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I PILGRIM PRESS
DHL HARRIS <Si S J EPHEN K. JONES
THE LIBRARY
OF
THE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA
LOS ANGELES
THE PILGRIM PRESS
THE PILGRIM PRESS
A BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ^ HISTORICAL
MEMORIAL of the BOOKS PRINTED at
LEYDEN by the PILGRIM FATHERS
By RENDEL HARRIS ^ STEPHEN K. JONES
WITH A CHAPTER on the LOCATION of the
PILGRIM PRESS in LEYDEN by Dr. PLOOIJ
W. HEFFER AND SONS LTD.
CAMBRIDGE MCMXXII
CONTENTS.
PAGE
Introduction i
CHAPTER I.
Where in Leyden was Brewster's Printing Office? . 15
CHAPTER n.
What Did Brewster Print? 30
APPENDICES.
I. Types and Ornaments ...... 63
II. Collations 72
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
The Site of Brewster's House . . . Frontispiece
Maps showing Position of House . . Facing pp. 23, 29
Figs. 1-38 (see List. p. 8g) At end
12f.'67s;8
INTRODUCTION.
The Tercentenary of the sailing of the Pilgrim Fathers
for New England furnishes an opportunity for fresh
memorials of their heroism and of their endurance, and
of their insight and far-sight, over and above the incidents
and events which are already familiar to the historical
student ; and it also gives occasion for the re-examination
of certain elements of their story, which may have been
inadequately or incorrectly presented.
We need not be surprised that there is still much to
do and much to discover in connection with this interest-
ing theme. We recall that it is only three-quarters of a
century since the Terra Sancta of the Pilgrims in Not-
tinghamshire was discovered by Joseph Hunter, and
although since then research by students from both sides
of the Atlantic has been industriously and even enthusi-
astically pursued, it is still lawful to say in Scriptural
language, such as the Pilgrims themselves would have
employed, that " there remaineth yet very much land to
be possessed ". There are still some fresh things for the
historian to do, and some former things for him to do
better.
In the whole story of the Pilgrims there are not many
passages more dramatic than those which occur in the
account of the fortunes of their Printing House in
Leyden, where for some three years the fight for freedom
was fought from under the cover of secrecy, and King
James and his advisers, civil and ecclesiastical, were
bombarded by unseen hands, and by persons who were
THE PILGRIM PRESS
at once anonymous and for a long while undetected.
Call it " sniping," if you will, in modern parlance, but in
Freedom's warfare even sniping has its appointed place
and its proper glory. It was a short-lived but splendid
campaign. The close of this part of the struggle, when,
after three years' steady work the printers were chased
away and their types seized by command of British
emissaries, is a fine chapter's ending in the history of the
Puritan revolt ; no dramatic representation of the Pilgrim
movement can afford to ignore it. It has too much life
and movement to be neglected ; it is charged to the brim
with political and religious meaning ; even the failure of
the Pilgrims to carry on a printing business for export
use is one stage further on the road to the Liberty of
Unlicensed Printing. The failure was only an incident,
an accident. "They were baffled to fight better."
The present volume is, at first sight, wholly biblio-
graphical. It concerns itself to exhibit to the eye, by the
method of facsimile, the work of the Leyden printers, and
in this manner to supply criteria for the detection of
works that may be, with greater or less probability,
attributed to them. It is to do for Brewster's press in
Leyden, what Mr. Dover Wilson has done for Schilders'
Puritan printing-press at Middelburg.^ The task is not
a superfluous one, for although we have lists of Leyden-
printed books from the Pilgrims' Press in the works of
Dexter and Arber, the description of them is not ex-
haustive, and for the major part of them the identification
has lately been challenged.
Prof Roland Usher in his recent work on the Pilgrims
and their History speaks slightingly (among his many
other slights) of their performances as printers : he tells
us that " not more than sixteen volumes represent their
^ Bibliographical Society^ s Transactions^ Vol. XI., 1912.
INTRO D UCTION
labor in the three years 1617, 161 8, 16 19, proving that
their plant was by no means a large one, and hardly a
remunerative business ". To this statement he appends
the following note, in which he reduces the hypothetical
"not more than sixteen" to "not more than six," as
follows :
" It is to be feared that Dexter, Arber and Ames have
all more than once assumed bare possibilities to have
been already demonstrated as truths. So in this case.
Only two books bear Brewster's name ; two more he
admitted printing; two others Carleton, the English
Ambassador, said that Dutch printers believed he printed.
We have a definite total of four, and a probable total of
six. The rest listed by Arber and Dexter bear no im-
print or mark of identification and cannot he demonstrated
by evidence ever to have been printed in Holland^ to say noth-
ing of tracing them to the Pilgrim, Press^
The italics which we have employed on this amazing
statement appear to be necessary to draw the attention
of the reader ; if the investigation in the following pages
is scientifically correct, it is not Dexter and Arber that
will have to defend themselves against the charge of a
misuse of the art of reasoning. Whether the Pilgrims
had an extensive printing apparatus or not, they were
certainly industrious with what they had. Bradford tells
us expressly that they were very closely occupied :
" He [Brewster] had imployment enough : and by
reason of many books which would not be allowed to be
printed in England, they might have had more than they
could do."
Arber's observation, also, is probably just, that,
"considering the rate at which books were then produced,
the amount of matter, both in Latin and in English, that
was put into type, was certainly considerable ". Arber
THEIPILGRIM PRESS
is, of course, assuming" the substantial correctness of his
identifications.
The extent of the "plant" in the Pilgrim Printing-
house may very well have been limited. A single
garret in the house of William Brewster sufficed to con-
ceal the type-cases and the types. Arber leans towards
\/ a belief in the paucity of the material, for he conjectures
that the made-up forms were not worked off by Brewster
and his allies, but taken to some of the Dutch Printing-
houses to be " machined " off. There is, however, a
consideration which appears to us to weigh heavily
against this belief that the Pilgrims had nothing beyond
a box of letters and a composing stick ! It will be re-
membered that, after the Pilgrims' Press had been broken
up by the civil and academic authorities at Leyden,
and the types removed, and after the printers had been
scattered, something significant happened on board the
ship Mayflower, which was taking two of the chief
printers to the West. In the stress of a great storm one
of the main beams of the ship became "bowed and
cracked," and, in order to bring it back into position and
, keep it there, the Captain, one Christopher Jones, re-
yT quisitioned from the hold of the ship a great iron screw
which the passengers had brought out of Holland. With
this screw or screw-jack the beam was restored to a
horizontal position, and was then fortified by a support.
It may well be asked what the emigrants were doing with
a great iron screw. It would have been one of the last
things a company of exiles would have laden themselves
with. But suppose we ask what the emigrants had been
doing with the aforesaid screw, since they certainly have
it in possession on leaving Holland and were not likely to
have secured it as a new acquisition when they were
departing. The answer is obvious ; it was the part of the
4
INTRO D UCTION
printing-press, which the Leyden authorities had not
carried off. There was no object in leaving it in Leyden ;
the two printers on board the ship (Brewster and
Winslow) might have been reluctant to part with it.
Perhaps they even thought that in a few years' time they
would be able to import some type, and begin once more
their civil and spiritual propaganda. It is certainly
curious, this story of the great screw, and, up to the
present, has never been elucidated. We suggest, then,
that Arber is wrong in the belief that the printing-off
of the Leyden books was done by Dutch auxiliaries ; in
other words, the printing-house plant was not so meagre
as he imagined. They had a printing-press as well as
type.
Now for a few words with regard to the firm of
printers, let us call them Brewer, Brewster & Co. of
Choir Alley, Leyden. The present volume, being mainly
concerned with bibliographical details, is not the place to
write over again the histories of the leading actors in the
plot ; but there are one or two details which may have
escaped notice, even if we do not wish to repeat all that
Arber and others have told us about the persecution of
Brewer and the pursuit of Brewster. In the first place,
a word or two with regard to Brewer.
The establishment of the Leyden Printing-house was
of the nature of a new religion ; at all events it was a
religious act at the centre of a new religion. The case
did not differ in one way from that of the man who in-
vented a new religion, and then started out on the quest
for the necessary capitalist. But even the captured
capitalist of a new religion has to be imbued with the
religion, if his annexation is to be financial and not
merely patronal. He must be or become something of a
believer.
THE PILGRIM PRESS
This is precisely the case of Thomas Brewer, the
Kentish gentleman of means, who became the paymaster
of the new firm ; there is no doubt he was a devout
evangelical of the Biblical and Puritan type ; a catholic
person, too, who travelled far and wide to spread the
new truth by his own means and by the means of those
whom he assisted to similar work. If his story could be
told, it would be as apostolic in its sufferings, its im-
prisonments and its patience as any of the pioneers of
the Christian revival in that day, or at the beginning.
He never actually joined the Pilgrim Church ; perhaps
he had too many friends outside to make him desire to
come inside. And here is a curious point in his experi-
ence, which has, I believe, never been noticed ; he was,
by anticipation, a Fifth Monarchy man, and held advanced
views (or what were thought to be such) with regard to
the approaching End of the Age, views which might
easily have prejudiced a final approach on his part to the
status of a Pilgrim. The proof of this statement we will
now proceed to give.
In the State Papers in the Record Office for 1626 there
is an account given by one James Martin (probably one
of the brood of informers hatched by the disciplinary
Acts of Elizabeth and James or perhaps an over-zealous
cleric), of the way in which he tracked down the meetings
of Brownists and other Sectaries in Kent : he tells us,
inter alia, that " Thomas Brewer, Gentleman, hath writ a
book containing about half a quire of paper ; wherein he
prophesies the destruction of England, within three years,
by two Kings ; one from the north, the other from the
south ".^
To ordinary readers this may mean nothing : it is
' S.P. Dom., diaries I., Vol. XXXV, No. iio. I don't see why
Arber should suggest that it was not a printed book.
6
INTROD UCTION
significant enough to the Biblical student, who will re-
cognize at once that Brewer has been reading the book
of Daniel (just as the first generation of Christians did),
and finding its fulfilment in the men and the occurrences
of his own time. One has only to turn to Dan. xi. 5 seqq.
to find the king of the north and the king of the south,
and all their doings and all their destiny : as the Gospel
says, 6 ava^ivdxTKwv voe'noa " He that reads will under-
stand ".
I do not know whether any one has ever made a care-
ful study of Adventism in the Puritan times as contrasted
with the Adventism of the first century. It would be an
interesting bit of research. One thing is fairly clear ; the
average Adventist, in any century, does not generally
concern himself with a remote future. In the days of
King James I. he finds England as "the pleasant land"
and James as the unpleasant person. When Charles I,
comes to the throne, the matter has now to be re-stated ;
the Fifth Monarchy doctrine now affirms Charles to be
the "little horn " that magnifies itself against heaven and
makes war with the saints : a certain Aspinwall, for
example, among the Puritans, espouses the doctrine, and
then we have a pamphlet by the Adventist and counter
pamphlets by the enraged Royalist, to settle the question,
until the little horn is broken off": after which we begin
again. But we must not loiter over Adventist doctrine,
or the Fifth Monarchy. It does not seem to have aff"ected
the Leyden School, in spite of the presence of Brewer
among them : their teacher was too wise for amateur
history or prophecy.
Brewer, then, found the funds for the new firm,
shared their risks, too, in other ways : went to priscm
for them and with them, and appears to have behaved
himself, through it all, as a Christian gentleman should.
7
THE PILGRIM PRESS
He even wrote books himself, and printed them (perhaps
at Leyden). A volume of his spiritual teachings is pre-
served in the British Museum, and the preface alludes to
the literary activity of the author. We come, now, to
the case of his helpers and allies, of whom we know three,
viz. William Brewster, Edward Winslow and John Rey-
nolds. The three fall under different heads, from the
point of view of the Printers' Trade Union. Reynolds is
the only one of whom we can be reasonably sure that he
was a printer by trade. He came to Leyden from London,
and, when the final crash came, or shortly before, he
migrated to Amsterdam, where printers were, no doubt,
in demand. During his stay in Leyden, on July 28, 16 17,
he found a wife in the person of Prudence Grindon, and
after her death and on his return to Amsterdam, he
married again, this time to Persis Bailey (Ap. 24, 1621).
We have the certificates of the two marriages in the Ley-
den and Amsterdam records, where he is described as a
printer, from London, who has been living in Amsterdam
for two years. So he escaped in 1619. Of the other two
printers, Brewster certainly did not come to Leyden in
that capacity ; he was an incipient statesman who had
lapsed into the Postal Service, through the fall of his
patron Davison from royal favour. Not a single " m " of
type had ever passed through his hands when he came to
Holland. Then he must have learnt his craft as an ap-
prentice, either from Winslow or from Reynolds, or in a
Dutch Printing-house. Setting aside the latter alternative
as remote, we have to choose between Winslow and
Reynolds. If Winslow was, like Brewster, a gentleman
amateur, then Reynolds is the real head of the new print-
ing-press and the teacher of the other two. But is this a
necessary supposition? Winslow is also described, in
the Betrothal books of Leyden, as " Printer, of London ".
INTRO D UCTION
The last detail is not quite correct. He may have come
to Leyden via London, but he has been recognized as
coming at an earlier date from Droitwich. Even this is
not the last word in origins, for when Winslow migrated
from New Plymouth and laid out an estate of his own he
called it Careswell, though the name has been displaced
by the township of Marshfield, Mass. That is the name
of his native village. It lies quite close to Droitwich.^
Dr. Whitley, who belongs to the very same town of
Droitwich, and draws attention afresh to the village home
of Winslow, thinks he was brought up a printer. In that
case, see how legendary history grows. Some one starts
a suggestion that he was a gentleman on his travels, and
that he happened upon the Leyden Pilgrims and was so
struck with their faith and order, that he gave up every-
thing to join them. Some one else says that he was
travelling on the Continent with his wife, although the
Leyden books do not record his marriage till April, 1618.
So legend blossoms into legend.
It seems that the only thing that is certain about the
arrival of Winslow is that he came over in 161 7 from
London, as a printer, exactly as Reynolds did. Probably
they were both of them engaged by Brewer in London,
when the scheme for the printing-press was being
developed. In that case we may take Winslow as
Brewster's instructor in printing, as he is clearly a person
of a different quality from Reynolds. These, then, are
the three men who form the printing staff, and Brewster,
as the oldest of the group (for the other two are young
unmarried men when they arrive), assumes direction of
the whole business. He is the "prince of men," after
' The meaning of Careswell eludes me : it is certainly the same name
as [Kings] Kerswell in Devonshire, and Carswell in Scotland, but who is
the Car or Ker in charge of the sacred well ? A Celtic deity ?
q 2
THE PILGRIM PRESS
Robinson and along with Robinson. No attempt appears
to have been made to catch Reynolds, nor to entrap
Winslow; but for Brewster the hunters spread their
nets in every alley which he was thought to frequent.
There were two reasons why he was never caught ; the
first was the secret friendship of the Dutch for Brewer
and himself, a friendship on the part of the civil au-
thorities and of the University men. The best test of
Brewster's popularity may be found in the fact that the
undergraduates raised a disorder over him and cried
"Privilege!" Now no Leyden undergraduate would
have incubated a riot over an arrested Brownist ; that
is not the students' way. They are usually overgrown
schoolboys, prompt to repel, and quick to disown, any
progressive men or measures ; as to the present day, at
Cambridge, where a person of advanced opinions runs
the risk of being thrown into the thing that they call a
river, by a group of rowdies whom they call gentlemen.
Brewster was a popular private tutor, and as such the
students rallied to him, and the Dons did their best to
assist him to escape. There was no lack of rapport be-
tween Leyden University and the little English colony
of exiles. So much for the first reason why Brewster
eluded capture. The second is even more important,
and is in some ways dependent on the first. Brewster
escaped and actually got to New England under a dis-
guised name, the disguise being patent to the Leyden
officials but unintelligible to the English pursuers. It
was the Dutch custom of the time to name people, both
men and women, after a patronymic, as Janszoon or
Cornelisdochter, with the gradual addition and encroach-
ment of what we call a surname. We have evidence
from the Leyden documents that Isaac Brewster, the son
of the patriarch, was known to the community as Isaac
INTROD UCTION
Williamson, and since Brewster, senior, was also the son
of a William Brewster, he was also entitled, if he chose,
to be addressed as Master Williamson. As soon as we
make the statement, we clear up at once a couple of
perplexities in the Pilgrim History, for we find that,
when they reach Cape Cod they are accompanied by a
phantom personage, whose name is Master Williamson.
He acts with Carver as joint executor of the will of
William Mullins, when he is dying on the May/lower.
He accompanies Miles Standish on an expedition, when
they go out with a file of musketeers, to meet Massasoit,
the Indian chief. Up to the present time no solid basis
has been found for this phantom : it has been suggested
that he was perhaps the ship's factor or supercargo.
His name, as well as the prominent positions which he
occupies, show in any case, that he is Brewster. This
explains also how it came to pass that he was never
arrested at Delftshaven or Southampton or Plymouth,
though it is practically certain that he was being searched
for in every corner of England or Holland. The long
correspondence between Secretary Naunton and Am-
bassador Carleton over the elusive Brewster would be
meaningless, if the efforts to catch the man had been only
on paper, and unsupported by instructions to officials at
places where he was Hkely to appear. The reason why
they failed to secure him was that his passports were in
order, though he was posing as some one other than him-
self, and if photographs had been attached to the passports,
they would still have been in order, for he would have
posed for the picture as no other than himself, one Master
Williamson.
As to the suggestion that he acted as factor of super-
cargo to the ship, that is not impossible, and would assist
him in eluding the searchers; it is not necessary, but it
THE PILGRIM PRESS
is possible. When Lyford, the snake in the grass of the
Pilgrim Colony, who came out in the interests of the
Church of England, to work against the influence of
Robinson and prevent his coming, was returning to Eng-
land, he remarked that if Master Pierce were to be the
captain of the ship, and Master Winslow the supercargo,
it would be impossible to prevent Robinson from making
his way westward. The remark suggests that an under-
standing between Christopher Jones and Brewster on a
previous occasion might have had something to do with
the escape of the latter.
We need not spend further time on this point. It is
fairly certain that the authorities and one section of the
Virginia Company were determined that Robinson should
not emigrate, and that they succeeded in detaining him.
We were speaking a while back of the appearance of
the phantom Williamson among the Pilgrims when they
landed, a ghost, but a substantial figure, if you were
to strike at it with your partisan. There was another
phantom which flitted across the stage on this side of the
water somewhat before the pilgrims sailed. When they
were carefully laying their plans, and judiciously spending
their money to obtain a patent for Virginia, they had the
support of Sir Edwin Sandys, who was, on the one hand,
a friend of Brewster, and on the other of Sir Robert
Naunton, the King's chief minister. After much trouble
a patent was obtained, the King's permission grudgingly
granted, the oversight of the Archbishop of Canterbury
and the Bishop of London judiciously evaded, and finally
the draft patent was brought before the Council of the
Virginia Company. A warning note was heard, probably
from the friendly Naunton, to take the names of certain
patentees off the patent. The meaning was obvious ;
Brewster's name was at the head of the document as the
INTRO D UCTION
leader of the migration, and the officials knew that
Brewster was engaged in illicit printing, and that he
would probably be wanted presently by the Government.
So the patent was withdrawn, and a new one prepared,
for one Master Wincob, who is described as a religious
person, wishing himself to accompany the Pilgrims and
take a hand in the new Plantation. The patent with
his name on it was smuggled through at the end of a
meeting of the Council, with instructions to the clerk to
verify the transcript and report ; but nothing came of it ;
the patent was privately withdrawn and another one pre-
pared with Master Pierce for the chief planter. No one
ever heard anything more of Wincob. The ghost only
appeared in one Act, and then left the stage for ever.
Who was he?
One suggestion arises in our mind, that Wincob or
Wencob is Brewster, done into Dutch ; the name Wijn-
koop (wine-merchant) is near enough to turn the ghost
back into reality, and to explain at once the eagerness of
the said ghost to join the company of pilgrims and share
their voyage.^ Bradford, in \\\^ Journal^ knows nothing
of Wincob, except that he was a religious person attached
to the Countess of Lincoln (Bradford says Lincoline). An-
other tradition says he was attached to the Earl of Lincoln.
I incline myself to believe that the origin of the story was
that Brewster was, at one time, a member of Lincoln's
Inn, which college of lawyers boasted descent from an
Earl of Lincoln, so that the Inn is the Earl of Lincoln's
Inn. But as I have not found the evidence of Brewster's
residence in the Inns of Court, and as there is evidence
that the Lincoln family were Puritan in their sympathy
and supported Puritan movements, it is possible that the
' Apparently the clerk made him \r\\.o John Wincob, instead of William
Brewster, but that is a minor point.
13
THE PILGRIM PRESS
Bradford tradition as to Wincob's noble sponsors may be
correct. That does not prohibit Wincob from being a
Dutch translation of Brewster. Some one suspected the
patent under that name and it was abruptly withdrawn,
to avoid unpleasant questions. Meanwhile the storm
was gathering over his head from another quarter.
Carleton was beginning to read Leyden books, and so
was the British Solomon. Alas ! poor ghost ! how do I
pity thee ! ^ Now let us turn to the bibliography of our
subject, and discuss the volumes in detail that may be
assigned to the Pilgrims' Press, at Leyden.
1 On the other hand, Wincop or Whincop is a possible English name
( = hill covered with furze or whin-bushes), and I noticed among the lady
patronesses of the recent Mayflower festival at Whitfield's Tabernacle, a
Mistress Whincop ! So perhaps the ghost may be given back to reality.
M
CHAPTER I.
WHERE IN LEYDEN WAS BREWSTER'S PRINTING OFFICE?
By Dr. D. Plooij, Leyden,
In those cases in which the Pilgrims became owners of
the houses in which they lived during their stay in
Leyden, it is comparatively easy to identify the house
where they actually dwelt. Since the middle of the
sixteenth century already of every purchase and sale of
a house, of every mortgage taken on it and of every ob-
ligation laid upon it, of whatever kind it might be, official
deeds were made up for the owner or moneylender, and
an official transcript of those deeds was inscribed in the
different protocols regularly kept for the purpose. So
in the Leyden Archives are preserved quite complete
records, book after book, shelf after shelf, bookcase after
bookcase, endless, in the order of years, for centuries
long, of : Protocol van Waerbrievetiy Protocol van Schttld-
en Rentebrieven, Protocol van zvillige en onwillige Decreten,
and so on. In this way the history of practically every
house in old Leyden may be traced during its existence
through three centuries and more.
Besides these official Records there exists a beautiful
atlas ^ of 1578 containing maps of streets and canals in
Leyden in which each property is marked with the name
of the actual proprietor at that time (1578). A facsimile
' Chaertbouck van Straeten binnen if esc r Siadt Leyden ; en Chaert-
bouck van de Stadwaiercn gemeten bij Mr. Salomon Davidssoon van
Dulmenhorst ende Jan Pieterssoon Dou.
15
THE PILGRIM PRESS
edition of this atlas with an introduction and annotations
by W. Pleyte has been published by the firm, E, J.
Brill, Leyden, in 1874. The atlas is not exactly of the
time of the Pilgrims in Leyden, but it is not too much
earlier and will prove a valuable source of information
in our researches.
If the house might have come into other hands be-
tween 1578 and 1609 we have another extremely valuable
source in the so-called Bonboeken (Ward-Registers).
These are registers of all the houses and their consecutive
owners since the middle of the sixteenth century. There
are three sets, the oldest called the Veius, the following
denoted as Oud-Belastingboek, the third simply as Bonboek
or Register. The first and the second are both from the
sixteenth century, and seem first attempts, which in the
beginning of the seventeenth century are substituted by
the definitive register. In these registers and in the
corresponding records is always followed a fixed order
of streets, so that, this order once found, may lead the
way in every investigation of this kind. In the definitive
Register for every house and property a page is reserved
where every sale of the house is inscribed with the date
and other particulars. In the Napoleonic time these
Registers were replaced by the modern Kadaster.
For him who knows the way in all these records and
registers it is possible though not always easy, to identify
the house of any of the Pilgrims who bought or sold a
house during their stay at Leyden, provided that only
a single hint in this direction has been found. In this
way it has been possible for Dexter to identify the site
of Robinson's house in the "Groene Poort ".^ I have
^ Cf. The England a7td Holland of the Pilgrims, by the late H. M.
Dexter and his son, Morton Dexter, Boston and New York, 1905, pp.
528-533-
16
BRE WSTEKS PRINTING OFFICE, IE YDEN
made several investigations in this direction and could
show the interested visitor the spot where Bradford lived
in Leyden on the Achtergrafte and so on.
With the hired houses, however, the case is quite
different. No official deed was made up of the renting
of a house, and no tenants but only the owners of the
houses are mentioned in the Records. Here, however,
another method of identification may be tried. Also for
the sake of taxation lists of inhabitants were made up,
and these lists also follow the exact order of streets as
given in the Bonboeken. Such lists were made up for
instance in 1606 for the taxation on account of the
chimneys in each house,^ and in 1622 for a Poll-tax."
No list, however, exists for the time between 1609 until
1620, the time that Brewster was in Leyden. So it seems
excluded to find out where the famous printing-press was.
Is it notwithstanding possible to identify the histori-
cal spot ?
I think it is. Dexter (Appendix, p. 605) gives the
following note : ** William Brewster . . . buried child in
St. Pancras, June 20, 1609 ; then lived on Stmksteeg.
Made affidavit June 25, 1609, with wife and son, Jonathan,
of receipt of a bale of cloth from Bernh. Ross. Then
about 42 and lived on St. Ursulasteeg."
The first of these data is nearly right : In the Register
of Burials^ we find: "Sinfe Pancraes, op den I9en
Juny (1609) 7. Een kind van Willem Brewster by de
' Schoorsteenhonck over de Stadt Leyden ende de Vryhevt van dicn
van de?i Jure X V/' VI.
- Hoofdgcld, 1622. In this Register, fol. xxxviii., we find the family of
John Robinson : " Jan Robbenson predicant, Brigitta Robbenson syne
huysvrouwe, Jannes, Brugitta, Isack, Mercij, Ferer, Jacobus, Robbensons
kinderen, Marye Hardy dienstmeyd ".
"' Rf^ister van de overleden personen bitmcn Lcvdcn, no. 3, fol. viii.,
verso.
17
THE PILGRIM PRESS
Stincksteech " (i.e. a child of William Brewster near
the Stinksteeg). In the other notice, however, there is a
mistake, which recurs in the translated extract of the
document from which the notice has been taken (Dexter,
I.e., p. 505). The notice would be suspect already in
itself because it would be very casual if within the six
days between the first and the second date Brewster
would have removed from the Stincksteech to the St.
Ursulasteech. Actually we find in the Records of
Affidavit,^ a declaration from which we quote what is
important for our present purpose :
" Compareerden voor Schepenen ondergeschr.
Willem Bruster Engelsman out omtrent XLII jaeren,
Marytgen Bruster deszelffs huysvrouwe out omtrent
XL jaeren ende Jonathan Bruster zyn zoon out
omtrent XVI jaeren ende verclaerden . . . dat den
requirant ommegang laestleden ten huyse van haer
getugen staende in de S/z"??Cy^s/(?^^gebracht heeft . . .
etc. Actum den XXV Junij a^ XVI^ negen."
That is: "Appeared before the undersigned
Baihffs William Brewster Englishman, aged about
forty-two years, Mary Brewster wife of the same,
aged about forty years, and Jonathan Brewster, his
son, aged about sixteen years and declared . . . that
the plaintiff at his latest circular tour carried to the
house of the witnesses, situated in the Stinksteeg . . .
etc. Actum June 25th, 1609."
So the evidence is entirely unanimous, that Brewster
had his dwelling in the Stinksteeg. We notice only one
small difference in the two documents, the first reading :
by i.e. near the Stinksteeg, the other in the same. There
is no doubt, however, that the same house is meant in the
two documents.
' Getuigenisboek K, fol. xxvi., verso.
18
BRE WSTER'S PRINTING OFFICE, LE YDEN
The Stinksteeg generally is identified with a narrow
alley running from the Steenschuur to the Levendaal, and
is now called more fashionably J odenkerksteeg (Jewish
Church-alley). At first sight, however, it is not very
probable that in this case the identification is right.
Most of the Pilgrims, perhaps two-thirds of them or even
more, dwelt in the near neighbourhood of the Pieterskerk
where they very soon bought the house of John Robinson
in the " Groene Poort ".
On the other hand, we have the evidence of Brewster
himself that in 1617 he dwelt in the Pieterskerkkoorsteeg,
a narrow (we shall see that " narrow " is a very elastic
conception !) alley running from the Pieterskerk to the
Breedstraat. Two of the Brewster-imprints, viz. Guil.
Amesii Ad responsum Nic. Grevinchovii Rescriptio
contracta, and Cartwright's Commentarii succincti in
Proverbia Salomonis, both from the year 1617, bear the
printer's name and address : " Lugduni Batavorum, Apud
Guilielmum Brewsterum, in Vico Chorali,'' i.e. "in the
(Pieterskerk)koorsteeg. So whatever may be the case
with the Stinksteeg, in 1617 Brewster dwelt in the
* Koorsteeg'."
There is no trace of his removal from elsewhere to
the Koorsteeg ; we are sure also that he did not own a
house in the Koorsteeg, if so, we should find his name in
the Bonboeken. So we shall have to try other ways of
research.
In the Introduction, page ix, to the beautiful volume
Dr. Rendel Harris and myself had the honour to publish
on the occasion of the Dutch Pilgrim Tercentenary
Celebration under the title, Leyden Documents Relating to
the Pilgrim Fathers^ we draw attention to a very curious
' Leyden DocunteTtfs Relati?ii^ to the Pilgrim Fathers. Permission
to reside at Leyden and Betrothal Records ; together with parallel docu-
19
THE PILGRIM PRESS
notice in the Betrothal Record of John Reynolds. The
entry (in our volume, fol. xxxii., in the original Record
Raadhuisechtboek, B. fol. Ixvi., r.) runs thus :
Woont int buys van Willem Pauwelsz in de Prs. korssteech
't V den 29.7. 1 617
't IP den 5.8.1617
't IIP den 1 2.8. 161 7
zyn getrout voor Willem
Warmont ende Huych
CoDYCK schepenen dezen
XVIII en Augusti 161 7
Aenget den xxviii en July 161 7
Jan Reynouts drucker jong-
gesel van Londen in Enge-
landt vergeselschapt met
Jonathan Willemsz zyn
bekende
met
Prudens Grindon jonge-
dochter mede van Londen in
Engelant vergeselschapt
met Marye Bryster ende
Mary Allerton haer
bekenden
(Translated :) Dwells in the house of Willem Pauwelsz in the
Pieterskerkkoorsteeg.
(Banns)
the I*: July 29th 1617
the 2"^: Aug. 5th 1 61 7
the 3'''' : Aug. 1 2th 161 7
are married before Willem
Warmont aud Huych
CoDYCK bailiffs this xviiith
of August 161 7
We remarked in a note
Entered July 28th 161 7
John Reynolds, printer,
bachelor from London in
England accompanied by
Jonathan Williamson
(Brewster), his acquaintance
with
Prudence Grindon, spinster,
also from London in Eng-
land, accom.panied by Mary
Brewster and Mary
Allerton her acquaintances.
*' Reynolds evidently came
over to help Brewster and Winslow to start the printing.
ments from the Amsterdam Archives. Facsimile, transcript, translation
and annotations by Dr. D. Plooij of Leyden, and Dr. J. Rendel Harris of
Manchester. 74 phototypic plates: 14 x 9 in. F Bd. Leyden: K. J.
Brill, Ltd., 1920. A few copies are still available from the Publishers.
BREWSTER S PRINTING OFFICE, LEYDEN
Reynolds dwelt in the Pieterskerkkoorsteeg, probably in
the house where the Pilgrim Press was (in Vico Chorali).
He retreated apparently to Amsterdam at the time of
the search for the Pilgrim Printers and was married
there, Prudence Grindon being now dead, to Persis
Bailey on April 24, 162 1." And in the Introduction we
remarked: "One entry is specially interesting. The
site of the house where Brewster's press was, is entirely
unknown. Perhaps we may be able to find it out (we
are going to try) by the entry of John Reynolds' marriage.
Reynolds is said to be dwelling in the house of Willem
Pauwelsz. in the Pieterkerkkoorsteeg. He came as a
printer and married Aug, 18, 161 7. Afterwards he
retired to Amsterdam. So it is inly probable that he
dwelt in the very house in the Pieterskerkkoorsteeg where
the Printing Press was secreted." I am going to fulfil
our promise.
At the date of his second marriage of which both the
Amsterdam and Leyden Records preserve the memory,
and which took place in Leyden, April 24, 162 1 (cf. Leyden
Documents^ fol. xlvi. in the original Raadhuisechthoek, B.,
fol. cxviii., verso), Reynolds had been an inhabitant of
Amsterdam, dwelling near the Exchange for two 3^ears
(cf. Leyden Documents, fol. Ixxii., Doop-, trouw-en begraaf-
register, No. 667, fol. lii., recto). So Reynolds retired
from Leyden in 1619,^ by which date our suggestion is
justified sufficiently, that he retired at the time of the
search for the Pilgrim Printers. Probably he found
employment at one of the rather numerous other English
printers at that time in Amsterdam.
M-iis wife was buried in St. Pieterskerk, April 27, 1619 ; only two
days before Reynolds buried his child, April 25, 161 9, also in the
Pieterskerk. They dwelt then on the Pieterskerkhofif, apparently in one
of the little houses belonging to the house of Robinson. Cf Register van
overl. personen 4, fol. Ixxii., recto et verso.
21
THE PILGRIM PRESS
At his first marriage he was accompanied as a witness
by Jonathan Willemsz., i.e. Jonathan Brewster, son of
William Brewster, the Elder, and his bride. Prudence
Grindon was accompanied by Mrs. Mary Brewster, the
Elder's wife, and by Mrs. Mary Allerton. That both the
bridegroom and the bride were accompanied by a member
of the family of Brewster is an additional proof for the
near relation in which Reynolds stood not only to the
Elder but also to his family.
Nearly the same is the case with Winslow, another
of Brewster's printers. He married in May, 1618, and
as witnesses are mentioned for the bridegroom : Jonathan
Willemsz. (Brewster) and Isaac Allerton, and for the
bride, Janie Bezel (?) and Mrs. Mary Allerton (cf Leyden
Documents^ fol. xxxv., in the original Raadhuisechtboek, B.,
fol. Ixxv,, recto).
Now, Reynolds is said to "dwell in the house of
Willem Pauwelsz. in the Pieterskerkkoorsteeg ". The
note is rather curious, in ordinary cases it is (if at all)
only noted that Mr. so and so dwells in Street so and so,
sometimes with a little additional definition. I take for
instance the first Pilgrim entry in our Leyden Documents
(fol. iii.) : " Robert Peck, fustianworker from England,
dwelling here on the Hogewoert at the * Blue Lions,' ac-
companied etc." or the second entry {ibid., fol. iv.):
"William Pontus, fustianworker, bachelor from England,
dwelling in Marendorp, near Douver, accompanied etc."
The dwelling-place is not always given, not often even,
but if it is, it is given simply as the house or street where
the registered person is actually living and is embodied
in the entry itself Here it is added, apparently after-
wards, and above the entry itself, in the curious form :
" dwells in the house of Wm. Pauwelsz. in the Pieterskerk-
koorsteeg " !
22
-'^H ,7 /f.Wn'^'^'S )
f:
fj
-A
c
Jy^\
7 '*'/' t>C ^orxf-^
Cw^^'^ ^r'*2_'y^
v^ ///t/i<,
.Vur //<
, ^^r./ S /WS ^^^ iV^
<//!, Vnauf-
^aiL\^ "Sycl/vt. -
fg^^
,'9'
7 yj^ef^r- ft 'Vf t^r.
-*^^n i-T-^tl^TT
^"""^'^ Xmt'fr.'c^ri\
Section of Map of Lkvdk.v Streets in a.d. 1578, showing the Bkicwsti'K
House on the left (Wielem Pou\vi:ls;joon)
\;ro face pa<;c 23
BREWSTER'S PRINTING OFFICE, lEYDEN
We turn now to the map of 1578 to see whether we
can find a trace of Willem Pauwelsz. in the Koorsteeg.
It is not so very easy because the Koorsteeg is divided
indifferent parts each belonging to a different "Bon"
(Ward). At last we find the part we want. A repro-
duction is given on the opposite page. Our little map
is divided into two parts by the Pieterskerkkoorsteeg,
called here " die kerssteech ". We see here that the
qualification "narrow," generally given to this alley is at
all events elastic, for we see on the map another lane
much narrower than the Koorsteeg, called here simply
"die steech ", Next to this lane we see marked the
property of Arent Cornehsz. Backer, then follows Willem
Pauwelsz., then Jacob de Bont. So, that is all right and
we have found out at least the whereabouts of Reynolds-
Now we turn to the Bonboeken, and we find in " 't
Eerste Register vervattende Over'thoflf," fol. iii'^liii (353)
that the property of Willem Pauwelsz. van Thorenvliet
is the site of two houses owned by him, one of which
was sold February 2, 1634, by Huich Zegersz. van
Campen as husband and guardian of Aechgen Willems-
dochter van Thorenvliet to Stoffel Jansz., cabinetmaker.
The deed relating to this notice in the Bonboek is re-
gistered in the Protocol van willige and oytwillige de-
creten, Vol. VIII. (1632-1639), fol. Ixxix., but gives no
further information relating to our present subject. This
Stoffel Jansz., however, who buys the house is nobody
else than the well-known member of the Pilgrim Colony,
ChristofTer Ellis, son of John Ellis. He was the brother-
in-law of Richard Masterson and had in this capacity the
care for the house which Masterson left in Leyden. It is
to him that Governor Bradford wrote that letter in 1649
which has been discovered in the Goodyear documents
and, in one word, he was one of the well-to-do business
23
THE PILGRIM PRESS
men of the Pilgrim Colony. A list of a great number of
sales and purchases of houses performed by him has been
given by Dexter, I.e., p. 613. That it is he who buys
the house of Willem Pauwelsz. van Thorenvliet confirms
the assumption that this house and this man had some-
thing to do with the Pilgrims.
All this, however, does not yet lead to any conclusive
proof. We do not yet find the clue why it is "in the
house of Wm. Pauwelsz." that Reynolds is said to dwell,
nor how Brewster could dwell in the Stincksteech and in
the Pieterskerkkoorsteeg at the same time.
Now we turn to the Registers of inhabitants in
Leyden in time, as near as possible to the time of the
Pilgrims.
In the Schoorsteenbouck (Chimney- book) of 1609 we
find for the houses of Willem van Thorenvliet in the
Koorsteeg the following notices :
" Willem van Thorenvliet buys
eygen ende in huyr vvert gebruict
by Jan van Royen op 't vvyfs
aengeven.
" deselve syn huysinge eigen
ende wert gebruict by Franchoys
Dire Hoest op 't wyfs aengeven"
menigte
van vuyr
plaetsen.
geld in
de verpon
ding 1606.
Vlll^ld.
1 1 1st.
XVIgld.
XVIIIst.
comt
schoorsteen
geld.
VIgld.
Xgld.
Xst.
Willem van Thorenvliet, house, owner, and is rented and in use by
Jan van Royen ; on information from his wife : four chimneys ; tax in
1606, 8 gld. 3 St. ; chimney tax six guilders.
The same ; his mansion, owner, and is in use by Francois Dire Hoest,
on information from his wife : seven chimneys, tax 1606 : 16 gld. 18 st. ;
chimney tax : 10 gld. 10 st.
Then follows the house of Arent Cornelisz. Backer,
which is also divided into two houses, and then the
24
BREWSTER'S PRINTING OFFICE, LEYDEN
Register says : "here the lane is crossed (hier wert de
Stege overgesprongen) ". We note that the house of
Pauwelsz. nearest to the Lane is far the greater of the
two, it has seven chimneys, and pays more than the
double in the tax. Both houses are inhabited by tenants
not by the owner himself. In the Hoofdgeld of 1622
(part Overthoff, fol. ii., verso) we still find in the first
house Jan van Royen with his family, but in the second,
larger house, next to the lane we find (fol. iii., recto)
" Pietertgen Nachtegaels wed. van Willem Pauwelsz.
van Thoornvliet, Jan Willemsz. haer zoon, Jannetgen
haer dienstmaecht," so that her husband being now
dead, Mrs. van Thorenvliet has gone into the house she
owns in the Koorsteeg.
We still are groping in the dark : we do not find
direct evidence. Turning, however, a few pages in the
Schoorsteenbouck we find at once the missing link. The
narrow lane running behind the houses of the Pieters-
kerkkoorsteeg, from the Pieterskerkstraat to the Lange-
gracht (then Volregracht) is called since centuries the
"Aerent Roelentsteech " and the cross-lane was simply
called " Dwerssteech " (Cross-lane) or even " die Steech "
(the Lane). So it is called on our map from 1578. But
on fol. Ixviii., verso, where the Arent Roelantsteeg must
be crossed we find the entry : " Here wert de Stinxsfeech
overgesprongen^^' i.e. ^^ here the Stinksteeg is crossed''. The
name is apparently a lapsus here for it is the only case
that the Lane is called thus. But, of course, such a
lapsus must have originated in a previous name of the
Steeg, altered since years and years into the official and
more decent name Arent Roelantsteeg, after a Bailiff of
Leyden of the fourteenth century ; and it must be still in
popular use, so that the clerk uses it unconsciously.
So we go back to older documents and find that in
25 3
THE PILGRIM PRESS
the Belastingboek, " Vetus," the name of Arent Roelant is
not yet used but that both the lane behind Willem
Pauwelsz.' house and the cross-lane next to Arent Cor-
nelisz. are called indeed "die Stinxsteech ". Now we
are getting near to the solution of the riddle : we proceed
in the Schoorsteenbouck and want to know who inhabited
the Stinksteeg in 1606. We find fol. Ixxiv., recto :
" Aerent Roelantsteghe, zuydzyde is onbewoont.
De huyzen daer uitkomende zjm de achterzyde van
de huyzen waervan de voorzyde in de Prs. korsteegh-
uitkomt."
That means that the back of the houses in the Pieters-
kerkkoorsteeg faced the Stincksteeg, but that there were
no other inhabitants besides those who dwelt in the cor-
responding houses of the Koorsteeg.
But now the cross-lane having its exit in the Pieters-
kerkkoorsteeg :
"Dwersstege Oostzyde van de Kersstege off
Noortwaerts aenloopende :
*' Willem Pouwelsz. van Thorenvliets achterhuis
es onder 't voorhuis begrepen, cf Pouwelsz. zyn
breeder . . . een gld."
I.e. "the hindpart of Willem Pauwelsz.' house is
included in its frontpart, cf. Pauwelsz. his brother."
All this proves that in 1606 the hind-part of Willem
Pauwelsz.' house formed a separate dwelling; that, how-
ever, it belonged not to Willem Pauwelsz. himself, but to
his brother who had to pay the chimney tax for it. It
was not rented in 1606, for tenants are not mentioned.
Nor was the brother of Pauwelsz. dwelling there. For
we find his name in the Schoorsteenbouck, fol. ccccxlii.,
recto : " Broer Jansz. be woondt by Pouwel Pouwelsz. op 't
aengeven van de soon een ". This refers to a house in
Marendorp, quite another part of the city where ap-
26
BREWSTER'S PRINTING OFFICE, LEYDEN
parently Pouwel Pouwelsz. is dwelling though he owns
the house in the Stincksteeg. Probably the hind part of
the house was in use by Paul's brother Willem, who
owned also the front side.
Now we find about this house the following par-
ticulars :
In the Q)\A^%\. Belastingboek (y ^\MS), fol. Ixvi., recto, we
find for the side of the " Stinxsteegh " where the house
stood only this entry :
" Willem Pouwelsz. huysken verhuyrt is getaxeert
op Vgld."
" Little house of William Pouwels, rented, is
taxed for 5 guilders."
This is in the whole steeg the only house at the time.
In the following Registers, however, we find that other
houses have been built there. In 1623 there are at least
two : the Oiid-Belastingboek gives fol. cxxiv., the notice
that in 1623 has been sold by the widow of Willem van
Thorenvliet one of the two houses in the Stinksteeg, and
that the heirs of Pouwel Pouwelsz. sold the other in
1 63 1, August 4.
In the Hoofdgeld of 1622 (fol. xxxiii., verso), we find
on the spot where in 1606 we found only the hind-part of
Willem Pauwelsz.' house in the possession of his brother
the following families :
arm Grietchen Henricxdr. wed. van Jan van Goch.
Dire \
Antoni haer kinderen.
Jan J
(fol. xxxiiii. r.)
Geryt Arentsz. Scheepstimmerman.
Elia Lievensdr. zyn huisvrou wed. van Sander Boens
in 'tselve buys.
27
THE PILGRIM PRESS
Then : Jacob de Lapper with wife and six children,
also noted as " arm " (i.e. poor).
The hind-part of the house of Willem Pauwelsz. with
which we are concerned was sold by his widow in 1623.^
The deed of sale runs translated as follows :
"We Dr. Gerrit van Lanschot and Harman
Geurtsz. Osseweyer, bailiffs in Leyden make known
that before us has come and appeared Pietertgen
Jansdr. Nachtegael, widow of the late Willem Pau-
welsz, van Thorenvliet, assisted by Willem Dircxz. de
Jong, her son-in-law as her chosen guardian, and
declared to have sold and transported accordingly
by this to and on behalf of Syntgen Boens, widow
of Sander Boens a house and yard standing and lying
within this city in the Cross-lane ending in the St. Pieters-
choorstege, bounded on this side by Pouls van Thoren-
vliet Pouwelsz. and on the other side under the passage
belonging to the large mansion of her comparant^ and
above which Arent Cornsz. Backer's widow, . . .
etc."
This suffices to identif}'- beyond any doubt the exact site
of Reynolds' dwelling-place and at the same time of
Brewster's Press. During the great scarcity of houses
in the beginning of the seventeenth century the hind-part
of Willem Pauwelsz.' house was used by other families,
and in 1623 there lived there even three families. It was
in the part immediately behind the house of Arent Cor-
nelisz, that Willem Pauwelsz.' house was built out to the
Stincksteeg, and that part was rented by Brewster for
himself and for his press. We understand now how
Brewster could be said to dwell in the Stincksteeg, and
at the same time "in Vico Chorali ". We understand
now also the strange expression that Reynolds was
^ In : Protocol van Waerbrieven, Z.Z., fol. xliii.
28
BREWSTER'S PRINTING OFFICE, LEYDEN
dwelling in the house of Willem Pauwelsz., Brewster's
house was a part indeed of Willem Pauwelsz.' house
in the Koorsteeg, but it had its own entrance in the
"Stincksteeg".
On the accompanying map of the present situation the
site of the spot where Brewster's Press was situated is
noted. The two houses of Willem Pauwelsz., owned by
him in the Pieterskerkkoorsteeg, are now made into one-
The hind-part inhabited by Brewster was comparatively
spacious as a few years later three families were dwelling
there. At the same time it was not intended for rich
people, as shows the remark " poor " in the 1622 Register.
And the word used by us in the Leyden Documents^ that
the Pilgrim Press was secreted there proves to be quite
exact.
Those of the participants to the Dutch Pilgrim Cele-
bration who were the guests of my former colleague now
Member of Parliament, Dr.Schokking, unconsciously were
sitting on the very spot where Brewster printed his for-
bidden books, when they were talking with their host in
his homely sitting-room.
It might be asked : this historical spot having been
discovered, ought it not be made into a permanent place
of memory and pilgrimage ? As long as it has not been
bought by the Government of the United States, I am
sure that Dr. and Mrs. Schokking (who by the way do
not want to part with it at all), will gladly receive any
interested visitor from England or America wishing to
visit the spot where Brewster struggled and prepared the
victory of freedom of conscience.
29
CHAPTER II.
WHAT DID BREWSTER PRINT ?
I. THE BUILDING UP OF THE CANON.
We now turn from our identification of Brewster's print-
ing office to an examination of the books which have
been ascribed to his press. Professor Usher, as we have
seen, gives "not more than sixteen" as the maximum.
To be precise the figure should be seventeen. Arber ^
gives a total of fifteen items, Dexter-^ gives sixteen, but
^^ he arrives at this figure by omitting one of Arber's and
adding two fresh ones. We have, therefore, an actual
total of seventeen items, with which the press had been
credited up to 1904.
Since that date three titles have been added to the list.
Copies have been discovered and described of a transla-
I tion into Dutch of Dod and Cleaver on the Ten Command-
^ ments bearing Brewster's name in the imprint, until last
year only known to bibliographers from an entry in an
auction catalogue ; in the Mayflower Descendant for
January, 1920, Mr. Bowman describes and ascribes to the
Pilgrim Press Johnson's Christian Plea ; these two are
included in the check-list of nineteen titles publiohed by
Mr. Bowman in the Mayflower Descendant for July, 192 1.
We ourselves put forward a claim for a twentieth, viz.
an edition, dated 161 7, of Dod and Cleaver on the Ten
Commandments in English.
^ Arber, Story of the Pilgrim Fathers (1897), p. 237 ff.
'^Dexter, Englafid and Holland of the Pilgrims (1904), pp. 605-6.
30
WHAT DID BREWSTER PRINT 1
For convenience of reference and comparison we give
an alphabetical table of short titles, with reference num-
bers to our own and to previous lists :
Arber.
Dexter.
Bowman. 1
Our List.
Abridgcinent of that booke
I
'7-4
2
Admonition to the Parliament .
13
'7-7
5
Ames, Rescriptio coTitrada
2
4
'7-2
I
Calderwood, De regimine .
6
12
'8-7
10
Perth Assembly
5
14
'9-1
19
Cartwright, Confutation
4
ID
'8-1
16
Proverbia ....
I
2
'7-3
8
Chaderton, Fruitful sermon
15
8
'8-?
15
De vera religione ....
3
II
'8-2
9
Defence of the Petition
II
5
'-3
II
Dighton, Certain reasons .
9
6
'8-6
12
Second part ....
10
15
'9-2
17
Dod and Cleaver, Ten Commandments
3
Thien Gheboden
'7-1
4
Euring, Answer to Drakes
7
16
'9-3
18
Harrison, Little treatise
14
7
'8-5
14
Johnson, Christian plea
'7-5
7t
Robinson, Apologia ....
13
'9-4
20t
People's plea . . . .
8
9
'8-4
13
Travers, Eccles. discipline
12
3
'7-6
6
With the single exception of Chaderton's Fruitful
sermon, known only by one imperfect copy in the Yale
University Library, we have ourselves personally ex-
amined copies of every one of the books under discussion ;
and we have described them all in equal detail, whether
or not we believe them to be genuine " Brewsters ". It
may be as well, therefore, to state quite distinctly at the
outset that of the twenty examined we unhesitatingly
' To save space we have abbreviated Mr. Bowman's somewhat cum-
bersome system of notation, which gives the full year in each case, e.g.
" 1617-4," " 1617-7," etc. We have also been obliged to coin a notation
for Chaderton, Mr. Bowman having left us in the lurch, and declined to
" give it a place and number " in his check list, though he admits that he
has " not found anything to indicate that Ur. Dexter erred in claiming
this book as a Brewster imprint ".
31 : '
THE PILGRIM PRESS
reject two, viz. Robinson's Apologia and Johnson's
Christian plea. It is the remaining eighteen that we shall
be at pains to defend against the attacks of Dr. Usher
^ and the sceptics.
But for the moment we would ask our readers to ap-
proach with open mind the whole list of twenty. Of
these only three, viz. Ames, Cartwright's Proverbia, and
the Dutch version of Dod and Cleaver, bear Brewster's
name in the imprint ; De vera religione he avowed having
printed.^ What, then, is the evidence for or against the
remaining sixteen ? It is here that we must take up Pro-
fessor Usher's challenge.
Let us first examine the external evidence. The
external evidence for Cartwright's Confutation (Arber's
No. 4) is good. So much so that, though he does not de-
finitely commit himself, one presumes that this is the
fourth item which Professor Usher is willing to accept.
It is one of the few which Sir Dudley Carleton
specifically names : he is only too prone to content him-
self with such general statements as that Brewster was
responsible for " most of the Puritan books sent over, of
late days, into England," or " all such books as have been
sent over into England and Scotland ".^ It may also be
worth noting, as evidence that this work had some
specially close connection with the little flock at Leyden,
that her husband's copy of the " Reemse Testament" is
specifically named by Robinson's widow in her will as an
heirloom.^
We next come to the two pamphlets by Calder-
wood (Arber's 5 and 6). With the help of "certain
experienced printers," Sir Dudley Carleton persuaded
himself that the De regimine and the Perth Assembly
^Arber, op. cii., p. 200. "'Ibid., pp. 198-9.
^ A. Eekhof, Three Unknow7i Documents, p. 26.
32
WHAT DID BREWSTER PRINT?
were both printed by Brewer. But with regard to the
latter we must make some allowance for the "will to
believe," since at an earlier date he admitted " I had
reason to suspect it was printed in that town [i.e. Leyden] ;
but, upon more particular enquiry do rest somewhat
doubtful," though he adds "if he [Brewster] was not the
printer himself, he assuredly knows both the printer and
the author".^
Carleton, be it noted, extracted no confession from
Brewer or his colleagues. Nor is there any record of
any examination by experts of Brewster's type-cases.
All that was done was to compare acknowledged with
suspected books. And as to that, the verdict of experts
to-day loses nothing in weight because it is not con-
temporary.
We have, then, three books with Brewster's imprint ;
one avowed by him ; three ascribed to him by not neces-
sarily reliable contemporary witnesses. So far as we
are aware no other book is specifically named in any
contemporary record as having been printed by Brewster.
Sy what road have the remaining thirteen found their
way into the Brewster canon ?
There is one important general assumption, which we
are certainly entitled to make, namely, that books of the
kind we have under consideration did actually issue from
the Pilgrim Press. On this point the evidence of friend
and enemy alike is unanimous. Bradford's testimony we
have already quoted.'^' Carleton, at the time, reports that
Brewer and Brewster "print prohibited books, to be
vented underhand in His Majesty's kingdoms"." To
those who challenge us to prove that the books before
us were actually printed by Brewster at Le^'den we
' Arbei", op. cif., p. 199, and below, p. 87.
"^ See above, p. 3. ' Arber, op. cit., p. 209.
33
V
THE PILGRIM PRESS
may fairly retort : " If these books were not, show us
the ones that were ". The books cannot all have dis-
appeared.^ It is our business to find them. But how ?
Arber,^ indeed, remarks "apropos of Euring's Answer to
Drakes that "for books of such a character, and of those
dates, no other place of origin can be suggested ". But
such a line of argument merely weakens the case for the
Pilgrim Press, and lays the writer open to the quite
justifiable ridicule of the sceptic. For the question " who,
for instance, would have dared to have printed William
Euring's book but the Pilgrims themselves ? " is answered
twice over in the course of the very documents which
Arber himself prints. Cathkin was accused of printing
the Perth Assembly ; Carlton, when reporting that he
has discovered the real printer of the De regimine,
adds "which His Majesty was informed to be done in
Middelburg " i.e. doubtless by Schilders. There is no
typographical support for either of these accusations, but
the fact that they were made disposes of the case that no
other place of origin than the Pilgrim Press can be
suggested.
This same point may be approached from another
angle. In our provisional list of seventeen items are two
by John Robinson. They are Nos. 14 and 15 in a list of
twenty-nine writings by Robinson enumerated by Mr.
Burgess,^ and are the only printed items which can by
any possibility be made to fall within the " Pilgrim Press "
period. Let us suppose that they were both printed by
^ On this question of survival value reference may be made to the
summary of a paper by Mr. A. W. Pollard on The Short-Title Catalogue
of English Books, 1 501-1640 (Bibliographical Society's Transactions,
Vol. XV., 1920, p. 142). Mr. Pollard suggests that copies of about 60 per
cent, of books printed during this period may be expected to have sur-
vived.
'^ Arber, op. cit., p. 243. '^ John Robinsoji (1920), p. 418.
34
WHAT DID BREWSTER PRINT 1
Brewster. Who, we must still ask, printed those of
Robinson's works which are dated indisputably before or
after the "Pilgrim Press" period, and what reason have
we for thinking that the same press could not, or would
not, have printed works of a similar nature during the
period under consideration ? With regard to those
printed after the break-up of the press, we shall have
something to say later. With regard to those printed
before 1617, there is very little doubt that some, if not all,
were printed by Giles Thorp in Amsterdam, and we have
signed books from Thorp's press as late as 16 19. Here
then is a third possible claimant for the honour of print-
ing the so-called " Pilgrim Press " books.
In truth Professor Arber is carried away by his own
enthusiasm. It is quite unjustifiable to argue that all
books of such and such a character and of such and such
dates must be from the Pilgrim Press at Leyden. But at
the same time it is perfectly clear that it is amongst books
of this particular character and date that Pilgrim Press
books have been, and will be found. It is equally clear
that the question which may be reasonably assigned to
the press is one that can only be settled finally from
the standpoint of pure typography.
Let us take the case of the two little books by John
Robinson mentioned above. We may assume, as a
probability, that whilst his Elder's press was working
Robinson would make use of it. Here, then, are two
items to hand which are obviously worth examining.
One of these, the People s Plea, comes through the typo-
graphical test with flying colours. In the next section
we shall see how the discovery of a copy in a bound
volume of pamphlets led to the unearthing of six more
claimants. How Mr. Bowman came to include Johnson's
Christian Pica in his list is described in the note to our
35
THE PILGRIM PRESS
collation, as is also the story of our own discovery of the
English Dod and Cleaver.
The presence of the Abridgement^ Admonition, and
Travers' Eccles. Discipline in the list we owe to the untir-
ing energy and patient search of students like Arber and
Dexter among books of the ** Pilgrim Press" period and
character.
2. TPIE EVIDENCE FROM ELDER BREWSTER'S OWN LIBRARY.^
We come now to a very important body of evidence,
that furnished by the Inventory of Elder Brewster's books,
which is attached to his will. It will be recognised as
in the highest degree probable that Brewster's library
should contain some, at least, of the books which he had
published during his residence in Leyden : and, if he had
stopped book-collecting when he migrated to New
England, it would have been comparatively easy to make
a search among the books printed between 1617 and 1619
and see if they corresponded in their titles or descrip-
tions with the works which we have been studying. We
should then say with some confidence that such and such
works came over in the Mayflower. The matter cannot
be treated so simply ; Brewster was a scholar who in the
course of a long life continued to study, and, as a conse-
quence, continued to import books. So that we must
not hastily identify the books mentioned in his will with
those that came over with him in the ship. His library
at his death was a large one, for a Pilgrim. Dr. H. M.
Dexter, in commentary upon it,^ says that "it was a solid
one, in more senses than one. Whoever undertook,
^ When this section was written we had not seen Mr. Bowman's article
in the Mayflower Descendant for July, 1921, which partly covers the same
ground.
"^ Mass. Hist. Soc. Prcc, 2nd series, Vol. V., 1889, p. 82.
36
WHAT DID BREWSTER PRINT?
whether by land or water, to transport its forty-eight
folios and one hundred and seventy-seven quartos to say
nothing of the one hundred and twenty-one of smaller size
from Plymouth to the Elder's suburban residence in
Duxbury, must have found it, for wain or wherry, a heavy
job."
Our first question will be as to whether the Inventory
contained any Robinson books, and any books that have
been mentioned in the previous pages as being possibly or
probably from Brewster's press. On this point, Dr.
Dexter tells us that the Inventory "contained four books
by John Robinson, and eleven books printed in Leyden
(1617-1619) by Mr. Brewster himself".
The four books by Robinson are as follows :
No. 106. Defence of the Doctrine Propounded by the Synod at Dort^
s. 1. 4, 1624.
No. 118. Observations Divine and Moral, s. 1. 4, 1625. (B.M.
441 1, dd.)
No. 165. A Justification of Separation. s. 1. 4, 1610. (B.M.
4135- b.)
No. 291. The People's Plea for the Exercise of Prophesie. s. 1. 16,
1618-
The last of the four falls within our chronological
limits ; but upon investigation we find that it is not
actually named in the Inventory. It is hypothecated by
Dr. Dexter as one of a group described in the Inventory
as
" Divers books sticht together, o. 02. 00."
What became of this volume ? Why do we say that
the People s Pica was one of its constituents ? What
were the other associated tracts in the volume ? The
answer to these questions will be found in a letter of Dr.
Dexter, quoted by Justin Winsor in the Proceedings of
the Massachusetts Historical Society for March, 1887, as
follows :
37
THE PILGRIM PRESS
"In January, 1876, after much effort I succeeded in
purchasing for twenty-five dollars, of the late Charles
Hammond, of Monson, a small volume in a dilapidated
condition, which he had picked up in some Connecticut
garret, the interest of which to me consisted in the fact
that, among other things, it included a perfect copy of
John Robinson's People's Plea. It was loosely stitched
together in a manner to make me think it might be the
"divers books sticht together " of the Inventory, and priced
two shillings. The first thing I did was to cut it apart,
when I had before me seven small i6mo's, five of which
were perfect. When laid side by side, I was immediately
struck with their similar type, the same sized page, the
same ornaments, and with that indescribable tout ensemble
which declares the same printing-house. They were all
of date i6t8 and 1619, except that the seventh lacked the
title, and this and the others were of the same office, as
the worn and somewhat broken type showed.
" My next step was to infer, as I had always heard that
the Plea was printed by Elder Brewster at Leyden, that
they all might have been. I then set to work to see what
evidence there may be that the Plea was really printed by
Brewster. It has two large initial letters, each defective
slightly in spots, and by comparing these (with a micro-
scope) with like initials in books known to have been
printed by Brewster at Leyden, I arrived at a moral
certainty that all were his. Of such books I have
three of which I suppose no reasonable doubt can be
entertained, namely, Commentarii succincti et Dilucidi
in Proverbia Salomonis, which has his imprint, Lugdnni
Batavorum, apud Gtdielmum Breuusterum, in vico
chorali i6iy ; Cartwright's A Confutation of the
Rhemists Translation, glosses and annotations on the
New Testament (with no imprint) 1618; and the Perth
Assembly (no imprint) 16 19. Both the latter seem
38
WHAT DID BREWSTER PRINT 1
well authenticated by Sir Dudley Carleton's Letters (pp.
379. 380, 390). The Proverbia has but two large initials
but the Confutation has twenty-six, and the Assembly has
six thirty-two in all offeringa fair chance of comparison.
As the result of a careful study of the matter, I feel
morally certain that the whole ten books were printed at
the same press between 1617 and 16 19 inclusive, and that
that press was Brewster's."
In the Proceedings for 1889, which we quoted above,
Dexter expresses himself as follows, when he comes to
the "sticht" books in the Inventory :
"I feel morally certain that, in 1876, I purchased of
the late Charles Hammond, LL.D., of Monson, Mass., this
identical 'divers books'."
There are several statements and inferences in these
two communications which must be received with caution.
(i) The fact that the " divers books sticht together " are
" priced two shillings " has absolutely no significance.
This is simply the valuation for probate and in no way
suggests that the group were '* sticht together " for sale.
(ii) Dr. Dexter's figure^ "eleven books printed . . .
by Mr. Brewster himself" is arrived at by way of a very
vicious circle. He himself crams his little bundle of
seven into the Brewster Inventor}-, because on typograph-
ical grounds he suspects them to be printed by Brewster,
and then calmly informs us that they are "contained " in
the Inventory, with the implication that their claim to be
considered genuine Brewster's is thereby strengthened !
(iii) The Defence (the second item in Dr. Dexter's
bundle) is distinctly lacking in the "indescribable tout
ensemble " which links the others together. We believe
it to be a genuine Brewster, but the proof is just of the
' Dr. Dexter's "eleven" is made up from Nos. 64, 83, 186, 197, 289-
295.
39
THE PILGRIM PRESS
kind by which one is wo/ "immediately struck". We
suspect that Dr. Dexter would not, in 1876, have recog-
nised it as a Brewster book, if it had been brought from
elsewhere and placed beside the others.
With these cautions in mind let us, now, examine the
seven books which Dexter bought from Hammond, for
the modest sum of twenty-five dollars. They are as
follows :
No. 289. (L. Chaderton) : A Godly Sermon up07i the 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
and 8 verses oj the 12th Chapter of Paul to the Romans.
s. 1. 16, 1618.
This is No. 1 5 in our list.
No. 290. A True, Modest and Just Defence of the Petition for Re-
formation, s. ]. 16, 1618.
This is No. 1 1 in our list. We note the significant fact that two
named copies of the same book are found in the Brewster Inventory.
No. 291. J. Robinson : The People''s Plea, etc. s. 1. 16, 1618.
This is No. 13 in our Hst.
No. 292. R. Harrison : A Little Treatise upon the first verse of the
\22fid Psalm. s. 1. i6, 1618.
This is No. 14 in our list: but note again the significant fact that
there is a named copy of the same book in Brewster's Inventory.
No. 293. T. Dighton : Certain Reasons of a Private Christia?T
against Conformitie to Kneelifig, etc. s. 1. 16, 161 8.
This is No. 12 in our Hst.
No. 294. T. Dighton : The Second Part of a Plain Discourse of
a7i Unlettered Christian, etc. s. I. 16, 161 9.
This is No. 17 on our list.
No. 295. W. Euring: An A7iswer to the Ten Counter Demands,
etc. s. 1. 16^, 1619.
This is No. 18 in our list.
It will be recognised that the foregoing volume has very
great weight in the decision of problems upon which we
have been engaged. And though Dr. Dexter's reasoning
with regard to it may have been faulty, the soundness of
his conclusion was destined to be strengthened a few years
later in a striking manner. Professor Arber discovered in
40-
WHAT DID BREWSTER PRINT?
Dr. Williams' Library another little volume ^ (not indeed
"sticht," but bound in contemporary sheep, and with a
contemporary manuscript table of contents on the end-
paper) containing five out of the seven items in Dr.
Dexter's bundle. The arrangement, indeed, is different,
as the following comparative table shows :
Dexter's set. Nos. 15, 11, 13, 14, 12, 17, 18.
Williams' set. Nos. 18, 13, 12, 17, 11.
But even allowing for this the coincidence is irresist-
ible. And we can go a step farther. In the Williams*
set, the last three items show the punch-holes of the
original stitching, but the first two have been bound from
the sheets, i.e. almost certainly in the printer's own work-
shop. This circumstantial evidence of a common place
of origin, confirmed as we shall find it to be by a detailed
examination of the typographical resemblances, can leave
us in no doubt but that all seven are from the same press.
Was that press Brewster's?
For answer it is only necessary to place one of them,
viz. Euring, side by side with the acknowledged De vera
' The volume came to the Library in a large and very miscellaneous
bequest from the Rev. John Archer of Hackney in 1733. Nothing is
known of its previous history. Mr. Bowman is at great pains to prove
that Dr. Dexter was aware of the existence of this volume, and so rob
Professor Arber of the credit of discovering it. But if Dr. Dexter had seen
it, it is inconceivable that when writing of his own little volume in 1889
he should have made no mention of it, and of the corroborative evidence
it affords. Furthermore it is known that in the greater number of cases,
where a title is credited to Dr. Williams' Library in Dexter's Bibliography,
the entry is made on the authority of the printed catalogue of the library,
not checked by reference to the actual book. Mr. Bowman, indeed,
admits that Dexter "noted the fact that the Dr. Williams' Library owned
four of the five " only, and adds " it is probable that Dexter's failure to
credit the fifth to that library was accidental ". Surely it is more generous
to suppose that Dr. Dexter overlooked one of the five in his search through
the catalogue than that he actually handled the volume, but could neither
record its contents correctly nor appreciate their significance.
41 4
THE PILGRIM PRESS
religione, and as Sir Dudley Carleton put it 300 years ago
of the De regimine " The one being confessed, the others
cannot well be denied ".
Our modest list of three signed and one acknowledged
leaps suddenly (by the addition of these seven) to eleven
all told, and this without pressing Dr. Dexter's identifi-
cation of his small bundle with the " divers books sticht
together," and, consequently, actually in Brewster's own
library.
But we must not allow the romantic interest which
surrounds this volume, and its possible association with
Brewster himself, to divert our attention from the posi-
tive evidence afforded by the items actually named in the
Brewster Inventory. The entries, as is usual in the case
of inventories, are excessively meagre, and it is often im-
possible to recognise the books named with any degree
of certainty.
The following is the list of those entries which may,
with a reasonable degree of probability, be identified with
" Brewster " books :
^40. De Vera les. Chr. Religione^ o.oi.o, cf No. 9, in
our list.
It is curious that this obvious identification should
have escaped Dr. Dexter, who identifies the entry with
Duplessis-Mornay : De veritate religionis Christianae.
64. Cartwright pronerbia, 0.07.00, cf No. 8.
69, Amesii contra Grevin. Co., 0.00.06, cf. No. i.
That it refers to Brewster's abridgment of Ames is
proved by the abbreviation "Co.," i.e. "Contracta,"
which word does not occur in the title of the unabridged
^ For convenience the references are given to the numbers added by
Dr. Dexter in his study of the Inventory {Mass. Hist. Soc. Proceedings, and
Sen, Vol. V) ; the items are not numbered in Justin Winsor's original
edition of the Inventory (71/ajj. Hist. Soc. Proceedings, 2nd Ser., Vol. III.).
42
WHAT DID BREWSTER PRINTS
work. This identification was overlooked by Dexter,
who gives a reference to the complete work.
83. Cartwright against Remise, [s^c], 0.08.00, cf. No. 16.
(\2\. Dod on Commandments, 0.02.06, ^
-!i76. Dod on Commandments, 0.03.00, ^cf. No. 3.
I208. Dod on Commandments, 0.02.06, J
Editions of Dod on the Commandments are numerous,
and it is impossible to prove that both or either of the
entries represents the edition of 16 17 which we have
attributed to the "Brewster" press. But there is at
least a strong possibility.
184. Admonition to Parliament, 0.01.06, cf. No. 5.
This, of course, may represent a copy of the original
edition of 1593.
186. Perth Assembly, 0.01.06, cf. No. 19.
ri97. Modest Defence, 0.03.00, \^ j^^ ^^
1228. Modest Defence, 0.00.06, j
The discrepancy in valuation between these two
entries makes it hard to believe that both refer to the
same book ; but this may be explained by supposing that
one copy was bound and the other only stitched.
220. Treatise on 122 Psalm, 0.00.06, cf No. 14.
307. A sermon, 0.00.02, cf. No. 15.
The identification of this entry with Chaderton's
sermon is little more than a guess. The valuation, 2d.,
undoubtedly points to a small pamphlet, and it is easy to
suppose that the compilers of the Inventory, having to
choose between "A fruitful sermon" on the title-page
and "A godly sermon" in the running headline, reduced
this minimus in the way of books to a minimum descrip-
tion. In any case the proposed identification is at least
as reasonable as Dexter's that it is "Possibly Robt.
43
THE PILGRIM PRESS
Cushman's sermon delivered at Plymouth which no-
where else appears, and which one would think Brewster
likely to have had ".
314, Against Kneeling, 0.00,03, cf. Nos. 12 and 17.
Here again the low valuation points to a sticht copy of
one or both of Dighton's pamphlets.
If we reverse these numbers we shall see more clearly
the bearing of our identifications upon the results previ-
ously arrived at :
Our List.
Short Title.
Brewster Inventory.
I
Ames.
69
2
Abridgement.
195
3
Dod and Cleaver (English) .
121, 176, 208
5
Admonition.
184
8
Cartvvright, Proverbia.
64
9
De vera religione.
40
II
Defence of the Petition.
197, 228
12
Dighton, Cetiain reasons.
314
14
Harrison.
220
15
Chaderton.
307
16
Cartwright, Confutation.
83
17
Dighton, Second part.
314
19
Calderwood, Perth Assetnbly.
186
If our identifications are correct, the Inventory speci-
fically records, as having been in Brewster's possession
at his death, no less than thirteen of the books under ex-
amination, viz. : (i) copies of the three Latin books openly
printed or avowed by Brewster (Nos. i, 8, and 9) ; (ii)
copies of five of the seven which we have dealt with in
connection with the composite volumes in Dr. Dexter's
collection and in Dr. Williams' Library (Nos. 11, 12, 14,
15, 17) ; all these are included in the total of eleven which
we then arrived at. In addition, the Inventor^' records
(iii) copies of two of the three books ascribed by name to
the press by contemporary witnesses (Nos. 16 and 19);
(iv) copies of three more (Nos. 2, 3, 5) which, as a refer-
ence to the collations will show, have all of them a strong
claim, on typographical grounds, to be assi-gned to the
press.
44
WHAT DID BREWSTER PRINT 1
What of the absentees ?
No. 4, the Dutch Dod and Cleaver, Brewster would
hardly trouble to carry with him to New England.
No. 6 is Travers' Ecclesiastical Discipline. How do
we explain the fact that Brewster had no copy of this ?
The negative argument that Brewster cannot have printed
it, because apparently he did not himself keep a copy of
it, is at best a poor one, and we might permit ourselves
to ignore it. We may, however, observe that such was
the importance of Travers' book in contemporary ecclesi-
astical controversy that its absence from Brewster's
library would be remarkable and in need of explanation
even if it had never been assigned to Brewster's own press.
No. 7 is Johnson's Christian Plea. We have searched
the Inventory in vain for any entry which can by any
stretch of the imagination be made to fit this book. As
in the case of Travers, its absence is remarkable on
general grounds. But it is in need of explanation for
another reason. We know that Brewster possessed a copy.
Mr. Bowman has reproduced for us, in the Mayflower
Descendant for January, 1920, the title-page of a copy
bearing Brewster's autograph signature and his motto
" Hebel est omnis Adam " upon it. A reference to the
collation (p. yj) will show in detail why we do not,
ourselves, accept this book as a genuine Brewster. But
this does not explain its absence from the Inventory.
The signature appears to us to be written in the shaky
hand of old age. We may perhaps hazard a guess that
Brewster wrote his name in it, not when he first acquired
it, but before lending it, and that he wrote in vain. If
he had made a practice of writing his name in his books
many more signatures would have come to light ; Mr.
Bowman only knows of six.
No. 10, Calderwood's De regimine, is the slenderest of
45
THE PILGRIM PRESS
all the " Brewster " books, and may easily have disap-
peared, even supposing that Brewster kept a copy for
himself.
Nos. 13 and 18, Robinson's Peoples Plea and Euring,
may have been in the "sticht" volume.
No. 20, Robinson's Apologia^ we may be relieved not
to find. So far as its absence has any evidential value it
supports our contention that the Apologia was not printed
by Brewster. On general grounds, however, we should
expect to find a copy, whether it was printed by Brewster
himself or not,
3. CHRONOLOGY OF THE PRESS.
Before describing in detail the books which have been
assigned to the Pilgrim Press, and examining their
several claims to be reckoned authentic, it will be con-
venient to say something as to the order in which we
have arranged them.
It will be seen that our order differs radically from
that of Arber, and in a lesser degree from that of Dexter.
Arber's list is in order of certainty ; Dexter's is intended
to be chronological ; our own is an attempt at an im-
proved chronological arrangement.
It is possible that Dexter is right in setting down
the Abridgement as the first book to be issued from the
press : but it seems more probable that the press opened
business with a "signed " work.
The purchase of the type and the setting up of the
press could not but be well known in Leyden. The
venture, as we have seen, was a religious, not a com-
mercial one. But the wisdom of the serpent would prompt
the firm to allay suspicion by making a start with a com-
paratively non-contentious work such as the Ames.
The typographical arguments for placing the English
Dod and Cleaver exactly where we have done {vide note
46
WHAT DID BREWSTER PRINT!
to collation) are by no means conclusive.^ There is just
about as strong a case for putting it as late as possible in
1617, in order to connect it up with the 1618 series of
small 8vo booklets with the same " acorn " border to the
title-page. We have placed the Dutch version next to it
for convenience of reference, and after it because that is
its position logically. But that must not be taken to
imply that the Dutch version is necessarily the later. On
the contrary it is quite certain that the translation into
Dutch was not made from a copy of Brewster's reprint,
but from one of the earlier editions printed in England.
This we know because the Dutch version includes a
translation of the verses at the end, which are omitted
from Brewster's reprint.
In placing the Dutch Dod and Cleaver we need not be
influenced by the fact that Brewster's name appears on
it, though some bibliographers have jumped to the con-
clusion that the signed books all come first and that
" after the production of these . . . books, Brewster
omitted his name and the place of printing from the
imprints of all the books produced by him ".'" This
seems to us to be a misleading assumption. In our intro-
duction we described the establishment of the Leyden
Printing-house as "a religious act". It is quite out of
keeping with the whole spirit of the venture to suppose
that Brewster started as a general printer and only
dropped later into unlicensed printing. We are con-
vinced that the press was deliberately set up for the pur-
pose of printing "prohibited books". The signed books
were issued as a cover for the real activities of the press
and it is significant that from first to last no single book
in English (the language in which the prohibited books
were printed) was ever issued signed.
' Vide p. 74. ^Aiber, op. ci/., p. 237, followed by Bowman.
47
THE PILGRIM PRESS
That Brewster reckoned to keep up a legitimate, side
by side with his ilHcit trade, is evidenced by Sir Dudley
Carleton in his dispatch of September i8, 1619,^ in which
he feels compelled to correct "nor printed any books
fit for public sale in these provinces" to "nor printed
many," etc.
We shall probably be nearer the truth if we sandwich
prohibited books in amongst signed ones. All this
applies only to the year 1617, after which no signed books
were issued.
However that may be it seems almost certain that
Dexter and Arber are wrong in placing the Proverbia
before Ames. Both have presumably been misled by the
date of Polyander's preface, "10 Januarii, 1617" (New
Style). Arber takes this as the approximate date of com-
pletion of the work. He then calculates back two months
for the date October, 1616, when he would have us believe
the printing began, if Sir Dudley Carleton's "for the
space of these three years " is to be taken as exact to a
month (a quite unnecessary assumption). But while this
line of argument would be fairly sound in the case of an
author's own preface, it is far from conclusive in the case
of a commendatory preface such as Polyander's. No one
will pretend that the commendatory letter prefixed to the
Confutation^ signed by a group of puritans of the age of
Elizabeth, was written after the body of the work was in
type, and it is as likely as not that Polyander's preface
was written, by request, and possibly even set up, when
printing was at an early stage.
In each of the full years, in which the press was
active, we have one work of considerable bulk, accom-
panied by a number of small pamphlets. It may well be
that Brewster deliberately arranged to have a bulky and
^ Arber, op. cit, p. 209.
48
JVBAT DID BREWSTER PRINT?
comparatively non-contentious work always on the
stocks, should any questions be asked. From the time
that Polyander wrote his preface till the book appeared,
that would be the work on which the press would be
officially engaged.
It is suggested, therefore, that the Proverbia be placed
last among the productions of 1617, and the Confutation
last in 16 1 8.
For the rest, an attempt has been made to arrange in
strict chronological order the five small octavo books with
the "acorn" design border to the title-page.^ Apart
from these the order of the smaller books in each year
must be mainly guess-work.
Only four books dated 16 19 have been ascribed to
Brewster, and of these we reject one, the Apologia. With
regard to the rest, it is generally, and we think rightly,
assumed that if Brewster printed the Perth Assembly at
all, it was the latest work to issue from the press. But
on the whole question of the books of 1619 we shall have
more to say later. ^
4. TYPOGRAPHICAL EVIDENCE.
We now come to the evidence afforded by a typo-
graphical examination of the books themselves. This
evidence will be found set out in the appendix. The
results it will be convenient to state here.
Our task must be to reconstruct Brewster's stock-in-
trade. The printing-house was in a garret, and the stock
presumably a small one. If we find a certain range of
types and ornaments recurring, without variation, in the
books known to have been printed by Brewster, we shall
be on the safe side if we look for the same range in the
books attributed to but not acknowledged by Brewster
and incline to reject any which show a wider range.
1 Vide Collation No. 7, note. "See below, page 53.
49
THE PILGRIM PRESS
We naturally start with the three books bearing-
Brewster's name. The material afforded by these is
useful so far as it goes, but limited owing to the fact that
all three are from the first year of the press's activity.
One of them, the Dutch book, is printed in Gothic letter
of a type quite common in Dutch books of the period,
which, if Brewster actually printed the book at all, was
probably hired or borrowed for the occasion, and which
is not found in any other books attributed to Brewster.
The corner-stone of reconstruction we shall find to be
the acknowledged De vera religione, dated 1618. A
comparison of this with the Confutation will be found to
clinch the argument for the genuineness of the latter.
And it is safe to argue that the founts which were ade-
quate to the production of this monumental work, were
adequate to the production of any books in English or
Latin which Brewster was likely to undertake.
When we come to examine the types and ornaments
in detail we shall find ourselves compelled to admit that
probably every single ornament, initial, and fount used
in the " Brewster " books may be found in the work of
other contemporary presses. We shall see that the ex-
amples from other presses cover Great Britain, Holland,
and Germany. All we shall be able to say is that there
are no French types amongst them, and consequently
no evidence against the books having been printed in
Holland.
Even the apparent evidence of authenticated flaws
is to be treated with extreme caution. It is practically
certain (and in this matter we are happy to have the
valuable support of Mr. McKerrow) that the bulk of the
initials and even the larger ornaments of the kind found
in the " Brewster " books are not woodcuts, but are cast
metal blocks. The majority of the flaws, such as the
WHAT DID BREWSTER PRINT 1
break in the " bear " and in the stem of the initial " T " are
due to a particle of grit or metal lodging in one of the
lines of the matrix, and could appear in any number of
blocks cast therefrom.
The bearing of all this upon our task is obvious.
Starting with a small range of " stock " types, the nega-
tive weight of a strange type or ornament in a book
which at a first glance appears to reveal "Brewster"
characteristics, will be greater than the positive weight
of a known "Brewster" type or ornament, if found in
conjunction with types or ornaments not known to have
been used by Brewster,
We must, in other words, demand from every
claimant not isolated Brewster types and ornaments, but
Brewster combinations of types and ornaments.
Here, perhaps, lies the strength of Dr. Usher's chal-
lenge. Its weakness becomes apparent when we find
how bravely the great majority of the " Brewster " books
stand the test.
Taking the evidence point by point there is nothing
we can lay our finger upon and say : There you have a
Brewster book. And yet, after admitting all this, we
shall find the cumulative evidence of matter, date, orna-
ments, initials, and types occurring again and again
together so strong as to lead us, if not to absolute proof,
at any rate to a very high degree of probability.
For illustration of these various points reference ma}'
be made especially to the notes on the two latest claim-
ants, viz. Johnson's Plea and the English Dad and Cleaver.
The former we reject, because the apparent " Brewster "
characteristics are either in reality different, or where
identical are "stock" types, and because of the heavy
negative weight afforded by the presence of non-Brewster
founts. The Dad and Cleaver we put forward for accepta-
51
THE PILGRIM PRESS
tion because it shows the regular Brewster tout ensemble^
without any strange types or ornaments.^
5. CONCLUSIONS.
What, then, is the result of our examination ? We
started out with three signed works, Ames, Proverbia and
Dod and one acknowledged, De vera religione. Of the re-
maining sixteen all satisfy our requirement as to subject
matter ; all except the undated Chaderton as to date ;
nine (including Chaderton) as to type.
With the help mainly of De vera religione we shall
arrive at something approaching very near to absolute
proof in the case of the Confutation^ which introduces us
to the 66 mm. small-faced roman type and to a number
of initials, including the broken " I ". If we accept the
Confutation, then three more items, Abridgement, Travers,
and Perth Assembly will be able to qualify as to founts
employed. Only two of the whole sixteen, viz. Apologia
and Johnson will be definitely thrown out in this pre-
liminary test. The full reason for their rejection we
have given in the notes appended to the collations.
With regard to the remaining thirteen there must be
degrees of certainty. The cumulative force of the argu-
ments in favour of the Confutation appears to us irresistible.
Little less certain is Euring. If Brewster printed any
books at all with the date 16 19, Euring is one of them.
^ If Mr. Bowman declines to subscribe to this self-denying ordinance,
and to limit himself to the range of types and ornaments contained in
the acknowledged books and the Confutation ; if, that is to say, he still
clings to the Apologia and the Christian Plea, we can only wonder at the
modest dimensions of his list. It is not really our business to supplement
his list, but, by way of a send-off, we shall be pleased to make him a
present of Ainsworth's Communion of Saints. Sm. 8vo. Reprinted 161 8.
(B.M. 4409, b. 53), which has as good a claim, typographically, to be in-
<;luded as they have.
52
WHAT Din BREWSTER PRINT?
A comparison of the pages from Euring and De vera
religione^ which we have placed opposite each other,
carries conviction ; yet, to make practical certainty more
certain, Euring contains both a broken "bear" and a
broken " I ". And if Euring is genuine it carries in its
wake the remaining four " acorn "-bordered title-pages, two
of which have a confirmatory broken "bear". The Ad-
monition and Travers are linked to one another and to the
Confutation by identity of founts employed and by the
presence of the broken " I ". The De regimine is only
less surely linked to the De vera religione in that it is in-
tentionally free from incriminating ornaments and initials,
and contains no example of a distinctive flaw. Of the
rest the Abridgement and Defence hang definitely together
in general arrangement, and in minor detail attach them-
selves to those of the series with which each is con-
temporary.
Chaderton must remain an open question till a perfect
copy is forthcoming ; but it is more probable than not
that Dr. Dexter is right in assigning it to the Brewster
press.
This leaves us with the Perth Assembly. We shall
set out the evidence, external and internal, as fully and
impartially as possible. Bibliographers must give their
own verdicts.
In connection with the Perth Assembly something
must be said generally of the three books ascribed to the
press during 1619.
When we come to the year 1619 we are confronted
with an entirely new problem. We have no signed or
acknowledged work dated in this year, and we have
Brewer's definite statement before the Leyden Council
that "in consequence of the publication of the Placaat in
relation to the printing of books [November, 161 8] he
53
THE PILGRIM PRESS
had stopped the printing office ".^ How, if at all, are we
to reconcile this statement on the part of an honourable
gentleman, such as we know Brewer to have been,
with an ascription to the Brewster press of the three
books, Dighton (Part II), Euring, and Perth Assembly, all
dated 1619 ?
It is quite certain that they are printed from the same
types as the Brewster books of 1618. But it is almost
certain that a number of these types eventually passed
into the hands of other printers.
The resemblances between Dighton (Part I), Dighton
(Part II), and Euring (especially as shown in the develop-
ment of the title-page border) are greater than could be
expected in a case of imitation by another printer using
his own types, but are such as one might reasonably
look for if a fresh printer were carrying on the work
of a predecessor with the same types. The case of
the Perth Assembly is different. Here the evidence
points, as we shall see in detail when we come to the
collations, to the work of a new compositor using the
old Brewster types, but not imitating the Brewster
manner. In neither case is it possible to prove from the
books themselves that the transfer of types did not take
place at the end of 16 18, before any of the books of 16 19
were printed.
On the other hand, we must remember that in August,
1619, there was still a sufficient amount of "printing
letters " " books and papers " in the garret in Choir Alley
to justify the authorities in considering that they had
caught the press.
The evidence of Sir Dudley Carleton's dispatches as
to the activity of the press in this year has only an
apparent value. It is not based upon an examination of
^ Arber, op. cit., p. 203.
54
WHAT DID BREWSTER PRINT?
witnesses or even upon a comparison of the books of
1619 with the confiscated types. It is not external
evidence at all, but simply second-hand internal evidence,
based upon an examination of the books themselves ;
evidence which we are able to check and show to be
inconclusive.
Can we reconcile this conflicting and indecisive evi-
dence ?
In the first place, we are at liberty to push the two
small octavos back to the very beginning of 1619; they
may even have been finished by the end of 16 18 and post-
dated (an offence unfortunately no more unheard of in
those days than in our own). From this time onwards
the press would occupy itself with some unexceptionable
magnum opus which would provide a non-incriminating
" bag " in case of a raid on the score of past offences.
Meanwhile the more incriminating initials and ornaments
would gradually leak away, with increasing rapidity
when the hue and cry after Brewster began. What then
of the Perth Assembly ?
When we come to examine that work in detail, we
shall suggest, as a possibility, that the firm lent their
press for the occasion to some other workman.
In this way we may account for all three 16 19 books,
without impeaching Brewer's reputation for veracity.
We do not pretend to have arrived at absolute cer-
tainty, except perhaps in the case of the Confutation. But
we are ourselves of opinion that all the books we have
examined, except the Apologia and Johnson's Christian
Plea, may unquestionably be assigned to the Brewster
press, until some work is forthcoming, known to be from
another press or being outside the known time limits of
the press's activity, in which are to be found not merely
isolated Brewster types and ornaments, but which bears
55
THE PILGRIM PRESS
as great a general resemblance to the books under review-
as they bear to one another/
We have discovered only one "Pilgrim Press " book ;
but we have, it is hoped, set forth with sufficient fullness
the evidence by means of which new claimants must be
tested. We invite bibliographers to renew the search
which Dr. Dexter inaugurated, and to make known any
discoveries.
Nor have we attempted a census of copies ; reference
has been made to such copies only as we have ourselves
examined for the purpose of this study. A preliminary
Hst of copies is to be found in the bibliographical appendix
to Dexter's Congregationalism, and we gather that Mr.
Bowman is compiling a revised census.
6. EPILOGUE,
In our prologue we make a suggestion as to the
possible ultimate fate of the actual press used by Brew-
ster. By way of epilogue we may fitly follow up a few
clues, which have cropped up in the course of our main
study, as to the ultimate fate of the types. Incidentally
we may be able to throw some light upon the question
of who printed the various sequels to the " Pilgrim Press '^
books, such as Calderwood's Parasynagma Perthense, a
Latin version of the Perth Assembly (1620); the same
writer's Altar of Damascus (1621); or Robinson's y^s^f
Apology (1625). With regard to this last we must begin
by considering a suggestion lately made by Mr. Burgess.^
1 We throw down this direct challenge to those Dutch bibliographers
who to-day doubt the possibility of typographical proof.
"^John Robinson (1920), p. 298. Mr. Morton Dexter, in England
and Holland of the Pilgrims, p. 591, goes one better and makes the
gratuitous and unsupported assertion that : " In 1625, one of his last
labors, he [John Robinson] saw through the press at Leyden his ' Ob-
servations Divine and Morall ' ".
56
WHAT DID BREWSTER PRINT 1
'* It is printed," he writes, " in good, clear type, similar
to that used by Brewer and Brewster in earlier days.
My own conjecture is that Brewer had recovered posses-
sion of the type impounded in the University of Leyden
. . . and now, in conjunction with the members of his
congregation, procured the publication of this work as a
pious duty, immediately after Robinson's death."
Does Mr. Burgess suggest that the members of the
Leyden congregation set-up and printed-off the work
with their own hands ; or that, as an act of piety, they
requested the printer whom they employed to use the
Brewster types ? The latter suggestion seems somewhat
fantastic, and the former scarcely tenable. Brewer was
himself no craftsman, and with Brewster and Winslow
in New England, and Reynolds in Amsterdam such a
pious, ad hoc resuscitation of the press is almost incred-
ible. Nor is Mr. Burgess right in thinking that it is
called for on typographical grounds. It is true, indeed,
that the Just and necessarie Apologie (and also the Ob-
servations) contains certain "Brewster " initials and orna-
ments which have not been found in any of Robinson's
pre-Brewster books. But they furnish many more re-
semblances to, than differences from, these same pre-
Brewster books. A notable instance of this is afforded
by a set of initial letters (the Observations contains ex-
amples of no less than sixteen letters from this particulai
alphabet) which is found in no single book which ha
ever been ascribed to Brewster, but which appears
frequently in pre-Brewster books by Robinson, and
also in books bearing the imprint of Giles Thorp in
Amsterdam !
But a preponderance of " Thorp" initials does not ex-
plain away the " Brewster" initials and ornaments which
undoubtedly occur. Equally striking is the appearance
57 5
THE PILGRIM PRESS
of so large a number, as noted in the appendix, of
Brewster initials with recognizable flaws, in books printed
by Raban,
We have seen that the search in Brewer's garret
yielded, if we may go by the negative evidence of the
reports, nothing incriminating. It is not unreasonable to
suppose that as soon as ever the firm got wind of Sir Dud-
ley Carlton's suspicions, the distinctive initials and orna-
ments were distributed between Reynolds and the bird of
passage, Raban ; that the former slipped away to Amster-
dam and joined himself to Thorp, bringing with him not
only some of the "characters," but the patronage of the
Leyden community ; that Raban, loaded up with other of
the initials and ornaments, supplemented by a further
stock purchased from the same type-founder, and bearing
with him also the manuscript of the Parasynagma Per-
thense, which the Leyden firm dared no longer handle,
made his way to Scotland. Probably either he or Thorp
printed The Altar of Damascus in 1621.
These two paragraphs were already in type before
we were made aware that Raban's connection with the
" Pilgrim Press " had already been suggested by Mr.
Gordon Duff in a paper read before the Edinburgh
Bibliographical Society in 19 12, but not published. Mr.
Duff has recently repeated the suggestion in a paper on
The Early Career of Edward Raban read before the
Bibliographical Society, December 19, 192 1, and printed
in the Society's Transactions for March, 1922. We leave
our own suggestion as it stands ; it was arrived at in-
dependently, and any weight it may carry is additional
to Mr. Duff's argument. At the same time we must
confess that we do not feel that Mr. Duff's investigations
and line of reasoning strengthen the case for Raban's
connection with Brewster. Mr. Duff, speaking of two
WHAT DID BREWSTER PRINT 1
books which have been ascribed to Raban, one of them
being the Parasynagma Perthense, remarks: "It would
be, however, a strange thing for the ' Printer to the
University ' to issue two books by authors especiall}^
obnoxious to the * Ruling Powers ' ". But just before he
says : " With the closing of the [Pilgrim Press] printing
office, Raban, supposing him to have been an assistant,
would have found himself out of work. The people with
whom he had been associated had become unpopular and
had mostly migrated to America. The hue and cry
after the Brownists and all connected with them made
England an undesirable place of refuge. There remained
Scotland where Calderwood was popular, and it was
perhaps through his advice, for he was at the time him-
self a refugee in Holland, that Raban started to seek his
fortune in Scotland as a printer." It seems to us illogi-
cal to suggest, almost with the same breath, that Raban
may have been associated with Brewster and acquainted
with Calderwood, but that he was hardly the man to
print an "obnoxious" book! This difficulty disappears
if we think of Raban as a soldier of fortune and free
lance who finally settled down, after a wandering and ad-
venturous career, as a respectable University Printer.
And surely no one wishes to suggest that the Parasynagma
Pertliense issued from the University Press at St.
Andrews. If printed by him at all, it was the work not
of Raban the "Printer to the University," but of Raban
the printer of Archibald Simson's Christes Testament
(1620), dwelling in Edinburgh "at the Cowgate Port, at
the sign of A. B.C." (cf. B.M. C 37, b. 20). If we accept
the Parasynagma as Raban's, then all Mr. Duff's " theoriz-
ing " about Brewster and Calderwood does indeed appear
"plausible and probable " as Mr. Duff puts it. But if we
reject the Parasynagma, then the theorizing falls to the
59
THE PILGRIM PRESS
ground, and we are thrown back upon the '* fact " of the
typographical resemblances between Brewster's work
and Raban's.
On these, in our opinion, Mr. Duff lays too much stress.
It is quite true that " some of the initials of both are
marked by the same blemishes ". But we are not con-
vinced that any of these blemishes are unquestionably
peculiar to a particular block, and not due to blemishes
in the matrices from which both Raban's and Brewster's
blocks may have been cast.
One thing, however, is certain. The " Brewster "
initials and ornaments which Raban uses are quite
common, as we shall see, in Holland at this time, but
they are not common in the British Isles. It is practically
certain that Raban landed in Scotland direct from Holland,
and brought his initials and ornaments with him. But
here, over against the theory that Raban may have
served as an assistant to Brewster, we have the/ac/ that
he served in Leyden under a printer who was certainly
not Brewster. We are indebted to Mr. Duff for the
following reference to Raban's own " Resolution against
Drunkenness," where, in the section relating to Sabbath-
breakers, he gives the following instance :
** Yea, a master whom I served in mine owne science
in the fair city of Leyden had it aye for a custom to boil
his printing varnish on the Sabbath days in a garden
house without the city ; till at last his house took fire,
and burnt the house, himself, and his only daughter. He
being a rich man died thus miserable leaving none issue
to inherit his trash."
It may v;ell be that it was some of this gentleman's
initials and ornaments that Raban " inherited ".
Mr. Duff appeals for a comparison of the "method
of using signatures, catch-words, numerals, and such
60
WHAT DID BREWSTER PRINTS
minutiae . . . for once a printer has acquired small habits
he generally quite unthinkingly and unintentionally con-
tinues them. On the other hand, a man who had been
merely an assistant and obliged to follow the methods of
his master, might follow out his own ideas on becoming
his own master." Such evidence is, we believe, forth-
coming, as we shall see when we come to examine the
Perth Assembly^ but it is perhaps not quite of the kind
Mr. Duff is thinking of If Raban worked in Choir Alley
at all it was probably only for a few weeks between the
death of the unlucky Sabbath-breaker and the break-up
of the ** Pilgrim Press ". We can trace the hand of the
new-comer in the Perth Assembly^ but the connection
would not be long enough for Raban to influence or be
influenced by the general characteristics of Brewster's
work.
When all has been said the suggestion of Raban's
connection with the " Pilgrim Press " undoubtedly remains
an attractive one, but, until some corroborative evidence
is forthcoming such as the discovery of his name in
Leyden documents relating to the " Pilgrim " community*
we must consider it as not proven.
6i
APPENDIX I.
TYPES AND ORNAMENTS.
I. ORNAMENTS.
(i) (See fig. 21 ). We Start our survey with the "bear"
tail-piece, not because it is the most significant, but be-
cause it is the most striking of the " Pilgrim Press " orna-
ments. It is the nearest approach we have to a device.
That Brewster himself regarded it as something more than
a simple ornament is suggested by the fact that it is found
on the last page of some copies of Ames, which in other
copies is blank. We must suppose that the ornament
was not a part of the original stock, but was purchased
in time for the device to be impressed on the later copies.
Perhaps Brewster selected it from amongst the type-
founder's stock on account of the resemblance between
the names "Brewer," "Brewster," and "Bruin" (the
bear in Reynard the Fox).
But it must not be imagined that the device was
specially designed and cut for Brewster. It is part only
of a much larger woodcut, an example of which is to be
found as early as 1587 in an edition of Holinshed printed
in London by Denham ; and again in editions of North's
Plutarch printed by Field in 1603 and 161 2. The com-
plete design may be reconstructed from fig. 21 by wash-
ing out the central rosette in the upper portion and
inserting the bear in the centre, so that one set of snakes
is superimposed upon and cancels the other, and the men
and dogs flank the bear on either side. The bear himself
is quite common in Dutch books of the period, e.g. in
63
THE PILGRIM PRESS
books bearing the imprint of N. van Ravestyn in Amster-
dam, Strickius in Utrecht, Johann Sas in Groningen
(who also uses initials of the series 5-17 below), and
plenty of others. He is also used a few years later by
Raban in Aberdeen. Lastly, he is found in Robinson's
Observations^ 1625. It is clear, then, that his presence in
the books under consideration can by no means be taken
as conclusive evidence of genuineness, unless we can dis-
cover some breakage or other distinguishing peculiarity
of the particular blocks used. If this proviso were not
necessary our task would be considerably lightened ; for in
one form or another the bear appears in no less than ten
of the books we are to examine. He is found in two forms,
firstly as shown in the lower half of fig. 21, secondly,
without the serpents and with less foliage, as on title-
page of De vera religione} The wider form has no dis-
tinguishing marks, and can only be used as subsidiary
evidence. We know that Brewster had this ornament,
because it is found in Proverbia ; its presence in other
books attributed to him has a cumulative value, but is not
conclusive. The same is true of the smaller bear as it
appears in Ames, and the Abridgement, both printed in
1617. In the following year, however, it appears in the
acknowledged De vera religione with a break close to the
extremity of the lower left-hand spray of foliage. This
break is not found in the examples quoted from other
presses, except that in Robinson's Observations, of which
more hereafter. We are tempted to consider as genuine
any book printed during the "Pilgrim Press" period,
which contains an example of the bear with this break.
But even this test is denied us. Unfortunately for us,
a bear with the same break adorns the title-page of
H. Ainsworth's Communion 0/ Saincts(i6i8). This book
1 Fig. 9.
64
APPENDIX I
is issued without any printer's name, but (quite apart from
the fact that the relations between Ainsworth's flock at
Amsterdam and Robinson's at Leyden were not such as
would make it likely that the former's work should be sent
to Leyden to be printed by Brewster) there are too many
strange founts, initials and ornaments for us to have any
excuse for treating it as a " Pilgrim Press " book. This
flaw too must be pushed back to a matrix.
In the collations \a signifies the smaller bear without
the break; \b the same with the break; ic the larger
bear; \d the same with the hunters and dogs.
(2) (See fig. 3). The next ornament to be examined
is not a single block but is made up from a number of
small types ; we shall call it the "acorn " ornament, from
the easily recognizable four square arrangement of the
small type resembling an acorn. These are used in the
same or a similar formation in every one of the books
which we accept, omitting the Perth Assembly and the
Dutch book. The types themselves are not peculiar to
" Brewster " books, they are found arranged in a very
similar way in 161 8 as far afield as Giessen in books
printed by Caspar Chemlin. We shall be able to trace
the development of this ornament from a simple head-line
to an elaborate and carefully balanced border, but pre-
serving the same general characteristics throughout.
(3) (See fig. 22). This also is a "stock" ornament.
Two cuttings of it are found in the " Brewster" books,
() in Proverbia, and {b) in Admonition and Petih Assembly.
What is apparently the actual Proverbia block is used in
Robinson's Observations (1625). A third cutting of the
same design is used by Stam in Amsterdam in 1635. The
block may be useful as helping to show that Admonition
and Perth Assembly are from the same press, but not that
either was printed by Brewster.
65
THE PILGRIM PRESS
(4) (See figs. 23, 24). This is found in the acknow-
ledged De vera religione, and in Euring.
(5) (See fig. 25). Found only in Confutation, and prob-
ably borrowed for the occasion. It is also found in the
editions of North's Plutarch noted above.
(6) (See fig. 26). This very common made-up orna-
ment is used in four of the books. Very sharp impressions
in Proverbia and Confutation and very blurred in Abridge-
ment sxid Perth Assembly; either due to heavier inking
or more worn types.
(7 and 8) (See fig. 27). These rolls are found only in
Ames.
(9) (See fig. 20). This ornament also is found only in
Ames.
(10) (See fig. 29). The types from which this orna-
ment is made up are only found in Ames.
(11) (See fig. 10). This small ornamental type is used
to make up the lower-part ornament on the title-page of
De regimine. It is also used elsewhere to form a simple
line-ornament for section headings, etc.
(t2) (See fig. 30). This tail-piece is found only in the
Dutch Dod and Cleaver. The design is an extremely
common one ; Schilders uses it ; Hart adopted it as his
device. But both these use a different cutting from the
one we have here. An identical block is used on the
title-page of the Parasynagma. Its importance as a link
in the Brewster-Raban chain depends upon whether or
no we accept the two books in question as actually printed
by Brewster and Raban respectively.
(13) (See fig. 4). This device also is only found in
the Dutch Dod and Cleaver. Dutch bibliographers should
be able to give us its history, and in so doing, would
probably help to solve the question who actually set up
and printed the book in which it appears.
66
APPENDIX I
2. INITIALS.
(i) (See fig. 31). This very poor initial appears only
in Ames, which on general grounds we have placed first
in probable order of publication. It was evidently dis-
carded as soon as the press acquired No. 8 along with the
set of 23 mm. initials which we shall find to be common
throughout the series.
(2) (See fig. 26). This initial appears only in the Pro-
verbia. It is curious that there is no other example of this
or of any other initial P in the series. Nor are there
any other initials in the least resembling it in general
design.
(3) (See fig. 32). Found only in the Confutation. It is
quite likely that it and the flanking portions of the
" bear," and the "archer and hare " ornament were only
borrowed for the magnum opus. (Cf. No. 19.)
(4) (See fig. 25). We have examples of this initial in
one book in each year of the press's activity. This is the
only case in which an "odd " initial persists and is used
concurrently with a corresponding initial from the set
(5-18). In two out of the three books in which it occurs
No. 16 is also found.
(5-18) (See fig. 33). There is a general family resem-
blance between all these initials, which justifies us in con-
sidering them as belonging to the same alphabet. But it
is probable that they were not all purchased together.
Out of the fourteen only nine appear in 1617 ; four more
are found in 1618 ; and one appears for the first time in
1619. This last is probably mere chance, but there is
reason to suppose that some at least of the five which do
not appear before 16 18, were purchased in that year to
help with the printing of the Confutation. It is notice-
able that the Defence has a "made-up" M, with a frame
constructed from portions of ornament No. 2, whereas
67
THE PILGRIM PRESS
Harrison, printed probably later in the same year, con-
tains an " M " belonging to the set.
Initials from this set are common in Dutch books,
according to Sayle,^ from 1607 onwards. Raban also
uses them freely.
The reference numbers which follow^ are to the books
in which examples are to be found.
(5) " A." In each case with break near heel of left limb and in toe of right
limb. Used also by Caninus in Dordrecht, 1620, but without break. Examples :
5, 16, 17.
(6) " C." A block which it is impossible to distinguish from this is used by
Raban in 1623 and 163 1, and is found in Calderwood's Parasynagma Perthense
(1620), which has been attributed to Raban. Example : 5.
(7) " D." Raban in 1621 uses what is apparently a different casting from
the same matrix. Example : 4.
(8) " F." The same design is used by Raban, but with a flaw which does
not appear in the " Brewster " books. Examples : 3, 13, 16, 19.
(g) " H." Raban in 1623 uses a different casting of this same design. Ex-
amples : 3, 16, 17.
(10) "I." This initial is exceedingly common, not only in " Brewster " books,
but in books from other contemporary presses. Raban uses it ; Aegid. Romanus
in Utrecht uses it; it is found in Robinson's Observations. But all the
" Brewster" examples, except the ones in the Apologia and the English Dod and
Cleaver, show the right-hand top corner broken away. This breakage is also
found in Robinson's Observations, but not in examples noted from other presses.
Examples: 3, 5, 6, 10, 16, 18, 19.
(11) " M." What appears to be an identical block is found in Robinson's
Observations. Raban has a block, which is easily recognizable as a different
casting; so has Johann Sas. (cf. break at right-hand bottom corner of " M ").
Example: 14.
(12) " O." This and No. 16 are the only initials from this set which are
found in the signed books, and this the only case in which one of these initials
forms a link between a signed and unsigned book. Examples : i, 16.
(13) "Q." Raban has a block which cannot be distinguished from this. So
has Johann Sas. Example : 10.
(14) " R." This initial, with the same flaw, is used by Raban. Examples :
14, 18.
(15) " S." A different casting of the same design is used by Raban. What
is apparently the same block is used in Robinson's Observations. Brewster in
every case uses it wrong side up. Examples : 3, 5, 16.
(16) " T." A number of examples of this very common initial are given by
Sayle, dating from 1607 onwards. The break on each side of the stem appears
in all the "Brewster" examples; is also found in Robinson's Defence {i(i2,^)
^ Sayle : Univ. Lid. Camb. Early Eng. Books, No. 6634^.
68
APPENDIX I
Observations (1625), and in books printed by Raban. Examples: 2, 3, 5, 7, 12,
13. 16. 19-
(17) "V," See note on No. 11 above. A block which cannot be distin-
guished from this is used, a few years later, by Johann Sas. Examples : 8, 9.
(r8) "W." What appears to be an identical block is used in Robinson's
single-sheet Appeale (1624). Examples : 3, 5, 16.
(19) (See fig. 34). This initial is found only in the
Dutch Dod and Cleaver. It is of the same series as No. 3.
3. TYPES.
The unit of measurement is twenty lines.
The firm appears to have started business with three
complete founts (i.e. containing both roman and italic),
one fount of italic only, one of Greek, one of Hebrew,
and a fair stock of larger upper-case types for title-pages,
etc. With these founts the Ames and Proverbia were
printed.
(i) 66 mm. (a) roman. (See fig. 31.) This is the type used for the body of
the work in Ames and Abridgement, and for the commentary in Proverbia.
In face it is exactly similar to {6b), but the uniform difference of measure-
ment makes it impossible that they are the same casting. This fount
disappears entirely after the year 1617. It has no "w" or "k"; the
former is supplied sometimes by "vv," sometimes by a "w" from
another fount; the latter by an easily recognizable "k" of which the
lower right-hand limb is curved and has no heel.
{b) italic. (See fig. 31.) This is much smaller faced than the
roman, and really matches (7), with which it is regularly used later. It
is also used for marginal notes throughout the series.
(2) 82 mm. (a) roman. (See fig. 36.) Found in Ames, " Lectori," ad fin.,
and in the separate verse quotations in Confutation,
[b) italic. Found in Admonition, p. 32.
(3) 118 mm. roman and italic. (See figs. 27, 22.) The roman has not been
found alone except in the mottoes in Ames. The italic is used for preface
to Proverbia, "Publisher to Reader" in Confutation, chapter headings,
title-pages, etc. It is this beautiful type which is found also in Robinson's
Observations (1625), and probably prompted Mr. Burgess's suggestion. >
(4) 90 mm. italic. (See figs. 26, 27.) Used for text in Proverbia, and Index
to A mes.
(5) Greek and Hebrciv. (See fig. 36.) There are no passages of Greek or
Hebrew long enough to make measurement possible. Except for a few
words of Greek of a larger type (probably borrowed) in the preface to
Proverbia, only one fount of each is found, and used only with 66-70 mm.
' Vide p. 57.
69
THE PILGRIM PRESS
founts. The Greek has a face rather smaller than the small faced 66 mm.
and the Hebrew rather larger.
The De vera religione (the fourth and last of the certain
Brewster books) introduces us to another complete fount,
of which, however, the roman and italic were probably
acquired separately.
(6) 70 mm. (a) italic. (See fig, 23.) It would appear that Brewster, at a
very early date, felt dissatisfied with the difference in face of his 66 mm.
roman and italic. He therefore purchased a new italic fount of similar
face to the 66 mm. roman, which new fount is first found in the Abridge-
ment. Unfortunately this new type was cast on a 70 mm. body. This
necessitated the further purchase of :
{b) roman. (See fig. 23.) For a description of this type see above
{lb), which it probably did not so much supplant as assimilate. It would
be quite possible to work the old 65 mm. in with it, though the presence
of type from the batch on the slightly taller body would make it im-
possible to bring the mixture down to the old measurement.
There only remain two more founts, found in the Con-
futation, to complete our inventory of roman and italic.
(7) 66 mm. roman. (See fig. 36.) This fount was probably purchased at the
same time as the 70 mm. italic, in order to pair off with the unsatisfactory
small-faced 66 mm. italic. It is easily distinguishable from (la). In
fact, it is hard to believe, on a first inspection, that they measure the same.
The face of the type is distinctly smaller, the heads and tails proportion-
ately longer. It is used for the commentary in the Confutation, and for
the body of the work in the Admonition and Travers.
(8) 95 mm. roman and italic. (See fig. 32.) This fount, besides being used
for the Latin and English versions of the letter prefixed to the Confuta-
tion, is the regular type for prefaces to works printed during 1618 and
1619. It is also used for the whole of the small De regimim , and for the
large type in Perth Assembly, The italic is very similar to (4), but in
addition to the slight difference of measurement, the ligatures are easily
distinguishable.
It is not suggested that all or any of these types are
pecuHar to the Pilgrim Press. It would be easy, but
wasted labour, to show that they are as common as the
initials and ornaments.
We now come to the Gothic founts used in the Dutch
Dod and Cleaver. We do not propose to do more here
than formally put their existence on record, and shall
70
APPENDIX I
defer examination of them till we come to examine the
only book in which they occur. (See figs. 34, 35.)
4. WATERMARKS.
The study of these is disappointing. But this need
not disconcert us. It is evident from an examination of
the Confutation, in which single work at least six distinct
watermarks occur, that Brewster only bought his paper
in small quantities. In many of the books no recognisable
watermarks are found ; those that are found do not
appear in more than one book. The Confutation water-
marks, for example, include several jugs ; jugs are also
found in the Defence and Perth Assetnbly. But though
similar they are in no case identical.
71
APPENDIX 11.
COLLATIONS.
Type-page measurements are exclusive of head-lineSy
catch-words, and marginal notes.
I.
GVIL. AMESII I ad Refponfum \ NIC. GREVIN-
CHOVII 1 REscRiPTio I coNTRACTA. \ Acccdunt ejuf-
dem a/fertiones \ Theologicce de Lumine \ Natures &
Gra- I tice. \ [ornament] | Proftant | Lvgdvni Bata-
VORVM, 1 Apud Guiljelmum Brewfterum \ In Vico
Chorali. | 1617.
Sm. 8, pp. [16] + 209 + [15]. Sig. (:), A-0.
Contents. p. [i] title ; [3-13] " Lectori " ; [14] mottoes ; [15-16] Index capitum ;
1-204, the work ; 204, " Errata " ; 205-208, " Lectori " ; 209, " Whitakerus,
ex sententia Lutheri," etc. ; [1-9] "Amesii assertationes theol."; [10-14]
" Paradoxa quaedam " ; [15] " Bear " device in Bodl. copy; blank in B.M.
copy.
Ornaments, xa, 2, 7, 8, g. Initials, i, 12. Types, 1, 2a, 3, 4.
Type-page, 3I x 2 in. Brewster Inv., 6g.
B.M. 4255. aa. 9 ; Bodl. 8 H. 26. Th. BS.
Note. This is an abridgment, whether by Ames himself or not it is impossible
to say, of a larger work published in 1615, with title : " Guilielmi Amesii
rescriptio scholastica & brevis. Ad Nicolai Grevinchovii responsum
illud prolixum, quod opposuit dissertationi, de redemptione generali,"
etc., " Amstelodami, Apud Henricum Laurentium ".
2.
AN 1 ABRIDGEMENT ] of that booke which \ the
MINISTERS OF LIN- \ coLNE DiocESSE DE- | liuercd to his
Maieftie vpon the | firft of December 1605. | being
THE FIRST PART OF | AN APOLOGIE FOR THEM- \ SELVES AND
THEIR BRE- | THREN THAT REFVSE THE | SubfcriptioH
72
APPENDIX II
and Conformitie | which is required. | wherevnto is
ANNEXED, 1 A Table of fundry Poynts not handled in
this A- I bridgement, which are other exceptions they
take to I the Subfcription required, and fhall be the
Ar- I gument of the fecond part of their | apologie' \
[John 7. 51 ; Ezech. 11. 15 ; Gal. 6. 12.] Reprinted,
Anno Dom. 1617.
Sm. 8, pp. [16] + 102 + [2]. Sig. A-G^, H^.
Co7itents.^.[i-2]h\d,nk; [3] title ; [5-12] The Table ; [13-16] Contents ; 1-88,
the work ; 89-102, " a short table of sundry other exceptions," etc. ; [1-2]
blank.
Ornaments, xa, 2. Initials, 16. Types, i.
Type-page, 5 x 2J in. Brewster Inv., 195.
B.M. 851. f. 17.
Note. The above is not mentioned by Arber, to whom it was apparently
unknown. It is certainly the kind of book we know Brewster to have
been printing ; the bear ornament is indistinguishable from the impression
found in Ames, which is good evidence as far as it goes, though (the
" bear " being a " stock " ornament), not so good as the evidence of the
broken bear in the succeeding years. No founts are used beyond those
found in Ames and Proverbia. It cannot be pretended that the evidence
is conclusive, but cumulatively it is undoubtedly very strong indeed,
especially when we consider it in connection with the Defence (No. 11,
below).
3-
A I PLAIN E AND 1 FAMILIAR EXPOSI- \ tion of
THE TENNE | COMMANDEMENTS. | WITH A METHODICALL
I fhort Catechifme, containing briefly all the |
principall grounds of Chriftian | Religion. | Accord-
ing to the laft correcfled and inlarged Copie | by the
Authour, M". Iohn Dod. | To which is now prefixed
three pro- ] fitable Tables | [Psalm 119. 30.] | [bear
device.] | Printed Anno Dom. 161 y.
4, pp. [16] + " 284 " [actually 280] + [12]. Sig. A, a, B-Z, Aa-Kk^, LL, Ll^,
Mm,.
Contents. -p. [i] title, with acorn border; [3-5] "Epistle dedicatorie," ad-
dressed to Sir .Anthony Cope; [6-7] "Doctrines dispersed in this book
gathered together "' ; [8-13] " A table of the principall things contained in
this exposition"; [13] errata; [14-16] "The places of Scripture opened
and applied in this exposition " ; 1-280, the work ; [i-ii] The Catechisme.
73 6
THE PILGRIM PRESS
Ornaments, ib, ic, 2, 3, 6, 11. Initials, 8,9, 10, 15, 16, 18. Types, la & b,
3, 6a.
Type-page, 6J x 4 in. Breivstcr Inv., 121, 176.
B.M. 3506. ee. 15.
Note. So far as we are aware this book has not previously been assigned to
the Pilgrim Press. The evidence in its favour is exceptionally strong.
We know Brewster to have been interested in the work from his publica-
tion in this same year of the translation of it into Dutch. It was on this
ground that the book was first sought by us on the British Museum
shelves. Inspection showed it to be a typical " Brewster " book, with
the "acorn" border to the title-page, and other " Brewster" ornaments,
initials and types as shown in the reproduction and description. The
discovery was only made when our survey of the press's work was sub-
stantially complete, and may be taken as the first fruits of that larger
harvest of new " Brewster " books, which we hope may result from our
labours.
On testing it in the light of our previous investigation, it is found possible
to place it, chronologically, with apparent exactness. The compositor is
already using the small " bear " with the break which appears throughout
1618, we may therefore place it after Ames and Abridgment ; on the
other hand the corner of the initial " I " is not broken away, we must there-
fore place it before Admonition and Travers, unless Brewster had two " I's."
4-
EEN KLARE | ende \ <i)ttg^efijc6e ugffeggmg^e 1 over de
1 THIEN GHEBODEN 1 des heeren. \ mwtsgad-
ERs. J (gen cotie Ccvtec^ifmug/ rommierfijcS uertjatenbe
! affe ^e ptincipdU gron^en ^et* C^xifiefijc^et (gefigte.
1 JVtghegeven inde Enghelfche tale, \ Door de God-
falighe ende VVel-gheleerde | M''. Iqhan Dod, ende
Robert Cleaver. | T2?f be (Bng^effc^e in onfe (Ueber=
bugtfc^e Z<xlt I g^efrounjefijcS otjerg^efef 1 door 1
viNCENTWM MEvsEvonr | BedienacF des Heylighen
Euangelij toe Schaghen. ] [device.] tot leyden, (Poor
(Buiftaem ^renjffer / Q0oec6=bruc6er. i (.nno 1617.
4, pp. [12] + ff. " 183 ' [really 1S2]. Sig. *^* ^, A-Yg, Z^.
Contents. p. [i] title; [3-12] Voor-reden [translator's], addressed to M. Wilhelm
van Baersdorp ; [12] errata ; iY. 1-173, the work ; 174-" 182," Catechismus ;
" 183," " Eene troostelijcke Overdenckinghe " [a translation into Dutch of
John Gyll's "Comfortable meditations" appended to English edition of
1614, but not included in Brewster's reprint of 1617].
Ornaments, 12, 13. Initials, 7, 19. Types, i, 8, and Gothic founts (figs. 34, 35).
Type-page, 6J x 4 m.
74
APPENDIX II
Premoastrantsche Kerk, Amsterdam, 412. g. 28.
Note. This book raises a number of questions of great interest, but also of
great difficulty. Did Brewster himself print it, or was it printed for him
by a Dutch printer ? If he printed, did he possess the necessary Gothic
founts, or did he hire or borrow them ? First let us take the evidence of
the title-page. Dr. Eekhof argues that " voor " signifies " for " ; Dr.
Plooij is of opinion that there is no difference in this case between "voor "
and " apud ". Who shall decide when doctors disagree ? Certainly, if
we follow Dr. Eekhof we should hardly expect " Boeck-drucker ". In
our opinion, however, the typography of the book tips the balance in Dr.
Eekhof's favour. Outside this one book there is, in the whole range of
books acknowledged by Brewster or attributed to him, not one single jot
or title of Gothic letter. Anyone who is at all familiar with English books
of this period, and especially with English books printed abroad, will
appreciate the significance of this. It is difficult, if not impossible, to
believe that Brewster possessed Gothic founts, but never again used
them. Did he hire or borrow them, and do the composing and printing
himself? Here we are on more doubtful ground. In the first place no
fewer than five Gothic founts, ranging from 52 mm. to 88 mm., are used
in the body of the work. If Brewster had been hiring or borrowing, he
would probably have contented himself with two, or at most three founts.
From such minutiae as signatures little help is to be gained. The use of
asterisks for the signatures of the preliminary sheet, commencing the body
of the work with Sig. A, agrees with the usage of Ames and Proverbia.
This, however, is in contrast with the usage of later issues from the press,
in which the work usually begins with Sig. B, Sig. A with supplementary
lower case letters being reserved for the preliminary matter. The evidence
of initials and ornaments is inconclusive. The one initial used belonging
to the regular " Brewster " alphabet is not itself found elsewhere. The
device on the title-page and the tail-piece are also found in no other
"Brewster" book. Their significance we have referred to elsewhere
(p. 66). Finally, in regard to the Roman founts, we have given references to
the "Brewster"' founts to which they most closely correspond; but we
must admit that the measurements are not exact, and point rather to the
same type-face cast upon a body of slightly different measure. We repeat
that the weight of evidence appears to us to be against the book being a
production of the Brewster press. Needless to say that does not involve
deposing it from its position in the Brewster canon. It was undoubtedly
published by the firm, even if not printed by them.
5-
AN 1 ADMONITION | to the parliament | holdi:x i\
THi: 13. YHARF. \ OV THE REIGNE OF QVEIiXE \ ELIZAI5KTH
OF BLESSED ] MEMORIE. \ BcglUl AilHO I 5/0. (Jud i'lldcd
1571- I [Jerem. 50. 14, 51. 26; Luke 19. 40.] ] [line
ornament No. 2. line.] Impr'uited Aiuio 1617.
THE PILGRIM PRESS
4, pp. [4] + 68 [misprinted " 62 "] + [2]. Sig. slip t.p. B [misprinted " A"
on first leaf] - K.
Contents. p. [i] title ; [3-4] " To the godly readers " ; 1-19, " An admonition
to the Parliament " ; 19-20, " To the christian reader " ; 21-25, " An ex-
hortation to the bishops to deale brotherlie with their brethren " ; 26-32,
" An exhortation to the bishops and their clergie, to answer a little
booke," etc. ; 32, " A second admonition to the Parliament " [sub-title and
texts.] ; 33-37, " To the godly readers " ; 37-68, " A second admonition
to the Parliament " [the work] ; [1-2] blank.
Ornr;mc}ifs, ic, 2, 3^;. Initials, 5, 6, 10, 15, 16, 18. Types, ib, zb, 3, 6a, 7.
Type-page, 6J x 4 in. Brewster Inv., 1S4.
B.M. 3932. cc. 8 ; D.W.L. 1018. L. 12.
Note. The above consists of reprints of (i) Field & Wilcox's " Admonition,"
from the 2nd edition, 1572 (with the letters of Gualter and Beza omitted) ;
(2) the two " Exhortations " originally published in September, 1572 (with
the two leaves of prefatory matter headed " Grace and peace from God "
omitted) ; (3) Cartwright's " Second Admonition ".
Dexter omits this from his list, one can only think by a pure oversight.
The evidence is practically the same for it as for Travcrs, which he accepts.
It is the first item for us to examine, which uses the small-faced 66 mm.
roman type. It is the kind of book we should expect from the Pilgrim
Press, and there is nothing against it, except the puzzling variation in
ornament No. 3 from the block ufed for Provcrbia.
6.
A I FVLL AND 1 PLAINE DECLA ] ration of ec-
CLESIAS- I TICAL DISCIPLINE OVT OF | tkc WOYcl of God, and
of the declining \ of the Church of England \ from the
fame. \ [line bear device line.] | Reprinted, Anno \
i6iy.
4, pp. [16] -I- 106 [misprinted " 109"]. Sig. A, a, B-P^.
Contents. p. [i] title; [3-7] " To the godly reader"; [8-13] " A short table " ;
[15-16] not seen, presumably blank; i-" 109," the work.
Ornaments, ic, 2. Initials, 4, 10. Types, ib, 6b; 7.
Type-page, 6| x 4 in.
B.M. 4106. b. 46. Bodl. Pamph. 14. D.W.L. 12. 46. 2.
Note. The case for the above is exactly as strong as lor the Admonition.
A 1 CHRISTIAN ] PLEA | Conteyning three Treatifes.
1 I. I The firft, touching the Anabaptifts, &: others
main- 1 teyning fome like errours with them. | ii. i
76
APPENDIX II
The fecond, touching fuch Chriftians, as now are
here, com- | monly called Remonftrants or Armin-
ians. 1 III. 1 The third, touching the Reformed
Churches, with whom my felf agree in | the faith of
the Gofpel of our Lord lefus Chrift. 1 Made by
Francis Iohnson, Pa/tour of the aun- \ cient Englijh
Church, now fojourning at Amjterdam \ in the Low
Coimtreyes. \ [line Esa. 50. 5, 6. ler. 15, 19. 2 Tim.
4, 7, 8. line. | printed, | [line] [ In the yeere of our
Lord 1 617. 1 [ornaments.]
4. PP- [8] + 324- Sig. A-Rr Ss^.
Contents. p. [i] title; [3-6] "To the Christian reader"; [7-S] " A table " ;
1-324, the work.
Ornaments, <[i c>-. Initials, 16. Types, -<6>-.
Type-page, 6\ x 4^ in.
D.W.L. 2073. D. 3.
Note. How this book came to be ascribed to the " Pilgrim Press " is told by
Mr. Bowman in the Mayflower Descendant for January, 1920. Mr.
Bowman's attention was called to a Brewster autograph signature in a
copy of Johnson's Christian Plea. " This Brewster autograph," writes
Mr. Bowman, "on the title-page of a book without name of printer or
place of printing, at once aroused my interest. . . . On turning over the
pages, I immediately recognized distinctive ornaments, etc., characteristic
of known Brewster imprints; and a critical comparison of this book with
known Brewster imprints . . . finally convmced me that Rev. Francis
Johnson's A Christian Plea Conteyning three Treatises, published in 1617,
is a hitherto unnoted product of the Brewster Press at Leyden, Holland."
As in the case of the English Dad and Cleaver, the report of this discovery
only reached us when our survey of the press was substantially complete.
It was possible to test the new-comer by the rules we had laid down.
The book undoubtedly falls within the period of the press's activity, and
generally speaking it is of the kind Brewster was printing, though there
is no apparent reason why Johnson should desert the English printers in
Amsterdam, and send his work to Leyden. No such uncertainty exists
when we come to the supposed " distinctive ornaments ". These are
precisely two in number, viz. (i) the common initial " T," with the
usual breaks in the stem, which we have shown to be by no means con-
fined to Brewster ; and (ii) a bear for tail-piece, which differs in one small
but conclusive detail from the block used by Brewster. The tongue of the
right-hand serpent is not barbed, as it is in every other " Brewster " ex-
ample we have seen (cf. figs. 21, 38). It is possible to argue that Brewster
may have had two blocks, but until that is proven, the presence of this
particular block is an argument against the validity of the claim. What
77
THE PILGRIM PRESS
it is not possible to argue is that the unbarbed tongue of 1617 grew barbs
in time for the production of the Confutation in 1618.
As for founts, we are willing to admit that the body of the work is printed
in a roman which resembles our No. 6, but the corresponding italic is un-
questionably a different face, cf. especially the upper-case "J" (fig. 38),
where Brewster invariably uses " / ". If anything more is needed to deal
a death-blow to Mr. Bowman's claim, it is the presence of an entirely new
non-Brewster fount, a minute roman measuring only 53 mm. Lastly the
use of the leaf for the signatures of the first sheet can be paralled in books
printed by Thorp in Amsterdam, whom Johnson would naturally patronise,
but in no other book that has been ascribed to Brewster.
COMMENTARII ] Succinct! & Dilucidi | in | PRO-
VERBIA SALOMONIS. | Avthore 1 THOMA
CARTVVRIGHTO | SS. Theologian in Academia
Can- I TABRiGiENsi quondam j Profeffore. \ [line.] |
Quibusadhibita eft Prsefatio clariffimi viri | iohannis
POLYANDRI, 1 S. Theologise Profefforis Leidensis. |
[ornament] ] Lvgdvni Batavorvm. | Apud Giiiljel-
inuni Brevvjterum^ \ In vico Chorali. ] 1617.
4^, pp. [12] + I -t- coll. 2-1514 + pp. [26]. Sig. *, A-Eeeecj,
Contents. p. [i] title; [3-11] " Praefatio loh. Polyandri," dated " Lugd. Bat.
10 Januarii 1617 " ; p. i, coll. 2-1514 (omitting col. 1134), the work;
p. [1-2] blank ; [3-17] Index rerum ; [18-22] Tabula duplex ; [23-24] Tabula
posterior ; [25] errata.
Ornaments, ic, 2, 3. Initials, 2, 17. Types, i, 3, 4.
Type-page, 6 x 4 in. Brewster Inv., 64.
B.M. 3165. c. 28.
Note. The interest of the Proverbia lies less in the types and ornaments
which it exhibits than in the general excellence of the press work. We
shall have occasion to repeat later that the firm which was capable of
turning out a work of this kind with its double columns, and elaborate
arrangement of text with surrounding commentary, was certainly capable
of undertaking the even more ambitious Confutation.
9-
DE 1 VERA ET 1 GEN VINA lESV ] ChrISTI DOMiXI \ ET SALVA-
TORis 1 NosTRiRELi- | GioNE. | Authove Minist. Augl. 1
[Phil. 3. 3] I [bear device.] ] Jmprcffiis Anno Doni. \
1618.
Sm. 8, pp. [2] + 326 + [2]. Sig. slip t.p., B-Xg, Y,.
Contents. p. [i] title ; [2] " Contenta " ; 1-326, the work ; [1-2] blank.
78
APPENDIX II
Ornaments, ib, 4. Initials, 17. Types, 6.
Type-page, 4^ x 2| in. Brewster Inv., 40.
Bodl. 8 A. 13. Th. BS.; 8 C. 587. Line.
Note. The importance of this little book cannot be exaggerated. We
shall see how the broken " E " on the title-page clinches the argument
for the Confutation ; the breaks in the small " bear " device, found in this
acknowledged Brewster book, gather into the true fold all the unacknow-
ledged items of 16x8 and 1619 in which it is found. Finally, no sane
person can withstand the cumulative evidence afforded by a comparison
of p. I with p. I of Enring. The identical ornament at the head of the
page, the initials from the same set, the 70 mm. roman and italic types
are irresistible. And if Euring be genuine, Dighton, Harrison, PeopWs
Pica, and the rest follow suit.
10.
DE I REGIMINE I ECCLESI^ 1 SCOTICAN^ ] BREVIS RE- |
LATio. I [line ornament \me.'\\ Jmp7^effus \ Anno
Dom. I 161 8.
Sm. 8", pp. [2] -f 29 -t- [i] Sig. A-B.
Contents. p. [i] title ; 1-29, the work.
Ornaments, 2, 10. Initials, 13. Types, 8.
Type-page, 4$ x 2| in.
B.M. C. 53. aa. 14. Bodl. Byw. U. 4. 15. (5).
Note. Internal and external evidence for the De regimine are alike good. We
have only to compare the title-page with that of the De vera religione, as
Sir Dudley Carleton did three hundred years ago, to exclaim, with him :
"The one being confessed, the other cannot well be denied". The
evidence of the title-page is confirmed by the " Brewster " type in which
the body of the work is printed, and the "acorn " ornament at the head
of page I. As for external evidence we know from Governor Winslow's
First Dialogue, that Calderwood was in personal touch with the Leyden
church in the autumn of the next year, when he found asylum in Holland.
It is more than probable that he had been in communication '.vith Leyden
for some time before he actually visited it. In any case he found it de-
sirable in 1621 to add a postscript iohxs Altar of Damascus : "Bishop
Spotswood hath spread a rumour, that M. David Calderwood is turned
Brownist, but I assure thee, good reader, it is not true. ... If either
Spotswood, or his supposed Author, persist in their calumnie after this
declaration I shall try if there be any blood in their foreheads".
Dr. Arber seems to have been misled as to a supposed other edition of
the Dc regimine,^ also printed in Holland. It seems clear that when
Sir Dudley Carleton speaks of " another," he means " another besides the
Perth Assembly ".- He wishes King James to understand, not that there
' Arber, p. 238. -Ibid., p. 199.
79
THE PILGRIM PRESS
is a Leyden edition in addition to the Middelburg edition, but that the
edition said to have been printed in Middelburg was actually printed in
Leyden. We shall be surprised if this bibliographical ghost walks again.
Dr. Arber also mis-dates the book, and in this error he is unfortunately
followed by Mr. Duff. By giving it the date " 1619 " he throws the
whole story of the hue and cry after Brewster out of its true perspective.
The search is specifically after the printer of the Perth Assembly alone. This
is quite evident from Sir Dudley Carleton's despatches.
II.
A I TRVE, MODEST, | and ivst defence of | the peti-
tion for re- I FORMATION, EXHIBI- | TED TO THE KINGS |
MOST excellent [ MAIESTIE. | CONTAINING AN AN- | fwcre
to the Confutation pub- | lifhed under the names of
fome 1 oftheVniverfitieof | Oxford. | Together with
a full declaration out of the | Scriptures, and practife
of the Primi- | tiue Church, of the feverall | points of
the faid | Petition. | [hne 2 Cor. 13. 8, Hierom. dial,
adv. Pelag. line.] | Imprinted 161 8.
Sm. 8, pp. [52] + 240. Big. Ag, ag, *g, *%, B-Qg.
Contents. p. [i] title; [3-32] To the reader; [33-51] The epistle dedicatory:
" To the most Christian and excellent Prince . . . lames," etc. ; two
single folio-leaf tables: (i) "The anatomy of the controversed cere-
monies," etc.; (ii) " Bellum ceremoniale " ; 1-240, the work.
Ornaments, 2. Initials, 10. Types, 6, 8.
Type-page, 4f x 2J in. Brewster Ifiv., 197, 228.
B.M. 3935. a. 15 ; D.W.L. 12. 30. 22. & 1058. G. 17.
Note. This is the first item to come under consideration of the five (Nos. 11,
12, 13, 17, iS) which are found bound up together in the small volume in
Dr. Williams' Library, as already described (p. 41).
The Defence, it should be noted, is much more closely allied
both typographically and as to subject-matter to the Abridgement than to
the other items in this volume. Taken independently the typographical
evidence is rneagre, but satisfactory. The " acorn " ornament is freely
used; the initial " I " has the regular broken corner; no non-Brewster
founts are used. The claim to be accepted as a " Brewster " book is
immensely heightened when we examine the Defence and the Abridge-
ment together. There can be little doubt that the compositor of tlie
Defence had a copy of the Abridgement before him, as a pattern for
general style and arrangement. But when we come to minor details the
two are linked not to one another, but to the other volumes from the
Brewster press with which each is contemporaneous. The body of the
Abridgement (1617) is in the type of the 1617 (signed) Ames ; the body of
the Defence (1618) is in the type of the 161S (acknowledged) De vera
80
APPENDIX II
religione. It is scarcely conceivable that this can be a coincidence, i.e.
that another printer, besides Brewster, should happen to be using a
66 mm. fount in 1617, and a 70 mm, fount for similar work in 1618.
Certain variations are found in the preliminary sheets, (i) p. [32]
" To the reader," ad Jin., is found (a) without, (b) with, catch-word " To ".
('') [P- 33] Two arrangements of the top and bottom lines of ornaments
which make up the frame to the capital " M " ; the centre ornaments being
set (a) vertically, {b) horizontally, (iii) pp. [49-51] Sig. ** is entirely
reprinted in some copies; (a) ends : lacobi Regis Ji- | des nostra victoria,
etc. ; {b) ends : laco- \ bi regis Jides nostra victoria, etc. The two agree
word for word, but the latter is clearly the reprint. This is shown by the
contractions at the foot of p. [49] in (b), where the compositor finds him-
self coming near the end of the page before he has finished his copy, and
by the way he allows himself to run free on last page. Presumably ia is
earlier than ib ; there is nothing to settle the reason or order of the
change iia-b. That none of the differences have any significance is
shown by the way copies are made up indiscriminately from any com-
bination of the three, viz. B.M., ia, iib, iiib; D.W.L. [12. 30. 22.], \b, iia,
iiia ; ditto. [1058. G. 17.], ib, iib, iiib.
12.
CERTAIN I REASONS I OF A PRIVATE \ CHRISTIAN ] AGAINST
CON- I formitie to kneeling in | the very act of recei-
I ving the Lords | Supper. \ By Tho: Dighton Gent.
I [Gal. 6. 9. line ornament line.] | Anno 1618.
Sm. 8, pp. [18] + 143 + [i]. Sig. A-Kg, L,.
Contents. p. [i] title, within border composed of ornament No. 2; [3-17] the
preface; 1-103, "Certain reasons," etc.; 104-142, "To the church of
Great Britaine in generall," etc. ; 143, closing exhortation.
Ornaments, xb, 2, 10. Initials, 16. Types, 6.
Type-page, 4! x 2\ in. Brewster Inv., 314.
D.W.L. 12. 30. 22.
Note. This item gives us the second example of the striking title-page
border made up from the " acorn " ornament which is so marked a feature
of the 8 series. We have already met with it in the English Dod and
Cleaver. It is repeated in Nos. 13, 14, 17 and 18. Taking the title-pages
alone one would say that they were either from the same press, or de-
liberate imitations. The latter alternative is put out of court by the
presence in three out of the five of the "bear" with the " Brewster"
break as found in the De vera religione, and by the cumulative evidence
of other ornaments, initials and founts in the case of the remaining two.
Once established as from the same press, it is possible to arrange these
five in chronological order by studying the development ol the top and
bottom lines of the border towards a symmetrical arrangement. It is clear
that the border was kept set up ; whenever it was necessary to lengthen
or shorten the lines to fit the title, the opportunity was taken to correct
any defects of balance in the design.
81
THE PILGRIM PRESS
13.
THE I PEOPLES I PLEA I POR I THE EXERCISE [ of PrO-
phefie. [ Againft M^ John Yates his 1 Monopolie. \
By lohn Robinfon. ] [i Cor. 14. i line.] | Printed
in the yeare | 16 18.
Sm. 8, pp. [10] + 77 + [i]. Sig. A-Eg, F,.
Contents. p. [i] title, within border composed of ornament No. 2; [3-9] the
preface ; 1-77, the work.
Ornaments, xb, 2. Initials, 8, 16. Types, 6, 8.
Type-page, 4I x 2J in.
D.W.L. 12. 30. 22.
Note. See above No. 7.
14.
A LITTLE I TREATISE I vpoN THE FIRST ] verfc of the
122. I PSALME. I Stirring up unto carefull \ defiring
and dutifidl \ labouring for the | true Church go- |
vernement. \ [3 stars.] ] By r. Harrison. ] [line
Psalm 133. 8. line.] | Reprinted An. Dom. 161 8.
Sm. 8, pp. [6] + 82. Sig. A- Eg, F^.
Contents. p. [i] title, within border composed of ornament No. 2 ; [3-5] the
preface ; [6] " I would have the Reader advertised," etc. ; 1-81, the work ;
81-82, selections from Psalm 80, 123, etc.
Ornaments, 2. Initials, 11, 14. Types, 6, 8.
Type-page, 4f x 2^ in. Brewster Inv., 220.
Bodl. lor. g. 320.
Note. See above No. 7.
15-
[A fruitful sermon upon the 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 verses of
the 12 chapter of the Epistle of S. Paul to the
Romaines. Very necessary for these times to bee
read of all men, for their further instruction and
edification, in things concerning their faith and
obedience to salvation.]
Sm. 8, pp. [ ] + 62 + [2]. Sig. A-E8.
Types, 6, 8. Type-page, 4f x 2h in. Brewster Iiiv., 307.
Yale Univ. Library (Dexter collection).
Note. The above title is taken from the edition of Lawrence Chaderton's
sermon printed for Robert Waldegrave, 1589. We are indebted to Mr.
82
APPENDIX II
Andrew Keogh, Librarian of Yale University Library for the following de-
scription of the only copy at present known of the reprint ascribed'to the
Pilgrim Press, being the first item in Dexter's " small volume " :
" I am sorry to say there is no title-page in our copy, the first two sheets
being entirely wanting ; and there is no colophon, although we have the
last printed page. . . . Our copy begins with C (recto), page 17, and ends
with page 62. . . . The book has been trimmed on all sides and is now
5| inches in height. The type-page is 5 [with 1 head-line] x 2J inches.
The first line on page 17 reads as follows ;
' their brethren. All which vices, as they sprung '."
It is quite clear, from resemblances in spelling and spacing, that the book
is reprinted from Waldegrave's edition of 1589. The two agree almost line
for line, but not page for page, the reprint having 34 lines to the page,
against Waldegrave's 29. Now the " their brethren," etc., occurs about
half-way down page 19 of Waldegrave's edition. Allowing for the
difference in lines to the page this would throw the beginning of the
sermon back to the beginning of Sig. B (otherwise page i), leaving Sig.
A for title-page, " chiefe heades of the sermon," etc., which occupy Sig.
A]-3 of Waldegrave's edition. This is quite typical of books attributed to
Brewster, i.e. the beginning of the work proper with Sig. B even when
reprinting.
16.
A I CONFVTATION ] of the \ RHEMISTS | transla-
tion, GLOSSES I AND AT^NOTATIONS \ ON THE | NEW
TESTAMENT, ] so farre as they containe | a//1a7-
FEST IMPIETIES, HERESIES, \ Jdolatries, Superftitions, Pro-
phaneffe, Treafons, Slanders, \ Abfurdities, Falfehoods
and other evills. \ by occasion whereof the trve
sence, scope, I and Doctrine of the Scriptures, and
humane Authors, by them | abufed, is now given. |
WRITTEN LONG SINCE BY ORDER P'ROM THE CHIEFE IN- |
ftruments of the late Queene and State, and at the
fpeciall requeft and ] encouragement of many godly-
learned Preachers of England, 1 as the enfuing Epistles
fhew. 1 By that Reverend, Learned, and ludicious
Divine, | Thomas Cartvvright, i fomctime Divinitic
Reader of \ Cambridge. \ [line bear line.] | Printed
in tJic yeare, 1618.
Fol. pp. [58] + 7G1 -t- [ig]. Sic;. A-Iiiii^, KkUkk-Ooooo...
Contents. p. [i] title ; [3-4] " The publisher to the studious reader " ; [5-6]
83
THE PILGRIM PRESS
" A copie of a letter written by sundry learned men unto Mr. Cartwright,
to provoke and encourage him to the answering of the Rhemists," [in
Latin] ; [6-7] " The same in English " (signed by Roger Goad, William
Whitaker, Thomas Crooke, John Ireton, William Fulke, John Field,
Nicholas Crane, Giles Seintler, Richard Gardener, William Clarke).
" The other names of those which yet live, we have by the advice of our
reverend friends for the present concealed " ; [8] " The explication of
certain words . . . not familiar to the vulgar reader " ; [9-47] " The pre-
face to the reader"; [49-58] "The bookes of the New Testament";
1-761, the work ; [1-17] The table; [18] errata.
Ornaments^ id, 2, 5, 6. Initials, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 16, 18. Types, ib, 2,
3, 6, 7, 8-
Type-page, 9f x 4^ in. Brewster Inv., 83.
B.M. 689. g. 10. D.W.L. 2051. D. 15. Bodl. D. 3. 13; Th.
Note. The Confutation is a veritable exhibition gallery of initials, types, and,
in a lesser degree, ornaments. If we can establish its genuineness we shall
have authenticated not only the two founts Nos. 7 and 8, but practically
the whole series of initials. And fortune favours us. Apart from the two
new founts there is a general agreement of types and ornaments with
authenticated "Brewster" ones; the initial "I" has the usual broken
corner ; the " O" has all the defects and irregularities which are found in
the Ames example. And as if to provide us with a keystone to the arch of
proof there is a broken upper-case " E " which appears repeatedly in the
large-type heading to the several Epistles, in the heading to the " Pre-
face" {vide fig. 25), and in the word "Vera" on the title-page of the
acknowledged De vera religione (fig. 9).
The only argument against its genuineness is the unlikelihood that so
humble a press should embark upon so formidable an undertaking. But this
argument really tells the other way. There is, in the first place, nothing
in the press-work which is in the least beyond the powers of the firm
which was capable of turning out the Proverbia, in the previous year.
Secondly, there is ample evidence that the work was produced slowly and
from a small press. The body of the work is made up of quires of two
sheets (four leaves) only, an unusually small number in books of this
period ; and it is evident that each " quire " was printed off and the type
distributed and used again in the printing of the next quire. For ex-
ample, the large-type heading to each epistle : " The argument of the
Epistle of St. Paul to the . . . . " with the acorn ornament above it, and
the same broken " E " and example of foul-case, is lifted bodily and used
again, as required, often in the very next " quire ".
In fact the typographical evidence amply supports the suggestion put
forward on general grounds that the book was on the stocks through
1618, the small octavo series being sandwiched in between the setting-up
of consecutive '' quires " of the larger work.
Before we pass on to the next item, we must point out exactly what
bearing the genuineness or otherwise of the Confutation has on that of the
others in the series. The line of proof for the octavo series is absolutelj'
independent of the Confutation ; they depend entirely upon the De vera
religione. But the Admonition, Travers and Confutation stand or fall to-
APPENDIX II
gether. It is in these three only that the small-faced 66 mm. roman is
used for the body of the work, and it is clearly through the Confutation,
with its larger number of links to acknowledged Brewster books, that they
justify their claim to be considered genuine.
17-
THE I SECOND PART | of ] a plain discovrse ] of an
VNLETTERED | CHRISTIAN, | WHEREIN BY WAY OF | de-
monftration hee fhevveth what ] the reafons bee
which hee doth j ground upon, in refufing con- |
formity to kneehng in the | act of receiving the [
Lords Supper. ] [3 asterisks] ] By Tho. Dighton,
Gent. I [hne Psal. 119. 113. hne.] | Printed in the
yeare | 16 19.
Sm. 8, pp. [16] + 77 + [3]. Sig. A-Fg.
Contents. p. [i] title, within border composed from ornament No. 2; [3-15]
the preface ; 1-77, the work ; [1-3] blank.
Type-page, 4I x 2J in. Brewster Inv., 314.
Ornaments, 2. Initials, 5, 9. Types, 6.
D.W.L. 12. 30. 22.
Note. See above 7.
18.
AN I ANSWER I TO THE TEN | COVNTER DE- | MANDS |
PROPOVNDED BY | T. Drakes, Preacher of | the IVord
at H. and D. j in the County of | essex. | By Wil.
Euring. \ [Hne Prov. 9. 12. hne] | Printed in the
yeare ] 16 19.
Sm. 8, pp. [6] + 38 + [4]. Sig. A-C^.
Contents. p. [i] title, within border composed of ornament No. 2; [3-6] ''To
the reader " ; 1-38, the work ; [1-4] blank.
Ornaments, il>, 2, 4. Initials, 10, 14. Types, 6.
Type-page, 44 x 2 J in.
D.W.L. 12. 30. 22.
Note. See above (7). Until a few years ago Drakes' Teti Counter Demands,
to which this is a reply, was a bibliographical ghost, the very existence
of which in print had been questioned. In igii a copy came into the
hands of Mr. Henry Stevens of Gt. Russell Street, who first identified and
described it. It subsequently crossed to America, and is now in the
Huntingdon Library in New York, having been purchased at the Robin-
son sale in 1917 for 1050 dollars. Before leaving England it was
85
THE PILGRIM PRESS
examined and transcribed by Mr. Champlin Burrage, who has reprinted it
in full in his Early English Dissenters (1912), Vol. II., pp. 140-145.
Mr. Burrage also shows that it is a reply not to Robinson and
Brewster's Seven Articles, as stated by Dr. Arber/ but to the Seven
Questions appended to Francis Johnson's Treatise of the Ministry.
19.
PERTH I ASSEMBLY. 1 containing | i The Proceedings
thereof, j 2 The Proofe of the NulHtie thereof | 3
Reafons prefented thereto againft the recei- ] ving
the hue new Articles impofed. | 4 The oppofiteneffe
of it to the proceedings and | oath of the whole ftate
of the Land. An. 1581. [ 5 Proofes of the unlawful-
neffe of the faid fiue 1 Articles, z^/sr. i. Kneeling in the
act of Re- 1 ceiving the Lords Supper. 2. Holydaies. |
3. Bishopping. 4. Private Baptifme. 5. Pri- ] vate
Communion. [The five main headings are bracket-
ted.] I [line Exod. 20. 7 ; Colos. 2. 8 line] | mdcxix.
4, pp. [6] + loi + [r]. Sig. A-N4, O2.
Contents. p. [i] title, within double line; [3-6] To the reader; i-ioi, the
work.
Type-page, 5I x 3^^ in. Brewster Inv., 186.
Ornaments, 36, 6, 10. Initials, 4, 8, 10, 16. Types, 6, S.
D.W^L. 2006. F. 21.
Note. The problem raised by the Perth Assembly is a curious one. Sir
Dudley Carleton, as we have seen, wavered, but finally convinced himself
that it was from the Pilgrim Press. We are ourselves in much the
same position. Not a single non-Brewster ornament, initial, or fount is
used ; the initial " I " has the regular broken corner, and so on. But
all the commonest ornaments are conspicuous by their absence. No jot
or tittle of the " acorn" design is found; not a trace of the bear. The
body of the work resembles the Admonition and Travcrs, though as a
rule different small ornaments, section head-lines, etc., are employed.
But the title-page is different from anything that has been attributed to
the press. The double line border, the date in Roman figures without
any "Anno Dom. " or "Imprinted" these are without any parallel.
Without the external evidence it would probably never have occurred to
anyone to assign the work to the Pilgrim Press ; yet once put upon the
track it is impossible to deny its genuineness. We may choose between
two explanations : (i) The compositor may have been deliberately varying
his style. But if so, why did he not take equal care to conceal his
identity in the case of the De regimine ? And why did he not avoid
1 Op. cit., p. 282.
86
APPENDIX II
ornaments and initials entirely, as is done in the Altar of Damascus
1621 ? (ii) A new compositor may have been at work. Did Sir Dudley
Carleton suspect something ol the kind when he wrote : " if he [Brewster]
was not the printer himself, he assuredly knows both the printer and the
author ? " If so, is it not possible that this new compositor may have
been Edward Raban, whose claim to have served under Brewster we have
already examined.^
20.
APOLOGIA I IVSTA, ET NECES- | saria Qvorvn-
DAM I Chriftianorum, aeque con- | tumeliofe ac
commu- I niter dictorum 5rozf;- ] jiiftarum iive Ba- \
rowijtarum. \ per | Iohannem Robinsonvm ] Anglo-
Leiden fern, fuo & I Ecclefiae nomine, cui prae- |
ficitur. I [Psal. 41. 2. ornament.] | Anno Dom. 1619.
Sm. 8, pp. g6. Sig. A-Fg.
Contents. p. [i] title, within single line; 3-96, the work.
Ornaments, none. Initials, 10. Types, none.
Type-page, 5I x 2| in.
Bodl. 8. R. 79. Th.; New. Coll., Lond.
Note. The case for the Apologia practically does not exist. Dr. Dexter does
not say what he bases it upon. We have no reason for supposing even
that it comes within the period of the press's activity. It is just as likely
that it appeared during the latter half of the year. It contains no
"Brewster" ornament; the one Brewster initial is without the broken
corner, which occurs in every other example we have dealt with after
1617. Even if we stretch a point and admit that the roman type of the
body of the work may be the same as the familiar 70 mm., we are pulled
up by an italic and a Greek fount used with it which are certainly
different from any we have so far met with.- The italic has a distinctly
smaller, and the Greek a distinctly larger face than the corresponding
" Brewster " types.
Mr. Andrew Keogh, Librarian of Yale University Library, writing with-
out any knowledge of our own conclusion, describes the book as " printed,
I think, in Leyden, although not by Brewster ". As this is a study of the
Pilgrim Press, and not of the Leyden community, it is no part of our
business to find an alternative printer for the rejected Apologia. We
may, however, point out that the Greek type is the same as that used by
Thorp in Amsterdam.
>Pp. 58ff. Fig. 37.
87
ILLUSTRATIONS.
The Site of Hrewster s house
Maps sh()\vinj4 position of house
Figs. 1-14. Title-pages of Xos. 1-14
Fig
Fig
Fig
Fig
Fig
Fig
Fig
Fig
Fig
Fig
Fig
Fig
Fig
Fig
1 5. Specimen page from Chaderton
s. 16-20. Title-pages of Nos. 16-20
2 I . Tail-|)iece to preface of Ccfi/'i/fit/ioN
22 First page of Polyanders preface to Provcrlu(
23. First page of /^c' 7'cra rc/ij^io/w
24. First page of Euring
25. First page of preface of dutftiliitiiDi
26. First i)age (jf text of Pro7'cr/>i<i
27. Preliminary matter from Ai/ics
2<S. First i)age of text of A/iics
2'). First page of preface of Ames
30. Tail-j)iece to Dutch Dod and Clcaxer
31. Second jjage of text of ,-//;/<' v .
.2. From Latin and luigli^h versions of conmiend;
to Coiifutdtioii
'''R- 11- Si)ecimens of all the 23 nun. initials
Fig. 34. Preface to Dutch Dod and Clea\er
Fig. S5- V'w^l I'age of Dutch Dod and Clea\er
Fig. 36. 'I'vpical specimen from body iA Conful<ition
Fig. })1- Specinx-n page from Kol)in>on's Apoloi:;ia
Fig. 38. Last page of Johnson's ,///((?/
To fa
Frontispiece
c pp. 23, 29
A/ end
letter
^ \ ^ ./ut Rejponjhm i^:/
^
jtE s c R I p T I a
CON TRACT A* ^
/
. %^--:
t^YCtoVNi BATATORVITi
lO yico ChoraU,
Fig. I
<v
BR ID G EmI^NT^
OF THAT BOOK E WHICH
Tff MINUTE RS OF LIN- .
C O L N E D I O'C E S S E D E- n ,
Uucredto his Maicftic vpon the ' >> ^
firft of December if^cjj.-
BEING THE FlilST PART OF
AN A TO LO G I E FOR T H E M-
SELVES^AND THEIR BRE-
THREN THAT REFVSE T H E^
^^ubrcrlpiion and ConFormui*
which is required.
WHEREVNTO IS ANNEXED,
o/ Tabic of [findiy Pnynts net hnndled in ihh A-
bridgemcnt, which are other exceptions they taKe to
the Snbfcriprior>reqiiircd,a!idflialIbethe Ar-
guxntnrortbc<"econd partoFtheir
AVOLOGiE.
I O H N 7. fl.
l)#tfc w L* ini^fA man beftre it Ixart hint , dnd kne^ K>&t htc
'iuahdoHe?
"j. E ZE C H. II. ij.
SHineofmM, thy brtthrtn, eutnthy brethren, the Kun efthy hndtti,
tnd Alhht houft of Ij'rafl Wi)o^dy,^e thrf VHto Vphom the inlubitaxti
kf lem^alcm hAue f/ud, DepATt ytt farrc [rotn the L9rd, for tbelani,.
tiliHfHvsinpejftjfon. v
G AT.. 6. 11. - : ;,-. ^'
'As mttiy as dtfm to mike 4 fasre(hiiv in tht jffffj, they (onfhMuyiii' )
to he cirfHtndfed.onely beunfi th(j *smW not [tifa ffrJccH^t fW ,~
tht Crcjfc o[ CfntH. . :;{';
Reprinted, /fmo Dom. 1617^
"^-?
__^^^kjk>M>Aa
' '-'
Fig. 2
t ^^P L A IN E AN D|
t^M^ FAMILIAR EXT>OSI^ c^}
^^E^ TION OF THE TENNE ^^^
Q.^^^ COMMANDBMENTS. ^^'^
^&^* WITH A %^T HO D I C A Lt ^W:W
(If^^ IhortCatcchinl^^ containing briefly all the ehf^>,
.4 n Q^^t jprincipall grounds of Chriltian A ,K>V i
k^?^ Religion. '^S'-St
" "'T'iJi* According to the laft correfted and iolarged Copie. r^^^lL
;j5t by t& Authour, M". f o H N dId, 3 ^g^-,
jfu. To wliicli is now prefixed three pro* !/ fe^^5^4.
-^-^ fitablc Tables. ' " ^^ ^i^>i^
-^Kr> Psalm. 09. ^0. ' i^A^
-C^ The tntrnnce into thy msrd ^ttveih light, and
453^
^/(*i JfuderJtanHift^Jo thefimplt.
^^i*
#
Fig. 3
* E E N K L A R E
THIEN GHEBODEN
DES HEEREN
tnmtt Catecfjtrmnsfyfonmncrlijcft ijertjatctiDe
MH tit pmnpalt gronDru atv ljnMi)chtt lUiiaif .
Wtghegeven inde Enghelfche taU^
Door de Godfalighc ende V Vcl-ghclccrdc
MMohanDod, cndc Robert Cleaveh
mt tst engfielff^e m onft i^eDor buptft be Cale
flftftroutof loch otoerg^cfrt
DOOR
VINCENTIVM MEVSr.r^ET,
Bcdicnacr des Heyliglien Euangcli/fcot Schaghcn.
TOT LEYDEN,
%\mti J 6 I 7.
l-H,. .,
AN
ADMONITIO
TO THE PARLIAMENT
HOLDeN IN THS i^. YEARB
OF THE REIGNE OF ^FEEN^
ELIZABETH OF BLESSED
M EMO RI E.
'Segun fAmoij'/Q. and ended i^ji,
IE REM. JO. 14.
fut your fdues in array dgainft Bahel round about : ai you that htn.i
your ho^i'^fhoot at hertfpare no arroltcs :forfbe bathfinaed a^ainfi
the Lord,
IE REM. ;t. x$,
ThfyfrdS not take of thee afionefor a corner, nor ajicne forfonndA''
titn^hut {bouflalt be dejlroyedfor euer.
L VKE 19.40.
Mf theft flovid hold their peace,tbeJloKes JhoiJd fry.
.^, (\ j^* 0^ '"^ ^ <?> f^
Imj^med, t^imoi^ij.
Fig. 5 (reduced)
FVLL AND
PLAINE DECLA
RATION OF ECCLESIAS.
TICAL DISCIPLINE OVT OF
the Tt^ordofGodt^utdofthe dcdwing
of the Qhurch ef Ensland.
fromtht fnxK.
1617
l-'ic. f) (reduced)
A
CHRISTIAN
PLEA
Conteyning three Treatifes.
I.
The firft;, touching the Anabaptifts , & others main-
tcyning fomc like crrours with them.
f The fecondj touching fuch Chriftians,as now are here, com-
4 nionly called Remonftrants or Arminians.
^* III.
''^ The third, touching; the Reformed Churchcs.with whom my felf agree ia
^ the faith of tJjfi Golpci of u LttKi lefiis Chrift.
*^ iSviade by F r an o i s; I-o:h n s o k , Paflcur of the auri'
^'^"i Sngtijh Church , now fojofirning . at ^mflerdau
'^. in the Low Countrcyes.
J ;'
Eta. ?o, ^ 6.
The Lord hach opened myne earcjan JI was not rebellious, ncy-
tlicr turned awiy back . I g.TJc my back to the fmitcrSjaiid my cheeks to tliem
tlutpluCi edoffthenafre; fhiilnot my face tromlkuneScipining. </{ >
let. I'i, 19. -
Thus faith the Lord,Ifchoureturnc,then vvil I bring thee againe^
,, -fji,. Sctlioushaltftandbeforeriic . & if thou take fortJi tl\c precious from "the
'^ _ e\-i!l,thou sbalt be as my mouth .- ler them returncumo thev,
but icturnc not thou unto them,
zTw;. 4,7,8. * _
^ I hauefonghta good rightjl haiie finished my courfcjlhauc kept
tixe Faitli. Henceforth there is layd up for me a crown of rl^hteoufnes, which
the Lord the r^btcoas Iud>_' ^Iial! ^iuc n1"c at tiiac tl-iy ; and
nt to rae ondy, but unto them alfo that
loue hii appcarir.:^.
PRINTED,
In the yeerc of our Lord i 6 i 7
^ ^.j ^'^ ^^
ar. -..
F"iG. 7
COMMENTARII
Succinai (ScDilucidi
IN
PROVERBIA SALOMONIS.
. ^^OMA CARTvyRIGHTO ^^""
^^^ '' :ologiar ia Academia Can.
^ K I c I E N s I quondam
Profejforc^,
iibita eft Praefatio clariflimi viri
lOHANNlS PpLYANDRI,
5. Theologia: ProferToris L e i d e n j i s.
LvcDyNi Batavouvm. ij^jA.
.i (iT^i/u -^IM Pirmi^u ./>.'^./:->, J..Tl>", i,,,
Apud ^uiljelmum '^rmjkrum^i
In vico Chorali.
I 61 7.
I'h;. .s
DE :
VERA It
GENVINA lESV
CHKISTI DOMINI
ET S ALVA TOR IS
NO STR I RELI-
GION E. ^
eAuthore MintB, iAngL
Phi L. j.^
Hot nimfumus circumcifiOy quifpiritufir*
vimus Deoy & gloriamurin chrifio lefn^ ,
& nonincarncfidMicam habenteSs -,
Id A 8. "
Fk;.. g
'. i :.:
I^^~^-
^ i' "^ o'> cX^ , ' W / r
E C C L ESIiE
S C O TT I C AN &
BREVIS B.E-
XATIO,
5^
ffmpreJfujiAnaoDom,
i^
Fk;
' TRVE MODESl\
AND IVST0EFENCEOB
I'HE PETITION FOR RJE.
FORMATION* EXHIBI
TEDTOTHE KINGS
'*; MOST EXCELLENT
\ ^feO#t AINING A^nTh
5 iWerc to the Confutation pub-
V iiflled under the names of fouitt
.. . .of the Vnfverfitie of . _ " %
Together with a full declaration cutoff '|
Scripturesj and praftife of the Primi-t j|
^'' tiue Churchy of the feverall ' ' ^
''^' points of the faid "^-^
Petition. 'I
a. C OK. I/. 8, V.
JTff dee nothing againjh the truths hut fift -.
the truth, , *
Hierom, dial, adverf. Pelagi
Feritds lahorare pofejly Vinci non poteff^ .^
Jl>e truth may bee contra^iHid , but li cdwnot h^ \
conqumdi
; ' > , ,
imprinted i <J i $ '
Fui. ir
^SS CERTAIN
^^REASONS^
'TT
J^OF A n^RIFATS
'^CHRISTIAN
|Vj AG A I N.ST CON'
^ti^ forniitie to kneding in
!^!SC thcvcryadlofrecei-
^^^ ving rhe Loi^s
(jiid By Tho: Dighton Gr/i^.
^ Gal. 6. 9.
jt^ for in due fiafun "ict ihj.ll ha^t
^^^ ifTt>e ftint not .
Anno t 6 I S.
i^^Q^?^'^?:^^.
l-Ki. r-
I M ' .F. "^ if j' w^j'i'.V' .i>H'^w ^ i ' # ' ^v>J ' .'!*l
j^vPEOPLE
^ THE EXERCISE . ,
<i? A^ainfr M^- lohi Tites his '^Sh
yCld. I. C o R. 14. I. W M
13
Printed in the ycarc
I 6 I
5
Fig. 13
g<W A L I T T L E ^^
^^TREAT!SE&
' VPON THEJ^IRST ,^,
veric of the I a 2*
PSALME.
Stirring up unto carcfull
de/iri;7g and diiiifull
labouring for the
ItMt Church go- .
By ft.. H A R B. I s o N.
^^ Psalm, ij;. 8.
A^. ihoUdndtheArkeofthyfirenith. t
^^ _ _ ^
s^ Reprinted Aft, Dom.
^}) I tf I 8.
Img. r4
6% . A g94ly Sermon t
buc all there funftions arc fufficient foir ihefd
ends: therefore ontly tbcfe arc fiffficient,
Fiftly,if any crcd ncwMioiftcrics^c mufl
either giue new gtftsjor aflure men, that they
fhaUhaiic ncwgiftsof Godrbutoonc can do
thus: therefore thcfc onely are fufficient.
Sixtlyjlf menmav add , tbey may dctraits
but the fecond is falfe, therefore thehrll.
Scing then thcfc things arc {o as hath been
fet forthjOut of the wcrd of God,that this is
his order, to w*' all ought to bow their backs
every one keeping his proper place.and nonC
intruding upon the right & intcreft of ano-
cher:feiog (uperfluous tilings ought to be cue
if,&fuch offices as arc fro AntichriR, ought
xo be abandoned let us every one in our pla-
ces, pray to our God that he will pitty this
his poore Church,that truth & righteoufnes
day kiflc each other that hjs iccpter may i\Q'
fifli.thcftif-necksoi theobftinate, and the
Iron finewes of the rebellious may be bowed
iUKi broken, to the f^n<ii thcfe confufions that
tppcarccuery where, this pompous pride and
curfcd ambition, eicmy to all /inccrity,good
order ,and truercligioojuay ceaic:and onely
the glory and victory of Chrift , our onelf
King,Prophct,and Pndl, may bccftablilhed:
to whom with the Father and the holy Ghoft
three perfons and one cternall Gd , bee all
praifc, glory; and honor ^oovr and ior eur
Fig. 15
COOTVTATION
" vrv OF THE
.j^EMISTS
):.'^" TRANSLATIONXLOSSES
^NT) ANNOTATIONS
ON THE
NEW TESTAMENT
so FARRE AS THEY CONTAINE
MANIFEST IM'PieTIES, HSResieSt
Jdolataes,SuferJiitu)ns,Trof/;afiejfe,TrcaJons,SU7Mierst
' (7tfvv5^ ^ofrrdtitcstfjijehoi^ds and other cwls. /^^ vlC i o' rWi
JJY OCCASION WHEREOF THE TRVE SENCE, SCOPE,
and Dodriiic of the Scriptures, and humane Authors, by them
abuTed, ii no\v given.
WJIITTEN LONG SINCE BY ORDER FROM THE eHIEFE IN-
ftruiacn[iofibUtQuecnDdS:e,' ndat rhe Tpcciiil rci]ucft aud
n^tki't^tmat f v.tny ^oiiy-ltinuil Truebirt of Si^l^a^
a iU euruiug' pi(llcf Ihcw.
By that Reverend , learned , and luJicious Divia%
Thomas Cartwmcut,
JiiitttiiHt J>i>i,i:ti. If^^iiatf
H-^
Trotted is thtyttt t <$ 1 8.
I'u;. lO (reduccdl
H
THE
SECOND PART
A PLAIN DISCOVRSE
OF AN VNLETTERED
CHRISTIAN,
WHEREIN BY WAY OF
demonftrAtion hee fhevvcth vnhat
the reafons bee which hec doth
ground upon,in refufiiig con-
formity to kncchng in the
iBk of receiving the
Lords Supper*
***
By Tffo. 0i^hton. Genu
(j^ I bate >4ne mVtnHonSt hta ihf Um 4t
lioue.
Fig. 17
A N V c
answer!
TO THE TEN #^
COVNTER i)E^ : i^
M AND SL ^
PROP OVNDieD 15T-^.
T-DRAKE^Pieachcrof ^^
in the County r !
,5SEX..' _';f^;^^
7/;f/^<?.v /5f !i|jr ;hou JIult i^e ii^ife for %
flji,and if thou bcdfceraer thoii'
alone ^iiltjttff'er, V
Printed ill' the ycarc i^^i
I 6 19.
'*-'?*; :.'
>;V. r.i
Fui. iS
'if*
PERTH
ASSEMBLY.
CONTAINING
' I The Proccedirigs thereof.
2 The Prootc of ihc Nulliiie thereof.
3 Rcalbns prcfcnicd ihcreio againft the recei-
ving the liuc new o^r/zV/w impofcd.
4 Thcoppofiteneficofir to the proceedings and
oath of the whole flate of the Land.y?/?.!^ Si.
j Proofcsof the unlawfulneflc of the faid fine
Anicles, r/c. i. Kneeling in the aft of Rc-
cciviKg the Lords Supper. i.HoIy daies.
3.Bishopping. 4. Privaic Eaptiimc. 5. Pri-
vate Ccniinunion.
^^y /)ecit^'e>t ^/^,<^e^ ,,-^^e/ Tti^ ,4i.*Ur.5*>?^0*i
, 'fti^v'^T^i/ix^d.; Uti^Ui^^ f<- ^^~ yi^' ,!^'^^ c-'^^i^ c/u4y%^e4^ S^ ?^
7^ ^ATi'c.^i.^x/^^^^f^^'^'jf^''^'-^ t.
<
Thoujhalt not Ui^ the ravte of iht L*)i thy Cod in Tfthit, ftriht
Lf/tii iil ni hold bimghutUjJe that uktth bis mmein >pk.
COLOS. i.g.
^emire leji (here htttiy that /pojlt you ibretgh Tkilefophf & Vtm de-
ceit^krovghtbctradiitoHitfmtn, according tttkt rumunts gftht
WtrUUndnetofChfift,
Jk*,^/^c^^/i M D C X I ^. fi'ui^^ ^y\4n^Ai
r--^
Fig. 19 (reduced)
' <<-.t
c-rx - a*?-."'
AP OLOGIA
lySTA , ET NECES-
S A R 1 A Q^ O R V N p A M
;Chriftianoram , aequc cqiv
tumdiofc ac cominu-
niter diftorum 'Brow^
mfiarnm five Ba-
rowifiarunu .
per
lOHANKEM RoBINSONVM
Anglo-Lcidcnfem , fiio & .
Ecclefix nomine , Cui pr-
ficitur.
Ps A L. 4.1. 2.
'Beatui , qui atundit 4d aftennatunu
^^Anno Dom. i6I9,
Fk;. ji
^!^^
lOHANNES POLYANDER
AD SS. THEOLOGI^
candidates.
Nmrfi dot^rina^yjurenfs doEi'tJJimi , a.
I fofido Vet recepta qua Ecclefi^ corf us re-
^gitur atqu: in officio fuo retinetur^ut ere-
^^' ^^^^^ ompleSiitur^aut agenda. In iUisfi"
dei Jogmatajn his vitxf recepta continentur, Vtraque
VelpMice ad Dei cultumpertinenr , ojelpriyatim ad^
tnorum infiitutiomm referuntur , eaqtte omnia aut a.
l?rophetts er <^poftolis funt prodita , qua njel era-
cuUy njd mandata dmna njocantur , aut ah Ec-
clefts DoSioribM ac ^aflorihtiJ fint genmnis inter-
fretationibuj doSiisque annotationibus illujirata y qu^
CommentariaEccleftafikay appcUantur ^ quorum U-
Ufunt^toTTv^^yfeu diyinitHS tnj^iratay ac protn-
de ab omnibujfme uUa exceptwne approbandaj h<ec
ri'irorum pereruditorum induftm congeftd , tdeoque
turn fuorum auBonm correffioni,tum aliorum cen-
fur^obnoxia, vec recip'tenda , nifi ad ficiliorempra-
ceptiomm diyinarm intelhgentiam ac commodiorem
^ ^2 earum
I'lC. 22
t
DE VER A ET
GENVINA CHRISTi; \
R E L I G 1 O N E.
jPoliticus. , '
AUeme dolore affimntimo mi*
mum e^crutjant Chrifiianorum
diji identlum. inter fe tot quafi fa-
fmlUfHoua indies oHuntuKjipg''
mata , nullus iitrgartdi fiakf^ti^
nam aUquU ex ammo diceret qkd
Jit Vera <st* j^enuina Chrijli reli-;
^^iOiqunmvii in magnwn V o lumen excreJierU tra-
tiatmreiy tionj^au^e Ugtrem.
Theobgtts, Vir poliricc, vt tibi noB refppn*
dcam^ priws quam rationem tui nominij red-
dam: Tu folitiim diccris,vt tuam ciuilctnin gu-
bernanda non folum Rcpub, tua,{cd Ecckfia
noftra prudcntianl defigncm. Ego rurfus The-
clogm did volo, atabfitomnis arrogaritia a no-
Oiinc, quia tu qui ex aduerfo cs fotiticm babe-
tSs: id clt Theologw refpondens quia Tolitiiui
opponeos : Nunc autem iJIud cxpcjflo a te vt
patienter feras banc meam in veritatc rcrum
infoimationcm. Vndc plcnius tibi in tuispoftu-
hiis fatiifaciats,
P polity
IMG. 23
^m
AN
ANSWERS TO TEil
Countcr-Dcmands, Propounded
^/ \ OK AKES, Preacher of
the Word at H. and . iu "'
the County of
^Evcrcnd fir, you hauc given n
'^'Shecr a C<;;/fr ^/<?Q : an? as It it
-^^'^cporrccJ.^you yet thmkc togiu*
^y? J>V i "J^ * greater, yet another
-^lo^, outyouearneftlydcfired
.to hauc thcfc your Ten CourUer^
, r J *W d.reaiy and diftinai/
anfvvcrcd; which I wUI labour to do God a
lifting mee. ^^^^
2)t'W I. Your firft Demandc is, Whe^ \iJwm<x,iA
ther our fepjr,tion fiom your Church or Hmt ^
cpmbUs ofJEngUnd^cm in any f^rtbal^litj bcpU*'
Jtn^ !/* G^d^fiwigit Uth hide fay you\rHch
Veni.tbef^rJ^7hndcr oftt comming to ludaffVJMT'.r
*nhhcficond {yoHf.y) totaUy rcc.lSn^ aJjL
Z^tT^''^''* : as doners of ,ur ^r%^lius Z
Tbis IS the fume or gnoiit^cfofyour firft t>e,^a^
A ^ maai
F.G. 2,
5S I 0<^ -^
V
^ ** ^ ->*
ri -IT 'Si
*-* ** v>
** S a: *S .** ?e
"** 5^ Si c ^ *-^ r
., &^ M -^
I '5 -t - ~
r: <a i. -^ ** ,.
S"* ^j ^i ** ^ S*
^ J a ^ -
^^ ^
< j< ^^
to i l .^ " u
-=^ Sii -s> ^ ^2 ^
^ ** '4 ">* -sit *
KrS ^ & 55 t <
Mfi cto <>fo ^^^o cVa o^ cNi) c*Jo cV5 oVi
<^>:^(C^i*?c^,-^)1J
COMMENTARII
SVCCINCTI ET DILV-
CIDI IN PROVERBIA
SOtOMONIS.
C A P V T P R i M V M.
R o VE R B I A Schelomonis ^ filij
raz<idis, regis Hfraelitarum:
^^lomon libro Provcrbiorum , fan-
j]Squum pater frmiliari ratione inflituit
pios tanquam filios in lege Dei , ejus
tiim promifliiQnes, tumminasadfinju-
los accorrmodans, ut cos fapicntcs &
confultosrcddat in omnibus hujus vita
negotijs , & univcr.'aE vit fu ftad io.
r Pr//4tiofm icd c^t/./a.
Liter l)if iM ctirt<
fiderantHf
flitnltis f(u fumma pYAfAtmis 6. frimis vtrfihiMf
\,Atnjlior rjufdm tuilAUt ad af. 10.
$A
l-'iG. 26
B Ffimiti^ if dmmas bcnu jk
UgUi,
Scal.Excrc.CCCVII. >
Dcclamationes am'bf'
tioforum opera : Otiofc
lumcibifunt. Divinitat,
jncgotijs impedito anim*
ftudcndum eft ei breviti,
ti :, quae res Tto^tx. verbi
Demonftrationes ccrd'
habeatproNeaare. ^
Ink
Index Qd^itum
Partis primse:
Y) mortu Chr'ifliJjMipa, i
DeamofeDei-, p.io
I^volendicau/amVeO'i 14
Be tejiimonio Chriflt^ 20
Le/scerdotio Chfifii-, 2<S
Parcis Cccnndx:
Be Pr^ecUflmAtione ex fds
prcevha^ l^
Bt efeSHonh ohjeBo^fiuBui
fenfu, 47
Be mfant'tbui^ 57
Be Tyrijs fy Sli/on^s, 61
Be (onciliatiGfie decreet if
6iBi
Fig. 27
RESCRIPTIO
A M E SI I
CONTRACTS,
Tarsfrma,
Define mortucbriM^ \V :i
Occfio Caprtispritta, V ;|^^4^.-
; TYmmt dnip rogam m<oiim$ ^rem^:
'^(hovius MHon tmrnbHs ^pfketm qt^^m'
. imtudittu a Dto ? rejfxmdit nriando ; tvtHk
z^mntgaio , htc argHmmo : Afii$(tm
km ^pUcAtHT , qmbHs iHtaiditm. cimt^
Jmftmm ^mo neg/tba NictLm : Jt i mf }
,mt dnnde cmfilu, difbnffiat wumt ii$t^
fi^tmemimptprmims fir df^iOKicmSr Turn
yen mptbAt Amejins : ^(gtimm tStLem
tmfttrmms ; 4tfw tdu fmm tjfe mnMfye\
Fig. 2S
*.
-^^o^ "Vijpmoquoqiol,.
'''ftmem^ajf^rus fit ,h,c
'^ debui , fi f^culumi;^.
ttth bomri , merit,, peperce-
W krudie, bon^ ^^^f :.
CO 2 ^ '^,
Fig. 29
I'ici. 3t)
a C4p. I. lyejine
mnionim , qu9sd intmmem. Hie cnm Ut
aoH ejfn tinM per qmm tUbi pQJfet : neiaktt
Kc. apphcAtionem tjfc prowrium fnem impt^
9(Atmis ; %t^onfm hec prirm cApite cefm-
Jnes & ItBiiitcs rcrupn co-
fdcm fciifUjdict.conccdcnt
omncs qui norint : Adas
'&. appctitus omncs qui
I'unt rationis , proportion
ncin,moduni, mcnfurara 6c ipccicm
aliquatcnus a fine habere atquc ejus
Intentionc. Sic in mortc Chrifti; fi fco-
pus hujus opcris ad omnes (ingulospa-
ritcr cxtendendus noa fit & neq; opus
ipfum ad univcrlos pcriincrc apertum
eft.
Hie IrruBJpitNicoI.ncgando frH^fjw
ftluttjim qm ex moru C^mfftjim AppiiCitii. tH
ennndHs tpfins mertis am redonptisms per i9-
JAm mipctTAti finem prtpriHtn vel ejfe, vel did
debne, cum I MPETK Alio Sir ACTIO
ABSOLVTA , APPLICATIO VHR.0
CONDITIOHj^TA, itA Ht omnibus potuif-
fit imfetran rtdemptio , CT* "'^i^^ tAmat Aj/ph-
tm.
^ Quam opinioncm paucis examina-
fcitnus, ac primutn ex icripturis contri
fie j^robajDus. Sihaaceb csufanrxisc
Fig. 31
f-% Q tn u t9
o
^ O rt
F 3 c
rt ><
Qui
a s
o "
gZ
4 O {L ^ "^ rt
M rs ^ -4 w
U ^ CJ
3 3
6 -
^ ^ << i -^ -^ ^ fS
<s I a, w ^ ^ ^
^ ^s : ^ ife :: i* *^
V
% 'i li* .'^
5i
25 -^ ^
:5 ^
5:
' ? ! ^
^ i? %* Sj
i^ ^ s ^
Fig. 33
jam remi)eften / loiif en/
^oo^ficnigeii/ I^ooglj-gclccrDm ^. wiihelm
van Baerfdorp, Hnt tf-ljcftm Dcit pjotJindalm IXdrDt
han Oollanbt/f nDc \^>eft-i-ncfianDr/ 5p qenatjt mde
meDeUan <t3oDt Dm BaOf ruco? Jcfiim Cfj>iaunu
YnHcer.
Hct is den mcnfch cyglien^fijn onghcluck
cndc fchadc tc haten endc tc IchcuN'vcn,
endc iij n ghcluck c ndc profi j t tc focckcn .
maer vcrdorvcn zijnde in fijn corded,
Too ache hy datfijn hooghftegoetghcle-
ghen is in't vciganckdijckc , als in't belit-
tcn van vclc ii;clkdummcn,tot ftattn cndc
iiooghcdcn vooit-gcrrcckcn tc vvordcn,
in ccrcn bovcn andcren tc vvcfcu, den vvcLluft des vlccfchcs tc vol-
{^cn, cndc in vvcrcltfchc vicuchdcn tc Ic\ en . Na defc d r.c-hcn ar-
Fui. 7,^
Godt rprack allc dcfe woordcn cndc
feyde: Ick ben de Heere uvvc Godt, die u
uyt Egypten-lande uytden dicnft-
huyfe gheleydt hebbe.
^ bcgrppfn emt
Mtjoi- bfrcpbin-
gljc om onjScp
' tc tticc&m De
F JDft; ftfiS C9ef *
rrn nift alien
hlijtcnbc confcicnttc tc Ijouac:
iuclche ecnfbeeljEf bctxtft be on *
berUoubingfje Uan nllc be gljf *
ftoben in't algfjemc en/enbc be*
fonberlbcfter uan [)f t ecrftf ge*
bobt.l>)ciioojbn:cptrd 'tVoclc*
he nlle be gljf boDen betreft / is
in bcfc VUOOjben [Godtfprack,]
bat isr / nabcmaei bat fp <<PioDt
tot tJaren IJutDcur enbe Xee*
raet btt UVoet i fonber mibbel/
felf^ booj fgne epg^ene ftenime
Ijebben; biwrom mocten top
onfe 5ielen ijafl (lellcH om bie
te ge^oojfamen fonber ttieber*
flacn/oft tf gcn-fegge/> gee*
nc't iurlch tot Oetcerflcgrbobt
bef)002t/ i^ gcnomen/ eerftUnn
bcnatuere ubjS/ bie baeriis
2f tjoba/ 't iuelcH bete ftent fyn
laefen : onmebebf clijcft aen ce*
nigl)e creatuere n: nbc ten an*
beren ban frjne luf ibaben / 1 5H
algfjcmeene in bcfc xaoozben
[uwe Godt,] Xidi \^i ecn/ bie mp
felbcn bcrplicftt Ijcbbc in t bcr*
bonbtmetu/ bat ichutuette*
fen fal / om u te berlofTen ban
alU gualeu bcr jielen/ tviht ttn
Fig. 35
si1j|l-5|^i. -a^-S 2S|I^ -1|l
ill i y. ft It r^l im %Hz^nu
^ ** <^ C Q M r^ _ - ^^ ^^
3-a^
(;0
tKti.ti. **^* primo in itftno^ poftca fub Ittohtamt^
I Jin 1 1. ^^^^ ieh*""* ( fub vitulis aurcis rcprat fcnuto)
J. Quumprimuf dieiuniufcujuPquchcb-
domadis ( a toh*nnt dtmintcm didus ) ab ipfo
Chi ifto, & Apoftolis ejus in dominicae relur-
rcdionismcmoriamDeiquccultumconfccra-
tu$ fit, non vjdctur ulU moriahum conccflum
efle t ut Cjufdcm rcfurrcdionis mcmorialc
( maximc Iblennc & facrum) annivcifatium
faciac.
PoftfCmo, / ctnfefu htmintm tfiMX ait illc^
ex quo hxcona funt, (^err^jfet (utmittam,
vix ulii ir.ortalium ycI mcnfis diem, vcl annt
(ncnfero * in quo Chrtftus natus erat, ccrto
innotcfcerc po(fc,ut ccontrario, ccrto con*
ftat,huncDcccftib.if.quiobfcrvatuf,nothuM
<flre,& fuppofitifiuiqu^ quatfcratiojuftarcd*
dipotcft, curChnfti natalitijs, circumcifio-
riAafccnf'.onipotiasquammorti dies facer
habcn4us fit^quum facra Icriptura ubiquc do
ccat,debcrc nos redemptioncm noftram , &
falutcm,mortiillius,6^ pafTioni prjecipuc tc*
ccptam fcrrc.
Cap. VI-
Dc conjugto per T a/lores Eccle*
(lA celebrato.
S
Fxio,8: ultimo, non pofTumuS acctdcreac
rencemiam cam, & praxim fimul imer te
for-
Fig.
37
P^> ' rrmife til/ th^fijft:.^.^^^^ A
is.t?- 30,31. fofcn 5,I4.M. <ini iyio.vith 7,11-- 14. <<f xo,33<i J^.^^^7;
>3' I'^'wy,^ -l8-*'<' ii.i.1- <</ iJ.i 4- iCor J.I tf .7.8,1}. 4ni9. 8144
4Md lo.i -11. -Wi4.34.3r lCr<f.i4-l7. MdZ:ii.i^.i\. Gtfi.3.7 :^i3.444
4.i-3o. ^f*<"/a.ji.ii.iy.ii, Co/. X. n.ia. iTi/if.x. II 14. 4Hdi. 17. x8.
xTim.S. %.9'i6. 17 'The Epi^U to tht Hthrrvvcs. iPrtj.n.xfi. iPrt. 1. 19 ro. 11.
4a(iz.i <5. 1 ?ofc 3,11.12. fude,ver.3 9<.Rev.l.l4.U.i0.tf.li.t3.4nd}.
4.IX. Md y.8. "With 8.3.4. mJ 9.13' Md-io,9.lo. dud 11.1-^19. 4nd if.i- g.CT
X^,i 8.W IS.X xl.4M<JiQ.7.8.j>. ditd ilyMdti. chapters.
. To theLdVMi to the teflimoHie : if they f^ea^e net acterding to this vord^ it is l<*
C4u/e there is no Ufbt in them. Efii.i, 20,
: t^ Scripture is giuen by, inSfirdtion of God, and isfrofuhle for io&rine , for re-
proofs for torreSioHy for infirulboH in righteoMfnes : that tht man of God may
be perfed, being throughly fumijhedtmto evtry goodlfork' x 7<w.3,ltf,I7-
Bleffid it the man that eniureth temptation : for\Dben he is tryeijbe fhaU receiue the
(roXifne of life, "which the Lord bath promfedto than that lone him. Ism. i f 1 *
FINIS.
I'll., ^s
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