factory. Manufacturing products
are likewise distributed without difficulty over the region traversed
by every railroad line. These facilities have stimulated the growth
of an unusually large number of manufacturing towns as suburbs of
Chicago. Among such suburbs the town of Pullman has become
famous by reason of its having been built with a special view to pro-
viding workmen with comfortable homes, pleasant surroundings, and
everything necessary for their convenience and social enjoyment.
RAILROADS. — Chicago is practically the terminal point of all
the great trunk lines of railway, North, South, East and West, in
the United States, the Dominion of Canada and the Republic of
Mexico. Nearly all the railway systems of the' continent have,
either directly or by proprietary connections, sought and obtained an
entrance to this city and a share in the immense traffic which centers
here. Over ninety thousand miles of railway center in Chicago at
the present time, and it is conceded to be the greatest railway
depot in the universe ; more passengers arrive and depart ; more mer-
chandise is received and shipped here daily than in any other city on
the globe. Illinois, of which Chicago is the metropolis, has the
greatest railway mileage of any State in the Union — 14,017 miles.
ST. CLAIR TUNNEL. — This is the greatest submarine tunnel in
the world. It extends from Port Huron, Michigan, under the St.
Clair river to Sarnia, in the Canadian Province of Ontario, and con-
nects the Grand Trunk Railway system of Canada with the Chicago
& Grand Trunk Railway and its connecting and associate lines.
The tunnel proper is a continuous iron tube, nineteen feet and ten
inches in diameter, and 6025 feet in length (or a trifle over one mile).
The approaches, in addition to the tunnel proper, are 5,603 feet in
length, making all told a little over two miles. This great inter-
IMPORTANT BUILDINGS AND POINTS OF INTEREST.
119
national undertaking was completed at a cost of $2,700,000, and
opened for freight traffic October 27th, and for passenger traffic De-
cember 7, 1891. The tunnel is lighted by incandescent electric
lamps, placed at suitable intervals. By reason of the method of con-
struction employed, and the material (iron) used therein, the tunnel
is absolutely water-tight. As illustrating the accuracy of engineering
SCENE IN LINCOLN PARK.
(o
skill, and without entering into lengthy details, suffice it to say that
the construction of the tunnel was begun and carried on from both
the American and Canadian sides of the river simultaneously, and
when the edges of the tunnel shields met midway under the river
bed, the total errors in lines were found to be too small for measure
ment. Trains of the Chicago & Grand Trunk Railway are hauled
through the tunnel by coke-burning engines especially constructed
for the purpose. They are said to be the largest engines in the
120 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLDS FAIR.
world. The entire weight of the engine and tender rests upon ten
drive-wheels. The weight of one of these monster engines in actual
service is found to be approximately one hundred tons.
ILLINOIS CENTRAL, RAILROAD.— The great and only rail
artery connecting Lake Michigan with the Gulf of Mexico ; one oi
the principal and one of the most ably managed lines in the United
States. Miles of railroad operated during the year ending June 30,
1891, 2,875; cost of operation, $11,890,366.21 ; gross earnings, $17,-
881,554.77; net earnings, without deducting rentals or taxes, $5,-
991,188.56. The history of this road is identical with that of the
State of Illinois, to the prosperity of whose people it has contributed
in a very large measure. The charter under which the corpora-
tion was organized exempts the company's property from taxa-
tion in this State, but requires a payment to the State, in lieu
thereof, of 7 per cent, of the gross receipts of the original
railroad, 705.53 miles in length, or the lines from Chicago to
Cairo (364.90 miles and from Centralia, 111., to Dubuque, Iowa, 340.63
miles). The sum so paid during the years from 1855 to 1890
amounted to $12,365.618. In this period the stockholders ol
the company received, in cash dividends, $64,782,357. The vast
amount of money which the Illinois Central Railroad Company has
turned into the State treasury very materially assisted the latter in
liquidating the indebtedness contracted during the War of the Rebel-
lion, and in meeting the regular annual expenditures of the com-
monwealth for educational, charitable, and other purposes. The
Governor of the State of Illinois is, ex officio, one of its di-
rectors.
WISCONSIN CENTRAL LINES.— Although forming the con-
necting link between the Northern Pacific railroad system and
Chicago, and although operated by the latter company as lessee, the
Wisconsin Central lines, familiarly but incorrectly regarded by the
public as the Wisconsin Central Railroad, must be referred to separ-
ately. In April, 1890, a contract lease was made by and between the
Wisconsin Central Company, the Wisconsin Central Railroad Com-
121
122 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR.
pany, and the Northern Pacific Railroad Company, whereby the lat-
ter company obtained a lease of all the lines of railroad owned and
controlled by the Wisconsin Central lines between the cities of
Chicago and St. Paul and Ashland, including the lines of railroad,
real estate and terminal facilities of the Chicago & Northern Pacific
Railroad Company in the city of Chicago, thus giving to the North-
ern Pacific Company a complete line from St. Paul to Chicago, with
ample terminal facilities in the latter city. This combination of
interests was deemed by the directors of the Northern Pacific of the
utmost importance, as giving access to the city of Chicago by a line
of its own ownership and possession, with unsurpassed terminal facil-
ities. While the terms of the lease relieve the Wisconsin Central
from operating details, it leaves the building of branches, feeders,
and all extensions of, and permanent improvements upon, the Wis-
consin Central lines, to be jointly agreed upon by the lessor and
lessee, and to be actually constructed by the Wisconsin Central com-
panies. The development of the land grant and management of the
iron properties remain in the exclusive control of the Wisconsin Cen-
tral Railroad Company. The Wisconsin Central, from its inception,
has been peculiarly 'identified with Wisconsin, its growth and pro-
gress. Almost nine-tenths of the mileage of the system is within
the borders of that State, and its principal offices are located at
Milwaukee.
GRAND CENTRAL DEPOT.— No visitor to Chicago can
escape having pointed out to him among the greatest attractions of
the city, the magnificent Grand Central Depot, located at the corner
of Fifth avenue and Harrison street. It is one of the best specimens
of the highest type of modern architecture to be found in the world.
Where this grand pile rises to-day the Bridewell or City Prison stood
years ago. The site was long given up to stone and coal yards ; it
was for years one of the most uninviting spots in the city. The erec-
tion of the Grand Central Depot has made it one of the most attrac-
tive, and gradually the old buildings, which still stand in the
vicinity, are giving place to structures which comport with the dig-
IMPORTANT BUILDINGS AND POINTS OF INTEREST.
123
nity and grandeur of the great railroad station. It is more familiarly
known as the Wisconsin Central Depot than by any other name.
THE UNION DEPOT.— The ground covered by this railway
station extends from Madison street on the north to Van Buren
street on the south, and covers about a block in width along the river
front. This depot has been frequently referred to before, and it only
remains to be said here that it is one of the handsomest in the coun-
SOUTH PARK SCENERY.
try, and that its train shed is the largest in existence. On the west
side of Canal street, and particularly in the vicinity of Madison, is a
block of buildings which has long been not only a disgrace to the
west division of the city, but to all Chicago. It is covered in part by
tumble-down frame buildings, and in part by lodging houses of the
lowest description, and the vicinity is the resort of idlers, thieves and
vagabonds generally. The lodging houses have frequently been the
scene of crimes which have shocked the commtmity, and they have
been as well a menace to the general peace of the city in times of
124 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR.
riot and disorder. In these lodging houses, also, have been cole
nized at various times men who have been hired to do disreputabl
work at the polls. To our right is the old Washington Hotel,
landmark which will shortly disappear to make room for an elegan
block of buildings. Beyond this, at the northwest corner of Cana
street, is a handsome European hotel, and further on is the Gaul
House, one of the oldest and best known hotels in the city. Fron
this point to Union street there is not much to be seen that reflect
credit on the west side, or that will interest the visitor.
PULLMAN". — Pullman to-day presents the most advanced an<
improved example of city construction which the world has seen
and it is carefully studied for its suggestive value by men of science
capitalists, economists, and students of social science throughout th<
world.
Pullman is unquestionably one of the greatest attractions Chicag<
has to offer her visitors. It is situated on the west shore of Lak<
Calumet, fourteen miles south of the Court-house. The extrem<
length of the town is about two miles in a north and south direction
and it is half a mile in average width. The surface of the street;
around the arcade is about nine feet above the lake level, permitting
good basements for building. The land rises to the north and west
and the surface at the foundry is fifteen feet above the lake level
All improvements in the way of draining, paving, sewerage, gas anc
water preceded the population, or were put in when the houses wen
built. Pullman has a population of 11,783, and 6,000 operatives an
employed in all the industries here, and their average earnings are $:
a day, or over $600 a year each. These earnings averaged $610.7;
each in the Pullman industries for the fiscal year ending July 31
1891. In no other place are all workmen so well provided for as here.
This beautiful town is the "pet" of Mr. Pullman; it is hi*
" hobby," if the complete realization of an ideal can be so termed.
As long as it was merely an idea it received scanty approval, but no\\
that it is difact there are none to be found who ever had the slightesi
doubt of the ultimate success of the undertaking.
ST. JAMES' CHURCH,
125
126 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR.
The idea was not a new one to Mr. Pullman, but it was not until
1880 that it began to take physical shape, architectural, mechanical,
commercial, industrial and sociological detail. The perfect success of
the plan is no doubt largely due to the fact, first, that Mr. Pullman
was working out his own plan, and second, it was his privilege to
work out that plan with no one to meddle and object. No doubt if
some of our larger cities had been planned on a similar basis it would
be better for those cities ; this may not be a democratic idea, but
study the history of this model village and draw your own conclu-
sions. Mr. Pullman is a man of strong character and broad views.
He welcomes knowledge from every source, but in his own affairs he
proposes to be his own master. ' ' So, having ample power, though
little sympathy or encouragement, he managed every detail, and ever
since success has crowned the work there is no man who disputes
with him the credit of devising it, or arranging its details down to
the smallest particulars."
The tract of land now "Pullman," at the beginning of 1880,
was a lonely waste of low, nearly level, grassy prairie on the west
shore of Lake Calumet, fourteen miles south of the center of Chicago.
The principal advantage it has was that it was crossed lengthwise, by
the Illinois Central and Michigan Central Railways.
It has taken just ten years to change this unpromising plain into
the most exquisite, best regulated manufacturing town in the world.
It has nearly eight miles of paved drained streets, including a grand
boulevard 100 feet wide, abutting on the lake ; twenty-five blocks of
brick dwellings along these streets, capable of housing 1,750 families ;
an arcade building 256x164 feet in size, containing all the stores of
the place, the bank and post-office. The second story is used for
offices, the library and theater ; and the th;rd floor holds lodge-rooms
for societies ; it is heated throughout by steam ; a handsome and well-
kept hotel, -that can accommodate 100 guests; school -houses, where
1,000 pupils a day can be taught ; a water-tower 195 feet high, on top
of which is a large boiler iron tank which holds half a million gal-
lons ; this is always kept filled for use in case of fire, and only for fire
IMPORTANT BUILDINGS AND POINTS OF INTEREST.
127
use. A market iioxioo feet in size, with stalls for meat, vegetables,
fish, poultry, etc. ; and in its upper story a public hall with a capacity
of 600 ; gas works connecting with every house in town ; green-houses
for furnishing the town, its parks and gardens with flowers and
shrubs. Brick-yards with a capacity for turning out 30,000,000
bricks a year ; the clay for them is dredged from the bottom of the
lake ; the bricks are all machine-made. Ice-houses, holding 24,000
IINCOLN PARK LAKE.
tons of ice ; lumber yards covering eighty acres ; about fifty different
kinds of lumber are used here, and nearly half a million dollars'
worth is always kept on hand ; this lumber is obtained from South
America, Central America, Mexico and from half the States of the
Union. Finally, the soul of the whole and the reason of its existence,
the great Pullman Car Works, the Union Foundry, the Drop Forge and
Foundry, the Street Car Works, the Terra-Cotta Works, the Standard
12*1 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLDS FAIR.
Knitting-- mills, the Columbia Screw Factory, the Allen Paper Car-
wheel Works, the Calumet Paint Manufacturing Works, the Pullman
Iron and Steel Works, and other enterprises.
It is perhaps too much to say that any one mind could grasp in
advance each of these details ; but the idea contained the plan and
potentiality of them all, and laid the broad and deep foundations on
which they could rise, have risen and are constantly growing.
Then, too, Mr. Pullman's designing mind has seized each position
and made it a stepping-stone for each further advance. It has been
his daily thought and nightly dream, and nothing has seemed to him
too good and great for his model town.
The car shops furnish cars of every description, and have a
capacity of turning out each week 3 sleepers, 12 passenger cars, 240
freight cars and several street cars, the number depending upon the
value of the cars (making about 4 cars an hour during working
hours). The other industries furnish, with the exception of glass,
blankets, car springs and plushes used in upholstery, everything
used in the construction of the best cars ; all marble work, glass
embossing, mirror-making and electro-plating are done here. The
total value of the finished product from all the manufactories at Pull-
man is about $15,000,000 a year. This comes by the labor of about
5250 operators, whose average earnings are $2 a day. Of these only
a few are children (perhaps 200 in all), and still fewer women, of
whom only 150 are employed. Some of the latter hold clerkships;
some work in the upholstering rooms, and some in the knitting-mill.
In selecting the architectural style to be followed at Pullman, it
was deemed necessary to choose one that could be adapted to the
great variety of buildings devoted to different uses. In general
terms the style employed might be designated the round arched or
Romanesque, without the Byzantine details of the great shops and
principal buildings. It may be said that the buildings suggest a
simplified modification of the Queen Ann style of architecture.
Turning now to the less obvious features, one finds still more to
admire. The sewerage and surface drainage preceded the popula-
•v / i1
/ C.
i:9
130 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR.
tion, being established at the same time when the dwellings were
building. The surface drainage carries the rainfall into Lake Calu-
met. The sewerage proper is a separate system, connecting with
every sink and cesspool, and taking the entire sewage from the
houses and shops. Each house is supplied with sanitary plumbing.
The sewage is conducted below the surface to a huge tank beneath
the water tower, whence it is pumped and piped (1,800,000 gallons
WORLD'S FAIR GLOBE.
a day) to the Pullman farm, three miles away to the southwest, tc
be used as a fertilizer. The sewage tank is thoroughly ventilated
through pipes debouching above the top of the water tower, and has,
besides, a connection with the tall chimney of the boiler house,
which outlets combined produce a down draught in all the sewei
openings. The town has no evil odors.
The water supply does not come from the water tower, as mam
IMPORTANT BUILDINGS AND POINTS OF INTEREST.
131
suppose, but from the Chicago water system. The town has fifteen
miles of water mains.
The Pullman farm consists of 140 acres, thoroughly piped and
underdrained for the reception, purification and utilization of the
Pullman village sewage. Hydrants are so placed that the distri-
bution can be conveniently done. All organic matter in the sew-
age is taken up by the soil and the growing vegetation, and the
:,~,
SOIy'S CLOCK (Lincoln Park). C,
water (which is, of course, by far the greater mass) runs off through
underdrains to the ditches, and they deliver it pure and clear as
spring water, into the Calumet river. In winter the sewage runs
upon one field or one filter-bed, and then on another, the filtering
process appearing as perfect as in summer. Thus are the waste
products largely transmuted by vital chemistry into luxurious vege-
table forms. The most profitable crops have been found to be
132 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR.
onions, cabbage, potatoes and celery. One acre takes care of th
sewage of one hundred of the population. This solution answer
one of the problems so often propounded in relation to the sewa^
of Chicago, namely : "Why not utilize it for fertilization?" At or
acre to the hundred of population, it would require twelve thousar
acres to dispose of the sewage of Chicago, twenty square mil<
from which settlers would have to be excluded. At some futu:
time, when lands naturally fertile and spontaneously productive sha
have grown more scarce and distant, this may be effective ; but now
is a manifest impossibility. Even in old Europe, where there are
least 150 sewage farms, there is scarcely one which pays expenses
handling, instead of the large profit which might be expected fro
a free gift of unlimited manure. The difficulty seems to be in tl
impossibility of rotting or properly composting the crude elemen
of the sewage. The Pullman farm pays a reasonable profit. One
the most admirable features of the town — true it is a negative one-
is that there are no saloons, no gambling houses and no almshous
and as a natural sequence I suppose, though I do not know po:
tively, no jail. They have a cemetery ; but it is not a paying invej
ment. The growth of the u City of the Dead" is very, very skr
Now, some people who have no doctor friends, who are not int(
ested in some cemetery company, or in a coffin or tombstone esta
lishment will think this a great advantage ; but to most of us coi
mon mortals (we are a race of vampires) it is a great defect.
The absence of drinking shops is due to the fact that the Coi
pany has not parted with its realty ; in fact, this policy was adopt
to prevent just such evils. Whenever and wherever public sen
ment is up to it, they can exclude any evil by popular consen
but in this case the promoters preferred to take no chances, a
"prohibition prohibits" in Pullman, however it may strugg
prevail, triumph and fail elsewhere. Do not misunderstand m
no one is prevented from drinking, only they must go elsewh(
tor it.
Just outside of the town limits there are drinking places
134 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLDS FAIR.
the scores, with plenty of customers ; so drunkenness is not un-
known ; but it is marked, exceptional and disgraceful. The oper-
ators know which of them are drinkers and which are not, and
form their likes and dislikes accordingly ; but the management
leaves it all to them, taking no cognizance of the matter. Free-
dom is held to be the only condition for a healthy, stable growth
of morals, intelligence and wealth.
FLORAL DESIGN (Lincoln Park).
At Pullman personal liberty of thought is associated with that
of action. Religion is not assailed and dwarfed by patronage —
certainly not by opposition. There are eight places of worship in
town, representing as many shades of sectarian belief. Bach is
entirely sustained by the voluntary contributions of its members.
The company built, at the outset, a beautiful green-stone church,
but it is rented to a congregation like any other edifice or tenement.
Good order in the community is always maintained, without in-
IMPORTANT BUILDINGS AND POINTS OF INTEREST.
135
terfering with the freedom of the individual, so long as his freedom
does not trespass on the liberty of another. There has never been
any attempt (by the founders) to set up any religious denomination
in the town. There was a church building constructed at the outset,
but it was rented to a society which represented the majority in the
town.
SCENE IN SOUTH PARK.
(c,
Within a stone's throw of the green-stone Presbyterian Church
is a new building put up by the Catholics. In addition to this the
Swedish Lutheran and other denominations have rooms where ser-
vices are held. There is no artificial stimulus anywhere. There are
no lectures given to the workmen. Neither politics nor religion has
any part in the administration ; that is left to the individual. Sun-
day is a day of relaxation ; many go to church ; many go to the lake-
shore and take part in the out-door games. The town gave a small
I36
IN THE ZOO.
IMPORTANT BUILDINGS AND POINTS OF INTEREST. 137
Democratic majority at the last election. The men know that they
are perfectly free from criticism on the part of the management,
whatever result is declared at the polls.
The Pullman L,oan and Savings Bank is the local financial de-
pository of the Company, and also the custodian of the voluntary
hoards of the citizens. Its savings deposits in 1891 amount to
$467,981.45, in the names of 1,828 depositors. The average sum
held by each savings depositor in 1884 was $145.43. In 1890
it had grown to $243.97, and in 1891 is $256. By purchases in the
immediate vicinity, 885 of the operatives are freeholders in their own
right. In all 2,297 live outside the town. All employed are free to-
live where they please, but Pullman town is always full.
No reserve or ' ' hospital money " or " insurance fund ' ' is exacted
by the Company, nor are any store accounts collected on the wages
pay-roll. (The Company is not interested in the shops except as
landlord of the shop-keepers. ) The only deductions from the earned
wages are rents due by those who occupy Company houses or flats.
The position of the city already built is about half a mile in
width, and is two miles from the north to the south end of the town.
The successive blocks are unlike, giving pleasing changes to the
views along any street. There are now about seven miles of paved
streets and twelve miles of sidewalks. At intervals of thirty feet
shade trees are planted along both sides of the streets, and on the
main streets flowers are grown around the trees. Open places
planted with shrubbery and flowers really constitute a long park, in
the midst of which the homes of the people stand. The monumental
buildings and vast shops in the long stretches of meadow, walks and
shrubbery emphasize the park features of Pullman.
There is one style of flats having from two to four rooms each,,
which rent for from six to nine dollars a month. Of these there are
now six buildings, each containing twelve families, one building con-
taining twenty-four families, two containing thirty-six families, and
one containing forty-eight families. There is not a room in these build-
ings which has not one or more windows, giving residents abundance of
138 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR.
fresh air and light. These flats and their surroundings are kept ii
order by the Company. Blocks 14 by 27 and 30 contain 300 flats
each apartment containing from two to five good rooms and its pro
per proportion of basement. Still another style of flats is seen wrier*
every family has a separate entrance, and is accommodated with fiv<
good rooms and a basement. These flats rent for from $14.00 t<
$16.00 a month. There is now a tendency in cities to build flats
LINCOLN PARK FLOWERS.
and the advantages in them are usually set forth as follows : Th<
tenant secures a home for a lower rent, and is brought nearer hi
place of work and business. In case of sickness and trouble he ha
help close at hand ; the common hallway is lighted and the whole
building cared for by a janitor, services which cannot be rendered ii
single houses. By accommodating many families upon a small trac
of land, men are able to reduce their living expenses to a minimum
while all have the advantage of living upon improved streets and ii
LINCOLN MONUMENT (Lincoln Park).
139
140 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR.
close proximity to parks and gardens. Of course separate sinks,
water-taps and closets, all inside the houses, are provided for every
family.
There is a variety of single houses with rents ranging all the way
from $16 to $50 a month. These houses are adapted to the needs of
men receiving from $2 a day to $5,000 a year. The average rental of
all the tenements in Pullman is only $14 a month.
"The connection of the Pullman Company with the so-called
labor riots was short but full of interest for the moment, and sugges-
tive for the future. Pullman industries were a shining mark, and
the elements of destruction would score a brilliant victory if they
could lay them low. Therefore the attack was expected, and it
came — from the outside, of course. With a shrewdness worthy of
them, the assailants chose as the weakest point in the industrial cita-
del, the cabinet shop, which was largely filled with foreigners, not yet
imbued with the ' American Idea. '
uThe foreign idea of irresponsible conflict between labor and
capital, and of ( Internationalism ' as the only refuge of the former
from the oppression of the latter, these men had either brought over
with them or readily absorbed from the plausible talkers sent among
them. The mass of other workmen, not so much convinced by argu-
ment as moved by brotherly feeling, consented to join in the demand
for an eight-hour day and other proposed changes, and at an ap-
pointed time a committee called on Mr. Pullman to lay that demand
before him. The committee, as usual in such cases, was chosen
mainly from the men known to, and respected by their employers ;
but contained also some of the ' walking delegate ' element, men who
had entered the employment on purpose to interfere with it. Mr.
Pullman, recognizing easily the ' outsiders, ' invited a statement of
their position. They had free scope to ask what they had determined
on, and to enforce the demands by such arguments as they thought
best. When they had entirely covered the ground he expressed him-
self thus :
u That they evidently entertained the deliberate purpose of eithei
IMPORTANT BUILDINGS AND POINTS OF INTEREST. 141
controlling the works or stopping them. The latter they might do,
but to what purpose ? When work stopped wages stopped. How
would their families fare ? The Company would live, doing its work
elsewhere or not doing it at all. As to the former, the Company was
satisfied with its present management and proposed to be as free in its
actions as were its employes in theirs. ' '
This was all. Mr. Pullman was kind, but firm. After their
interview he refused to discuss the matter again. They knew his
decision ; it was unalterable. The men * ( went out, ' ' stayed two weeks
and returned to their work. Since then things have gone smoothly ;
differences there are frequently, but they are settled in free discussion
between the management and the operatives. These conferences are
carried on in a friendly — not servile — spirit, and sometimes result in
convincing the one party, sometimes the other ; oftenest in a com-
promise of conflicting interests and claims.
"The historian is not the prophet, but it may be said without
undue presumption that if — if the path in front of Pullman proves as
fair to the foot as its vista appears to the eye, then the enterprise
sounds the key-note for the full and final chorus of concord between
labor and capital. In that case its founder has, single-handed, built
the enduring monument of the passing nineteenth century ; a pyra-
mid, the broad, deep ground course whereof is human nature, while
its sunlit cap-stone is peace."
PULLMAN PALACE CAB COMPANY.— Main office, Pullman
building. President, George M. Pullman. Directors, George M.
Pullman, Marshall Field, J. W. Doane, Norman^ Williams and O. S.
A. Sprague, of Chicago; Henry C. Hulbert, of New York, and
Henry R. Read, of Boston. One of the greatest corporations in the
world.
142
DOUGLAS MONUMENT.
PART III.
PARK SYSTEM.
"r I ^HE splendid park system of Chicago, constituting (with its
X connecting boulevards), one of the most extended in the
world, took its rise in the construction of Lincoln Park, and
this in its turn was the offspring of the cemetery established in 1835,
IN THE ZOO (Lincoln Park).
north of and adjoining what is now North avenue. In all, this
burial place included sixty acres of what was once sand hill and pine
forest, but became, by the care of lot owners, a fine and well-ordered
graveyard. The city also owned sixty acres north of and adjoining
the burial place. In 1860 the council passed an ordinance forbidding
the sale of lots and the interment of dead in the last named tract,
143
144 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR.
and in 1864, another ordinance setting apart the same for a pub!
park. The latter ordinance also forbade the sale of more lots in tl
first plot, and the interment of bodies on the part not sold — tl
Potter's field. To-day in the appearance of the magnificent par
with its statues, fountains, hills, dells, lakes, streams, flower-bed
palm-house, menagerie, and miles of roads and paths, there is almo
nothing to indicate that it was once the burial place of uncountt
thousands of our fellow-citizens, many of whom, no doubt, accidental
LINCOLN PARK LILY-BEDS.
omitted in the removal, still sleep beneath its surface. Nothing, e:
cept a single tomb, that of the old Couch estate, to which, for certai
reasons, the Park Commissioners never obtained title ; this remaii
silent and grim, as if to remind the pleasure-seekers that ' in tl
midst of life we are in death. ' This park besides having the advai
tage of being the first, has also the peculiar and inestimable adva1
tage of a Lake Shore drive. The Lincoln Park Commissioners we
shrewd enough to see and profit by this opportunity at once ; almo
the first outlay they made was in preparing a drive- way along the Pai
BARTLETTE RESIDENCE.
145
146 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD S FAIR.
front This served a double purpose; it reconciled the people to th
increase in taxes, and it shut out and made forever impossible th
alternative of the Lake Shore for a railway entrance to the city.
"It is easy to perceive that a range of wind-swept sand hills i
an unpromising place for a park, but hard to conceive of the im
mensity of the task of subduing it to verdure and beauty. On th
other hand, there are some compensatory features ; the sand is eas
to move by plow and scraper, and is a self-draining material when re
duced to the desired form. On the whole, one would rather attack
for park purposes warm sand than cold, refractory soaked clay o
hardpan. A design once fixed on, with a pond here and there to b
excavated, a hill or two or three to be brought low, a mound to b
raised, a slope to be graded, a ridge to be ranged, numberless flowe
beds to be started, a hot-house, a conservatory, a green-house,
palm-house, a boat house, a tool and machinery house, a keeper'
dwelling and barn to be built — all these things and a thousand othei
being laid out for deliberate achievement, the thing goes on ste
by step, and the change, to an occasional visitor, seems almost mag
cal. 100,000 cubic yards or more of clay make a substratum to th
grass plots ; ten thousands of loads of black soil and the fertilizin
city street sweepings make the top dressing ; thousands of tree:
home grown and imported, soon stand in orderly confusion, and b(
hold ! ' The wilderness blossoms as the rose. ' '
There are 2,236 miles of streets, and some fifty miles of boul<
vards in Chicago, the latter connecting the surrounding cordon (
attractive parks. The city is proud, of the chief streets, which are 6
to 100 feet wide, with State street 125 feet wide. They are straigh
cross at right angles, are mathematically as nearly level as drainag
will permit, are generally well lighted and paved, and in the bus
ness section are bordered by solidly constructed buildings ; while tr
residential section displays very fine dwellings, and Michigan avenu<
at the lake front, is one of the handsomest foliage bordered streets <
residences in the world. The outskirts are beautified by twenl
parks, making with the miles of connecting boulevards a semi-cire
PARK SYSTEM. 147
around the city, having each end resting upon the shore of the lake.
Nature gave to the monotonously flat prairie around Chicago no
scenic charms excepting the glorious view over Lake Michigan. It
has been a most admirable thing for the city that somebody has been
able to pause in the universal and engrossing chase after the
almighty dollar long enough to design these pleasant parks. The
broad expanse of prairie was low, level, and treeless originally, but
abundant foliage has been planted, and art has made little lakes and
AMONG THE LILIES.
miniature hills ornamented by attractive flower gardens and shrub-
bery. There are nearly 2,000 acres of these parks, the system begin-
ning on the northern verge, with Lincoln Park on the lake front,
covering 250 acres, and stretching around to the South Park, and
thence down to Washington and Jackson Parks, the latter fronting for
almost two miles on the lake shore in the southern part of the city.
Large sums have been spent in their care and development, and
about $2,000,000 additional will be spent on these parks in anticipa-
tion of the fair. The Drexel Boulevard, which is the favorite drive-
148 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR.
way to the South Park, 200 feet wide, is the most handsome of the
connecting roadways, and is among the celebrated avenues of Amer-
ica. A magnificent fountain, surmounted by a bronze statue of the
late Francis M. Drexel, the founder of the noted Drexel banking
firm, adorns its entrance. This broad parkway has a fine carriage
road on either side of a central walk for pedestrians, the latter wind-
ing among picturesque gardens, and the whole boulevard being well
shaded, though the trees are still young. Washington Park, beyond
IN THE ZOO (Lincoln Park).
the South Park, contains 371 acres, Jackson Park 586 acres, and the
broad midway plaisance, connecting them, 80 acres. These three
are the grounds devoted to the World's Fair, and, combined, cover
1,037 acres) the chief buildings being located in Jackson Park.
The park system proper is under control of the commissioners,
elected by the courts. The parks under the supervision of these
commissioners are maintained by direct tax upon the respective divi-
sions of the city. Under the control of the city government are a
number of small parks, squares and "places" which are maintained
150 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR.
at the expense of the city treasury. This chain of parks and boule
vards gives one of the finest drives in the world, and there is n-
reason in the world why it should not be, for no expense wa
spared in its construction and no expense is spared in keeping it up
Besides it is as autocratic as the private park of an English noble
man ; no vehicle that would injure its surface or mar its beauty i
allowed upon it.
u Under the provisions of the park acts, any street boulevard i
placed under the control of the Park Board, as to its care, govern
ment and use, and the Board can assess adjacent property for its re
imbursements. The Board thereupon forbids the use of the roadway
for business travel, and even for funerals except so far as absolute!}
necessary to the residents on the street itself. The Board must b<
applied to for permission by any railway which desires to cross it
boulevards ; in short, the whole length of each is treated as part o
the park. This is not looked upon with favor by the residents on th(
parallel streets near by, as it not only gives the favored avenue a cer
tain glory and distinction, but also throws on the other roadway,1
more than their share of the public business, the traffic which ij
heavy, dirty, noisy, unsightly, undesirable and pavement wearing.
Still, they submit, perforce with as good a grace as may be, 'it is foi
the city's good.' "
Only a very few years ago, complaint to the effect that the great
parks of the city were too far removed from the people, and practi-
cally inaccessible to the very class whom they were intended to serve
was general. Now, however, they are becoming the nuclei arounc
which the populous districts are growing. In a few years, instead o
being on the outskirts of the city, they will be breathing places in it*
interior.
44 It is unquestionable that the park and boulevard system o:
Chicago was planned and carried out far ahead of the city's actual
needs. In truth, even at the present time, they are beyond all pro-
portion to the use made of them. Large expanses of park are lonel>
solitudes, except on some special feast day. Long stretches of boule-
PARK SYSTEM.
151
vards are as inappropriate to their respective neighborhoods as would
be a cathedral in a country village. This being so when the city has
long passed the million mark, how almost absurd must they have
seemed when they were laid out encircling, though far away from a
town of only 300,000 souls ! But, all this being true, it only proves
the projectors to have had the gift of second sight. If it had not
been done when it was it would have been impossible ever after-
SOUTH PARK LILY PONDS.
wards. In spite of the loudly-blamed greed of the property owners,
(who in general, though not invariably, got every penny they could,)
land was bought at prices far below present values. The limit of
permitted rates of assessment (between one and two cents on the hun-
dred dollars of value) gave, at first, very scanty means for improve-
ments and sinking-funds; but as surrounding lands and lots rise,
(partly by aid of the parks and boulevards themselves,) the same old
rates gave generous yearly sums to successive Boards, while the less-
/52 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR.
ening of the debt, by calling in bonds for the sinking-funds, reduced
year by year the interest charges, so that in the Columbian year the
whole system will be substantially clear of incumbrance, while the
available funds will authorize expenditures not less than magnificent.
Not only has this generation planned for the next and its successors a
princely pleasure ground, it has bought it and paid for it, and devises
it to the future free of the usual purchase money mortgage."
CONSERVATORIES. — Winter visitors will find the conserva-
tories of the different parks among the most attractive sights in the
THE CONSERVATORY.
city. These conservatories are open during all seasons, and are in
charge of a skilful corps of gardeners chosen by the several park
boards. The new greenhouse, propagating house, and palm house at
Lincoln Park will attract the attention of the visitor. Among the
curious things to be seen within its walls is a sago palm 100 years old
that came from Mexico many years ago ; a tree fern 15 feet high ; a
very large date palm, and a Carludonica palmata in bloom. Mr.
Stromback, the chief gardener, gives some interesting facts in refer-
loi PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR.
ence to the water-lilies that have proven so attractive outdoors during
the past summer. The large lily with the tub-like leaves, Victoria
Regia, is annually raised from seeds, a single pod having been known
to contain 435 seeds. It is a night bloomer, and the blossom is quite
fragrant. Some of the other water lilies are also night bloomers,
while some open in day-time. The water in the basins in which they
are grown flows from the engine house near by, after being heated to
something like 90 degrees Fahrenheit. The managers of Lincoln
Park have the honor of being the first to bring these wonderful lilies
to Chicago. The greenhouse at Lincoln Park is now one of the
largest and most beautiful in the country. The new palm house, re-
ferred to elsewhere, is completed. The propagating departments are
themselves worthy of the attention of all lovers of plants and plant
culture. Some magnificent chrysanthemums, ferns, and orchids are
seen here. More people visit Lincoln Park greenhouses than any of
the others.
Nothing could excel the delicious sense of refined taste pervading
the conservatory at Washington Park, with its bank of chrysanthe-
mums presenting a symphony in color, its aquarium half hidden be-
neath the delicately traced fern fronds that spring from the margin
and gracefully bend and reflect in the mirrored surface, and its giant
palms forming leafy frescades suggestive of tropical luxuriance and
love-making. That remarkable aquatic production, the water hya-
cinth, is cultivated here extensively, and the round balls are seen like
Limniades, or, what are more generally known, ducks, swimming
about in the basins on top of the water. Upon entering the green-
house the large stock of diminutive variegated-leaved plants intended
for next summer's lawn decorations are observed in a room by them-
selves, laid off systematically in designs, so as to make a p'retty dis-
play, thus utilizing a hitherto neglected agent for indoor ornamenta-
tion. In the cactus-room is a great assortment of that peculiar plant.
A striking novelty in the palm-room is a plant from the West Indies
bearing an edible fruit. The fruit is said to be like honey, quite
palatable and much sought by natives of the islands, but owing to the
PARK' SYSTEM.
155
frailty of its rind it cannot be successfully transported to this country.
The outside covering resembles that of the American custard apple
or pawpaw.
One of the most popular conservatories in the public parks is
that at Garfield. Here is to be found one of the largest assortments
of orchids in the city. The greenhouse contains a date palm of
SCENE IN LINCOLN PARK. C,
extraordinary dimensions — probably the largest specimen of that par-
ticular variety of palm in all Chicago. The stock of agaves or cen-
tury plants is very full, and one of these plants, the gardener asserts,
is known to be thirty-two years old.
Decidedly the handsomest and costliest conservatory at any of
the parks is the new $50,000 edifice recently erected by the West
Chicago Board of Commissioners at Douglas Park. The new build-
156 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLDS FAIR.
ing is filled with an immense quantity of rare plants. In the east
wing is a large circular basin of water, in which are grown aquatic
productions, including the Victoria Regia lily. Last summer this
plant flourished in the basin in a way it has never been known to do
before in the city, its leaves having reached the remarkable size of
7^ feet. Above the basin and ranged in a circle around the margin
LINCOLN PARK SCENERY.
are suspended in baskets a splendid collection of that unique exotic,
the pitcher plant, nearly all of them in bloom and no two alike.
A eucalyptus, growing in free ground indoors, measuring 47 feet
in height, is one of the numerous attractive sights to be witnessed in
the famous Humboldt Park conservatory. The greenhouses at Hum-
boldt are among the largest and handsomest to be found anywhere.
At the threshold are caught glimpses of banks of color and vistas of
verdure of the most entrancing character, and the air is richly per-
158 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR.
fumed by heliotrope, tuberose, and orange blossoms — a veritable para-
dise. In the palm-room, the central plateau resembles a miniature
tropical forest, and ranged around this are fern-covered and vine-clad
rockeries calculated to revive memories of dense woodlands. The
fernery, a separate room, is, without doubt, one of the most artistic
creations of the conservatory, being arranged to show to the best ad-
vantage those lovely contrasts which are a prominent peculiarity in
the foliage of this class of plants.
SOUTH PARKS.— Washington Park, Jackson Park and Mid-
way Plaisance are known collectively and familiarly as u The South
Parks." The cost to the city of the ground which they coyer was
$3,208,000. They are as yet in their infancy, but even now they
rank among the finest parks in the world.
DOUGLAS PARK. — Area, 179.79 acres; situated four miles
southwest of the Court-house ; bounded on the north by West Twelfth
street, on the south by West Nineteenth street, on the east by Cali-
fornia avenue and on the west by Albany avenue. The district in
the vicinity of this park was almost entirely destitute of residences
ten years ago. Within a decade it has been built up, however, until
those who have not visited the section for four or five years, or even
two years, would hardly recognize it as the same. The popularity of
the park, which has always been a beautiful piece of ground, has in-
creased with the growth of the neighborhood and the improvement of
the streets and drives in the vicinity. Douglas Park is beautifully
laid out, well wooded and admirably situated. It has been cared for
nicely of late years, and its lawns and flower beds bear evidence of
skillful attention. Some of the avenues through this park are not
surpassed by any in the city. The lake covers an area of seventeen
acres. There is a handsome boat-house and refectory here. Douglas
Park also has a medicinal artesian well with properties similar to
those at Garfield and Humboldt Parks. The conservatories and
propagating houses are among the largest of the system. Vast im-
provements are promised for Douglas Park within the next two years.
DREXEL BOULEVARD.— The eastern entrance to Washing-
PARK SYSTEM.
ton Park commences at Oakwood boulevard and the junction of Cot-
tage Grove avenue and Thirty-ninth street. It is a double driveway,
200 feet wide for its entire length, running south to Drexel avenue
and southwest from that point to the park. Through the centre is a
wide strip of sward, covered here and there with beautiful shrubs,
rose bushes and mounds. Upon the latter, which are interspersed
LINCOLN PARK FLOWER BEDS.
(o
with flower-beds of beautiful design appear, during the summer sea-
son, unique figures wrought from flowers and foliage, and which
attract thousands of sight-seers annually. At the intersection of
Drexel avenue is a magnificent bronze fountain, presented by the
Messrs. Drexel of Philadelphia, in memory of their father, after
whom the boulevard was named. On either side of the driveways
are to be seen some of the handsomest mansions and prettiest villas
of Chicago.
ItX) PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE 7^O THE WORLD'S FAIR.
GARFIELD PARK. — Area 185.87 acres, situated four miles di
rectly west of the Court-house ; bounded by Madison street on th(
south, L,ake street on the north, and running a mile and a half west fron
the head of Washington boulevard. This was formerly known a:
Central Park. The name was changed in memory of President Gar
field. The lake in the centre of the park covers an area of 17 acres
IN GARFIELD PARK.
The park is extremely picturesque, the drives and promenades beinj
laid out in the most enchanting manner. The boat-house is one o
the finest to be seen in the park system. There is a handsome foun
tain here, the gift of Mrs. Mancel Talcott, and an artesian well whicl
furnishes half the city with medicinal mineral water. It is 2,2cx
feet deep, and discharges at the rate of 150 gallons per minute. Th<
water is recommended for anaemia, diseases of the stomach and kid
neys, and rheumatic disorders. Garfield Park is beautiful as it is, bu
162 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLDS FAIR.
just at present it is receiving the attention of West Side citizens, wb
contemplate making many improvements.
JACKSON PARK. — Area 586 acres ; about eight miles from th
Court-house ; bounded by Lake Michigan on the east ; Stony Islan<
avenue on the west ; Fifty-sixth street on the north, and Sixty
seventh street on the south. This beautiful park has been brough
into great prominence of late by reason of its selection as the site fo
a portion of the Columbian Exposition. About one- third of the par]
has been improved up to the present year, although immense work
have been in progress for some time in preparing the unimprove<
portion for the public. These works include excavating and dredg
ing for the chain of lakes which are to have connection with Lak
Michigan ; bridge and breakwater construction ; leveling and em
banking, and landscape gardening on an extensive scale, the im
proved portion of the park at the northern end. Here there is
broad stretch of sward which has been used frequently as a parad
ground by the militia, and by large picnic parties. This is sui
rounded or hemmed in by a wooded avenue of great beauty, whic'
opens upon a sea-wall and a beautiful view of Lake Michigar
There is erected here an immense shelter, of great architecture
beauty, where thousands may, on occasion, be protected either fror
the heat of the sun or from a sudden rainfall. The trees and shrtit
bery in the improved part of the park, as well as the flowers, are ver
attractive, although the variety which one finds in some of the othe
parks is lacking. The number of trees and shrubs in the unimprove
portion is comparatively small. About Sixty -first street there is on
clump of oaks and maple, shot here and there with bunches of fier
sumac. There is another and a larger grove west and north of thi<
Beyond there, except for a few small bunches and a fringe along th
west fence, the unimproved portion is unbroken by wood.
LAKE SHORE DRIVE.— This is the grandest boulevard driv
in Chicago. Beginning at North Side Water- Works on Pine streel
its skirts the lake to the northern extremities of Lincoln Park, wher
it connects with Sheridan road, which is nearly completed for 2
PA RK S YS TEM. 163
miles along the north shore. Before reaching the park some of the
most magnificent mansions in the city are passed on the left. On the
right is a fringe of sward, dotted with flower-beds and covered with
beautiful foliage in the summer months. The lake beats against an
embankment to the right, and frequently the spray is dashed across
the flower-beds when the sea is high. Reaching the park you pass
through beautiful avenues until you strike the drive again. Here
vast improvements are being made. Some years ago the State
Legislature gave the Lincoln Park Commissioners the right to issue
bonds for $300,000 with which to defend the shore line against the
encroachments of storm-tossed Lake Michigan. With that sum as a
nucleus the commissioners designed and began work on a system of
improvements which, when completed, will have cost a sum many
times that raised from the original issue of bonds. Enough has now
been finished to give a general idea of the work as it will appear when
a continuous sea-wall will extend from Ohio street to almost the ex-
treme northern limit of the city. The work was commenced in the
Spring of 1888 at the foot of North avenue. Several hundred feet
out in the lake a line of piles was driven. Powerful dredging-ma-
chines were placed in position and slowly but surely acre after acre
was reclaimed from the lake. It is at this point that the Lake Shore
Drive joins the boulevard now in course of construction. It will be
finished this year. The breakwater proper rests on piles driven thirty-
five feet into the sand. On this foundation granite blocks are laid
and securely cemented. Back of this starts the paved beach, forty
feet in width, slanting at an angle of about twenty degrees until it
meets the granilethic promenade. This promenade is the most at-
tractive feature of the improvement and is destined to become famous.
Imagine a twenty-foot promenade, smooth as glass, three miles in
length, with Lake Michigan vainly striving to scale the paved beach
to the east of it, and a grand boulevard lined with carriages to the
west of it ; a promenade commanding on one side a magnificent view
of the lake, and on the other a prospective of Lincoln Park with all its
natural and acquired beauties. There is nothing rigid in the lines of
164 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR.
the promenade or boulevard. Without detracting from the attractive-
ness of the sweeping crescent described by the sea-wall at Jackson
Park, it must be said that the sinnous curves marking the contour of
the Lincoln Park beach, promenade, boulevard and canal, are more
artistic and pleasing. The old shore-line has been followed as nearly
as possible. It is hard to improve on nature. With the shifting
sands as the only obstacle to cheer their course, the waves have
drawn along the beach curves such as would delight a follower of
Hogarth. When they planned the outlines of the drive- way the com-
missioners wisely decided to follow nature. They have made no
mistake. The objective point is Diversey avenue, the northern limit
of the park. Here the regatta course will end, but the sea-wall and
boulevard will be continued by the people of Lake View, who propose
to make the Sheridan Road and the Lake Shore Drive continuous.
The sea-wall will be extended to Byron avenue, opposite Graceland
Cemetery. It is thought that the paik commissioners will be able to
complete their part of the work by the commencement of next winter.
They will then have added 100 acres to the area of the park, and have
given to Chicago a boulevard and regatta course unequaled in the
world. Between the new boulevard and the park there will be three
connecting points. There will be land connection at the north and
south ends of the park and a bridge at a point opposite Webster avenue.
The canal will connect with the lake at two points, one opposite
Wisconsin street and the other at Fulton avenue. The boulevard will
cross these connections on steel swinging bridges of a special construc-
tion. It will be several years before the dreams of the designer will be
fully realized. Rows of shade trees will be planted to the east of the
boulevard, and between the trees and the edge of the regatta course the
sloping lawn will be beautified in the highest style of the landscape
gardener's art. Between the west shore of the regatta course and the
present Lake Shore Drive is a tract of land now piled high with stone
and pine bark. This will be made one of the finest features of the
park. Planked thus on either side by verdure-decked banks, the cana
will wind its sinuous course towards what was Fisher's garden. A
ABSTRACT BUILDING,
166 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLDS FAIR.
no point will this placid stretch of water be less than 150 feet in
width, while the average is nearer 200. At the ends it is widened to
350 feet, so as to permit boats to make a sweeping turn. Hardly less
important is the improvement contemplated by the Lincoln Park
Commissioners and the property owners who own the land fronting
the lake between Elm and Oak streets. The sea-wall ends at Elm
street on the south. With it the Lake Shore Drive practically comes
to an end. The problem which has ever confronted the boards of
park commissioners is to connect the North and South Side boulevard
systems. In a recent message to the city council, Mayor Cregier
suggested that Michigan boulevard be connected with a viaduct ex-
tending over the Illinois Central tracks and crossing the river at some
point between Rush street and the lake. An expensive plan ; there
seems to be no other available. It is proposed to swing the boulevard
out into the lake, starting at Elm street. It will curve out 1,000 feet
from the present line and strike the existing beach at the foot of Ohio
street. The Lake Shore Drive has for years been the fashionable
rendezvous of the North Side. Thousands of carriages line the beau-
tiful embankment on summer afternoons.
LINCOLN PARK. — Area, 250 acres, two and a half miles in
width by one and a half miles in length ; bounded by Lake Michigan
on the east ; Clark street on the west ; North avenue on the north,
and Diversey street on the south. The southern portion was formerly
a cemetery tomb of the Couch family remains ; all others were long
since removed. First board of commissioners appointed in 1869, since
which time it has been under State supervision. There is embraced
within this small piece of territory perhaps more attractions than can
be found in any park of the country. Where nature left off art began,
and the two have contributed toward making Lincoln Park the most
charming in the city. The visitor will be delighted with the undu-
lating character of the ground, the gracefully winding and curving
avenues, which stretch out in every direction ; the beautiful lakes,
the handsome bridges, the splendid foliage, the magnificent statuary,
the gorgeous banks, beds and avenues of choicest flowers, the rare and
PARK SYSTEM.
167
wonderful shrubbery, the pretty little dells, knolls and nooks, that
lie half concealed beneath the noble trees, and last, though not least,
with the zoological collection, which has contributed in no small de-
gree toward making Lincoln Park famous. Here we find the Grant
monument, facing Lake Michigan on the Lake Shore drive. This
magnificent work of art was presented by the citizens of Chicago,
and cost #100,000. Here, also, is the Lincoln statue, by St. Gaudieur,
facing the main entrance, a splendid likeness of the great president,
IN LINCOLN PARK.
So
and pronounced one of the finest pieces of sculpture in the world.
This statue cost $50,000, and was presented, together with a drinking
fountain, by the late Eli Bates. Here, also, are the "Indian Group''
in bronze, presented by the late Martin Ryerson ; the La Salle monu-
ment, presented by Lambert Tree, and the Schiller monument, pre-
sented by German residents of Chicago. An entire day may be spent
pleasantly by the visitor in Lincoln Park. The great conservatories,
168 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLDS FAIR.
flower-beds and zoological collection, can hardly be seen in less time.
There is a comfortable refectory in the boat-house on the main lake.
LINCOLN PARK PALM-HOUSE.— The plan of the palm-house
just erected at Lincoln Park, drawn by Architect Silsbee, shows a
beautiful structure of steel and glass, light, airy and picturesque,
sixty feet high, resting upon a bowlder foundation of split granite.
The main building is 168x70 feet, with a rear extension of seventy
feet, making the entire length of the structure 238 feet. In front of
the main building there is to be a lobby 25x60 feet, which is ap-
proached by a vestibule twenty feet square. The interior of the
main building shows an unbroken stretch, save a few light support-
ing iron columns for the glass roof. The conservatory is in the rear
of the palm-house. It is thirty feet wide. At the extreme north end
is a room 30x60 feet, which will be exclusively devoted to the cul-
ture of orchids. This room will be further beautified by a sort of
observatory tower built of pressed brick and terra-cotta trimmings.
The building will be erected on two terraces northeast of the present
canal vista and the animal's summer quarters. The terraces occupy
the space due north of the present green-houses. The latter struc-
ture will be removed as soon as the new palm-house is completed.
The main approach to the palm-house will be from the floral gardens.
The new house will cost $60,000.
MICHIGAN AVENUE BOULEVARD.— Michigan avenne,
from Jackson street on the north to Thirty-fifth street on the south,
a distance of three and a quarter miles. It is 100 feet wide from curb
to curb, and skirts the Lake Front Park, the site for a portion of the
Columbian Exposition. Formerly the ultra fashionable residence
street of the city. Now undergoing a transformation.
OAKWOOD BOULEVARD.— Connects Drexel and Grand
boulevards; 100 feet wide and half a mile long. It enters Grand
boulevard at Thirty-ninth street, and touches Drexel boulevard at its
intersection with Cottage Grove avenue.
WASHINGTON BOULEVARD.— The continuation of West
Washington street, west from Halsted street to Garfield Park, and
170 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLDS PAIR.
the driveway from the center of the city to the parks and boulevards
of the West Park System. Passes through Union Park, a beautiful
square. This boulevard is lined for the entire distance of nearly
three miles with handsome residences. Large shade trees and a con-
tinuous strip of green sward fringe either side of the avenue. On
Washington boulevard are many fine churches. The Chicago Theo-
•
SCENE IN LINCOLN PARK.
logical Seminary is passed at Union Park and Warren avenues, the
Episcopalian Seminary on the north side, west of California avenue.
WASHINGTON PARK. — Area, 371 acres ; situated about one
and a quarter miles west of Lake Michigan and about six and a half
miles southeast of the Court-house ; bounded on the east by Kanka-
kee avenue, on the west by Cottage Grove avenue, on the North by
Fifty-first street and on the south by Sixtieth street. The finest of
Chicago's parks, more by reason of its magnificent entrances, Drexel
PARK SYSTEM. 171
and Grand boulevards, than by any great natural or artificial attrac-
tion of its own, although its flower beds are the most beautiful of
any. It lacks many of the advantages which are enjoyed by Lincoln
and Jackson Parks, the contiguity of the lake being of itself one of
the greatest charms of the two last named. It can not boast of a zoo-
logical garden that will compare with Lincoln Park, nor of the
magnificent monuments that are making the north shore park classi-
cal ground. But South Park has statelier trees, grander avenues,
more sweeping perspectives, more charming drives than any other
park in the city. It has the famous * ' Meadow, ' ' a stretch of velvety
sward that covers 100 acres and the "Mere," with its thirteen acres
of water, picturesquely sparkling behind long lines of ancient oaks
and elms, and bathing the emerald banks of the mounds and knolls
which almost conceal it from the view of the passing visitor. It has
also its great conservatory and its splendid stables, which cover 325 x
200 feet. It has its delightful refectory, known as the * ' Retreat, ' '
where refreshments are served for man -and beast, but its flower gar-
dens are its greatest boast. During the months between May and
November, the best exhibition of the landscape gardening art in the
world are seen. Flowers and foliage are made to do, in the hands of
the gardener, what the brush and palette accomplish for the artist.
The designs are changed annually, and are always original, always
interesting and always lovely.
172
BOARD OF TRADE.
THE
WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION.
173
174
PART IV.
THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION.
THE idea of Holding a World's Fair at some point in the United
States, in celebration of the four hundreth anniversary of the
discovery of America by Columbus, was first seriously consid-
ered in the summer of 1889, and it quickly received popular approval.
As soon as it seemed probable that such a Fair would be held, several
cities, notably New York, Chicago, St. Louis and Washington, en-
tered into a spirited rivalry to be designated as the place of its loca-
tion, and urged their respective claims before Congress with all the
force and influence they could command. It was apparent from the
start, almost, that either New York or Chicago, would be selected.
Chicago, with characteristic energy, formed an organization — The
World's Fair Columbian Exposition, embracing the most substantial
business men, raised more than $5,000,000 by subscription, and
pledged itself to increase the amount to $10,000,000 to be expended in
behalf of the fair. Chicago's superiority in many respects as a place
for holding the Exposition was admitted, and after some discussion
she was selected.
The buildings of The World's Columbian Exposition, as pro-
vided by Act of Congress, were to be dedicated on October 2ist,
1892, the recognized anniversary of the discovery of America by
Christopher Columbus. The Exposition, which will be the greatest
universal fair the world has ever seen, will be formally opened to the
public on May i, 1893. The gates will be closed October 26, 1893.
Everything will be in readiness for each of these events. The pre-
paration for the dedicatory ceremonies have been made upon an
elaborate scale, and the great buildings of the exposition will be com-
pleted and opened for the reception of the exhibits at the time
named. From October 2ist, 1892 to May ist, 1893, the work of re-
ceiving and placing exhibits, and in making ready generally for the
opening of the display will be carried on without intermission.
The management of the Exposition includes four organizations ;
i. NATIONAL COMMISSION (authorized by Act of Congress).
175
176 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR.
2. WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION (organized under laws of
State of Illinois).
3. BOARD OF LADY MANAGERS (authorized by Act of Congress).
4. WORLD'S CONGRESS AUXILIARY.
The National Commission, which is a supervisory body is com-
posed of eight commissioners — at large, with alternates, appointed
by the President, and two commissioners and two alternates from
each State and Territory and the District of Columbia, appointed by
the President on nomination of their respective Governors. This com-
mission has held four sessions, and has now practically delegated its
authority to eight of its members who constitute a Board of Refer-
ence and Control, and who act with a similar number selected from
the World's Columbian Exposition.
The World's Columbian Exposition, as its corporate name reads, is
composed of forty-five citizens of Chicago, elected annually by the
stockholders of the organization. To this body falls the duty of
raising the necessary funds and of the active management of the
Exposition. Its committees supervise the various departments into
which the work has been divided.
The Board of Lady Managers is composed of two members, with
alternates, from each State and Territory, and nine from the city of
Chicago. It has supervision of woman's participation in the Exposi-
tion and of whatever exhibits of woman's work may be made. The
participation of women in the Exposition promises to be one of its
most interesting as well as novel features. With a commodious and
imposing building, designed by a young lady architect, and with
abundance of money, and with full recognition, indorsement and aid
by the United States Government, and the Exposition Directory, the
women have an opportunity of showing in the most signal manner,
the condition of their sex throughout the world, what are the achieve-
ments of woman in the various branches of human endeavor, and
what is her adaptability to different occupations and lines of indus-
trial and charitable work. Under the direction of the Board's Presi-
dent, Mrs. Potter Palmer, the work of organization, and of enlisting
the interest of women throughout the United States and in foreign
countries, has progressed to a most satisfactory stage.
The World's Congress Auxiliary is an authorized adjunct of the
World's Fair, and aims to supplement the exposition which that will
make of the material progress of the world by a portrayal of the
THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 177
u wonderful achievements of the new age in science, literature, edu-
cation, government, jurisprudence, morals, charity, religion and other
departments of human activity, as the most effective means of increas-
ing the fraternity, progress, prosperity and peace of mankind." This
constitutes the intellectual and moral branch of the Exposition. Its
motto is, " Not matter, but mind," and it is organized to provide for
the presentation, by papers, addresses and discussion, of the mental
and moral status and achievements of the human race. Under its
auspices, a series of congresses will be held in Chicago during the
progress of the Exposition, in which, it is already assured, will par-
ticipate a great many of the ablest living representatives in the vari-
ous fields of intellectual effort and moral endeavor. The auxiliary
embraces between fifteen and twenty main departments, such as
literature, government, education, music, science, art, engineering,
etc., in each of which are subdivisions. A program is being arranged
for congress in each of these departments and divisions, in which
specialists and advanced thinkers may participate in discussing the vital
and important questions, and presenting the best and latest achieve-
ments of the human mind in each. During the Exposition, the aux-
iliary will have the use of a magnificent permanent art palace, which
the Chicago Art Institute, aided by the Exposition Directory, erects on
the lake front. This will have two large audience rooms, each of
3, 500 capacity, and from twenty to thirty smaller rooms, of capacity
ranging from 300 to 750. The great Auditorium will also be utilized
for the larger congresses, and numerous other halls are available
when required. Each congress will be supervised by a committee of
persons actively interested in its particular field, acceptance of such
responsibility having already been given. The prospects are that
fully 100 congresses altogether will be held. It is the intention to
publish their proceedings in enduring form.
I. The grounds of fraternal union in the language, literature,
domestic life, religion, science, art, and civil institutions of different
peoples.
II. The economic, industrial and financial problems of the age.
III. Educational systems, their advantages and their defects ;
and the means by which they may be adapted to the recent enormous
increase in all departments of knowledge.
IV. The practicability of a common language, for use in the
commercial relations of the civilized world.
12
PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR.
V. International copyright and the laws of intellectual propert
and commerce.
VI. Immigration and naturalization laws, and the proper inter
national privileges of alien governments, and their subjects, o
citizens.
VII. The most efficient and advisable means of preventing o
decreasing pauperism, insanity and crime ; and of increasing produc
tive ability, prosperity and virtue throughout the world.
VIII. International law as a bond of union and a means c
mutual protection ; and how it may best be enlarged, perfected an
authoritatively expressed.
IX. The establishment of the principles of judicial justice, 2
the supreme law of international relations, and the general substitv
tion of arbitration for war in the settlement of international centre
versies.
The Director General is the chief executive officer of the E?
position, and the work is divided into the following great department;
A. Agriculture, Food and Food Products. Farming Machiner
and Appliances.
B. Viticulture, Horticulture, and Floriculture.
C. Live-stock, Domestic and Wild Animals.
D. Fish, Fisheries, Fish Products and Apparatus of Fishing.
E. Mines, Mining and Metallurgy.
F. Machinery.
G. Transportation Exhibit : Railways, Vessels, Vehicles.
H. Manufactures.
J. Electricity and Electrical Appliances.
K. Fine Arts : -Pictorial, Plastic and Decorative.
L. Liberal Arts, Education, Engineering, Public Works, Arch
tecture, Music and the Drama.
M. Ethnology, Archaeology, Progress of Labor and Inventioi
and Collective Exhibits.
N. Forestry and Forest Products.
O. Publicity and Promotion.
P. Foreign Affairs.
It is hard to realize the magnitude and magnificence of this di
play because there has never been anything of the kind that can 1
compared to it.
Looking over the list of great international fairs, we see at one
180 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR.
that the Paris Exposition of 1889 was the largest in every way ever
held ; and while (even this being the case) no comparison can be
made, yet the figures of the one and the plans of the other will be of
interest.
The figures showing receipts and expenditures of the Paris Ex-
position are briefly: Receipts, $9,900,000; expenses, $8,300,000;
profit, $1,600,000.
The Champ de Mars was selected as the site of the fair. The
total space occupied was 173 acres. The Machinery Palace, the
largest structure on the ground, measured 1,378 feet in length, 406
feet in width and 166 feet in height. This building alone cost $i,-
500,000 and covered eleven acres. The Palace of Arts cost $1,350,-
ooo, the Palace of the French Section $1,150,000, and the improve-
ments in the parks and gardens, $16,500,000. Besides the buildings
and ornaments devised and provided by the Exposition management,
nearly all nations contributed to the architecture. The Indiai:
dwellings, street in Algiers, houses of New Caledonia, Tunisian Min-
aret, Turkish village, English dairies, Dutch bakeries, etc., whicl
were scattered over the park were very attractive. It is hardl)
necessary to mention the Eiffel Tower, of which so much has beer
written. The structure is 984 feet high, and has occupied a mon
prominent place than any other attraction in Paris for the past three
years. The number of exhibitors was 55,000, the largest numbe:
that has ever contributed to the success of an art and industrial ex
position before. The United States was represented by no less that
1,750, and received 941 awards. It was estimated that American:
alone emptied 350,000,000 francs into the lap of Paris during tht
Exposition. The gold revenue in the Bank of France rose enor
mously. Police estimates gave the total number of strangers ii
Paris during the Exposition at 1,500,000.
The various railroads reported an increase over the six month:
of the preceding year of 1,878,747 in the number of passengers car
ried, and in receipts an increase of 66,000,000 francs. The City o
Paris Omnibus Company reported an increase of 14,000,000 francs
The Cab Company transported 29,097,111 persons from Jan. i t<
Nov. i, 1889, the same period in the previous year only 12,000,000
with an increase in revenue of 1,558,000 francs. All other lines o
business in Paris are known to have increased in revenue at a corres
ponding rate. Among the interesting things discovered was tha
THE WORLD'S CO 1 A' Mil LIN EXPOSITION. 181
the consumption of meat increased 3,278,871 pounds and of wine
3, 162,227 gallons. The total excess of the receipts of the theatres
over the corresponding six months of the previous year was 10,867,-
555 francs. It was estimated that the total gain to Paris must have
exceeded 500,000,000 francs. The Exposition of 1889 gave very gen-
eral satisfaction to visitors from all countries. Paris never looked
better. The republic positively outshone the empire. There was
not so much glare and brilliancy as during the Exposition of '67;
there was less of tinsel and less of surface display, but the Parisians
were evidently more contented, a spirit of patriotic regard for the
government pervaded the masses, and strangers felt whatever appear-
ance of prosperity they witnessed was genuine.
It was found in the spring of 1892 that the practical develop-
ment of the World's Columbian Exposition had expanded away be-
yond the calculations of the public and the managers of the enter-
prise. This was the natural result of the determined effort irwde on
all sides to eclipse everything that had been attempted before in the
way of an international fair. The preparations for the greatest event
of the nineteenth century were carried out upon a scale commen-
surate with this determination. Everything was to be better, greater
and grander than. the world. had ever seen before, and as the grounds
were laid out and the mammoth buildings began to assume form, it
was seen that the management, instead of falling short in its prom-
ises and pretensions, had in every particular exceeded them. The
plan and scope determined by the National Commission involved an
expenditure upon the part of the local directory of about $10,000,000.
It was soon evident that $20,000,000 would be nearer the amount
which Chicago would be called upon to lay out on this gigantic en-
terprise, and that this latter sum would quite likely represent only
fifty per cent, of the whole amount to be spent before the gates of the
Exposition would be thrown open. The government outlay upon
the federal exhibit easily exceeds $2,000,000, and additional appropri-
ations it is thought will be necessary. The States of the Union (begin-
ning with Illinois, which appropriated $800,000, and which was fol-
lowed by Pennsylvania and New York with $300,000 each, and by a
number of less wealthy commonwealths by sums ranging from $100,-
ooo to $150,000) have added not less than $3,000,000 to the outlay.
The appropriation of foreign nations aggregates about $200,000. The
international character and importance of the World's Fair will be
182
MONADNOCK BUILDING
THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 183
understood clearly when it is learned that the first sums set aside for
their exhibits by such nations as Japan, Mexico and Brazil amounted
to $630,000, $750,000 and $300,000 respectively. . . . The Exposi-
tion grounds cover an area of 633 acres, having a frontage of two
miles on L,ake Michigan. The largest building is about one mile in
circumference, and its central aisle has a clean span of 368 feet and is
206 feet high. The Machinery Hall of the Paris Exposition, if
placed within this aisle, would have a space 6 feet wide on each side
and 1 1 feet on each end, with 50 feet clear for ventilation above its roof.
There were used in the construction of this building 6,000 tons of
iron and steel. These figures may mean much or little to the visitor,
but for the purpose of comparison it may be stated that the Eiffel
Tower required but 7,000 tons, and only 3,600 tons were used in the
Brooklyn Bridge, and 5,600 tons in the great railroad bridge at St.
Ivouis. The heroic dimensions of all the buildings have only lately
been realized as they have appeared in their finished state and perfect
outlines. The Exhibition buildings, including annexes, required a
consumption of 18,000 tons of iron and steel. The buildings pri-
marily projected, including landscape improvements, were contracted
for at a saving of about $2,500,000 from the architects' estimates, but
the growing necessities of the enterprise required the erection of
others not at first contemplated at a cost of about $1,900,000. The
total floor space of the great Exposition buildings (not including the
foreign, State or special buildings) is 6,320,000 square feet or 155
acres. For the protection of these buildings and their contents, and
to supply fountains and all the daily requirements within the grounds,
the management provided for a possible supply of 64,000,000 gallons
of water daily, which is carried through twenty miles of mains from
six inches to three feet in diameter. For supplying power for ma-
chinery, etc. , the management provided for boilers having a water
evaporating capacity equal to 25,000 horse-power and engines for gene-
rating electricity, 18,000 horse-power ; for driving line shafting and
isolated exhibits, 2, ooo horse-power ; for compressed air, 3,000 horse-
power, and for pumps 2,000 horse-power. Electrical force is supplied
as power to the amount of 3,000 horse-power. The system of sewage
projected is extensive and complete. The arrangements are made for
the treatment of 6,000,000 gallons of sewage every twenty-four hours,
the precipitated matter of which is burned and only clear water
allowed to escape.
184 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR.
The estimated cost of the completed structures, including land-
scape, statuary, fountains, terminal facilities, police and fire stations,
and all that may be necessary for the comfort and convenience of
visitors, is $15,117,500, exclusive of the cost of administration, which
is estimated at $2,770,000, up to the opening of the Exposition, May
i, 1893.
The honor of designing these great structures and of displaying
to the world our progress in architecture, as well as in construction,
was wisely distributed among the leading architects of the United
States. Three were selected from New York City, one from Boston,
one from Kansas City, and five from Chicago, making a board of ten,
by whom the general arrangement and character of the grounds and
buildings were determined, in conference with the distinguished
landscape architects, Messrs. Olmsted & Co., of Boston, and Chief of
Construction D. H. Burnham, on the Committee on Grounds and
Buildings. The Paris Exposition cost about $9,500,000. The Chi-
cago Exposition, including administration and all other expenses,
will probably be from $17,000,000 to $18,000,000. In addition to
this there will be perhaps from $3,000,000 to $4,000,000 expended
by the General Government and by the various States. A reason-
able estimate of the amount of money that will be spent for all pur-
poses may be fairly stated to be $22,000,000 to $23,000,000. The
chief buildings of the Fair are located in Jackson Park.
Many of the minor buildings, special exhibits, etc., were pro-
vided for with space in Washington Park and on Midway Plaisance.
Jackson Park is beautifully situated on the lake shore seven miles
southeast of the City Hall, and embraces 586 acres. Washington
Park is a mile or more nearer and has 37 1 acres. Midway Plaisance
has 80 acres. Thus a total of 1,037 acres is available for the Exposi-
tion. The spacious grounds of the Washington Driving Park Asso-
ciation, adjoining Washington Park on the south, may be used for
certain stock exhibits.
To supply the Exposition buildings and grounds with water
two plants were put in, one with capacity of 24,000,000 gallons a
day, and the other of 40,000,000 gallons. Thus 64,000,000 gallons
a day are available. A system for drainage, believed to be adequate
and perfect, was adopted. Plans adopted for lighting the build-
ings and grounds provided for 138,218 electric lamps, of which 6,766
are arc lamps of 2,000 candle-power each, and 131,452 incandescent,
CHAMBER OF COMMERCE.
185
186 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR.
16 candle-power each. The electric lighting cost something like
$1,500,000 and is ten times as extensive as was employed at the Paris
Exposition. The light and motive plant at the Exposition require
26,000 horse-power, of which 22,000 is required for the electric plant.
Before going into a general description of the Exposition build-
ings and grounds it' is necessary that the visitor should learn some-
thing of the details. The dimensions and cost of the magnificent
structures which rear their beautiful domes on all sides of you will be
interesting. The following condensed table will convey this infor-
mation in a compact and intelligible form :
BUILDINGS.
DIMENSIONS
IN FEET.
AREA IN
ACRES.
COST.
Manufactures and Liberal Arts
787 xi687
?O S
$i 500 ooo
Administration
262 x 26''
i 6
42 r o^O
Mines . ... ...
7CO X 7OD
c 6
°6^ ooo
Electricity
"34.^ x 600
c c
401 ooo
Transportation . . . .
•3T-3 y
2 CQ X QOO
56)
" Annex
A 2C x QOO
88]
370,000
\Voman 's ... . ...
IQQ X ^88
i 8
138 ooo
Art Galleries
•2-7O X ^OD
3 7 "I
Annexes (2)
Fisheries
120 X 20D
16^ x 76?
6'i (
I.I }
I 4. )
670,000
" Annexes (2)
i Horticulture
LVO -\ OUJ
135 diam'r
2^0 x QoS
1.4 (
.8}
57
224,000
300 ooo
Greenhouses (8)
24 x loo
c
2 c OOO
Machinery
4.Q2 X 8d6
o 6 )
' Annex
4.QO X ^ sO
62
1,200,000
' Power House
ico x 461
)
Pumping" \Vorks
77 X 84.
21
•^ c ooo
' Machine Shop
14.6 x °so
)
J3,»-AJVJ
Agriculture . .
CQD X 8OO
9^ )
Annex
^OO X ^O
-^8 (
6l8,000 i
Assembly Hall, etc
Forestrv
125 x 450
2-8 x 1^8
j-<j )
i-3
2 C
100,000
IOO OOO
Saw Mill
T^r x ^OO
Q
•j c OOO '
Dairy
*~J A JV**
IOO X ''OO
•y
e
JJ'^"^^
-20 ooo
Live Stock (3)
6 s X 2OO
'3 ,
Pavilion
280 x 440
2 8 I
? -j c OOO
Sheds
<**° f
40 1
Casino
1 20 x 250
7
Music Hall
I ''O X 2^O
7
*2IO,OOO
• i )
U. S. Government
34s X 4.1 ?
m 8
&7 O4I OOO
" Imitation Battle-ship
60 2s X 34.8
•j -j
400 ooo
Illinois State
1 60 x 4 ^o
•3
IOO OOO
" Wings . . .
1 7 f
' I
.2 )
250,000
159-4
$7,791,000
* Including connecting peristyle.
THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 187
Two of the last named buildings were erected at the expense of
the United States Government, and one at the expense of the State
of Illinois, but these must be classed among the great Exposition
structures. The Exposition buildings, not including those of the
Government and Illinois, have also a total gallery area of 45.9 acres,
thus making their total floor space 199.7 acres- The Fine Arts
building has 7,885 lineal feet, or 145,852 square feet of wall space.
All of the annexes are scarcely less imposing and architecturally
beautiful than the main buildings themselves. The live-stock sheds
v/hich cover an immense area as indicated, are constructed as inex-
pensively as possible without marring the general architectural effect.
The power houses, pumping works, etc., are exhibits in themselves.
There are several Exposition buildings in addition to those named,
but these are mentioned in another connection. Among them are a
Press building, in which every possible convenience and accommoda-
tion for the press representatives of the world is provided ; and a re-
production of the Spanish convent, La Rabida, in which a wonder-
fully complete collection of Columbus relics and allied exhibits are
gathered. The total cost of the Exposition structures alone is esti-
mated at $8,000,000. Of course, it is understood, no reference is
made here either to the numerous State or foreign buildings or to
structures for the accommodation of special exhibits. These of
themselves form a very important part of the Exposition.
The visitor will naturally be desirous of taking in the entire
Exposition at one journey, if possible, before entering upon special
views. The most delightful means by which the visitor may reach
the Exposition grounds will be by steamboat on Lake Michigan. A
ride of six miles from the embarking point on the Lake Front Park,
with the towers and gilded domes of the Fair buildings constantly in
sight, wrill take him there. t,
In the western part of the group stands the ILLINOIS BUILDING
costing $350,000. Just south of the foreign and State buildings
stands the FISH AND FISHERIES BUILDING, 700 feet in length, and
flanked at each end by a curved arcade connecting it with two octag-
onal pavilions, in which is seen the aquaria and the tackle exhibit.
The total length is 1,100 feet, and the width 200 feet. This build-
ing, designed by Henry Ives Cobb, of Chicago, is in the Spanish
style, and conspicuous because of a liberal use of color.
A little further south across an area of the lagoon is the UNITED
' //'(M'/./r.V CW, T. I/AY./. V EXTOSI 1'ION. 189
STATES GOVERNMENT BUILDING, measuring 350x420 feet, and hav-
ing a dome 120 feet in diameter and 150 feet high. It is constructed
of stone, iron and glass, classic in style, covers four acres, and cost
$400,000.
On the lake shore east of this building and in part in the inter-
vening space, the government has a gun battery, a life-saving station
c jin pi etc with apparatus, a lighthouse, war balloons, and a full-size
model of a $3,000,000 battle ship of the first class.
Steaming by the Government exhibits the visitor will com:
abreast of the largest building of the Exposition — that of MANU-
FACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS. It measures 1,700 x 800 feet, with
two interior courts. This building, which is of the French renais-
sance style, was designed by George S. Post, of New York.
Extending westward across the park, is a long avenue or court,
several hundred feet wide. To the right, at the entrance of this
grand avenue, is the great building of Manufactures and Liberal Arts,
and farther back the other attractions already referred to. To the
left is the AGRICULTURAL BUILDING, measuring 800 by 500 feet,
designed by Architect McKim, of New York.
Passing the Agricultural building, the visitor will come to the
great MACHINERY HALL, which lies to the westward of it, and which
is connected with it by a horseshoe arcade, doubling a branch of the
lagoon. It is nearly identical with it in size and cost, but differs
from it considerably in appearance, being serious, impressive and
rich in architectural line and detail, and the best work of its design-
ers, Peabody & Stearns, of Boston.
Opposite Machinery Hall, and north of it in the centre of the
"Long Walk," stands the EXPOSITION ADMINISTRATION BUILDING.
This is one of the most imposing, and, in proportion to its size, by
far the most inexpensive one of the large structures. Richard M. Hunt,
of New York, President of the American Institute of Architects, is
its designer. It is adorned with scores of statuary figures, and sur-
mounted by a gilded dome rising 250 feet, or about the height of the
Auditorium tower. In it are the offices of the National Commission
and Local Directory, and the headquarters of all the numerous offi-
cials connected with the management and administration of the Ex-
position.
To the northward of the Administration building, on either side
and facing the grand avenue, are two more immense buildings, one
190 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLDS FAIR.
for the ELECTRICAL and the other for the MINING exhibit. These
are about equal in size, covering each a little more than five acres
and a half. Both are of French renaissance. The former was de-
signed by Van Brunt & Howe, of Kansas City, the latter by S. S.
Beman, of Chicago. North of these buildings in the main lagoon,
is an island of twenty or thirty acres in area.
To the southward of the line of buildings which are arranged
along the south side of the grand avenue is a vast open expanse
which is devoted to the live stock exhibit. Here immense stock
buildings, a show ring and whatever else will contribute to the suc-
cess of the live stock feature of the Exposition are to be found.
Jackson Park resembles a right-angled triangle in shape. The
visitor has thus far, on his tour of inspection, traversed the lake
shore or hypothenuse of the triangle, and across the southern end or
base. It remains only to turn towards the north and note the struc-
tures ranged along the perpendicular. The first one arrived at is the
TRANSPORTATION BUILDING. This is Romanesque in style and one
of the largest of all, measuring 960 by 256 feet, exclusive of a great
annex in the rear, which covers nine acres. North of this is the
HORTICULTURAL BUILDING, another immense structure, 1,000 by
250 feet, with three domes, one at each end and a large one at
the center.
Still farther north and directly opposite the park entrance of
Midway Plaisance stands the WOMAN'S BUILDING, which is one of
the chief objects of interest on the grounds. The exterior design was
furnished by a woman architect, Miss S. G. Hayden, of Boston.
Here the lady managers have their headquarters, and here is col-
lected a wonderful exhibit illustrating the progress and attainments
of women in the various branches of industry.
Passing the Woman's Building the visitor can turn toward the
northeast and inspect the Foreign and State buildings in the northern
portion of the park.
BIRD'S EYE VIEW.— The power of the pen is proverbial, but
how inadequate and feeble an instrument it is to describe the
picture presented by a bird's eye view of the Exposition Grounds
and Buildings. Such beauty, such grace, such coloring ! Does
there exist to-day, has there ever existed, either on the canvas
of the painter or in the brain of the poet, an ideal paradise that will
compare with this reality? Spread out beneath him lie more than six
THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 191
hundred acres, upon which has been expended all the wealth of
experience in art and science. The very essence of all that is elegant
and unique in landscape gardening, grouped here and there are scores
of graceful and imposing edifices, making a magnificent array of struc-
tures, which embody the best conceptions of America's greatest
architects. Bordering this scene, and adding not a little to it, is Lake
Michigan, one of the grandest of inland lakes. There is nothing to
add, nothing to wipe out. Could a picture be more perfect ?
To the north one sees a village of palaces ; these are the buildings
of Foreign Nations and some of all states of the Union. It is pictur-
esque in the extreme because here are embodied the different tastes and
characteristics of the world, national and provincial. This group is
one of the most interesting parts of the exposition. These buildings
are ranged on wide curving avenues, connected by numerous walks ;
they occupy about 100 acres of the park beautifully laid out ; each
building has ample grounds of its own, with lawns, flower-beds
and shrubbery.
In front of the park, extending eastward into the Lake 1200 feet
we see the great pier with its enclosed harbor dotted here and there
by the picturesque little pleasure boats of all epochs and nations.
The harbor bounded on the east, far out into the lake, by the long
columned facade of the Casino, in whose free space crowds of men,
women and children, in holiday attire, protected by its ceiling of gay
awnings, look east to the lake and west to the long vista between the
main edifices as far as the gilded dome of the Administration build-
ing. The first notable object of this vista is the colossal statue of
Liberty rising out of the lagoon at the point where it enters the land,
protected by moles which carry sculptured columns emblematic of
the thirteen original States of our Union. Beyond this, beyond the
first of many bridges, lies a broad basin, from which grassy terraces
and broad walks lead on the north, to the south elevation of the
enormous Main Building, and on the south to the structure dedicate 1
to agriculture.
This Main Building, devoted to manufactures and liberal arts,
stretches northwest one-third of a mile, The long, low lines of its
sloping roof, supported by rows of arches, is relieved by the central
dome over the great main entrance ; and emblematic statuary and
floating banners will add to its festive character.
The north elevation of the classic edifice devoted to agriculture,
192 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLDS FAIR.
shows a long arcade behind Corinthian columns, supporting a series of
triple arches and three low graceful domes. Liberally adorned with
sculpture and enriched with color, this building, by its simplicity,
refinement and grace, is ideally expressive of pastoral serenity and
peace. At its noble entrance a statue of Ceres offers hospitality to the
fruits of the earth.
The lofty octagonal dome of the Administration Building forms
the central point of the architectural scheme. Rising from the
columned stones of its square base 250 feet into the air it stands in the
centre of a spacious open plaza, adorned with statuary and fountains,
with flower-beds and terraces sloping at the east down to the main
lagoons. North of the plaza stand the two buildings devoted to
mines and electricity ; the latter bristling with points and pinnacles,
as if to entrap from the air the intangible element whose achievements
it will display.
South of the plaza is the machinery stall with its power-house
at the southeast corner. West of this and along the western limit of
the park is the Transportation Building. Still further north, lying
west of the north branch of the lagoon extends the long shining sur-
faces and the gracefully curving roof of the Crystal Palace of
Horticulture. Following the lagoon northward, you see the Woman's
Building, and eastward, the island devoted to the novel and interest-
ing aquaria, in which the spectator can look upward through the clear
waters and study the creatures of ocean and river.
THE ADMINISTRATION BUILDING.— The Administration
Building is the finest at the Fair, it being generally conceded that
this structure is the gem and crown of the Exposition Buildings. Its
location is at the west end of the great court in the southern part of
the site, looking eastward, across the open space and the Lagoon
outwards, the Casino and the Pier. Its great gilded dome forms one
of the most conspicuous objects of the Exposition. This edifice cost
$450,000. The architect is Richard M. Hunt of New York, Presi-
dent of the American Institute of Architects, to whose established
reputation it is a notable contribution. The building covers an area
of 250 feet square and consists of four pavilions 84 feet square, stand-
ing at each angle of its square ground plan, and connected by a great
central dome 120 feet in diameter and 260 feet high. The center of
each facade has a recess 93 feet wide, within which is a grand en-
trance to the building. The general design is in the style of the
193
194 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR.
French renaissance. The lower story, comprising the pavilions, is
Doric in order of architecture, 65 feet high, of heroic proportions,
surrounded by a lofty balustrade, and having the great tiers of the
angle of each pavilion crowned with sculpture. The second story
with its lofty and spacious colonnade is of the Ionic order, 65 feet
high, being a continuation of the central rotunda, which is 175 feet
square. Above is the octagonal base, 40 feet high, upon which rises
tiie great dome. This building out-tops all the others.
There are four entrances, one on each side of the edifice, which are
50 feet wide and 50 feet high, deeply recessed and covered by semi-
circular arched vaults, richly coffered. In the rear of these arches
are entrance doors, and above them great screens of glass, giving
light to the central rotunda. Across the face of these screens, at the
level of the office floor, are galleries communicating with the different
pavilions.
The interior effects of this great building will be fine, and its in-
ternal features will even exceed in beauty and splendor those of the
exterior. A hall or logia 30 feet square is between every two entrances,
connecting, the intervening pavilion with the rotunda, and giving
access to offices, being provided with broad circular stairways and
swift running elevators. Within the rotunda is octagonal in form,
the first story being composed of eight enormous arched openings,
corresponding in size to the arches of the great entrances. Above
these arches is a frieze 207 feet in width, the panels of which are
filled with tablets, borne by figures carved in low relief and covered
with commemorative inscriptions. The second story, 50 feet in
height, rises above the balcony. The interior dome rising from the
top of the cornice of this story towers 200 feet from the floor below,
and in the center is an opening, 50 feet in diameter, transmitting a
flood of light from the exterior dome overhead. The under side of
the dome is enriched with deep panelings, richly moulded, and the
panels are filled with sculpture, in low relief and immense paintings,
representing the arts and sciences. In size this rotunda rivals, if it
does not surpass, the most celebrated domes of a similar character in
the world.
The corner pavilions are four stories in height, and are each
divided into large and small offices, for the various Departments of
Administration, and into lobbies and toilet rooms. The ground floor
contains, in one pavilion, the Fire and Police Departments, with cells
THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 195
for the detention of prisoners ; in the second pavilion are the offices
of the Ambulance Service, the Physician and Pharmacy, the Foreign
Department and the Information Bureau ; in the third pavilion, the
Post-Office and a Bank, and in the fourth the offices of Public Com-
fort and a restaurant. The second, third and fourth stories contain the
Board rooms, the Committee rooms, the rooms of the Director-Gen-
eral, the Department of Publicity and Promotion, and of the United
States Columbian Commission.
THE GOVERNMENT BUILDING.— This building is erected
by the United States Government at a cost of $400, ooo, for its
own use and exhibits. One-half of the building on the south is
devoted to the exhibits of the Post-office Department, War De-
partment, Treasury Department and the Department of Agricul-
ture, the Smithsonian Institute, the Fishery Commission and the
Interior Department. The exhibit of the Department of Justice
extends from the rotunda to the west end of the building, and
that of the State Department, from the rotunda to the east end of
the structure.
Assistant Secretary Nettleton, of the United States Treasury,
has charge of the Treasury Department Exhibit, and has arranged
for exhibits of the Mint, the Coast and Geodetic Survey, the Super-
vising Architect of the Treasury, the Bureau of Engraving and
Printing, the Bureau of Statistics, the Life-saving Board, the Light-
house Board and the Marine Hospital.
Some of the most interesting exhibits among these are by the
Mint. A complete group of the coins made by the United States,
and a collection of coins of foreign countries ; by the Supervising
Architect of the Treasury, a number of photographs all of the public
buildings of the Capital, including some of the original designs of
Capitol dome and extension by the distinguished^ architect, Thomas
U. Walter, LL. D. ; by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing, new
bills under framing, including samples of every bill of every denomi-
nation that the United States Government now authorizes as money ;
a life-saving station built and equipped with every appliance and a
regular crew who will go through all the life-saving manceuvers ; and
by the Coast Survey, of a huge map of the United States, about 400
feet square, or about the size of a square of city property, — ''accu-
rately constructed of plaster of Paris and placed horizontally on the
Exposition grounds with a covering over it, with galleries and path-
THE WORL&S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 197
ways on the inside to allow visitors to walk over the whole United
States without touching it, and built on a scale showing the exact
height of the mountains, the depth of the rivers and the curvature of
the earth."
The War Department will exhibit lay-figures of offic- vs and men
of the United States Army, of all grades, mounted, on foot, fully
equipped in the uniform of their rank and service ; besides will show
the uniforms worn during the Revolutionary War and the War of
1812, and thirty-one figures showing the uniform of the Mexican
War. There will be also shown the use of the telephone on battle-
fields ; the heliograph which annihilates distance ; and all means of
army signalling with the batteries, lines, cables, bombs, torches, and
every other contrivance now in use in the army. By the arrange-
ment of Col. Whipple, of the Ordnance Department, huge guns and
explosives will be exhibited, and at special times daily there will be
regular battery drills and loading and firing of pieces ; many of the
guns used being the finest of their kind in the world. For the use
of the Medical Bureau a hospital tent will be provided, operated by a
corps of hospital nurses and doctors.
THE GOVERNMENT BUILDING is classical in style, bears a strong
resemblance to the National Museum and other Government build-
ings at Washington, was designed by Architect Windrim, is con-
structed of iron and glass, and covers an area of 350 by 420 feet. Its
most prominent feature is a central octagonal dome, 120 feet in diam-
eter and 150 feet high. The building fronts west and is approached
on the north by a bridge over the lagoon. Its location is near the
lake shore, south of the main lagoon and of the area reserved for
the foreign nations and the several States, and east of the WOMAN'S
BUILDING and of Midway Plaisance.
The allotment of space to the several departments' exhibits of the
Government are as follows : War Department, 23,000 square feet ;
Treasury, 10,500 square feet ; Agricultural, 23,250 square feet ; Inte-
rior, 24,000 square feet; Post-office, 9,000 square feet; Fishery,
20,000 square feet, and the Smithsonian Institute, balance of space.
The treasures of the latter are so numerous that it will be a task for
its officers to select articles for exhibition for the world's great fair.
THE X AVAL, EXHIBIT.— For the NAVAL EXHIBIT a protect-
ing pier and breakwater have been extended into the lake, above the
landing pier, behind which the United States will make a naval ex-
198 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR.
hibit. A model of a coast defense battle-ship is being constructed
upon a stone and concrete foundation for this part of the show, so as
to observe the treaty with England which forbids a naval force or
vessel of either England or the United States to be on the great
lakes. This causes much comment and has given rise to the inven-
tion of the following bon mot about it, that, "the United States is
not content with a war vessel in the abstract, but must have it in the
concrete. ' ' A naval training ship is also to be brought here with a
full complement of boys. It is also stated that the model of the Vic-
tory from the Chelsea Exhibition is to come to Chicago. A fac-
simile has been built in Spain of the little caravel Santa Maria, in
which Columbus sailed on the fateful voyage that discovered Amer-
ica. She will first appear at the naval review in New York Harbor,
in October, 1892, and be afterwards taken up the lakes to Chicago.
The final resting place of this little vessel will be Washington. In
coming to this country, after leaving the port of Palos from which
Columbus sailed, with imposing ceremonies, the vessel will sail over
the route taken by the discoverer of America upon his voyage in the
original Santa Maria four centuries ago.
Unique among the other exhibits is that made by the United
States Navy Department. It is in a structure which, to all outward
appearance, is a faithful, full-sized model of one of the new coast-line
battle-ships, the designs being planned by the United States Bureau
of Construction and Repairs of the Navy Department, and now in
course of construction at a cost of nearly $3,000,000 each by Cramp &
Son, Philadelphia, and the Union Iron Works, San Francisco. This
imitation battle-ship of 1893 is erected on piling on the lake front in
the northeast portion of Jackson Park. It is surrounded by water
and has the appearance of being moored to a wharf. The structure
has all the fittings that belong to the actual ship, such as guns, tur-
rets, torpedo tubes, torpedo nets and booms, with boats, anchors,
chain cables, davits, awnings, deck fittings, etc., etc., together with
all appliances for working the same. Officers, seamen, mechanics
and marines are detailed by the Navy Department during the Exhi-
bition, and the discipline and mode of life on our naval vessels are
completely shown. The detail of men is not, however, as great as
the complement of the actual ship. The crew give certain drills,
especially boat, torpedo and gun drills, as in a vessel of war.
The dimensions of the structure are those of the actual battle-ship,
199
200 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR.
to wit : length, 348 feet, and width, midships, 69 feet 3 inches ; from
water-line to the top of the main deck, 12 feet. Centrally placed on
this deck is a superstructure 8 feet high, with a hammock berthing
on the same 7 feet high, and above these are the bridge, chart-house
and the boats. At the forward end of the superstructure there is a
cone-shaped tower, called the ' ' military mast, ' ' near the top of which
are placed two circular "tops" as receptacles for sharpshooters.
Rapid-firing guns are mounted in each of these tops. The height
from the water-line to the summit of this military mast is 75 feet, and
above is placed a flagstaff for signaling.
The battery mounted comprises four 1 3-inch breech-loading
rifle-cannon ; eight 8-inch breech-loading rifle-cannon ; four 6-inch
breech-loading rifle-cannon ; twenty 6-pounder rapid-firing guns ; six
i -pounder rapid-firing guns ; two Gatling-guns and six torpedo tubes
or torpedo guns. All of these are placed and mounted respec-
tively as in the genuine battle-ship. The superstructure contains
the cabins, staterooms, lavatories, lactrines, mess-rooms, galley and
fittings, mess-table for crew, lockers, berthings, and also shows the
manner in which officers and enlisted men live, according to the
rules of the United States Navy. On the deck and bridge of the
superstructure the manner in which the rapid-firing guns, search-
lights, beats, etc., are handled, is shown. The entrance to the
conning tower is from the deck of the vessel, in which are all the
appliances that the captain has at his command when taking the
ship into action and during the progress of a battle at sea.
An electric light plant is provided and arrangements made for
heating with steam. On the berth deck are the various articles
usual to the hull, machinery and ordnance ; ordnance implements,
including electrical machines, gun-carriage, motors and range-finders ;
models showing typical warships of the past and present ; samples of
the provisions, clothing, bunting, flags, and naval stores in general — in
short, all the supplies that go to make up the outfit of a man-of-war.
The costumes of the sailors of the Navy from 1775 to 1848 are
exhibited by janitors dressed in those suits of clothing. On the star-
board side of the ship is shown the torpedo protection net, stretching
the entire length of the vessel. Steam launches and cutters ride at
the booms, and all the outward appearance of a real ship of war is
imitated.
This imitation battle-ship was designed by Frank W. Grogan,
THE WORL&S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 201
architect of the U. S. Naval Exhibit, under the direction of Capt.
Meade, U. S. Navy, and Lieut. Tussiiig, U. S. N. The idea of
having a structure to represent a man-of-war, manned with all appli-
ances in position is new, and was conceived by Capt. R. W. Meade.
Nothing of the kind has ever been attempted before, and the cost of
this curious and original structure is about $100,000.
THE WOMAN'S BUILDING.— The Woman's Building is de-
scribed as a new project upon an extended scale in exhibitions, and is
a spacious structure designed to display woman's special achieve-
ments and work. A committee of ladies presided over most capably
by Mrs. Potter Palmer, the wife of one of Chicago's most prominent
citizens, has this in charge, and they propose organizing similar
committees of ladies abroad and soliciting foreign exhibits. The
design is to show the best things done by women. The building
has a central gallery for the special display of the brilliant and artis-
tic things done by women in art, authorship and handicraft. In
other rooms there will be exemplified the charitable and industrial
work carried on by women, where they labor for the benefit of hu-
manity, in hospital service, kindergartens and schools, as housewives,
and in cookery. The great achievements of famous women will have
full representation, and as exhibition within this building will be
upon special invitation based upon merit, this is expected to be a
most attractive part of the Fair. At any rate, the ladies are enthu-
siastic about its prospective success, and they only fear that their
building, which covers nearly two acres, may be found far too small
for what they will have to put into it.
"Encompassed by luxuriant shrubs and beds of fragrant flowers,
like a white silhouette against a background of old stately oaks, is
seen the Woman's Building, situated in the northwestern part of the
Park, separated by a generous distance from the HORTICULTURAL
BUILDING on the one side, and the Illinois State" Building on the
other, and facing the great lagoon with Wooded Island as a vista.
A more beautiful site could not have been selected for this daintily
designed building. ' '
There was a large number of designs for the building prepared
by women architects from all parts of the land. The President of
the Board of Lady Managers selected from them all the sketch by
Miss Sophia G. Hayden, whose sketch showed harmony of grouping
and gracefulness of details, which indicated the architectural scholar*
202
THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 203
and to whom was awarded the first prize of one thousand dollars and
also the execution of the design. The second prize was given to
Miss Lois L. Howe, of Boston, and the third to Miss Laura Hayes,
of Chicago. Miss Hayden, who is a graduate, with high honors, of
the School of Technology, in Boston, went from there to Chicago,
and personally made the plans and elevations for the building.
The lagoon, directly in front of the structure, takes the form of
a bay about 400 feet in width, from the centre of which a grand land-
ing and staircase leads to a terrace six feet above the water. Cross-
ing this terrace other staircases give access to the ground, four feet
above, on which, about 100 feet back, the building is situated.
Flower beds, in artistic designs and low shrubs, cover the first ter-
race, forming, together with the creamy white balustrades rising
from the water's edge, and also in front of the second terrace, a
charming foreground for the fine edifice. Four hundred feet is the
extreme length of the principal facade, the depth of the building
being two hundred feet. Italian renaissance is the style selected.
This large edifice consist of a center pavilion flanked at either
end with corner pavilions connected in the first story by open arcades,
forming a shady promenade the whole length of the building. The
first story is raised about ten feet from the ground line, and a wide
staircase leads to the center pavilion. This pavilion, forming the
main triple arched entrance with open colonnade in the second story,
is finished with low and beautiful proportioned pediment enriched
with a highly elaborate bas-relief. The corner pavilions being like
the rest of the building, two stories high, with a total elevation of 60
feet, have each an open colonnade added above the main cornice.
Here are located the Hanging Gardens, and also the Committee rooms
for the use of the Board of Lady Managers.
The structure is adorned with an open rotunda 70 by 65 feet
reaching to the full height of the building and covered by a richly
ornamented skylight. A lobby 40 feet wide leads into this rotunda,
which is surrounded by a two-story open arcade, as delicate and
chaste in design as the exterior, the whole having a thoroughly
Italian court-yard effect, admitting abundance of light to all rooms
facing this interior space. On each side of the main entrance and
occupying the entire space of the curtains and on the first floor, are
located on the left hand a model hospital, on the right a model kin-
dergarten, each occupying 80 by 60 feet. On the floor of the south
204 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR.
pavilion is the retrospective exhibit, the one on the north, to refor:
works and charity organization, and each of these floors is 80 by 2C
feet. The curtain opposite the main front contains the librar
bureau of information, records, etc. Ladies' parlors, commits
rooms and dressing rooms are located on the second story above tl
main entrance and curtains, and all leading to the open balcony :
front, and commanding a splendid panorama of almost the enti
ground. The great Assembly-room and Club-room is on the secor
floor of the north pavilion. The Assembly-room is provided with i
elevated stage. A model kitchen, refreshment rooms, receptic
rooms, etc. , are in the south pavilion. The building is encased wil
"staff," the same material used on the rest of the buildings, and as
stands with its mellow decorated walls bathed in the bright sunshii
the women of the country are justly proud of the result.
The Board of Lady Managers was not created without some mi
givings, nor encouraged without some fears. Established prejudic
had to be overcome, numerous barriers removed and countless o
structions swept away before the necessary recognition was secure*
The election of Mrs. Potter Palmer, of Chicago, a beautiful, an i:
tellectual, and above all, an energetic woman, has contributed fro
the outset to establish the character of the undertaking and to insu
its success. Mrs. Palmer infused life into the movement, inspire
the women of the world with her own enthusiasm, planned a sy
tematic campaign, and conducted the executive department of tl
board with a degree of judgment that marked her as a person of wo:
derful administrative ability. The woman of fashion, the leader
society, the devoted wife of one of the most prominent and wealthie
citizens of Chicago, her conduct of the great responsibility which w.
placed upon her shoulders not only surprised but amazed those wl
were actively employed in other departments of the Exposition, ar
who for that reason could understand and appreciate the magnitw
of the task which she was called upon to perform.
The women of every country on earth were invited to take pa
in this exhibit ; Mrs. Palmer communicated with the female sove
eigns and with the consorts of sovereigns in foreign countries, askir
for their assistance ; the women of every State and territory in tl
North American republic were organized into Boards ; the women <
Canada, of Mexico, and of the South American Republics we
brought into correspondence ; not a moment nor an opportunity w;
206 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR.
lost in creating an interest in the Women's department everywhere,
and the result is before us now.
Regarding application for space in the Woman's building, exhib-
its could only be entered there by invitation from the Board of Lady
Managers. The space at its disposal was comparatively small and
the Board wished to reserve it for the most select and distinguished
things. The general design of the Women's exhibit, as outlined by
Mrs. Palmer, was as follows : The Board wished to mark the first
participation of women in an important national enterprise by pre-
paring an object lesson to show their progress made in every country
of the world during the century in which educational and other privi-
leges have been granted them and to show the increased usefulness
that has resulted from the enlargement of their opportunities.
The Board decided that in the general Exposition buildings,
where the competitive exhibits were placed, it would not separate
the exhibit of women's work from that of men, for the reason that as
women are working side by side with men in all the factories of the
world it would be practically impossible, in most cases, to divide the
finished result of their combined work ; nor would women be satisfied
with prizes unless they were awarded without distinction as to sex
and as the result of fair competition with the best work shown. They
are striving for excellence, and desire recognition only for demon-
strated merit. In order, however, that the enormous amount of work
being done by women might be appreciated, a tabulated statement
was procured and shown with every exhibit, stating the proportion o:
woman's work that enters into it. The application blanks sent oui
to manufacturers contained this inquiry.
Besides the foregoing extensive exhibit women had another op-
portunity of displaying work of superior excellence in an advan
tageous way in the Woman's building, over which the Board of Lad}
Managers exercised complete control. In its central gallery i;
grouped the most brilliant achievements of women from every countn
and in every line of work. Exhibits here were admitted only b}
invitation, which was considered the equivalent of a prize. No sen
timental sympathy for women caused the admission of second-ratt
objects, for the highest standard of excellence was here strictly main
tained. Commissions of women organized in all countries as auxilia
ries to the Board of Lady Managers were asked to recommend object
of special excellence produced by women, and producers of such sue
THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 207
cessful work were invited to place specimens in the gallery of the
Woman's Building.
The platform for the guidance of commissions and organizations
throughout the world who desired to cooperate with the Board of
L,ady Managers was laid down as follows :
1. To procure, for competition in the main buildings, a representative
exhibit showing the work of women in all the varied occupations in which
they engage.
2. To procure as far as possible statistics as to the amount of woman's work
that enters into every exhibit, and interesting data connected with the same.
3. To recommend to the Board work of such supreme excellence as to be
worthy of admission to the gallery of the Woman's Building.
4. To recommend to the Board such women as have the requisite expert
knowledge to serve on various juries of award.
5. To see that the educational work being carried on by women, from the
primary to the highest branches of education, is exhibited when possible, and
when not possible that it be illustrated by means of maps, charts, photographs,
monographs, relief models, etc.
6. To see that the charitable and philanthropic work, as well as that to
promote recreation, healthfnlness, reform, etc., inaugurated by wTomen, is either
exhibited or made matter of record as above.
7. To aid in giving suitable publicity to the plans of the Board of Lady
Managers in all the leading papers, through the agency of press women when
possible.
8. To aid in the collection of a loan exhibit of old lace, embroideries,
fans, etc.
9. To secure books written by women for the woman's library, especially
such as relate to the exact sciences, philosophy, art, etc.
10. To secure from every country a chronological exhibit, showing the evo-
lution and progress of woman's industries from the earliest time to the present.
THE MACHINERY HALL,.— Machinery Hall is second only
to the ADMINISTRATION BUILDING in the magnificence of its appear-
ance. It is 850 by 500 feet. It presents the appearance of a grand
church and palace of the old world combined and on the largest scale,
and was designed, with the other buildings on the great plaza where it
stands, with a view to making a grand background for display, and in
orderj:o conform to the general richness of the court and add to the strik-
ing appearance, the two facades of the Machinery Hall in the court are
rich with colonnades and other features. The design follows classical
models throughout, the detail being followed from the renaissance of
Seville and other Spanish towns, as being appropriate to a Colum-
bian celebration. An arcade in the first story admits passage around
208
THE WORLD? S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 209
the buildings under cover, and as in all other buildings, the front is
formed of "staff'' colored to an attractive tone ; the ceilings are en-
riched with strong color. A colonnade with a cafe at either end
forms the length between MACHINERY and AGRICULTURAL HALLS,
and in the center of this colonnade is an archway leading to the
Cattle Exhibit. From this portico there extends a view nearly a mile
in length down the lagoon, and an obelisk and fountain in the
lagoon for the southern point of view.
Machinery Hall with the Machinery Annex, somewhat smaller
but of similar construction, and the Power House cost nearly one
million and a quarter dollars. Machinery Annex is on the west of
Machinery Hall, and is an annex in fact and not a detached edifice.
The Annex covers between four and five acres and increases the
length of the machinery building to nearly 1,400 feet, making it the
second largest of all the EXPOSITION BUILDINGS, the great manufac-
tures structure alone exceeding it in size.
It is spanned by three arched trusses and the interior presents the
appearance of three railroad train houses side by side, surrounded on
all sides by a gallery fifty feet wide. An elevated traveling train runs
the entire length of the long naves for moving machinery.
The location of the Hall is at the extreme south end of the Park,
midway between Lake Michigan and the west line of the Park. It
is west across the lagoon from the AGRICULTURAL BUILDING, and
just south of the ADMINISTRATION BUILDING. Peabody & Stearns,
of Boston, are the architects.
All the power for running the machinery is supplied from the
separate Power House, adjoining Machinery Hall, which will contain
the steam-boilers, the engines and the dynamos, provision being
made to supply the largest amount of electrical power ever made. A
number of steam-engines of various types will furnish 16,000 horse-
power, operating the dynamos for light and powei3, and driving the
shafting. It is only in Machinery' Hall and Annex that steam-power
will be used. All the power elsewhere will be required here con-
trasts with the 6,000 at the Paris Exposition, and the 1,456 horse-
power Corliss engine driving the machinery at the Philadelphia Cen-
tennial Exposition.
The display of machinery is large and more interesting than
any ever made before in an International Exposition. The electrical
machines are confined, of course, to the electrical department, and
14
210 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD S FAIR.
some of the mining machinery to the mines and mining department,
but nevertheless every inch of space is taken up in the machinery
building and the scene is one of the greatest animation from one end
of the great hall to the other. Everything from the smallest to the
most ponderous machines of the age is to be seen in the building and
its annexes, and everything is in motion. The visitor is struck at
once with the great diversity shown in the construction of engines,
some of which exhibit movements that he little dreamed of. The
nations of the earth are in competition here. England, Germany,
France, Holland, Belgium and other European countries have sent
the best examples of their machinery, and the Unite.d States makes
an exhibit which alongside of the best any of the other nations has
to offer is creditable. This is the land of invention, and the applica-
tion of steam to all sorts of purposes was never before so fully illus-
trated. Machinery is doing everything, and more than the hands oJ
man were employed in doing a century ago. Some of the ingenious
contrivances one would imagine almost think, so thoroughly do the>
perform the task assigned them. Here the machinery used in ever)
branch of manufacture is in operation. The arrangement is perfect,
and from the trains which move around the building above, the
visitor can take a splendid observation of the entire exhibit. The
enormous extent of space under roof in the buildings devoted t(
machinery, in round numbers nearly eighteen acres, is proof of th<
appreciation of the importance of this branch of the Exposition b)
the management.
THE MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING.-
The mammoth structure of the Great Columbian Exposition is th(
MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING. It is symmetrica
throughout in its proportions. It is the largest exposition building
ever constructed, being 1,688 feet long by 788 feet wide, and cover
ing nearly thirty-one acres. A gallery fifty feet wide extends arouiK
the entire building inside, on all four sides, by which is added mor
than eight acres to the floor space available for exhibits, and makin<
the total floor area of the building forty acres in all. In addition t<
this there are eighty-six smaller galleries, twelve feet wide, project
ing from the great gallery, from which can be seen the vast arra^
of exhibits and the throng of people on the floor below. An avenu
fifty feet wide extends throughout the length of the building, on th
main floor, called " Columbia Avenue ;" and this is crossed at righ
211
212 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR.
angles at the center by another avenue of the same width. The rooi
covering this immense edifice is of iron and glass, and arches an ares
of 385 by 1400 feet, and has its ridge one hundred and fifty feet froir
the ground. The steel trusses for the roof will contain more meta"
by 50 per cent, than the Brooklyn bridge.
This gigantic edifice, with all its elaborate ornamentation, cosi
one million five hundred thousand dollars. It occupies a most ad
vantageous position, facing the lake, with lawns and promenades
between ; and relatively to the other exposition buildings, — on th<
west is the ELECTRICAL BUILDING and the lagoon separating it fron
Wooded Island ; on the south the harbor and in-jutting lagoon ; anc
on the north the UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BUILDING. Its owi
vastness and its location make it the most conspicuous building ot
the grounds.
In exterior appearance the building is covered with ' ( staff, ' ' am
so treated as to be made to represent marble. The great fluted col
umns and immense arches are apparently of this substantial an<
beautiful material. There are many fine entrances to the building
but those at the corners and midway at the sides of the structure ar
grand, with their lofty arches and piers of elaborate design and orna
mentation.
THE MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING is in th
Corinthian style of architecture, and in point of being severely classi
excels nearly all of the other edifices. The long array of column
and arches which its facades present is relieved from monotony b
very elaborate ornamentation. In this ornamentation female figures
symbolical of the various arts and sciences, play a conspicuous an
very attractive part. Designs showing in relief the seals of the di
ferent States of the Union and of various foreign nations also appes
in the ornamentation. These, of course, are gigantic in their prc
portions. THE AGRICULTURAL BUILDING perhaps is the only on
which has a more elaborately ornamental exterior than has this c<
lossal structure.
This building is regarded as one of the marvels of the Expos
tion, for its architectural success. George B. Post, of New York,
the architect.
It is no exaggeration to say that one might spend an entire mont
in the Manufactures and Liberal Arts building, giving ten hours
day to the inspection of exhibits without seeing all that is displays
THE WORL&S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 213
here. The term ''World's Fair" may be appropriately applied to
this department alone, for here are the evidences of the progress of
mankind in every section of the habitable globe. Whatever ma-
chinery or inventions may have accomplished ; whatever the soil may
have produced or the produce of the soil nourished, the results are
here. Science, art and industry have their special departments ; steam
and electricity are represented fully ; but these may be denominated
causes ; the effects of all our knowledge in science, art and industry,
of the inventions in electrical and steam force, in navigation, in
transportation, in culture, are made manifest in the Manufactures
and Liberal Arts building. Here are the higher products of the age,
the necessaries and luxuries of the civilized world. If the visitor,
after passing through the Art, Agricultural, Machinery, Forestry,
Horticultural and all the other departments and sections, is desirous
of obtaining an insight into the results of man's achievements in all
these branches of intellectual development and refinement, he will
find it in the Manufactures and Liberal Arts building. The Liberal
Arts department alone covers an immense space, and here the educa-
tional institutes and all that enters into educational systems of the
various countries are fully represented.
THE ELECTRICAL, BUILDING.— The Electrical Building has
all the imposing appearance to qualify it to stand among the noble
structures about it devoted to older arts and sciences. There will be
represented in it a wonderful growth in a very short period of time.
This structure has an open portico running along the whole of
the south facade, the lower or Ionic order of architecture forming an
open screen in front of it. Its various pavilions are furnished with
windows and balconies. The exterior orders are richly decorated in
details, and friezes, pediments, panels and spandrils have received a
decoration of figures in relief with architectural inotifs ; the general
tendency of which is to illustrate the purposes of the building.
The architects have designed the building in its details and gen-
eral outlines so that they might be capable of producing an illumina-
tion by night on a scale hitherto unknown, the flag-staffs, the open
porticos, all being arranged with this in view. By day a fine effect is
produced by the color of the exterior which is like marble, but the
walls of the hemicycle and of the various porticoes and loggia are
highly enriched with color, the pilasters in these places being decor-
ated with scagliola and the capitals with metallic effects in bronze.
214
THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 215
This building is 351 feet wide and 769 feet long, the major axis
running north and south. It fronts south on the great quadrangle
or court, north on the lagoon, east opposite the MANUFACTURES
BUILDING, and west the MINES BUILDING.
The general plan is as follows: A longitudinal nave 115 feet wide
and 114 feet high, crossed in the middle by a transept of the same
width and height. The nave and the transept have a pitched roof
with a range of skylights at the bottom of the pitch and clerestory-
windows. A flat roof covers the rest of the building, averaging 62
feet in height and provided with skylights. The second story is
composed of a series of galleries connected across the nave by two
bridges, with access by four grand staircases. The area of the
galleries in the second story is 118,546 square feet, or 2.7 acres.
The exterior walls of this building are composed of a continuous
Corinthian order of pilasters 3 feet 6 inches wide and 42 feet high,
supporting a full entablature, and resting upon a sylobale 3 feet 6
inches. Thus it is seen that these columns extend throughout the
first and second stories. The total height of the walls from the grade
•outside is 68 feet 6 inches.
There are two great semi-circular projections to the structure,
flanked by two towers 195 feet high, and the north pavilion is placed
between these two projecting portions of the building. The great
semi-circular window is the central feature of the edifice, and above
it 102 feet from the ground, is a colonnade forming an open loggia or
gallery, commanding a view over the lagoon and all the north por-
tion of the grounds.
There are central pavilions on the east and west which are com-
posed of towers 168 feet high. In front of these two pavilions is a
great portico composed of the Corinthian order with full columns.
On the south there is a a pavilion semi-circular in form, 78 feet
in diameter and 103 feet high. The opening of this niche is framed
by a semi-circular arch, which is crowned by a gable or pediment
with smaller gables on the returns and surmounted by an attic, the
whole reaching the height of 142 feet. In the center of this niche, upon
a lofty pedestal, is very appropriately placed, a colossal statue of
FRANKLIN, "whose illustrious name intimately connects the early
history of the Republic with one of the most important discoveries in
the phenomena of electricity. * ' Van Brunt & Howe, of Kansas City,
the architects. The cost of this structure is $375,000.
216 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AXD GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR.
The Electrical Department of the Columbian Exposition wil
be a revelation to even those who attribute almost miraculou:
powers to the great force. A hundred thousand incandescent lamp;
placed harmoniously about the grounds and buildings, and 10,000 arc
lamps distributed advantageously to light up the beautiful architec
ture and pleasing landscape, would alone furnish almost a fairy spec
tacle ; but combine with these, electric fountains, pointing rainbow
sprays toward the sky, glittering lamps of many colors sparkling
under the clear waters of the lagoons and at night setting out in al
their dainty colorings the floral beauties and the most brilliant kaleid
oscope will fade in an e very-day dull contrast.
The Electrical Building itself is beautiful beyond description.
Beside general ornamentation made under the direction of the chie
of that department each exhibitor has been on his mettle to outdo hi'
neighbor in uniqueness of design and grandeur in result. The lay-
ing out of arbitrary aisles in the building resulted in leaving a circu-
lar space thirty feet in diameter in precisely the center of the building.
This space was the most desirable of course, and upon designs for it
nearly twenty firms set at work. One firm, engaged in the business
of artistic lighting, undertook to construct a great tower reaching tc
the dome of the building, 160 feet in height, the whole to be made oi
Bohemian crystal, vari-colored and in hundreds of dainty designs, all
lighted from within by opalescent and tinted incandescent globes
wrought into figures, designed to contrast pleasingly with the shim-
mering exterior.
Other exhibitors designed evanescent arches of incandescent
lamps to span the main aisles of the building, the designs being so
constructed that the figures could be changed instantaneously from a
switch board hidden from view at the exhibitor's space. The best
talent was secured by the larger electrical companies for the work oi
preparation of the department exhibit, and $2,000,000 were appropri-
ated for the purpose.
A model house has been built to demonstrate in actual operation
every economic application of electricity for use in the home.
Thomas A. Edison, the greatest of living electrical inventors, has
been deeply interested in this department. His company it is be-
lieved has jnvested half a million dollars in its display.
All of the great electrical companies, telegraph and telephone
companies, street railway and lighting and machinery companies oi
218 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR.
the United States and the world at large are represented in the Elec
trical Building. An especially good display of engines and dynamo
comes from England, and in fact the leading features of the electrics
exhibition held in London in 1892 are all here. Eugene and Pau
Champion, of Neuilly-sur-Seine, France, have a series of electrics
fireworks for the Exposition. Neither gunpowder, dynamite, no
other explosive material is used in producing the dazzling effects
Among the novelties is a model light house prepared for the World'
Fair by Sauter, Harle & Co., of Paris.
The German electrical firm of Shuckertt & Co., of Nuremberg
makes a general exhibit in the electrical department, and, at the sam
time, gave one of the Shuckertt ground glass reflectors for the set
vices of the Exposition, and asked that it be given a prominent loca
tion in a convenient point to light the lake shore and the harbor c
the Exposition. A complete system, demonstrating the Europea:
idea of long-distance transmission, is exhibited. A large multiphas
dynamo of the five- wire system is also among the European exhibits
A 1,500 horse-power direct current dynamo, a 500 horse-power altei
nating current dynamo, and a 1,000 horse-power motor are feature
of the exhibition of the Siemens & Halske Company. A new street
car motor for conduit operation, developed by Herr Hasselwander, o
Germany, the Buda-Pesth conduit railway of Siemens & Halske, an<
a number of storage battery systems of different European firms ar
likewise exhibited. The electrical display made by Siemens 6
Halske, of Germany, is probably the most extensive and costly eve
witnessed.
In this connection it might be well to say that the following i
the arrangement of electric lights : Arc lights — Machinery Hall, 600
Agricultural, 600 ; Electricity Building, 400 ; Mines and Minini
Building, 400; Transportation Building, 450; Horticultural Hall
400; Forestry Building, 150; Manufactures Building 2,000. Th
Fine Arts Building is completely lined with incandescent lamps, an<
one mile of wall space, on which pictures are hung, is lighted. Th
number of lamps is 12,000, There are no arc lights in this building
The Woman's Building is lighted by both systems. It was decidec
to place in it 180 arc lights and 2,700 incandescent lamps. The re
ception and dressing rooms are furnished with the incandescent lamps
The Administration Building is supplied with 1,000 incandescen
lamps. The Machinery and Agricultural Annexes are supplied witl
THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 219
arc lights. Each building is furnished with wires for incandescent
lighting in order to accommodate the exhibitors.
The saw mills are run by electricity. The Manufactures Build-
ing is supplied with electric power, and the saw mill employed there
is worked by that force. At the Paris Exposition but three build-
ings were furnished with electric light. Each structure at the
World's Columbian Exposition has a plant which may be used night
and day.
In all there are used, approximately, 127,000 electric lamps, of
which 7,000 are arc, of 2,000 candle power each, and 120,000 in-
candescent sixteen candle power lamps. To run the plant 22.000
horse-power is required. The World's Fair directors spent $i,-
000,000 for these electric plants. Exhibitors are not required to
pay anything for light, except in cases where they call for more
lamps than are furnished by the construction department.
It was the aim of the management to make the World's Fair
site and the buildings one grand exemplification of the progress
that has been made in electricity. . The electrical exhibits are con-
fined to a few of the buildings, but on every hand there is a dis-
play of electricity. The grounds, including the water-ways, the
wooded island, the streets and avenues, and boulevards approach-
ing the World's Fair site, are all lighted by electricity, and in
harmony with the general effect which it is desired to produce.
The great structures of the Exposition are turned into a panoramic
view at night by the aid of powerful electric search lights. On the
gilded dome of the Administration building, on the centre pavilion
of the Casino, and at other suitable points these search lights are
placed. During the evenings on which the Exposition is open, the
lights are turned on the several main buildings and water-ways so as
to flood them with a sudden burst of electric splendor. Glimpses of
the outlines of woods, water and buildings suddenly flash before the
eye. And this panoramic view may be had from different points of
observation.
THE TRANSPORTATION BUILDING.— The Transportation
Building is a long structure and is much of the Romanesque in its
style of architecture. It is exquisitely refined and simple in archi-
tectural treatment, although it is very rich and elaborate in detail.
Its interior is treated much after the manner of a Roman Basilica,
with broad nave and side aisles. The roof is in three divisions, the
22O
THE WORL&.S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION.
middle one rising much higher than the sides, with a beautiful
arcaded clerestory. The cupola, exactly in the centre of the build-
ing, rises 165 feet from the ground. The main entrance is an im-
mense single arch, enriched to an extraordinary degree with carv-
ings, bas-reliefs and mural paintings, the entire feature forming a
rich and beautiful, yet quiet color climax, treated entirely in leaf,
and called the u Golden Door." There are numerous other entrances
and with them are grouped terraces, seats, drinking fountains and
statues. This leads to the central open space, surmounted by a cu-
pola rising 165 feet, and reached by eight "lifts" which will be
themselves exhibits. These carry visitors to the galleries running
along the sides of the building. The remainder of the architectural
composition falls into harmony with the highly-wrought entrance,
and is duly quiet and modest in treatment. The main building of the
Transportation Exhibits is 960 feet front by 256 feet deep, and will ex-
tend westward to Stony Island avenue. Adjoining on the west is the
Transportation Annex, a triangle of nine acres, consisting of one-story
buildings, each 64 feet wide, set side by side. These will contain in
spaces 1 6 feet wide, long railway lines, to exhibit trains of both
freight and passenger cars and engines. This display is expected to
be stupendous, and hence the large space devoted to it. There will
be at least 100 locomotives arranged so that each will face a central
avenue, making a fine perspective effect. Everything in the way of
transportation is expected to be exhibited, ranging from a baby car-
riage to a huge "Mogul" engine. Technically this exhibit will in-
clude everything comprised in class G of the official classification.
It forms, with other buildings, the northern or picturesque quad-
rangle. It is situated between the HORTICULTURAL HALL and the
MINES BUILDING. Its arcial relation is with the MANUFACTURERS'
BUILDING on the east side of the quadrangle ; the central feature of
each of the two buildings being on the same east and west line.
The cupola of the TRANSPORTATION BUILDING, viewed from the
lagoon, will form the effective southwest accent of the quadrangle,
while from the cupola itself, reached by eight elevators, the Northern
Court, the most beautiful effect on the entire Exposition, may be
seen in all its glory. These elevators of themselves will natur-
ally form a part of the TRANSPORTATION EXHIBIT, and as they will
also carry passengers to galleries at various stages of height, a fine
view of the interior of the building may be easily obtained. The
222 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AXD GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR.
main galleries of this building will prove quite accessible to visitors
because of the abundant placing of passenger elevators.
If we add to the effect of the exhibits the architectural impres-
sion given by the long vista of richly ornamental colonnades, it may
be easily imagined that the interior of the Transportation Building
will be one of the most impressive of the Exposition. A transfer
railway with 75 foot tables will run the entire length of the structure
and immediately west of the main building, to assist in the placing
of exhibits. Adler & Sullivan, of Chicago, are the architects. The
Transportation Building cost about $300,000.
For the first time in the history of world's fairs it was decided to
give the science of transportation in its broadest meaning that atten-
tion to which its importance entitles it. Every method of transpor-
tation, except the back of the mule and the foot of man, is shown.
The development of modern transportation has been so recent and
rapid that its significance has hardly been understood. Already its
early history is in many instances fading away or utterly lost.
Judged by their relations to the every day life of the world, no other
industry surpasses it in utility or equals it as a power in the progress
of civilization. Considered from the stand-point of the amount of
capital invested, it overshadows every other industry. Prof. Arthur
T. Hadley of Yale College says :
"The railroads of to-day are worth from $25,000,000,000 to $30,-
000,000,000. This probably represents one- tenth of the total wealth
of civilized nations, and one-quarter, if not one-third, of their in-
vested capital. It is doubtful whether the aggregate plant in all
manufacturing industries can equal it in value. The capital engaged
in banking is a trifle beside it. The world's whole stock in money
of every kind — gold, silver and paper — would purchase only a third
of its railroads."
If to the railroads be added the shipping of the world and all
means of conveyance on common roads, the magnitude of the in-
terests represented in this department of the World's Columbian Ex-
position may be fairly estimated.
It was the intent of this department that it should fully and
fairly present the origin, growth and development of the various
methods of transportation used in all ages and in all parts of the world.
As far as possible the means and appliances of the barbarous and
semi-civilized tribes are shown by specimen vehicles, trappings and
THE WORLD'S COLOMBIAN EXPOSITION. 223
craft. Past history is illustrated by relics of the earlier days. The
development of water craft, from the crudest forms to the modern
ocean steamship ; of the wheeled vehicles from the first inception of
the idea of the wheel to their present seeming perfection ; and of that
greatest of all means of transportation — the railway — is also further
illustrated by accurate models, drawings, plans, and designs, in case ;
where the actual apparatus, appliance or machine itself could not be
exhibited. It was the aim of this department to keep the historical
feature clearly in view, and even to magnify it. By so doing the
greatest exhibition of the actual means of transportation employed
throughout the world to-day stands out in high relief by contrast,
and the wonderful achievements of recent years bear more weighty
testimony to the genius of the age in which we live.
Exhibits in this department are divided into six general classes
— railways, intramural transit, carriages and other vehicles for com-
mon roads, bicycles, aerial and pneumatic machines, and marine
transportation. Of these the railways, as most important, demand
most space. A space of over eight acres is devoted to this interest.
The plan adopted provides for the best possible utilization of space.
Exhibitors have every opportunity for showing their appliances and
devices to the best advantage. As far as possible, arrangements were
made by joint agreement for showing everything in its proper place
and relations. Locomotive appliances are best shown on locomo-
tives and the appurtenances and furnishings of cars on cars.
It is believed that nearly all of the establishments engaged in
locomotive, car and bridge building are represented. A large number
of the leading railways of the world also make exhibits of their
standard roadbed, track, and equipment. Street railways — -surface,
underground, and elevated — are shown very completely in this de-
partment.
A large portion of the floor space of the Transportation building
proper is devoted to the display of carriages and vehicles for common
roads.
Bicycles, the most recent of all road vehicles, receive the atten-
tion to which their popularity and rapidly increasing use entitle them.
Transportation through the air and by means of air is yet in a
comparatively undeveloped condition. Whatever is worthy in past
achievements is sent here, and whatever there is of present success
or future promise. Whether or not this realm is ever conquered by
224
THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 225
human ingenuity, the subject will ever be a fascinating one. Mont-
golfier's early attempts in this field are exemplified, and the modern
schools for the training of aeronauts have space allotted to them.
Every known method of transportation on water is shown in
this division. Small craft of all kinds are exhibited in full size ; ves-
sels, from the nature of the case, must be shown by models. For
fuller illustration, drawings, plans and paintings are shown. Much
attention is given to the merchant marine. The navigation of the
inland waters of the world, especially the great lakes and rivers, is
illustrated more fully than in any previous exposition.
THE HALL, OF MINES AND MINING. — THE MINES AND
MINING BUILDING is of classic architecture. The architect, S. S.
Beman, of Chicago, has followed mainly the early Italian renais-
sance, with which he has taken sufficient liberty to adapt it to its
place in a great general Exposition. A decided French spirit per-
vades the exterior design ; but it is kept subordinate. Its plan is
simple and straightforward, embracing on the ground floor spacious
vestibules, restaurants, toilet rooms, etc. This building is 700 feet
long by 350 feet wide, and its location is at the southern extremity
of the Western Lagoon or lake, and between the ELECTRICITY and
TRANSPORTATION BUILDINGS.
There are entrances at the sides ; but two grand entrances are
placed at the ends, north and south, each no feet high, their enor-
mous arched ways richly embellished with sculptural decorations,
emblematic of mining and its allied industries, and opening into a
vestibule 88 feet high. To the right and left of each entrance inside
start spacious flights of stairs leading to the galleries, which are 60
feet wide, 25 feet from the ground floor, and lighted on all sides by
large windows, and from above by a high clerestory extending
around the structure.
The main front south looks out on the great Central Court, and
the north front on the western and middle lakes and a beautiful
thickly wooded island. Each corner of the building is a spacious
square pavilion, each being surmounted by a dome, and the entire
roof is of glass, elevated 100 feet above the floor, and all lighted by
arched windows extending through the galleries. The cantilever
system applied to the roof is the only one used in the Exposition
buildings excepting the laxedomes, and not been used before for the
support of roofs as in the Mines Building.
226 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR.
Between the main entrance and the pavilions are richly dec(
rated arcades forming an open loggia on the ground floor and
deeply recessed promenade on the gallery floor level, which con
mands a fine view of the lakes and islands to the northward and th
great Central Court on the south. These covered promenades ai
each 25 feet wide and 230 feet long, and from them is had access t
the building at numerous points. The loggias on the first floor ai
faced with marbles of different kinds and hues, which will be coi
sidered part of the Mining Exhibit, and so utilized as to have ma
ketable value at the close of the Exposition. The loggia ceiling
will be heavily coffered and richly decorated in plaster and colo
The ornamentation is massed at the prominent points of the facad<
The exterior presents a massive, though graceful appearance.
The great space of the interior is one story high and 630 fe<
long by 230 feet wide, with an extreme height of 100 feet at the cei
ter and 47 at the sides. This is spanned by steel cantilever ro«
trusses supported on steel columns placed 65 feet apart longitudinal]
and 115 feet and 57 feet 6 inches transversely, thus leaving clear spa<
encumbered with only 16 supporting steel posts. The canti-leve
are of pin connection to facilitate erection. The inner and high<
ends of the cantilevers are 46 feet apart, and the space between the:
is spanned by riveted steel trusses with an elliptical chord.
The exterior of this structure, like that of all the others, will 1
made of ' ' staff, ' ' similar to that used in facing the recent Paris E:
position buildings. The cost of the MINES BUILDING is $250,00
This large building is to contain a most interesting exhibition of tl
minerals and metals of this country, with the methods and applianc
for mining and working them.
In no other department of the World's Columbian Expositio-
perhaps, is seen a greater diversity of exhibits than that of Mines ai
Mining. Not only is there a dazzling array of diamonds, opals, erne
aids and other gems, and of the precious metals, but a most exte
sive collection of iron, copper, lead, and other ores, and of the
product ; of coal, granite, marble, sandstone and other building ston
of soils, salt, petroleum, and, indeed, of almost everything useful
beautiful belonging to the mineral kingdom. The mineral resourc
and products, not only of this country as a whole, but of each Sta
and section as well as of foreign countries is of the most complete ai
representative description.
THE ART INSTITUTE.
227
22* PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AXD GUIDE TO THE M'ORLD'S FAIR.
The exhibit of coal at the Exposition, of course, is qualitativ-
rather than quantitative. Not only are the different varieties of coal
which the different localities produce, shown, but chemical analyse
of each and the results of tests determining economic value and adap
tability to various uses. The coal resources of the different State
and sections are shown by geological maps and drawings giving con
figuration, stratification, etc., which render apparent the extent an-
accessibility of the coal beds and veins.
So, too, as regards iron. The most strenuous efforts were mad
to have an exibit worthy of that great branch of industry. Thi
country is now the first nation in the world in iron production, ha\
ing recently forged ahead of Great Britain, its only real competitoi
Our production of pig iron now exceeds 10,000,000 tons annually, c
nearly four times what it was ten years ago, and the production c
steel now aggregates about 5,000,000 tons a year, a growth of nearl
300 per cent, in the decade. The development of the iron resource
of the Southern States has been especially great and rapid.
Another exhibit which is very extensive and varied is that <
building stone. Granite, limestone, marble, sandstone and bluestoi:
in scores of colors, are shown by the finest specimens procurablt
Nearly every State has quarries of native material of excellent qua
ity. From one to half a dozen of twenty or more recognized varietit
of granite, for example, are quarried in twenty-eight states, Mass;
chusetts, Maine, California and Connecticut being the largest pr<
ducers. The value of the granite output in 1889 was $14,464,095, a
increase of more than $9,000,000 over that of 1880. Limestone
quarried in almost every State, Pennsylvania and Illinois taking tr
lead. The value of the output in 1889 was $19,095,179. This is e:
elusive of the output of marble, which, as is well known, is a speci<
of limestone, the quarrying of which in a number of the States is a
important and extensive industry. Sandstone, including blueston
was quarried in 1889. to the value of $11,758,081.
One of the greatest attractions of the mines department of tl
Exposition is the remarkable collection of minerals owned by Profe
sor A. E. Foote, of Philadelphia. It is the finest private collectic
in the world, a complete history of mineralogy, and is so arrange
that the mineralogy of the States is shown. This collection w
shown at the Centennial, at London, and at Paris, and in each i
stance received the highest award.
yy//-: II\>A'/./)'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 229
The Canadian Copper Company, of Sudbury, Canada, makes a
mineral exhibit which includes the Canadian Company's exhibit.
In its exhibit the government geological survey places on view a
sort of synoptic picture of the mineral resources of this country. Big
chunks of native gold and silver are shown just as they were dug out
of the earth, together with remarkable ores of all sorts, particularly
those of what are called "economic minerals," such as iron, copper
and tin. Accompanying these are maps drawn for the purpose of
assisting the illustration. Professor Clarke, the distinguished chem-
ist and mineralogist, was given charge of the whole matter, and he
collected a wonderfully fine assemblage of precious and semi-precious
stones also, which form part of the display. This collection, although
it is largely composed of gems found in the United States, is not lim-
ited to those. Dozens of big boxes and trays full of such jewels of all
sorts were sent from the National Museum.
Henry A. Ward, of Rochester, N. Y., whose display of minerals
was one of the features of the Louisville Exposition, consumes 5,000
square feet of space for his mineral cases, and sends enough to fill
10,000 feet in a geological display. The exhibit of coal, iron ore,
building stone and clays from Indiana is very extensive. There is
also a special cabinet exhibit of what may be called commercial min-
erals. Gov. J. V. Aycardi, of Panama, tendered for exhibition at the
World's Fair a beautiful piece of carved marble, a bas relief repre-
senting the landing of Columbus, which was presented to the State
of Panama, nearly ninety years ago, by the Empress Josephine, who,
at the same time, gave the colossal bronze statue of Columbus which
now stands in Aspinwall. Pueblo, Col., makes a special exhibit.
The celebrated Westerman and Briggle collection of gold specimens
is seen, among other things.
The Columbian Exposition appropriately and^properly yields a
conspicuous place to the mining display. Interest centers in the
Mining building as a museum of those metals and minerafs that were
such an incentive to the enterprise of the great Spanish voyager.
More especially because here is placed an historical exhibit, illustrat-
ing by means of models, drawings, or original tools and appliances
themselves, the successive advances made in the metallurgical art
from the primitive methods in vogue among the natives of the new
\vorld at the time Columbus landed.
The evolution of the metallurgical industry is illustrated by
230
THE MASONIC TEMPLE.
TlIE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 231
relics of early days. Mexico furnishes some of the old-fashioned
Catalan forges for ironmaking with their crude hammers and water
blasts. Catalonia was a province in Spain where this antique imple-
ment was first employed and from which skilled ironmongers were
exported to the new world. This primitive affair will^make a strong
contrast with the modern improved forging press of 4,000 tons worked
by 2,000 horse-power engines and commanded by traveling cranes
capable of lifting 150 tons.
The iron industry of the United States has much to show for its
development since the days of Columbus. It was as early as 1619
that a London Company sent over to Virginia 100 persons skilled in
the manufacture of iron. On the banks of the James River they
established the first works for trie smelting of ores in America, and
erected one of the Catalan forges. Unfortunately the colony was,
within a few years, annihilated by Indians and the works demolished.
The first blast furnace in Maryland dates back to 1724, and was
christened the "Principio." Some years ago two pigs of iron
bearing the lettering "Principio, 1751," were raised by fishermen
from the Patapsco river. One of the pigs is exhibited at the fair.
The growth of Bessemer steel operations is the most stupendous
fact in the development of the metallurgical industries. In 1865 two
Bessemer converters combined gave a total annual product of 500
pounds. In 1890 there were eighty -two and the product over
4,000,000 tons. This great expansion is to be accounted for largely
through the perfection of the machinery used in these processes.
The most striking illustration of this is seen in the iron and steel
section of the Mining building. In a conspicuous place is exhibited
the original steel converter, upon which, in 1857, Mr. Kelly, of Ken-
'tucky, obtained his patent. In comparison with this relic is placed
the ponderous equipment of a steel plant, presented either by a model
or by a working apparatus. There are blast and puddling furnaces,
open-hearth furnaces, rolls, steel trains, and every conceivable pro-
cess of manufacture together, flanked by artistically arranged stacks
of the product in its various forms of bars, rods, sheets, wire, etc.
The mineral exhibit from Michigan is sure to attract much at-
tention. This includes, besides extensive collections from museums,
etc., granites, marble, and other building material of rare and
beautiful qualities, but which have not yet been marketed to any
great extent ; raw material from the iron mines, in plates 69 to 70
232 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AXD GUIDE TO 7 IIE WORLDS FAIR.
per cent, pure, as taken from the mines ; and especially, specimens o
copper, which, in its pure state, is found only in the Michigan mines
A copper exhibit, the "largest and most extensive ever attempted,'
is made by the Calumet and Hecla mines. It includes "obelisks o
pure copper ranging in weight from fifty to five hundred pounds, als<
quantities of wire and sheet copper that has been drawn and rollec
from the native metal just as it was taken from the mines ; rods o
copper bent into different shapes, and even tied into knots, as on<
would tie a cravat, without breaking or splintering, as would be tin
result of such an operation on the copper produced by other mine
and containing an alloy which renders it less ductile. A curious fac
concerning the silver deposits sometimes found in the copper, is, tha
nature has welded the silver and copper together without mixing
them, whereas no process has ever been discovered by mineralogist
by which the same thing can be done artificially. Examples of thi;
phenomena are included in the exhibit."
Nearly all the mineral-producing states of the Union make larg<
exhibits. Geological societies at home and abroad are well repre
sented.
THE AGRICULTURAL, BUILDING.— Standing very near th<
shore of L/ake Michigan and almost surrounded by the lagoons tha
lead from the lake into the Park is the magnificent structure knowi
as THE AGRICULTURAL BUILDING. It is classic renaissance in it>
style of architecture, and is 600 feet wide, and 800 feet long, it?
longest dimensions being east and west. The north side of tlu
structure is almost on a line south of the Pier extending into the lake.
on which stand the heroic columns emblematic of the Thirteen Ori-
ginal States. The front of the building runs for its entire length
along the lagoon. On the east the building faces a harbor for plea
sure boats. On the west is a continuation of the lagoons, for tlu
whole length of the front. For a single story building the design is
boM and heroic. The general cornice line is 65 feet above grade,
while on both sides of the main entrance are mammoth Corinthian
pillars 50 feet high and 5 feet in diameter. There is a pavilion or
each corner and in the center of the building, the center one being
144 feet square. The corner pavilions are connected by curtains,
forming a continuous arcade around the top of the building. The
main entrance is 64 feet wide, and its vestibule leads to the rotunda
100 feet in diameter. The dome is mammoth in its proportions,
234 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLDS FAIR.
being 130 feet high and 100 feet in diameter, and made of glass. I
the main vestibule statuary is placed, having for design the illustn
tion of the Agricultural industry. And about all the entrances simile
designs are grouped in the most elaborate manner. The corm
pavilions are surmounted by domes 96 feet high and above the*
tower groups of statuary. The design for these domes is that of thre
women, of herculean proportions, supporting a mammoth globe.
This immense structure covers more than nine acres of grounc
and together with the DAIRY and FORESTRY BUILDINGS, which covt
7 and 4.5 acres respectively, costs about $1,000,000. The idea
new as agricultural interests are promoted by this Exposition. ,
large building stands on the south of the Agricultural Building, d(
voted to a Live Stock and Agricultural Assembly Hall. It is ne£
the Elevated Railroad. Like the other important buildings of th
great Exposition it is a very handsome structure. On the first flo(
are located — A Bureau of Information ; suitable Committee and otht
rooms for different live stock associations of every character ; tv>
large and handsomely equipped waiting-rooms for ladies, loungin<
rooms for gentlemen, and ample toilet facilities. From this floe
broad stairways lead to the Assembly room in the second story, whic
has a seating capacity of 1,500. Lectures will be provided by qual
fied persons upon Agricultural subjects. Here will be set forth tf
theories to be illustrated in the other buildings.
The building and annexes devoted to the Agricultural exhibi
which include the products of the soil, agricultural implement
machinery, etc., will attract great attention from those visitors wr
are interested in this branch of industry. The history of no previoi
Exposition attested such general interest among all classes of peop
as to the general character, extent, the benefit it is believed wi
follow, and the possibilities for good awaiting agriculturists from tl
exhibit in the Agricultural Department of the Exposition. A gre;
advancement has been made since the Philadelphia Centennial Exp<
si tion in all branches of farm work. Since that time the Depar
ment of Agriculture has been given a position in the Cabinet ; h;
attained a firm foothold in the estimation of the people, and has n<
only become one of the most prominent of the government depar
ments, but has been productive of most beneficial results to tl
commerce of our country, and every one engaged in farm worl
Another advance in agricultural work is the Experiment Statioi
THE WORLDS COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 235
that are now connected with the Agricultural Colleges of the country,
supported by the Government, with trained scientists and educators
at their head, their work reaching out into all the fields of scientific
research, seeking to assist in a practical way those engaged in farm-
work and to advance the standard of excellence in this great industry
to a foremost place in the estimation of mankind. The subject of
irrigation and its possibilities has, within a few years, become one of
intense interest, and this Exposition presents the subject in such a
way that it will attract very great attention. The great advance
made in the study of dairying and the successful breeding of live
stock has been one of the marvels of the past decade, and with the
impetus that will be given these industries by the Dairy School and
the immense Live Stock exhibit at the Exposition, the good result
likely to follow cannot be estimated.
The interest throughout the country in beautifying road -ways by
tree planting, the setting aside by several of the State legislatures of
one day in the year to be devoted to this purpose, known as Arbor
Day, and the encouragement given this excellent practice in the com-
mon schools ; the popularity of and interest taken in Farmers' Insti-
tutes throughout the country by the farming community, are all
indicative of the rapid advancement that has been made in agricul-
tural pursuits since the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition. The
present Exposition is the focusing point at which all the best results,
the thought, intelligence, and energy of those interested in the great
problems connected with the agricultural life is centered. As an
instance : the question of the production of sugar from sorghum and
the sugar beet is one that is attracting great interest in many sections
of the country, notably in the west. The Experiment Stations in
connection with the Agricultural Department at Washington are
devoting time and attention to this work and the results that are
shown in the Exposition, as to what can be done with an acre of
ground devoted to producing sugar from these products is a source of
wonder and amazement to the visitor. It attracts attention to the
localities adapted to this industry, and is the means of building fac-
tories and their industries connected with the production of sugar in
this manner.
The South is represented at the Exposition by so great a variety
of products that one ceases to wonder at the great material advance-
ment made by that part of the agricultural area of the country. One
THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 237
purpose of the Exposition of 1893 was to show to the assembled
world such a magnificent result of the energy, advancement and cul-
ture of our agricultural population.
For the first time in the history of Expositions, a magnificent
building is devoted entirely to the use of agricultural organizations,
with a splendid auditorium or lecture-room in which to meet and
deliberate.
The products of every State in the American Union and of
nearly every colony and country on earth are collected here. The
arrangement of the exhibits will excite the wonder and compel the
admiration of the visitor. Taste of the highest order has been dis-
played in every section, and the interior of the great agricultural
building is a scene of enchanting beauty. Illinois makes a magnifi-
cent display in this department. In the Agricultural implement and
machinery section Chicago takes first place. Here are produced the
greatest harvesters known. The McCormick Harvester Company has
made the leading exhibit at many international expositions, and has
eclipsed itself at this one. The State Board of Agriculture of Illinois
has offered the prizes to exhibitors in this form :
All samples shown in this class are to become the property of the Board of
Agriculture, from which selections will be made for the purpose of exhibition
at the World's Fair.
For the best and largest display from any county in each of the grand
divisions of the State of Illinois, $200 ; second prize, $150 ; third prize, $100.
All counties competing, but failing to receive one of the foregoing prizes,
will each be paid $50 by an award of that amount to the best and largest display
sent from them respectively.
There were expended on the display of farm products of the
State of Illinois the sum of $20,000.
The exhibit of the agricultural experiment stations of the United
States is not one of the least interesting features &f the Chicago Ex-
position. One portion of the proposed exhibit, which is to attract
general attention, is an experiment station in operation, with its
office, laboratories, etc. , illustrating how the indoor work of a station
is actually carried on. In another portion of the exhibit each station
presents, by means of maps, diagrams, pictures, sets of publications,
etc. , a full statement of its location, equipment, lines of work, etc. ,
so that the visitor can, if he desires, follow out in detail the history
and the work of any particular station. The main feature, however,
is a topical exhibit of the work of the stations as a whole. In this is
238
PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR.
made not the full showing of the work of any single station, but a
unified exhibit showing the kind of work done by the stations, the
way in which they do it, and some of the more important results
which they have reached. The preparation of the exhibit was in the
hands of the Committee of the Association of American Agricultural
Colleges and Experiment Stations co-operating with the United States
Department of Agriculture.
LIVE STOCK. — The Live Stock Exhibit will open upon June 2,
1893, with the kennel show, which will undoubtedly comprise the
largest and finest collections of dogs ever seen. The rules adopted
by the Live Stock Department provide only for dogs of unquestioned
pedigree, and even in such cases applications will be considered
strictly upon their own merits, by a committee of three experts. The
kennel clubs and dog fanciers of both Europe and America are deeply
interested in the exhibition, and those best informed say not less than
3,000 dogs will be exhibited. The various kennel clubs propose to sup-
plement the already handsome premium list by a number of very hand-
some medals. Lord Bute, reputed to be the biggest dog in the world,
and the winner of twenty-six first prizes in cups at various bench
shows, will be placed on exhibition. Lord Bute is a pure-blooded St.
Bernard and is owned by Knowles Croskey, proprietor of the Menthon
Kennels, Phoenixville, Pa. He is a noble dog, bred in England, and
cost the present owner $3,750. He is thirty-six inches high and
weighs 247 pounds.
Members of the Mascoutah Kennel Club, of Chicago, expect to
play the part of host to the various kennel clubs of the country which
may visit the Exposition. The club passed resolutions calling upon
similar clubs in all parts of the world to make a special effort to
create an interest in the World's Fair.
The period devoted to the exhibition of animals for awards is as
follows: Cattle, Sept. n to 27 ; horses, jacks and jennets, Aug. 24 to
Sept. 27 ; sheep and swine, Oct. 2 to Oct. 14 ; kennel show of dogs
June 12 to 17; poultry, pigeons, pet stock, etc., Oct. 18 to 30. Ex-
hibitors of horses and cattle must accompany their application with
pedigree of animals offered for entry. This written evidence implies
a description or pedigree in the standard live stock records. Animals
unregistered, but which have some peculiar value, historical or other-
wise, may be exhibited, but may not compete for prizes.
The exhibit of blooded and fat cattle, sheep, swine, horses, etc.,
LA SAU.K vSTRKKT.
239
240 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLDS FAlR.
it is expected, will be the greatest ever held in this country. Cattl
and horses will be here from England, France and Germany, at leas
Some magnificent Normans are expected. Every State in the Unio
will send contributions. Prizes will be given, sometimes by the Stat
boards and sometimes by private people for the best exhibits. Th
great stables of trotting hoises in France and many famous Englis
racers will be here. England, Ireland and Scotland will send ovc
larger exhibits than they have ever made at a foreign expositio
before.
FORESTRY. — The Forestry Building is in appearance the mo?
unique of all the Exposition structures. Its dimensions are 200 b
500 feet. To a remarkable degree its architecture is of the rusti
order. On all four sides of the building is a veranda, supporting th
roof of which is a colonnade consisting of a series of columns con
posed of three tree-trunks each 25 feet in length, one of them from i
to 20 inches in diameter and others smaller. All of these trunks at
left in their natural state, with bark undisturbed. They are contr
buted by the different States and by foreign countries, each furnish
ing specimens of its most characteristic trees. The sides of th
building are constructed of slabs with the bark removed. The wii
dow frames are treated in the same rustic manner as is the rest of th
building. The main entrances are elaborately finished in difFerei
kinds of wood, the material and workmanship being contributed b
several prominent lumber associations. The roof is thatched wit
tan and other barks. The visitor can make no mistake as to th
kind of tree-trunks which form the colonnade, for he will see upo
each a tablet upon which is inscribed the common and scientifi
name, the State or country from which the trunk was contributec
and other pertinent information, such as the approximate quantity (
such timber in the region whence it came. Surmounting the cornic
of the veranda and extending all around the building are numeroi
flagstaff's bearing the colors, coat of arms, etc., of the nations an
States represented in the exhibits inside.
The forestry display, like the Forestry Building, is one of th
most unique of the Exposition. It is likewise comprehensive an
instructive. Forestry is rapidly becoming a vital subject of stud}
both for the States of the Union and the nation at large. As
science it is perhaps more feebly developed in the United States tha
in any other civilized nation. The depletion of our natural forests
THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 241
alarming to those who have made this subject a study, and a rational
forest management is becoming a necessity in our civil governments.
The forestry exhibit at the Fair will probably give more instruction
and arouse more interest in this vital question than anything else
possibly could. The plan followed out in this department is simple.
The government makes the exhibit which treats of forestry as a
science, while the States make exhibits which have for their object
the illustration of existing forestry conditions. < The, plan of the ex-
hibit is the work of Dr. B. B. Fernon, Chief of the Forestry Division
of the Government Department of Agriculture, and one of the
highest authorities on the question. By his plan the States make an
exhibit showing the forestry resources of the country, and methods
of forestry development, wood-working and all industries relying on
forest products and the work necessary to forest management. The
government exhibit is calculated to give the student of forestry a
comprehensive view of the subject. The government shows all the
trees native to the United States — about four hundred and twenty-
five species — and the most important of these trees — about one hun-
dred species — are elaborately exhibited. This exhibit also shows the
nature of raw wood materials, the difference of structure and quality
Df woods grown in different sections. There is shown a collection of
fruits and seeds, planting tools, illustrations of planting methods and
statistics of forest management.
In the construction of the Forestry Building, the idea of exhibit-
ing the woods of the different States was beautifully carried out.
Many foreign nations have contributed to this picturesque ex-
aibit. There are trees from Asia, Australia and all parts of South
America among these specimens of growth of which people read but
never see. The orange, lemon, banana, fig, rubber, palm, cork, date,
:alisaya, tar, and every species known is represented here. As in
;he Agricultural and Horticultural departments, the exhibits of the
different States and countries are grouped.
THE DAIRY. — The Dairy Building, by reason of the exception-
illy novel and interesting exhibits it will contain, is quite sure to be
regarded with great favor by World's Fair visitors in general, while
3y agriculturists it will be considered one of the most useful and at-
:ractive features of the whole Exposition. It was designed to contain
lot only a complete exhibit of dairy products but also a Dairy School,
n connection with which will be conducted a series of tests for
16
X
THE WORLD'S COLCMJUAX EXPOSITION 243
determining the relative merits of different breeds of dairy cattle as
milk and butter producers.
The building stands near the lake shore in the southeastern part
of the park, and close by the general live stock exhibit. It covers
approximately half an acre, measuring 95x200 feet, is two stories
high and cost $30,000. In design it is of quiet exterior. On the
first floor, beside office headquarters, there is in front a large open
space devoted to exhibits of butter, and farther back an operating
room 25x100 feet, in which the Model Dairy will be conducted. On
two sides of this room are amphitheatre seats capable of accommodat-
ing 400 spectators. Under these seats are refrigerators and cold
storage rooms for the care of the dairy products. The operating-
room, which extends to the roof, has on three sides a gallery where
the cheese exhibits will be placed. The rest of the second story is
devoted to a cafe, which opens on a balcony overlooking the lake.
The Dairy School, it is believed, will be most instructive and
valuable to agriculturists.
This department belongs properly to the agricultural exhibit,
but it has been deemed advisable to separate them. No feature of
the Exposition, probably, possesses greater interest or value to the
agriculturist than the -Dairy School. The school includes a contest
between both herds and individuals of the chief breeds of dairy cattle
with a view of ascertaining the respective merits of each in milk
giving and butter and cheese producing. Each herd is charged each
day with food consumed accurately weighed, and is credited with the
milk, butter and cheese produced. Manufacturers of dairy utensils
and appliances gladly furnish all that is required in their line. Ac-
commodations are provided so that spectators may view the processes
of butter and cheese-making.
The tests and all details of management are under rules prepared
by a committee composed of one member from each of the dairy cattle
associations in the United States, three from the Columbian Dairy
Association, three from the Agricultural Colleges and U. S. Experi-
mental Stations, and one from the manufacturers of dairy utensils.
The manufacture of the product takes place in the Dairy build-
ing, in an operating space 25x100 feet, above which on either side is
a gallery which accommodates fully 500 spectators. The school in
all probability will continue through four months, and each partici-
pating herd is represented by a given number of cows. The results of
244 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR.
this test and of the exhibition which will be made of the latest and mos
advanced scientific methods known in connection with the feedin;
and care of cattle, the treatment of milk and the production of butte
and cheese, cannot fail to be of very great value to the dairy interest
of this country. These interests, it is scarcely necessary to state, ar
of enormous importance and extent and, indeed are scarcely surpasse
by any other branch of industry in respect of the amount of mone
invested. It cannot be doubted that the Exposition Dairy Schoc
will cause a more economic and scientific management of the dair
interests of the entire country and consequently a greater return froi
the capital and labor invested.
Representatives of seven breeds of dairy cattle have furnishe
herds for the test which will be the longest in duration, and the mot
thorough and exhaustive so far as cows are concerned that has ev*
been held. From twenty-five to fifty gilt-edge cows of each of tb
dairy breeds of Devons, Brown-swiss, Short-horn, Guernseys, Re(
polled and Jerseys will contest with each other for the prizes whic
will be awarded both to herds and individual cows.
THE HORTICULTURAL, BUILDING.— The HORTICUI/TURA
HALL faces east upon the largest lagoon, immediately south of tl
entrance to Jackson Park from the Midway Plaisance, and has i
front a flower terrace for an outside display, including tanks for nyn
pheas and the Victoria Regia. The structure is 1,000 feet long wit
a width of 286 feet, and cost $400,000. The front of this terrac
having a low parapet between large vases, borders the water, and h;
a boat landing at the center. The plan of this fine hall included
central pavilion, with two end pavilions, each connected to the ce:
ter by front and rear curtains, thus forming two interior court
These courts, each a parallelogram of a half-acre, will be decorate
in colors and planted with ornamental shrubs and flowers. A cryst
dome surmounts the central pavilion 187 feet in diameter and i
feet high, and under this will be the palm house. The curtains w
contain the hot-houses and the plants under glass. There are g£
leries in the end pavilions, designed for cafes, being surrounded 1
arcades giving charming views over the grounds and the interic
which will present an attractive floral and horticultural display.
The exhibits in this building consist of all the varieties of plam
vines, seeds, horticultural implements, etc. The roof will be of gls
not far removed from the plants, so that those plants requiring su
245
246 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AArD GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR.
shine light will be provided for, while provision is made to heat such
parts as need it. The front curtains and space under the galleries
are designed for exhibits that require only the ordinary amount of
light. The exterior of the building is in u staff, ' ' tinted in a soft
warm buff, color being reserved for the interior of the courts.
The cost of this building was about $300,000, and W. L. B.
Jenny, of Chicago, is the architect. .
The horticultural display is greater and grander than anything
ever attempted before. The description already given of the magni-
ficent HORTICULTURAL BUILDING indicates in itself the great atten-
tion which the management has given to this branch of the Fair.
While only portions of buildings or small structures have been devo-
ted to horticultural displays heretofore, the World's Columbian Ex-
position has created an immense, beautiful and cosy structure, anc
dedicated it to this purpose.
To the Horticultural Department belongs the distinction o
the first installed exhibit of the Exposition. This consists of thret
great trees, an elm, an ash, and a sugar maple, which were plantec
near the HORTICULTURAL HALL. The elm is seventy-five feei
high, two feet in diameter and weighs ten tons. Mr. Peterson, th<
Rose Hill nurseryman, planted these trees as a permanent exhibit
the planting and transferring requiring 22 men, 12 horses and th<
expenditure of $600, all of which was at Mr. Peterson's individua
expense.
The States of the Union have contributed some wondrous ex
hibits to the Horticultural display, such a collection of fruit as perhap
has never been seen before. The great fruit-bearing states from Ne^
York to California and from Michigan to Louisiana have rivaled eac
other in the extent and costliness of their exhibits. California a
was to be expected takes the lead. _ Missouri, New York, Delaware
Indiana, Iowa, Nebraska, Virginia, Florida, in fact, every state in th
Union, has exhibited its specialties in fruit growing magnificentl}
The immense oranges of Louisiana, Florida and southern Californi
are brought into contrast with the beautiful grapes of Missouri, th
big red apples of Michigan, the mammoth watermelons of Mississip]
and Georgia, and the luscious strawberries of southern Illinois. Th
Citizens' Association of California alone occupies two and a ha
acres and makes a wonderful exhibit. The Southern Californi
World's Fair Association has a space 88 by 270 feet in which an e>
THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 247
hibition of oranges trees in full bloom is to be seen. Five acres out
doors for oranges, lemons, limes, etc., and 3,000 square feet of table
space for an exhibition of fruits were also granted this association.
England, France, Germany, Switzerland, Austra, Russia, Turkey,
Italy, Spain, Portugal, and in fact every country in Europe, as well
as portions of Asia, Africa, Australia and all the Latin-American
Republics and the numerous colonies are represented here. The
Michigan peach orchard in full bearing is not the least attractive fea-
ture. The exhibits are changed frequently, and the odor of the
tropics mingles with that of the temperate zones.
FLORICULTURE. — The floral exhibit is to be found in the HORTI-
CULTURAL BUILDING also and it passes description. Not only the
republics and colonies of the American continents, but the nations
and colonies of the earth, have contributed toward making this the
most gorgeous display ever beheld by man. All of the State horti-
cultural societies, the royal and imperial horticultural societies of
European nations, the associations of nurserymen everywhere, and the
owners of private conservatories and hot-houses in every part of the
world, have taken an active interest in this beautiful display. It re-
quired five acres in addition ' to the original allotment of space to
accommodate the floral exhibits. The space at first intended for the
Indian exhibit on the Wooded Island was given over to a rose garden ;
20,000 feet of space are given to an exhibit of flower seeds alone ; five
acres are given over to a nursery exhibit ; two beautiful greenhouses,
one of them 1,000 feet long and 24 wide and the other 500 by 600
were added to the space in the summer of 1892. Haifa million pan-
sies, 'one hundred thousand roses, and millions of other flowers,
including every known variety and species, are seen at the Exposi-
tion. The horticultural exhibit is on a scale never before attempted
in the history of the world. Mr. Thorp, of the floricultural division,
estimated that the equipment of the Horticultural Building, including
the purchase price of plants, would be $350,000, and the total ex-
pense of the display $750,000. The floriculturists of the country
donated a large share of the plants. Ten of the sixteen acres of
ground on the wooded island are planted in flowers. The shores are
left wild for scenic effect, and the waters around the margin are
bright with water lilies and other aquatic vegetation, while the in-
terior is planted with roses, rhododendrons, and lilies, besides a variety
of wild flowers, preserved in a nur.-ery.
THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 249
In addition to all this the roof of the WOMAN'S BUILDING, the
interior of nearly all the department, State and foreign buildings, the
grounds surrounding them, the beautiful terraces along the lagoon,
etc. , are all decorated with flowers.
THE FISHERIES BUILDING.— The Fisheries Building is, as
far as the exterior of the structure is concerned, in the Spanish
Romanesque style of architecture contrasting agreeably with the
classic architecture of the neighboring buildings. The length of the
building is 1,100 feet and the width 200 and cost about $200,000.
There are two smaller polygonal buildings or wings connected with
the main or middle structure and curving outward at either end.
This gives a concave curve to the group which has a most pleasing
effect It is built on a banana-shaped island, and subdivided into
three parts to conform to the curved shape of the island on which it
stands. The general Fisheries Exhibit is in the central part of the
building. In one of the polygonal buildings is the exhibit of the
angling paraphernalia, and in the other is the water pool and aquaria,
in which live fish are displayed and which constitute a wonderful ex-
hibit. Marine fishes are transported to Chicago from the coast in sea
water. An addition of 3,000 gallons of pure sea water was required
for the supply on each trip.
The building for the display of live fish is circular, 134 feet in
diameter, standing near one extremity of the Marine Fisheries Build-
ing and in a great curved corridor connecting the two. A rotunda 60
feet in diameter is in the center of this building, and under this
rotunda, and in the middle of it, is a basin or pool 20 feet wide, from
which rises a towering mass of rocks covered with moss, lichens and
other aquatic plants. Crystal streams of water gush from the clefts
and crevices in the rocks and fall upon the reeds, rushes, and orna-
mental semi-aquatic plants in the basin below.
Gorgeous gold fishes, golden ides, golden tench and others swim
in this pool. Here also are ten large aquaria and a number of smaller
ones. From the rotunda one side of the large series of aquaria may
be viewed, which are ten in number and have a capacity of 7,000 to
27,000 gallons of water each.
Passing out of the rotunda and into a great corridor or arcade,
the opposite sides of this series of great tanks, another line of tanks
somewhat smaller, ranging from 700 to 1,000 gallons each in capacity,
can be viewed by passing through a great corridor about 15 feet in
250 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLDS FAIR.
width and reached from the rotunda through the entrance. Th<
glass fronts of the aquaria are in length about 575 feet, through whicl
the fish may be seen swimming in their native element, and have 3,ooc
square feet of surface. They make a panorama never before seen ii
any exhibition, being the finest exhibition of the kind ever seen in th<
Jnited -States, and rival the great permanent aquariums of the world
not only in size but in all other respects. The United States Govern
ment Fish Commission will provide much of this display. Thes«
aquaria have a capacity of 18,725 cubic feet of water, or 140,00
gallons, which weighs i, 192,425 pounds or about 600 tons. Of thi
large quantity 40,000 gallons is, including reservoirs, used for th'
Marine Exhibit. In the entire salt water circulation, including reser
voirs, there are 80,000 gallons. The pumping and distributing plan
for the marine aquaria is constructed of vulcanite. The pumps are ii
duplicate and each has a capacity of 3,000 gallons per hour. The se
water is supplied by the United States Fish Commission from Wood'
Hall Station, and the fresh water supply is secured from Lake Michi
gan. The sea-water supply is obtained by evaporating the necessar
quantity to about one-fifth its bulk, thus reducing both quantity an*
weight for transportation about 80 per cent. The fresh water t
restore it to its proper density is supplied from Lake Michigan.
To the close observer the exterior of the building cannot fail to b
exceedingly interesting, for the architect, Henry Ives Cobb, exerte
all his ingenuity in arranging innumerable forms of capitals, modi"
lions, brackets, cornices and other ornamental details, using only fis
and other sea forms for his motif of design. The roof of the builc
ing is of old Spanish tile, and the side walls of pleasing color.
One of the most interesting exhibits at the World's Columbia
Exposition is that of FISH and FISHERIES. Therein not only wi
visitors of piscatorial inclinations find much to engage their attei
tion, but others who have been wont to regard "fishy" and "increc
ible" as synonymous and equally inconsequential terms will in
doubtedly have reason to change their minds as to the interestin
features of a fish display after visiting this department of the Exp<
sition: The Fisheries Building is a corner where the public wi
wish to linger, a spot where it will be possible to realize the won
of John Bun van when he wrote :
You see the way the fisherman doth take
To catch the fish, what engines doth he make !
252 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLDS FAIR.
Behold how he engageth all his wits,
Also his snares, lines, angles, hooks and nets.
Much has been said and written of the magnificence of the
World's Columbian Exposition, by way of comparison with previous
expositions, which it is proposed to eclipse. The immense strides
made in every department of art, science and industry during the
second half of the present century have been fittingly illustrated at
the various international expositions held since the late Prince Con-
sort of England inaugurated the great London Exposition of 1851.
Everything that science has rescued from the depths of ocean,
sea, lake or river, is displayed at the fisheries exhibit. Inhabitants
of deep-sea grottoes ; the coral animal — builder of islands and conti-
tinents ; sea anemones, that blossom miles below the surface of the
ocean ; monstrous devil-fish, sharks and other terrors of the deep are
seen, beside the speckled beauties of stream or lake, the plebeian
catfish, perch and sucker, suggestive of the boyish angler and the
shallow stream. From ocean depths are brought specimens of sub-
aqueous life so marvellously delicate and so richly beautiful that the
microscope will only reveal in part their wondrous beauty and film-
like tracery. The methods, too, by which the mysteries of the deep
are penetrated, the paraphernalia of the United States Fish Commis-
sion, the inventions by which the finny tribe is cultured, the won-
derful progress made in the art of fish farming, in addition to the
implements of commercial fishing ^and the latest tackle for angling-
all these are displayed to their fullest extent.
Not the least interesting portion of the exhibit is the Aquarial
or Live Fish Display. This is contained in a circular building, 135
feet in diameter, standing near one extremity of the main Fisheries
building, and in a great curved corridor connecting the two in the
center of the circular building is a rotunda sixty feet in diameter, in
the middle of which is a basin or pool about twenty-six feet wide,
from which arises a towering mass of rocks covered with moss and
licheus. From clefts and crevices in the rocks crystal streams of
water gush and drop to the masses of reeds, rushes and ornamental
semi-aquatic plants in the basin below. In this pool gorgeous gold
fishes, golden ides, golden tench and other fishes disport. From
the rotunda one side of the larger series of aquaria may be viewed.
These are ten in number, ar^ have a capacity of seven thotisand to
THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 253
twenty-seven thousand gallons of water. Passing out of the rotunda
by the entrances, a great corridor or gallery is reached, where on one
hand may be viewed the opposite side of the series of great tanks,
and on the other a line of tanks somewhat smaller, ranging from 750
to 150x3 gallons each in capacity. The corridor or gallery is about
fifteen feet wide. The entire length of the glass fronts of the aqua-
ria is about 575 feet or over 3,000 square feet of surface. They make
a panorama never before seen in any exhibition, and rival the great
permanent aquariums of the world not only in size, but in all other
respects.
The total water capacity of the aquaria, exclusive of reservoirs,
is 18,725 cubic feet, or 140,000 gallons. This weighs 1,192,425
pounds, or almost 600 tons. Of this amount about 40,000 gallons
are devoted to the marine exhibit. In the entire salt water circula-
tion, including reservoirs, there are about 80,000 gallons. The
pumping and distributing plant for the marine aquaria is constructed
of vulcanite. The pumps are in duplicate, and each have a capacity
of 3,000 gallons per hour. The supply of sea water is secured by
evaporating the necessary quantity at the Woods Hall station of the
United States Fish Commission to about one-fifth its bulk, thus re-
ducing both quantity and weight for transportation about 80 per
cent. The fresh water required to restore it to its proper density is
supplied from Lake Michigan. In transporting the marine fishes to
Chicago from the coast there was an addition of probably 3,000 gal-
lons of pure sea water to the supply on each trip.
It is a matter of importance that provision was made in the
upper part of the building for an eating saloon in which a specialty
is made of supplying food composed of fish and other animals taken
from the water. This is a practicable and most excellent illustration
of our fisheries, and this special work is so conducted as to give those
who patronize fish dinners at the Exposition a better conception than
the majority of them now have of the value of fish as food.
Under the direction of Henry Elliott, the only artist who has
ever drawn and painted the seal and walrus in their native haunts,
an interesting exhibit for the World's Fair was prepared by the
Smithsonian Institution. This exhibit consists of models in papier
mache representing the fur seal and walrus fisheries on the Alaskan
coast. The animals represented, as well as the men who catch them,
are modeled in clay. One of the models shows a seal "drive." This
254 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR.
model includes hundreds of mimic seals which Aleuts are driving
along to the killing grounds by waving cloths and shouting. Another
illustrates a "rookery" on which the full grown seals, bellowing and
pugnacious, have hauled up out of the surf upon the islands to breed.
Another model shows a hauling ground of bachelor seals. The kill-
ing of seals is also shown, a group of Aleuts being represented in the
act of smashing their heads with clubs. There is also represented a
number of hair seals, which are not useful for their fur, but merely
for food supply to the natives of that region. The walruses, now
rapidly becoming extinct, are also reproduced in material that gives
them a remarkably life-like appearance. Hundreds of models in clay
are made of these animals, in order to represent the different species
and sizes of each. They are cast in papier mache and painted.
THE ART PALACE.-— The FINE ART GALLERY is intended to
be a perfectly safe depository for the art collection, and it and the
UNITED STATES BUILDING will be, considering size, the costliest
structures of the Fair. Many of the art exhibits herein contained
will probably be bought for the permanent gallery Chicago intends
establishing after the Fair is over, as its memento. Among the
paintings already here is Moro's picture of Columbus, executed in
1540, and bought in London to exhibit at the Fair. The ART
BUILDING is in reality a group of galleries. The chief structure is
cruciform with a nave 320 feet long by 96 feet wide, and transepts
stretching 500 feet. The four exterior angles are filled in with lower
constructions, thus making it a parallelogram or oblong, 500 feet by
320 feet, with a wide projecting portico in the middle of each side,
the roof extending from all the cornices back to a central dome, and
intersected north, east, south and west by a great nave and transept
TOO feet wide and 70 feet high, and at the intersection of which is the
great dome 69 feet in diameter. This magnificent structure is in the
Grecian-Ionic style of architecture and is a pure type of the most
refined classic architecture. It is 125 feet to the top of the dome,
which is surmounted by a colossal statue of the type of famous fig-
ure s of winged Victory. The transept has a clear space through the
center of 60 feet being lighted entirely from above. On either side
are art galleries 20 feet wide and 24 feet above the floor. The cost oj
this ART PALACE is between $500,000 and $600,000 and was planned
in the World's Fair Construction Department, under the eyes of Sup-
ervising Architect D. H. Burnham and Chief Designer P. B. Atwood.
255
256 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR.
On the main floor of the nave and transept the collections of
sculptures are displayed, and on the walls of both the ground floors
of the galleries are ample areas for displaying the paintings and
sculptured panels in relief. The corners made by the crossing of the
nave and transept are filled up with small picture galleries. And
around the entire building are galleries 40 feet wide forming a con-
tinuous promenade around the classic structure.
Separated from the main gallery, and 100 feet distant on the east
and west sides, are two annexes, each 320 feet by 120 feet. These
annexes are one-storied and divided into large and small galleries.
The annexes are brought forward so that the whole group surrounds
three sides of a court 300 feet by 700 feet, which will be made an
attractive feature. The architect of the annexes in its facade at least,
is George W. Root.
The entrance to the main building is by four great portals,
richly ornamented with architectural sculpture, and approached by
broad flights of steps. The walls of the loggia of the colonnades
are highly decorated with mural paintings, illustrating the history
and progress of the arts. The frieze of the eastern walls and the ped-
iments of the principal entrances are ornamented with the sculptures
and portraits in bas-relief of the masters of ancient art The general
tone or color is light gray stone. The building, though of a tempo-
rary character, is necessarily fire-proof. The main walls are of solid
brick covered with ' ' staff,' ' architecturally ornamented, while the
roof, floors and galleries are of iron.
This palatial structure is beautifully located in the northern
portion of the Park, with the south front facing the lagoon. Beauti-
ful terraces separated the structure from the lagoon. They are orna-
mented with balustrades, with an immense flght of steps leading
down from the main portal to the lagoon, where there is a landing
for boats. The north front faces the wide lawn and the group of
State buildings. Groups of statues, replica ornaments of classic art,
such as the Choriagic monument, the "Cave of the Winds," and
other beautiful examples of Grecian art, ornament the immediate
neighborhood of the building. The ornamentation also includes
statues of heroic and life-size proportions.
It was the general impression for some time after the holding of
the Columbian Exposition at Chicago had been decided upon that
the department of Fine Arts would be the weakest. The point was
THE WO RL&S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 257
raised that Europe would not contribute its art collections or any
considerable portion of them for the reason that Chicago was gener-
ally believed abroad to be a city far removed from the centre of edu-
cation and culture in the United States. This point was raised,
however, by persons who under-rated European knowledge with re-
gard to Chicago. It very soon became evident that the choice of
Chicago as the location of the World's Fair was not only received
favorably abroad, but with more satisfaction than if New York had
been selected, and by no class was the selection of Chicago received
with more satisfaction than by that interested in the development of
art. Scarcely had the invitations to foreign governments been sent
out by the State department before applications for space began to
pour in. The amount of wall space asked by England, France, Ger-
many, Austria, Italy, Belgium, Switzerland, Russia and other Euro-
pean States was greater than they had consumed at the last Paris
Exposition, and was a pleasant surprise to the Exposition manage-
ment. In 1892 Halsey C. Ives, chief of department, made a six
months' tour through Europe. He visited every important art cen-
ter on the Continent, and returned convinced that England, France,
Germany, Belgium, Holland and Italy would make magnificent dis-
plays.
The Art Building, as planned, had approximately 125,000 square
feet of space for pictures. This was exclusive of the space allotted to
Sculpture and Statuary. Mr. Ives found that 200,000 square feet
would be necessary for pictures. He based his opinion upon the fact
that early in 1892 all the available space had been practically con-
signed, while a dozen foreign countries at least were still to be heard
from., France alone had asked for 82,000 square feet. Eighty-two
thousand square feet for an art exhibit was more than twice the com-
bined amount asked for by England and Germany. The former
secured 20,000 square feet and the latter a like amount. Belgium
asked for 8,000 square feet ; Holland, 3,000; Denmark, 3,000; and
Japan 2,000, making a total of 56,000 square feet. It became neces-
sary, therefore, that the two annexes to the building should be con-
siderably enlarged. Even with the additional space the visitor will
find that the walls and floors of the magnificent building are crowded.
No one thing exhibited at the Centennial attracted more general
attention, or was more distinctly remembered than the "Sleeping
lolanthe," in butter, by Mrs. Caroline S. Brooks. Since that won-
17
258
THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 259
derful success, the artist has done several notable bits in a character-
istic vein, the best known being kkLady Godiva," a bas-relief which
was also in butter. The World's Columbian Exposition, however,
lias another, and a full length "Sleeping lolanthe n in marble. Mrs.
Brooks worked upon the exquisite creation for several years, and
found difficulty in securing a block of marble, flawless in quality,
which should also be large enough.
The statue of Shakespeare, by William Ordway Partridge, in-
tended for Lincoln Park, and the statue of Alexander Hamilton,
intended for Boston, by the same sculptor ; a life-size portrait of
Columbus, by Sallus, the celebrated painter of Ecuador ; two ancient
Greek vases made of baked clay and which are twenty-two centuries
old ; a marble tablet representing the landing of Columbus, from
Colon, United States of Colombia ; the Spitzar art collection, the
most comprehensive collection of European art in the world, and
valued above $4,000,000 ; an immense displa'y of ceramics from many
nations ; the $10,000 portrait of Columbus, executed by the famous
Moro in 1540; the display of the American Society of Wood En-
gravers which attracted so much attention at the last Paris Exposi-
tion ; displays by the etchers of the United States and foreign coun-
tries ; the display of the National Lithographers' Association ; an im-
mense exhibit by the photographers of this and other countries ; the
paintings of G. A. P. Healy, the famous American artist ; the large
and valuable collection of Rudolph Crenan, of Leipsic, representing
scenes and incidents in the life of Columbus ; the greatest paintings
of France, Germany, England, Belgium, Holland, Italy, Spain,
Switzerland and other European nations ; the choicest specimens of
art from Asiatic, Australian, African and South American centers ;
the rarest and most costly sculptures, statues, arts, etc., from the
greatest galleries in the world, and the most impressive collection of
:he works of American artists, will be among the attractions of the
Vrt Building.
Architecture is represented strongly in the Art Building. The
\merican Institute of Architects took a decided stand in favor of
naking the exhibit a prominent and a worthy one. This Institute in-
cludes in its membership all the well-known names, in different parts
>f the country, of men to whom the growth of American architecture,
is distinguished from mere building and construction, is due, and of
vhich they are to-day the honored representatives.
m
THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 2t>l
The rules governing the Art exhibit* may be briefly stated as fol-
lows: %'A11 work to be admitted must be originals, with the excep-
tion that casts from original works by modern artists are placed in
the same class with original figures and groups in marble. There
will be three sections in the department — an American section, a sec-
tion for foreign countries that are represented by a commission, a
section comprising private collections and the works of artists from
countries not represented by a commission. All works must be ex-
amined by the official jury before they can be admitted. Progress in
American art and architecture is to be a special feature of the ex-
hibit."
THE CASINO AND PIER.— The Pier, extending out into Lake
Michigan from the eastern extremity of the Grand Court or avenue
running from the ADMINISTRATION BUILDING to the lake, is one thousand
feet long and eighty feet wide. At the extremity of the Pier is the
beautiful Casino. Along the shore from which the Pier projects runs
a beautiful promenade large enough to hold the thousands of visitors that
will throng it during the fair.
From the Pier will be in full view me entire line of Exhibition Build-
ings. Passenger steamers will ply to and fro from the Pier and the City.
The architecture of the Casino is of the Venetian order, and was
planned by Architects Burling and Whitehouse, of Chicago. It is a
composite structure embracing nine pavilions, and is meant to be a repre-
sentation, on a small scale, of Venice in the waters of Lake Michigan. It
is built on piles, and is 180 bv 400 feet. It has nine pavilions two stories
high, except in the middle, where the central pavilion rises to the height
of 1 80 feet. The communication between the nine pavilions, separated
as they are by water, is by means of gondolas and bridges, in imitation,
as far as possible of the way of getting about in Venice. The aspect is
truly Venetian, — with its gondolas, bridges and water.
In front of the Casino is the harbor for small pleasure boats. At
night this harbor is lighted by incandescent lamps sunk beneath the
surface of the water. A gallery fifty-six feet wide surrounds the central
pavilion, while at the west end of the Pier stands thirteen columns de-
signed by sculptor St. Gaudens to represent the THIRTEEN Original
States of the UNION.
The material of the Casino is of wood, and the walls are covered with
" Staff," in resemblance of marble, highly and variously colored,
At the Casino the visitor will be furnished with excellent music and
light refreshments, as well as permitted a view of water, city and exposi-
tion palaces while enjoying the cool breezes.
262 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLDS FAIR.
THE STATE BUILDINGS AND EXHIBITS.— Sites for buildings
or space for special exhibits were allotted by the Exposition management
to every State and Territory of the American Union. Every one of them
is represented in some manner on the Exposition grounds ; most of them
creditably, some of them magnificently. The foreign visitor must under-
stand that each of the States and Territories is perfectly independent in
all such matters, and that it is only by a vote of the respective State or
Territorial Legislatures, involving the appropriation of funds to meet the
expenses of the exhibit, that action could be taken. It is a matter in
which neither the Federal government nor a neighboring state or territory
can interfere. Some of the State legislatures were generous in their
appropriations ; some delayed action until the last moment. As a rule,
when the legislatures failed to act, or when their action was considered
inadequate to the importance of the event, private citizens contributed, in
order that their States should not be left out in the cold or misrepresented
by a poor display. Chicago being the chief city of the State of Illinois'
the latter commonwealth very naturally takes the lead among her sisters.
The Illinois building is one of the grandest on the grounds, and the
Illinois exhibit ranks among the first. For convenience sake the State
buildings and State exhibits are arranged alphabetically rather than with
regard to their prominence, politically or otherwise. The following is a
description of some of the State buildings .
ALABAMA. — Provision was made for a state building for Alabama. The
state is represented in miniature at the Exposition by a series of comprehensive
relief maps. It is proposed to show the mineral deposits, cotton belt, vegetable
farms and everything else of interest in the state on a series of maps covering
20,000 square feet. Besides this an exhibit of the state's industries and products
will be found grouped in the Department buildings. Alabama likewise con-
tributed to the general display.
ARKANSAS. — Arkansas has no special state building, but she makes an ex-
hibit of her industries and products that will be representative and worth}-.
While the legislature did nothing toward furthering the exhibit of the state,
the citizens organized and the result is apparent to the visitor. Arkansas also
contributed to the general Exposition. In the forestry display there are some
noted specimens of her pine trees. In the agricultural building also she has
made a creditable showing.
CALIFORNIA. — The California building is characteristic of the great Pacific
Coast State, picturing in its exterior the California of the Padres, and in its
interior the California of to-day. While the architect has closely followed the
old mission style, he has interjected enough of the more ornate Moorish to relieve
the somewhat somber effect of the old churches, and he gives the required light
and roominess. Therefore there is a charming simplicity of detail. Outside
there is a clear story with a great, flat central dome as the crowning feature and
a roof-garden to heighten the semi-tropical appearance. From the ground to
RANDOLPH STREET.
263
264 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLDS FAIR.
the eaves is fifty feet and to the highest point of the roof proper sixty-five fee
while the elevation of the dome is eighty feet. Those portions of the roof n<
devoted to the garden are closely copied after the quaint adobe buildings of tr.
early Spanish settlements, with genuine earthen-ware tiles, deep red in colo
semi-cvlindrical and overlapping. The dome and middle portions are tiled wit
iron plates curled and shaped like the original roofing. The material of tl
walls is wood, treated with some sort of cement and worked into a close imit;
tion of the yellowish-gray adobe of the old days. On the four corners and flan!
ing the dome are towers designed after the mission belfries, and in them ai
swung some of the old Spanish bells which have outlived the Padres and the
crumbling churches. The interior carries a gallery giving an area equal to tvv(
thirds of the ground floor. This is set apart for offices, which are grouped so a
to command a clear view of the main floor. The ground-plan is one vast exh
bition hall, the arrangement of compartments conforming to the extent of th
displays as decided upon by the Commissioners. The total floor space is 100,00
square feet, of which the gallery affords 40,000, the extreme measurements c
the building being 500 feet by 1 10 feet main width. The cost of the building i
$75,ooo.
A wonderful exhibit is presented by California. The state has long bee
famous for the size of its trees, some of which are the largest in the world. Thi
exhibit is nothing more nor less than a complete railway car, excepting only th
trucks, fashioned and carved from the trunk of a "Sequoia Giganta," or bi
tree of Tulare county. The originators of the idea are Messrs. Doyle, Meyei
and Bachman, of the county named. The tree used is about twenty-eight fee
in diameter and something more than four hundred feet long. The immense lo
was cut down to the size of a car, or about eleven feet square and fifty-five fee
in length. All this had to be done by hand with long saws made expressly fc
this purpose. It was then hollowed out inside by first cutting doors at each enc
working out the insides and polishing the inside surface ; the roof is the nature
bark of the tree. The material taken from the inside and cut off in squarin
the log was manufactured into useful little souvenirs of this wonderful prodiu
tion. A full-sized railway car made of but a single piece of wood will surely b
a feature of great interest. California will show as a part of its exhibit th
finest collection of minerals in the United States. Instead of making a specie
collection, as was done for the New Orleans, Philadelphia and Paris exposition
the state sends the magnificent collections belonging to the State Mining Burea
Museum. The State University had the collection of the State Geological Sui
vey, the Voy collection, Hanks collection, Keene collection, and several other?
These are all classified, arranged, identified and labeled. Each county and dis
trict in the state is properly represented. Every department of the mining in
dustry has its separate place with locality indicated. No other state or territor
of the Union has any such collection as belongs to California now. Among th
exhibits from Southern California is a model constructed to illustrate irrigation
Of course the California exhibit is one of the greatest and grandest on th
grounds. The state appropriated $300,000, and every cent of this, and a grea
deal more, has been spent in securing an exhibit worthy of the golden state
The wine and fruit exhibits alone are superb. Besides California's special di.s
ILLINOIS.
NEW JERSEY.
WEST VIRGiNIA.
CALIFORNIA.
THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 267
play she has contributed largely to every other department of the Exposition,
and the visitor will be amazed at the extent of her resources. The state's vari-
ous exhibits are mentioned in connection with the different departments.
COLORADO. — This young state has a granite and marble palace. The Colo-
rado Marble and Mining Company contributed the material for the building.
Besides the mineral, agricultural and educational exhibits, the flora and fauna
of the state are shown in great completeness. More than 1,000 specimen plants
were pressed ; nearly 200 varieties of fruit were duplicated perfectly in wax and
more than 2,000 species of insects were mounted long before the Exposition was
opened. Colorado contributed largely to every department of the Exposition*
The women of Colorado subscribed $10,000 for the purchase of Powers' famous
statue "The last of his race," which appears in connection with the Colorado
exhibit. The statue represents a dying buffalo with an Indian standing by its
side with uplifted spear. This state makes a specially fine mineral exhibit.
The exhibit of Colorado is both technical and economic in its character, and
forms a popular and massive displa}' of the state's resources in ores, building
stone, coal, iron, commercial clays, gold and silver.
CONNECTICUT. — The state of Connecticut made no appropriation for the
World's Fair, but $50,000 was raised by general subscriptions, the city of Hart-
ford contributing alone $10,000. This money has been spent in a manner that
insures Connecticut a favorable representation in the several departments, and
also a special exhibit.
DELAWARE. — The little state of Delaware lost no time in subscribing its
loyal adherence to the World's Columbian Exposition, and considering the ex-
tent of its area opened its coffers with a liberality which is highly compliment-
ary to its citizens. The first donation was $10,000, which was to be followed by
a further sum of $15,000. It occupies a position in the Exhibition buildings,
but its headquarters will be in the space allotted in Jackson Park to the different
states. The building which is constructed wholly of native woods and mate-
rials of the state of Delaware, is very picturesque and elaborately finished,
measuring 58 feet by 60 feet. The cost was $7, 500. A room in the building is
fitted up in Colonial style, with hangings, pictures, and furniture all in repre-
sentation of Colonial days. There are figures in clay of the old Swedes' Church
in Wilmington, Barratt's Chapel, near Frederica, the home of Methodism, and
Christ Church, near Laurel. Old Swedes' Church was founded in 1699 at a cost
of ^800. Barratt's Chapel, located in Kent county, near ^rederica, and eleven
miles south of Dover, was founded in 1780. Christ Church, Broad Creek, about
two miles east of Laurel, Sussex county, was built more than a hundred years
ago of heart pine. It is without a particle of paint. It has the high-backed
pews, the chancel at one end, the servants' galler\- at the opposite end, while
midway on the east side is the lofty pulpit, and immediately below are the read-
ing-desk and the clerk's desk. The first consignment of Delaware's exhibit
comprised six cars loaded with native woods, three cars from Sussex, two from
Kent, and one from New Castle counties. The consignment was placarded
" From the World's Fair Commissioners of 'Delaware to the Columbian Exposi-
tion, Chicago." This was one of the earliest consignments received.
FLORIDA.— The design of the Florida state building is modeled after old
268
GREAT NORTHERN HOTEL
THE WORL&S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION* 269
Fort Marion, which is one of the most picturesque as we'l as the oldest structure
in North America, and an interesting relic of Spanish conquest in the new world.
Begun in 1620, when the Pilgrim Fathers were landing at Plymouth Rock, this
curious four-bastioned fortress was ancient long before the white man reared his
cabin on the spot on the shores of Lake Michigan which is now a center of in-
terest throughout the civilized world. The form of the building renders it pecu-
liarly well adapted for the display of Florida's varied resources, the mast and
ramparts affording opportunity for a series of sunken and hanging gardens of
remarkable interest. The cost of building and exhibit was $100,000. In addi-
tion to her special exhibit, Florida occupies three acres of space in the exhibition
of flowers.
GEORGIA. — Georgia has a handsome building and a creditable display, the
cost of which was provided by private subscription. The sum of $100,000 was
raised by the citizens of the state. The state is represented in nearly every de-
partment of the Exposition.
IDAHO. — Idaho has a state building peculiar to herself. Recognizing the
folly of attempting to compete with the older states in the erection of an elabo-
rate building, she constructed one somewhat rustic in appearance and costing
$15,000. In its exhibit Idaho pays special attention to the mining industry. It
may not be generally understood, but the fact remains that the state has con-
tributed $175,000,000 of money in gold and silver to increase the wealth and en-
rich the commerce of the land. It produces one-half the lead product of the
United States. In consideration of these facts a special effort was made to have
a mining exhibit commensurate with the importance of the state as a valuable
mineral producer. The state legislature appropriated $20,000. Private citizens
contributed $100,000 additional.
ILLINOIS. — The state of which Chicago is the chief city very naturally takes
the lead among her sisters, both as regards her special building and her special
exhibit. Aside from private contributions, which were numerous, the state
legislature appropriated $800,000 to defray the expenses, to begin with. The
Illinois building has come to be looked upon as one of the main structures of
the Exposition. It occupies one of the most favored spots on the grounds, in
the northern or " improved " portion of Jackson Park, where on the south for
nearly one mile there is a view of a beautiful water-way, and on the north and
east are the unique buildings of other states and foreign nations. Illinois was
the first state to be ready with its building, and in its Construction there was
expended $250,000. The building, with its dome 200 feet high, is located near
where the boat-house formerly stood on the artificial lake. A broad channel
about sixty feet wide was extended from the southeast portion of the park up to
this lake. The grand entrance to the building faces this water-way, and pas-
sengers up this channel discover the Illinois state building looming up at the
end of the route. The structure is placed on a terrace four feet high, and in
front of the entrances there are stone terraces with railings, statues, and stone
steps leading down to the roadway. The main features are the terraces north
and south, the south the more important of the two, as from this point may be
viewed the panorama of all the magnificent Fair buildings, as well as the water-
way. The building is embellished with fine carving and statuary, the material
270 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLDS FAIR.
being cast blocks of approved composition. It is thoroughly lighted, first fror
the side windows, whicn are placed about fourteen feet above the floor to permi
cases to be placed against the walls ; second, with skylights placed in the fla
roof of the side aisles ; and third with continuous skylights on the ridge of
pitched roof or nave. Ventilation is provided for through windows placed
story above the flat aisle roof and the foot oi the sloping roof over the nave
The building is constructed of'Illinois stone, brick and steel. The Memoria
hall and school were formerly designed to be separate buildings, but it wa
decided to incorporate them in the main structure. Fountains and flower
decorate the adjacenc grounds, and allegorical statuary finds a place in th<
decorative features of the building. The interior of the structure is appro
priately ornamented. There are no competitive exhibits in the Illinois stat<
building. It is " c collective, departmental exhibit for the state, which shal
illustrate its natural resources, together with the methods employed and result-
accomplished by the state in its municipal capacity through its several depart
ments, boards, commissions, bureaus and other agencies in the work of pro
moting the moral, educational and material welfare of its inhabitants, so far a*
such methods and results are susceptible of exhibition." A feature is a mode
common school-room of high grade, fully equipped and furnished, under th(
direction of the state superintendent of public instruction. This includes tht
following : An illustration of the methods and results of educational work a*
pursued in the normal universities, the public, technical and art schools anc
the high schools of the state ; an exhibit by the University of Illinois of tht
equipment, methods of instruction and achievements of that institution in its
several departments ; an exhibit of the educational and industrial work as con
ducted in the state charitable institutions. There are also collections, correctly
classified and labeled, illustrating the natural history and archaeology of tht
state ; an exhibit by the state fish commission of native and cultivated live fish,
with hatchery and appliances and equipments for transportation, models of fish-
ways in use ; also a special collection of the cultivated products in the severa'
branches of agriculture; architectural drawings (with elevations) of every public
building erected and now used or maintained in whole or in part b}7 the state
also maps, charts, diagrams and tables for the state, and, so far as practicable,
for each county. In the memorial hall, which is fire-proof, there are placed such
relics and trophies belonging to the state as the governor has designated. The
control and general management of the exhibit devolves upon the state board ol
agriculture. The board in turn invited the co-operation of Illinois members oi
the national commission and of the board of lady managers.
There are three entrances — the prominent one to the south, one to the west
facing the Midway Plaisance, and the other on the north end of Memorial hall
from the boat landing or the edge of the lagoon. The building in the main is
160 feet wide by 450 feet long, with the school-house, about 75x60 feet, taken
out of the east end and within the building. The dome is 72 feet in diameter
and about 200 feet high, with a lookout about 80 feet high and another in the
lantern about 175 feet high. The side walls are 47 feet high, while the center
wing on the south is 72 feet high, and both ends 54 feet, with a still higher pro-
jection in the center. On the north the Memorial hall forms a wing 50x75 feet,
THE PULLMAN BUILDING.
271
272 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLDS FAIR.
while on the south is placed the executive offices in a wing 75x123 feet, carrie
up three stories, with a public hall in the third story. In addition to thes
offices, there are others in each of the four corners for the departmental officer;
The Memorial hall has a gallery. There is a gallery around, inside and outsid
of dome piers for viewing the exhibit hall.
The figure which crowns the main entrance of the Illinois building is froi
the hands of the sculptor Taft. It is a draped figure with arms outstretchec
and is called " Illinois Welcoming the Nations." Another allegorical group t
be seen on this building is "The Birth of Chicago." Chicago, a rare an
radiant maid of grace divine, garbed in trailing robes, is pictured coming froi
earth like a new Pallas Athene springing full-armed from the forehead of Zeu:
Nymphs of the lake, the forest and the stream attend the nativity of fa
Chicago, and all their unstinted offerings are poured out in glad profusion i
the feet of the new queen and goddess. " La Salle and his Companions " an
"Education" are other groups that will command attention and admiratioi
All are by Taft. There are twelve groups in all, and the cost was $12,500.
One of the most interesting features of the Illinois exhibit is the Worthe
collection of fossils and library. There is a splendid coal exhibit here showin
the product of the Illinois mines. The state fish commission is well repn
sented among the exhibits ; there are exhibits of the state charitable and crim
nal institutes ; of the various products, and mineral and industries ; a geologic;
exhibit, an emergency hospital exhibit, a kindergarten exhibit, an education;
exhibit, besides great displays of fruit and flowers. Illinois does not confii
her exhibits to this building, however. Her competitive exhibits will be foun
in every department of the Exposition. The following was the apportionmei
of the funds at the disposal of the state commission : woman's exhibit, $*o,ocx
construction, $195,800; statuary, $17,700; architect's fees, $11,500; grounds an
exterior ornamentation, $10,000; interior furnishing, $60,500; normal and con
mon schools, and university, $30,000; board of charities, $20,000; natural hi
tory, geology, archaeology, $40,000; fish commission, $5,000; agriculture, etc
$25,000; live stock, $40,000 ; horticulture, $20,000 ; agricultural drawings, map
etc., $27,000; state and county statistics, $8,000; printing and stationer
$30,000 ; administration, including cost of ceremonies, receptions, expenses <
board, salaries, freight transportation, rents, care of buildings, contingencie
etc., $175,000.
INDIANA. — The World's Fair commissioners of Indiana offered prizes <
$300, $200 and $100 respectively for the first, second and third best plans for tl
Indiana building. The building cost about $25,000, and it contains about 6,oc
square feet of floor space. Instead of costing $25,000 the building whe
completed is said to have cost double this sum. Indiana is represented i
every department of the Exposition, and eve^where creditably.
IOWA.— " The Blue Grass Palace " of Iowa is one of the attractive noveltic
of the Exposition. The state appropriated a preliminary sum of $50,000, whic
was greatly increased to meet the expenses of the Iowa building and exhibi
The Iowa building, a handsome structure, cost alone $25,000. The corn, educ
tional, horticultural, mechanical and industrial exhibits generally of the sta
are among the attractions of the Exposition.
THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 273
KANSAS. — The Kansas state building is cruciform in design, two stories
high, and cost $20,000. It is constructed entirely of Kansas material. The
building consists of 13,934 square feet. There are 4,058 square feet in the rear
for the natural history exhibit of the state university ; 3,340 square feet in the
front of the building for headquarters accommodations, leaving a balance of
6,336 square feet for odd bits in the center of the building. The second floor
contains 3,840 square feet for exhibits and 3,340 square feet in the front of the
building for further consideration. The building combines the idea of a club-
house and a building for the state exhibit. Kansas contributes largely to the
attractions of nearly every department of the Exposition. Aside from the state
appropriation, her citizens raised by private subscription $150,000 to defray the
expenses of a creditable exhibit.
KENTUCKY. — Kentucky is represented by a handsome building and a wor-
thy exhibit. She contributes to every department of the Exposition. The
legislature appropriated $100,000, and private citizens contributed generously.
LOUISIANA. — Louisiana is represented in many of the departments of the
Exposition. Her exhibits are not as complete as they should be, but they are
not unworthy of the great gulf state.
MAINE. — The Maine building is constructed entirely of native granite, and
cost $10,000. The building is used principally as a club or reception house.
Maine contributes exhibits to every department of the Exposition.
MASSACHUSETTS. — The designers took for their model the old Hancock
house that stood for so long a time the most familiar structure on Beacon street,
Boston, and which is an admirable representative of the old colonial residence*
with such modifications only as the purposes of the structure demand. The
reproduction of this type of our architecture is a happy idea, and will undoubt-
edly meet with general appreciation. The cost of reproduction was about
$40,000. The building is used exclusively as a state headquarters and club
house. Massachusetts contributes very largely to every department of the Ex-
position, particularly to the art, educational, horticultural and mechanical dis-
plays. The exhibit of the state cost $75,000.
MARYLAND. — The Maryland building, a reproduction of the state house, is
constructed of granite, and cost $35,000. Maryland's canning and oyster inter-
ests are represented on a large scale. The canned goods exchange of Baltimore
has a canning house in which a practical illustration of the work done is given.
The exhibit of the state, aside from the building, cost $30,000.
MICHIGAN. — The legislature of Michigan appropriated $20,000 for the State
Exposition building, but most of the material was contributed, so that the
structure, as it stands, represents an outlay of about $50,000. Its dimensions
are 100x140 feet. The building is constructed wholly of Michigan materials.
MINNESOTA. — The Minnesota building is one of the handsomest on the
grounds, a prize of $500 having been awarded the successful architect. The
legislature subscribed only $50,000, but this sum was increased to $150,000 by
private subscription. Every county in the state contributed generously, and
the result is a creditable building and a creditable exhibit in nearly every de-
partment of the Exposition.
MISSISSIPPI. — Mississippi makes a very creditable showing, particularly in
18
274
THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 275
the agricultural and horticultural departments. The state and citizens sub-
scribed generously toward the exhibit.
MISSOURI. — The exhibit of the state of Missouri is one of the most exten-
sive at the Exposition. The state is rich in agricultural and mineral land, and
besides, is one of the foremost of the manufacturing states of the Union. The
state very early applied for 20,000 square feet of space in the horticultural de-
partment alone. The Missouri building cost $50,000, and is one of the hand-
somest structures of the state group. The state originally appropriated $250,000,
but this was increased to $500,000, an appropriation equal to New York's.
MONTANA. — The legislature of this young but wealthy state appropriated
originally $50,000 for the state's exhibits. Later on this amount was doubled.
Montana's exhibits will be found principally in the department of mines and
mining. One of the interesting exhibits from the state is a relief map of Butte,
the greatest mining camp in the world. The state board set aside $5,000 for the
woman's exhibit.
NEBRASKA. — The style of Nebraska building is Romanesque, and its
arrangement combines to a remarkable degree the qualities of utility, beauty
and small cost for construction. The building covers 9,652 square feet, not
including a large veranda on the side adjoining the little lake. The agricul-
tural and general exhibit is arranged in a hall 100x60 feet. Facing the exhibit
hall on the first floor are offices, balconies and a lobby. The exhibit from this
state is one of the grandest to be seen. Nebraska is represented particularly in
the agricultural, horticultural and forestry departments.
NEVADA. — Nevada is represented almost wholly in the mines and mining
department.
NEW HAMPSHIRE. — This state is represented in every department of the
Exposition, notably in the geological and mining displays. New Hampshire
also contributes valuable works of art and exhibits for the educational display.
NEW JERSEY. — The appropriation of this state was $70,000, a portion of
which was set aside for the building of a state headquarters. The state has
contributed exhibits to every department of the Exposition.
NEW YORK. — New York appropriated $300,000 to defray the cost of its
building and exhibit at the World's Fairv This amount was increased later on,
and greatly added to by private subscriptions. There was considerable delay
on the part of New York, and active work did not begin until the spring of
1892. From that time on, however, New York's interests in the Exposition
lacked nothing in enthusiasm. The building of the state of New York repre-
sents, with very slight modifications, the historical old Van Rensselaer resi-
dence, which was for so long a time one of the most familiar landmarks in
Gotham. New York contributes, of course, to every department of the Fair,
and more largely than any other American state excepting, perhaps, Illinois.
Her exhibits are prominent in the art, agricultural, horticultural, musical, elec-
tricity, mechanical and manufactures departments.
NORTH CAROLINA. — North Carolina has reproduced for its building what is
known as the "Tyron Palace." This structure, constructed of material brought
from England the middle of the eighteenth century, is a fine type of colonial
architecture. A circular colonnade connects upon the right and left of the
27d PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR.
main building two similar structures ; and to reproduce it entire in full si:
occupies the entire space allotted to North Carolina. This state is represent
in every department of the Exposition. One of the oldest states of the Unic
its contribution of art treasures and curios is very interesting.
NORTH DAKOTA. — The North Dakota building is 70x50 feet. A space 46*
feet in front of the main assembly hall, between two committee-rooms, is us
as a court-yard. From this court-yard the main assembly-room is entei
through a large stone arch, above which on the exterior is an elaborately carv
panel containing the coat of arms of North Dakota. The main feature of t
interior is the assembly hall, which includes a space 24x56 feet. North Dak<
of course pays great attention to the exhibit of her principal product, whe
but, also, makes a good showing in several other departments. The educatioi
advantages of the young state are fully presented, and her school exhibit
among the best. She makes contributions to the department of forestry.
OHIO. — The style of architecture of the Ohio building is distinctive a
much unlike that of any of the other state buildings. The original idea was
have the building constructed of material furnished gratis by contractors, a
thus make it in itself an exhibit of the building materials of the state. Ho
ever, the contractors were slow in taking the matter up, and so many obstac
stood in the way that it was determined to build it of wood. The estimated c<
was about #35,000. The building is two stories, the lower one being of ni(
than the ordinary height. The state of Ohio sends exhibits to the Fair vahi
at between $5,000,000 and $6,000,000. The appropriation of the state \\
$100,000.
OREGON. — The state of Oregon is represented very fully in the agricultur
mining and other departments. It has also contributed to the forestry depa
ment. The real work of the state did not commence until late in 1892, but t
exhibit is nevertheless creditable.
PENNSYLVANIA. — The Pennsylvania building, as is quite appropriate, is c
of the costliest and handsomest of the group. One of the main attractions
the old ' ' liberty bell ' ' from Independence Hall, which hangs in the tower
rotunda directly opposite the gallery on the second floor. The entire height
the building is 165 feet. Over 800 electric lights are used to light it. Porcl
20 feet wide surround the building. The whole structure is practically a rep
duction of Independence Hall, Philadelphia. Pennsylvania appropriated $30
ooo to defray the cost of its building and exhibits, but this represented onl
small portion of the state's contributions.
RHODE ISLAND.— The building of the little state of Rhode Island is a t\
story structure, modeled after the Doric style of architecture, with toweri
pillars resting on porches at either end. The entrance at the front is throu
three circular arches into a circular porch twenty feet in diameter, which op*
into a main hall 20 x 42 feet. The first cost was estimated to be $8,000. Rh<
Island contributes largely to the manufactures and liberal arts department,
well as to every one of the great sections of the Exposition .
SOUTH CAROLINA. — South Carolina, owing to the defeat of an appropriat
bill in the legislature, was late in securing a place among her sister states ; •
the exhibit made, though small, comparatively, is creditable.
278 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLDS
SOUTH DAKOTA.— The state building of South Dakota is in the style of
old French farm-house. The walls are of bricks. Its dimensions are 60 x 72 ft
On the first floor is an assembly hall with towering mantels and house f
places at each end. The state raised between $80,000 and $100,000. The lee
lature was late in acting, but the energetic and enterprising people of the yot
state made full amends for its neglect. South Dakota is wrell represented in
agricultural, horticultural, mineral and forestry departments.
TENNESSEE. — The private citizens and counties of the state of Tennes
subscribed liberally toward Securing an adequate exhibit at the World's F;
the legislature having failed to pass an appropriation bill. The funds rai
were ample to provide for a very creditable display, and the state is represen
in nearly every department.
TEXAS. — This great state has one of the most notable buildings of the gro
The structure is 85 x 250 feet. The main height is 70 feet. Constructed entir
after the style of the old Spanish missions, it is a good example of Span
renaissance architecture. The structure is built of Texas materials. Te
took unbounded interest in the Exposition from the very first. The cit}
Galveston alone raised over $150,000. There were over $300,000 raised by c
tributions throughout the state. Texas is represented, and represented well
ever}' department.
VERMONT. — One hundred of the substantial citizens of Vermont subscri
$100 each, and the building, costing $10,000, was erected without drawing u]
the state treasury. Vermont is represented in the geological, agricultural, he
cultural, mechanical and art departments, and quite fully in the mineral :
forestry departments. A $6,000 monument of Barre granite is one of the
hibits from Vermont.
VIRGINIA. — The best exhibits of the Virginia State Fair of 1892 are offt
the visitor at the Exposition of 1893. The state appropriated about $8o,<
which was increased by private subscriptions. Virginia makes a good sh<
ing, but one hardly commensurate with her age or high position among
states of the Union.
WASHINGTON. — Washington's is a unique state building. It is construe
almost entirely of material brought from the state, and forms an illustratioi
the building materials and industries peculiar to that young but vigorous C(
monwealth. The building is 220 x 140 feet. The exterior is of timber fi
Puget Sound region and all the lumber entering into it was donated by the s1
lumbermen's association. The main entrance is made one of the features of
building, and is of granite, marble and ore quarried in the state. In addit
to what was contributed, the state expended $50,000 in constructing and ek
rating the details of the building. It is surmounted b}^ a flagstaff 175 feet hi
and there are four towers of unique design. A peculiar incident in connect
with the acceptance of the design for this building was that the one whicl:
first was considered third in merit was adopted, and the architect who recei
the first prize in the competition was relegated to the rear. The state sf
$100,000 on the collection of an exhibit, and contributes largely to the departnu
of agriculture, forestry, mines, fisheries, education, electricity, live stock,
arts, woman's work and transportation. Her displays are very creditable.
KANSAS.
VIRGINIA.
KENTUCKY.
WASHINGTON.
SOUTH DAKOTA.
ilJK U'oA'/.jrs COLUMJi/AA' EXPOSITION. 281
WKST VIRGINIA. — West Virginia has a beautiful little building which cost
about $20,000. The state contributes very extensively to the departments of
mines and mining, forestry, agriculture, floriculture, horticulture, manufactures
and liberal arts, and machinery.
WISCONSIN. — The Wisconsin state building is a handsome structure. It
is commodious, and the interior is arranged with special reference to the pro-
ducts of this wealthy state, which in variety and character make the exhibit
one of the most attractive and interesting to be seen at the Fair. It is two
stories high, with not less than 10,000 feet of floor space exclusive of porches.
The whole structure is built of Wisconsin material. The exterior walls are of
stone, brick and terra cotta, and the roof of slate, tile or iron made in Wisconsin.
The interior is ornamented and furnished with plate, beveled and mirror glass,
Wisconsin pine and hardwood, and encaustic tile. The cost of the building was
$30,000. Douglas county appropriated $2,000 to pay for a stained-glass window
at the head of the main staircase. Wisconsin is represented in every depart-
ment of the Exposition.
WYOMING. — The Wyoming building is in style a model club house. The
dimensions are 70 feet in length by 50 feet in width. The cost of the building
was $20,000. Wyoming contributes to the agricultural, mines and mining and
other departments of the Exposition displays, which show her to have made
wonderful advancement.
THE TERRITORIES. — The territories of the Union are well represented. Be-
ginning with far-away Alaska, each and every one of them makes a creditable
exhibit. The government takes care of the Alaskan display, which is a novel
and interesting one in many particulars. The seal industry is represented-
among others. Arizona contributes largely to the mines and mining depart-
ments and to the Indian exhibit. New Mexico raised over $75,000 and in con-
sequence the visitor sees a great many attractions from this wealthy territory,
notably in the mines and mining department and Indian exhibit. Oklahoma >
youngest of the territories, has made a splendid effort to bring herself properly
before the world, and her efforts have been crowned with success. Utah ought
not properly to be classed among the other territories, so much is she in advance
of them. Her building is a " Salt Palace," and her exhibits are really deserving
of a first place among those of the great agricultural and mining states. Dis-
trict of Columbia. — The display made by the district in which is located the seat
of government includes pictures of the school buildings^ views of the streets
and avenues, and probably a fac-simile in miniature of the city and its public
buildings. There is to be also a collection of historical relics.
A GROUP OK STATE BUILDINGS. — The four states of Wisconsin, Indiana,
Michigan and Ohio, are grouped together on a triangular plat of ground near
the western limit of Jackson Park, just north of Fifty-ninth street. How to
arrange these four state buildings so that each would have a commanding view
of the fine art galleries and the pretty little lake near by has been one of the
problems for the construction department. The buildings are so placed that
each commands a fine view of the art galleries, the picturesque l£ke and the
buildings of a number of foreign nations. The Indiana building cost about
$100,000, of which amount $70,000 was to be donated by lumber associations.
THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION.
The Michigan building represents an outlay of $40,000, most of which was
donated from private sources. The Wisconsin and Ohio buildings cost about
$50,000 each, and as in the case of Michigan and Indiana, most of the building
material was donated.
OTHER BUILDINGS. — Notwithstanding the generous provision made for
space by the management, the great size of the buildings as originally planned,
and the number of them, exceeding that of any previous exposition, it was
found in the spring of 1892 that others must be erected to meet the demands of
exhibitors and the public. Some changes were also made in the original
designs, more especially with relation to 77ie Casino. No casino is to be seen
as originally designed, at the end of the pier 1,000 feet from shore, and there is
no curved mole bearing columns emblematical of the thirteen states. In place
of the latter there is a peristyle, 60 feet wide and 500 feet long, extending north
and south and spanning the lagoon entrance by a grand arch. Ranged along
this peristyle are emblematic columns representing all of the states and terri-
tories. At the north end of the peristyle is The Music Hall, which for a time it
was thought \vould have to be put on the wooded island. It measures 140 by
200 feet, and has an auditorium large enough to seat 2,000 people, with an orches-
tra of 75 pieces and a chorus of 300 persons. It also has a rehearsal hall 50 by 80
feet, capable of seating 600 people. This music hall is designed to be used by
musical talent and connoisseurs of the art rather than by the mass of the people
who will visit Jackson Park. It is intended that here shall gather the fine
singers and instrumentalists who may wish to be heard and criticized by the
best representatives of their art or profession. The grand choruses and band
concerts — the proper musical entertainments — will be held in an amphitheatre
accommodating 15,000 people or more. This is located in the extreme Southern
part of the park, and after the close of the projected musical programme will
be transformed into a live-stock show ring. At the south end of the peristyle
there is a restaurant and cafe, of the same size and style as Music Hall. This
is constructed to supply the main features of the abandoned Casino. The cost
was $206,000. The pier, extending 1,000 feet into the lake, is one of the greatest
features. -At its extremity, in place of the Casino, is erected a Tower 250 feet
high. This is of iron, covered with staff, and resembles a lighthouse in appear-
ance. From its summit electrical displays of exceeding brilliancy are made,
and by means of electric "search-lights,"' the grounds, or any particular por-
tion of them, can be. flooded with light on fete nights ^Department Building. —
The building, which is two stories high, cost $58,000. Its dimensions in feet
are 165 by 310. In the center is an open court, and about this court are located
four important departments of the Exposition management. The northeast
section is devoted to general offices for the Chief of Construction and his assis-
tants. The southeast quarter furnishes room for a hospital. In this hospital
are three wards, 39x19 feet each. Two wards are for male patients and one for
female patients. The hospital is complete in all appointments. The south end
of the building, running west from the hospital, is devoted to the fire depart-
ment. Here are located steam and chemical engines, police patrol-wagons,
ambulances, fire and police alarm offices, stalls for horses, etc. Running east
and west throug'.i the center of the building is a driveway eighteen feet wide.
284 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR.
On the west side of the structure, between the driveway and the fire department,
is stable room for twenty horses and a number of carriages and other vehicles.
Across the driveway, just north, are police headquarters. Here Col. Wright
will assemble his Columbian Guards. Cells for lawbreakers are also provided.
The northwest section of the building is devoted to a large restaurant, The
upper story is largely used for dormitories. Convent of La Rabida. — It may be
remembered that early in 1492 Columbus, while traveling on foot and in a desti-
tute condition, applied for food at the Franciscan convent of La Rabida in Spain,
and was kindly and hospitably received. The prior of the institution, Father
Ue Marchena, was a man not only of education and culture, but of large influ-
ence with Queen Isabella. Columbus explained his plans for the discovery of
the new continent to the prior, who became interested, and secured for him a
reception at the court of Ferdinand and Isabella, who were then in camp with
the besieging army in front of Grenada. There is little doubt but that for the
timely assistance of the good abbot Columbus would have completely failed in
his endeavors to secure assistance to discover the new world, as he had previ-
ously failed in his endeavors to obtain aid from the governments of Spain and
Portugal. A fac-simile of the convent, costing $50,000, is among the structures
on the grounds. It is alluded to elsewhere. Shod and Leather Building and
Mineral Display Building. — These are located in the grand central court of the
Manufactures and Liberal Arts building. Their dimensions in feet are 325x425
each, and their cost $100,000. It was the original intention to leave two great
open courts in the center of the Manufactures building, each about 400 by 500
feet. After the shoe and leather industries of the country made such a deter-
mined fight for the building, and agreed to raise all the money necessary to put
it up, it was decided that the two buildings named could be erected in the court
which it was originally intended to decorate with flowers and fountains. The
buildings are one story high, and are separated from the walls of the main
building by streets about fifty feet wide. Bridges. — The bridges over the lagoon
and canals are all worthy of attention, and have been constructed at a great ex-
penditure of time, labor and money. The cost of the viaducts and bridges was
$125,000. Lavatories, Closets, Etc. — The lavatories, closets, etc., at the World's
Fair required the expenditure of between $450,000 and $500,000. There are 3,000
closets, 2,000 urinals and 1,500 lavatories. The contract for the construction and
care of all these was said to be the largest contract of the plumbing description
ever let. At the Centennial and the Paris Expositions the plumbing and sani-
tary precautions were very unsatisfactory. It was the determination that they
should be as perfect as possible at the Chicago Exposition. Streets in Reproduc-
tion, etc. — Many streets, villages, etc., in imitation of streets and villages in
foreign towns and countries, are reproduced. These will represent portions of
North, South, and Central America, streets in Cairo, Egypt, etc., all of which
are referred to elsewhere. Towers. — The decorations of the towers involves a
great deal of attention and a great outlay. The towers, it is seen, are not bare
shafts of iron, but their exterior framework is surrounded with an additional
structure which makes them appear like columns of masonry. At the first
landing of the tower on the pier, 200 feet high, will be a big clock with bells
and chimes. At the second landing, 250 feet high, is an electric plant and an
285
286 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR.
\
immense searchlight for giving panoramic views of the Exposition grounds and
buildings. Religious Exhibits Building. — The Evangelical Alliance (at this
-writing) proposes the erection of a great building for religious exhibits. Band
Stands. — Visitors to the World's Fair will find on every hand bands of music for
their entertainment. Fifteen music-stands are provided for the accommodation
of the different bands anxious to visit the Exposition and make music for the
visitors. Natatorium. — A natatorium, or swimming school, will be found directly
west of the location assigned to the Dutch Settlement on Midway Plaisance
Its dimensions are 200 by 250, and cost $60,000. Bank. — The Chemical National
Bank has established a branch in the Administration building for the accom-
modation of visitors. Additional Buildings. — As up to the very last moment
changes were made in the general arrangements for special buildings, it is im-
possible to enumerate them all in this connection. Two handsome structures,
however, in addition to those already named, will be found by the visitor in all
probability — one for the accommodation of the brick tile and terra cotta manu-
facturers, the other for exhibits of heavy machinery, such as drop hammers,
forges, etc.
SPECIAL, ATTK ACTIONS.— In addition to the many other useful
and attractive features of the exhibition, the following will be found of
special interest to the visitor :
ARCHEOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY. — All possible phases of pre-historic man
in America and the life of the aborigines at the time of the landing of Colum-
bus are illustrated at the World's Columbian Exposition by the department of
Archaeology and Ethnology. Prof. F. W. Putnam, of Harvard University, is
the chief of this department and is pronounced the most competent man in
America for the position.
GOVERNMENT EXHIBIT. — The Government Exhibit has been treated in
this volume in connection with the several departments, under the head of
"Fish and Fisheries," "Battle Ship," "Naval Exhibit," "Post Office,"
"Indian Exhibit," etc.
INDIAN EXHIBIT.— This exhibit is partly under the direction of the United
States' Government, and partly under the direction of Prof. Putnam, chief of
the Archaeological and Ethnological department.
NOVEL, QUAINT AND CURIOUS THINGS.— There are many novel, quaint
and curious things exhibited. These include exhibits— sometimes in the
department buildings, sometimes in the state and foreign buildings, and some-
times in the special exhibits made by private individuals, firms and corpora-
tions. The following comprise the most conspicuous of these exhibits, and
include such features as "A Street in Cairo," "Bazaar of All Nations,"
" Esquimaux Village,'' strange things from foreign lards, antiquities, etc. Two
anchors that Columbus carried in his ships are exhibited. A bell 790 years old,
from Carthagena, Columbia, South America, is on exhibition. Capt. William
A. Andrews, known as "the Lone Voyager," from his trips in his wonder-
ful little boats, Nautilus, keel fifteen feet, and Dark Secret, keel twelve feet,
makes an exhibit in the Marine department of the World's Fair. The Very
Rev. Doctor Peralta, Bishop of Panama, tendered for exhibition at the World's
MASSACHUSETTS.
FLORIDA.
IOWA.
THE \\-ORLlYS COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 289
Fair his very remarkable historical and ethnological collection, which has been
for some years in a museum connected with the bishop's palace.
Australia contributes the most wonderful astronomical clock that has ever
be.'n exhibited. It was constructed in New South Wales. This clock is in
man}- respects similar to the celebrated time piece at Strassburg, showing
numerous figures during the hour and performing many marvellous mechanical
feats. The case is forty feet high, by twenty-five feet square and is made of
colonial cedar. Captive Balloon Ascensions may be made from the grounds or
from grounds in the vicinity daily. The " Bazaar of all Nations " is established
near Midway Plaisance. Persons having a concession to sell goods in the
bazaar were allotted space in which to erect buildings suitable for the purpose.
These buildings were expected to be erected in the style of architecture that
prevails in the country in which the articles are produced.
H. W. Young, of Augusta, 111., sends a Bible printed in 1615, the ownership
of which in this country he has traced back to 1660. Some novelties may be
seen around the California and other buildings. The Monterey Cypress, a yel-
low fir tree in feet high, a California " Big Tree," and others, are visible out-
side the forestry exhibit. A continuous clam-bake is one of the attractions
which epicurean visitors will find at the Exposition. One of the two old sunken
vessels in Lake George is on exhibition as a relic. Van Houten & Zoon, the
manufacturers of cocoa at Weesp, Holland, set apart $100,000 with which to
make an exhibit. The Hercules Iron Company was granted the privilege of
constructing and operating a cold storage warehouse on the Exposition grounds.
It has a capacity of 600,000 cubic feet, and cost $150,000.
The congregation of the little colored church at Halevville, in Cumberland
County, N. J., contributes an interesting historical relic. It is the bell that has
for years called them to church. In the year 1445 the bell, it is said, hung in
one of the towers of the famous mosque at the Alhambra. After the siege of
Granada the bell was taken away by the Spanish soldiers and presented to
Queen Isabella, who in turn presented it to Columbus, who brought it to
America on his fourth voyage and presented it to a community of Spanish
monks who placed it in the Cathedral of Carthagena, on the island of New
Granada. In 1697 buccaneers looted Carthagena and carried the bell on board
the French pirate ship, La Rochelle, but the ship was wrecked on the island of
St. Andreas shortly afterward and the wreckers secured the bell as part of their
salvage. Captain Newell, of Bridgeton, purchased it, brought it to this coun-
try, and presented it to the colored congregation of the Haley ville church. The
bell weighs sixty-four pounds and is of fine metal.
Rudolph Cronau, the eminent author and scientist of Leipsic, German}',
has contributed his extensive collection of paintings, sketches and photographs,
representing scenes in the life of Columbus, and places visited by Columbus
during his voyages to the new world.
~\V. L. Libby & Son Company, of Toledo, Ohio, were granted a concession
for the operation of a big cut-glass factor}'. The Company invested between
$50,000 and $75,000 on its plant, which is located at 59th street, in the Midway
Plaisance, on a plat of land 150 by 250 feet. One of the events of the Exposition
will be a Cyclist's parade, in which many of the 24,000 members of the League
19
7 HE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 291
of American Wheelmen will take part. The date will be announced in due
season. Among the transportation exhibits are coaches used in the early da} s
of railroading, formed after the style of stage coaches, and many other curiosi-
ties, sent by th^ Old Colony railroad company. An East Indian village and
exhibit occupies 200,000 square feet of space on Midway Plaisance. It is con-
ducted by the East Indian Exhibit Co. A reproduction of the famous Eddy-
stone Lighthouse may be found by the visitor on the lake shore, used as an ex-
hibit and a beacon light. John W. Stiles & Co., of Spokane, Wash., was
granted a concession for the reproduction of an Esquimaux village on the Expo-
sition grounds. M. O. Jaensch, of Wahoo, Neb., sends a valuable collection of
arms. The collection includes 100 pieces, including swords, pistols, guns, etc.
Not the least interesting feature of the government exhibit at the Fair is
the fast flight of carrier pigeons. Captain R. E. Thompson, of the signal ser-
vice, has this feature of the display in charge, and at frequent intervals he will
liberate birds for flights to within 200 miles of Chicago. George W. Childs, the
Philadelphia philanthropist, has taken a great interest in this feature of the
government display, and offers a prize valued at $100, which will be on exhibi-
tion at the Fair, to the owner of the bird making the greatest distance in one
day. The first cotton gin made by Eli Whitney is exhibited by the New Orleans
Machinery Company, which also makes an extensive exhibit of cotton gins,
sugar mills and other machinery. Dr. West, a collector of curios at Antigonish,
Nova Scotia, is entitled to the credit of having shipped to the Columbian Expo-
sition the first exhibit from a foreign country. It consists of useful and orna-
mental articles purchased from the Antigonish Mountain Indians. The first
locomotive ever used is exhibited in the Transportation Department. Other
curiosities connected with the early days of steam transportation are also to be
found there. The first map of the world ever made is exhibited. Pope Leo
consented to its loan from the Vatican library. It is known as the Diege Ribere
map, and was begun in 1494 and finished in 1529.
W. A. Alexander and Louis Gelder, representing the insurance associations
of Chicago, were granted space, 50 by 100 feet, to construct a building to con-
stitute an exhibit of the most improved methods of fireproof construction and
the appliances used in saving goods from burning buildings. The building may
be occupied by a salvage corps during the Fair. The Western Union Telegraph
Company exhibit, handsomely framed, the first telegraph message ever sent,
which was in May, 1844. The message was received by (Prof. Morse at the
Capitol in Washington, from an assistant in Annapolis. It is seen in the Elec-
tricity Department. One of the exhibits that the Baltimore & Ohio road makes
in the Electricity Building is a model of the first telegraph wire strung along
that line by Morse. The line was nine miles long, and extended from Baltimore
to Relay Station. The line was laid in a lead pipe.
An eagle measuring almost 20 feet between wing tips perches above the
main entrance of the Manufacturers' Building. The old gunboat "Niagara,"
which was sunk in Massasauga Bay, Erie Harbor, in 1812, is exhibited. The
Manufacturers' Club, of Philadelphia, has a building constructed entirely of
material made by members of the club, as headquarters for manufacturers. A
building in the form of an iceberg in which to make a polar exhibit is projected.
292 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AXD GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR.
One of the novelties of the Fair is a building 200 feet square used as a skatin
rink. This rink is to be supplied with a i6-inch layer of ice summer and wintc
b3r artificial means. A Government Life Saving Station is on exhibition, i
magnificent microscope was made by the Munich Poeller Physical and Optic;
Institute for the Chicago Exposition, at a cost of $8,750. It possesses a magn
fying power of 11,000 diameters. John McAdams & Co., of Brooklyn, exhib
on Lake Michigan a device to prevent boats from coming in collision. It is
marine brake, powerful enough to stop boats running at a high rate of speec
A genius at Muhlenberg, Fa., completed a marvellous clock for exhibition at th
Fair. Around the dial is a railway track, on which a miniature locomoth
makes the round every five minutes. It requires a magnifying glass to see th
delicate machinery.
Sir Walker Bullard contributes the finest collection of native Maori curios
ties and paintings in the world. Maj. John Wilson, of Auckland, has brougr
a colony of Maoris to the Exposition. The United States Consul to Merid;
Yucatan, sent to the Exposition a Maya house, with its native inmates and the
belongings, and a Maya potter who makes native vessels in public. Meteori
stones of various sizes are exhibited. One of the finest specimens was set
from Marengo, 111. Charles P. Southard, of New Jersey, has erected a mod<
home, valued at $2,060, built through the medium of a co-operative building loa
association. Models of all the warships of the United States Navy are show
in the battle-ship Illinois, in which is made the naval exhibit of the governmei
at the World's Fair. A concession was granted to M. Stepanni to erect tt
Moorish Palace. One of the many attractions which are exhibited in this pala(
is $1,000,000 in gold coin in one pile. A space 200 by 250 is used for the palac
which cost $400,000. There is a $60,000 natatorium in operation on the Exp<
sition grounds. It includes bath-rooms, a swimming pool, a cafe, and a star
for the sale of cigars and flowers. This concession was granted to L. J. Kadis
of Chicago.
The most gruesome exhibit at the Exposition is that made by the Nation
Prison Association. The exhibit is a comprehensive expose of the devices ar
methods employed for inflicting punishment from the beginning of history '
the present time, and shows the progress which humanity has made in tl
quality of mercy. A special building is used for the exhibit, and in it
arranged cells of every description, many of them reproductions of places whk
have detained persons famous in history. Mr. Sell, the London advertisir
agent, exhibits specimens of all the leading newspapers of the world whic
have been printed during the last two centuries. The Clayden model of tl
ocean currents is exhibited by the Navy department. This is a kind of huj
scientific tank show. Mrs. Lou Barnes, of Vicksburg, granddaughter of tl
late Col. J. W. Nailor, sends the samples of cotton which her grandfather e
hibited at the World's Fair in London in 1851, and at the New York Cryst
Palace in 1853, with the medals awarded him at each. The cotton is still w(
preserved. A panorama of the Volcano Killean, of Hawaii, is exhibited on tl
ground. The original volcano has a crater one-half mile in diameter, in whi(
there is constant volcanic action. The exhibit is under the auspices of tl
Hawaiian Government.
294 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR.
A full-sized model of the Parthenon of Athens is one of the most interest-
ing of the Exposition buildings. It contains the World's Fair in miniature. A
company embracing several very wealthy men will operate a permanent circus
after the style of the Hippodrome in Paris. A building, with seating capacity
of 5,000, and having a garden on the roof, has been erected, and the attraction
will be in operation to entertain World's Fair crowds. Among the wonderful
things to be seen is a petrified log from Oregon. This is probably the largest
petrifaction ever exhibited.
A business house in Chicago has established a physicians' bureau of service
and information, which it proposes to make of great value to the medical
profession who may visit the Exposition. A tribe of African Pigmies may be
seen by the visitor at the midway plaisance. A chronometer, supposed to have
been the property of one of Pizarro's men, recently found in Ecuador, is
exhibited. A perfect reproduction of a street in Pompeii, the pavement of
which is made of lava from Vesuvius, showing several houses as they appeared
before the eruption which destroyed the place, together with relics, etc., is
among the attractions. The visitor to the Exposition will have an opportunity
of learning among other things, just how a first-rate post-office is managed. A
working model of such an office is a part of the U. S. Government exhibit. It
is a branch of the central Chicago Post-office so far as mails are concerned, but
entirely independent in its exhibition features. It handles all mails of officials,
exhibitors, and others to and from the Exposition grounds, and has a special
delivery service of its own.
In the model post-office building heretofore referred to is located the
Government postal museum. Among this collection are the most interesting
foreign exhibits. The building erected on the grounds by the publishers of
Puck is one of the most interesting attractions of the Fair. It shows fully
every detail of the process of editing and publishing a humorous paper. A
miniature model of the town of Pullman, 30x80 feet, is a part of the exhibit
made by the Pullman Palace Car Company. The State of Ohio sends a number
of valuable and interesting relics of the Mound Builders. These are from 100
mounds in Ohio and are 20,000 in number. Saginaw, Mich., has a miniature
reproduction of a Salt plant.
The cottage in which George Fox, the founder of the Society of Friends or
Quakers, was born, in Leicestershire, England, was brought over and appears on
the Fair Grounds. A cast-iron slack trough which was captured by General
Sam Houston from Santa Anna, at the battle of San Jacinto, has been sent from
Texas. The old locomotive " Sansom," built in England in "the thirties " by
the celebrated Timothy Hackworth and brought to this country in 1838, is
shown in the Transportation Building.
When Columbus was made a prisoner in San Domingo, the governor who
arrested him feared there might be an attempt at rescue. So he trained a big
gun on the entrance of the citadel, or castle, in which Columbus was confined.
That cannon laid in the same place until Mr. Ober, a World's Fair representa-
tive, recovered it, and with the permission of the Governor of San Domingo,
brought it to the United States. It is on exhibition.
A very novel feature of the Historical Exhibit at the Exposition is a fac-
DELAWARE.
NEW YORK
;
NORTH DAKOTA.
T11K WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION, 297
simile reproduction of the little ship " Santa Maria," in which Columbus sailed.
It is proposed that the vessel will be taken to Washington after the Exposition
and there anchored in the park south of the White House. Shakspeare's historic
home at Stratford-on-Avon is also reproduced here and is located on the space
set apart for the British Government exhibit.
No side shows are permitted within the Exposition grounds. The Directory
decided that the entrance fee shall entitle the visitor to see everything within
the inclosure. There are, however, several theatres built and kept running, at
which the finest talent in the world appears, and visitors who choose to attend
the performances have to pay an admission fee. Such sights as "A Street in
Cairo ' ' is free, but natives of oriental countries in a few cases are allowed to
charge a small fee to special performances of a theatrical nature.
A silversmith of Monterey, Mexico, sends a piece of silver which is an
exact reproduction of the Agricultural building. It is eight feet wide, contains
a quantity of silver valued as bullion at $10,000, and is valued at $20,000. A
$10,000 model of a stamp mill for reducing copper, the property of the State
Museum of Michigan, is shown at the Fair. This model was made and pre-
sented by the Calumet and Hecla Copper Company.
Some magnificent statues adorn the grounds. Notable among these is the
statue of Franklin, at the main entrance to the Electricity building ; the statue
of Columbus, belonging to the city of Baltimore ; and the statue of Columbus,
by St. Gaudens, at the entrance to the Administration building. A colossal
statue cf the Republic rises from the basin in front of the Administration build-
ing. This is by Daniel C. French, of New York.
An immense wooden box, bound in iron, was recently found at Helsinfors,
in Finland, by workmen engaged in excavating in the cellar of an old house.
Upon opening the box the men found that it contained a large parchment and a
quantity of pieces of iron of odd shapes. Being unable to make out the con-
tents of the parchment, they carried it to Mr. RizefT, the nearest magistrate, who
found that it was written by Father Suger, one time minister to Louis VII., of
France. It was an elaborately written treatise upon the use of steam as a mo-
tive power, and further examination revealed that the bits of iron were numbered
parts of a rudimental but complete steam engine. »The pioneer steam engine
has been put together, and is exhibited.
The concession for the reproduction of " A Street in Cairo," was granted to
George Panyolo, of Egypt. The space occupied is 600 by 300 feet. The location
is the Midway Plaisance. The exhibition is open to visitor<s, free of cost, except
upon occasions of a special street spectacle, as, for example, during the passing
of the wedding procession, which will form one of the features of the display.
One of the most novel buildings at the Paris Exposition was the tea house
erected by the Palais Indian Tea House Company, of London. This same con-
cern has constructed on the Exposition grounds a series of tea houses which are
finer than anything seen at Paris.
The leading theatrical managers of the country will probably erect a build-
ing in which theatrical and musical entertainments may be given during the
progress of the Fair. An exact reproduction of the Tower of London, costing
$250,000, will probably be one of the attractions of the Fair. The North Ameri-
298
ASHLAND BLOCK.
THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION, 299
can Turner Bund displays gymnastic apparatus, literature on the subject of
physical exercises and development, and representations of gymnastic organi-
zations. Eight days during each month of the Exposition the Turners give
gymnastic exhibitions. The Washington Park Club perfected arrangements for
a most notable race meeting during the Fair. The stakes in the American
Derby are $50,000 ; in the " Queen Isabella " one mile for three- year-old fillies,
$25,000 : in the " Columbus Handicap " for three-year-olds upwards, $25,000 ; in
a race for two-year-olds, $25,000 ; and large stakes are provided for a number of
other races. The racing track is close by the World's Fair grounds.
Waukesha mineral water is furnished to consumers on the Exposition
grounds at one cent per glass. Space of 8,000 square feet was granted the White
Star Steamship Co. , for an exhibition of models of the ' ' Greyhounds " of its
line. Similar exhibits are made by other ocean steamship lines. A Wild West
Show will be given near the Exposition grounds daily, but it will have no con-
nection with the Exposition. The location of the show is south of the Exposi-
tion grounds. One million signatures of people directly or indirectly connected
with the Exposition are being collected by the World's Fair Mammoth Auto-
graph Album Co. Copies of these collections of autographs will be bound in
three volumes of 2,500 pages each, to be presented, respectively, to the President
of the United States for the Smithsonian Institution, to the Governor of Illinois
for the State Library, and to the Mayor of Chicago for the City Public Library.
The names will be collected from all parts of the world.
FOREIGN EXHIBITS.— The civilized world, sections of the semi-
civilized and many portions of the uncivilized, are represented at the
World's Columbian Exposition. The Chicago World's Fair of 1893 has
a stronger claim upon the term Universal than any of its predecessors.
For the first time in history the great nations of Europe are able to exhibit
their progress in science, art, and industry, on what maybe justly termed
neutral ground. The political and social rivalry which has ever been a
menace to different nations in international expositions heretofore, finds
no place here. While the United States comes into competition with all
nations, in every department of human activity, the narrow environments
and prejudices which exist abroad are unknown here, and every nation is
certain to be treated fairly, impartially and justly, not only in the allot-
ment of position and space, but in the distribution of honors. The foreign
department of the Exposition, from the beginning, has been intelligently
and wisely managed. The sending of a commission into the countries of
Europe in 1891 was the most politic and judicious step that could have
been taken. The effect of their mission was felt almost immediately.
Europe was awakened to a sense of the importance and magnitude of the
World's Fair, and upon the return of the commission two of the greatest
empires on earth — England and Germany — sent representatives to inquire
further into the status of the enterprise and to report to their respective
governments the result. The reports of Sir Henry Wood and James
300 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR.
Dredge, on the part of England, and of Herr Wermuth, on the part c
Germany, as well as the active interest these envoys have since taken in th
success of the Exposition, are fresh in the minds of the public. Not onl;
has their friendship and enthusiasm interested the exhibitors of the tw
empires named, but they have stimulated every European nation, many c
which, for a time, at least, were inclined to be apathetic. The visit of th
ambassadors of foreign nations accredited to Washington in 1891 also serve*
to enlighten the Old World as to the magnitude of the preparations bein;
made here. Later on, the sending of additional commissioners — notabl;
the departure of Mr. H. N. Higginbotham and T. B. Bryan for southen
Europe — served to renew the interest of foreign nations in the World'
Fair.
The organization of a Latin-American Commission likewise resulte<
in bringing the Spanish- American republics into line, and the exhibit
made by our neighbors on this continent demonstrate how well the bureai
having this department in charge has been conducted by Mr. W. B. Curtis
Finally the appointment of Walker Fearn as chief of the foreign exhibit
department gave an impulse to this branch of the executive service o
the Exposition, the favorable effects of which have continued to be fel
up to the present time. The passage of the McKinley bill by Congres:
for a time had a depressing effect upon the prospects of the Exposition
Foreign manufacturers were inclined to hold aloof, in the hope, perhaps
that by so doing the government might be influenced in the direction o
more liberal customs laws ; but as our system of government can no1
be thus influenced, and as foreign governments and foreign manufacturer.'
began to realize that outside pressure of this kind would probably have
an effect quite contrary to that which was desired, they gradually acceptec
the situation and set about making the best of it.
It has been decided that agents in this country of articles manufac
tured in foreign countries cannot have the same entered for exhibition as
American products. Although the capital of residents of the United
States may be employed in the manufacture of such goods, the exhibits
will have to be entered as foreign ones and space be assigned for them
by the World's Fair Commission of the country in which the articles are
produced.
The following are the nations and colonies represented at the World's
Columbian Exposition, with all information concerning their respective
exhibits in possession of the Exposition management :
ALGIERS. — The Governor of Algiers has taken a deep interest in the Expo-
sition. It was the wish of exhibitors in that colony to have a distinct sub-sec-
tion of the French exhibit. The Algiers display is novel and brilliant. It may
be seen in the French section.
FIRST NATIONAL BANK.
301
302 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLDS FAIR,
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. — The President of the Argentine Republic appointed
a World s Fair Commission early in 1891, and no time was lost in collecting
and forwarding exhibits. The sum of $100,000 was placed at the disposal of the
commission and visitors can readily see how judiciously this sum was expended.
The Argentine display is a handsome one.
AUSTRALIA. — Australia is one of the most important exhibitors at the
World's Fair. Not less than 1,000,000 feet of space were demanded by her
exhibitors, and this was placed at their disposal. New South Wales took a
lively interest in the Exposition from the first, as did New Zealand and Queen-
land. The merchants and manufacturers of Sydney and Melbourne were
enthusiastic, and the public of Australia in general determined upon making a
display which should attract the attention of the world to the progress thf
great island is making.
AUSTRIA. — The Austro- Hungarian Empire was a little late in responding
to the President's invitation, but finally decided to participate, although not offi-
cially. The premier notified the U. S. minister that the Empire would give its
utmost support to anything that private parties might do toward making an
exhibit. Private interests at once took up the matter, and the exhibits from
Austria and Hungary in the several departments of the Exposition are fully up
to the standard established by the great powers of Europe. As a strong
evidence of her friendship, Austria postponed the International Art Jubilee,
which was to occur in 1893, until 1894, so that it should not interfere with the
World's Fair.
BELGIUM. — Belgium from the first displayed the greatest interest in the
World's Fair, and determined upon taking an active and conspicuous part
in the Exposition. She made a grant of 600,000 francs, and has sent an art
exhibit much more extensive than that displayed at the last Paris Exposition.
Belgium is represented in all the leading departments. A supplementary grant
of 300,000 francs was made to aid the private exhibitors.
BOLIVIA. — Bolivia has an excellent exhibit. It is among the best from the
Ivatin- American Republics. Bolivia's appropriation for the Fair was $150,000.
BRAZIL. — The government of Brazil makes a magnificent display. The
cost of the exhibit was over half a million dollars. The Brazil building is in
itself a leading attraction. In addition to the $550,000 appropriated by the
Federal government of Brazil, $250,000 were appropriated by the different states
of the Republic. Brazil's exhibits will be found in the art, agricultural, forestry,
horticultural, floricultural and other departments, and always occupying a con-
spicuous and creditable position.
BRITISH COLUMBIA. — British Columbia is represented by a building which
is a novelty in architecture, composed of every variety of wood known to the
British Columbia forests. British Columbia is represented in nearly all of the
principal departments.
BRITISH GUIANA. — British Guiana appropriated $20,000 for an exhibit and
appointed a commission to collect and display the same. A space of 60x30 feet
is allotted to the exhibit from this colony, close to the exhibit and building of
the Dominion of Canada. The location was chosen by British Guiana so as to
afford an opportunity for contrasting its exhibits with those of other British
•
••MKBH^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^— ^^^
LOUISIANA.
INDIANA.
TEXAS.
THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 305
American colonies. A local exhibition of the resources of British Guiana was
held previous to the shipment of the exhibits to this country, so that the
choicest might be selected.
BRITISH HONDURAS. — This colony makes an excellent exhibit, consisting
principally of woods, plants, fruits, tropical flowers, native minerals, etc.
BRITISH WEST INDIA.— The display made by British India in various
departments and sections is an interesting one. Exhibits from Burmah are
particularly attractive. The commissioner for British West Indies was granted
25,600 square feet of space. Much of the exhibit from these colonies consist of
tropical plants, etc., which are to be seen in the horticultural department.
BULGARIA. — Bulgaria has a surprisingly fine art and industrial display.
The kingdom is represented worthil3T for the first time at an International
Exposition.
CANADA. — Canada early in 1892 asked for 96,000 square feet of space, but
this did not represent the total space desired. In the fine arts and fisheries
annexes additional room was necessary. Canada was granted in all about
100,000 square feet.
CEYLON. — Ceylon has a special building on the grounds. Among the
attractions of its display is a large tea house.
CHILE. — The position of Chile as to its participation in the World's Colum-
bian Exposition long remained in doubt. The impoverished condition of the
country, and the stagnation of its trade due to the recent revolution, compelled
the government to abandon its original design of appropriating $100,000 to
defray the expenses of an exhibit, but it is believed she will be creditably
represented.
CHINA. — Owing to certain diplomatic troubles between the United States
and China, caused by the exclusion of Chinese immigrants, it was doubted for
some time whether China would participate in any way in the Exposition. But
the government of the Empire, while giving no official countenance to the
Exposition, it was understood, would assist private exhibitors substantially.
Later on it was announced that China would subscribe $200,000 and $50,000 to
defray the expenses of a private exhibit. The Chinese government authorized
Tao Tai, the representative of the custom service at Shanghai, to remove all
export duties on exhibits intended for the World's Fair. Later still the Chi-
nese government announced through its minister at Washington that its Em-
bassy to this country would eventually be made a commission to represent
China at the World's Fair and see that the rights of its citizens were thoroughly
protected. The general indications are that China will be represented in many
of the important departments of the Exposition and will probably erect a build-
ing on the grounds.
COLOMBIA. — Colombia's display is particularly attractive. Its building is
modeled after the capitol at Bogota. The exterior is in imitation of the sand-
stone of which the capitol is built, while the interior is finished in the valuable
hardwoods of the country, comprising more than a hundred varieties.
COSTA RICA. — Among the first exhibits received in Chicago for the World's
Fair of 1893, were ten cases of curios and antiques collected in Costa Rica by
the Latin-American bureau. Lieut. Scriven was specially detailed to make the
20
306 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR.
collection. It was valued at $500. This little Republic appropriated $50,000 t«
defray the expenses of her display. Her exhibits are to be found in nearly ever
one of the principal departments.
CUBA. — The exhibit from Cuba is principally remarkable for the wonderfu
floral and horticultural specimens which it includes. These are to be found ii
the proper departments. Cuba also contributes to other departments of th
Exposition, particularly to the manufactures, where her display of tobaccos an<
cigars will attract general attention.
DENMARK. — The Danish exhibit comprises contributions to nearly all de
partments, and particularly to those of fine arts, agriculture and manufactures
The sum of $55,000 was set apart by Denmark in order to show as a leadin;
feature of its exhibit a Danish dairy complete and in full operation.
DUTCH WEST INDIES. — The Dutch colonies of the West Indies, composed c
the Islands of Curacoa, St. Martins, Bonaire, Aruba, St. Bustache and Saba, ar
represented by special exhibits in several departments.
ECUADOR. — The President of Ecuador early in 1892 decreed that the Govei
nor of each state of the Republic should collect and forward to Quito exhibits c
all kinds illustrating the riches and the productions of the country. The Consul
General of the United States in Quito directed the Consuls and Vice-Consuls an<
Consular Agents at different points in Ecuador to assist the Governors of state
in every way possible in the collection of articles relating to commerce wit]
exterior countries. The best of these exhibits so collected and exhibited i
Quito during the National Exposition held there in 1892, were forwarded t
Chicago. The President of Ecuador also named Commissioners to Chicago, an«
a sufficient sum was appropriated to meet the expenses. The state of Esme
ralda makes a special exhibit of gold and gold ores from the mines of Ibarra
rubber, and other lowland products. The department of Guayaquil also has
special exhibit. Ecuador has her own building on the grounds. Ecuador i
represented in man}^ of the leading departments.
ENGLAND. — England made application for 200,000 square feet of floor spac
for exhibits, or nearly five square miles. This was equal to the space asked fo
by Germany, and indicated at an early day the international character of th
Exposition. The exhibits from England are on a greater and grander scale thai
were ever seen before outside of London Expositions. England contributes t
every department of the Fair. It is unsettled, at this date, whether the Iris!
exhibit shall be included in England's. The Scotch exhibit certainly will
Both of these kingdoms contribute very creditable displays.
FRANCE. — France asked for 25,000 square feet of space for its picture exhibit
alone. The leading men of France became interested in the Columbian Expc
sition early in 1892, and from that time on the collections made in France an<
forwarded to this country gave every assurance that France would maintain he
pre-eminent position among the industrial nations of the world. France occu
pies 100,000 square feet in the manufactures, 10,000 in the machinery, and 10,00
in the live stock departments. The first appropriation made by France for th
expenses of the exhibit amounted to 3,250,000 francs, or about $650,000.
GERMANY. — The demand of Germany for 200,000 square feet of floor spac
early in 1892 indicated pretty clearly the intentions of that empire with regan
VERMONT.
ARKANSAS.
MISSOURI.
CONNECTICUT.
UTAH.
THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 309
to the Columbian Exposition. The interest of the people of Berlin, Dresden,
Leipsig, Stuttgart, Nuremburg, Hamburg, and, in fact, of all the leading com-
mercial, manufacturing, art and educational centers of Germany, has been cen-
tered in the Columbian Exposition for over two years. The first appropriation
made by the German government to defray the expenses of its exhibit amounted
to 900,000 marks. This, however, was quickly swallowed up, and large addi-
tional appropriations became necessary.
GREECE. — The financial situation in Greece prevented that kingdom from
doing what it would have liked to do in the way of sending an art exhibit to
the Columbian Exposition. It proposed a display of casts and models of the
Greek art schools, the value of which, it is said, can scarcely be overestimated,
and asked that the Columbian Exposition Company pay a sum ranging between
$20,000 and $200,000 for this proposed exhibit. This proposition is referred to
under the head of Art department.
GUATEMALA. — Guatemala started out by appropriating $100,000 in gold to
defray the expenses of its exhibit at Chicago. Later on an appropriation of
$20,000 was added to pay for the erection of a suitable building to be used as
headquarters for this republic. The greatest interest in the Exposition \\ s
manifested in Guatemala from the first. This country contributes its national
band to the Exposition. It will perform daily. This band is the third largest
in the world, that of Austria being first and the Mexican National Band being
second. It is composed of 200 performers.
HAYTI. — The congress of Hayti appropriated $25,000 for its exhibits.
Frederic Douglas, the celebrated American negro, is in charge of the Haytian
display, which is a very creditable one.
HOLLAND. — The Netherlands not only contribute one of the finest collec-
tions of paintings from the Dutch masters, but are represented in the Liberal
Arts and Mechanical departments quite fully. Some of the most unique and
interesting exhibits displayed at the Exposition came from Holland.
HONDURAS. — The exhibits of Honduras are very attractive and interesting.
One of the measures adopted in that country for raising the necessary funds
was the establishment of a national lottery. The exhibits forwarded are classi-
fied under the heads Minerals, Wood, Agriculture, Drugs, Animal Kingdom,
Ethnology, Industries and General Information, and include a geological col-
lection showing the mineral wealth of Honduras in building stone as well as in
such semi-precious stones as opals, etc.
INDIA. — No money was appropriated by the Indian^ government, but the
viceroy declared he would encourage private exhibitors in every way possible.
Indian exhibits began to arrive early in 1892. Several Indian princes will
attend the Exposition.
IRELAND. — An effort was made by the Irish members of Parliament to sep-
arate the Irish from the British exhibit, and to secure an independent subsidy
from the crown. Before this question was determined the Countess of Aber-
deen, a patriotic Irish lady, took the matter of collecting an exhibit of Irish
industries in hand, and raised between $15,000 and $20,000 in this country, her
object being to have an independent room in the Women's "building.
ITALY. — The United States was not on amicable diplomatic terms with
310 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLDS FAIR.
Italy in 1891, and there was no resumption of relations until late in 1892. Thi
was the result of the Italian massacre in New Orleans. Accordingly it wa
feared that Italy would take no part in the Exposition. Commissioners Hig
ginbotham and Bryan visited southern Europe in 1892 and paid particula
attention to Italy. Before they returned an entente cordiale was established
and they brought back assurances that Italy would do her part toward givinj
an international complexion to the World's Fair. The king has officially rec
ognized the Exposition by the appointment of a World's Fair Commission
Although no appropriation will be made, the government will in all probability
transport Italian exhibits without cost to exhibitors.
JAPAN. — Japan leads all foreign countries in the amount of its appropria
tion for the World's Fair. The empire of the Mikado was willing to spem
more money in making an exhibit in 1893 than many of the countries o
Europe, so far as their appropriations were first reported. Exposition official}
were both surprised and pleased to receive authoritative information that th<
Japanese Parliament had set aside $630,765 for a display at the Fair. It i$
thorough and shows everything of interest which the ingenious people of Japar
manufacture or otherwise produce. In appropriating the money the Parlia
ment took occasion to authorize its expenditure as follows : During the yeai
1891, $51,495 ; 1892, $313,098 ; 1893, $241,536 ; 1894, $24,636. Japan made a nove
proposition for the consideration of the World's Fair management. It offered
if a suitable location should be granted, to reproduce a building of the mosi
ancient style of architecture of Japan, and make to the city of Chicago a gift o
the structure at the close of the World's Fair. The offer to do this came fron
the Japanese government. The estimated cost, including the elaboration of the
gardens about it, was figured at $100,000. This edifice, with all its surround
ings, will be tendered to the city of Chicago as a permanent monument o
Japanese architecture and landscape gardening.
Japan was given 40,000 square feet for the purpose indicated in the nortt
end of the wooded island. In addition to this Japan consumes over 9o,ooc
square feet ; in the Manufactures building, 35,000 ; Agricultural building, 4,000
Fine Arts, 2,000 ; Mines and Mining, 750 ; Forestry, 350 ; Bazaars, 42,000.
Japan makes a magnificent display in all of the principal buildings, and has
a Japanese tea house on the lake front and a bazaar on the Midway Plaisance.
MADEIRA. — The Governor of Madeira accepted the invitation to participate
in the Exposition early in 1892, and the work of collecting an exhibit began al
once. The displaj- made by this province is worthy of attention. There arc
numerous Columbus relics in the exhibit.
MEXICO.— The nearest Republican neighbor of the United States makes one
of the most prominent as well as one of the handsomest displays in each of the
great departments of the Exposition. It was announced quite early that
$2,000,000 would be expended upon the exhibit of this Republic, and the fact
that the first appropriation amounted to $750,000, which was intended merely
to be preliminary, justified this prediction.
The Mexican exhibits are to be seen in nearly every department of the Ex-
position. The floral display of the Republic is one of the handsomest to be
seen in the Horticultural Buflding.
THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 311
MOROCCO.— The Moorish minister of foreign affairs communicated with the
United States Consul at Tangier immediately on receipt of the invitation to
participate in the Exposition and asked that space be reserved for Morocco.
Hassan Ben Ali took charge of the exhibit. Morocco makes a very interesting
showing in the transportation department, where some horses, saddles, and
other equestrian equipments from that country are displayed.
NEWFOUNDLAND. — The colony of Newfoundland participates in the Ex-
position and makes an independent display close to that of the Dominion and
other English colonies. It is also represented largely in the fisheries de-
partment.
NICARAGUA. — Nicaragua set aside $30,000 for her display at the Exposition.
It is the best exhibit the country has ever made. Senor Don Sallaverri, who
had charge of Nicaragua's exhibit at Paris, arranged the country's display here.
NORWAY AND SWEDEN. — The amount raised in Norway and Sweden, in-
cluding government and private subscriptions towards defraying the expenses
of the exhibit, was about $150,000. It is understood that Norway and Sweden
will each have a building on the grounds.
PANAMA.— The little government of Panama is well represented in the dif-
ferent departments, especially in that of horticulture. The marble slab pre-
sented by the Empress Josephine to Panama, and many other novel and curious
articles are exhibited.
PARAGUAY. — The government of Paraguay very speedily accepted the in-
vitation to participate, and the president of the republic was authorized to use
whatever public funds he deemed necessary to enable Paraguay to make a
proper exhibit. The republic makes an excellent display.
PERSIA. — The government of Persia as a first evidence of friendship toward
the Exposition lifted the export duty on all goods sent to the World's Fair and
all goods which might be purchased and returned to that country by visitors to
the Exposition. This was looked upon at the time as a most liberal concession.
The most important portion of the Persian exhibit is to be seen in the Manu-
factures Building, where there is a magnificent display of carpets, rugs, shawls
and fabrics from that country. Ivories, curios and contributions to the art and
other departments are also numerous. The representative of the Shah of Persia
is M. E. Spencer Pratt, formerly United States Minister to Persia.
PERU. — The exhibit made by Peru is certainly equal to that made by any of
the Latin-American republics, with the exception, perhaps, of Mexico and
Brazil. A national exposition was held at Lima in May, 1(892. This was known
as a " Congress of Producers." The exhibition continued several months, and
when it closed the entire exhibits were shipped to Chicago. The first appropri-
ation made by Peru amounted to $25,000.
RUSSIA. — Although one of the most dreadful famines of recent years pre-
vailed throughout the Empire during the greater part of 1892, the interest of the
Russian Government and people in the Columbian Exposition was not per-
mitted to languish. The Imperial Government appointed a commission of
which the famous Count Tolstoi, the novelist and statesman, was a member, and
the work of preparation, though hindered by the depressed financial condition
of the Empire, went steadily on. The Russian Government undertook to bear
312 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR.
all expenses for transportation and insurance of private exhibits. Every e:
hibitor, whether from European or Asiatic Russia, who had goods of histori
artistic or economic value to offer worthy of a place in the Exposition w;
encouraged to send them. Russia is represented in every one of the leading d
partments in a manner befitting the greatness of the Empire.
ROUMANIA. — Roumania contributes exhibits to the Art and several oth'
departments. Her display is in every way more prominent than at the la;
Paris Exposition.
SAN DOMINGO. — Many interesting relics from this island are on exhibitioi
The most valuable and the most interesting perhaps is the first church be
that ever rang out in the New World. It was presented to the colonists of tl
first settlement of San Domingo by Queen Isabella in appreciation of the fac
that the first settlement bore her name. There is also an exact reproduction <
the cross which Columbus raised immediately upon landing. The material <
the cross is the same exactly as that which Columbus nailed up, having bee
taken from the wood of a building erected in 1509. There are also in this co
lection fac-similes of the doors which close the cells in which the bones of C(
lumbus repose. The collection of relics is very extensive and is contained i
a building erected for this special purpose.
SANDWICH ISLANDS. — A separate building is devoted to exhibits of th
government of Hawaii. The collection in the department of agriculture, froi
these islands, include rice, arrowroot, sugar cane, sugar models and machiner
for making sugar, photographs of mills, coffee in the berry, in the shell, cleane
and growing. In the forestry department are shown trees of every descriptio
and in the horticultural department a great variety of fruit. In the floricu"
tural department many beautiful palms are exhibited, and in the department c
viticulture will be found a display of grapes, preserved fruits of every descrip
fcion, dried or in alcohol or in syrups. The Islands are also represented by fish
fish products and manufactures, including gold ornaments, palm leaf, bamboc
feather work, artificial flowers, seed work, etc.
SERVIA. — The kingdom of Servia sends a large and interesting display, :
great portion of which was taken from the government museums and stores
and of articles such as ancient armor, tapestries.
SIAM. — The kingdom of Siam charged the commissioner of agriculture t<
charter one or more vessels and load them with the products of the farms
mines, forests and manufactories of that country and ship them to Chicagc
The exhibit which is made laere eclipses that made at the Paris Exposition
where it carried off the honors of the Oriental section.
SOUTH AFRICA. — The exhibits from South Africa include those of th<
British colonies, Orange Free States and other settlements. These are scattere<
through the various departments of the Exposition. Cape Colony alone appro
priated $25,000, and the De Beers Company a like amount. Zanzibar exhibit;
among other things a score of pigmies from the east coast of Africa.
SOUTH AMERICA. —The exhibits from South America include those fron
all of the so-called Latin -American republics, and are referred to here under th<
headings of the different countries represented. In the spring of 1892 commis
sioners had been appointed and appropriations made to pay the expenses of rep
BRITISH,
GERMAN.
THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 315
resentation of the South American republics which exceeded in the aggregate
the sum of $2, 000,000 more than had been provided up to that time by the
United States, with Illinois excepted.
SOUTH SEA ISLANDS. — The South Sea Islands are represented at the Expo-
sition. The nature of their display was not known to the Exposition manage-
ment when this book went to press.
SPAIN.— It is but natural that Spain should have taken more than an ordi-
nary interest in the World's Columbian Exposition, designed as it is to cele-
brate the most glorious achievement in the history of that nation — the discovery
of America. For many reasons, however, but principally because the financial
situation in Spain is depressed, the display made by that country does not
compare favorably with that by other European nations. Spain is represented
in nearly all of the principal departments. The Queen Regent of Spain sends a
portrait of the youthful king. Many of the jewels and other possessions of
Ferdinand and Isabella are exhibited in the Spanish collection.
SWITZERLAND. — There was considerable feeling manifested in Switzerland
against the United States and the World's Fair, owing to the passage of the
McKinley bill, which it was claimed would have the effect of depressing the
trade of that country. Besides it was held that to exhibit the expensive and
complicated pattern of embroideries would result in having the trade of Swiss
manufacturers injured by cheap imitations, as had been the case at Paris. The
sentiment in Switzerland, however, underwent a very decided change upon the
arrival of the Columbian Commission. The importance of the World's Fair,
and the gigantic nature of the enterprise having been laid before them.Uhe
manufacturers quickly decided to make an exhibit, and the government was
called upon to make a suitable grant. Among the attractions of the Swiss
exhibit is a magnificent display made by the watchmakers of that country.
Switzerland is represented in nearly every department of the Exposition.
TRINIDAD. — Trinidad was the thirty-first nation to accept an invitation to
participate in the Columbian Exposition. The display made by this little
country is very interesting and creditable.
TURKEY. — Enthusiasm for the World's Columbian Exposition and material
assistance in making it an international affair, strangely enough came at the
beginning from nations that were not expected to participate to any great ex-
tent. This fact was particularly exemplified in the cases of Japan and Turkey.
The Turkish flag was the first foreign flag hoisted at the World's Fair grounds.
This event occurred on September 20, 1891, with appropriate ceremonies. The
flag was raised on the site which Robert Levy, of Constantinople, secured for
his Turkish specialties. The Sultan took a great personal interest in the Ex-
position, and gave orders concerning certain exhibits which make a showing
of Turkish progress in science and education. He officially signified his con-
sent to the erection of a mosque, to be used by Mussulmans for religious ser-
vices during the Exposition. The supervision of the construction of the
mosque was committed to the imperial Turkish commissioner and cost $3,000.
The merchants of Smyrna occupy about 1,000 square feet of space in an ex-
hibit of the finest Turkish rugs and carpets. Turkey is represented in nearly
every one of the leading departments. The Turkish commissioner is Hakki
316 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR.
Bey, translator at the imperial palace, and Fahni Bey, of the general post-office,
is sub-commissioner. In addition to these, other representatives of the Turkish
government and Imperial Palace are daily on the grounds.
URUGUAY. — The display of the government of Uruguay is in charge of the
rural association, and is one of the most interesting to be seen. The Rural As-
sociation of Paraguay is an important national organization, and has spared no
pains or expense in making the exhibit creditable. This association managed
the Uruguay display at Paris. The republic is well represented in the agricul-
ture, live-stock and educational departments.
DEDICATION DAY PROGRAMME.— The dedication of the
World's Columbian Exposition took place October 21, 1892. The pro-
gramme agreed upon for the first three days devoted to the festivities was
as follows :
1. March for orchestra. Written for the occasion by John K. Payne.
2. Prayer by the Rt. Rev. Bishop Brooks, of Massachusetts.
3. Report of the World's Columbian Commission by the Director-
General.
4. Presentation of the buildings, for dedication, by the President of
the World's Fair Columbian Exposition to the President of the World's
Columbian Commission.
5. Chorus, " The Heavens Are Telling" — Haydn.
6. Presentation of the buildings, for dedication, by the President of
World's Columbian Commission to the President of the United States.
7. March and chorus from " The Ruins of Athens" — Beethoven.
8. Dedication of the buildings by the President of the United States.
9. Hallelujah chorus from the Messiah — Handel.
10. Dedicatory Oration by the Hon. William C. P. Breckinridge, of
Kentucky.
11. Dedicatory Ode. Words by Miss Harriet Monroe; music by E.
A. McDowell.
12. " Star-Spangled-Banner " and "America," with full chorus and
orchestral accompaniment.
13. National salute.
DEDICATION OF THE BUILDINGS, ETC.— In the dedicatory
exercises on the i2th, the completed buildings were tendered by the Presi-
dent of the Exposition to the National Commission. President T. W.
Palmer accepted them on behalf of that body and at once presented them
to the President of the United States, who fittingly responded. The
dedicatory oration followed. Much attention was given to the musical
portion of the programme. This included the dedicatory ode and or-
chestra marches written for the occasion. These and other numbers, in-
cluding "America" and "Star-Spangled Banner," were rendered with full
choral and orchestral accompaniment.
THE II VA'L & S COL UMBIA X EXPO SI TION. 3 1 7
In April, 1893, a grand international naval review, preliminary to the
opening of the Exposition, as provided for by Act of Congress, will be
held in New York harbor.
FIRE WORKS. — For a consideration of $25,000 Mr. James Payn, of
London, gave a display of fire- works at the dedicatory ceremonies, that
excelled in magnificence anything of the kind ever attempted. There
were three displays on as many nights. The first night's programme
included a salute of 100 aerial maroons, four and one-half inches in
diameter, fired from iron mortars. Following this was a grand device, re-
presenting Chicago's welcome to all the nations of the earth. Then came
Columbus and his departure from Spain, and a floating star-spangled
banner, which remained in the air for hours.
On the second night a grand device in honor of the army and navy
was given. A scene from the battle of Lake Erie was selected. After
this was shown a prismatic fountain, a reproduction of the Capitol at
Washington and many other equally striking and beautiful pictures.
On the third night was shown a reproduction of the facade of the
Administration building and devices showing the portraits of the Exposi-
tion officials.
The grand display was closed with an illumination of the entire Lake
Front from Van Buren Street to Jackson Park, together with the lagoons
and the canal with a crowning device representing the Goddess of Peace
surrounded by Science, Art and Literature, with glimpses of the Brooklyn
bridge, the Eiffel Tower and other famous structures.
MILITARY DISPLAY.— Fifteen thousand troops at least, with all
the crack artillery companies in the country, were present for the week of
the World's Fair dedicatory ceremonies. The display of troops was par-
ticularly impressive, and there was the greatest display of artillery here
ever brought together in one place in the United States since the close of
the Civil War. Ohio sent 1,000 men, Indiana 500, Illinois 3,000, Mis-
souri 500, Iowa 500, Minnesota 500, Wisconsin 1,000, Michigan 1,000.
This makes atotal of 8,500 troops specially invited. In addition there
were 5,000 regulars of the United States army.
The encampment lasted from Oct. 1 1 to Oct. 14 inclusive. The Ex-
position management furnished quarters 'and subsistence during the
encampment. Beyond the number of men of the National Guard of the
United States army indicated, the Governors of many of the States were
accompanied by their guards.
The entire cost of the encampment is estimated at $30,000. The
reasons for inviting the Governors of the States adjoining or near to
Illinois to send the specified allotment of troops was because of their
proximity. In the summer of 1893 there will be another encampment,
318 PICTURESQUE CHICAGO AND GUIDE TO THE WORLD'S FAIR,
when it is expected that troops from a distance will be present. Gen.
Nelson A. Miles will have charge of the military display.
PROCESSION OF CENTURIES. — After months of deliberation
the joint committee representing the National Commission and Board of
Directors adopted twenty-four floats, which formed the procession cf
centuries. These floats were drawn around through the canals and
lagoons of Jackson Park on dedication night. They were built at an
average expense of $3,800 each, or a total cost of $91,200. Following is
the list of floats :
1 . The Stone Age ; representing the cliff-dwellers and the Toltecs.
2. The Bronze Age ; representing the Aztecs and the mound-builders.
3. The Aboriginal Age ; representing the American Indians.
4. Columbus at the Court of Ferdinand and Isabella.
5. Departure of Columbus from Palos.
6. The discovery of America.
7. Columbus before the Court of Ferdinand and Isabella presenting
natives and the strange products of the new country.
8. English Cavaliers and the Settlement of Jamestown.
9. Hendrick Hudson ; Discovery of the Hudson river ; Dutch Settle-
ment at New Amsterdam.
10. Landing of the Pilgrams.
1 1 . Illustration of early Puritan Life.
12. Ferdinand de Soto; Discovery of the Mississippi.
13. Pere Marquette, Chevalier La Salle, and the Northwest.
14. Washington and his Generals.
15. Signing the Declaration of Independence.
1 6. Union of the Colonies ; the thirteen original States ; the sister-
hood of the great Republic ; welcoming the Territories to the constella-
tion of States.
17. "Westward the course of empire takes its way."
1 8. The genius of invention; application of steam, etc.
19. Electricity and electric appliances.
20. War; representing valor, sacrifice, power, death, devastation.
21. Peace; representing tranquillity, security, prosperity, happiness.
22. Agriculture.
23. Science, art and literature.
24. Universal freedom of man; equal rights; law and justice; lib-
erty enlightening the world.
PERSPECTIVE
OF CHICAGO
Locating
WORLD'S FAIR GROUNDS
FIFTH AVENUE HOTEL,
SQUARE,
NEW YORK.
The largest, best appointed, and most liberally managed Hotel in the city, with the most
central and delightful location.
A. B. DARLING, E. A. DARLING,
CHARLES N. VILAS, HIRAM HITCHCOCK.
HITCHCOCK, DARLING & CO.
SPECTACLES.
EYE GLASSES.
& LE\VIS,
OPTICIANS,
347 N1A.IM STREET, HARTFORD.
ORERA GLASSES.
KIELD GLASSES.
AND TO GET
Plumbing, Steam and Gas Fitting, Tin Roofing and General Jobbing,
IS AT
GEO. M. COUCH & CO.'S
SHEET METAL WORKERS,
Estimates given from Specifications. 110 State Street, Hartford, Conn.
-A.ND
*
OF ALL KINDS IN STOCK.
Special Designs Furnished on Application.
\VAREROOIV1S :
35O and 352 Asylum Street, Hartford, Conn
TELEPHONE. STEPHEN MASLEN.
HENRY LEWIS & CO.,
-DEALERS IN-
Hats, Caps, and Gents' Famishing Goods, Boots, Shoes and Rubbers.
Custom Work a Specialty. Old Stand for Oil Clothing.
174 State Street, Hartford, Conn.
HENRY LEWIS. E. G. LASBURY.
IF" YOU ARE IN NEED OF"
PAPER, TWINE, OR PAPER BAGS.
CALL ON
P. GARVAN, Nos. 205 and 207 State Street, Hartford, Conn
We have constantly on hand a full line of paper of all kinds, which we sell at
manufacturers prices.
Cotton Waste, Twine, Butter Dishes and Oyster Pails
always in stock.
Prices guaranteed as low as any house in New England can offer.
(by all relief processes),
Electrotyping,
Embossing,
A. nUQFORD, Hartford, Conn.
THE
"B & H"
LAMP.
Easy to Light as Gas.
For they are made with the Patent Lift Attachment as
shown above.
THCE "IB <SZ H"
Is the only Lamp made with Double Centre Draught.
This feature produces perfect combustion, the result
being the brightest and best Light.
We manufacture a complete line of
Bronze and Brass Art Metal Goods, Gas and Electric
Light Fixtures, Fenders, Andirons, Fire Sets.
14
( New York, 21 Barclay Street.
1 Bottom, Hio Congress Street.
") Chicago. S8 Wabash Avenue.
( Factories, Meriden, Conn.
SEND I OK 01 K LITTLE BOOK.
SAMUEL STEINECKE. EDW. B. FARREN
STEINECKE & FARREN,
j and itphotetoy
Full line of Light Edge Fringes for Art Embroidery Departments, carried in stoc
QO WHITE STREET, = NE\V YORK.
JNO. C. LATHAM, JR. H. E. ALEXANDER. CHAS. FRASER
LATHAM ALEXANDER & CO
16 AND 18 WALL STREET. - - NEW YORK.
£Z CO.,
319 Asylum Street, Hartford, Conn.,
WHOLESALE AND RETAIL
Produce Commission Merchants
], ZETO-
Foreign and Domestic Fruits. Eggs a Specialty.
References, George P. Bissell & Co., Bankers
GEO. H. MORRILL & CO.,
Printing and
146 Congress Street, Boston. 19=27 Vanderwater Street, New York.
304 Dearborn Street, Chicago. 527 Commercial Street, San Francisco.
FT ACTORIES :
Norwood, flass. New York City. San Francisco.
This Publication is Printed With Our Inks.
FIFTY YEARS.
325
the mean time of five ecclesiastical organizations, making in all ten
churches. The pastors of the first four, during the time under consid-
eration, have been as follows : the Centre has had Dr. Joel Hawes, who
became pastor emeritus in 1864 and died in 1867. Rev. Wolcott Calkins
served in conjunction with Dr. Hawes from 1862 to 1864. Rev. George
H. Gould preached from 1864 to 1870. Rev. Elias H. Richardson was
installed April 24, 1872, and in December, 1878, removed to New Brit-
ain becoming pastor of the First church there. He died June 27, 1883,
having been loved and esteemed during his life, and was remembered
with affectionate sorrow after his death. Rev. George Leon Walker
was installed Feb. 27, 1879. He by the failure of his health, much to
the regret of his people, was compelled to resign his pulpit, which is
now filled, on a contract of six months, by Rev. Charles H. Williams.
The South church, which was the second church in Hartford, in 1842
had Rev. Oliver E. Daggett for its pastor, though he retired the follow-
ing year. Rev. Walter Clarke took charge of the church in 1845 an^
retained it till 1859. In 1860 the present esteemed pastor, Rev. Edwin
P. Parker was ordained over the church. In 1870 the church and society
celebrated their two hundredth anniversary with appropriate services.
The North church was the third Congregational church of Hartford.
THE BURR INDEX CO., HARTFORD, CONN,
MANUFACTURERS OF
Burr's Patent Combination Index.
Send for Descriptive Circular and Price Last.
THE PIONEER CO. OF AMERICA
INCORPORATED
1866.
CHARTER PER
PET UAL.
Issues Policies of Insurance after a Careful Inspection of the Boilers,
COVERING ALL LOSS OR DAMAGE TO
., i^uu,u,lllj, AIM MU
ALSO COVERING
LOSS OF LIFE AND ACCIDENT TO PERSONS
ARISING FROM
Steam Boiler Explosions.
Full information concerning the plan of the Company's operations
can be obtained at the
COMPANY'S OKRICK, H A.RTKORD, CONN.
Or at any Agency.
J. M. ALLEN, President. W. B. FRANKLIN, Vice-Prest.
J. B. PIERCE, Secretary. FRANCIS B. ALLEN, 2d Vice-Prest.
E. J. MURPHY, M. E., Consulting Engineer.
BOARD OF*
J. M. ALLEN, President.
FRANK W. CHENEY, Treas. Cheney Brothers
Silk Manufacturing Co.
CHARLES M. BEACH, of Beach & Co.
DANIEL PHILLIPS, of Adams Express Co.
RICHARD W. H. JARVIS, Prest. Colt's Fire
Arms Manufacturing Co.
THOMAS O. ENDERS, Prest. of U. S. Bank.
LEVERETT BRAINARD, of The Case, Lock-
wood & Brainard Co.
GEN. WM. B. FRANKLIN, late U. S. Commis-
sioner to the Paris Exposition.
NELSON HOLLISTER, State Bank, Hartford.
DIRECTORS.
HON. HENRY C. ROBINSON, Attorney-at
Law, Hartford, Conn.
HON. FRANCIS B. COOLEY, of the Nationa:
Exchange Bank, Hartford, Conn.
EDMUND A. STEDMAN, Treasurer of the
Fidelity Co., of Hartford, Conn.
GEORGE BURNHAM, Baldwin Locomotive
Works, Philadelphia.
HON. NATHANIEL SHIPMAN, Judge United
States Circuit Court.
C. C. KIMBALL, Prest. Smyth Mfg. Co., Hart-
ford, Conn.
PHILIP CORBIN, of P. & F. Corbin, New
Britain, Conn.
FIFTY YEARS. 327
It was under the pastoral charge of Rev. Dr. Horace Bushnell fifty
years ago. He had been installed May 22, 1833 and finished his labors
in that capacity in 1859. He was followed by Rev. George N. Webber,
who was installed Nov. 2, 1859 and dismissed June 2, 1862. Rev.
George B. Spaulding was installed Sept. 29, 1864, and was dismissed
March 23, 1869. Rev. Nathaniel J. Burton was installed March 28,
1870. His labors continued till his death in 1887. In 1888 Rev. L. L.
Potter became pastor of this church and resigned in 1890. Dec. i, 1891,
Rev. Frederick S. Root commenced his labors and still occupies the
position of acting pastor.
The Fourth Congregational church was organized in 1832. The pas-
tor of the church in 1842 was Rev. Isaac N. Sprague who remained till
Oct. 6, 1845. Rev. W. W. Pafton was installed Jan. 8, 1846. While he
was pastor the church which is now used as a place of worship was
erected and dedicated April 3, 1850. Mr. Patton resigned Jan. 4, 1857.
Rev. N. J. Burton was installed July 7, 1857. His labors continued for
a period of twelve years, he resigning his position, March 14, 1870.
Rev. C. M. Wines was installed in November of the same year. Upon
his resignation in 1874, Rev. H. D. Northrop became the acting pastor
and remained during five years. Rev. Graham Taylor was installed
WILLMANTIC
SPOOL COTTON,
iiwifj 1
For Sale by all ^L|O|p / Leading Dealers.
34 Union Square, New York City, Aug. 3>st, 1889.
After a series of tests at our Elizabethport factory, extending over
a period of several months, we have decided to use the
WILLIMANTIC SIX- CORD SPOOL COTTON,
believing it to be the best thread now in the market, and strongly
recommend it to all agents, purchasers and users of the Singer Machines.
THE SINGER MANUFACTURING COMPANY.
328
FIFTY YEARS.
May 14, 1880, and resigned in 1892. Rev. H. H. Kelsey, who had been
associated with him in labor took his place, and Rev. A. T. Perry be-
came his assistant.
The Talcott street church had been formed in 1840 and at the time
the HERALD was first published was under the care of Rev. J. C. Pen-
nington. It has been prospered in its work and is now in charge of its
able pastor, Rev. R. F. Wheeler. The number of its members is 96.
The number of families connected with the parish is 126. The mem-
bership of the Congregational churches in Hartford 50 years ago
amounted to 2,182. At present it is over 4,000.
From a map of the city found in a directory for the year 1843 it ap-
pears that the city extended only as far west as the park, which was
then not a park, but an area of uncultivated land. Daniels' mill was
designated as Imlay's mills. But few of the business firms then in town
have continued to the present date. We observe at this early period the
firm of H. & W. Keney in the grocery business at 351 Main Street.
The directory for 1892 inserts a description of a business house men-
tioned as Keney, Roberts & Company, wholesale grocers, flour mer-
chants, 700 Main Street. The names of the present firm are Henry
Keney, Ebenezer Roberts, Wm Tucker and H. H. Goodwin. This em-
SURE AND USE
"WASHBUEN, CROSBY CO/8
SUPERLATIVE FLOUR.
SOLD BY
; ROBERTS
TOO Main Street, Hartford, Conn.
Oldest Grocery HoTj.se in, tDa.e State.
CO.
E. HOLCOMB.
HOTEL CAPITOL
Family and Commercial.
ELEVATOR AND ALL MODERN IMPROVEMENTS.
Rooms en Suite, vyfith
without Bath.
3/Cain Street and (Lapitol vcriue,
HARTFORD, CONN.
Western Union Telegraph Office in the House.
or
CHARLES AVERY,
— DEALER IN
Boots, Shoes ^^ Rubbers,
169 ASYLUM STREET,
Allyii House Block, Hartford, Conn.
REPAIRING NEATLY DONE.
B. Rowland Allen,
IPattlter
Room No. 25, Courant Building,
No. 66 State St., Hartford, Conn.
JAJVLES AHKRN,
Plumbing, Steam and Hot Water Heating,
Electric Lighting, Gas and Electric Light Fix-
tures, Electric Burglar Alarms, Electric Call
Bells. Gas Stoves for Cooking and Heating —
the best in the Market. Give us a call.
28O Asylum Street, - Hartford, Conn.
ZE3I-
A large assortment of
CARRIAGES* AND* SLEIGHS
at low prices.
Repairing and Painting a Specialty.
39, 41, 43 Albany Ave., Hartford, Ct.
D. S. MOSELEY,
Book, Newspaper,
^ ^and Job Printer,
(a
336 ASYLUn STREET, HARTFORD, CONN.
F.MAC D. SINCLAIR.
THEO. S. VALENTINE.
SINCLAIR & VALENTINE,
MANUFACTURERS OF
Fine dolors, £itHo. and ^Printing
149 and 151 Baxter Street, near Grand Street, New York.
330 FIFTY YEARS.
braces at least one of the members of the firm doing business in 1 843
We find the name of the firm of Humphrey, Seyms & Co., as advertisers
in the HERALD during the first year of its publication. Woodward &
Co., now doing business at 217 Main Street, dealers in Fine Groceries
describe themselves as successors to Seyms & Co., who commenced
business in 1815. Thomas Adams marble manufacturer, near the
North Burying Ground, advertises in the early numbers of the RELIG-
IOUS HERALD. We find the perpetuation of this business in the Adams
Monumental Works, at i Ford Street opposite the Park, at the cornel
of Pearl Street. N. J. Brockett advertised in the HERALD in 1843 as
Dealer in Hosiery and Gloves, Ready Made Linen of all kinds keeping
in fact a gentleman's furnishing store. Now he is engaged as manu-
facturer of shirts at 382 Main Street.
There were at that time several banks of issue, but only a single sav-
ing bank. The Hartford Savings Bank, the Society for Savings, which
had been incorporated in 1819. It is now commonly called the Pratt
Street Savings Bank and is doing business on a somewhat larger scale
than in those early days. Fifty years ago Ward Woodbridge was
President and Calvin Day, Secretary. There were then no Life In-
NONE SO RELIABLE
AS THE
plated
MANUFACTURED BY
THE WM. ROGERS MFG. Co.,
RETAIL SALESROOM,
66 MARKET STREET. - HARTFORD. CONN.
A MEDICINE, NOT A BEVERAGE.
Richardson's
Sherry Wine
^^ Bitters,
Has been used by the good old people of New
England for Nearly ONE HUNDRED YEARS
as a household remedy for the cure of ALL ILLS
arising from
i
NACTIVE LIVER,
MPAIRED DIGESTION,
MPURE BLOOD.
It has come to be considered as "ONE OF
THE FAMILY" in thousands of New England
Homes.
A|%ODY BUILDER,
KLOOD PURIFIER, is THIS
URAIN INVICORATOR,
Richardson's Sherry Wine Bitters.
$1.00 per Bottle. In Dry Form, 50 Cents.
TRY A BOTTLED
5. O. RICHARDSON BITTERS CO
HARTFORD, CONN.
332 FIFTY YEARS.
surance organizations, but a number of Fire Insurance Companies ap-
peared to be in a flourishing condition. The JEtna. Insurance Company,
chartered in 1819, had an office at 58 State Street, and Thomas K. Brace
was President. The Hartford Fire Insurance Company was organized
in 1794, and is now in business at 53 Trumbull Street, with assets
amounting to something like $7,000,000, with net surplus of two or
three millions. This is the oldest insurance company doing business in
Hartford. The Phoenix Insurance Company was chartered in 1854,
transacts business at 64 Pearl Street, in a building erected by the com-
pany. Its assets amount to nearly $6,000,000.00.
A great number of stage lines for the accommodation of the public
radiated from Hartford and extended all over the State, some of them
terminating in other states. The number of packet lines of steamboat,
lines, of steam freight packets was large. One steamboat line ran from
Hartford to Springfield. But of railroads, the only one existing for the
-accommodation of Hartford people was the Hartford and New Haven
line, which conveyed passengers from here to the other twin capitol of
the State for $1.00. Daniel Buck was the president of this important
corporation in 1842, and was succeeded in 1843 by David Watkinson.
Phoenix Insurance Co
HARTFORD, CONN.
Cash Capital, $2,OOO,OOO.OO
Reserve for Losses, 467,226.21
Reserve for Re-Insurance, - 2,112,831.71
Net Surplus, 1,240,264.14
Assets, January 1, 1893 - - $5,82O,322.O6
Total Losses Paid since Organization of Company,
$31,146,744.52
D. W. C. SKILTON, PRESIDENT. J. H. MITCHELL, VICE-PRESIDENT.
GEO. H. BURDICK, SECRETARY. CHAS. E. GALACAR, 2u VICE-PRESIDENT.
JOHN B. KNOX, ASS'T SECRETARY.
E. W. BEARDSLEY, Agent, 64 Pearl Street, Hartford.
Bind up Your Books.
'LAIN OR PINE II.NDI.NGS HT (IODERATE dosr.
Don't throw away your BOOKS, MAJIAZINKS, NF.WSPAPKRS, or PKRIOD-
ICALS, but have them bound. Send for prices to
American f ublishing iompany,
424 ASYLUM STREET, HARTFORD, CONN.
AGENTS "WANTED
to sell our popular books. Send for descriptive circular and terms.
THE ^J ^^ THE
D FT C "T I luMmmuJlll QCTGT
D d O %Z«£ W^* D CL O
coffS
Aromatic blend of high grades. Is certain to please.
Leads all other brands. Is warranted fresh and pure.
Has no artificial flavoring. Sold by 75 Grocers in Hartford.
Pronounced by connoisseurs THE BEST.
LINCOLN, SEYMS & CO, Importers, HARTFORD, CONN.
334 FIFTY YEARS.
The office and station of the road were then at the foot of Mulberry
Street.
The Theological Seminary which has such fine buildings and presents
such attractions to scholars through its libraries and accomplished pro-
fessors in our day, at the time the HERALD began to be, was not in
Hartford at all, but at East Windsor Hill and possessed but one mod-
erate-sized building. Since then it has made much advancement and
now occupies a distinguished place among similar institutions.
Allfthe firms represented in this volume and in the RELIGIOUS
HERALD may be regarded as reliable establishments and may be ex-
pected to do faithfully what they promise, and what is implied in every
undertaking upon which they enter in the ordinary course of business.
Experience of the past shows what we are to look for in the future.
Their reputation has advanced with the progress of time, and we feel
justified in giving the recommendation found in this paragraph. And
with all good wishes for our subscribers and patrons we subscribe
ourselves, using our well-known designation for the past fifty years,
THE RELIGIOUS HERALD.
WHY HAVE YOU NOT MADE THIS KNOWN TO ME BEFORE?
Is the question that many a man asks when he first learns that in
THE MASSACHUSETTS
Mutual Life Insurance Co,,
OF SPRINGFIELD, MASS.,
M. T. B. EDGERLY, Pres't, JOHN A. HALL, Sec'y,
he can insure his life, with the iJBIvilegeRji retiring, on any anni-
versary of his policy date, after the first, with a generous surrender
value in cash or paid-up insurance.
Well, the Company is trying to make it known, and to publish
to all, the fact that these surrendered values are fixed by law and
stated in the policy, and furthermore guaranteed by ample assets.
ASSETS, JANUARY 1st, 1893, $13,433,668.21
LIABILITIES, JANUARY 1st, 1893, 12,342,809.38
SURPLUS (Massachusetts Standard), 1,090,858.83
10 50 7-f
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